A 32-year-old mother who died after an operation for breast implants said she "felt she was being poisoned" days before her death, an inquest has heard.

Hairdresser Kandi du Cros died on 20 January 2014 in hospital in Cornwall after developing a fever and vomiting.
It was "probable" the surgery triggered a flare up of a rare autoimmune disorder which led to multiple organ failure, the inquest in Truro heard.
However, undergoing the operation was not "unreasonable," a consultant said.
More on the mother who felt 'poisoned', and other Cornwall news
Mrs du Cros, from St Austell, had felt progressively unwell in the week following her cosmetic surgery at the Duchy Hospital in Truro until she "looked absolutely awful" and "could barely walk", her husband Raymond du Cros told the inquest.
In a statement he said she had told her mother: "Mum, it feels like I'm being poisoned".
The mother of one, who suffered from a "very rare" connective tissue disease, was taken to the Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, by ambulance and died four days later, the inquest heard.
She had called NHS 111 and visited a GP in the days before and was told she had a viral infection which did not require immediate action, Mr du Cros said.
Giving evidence, Dr David Hutchinson, rheumatology lead at the Royal Cornwall Hospital, said: "In my opinion there was definitely clear evidence, clinically, of three failing organs in a short period of time."
He said he believed there was "a real probability" the trauma of surgery had led to a flare up of her disorder.
However he added: "Undergoing the breast surgery was not unreasonable given the information that was at hand at the time", he added.
Mr du Cros said he had many questions about why medical professionals did not seem to identify the severity of his wife's condition sooner.
The inquest continues.


Three Scottish Premiership matches and Glasgow Warriors' Pro12 match with Leinster have been postponed because of extreme weather conditions in Scotland.

Celtic's match with Hamilton Academical and Partick Thistle's meeting with Motherwell have been called off because of waterlogged pitches.
High winds in Edinburgh caused the postponement of Hearts' game against Inverness Caledonian Thistle.
The Met Office issued a weather warning for Scotland following Storm Desmond.
Rainfall of between 60mm and 100mm is likely in the amber "be prepared" zones of central and southern Scotland until Sunday morning, and 80 flood warnings and alerts are in place across the region.
Glasgow Warriors confirmed the postponement of their Pro12 rugby fixture against Leinster following a morning pitch inspection at Scotstoun Stadium.
In the Championship, St Mirren's home game with Queen of the South and Raith Rovers' match against Rangers at Stark's Park, and the League One game between Albion Rovers and Stranraer at Cliftonhill, have all been postponed because of waterlogged pitches.
In England, Barrow's National League match with Boreham Wood has also been called off because of a waterlogged pitch at Holker Street.
Scottish Premiership
Celtic P-P Hamilton Academical
Hearts P-P Inverness CT
Partick Thistle P-P Motherwell
Scottish Championship
Raith Rovers P-P Rangers
St Mirren P-P Queen of the South
Scottish League One
Albion Rovers P-P Stranraer
Scottish Cup
Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale P-P Huntly
Wick P-P Linlithgow Rose
Pro12 Rugby
Glasgow Warriors P-P Leinster
National League
Barrow P-P Boreham Wood


Mary Berry has said she is "standing by" former fellow judge Paul Hollywood as he continues with The Great British Bake Off in its new Channel 4 home.

She told the Radio Times magazine they have their differences but she "admired him a lot".
"I would always stand by him. Paul and I had our differences about what was important to us, but he is a brilliant bread-maker and I admired him a lot."
She said "no one was more surprised" than her when Bake Off left the BBC.
It was announced in September last year that the show had been bought by Channel 4 after six years on the BBC.
It emerged that the corporation fell Â£10m short in its offer to Love Productions, which makes the show.
The 81-year-old said she was always going to stay loyal to the BBC and wasn't tempted by a potentially bigger salary at Channel 4.
"No, I wasn't. And anyway, I was never asked to go," she said. "I avoided being asked. It was suggested what would happen if I did go to Channel 4, what I would get, the advantages.
"But I didn't ever have a meeting with them. I'd made up my mind. To me, it's an honour to be on the BBC. I was brought up on it."
The show's hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins also didn't enter into negotiations with Channel 4 and Mary said she was very fond of the "extraordinary" comedy duo.
"It was the BBC's programme, it grew there. So I decided to stay with the BBC, with Mel and Sue."
She is moving on with two new BBC programmes in the works.
But before then she has admitted one issue she had Bake Off - contestants crying over baking mishaps in the early episodes of the series.
"In life you shouldn't keep bursting into tears. There are occasions when you want to cry your heart out, but not on a television programme.
"If you do something that doesn't work out, you have to gather yourself up and keep going."
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A giant tiger is to be painted in a city suburb to highlight the safest places to cross the road.

The animal artwork will appear at the junction of Pear Tree Road, Lower Dale Road and Normanton Road, in Normanton, Derby, in April.
Charity Sustrans said the design would help make the area more appealing for people and help slow down cars.
The charity has been working with different communities in England to help redesign busy streets.
Dan Robertson, from Sustrans, said: "Through simple changes like this we can really change the feel of a space into a place people want to be in.
"This is one of several such initiatives that are happening here in Normanton at the moment."
The initiative came from design workshops held over 18 months.
The tiger design was created as a way to increase awareness of pedestrian needs in the area by highlighting where people want to walk.
The tiger will be painted on to roads and pavements on 12 April.


Plans to expand and improve a museum celebrating the two-time Formula One world champion Jim Clark have secured a major cash commitment.

Scottish Borders Council has agreed to give more than Â£500,000 to the project.
The Â£1.2m scheme would see the existing Jim Clark Room in Duns expanded and enhanced to allow cars and trophies to be put on display.
The aim is to open the museum in 2018 - the 50th anniversary of Clark's death at Hockenheim in Germany aged just 32.
Born in Kilmany in Fife, but raised in Duns in the Borders, Clark was crowned Formula One world champion in 1963 and 1965 and won a total of 25 grand prix races.
He is still considered to be one of the finest racing drivers of all time.
He remains the only driver to have won both the Formula One and Indy 500 titles in the same year.
Councillor Vicky Davidson said she was delighted the financial commitment had been confirmed.
"The existing trophy room is a popular visitor attraction in its own right, but what will be created really befits the incredible achievements of this adopted Borderer and unassuming Berwickshire farmer," she said.
"The new museum will give us space to display some of Jim Clark's actual race cars along with his trophies and will put the museum up there with Scotland's foremost visitor attractions.
"The council would like to thank the Jim Clark Trust and its patrons as well as the wider motorsport community for their continuing support."
Doug Niven, who along with Ian Calder represents Clark's family on the Jim Clark Trust, said he looked forward to working with the council to ensure the plans come to fruition.
"Being able to display some of Jim's cars in an expanded museum in Duns has been a long-held dream of many people, and this commitment from the council takes us a lot closer to seeing that achieved," he said.


An eight-year-old girl was sexually assaulted while sitting in a bakery, police have said.

The girl was in Greggs at The Headrow in Leeds with her mother and brother when she was assaulted while her mother was at the counter.
Police have released CCTV images of a man they want to trace in connection with the assault, which took place at about 15:30 GMT on 12 February.
Det Insp Steve Greenbank said: "This was clearly a distressing incident."
The man is described as Asian, in his late thirties, tall and of large build. He had a shaved head and a beard.
Mr Greenbank said: "We would ask that anyone who recognises him or who has any information that could assist the investigation contacts us immediately."


Sitting outside the Barley Mow on Tilford village cricket ground, a group of early evening drinkers swing their gaze from left to right, as earnestly as fans of Andy Murray on Centre Court.

Indeed, what they're watching has just flashed past with the quiet fizz of a tennis ball.
But this isn't Wimbledon.
The object of their fascination is the Vauxhall Ampera, the latest electric car to arrive in the UK.
For unusually in the world of electric motoring, this is a car that actually looks rather cool: the first head-turner in its class, perhaps.
And it's a sign that electric cars are changing fast.
Ranges are extending, charge times are decreasing and prices are about to halve.
In the space of a year and a half, the economics of electric motoring will have changed significantly.
Britain's best-known electric car, the Nissan Leaf, currently sells for just under £26,000, once the government grant of £5,000 is deducted.
This month, the Renault Fluence will enter showrooms in the UK with prices starting from £17,500.
And by the autumn, the Renault Zoe will be with us for less than £14,000.
How has Renault achieved such price reductions so rapidly?
For starters, the company has gone for a new model of ownership.
Drivers will buy the car, but rent the battery quite separately. Depending on mileage, the rental costs will be roughly £1,000 a year.
But for that price, you get a battery that is guaranteed for life. That should mean no more worries about batteries deteriorating over time, or depressing the second-hand value of the car.
Driving the Fluence through the daffodil-fringed villages of the Chiltern Hills, it's hard not to get a good feeling.
Until the moment at which range anxiety begins to kick in.
In theory, the Fluence has a range of up to 125 miles (200km), but in practice, you can call that between 70 and 80 miles, especially in colder weather.
And it still needs up to eight hours to charge the battery.
"It's not the car for everybody," admits Andy Heiron, the head of Renault's electric car division in the UK.
"But the vast majority of people travel less than 40 miles a day," he says.
"And that's a significant enough proportion of people for whom a vehicle with a 100-mile range makes perfect sense."
Despite such arguments, electric motoring so far hasn't caught on.
Philip Hammond, then Transport Secretary, predicted that 2011 was going to be the year the industry took off.
It didn't.
In Britain last year, just 1,000 electric cars were sold, even though the government offered its considerable incentive to buyers.
But if Renault hasn't yet solved the range problem, General Motors claims it has.
Next month, the car born as the Chevrolet Volt in the US will go on sale in the UK as the Vauxhall Ampera.
The Volt has had disappointing sales in the US, partly because of a series of fires in its batteries after crash testing.
So can it do any better in the UK?
Vauxhall is targeting 2,000 sales this year and 5,000 in 2013. While it is aiming particularly at the corporate market, these are ambitious numbers.
But certainly anyone looking for a longer driving range may want to look at the Ampera seriously.
Even though it will only do between 20 and 50 miles on its battery alone, it has a range-extending generator which kicks in automatically after that, taking its possible mileage up to 350 miles.
That's certainly enough to get you from London to Carlisle, if not London to Edinburgh.
"Conventional battery vehicles are fine as a second car, maybe for local commuting," says Denis Chick of Vauxhall.
"But this can be the primary family car, so you don't have to consider getting a second."
Yet with the petrol-driven generator, it's hard to calculate running costs.
Vauxhall claims it will do between 50 and 100 miles to the gallon, which would compare favourably with many other small cars.
But the biggest stumbling block remains the cost: £29,950 for the basic version, after accounting for the government grant.
Even for a good-looker, that's a lot of money.
Electric technology is changing fast. Renault's idea of renting out the battery separately from the cost of the car has inspired an Israeli company, called Better Place, to start building battery swap stations.
The idea is that you drive in and automatically get your battery swapped, in about the same time it takes to fill up with a tank of petrol.
No need to recharge the battery on a long drive, so the range becomes nearly indefinite.
The company is building a network of such stations in Israel, Denmark and later this year in Australia, although there are no plans to build any yet in the UK.
"I think battery-swapping is a brilliant idea," says Renault's Andy Heiron.
"But don't hold off, waiting for the miracle solution, when the reality is that cable charging is what most people will be working with for several years."
When the Zoe is launched this autumn, Renault also claims that the charging time issue will also have been resolved.
The car will accept so-called fast charging, which allows it to receive 80% of a full charge in just half an hour.
With its price tag of £13,650, that could make it a real game-changer.
Philip Hammond's sentiments may even prove correct, if several years later than he originally predicted.


