Godolphin trainer Mahmood Al Zarooni has been banned from racing for eight years after doping horses at one of the world's leading racing operations.

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The British Horseracing Authority (BHA) has also banned 15 horses trained by the 37-year-old for six months.
Godolphin is run by the ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.
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"Al Zarooni acted with recklessness and caused tremendous damage to Godolphin and British racing," said the stable's racing manager Simon Crisford.
"I think it will take a very long time for Godolphin to regain the trust of the British public. We're shocked and completely outraged by the actions he has taken."
Al Zarooni continued to be repentant after hearing of his punishment, saying: "I apologise to Sheikh Mohammed and all those at Godolphin, and the public who follow racing.
"I accept it was my responsibility to be aware of rules and regulations around banned substances.
"I can only apologise and repeat what I said in my statement earlier in the week - I have made a catastrophic error."
One of the banned horses is Certify, the former 1,000 Guineas favourite, who will be clear to race again on 9 October 2013, as will the other 14 suspended thoroughbreds.
Eleven horses were caught by drug testing, while Al Zarooni admitted at Wednesday's hearing to doping four others.
Al Zarooni gave the steroids ethylestranol and stanozolol, which are prohibited substances, to his horses and he was charged with violating multiple rules related to banned substances, as well as failing to keep medication records and with conduct prejudicial to the sport.
It's a hefty ban, but one that officials at the British Horseracing Authority say reflects how seriously they take their good record when it comes to drugs in the sport.
Not long ago Mahmood Al Zarooni, personally picked by Sheikh Mohammed to be his trainer, was rated a rising star, yet now his promising career lies in tatters.
Meanwhile, the Sheikh and the huge Godolphin operation will endeavour to re-group, but some of the mud is sure to stick, and things can never be quite the same again.
Steroids are allowed in some countries, including Dubai, out of competition.
Hopefully, this whole episode acts as a catalyst for the world's racing authorities to get their drugs rules consistent across the globe.
BHA chief executive Paul Bittar said he hoped the bans for Al Zarooni and the doped horses "will serve to reassure the public, and the sport's participants, that use of performance-enhancing substances in British racing will not be tolerated".
Bittar added: "We welcome the proactive response of Godolphin and Sheikh Mohammed in announcing their intention to review the procedures of this stable and the need to ensure that all horses formerly trained by Mahmood Al Zarooni are tested and cleared before they race again.
"The BHA will itself consider the wider issues raised by this matter and we will seek to ascertain and collate all other relevant information including, where necessary, interviewing other employees or contractors of Godolphin."
Sheikh Mohammed, who is worth an estimated £10bn, has "locked down" the Moulton Paddock stables in Newmarket where Al Zarooni trained.
Speaking before the ruling, Sheikh Mohammed said he was "appalled and angered" by the news that part of his operation "has violated Godolphin's ethical standards and the rules of British racing".
He added: "I have been involved in British horse racing for 30 years and have deep respect for its traditions and rules. There can be no excuse for any deliberate violation."
Rachel Hood, president of the Racehorse Owners Association, added: "The ROA was profoundly disturbed by the findings that anabolic steroids had been administered to horses at Moulton Paddocks stables, and we wholeheartedly support the BHA's disciplinary panel in imposing a lengthy ban on Mr Al Zarooni.
Artigiano, Bathrat Amal, Certify, Comitas, Desert Blossom, Fair Hill, Ghostflower, Opinion Poll, Orkney Island, Restraint of Trade, Sashiko, Sweet Rose, Tearless, Vacationer, Valley of Queens
"Our sport invests heavily in its integrity services, which includes the BHA undertaking over 8,000 drug tests annually, either on the racecourse or on a random basis at training yards.
"The fact that there have only been two cases of anabolic steroids being detected in recent years supports our view that this was an isolated incident."
Al Zarooni is one of two UK-based trainers - the other is Saeed bin Suroor - for the powerful Godolphin operation.
Since being appointed by Sheikh Mohammed in March 2010, Al Zarooni has trained a host of big-race winners, including 1,000 Guineas victor Blue Bunting in 2011.
Last year, he won the St Leger at Doncaster with Encke and the richest race in the world, the Dubai World Cup, with Monterosso.


A man has been arrested on suspicion of rape after a woman was attacked in Liverpool earlier this year.

Police said a man approached the 21-year-old before pushing her to the ground on Beaumont Street, Toxteth, and sexually assaulting her in the early hours of 19 July.
The suspect was not known to the woman, Merseyside Police said.
The arrested 25-year-old, from Birmingham, is also being held on suspicion of money laundering.
The case featured on the BBC's Crimewatch programme last month.


Britain's Gordon Reid recorded the biggest win of his career to reach the semi-finals of the men's wheelchair tennis at the Australian Open.

The Scot, 24, beat eight-time winner and former world number one Shingo Kunieda 6-3 7-6 (7-1).
"I'm absolutely thrilled," said Reid, who described his Japanese opponent as "a legend of our game".
Reid, ranked fourth in the world, now plays Argentina's Gustavo Fernandez for a place in the final.


Kids Company has become "a football for the media and the civil servants", the charity's founder has said.

Camila Batmanghelidjh said some people in government wanted the charity to "disappear" and there had been a "malicious discrediting campaign".
Kids Company closed on Wednesday after ministers said they wanted to recover a £3m grant given to the charity.
The Cabinet Office said it believed conditions attached to the use of the money had not been met.
Concerns have previously been raised by government officials about the financial management of the charity, which started in south London and supported deprived young people and their families.
The government and other charities and councils in affected areas are drawing up plans to provide support for children following the closure.
The BBC's assistant political editor Norman Smith said that challenge had been made more difficult by the speed of the closure and the large number of people it worked with.
He said the reports and documents that Kids Company had about those it worked with had been put in safe keeping until a receiver was appointed to sell the charity's assets.
But Ms Batmanghelidjh told BBC Radio 4's Today programme Kids Company had been subjected to a "trial by media" based on "rumours and conjectures".
She said reasons for the charity closing included:
But the BBC has since been told the donor at no point withdrew the offer and remained ready to stand by the charity after news of the investigation was disclosed.
It provided services including counselling, walk-in centres with hot meals and help with housing and healthcare for children and young people whose parents were often unable to care for them.
It had branches in London, Bristol and Liverpool, employed 650 people.
What went wrong at Kids Company?
'It feels like we've lost a parent'
It is also understood the trustees of Kids Company felt it would be wrong to accept any further funds considering the serious issues facing the charity.
Ms Batmanghelidjh said there was "no basis" to the allegation being investigated by police.
Ms Batmanghelidjh said parts of the government supported the charity but others wanted it to "disappear off the patch".
The government released £3m to Kids Company last week after Ms Batmanghelidjh confirmed she would step aside and take on a new advocacy and clinical role.
The grant had been intended for a "transformation and downsizing plan", but the BBC understands £800,000 was used to pay wages.
But Ms Batmanghelidjh said "huge discussions" had taken place with the Cabinet Office before Kids Company decided to use part of the £3m grant to help pay its monthly wage bill.
She said an email was sent by the charity to the Cabinet Office saying the money would be needed for staff wages, but the Cabinet Office did not respond and say the money could not be used in this way.
Asked if Kids Company's finances could have been run better, Ms Batmanghelidjh said it had struggled due to lack of funding rather than mismanagement.
She accepted Kids Company had a "hand to mouth existence", but said it was struggling to cope with the number of children "pouring through our doors".
"It's not about bad management on our part, it's about trying to sort out something that society isn't dealing with," she said.
Alan Yentob, chairman of Kids Company, told Channel 4 News that suggestions of financial mismanagement were "complete rubbish".
Mr Yentob, who is also BBC creative director, said the closure had happened "over the last year or so", adding: "We have had problems raising funds, and the demand has been increasing."
In a letter to Cabinet Office Minister Oliver Letwin, Labour's Lucy Powell asked for the National Audit Office to review the public funding given to Kids Company
The NAO said it was following developments.
'Hugging me'
I left home at 16. My uncle was abusing me.
I moved in with my partner. His brother was already in touch with Kids Company so I wanted to call them. Within a week of writing to Camila Batmanghelidjh she was hugging me in her office.
I was given a key worker who up until Wednesday evening had been with me.
I got pregnant and social services were involved. My key worker was there at every meeting with them.
Everything was made so clear to me and at the end of the process social services said they had no concerns so my daughter is still with me.
'Money for drugs'
We would queue up. We would sign, put our names down, sign off that we got our money, get a little brown envelope with £30 in it and an Oyster travel card, then we would go to the shop, do whatever with that money, spend it on drugs I suppose.
The Cabinet Office said: "The government has supported Kids Company... to help it deliver services for vulnerable young people and so we are disappointed it has been unable to move to a sustainable financial position.
"The welfare of these young people continues to be our primary concern and we are now working closely with local authorities to make sure they have access to the services they require."
Bristol City Council said drop-in services for young people in the city have reopened, following the closure of Kids Company.


Russia has lifted a ban on supplying Iran with a sophisticated air defence missile system, the Kremlin has said.

Delivery of the S-300s was cancelled in 2010 after the UN imposed sanctions on Iran over its nuclear programme.
But the Russian president gave the go-ahead after Tehran struck an interim deal with world powers to curb nuclear activities in exchange for sanctions relief.
The US and Israel have criticised the news.
The $800m (Â£545m) contract to deliver the system was heavily criticised at the time by Israel and the US, who feared it could be used to protect Iranian nuclear sites from air strikes.
When it was cancelled, Iran filed a lawsuit seeking billions of dollars in damages.
Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said in a statement that the sale was put on hold "entirely voluntarily" to aid the talks on Iran's nuclear programme.
The Russian defence ministry said it was now ready to supply the S-300 equipment "promptly", an official there said, quoted by Interfax.
Iran hailed the decision as a step towards "establishing stability and security in the region," the country's defence minister, Hossein Dehghan, was quoted as saying by state media.
Israel, a vocal opponent of the nuclear deal, condemned the news.
"This is a direct result of the legitimacy that Iran obtained from the emerging nuclear deal,'' said Intelligence Minister Yuval Steinitz.
He said it was "proof" Iran planned to use relief from sanctions for arms, rather than the welfare of the Iranian people.
But Mr Lavrov said the missiles were "entirely defensive", and were of no security threat to any country, including Israel.
US Secretary of State John Kerry had raised concerns with Mr Lavrov about the announcement, White House spokesman Josh Earnest said, without elaborating.
The S-300 is a surface-to-air missile system that can be used against multiple targets including jets, or to shoot down other missiles.
It is not clear when the system would be delivered. Russia has stopped producing the model specified under the original contract and has instead offered an upgrade.
Russia was one of six major world powers to reach an outline agreement with Iran over its nuclear programme.
The sides have set a 30 June deadline to reach a comprehensive deal.
Tough negotiations lie ahead, in particular on how and when to lift sanctions.
Meanwhile, Mr Kerry is due to brief Congress, as the Obama administration attempts to persuade opponents not to block the deal's implementation.
He said they should "hold their fire" until they see a final agreement.
Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, has cautioned against seeing the interim agreement as a guarantee of a final deal.


