Much-loved birds including curlews and cuckoos are under a growing threat from climate change in England, according to a new report.

Other species including golden plovers and lapwings are also at risk from rising temperatures in the coming decades.
The report says changing conditions in England will significantly benefit wasps, ants and many southern species.
The study is said to be the largest of its kind ever undertaken in England.
Researchers looked at the impacts of a 2 degrees C rise in global average temperatures on over 3,000 species. They projected where the most suitable ranges for these plants and animals would be found in 2080.
When the researchers looked in more detail at 155 species listed as being of high conservation concern, 38% were identified as being at risk with 39% potentially benefitting from warmer temperatures.
"The positive side of things is kind of painting maybe too rosy a glow, because many species may not get there," Dr Humphrey Crick from Natural England told BBC News.
"Some species will be pushed further and further north and some may end up in Scandinavia rather than in Britain at all."
Many of those at risk are found in the north and in upland areas, but there are also lowland species under threat including rare spring sedge, orange ladybirds and triangle hammock spiders.
For species like the curlew, the climate impacts are mostly to do with water.
"In the upland areas it's the drying out of the habitats and the lack of rainfall that might occur and the increased evaporation, and the habitats that many of these northern species will dry out - for things like curlew the ground will be too hard for them, to stick their beak in effectively," said Dr Crick.
The report paints a picture of a divided England. Species such as wasps, bees and ants, are likely to do better in warmer conditions and move into newer habitats.
Some birds are also set to thrive including the avocet and the little egret. Some are already doing so, including the Dartford warbler which was reduced to just a few pairs in the 1960s. It recovered and has moved across England in recent years, thanks to a changing climate.
"They have spread quite widely, up into Surrey, up into Suffolk, the Peak District and into Wales," said Dr Crick.
"They have done incredibly well, and we can pretty well ascribe those changes to climate, and the less severe winters we have had.  They could become a characteristic species of the uplands in the future."
The authors of the report believe the document will be a useful guide for land managers across England on how to prepare the ground for the arrival of new species in the decades to come.
Other experts believe it's an important signpost for the future.
"This report builds upon a substantial weight of evidence that climate change is already affecting UK species, and will have further, large impacts in the future," said Dr Richard Bradbury, from the RSPB.
"The nature we know and love will change, with some warmth-loving species becoming more familiar, while we risk saying goodbye to some of England's colder-adapted species."
"It is imperative that we minimise the risks, by reducing carbon emissions, while redoubling our efforts to reduce the threats to vulnerable species and provide safe homes for nature, both in nature reserves and other protected areas, and in the wider landscapes in which wildlife should thrive."
The report has been published by Natural England in partnership with the British Trust for Ornithology, University of York, the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and the RSPB.
Follow Matt on Twitter @mattmcgrathbbc.


A farmer who is facing jail for refusing to demolish his mock-Tudor castle has told a court the local council wants to destroy his life.

Robert Fidler, 66, built the four-bedroom home in Surrey without planning permission in 2000, hiding the building behind straw bales.
Reigate and Banstead Borough Council argued he is in contempt of court for not demolishing the house.
If its claim is upheld, Mr Fidler could face a jail sentence.
Mr Fidler told the High Court in London he has sold the house at Honeycrock Farm in Salfords to an Indian businessman and that the injunction ordering demolition is invalid.
The hearing is the latest battle in a nine-year fight between Mr Fidler and the council.
The authority first ordered the house to be demolished in 2007. Since then there has been a planning inquiry, several different planning applications and a series of court cases.
Mr Fidler, who is also applying for the injunction to be varied or suspended, told Mr Justice Dove the council's case was based on "lies and deception".
Addressing the council's major development manager, Andrew Benson, he said: "All you want to do is put me in prison.
"The house is beautiful but you are so determined to get your way and destroy my life."
Mr Fidler said that if he demolished the house he would have nowhere to live and his herd of cattle would have to be disbanded.
The council has ruled out allowing the castle to stay, saying it breaches national and local planning rules protecting the green belt.
It said it had not seen sufficient evidence to show Mr Fidler was not the owner and the injunction still applied.
"Ultimately, the council wishes to see the building demolished in accordance with the enforcement notices," said Mr Benson.
The hearing was adjourned until 9 November.


Toulon's Leigh Halfpenny was not considered for Wales' summer tour of New Zealand, according to coach Warren Gatland.

But the full-back could be called up as injury cover if required and provided he proves his fitness.
The 27-year-old has not played since September and was omitted from Gatland's 35-man tour squad.
"We've spoken to Leigh and we've picked a standby list and he's part of that," said Gatland.
"He understands he does need some games and he's happy to be on a standby list."
Wales face England at Twickenham on 29 May before travelling to play three Tests against the World champions and a midweek game against Waikato Chiefs.
Halfpenny had surgery on a knee after suffering an injury playing for Wales against Italy on 5 September.
His return has been delayed, though Gatland said he was expected to be back in action for Toulon soon.
"He hasn't been involved in rugby since September and his return to play isn't too far away, he's started some running now," Gatland said.
"Maybe there's a possibility he'll get a few games for Toulon and maybe the potential to call him in later in the tour if there are injuries and he does get some form back."
Gatland said he had no discussion with Toulon over releasing Halfpenny after the French club's owner Mourad Boudjellal said the player would not be paid by the club if he toured with Wales.
"We cross that bridge when we come to it," added Gatland.
"At the moment there isn't any issue because Leigh isn't in the squad.
"One of the great things about Leigh is his priority is to play for Wales.
"We're conscious of making sure that relationship between the clubs and us will stay as positive as it can be because you don't want players in the middle of rows between countries and clubs because there's only one loser in that and that's the players."
Racing 92 lock Luke Charteris and Clermont Auvergne centre Jonathan Davies are also likely to be involved in French domestic play-offs, but have been named in Wales' tour squad.
The French Top 14 final will be played on 24 June, the eve of Wales' third and final Test against the All Blacks in Dunedin.
Wales have first call on the players during an World Rugby-sanctioned international window, and Gatland said the fact both players were leaving France at the end of the season "put a different slant" on the situation.


Police have been left baffled after finding an abandoned car with a garden chair instead of a driver's seat.

Officers found the silver Nissan Micra stuck in mud off a Middlesbrough road.
Cleveland and Durham Road Policing Unit said both driver and front passenger seats were missing, but the back seats were intact.
"By the time we found it the occupants had it stuck in the mud and had abandoned it, leaving their best garden furniture behind," the unit said.
The Facebook post said officers found the car after being called to "a report of a vehicle being used anti-socially off road at Skippers Lane".
The uninsured vehicle has now been recovered.


The UK is introducing a different measure of inflation to better reflect everyday price changes which will include the cost of owning a home.

The measure, called CPIH, adds changes to the cost of owning a home to other price changes tracked in the Consumer Price Index or CPI.
The Office for National Statistics said it would become the preferred measure of inflation from March, 2017.
The change is likely to show inflation is higher than currently indicated.
However, the Treasury has no plans currently to start using CPIH to uprate benefits, tax thresholds or other payments.
Although the Consumer Price Index does include the cost of renting and running a home, it leaves out special costs faced by property owners.
CPIH includes what are called the "costs of housing services associated with owning, maintaining and living in one's own home".
Rather than tracking the cost of a mortgage, statisticians estimate what it would cost homeowners to rent the property they live in.
There is also an element for what we pay in Council Tax.
The result is usually a higher figure for overall inflation, average annual price rises are 1.2% in the most recent calculation compared with 1% CPI.
In the long run, changing the preferred measure could have important implications for incomes and the economy.
For one thing, the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee sets its base interest rate with reference to a 2% CPI target.
So a different inflation measure which was consistently higher could lead to interest rates being kept higher as well.
But any change to the Bank's methods seems a long way off, because the CPI target is enshrined in legislation.
CPI is used to uprate benefits, those which aren't held back by the current benefits freeze; it is a reference point for lifting tax thresholds; and it is part of the formula for increasing the state pension each year.
However, a Treasury spokesperson told BBC News that the government had no plans to change the way upratings were done despite the more exalted status being given to CPIH.
The measure has had its ups and downs recently. It was dropped as a national statistic when questions arose over the the reliability of the housing data being used.
But improvements have been made and earlier this year the National Statistician, John Pullinger, called for CPIH to become the "focal point" of information provided on inflation.


As I drove around Yorkshire this week there was no mistaking the route of the Tour de France through Yorkshire.

Spray-painted yellow bikes stuck on walls compete with thousands of banners and flags.
It is mass mobilisation with road closure signs in place for race days and temporary camp sites and car parks being prepared.
Even one of my favourite pubs, The Waggon and Horses at Langsett in South Yorkshire, has temporarily changed its name to The Pedalers in honour of riders in Europe's biggest sporting event flashing by.
The cafe across the road has come out in spots - its walls now painted like a giant King of the Mountains shirt.
In all the razzmatazz one little sign might be missed as the peloton heads out of the West Yorkshire "Last of the Summer Wine" Pennine market town of Holmfirth and starts the long climb up the moorland road to the summit at Holme Moss on its way to Sheffield.
It is a round granite millstone propped up at the side of the road.
Pass it and you are in the boundaries of the Peak District National Park which spans the rugged spectacular moorlands bordering West and South Yorkshire.
It is certainly no coincidence that the Tour organisers chose a county with three national parks to stage the opening two days of the 2014 competition - the "Grand Depart".
By the time the riders have reached the top of Holme Moss they will already have gone right through one of the county's other National Parks, the Yorkshire Dales, and come within spitting distanced of the third - the North York Moors.
These huge areas of natural beauty became parks over 60 years ago in order to give them legal protection from encroaching modernisation and urbanisation.
The windfall in the 21st Century is they are now at the heart of a tourism industry that draws in 30 million visitors a year, film and TV production companies and now major money-spinning events like the Tour de France.
But who oversees the running of the national parks and are they up to the job?
Well there has just been a pretty broad hint that the government believes the growing economic role of the parks is far beyond the system devised in the 1950s where each park is run by an authority made up of appointed members with most seats on it reserved for local councillors.
The messenger was Her Majesty the Queen.
In her annual address on the opening of Parliament her speech contained just one line that could see the biggest change to governance in the six decades of the parks.
She said her government would introduce legislation to enable ballot boxes to be used in the parks for the first time with the suggestion that members should be directly elected.
It is likely to be fiercely debated with many of those on the authorities at the moment saying they are already elected as local councillors.
Others point out that being elected for one body does not mean they can be held accountable for the decisions they make about another one.
Suddenly the quiet and tranquillity of the parks could be disturbed... and I am not talking about the peloton passing through.