"A beautiful event for a wonderful woman."

That was how one of the thousands of people who had gathered in London's Trafalgar Square to mark killed MP Jo Cox's 42nd birthday described the hour-long celebration, which featured smiles, laughter - and more than a few tears.
Some of those listening to the speeches and performances had been close friends of Jo Cox. Others were friends of friends.
Still more had worked alongside her, or her husband Brendan. There were also those who had never met the MP, as well as others who had not heard of her before her death last week.
But what they had in common was they all wanted to join together to honour her life.
And join together they did in a literal sense, holding hands with loved ones and strangers alike and raising them to the sky when asked to pledge out loud to "love like Jo" - the salute reaching across the crowds who filled the square.
And they joined in a minute's silence, the only noise coming from the brakes of passing London buses, the birds in the sky and the occasional chatter of a small child.
The performances reflected those things Jo held dear: Somewhere Only We Know, the song the family used to sing when leaving their holiday cottage; and Can You Hear the People Sing, from Les Miserables, a song loved by the fan of musicals.
This was a celebration of Jo Cox the person, as well as the politician - the wife and the mother, as well as the activist and campaigner.
One of the most moving moments was the enthusiastic performance by the choir of her young son's primary school, which was met with rapturous applause.
The pain on her husband Brendan's face was all too clear to see, and an almost unbearable sight on the big screen by the side of the stage.
But amid the sadness there was room for joy too - the crowd laughing when he pointed out that she was not, in fact, 5ft nothing "but at least 5ft 1in or 5ft 2in".
He said he wanted their children - watching from nearby - to know what their mother meant to people all around the world.
Gemma Mortensen, one of the organisers of the event, said it had sprung from Jo's friends wanting to "make sure the way the public experience this isn't dark - it's not all black and depressing - we've got to show love, and express what Jo was in a way of love".
She said: "Jo believed people are inherently good, and we believe that, and that's what we are seeing.
"People respond to that goodness in her. And we wanted to give people the chance to experience that sense of goodness, love and hope, and send a promise to her that her death will count and the world will be better - because we owe it to her to make it better."
Those who attended expressed a desire to show solidarity in light of the MP's death.
Cathy Egan, from Aldershot, said: "I wanted to celebrate Jo's life, not how she died. I have lived my own life believing we have more in common with each other than differences. I believe in love and joy, and she seemed to be the same."
University lecturer Michael Edwards had taken a group of students to Amnesty UK and decided to bring them to the celebration.
"We had been talking about human rights champions and defenders - and Jo as a fine example of that," he said. "The message I really feel from this event is one of inclusion."
Kajsa Lancaster, originally from Sweden and now living in Woolwich, south-east London, said: "When something like this happens, it's incredibly important we unite. The good thing that can come out of a tragedy is that we all come together like this."
David Obaze, from Little Venice, west London, added: "I wanted to be here because she inspired everyone to love human beings, no matter what race, gender or sexuality. She is a human being that I want to be like."
Charles Keidan, who has worked with Brendan Cox, said it was "extraordinary to be among so many likeminded people".
"It's a small thing we can do. I feel a sense of solidarity and of warmth."
His partner Rebecca Steinfeld said of their one-year-old daughter Eden Keidstein: "I hope she can grow up to be half of what Jo Cox was."
Paul Harrison, 33, from Watford, added: "It was a wonderful event. I haven't felt that emotional watching something in all my life. We were asked to hold hands and promise to love like Jo, so that will be in our minds now to do that and, hopefully, it will have a karmic ripple effect."


The Bay City Rollers will headline BBC Scotland's New Year celebrations, it has been announced.

The 1970s boy band will perform live on stage at the Old Fruitmarket in Glasgow, where presenter Jackie Bird will be hosting Hogmanay Live 2015.
Lead singer Les McKeown and band members Alan Longmuir and Stuart 'Woody' Wood will be performing hits such as Shang-a-Lang and Bye Bye Baby.
Jackie Bird said she was a Rollers fan when she was a teenager.
She said: "If I'd known when I was 15 that I'd get to introduce the Bay City Rollers on live telly, I'd have thought all my Christmases had come at once.
'We're thrilled to have them on the show - they're a perfect fit for Hogmanay.
"Their music crosses the generation gap and their legendary anthems will keep the party going wherever you are. We've got a great night's entertainment lined up."
The Hogmanay show will also feature Phil Cunningham and Aly Bain, who will oversee the countdown to a year that will mark some important milestones for the musical pair.
In 2016, Aly turns 70 and the duo mark 30 years since their first musical collaboration.
Turbo-charged 13-piece supergroup Treacherous Orchestra will also throw their unique energy into the mix.
Choral Stimulation, the Scottish-based acapella group that wowed audiences on BBC Two's Naked Choir, will be adding their voices to a rousing Auld Lang Syne.
In Edinburgh, BBC Breakfast's Carol Kirkwood will be presenting from the Royal Mile where party-goers will be encouraged to join in the Old Town Ceilidh in an attempt to break the world record for the biggest Strip The Willow, last set in Edinburgh in 2000.
The show will be streamed live for a worldwide audience online at bbc.co.uk/hogmanay and will also be available via the red button for viewers across the UK.


The San Diego Chargers have fined Eric Weddle $10,000 for watching his daughter perform a half-time routine with the team's junior cheerleaders.

Weddle, one of the team's best players, has also been banned from attending San Diego's final NFL game of the season.
The 30-year-old chose to remain on the field instead of returning to the locker room at the end of the half.
Head coach Mike McCoy said in a statement that it was an "organisational call".
Weddle, who has played 137 games in a nine-year stint with the Chargers, was watching his seven-year-old daughter Brooklyn dance in a programme sponsored by the team's cheerleaders.
He was not the only player with a child performing, but was the only one who did not join his team-mates and coaches at half-time in last week's 30-14 victory over the Miami Dolphins.
McCoy added: "We have a club policy here and there are certain things we have to do at half-time to make adjustments and things like that."
Weddle, a free safety, was placed on the injured reserve list and told he will not be allowed to travel with the team for the season-ending game in Denver on Sunday.
He is set to become an unrestricted free agent this spring.


A company in London has advertised for an emoji translator in what is thought to be the first such job worldwide.

The role will involve explaining cross-cultural misunderstandings in the use of the mini pictures, and compiling a monthly trends report.
Agency boss Jurga Zilinskiene said emojis were a "potential growth area" as "inconsistencies" had developed in their use.
Last year, a UK linguist said emoji was the country's fastest-growing language.
Emojis have been available on Japanese phones since the late 1990s but gained worldwide popularity after 2011, when iPhones started coming with emoji keyboards. They are now widely available on Android phones too.
They differ from emoticons by being coded little pictures rather than collections of punctuation points like :) or :'( or Â¯\_(ãƒ„)_/Â¯. (For emoticon newbies, the latter is a shruggie).
But like emoticons, emojis can be used to indicate tone or emotion in messages composed largely of text.
Ms Zilinskiene, head of Today Translations, needed someone to translate diaries into emojis for one of her clients, but could not find a specialist.
She says software translations can only go so far and a human translator was needed, so the agency posted an online job advert. She herself speaks Lithuanian, Russian and English and codes in the programming languages Python and C#.
With more than 30 applications so far, she is hoping to appoint somebody on a freelance basis by the start of 2017, with the potential for it to become a full-time post. Translation jobs will be paid by the word/emoji, while research into the changing trends in emoji usage will be paid at an hourly rate.
Waving hand - You might think this emoji is waving hello or goodbye. Well in China, it has a very specific meaning, along the lines of "bye, you're not my friend any more". Like a middle finger in Europe.
Poo - In Japan, the words for "poo" and "luck" sound similar, so it's tradition to send your friends a funny "poo" message before an exam or job interview. Now that the symbols have gone global, though, some people use the smiley-faced poo for its cuteness, others to indicate something rubbish.
So can emojis be considered a language? No, absolutely not, says Rob Drummond, a senior lecturer in linguistics at Manchester Metropolitan University.
He says his test for a language is that you have to be able to translate a full sentence from one to another, with shared meanings - not necessarily fixed, but shared - and emoji meanings vary from person to person.
"It's an addition to language rather than a language itself," Dr Drummond says.
Red heart - French speakers use more heart emojis than any other language group, according to a study from last year, bumping even smiley faces off the top spot.
Dancing women - Originally these were Playboy bunnies, and might have been seen as strange to use in a message. But they have evolved to mean having fun with friends - and since emojis were made more diverse, there's a men's version too.
White flower - What does this even mean? You might have wondered. Unless you went to school in Japan, in which case you'll know that it's a copy of the symbol teachers stamp on exercise books when their students have done good homework. So white flower = good homework.
Emojis are more nuanced than words and, like gestures or body language, can add meaning to the text they go alongside.
Dr Drummond said he could see a space for emoji specialists, though, similar to people who go before a court to give an interpretation of what somebody might mean by a particular slang word.
Indeed, the legal world has had to take notice of emojis, as lawyers have started bringing forward the text communications sent by people accused of crime as evidence.
Tears of joy - The most commonly used emoji on the planet, this was the Oxford English Dictionary's word of the year for 2015. What does it mean? That depends on your perspective. It could be straightforward, a person laughing so much they're crying. It could be self-deprecating - you're laughing at yourself and a silly thing you did. Or it could be a way of gloating at somebody else.
Aubergine/eggplant - An innocent vegetable, if sometimes tricky to cook? Ah, no. In the most salient example of how meanings can stray from their original intentions, this has come to denote a phallus. In fact, it's the only emoji you can't search for on Instagram.
Jeremy Burge, who already has a full-time job in emojis as chief emoji officer for his website, Emojipedia, said the symbols were a way of inserting tone into messages and "bringing back what we miss in text communication when we don't have body language... it's a communication aid".
He said that of the 15-16 million page views the glossary gets a month, many were from social media professionals keen not to make a faux pas when posting on behalf of their companies.
If that's you, we hope our guides peppered through this article have given you enough to get started.
Additional reporting by Angelique Lu