Jacques Maghoma's superb second-half strike gave Birmingham City victory over Bristol City at St Andrew's.

The Robins went ahead inside two minutes, Bobby Reid bundling home after Famara Diedhiou rattled the bar.
Both sides wasted numerous chances before Craig Gardner's sweetly struck equaliser from 18 yards.
Maghoma completed Blues' comeback after the break, and they held on despite Maikel Kieftenbeld's red card for a foul on Callum O'Dowda.
Birmingham had looked relatively comfortable prior to the sending-off, for a lunging tackle with which Kieftenbeld appeared to win the ball, but Reid nearly levelled when his shot hit the post.
The Bristol City Academy product should also have scored before Maghoma's well-taken winner, dragging wide when unmarked in the area.
Having been outpassed and outplayed for long periods of the first half, Harry Redknapp's side were much improved after the break in registering a first league win of the campaign.
But they will be hoping a second-half injury for the impressive Che Adams, who limped off with an apparent hamstring problem, is not serious.
Birmingham City manager Harry Redknapp:
"It was a great result, achieved with courage, guts and effort. The crowd also kept us going after Bristol City's opening goal.
"You do not want to be one down in a minute but we came back strongly. They were the better team in the first half and we had to hang in and get to half-time.
On Maikel Kieftenbeld's sending-off: "It was a diabolical decision. I thought it was a yellow card. It was certainly not a red. It was terrible."
Bristol City boss Lee Johnson:
"Our strikers looked dangerous and we had some chances even in the last few minutes when Reid hit the post.
"My disappointment was that I thought we had cracked it for five or 10 minutes but then we became a little sloppy. It should not have happened.
"Parts of our first half was scintillating. But I hate losing. I do not want to drain the confidence of the players because there was so much to celebrate but they have got to learn fast."
Match ends, Birmingham City 2, Bristol City 1.
Second Half ends, Birmingham City 2, Bristol City 1.
Attempt missed. Cheikh Ndoye (Birmingham City) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the left. Assisted by Clayton Donaldson.
Foul by Jens Hegeler (Bristol City).
Michael Morrison (Birmingham City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt blocked. Korey Smith (Bristol City) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Callum O'Dowda.
Attempt missed. Eros Pisano (Bristol City) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the left. Assisted by Callum O'Dowda.
Offside, Birmingham City. Jacques Maghoma tries a through ball, but Clayton Donaldson is caught offside.
Foul by Eros Pisano (Bristol City).
Clayton Donaldson (Birmingham City) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Marlon Pack (Bristol City) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Marlon Pack (Bristol City).
Jacques Maghoma (Birmingham City) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Offside, Birmingham City. David Cotterill tries a through ball, but Clayton Donaldson is caught offside.
Attempt blocked. Marlon Pack (Bristol City) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Bobby Reid (Bristol City) hits the right post with a right footed shot from a difficult angle on the right.
Foul by Niclas Eliasson (Bristol City).
Craig Gardner (Birmingham City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Niclas Eliasson (Bristol City) left footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt blocked. Marlon Pack (Bristol City) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Eros Pisano.
Stephen Gleeson (Birmingham City) is shown the yellow card.
Foul by Bailey Wright (Bristol City).
Clayton Donaldson (Birmingham City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Marlon Pack (Bristol City).
David Cotterill (Birmingham City) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Corner,  Bristol City. Conceded by Nsue.
Corner,  Bristol City. Conceded by Michael Morrison.
Attempt blocked. Famara Diedhiou (Bristol City) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Maikel Kieftenbeld (Birmingham City) is shown the red card.
Callum O'Dowda (Bristol City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Maikel Kieftenbeld (Birmingham City).
Foul by Callum O'Dowda (Bristol City).
David Cotterill (Birmingham City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Callum O'Dowda (Bristol City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Nsue (Birmingham City).
Famara Diedhiou (Bristol City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Nsue (Birmingham City).
Goal!  Birmingham City 2, Bristol City 1. Jacques Maghoma (Birmingham City) right footed shot from outside the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Cheikh Ndoye with a headed pass.
Attempt missed. Cheikh Ndoye (Birmingham City) left footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt missed. Clayton Donaldson (Birmingham City) left footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Paul Robinson.


Olympic cycling superstar Laura Trott has said "it wasn't love at first sight" when she first met fiancé Jason Kenny.

23 August 2016 Last updated at 10:53 BST
According to Laura, fellow Olympian Jason never spoke to her in training.
In his defence, Jason said that he "never said hello to anyone" and he "can't help being grumpy"!
Don't worry - it all worked out in the end, and the two are planning their wedding.
Watch this clip of the pair answering a question from 10-year-old Newsround fan Brooke.


There are few areas of life in which comic and actor Lenny Henry has not made an impact - working in theatre, television, film and charity.

The star said he was "very chuffed" about his knighthood, which was first reported in the press last weekend.
Over the course of five-decade career, he has survived occasional criticism without forfeiting the affection of the British public.
Born to Jamaican parents on 29 August 1958 in the West Midlands town of Dudley, Lenworth George Henry shot to fame in 1975 aged just 17 after appearing on the TV talent show New Faces.
His winning performance led to the comedy series The Fosters and the anarchic children's show Tiswas, where he started to forge his own energetic and spontaneous comedy style.
However, his next career move was to haunt him for many years.
He joined the Black and White Minstrel Show, in which "blacked up" white entertainers sang songs from the American South - a concept which has since been much ridiculed and reviled.
The comedian spent five years touring with the show, which he has since called a "grotesque parody of black people".
"I sort of wish it had never happened, but I don't regret that I did it," he told The Telegraph last year. "Although it was a weird, reprehensible position to be in, I was working in huge venues and learning how to work a crowd."
His escape route was the BBC sketch series Three of a Kind, which also starred Tracey Ullman and David Copperfield.
First broadcast in 1981, it used state-of-the-art video effects and Ceefax-style graphics to deliver a fast-paced, gag-filled show - although many of its idiosyncrasies seem dated today.
At the same time, the alternative comedy scene was heating up, and through TV producer Paul Jackson, Henry met the cutting-edge comedians of the Comic Strip team - one of whom was Dawn French.
At first, French was critical of the comedian's manner and the stand-up routines he still used to make a living, which had evolved in northern working men's clubs.
He would wipe sweat from his forehead and say it tasted like chocolate - or threaten to move next door to hecklers if they did not shut up.
But, despite their first impressions, the couple warmed to each other, eventually marrying in 1984 at St Paul's Church in London's Covent Garden.
At the same time, Henry's political views began to mature. He refused to judge a Miss Blackpool beauty contest in 1984, saying it was degrading to women.
His TV career progressed fast with BBC One's The Lenny Henry Show, and later The Delbert Wilkins Show.
As a charity fundraiser, he also co-founded Comic Relief in 1985, which has raised more than Â£1bn over the past three decades.
1993's Chef! was another successful BBC One vehicle - but behind the scenes Henry was trying to nurture new black comedy talent, helping to set up BBC Two's The Real McCoy sketch show.
He also began to take on more serious roles.
Hope and Glory, in which Henry played an embattled head teacher, first aired on BBC One in 1999 while other projects included White Goods, Alive And Kicking and The Man.
He also co-created, with Neil Gaiman, and produced the 1996 BBC drama serial Neverwhere.
In 2009, he turned his attention to the stage, appearing in the title role of Northern Broadsides production of Othello at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds.
It transferred to London and earned Sir Lenny the title of best newcomer at the London Evening Standard theatre awards.
In 2010, the star's 25-year marriage ended in divorce. Soon after, his  older brother Hylton lost his wife and two children, to cancer and TB.
Sir Lenny said the "cataclysmic" deaths helped put his own life in perspective and reassert his love for his family.
He threw himself into work and, in 2011, followed up his Othello role with a debut at the Royal National Theatre in London, playing Antipholus of Ephesus in Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors.
His reputation as a serious actor was cemented in 2014, with a best actor title at the Critics' Circle Theatre Awards for his lead performance in Fences.
In recent years, Sir Lenny has become an outspoken critic of British television's lack of ethnic diversity in its programming.
"I'm used to being the only black person wherever I go," he said. "There was never a black or Asian director when I went to the BBC. Eventually I thought 'where are they all?' I spent a lot of time on my own.
"Things have changed a bit, but rarely at the BBC do I meet anyone of colour in a position of power."
During a speech at Bafta in March 2014, he called the lack of minorities "appalling," and he has continued to raise the issue publicly.
On learning of his knighthood, the star said his "mum would have absolutely been chuffed" - and admitted to being bowled over himself.
"It was lovely, it was a lovely feeling, it was like being filled with lemonade for 10 or 15 minutes," he told BBC Radio 2.


A former housemaster has been jailed for 19 years for sex offences against boys at a renowned Oxfordshire boarding school.

Trevor Bolton, 78, from Clacton-on-Sea, Essex, targeted his victims over 20 years at the former Carmel College.
Bolton was convicted of 16 counts of indecent assault, six counts of indecency with a child and three other sexual offences.
The sentence was welcomed by police and one of his victims.
Peter Gluckstein, 56, from London, was one of two men who waived anonymity after Bolton's conviction.
"I'm stunned but glad. I feel even more vindicated," he said after the sentencing.
Adrian Foster, chief crown prosecutor for Thames and Chiltern Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), said Bolton lived in a flat above the boys' dormitories.
"He abused his position of trust and took advantage of his status to systematically prey on vulnerable or homesick young boys by inviting them to his flat to watch TV and smoke."
Mr Foster praised the courage of victims in exposing Bolton's behaviour.
"The emotional impact, on the victims and their families, of the abhorrent actions of this man is impossible to quantify," he said.
Det Con Trish Coyne, of Oxfordshire child abuse investigation unit, said: "The length of these sentences reflect the severity of Bolton's crimes.
"While the offences took place some time ago, and despite the fact that Bolton's eight victims are successful individuals, every single one of them has admitted the offences have had an impact on them well into their adult lives."
Carmel College was founded in 1948 and closed in 1997
It was originally based at Greenham Common, Berkshire, but moved to Mongewell Park in 1952
During its life the school was attended by about 4,000 students - a third from overseas
A 1973 edition of the Observer described it as "the Jewish Eton"
Source: Carmel College website


It's one of the most hotly debated issues in public health.