An Australian woman has been killed by a US police officer responding to a 911 call in Minneapolis.

The Minnesota Department of Public Safety said police responded to "a call of possible assault" when "at one point an officer fired their weapon, fatally striking a woman".
Officials said the officers' body cameras were not turned on at the time of the Saturday shooting.
The victim has been identified by Australian officials as Justine Damond.
According to Australian media, the 40-year old woman was living in Minneapolis with her fiancÃ©. The woman called 911 to report a noise near her home when the incident occurred, reports said.
Ms Damond, dressed in her pyjamas, reportedly approached the driver's side door and was talking to the officer at the wheel after the police arrived, the Minneapolis Star-Tribune reported, citing three sources with knowledge of the incident.
The officer in the passenger seat, identified by local media as Mohamed Noor, reportedly drew his gun and shot Ms Damond through the driver's window, the newspaper reported.
Mr Noor's lawyer, Tom Plunkett, confirmed on Monday that his client had fired his weapon, killing Ms Damond.
"We take this seriously with great compassion for all persons who are being touched by this," he said in a statement to CBS News.
A man claiming to be Ms Damond's stepson also said in a Facebook video that she was the one who alerted authorities.
"Basically, my mom's dead because a police officer shot her for reasons I don't know," said the man, named Zach.
"I demand answers. If anybody can help, just call the police and demand answers. I'm so done with all this violence," he said.
"America sucks. These cops need to get trained differently. I need to move out of here."
The Department of Public Safety's Bureau of Criminal Apprehension said an investigation is under way and authorities are looking into whether there is any video of the incident.
Minneapolis mayor Betsy Hodges said in a statement she was "heartsick and deeply disturbed by what occurred last night".
Over the past few years the US has seen a series of civilian killings at the hands of police that have caused widespread concern and criticism.
Ms Damond, nee Justine Ruszczyk, taught meditation classes at the Lake Harriet Spiritual Community.
She used the surname of the man she was expected to marry in August, Don Damond, according to the Minneapolis Star-Tribune.
Ms Damond studied to be a veterinarian before she relocated to the US, where she is believed to have been for at least the last three years.
According to her website, she also practised yoga and meditation for more than 17 years and is a "qualified yoga instructor, a personal health and life coach and meditation teacher".
Alison Monaghan, a friend who trained Ms Damon in alternative therapies, told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation she was "the most beautiful person" who moved to the US to "follow her heart" for a "new life".
About 200 neighbours, family members and residents shocked by the shooting gathered for a vigil on Sunday night where she died.
Her death made front-page news in her native Australia.
"I mean ask anybody here, they're shocked," said Ms Damond's student Corey Birkholz told CBS News.
He described Ms Damond as "a very conscious, loving person and you wouldn't associate that with a gunshot in an alley".
"I don't know anything about the law or police work to that extent but to me, it seems really stupid. You have a body camera, aren't you supposed to use them?" Mr Birkholz added.
Mrs Hodges echoed his sentiments, saying at a news conference: "I share the same questions other people have about why we don't have body camera footage of it, and I hope to get answers to that in the days coming."
The two officers involved in the shooting are on paid administrative leave.
The Australian Department of Foreign Affairs released a statement on Monday on behalf of Ms Damond's family.
"This is a very difficult time for our family," the statement said. "We are trying to come to terms with this tragedy and to understand why this has happened."


How the campaigns went for each of the party leaders and what they did - or didn't - achieve.

Job: Conservative Party leader since 2005
Age: 48
Electoral history: MP for Witney since 2001. Led Conservatives to gain 97 seats in 2010 and become the largest party in the House of Commons with 307 seats. The party did not get a majority (at least 325 seats) - and swift talks to form a tradition-busting coalition with the Lib Dems led to him becoming prime minister.
How's his campaign gone? David Cameron had what was widely described as a safety-first campaign, with the core messages of sticking with the Conservatives to ensure economic recovery and warning that a Labour government propped up by the SNP would cause chaos. In the final week he rolled up his sleeves and said he was "pumped up" after critics suggested a lack of passion.
And how did he do? Personally, Mr Cameron got re-elected into his safe seat of Witney with more than 35,000 votes - more than 25,000 ahead of his nearest rival. As a party leader, the latest forecast is that he is on course for 331 seats out of 650 - compared to 307 in 2010. So this represents a huge achievement - only once before in recent history has an incumbent government increased its majority, and that was Mrs Thatcher in her prime in the 1980s. However, this is a small majority which, say correspondents, means he may be vulnerable to pressure and potential revolts from his backbenches.
Cameron: We'll make Britain greater
Job: Labour leader since 2010
Age: 45
Electoral history: MP for Doncaster North since 2005. This was his first general election as Labour leader.
How's his campaign gone? Ed Miliband went into the campaign facing questions about his character from political rivals and questions about how he would stand up to the relentless pressure and scrutiny of the campaign. He was widely seen to have exceeded (admittedly low) expectations during the campaign, and pre-vote polling raised speculation that Mr Miliband might even be in a position to negotiate form a minority government on 8 May.
How did he do? Voters emphatically dashed Mr Miliband's hopes of achieving a majority or even enough MPs to be able to put together a deal with other parties to form a government, with Labour  forecast to have won just 232 seats. Mr Miliband himself was re-elected in his safe Labour seat of Doncaster North - winning 20,708 votes compared to his nearest rival's 8,928 - but hours after the result announced he was resigning as party leader, saying he was "truly sorry" he did not succeed and that it was "time for someone else" to take over.
His leadership had already been criticised from within his own party, with Labour peer and former first minister of Scotland, Lord McConnell, saying: "We had no answers on Europe, we had no answers on this issue of disengagement of people with politics in the centre, we seem to be offering just simply more of the same."
Miliband resigns as Labour leader
Job: Lib Dem leader since 2007
Age: 48
Electoral history: MP for Sheffield Hallam since 2005. He led the Lib Dems into the 2010 election when the party got nearly one in four votes cast, but just 57 out of 650 MPs. The party, which for decades had been out of power, sprung a surprise by going into coalition with the Conservatives. Its poll ratings almost immediately fell and never recovered.
How did the campaign go? Mr Clegg spent much of the past five years as the most unpopular of the UK's senior politicians, with his party slumping in the polls and his personal ratings in huge negative territory even before his U-turn on student tuition fees. This campaign went pretty well, from that low base, but with none of the "Cleggmania" seen in 2010. He again did OK in the TV debates and seemed to enjoy the chance to defend, unrestricted, his decision to go into coalition.
And what about the results?  Mr Clegg managed to hang on to his Sheffield seat - with 22,215 votes compared to Labour's 19,862 - but there was a collapse in his party's overall standing from 57 seats to a forecast eight. Big names to go included three former cabinet ministers - Energy Secretary Ed Davey, Business Secretary Vince Cable and Treasury Secretary Danny Alexander. Mr Clegg resigned as leader of the Liberal Democrats on Friday morning after admitting the results were "immeasurably more crushing" than he could have feared.  But he insisted there was a "way back" and promised his party it "would win again".
Clegg resigns after Lib Dem losses
Job: UKIP leader since 2010 (and between 2006 and 2009)
Age: 51
Electoral history: MEP  First elected to the European Parliament in 1999, representing the south-east of England. A failed attempt to unseat the Commons Speaker, John Bercow, in Buckingham at the 2010 general election was followed by UKIP victory in the 2014 European elections, which Mr Farage called a political "earthquake". More was to come when two Conservative MPs, Douglas Carswell and Mark Reckless, resigned their seats and won the resulting by-elections for UKIP.
How did the campaign go? Nigel Farage had to balance UKIP's national drive for votes with his personal battle to get elected in South Thanet, Kent. UKIP's campaign, which was expected to loom large over the election, at times appeared more muted than expected, and Mr Farage revealed he had been receiving hospital treatment for a chronic back condition in the early stages.
What happened? Mr Farage himself failed to get elected in South Thanet, coming second to the Conservatives, and the party looks like it has gone from the two MPs it had at the end of the last parliament, to just one - Douglas Carswell in Clacton. But UKIP came third in terms of total percentage of the vote - polling at about 12.6% vote share which was up more than 9% on 2010 and equated to nearly four million votes.
Mr Farage himself said he had "never felt happier" and that a weight had been lifted off his shoulders, after losing his seat. He promised UKIP would lead the push for "real, genuine radical political reform" so Britain could "get back its democracy".
His party will also be looking to use whatever influence it has at Westminster to push for an early EU referendum where it would campaign for the UK to leave the union.
Nigel Farage resigns as UKIP leader
Job: SNP leader since 2014
Age: 44
Electoral history: Elected to the new Holyrood parliament in 1999 aged 29 as a Glasgow regional MSP. When the SNP won the Scottish elections in 2007, she became Scotland's deputy first minister and health secretary. After Scotland voted No to independence in September, she took over the SNP leadership from Alex Salmond and became Scotland's first minister.
How did her campaign go? Nicola Sturgeon was seen as the success story of the election campaign. The SNP soared in the opinion polls, triggering a Conservative attack on Ed Miliband's Labour, which faced repeated questions on how it would work with the nationalists in government. An attention-grabbing display in the first television debate boosted Ms Sturgeon's profile outside Scotland, and she followed it up by joining forces with Plaid Cymru and the Green Party to offer the Labour leader support to keep David Cameron out of Downing Street. Fearing a loss of support in England, Mr Miliband responded by ruling out any coalition or deals with the SNP.
And how did she do? Expectations were sky-high - but even so, she said, the results were "beyond her wildest dreams". Ms Sturgeon was not standing for a Westminster seat herself, but the SNP won 56 seats out of 59 in Scotland, leaving Labour, Lib Dems and the Conservatives with just one each.
Despite being unable to form a progressive alliance with other parties to "lock the Tories out", Ms Sturgeon said there was an appetite for change in Scotland and for its voice to be heard at Westminster and this was now the job of the 56 SNP MPs.
The party has faced repeated questions about whether it will push for a second independence referendum, and will have one eye on the 2016 Scottish elections.
It will certainly be pushing for constitutional reform.
SNP wins 56 seats in Scots landslide
Job: Plaid Cymru leader since 2012
Age: 43
Electoral history: First elected to the Welsh Assembly in 2003, she has also held sustainability, environment, social justice, and housing portfolios. Her party had three MPs in the last parliament, and has 11 members of the Welsh assembly and one member of the European Parliament. The party promotes a left-wing politics aimed at increasing economic prosperity and social justice, and securing an independent Wales.
How did her campaign go? With opinion polls suggesting only modest support for independence, much of Plaid's campaign was focused on alternatives to austerity. Along with Nicola Sturgeon and Natalie Bennett, the televised debates gave her a new platform and her profile rose as she vowed to use her influence at Westminster to oppose Trident renewal and keep the Conservatives out of Downing Street. She also called for funding parity with Scotland, securing the backing of Nicola Sturgeon's SNP.
And what did she achieve? Overall, Plaid's share of the vote in Wales was 12% compared to 11% in 2010. It retained three seats but failed to make gains. Ms Wood said the result was "not as bad as it could have been" and had "laid some very good foundations for the assembly elections next year".
Job: Green Party leader since 2012
Age: 49
Electoral history: Ms Bennett was one of the candidates for the London seat of Holborn and St Pancras - she came third. Under her leadership, the Greens outpolled the Liberal Democrats at the 2014 European Elections, with three MEPs, and saw a large rise in membership this year.
How did her campaign go? The Greens sought to portray themselves as a fresh voice in British politics, and Ms Bennett formed an anti-austerity alliance with the SNP and Plaid Cymru. Her party was successful in its call to be included in the televised election debates, where Ms Bennett  offered "an alternative to the politics of austerity". On the down side, there was a self-confessed "brain fade" in a radio interview when she failed to explain a key policy on house-building. The party's policies - including a universal "citizen's income" and an end to the banning of extremist groups - also came under increased scrutiny.
View from BBC correspondent June Kelly:
Natalie Bennett was one of the fresh faces of this election. Following in the trail of Caroline Lucas, an assured leader and media performer, was always going to be tough. Ms Bennett came a cropper before the campaign had begun, with a shambolic radio interview which she put down to "brain fade."
After that, her personal challenge was to demonstrate she was a competent leader with a grip on policy.
She stood in the central London seat of Holborn and St Pancras. This was safe Labour territory and she came third, ahead of the Lib Dems.
Like other leaders of the smaller parties, Natalie Bennett was given a more public platform in this ground-breaking election.
We were told voters were hungry for alternatives. The Greens' leader needed to capitalise on this and broaden the party's appeal. It appears they have increased their share of the vote, including in some of the big northern cities.
And crucially they have retained their tiny Parliamentary foothold of one MP, with Ms Lucas holding her Brighton Pavilion seat.  But with their anti-austerity message , the only way Natalie Bennett and her  party  could wield any influence at Westminster was in a Labour led coalition.
Ms Bennett has made plain that she will remain as leader.