A partner at Mossack Fonseca, the Panamanian law firm at the centre of a huge leak of confidential financial data, says it was the victim of a hack.

Ramon Fonseca said the leak was not an "inside job" - the company had been hacked by servers based abroad.
It had filed a complaint with the Panamanian attorney general's office.
Several countries are investigating possible financial wrongdoing by the rich and powerful after the leak of more than 11 million documents.
Panama Papers - latest reaction
Who's been caught in the scandal?
"We are amazed that nobody has said: 'Hey, a crime has been committed here'," Mr Fonseca, one of the firm's founding partners, told Reuters news agency.
"The world is already accepting that privacy is not a human right," he told AFP agency separately.
Last week the company reportedly sent an email to its clients saying it had suffered "an unauthorised breach of our email server".
The company has accused media organisations reporting the leak of having "unauthorised access to proprietary documents and information taken from our company" and of presenting this information out of context.
In a letter to the Guardian newspaper on Sunday, the company's head of public relations threatened possible legal action over the use of "unlawfully obtained" information.
The revelations have already sparked political reaction in several countries where high-profile figures have been implicated.
On Tuesday Iceland's Prime Minister Sigmundur Gunnlaugsson stepped down after the documents showed he owned an offshore company with his wife but had not declared it when he entered parliament.
He is accused of concealing millions of dollars' worth of family assets.
Mr Gunnlaugsson says he sold his shares to his wife, and denies any wrongdoing.


A project to conserve a North East river catchment area has been awarded £223,000 of Lottery funding.

Led by Durham Wildlife Trust, the scheme will see a preservation plan drawn up for the River Skerne.
It will include initiatives to protect natural habitats as well as industrial and agricultural sites.
If successful, organisers say a further £2.6m from the Heritage Lottery Fund will be unlocked as well as £500,000 from other sources.
The project, called the Bright Water Landscape partnership, covers 200sq km (77sq miles) and focuses on the River Skerne from Hurworth Burn reservoir in East Durham to South Park in Darlington.


When Robert Hichens became a quartermaster on the Titanic he was at the peak of his career.

But for the man steering the doomed liner when it hit an iceberg, the disaster would ruin his dreams and overshadow the rest of his life.
Hichens survived the sinking, arriving in New York aboard Carpathia.
He had been ordered to leave the wheel of the liner less than an hour after the collision and put in charge of lifeboat six.
He rowed more than 40 people to safety but his great granddaughter, Sally Nilsson, believes the disaster blighted the rest of his life and "cartwheeled him to a very tragic end".
His marriage broke up, he became a heavy drinker and twice tried to kill himself, eventually ending up in jail for attempted murder.
"There were two inquiries at the time - one in the US and one in the UK," said Ms Nilsson, from Reigate in Surrey.
"Robert Hichens was one of the most vital witnesses and it is his testimony that forms part of the traditional story that we know today.
"The problem was that his fellow crewmen saw him as jinxed."
It has been suggested that helmsman Hichens misinterpreted the steering orders and steered Titanic the wrong way, into the iceberg.
"I dispute this because he had been at sea since he was 14 and he was 30 when he was on the Titanic," said Ms Nilsson.
"He had worked as a quartermaster for seven years and he would never have made a glaring error like that."
Hichens was played by Paul Brightwell in the 1997 blockbuster film Titanic, where he was shown in a confrontation with one of the passengers, Molly Brown, played by Kathy Bates.
She urges him to turn the lifeboat back to the ship to rescue other survivors, but he refuses.
"Robert Hichens had been given direct orders by his captain to drop off passengers and then return," said Ms Nilsson.
"Molly Brown went to the papers when they were rescued and put the nail in the coffin for Robert, by saying he was a coward and a bully.
"But it was awful, the stuff of nightmares really.
"Robert didn't know which way to go, and there were 16 lifeboats in the same position."
Ms Nilsson, whose grandmother was born just weeks after the disaster and became known as the "Titanic baby", researched her ancestor's life for a biography, The Man Who Sank Titanic.
She discovered the family moved to Torquay in Devon, but did not stay together. Hichens's wife subsequently left to return to Southampton with the children.
Ms Nilsson said Hichens had developed neurasthenia, a nervous condition which would now be termed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
He set up a boat charter business but later acquired a gun and shot Harry Henley, the man who sold him the boat, during a dispute over money. Mr Henley lived, but Hichens was jailed.
He was freed four years later in 1937, but died in 1940.
"Robert ended up as third mate on a cargo ship in the Second World War, taking coal over to Africa," said Ms Nilsson.
"They delivered the coal and came back but it was his final voyage."
As the ship docked outside Aberdeen, one of the crew members found him dead in his bunk from heart failure.
"For me he died of a broken heart," said Ms Nilsson.
"With all the research I did I discovered a man who was very caring, funny, incredibly loving and totally loyal."
Titanic enthusiast Mandy Le Boutillier said many of Titanic's 705 survivors were affected by what would now be classed as PTSD.
"In those days it was not understood," she said. "They got no back-up at all.
"For a lot of survivors it was such a horrendous experience that it did blight their lives.
"Hichens has been portrayed as a gruff sort, argumentative and quite a sharp character. He has been misrepresented."
In the last few weeks Ms Nilsson tracked down her great-grandfather's grave after a three-year search.
He lies in Trinity Cemetery in Aberdeen and on Thursday she was finally able to go and pay her respects and plant a wooden cross on the communal grave.
"This has been a long journey," she said. "I never met the guy but it means everything. I grew to love him so much."


A Cardiff hotel remains closed on Friday after a virus outbreak.

An investigation has been launched at the Angel Hotel after management decided to shut it as a precautionary measure.
A spokeswoman said they were providing support to guests, 26 of whom have been struck down by gastroenteritis. No one needed hospital treatment.
The hotel has been contacting guests due to arrive over the next few days to help them make other arrangements.
Cardiff council said environmental health officers have confirmed the virus is gastroenteritis.
No further information can be given until the investigation has been completed, the spokeswoman added.
The council was notified on Wednesday that guests were falling ill at the hotel.
Teacher Kevin Waite from Gwaelod-y-Garth, Cardiff, said he fell ill over the weekend after attending a training event at the hotel on 5 June.
"I felt nauseous, I was having hot and cold flushes and my limbs were aching," he told BBC Wales.
"I started vomiting on Sunday and this lasted through until Monday."
Mr Waite said he has contacted the hotel to discuss his sickness and is waiting to hear from managers.
"The hotel looked plush, pleasant and clean. There was nothing to point to any problems," he added.
"I'm shocked and disappointed. But these bugs can happen for many reasons."


US rapper Snoop Dogg is suing beer-maker Pabst Brewing, saying the firm owes him money from the sale of the company and its beer line last year.

In a lawsuit filed in Los Angeles, the rapper is seeking 10% of the net sales paid to Pabst for its Colt 45 malt beer line in the sale.
Snoop Dogg had signed a three-year deal to endorse the beer line in 2011.
Under his contract, he was to receive a portion of the sale of the brand if Pabst sold it before January 2016.
The sale of Pabst to beer entrepreneur Eugene Kashper and investment firm TSG Consumer Partners was finalised in November, but no purchase price was announced.
The rapper's lawyer, Alex Weingarten, however, states in the lawsuit that the beer company was sold for $700m (Â£455m), according to AP. The sale price of the beer, called Blast by Colt 45, was not disclosed.
Snoop Dogg, whose legal name is Calvin Broadus Jr, had a payment of $250,000 for the contract and received another $20,000 for every 10th mention he made of the beer on social media, TV or during a concert.
Pabst, the maker of beers like Old Milwaukee and Schlitz, said in a statement that it had not been contacted by the rapper or his representatives about the proceed claims.
"We are investigating the matter and would be happy to talk to Snoop or his representatives to try to get to the bottom of this," the Associated Press quoted the statement as saying.


Laura Trott won the omnium world title at the World Track Cycling in Melbourne as Sir Chris Hoy's Olympic selection scrap with Jason Kenny intensified.

