The UK's National Crime Agency is hunting cyber-attackers who stole more than £20m from British bank accounts.

Malware called Dridex harvested victims' online banking details so the attackers could siphon off funds.
The NCA said it was working with the FBI and other authorities to limit the malware's usefulness to criminals and one man had already been arrested.
One expert told the BBC the attackers had been particularly cunning to avoid being detected.
"This is very sneaky software that relied on people not being vigilant with their online banking," said Prof Alan Woodward, a cybersecurity expert who advises Europol.
"If you imagine thieves making lots of little transactions, rather than one big one, it is more likely to go unnoticed."
The Dridex Trojan infected computers through a malicious Microsoft Office document, typically disguised as an invoice and emailed to victims.
The malware relied on tricking people into installing it on their machines, rather than exploiting a security hole in the operating system.
It would then eavesdrop on people entering their bank account details and send the information back to the attackers.
"Banks have software running constantly in the background looking for suspicious transactions, but criminals are adopting patterns that are not flagged up," said Prof Woodward.
"With thousands of computers infected, they only need to take a small amount from each bank account and suddenly they've got millions."
The NCA said it was trying to "sinkhole" the Trojan - working with internet service providers to divert the software's attempts to "phone home" with stolen bank account details.
The US Department of Justice said on Tuesday that a Moldovan man, Andrey Ghinkul, had been arrested in Cyprus in August and the United States was seeking his extradition.
The FBI encouraged people to use anti-virus software to help protect their computers.
"All the usual advice applies," said Prof Woodward. "Don't open unexpected email attachments, even if they appear to be from the bank.
"And check your bank statement for suspicious transactions. Query anything you don't understand, even if it's a small amount, as criminals may be taking a small amount from millions of other people."


Do you think you know what happened this year in the world of music?

Have a go at the first of our 2015 quizzes and see how much you remember about the past 12 months.
An arts-themed brain-teaser will be published on 28 December, with others on film and TV to be published on 29 and 30 December.


Jim Allenby smashed a career-best 144 not out as he led Somerset to an emphatic 170-run victory against former side Glamorgan at Cardiff.

The visitors' total of 338-3 always looked enough for a fourth win, with Kiran Carlson's 63 providing the main resistance in Glamorgan's 168 all out.
Somerset's massive total was built on a fine 187-run third-wicket stand between Allenby and Dean Elgar (96).
With James Hildreth clubbing 58, a further 109 came in the last 7.2 overs.
Somerset always looked set for a fourth straight win as Allenby and Elgar timed their partnership beautifully after coming together in the tenth over, with Elgar continuing his rich vein of early-season form.
His innings came off 100 balls, but his dismissal saw the scoring-rate rise even further as Allenby hit six sixes while Hildreth scored at more than two runs a ball.
Michael Hogan's early parsimony, conceding six runs off six overs, was long forgotten as Somerset ran riot in the closing stages.
Somerset continued their momentum as Glamorgan lost three wickets for 27 inside 12 overs, but teenager Carlson provided some consolation for the home supporters with a fluent 59-ball knock amid the wreckage.
Somerset's bowlers were all in the wickets, while spinner Roelof van der Merwe took 3-21 to finish off the tail.
Somerset are now strong favourites for a home quarter-final, while Glamorgan need to win all four remaining matches to stand a realistic chance of qualification.
Somerset captain Jim Allenby told BBC Somerset:
"It's been a while coming for the hundred in 50 or 40-over cricket, really pleased to get it although it's something that really hasn't been on my mind.
"It's one of my favourite grounds, I love playing here and I loved it when it was my home ground, coming here as an away player is a bit different but it's quite a comfortable place for me to play cricket, and it's nice to do it in front of the Cardiff locals.
"Luckily Dean (Elgar) is in the sort of form he is, he was going a run a ball at the start of the innings and I could just take my time and build up, then managed to hit a couple of good ones at the end.
"It wasn't as tight as a few of the other games, good for the net run-rate but I'm enjoying the way we're playing the game and the attitude."
Glamorgan batsman Kiran Carlson told BBC Wales Sport:
"It was nice to get a few runs personally, it was good to get an opportunity to bat for a long period of time there but unfortunately I couldn't go on and take the game a bit deeper.
"I'm definitely learning a lot from the senior players in the team, the likes of Colin Ingram, Jacques Rudolph, I think I'm learning every day and trying to improve every day- hopefully I'm showing I'm worth playing.
"I'll still be going to Cardiff University end of September, it's my last summer of full cricket.
"It'll be tough to combine cricket with studies, there'll be not much down-time because I'll be wanting to train as much as I can, then studies as well are going to be pretty important, but I'm sure I'll be able to manage it."


A motorist has died in a crash, minutes after driving off when he was stopped by a Sussex Police patrol.

The man was pulled over in Devonshire Place, Eastbourne at about 20:00 GMT on Monday, but as an officer approached him he drove off, police said.
The BMW car he was driving was found soon after in nearby Paradise Drive.
The driver, 31, who was the only person in the vehicle, was pronounced dead at the scene. The Independent Police Complaints Commission is investigating.
No other vehicles were involved in the crash, Sussex Police said.
A spokesman said the officers on patrol had not pursued the car after it was driven off and it was not seen again until an area search discovered it had crashed.
Paradise Drive was closed for seven hours following the crash.
Sussex Police's professional standards department is also investigating.


Shoppers abandoned Scotland's town centres last month in favour of the internet, according to a report by retailers.

The Scottish Retail Consortium (SRC) said footfall numbers were 4.2% down on a year ago.
It was the worst performance on record for nearly three years.
SRC said footfall was impacted by Black Friday promotions, which saw consumers opting to buy online instead of in stores.
In the UK as a whole, shopper numbers were 2.1% lower than a year ago.
SRC director David Lonsdale said: "Until the November data for Scottish retail sales is published later this week we won't know what impact this plunge in footfall and surge in online shopping has on the total value of sales.
"Those retailers with a strong multi-channel offer - allowing customers to shop in store, at home and on the move - will have been well placed to capitalise on this further milestone in the development of our digital economy.
"Retailers will be hoping that the finance minister's twiddling of the fiscal dials in the Scottish government's budget this week will help lift consumer spirits and generate greater levels of confidence and propensity to spend going forward."
He added: "The retail industry is undergoing profound structural change at a time of weak demand and falling shop prices, and this requires supportive government policies which keep a tight lid on costs such as business rates, other taxes and levies and regulation."


Train operators have been working to fully restore services after heavy rain caused disruption in Glasgow and Edinburgh.

Parts of Scotland saw rain in the last two days which was above average for this time of year, resulting in almost 30 flood warnings and 14 flood alerts.
It has also been reported that Glasgow saw one of the wettest 24-hour periods since records began.
More rain has been forecast over the next few days.
Showers may ease off, but the Met Office said on-going disruption was likely, because of flooding from standing water and from swollen rivers and streams.
Problems overnight and into Thursday morning forced ScotRail to reduce service between Glasgow Queen Street and Edinburgh Waverley.
And there was disruption between Edinburgh and North Berwick and Glasgow Queen Street and Dunblane.
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ScotRail managing director Steve Montgomery urged travellers to check the operator's website for the latest information, adding: "We ran 86% of services across Scotland this morning, despite extraordinary rainfall levels in some areas."
Amid forecasts of further rain, Transport Minister Keith Brown asked the public to check before they travelled.
"Heavy rain overnight and today has caused some disruption to rail services this morning with some delays and cancellations but Network Rail and ScotRail are working to reduce the disruption and expect the services to improve throughout the day," he said.
Elsewhere, in Rosyth, water was pumped from homes and a school at Park Road.
There were also reports of small problems in Wellbank near Dundee, and at Ceres and Kilmany near Cupar.
Perth and Kinross Council announced that the Perth Highland Games, due to take place on Sunday, had been cancelled. The authority said this was because of the current bad weather conditions and the forecast of further rain.
Precautionary measures were taken in the Meadows area of Huntly in Aberdeenshire for a second time in a week.
At about 01:00, residents in the neighbourhood were alerted by police that the River Deveron could burst its banks.
Grampian Housing deployed flood defence guards to doors and windows of about 50 homes.
BBC Scotland weather forecaster Stav Danaos, said: "It has been one of the wettest 24 hours in the Glasgow area since records began.
"The rain will begin to ease down this afternoon and become lighter with drier conditions following."
A spokesman for the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, said: "We expect to see a gradual rise in river levels. But as rain is persistent rather than thundery downpours, we do not expect to see any sudden increases.
"Accumulation of surface water and standing water is also anticipated."
Dumfries and Galloway Police said drivers would need to take extra care on the roads, in anticipation of heavy rain.
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Tayside Police said river levels were very high in the force area, but there were no reports of significant flooding, although officers urged motorists to take care.
Fife Fire and Rescue Service said they had six call-outs about flooding since 23:00 on Wednesday.


Police are appealing for witnesses to a crash on the M5 in Gloucestershire which injured 16 people.

The accident, involving two HGVs and five cars, happened just before 14:00 BST on the southbound carriageway near Michaelwood services on Saturday.
A 23-year-old man from Coventry suffered serious head injuries and is in a critical condition in Southmead Hospital in Bristol.
A woman, 19, in the same car, was taken to Southmead with pelvic injuries.
Inspector Frazer Davey said: "The rescue of the driver and passenger of the most damaged car took some considerable time due to the severity of the impact and the subsequent damage to the car.
"The two occupants of that vehicle were taken to hospital where miraculously their injuries are non-life threatening."
Gloucestershire Police said they wanted to speak to any witnesses who have not yet contacted them, which included "at least one person who was stood on the nearby footbridge and witnessed the entire incident."
The southbound carriageway was closed until 21:20 BST but all lanes on both carriageways are now open.


West Ham's Havard Nordtveit is absent with an ankle injury, while Cheikhou Kouyate will not feature after recently returning from international duty.