A 12-year-old found in the basement of his father's block of flats after being missing for 11 days is in his mother's custody, police in Detroit have said.

Police say they are not allowing Charlie Bothuell to have contact with his father or stepmother.
Investigators have not ruled out abuse but the father, also Charles, denies he has ever harmed his son.
Police officers found the boy, who had been feared dead, behind a clutter of boxes on Wednesday.
On Friday, the Detroit Free Press reported, citing a court document not released publicly, that Charlie told investigators that his stepmother, Monique Dillard-Bothuell, instructed him to go to the basement and "not to come out, no matter what he hears" and did not bring him food.
Meanwhile, in a Friday court hearing it was revealed the boy's body was marked with bruises that indicated he had been physically abused in the past, the Detroit News reported.
Mr Bothuell's lawyer Mark Magidson told local media that he expected child abuse charges would be filed against his client.
On Wednesday, Mr Bothuell was appealing to HLN viewers for help when presenter Nancy Grace told him Charlie had been found alive and well.
The father appeared to be stunned and said, "What?"
He told the presenter his family, Detroit police and FBI had searched the multiple-flat building's basement several times.
Earlier in the day, the police said they feared the boy was dead.
"God, they brought dogs, everything... Everybody has searched," Charles Bothuell IV said. "Oh God, my son."
Police also confirmed to local media they had searched the family's basement with a cadaver dog, adding investigators were not sure Charlie had been in the basement for the full 11 days.
The boy's stepmother was also arrested on Thursday for violating her probation on a misdemeanour gun charge.
Mr Magidson told reporters her arrest was "highly disingenuous" and said he had advised her not to talk to investigators unless he was present.
As he left a court hearing for his wife on Friday, Mr Bothuell told reporters: "I have something to say, but I can't right now."
Charlie was given medical attention at a nearby hospital after he was found, with Police Sgt Mike Woody telling US media the boy was "doing fine".
"I've never seen anything quite like this," Detroit Police Chief James Craig told reporters on Wednesday. "But the outcome - I couldn't be happier."


A Cornish bard accused of abusing young girls mistakenly accessed a website with indecent images of children while researching Rasputin, he told a court.

Les Merton, 70, wept at Truro Crown Court as he denied abusing the girls over a 20-year period.
Asked why he had given the site his credit card details, Mr Merton said he had "naively" entered them while researching the Russian mystic.
He accepted a police caution in 2005 over the matter. The trial continues.
Mr Merton is a poet and author of The Official Encyclopaedia of the Cornish Pasty.
He has pleaded not guilty to 16 counts of indecent assault and four of indecency with a child from 1983 to 2004.
When asked by defence barrister Jo Martin, if he had sexually abused any of the women who gave evidence against him, Mr Merton, 70, of Penryn Street, Redruth, replied: "No."
Mr Merton broke down in tears in the witness box as he gave evidence relating to the time of the alleged abuse.
Ms Martin asked the defendant how he had come to enter his details on what she described as a child pornography website, which led to him accepting the police caution.
The defendant told the court he had been researching Rasputin online and had accidentally gone onto the site and "naively" entered his details.
"I didn't look at any images once I saw the thumbnail images," he said.
Cornish bards are appointed by the Cornish Gorsedh which honours people for "outstanding contributions to Cornwall and its ancient culture, history and language".
The trial continues.


A brick thrown through the window of a family home in Antrim, which landed in a baby's cot, could have caused "serious injury", police have said.

Two windows of the house in Tarragon Park were smashed at 02:20 BST.
The one-year-old baby was not in the cot at the time because of illness, and the parents had taken the child into their own bed, said Sgt John Hamilton.
"These reckless actions could have caused serious injury had this not been the case," he said.
The family are originally from Poland.
Police said they were treating the attack as a hate crime.


A boy has been found guilty of the manslaughter of a teenager he stabbed with a "Zombie Killer" machete in north London.

Stefan Appleton, 18, was with friends when he was attacked in Nightingale Park in Islington on 10 June last year.
The killer stabbed him with the 25in (63cm) serrated blade after leaping off a stolen moped, the Old Bailey heard.
The 17-year-old, who cannot be named due to his age, was cleared of murder. He will be sentenced on 21 April.
Mr Appleton, a college student from Islington, had been with friends when his attacker jumped off the back of a scooter, pulled out the weapon and chased after the victim and his friends, the jury heard.
He was stabbed repeatedly after tripping and falling. The cause of his death was shock and haemorrhage due to a stab wound to the chest, police said.
The Metropolitan Police has issued guidance about 'zombie' knives, advising that this is how certain ornate knives are currently being marketed. The force says:
Children were playing in the park at the time of the attack.
As the killer was ridden from the scene, the court heard he shouted out "RP" - standing for Red Pitch, a rival to a gang in the Nightingale Park area.
The alleged getaway rider, 17, was cleared of murder while another boy, also 17, was found not guilty of conspiracy to cause grievous bodily harm.
After the machete attack, the killer fled to Bristol and tried to fly to Malaga in Spain, but was arrested when he returned to London to lie low.
In his defence, the killer said he had come under attack when he went to snatch back his bicycle which had been stolen by another boy.
The court heard he had a previous conviction for possessing a blade after being caught with a lock-knife in a McDonald's restaurant a year before the killing.
Prosecutor Simon Denison QC said Mr Appleton's death was another "tragic waste of a young life" taken by a knife.
Speaking after the conviction, Det Ch Insp Chris Jones said: "There can be absolutely no excuse for young people to carry such dreadful weapons on London's streets and this case once again highlights the awful consequences of doing so."


Police are asking for the public's help to find 38 pythons stolen from a flat.

The non-venomous snakes, which are unlikely to pose any threat to humans, were taken from the property on Greenfield Road, St Helens on 16 March.
Two men were seen leaving the flat with two sacks before driving away in a dark-coloured vehicle.
Officers said they believed the snakes, including eight pregnant females and 11 babies, would be offered for sale to experienced snake handlers.
DC Neil Henry said: "This is a large collection of snakes that the victim had been gathering for a while. Clearly, there is a specialised market for such snakes.
"We would appeal to anyone involved in the buying and selling of snakes to look out for any royal pythons that they may be offered and consider whether they may have come from this address.
He added: "These snakes, in particular the pregnant and young snakes, need specialist care and can grow to around 5ft (1.5m) in length."
Anyone with information is asked to contact St Helens CID on 0151 777 6843 or Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111.


Barrow and Maidenhead shared the spoils in a draw at Holker Street in the National League.