Are e-cigarettes a good thing as an option for smokers trying to kick their habit? Or are there potential dangers to users and others which might only become apparent after years more research?
Some smoking cessation experts swear by them; others want nothing to do with them.
Now a European Union directive has added a new dimension to the debate.
On 20 May the updated EU Tobacco Products Directive took effect. For the first time, e-cigarettes will be included in its scope.
They contain nicotine but the vapour, produced by heating a flavoured liquid, is said by Public Health England and other authorities to be much safer to inhale than tobacco smoke.
There has been political scrutiny on the issue, with a House of Lords motion tabled calling for the directive to be set aside in the UK.
According to the EU briefing notes on the inclusion of e-cigarettes, "their long-term effects on public health are not yet known.
"As nicotine is an addictive and toxic substance, safety and quality requirements for nicotine-containing e-cigarettes are necessary."
The directive bans liquid used in these products in bottles larger than 10ml and storage tanks attached to the devices larger than 2ml.
There are also limits on the nicotine concentration. Online advertising will be barred.
The logic is that people who are not e-cig users need greater protection if they come into contact with the devices, for example children who might accidentally spill or swallow the fluid.
Beryl Keeley of the Medical and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, which is responsible for implementing the directive, explains the logic behind it:
"There are potential risks from the exposure of the products to children who may suffer from toxicity and overdose," she says, and there is a need to ensure that "people have available information so they can make an informed choice - the directive also sets minimum standards of quality and safety".
But some have questioned why e-cigarettes should be included in a tobacco products directive when they don't contain tobacco.
Manufacturers such as Totally Wicked, based in Blackburn, say the new regulations will hit their business hard.
The company's managing director Fraser Cropper, who tried and failed to get the new rules thrown out by the European court, says consumers will be the losers:
"Our business will change dramatically. We will no longer be able to sell a range of products we are currently able to sell. It will constrain significantly the range of fluids we sell to our customers."
The regulations will require the company and others to submit designs for new products for approval six months before their launch.
Fashions change quickly, says Mr Cropper, and in that time overseas imports which don't comply with the rules will fill the gap in the market.
Some public health experts believe that reducing choice in the e -cigarette market might push people back to tobacco.
At a clinic in Leicester, smokers are encouraged to try e-cigarettes along with other products like nicotine gum to help them move away from tobacco.
Louise Ross, managing of the Leicester Stop Smoking Service, is concerned about how some will react to e-cigarettes with lower nicotine content:
"I think the risk is that they will go back to smoking if they can't get the satisfaction from the strong enough liquid and big enough tanks - they may well go back to smoking because it's so much easier to buy cigarettes. They're always there."
Some anti-smoking campaigners are comfortable with the EU directive. Deborah Arnott, chief executive of Ash, said:
"Our research shows that most vapers use less nicotine than the limit set in the new EU regulations and are likely to have to refill their devices no more than a couple of times a day. Concerns that the EU regulations would force the products most vapers use off the market seem to have been overstated."
The debate over e-cigs is far from over. Some argue we don't know enough about the health impact of e-cigs so it's too early to give them a green light. Others say too much regulation will damage the drive to get more people to give up smoking.


The UK government has withdrawn from a controversial £5.9m prisons deal with Saudi Arabia, Downing Street has said.

The PM's official spokeswoman said it reflected the government's decision to focus on domestic priorities.
The deal was to provide a "training needs analysis" for Saudi prison service staff.
No 10 stressed pulling out of the deal was unconnected to the case of expat Karl Andree, jailed in Saudi Arabia after being caught with homemade wine.
It was thought 74-year-old Mr Andree, who has been in jail for more than a year, was facing 360 lashes but the BBC now understands a flogging was never on the cards.
Despite withdrawing from the prison deal, Justice Secretary Michael Gove insisted Britain would maintain its relationship with the country.
Answering an urgent question in the Commons, Mr Gove said: "And while we would never compromise on our commitment to human rights, we must also recognise that it's in the interests of the most important human right of all, the right to live in safety and security, that we should continue with necessary security co-operation with the Saudi government and with other governments."
The withdrawal follows reports of a cabinet rift on the issue, with Mr Gove said to have angered Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond by seeking to pull the plug.
The Times says the justice secretary wanted to pull out of the deal, saying the government should not be assisting a regime that uses beheadings, stoning, crucifixions and lashings to punish its citizens.
But Mr Hammond warned that cancelling it would not be in the national interest as it would make Britain appear an untrustworthy ally - and No 10 had sided with him, the paper reports.
Downing Street said there would be no financial penalties for pulling out of the bid process.
Analysis
by Frank Gardner, BBC security correspondent
Saudi officials say they are baffled by the headlines suggesting that an elderly Briton, Karl Andree, may face flogging for possessing alcohol.
They say that was never even a possibility because of his age and ill health.
The Saudis are unlikely to be troubled by the cancellation of a very small contract for Britain's Ministry of Justice to give training advice to Saudi prisons - £6m is nothing compared to the multi-billion dollar arms and oil deals regularly concluded with international partners.
France today announced a £7bn deal with Saudi Arabia.
But what the Saudis dislike intensely is public scrutiny of their much-criticised human rights record.
When this escalates into personal intervention by Western leaders, such as David Cameron, it encourages some senior Saudis to look elsewhere for trading partners.
The Saudis are fiercely defensive of their justice system, saying its harsh punishments are based on Sharia, Islamic law. But the way justice is meted out is often considered arbitrary, opaque and disproportionate to the offence.
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, who used his recent conference speech to call for the prisons deal to be scrapped, said the government had been "shamed" into the "U-turn on this terrible contract".
"We should be sending a strong message to repressive regimes that the UK is a beacon for human rights and that this contract bid is unacceptable in the 21st Century, and would damage Britain's standing in the world," he said.
Kate Higham, from human rights organisation Reprieve, said cancelling the bid had "sent a clear message that the UK does not support Saudi Arabia's gross violations of human rights".
The prisons bid was submitted by the now defunct commercial arm of the Ministry of Justice, Just Solutions international (JSi), which was established under Mr Gove's predecessor Chris Grayling in 2013.
Mr Gove closed it down amid criticism that it was selling prison expertise to countries with poor human rights records.
The MoJ had previously insisted that JSi's work was focused on trying to improve human rights standards in the countries' jails through training and prison design.
In the case of Mr Andree, Downing Street said Mr Cameron was personally intervening by writing to the Saudi government.
Mr Andree, who has lived in the Middle East for 25 years, was arrested in 2014 after being caught with homemade wine by Saudi religious police.
However, BBC security correspondent Frank Gardner said both Saudi and UK government officials have told him there was never any question of Mr Andree being flogged.
"The Saudis privately gave the Foreign Office assurances he was not going to be flogged, but delays in Saudi bureaucracy meant that his release papers have been held up before they reached the prison and the family grew increasingly worried," he said.
"The media spotlight now means that his release will either be speeded up or possibly, out of pique, get put back further."


Masters winner Danny Willett says he is willing to "risk" a trip to Brazil to compete at the Rio Olympics in August.

Several of the sport's top players, including world number one Jason Day and Rory McIlroy have withdrawn because of concerns over the Zika virus.
McIlroy also said last week the Games were not the "pinnacle" for golfers.
But Englishman Willett told BBC Sport: "For the sake of one week out of every four years, I feel it's a risk I'm potentially willing to take."
The Zika virus, which is mosquito-borne, has been linked to defects in newborn babies and has led to calls that the Games should be moved from Rio.
Female tennis player Simona Halep has said she is still undecided about whether she will compete at the Olympics.
"It's not easy to take the decision," the Romanian, who is through to the quarter-finals of Wimbledon, told BBC World Service.
"I am very worried about the Zika virus. I am planning to go, but I am 50-50. It's very dangerous and it's scary for me.
"I spoke already with my doctors at home and I will do more research. My health is more important than tennis."
Olympic chiefs and the World Health Organization have issued guidance for athletes and visitors to Rio and say the risk of catching Zika is low.
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Mae'r Ceidwadwyr wedi addo na fyddan nhw'n parhau i "ddatganoli ac anghofio" pwerau i Gymru o hyn ymlaen.