Jose Fonte may replace Angelo Ogbonna, who will miss the rest of the season with a knee injury, while Robert Snodgrass is also set for his debut.
Manchester City midfielder Fernandinho is available after completing a ban.
City striker Sergio Aguero is back in contention after missing the FA Cup win against Crystal Palace with a knock.
Simon Brotherton: "West Ham have already been beaten twice by Manchester City this season with an aggregate score of 8-1, but they at least go into this game with the Dimitri Payet saga over and two new signings in the squad.
"City, meanwhile, return to the London Stadium less than a month after handing out an impressive 5-0 thumping when the teams met in the FA Cup third round.
"It was the Hammers' heaviest home defeat in a competitive game in half a century.
"Most bizarre, though, of all the pre-match statistics is the fact that City goalkeeper Claudio Bravo has faced nine shots on target in 2017 and saved only one of them, conceding eight goals."
Twitter: @SimonBrotherton
West Ham manager Slaven Bilic on the departure of Dimitri Payet: "Does he owe an apology? No. I wouldn't say that.
"He is gone, he went home, that was his wish and I will not forget how good he was for us.
"He was brilliant. I was so happy and proud, with my team, my staff, to help him achieve what he did. What he achieved with us was a great story for West Ham, for the Premier League and for France.
"I want to thank him for everything he did for us - he was brilliant last year. We were brilliant for him also. Now that story's finished, I wish him luck and all the best in Marseille."
Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola on Fernandinho's disciplinary record: "He's not an aggressive player. He's a tough, intense player, like English football is.
"He is one of the nicest guys I've ever met... what happened against Chelsea [a shove on Cesc Fabregas] we have talked about a lot.
"The other action [a two-footed tackle against Burnley] - I saw many of them here. We accept the ban, we don't complain, but he's not an aggressive guy. He's an honest guy."
West Ham are improving but I am still backing City to win.
Pep Guardiola's side took a bit of a battering when they lost to Everton on 15 January but they have put in some impressive performances since then.
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Lectures remain by far the most common form of teaching in universities - right down to the way academics are called "lecturers".

But many predicted that digital technology would have killed off the lecture by now.
Why would you want to sit through someone telling you something, when so much more information is available at your fingertips whenever you want it?
But when you look at some online courses, instead of revolutionising higher education, they have often simply transported the classic lecture format to an internet audience.
So why has the lecture refused to go away?
It's not because it's particularly effective.
Research shows that students remember as little as 10% of their lectures just days afterwards.
A Harvard study in 2014 found that, on average, attendance at lectures falls from 79% at the start of term to 43% at the end.
And studies suggest other forms of teaching are much more effective in improving exam results and attendance.
Professor Dan Butin, founding dean of the school of education and social policy at Merrimack College in Massachusetts, says the lecture has survived because research, not teaching, determines the success of a university and its academics.
Academics are hired and promoted based on their research record, and research output plays a large role in universities' rankings in global league tables.
So there is little incentive for academics to spend a lot of time rethinking the lecture.
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"We put these brilliantly educated academics in charge of classrooms because of their tremendous research records, not because they have any idea how to teach," says Prof Butin.
"But in fact, research and teaching are very different skills, and creating a good course is just as difficult as writing a good book.
"Academics put thousands of hours of work into their books and much less time into thinking about the effectiveness of their teaching style."
A leading campaigner against traditional lectures is Professor Carl Wieman, a winner of the Nobel Prize for physics.
He was converted more than a decade ago, when he was given a handheld electronic device for students to use in his lectures to indicate 'yes' or 'no' to a question.
At the end of the lecture, he asked a question to which he had given the solution. To his dismay, only one in 10 students remembered the answer.
He realised that talking at students and expecting them to absorb knowledge was not helping them to learn.
So he replaced traditional lectures with "active learning", where he sets out a problem at the beginning of a lecture, divides students into small groups, and walks between them to listen to and guide their discussions.
It seems to work - a study by Professor Scott Freeman of the University of Washington found that students' rate of failure was lower when they moved from lectures to active learning, and their exam results improved.
Following a campaign by Professor Wieman and other physicists, Stanford, MIT and the University of British Columbia have introduced active learning into their physics courses.
In fact, many universities have begun to experiment with such alternatives to the lecture.
New coding colleges in Paris and California have ditched the lecture in favour of peer-to-peer learning and project-based learning, in which students work together on real-world projects like building a website or a computer game.
Charles Knight, a lecturer in project management at Edge Hill University in Lancashire in the UK, has replaced lectures with interactive sessions in which students use project management software used by consultancy firms to manage their work.
After seeing students' grades improve, the university is considering incorporating some of his ideas into other courses.
Another practical reason for the lecture's durability is that it is a relatively cheap way of giving students contact time with an academic.
There are alternative approaches but they usually come at a higher cost. MIT spent $2.5m (£2m) on refitting two lecture halls to allow students to sit around small tables with screens showing animated simulations to help them visualise concepts.
Harvard used a $40m (£32m) donation to experiment with new forms of teaching, including active learning.
But as the cost of tuition increases, more questions are being asked about whether lectures give students value for their money.
A Higher Education Policy Institute survey in 2014 showed a third of students in England considered their degree "poor" or "very poor" value for money.
Research from the US Department of Education found there is no difference between how effectively students learn from a lecture when it is delivered in a classroom or online.
With the rise of "massive open online courses" (Moocs) and digital technologies, universities are coming under more pressure to offer students a learning experience that is not freely available online.
Prof Butin hopes this will encourage more universities to adopt active, project-based, peer-to-peer, and community learning more widely.
But having worked with many universities on how to support lecturers to use more active learning strategies, he thinks this will be a slow and difficult process.
"Most universities may talk about the quality of their teaching, but such changes are much easier said than done," he says.
"So for the foreseeable future, the lecture is here to stay."
However doubts over lectures have a long history of their own - and lectures seemed to have been able to survive them.
In the 1920s, a student in Canada wrote that his logic professor was "terribly dry in lectures" so "everybody skipped his class and went swimming during his lecture time".


A man has been jailed for life for murdering his 78-year-old step-grandfather.

Michael McDonald, 25, of Tennyson Road, Chelmsford, will serve a minimum of 17 years after killing Brian Hurry at his home in Great Baddow in June 2016.
He died from head injuries after McDonald hit him several times with the metal bar of a dumbbell.
It happened after McDonald saw his mother "appearing to have sex" with her father-in-law, Mr Hurry.
Police said the court was told that seeing his mother, Terri Hurry, 42, apparently having sex with Mr Hurry had led McDonald to "lose control".
The judge at Chelmsford Crown Court described the attack at Mr Hurry's home in Bramwoods Road as "brutal" during his sentencing on Tuesday.
"What is certain is that you, Michael McDonald, took that metal bar into the bathroom and set upon Brian Hurry, hitting him about the head with such force and strength that you smashed his skull in, driving it into the brain by an inch," Judge Charles Gratwicke said.
It was "an appalling attack committed by a trusted family member on a vulnerable elderly man in his own home", Det Ch Insp Martin Pasmore, of the Kent and Essex Serious Crime Directorate said.
McDonald had previously admitted the manslaughter of Brian Hurry, but denied murdering him.
However, after a five-week trial a jury at Chelmsford Crown Court convicted him of murder.
McDonald's mother Terri Hurry was earlier cleared of murder, but the jury found her guilty of perverting the course of justice.
She was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in prison.


Hundreds of cyclists swapped lycra for flat caps, trilbies, berets and their sartorial best during a 12-mile ride.

Up to 1,000 people dressed in Harris Tweed jackets set off from Clerkenwell to take part in the annual London Tweed Run.
The event, which took in the major landmarks, is described as a "bicycle ride with a bit of style".
Cyclists stopped for tea in Tavistock Square and lunch in Kensington Gardens.
Crowds took photos as the well-dressed riders, some on vintage bikes including penny-farthings, toured the capital's streets at a fairly leisurely pace.
The riders, who also finished in Clerkenwell, were warned that "proper attire" was expected but bowler hats were a "spot more aerodynamic than top hats".
"We take to the streets in our well-pressed best, and cycle through the city's iconic landmarks," a spokeswoman said.
"Along the way, we stop for a tea break and a picnic stop, and we usually end with a bit of a jolly knees-up."


Louise Renicks is concerned that a lack of funding will shatter her sister Kimberley's dream of competing for Britain's judo team in the Olympics.

Kimberley Renicks, 27, is Britain's top-ranked player at -48kg but needs a strong run of results to leap almost 25 places into the world's top 16.
"We budgeted for £20,000 for the full year. We got £8,000 and that's all spent," said Louise of her fundraiser.
"Unfortunately, in judo there is only a small amount of funding."
The Renicks sisters, from Coatbridge, enjoyed high profiles during the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, winning the host country's first gold medals.
However, the battle for funding, combined with recurring injuries, led 32-year-old Louise to retire from competitive judo this summer.
She now combines a part-time job as a sports development officer with coaching her younger sister and helping her realise her dream of fighting in Rio.
Louise sees part of her role as shielding Kimberley, who has returned from a shoulder injury, from the stress of finding money for flights and accommodation, with the duo using a crowd-funding website.
Money from Judo Scotland, who are allowing Louise to help with her sister's programme up until the Olympics, will cover Kimberley's costs in January but Louise feels British Judo should be doing more to help in the months that follow.
"The British trials are in two weeks' time and it will be Kimberley's last competition of the year," she said.
"Even getting the number one spot, she will be hoping British Judo can provide something.
"I know that January competitions are covered so it's February and March competitions that we need to worry about.
"Even taking the British number ones for the girls and the boys in the seven weight categories, that's 14 athletes but only eight athletes get that funding.
"Money might go to athletes in other weight categories with a slightly better record.
"[Since the Commonwealth Games] money went up in certain areas but it's not gone up so much in the elite side to give athletes a wage to be able to live and pay for competitions.
"It's still quite low there, but in the development side, the recreation side, the active side, all that has gone up in Scotland.
"It's hard to go to the Olympics and get your dream."
The sisters targeted an initial six events to boost Kimberley's ranking points, but she lost in the first round of the first two, then picked up two bronze medals before two last-16 finishes in Grands Prix.
"Out of the 500 points she needed, she came away with just over 120 so we need in the 300 mark," said Louise of her sister's Rio target.
The Renicks' travels for ranking points in the coming months will take in 12 competitions and will include destinations such as Cuba, Chile, Uruguay and Argentina, plus some in Europe.
"I'm going to the other side of the world to fight the athletes that, if I do qualify, I will come up against at the Olympics," said Kimberley. "You have to learn how to fight their style.
"It's a full-time job but you don't get paid for it. That's the hardest bit. But walking away from Rio with a medal would be a dream come true."