The promoted Magpies arrived in Cumbria looking to extend their three-game unbeaten run and perhaps push into the top spots with a second away win of the season.
Adrian Clifton set them on their way with a close-range finish in the 27th minute.
But 10 minutes after the break a Barrow free-kick found Moussa Diarra, who rose highest to head the ball beyond Carl Pentney for an equaliser.
Barrow, unbeaten in four heading into Saturday's clash, pushed hard for a late winner but Tanzania's Adi Yussuf could only ruffle the side-netting with his rasping shot.
Maidenhead were denied, too, as Stuart Moore made a fine stop against Christian Smith.
Match report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Barrow 1, Maidenhead United 1.
Second Half ends, Barrow 1, Maidenhead United 1.
Substitution, Maidenhead United. Chinedu McKenzie replaces Sam Barratt.
Substitution, Maidenhead United. Ryan Upward replaces Adrian Clifton.
Substitution, Barrow. Byron Harrison replaces Jordan White.
Substitution, Barrow. Adi Yussuf replaces Harry Panayiotou.
Goal!  Barrow 1, Maidenhead United 1. Moussa Diarra (Barrow).
Substitution, Barrow. Jack Barthram replaces Thierry Audel.
Second Half begins Barrow 0, Maidenhead United 1.
First Half ends, Barrow 0, Maidenhead United 1.
Substitution, Maidenhead United. Sean Marks replaces Jake Hyde.
Goal!  Barrow 0, Maidenhead United 1. Adrian Clifton (Maidenhead United).
Jake Goodman (Maidenhead United) is shown the yellow card.
First Half begins.
Lineups are announced and players are warming up.


A police car flipped on its side as it went to the scene of an attempted robbery last night in Liverpool.

Police said an officer was responding to an emergency call at 19:00 BST when the car collided with a Ford Fiesta and hit a lamp-post on Park Road, Toxteth.
The police officer was taken to hospital with a back injury. The occupants of the Fiesta were assessed by paramedics at the scene.
An investigation into the circumstances of the collision is under way.
Two 14-year-old boys from Aigburth have been arrested on suspicion of attempted robbery in relation to the original 999 call.


The EU is to suspend most of its sanctions against Belarus including an asset freeze and travel ban on President Alexander Lukashenko.

The decision follows the freeing of the country's remaining six political prisoners in August.
The US has also said it will ease sanctions, but urged Belarus "to improve its record with respect to human rights and democracy".
Mr Lukashenko is believed to want closer ties with Western countries.
He is reported to be eager to reduce Russia's leverage as he comes under pressure from Moscow to allow a Russian air base in his country.
Russia wants to establish the base to counter what it sees as Nato's eastward advance, but Belarus argues that such a base will not reduce military and political tensions in the region.
In a statement confirming its decision, the EU said that it was taking account of "the context of improving EU-Belarus relations".
From Saturday it will suspend "for four months the asset freeze and travel ban applying to 170 individuals and the asset freeze applying to three entities in Belarus," the Council of the European Union statement said.
However an arms embargo will remain in force as will sanctions against four members of President Lukashenko's security services who are suspected of orchestrating the disappearances of political opponents.
The move will be reviewed at the end of February and sanctions could be re-imposed if the EU sees a deterioration in human rights, the rule of law and press freedoms.
The US Treasury for its part said that from Saturday it would allow most transactions with nine sanctioned entities in Belarus for the next six months.
State Department spokesman John Kirby said the US was taking the step "in light of the positive move by the Belarusian government to release all six of its political prisoners on 22 August".
Mr Kirby said that the move "opens the door to expanded commercial ties" while urging the government of Belarus to do more "to improve its record with respect to human rights and democracy".
Correspondents say that EU officials are eager to promote democracy in countries that neighbour the EU in central and eastern Europe.
President Alexander Lukashenko won his fifth term with a landslide 83.5% of the vote on 12 October.
But observers from the OSCE security body said it fell far short of the country's democratic commitments.
Mr Lukashenko, 61, has governed the former Soviet republic almost unchallenged for 21 years.
Still Europe's last dictator?
Why does President Lukashenko take his son to work?
Belarus country profile
L


The UK government has set a world-leading climate change target up to the early 2030s.

The Fifth Carbon Budget will cut carbon emissions by 57% by 2032 - that's based on 1990 levels.
The announcement will help reassure investors needed to overhaul the UK's ageing energy system.
But the government's advisory Committee on Climate Change (CCC) has warned the targets will be missed unless policies are improved.
Labour's Barry Gardiner urged tougher policies, although he said: "At a time of great division and instability, I welcome the decision to set the Fifth Carbon Budget.
"I recognise the difficulties that the Energy Secretary (Amber Rudd) has faced from many of her colleagues in securing this agreement, particularly in the aftermath of the vote to leave the EU."
Environmentalists and the energy industry are also relieved that the Fifth Carbon Budget will be adopted, even though they say the targets need to be more demanding to meet the ambitions of the global Paris climate change accord to hold global temperature rise as close as possible to 1.5C.
There have been doubts about government commitment on climate change after huge cuts in renewables subsidies followed by the vote to leave the EU, which influences so much of the UK's energy.
But Ms Rudd said climate change remained one of the most serious long-term risks to the economy. Speaking at the Business & Climate Summit in London, she said: "Climate change has not been downgraded as a threat.
"We must not turn our back on Europe or the world â€¦ So while I think the UK's role in dealing with a warming planet may have been made harder by the decision last Thursday, our commitment to dealing with it has not gone away."
Business spokesmen at the conference echoed a call by the former Labour Climate Secretary Ed Miliband for the Prime Minister to ratify the Paris climate accord immediately.
The CCC's latest report today calculates that the UK's emissions cuts are in line so far with the goal of the Climate Change Act of cutting CO2 80% by 2050.
But it says a new approach is needed to ensure emissions keep falling. It mentions housing as well as agriculture and transport - two sectors where emissions are already growing.
There has, for instance, been a rise in purchases of larger cars since the Chancellor changed VED rules so a driver pays as much VED for a Prius as a Porsche.
The committee also says ministers must support carbon capture and storage technology, which will allow fossil fuels to continue to be burned. The Prime Minister said this innovation was essential for the UK - before he withdrew the funds supporting it.
Professor Dave Reay from the University of Edinburgh, said of the CCC report: "This wake-up call for climate policy will inevitably be drowned out by Brexit furore this week. That's a crying shame as the message here is clear: we must do better. From agriculture to transport, from energy efficiency to carbon capture, UK action on climate change is faltering."
But Marylyn Haines-Evans from the National Federation of Women's Institutes said the confirmation of the Carbon Budget was good news: "This is important both for future generations, and also for the British wildlife and countryside that our members care so much about."
The climate sceptic group Global Warming Policy Forum (GWPF) complained the decision should have been left to the next government. A statement said: "The government has behaved unreasonably, and should have delayed approval of the Budget and reassessed the impacts in the light of the far-reaching changes flowing from the referendum result."
Simon Bullock from Friends of the Earth said: "After the huge confusion following the Brexit vote, we welcome the certainty this decision gives. Investors will now know that the UK is a place where low carbon investment can flourish. The big challenge is to ensure stronger policies to meet this carbon budget."
Environment groups were celebrating the further delay on a Heathrow runway decision following Brexit uncertainty. They are also hoping that the Brexit vote provokes French unions into rejecting Hinkley nuclear station.
Labour says the government left it so late to notify Parliament about the Carbon Budget that it is technically in breach of the Climate Change Act.
This mandates that carbon budgets must be passed by both houses of Parliament by the end of June, which is now impossible. Ministers insist, though, that the Budget will become law.
Follow Roger on Twitter.


A minute's silence will be held before every rugby league game this weekend in memory of amateur player Adam Cooper who died during a match on Saturday.

Cooper, 31, was playing for Culcheth Eagles at Runcorn ARLFC and had been substituted when he began to feel unwell at the start of the second half.
An ambulance was called but they were unable to save the father of three.
Rugby Football League officials are supporting the family of Cooper and a donation page has raised over £8,000.
Culcheth Eagles junior sides played as normal yesterday, with all matches preceded by a minute's applause.
No decision has been made about whether the planned open-age league match at Cadishead Rhinos on Saturday will go ahead as planned.
"It is awful," said Culcheth Rangers' vice-chairman Jo Eland. "Adam was just a young lad going out to play the game he loved."
Cooper was a longstanding member of the club and returned from Leigh East to play with them when they re-established their open-age team in 2010.


Doctors have used a pioneering test to pinpoint the genetic cause of a 10-year-old boy's mystery illnesses.

Mathew Knight, from Bridport, Dorset, gave a blood sample after being admitted to Southampton Children's Hospital with an infected hip.
Tests revealed a genetic mutation which harmed his immunity to certain types of bacteria.
A genetic research director said the speed of the diagnosis - three weeks - was "like sci-fi dreaming a year ago".
Mathew's problems began at just three months old, when he reacted badly to a BCG vaccination and required the first of several hospital admissions in his life.
The University Hospital Southampton (UHS) said tests revealed a deletion in the gene interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1).
Dr William Rae, a fellow in clinical immunology at UHS, said: "Due to an inability to respond to interferon gamma correctly, his immune system couldn't function properly, which is why he has been so susceptible.
"This diagnosis means he can receive the best possible treatment, directly targeting the problem with regular injections to boost his immunity against mycobacteria."
The test was part of a wider study, the Exome project, in Southampton and Salisbury, which aims to create a diagnostic test for all genes associated with diseases.
Professor Saul Faust, a director of genetic research at the University of Southampton, said: "Mathew's case is incredible. To go from a sample to molecular genetic diagnosis in three weeks was sci-fi-like dreaming even just a year ago.
"We are now in a really exciting time for medical and scientific breakthroughs, with initiatives such as the 100,000 Genomes Project meaning tests like this could become a routine part of healthcare in the future."
The 100,000 Genomes Project is a UK project which which could lead to targeted therapies for cancer and other diseases.


It is a wooded, boggy piece of land in Dunkirk 3,000 migrants have made their home.