"Rydyn ni eisiau i lywodraeth y DU fod yn rym er gwell ar draws yr holl wlad," meddai'r blaid yn eu maniffesto Cymreig ar gyfer yr etholiad cyffredinol.
Cafodd y ddogfen ei lansio ddydd Llun gan Theresa May, a ddywedodd fod angen i bleidleiswyr ddewis rhyngddi hi neu Jeremy Corbyn.
Roedd ei haraith hefyd yn cynnwys tro pedol ar bolisi gofal cymdeithasol gafodd ei chyflwyno ym maniffesto DU y blaid yr wythnos diwethaf.
Cyn y lansiad cafodd dyn ei arestio y tu allan i'r digwyddiad ar ôl iddo brotestio yn erbyn cynlluniau'r Torïaid ar hela llwynogod.
Dywedodd Mrs May yn ei haraith y byddai'r Ceidwadwyr yn gosod cap ar faint y byddai'r henoed yn orfod ei dalu am ofal cymdeithasol - tro pedol ar y manylion yn y polisi gafodd ei gyflwyno ym maniffesto DU y blaid.
Ond yng Nghymru mae'r mater wedi ei ddatganoli i Lywodraeth Cymru a'r Cynulliad.
Dywedodd maniffesto'r Ceidwadwyr Cymreig: "Mae llywodraeth y DU yn y gorffennol wedi tueddu i 'ddatganoli ac anghofio'. Bydd y llywodraeth Geidwadol hon yn cywiro hynny.
"Rydyn ni eisiau i lywodraeth y DU fod yn rym er gwell ar draws y wlad gyfan.
"Felly byddwn ni'n lywodraeth gweithgar, ym mhob rhan o'r DU. Byddwn ni'n gweithio'n agos gyda Llywodraeth Cymru er lles ein pobl i gyd - ond nid dyna fydd terfyn ein gweithredoedd yng Nghymru."
Yn y cyfamser mae pôl piniwn newydd wedi awgrymu fod Llafur bellach ar 44% yng Nghymru, gyda'r Ceidwadwyr ar 34%.
Roedd polau gan YouGov ar ran ITV a Chanolfan Llywodraethiant Cymru yn gynharach yn yr ymgyrch wedi dangos y Torïaid ar y blaen.
Dywedodd Theresa May hefyd "nad oes amser i'w wastraffu" wrth gyflwyno'r fargen Brexit orau ar ôl yr etholiad.
Mae'r UE yn awyddus i ddechrau trafodaethau am Brexit 11 diwrnod ar ôl canlyniad yr etholiad, meddai.
Fe wnaeth hi bwysleisio addewid ei phlaid i ddiddymu'r tollau ar Bont Hafren, a dweud y byddai'r Ceidwadwyr yn gweithio tuag at fargen dwf i ogledd Cymru.
Dywedodd hefyd y byddai cronfa o'r DU yn cymryd lle'r grantiau presennol sydd yn dod o'r UE, er mwyn ceisio lleihau anghyfartaledd rhwng y gwledydd.
Mae'r Ceidwadwyr wedi dod dan bwysau i ymrwymo i brosiect morlyn llanw Bae Abertawe, ac i gadarnhau y bydd y brif linell reilffordd yn ne Cymru yn cael ei thrydaneiddio hyd at Abertawe.
Mae'r blaid yn gobeithio y gall gipio nifer o seddi ychwanegol yng Nghymru ond mae wedi bod dan y lach am ei chynllun i dorri nôl ar fudd-daliadau i'r henoed.
Wrth lansio maniffesto Prydeinig ei phlaid wythnos yn ôl, cyhoeddodd Theresa May mai dim ond rhai pensiynwyr fyddai'n cael hawlio arian am danwydd i gynhesu eu tai yn y dyfodol.
Ar yr un pryd dywedodd y byddai newidiadau i ofal cymdeithasol yn Lloegr, ac mae 'na feirniadaeth go hallt wedi bod i'r polisïau dros y penwythnos.
Dywedodd Mrs May y bydd pob pleidlais i'r Ceidwadwyr yn cryfhau ei llaw hi pan fydd hi'n wynebu arweinwyr UE yn y trafodaethau i ddod.
Ychwanegodd y byddai sedd y DU wrth y bwrdd trafod yn cael ei llenwi "gen i, neu gan Jeremy Corbyn".
"Dwi'n gwybod fod yr ymdeimlad o ddadrithiad yn rhywbeth sy'n cael ei deimlo yng Nghymru yn enwedig," meddai.
"Fe welsom ni hynny pan wnaeth pobl ar draws Cymru benderfynu anwybyddu rhybuddion hysterig gwleidyddion Llafur, Plaid Cymru a'r Democratiaid Rhyddfrydol ym Mae Caerdydd, a phleidleisio i adael yr UE.
"Rydyn ni'n gweld hynny nawr yn y ffordd mae'r un gwleidyddion yn gwrthod parchu'r bleidlais yna a cheisio canfod ffyrdd newydd o osod rhwystrau yn ein ffordd."
Fe wnaeth y Democratiaid Rhyddfrydol ymateb i faniffesto'r Ceidwadwyr drwy ddweud fod "y blaid gas wedi dychwelyd".
"[Maen nhw am] gael gwared ar y tri chlo ar bensiynau, dad-gapio costau gofal, a pheryglu llwyddiant busnesau a diwylliant Cymru drwy lusgo Cymru allan o'r Farchnad Sengl," meddai Mark Williams, arweinydd y blaid yng Nghymru.
"Ni all Cymru fforddio llywodraeth Geidwadol arall sydd allan o gysylltiad, ac yn ddrwg i'n swyddi, ein siopa wythnosol, ein busnesau a dyfodol ein plant."
Dywedodd Jonathan Edwards o Blaid Gymru fod dogfen y maniffesto yn dangos "nad oes gan y Torïaid unrhyw fwriad o fuddsoddi yng Nghymru".
"Mae'r maniffesto yn crisialu'n union pam fod Cymru wedi dod mor ddibynnol ar Lundain, pam fod cyflogau Cymru mor bell tu ôl i weddill y DU, a pham nad yw ein heconomi ni ddigon da," meddai.
"Hyd yn oed pan mae plaid yn lansio maniffesto ar wahân ar gyfer Cymru fel pe bai hi'n etholiad Cynulliad, dydyn nhw dal ddim yn crybwyll trydaneiddio'r rheilffyrdd na'r morlyn llanw."


Lewis Hamilton said he thrives under "pressure" after salvaging a pole position he thought he had blown in Azerbaijan with a "beautiful lap".

Hamilton made a mistake on his first lap in final qualifying and was worried he would not be able to make amends when a crash halted the session.
But a superb last lap beat team-mate Valtteri Bottas by 0.434 seconds.
Hamilton said: "I had two minutes to get my run. The pressure of that was amazing. I love it."
The Mercedes driver's pole position in Baku was the 66th of his career - only two short of Michael Schumacher's all-time record - but he said he was "even more excited than I have been for a long time".
When the session was stopped following the crash by Red Bull's Daniel Ricciardo, there were only three and a half minutes left, meaning drivers would have time for only one flying lap at the end of the session.
This has been a problem all weekend on the Baku street circuit because drivers have been struggling to get their tyres up to the right operating temperature owing to the low-grip surface and hardness of the tyres.
"It was a great lap," Hamilton said. "We didn't think we could do a single lap time here. It is probably difficult for the public to understand why we are struggling but these tyres are really hard and we are trying all these things to get some temperature in the tyre, weaving like crazy.
"It has always been multiple laps to get the temperature in.
"I made a mistake on my [first] run, the red flag came out and I had two minutes to get my run. I don't know why I like pressure so much."
Hamilton's error on his first lap came at the final proper corner before the mile-long straight. He locked up a wheel and ran wide on the exit, costing himself half a second.
"Qualifying was going so well," said Hamilton, who had been fastest in the first and second parts of qualifying.
"I was so on it - Q1, Q2, then Q3 I made that one little mistake and I was so frustrated I had made that mistake and the red flag came out when I was up again on my next lap and I was thinking 'there is no way I was going to be able to do it on the first lap'.
"I was so disappointed because I know you need to be perfect to win this title."
He added: "It's always really important to get that banker in on the first lap and I didn't do it. Today was a good recovery and I thought I will not allow myself to do that again next qualifying but you learn from these things."
Hamilton heads into the race 12 points behind title rival Sebastian Vettel of Ferrari, who qualified fourth behind team-mate Kimi Raikkonen, both more than a second slower than Hamilton.
Vettel said he was confident Ferrari could "match" Mercedes' pace in the race.
Bottas said: "We seem to be quick here and with Ferrari's starting positions like it is, nothing else is good other than a one-two for the team."


Rio 2016 organisers have revealed the medals that will be competed for at this summer's Olympics.

A total of 2,488 medals, each weighing 500g, have been produced - with 812 gold, 812 silver and 864 bronze.
They were made with "sustainability at their heart", say organisers.
The gold medals are free from mercury, the silver and bronze medals are made from 30% recycled materials, and half of the plastic in their ribbons is from recycled plastic bottles.
The designs feature laurel leaves - a symbol of victory in ancient Greece - surrounding the Rio 2016 logo, and organisers say they celebrate "the relationship between the strengths of Olympic heroes and the forces of nature".
In line with the ecological theme of the Games, the podiums on which the athletes will receive the medals are made from organic materials and have been designed to be reused as furniture after the Games.
There are 2,642 Paralympic medals: 877 gold, 876 silver and 889 bronze and each has a device inside that uses tiny steel balls to make a sound when they are shaken, allowing visually impaired athletes to identify the colour by increasing in volume from bronze to gold.
The bronze medals have 16 steel balls and make the lowest sound, the silver medals have 20 balls and the golds have 28, producing the loudest noise.
All of the medals also have the words 'Rio 2016 Paralympic Games' written on them in Braille.


National League side Woking have signed Ipswich Town youngster Joe Robinson on a one-month loan deal.

The 19-year-old centre-back, who has captained the Championship club's development squad, has made one first-team appearance for the Tractor Boys.
He came off the bench as Ipswich lost 2-1 to Portsmouth in their third-round FA Cup replay last month.
Robinson, who will be with the Cards until 28 March, could make his debut against Grimsby on Tuesday.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Claudia Winkleman has quit the BBC's movie review show, Film 2016, after six years of fronting the programme.

The presenter succeeded Jonathan Ross as host of the revamped weekly show and said leaving "wasn't an easy decision".
Winkleman, who also co-hosts Saturday night show Strictly Come Dancing, said the show "simply deserves someone who can give it their all".
A new series will return this autumn with the new presenter to be announced "in due course", the BBC said.
Winkleman, who lists The Godfather and The Shawshank Redemption as her favourite films, said: "I'm incredibly sad about leaving the film show and it wasn't an easy decision.
"At this time of year I juggle all kinds of things for TV and radio and the show simply deserves someone who can give it their all."
She added that she would miss film critic Danny Leigh, who presents the show alongside her, and the team behind the show.
Mark Bell, BBC head of arts commissioning, said: "We've loved having Claudia on Film 2016 and I'd like to thank her for all her hard work and commitment to the show."
The long-running film show, first broadcast 45 years ago, was fronted by film critic Barry Norman for 26 years. He was succeeded by Ross in 1999, who stayed at the helm for 11 years.
Winkleman will still present the BBC's The Great British Sewing Bee and host a Radio 2 show.
After landing the job on Strictly in 2014 when Sir Bruce Forsyth left, the mother-of-three said of her TV and radio commitments, she would "make it work".
The 14th series of Strictly gets under way on Saturday evening, with Olympians, actors and singers competing for the glitterball trophy.


West Ham boss Sam Allardyce is confident striker Diafra Sakho will not be banned from playing for the club despite a row with Senegal.