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Trott, never out of the top two in the six-discipline omnium, took gold ahead of Australia's Annette Edmondson.
To come here and win the omnium is massive for me
Kenny, 24, earlier needed only two heats of a best-of-three men's sprint semi-final to beat 36-year-old Hoy.
France's Gregory Bauge then beat Kenny to gold in the final, with Hoy taking bronze over Australian Shane Perkins.
However, with only one place available to GB in the Olympic individual sprint, Kenny's semi-final victory might have preserved his London hopes after Hoy outperformed him at February's World Cup.
Trott is assured of an Olympic place after picking up her second world title of the week, alongside the women's team pursuit title she helped to win on Thursday.
The 19-year-old has yet to stand anywhere on the podium except at the top: all six medals she has now won at senior European and world level since emerging in 2010 have been gold, and she has turned the omnium's elimination race into her own entertaining signature event.
Leading overnight following Friday's first three events, Trott placed third in the individual pursuit, 13th in the scratch race and first in the time trial to secure the overall world champion's rainbow jersey.
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"I think I'm setting myself up well for London," Trott told BBC Sport's Jill Douglas. "To come here and win the omnium is massive for me.
"I've never been in that position [of going] into the last event winning. It was really hard on my head but I got myself fired up for it.
"Me and my coach have been doing a lot of work, watching back the races that I haven't done so well in, and it's paid off. I improved on the points race, which was that extra margin I needed from the London World Cup."
Kenny lost his own rainbow jersey to Bauge in an intriguing sprint final inside Melbourne's Hisense Arena, with the formidable Frenchman powering through the first heat before Kenny looked to have caught him cold with an early dash for the line in the second.
The Englishman did not get the chance to test the now tired-looking Bauge in a decisive third heat, though, as he was judged to have gone off the sprinting line, handing his opponent a 2-0 win.
Bauge won the event last year but was later stripped of the title as a result of a 12-month retrospective ban, imposed by his own national federation, for offences related to dope tests.
Kenny, beaten by Bauge in the 2011 world final, was racing as the defending world champion having been elevated from silver-medal position, but Hoy is the Olympic champion - he beat Kenny in Beijing four years ago.
Since that battle of the Brits, world governing body the UCI has altered the Olympic cycling rules: nations now have only one entry per event instead of two, hence Hoy and Kenny must scrap it out for the one place available to Britain at London 2012.
The British Cycling team for the London Olympics is expected to be announced in June.
Victoria Pendleton, who won a gripping women's sprint contest despite a collision with arch-rival Anna Meares of Australia on Friday, ran out of steam in her keirin second-round race and failed to join Meares in the final, which the Australian won.
Ben Swift won his second medal of a highly impressive week, following up Wednesday's scratch race victory with silver in the points race behind Australian Cameron Meyer. Neither event is in the Olympic programme.
Earlier, Geraint Thomas finished fifth in the men's individual pursuit, which was also dropped from the Olympic schedule following Beijing 2008.
BBC coverage (times BST): Medal sessions live on BBC Sport website and Red Button from 1000 each day. Highlights on BBC Two 1430-1700 Sun 8 April. Commentary and updates on 5 live and 5 live sports extra 0500-1400 daily.


A study of white storks in the UK is being carried out with a view to encouraging them to breed in the wild for the first time in centuries.

The last record of a breeding pair in Britain was in Edinburgh in 1416.
The historical survey is being carried out by teams in Devon and Norfolk.
David Gow, ecologist behind the project, said: "It's re-starting an old relationship which you can still see in Europe where people provide platforms for nesting on their roofs."
20
average annual sightings
1416 AD last record of a breeding pair
350,000 BC archeological records reveal evidence of white storks
Babies stork associated with birth and good luck
Chimneys medieval belief that nests were a sign of adultery
The Shorelands Wildlife Gardens near Diss is hoping some of its 22 injured storks, which were brought there after flying into power lines in Poland, could eventually breed.
Three of them had their broken wings fixed and recently began flying again.
Ben Potterton, from Shorelands, said: "We will now leave these ringed birds to see how they settle.
"These three may be the start to get these birds back into the river valleys where we hope they will return as a common species."
Natural England said it would need to grant a licence for any breeding project.
A spokeswoman said: "Although white storks are fairly regular visitors they have not established a breeding colony here.
"This requires careful assessment of the likely impacts of the introduction on native species and the welfare of the released birds."
Mr Gow, who has four captive storks on Dartmoor, said: "Storks feed largely on worms, frogs, beetles, small mammals and on rubbish tips - it's not a particular threat to fish, although it may eat them in very small numbers.
"We're at the early stages of gathering historical data and folklore to work out where the birds lived in the UK and if we get a licence, we will start looking at habitats in more detail."


15th-18th centuries - Montenegro retains substantial measure of autonomy from Ottoman Empire.
1798 - Montenegro acknowledged as independent principality.
1878 - Montenegrin independence recognised under international treaties.
1918 - Following first world war, Montenegro becomes part of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
1929 - Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
1945 - Together with Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia and Bosnia, Montenegro becomes one of republics in new Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia under Josip Broz Tito.
1980 - Tito dies.
1991 - Milo Djukanovic becomes Montenegrin prime minister.
Montenegro supports union with Serbia as Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia and Bosnia break away.
1992 - Montenegro joins Serbia in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Rising nationalist and independence aspirations bring bloody conflict with Croats and Bosnian Muslims.
UN imposes sanctions on Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
1997 - Milo Djukanovic defeats pro-Milosevic candidate in Montenegrin presidential election.
1999 - Milo Djukanovic declares Montenegro not a party to the conflict over Kosovo as Serbian President Milosevic's actions there spark Nato air strikes.
Milo Djukanovic was one of the key actors in Montenegro's independence
Montenegro PM Djukanovic resigns
Montenegro abandons dinar in favour of German mark.
2000 - Milosevic ousted by pro-Western reformers in Belgrade. Montenegrin leadership becomes increasingly independence-minded.
2002 January - Montenegro adopts euro as its currency.
2002 March - Yugoslav, Montenegrin and Serbian leaders sign EU mediated accord to set up new state, to be called Serbia and Montenegro, in place of Yugoslavia.
2002 April - Government collapses over differences on the new union of Serbia and Montenegro.
2002 October - Parties allied with pro-independence Milo Djukanovic win Montenegrin general elections. He gives up presidency to become coalition prime minister.
2003 January - Serbian and Montenegrin parliaments approve constitutional charter for Union of Serbia and Montengro.
2003 May - Filip Vujanovic elected president.
2004 May - Prominent journalist and critic of Montenegrin government, Dusko Jovanovic, is shot dead. His paper, Dan, is seen as a mouthpiece for the republic's anti-independence opposition, and had alleged corruption in the Montenegrin leadership.
2004 December - Montenegro applies for membership of the World Trade Organisation.
2005 February - Montenegrin leaders write to their Serbian counterparts suggesting an early end to the Union of Serbia and Montenegro and the formation of two independent republics. Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica rejects this.
2006 May - Montenegro holds an independence referendum. Just over the required 55% of voters say yes.
2006 June - Montenegro declares independence, Serbia responds by declaring itself the independent sovereign successor state to the Union of Serbia and Montenegro.
Montenegro becomes the 192nd member of the UN.
2006 August - Montenegro ends compulsory military service and says it will form a smaller, professional army.
2006 September - The governing coalition claims to have won an absolute majority in the first general election since independence.
2006 October-November - Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic steps down and is succeeded by his Democratic Party of Socialists ally, Zeljko Sturanovic.
2006 December - Nato admits Montenegro to its Partnership for Peace pre-membership programme.
2007 January - Montenegro admitted to IMF and World Bank.
2007 March - Montenegro takes its first step towards European Union membership by initialling a stabilisation and association agreement.
2007 October - Montenegro adopts new constitution.
2008 February - Long-time leader Milo Djukanovic returns for a fifth term as prime minister after his party colleague, Zeljko Sturanovic, steps down on health grounds.
2008 March - Incumbent President Filip Vujanovic - an ally of Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic - wins re-election.
2008 November - Montenegro recognises Kosovo's self-declared independence, prompting protests from Serbia.
2008 December - Montenegro presents official application for EU membership.
2009 March - Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic's European Montenegro Coalition wins a landslide victory in parliamentary elections.
2009 December - Visa-free travel within EU's Schengen zone comes into effect for Montenegro's citizens.
2010 November - European Commission recommends that Montenegro be named as a formal candidate to join the European Union.
2010 December - Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic resigns, and is replaced by ally Igor Luksic.
2012 April - Montenegro becomes a member of the World Trade Organisation.
2012 June - Montenegro's EU accession talks begin. However, EU foreign ministers says Brussels will closely monitor Montenegro's efforts to tackle corruption and organised crime.
2012 October - Ruling coalition wins elections but fails to gain outright majority.
2012 December - Milo Djukanovic becomes prime minister for the seventh time.
2013 January - The European Parliament says that Montenegro is on track to achieve EU membership, but calls on it to do more to protect media freedom, women's rights and gender equality.
2013 April - Filip Vujanovic wins a third term as president after narrowly winning an election. Opposition candidate Miodrag Lekic of the Democratic Front alleges fraud.
2015 December - Nato invites Montenegro to join. Russia reacts angrily, saying the continued expansion of Nato would lead to retaliatory measures.


Tony Blair has said he is as motivated by "making a difference" as he was when he became Labour leader 20 years ago.