Significant improvements have been made in emergency services at Bristol's newest hospital, inspectors have said.

The Care Quality Commission (CQC) visited Southmead Hospital last month after failings were identified during an inspection last December.
These included A&E patients waiting on trolleys for more than 12 hours until a bed became available.
The chief inspector of hospitals said "real progress" had been made. The hospital said it welcomed the report.
During the inspection in December, inspectors found "significant issues" with the flow of patients through the hospital and that the four-hour target for patients attending A&E to be admitted, discharged or transferred was not being met.
The CQC returned in May and despite "some improvement" found A&E patients were still "waiting too long for pain relief or treatment".
Now, chief inspector Prof Sir Mike Richards said the four-hour target was being met "most of the time" and additional staff were available to "cope in peak times".
Andrea Young, chief executive of North Bristol NHS Trust, said it welcomed the latest report which "positively reflects the many changes and improvements".
"Although this report has highlighted the positive work that has been undertaken, we are far from complacent," she said.
"Our focus is now on maintaining these standards throughout the winter period."


China is cracking down on the hi-tech ways citizens avoid official scrutiny of what they do online.

The nation's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has announced plans to "clean up" unauthorised internet connections.
The 14-month campaign will target the virtual private networks (VPNs) and dedicated lines many use to go online.
All these types of service must be officially vetted to keep operating, said the Ministry.
In its notice, the Ministry said China's net connection market was "disordered" and needed regulating.
In a bid to sort out the situation it said it was embarking on the long term plan to bring some order to the way people go online. Net connection firms and the other ways people get online would be scrutinised, it said.
China uses many different technologies to police what people say online and which sites they can visit. Many sites popular outside the country, such as Facebook and YouTube, are blocked or restricted to those behind what is known as China's "great firewall".
To get around that virtual edifice many people use VPNs, which are a secure connection between a device and another computer over the internet, to effectively connect directly to a computer outside China that handles traffic between them and the sites they want to reach.
Many businesses also use VPNs to help staff connect to corporate networks and to limit the amount of confidential data travelling over public networks.
The VPNs used by individuals and businesses, as well as dedicated leased lines, must now get official permission to operate.
The campaign is the latest in a long series of attempts by Chinese authorities to stop people using VPNs and other filter-busting systems.
Reporting on the crackdown, the South China Morning Post said the move was linked to wider efforts to manage the information available online ahead of a Communist Party congress which will see a "major reshuffle" of party leadership.


Iran and the P5+1 have finally agreed on a nuclear deal, after years of talks.

16 July 2015 Last updated at 20:45 BST
BBC News explains the key points, in less than two minutes.
Produced by Mohamed Madi and Julie Wall.


After the deadly tram crash in Croydon earlier this week, industry experts have stressed that it remains one of the safest forms of public transport and advised against "panicking" by hastily imposing new precautions.

Seven people died and more than 50 were injured in the incident in south London, but experts say tram accidents are incredibly rare.
Andrew Braddock, from trade body UK Tram, said the accident should be "set in the context of an extremely safe mode of transport".
"You are 15 times safer travelling on a tram than you would be in a bus, 24 times safer than you would be in a car," he said.
"We had a dreadful incident in Croydon yesterday, there's absolutely no getting away from that, but it's extremely rare."
British Transport Police are investigating whether the Croydon tram was exceeding speed limits and the possibility the driver may have fallen asleep or blacked out.
The crash is believed to be the first involving fatalities on board a tram in the UK since 1959, when two women passengers and the driver died when a tram caught fire in Glasgow after a collision with a lorry.
Deaths from tram derailments are rare around the world. Several people died and around 50 were injured when a tram overturned in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in August 2011, while around 30 were killed and 50 injured when a tram derailed in eastern Ukraine in July 1996.
Trams were phased out in the UK at the end of 1962 with the closure of the Glasgow network, leaving Blackpool's as the only one running.
A new generation of tramways began with the opening of the Manchester Metrolink in 1992, and there are now also networks in Sheffield, Birmingham, London, Nottingham and Edinburgh, and about 300 worldwide. There were no trams in London between 1952 and 2000, when the London Tramlink opened.
Mr Braddock described trams as being like a "bus on rails", travelling at similar speeds and peaking in cities at about 50mph.
Powered by electricity through overhead wires, drivers control the vehicle using a lever - usually with their left hand - pushing forward to accelerate, backwards to brake and with a neutral stopping point in the middle.
But unlike trains, trams are not fitted with systems that apply brakes automatically if they are going too fast or jump a light.
The key safety feature is a vigilance device, known in the railway industry as the "dead man's lever" - a device that brakes automatically if the driver is incapacitated.
Mr Braddock said: "On the tram control lever there is a button which the driver presses at least every 30 seconds. If that button is not pressed the brakes are applied automatically.
"It makes no difference if the driver is powering up or braking, he has to keep pressing that button. It's a routine that you get into."
If the driver lets go, the lever springs back to the neutral position, automatically applying the brakes.
There is also an emergency stop button, bringing the tram to an immediate stop in the eventuality of an emergency such as a car or pedestrian suddenly appearing in front of it.
There were 112 accidents involving trams in the year to the end of March, according to the Office of Rail and Road, including one derailment and two collisions with other trams. Some 102 involved collisions with other road vehicles.
Rail expert and author Christian Wolmar was adamant the tram industry had sufficient safety precautions.
While the investigation into the causes of the Croydon crash might highlight a safety gap that needed addressing, Mr Wolmar warned against jumping to conclusions from a single accident.
He said: "We don't know what the circumstances are but to start saying we need more safety measures is a really bad mistake.
"Safety measures have costs and - it is sometimes difficult for people to understand this - you have to have an equation between extra safety measures and the likelihood of it happening and the cost of it.
"To start panicking over trams and suddenly say we have to start imposing all sorts of extra measures will make tram schemes even less viable and therefore will reduce the number of people going on what is a very safe system, much safer than cars."


Amber Hill aims to become the first British woman to win Olympic shooting gold after being named in a six-strong Team GB squad for the Rio 2016 Games.

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Hill, 18, won the skeet title at the inaugural European Games in June and claimed victory at the World Cup final in Cyprus last month.
She is joined by world medallist Elena Allen and world record holder Tim Kneale.
"Every competition I enter, I go in trying to win," Hill told BBC Sport.
"To be named as an Olympian is an incredible honour and I'm getting more confident I'm able to win these competitions."
The 2013 BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year added: "Hopefully I can inspire some other youngsters to get into a sport of some sort - it really does make you so determined and focused on what you want to do in life."
At London 2012, Peter Wilson came away with the team's only medal - winning gold in the men's double trap, before announcing his retirement in 2014.
Four of the six shooters will go to Rio having previous Olympic Games experience.
Steve Scott, a World Cup gold medallist in Cyprus in October, came 12th at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and will join debutant Kneale in the double trap competition.
London Olympian Allen competes against Hill in the women's skeet competition, while 2014 Scottish Commonwealth silver medallist Jen McIntosh will line-up in the 50m 3 positions event.
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Two-time Olympian and world silver medallist Ed Ling is Britain's competitor in the men's trap.
"I'm absolutely over the moon, it's a huge honour," said Ling.
"I know what I'm going to expect going into this year and to obtain that Olympic medal is what we work for."
Team GB are sixth on the all-time Olympic Games shooting medal table with 44 - 13 gold, 15 silver and 16 bronze.
The number of Rio Olympic shooters in the squad may increase next year, as results at the European Championships in Hungary in February could unlock two additional berths.
Shooting is the third sport to have British athletes officially selected for Rio 2016, after eight sailors and four canoe slalom athletes were named earlier in the year.


A woman suffered a fatal head injury before her body was set alight, police have said.

Albertina Choules, 81, was attacked at her home in Ragmans Lane, Marlow, in the early hours of Wednesday.
A 23-year-old man from High Wycombe has been arrested on suspicion of murder and is in custody.
A family statement described the victim, known as Tina, as a "self-sufficient" woman who was "incredibly special".
For more on this and other Buckinghamshire stories
A post-mortem examination found the cause of death was blunt force head injury.
Thames Valley Police is expected to remain at the scene of the crime for several days.
The force said an officer who was assaulted by a man when he arrived at the property has been discharged from hospital.