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Senegal have reportedly complained to Fifa after Sakho missed the Africa Cup of Nations with a back injury, but then played for his club.
Fifa rules say a player cannot play for a club if he was meant to be on international duty.
But Allardyce said: "We've stuck to every rule and regulation in the book."
He added: "I'm not worried at all that he could be facing a ban whatsoever. We have not breached any rules and regulations whatsoever and I have to say I'm extremely disappointed by Senegal's reaction."
Sakho, 25, withdrew from the squad before the tournament and Senegal were told he could not fly to them for assessment because of his injury.
He then played - and scored the only goal - in Sunday's 1-0 FA Cup win over Bristol City which led to Senegal boss Alain Giresse claiming that West Ham had "set a dangerous precedent".
Senegal have since been knocked out of the tournament, and Allardyce is also not happy with the handling of midfielder Cheikhou Kouyate, who was with the squad and is now free to return to West Ham.
"Kouyate has been difficult to find over the last 48 hours," Allardyce said.
"We know where he is but we have had trouble finding him. We are expecting him back today after chasing him down for the last 48 hours. He could play against Liverpool on Saturday."


Derby revived their play-off hopes by fighting back to beat Barnsley for their first win in seven games.

The visitors went ahead when the Rams failed to deal with Marc Roberts' long throw and on-loan midfielder Matty James headed home.
The lead lasted only two minutes as Tom Ince fired into the net after Barnsley's defence failed to clear.
Ince then hit the post before David Nugent struck with the help of a deflection - his first goal for Derby.
The three points lifted Steve McClaren's Rams, who had lost three of the previous four games, above their opponents into 10th place in the Championship table - but 10 points adrift of Sheffield Wednesday in sixth.
It took the hosts half an hour to muster a shot on goal as Paul Heckingbottom's Tykes made a lively start with striker Adam Armstrong, in particular, threatening an early breakthrough.
The home team put their sluggish opening behind them as Johnny Russell and Julien de Sart tested goalkeeper Adam Davies, but they paid the price for poor marking when James nodded into the corner after the break. It was his first goal since scoring for parent club Leicester in a 2-2 draw with Watford more than three years ago.
Ince pounced for the equaliser as Barnsley's defence failed to deal with a ball into the box, but although Davies tipped over from Russell's curler, he could do nothing with Nugent's effort which wrongfooted him after hitting defender Angus MacDonald.
Derby boss Steve McClaren: "It's a big win for us and I have to say it was fantastic character from 1-0 down from a long throw and everyone could have gone down.
"It was important to react quickly which we did and then it was quite an open game, but we got the goal and then hung on at the end.
"It's one game at a time, I hate losing and I've been angry in the last couple of weeks. It's not a pleasant taste and we talked about finding a way to win today.
"Two defeats put us back in terms of confidence and we're now just trying to build confidence."
Barnsley head coach Paul Heckingbottom:  "The players are an honest bunch and they are disappointed with the two goals we have conceded.
"I'm disappointed with a few performances in that we weren't positive enough and didn't have a big enough effect on the game to make us win it.
"If you think you are conceding sloppy goals and some of your players aren't at their best, the fact we've lost 2-1 and could have got something out of the game shows how far we've come.
"I'm generally not bad at getting the result in perspective, good or bad, but I feel a bit thrown today from the feedback I'm getting from other people and how I feel about the game."
Match ends, Derby County 2, Barnsley 1.
Second Half ends, Derby County 2, Barnsley 1.
Jacob Butterfield (Derby County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Ryan Kent (Barnsley).
Attempt saved. Ryan Kent (Barnsley) right footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the top right corner. Assisted by Angus MacDonald.
David Nugent (Derby County) is shown the yellow card.
Foul by Alex Pearce (Derby County).
Marley Watkins (Barnsley) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt saved. Will Hughes (Derby County) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Jacob Butterfield.
Alex Pearce (Derby County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Marley Watkins (Barnsley).
Attempt missed. Bradley Johnson (Derby County) header from the centre of the box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Tom Ince following a corner.
Attempt blocked. Tom Ince (Derby County) left footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Cyrus Christie.
Corner,  Derby County. Conceded by Marc Roberts.
Markus Olsson (Derby County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Ryan Kent (Barnsley).
Dangerous play by Bradley Johnson (Derby County).
Andy Yiadom (Barnsley) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Barnsley. Elliot Lee replaces Josh Scowen.
Corner,  Derby County. Conceded by Angus MacDonald.
Attempt blocked. Tom Ince (Derby County) left footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked. Assisted by David Nugent.
Substitution, Derby County. Ikechi Anya replaces Matej Vydra.
Attempt missed. Ryan Kent (Barnsley) right footed shot from the left side of the box is high and wide to the right. Assisted by Marc Roberts.
Foul by Cyrus Christie (Derby County).
Ryan Kent (Barnsley) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Attempt blocked. Cyrus Christie (Derby County) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Tom Ince with a cross.
Corner,  Derby County. Conceded by Andy Yiadom.
Substitution, Derby County. Will Hughes replaces Johnny Russell.
Goal!  Derby County 2, Barnsley 1. David Nugent (Derby County) right footed shot from the left side of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Matej Vydra.
Substitution, Barnsley. Ryan Kent replaces Tom Bradshaw.
Substitution, Barnsley. Alex Mowatt replaces Adam Armstrong.
David Nugent (Derby County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Marc Roberts (Barnsley).
Foul by Johnny Russell (Derby County).
Josh Scowen (Barnsley) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt saved. Tom Ince (Derby County) left footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the bottom left corner. Assisted by Johnny Russell.
Attempt blocked. David Nugent (Derby County) header from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Johnny Russell with a cross.
Corner,  Derby County. Conceded by Adam Davies.
Attempt saved. Johnny Russell (Derby County) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top centre of the goal. Assisted by David Nugent with a headed pass.
Foul by Bradley Johnson (Derby County).


Singer Lily Allen has scored her second number one album with her latest record, Sheezus.

The 29-year-old's third album went straight to the top of the chart - which saw last week's number one artist, Paolo Nutini, fall to three.
Gary Barlow's Since I Saw You Last leapt 36 places to number two following the recent broadcast of his BBC documentary with James Corden.
Take That's greatest hits collection also re-entered the album chart at 21.
The Gary Barlow-effect was also seen in the singles chart, where the singer's track, Let Me Go, rocketed from 74 to 22.
Other new entries in the album chart's top 10 included Black Stone Cherry at five, with Magic Mountain, and Horrors' Luminous at six.
Anastacia's sixth studio album, Resurrection, also entered the chart at number nine.
See the UK Top 40 singles chart
See the UK Top 40 albums chart
BBC Radio 1's Official Chart Show
In the singles chart, Dutch hip hop star Mr Probz returned to the top spot with his track Waves, after being knocked down last week to number two by Calvin Harris.
The Official Chart Company said the 29-year-old outsold Harris by more than 25,000.
Former chart topper Kiesza held firm at number three, with John Legend ballad All Of Me at four and Sigma's Nobody To Love at five.
There was only one new entry in the top 10 - Wild Wild Love by Pitbull featuring Grl.
UK Eurovision entrant Molly Smitten-Downes climbed up the chart from 48 to 33 with her track Children of the Universe.
The song, which finished 17th in the competition on Saturday, is the first UK Eurovision entry to enter the top 40 since Blue's I Can in 2011.


An "extremely rare" signed copy of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf is to be sold at auction.

The blue cloth-covered 1935 edition bears the Nazi dictator's signature on the front fly leaf.
It was presented to former BBC and Oxford Mail journalist Peter Cadogan during a visit to Munich in the late 1930s.
It will be sold at Silverwoods auction house in Clitheroe, Lancashire, and is expected to raise more than Â£1,000.
Auctioneer James Thompson said some people "wouldn't touch anything Nazi with a bargepole", but others believe the book should be preserved, despite Hitler's appalling reign.
"In a way, it's a way to touch a monster," he said.
Mein Kampf, which translates as My Struggle, was first published in 1925 and sets out Hitler's political ideology and plans for Germany.
The example being sold is thought to be especially rare because Hitler was known to resist signing documents of any kind.
Journalist Mr Cadogan had been acquainted with Unity Mitford, a member of Hitler's inner circle of devotees. It was she who asked Hitler to sign it for him.
"Hitler didn't sign books. It wasn't something he did. He did it this time on the request of Unity Mitford. You can almost see him putting his eyes to the ceiling," Mr Thompson added.
The book is now being sold at the request of Mr Cadogan's family.
The Rev Dr Stuart Jennings, a historian at the University of Warwick, said: "It's very interesting because it was very difficult to get Hitler to sign anything at all.
"There is nothing to connect him in writing to the final solution.
"There's an interesting social history behind how the book came to be here. After the war and the Nuremberg trials there was a great effort to destroy anything connected to the Third Reich.
"There was a concerted effort to make sure there could be nothing there for idol worship. Even Hitler's bunker was bulldozed over."


Chancellor Philip Hammond has said he will prioritise spending on new homes and transport rather than following his predecessor George Osborne's aim to balance the books by 2020.