It is smaller camp than the more notorious "Jungle" camp just down the road in Calais but conditions here are said to be much worse.
I imagine seeing the camp emerge as we approach from a distance but it was not like that.
The camp is situated right next to a residential area of the town; the houses are nice - balconies, 4x4s outside, and just 50m (164ft) from these front doors is a line of French police officers guarding the camp.
Mud can be seen on all the pathways in and out, it is as if it is escaping.
Inside the camp your senses are bombarded straight away and the smell hits you - it is a mix of drains and rubbish. There are some portable toilets in the camp, 15 at the most.
But during the time I am in the camp I only see one person venture in to use them.
The rubbish is incredible.
Piles and piles of bin bags everywhere just yards from where people are a sleeping. Lots of it does not even make it into the bags; there are cardboard plates with leftover food dumped on the side and banana skins everywhere. I do not see any rats when we are in the camp, but they are there.
They have named the main route through the camp "Queen Elizabeth II Street" but there is nothing regal about this road.
The mud is not like any mud I have ever seen before. Thick and gloopy - it looks more like slurry. And it is everywhere.
Then there is the noise. Flimsy tents, many with tarpaulin over them, flapping furiously in the wind - it must be deafening at night.
The camp is home to a mix of people but there are many more families here than in the Jungle camp.
One family catches my eye. A man carries a toddler on his shoulders - she is a pretty little thing, smiling under her dummy, seemingly content. Her mother follows, slightly behind.
As the day goes on I see them several times, they seem to be walking back and forth along the main path all day.
There are not any soft play centres or swimming pools to keep a toddler occupied, so I suppose it is best just to keep walking.
As a mum of a little boy of a similar age, I cannot help thinking silly things when I see her..."I hope that dummy doesn't fall in the mud".
But I suppose her mother has more important things to worry about.
Many of the people here are Iraqi Kurds. We spoke to one man called Pesewa who agreed to show us where he sleeps.
As he opened the zip of the tent, my first impressions were: "It's cosy in here, it's clean - it's not that bad."
But here are the facts; This is a one-man tent where Pesewa lives with his wife. So the couple are not sleeping on the mud, there are two palettes as a base in the tent.
On top as padding is a blanket. That is it. The heat is coming from a small gas stove.
"Is this safe?" I ask Pesewa. He smiles sheepishly.
This is where Pesewa's wife spends the whole day. She will soon be making dinner - rice and beans and maybe some chicken.
Pesewa is a UK passport holder. He was working in Luton when his wife rang and said she was in France. The UK authorities will not let her into the country.
"Where are you from?" Pesewa asks.
"Wales." I say.
"Cardiff?"
It turns out Pesewa lived in Cardiff when he first claimed asylum in 2004. He remembers the city well. It is clear he has good memories of living and working in the UK. He does not want to be here.
As we leave the camp, it is difficult to process what we have seen. One person we are travelling with says: "It's like Glastonbury but gone horribly, horribly wrong".
It is a crude comparison in many ways, but it works.


A Russian satellite containing geckos, fruit flies and mushrooms could plummet to earth if control is not regained, according to reports.

The engine of the Foton-M4 satellite, with several experiments on board, has stopped responding to ground control.
All other systems are intact, the Progress space centre stated, including "one-way" transmission of information.
The five geckos are in space for a study of the effect of weightlessness on their sex lives and development.
The Russian Space Agency, Roscosmos, said the six tonne satellite could continue to operate on its own "for a long time".
A space expert cited by Interfax said it could stay in space for as long as four months.
The satellite was launched on July 19 but yesterday failed to respond to a command to lift into a higher orbit.
Russian news agency ITAR-TASS reported that "specialists are restoring stable connection with Foton and are providing for fulfilment of [the] planned orbital mission program".
"The equipment which is working in automatic mode, and in particular the experiment with the geckos is working according to the programme," Oleg Voloshin from Russia's Institute of Medico-Biological Problems (IMBP) told AFP.
The two-month experiment involving the geckos included video-cameras and was a "study of the effect of microgravity on sexual behaviour, the body of adult animals and embryonic development" according to the IMBP website.
The lizard sex investigation was among several planned experiments, including other biological studies of plant seeds and Drosophila fruit flies.
There was also a special vacuum furnace designed to examine the melting and solidification of metal alloys in low-gravity conditions.


A £1m lottery prize has been won by a County Down couple whose charity helps people repatriate family members who have died abroad.

Colin and Eithne Bell, who set up the Kevin Bell Repatriation Trust after their son's death, won the cash in the Euromillions draw.
Mr Bell, from Newry, said there was no panic when he checked the ticket.
He simply turned to his wife and said: "Eithne, I think we've won a million pounds."
The couple's son, Kevin (26) was killed in a suspected hit-and-run in New York City in 2013.
Friends and supporters in Newry raised about £150,000 towards the cost of his repatriation from the USA.
Since then, retired teacher Colin has made it his life's mission to help other families whose loved ones die in sudden or tragic circumstances abroad.
Celebrating after the presentation of their £1m lottery cheque, Colin said the main beneficiaries would be his six children, aged between 26 and 32.
The GAA fan added that Eithne would get a new sunroom and car, the garden will be landscaped and that he would buy "two, or maybe three 10-year premium level tickets for Croke Park".
Their son, Kevin, was also a popular member of the local GAA club.
"He was a great young fella, full of craic," his father said.
Four years on, the Kevin Bell Repatriation Trust has gone from strength to strength and has now brought the bodies of 330 people home to Ireland for burial.


Former England head coach Stuart Lancaster has joined Pro12 side Leinster as a senior coach.

The 46-year-old fills the gap created by the departure of defence coach Kurt McQuilkin, who is returning to New Zealand for family reasons.
Lancaster resigned after four years as England boss when the hosts failed to get out of their 2015 World Cup pool.
It suits me down to the ground just to get back into coaching again
"Stuart has a wealth of experience and is a highly respected figure," said Leinster head coach Leo Cullen.
"We are all looking forward to having Stuart join our team and together helping the players maximise their potential as a group."
Since leaving the England job, Lancaster has had short-term roles with the Atlanta Falcons, British Cycling's world-class performance programme, the English Football Association and, most recently, Counties Manukau in New Zealand's domestic rugby cup competition.
Although he has coached at a higher level than Cullen, Lancaster said: "I'm more than happy to work underneath Leo because I don't know the club, I don't know the environment, I don't know the relationships and everything.
"It suits me down to the ground just to get back into coaching again."
He added: "I come from a player development background, my role in England was not just head coach, I was head of elite player development, and I like to think I can offer Leinster something in that regard as well."
He met Toulon president Mourad Boudjellal in July with a view to coaching the Top 14 club, but the three-time European champions kept faith with Diego Dominguez, who is again under pressure after a surprise 25-21 home defeat by Brive.
Leinster engaged the services of former New Zealand coach Graham Henry in an advisory capacity ahead of the new season, which began for the province on Friday with a 20-8 victory over Treviso.
Leinster chief executive Mick Dawson said: "We are delighted Stuart has agreed to come on board.
"I know, having spoken at length to Stuart, that he is excited by the challenge of getting into club rugby again and the day-to-day interaction with players."


A man wearing fancy dress for Comic Relief sparked a manhunt after walking down a street in camouflage and carrying a fake gun.

Armed response units and a police helicopter were deployed after a number of people reported concerns about the fundraiser's outfit.
Norfolk Police were called to the Whitefriars area of Norwich at about 8:30 GMT.
They said the man was given "strong words of advice" by officers.
The BBC understands the man told police he was raising money on Red Nose Day.
Last month, the force dispatched a helicopter to reports of a sword-wielding man who was later found to be a student with a toy machete.
Ch Insp Chris Spinks said: "This is the second, similar high-profile incident which has taken place in the last month.
"We would like to remind people to think carefully about the consequences of carrying imitation weapons and of their general appearance which, as in this case, could be misconstrued by other members of the public."


US President Donald Trump has unveiled a $1tn (£0.81tn) budget proposal which lays out steep cuts in favour of boosting military spending and investment in his proposed border wall with Mexico.

The "America First" budget, which must be approved by Congress, has received criticism from both Democrats and Republicans over cuts to domestic services and local programmes.
The proposal, which is limited to a $1tn portion of the $4tn annual federal budget for US agencies and departments, has been produced with "safety" as its "number one priority", Mr Trump tweeted.
But what are the wider implications of Mr Trump's plan and what does his so-called "skinny budget" mean for those outside the US?
Where Trump budget cuts will hit hardest
'Drain the swamp' to hit swamp dwellers
Mr Trump's proposed changes to US federal government spending are in keeping with his promise to put America first.
His budget plan, released on Thursday, would shift some of the country's foreign military assistance from grants to loans "in order to reduce costs for the US taxpayer". This, his report says, would allow nations to purchase American weapons with US assistance "on a repayable basis".
Under the current proposal, funding for both the State Department and USAID (US Agency for International Development) would be cut.
The departments, which between them provide funds for everything from the diplomatic corps to fighting poverty and promoting human rights in foreign countries, face a cut of about 28%.
The latest State Department figures for overseas military financing show that in the financial year 2015-16, the majority of funding went to Israel ($3.1bn; £2.5bn) and Egypt ($1.3bn; £1bn). Next on the list were Jordan, Pakistan, Iraq, Lebanon, the Philippines, Tunisia, Yemen and Colombia.
Only Israel is guaranteed to keep its current annual aid package based on Mr Trump's refinancing plan.
Former diplomats and military officials have said that it is a fundamental flaw to cut the State Department because diplomacy and development are essential for reducing the instability out of which threats grow, and for helping to convert battlefield victories into sustainable peace.
Reaction:
"I do not support the proposed 28% cut to our international affairs budget and diplomatic efforts led by the State Department," Florida Senator Marco Rubio said in a statement, adding: "These programmes are integral to our national security, and cuts at these levels undermine America's ability to keep our citizens safe."
Foreign aid would be slashed, as would money distributed to the UN and to multilateral development banks. This includes the World Bank, whose aim is to help promote economic growth in developing countries and to reduce poverty.
The move would cut funding for such institutions by about $650m (£526m) over three years, compared to commitments made by the previous administration.
However, even with the proposed reduction, the US would retain its current status as the largest contributor.
In February, former US assistant treasury secretary, Clay Lowery, said that multilateral development banks provide support to countries on the front line for receiving refugees, such as Turkey and Jordan.
According to a recent World Bank report, Africa received $9.3bn (£7.5bn) of approved loans for 109 projects in the 2016 fiscal year. The Bank also approved $7.5bn (£6bn) for 41 projects in the East Asia region over the same period.
Reaction:
US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson defended the cuts to his own department. Speaking in Japan on Thursday, he said the level of State Department spending was "simply not sustainable", adding that he accepted the "challenge".
Mr Trump's plan includes a reduction in funding to UN and affiliated peacekeeping agencies. This, the report says, is to "rein in costs" and to "share the funding burden more fairly among members".
Although no exact figure is specified, the amount that the US contributes to the UN budget would be capped at 25%. The US currently provides 28% of the UN's peacekeeping budget and is the largest single contributor.
When it comes to the distribution of UN peacekeeping operations, Africa tops the list with Ethiopia receiving the most support.
The UN has warned that Somalia, Nigeria, South Sudan and Yemen are currently at risk of extreme hunger and famine. The organisation said the cause was largely the result of conflict and war.
Reaction:
The French Ambassador to the UN, Francois Delattre, was among those vocal in expressing concerns about a decrease in US funding, saying even the perception that America was in retreat from the international community could lead to further instability.
Programmes that Mr Trump does not agree with, such as climate change and clean energy research, would be dropped from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the energy department.
The initiatives under threat were set up with the intention of bringing the US into line with its Paris Agreement climate deal obligations.
The EPA budget would be reduced by about 31%, or nearly $2.6bn (£2bn), one of the biggest cuts in the president's proposal.
The budget "fulfils the president's pledge to cease payments to the UN climate change programmes by eliminating US funding related to the Green Climate Fund (GCF)," the budget report said.
In January Mr Trump's predecessor, Barack Obama, gave an extra half a billion dollars to the UN's GCF. The South Korea-based fund was established to help nations invest in clean energy and green technology with the goal of keeping the planet's temperature increase below 2 degrees C.
The 10 countries likely to be most severely affected by climate change, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), are the Philippines, Vietnam, Nigeria, Haiti, Bangladesh, Papua New Guinea, Malawi, Fiji, Sudan and Japan.
Reaction:
"As to climate change, I think the president was fairly straightforward: We're not spending money on that anymore," Mr Trump's budget director Mick Mulvaney said on Thursday. "We consider that to be a waste of your money."