India is in the grip of yoga fever, thanks to Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Mr Modi coaxed the United Nations into declaring 21 June International Yoga Day and announced a grand event to be held in Delhi on that day. His government plans to get tens of thousands of people to perform yoga in the heart of the capital on Sunday.
Mr Modi is an enthusiast himself - he told a biographer he tries to do yoga for an hour after waking up in the morning.
So what does Sunday's mass yoga session tell us about India?
Mr Modi's plan to get 35,000 people to perform yoga for 35 minutes on the stately Rajpath (King's Avenue) is aimed at setting a new Guinness World Record. The Guinness people have been invited to document the largest yoga class at a single venue.
Indians already flaunt a number of yoga-related world records: the largest yoga class, longest yoga chain, longest yoga marathon and longest yoga class at multiple venues.
Inspired by Mr Modi's call, even India's National Cadet Corps want to set another record on Sunday - "the largest ever demonstration of yoga by a uniformed organisation on a single day concurrently at multiple venues all across India". It says a million cadets will simultaneously do yoga at 1,900 locations.
Yes, we are crazy about breaking world records.
A reality check: Indians applied for some 3,000 records with Guinness World Records in 2013, just behind record-seekers from the US and Britain. The number of Indian record holders has risen an astonishing 250% in the past five years.
It helps that we are the world's second-most populous nation, so we have also set records in things like the biggest blood donation drive and most number of people shaking hands. Writer Samanth Subramanian describes this as a "fevered subculture of record-setters".
If a place in the Guinness World Records looks remote, no worries. We have our thriving, home-grown Limca Book of World Records and India Book of Records to take care of our achievements.
But Mr Modi, clearly, has set his sights higher.
More seriously, Sunday's gathering is a timely reminder that urban Indians need to get fitter.
Doctors say India's cities are riding a diabetes and heart disease epidemic. India's diabetes rate jumped an alarming 123% between 1990 and 2013, compared to 45% worldwide, a new study found. One in four Indians die of heart disease. Obesity is on the rise.
As the middle class swells and grows richer, more Indians are leading desk-bound, sedentary work lives and enduring stressful commutes in pedestrian-unfriendly cities, where there is no culture of walking. Gorging on junk food and fat-rich diets doesn't help matters.
If Mr Modi's move encourages more Indians to take to yoga - with or without the spirituality attached to it - it would have served a purpose in making more Indians healthier.
The moment Mr Modi's government unveiled its mega yoga plans, political rivals cried foul.
Mayawati, the feisty leader of India's Dalits (formerly known as untouchables) said Mr Modi's party and its hardline allies were trying to use yoga to "vitiate communal harmony".
The main opposition Congress party has taken pot-shots at the event, and a senior party spokesperson issued a snarky broadside:
Some Muslim clerics are uneasy about the government's motives and equate Mr Modi's government's promotion of yoga with promoting Hinduism. A recent story by Reuters was headlined: PM Modi's yoga offensive gets Muslims stressed.
Firebrand ruling BJP MP Yogi Adityanath fanned the flames by saying that those who opposed the surya namaskar - a series of yoga positions designed to greet Surya, the Hindu Sun God - "should drown in the sea" - a remark that was swiftly put down by Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj.
The government has even taken out the sun salutation exercise from Sunday's performance, and is very keen to  showcase it as secular.
Political analyst Neerja Chowdhury says Sunday's event serves the prime minister well. "It's a win-win situation for Mr Modi. It boosts his image and keeps the hardliners happy," she told me.
However, critics say Mr Modi's move comes at a time of rising anxiety among India's minorities, many of whom suspect that his party is trying to make India a pronouncedly Hindu nation.
Analyst Ajaz Ashraf says Mr Modi's yoga celebration is a "mix of cultural nationalism, commercialisation and subtle coercion". Historian Dilip Simeon decries what he calls the "deceitful polemic about yoga" and says Indians will learn yoga not to please Hindu nationalists, "but for our health".
"Yoga is part of ancient India's cultural heritage," says Manmohan Vaidya, a spokesperson of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the hardline ideological godfather of the BJP and the largest Hindu nationalist group in India. "By celebrating yoga on a mass scale we are validating our glorious past."
Others say yoga is India's biggest contribution to society after, perhaps, zero and is a symbol of its cultural richness.
There are concerns that India has lost control of "brand yoga" to the West - yoga is a multi-billion dollar industry worldwide - although Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj has said India would "never like an Intellectual Property Rights stamp on yoga".
Is yoga essentially a religious activity? This BBC magazine piece has some answers. But closer to home, the Yoga Day is being seen by many as (Hindu) India "reclaiming" yoga.
Wendy Doniger, leading American academic and author of The Hindus: An Alternative History, says many Hindus, concerned about their image, fear that their religion has been stereotyped in the West as a polytheistic faith of "castes, cows and curry". They look at yoga as the poster-child of Indian spiritual wisdom and the essence of Hinduism.
But this, Doniger believes, ignores yoga's complex and contested history: there are at least five conflicting claims about when yoga began, including a provocative assertion by Mark Singleton that the roots of modern yoga actually do not lie in ancient India.
The transnational, Anglophone yoga, Singleton argues, derives from a curious mix of British body-building and physical culture, American transcendentalism, Christian science, naturopathy, Swedish gymnastics and the YMCA. Yoga's appeal grew far and wide. Even Fritz Lang made a film about trippy yogis.
In the end, as Doniger says, "for some people yoga is a religious meditation, for others an exercise routine, and for others, both".
"It is a rich, multi-cultural, interdisciplinary construction, far from the pure line that its adherents often claim for it."
There's no shortage of humour in India - and Sunday's event is no exception.
I think sociologist Shiv Visvanathan puts it best. "[Mr Modi] is looking for a new kind of cultural revolution. I like the comic part of it - the fat cops, the bureaucrats, doing exercise. Here is India, getting fat on hamburgers and milkshakes. Modi is the Benjamin Franklin of India in many ways," he told the New York Times.
Even India's Home Minister Rajnath Singh has managed to encourage officials in his office to practice yoga after work, as he keeps a watchful eye on their moves:
Shripad Naik, the yoga minister, told the New York Times that yoga practice would help lower violent crime and produce better bureaucrats.
"There will be a definite change in the way the bureaucracy functions," he said. "When they are thin, all their energy will go into producing better work."
And popular yoga guru Baba Ramdev told a yoga rehearsal at a Delhi stadium last week that a yoga position would help "rid the world of gas".
But this man practising on the soggy rain-soaked field did not quite appear to be listening to the guru's exhortations to put on the world's best yoga show on Sunday.


Work has begun to improve fire safety at a hospital in Lincolnshire.

Patients were moved out of two wards at Louth's County Hospital last month over fire inspectors' concerns about the "ageing fabric of the building".
The work, which includes upgrades to alarms and fire doors, is expected to take up to three months to complete.
Lincolnshire Community Health Services NHS Trust said 25 patients had moved and may not be returning to finish their treatment at the hospital.
Craig McLean, deputy director of operations at the trust, said: "It may well be that the decision is taken that it's appropriate for them to finish their treatment where they are rather than disrupting them again and bringing them back."
More on this and other local stories from across Lincolnshire
The number of beds was reduced from 50 to 16 across Manby and Carlton wards. The trust said there would be "a phased reopening of beds until the two wards return to their original capacity" when the work was completed.
It had said the move was "a precautionary measure" and not in response to the Grenfell Tower fire in west London.
Patients have been transferred to other hospitals or care providers. Those who were due to be discharged were sent home with planned packages of care, a spokesperson for the trust said.
NHS Property Services, which owns the hospital, said the upgrade works also included improving fire exit signs, lighting and changes to escape routes and walls.


Celtic claimed their biggest ever win over Rangers at Ibrox in the final Old Firm derby of the season.

Scott Sinclair netted an early penalty after Myles Beerman needlessly fouled Patrick Roberts and Leigh Griffiths struck a spectacular second.
Callum McGregor rolled home to extend the advantage after the interval.
Dedryck Boyata headed in Griffiths' swirling free-kick before Kenny Miller replied for Rangers and Mikael Lustig curled in the visitors' fifth.
Brendan Rodgers' side remain unbeaten domestically this season, having also beaten Rangers in last weekend's Scottish Cup semi-final to set up a final date with Aberdeen and the chance to clinch Celtic's first domestic treble since 2001.
Rangers - third in the league after a second 5-1 loss to Celtic this season - remain nine points behind Aberdeen, who face St Johnstone later.
Whatever Rangers' plan was, it dissipated in double quick time. It took Celtic only a single minute to cut through the home defence, McGregor being put in on goal.
Had McGregor looked outside him and rolled a pass to Griffiths then the striker would have had a tap in. Instead, he took it on himself and was denied by a brilliant last-ditch block by Clint Hill.
It was a mighty let-off for Rangers, but it was just a reprieve on what was a thunderously sobering day for them.
The opening goal came after Beerman made a bad decision when diving in on Roberts while the winger was making his way out of the penalty box.
It was an error that was punished by Sinclair, the winger sending Wes Foderingham the wrong way from the penalty spot.
Celtic did not let up. Their movement had Rangers bewildered and their work-rate ensured that, whenever Rangers got the ball, they were relieved of it very quickly.
The second came when Emerson Hyndman was robbed of possession by Stuart Armstrong, who played it out to Griffiths.
The striker's shot from the left side of the penalty area was a venomous hit that flew over Foderingham's head.
Celtic were enjoying a mountain of possession and all the chances and should have racked up more goals before the break.
Griffiths' curling shot came slapping back off the crossbar. When the loose ball fell to Sinclair, he knocked it wide when he really ought to have put it away.
Sinclair had a second great chance soon after. Again, Griffiths was the creator, spinning in a ball from the left to an unmarked Sinclair at the back post. Sinclair contrived to put it wide.
Rangers' defending was appalling and the half-time introduction of Andy Halliday for Joe Dodoo did nothing to change that.
Celtic were on a different plain. Roberts went close to adding a third a minute into the new half, but McGregor did precisely that six minutes later.
Rangers, completely spooked by Celtic's runners, stood off McGregor and he fired through James Tavernier's legs for number three.
The fourth duly arrived from Griffiths' fierce free-kick on the right-hand side. Rangers had enough men in the box, but Boyata was free in the six-yard area and easily nodded past Foderingham.
Miller placed home following a one-two with substitute Joe Garner, but Celtic would get the day's final goal.
The history-defining fifth came when right-back Lustig skipped away from Danny Wilson and swerved a gorgeous finish past Foderingham.
Five did not flatter Celtic. Six or seven would have been a fairer reflection of their dominance, but the result was enough to register their biggest away league win against Rangers since a 4-0 victory in 1897.
Match ends, Rangers 1, Celtic 5.
Second Half ends, Rangers 1, Celtic 5.
Substitution, Celtic. Eboue Kouassi replaces Scott Brown.
Attempt missed. Jason Holt (Rangers) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Jason Holt (Rangers) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Scott Brown (Celtic).
Mikael Lustig (Celtic) is shown the yellow card for excessive celebration.
Goal!  Rangers 1, Celtic 5. Mikael Lustig (Celtic) right footed shot from outside the box to the bottom right corner.
Kenny Miller (Rangers) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Scott Brown (Celtic).
James Tavernier (Rangers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Scott Sinclair (Celtic).
Foul by Kenny Miller (Rangers).
Scott Sinclair (Celtic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Kieran Tierney (Celtic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Martyn Waghorn (Rangers).
Goal!  Rangers 1, Celtic 4. Kenny Miller (Rangers) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Joe Garner.
Foul by Joe Garner (Rangers).
(Celtic) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt blocked. Josh Windass (Rangers) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Joe Garner (Rangers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Dedryck Boyata (Celtic).
Substitution, Celtic. Tomas Rogic replaces Stuart Armstrong.
Attempt missed. Stuart Armstrong (Celtic) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left.
Joe Garner (Rangers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Dedryck Boyata (Celtic).
Attempt missed. Martyn Waghorn (Rangers) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Attempt blocked. Josh Windass (Rangers) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Substitution, Celtic. James Forrest replaces Patrick Roberts.
Andy Halliday (Rangers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Callum McGregor (Celtic).
Dedryck Boyata (Celtic) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Joe Garner (Rangers) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Dedryck Boyata (Celtic).
Joe Garner (Rangers) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Dedryck Boyata (Celtic).
Attempt missed. Callum McGregor (Celtic) right footed shot from the right side of the box is high and wide to the left.
Goal!  Rangers 0, Celtic 4. Dedryck Boyata (Celtic) header from very close range to the high centre of the goal. Assisted by Leigh Griffiths with a cross.
Foul by Myles Beerman (Rangers).
Patrick Roberts (Celtic) wins a free kick on the right wing.