Asked by a journalist about reports on the personal wealth he has accumulated since leaving office, he said these had been "greatly exaggerated".
"I haven't actually changed, despite what people want to say," he said.
"The same thing that motivated me when I stood here... 20 years ago motivates me today. It's not about making money, it's about making a difference."
Mr Blair said his job as a Middle East peace envoy was unpaid, and he said that in total he spent two thirds of his time on unpaid work.
But his businesses supported 200 jobs, and needed to stay afloat, he added.
"I read that I am supposed to be worth Â£100m," the former prime minister said in a question-and-answer session after he delivered the Philip Gould Lecture to the New Labour think tank Progress.
"Cherie is kind of asking where it is. I'm not worth a half of that, a third of that, a quarter of that, a fifth of that, and I could go on."
His two businesses relied upon "a whole infrastructure, and I need to support that", he continued.
He said that "despite what people want to say about how I've changed" he still had the same motivation "but I'm doing it today as a private citizen, and I'm doing it in some of the most difficult places in the world, but I'm doing it with the same passion and purpose as ever I had before".
In a wide-ranging speech, Mr Blair said "radical" policies that bridged the divide between left and right-wing traditions were needed to propel the Labour Party to victory under Ed Miliband.
But he praised his successor, Mr Miliband's judgement on the EU. Mr Miliband has said if he wins the 2015 general election there will only be an in/out referendum on the EU if there is a significant transfer of powers proposed from Westminster to the EU institutions.
Mr Blair said: "I support Ed's leadership very much on this issue. I think he has made the right call on this and I think it is important to give him credit for that."
Two decades to the day since Mr Blair won the leadership of the Labour Party, he defended his record in government.
"We realised that there was no possibility of the British people accepting a programme which either pivoted on more state control or which didn't open up power for people as individuals," he said.
"The same is true today. That centre can and should be radical, but it will cut across traditional right-left lines because, over the past 100 years or so, people have learned from their experience about the state and the market that neither, untrammelled, is the route to the future.
"There will inevitably be a partnership between the two. And there will be a host of new ideas around how each might work and in combination with each other and the voluntary sector."
He also said he was "saddened and angry about the tragedy of the Gaza conflict".
Mr Blair, who is now a Middle East envoy working for the US, Russia, the UN and the EU, said the people of Gaza were "pawns in a wider struggle".
"Hundreds of Palestinians, including many children, [are] losing their lives in this nightmare," he continued.
"And I've witnessed the fear and insecurity of Israelis who still see their right to exist under challenge.
"I long to see two peoples and two states side by side in peace."


Violence in Iraq has sent oil prices close to a nine-month high.

Brent crude fell 27 cents to $114.79 a barrel, after reaching $115.71 on Thursday, the highest since September 2013.
Oilfields south of Baghdad, which export at least 2.5 million barrels per day of oil, are still unaffected.
But the fighting in the north poses a risk to supplies, while foreign oil companies are beginning to pull out staff.
Paul Horsnell, head of commodities research at Standard Chartered bank, said: "The market has priced in existing geopolitical risk."
Global spare capacity in oil production is at about 2%, he said, meaning that a spike in demand of more than 2% will outstrip production.
Islamist-led militants and pro-government forces are engaged in fierce battles for the Baiji oil refinery and Tal Afar airport in northern Iraq.
Baiji, Iraq's biggest refinery, is surrounded by the rebels, who say they have seized most of Tal Afar airport.
The fighting comes a day after the US said it would send some 300 military advisers to help the fight against the insurgents.
Investors may be concerned that what happened in Libya may be mirrored in Iraq, Mr Horsnell said.
Following Libya's war and the toppling of Muammar Gaddafi, production recovered, but then eventually petered out, as a weak government and continued skirmishes disrupted production.
"Libya has shown weak central government has found it hard to maintain the flow of oil," Mr Horsnell added.
As for where oil might go next, he said: "I don't think there's a lot of political risk in the current price."
Consumers already pay "several hundred" US dollars for a barrel of petrol, a lot of which is tax and duty, so this increase is unlikely to have a major impact at the pump, he said.


Liverpool is planning a bid to host the 2026 Commonwealth Games, the city's mayor has said.

Joe Anderson said the city council would launch a feasibility study before submitting a bid.
Hosting the event "would reflect the city's growing confidence and expertise in organising large events", he said.
Mr Anderson's announcement came three days before voting to select Labour's candidate for the Liverpool city region metro mayor election closes.
MPs Luciana Berger and Steve Rotheram are the other hopefuls.
The UK's nomination for a host city will be decided in 2018, with the successful host named by the Commonwealth Games General Assembly in 2019.
Mayor Anderson said: "Liverpool is an ambitious city and I believe we have an enormous amount to offer when it comes to hosting an event of this scale, which would be an incredibly important catalyst for regeneration, investment and raising the profile of sport."
Heptathlete Katarina Johnson-Thompson, boxer Tony Bellew, and former footballer Jamie Carragher are among the ambassadors for the proposed bid.
The last British city to host the games was Glasgow in 2014 although England last held it in Manchester in 2002.
Manchester City Council leader, Sir Richard Leese, said that despite "a long tradition of sporting rivalry... Liverpool's bid to host the 2026 Commonwealth Games has Manchester's wholehearted support".
In July, the Welsh government dropped plans to bid for the event, blaming the cost and uncertainty after the Brexit vote.
Birmingham City Council leader, councillor John Clancy, said in April that he was "open to persuasion" after the city was encouraged to bid but he believed it "would detract from our immediate priorities".
Last year, it was announced that South Africa would host the event in 2022 after the Canadian city Edmonton withdrew its bid due to cost. The awarding of the games to Durban followed concerns from the Commonwealth Games Federation about a lack of interest from member countries in hosting future competitions.
Liverpool has recently held a number of large spectator events including when 1.2 million spectators watched ocean liners gather to celebrate Cunard's 175th anniversary last year.
In 2014, a giant puppet show to mark the 100th anniversary of World War One attracted about a million visitors.
There's nothing new in Mayor Anderson's desire to bid for Liverpool to host the Commonwealth Games in 2026.
It was one of his pledges when he successfully ran for re-election as mayor of Liverpool in May.
It's also no coincidence that he is a candidate in an election - which ends on Friday - for Labour's candidate to be metro mayor of the Liverpool city region.
Evertonians will be desperate to hear that a new stadium for the club will be part of the plans, but anything concrete is a long way off.
The Mayor's declaration of intent brings local athletes on board - but will also provoke those who think at a time of austerity, the city can ill afford to be spending money on an international sporting event.
But then, people said that about Liverpool's bid to be European Capital of Culture - which went on to be a huge success.


Surrey's Championship match against Essex ended as a draw after heavy rain led to a final-day washout at The Oval.

After the morning session was lost, umpires Martin Bodenham and Nick Cook inspected the outfield at 14:30 BST.
However, they deemed it was too wet to play and decided to abandon the match with Surrey on 95-2, still 175 runs short of making the visitors bat again.
Surrey have now drawn both their Division Two fixtures, while Essex have one win and one draw.
Surrey captain Gareth Batty:
"I think we would have batted out the game for a draw anyway. The pitch was getting better and better - it was an excellent batting surface and very hard work for the bowlers.
"To give credit to Essex, they took control of the game on the second and third days and batted extremely well.
"We didn't have Jade Dernbach to bowl yesterday, and to be honest it was a mark of his commitment and attitude that he actually bowled as many overs as he did on day two.
"The scan on his side strain has shown up some significant damage and he will be out of action for a while, sadly. With side strains, you have to be careful."
Essex coach Paul Grayson:
"We are disappointed with not being able to get out there at all today because of the rain, obviously.
"We feel we played very well over the three days and it could well have been an interesting final day."


Barclays is among several big name high street banks which are no longer offering safety deposit boxes and customers are being left with few options to store their valuables such as legal documents, jewellery or other precious objects.

At Prakash Palicha's home in south London the security is now tighter than ever. He has had a new alarm fitted and every door has three locks.
Mr Palicha's house was broken into and thieves made off with more than Â£100,000 worth of gold jewellery. It had been taken out of the family's safety deposit box, only briefly, for a wedding.
"More than the loss of the jewellery, I think the family were shocked by the invasion of our privacy," said Mr Palicha.
"Personally I don't think we'll ever recover from what happened. If banks take this kind of approach and remove their boxes, it leaves people vulnerable because we don't have anywhere to keep valuables."
Prakash now never keeps any jewellery out of his deposit box, but this is a diminishing service.
On the high street Lloyds, HSBC, Natwest and RBS are no longer offering safety deposit boxes for new customers.
Barclays is now going one step further and asking customers to remove their goods from boxes. The Co-op bank has already done this.
Safety deposit boxes have traditionally been used to store a range of valuables and keepsakes - from artwork and legal documents to expensive jewellery. Some people in the Asian community use the service to store gold jewellery which has been handed down through the generations or given to the family as a wedding gift.
'I could not sleep'
Raxa (who did not want us to give her surname) has just been asked to take her jewellery out by one high street bank. She is incredibly nervous about even talking about it. She had used the service for more than 30 years.
"I received the letter from the bank saying you need to remove your items from the box," said Raxa.
"It was very upsetting. When I picked it up I had nowhere to keep it. I don't feel I can trust anywhere else. I don't want to go to a private company and I can't keep it at home because I'm working."
Raxa says she could not sleep when the box was in her house and does not want to disclose where she has found to store it.
Many customers are reluctant to trust their valuables to private companies, admits Vikram Naik who owns a vault in north London where customers can rent deposit boxes. But he has been getting a lot of business from people who used to rely on the high street banks.
"Some have had lockers in the bank for 20 years and now suddenly they're stopping [the service] so they panic about where to go and what to do."
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Barclays, like many banks, has found the service had become expensive to operate.
It has been phasing out the service since last year and expects to have fully withdrawn by December 2013.
'Peace of mind'
Natwest explained that though it was still offering the service for existing customers, its branches were totally full and so no new customers could be accommodated. The bank also said it does not buy new branches.
HSBC said it only has around 10 branches still offering the service and again, that no new customers could be accommodated.
Conservative MP, Paul Uppal has heard countless stories of Asian jewellery theft in his Wolverhampton South West constituency. He says banks need to think past the financial implications of the service.
"It will put people in a situation that creates uncertainly and a great deal of worry," says Mr Uppal.
"If you've got gold which you need to store, if you can't put it in a safety deposit box, where are you going to store it?
"I would think the banks should perhaps revisit this and look at it again. They will look at a cost analysis but it's important they take a long term view on this. These are their customers and customers need to have peace of mind."
Of course the other option is to get rid of the valuables, but Prakash Palicha says British Asian families in particular would not do this any time soon.
"I think it does leave us more exposed because people recognise that Asians have this jewellery, but I don't see that changing. It's just tradition."
Listen to the full report on Friday 16 MarchonBBC Asian Network.


The use of restorative justice for minor offenders has been hailed "a success" by Cambridgeshire Police.