Hampshire have made 28-day approaches to Mark Stoneman, Varun Chopra and Olly Stone, reports BBC Radio Solent.

Openers Stoneman (Durham) and Chopra (Warwickshire) and injured Northants paceman Stone are all out of contract at the end of the season.
But they face competition for Chopra, who has also been approached about a return to his former county Essex.
Stoneman is understood to interest a number of sides, including fellow Division One strugglers Surrey.
The 29-year-old, Durham's limited-overs captain, has been offered a new contract at Chester-le-Street.
But former Bears skipper Chopra, 29 has already intimated to the Warwickshire hierarchy that he would like to return home to the south-east.
Chopra, 29, who left Essex for Edgbaston in 2010, was appointed Warwickshire captain in 2014 after leading the Bears to the T20 Blast trophy, having previously deputised for Jim Troughton.
He was then replaced by Ian Bell before the start of this season
Stone, 22, is expected to miss the rest of the season after damaging an anterior cruciate ligament while celebrating the wicket of Worcestershire and England all-rounder Moeen Ali in the T20 Blast on 3 June.


US sci-fi and fantasy writer Richard Matheson, who wrote the 1954 vampire novel I Am Legend, has died aged 87.

A spokesman for the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films said Matheson died on Sunday in Los Angeles, but no other details were provided.
In a career spanning some 60 years, many of the author's works were adapted for both the big and small screens.
I Am Legend was his most successful, inspiring four film adaptations - most recently in 2007 starring Will Smith.
The novel was considered a landmark work in the genre, ushering in apocalyptic themes to post-WWII America.
Vincent Price starred in the first adaptation in 1964, titled as The Last Man on Earth.
Charlton Heston later starred in the 1971 adaptation, Omega Man.
The 2007 version saw Smith star as Robert Neville - the seemingly last human on Earth - trying to find a cure for a genetically-engineered virus that has turned the population into mutant vampiric creatures.
A low-budget adaptation I Am Omega was released the same year.
Born in Allendale, New Jersey, in 1926 and raised in Brooklyn, New York, Matheson first began publishing science-fiction and horror stories in the 1950s.
His earlier works adapted into films included 1953 novel Hell House, 1956's The Shrinking Man and 1958's A Stir of Echoes.
The 1978 novel What Dreams May Come was also adapted into a big screen version in 1998 starring Robin Williams, which won an Oscar for best visual effects.
Steven Spielberg's first feature-length film, Duel, was also based on Matheson's short story of the same name.
"Richard Matheson's ironic and iconic imagination created seminal science-fiction stories and gave me my first break when he wrote the short story and screenplay for Duel," Spielberg said in a statement.
"His Twilight Zones were among my favourites, and he recently worked with us on Real Steel. For me, he is in the same category as [Ray] Bradbury and [Isaac] Asimov."
Matheson also worked as a writer for numerous TV shows including The Twilight Zone, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, The Martian Chronicles and Amazing Stories.
He penned the teleplay Nightmare at 20,000 Feet in 1963 for The Twilight Zone, which starred William Shatner and featured the famous shot of a gremlin peering into the window of an aeroplane from its wing.
He was also responsible for writing The Twilight Zone episode Steel, which inspired the 2011 Hugh Jackman film, Reel Steel.
Matheson is credited with influencing several generations of storytellers including Stephen King, who dedicated his 2006 novel, Cell, to him.
Matheson had been due to receive the visionary award at the Academy of Science Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Films' Saturn Awards on Wednesday.
The organisation said the award would be presented posthumously and ceremony would be dedicated to the author.


Jermaine Easter forced a late own goal as Bristol Rovers came from behind to beat Swindon.

Rovers scored two goals in two minutes to end their run of four consecutive draws, lifting themselves out of the bottom four in League One.
Swindon's Lloyd Jones, who missed the defeat to Bury due to suspension, bundled in a Yaser Kasim corner to give his side the early lead.
Rovers went in search of an equaliser and Chris Lines' free-kick was tipped on to the bar by goalkeeper Lawrence Vigouroux.
Midfielder Ollie Clarke thought he had levelled the scores for his team in the second half, but he was denied by the post after his shot had the Swindon goalkeeper beaten.
Rovers were awarded a penalty in the closing 10 minutes after Raphael Rossi Branco fouled Easter and Matty Taylor made no mistake from the spot to score his sixth goal of the season.
Clumsy defending from Swindon saw Branco turn Easter's cross into the back of the net for the winner moments later.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Swindon Town 1, Bristol Rovers 2.
Second Half ends, Swindon Town 1, Bristol Rovers 2.
Attempt missed. Darnell Furlong (Swindon Town) header from very close range is just a bit too high following a corner.
Corner,  Swindon Town. Conceded by Daniel Leadbitter.
Ellis Harrison (Bristol Rovers) is shown the yellow card.
Attempt missed. Jonathan Obika (Swindon Town) header from the centre of the box is too high.
Tom Lockyer (Bristol Rovers) is shown the yellow card.
Foul by Lloyd Jones (Swindon Town).
Ellis Harrison (Bristol Rovers) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Lloyd Jones (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jermaine Easter (Bristol Rovers).
Own Goal by Raphael Rossi Branco, Swindon Town.  Swindon Town 1, Bristol Rovers 2.
Goal!  Swindon Town 1, Bristol Rovers 1. Matty Taylor (Bristol Rovers) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom left corner.
Penalty conceded by Raphael Rossi Branco (Swindon Town) after a foul in the penalty area.
Penalty Bristol Rovers. Jermaine Easter draws a foul in the penalty area.
Attempt blocked. Ollie Clarke (Bristol Rovers) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt saved. Darnell Furlong (Swindon Town) header from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Attempt blocked. Luke Norris (Swindon Town) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Jonathan Obika (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Tom Lockyer (Bristol Rovers).
Attempt saved. Ellis Harrison (Bristol Rovers) header from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Lloyd Jones (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Matty Taylor (Bristol Rovers).
Attempt saved. Luke Norris (Swindon Town) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Substitution, Swindon Town. Luke Norris replaces Nathan Delfouneso.
Attempt missed. Tom Lockyer (Bristol Rovers) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Corner,  Bristol Rovers. Conceded by Brandon Ormonde-Ottewill.
Conor Thomas (Swindon Town) is shown the yellow card.
Attempt missed. Jermaine Easter (Bristol Rovers) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the right.
Attempt saved. Ellis Harrison (Bristol Rovers) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Darnell Furlong (Swindon Town) is shown the yellow card.
Darnell Furlong (Swindon Town) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Ollie Clarke (Bristol Rovers).
Foul by Jonathan Obika (Swindon Town).
Tom Lockyer (Bristol Rovers) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Bristol Rovers. Charlie Colkett replaces Stuart Sinclair.
Substitution, Bristol Rovers. Ellis Harrison replaces Rory Gaffney.
Substitution, Bristol Rovers. Jermaine Easter replaces Billy Bodin.
Foul by Raphael Rossi Branco (Swindon Town).
Daniel Leadbitter (Bristol Rovers) wins a free kick in the attacking half.


Brazilian cities went into partial shutdown on Friday as the country observed its first general strike in more than two decades.