Fossils discovered by a Victorian clergyman who had four dinosaurs named after him are being exhibited on the Isle of Wight.

Among Rev William Fox's finds was one of the first, almost complete dinosaur fossils - a partial skeleton of a plant-eating Hypsilophodon foxii.
Some of his fossils are being displayed at Sandown's Dinosaur Isle Museum.
A walking trail of routes in Brighstone that Fox used when making his discoveries has also been launched.
Dr Martin Munt, curator of the museum, said it was "an opportunity for island residents to learn more about our wonderful heritage".
The events have been funded by the Royal Society's Local Heroes scheme, which provides cash for exhibitions and events that reveal stories of "scientific brilliance", Isle of Wight Council said.
The authority said prior to this recognition "a barely marked grave" and an "improvised plaque" were all that remained to mark Fox's life.
Copies of the Fox walking trail map are available as free downloads from the Dinosaur Isle Museum website.


A man who stabbed another man in the heart following a row over a drug debt in Carmarthenshire has been jailed for nine years and four months.

Wesley Jones, 30, stabbed 22-year-old Simon Bell at a family fireworks party in Llanelli on 7 November 2015.
Both men had taken heroin in a shed before the row over money to pay for the drug, Swansea Crown Court heard.
Jones, of Y Bwthyn, Llanelli, had been charged with murder but admitted manslaughter at an earlier hearing.
The court was told Mr Bell was made to leave the shed but had kicked in the door to get back in before throwing the first punch at Jones.
A fight followed and Jones stabbed Mr Bell twice; once in the shoulder and once in the heart, severing an artery.
Mr Bell died of multiple organ failure in the early hours of the following morning at Morriston Hospital in Swansea.
The court heard when Jones was taken from the house, he threw away the knife he had used.
The weapon, a folding-pocket knife, was found about 1.5 miles (2.4km)  from the scene at Dillwyn Street.
Elwen Evans QC, defending, said: "It's an event that occurred spontaneously. There had been no ill-feeling between the two men."
"He knows what he has done," she said. "He deeply regrets his actions and their consequences."
Members of Mr Bell's family wept in the public gallery as victim impact statements were read on behalf of his parents.
In her statement, his mother Gillian Davies said: "My son was taken from me at such a young age and robbed of his life.
"I have been upset to the point there are no tears left to cry."
His father Neil Bell said: "It feels that part of me has died. It is ripping me apart.
"I love him and miss him so much."
The judge Mr Justice DJ Holgate said: "You were under the influence of heroin.
"The use of the knife was wholly unjustified and unlawful. No sentence other than one of immediate imprisonment is appropriate."


Buy into safe haven currencies like the Japanese yen and the Swiss franc (both up today); buy into gold (the ultimate save haven harbour); sell the obvious (the Mexican peso has taken a battering).
But, trading volumes are average, the FTSE 100 is calm and there has been no rush to the stock market exit doors.
After the turmoil of Brexit, this has not been a "plus, plus, plus" day in terms of volatility.
So far, this is Brexit minus.
Investors are in wait and see mode.
Donald Trump does not become president until January.
As the markets discovered with Brexit, a vote doesn't actually change anything immediately.
An over-reaction now will just lead to a bounce back later, and investors are getting wise to that.
Company fundamentals - the world is awash with central bank stimulative cash - are as strong today as they were yesterday.
Investors also know, and some maybe hope, that Mr Trump's campaign rhetoric is just that - words - and it remains to be seen what he will actually do.
Mr Trump can certainly expect the American system of constitutional checks and balances via the Senate and the House of Representatives to kick in, lowering investor fears that a sharp yank on the economic handbrake is ahead.
Congress (still dominated by "the establishment" wing of the Republican Party) may rein in some of Mr Trump's more aggressive stances on policies such as free trade.
During the campaign the president elect talked of slapping 45% tariffs on Chinese imports and ripping up the North American Free Trade Agreement.
If those policies came to pass, many economists believe it would lead to a marked global slowdown.
But, as Stephen King, senior economic adviser to HSBC, told me, if America does not become as overtly protectionist as Mr Trump has suggested, then the economic news from the US may not be as gloomy as some predict.
Initially, at least.
Indeed, Mr Trump has spoken of a "fiscal stimulus" to rebuild America's infrastructure, which could mean tax cuts for businesses and some extra borrowing.
Policies that - if Mr Trump does not scare the market horses on the levels of US debt, a big ask - could provide a short term economic boost.
"The near term positive story comes from the Trump promises about infrastructure spending in the US - the possibility of that actually helps the US economy to grow a bit faster in the short term," Mr King told me.
"In the longer term the most important issue is what does Trump mean for the global economic system, in particular the global trading system?
"He has talked about hitting China with tariffs, he's talked about building that wall with Mexico, dismantling the North American Free Trade Agreement.
"All these things are pieces of architecture that have linked the world together more closely over the past few years.
"We know that the more that trade barriers have been dismantled the better it's been for global growth.
"The more that capital has been able to flow around the world, the better it's been for global growth.
"So effectively removing these things by creating walls, by creating barriers, it does create some big questions about how the global economy remains integrated in the years ahead. The more disintegration there is, the bigger the risk is of lower growth."
This is the calculation investors are now considering.
How much of Mr Trump's campaign rhetoric will translate into actual policy?
And how much will his more conciliatory tone from this morning - he spoke of "partnership not conflict" with countries around the world - set the tone for his presidency?
As the markets watch and wait, it is for Mr Trump to decide which route he wants to travel.
Until that is clear, this somewhat phoney peace on the markets looks likely to continue.


Everton footballer Steven Pienaar has been bailed after answering an arrest warrant issued when he failed to turn up in court on speeding charges.

The allegations, in Essex, against Pienaar, 30, were proven in his absence after he failed to attend Chelmsford Magistrates' Court on Monday.
He was caught speeding twice, 11 days apart, on Lambourne Road, Chigwell.
A judge ordered Pienaar be given unconditional bail for sentencing in Chelmsford next month.
The player's lawyer said his client had "responded immediately" to news of the warrant and made a "pre-arranged visit" to a police station in Cheshire.
Gwynn Lewis said Pienaar was "totally unaware" of the court date, after he moved to Merseyside in February.
He said the correspondence from the court had been sent to his old address in Essex.
Pienaar, whose address was given in court as Theydon Road, Epping, was charged with failing to disclose who was driving his Aston Martin DBS, which was captured exceeding the limit, on two separate days in October last year.
The South Africa international joined his former club Everton, on loan from Tottenham, in January.


The US has warned its citizens of "credible threats" to tourist areas in Turkey, particularly in Istanbul and the southern resort city of Antalya.

Both the Islamic State group (IS) and Kurdish militants have claimed a number of attacks in Turkey in recent months.
Turkey is part of the US-led coalition against IS, and coalition planes use its air base at Incirlik for raids in Iraq and Syria.
Turkey is also conducting a campaign against Kurdish militants.
How dangerous is Turkey's unrest?
Tears and destruction amid PKK crackdown
Turkey in midst of hideous vortex
A ceasefire between the government and the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) broke down last year.
On Saturday an emergency travel warning was published on the website of the US embassy in Turkey.
"There are credible threats to tourist areas, in particular to public squares and docks in Istanbul and Antalya. Please exercise extreme caution if you are in the vicinity of such areas," it read.
Antalya, on Turkey's Mediterranean coast, is a major tourist centre visited by millions of people every year.
The warning comes a day after Israel's counterterrorism bureau urged all Israelis to avoid Turkey, saying: "There are immediate risks of attacks being carried out in the country, and we stress the threat applies to all tourism sites in Turkey."


In the aftermath of the deadly events at Nairobi's Westgate Mall,  Kenya's security services will be expected to conduct a thorough post-mortem examination and implement strategies to prevent future attacks.