About 800 officers have been trained to hand out on-the-spot punishments to keep first-time offenders out of the criminal justice system.
Restorative justice has been used in the county since the beginning of 2011 and to date 190 offenders have been dealt with through the system.
The system is only employed if the victim of the crime agrees to its use.
The alternative to traditional processes of arrest and punishment is based on three principles.
Insp Dominic Human said: "You have to acknowledge that what you've done is wrong, you do some reparation to put it right, and you reintegrate into society.
"So you move on very quickly, accepting that you've been given a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity not to become a criminal.
"On many occasions it's simply that a victim just wants an apology, and restorative justice allows that to happen."
Trained officers ask victims of minor crimes to suggest appropriate punishments, and then determine whether that particular solution is fair.
"We're not judge and jury at all," said Insp Human. "We are simply facilitating an opportunity for someone to immediately say: 'I've done something wrong and I want to put it right'."
As part of the restorative project, youth offenders who caused criminal damage to a window agreed to clean all the windows on the house.
A 16-year-old shoplifter who stole goods to the value of £3 had to clean 100 shopping baskets and a 12-year-old who caused £75 worth of damage to a car had to send a written apology, and the parents paid for damage.
Insp Human said that the system saved "a massive amount of time" when compared to arrest and punishment through the courts.
"We can get the same outcome, in a very short time, at the scene.
"The motive for introducing restorative justice is because it's about doing the right thing for the victim.
"In the cases so far, we've saved over 1,000 operational policing hours which we can then use to concentrate on other important issues within the community."
Cambridgeshire Constabulary intends to train all officers in the use of restorative justice methods in the future.


US Secretary of State John Kerry says Chinese officials have reassured him that they will work to rein in North Korea's nuclear programme.

After meeting President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Li Keqiang, Mr Kerry said he was satisfied that China "would not allow a nuclear programme over the long run" in North Korea.
China is North Korea's main ally and trading partner.
Mr Kerry will visit Jakarta next as part of a "pivot to Asia" tour.
He described the meeting in Beijing as "very constructive".
He said China "will not allow instability and war to break out in the region", and said Beijing was prepared to take "additional steps" if Pyongyang did not comply.
Mr Kerry refused to be drawn on what specific measures China would take.
China has already been steadily turning up the pressure on North Korea to forgo nuclear weapons.
In September last year, China banned the export of several weapons technologies to North Korea that could have been used to develop nuclear weapons.
China has also supported several UN Security Council resolutions imposing sanctions against North Korea over the nuclear issue.
Mr Kerry said earlier on his Asian tour that the US wanted Pyongyang to return to stalled six-nation talks aimed at ending its nuclear programme.
Mr Kerry said his talks Beijing also tackled China's territorial disputes with its South-East Asian neighbours.
He said he warned China against any moves to declare an air-defence zone in the South China Sea.
Last year Beijing set up an air-defence zone in the East China Sea, around islands that it disputes with Japan.
The US said at the time that it "neither recognises nor accepts" the zone.
However, the BBC's Michael Bristow says China does not seem to be listening to Mr Kerry's advice on its territorial disputes.
Foreign Minister Wang Yi said his country was determined to protect its national interests.
Mr Kerry's regional tour began in South Korea on Thursday, and he is due to visit Jakarta next.


A railway line in Gwynedd is to stay closed after it was damaged during Storm Doris.

Engineers have been working to repair the line after a large tree fell onto the track between Llanrwst and Blaenau Ffestiniog on Thursday.
But the work has unveiled an unstable rock formation directly next to the track which requires further attention.
Network Rail said it would be "unsafe" to reopen the line on Monday as planned.
Arriva Trains Wales will operate a shuttle train service between Llandudno Junction and North Llanrwst, with a bus replacement service in place between Llanrwst North and Blaenau Ffestiniog.
Andy Thomas, Network Rail's route managing director for Wales, said: "Passenger safety is our absolute priority and our repairs have revealed significant damage to the embankment which only became apparent when work started.
"We are working with Arriva Trains Wales to minimise the disruption to passengers and we apologise for the inconvenience this has caused.
"We will provide more updates on when the line can reopen in the coming days when the weather conditions improve."


A man has been killed in a fire in Oxford.

Firefighters were called to a home in Marlborough Road just after 22:00 GMT on Saturday after a fire developed in the first floor and roof.
A man was removed from the home by firefighters, but later died in hospital.
The cause of the fire is being investigated by Oxfordshire Fire and Rescue Service and Thames Valley Police.


Arsenal midfielder Aaron Ramsey admits manager Arsene Wenger has been "let down at times" by the club's players this season.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Wenger, 67, has come under more scrutiny this term than at any other point in his 21-year reign at Arsenal.
The Gunners beat Manchester City 2-1 to reach a third FA Cup final in four years and Wales international Ramsey wants to win the trophy for Wenger.
"We've let him down at times this season," Ramsey said.
"But he's kept believing in us and the quality we have and we wanted to get to the final and now hopefully we can go on and win it for him and for ourselves.
"I absolutely love this competition we've been quite successful in recent years and you can see the passion that the players play with."
Some sections of Arsenal fans have protested against Wenger in recent months with the Gunners lying in seventh place in the Premier League and after an early Champions League exit.
The Frenchman is out of contract at the end of the season and has been offered a new two-year deal, although he is yet to announce whether he will continue.
Ramsey's mistake led to Manchester City taking the lead in the semi-final but Nacho Monreal and Alexis Sanchez's extra-time winner secured Arsenal an FA Cup final against Chelsea.
"I made the mistake for their goal, that was painful for myself," Ramsey said.
"But I know in these situations that you have to respond to it and you can't let these things get to you.
"I carried on going and trying to work my socks off, get into position and tackle and you know, ultimately, it paid off.
"It was important to win to have something to look forward to at the end of the season but now we have another seven cup finals to try and finish off and get into that top four.
"We know we're more than capable of doing that and winning every single game but we're going to have to be so focussed in every single minute."


African team MTN-Qhubeka say a "solution" has been reached after claiming one of their riders was racially abused at the Tour of Austria.

The team complained after Eritrean Natnael Berhane was allegedly abused by a CCC Sprandi Polkowice rider.
A statement from the Polish team read: "The rider will suffer consequences."
MTN-Qhubeka team principal Douglas Ryder called the incident "outrageous", while Sprandi Polkowice said the rider's actions were "unacceptable".
They added: "We, as a team, do not tolerate that kind of behaviour.
"In the heat of the battle some words have been said by our rider, which were very unfortunate and unacceptable."
Ryder told the BBC the incident had been dealt with "fantastically" by the sport's world governing body the UCI and that a "solution" had been agreed.
He added: "The rider feels really bad about it - I believe the solution was that he is going to donate a month's salary to the Qhubeka charity to put more African students on bicycles."
South Africa-based MTN-Qhubeka are the first African team to ride at the Tour de France. Their rider Daniel Teklehaimanot became the first black African to take the King of the Mountains jersey on Thursday's sixth stage.


Newcastle United midfielder Jonjo Shelvey's five-game racial abuse ban was upheld on the strength of "clear and compelling" evidence by three Wolves players.

Dominic Iorfa, Matt Doherty and Cameron Borthwick-Jackson all testified against Shelvey, 24, regarding comments made to Morocco midfielder Romain Saiss.
Their evidence confirmed that Shelvey had referred to Saiss' ethnic origin.
There were also "serious concerns" over the credibility of Shelvey's evidence.
England international Shelvey has chosen not to appeal against his fine and ban but maintains he did not use racially abusive language.
The incident between Shelvey and Saiss, 26, in Newcastle's 2-0 home Championship defeat by Wolves in September was started by the dismissal of Magpies midfielder Vurnon Anita.
The evidence presented by Wolves came from the three players, as well as assistant coach Rob Edwards, team doctor Matthew Perry and ex-coach Andrea Butti.
Shelvey called on team-mates Gayle and Aleksandar Mitrovic, the Serbia forward, for his defence.
The independent panel came down on the side of the Football Association, decided the organisation had "discharged its burden of proof on the balance of probabilities", and found Shelvey guilty.
Shelvey has been suspended for five games, required to pay £100,000, attend an FA education course, pay the costs of the hearing and was warned about his future conduct.
He had already confirmed he would not be appealing against the suspension, which starts with the visit of Sheffield Wednesday on 26 December.


The Education Authority (EA) has begun a review of its plans to cut hours for pupils at special school nurseries.

In March, the BBC revealed that the EA proposed to cut pre-school provision for pupils in special school nurseries from 22.5 hours a week to 12.5 hours.
The cut would have affected disabled children in special schools offered "full-time" places of 4.5 hours a day.
That decision was criticised by former education minister John O'Dowd who ordered the EA to review it.
The EA subsequently postponed the plans and introduced interim arrangements in a number of special schools.
As a result, pupils at six special school nurseries had their hours of attendance cut from September 2016, while eight continue to operate nursery classes on a full-time basis.
As part of the review, EA officials are to meet special school principals, teachers and parents of children with special needs.
A full public consultation on the plans will then take place in January 2017, with a final announcement on the way forward expected in April 2017.
The full implementation of any new arrangements will begin in the 2018-19 school year.
The Education Authority's chair Sharon O'Connor said that they wanted to provide the best possible support for children with special needs.
"This is a positive step towards ensuring that the special education provision for nursery age children is developed with full consideration of the views of the widest possible range of stakeholders," she said.
"We would welcome the views of everyone who has an interest in this work."


Nigeria's president has said he is prepared to negotiate with Boko Haram militants to secure the release of about 200 schoolgirls.