Millions of workers, including public transport staff, bankers and teachers, have been urged to take part by trade unions and social groups.
Protesters are taking a stand against the president's proposed pension reforms.
President Michel Temer says the changes are needed to overcome a recession.
"It is going to be the biggest strike in the history of Brazil," said Paulo Pereira da Silva, the president of trade union group, Forca Sindical.
Demonstrations are taking place across the country, with organisers saying they would focus attention on disrupting cities rather than small towns and rural communities.
Participants are opposed to the government's pension overhaul, which will be voted on in Congress next week and which could set the minimum retirement age at 65 for men and 62 for women. Public sector workers have been able to retire at much earlier ages.
A congressional bill to weaken labour laws also progressed earlier in the week, and the country is experiencing an ever-unfolding corruption scandal, which has been linked to many top politicians, fuelling further public discontent.
Some protesters set up roadblocks in various cities, including Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Brasilia.
The route to Sao Paulo's international airport was among those barricaded with burning tyres in the early hours of the morning.
Polls suggest President Temer is very unpopular but up until today he had not yet faced a mass demonstration like Friday's general strike.
Many private and public schools are closed across the country. In Sao Paulo - the country's biggest city - most bus, metro and train services are not operating. There are few people on the streets here and it feels like a holiday.
The government says the current pension system is unsustainable and is dragging down the economy. Unions say the president wants Brazil's poor and unassisted to pay the price for the country's economic woes.
Whatever the turnout is for the protest, Mr Temer still looks fairly strong in Congress. Earlier this week he won a vote for his labour reforms with a wider margin than needed.
This has been the hallmark of his administration: a president who is very unpopular in the streets, but is able to get things done in Congress.
A spokesman for the Anglican Church in the coastal city of Recife, Dr Juanildo Burity, told the BBC that it would also be taking part in the strike.
"Officially the Church has taken a position that encourages its members to be part of this movement, because it understands the political situation," he said, citing concerns over living standards.
President Temer says capping pension benefits and raising the retirement age will fix the finances of the country, as it undergoes the worst recession in more than a century.
The president has said the austerity measures are needed to prevent a future crisis such as that suffered by Portugal, Spain or Greece.
The country has also been hit by rising unemployment.
Government statistics released on Friday say more than 14 million people are out of work.


The US military accidentally sent live anthrax samples to as many as nine labs across the country and to a US military base in South Korea, the Pentagon says.

Twenty-two military personnel at the Osan Air Base in South Korea are receiving preventive treatment after being possibly exposed to the sample.
In the US, four civilians are receiving treatment - although they face a "minimal risk".
A Defence Department lab in Utah "inadvertently" shipped the samples.
The personnel at the South Korean base might have come into contact with the anthrax sample during a "training event", the US military said, but so far none had shown  "any signs" of exposure.
However, they were given "appropriate medical precautionary measures to include examinations, antibiotics and in some instances, vaccinations".
"The sample was destroyed in accordance with appropriate protocols," said Pentagon spokesman Colonel Steve Warren.
Experts in biosafety say they are astonished by the lapse and called for greater precautions.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has begun an investigation into the incident.
"Out of an abundance of caution, [the Defence Department] has stopped the shipment of this material from its labs pending completion of the investigation," said Col Warren.
Samples involved in the investigation will be securely transferred to CDC or affiliated laboratories "for further testing", CDC spokeswoman Kathy Harden said.
Ms Harden said that the CDC has also sent officials to the labs "to conduct on-site investigations".
The latest incident comes nearly a year after the CDC, one of the government's foremost civilian laboratories, also mishandled anthrax, the Associated Press news agency reported.
It said that researchers at a laboratory set up to deal with extremely dangerous pathogens dispatched what they thought were "killed samples" of anthrax to another CDC facility.
But it did not have sufficient safeguards and was not equipped to work with live anthrax, AP reported, and several CDC employees were "potentially exposed" to live anthrax. However, none became ill.
The Defence Department spokesman said that the samples in the latest incident were supposed to be dead or deactivated.
The government has confirmed one shipment actually had live spores, and the eight others might also have done so.
The live spores were shipped from Utah to labs in Texas, Maryland, Wisconsin, Delaware, New Jersey, Tennessee, New York, California and Virginia, as well as the air base in South Korea.


Only mad dogs and Englishmen wear suits to work in the kind of weather we've been having in the UK over the last few days.

On Tuesday in London temperatures are due to hit the mid-twenties again while rush hour is still in full swing.
It will be 25C by lunchtime in Manchester and Birmingham.
On cue, the TUC is calling on employers to relax their workplace dress codes to save us sweltering again in ties, jackets and long sleeves.
Many people already delight in the opportunity to switch to short sleeves, sandals, even shorts in very tolerant workplaces.
But more formal employers are still expecting staff to be buttoned up.
Londoner Oliver Leigh, 23, says he is "dripping" by the time he arrives at work in his suit.
"I step off the tube looking like I've just got out of the shower."
"I'd love to be able to dress down," he says, but he works in private healthcare and he's expected to dress formally.
There is more flexibility for women who can switch to sandals and short sleeves without breaching traditional dress codes.
But  Ally Everett, 34, who works in advertising, and is in a sleeveless summer blouse, thinks there's room for more flexibility even for men.
"I think you can dress well without being in a suit," she says.
"Your professionalism comes across in your attitude not in what you're wearing."
As long as you aren't showing too much skin, male or female, it should be fine to dress more casually, she says.
TUC general secretary Frances O'Grady argues it's time for new policies in UK workplaces.
"Obviously shorts and flip flops won't be the right attire for all workers, but no one should be made to suffer unnecessarily in the heat for the sake of appearances," she says.
"While many of us will welcome the sunshine and warm temperatures this week, working in sweltering conditions can be unbearable and dangerous."
In winter there is a legal minimum temperature that workers can be asked to endure (below 16C, or 13C if they are doing physically demanding work).
But there are no restrictions for when temperatures soar.
The TUC is proposing an indoor maximum temperature of 30C, with employers forced to introduce cooling measures when the temperature hits 24C.


(Close): The FTSE 100 fell back after opening higher on Tuesday as trading resumed following Monday's holiday.

London's blue-chip index was down 40 points, or 0.64%, at 6,230.79 points at close of trading despite Chinese stock markets posting their biggest daily gain for three months.
Shares in RSA Insurance added 1.64%, while Royal Mail gained 1.60%.
Dublin-based business support services group DCC was also a gainer, up by 0.48%.
Broadcaster ITV was a big faller, shedding 2.59%. BHP Billiton suffered sharp falls, down 2.06%.
Augustin Eden, analyst at Accendo Markets, said: "The FTSE 100 is still in the midst of sideways consolidation, but with a welcome test of last week's 6,280 ceiling and a close venture to 6,300."
On the FTSE 250, Alliance Trust rose 2.46% after RIT Capital Partners made an approach for the investment firm.
RIT confirmed talks on Tuesday, saying a merger possibility was at "a very preliminary stage of consideration". Shares in RIT fell 2.41%.
In the commodities markets, Brent crude was up 0.18% $49.85.
On the currency markets, the pound was down 0.76% against the dollar at $1.4528, and fell 0.72% against the euro to â‚¬1.3048.


A wind turbine installed by a community in a remote part of Wester Ross has begun generating electricity.

Coigach Community Development Company's turbine is believed to be the first large community-owned turbine in mainland Highlands.
Power generated is sold to the National Grid.
The company, which is supported by Highlands and Islands Enterprise, hopes to raise Â£2m over 20 years to help support local projects.
Often referred to by the name of its main village, Achiltibuie, the Coigach Peninsula covers 38,301 acres (15,500 ha) including around 20 small islands known as the Summer Isles.
The peninsula has a population of about 271 people.


A minute's silence has been held to mark one week since the Westminster attack on 22 March, in which four victims and the attacker died.

Hundreds of people gathered on Westminster Bridge in London to pay their respects.
They included police officers, community organisations and religious groups.
Similar events are being held in Sheffield, Birmingham, Leeds, Leicester and Manchester.
The attacker, 52-year-old Khalid Masood, killed three people when he drove his car into pedestrians walking along Westminster Bridge.
The victims have been named as US tourist Kurt Cochran, sixth-form college employee Aysha Frade, and retired window cleaner Leslie Rhodes.
After crashing, Masood then attacked and killed PC Keith Palmer outside the Houses of Parliament, before being shot dead by police.
Fifty people were also injured.


Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) has been fined £56m by regulators after a 2012 software issue left millions of customers unable to access accounts.

RBS, NatWest, and Ulster Bank customers were affected in June 2012 after problems with a software upgrade.
The Financial Conduct Authority fined RBS £42m, and the Prudential Regulation Authority fined the bank £14m.
RBS chairman Sir Philip Hampton said the problems "revealed unacceptable weaknesses in our systems".
He said it "caused significant stress for many of our customers," adding: "As I did back then, I again want to apologise to all customers in the UK and Ireland that we let down two and a half years ago."
In 2012, RBS, 80%-owned by the government, set aside £125m in compensation and costs because of the disruption. Sir Philip said that since then, RBS had invested hundreds of millions of pounds to improve its computer systems.
The FCA said that the IT failure had affected more than 6.5 million customers in the UK over several weeks.
"Modern banking depends on effective, reliable and resilient IT systems," said Tracey McDermott, director of enforcement and financial crime at the FCA.
"The banks' failures meant millions of customers were unable to carry out the banking transactions which keep businesses and people's everyday lives moving.
"The problems arose due to failures at many levels within the RBS Group to identify and manage the risks which can flow from disruptive IT incidents and the result was that RBS customers were left exposed to these risks," she added.
Over the weeks of disruption, the FCA said customers could not:
In addition, the banks applied incorrect credit and debit interest to customers' accounts, and produced inaccurate bank statements.
Some organisations were unable to meet their payroll commitments or finalise their audited accounts, FCA said.
Meanwhile, the Bank of England regulator the Prudential Regulation Authority, which jointly investigated the computer incidents with the FCA, said that 92% of the customers affected had been retail customers.
Andrew Bailey, chief executive of the PRA, said: "The severe disruption experienced by RBS, NatWest and Ulster Bank in June and July 2012 revealed a very poor legacy of IT resilience and inadequate management of IT risks.
"It is crucial that RBS, NatWest and Ulster Bank fix the underlying problems that have been identified to avoid threatening the safety and soundness of the banks."
The FCA regulates financial services in the UK, and the PRA regulates banks.
Richard Lloyd, executive director of consumer group Which? said that RBS should "pay the price for letting their customers down with unacceptable IT failures".
"These multi-million pound fines rightly reflect how important it is to consumers that banks properly maintain the payments system we all rely on," he said.
BBC Radio 4 presenter Paul Lewis tweeted: "RBS fines are just £8.60 per affected customer. Better surely to make bank give them all £100. This was a fundamental failure of banking."
The fines come on top of a £217m FCA penalty for RBS last week over attempted foreign exchange rate rigging.
Last week, US regulator the Commodity Futures Trading Commission also fined RBS a total of $290m (£185m) over forex rate-rigging.