The scale, speed, ferocity and apparent sophistication of the Westgate assault have stunned many in Kenya's establishment. Such has been the magnitude and depth of consternation that a return to business-as-usual will, for many, be unacceptable.
The crisis has evidently tipped the scales but whether it can unleash the positive energy needed to radically reconfigure and transform the security architecture and culture is hard to tell.
Authorities have promised a speedy and forensic probe, but it may take time to produce a coherent narrative to explain who the masterminds were and how the operation was conceived.
But anecdotal evidence and fragments of intelligence have already emerged which offer potentially useful leads.
A number of sources, including the Kenyan government, now believe the attack was carried by a "multinational" team of between 10 and 15 militants.
Q&A: Who are Somalia's al-Shabab?
Initial eyewitness accounts indicated women were involved but these have been dismissed or explained by the fact that some were disguised in women's clothing.
The claims about women for a while fed speculation that al-Shabab - the Somalia-based militant group that claimed responsibility for the operation - may not have been involved because it did not match the group's modus operandi.
The group has used female suicide bombers in the past but there is no evidence it has deployed women in active combat duties. Indeed, an al-Shabab spokesman dismissed the claim of female involvement.
The big question, however, remains whether al-Shabab has the capacity to conduct such a sophisticated operation beyond Somalia's borders at a time when it is weakened by factionalism and power struggles.
No less important a question is what tactical and strategic aims the operation was designed to advance?
The skill and capacity is certainly there, shown by the number of sophisticated large-scale bomb attacks and commando-style raids on government facilities in Mogadishu in recent months.
Assuming there is still a level of close coordination and skills transfer between the autonomous cells of al-Shabab, there is no reason why its cells in Kenya and the rest of East Africa cannot adopt the same tactics we have seen put to devastating effect in Mogadishu.
It is reasonable to assume the objective of the attack is propaganda - to spread the message that hardline factions allied to al-Shabab leader Ahmed Abdi Godane are still strong, cohesive and capable of striking their domestic and external enemies.
Hardliners have been claiming that al-Shabab is more cohesive and potent after being purged of "hypocrites" and "ditherers".
In recent years it has shed senior figures like faction leader Hasan Dahir Aweys and former spokesman Mukhtar Robow. Others key figures like Ibrahim Al-Afghani and Omar Hammami (al-Amriki) have been assassinated.
So what better way to prove this new cohesion than to escalate the jihad with a spectacular operation?
This hypothesis assumes the hardliners are no longer guided by self-preservation and are oblivious or indifferent to the risks of provoking Kenya into a retaliation that would degrade their capabilities further.
A series of media interviews given on Monday by a man identifying himself as Abu Umar, an al-Shabab commander in the Somali port of Kismayo, has fed speculation that he might be speaking on behalf of a mutant new splinter faction.
Abu Umar spoke in impeccable English and offered details on the identity of the gunmen and the siege that suggested a command centre inside Somalia was in constant contact with the gunmen and running the operation.
Analysts have been excitedly speculating that the Westgate Mall attack was the work of a multinational jihadi outfit composed of Somali and foreign fighters eager to use the al-Shabab brand name, nominally sympathetic to its goals, but operationally autonomous of it.
It is a fantastical and disconcerting prospect that, given the context and complex evolution of violent extremism in Somalia, is impossible to discount.


The Isle of Man's attorney general has been acquitted of perjury and acts against public justice.

The court was told both charges against Stephen Harding, 52, from Glen Vine, had been dropped.
A two-week retrial began on 3 February after a jury of seven failed to come to a unanimous verdict in December following the first trial.
On 15 February the second jury was dismissed by Deemster Birkett after a verdict could not be reached.
The charges, which Mr Harding has always denied, dated back to a period between April and September 2012 when he was a Manx government advocate.
The Chief Secretary's Office on the Isle of Man said: "The attorney general has been suspended from his duties pending the outcome of the trial.
"The position will now be reviewed in accordance with established internal processes."
A spokesman from the Isle of Man Constabulary said Mr Harding's acquittal was a "most unsatisfactory outcome from the perspective of both the complainants and the defendant alike".
"Thankfully the heavy burden as to the question of innocence or guilt is not a matter for the constabulary," he added.
"The members of the inquiry team were tasked with conducting a thorough and impartial investigation in seeking to collate the facts of this challenging case and that is exactly what they did.
"I am immensely proud of their professionalism, dedication and decorum."


On a day that England enjoyed its finest weather of 2017 so far, two teams became the first to earn promotion in the EFL this season.

BBC Sport takes a look at a few things you may have missed in the EFL and in non-league, including a record-equalling win and a record-breaking goal.
It has been a pretty incredible couple of seasons for the Blades boss.
Since the start of 2015-16, his record stands at played 88, won 55, drawn 22 and lost 11.
The boyhood Blades fan, ballboy and player walked out on the Cobblers to take the job at Bramall Lane in May 2016 after guiding them to the League Two title with 99 points.
United need four more points to be League One champions and, if they win their remaining four matches, they will hit the 100-point mark.
Promotion back to the Championship brought an end to Sheffield United's six-year stay in the third tier.
They put their fans, many of whom were watching on a beamback at Bramall Lane, through a tough 90 minutes after falling behind to a Marc Richards strike just before the break.
But they levelled through Leon Clarke's goal before John Fleck grabbed a late winner.
Wilder told BBC Radio Sheffield: "It's just incredible. It's life-changing and I feel quite emotional about it.
"We all put our heart and soul into it and they're a special group of players and they deserve to go down as that because they have had pressure on them week in and week out. I am so proud of them.
"The scenes at the end of the game and in the dressing room will live with me for a lifetime."
He added: "We're after wins. That group of players is not going to stop.
"We are after 100 points, four wins and putting ourselves in the record book."
It was double joy in South Yorkshire as League Two leaders Doncaster joined the Blades in earning promotion.
Darren Ferguson's men endured a torrid run of form in 2015-16 that ended in them surprisingly being relegated to the fourth tier.
The nadir of their season came with a 4-1 defeat by Colchester in March that left Ferguson to sum up the match by saying his side had shown "no character, no leadership, nothing".
It has been a completely different scenario this campaign, though, as Rovers have shown their class throughout the season and secured promotion on Saturday with a 1-0 win over Mansfield.
Ferguson told BBC Radio Sheffield: "The focus all week has been on winning promotion here at home.
"I said to the players before the game 'we are going to get this done but how do we do it? By default with other teams losing or do you want to do it by winning the game?'
"The players showed tremendous character.
"It's a massive turnaround from where we were 12 months ago and I have to thank the board. We recruited good characters and I have got a dressing room I can trust."
... apart from when it is.
On the day that people became horse racing experts for the day for the Grand National, nobody got off to as quick a start as Bristol Rovers.
Byron Moore gave the visitors the lead after just 11 seconds at AFC Wimbledon.
Moore's goal was enough to give Darrell Clarke's side a 1-0 victory and put himself in the League One club's record books as the scorer of their fastest ever goal.
Clarke told BBC Radio Bristol: "We knew it was going to be a tough game so it was great to get a dream start.
"We're now the best Rovers team in 17 years with our points return and the boys can enjoy that accolade and go into Easter with their heads held high."
What a difference three days can make.
Norwich's dismal second-half showing in their 3-0 defeat by Huddersfield on Wednesday prompted interim boss Alan Irvine to say: "We went from being in a promising position to caving in and that is something the new manager needs to address. I have been frank with the players and they have said the same among themselves. We cannot cave in like this."
Whatever Irvine said clearly worked as the Canaries scored five times in the opening 35 minutes and led 6-1 at half-time, stunning fourth-placed Reading.
Thereafter things calmed down somewhat and the hosts ended up claiming a 7-1 over Jaap Stam's men.
Sadly it might well be a case of too little too late for the Norfolk side as they are nine points outside the play-offs with five games to play.
Needless to say, Irvine was in slightly higher spirits on Saturday, telling BBC Radio Norfolk: "That's what the players are capable of doing when they play to a high level.
"It was an outstanding performance. Scoring six goals in one half doesn't happen anywhere very often, it was amazing."
"Full credit to the players because they took a lot of criticism, and rightly so, for their performance at Huddersfield, so they deserve praise."
They say that good weather can do funny things to you and that was no more apparent than in the National League.
Promotion hopefuls Tranmere were hitting their straps before the visit of struggling Solihull on Saturday and took a 3-0 lead just before the break thanks to Cole Stockton's hat-trick.
Not to be outdone, Connor Jennings grabbed a treble of his own and Andy Cook, Liam Ridehalgh and Aaron Collins also got on the scoresheet to help Rovers to a 9-0 win.
The margin of victory matched that of Tranmere's biggest ever win, a 13-4 win over Oldham in 1934.
You might have seen the story about the dog stopping play in the Evo-Stik game between Halesowen and Skelmersdale for six minutes...
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Well, Bromley decided that dogs were a little bit clichéd and decided to go slightly more unusual in their choice of pitch-invading animals, as a pheasant went for a stroll on the pitch during the first half of their game against Wrexham.
The Hayes Lane side, nicknamed the Ravens, might try to invite their feathered friend back for future fixtures after they clinched a 4-3 win.
And finally, Maidstone got a little more than they bargained for on the coach they had booked back from Gateshead.
The Stones probably felt like partying after coming from behind to secure a 2-1 win at the Heed, so you would imagine they were delighted when a party bus turned up to transport them to Newcastle.


Barnet interim coach Henry Newman has left the League Two club, leaving Rossi Eames in sole charge at The Hive.

The pair were appointed in December when Martin Allen departed to become manager of National League Eastleigh.
"Henry was instrumental in bringing through a number of our talented youngsters while he was academy manager," a club statement said.
"Everyone at the club would like to wish Henry all the best for the future."
Barnet say Newman left the club on Sunday, after winning four of 11 games in joint charge with Eames.


The first two confirmed cases of the Zika virus in the Republic of Ireland are being investigated.

One case is in a man and the other in an older woman. Both have recovered from the infection.
They both have a history of travel to a Zika affected country. The Republic of Ireland's Health and Safety Executive has said the cases are unrelated.
The World Health Organization has declared Zika a global health emergency as it spreads through the Americas.
Zika is carried by mosquitoes and has been linked to thousands of suspected cases of underdeveloped brains.
The HSE said neither of the confirmed cases in Ireland is "at risk of pregnancy".
It said that infection usually results in a mild illness lasting between two and seven days.
The HSE statement advises people who become ill within two weeks of their return to Ireland from an affected area to contact their doctor for assessment.
"The finding of Zika cases in Ireland is not an unexpected event as many other European countries have reported cases as a result of travel to affected areas," it said.
"The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne infection, which isn't harmful in most cases.
"However, it may be harmful for pregnancies, as it's been potentially linked to birth defects, specifically, abnormally small heads [microcephaly]."
The virus is primarily transmitted through mosquito bites, although it can also be sexually transmitted.
The US confirmed the first case of Zika contracted through sexual transmission in Dallas on Tuesday evening.