Muhammadu Buhari said that if a credible Boko Haram leadership could be identified then he was prepared to talk with them without preconditions.
But he said he had no intelligence on the girls' whereabouts or their health.
Boko Haram seized the girls from their dormitories in the north-eastern town of Chibok in April 2014.
"If a credible leader of Boko Haram can be established and they tell us where those girls are, we are prepared to negotiate with them, without any precondition," said Mr Buhari.
Attempts to negotiate with Boko Haram during the rule of ex-President Goodluck Jonathan failed because officials were talking to the wrong people in the fragmented militant group.
BBC Nigeria analyst Naziru Mikailu says Mr Buhari's offer to revive talks shows that Boko Haram remains a force, despite his claim last week that the group had been "technically" defeated.
There is little prospect of Boko Haram agreeing to negotiate the release of the girls, he adds.
The militants regard the girls as their most invaluable captives and their leader, Abubakar Shekau, said last year that most of them had converted to Islam and had been married off.
Some Nigerians on social media expressed anger at the president for saying the government had no idea where the girls were being held, saying it indicated a failure of the intelligence services.
Mr Buhari took office in May with a promise to defeat the group, and gave the military a deadline of the end of the year to end the six-year insurgency.
Although Boko Haram has been driven out from most of the areas it controlled in north-eastern Nigeria, it has continued to carry out suicide bombings and raids into neighbouring Cameroon, Chad and Niger.
The military has managed to free hundreds of Boko Haram captives in recent months.
However, they did not include any of the Chibok girls.
Using football to tackle Boko Haram
Why Boko Haram remains a threat


Contaminated water levels at a flooded disused mine in mid Cornwall have improved, the Environment Agency has said.

It was feared untreated water from Wheal Jane, near Baldhu, could spill into a nearby river if levels continued to rise following the heavy rain.
An additional pump lowered into the mine by the fire service has helped reduce the water levels.
The agency said it would continue to monitor the volume and water quality.
On Wednesday evening seven pumps at Wheal Jane were working at "full capacity" following the heavy rain, yet water levels were continuing to rise.
The Environment Agency said it was concerned if levels had continued to rise faster than pumps could abstract, untreated water could enter the Carnon river.
The water from Wheal Jane mine is contaminated with a range of metals which, untreated, could impact on shellfish and other ecology in the Fal Estuary.
Contaminated water has been abstracted and treated from the mine since 1992 following an drainage burst which caused visible pollution from mine water coloured orange by the high iron content.
As a result of the burst, a government funded treatment plant was commissioned to prevent any future impact on the estuary.


The Obama administration has told schools to let transgender pupils use toilets matching their gender identity.

Attorney General Loretta Lynch said schools that don't comply may face lawsuits or lose federal aid if they do not comply.
One senior Republican politician has condemned the move as the "beginning of the end" of the current school system.
In a separate move, the president also strengthened protections for LGBT people receiving health care.
The federal government is fighting the state of North Carolina in court over a law requiring people to use toilets according to their gender at birth.
However the Obama administration education and justice departments say public schools must respect transgender pupils' gender identity even if their education records or identity documents indicate a different sex.
"There is no room in our schools for discrimination of any kind, including discrimination against transgender students on the basis of their sex," Ms Lynch said.
Mapping safe toilets for transgender Americans
How one woman's 'bathroom bill' campaign went viral
Why bathrooms matter to trans rights
Campaigners hailed the move.
"This is a truly significant moment not only for transgender young people but for all young people, sending a message that every student deserves to be treated fairly and supported by their teachers and schools," said Chad Griffin from Human Rights Campaign, a gay, lesbian and transgender rights organisation.
But the directive, which has been sent to all public schools, was immediately rejected by senior Republican Party politicians meeting at a convention in Texas.
Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick said: "This will be the beginning of the end of the public school system as we know it."
"President Obama, in the dark of the night - without consulting Congress, without consulting educators, without consulting parents - decides to issue an executive order, forcing transgender policies on schools and on parents who clearly don't want it," he told 5NBC television.
A new gender identity comes into force as soon as a parent or guardian notifies the school that their child's identity "differs from previous representations or records" and must be respected even if it makes others uncomfortable, the directive says.
Ms Lynch said North Carolina's new state law had echoes of policies of racial segregation and efforts to deny gay couples the right to marry.
The federal government and the state are suing each other over the law, which the federal authorities say violates the Civil Rights Act.
North Carolina's Governor Pat McCrory has said the law is a "common sense privacy policy" and that the justice department's position is "baseless and blatant overreach".
However, many businesses and entertainers have criticised the measures as discriminatory.
Musicians have cancelled concerts in the states and several companies have pledged to curtail their business in North Carolina.
Last month a US appeals courts ruled that a Virginia school policy that barred a transgender pupil from using the boys' toilet was discriminatory.
On Friday afternoon, President Obama and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) gave the LBGT community further protections when receiving health care.
A new rule in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act guarantees equal treatment for transgender people by insurance companies and health care providers.
It states people must be treated in line with their gender identity, including access to facilities such as toilets, and given the same treatments which are available to their chosen gender.
The rule applies to all federal funded health care and insurers.
The Health and Human Services Secretary Sylvia Burwell said the measure was a step towards "realizing equity within our health care system and reaffirms this Administration's commitment to giving every American access to the health care they deserve."
Transgender Americans can make civil rights claims if denied coverage or care based on their sex, which will be assessed by HHS's Office for Civil Rights (OCR).
HHS said the new rule was the first federal civil rights law that tackled sex discrimination in government-funded health care.


A man wanted in connection with the murder of a 25-year-old man from Liverpool has been arrested in Spain.

Paul Monk, 54, from Romford in Essex, is being questioned in connection with the alleged kidnapping and killing of Francis Brennan.
Mr Brennan's tortured body had washed up on La Zenia beach in Orihuela, Costa Blanca, in March last year.
He had fled to Alicante in October 2013 to avoid being sentenced for an assault in Thames Valley in 2012.
He was last seen on 24 January 2014. Paul Monk was arrested in Alicante on 17 April.
He was arrested as part of Operation Captura which was launched in 2006 by the National Crime Agency, Crimestoppers and Spanish authorities.
It aimed to catch suspects who had fled the UK.


Russia has announced a package of economic sanctions against Turkey over the shooting down of a Russian jet on the Syrian border on Tuesday.

A decree signed by President Vladimir Putin (in Russian) covers imports from Turkey, the work of Turkish companies in Russia and any Turkish nationals working for Russian companies.
The decree also calls for an end to charter flights between the countries.
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has refused to apologise to Russia.
On Friday, he accused Moscow of "playing with fire" in its Syria operations. But on Saturday, he said he was "saddened" by the downing of the jet.
Turkey and Russia have important economic links. Russia is Turkey's second-largest trading partner, while more than three million Russian tourists visited Turkey last year.
Mr Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on Saturday that there were close to 90,000 Turkish nationals working in Russia. Taking family members into account, that figure rises to 200,000, he said.
The decree also urges Russian tour operators to refrain from selling packages to Turkey, while Turkey's Foreign Ministry has warned its citizens against non-essential travel to Russia "until the situation becomes clear".
In fact, shoppers have already been affected.
Earlier this week, Russia's agriculture minister said that around 15% of Turkish produce did not meet Russian safety standards. Some imports were blocked, and trucks stranded at borders.
The new sanctions will mean some imports will be stopped - but it is not yet clear which.
Turkey has exported food and agricultural produce worth over â‚¬1bn (Â£702m) to Russia already this year, and Russia says 20% of its vegetable imports come from Turkey.
Turkey's Anadolu Agency says exports of leather, textiles and clothes to Russia were worth more than $1.52bn (Â£1bn) last year.
Russia mixes food and foreign policy
On Friday Russia suspended its visa-free arrangement with Turkey.
Mr Erdogan has asked for a meeting with Mr Putin, who wants an apology from Turkey before he will agree to talks.
Turkey says the Russian plane had intruded into its airspace and ignored warnings to leave.
But Moscow maintains that its SU-24 fighter jet was downed by a missile fired from a Turkish jet inside Syria.
Mr Putin has also firmly rejected any suggestion Turkey did not recognise the plane as Russian. He said it was easily identifiable and its co-ordinates had been passed on to Turkey's ally, the US.
Russia has sent troops and aircraft to Syria to back up the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad in the civil war.
Turkey, which is a member of Nato and of a US-led coalition in the region, insists Mr Assad must step down before any political solution to the Syrian conflict is found.
Both countries say they are trying to rid the region of the so-called Islamic State (IS) group, which claimed the recent attacks on Paris, Ankara and also on a Russian airliner.
On Saturday, the Turkish president again defended the shooting down of the jet and criticised Russia's operations in Syria in support of President Bashar al-Assad, whom Ankara opposes.
But he renewed his call for a meeting with Mr Putin on the sidelines of the Paris Climate talks next week, saying that both sides should approach the issue more positively.


Passengers travelling through London Paddington are facing continued disruption after a train derailment.

Network Rail said the empty train had passed a red signal outside the station, activating an automatic derailment on Thursday. Overhead power lines also came down.
Operator GWR expects to run only half its normal service on Friday morning.
Network Rail said a limited service would run to and from London Paddington until the end of Friday.
More on this story and other news from London
No Heathrow Connect service will run, but the Heathrow Express service will run every 30 minutes and Heathrow Connect tickets will be accepted.
A Great Western Railway (GWR) spokesman apologised for the disruption and said: "At the moment, we expect to be able to run around half our normal service in to and out of Paddington on Friday morning.
"We hope this will improve as further progress is made and we would ask customers to check before travelling.
"Passengers should expect GWR and alternative trains to be much busier than usual, particularly with additional people travelling to Ascot."
GWR said there was a reduced train service between Paddington and Reading.
It said the train had derailed in a siding, resulting in damage to infrastructure.
No passengers were on board when the train derailed and there were no injuries.
A Network Rail spokesman said: "Our engineers are working around-the-clock to repair significant damage caused by this incident.
"We are working to get things back to normal as quickly as possible and to minimise the inconvenience for passengers."
London Fire Brigade said it had been called to the station at 18:22 BST.
A statement said: "There was one person on board at the time of the incident who left the train before the brigade arrived.
"When crews arrived, they checked there was nobody trapped or left on board and once certain the scene was safe handed the incident back over to Network Rail."
Passengers have taken to social media to describe their frustration at the delays.
Azzy tweeted: "Can't get to Cornwall tonight then because I'll miss my connection at Plymouth", while Tanbir said: "@GWRHelp stuck on the train into #londonpaddington going to miss an event I've paid for, really annoyed!"


Renowned Senegalese drummer Doudou Ndiaye Rose has died aged 85, his family has announced.