The Liberal Democrats are gathering in Bournemouth for their annual conference - the first since the party lost all but eight of its MPs in May's general election rout.

Activists are unlikely to be throwing themselves off the pier in despair. That's not really the Lib Dem way. The party has always thrived in adversity. The conference hashtag is #LibDemfightback.
But it will be a bittersweet experience for some party members.
"This is bound to be an emotional conference for us," writes Caron Lindsay, editor of LibDem Voice.
The party's "brutal" defeat in May is still raw, she adds. "Being with our friends, mulling it all over with laughter, the odd tear and a whole load of gallows humour will undoubtedly help with that."
Here is a full rundown of the main speeches and debates.
The party is talking up the fact that it has gained 20,000 members since May's general election - and about 2,500 of them are going to be in Bournemouth. This is a record, according to party sources, surpassing the number of party members at the 2010 post-election gathering.
"It's going to be a busy, buzzy conference," says Lib Dem activist Mark Pack.
But it will still be a very different kind of Lib Dem conference to those we saw during the coalition years.
There will be no government ministers speaking from the main stage for one thing.
It is likely to feel more sparsely populated too. The corporate lobbyists who flooded into Lib Dem conferences during the coalition years have all but deserted the party. This means the bars and restaurants will be quieter and there will be far fewer fringe meetings. Far fewer journalists too.
The party's new leader Tim Farron has long been a darling of grassroots Lib Dem activists but the general public have little idea who he is.
He will be under pressure to do something about that this week - and also to stake out exactly where the party stands in the rapidly changing landscape of British politics.
He has described the election of Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader as a "staggering" opportunity for the Lib Dems to occupy the "centre ground" and attract back moderate Labour voters and members appalled by their new leader's hard left pedigree.
"There's no denying we're at one of the most challenging points in our party's history, but if anyone is going to lead us back, it's Tim," says a party aide.
"At conference you'll hear what motivates him, as he tackles the housing crisis, mental health, Europe, business and enterprise, the refugee crisis, and personal freedom."
The focus will be on next year's elections in Scotland, Wales and English local authorities - the first real chance to gauge if the party can revive itself.
Where exactly does Mr Farron, routinely described as a left-winger himself, and who defined himself as a break from the Tory-leaning coalition years, think the centre ground is? Aides say he is keen to dispel the idea, put about by some commentators, that he is "Corbyn-lite".
Party members will be seeking answers at a Q&A session in the main hall on Monday. Mr Farron's keynote address will close the conference on Wednesday.
Tim Farron has mischievously let slip that he has been playing "agony aunt" to Labour MPs in despair at the election of Jeremy Corbyn.
But party sources are talking down the chances of defections any time soon. Certainly not during conference week.
The most senior Labour figure in Bournemouth will be former cabinet minister Peter Hain, now Lord Hain, who is down to speak at a fringe meeting.
Mr Farron and his team will be going all out to make their party look like an attractive option for disaffected Labour supporters.
"We once again see the prospect of a decade or more of Tory rule, and it fills us with dread," Mr Farron will tell activists at a rally on Saturday evening.
Tim Farron will not forget to shower some love on closet coalition fans who deserted the party for the Tories in May, his aides say.
"Britain is teeming with liberals, some of them are not yet in the Liberal Democrats. Some of them are in other parties. But we are their home," he will say on Saturday.
Mr Farron is setting himself up for a scrap with his party over Trident - carrying on in the grand tradition of Lib Dem leaders that have gone before him.
Conference will debate a motion on Monday backing unilateral nuclear disarmament - Mr Farron is planning to oppose it arguing that a cheaper option than a like-for-like replacement for Trident, such as ending round-the-clock submarine patrols, would be better.
He is also set for a rift with activists over airport expansion in south-east England. The membership voted for a blanket ban last year, but Mr Farron has told the Evening Standard that while he is against a third runway at Heathrow, he is "open-minded" about other options.
Former leader Nick Clegg is down to speak to conference on Monday, when he is expected to launch the party's campaign to remain in the EU in the forthcoming referendum.
"He will get a better reception than Tony Blair would at a Labour conference," suggests Mark Pack.


Qatar Airways has emerged as the owner of a 10% stake in International Airlines Group (IAG), the owner of British Airways (BA) and Iberia.

The Gulf airline is already a member of the Oneworld alliance.
Willie Walsh, IAG's chief executive, said he was delighted Qatar had become a "long-term supportive shareholder".
The stake, worth about Â£1.15bn, gives Qatar closer links with a group that has two major European hubs and strong transatlantic networks.
Mr Walsh said his company would explore what "opportunities exist to work more closely together and further IAG's ambitions as the leading global airline group".
Akbar Al Baker, chief executive of Qatar, said: "IAG represents an excellent opportunity to further develop our westwards strategy."
Earlier this month he criticised European airlines, saying they they "cannot keep up" with the competition posed by Gulf rivals.
The two groups' route networks are largely complementary, with Qatar strong in southeast Asia, India and the Middle East, while Iberia flies to many destinations in South America.
Qatar said it could increase its holding, but would be limited by the 49% cap on non-EU ownership of European airlines.
Neither group said whether IAG had been aware of Qatar's stake-building and did not say who the shares had been bought from, or when.
Qatar has more than 130 aircraft and a further 340 on order. It is competing with other Gulf airlines including Emirates, based in Dubai, and Abu Dhabi's Etihad.
The Doha-based carrier had 22m passengers in the 2013-14 financial year, compared with 44.5m for its larger rival Emirates. IAG carried just over 77m passengers in 2014.
Qatar's move comes as IAG attempts to complete a takeover of Aer Lingus for about Â£1.3bn.
The company has said it planned to run the Irish airline as a separate business with its own brand, management and operations.
IAG was formed when BA and Iberia merged in 2011. It has about 430 aircraft and 60,000 employees.
Shares in IAG closed down 3.5% at 544.5p on Friday, making it the biggest faller on the FTSE 100.
The stock has risen by more than a third in the past 12 months and the company is valued at Â£11.4bn.


Marathon season has started and runners - fast and not-so-fast - have begun battling it out in 26-mile races around the world.

But another competition is also taking place on runners' online fundraising pages, where the attentions of the fundraiser - not just the donor - are being fought over, and donations are more than just a selfless act.
It is perhaps unsurprising that when people donate to friends' fundraising web pages, they are influenced by the size of donations made by others.
The larger the donations they see pledged, the more they are likely to give.
But men appear to behave very differently to women when it comes to donating to someone of the opposite sex.
When men see large donations to "attractive" female fundraisers, they up the stakes considerably, giving up to four times more than they would have given otherwise.
According to a study published in Current Biology, which looked at nearly 700 fundraising pages from the 2014 London Marathon, what male donors are doing is competing for female attention.
Researchers from University College London and the University of Bristol, UK, said men were engaging in "competitive donating" and their actions could have an evolutionary function.
Dr Nichola Raihani, an evolutionary biologist from UCL, said: "It's unlikely men are aware of doing it, but they are programmed to improve their success with females compared to other males."
Donating generously can signal wealth and social status, as well as kindness, to potential partners.
Women were not found to act in the same way in the study, however, which makes sense in evolutionary terms, Dr Raihani said.
"Women place more emphasis on status and wealth in the opposite sex, whereas men look for youth and fertility in potential mates," she said."
For both men and women, fundraisers who smile on their pages are perceived to be more attractive than those who don't - and they receive more donations.
Online fundraising pages have become a very popular way of collecting donations for a chosen charity before an event like a marathon.
And the big six marathon races around the world - Tokyo, London, Boston, Berlin, Chicago, New York - raise millions for charities.
The London Marathon raised £46.5m for good causes in 2007, making it the largest single annual fundraising event in the world.
It has broken that record every year since and last year the race raised £53.2m.
Cancer Research UK, as London's official charity this year, knows how important online fundraising is.
The charity has 2,000 runners in the race and a target to make £2.5m from donations.
Study co-author Prof Sarah Smith from the University of Bristol, had some practical advice for the charity to pass on to its fundraisers.
"I would say get your generous friends to donate early and make sure you put a good picture up, preferably one in which you are smiling," she said.
"Not everyone can be among the most attractive fundraisers, but our results also show that a picture in which the fundraiser is smiling can be just as effective, boosting donations by more than 10%."
Dr Hanna Zagefka, reader in social psychology at Royal Holloway, University of London, says attractive people have always had an easier ride.
"Attractive people are treated better, are more popular and generally get better jobs," she said.
"It is also assumed they are more intelligent."
As a result, pictures of attractive, smiling female fundraisers put donors in a better mood and encourage generous behaviour.
Mum-of-two Rebecca Couper is running the London marathon for Hospice UK, because they looked after her father and supported her family after he died.
She has a picture of her running shoes on her fundraising page, rather than one of her face.
But she says it doesn't seem to have made a difference.
Female friends and family members have been her biggest donors and she's raised nearly £1,300 so far.
"I didn't want to plaster my face up there," she explained.
"I'd rather put up views of where I'm running and how much training I've doing, instead of pictures of me, red-faced, that aren't very flattering."
Charles Stewart, a doctor living in London, is raising money for the Neuro Foundation and has reached £1,400 in donations.
He chose a picture on his fundraising page which he felt looked like him, in running gear.
"Smiling wasn't a conscious choice. An action shot would have been better but they are usually taken from far away," he said.
"The picture would have had to suit my vanity I suppose, but I'm amazed anyone sponsored me at all."
He believes men and women aren't that different when it comes to competing for attention from the opposite sex.
So is there no such thing as an altruistic donation on a fundraising page?
Dr Raihani says people can be very generous and their reasons for giving to charity are well-meaning, but that doesn't mean their motives have not evolved to benefit them in some way.
She uses the act of eating as an example.
"Our primary drive is to dispel the feeling of hunger, which is pleasurable, but the evolutionary purpose is to make sure we don't starve and die," she pointed out.
Explaining why people give generously, when there is no obvious benefit for them doing so, has kept scientists and psychologists busy for many years.
Research suggests giving can create a warm glow, which lasts much longer than spending money on oneself.
And Dr Zagefka says this means that helping others has a prolonged effect on well-being - something which people often don't realise.