He told the Conservative conference the deficit was still too large and would need to be tackled "in due course".
But he said the Brexit vote may cause "turbulence" and business confidence would be on a "bit of a rollercoaster".
He said that it was "common sense" to invest to support growth and jobs.
In his conference speech, Mr Hammond said his predecessor's deficit reduction policies "were the right ones for that time" but that times had changed since the vote to leave the EU, which he said had caused uncertainty for business.
"When times change, we must change with them," he said. "So we will no longer target a surplus at the end of this Parliament. But make no mistake the task of fiscal consolidation must continue.
"The British people elected us on a promise to restore fiscal discipline. And that is exactly what we are going to do. But we will do it in a pragmatic way that reflects the new circumstances we face."
His speech came against a background of the pound falling to its lowest level against the dollar since early July, after the timetable for starting Brexit negotiations were set out on Sunday.
Addressing the party faithful he said that as part of a new "flexible and pragmatic" plan, the details of which will be fleshed out in next month's Autumn Statement, there would be greater scope for investment to boost the economy, including extra borrowing of £2bn to speed up the construction of new homes.
Mr Hammond said the government would use "all the tools at its disposal" to increase the amount of new housing stock "because making housing more affordable will be a vital part of building a country that works for everyone".
Analysis by Laura Kuenssberg, BBC political editor
Out with the deficit hawks - in with the conservative pragmatists.
That might not, well, quite catch on. But there is certainly a sense of down with the old regime at the Tory conference today. Philip Hammond isn't just a totally different character to the former occupant of the job, George Osborne, but he is intent on junking a fair bit of Mr Osborne's approach too.
His targets for getting rid of the deficit are being ditched. Let's face it, George Osborne missed them time and again in any case, but it is politically a big shift for Mr Hammond and Mrs May to tear up the previous borrowing rules, when balancing the books was the central mission of the government they were all part of.
Instead, there will be a new "framework" but sources close to Mr Hammond believe that setting specific targets is a fool's errand. But given that Mr Osborne's target was extremely unlikely to be met, the political change is perhaps bigger than what it means in practice.
Asked whether the public investment plan and the refusal to set out a timetable for eliminating the deficit marked the end of the "age of austerity", Mr Hammond told the BBC a "credible plan" was still required to get the public finances into the black.
But he told Radio 4's Today: "As we go into a period where inevitably there will be more uncertainty in the economy, we need the space to be able to support the economy through that period.
"If we don't do something, if we don't intervene to counteract that effect, in time it would have an impact on jobs and growth."
Mr Hammond rejected claims there was now little difference between the Conservatives and Labour on economic policy, saying his plans were "pragmatic and measured" while the opposition - which has pledged to borrow to spend £500bn on the UK's infrastructure - were living in "la-la land".
But Tory MP Sir Desmond Swayne, a minister under David Cameron, told the BBC he was "nervous" about the move as he believed the government's goal should be to eradicate the deficit entirely.
"I am concerned but I am ready to listen and I have great confidence in Philip Hammond," he told Radio 4's PM programme.
Labour said it welcomed the government's "u-turn" on borrowing but said ministers were still going ahead with cuts to in-work benefits and local authority grants.
"As well as abandoning their own fiscal charter, this was full of the same empty promises George Osborne made," said shadow chancellor John McDonnell.
The SNP said the government was "incredibly complacent" over weak domestic productivity while the Lib Dems said Mr Hammond has already "lost the most important battle" over continued membership of the EU's internal market.
In business reaction, the CBI said it was right to adopt a more flexible approach to fiscal policy "at this point" while the British Chambers of Commerce called for "unambiguous commitments to runways, roads and railways".
The economy is taking centre stage on the second day of the Tory conference with Mr Hammond also promising £220m to help tech firms realise their ideas in the UK and guaranteeing firms which secure multi-year funding from the EU between now and the UK's exit that the UK will plug the gap after Brexit.
Earlier on Monday, Communities Secretary Sajid Javid set out new measures aimed at building a million new homes by 2020, saying existing house-building levels were totally inadequate.
The government will borrow £2bn to support the "Accelerated Construction" scheme, which aims to get houses built on publicly-owned "brownfield" land available for swift development. There will also be a £3bn Home Building Fund to provide loans to stimulate projects.
Mrs May has said she will set the ball rolling on Brexit by the end of next March by formally triggering Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, paving the way for the UK to be outside the EU by the summer of 2019.
In a statement on Monday, the European Commission said it would "work constructively" with the UK once negotiations about its withdrawal began but there would be no talks until the formal process started.
"When it comes to Article 50 we will work constructively on the basis of a notification, not of a speech, and until this letter of notification arrives there will be no negotiation," a spokesman said.


Public smoking in China's capital, Beijing, is now banned after the introduction of a new law.

China has over 300 million smokers and more than a million Chinese die from smoking-related illnesses every year.
Smoking bans already existed in China, but have largely failed to crack down on the habit.
These tougher regulations, enforced by thousands of inspectors, ban lighting up in restaurants, offices and on public transport in Beijing.
Analysis: Martin Patience, BBC News, Beijing
Smoking in China often seems like a national pastime. The country consumes a third of the world's cigarettes. More than half of men smoke. It's seen by many as a masculine trait - women, in contrast, rarely smoke.
A common greeting among men is to offer a cigarette - the more expensive, the better. A carton of cigarettes also remains a popular gift.
Anti-tobacco campaigners say many smokers are simply unaware of the health risks of their habit. They accuse the authorities of being addicted to the tax revenues generated by cigarette sales and therefore not warning smokers about the dangers.
But now there are signs the government has changed its mind.  In the past, China's leaders such as Chairman Mao and his successor Deng Xiaoping were rarely seen without a cigarette in hand. But the current President Xi Jinping has bucked the trend: he's quit. And he's also banned officials from smoking in public in order to set an example.
Ministry of Health guidelines published in 2011 banned smoking in all public spaces nationwide such as hotels and restaurants.
The rules were vague, however, and often flouted by Chinese smokers who are accustomed to lighting up at will.
The new rules were agreed by lawmakers in November 2014 but only came into effect on 1 June.
Under the legislation lawbreakers in Beijing will be fined 200 yuan (Â£21; $32) and businesses that turn a blind eye could be fined up to 10,000 yuan.
Repeat offenders will be named and shamed on a government website, according to the Reuters news agency.
The new law also cracks down on tobacco advertising across the city.
The World Health Organization has welcomed the new tougher regulations.
"When implemented, this new law will permanently bring clean air to all of Beijing's indoor public places - in doing so, protecting Beijing's more than 20 million residents from the deadly effects of exposure to toxic second-hand smoke," said its representative in China, Dr Bernhard Schwartlander.
However, others believe that the sheer popularity of the habit will make the regulations difficult to enforce.
Yang Gonghuan, former vice-director of China's centre for disease control told the AFP news agency: "It is unrealistic to absolutely abolish 'indoor smoking' since too many people smoke."


The grandfather of a man who died after leaving a hospital ward searched an area close to where his body was found 10 weeks before the police did, an inquest has heard.

James Fenton, 22, left his ward at the Ulster Hospital in July 2010.
His body was found in hospital grounds 10 weeks later, less than 40 metres away.
Mr Fenton's grandfather said he climbed a fence to search an area that police officers had not searched.
The coroner asked a police superintendent who was giving evidence how trained Tactical Support Group officers failed to carry out a successful search in that area on the same day.
The officer observed that a controversial decision had been made to search to "a natural boundary".
Earlier, the superintendent told the inquest the PSNI had changed its policy and practices on missing persons, as a direct result of the case.
In 2013 the Police Ombudsman issued a report critical of the way the police had handled the case, and 12 officers were subsequently disciplined.
During his evidence, the officer issued an apology to the Fenton family for the way the police had handled the search for James.
The inquest also heard on Thursday from an expert in psychiatry that he had concerns about James' care.
Giving evidence by video link, Professor Seena Fazel, a forensic psychiatrist at Oxford University, repeated the views of a report he wrote for the Coroner's Office in March 2015, and stated that he had "a number of concerns about Mr Fenton's medical care".
In it, he said he believed that James was likely to  have been clinically depressed, that he should have been diagnosed as such on assessment at the ward, and that he should have been monitored more closely.
"I do not think that placing Mr Fenton on routine observation was an appropriate decision," he said.
He also repeated his belief that James most likely took his own life.
He further stated he felt that the junior doctor who first assessed Mr Fenton should have discussed her findings and actions formally with senior psychiatric colleagues.
She has previously told the court she did have an informal conversation with senior colleagues about what she had done.
On Wednesday, two other senior consultant psychiatrists told the court they disagreed with Professor Fazel's conclusions.
They were Dr Nial Quigley, the Director of Mental Health services at the South Eastern Trust, and Dr Neta Chada, a consultant psychiatrist at the neighbouring Southern Trust.
Both doctors' evidence supported the diagnosis and level of observation chosen by the clinical staff at the Ulster Hospital.
Professor Fazel told a barrister for the Fenton family that in one matter, Dr Quigley had "cherry-picked a lot of evidence that supported his view".
Coroner Joe McCriskin is due to deliver his findings on Friday.


The South American trading bloc Mercosur has condemned President Trump for saying he was considering military action in the Venezuela crisis.

Argentina said dialogue and diplomacy were the only ways to promote democracy in Venezuela.
Venezuela's foreign minister said Mr Trump's words had been hostile and disrespectful and risked destablising Latin America.
Violent demonstrations since April have left more than 120 people dead.
President Nicolas Maduro's new constituent assembly - which can rewrite the constitution and could override the opposition-controlled parliament - has been widely criticised as anti-democratic.
Mercosur - which includes the region's largest economies Argentina and Brazil as well as Paraguay and Uruguay - indefinitely suspended Venezuela's membership last week.
Other Latin American countries also condemned Mr Trump's comments, including Mexico, Colombia and Peru, which said Mr Trump's threat was against UN principles.
Peru has been a fierce critic of Mr Maduro's government. On Friday Peru expelled Venezuela's ambassador after Caracas sent an "unacceptable" response to regional condemnation of its new constituent assembly.
Peruvian President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski has urged Mr Maduro to resign and called him a dictator.
On Friday evening Mr Trump told reporters the US had "many options for Venezuela, including a possible military option if necessary".
"The people are suffering and they're dying," he added.
The US recently imposed sanctions on President Maduro, branding him a dictator.
The White House later said that Mr Maduro had requested a phone call with the American president.
In response, the White House said Mr Trump would gladly speak to his Venezuelan counterpart, when democracy had been restored in the country.
The Venezuelan opposition accuses Mr Maduro of trying to cling on to power, but he says the new assembly will bring peace to the country.


Ciara Mageean finished an impressive second in her 1,500m heat at the Olympic Games to comfortably qualify for Sunday's semi-finals in Rio.

The European bronze medallist from Portaferry clocked 4:11.51 to come in behind Ethiopia's world record holder Genzebe Dibaba (4:10.61).
Mageean, 24, stayed close to the lead throughout the race and moved into second place as Dibaba sprinted clear.
The Irish athlete was able to ease up close to the line in a confident run.
Those behind Mageean in the remaining four qualifying places included highly-rated America Brenda Martinez and Poland's Angelika Cichocka, who won gold at this year's European Championships when the Irishwoman took the bronze.
Non-qualifiers from the heat included Dutchwoman Maureen Koster, Morocco's Siham Hilali and Kenya's Nancy Chepkwemoi who all have faster personal bests than Mageean.
"If I didn't think I'd qualify, I wouldn't be here," said the county Down woman.
Mageean said that she had drawn inspiration from Ireland's silver medal-winning rowing brothers Paul and Gary O'Donovan.
"It was great to see them medal and gives more motivation to perform at this level. I ran my own race and I just need to stay focused for the semi-finals."
Earlier in the day Alex Wright (Leevale) battled to a 46th place finish in the 20km race walk in 1:25:25.
"I was slightly disappointed with that but my training is geared towards the 50km and there were positives," said Wright, who will also compete in the 50km event on Friday.


Lib Dem MP Tessa Munt has resigned as a parliamentary aide to Business Secretary Vince Cable after voting against the government on fracking.