Famous for playing the tam-tam drum, he toured the world and played with jazz legends such as Dizzy Gillespie and Miles Davis, and the Rolling Stones.
He led an orchestra of more than 30 drummers, many of them his relatives.
The UN cultural agency declared him a "living human treasure" in 2006 for keeping his country's traditional rhythms alive.


Influential Plymouth Argyle midfielder Graham Carey has agreed an extension to his contract at Home Park.

The 27-year-old, who signed a one-year deal in 2015 after leaving Ross County, will stay at Argyle next term, whether or not they win the League Two play-off final against AFC Wimbledon on 30 May.
"I'm here next season," the Irishman told BBC Sport.
"There are a few of us that have played enough games to trigger an extension and I'm one of them."
Former Celtic youngster Carey has scored 12 goals for Plymouth in all competitions this season.
Carey delivered the corner from which Peter Hartley headed a stoppage-time winner against Portsmouth to win the League Two play-off semi-final on Sunday.
"It's good that that's not at the forefront of my mind and I can just focus on football," Carey added about his new deal.
"My intentions were to stay here next season no matter what, so hopefully it can be in League One.
"I think the foundations that the football club have and positive steps that we've made this season is building for a brighter future."
Carey was one of Plymouth boss Derek Adams first signings when he took over at Home Park last summer.
"He's brought goals to the team," Adams told BBC Sport. "I think that he's been able to contribute with a good number of assists this season and he has an excellent work rate as well."


Police are investigating a report that two planes may have flown under a bridge in an incident of "unofficial aeronautical acrobatics".

Three aircraft, thought to be seaplanes, were seen flying past the Kessock Bridge to Inverness at about 13:15 on Tuesday.
Two of the planes were said to have flown underneath the bridge.
They were then reported to have met up with the third aircraft before continuing their flight.
Police have launched an investigation and appealed for information about the incident.
Pictures of three aircraft, one a seaplane, over Inverness on the day of the incident have emerged.
The images, released by a Highlands-based freelance photographer, show the planes in a loose formation over the city but not near the bridge.
Some pilots have previously been criticised for risky flying in the Highlands.
In the summer of 2003, two Spanish pilots received a police warning after they flew light aircraft under Ballachulish Bridge on Loch Leven.
The incident came just three weeks after a helicopter was reported to have flown under the Skye Bridge twice on successive days.
Police investigated claims in June 2006 that four microlight helicopter pilots flew through the RAF's bombing range near Tain in Easter Ross.
The incident, which drew an official complaint from the RAF, came just days after the same pilots were spotted flying under a railway viaduct at Croy, Inverness-shire.
It was also alleged that they flew low over Dunrobin Castle, near Golspie.


A 41-year-old man has been charged with murdering two-year-old girl Khandalyce Kiara Pearce, say Australian police.

The remains of Khandalyce and her mother, Karlie Pearce-Stevenson, were found in 2010 in a high-profile case.
Local media say the man is the same person who has been charged with Ms Pearce-Stevenson's murder.
Both mother and daughter were believed to be murdered in 2008. Khandalyce's remains were found in a suitcase by the roadside in South Australia.
Her mother's remains meanwhile were found 1,100 km (685 miles) away in the Belanglo State forest south of Sydney.
Ms Pearce-Stevenson was 20 years old when she and her daughter went missing. The two came from Alice Springs in the Northern Territory.
Fairfax Media and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation named the man as Daniel Holdom. The case has been adjourned to January.


A policeman has been hurt after being struck by a car while on duty in Pembrokeshire, Dyfed-Powys Police has said.

The officer, who was in uniform, was in collision with a silver Ford Mondeo as he walked out of an alleyway in Haverfordwest on Tuesday.
He is currently being treated at the town's Withybush Hospital following the incident on Bridge Street at 18:35 BST.
His injuries are not thought to be life-threatening.


A coat of arms to honour murdered MP Jo Cox has been unveiled in Parliament by her two children.

The memorial plaque featuring a coat of arms designed by Cuillin, six, and Lejla, four, was installed in the Commons chamber.
It was part of a "family day" as MPs and staff were encouraged to bring their children into the chamber.
Mrs Cox, 41, was shot and stabbed in Birstall, West Yorkshire, part of her Batley and Spen constituency.
The crime happened little over a year ago, on 16 June 2016.
The design of the plaque was inspired by Mrs Cox's maiden speech. It contained the line, "we are far more united and have far more in common than that which divides us".
The four roses represent her family members - two red for the Labour Party and two white for the county of Yorkshire.
MPs killed while in office are remembered by heraldic shields in the Commons.
They Include Conservative MP Ian Gow, killed by an IRA car bomb in 1990; and Tory shadow Northern Ireland secretary Airey Neave, who died in a car bomb attack in Westminster in 1979.


People in the Bolivian city of Oruro are gearing up for carnival.

This year's celebrations start on 30 January, but the main days will be on 5, 6 and 7 of February when thousands of people will congregate in Oruro.
The carnival dates back more than two centuries and is one of Latin America's most colourful.
Photojournalist Fellipe Abreu and reporter Luiz Felipe Silva recorded some of its highlights in 2015.
Bands have been part of the Oruro carnival since 1964, the year Banda Espectacular Pagador was founded.
They play marches, cuecas (a musical style popular in Bolivia, Chile and Argentina) and other typical rhythms while they parade along a 3km (1.9-mile) route on the first day of the Oruro carnival.
Key to the Oruro carnival are "fraternidades", fraternal orders or fellowships, which parade around town preceded by a richly decorated float carrying a religious statue.
The elaborate costumes, masks and decorations used in the Oruro carnival are largely made by hand in small workshops such as Berna Bordados y Artesanal.
Founded more than 50 years ago, Berna Bordados makes 325 masks each year.
It is run by brothers Jorge and Martin Cruz, who learned the trade from their father when they were only six years old.
They start making the masks as early as August.
It is hard work. A small mask takes about a day to make, while the larger masks can take up to four days.
The masks cost between $40 and $46 (Â£28-Â£32), and the costumes about $70.
Another key part of the carnival is the procession to the church of Virgen del Socavon (Our Lady of the Mineshaft).
The Virgen del Socavon is the patron saint of the miners and a highly venerated figure in this mineral-rich part of Bolivia.
The veneration of the Virgen del Socavon is believed to date back to local legends which pre-date colonial times.
According to indigenous legend, a demigod called Wari wanted to punish the Uru people, who inhabited the area, for adoring another deity.
He sent four plagues: a gigantic snake came from the west, a monstrous lizard from the east, a huge toad from the north and millions of large ants from the south.
The Uru people were haunted by these plagues until the arrival of Nusta, a female figure who defeated all four.
As Catholicism took hold in the area, Nusta later became identified with the Virgen del Socavon.
As a sign of their gratitude to Nusta/Virgen del Socavon and to tease the defeated Wari, who is often represented as a horned devil, the Uru people dressed up as devils themselves and danced to celebrate Nusta's victory.
The main carnival dance, the Diablada, recounts a battle between good and evil in which the Archangel Michael fights a variety of devilish figures.
It is believed to date back to the 15th Century, and has been practiced in its current form since the late 18th Century, when miners would dress up as devils and perform the dance in honour to the Virgen del Socavon.
There are also dances representing Bolivia's colonial history.
One of the most traditional is the "Morenada", performed by dancers representing African slaves brought to Bolivia during Spanish colonial times to work in the mines.
Their masks have outstretched tongues to represent the exhaustion from which the slaves suffered after long hours down Bolivia's silver mines.
Another popular character is The Bear, who plays tricks on people during the dance and entertains onlookers with his pranks.
Other popular dances celebrate rural life and Andean animals such as the llama.
One particularly athletic and colourful dance is the Tinku, a form of ritualistic combat.


Former Florida Governor Jeb Bush has pledged to fix America as he launches his bid to become the Republican nominee for president.

In a video released hours ahead of his official launch in Miami, the 62-year-old brother of ex-president George W Bush declared: "I'm ready to lead."
He also promised to protect the country's most vulnerable and remove the barriers to social mobility.
But doubts persist among conservatives in his party.
And early polling suggests that he has yet to dominate a wide field of Republican candidates.
In his latest video, entitled The Greatest Century, he strikes a very optimistic note, saying: "I see a great country on the verge of its greatest century, and I'm ready to lead."
The Bush team may have hoped their man would have built a clear lead in the polls by now, but the consensus view is he's currently just one in a pack of frontrunners.
Recent interviews with campaign strategists indicate that they are going to start using the millions of dollars at their disposal to target opponents they consider most threatening - namely, Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker and Florida Senator Marco Rubio.
In his opening campaign video, Mr Bush emphasised his positive, optimistic vision for the future, saying some politicians "talk about problems; I see solutions".
But in the coming months, the fight for the Republican presidential nomination could get nasty.
Although his campaign becomes official on Monday, it's been no secret for many months and his team is well on the way to raising a $100m war chest.
During a tour of Europe last week, Mr Bush warned he would not waver from his core beliefs, even if some are unpopular in his party.
"I'm not going to change who I am," he said. "I respect people who may not agree with me, but I'm not going to change my views because today someone has a view that's different."
In a separate video, called Making A Difference, he champions the rights of women, ethnic minorities and the disabled.
"My core beliefs start with the premise that the most vulnerable in our society should be in the front of the line and not the back,'' he says.
"What we need is new leadership that takes conservative principles and applies them so that people can rise up."
Profile: Jeb Bush
A Spanish language video was also released, demonstrating his strong Hispanic links - his wife Columba is Mexican and he speaks Spanish well.
But in recent weeks he has found himself on the defensive over the Iraq War - led by his older brother, President George W Bush - as he stumbled to clarify his position.
The issue brought into focus the problems he may face over his famous surname and the baggage that comes with it.
He becomes the 11th Republican to declare, with Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker and Florida Senator Marco Rubio among his biggest rivals.
On the Democratic side, Hillary Clinton is the clear frontrunner. This raises the possibility in 2016 of another Clinton-Bush race like that of 1992, when Mrs Clinton's husband Bill beat Jeb Bush's father, President George HW Bush.
US 2016: Meet the possible candidates