Kenyan mobile phone firms have been ordered to install equipment to allow the telecommunications regulator to monitor activity on their networks.

It means the Communications Authority of Kenya (CA) would have the ability to listen to calls, read messages and view financial transactions.
But the body says the move is not about mass surveillance and is necessary in its fight against counterfeit phones.
Such handsets cannot be tracked and are often used by criminals.
The BBC's Wanyama wa Chebusiri in the capital, Nairobi, says the regulator's proposal would see more than 30 million mobile phone owners in Kenya lose their privacy and confidentiality.
The CA's action sparked outrage when news of the plan was leaked on Friday.
The Consumer Federation of Kenya (COFEK), which lobbies on behalf of customers, called the timing of the order "suspicious".
"Coming in an election year, we are so suspicious that this is bound to be politicised and it is something that has shown that the government has something to hide," said the federation's general secretary, Stephen Mutoro.
His organisation would go to "all lengths" to stop the programme, he said.
The country's biggest telecoms operator, Safaricom, also gave its reaction, saying it has "strong reservations" about the move.
Stephen Chege, Safaricom's corporate affairs director, told Reuters that the system needed to be "subjected to the relevant public debate as it touches on confidential communications belonging to our customers".
The Communications Authority has dismissed mobile companies' concerns and say that the operators had been involved in discussions about deploying the system since last year.
CA director general Francis Wangusi also condemned the circulation of what it called "misleading information" about its intentions.
The issue of counterfeit phones has been a main concern for authorities.
Many are imported from Asia, and regulators say are difficult to track as they lack authentic International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers.
In leaked letter to the three biggest mobile phone providers, Safaricom, Airtel and Orange, the regulator asks for their contractor to be allowed on to the companies' sites to install a snooping device, called a Device Management System (DMS), from next week.
The regulator has cracked down on counterfeit mobile phones in the past - switching off 1.5 million fake phones in 2012.
But it says consumers are still buying them and so this is part of its efforts to tackle the problem.
Many Kenyans have turned to Twitter under the hashtags #MobilePrivacyIsMyRight and #MobilePhoneSpying to criticise the announcement.


John Akinde's second-half goal secured Barnet victory at Mansfield.

Akinde broke the deadlock on 57 minutes with the Bees' first shot on target after the visitors broke quickly from a loose Mitch Rose pass.
Luke Gambin sent Akinde down the left and he ghosted past Krystian Pearce before lifting a cool finish over Scott Shearer.
Mansfield had the best of a first half short on real chances in which home goalkeeper Shearer did not have a save to make.
At the other end Josh Vickers got his body in the way of a Matt Green effort and he safely grabbed a tame header from the same player on 36 minutes.
Two minutes later Vickers got down to his right to turn away a low Mal Benning shot from 18 yards.
From the corner Green sent a downward header goalwards that looked to be creeping inside the post until Elliot Johnson headed off the line.
The Stags laboured after Akinde's goal, though Vickers did make a fine save late on to keep out a Darius Henderson header from Kevan Hurst's cross.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Mansfield Town 0, Barnet 1.
Second Half ends, Mansfield Town 0, Barnet 1.
Alie Sesay (Barnet) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Darius Henderson (Mansfield Town).
Foul by Alex Iacovitti (Mansfield Town).
John Akinde (Barnet) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Corner,  Barnet. Conceded by Alex Iacovitti.
Attempt saved. Darius Henderson (Mansfield Town) header from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Attempt missed. Malvind Benning (Mansfield Town) left footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Jamal Campbell-Ryce (Barnet) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Lee Collins (Mansfield Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jamal Campbell-Ryce (Barnet).
Lee Collins (Mansfield Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Jamal Campbell-Ryce (Barnet).
Alex Iacovitti (Mansfield Town) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Jamal Campbell-Ryce (Barnet).
Corner,  Barnet. Conceded by Alex Iacovitti.
Substitution, Barnet. Alie Sesay replaces Alex Nicholls.
Attempt saved. Jean-Louis Akpa-Akpro (Barnet) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Substitution, Mansfield Town. Darius Henderson replaces Mitch Rose.
Corner,  Barnet. Conceded by Alex Iacovitti.
Attempt blocked. Jamal Campbell-Ryce (Barnet) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Kevan Hurst (Mansfield Town) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Substitution, Barnet. Jamal Campbell-Ryce replaces Luke Gambin because of an injury.
Kevan Hurst (Mansfield Town) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Luke Gambin (Barnet) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Kevan Hurst (Mansfield Town).
Corner,  Mansfield Town. Conceded by Luke Gambin.
Luke Gambin (Barnet) is shown the yellow card.
Attempt missed. Kevan Hurst (Mansfield Town) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left from a direct free kick.
CJ Hamilton (Mansfield Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Mauro Vilhete (Barnet).
Substitution, Mansfield Town. Kevan Hurst replaces Ashley Hemmings.
Attempt missed. Matt Green (Mansfield Town) header from the centre of the box misses to the right.
Substitution, Barnet. Jean-Louis Akpa-Akpro replaces Shaun Batt.
Goal!  Mansfield Town 0, Barnet 1. John Akinde (Barnet) right footed shot from the left side of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Luke Gambin following a fast break.
Attempt missed. Matt Green (Mansfield Town) right footed shot from a difficult angle and long range on the right is close, but misses to the right.
Attempt missed. Luke Gambin (Barnet) left footed shot from the left side of the six yard box misses to the left.
Ashley Hemmings (Mansfield Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Luke Gambin (Barnet).


Suspected serial killer Stephen Port has appeared via videolink at the Old Bailey charged with poisoning and murdering four young men.

Mr Port, of Barking, London, is accused of killing the men after contacting them via dating websites between June 2014 and September this year.
The 40-year-old allegedly gave his victims large amounts of the drug GHB.
The hearing lasted approximately 10 minutes, with a provisional trial date set for April.
Mr Port, of Cooke Street, Barking, appeared via a link from Pentonville Prison. He was remanded in custody.
The charges relate to the deaths of:
The deaths were not initially linked but after further investigation they were referred to the Metropolitan Police homicide and major crime command on October 14.


Another teenager has appeared in court following disorder after last month's Scottish Cup final at Hampden Park.

Brandon Jones, 18, from Edinburgh is accused of running on to the pitch and towards opposition supporters in an "aggressive and threatening manner".
He is also charged with assaulting an unknown male and of assaulting another man, Dale Pryde.
At Glasgow Sheriff Court, Mr Jones denied the charges and was released on bail pending a later trial.
It is alleged that Mr Jones, who appeared from custody, breached the Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications Act on 21 May by running on to the pitch after Hibs beat Rangers 3-2.
He was released on bail with the conditions not to enter Hampden or attend any football matches.


While David Moyes often looked like a man who wondered if he was big enough for Manchester United, Louis van Gaal is so unburdened by modesty that he may wonder if Manchester United is big enough for him.

In a spot of typically measured self-analysis, the 62-year-old, who will assume control at Old Trafford after the Netherlands' World Cup campaign, announced: "I am who I am - confident, arrogant, dominant, honest, hard-working and innovative."
Van Gaal is all of those things and more. If United appeared an ill-fitting suit for Moyes then this much-travelled and well-decorated coach will regard the "Theatre Of Dreams" as tailor-made for his talent and pedigree.
After emerging as a visionary coach with an emphasis on attacking football and youth development at Ajax in the '90s - he won the Champions League in 1995 - he has had had a magnetic attraction for the biggest clubs with two spells at Barcelona and another at Bayern Munich, who he took to the Champions League final in 2010.
With United swiftly admitting the Moyes experiment had been an abject failure as a good man and decent manager floundered out of his depth, United have cut to the chase. They have gone short-term with a personality and coach who will apply more of a quick fix and will see Old Trafford as perhaps the final destination on a tour of Europe's elite destinations.
On almost every level, Van Gaal's appointment represents a significant change from the criteria United applied when bringing in Moyes as successor to Sir Alex Ferguson when he retired after 26 years as manager.
Moyes often seemed grateful United had come to him. Van Gaal will feel no such awe - indeed he may feel exactly the opposite. He will believe it is only right that executive vice-chairman Ed Woodward chose someone of his calibre to undertake the great rebuild.
Stalking the touchline with menace, often carrying a clipboard for added impact, Van Gaal will not shy away from confrontation - if there are cages to be rattled and egos to be rocked at United he will be very comfortable doing the rocking and rolling.
Manchester City chief executive Ferran Soriano, who worked at one of Van Gaal's former clubs Barcelona, was blunt about his confrontational approach, while at the same time acknowledging his success.
Commenting in March, Soriano said: "If you treat people badly they remember. One day you make an error and they will kill you. I've seen this in many clubs.
"Louis van Gaal has been a very good coach in many clubs but his style is very difficult. The same thing happened to him in Barcelona as in Bayern Munich.
"He is very tough, people don't like him but he wins. And one day you won't win - and when you don't win everybody that is angry with you will come back and try to kill you. In the movies this works but in real life it doesn't."
Whereas Moyes seemed to shy away from making the big decisions, giving a title-winning side a chance out of apparent deference and respect as opposed to making the changes required, Van Gaal will have no hesitation in moving on those he feels no longer serve his purpose.
Van Gaal inherits a squad in need of serious renewal. Nemanja Vidic and Rio Ferdinand are going and Patrice Evra looks certain to be replaced by Southampton's Luke Shaw at left-back.
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He will, finally, be the man to tackle the quality deficit that has existed in Manchester United's midfield for years. The names of Bayern Munich's Toni Kroos and Borussia Dortmund's Marco Reus are on the radar, while Dortmund defender Mats Hummels has also been linked.
What will he make, if anything, of United's £27m midfield misfit Marouane Fellaini when everything he has shown so far marks him down as a questionable inheritance for Van Gaal?
And what will become of unfulfilled fringe players such as Nani, Ashley Young and Tom Cleverley? Will Danny Welbeck have a part to play?
Van Gaal will happily promote talented youth so Adnan Januzaj can be expected to get the chance to flourish and build on the precocious quality he has already demonstrated.
The appointment appears to be good news for United striker Robin van Persie after an injury-troubled season punctuated by suggestions of an uneasy relationship with Moyes and what seemed a dysfunctional partnership with Wayne Rooney.
Van Gaal is close to Van Persie, who cherishes such a relationship with his managers. He made him captain of the Dutch national team so it would seem certain he will be pivotal to the new Old Trafford era.
As a man not known for diplomacy, Van Gaal must tread a fine line in this area. It would be a hazardous occupation to be seen as favouring Van Persie over Rooney, who could hold his head up high as a player who gave everything for Moyes.
If Van Gaal is the innovator he believes he is, and his track record suggests, one of his major goals and proving grounds could be to make Van Persie and Rooney a workable football marriage while also finding a role for £37.5m Juan Mata.
Ryan Giggs, as assistant, provides a link with the past, and someone with experience of how this giant footballing beast works.
But from United's point of view, this is not an appointment without risk. Van Gaal's combustible personality takes this out of safe territory.
Van Gaal's finest hour was with Ajax in the mid-'90s, although he also took Bayern to the Champions League final four years ago. He has not coached at club level since being sacked by Bayern Munich in 2011. He will, however, undoubtedly have kept his finger on the pulse and will regard the United challenge as his destiny.
When he was linked with a role at Liverpool in 2012 following Kenny Dalglish's sacking he said: "My fingers are itching. I am full of fire and want to work with players."
He will get the chance at Manchester United. The flame still burns inside one of European football's most enduring and charismatic figures - now can he light the touch paper on a new era of Old Trafford success?