Ms Munt said it was "with regret" she had quit, but she would not compromise on her opposition to fracking.
The Wells MP defied the party whip to support a rebel amendment seeking a moratorium on shale gas extraction.
She had initially said she would remain in her role despite breaching collective ministerial responsibility.
However a spokesman for Mr Cable later confirmed that she had quit as his aide.
Ms Munt said it was clear her views "cannot be reconciled with the government on this matter" and she would "continue to campaign vocally" against fracking.
Mr Cable's spokesman said: "Both the secretary of state for business [Mr Cable] and the deputy prime minister [Nick Clegg] thank Tessa for the work she has done in government but understand her strength of feeling on this issue and have, therefore, accepted her resignation."
The rebel amendment, which attracted cross-party support, was put forward during a debate on the government's Infrastructure Bill on Monday.
The Commons Environmental Audit Committee had warned there were "huge uncertainties" about the environmental impact of the controversial shale gas extraction technique.
However, MPs overwhelmingly defeated the bid to suspend fracking while an assessment is carried out, by 308 votes to 52 - although the government did agree to 13 new conditions, proposed by Labour, to be met before fracking can take place.
These included the completion of an environmental assessment and the need to consult residents on an individual basis.
A ban on drilling in national parks was another of the suggestions in the Environmental Audit Committee's report.
Ms Munt said she backed the amendment "on principle".
In her initial statement, she said she remained as an aide to Mr Cable, and would continue to campaign against fracking.
A PPS would normally be expected to resign, or face the sack, for voting against the government, as it breaches collective ministerial responsibility.
However, in a statement on Tuesday evening, the Wells MPs said: "I am unwilling to compromise and cannot change my opposition to fracking.
"I will continue to campaign vocally against fracking and as result it is clear that my views cannot be reconciled with the government on this matter."


A 12-year-old boy had bleach thrown at his eyes by bullies as he walked home from school, it has been alleged.

The victim is thought to have been saved from serious injury by his glasses in the attack in Great Barr, Birmingham.
Up to six youths reportedly restrained the schoolboy during a confrontation in the street.
West Midlands Police said the boy was not seriously hurt in last Friday's attack in Birdbrook Road at 15:50 BST.
Officers, who appealed for witnesses, are checking CCTV from the area.


As Pakistan detains an alleged mastermind of the Mumbai attacks, Ahmed Rashid argues that Pakistan needs a broader, better co-ordinated strategy from state institutions and a willingness to face up to unpleasant truths if it really wants to curb resurgent extremism.

Pakistan faces a renewed threat of rising Islamic extremism, vigilantism, attacks on minorities and a reluctance to face up to how these threats are internally rather than externally inspired.
Also missing is the lack of a comprehensive narrative against extremism, articulated unanimously by all bodies of the state and civil society.
The result of the failure to push forward a clear counter-terrorism and counter-extremism narrative that embraces the entire public domain is that some extremist groups continue to be tolerated by elements of the state.
Just over two years ago, on 16 December 2014, an attack on an army-run school in Peshawar which killed 150 people - the majority of them children - galvanised the civilian government, opposition parties and the military to articulate the need for a comprehensive counter-terrorism plan.
For the first time there emerged a 20-point National Action Plan - a list of pointers of what needed to be done, endorsed by the military and all political parties.
However the 20 points were never turned into a comprehensive winning strategy or a common narrative and the fight against extremism has diminished ever since.
The army's Operation Zarb-e-Azb, launched six months earlier, had cleared out North Waziristan, a key staging area for dozens of militant groups - many of them foreigners.
Other military operations also took place, dramatically reducing terrorist bombings nationwide. But they were always going to be tactical operations, which still needed to be backed by a strategic plan carried through by the government.
It was the task of the civilian government to carry out educational reforms, job creation, co-ordination among intelligence agencies, galvanising the legal system, a ban on hate speech and a clear strategy of de-radicalisation of the nation's youth.
All these aspects of a strategy to be carried out by the government, as opposed to tactical military operations, have been missing, as the government has slipped into inertia and paralysis.
At the same time the state gave a pass to those extremist groups who were supportive of Islamabad's foreign policy towards India and Afghanistan.
The lack of a strategy and the state support offered to some groups has led to a growing mood of defiance among extremist organisations.
In the past few weeks five bloggers have disappeared (three, including liberal activist Salman Haider, have now returned home), some threatened journalists and civil society activists have fled abroad, non-governmental organisations have been accused of being unpatriotic, the Ahmedi community has been ferociously attacked and minority Shia Muslims have been massacred.
Hate speech has become a growing phenomenon in some media outlets, especially television, while increasingly journalists and others are threatened with being charged with blasphemy, against which there is little legal defence. Innocent lives are at risk as public incitement and witch hunts continue.
Earlier this week, Hafiz Saeed, the cleric blamed by the US and India for masterminding the Mumbai attacks, was placed under house arrest. The move is being seen as a response to suggestions by US officials that the Trump administration may ban his Jamaat-ud-Dawa charity, seen by the US as a front for terrorists. However a military official said it was "a policy decision" and had nothing to do with any foreign pressure.
A key aspect of the growing defiance of extremists is the insistence that Pakistan's neighbours are to blame for acts of terrorism rather than recognising that it is a home-grown problem.
When former army chief Gen Raheel Sharif took over the army three years ago, he repeatedly said that the country must look into itself to counter extremism and not blame foreign powers.
That was music to the ears of most Pakistanis, who hoped that the state would tackle the very real threats at home rather than blame outsiders.
Yet over the past year the state has been insisting that all major acts of terrorism have been perpetrated by India or Afghanistan, rather than domestic terrorists.
Meanwhile, the civilian government has been indecisive and hesitant as to who to blame, while in its home base of Punjab it has clearly been allowing extremist groups to flourish.
The conflict between civil and military agencies has left the public bewildered, giving further space for extremist ideas to flourish. This confusion has clouded out the need for a common and united narrative as to how to deal with extremism.
So far, the new army chief Gen Qamar Bajwa has not categorically restated that terrorism is a domestic rather than a foreign creation.
Meanwhile, relations with India and Afghanistan have worsened and other neighbours have distanced themselves from Pakistan, leading to what many experts have claimed is the country's growing isolation in the region.
If Pakistan is to defeat extremism, a comprehensive strategy and common narrative, jointly agreed upon by the military and the politicians, needs to be implemented. Both need to ensure that all parts of the state are fully carrying out their responsibilities.
Most importantly, the narrative that government agencies build up must be consistent and carry forward badly-needed social reforms that will promote de-radicalisation of young people.
Pakistan needs a single, inspired, pragmatic and inclusive narrative that is strictly adhered to and can raise the public's morale instead of adding to their confusion.


Four England players have been named in the International Cricket Council's World Twenty20 team of the tournament.

Jason Roy, Joe Root, Jos Buttler and David Willey's selection means runners-up England are the best represented side in the XI.
Andre Russell and Samuel Badree are the only players to feature from the triumphant West Indies team.
England captain Charlotte Edwards and seamer Anya Shrubsole were included in the women's XI.
West Indies skipper Stafanie Taylor was named player of the women's tournament and India batsman Virat Kohli player of the men's tournament.
Only Kohli scored more runs than Roy, Root and wicketkeeper-batsman Buttler from the Super 10 stage onwards, while left-arm seamer Willey was the joint-leading wicket-taker with 10.
South Africa wicketkeeper-batsman Quinton de Kock, Australia all-rounder Shane Watson, who announced his retirement from international cricket during the tournament, India seamer Ashish Nehra and New Zealand spinner Mitchell Santner also made the team.
West Indies beat England by four wickets in Sunday's final in Kolkata, after West Indies women beat Australia in the women's final.
ICC men's team of the tournament: Jason Roy (England), Quinton de Kock (South Africa, wicketkeeper), Virat Kohli (India, captain), Joe Root (England), Jos Buttler (England), Shane Watson (Australia), Andre Russell (West Indies), Mitchell Santner (New Zealand), David Willey (England), Samuel Badree (West Indies), Ashish Nehra (India). 12th man: Mustafizur Rahman (Bangladesh).
ICC women's team of the tournament: Suzie Bates (New Zealand), Charlotte Edwards (England), Meg Lanning (Australia), Stafanie Taylor (West Indies, captain), Sophie Devine (New Zealand), Rachel Priest (New Zealand, wicketkeeper), Deandra Dottin (West Indies), Megan Schutt (Australia), Sune Luus (South Africa), Leigh Kasperek (New Zealand), Anya Shrubsole (England); 12th player: Anam Amin (Pakistan).
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A legal challenge over the election of Liberal Democrat Alistair Carmichael as Orkney and Shetland MP should be dismissed, his QC has claimed.

Four of Mr Carmichael's constituents raised the case under the Representation of the People Act.
They said the MP misled the electorate over a memo which claimed SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon wanted David Cameron to be re-elected prime minister.
Roddy Dunlop QC asked judges at the Court of Session to dismiss the case.
He told the specially-convened election court that the petition was "irrelevant" and "bound to fail".
However, Jonathan Mitchell QC, representing the petitioners, later told the court that his clients believed that Mr Carmichael leaked the information to deliberately smear the SNP.
The court heard that this was to reduce the chances of a Scottish National Party candidate being elected in Orkney and Shetland.
The case, believed to be the first of its kind in Scotland for 50 years, arose from remarks made by Mr Carmichael at the start of the general election campaign in April.
The MP, who had been Scottish Secretary in the Tory-Lib Dem coalition before the election, authorised leaking a civil service memo suggesting the first minister had told the French ambassador she backed Tory PM David Cameron to remain in Downing Street.
Mr Carmichael had initially denied leaking the confidential memo to the Daily Telegraph.
He claimed the first he had heard of it was when he received a phone call from a journalist.
However, the MP later admitted full responsibility for sanctioning its release, and accepted the "details of the account are not correct".
Mr Carmichael was not in court for the hearing.
His QC, Mr Dunlop, said Section 106 of the act forbids election candidates from making false and statements about their rival candidates.
He stressed that a false statement of fact must be "directly related" to the personal character or conduct of a candidate.
Ms Sturgeon, the leader of the SNP and Scotland's first minister, was not a candidate in May's general election.
The QC said it would have been the "easiest thing in the world" for the Act to make it clear if a false statement could be about non-candidates.
He also said attacking the political position of a candidate did not necessarily attack their character.
Mr Dunlop said the case put by the petitioners "flies in the face of the authorities" and was "wrong in law".
The QC said that if the petitioners were right then court would get a lot busier, as all that would be needed was a dispute during an election with one false answer.
He said if this was the case then any prospective MP in the run-un to an election would have to be strapped to a lie detector and administered with a truth serum.
Mr Mitchell representing the petitioners seeking to remove Mr Carmichael from office, said the MP did not dispute that he made certain statements of fact which were false, or that the statements were made before or during an election.
However, Mr Mitchell said Mr Carmichael did dispute that he was attempting to affect the return of a candidate, as the petitioners claim he was.
The hearing before Lady Paton and Lord Matthews continues on Tuesday.
This is the first parliamentary election petition to be brought in Scotland since the Grieve V Douglas-Home case of 1965.
That saw Scottish poet Hugh MacDiarmid - who was born Christopher Murray Grieve - attempting to unseat former prime minister Alec Douglas-Home who at the time was MP for Kinross and West Perthshire.
MacDiarmid had claimed that the Conservative politician's election was void because he had participated in a national party election broadcast on behalf of the Conservative Party and had declared the costs of this on his election expenses.
The court found that no offence had been committed, either by the candidate or the broadcaster.


With Hogmanay looming, DJ MacIntyre, Gaelic officer at the University of the Highlands and Islands, highlights a tradition once popular on South Uist in the Western Isles and with a connection to Norse culture - Hogmanay Boys.

I remember to this day the feeling of freezing rain blinding me and the extreme cold wind causing my ears to hurt.
However, that did not bother me at this time. What was the occasion? Well, this was Hogmanay and the boys of the township were carrying out the traditional ritual of going from house to house on this special evening.
What is the tradition behind it? It is widely thought that some of these island traditions came from the Vikings who were settlers in the Western Isles in particular, during past times. To be honest, that did not matter to me. I was out and about having fun.
This traditional event, which happened in the Uists throughout the centuries, was also practised in many other places, but with differences in format depending on where you lived.
On these nights it was the young males that went round the township with permission given to boys as young as five to go out with the big boys. The upper age limit was normally 17.
My township was North Boisdale and I would say there were about 25 houses to visit and a few not so friendly dogs to dodge.
The start time was 19:00 and all the boys would meet up at one end of the township and begin to visit each house. Each person had a pillow case or bag that would be filled with goodies received from householders.
As you walked between each house the boys would shout in Gaelic "Hogmanay and New Year Hooray". This alerted the folk, especially on a clear calm night, that the Hogmanay boys were on their way.
Outside each house one person would recite the Hogmanay poem and at the end of the poem ask the man of the house for permission to enter.
Once inside the house a candle would be lit by the eldest boy in the group and then the candle would be passed round all family members starting with the householder.
There was superstition involved with this as it was thought that when the candle was being circled above each individual's head, if the candle was to go out it meant that individual would have a year of bad luck.
Of course jokers within the family would try and blow the candle out when this was taking place.
Once every member of the family had been passed the candle, the mother of the house would bring out the gifts. Loafs of bread, sugar, fruit, biscuits and of course sweets. Sometimes folk would offer meat or fish.
The man of the house would give money, as would older males in the family. Older men in the township would offer a dram to the senior boys, which would of course be refused.
On leaving each house the oldest boy in the group would wish luck on the family for the coming year.
After being to each house the pillowcases would be full and heavy and it was at the last house that the fun began. The pillowcases would be emptied and the goods shared out evenly.
It did not matter how old you were - the boys all got their share. The hosting house would also provide a small party that would finish before midnight so all the boys were home before the bells.
On the way home the blinding rain or freezing conditions did not bother me as I now had a pillowcase full of goodies, a full belly, and money in my pocket. A great start to the New Year.
Dr Ragnhild Ljosland, a lecturer at Centre for Nordic Studies in Orkney, confirms the Hogmanay Boys tradition has connections to Norse culture.
She says: "As a child in Norway in the 1980s, I remember dressing up to gÃ¥ julebukk (go Yule-goating).
"Julebukk involves putting on a mask and going to people's doors to chase Christmas out around New Year. You sing and carry a sack to collect cakes and sweeties - ah, the joy of ending up with a huge sack of goodies.
"If we go a couple of hundred years further back in time, Norwegian people used to walk in a group around the farms in the parish, dressed up so that nobody would recognise them.
"These costumes could be rather frightening and represent fantastical animals, such as an effigy of a billygoat's head on a stick. The guisers would be offered food and drink at each farm.
"These customs are extremely old, going back to pre-Christian beliefs.
"Folk belief had it that supernatural beings were extra active at this time of year.
"Interestingly, similar traditions are also found in Iceland, the Faroes, Shetland and Orkney. In Shetland today, for example, guisers travel around and are offered food and drink at Up Helly Aa in January."


Final preparations are being made to temporary stopover sites for travellers heading to next month's Appleby Horse Fair.

Durham County Council has designated six areas in Teesdale along traditional routes to Cumbria.
The sites, which will include toilets, refuse collections and, in some cases, water supplies for animals, will be open between 26 May and 23 June.
The council said it hoped they would reduce unauthorised encampments.
The fair will be staged from 8-14 June.


US soul singer Percy Sledge, famed for his song When a Man Loves a Woman, has died aged 74.

Steve Green from talent agency Artists International Management Inc confirmed to the BBC that he died at his home in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on Tuesday.
"He was one of my first acts, he was a terrific person and you don't find that in this business very often," said Green. "He was truly a standout."
Sledge had surgery for liver cancer in January 2014 but soon resumed touring.
Sledge's debut single When a Man Loves a Woman reached the top 10 twice in the UK and topped the US Billboard chart for two weeks in 1966, when it also got to number four in the UK chart.
During an interview for the the 2013 documentary Muscle Shoals, he recalled his first recording of it.
"When I came into the studio, I was shaking like a leaf. I was scared," he said, adding that it was the "same melody that I sang when I was out in the fields. I just wailed out in the woods and let the echo come back to me".
He told BBC Radio 6 Music's Craig Charles in a 2011 interview that he came up with the melody for When A Man Loves A Woman, but signed away the rights of the song to Calvin Lewis and Andrew Wright, because "I didn't know any better".
"I had the melody in my mind so I gave that song to them," he said, adding they then created the lyrics.
Sledge did not contest the agreement, saying: "I felt like if God fixed it in my mouth to give it to them I won't change anything about it.
"I'm satisfied with what I wrote but I cut my kids out of so much because I gave it to someone else - I just wasn't thinking."
BBC Radio 2 DJ Tony Blackburn was among those paying tribute on Twitter, and said: "Sad to hear that Percy Sledge has died. I wonder how many times I've played When A Man Loves A Woman. RIP."
Musician Bootsy Collins paid tribute on his Facebook page with the words: "Just lost another legend funkateers, Mr Percy Sledge."
Paul Gambacini told the BBC that When a Man Loves a Woman was "one of the all time classic songs".
"This was the essence of soul, dripping with feeling. It never had a time, it was in a world of its own, so it was timeless," he added.
The track reached number two when it was re-released in the UK in 1987 after appearing in Oliver Stone's film Platoon, and was featured in several other films such as The Big Chill, The Crying Game and a 1994 Meg Ryan drama named after the song itself. It was also the soundtrack to a Levis advert in 1987.
It was the first US number one recorded at Alabama's Muscle Shoals studio, where Aretha Franklin and the Rolling Stones would later record.
The track also scored a first gold disc for Atlantic Records, whose executive Jerry Wexler called the song "a transcendent moment" and "a holy love hymn."
It remained Sledge's biggest hit and helped sustain a long touring career in the US, Europe and South Africa, averaging 100 performances a year. His other chart successes included Warm and Tender Love, It Tears Me Up and Take Time to Know Her.
The song found new life in 1991 when Michael Bolton's cover of the song topped the Billboard chart.
Before his music career, Sledge worked in the cotton fields around his hometown of Leighton in northwest Alabama, before taking a job as a hospital nurse in the early 1960s.
A patient heard him singing while he worked and recommended him to record producer Quin Ivy.
The singer was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2005 and was a member of the Alabama Music Hall of Fame and the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.
He is survived by his wife and children.


The victims of one of Britain's worst police killings have been honoured with a memorial, 100 years after the event.

Three officers were shot dead by an eastern European gang in a bungled east London burglary in December 1910.
The murders led to the famous Siege of Sidney Street, in Stepney, east London, in January 1911.
City of London Police unveiled the first memorial to Sgt Bentley, Sgt Tucker and Pc Choat at a ceremony at the scene of the tragedy.
On 16 December 1910, a gang of Latvian revolutionaries tried to rob a jeweller's shop in Houndsditch.
The gang fired on unarmed officers, killing three and seriously injuring two.
Two of the gang members escaped and hid out in rooms at 100 Sidney Street.
Winston Churchill watched events unfold
Sidney St: The siege that shook Britain
The police were tipped off by an informant and in the early hours of 3 January 1911, hundreds of officers surrounded the house and evacuated homes in the area.
Winston Churchill, the then home secretary, was in a crowd of thousands watching from the sidelines as hundreds of police officers and a company of Scots Guards engaged in a gun battle with the gang members.
During the siege, the two suspects were killed and a firefighter suffered fatal injuries.
A plaque in memory of the firefighter, Superintendent Charles Pearson, will be unveiled on 6 January, on the building that stands on the former site of 100 Sidney Street.
Donald Rumbelow, a former City of London Police officer, and author of The Houndsditch Murders and The Siege Of Sidney Street, said the memorial to the three murdered policemen was "long overdue".
"A lot of people know about the siege but don't know about the Houndsditch murders," he said.
Thursday's event was due to be attended by Lord Mayor of London Michael Bear and City of London Police Commissioner Mike Bowron, as well as descendants of the three officers.


Police are hunting for a man who raped a 14-year-old girl from Hertfordshire while holding her prisoner for nearly 12 hours overnight.

The girl was forced into a vehicle in Bishop's Stortford at about 20:30 GMT on 16 February and dropped off near the town's railway station the following morning.
An E-fit image of the attacker has now been released.
Police said the attack had caused "concern within the community".
The girl was forced into a dark-coloured vehicle, thought to be a Land Rover, and taken to an unknown location, believed to be outside the county of Hertfordshire, where she was sexually assaulted.
Ch Insp Gerry McDonald of Hertfordshire Police said: "I believe local people hold the key to our investigation.
"This is an extremely serious matter and one which, understandably, has caused concern within the community.
"We have conducted a number of inquiries in the local area but would ask anyone who was around between the times mentioned and who has not yet spoken to police to contact us if you have any information which may assist our investigation.
"I would like to reiterate that this is an unusual incident and would reassure everyone that investigations into this incident are a priority."