Deadly clashes broke out in Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic (CAR), after a Muslim motorbike taxi driver was killed.

About 20 people have been killed with at least 100 others wounded in the violence.
UN peacekeepers took up positions as the fighting spread from the city's only Muslim neighbourhood to an area where many Christians reside.
CAR has experienced religious and ethnic unrest for more than two years.
The BBC's Max Allaroum in Bangui says Saturday's violence is some of the worst the city has experienced this year - with the largest death toll.
The UN Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs tweeted that residents were fleeing the clashes, heading to displacement camps in the city.
Amadou Rufai, a mayor in the Muslim neighbourhood, told BBC Afrique that militia from the mainly Christian "anti-balaka" militia got involved in the violence - and he feared this would mean the violence could continue.
Violence escalated in CAR in March 2013 when mainly Muslim Seleka rebels seized power in the majority Christian country.
Christian militias then formed and during that time about 25% of the population fled their homes.
Under regional pressure, the rebel leader resigned as president in January 2014 and an interim administration took over.
France deployed troops to its former colony to help restore order and last September a UN force, that currently numbers 10,000, began peacekeeping duties.


The BBC Trust's editorial standards committee (ESC) has upheld complaints about comments made by former radio host Iain Lee on his Three Counties breakfast show.

The ESC ruled Lee was in breach of the editorial guidelines on impartiality after calling a Christian lawyer a bigot in a debate on homophobia.
Lee and the BBC later apologised, saying the interview was at "several points inappropriate".
Lee then left the BBC in November 2015.
The presenter responded to the ruling on Twitter, saying: "Genuinely, I'm flabbergasted. The report contains examples of where I was wrong. Apart from one line, I kept replying 'what's wrong with that?'"
Lee's departure came two weeks after the 3 November interview with Libby Powell, a lawyer for Christian Concern, a conservative Christian group that opposes LGBT rights.
She appeared on the show to defend a minister who was disciplined for reading out passages from the Bible condemning homosexuality during a recent service at a prison.
Lee stated: "Homophobia is bigotry. Do you support bigotry?" to which Powell replied: "This isn't homophobia, this is God's word."
He went on to accuse Powell of not understanding what bigotry was.
The preacher and former prison worker, who was claiming constructive dismissal, was also on the show and was told by Lee: "I find the view that being gay is sinful, I find that view completely repugnant and disgraceful."
Following the show, the BBC issued a statement to LGBT website Pink News apologising for any offence that may have been caused.
In its ruling issued on Tuesday, the ESC said it had received complaints about impartiality following the 3 November interview and, after consideration, had ruled the interview was a "serious breach of editorial guidelines for impartiality".
The ESC said they understood the "editorial justification for addressing the subject [of the interview] and for robustly challenging the interviewees".
However, they agreed that Lee "did not show due impartiality in the conduct of two of the interviews and that their tone was unduly confrontational".
They noted the interview "included personal attacks on the interviewee and on her beliefs", and concluded the "language used was inappropriate and the interviewee was not given appropriate opportunity to air her views".
The committee added: "This breach of impartiality followed occasions when other local radio presenters, while endeavouring to engage with audiences, had voiced personal opinions, in breach of the Editorial Guidelines."
They noted that these included the broadcast of comments by a presenter that were "potentially offensive and which exceeded the expectations of the audience".
They acknowledged the "critical role" BBC local radio output had to play in "enabling the widest possible public debate".
"However, they considered that where presenters appeared to defend a particular stand on an issue in an inappropriately combative manner, the effect was not to broaden debate but was likely to the be the opposite."
Finally, the committee said the BBC executive had made a commitment to starting a programme of new training across local radio "to increase understanding of the subject by production teams and presenters".


A castle that had a multi-million pound vault built to house a surviving copy of Magna Carta has almost tripled visitor numbers.

Lincoln Castle underwent a Â£22m renovation project ready for the document's 800th anniversary.
Castle manager Rachel Thomas said about 34,000 people visited in April - up 21,000 on last year.
Last month, the castle was named as one of 12 sites in the county that could be outsourced to save the council money.
Since the 11th Century castle reopened at the beginning of April, 33,941 people have visited, compared with 12,503 last April.
Lincoln's copy of Magna Carta, is one of only four surviving copies.
Ms Thomas said she had not expected so many visitors.
"Partly, no doubt, the coverage around Magna Carta and the raising in the public consciousness of Magna Carta has helped," she said.
The renovation project included a new wall walk and the reopening of the Victorian prison to visitors.
The high-security underground vault houses the 1215 Magna Carta, alongside an original copy of the Charter of the Forest, which was signed two years later.
The work was funded by Lincolnshire County Council, Heritage Lottery money and private donations.
The authority said a final decision on whether to outsource 12 attractions including the castle, Gainsborough Old Hall and the Museum of Lincolnshire Life has not yet been made.


Bruno Saltor is targeting promotion to the Premier League after joining Brighton & Hove Albion.

The 31-year-old signed a two-year deal with the Seagulls this week after spending three years with Valencia.
The Sussex side, who have not played in the top tier since 1982-83, finished 10th in the Championship last season.
The right back told BBC Sussex: "That's the logical progression. This squad is being built to get into the Premier League and that is the objective."
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Saltor says Brighton manager Gus Poyet played a large part in his decision to move to England.
"At the start of the summer I knew that there was some interest," he continued.
"I had the idea to leave Spain.
"Of the offers that I had, Brighton's was the one I liked the most.
"Gus was very insistent and it makes you feel wanted."


The Women's Equality Party says it would invest in "social infrastructure" with free childcare and "fully equal" parental leave.

The party, founded in 2015, is contesting seven seats on 8 June and launched its manifesto on Friday.
Leader Sophie Walker said it included plans for more parental leave and 40 hours free child care a week.
The Lib Dems are also pledging an extra month of paternity leave on top of the current statutory two weeks.
The party, which pushed for the introduction of shared parental leave when in coalition with the Conservatives, said it would outline how the measure would be funded when its manifesto is published.
But former Lib Dem minister Jo Swinson said: "More needs to be done in order to encourage men to take leave when they become a dad, to bond with their child during the early weeks and months of their life."
Since 2003, new fathers have been entitled to two weeks' paid leave if they meet certain criteria, such as having worked for their employer for a defined length of time. Statutory paternity pay is currently £140.98 a week or 90% of average weekly earnings, if that is lower.
In April 2015, new rights came in to allow parents to share up to 50 weeks of leave and 37 weeks of pay, if it is agreed with the employer with eight weeks' notice.
Ms Walker told BBC Radio 4's Women's Hour that the party's manifesto pledged a "fully equal" system of parental leave, for both parents, including adoptive parents and same sex couples. This would include three months off work on 90% of pay.
She said that many men could not currently afford to take their full paternity leave entitlement.
She put the cost of the policy at £6.5bn, based on average salaries, numbers of people with children and numbers of those in work and said it would be partly funded by taking £4bn from the government's infrastructure investment fund. Employers would also be asked to pay an insurance levy of 0.076% of salary costs.
"We have to invest pound for pound in physical infrastructure and social infrastructure," she told the programme.
"Physical infrastructure is one way of creating jobs and economic growth - but social infrastructure is really vital."
She also elaborated on her plan for 40 hours a week free childcare for children aged between nine months and primary school age  - at a cost of £33bn, which Ms Walker said should be funded by changes to pension tax relief, rises in alcohol and fuel duty and postponing cuts to corporation tax. She said the pledge would revolutionise lives and would help businesses.
From September, three- and four-year-olds in England will be entitled to 30 free hours of care per week in term time - up from the current 15 hours, although there have been some concerns it will mean higher fees and extra charges.
Other pledges include tackling violence against women with better funding for specialist services, improving funding for social care and introduce a right to paid leave for carers.
Ms Walker said her party was inviting the biggest parties to steal its policies "because we want to get the job done".
"The very DNA of this party is that we would like to put ourselves out of business, we also seek to work with like-minded people and this is very much part of that."
Asked about criticism that the party risks splitting the vote and could unseat some women MPs, she said: "We sat down and worked out our election strategy based on ensuring that women's representation in Parliament is maintained so we are not running anywhere where we would knock a woman out to the cost of the overall numbers.
"We have specifically also looked to make sure that we would not knock out a black, Asian or minority ethnic woman, because their representation in Parliament is even lower."