A Celtic fan, who joined the Edinburgh celebrations after Hibernian beat Rangers in the Scottish Cup Final, has been jailed for 16 months for  assault.

Anthony Lewis, 24, from Coatbridge, pleaded guilty last month to assaulting Rangers supporter Greg Elliot, 27, to his severe injury and permanent disfigurement by punching him.
The attack happened at Haymarket Station on 21 May.
He was sentenced at Edinburgh Sheriff Court.
Sheriff Fiona Tait heard that Lewis and a friend, another Celtic supporter, had been watching the Cup Final in a pub in Airdrie.
They decided to travel to Edinburgh by train to join in the celebrations.
Mr Elliot, who had been at the game, was also on the train and was wearing a Rangers' Football Club scarf.
At Haymarket, Lewis and his friend got off the train after Mr Elliot. As they were walking along Platform 3, Lewis punched Mr Elliot in the face, knocking him unconscious.
Lewis and his friend walked away. Mr Elliot was taken to the Royal Infirmary where he was found to have bruising and bleeding to the front of his brain and a cut on his head which needed five stitches. He was kept in the hospital for 12 hours.
He is likely to suffer quite significant migraines for the rest of his life.
Defence solicitor, Simon Whyte, told Sheriff Tait Lewis had been affected by alcohol, but he had handed himself in to the police.
He had a consistent work record and a stable background.
Sentencing Lewis, Sheriff Tait said: "While it was a single punch, you knocked him unconscious and you left him unconscious.
"Having regard to the circumstances of the offence I am not persuaded a non-custodial sentence is appropriate".


A popular French TV advert for pasta sauce from the 1980s showed a jolly rustic fellow chasing after a train that was laden with all sorts of lovely food.

"Reviens Leon! (Come back, Leon!)," shouts his portly wife. "I've got the same at home."
Today the catchphrase "Reviens Leon!" has been commandeered for a very different campaign: to lure back to France the thousands of tech whizz-kids who spent the last decade fleeing abroad.
In an open letter in Le Monde, the heads of 10 successful French start-ups pleaded with Silicon Valley expatriates to book their return flights to Paris.
"France is not the country it was when you left," they wrote.
"It is now full of the opportunities which you used to search for elsewhere. Today, we've got the same at home.
"It's in France that it is happening. So come back, Leon!"
Today great efforts are being made to show the world that France is no longer a land of "ossified structures, stultifying routines and petty-minded middle-managers" (to use the language of the letter).
The young economy minister and former banker Emmanuel Macron has made three trips abroad this year to high-tech conventions, most recently in Israel last week.
At each stop he urges investors to forget the cliches, and to focus on the business transformation that he says is under way.
So what truth is there in the claim that the French digital "ecosystem" is beginning to produce the goods?
"It is not an exaggeration. Things really have changed in Paris in the last couple of years," says Christopher Ciminelli, who runs the tech news website 01net.com.
"Business creators in France are younger and younger. The government is genuinely taking steps to help. I would say the whole image of France abroad - certainly in the digital field - has become very positive."
The list of successful ventures is certainly beginning to catch the eye.
Top of the list are the three French "unicorns" - non-listed digital companies that are valued at more than $1bn.
These are the internet ad-placing company Criteo; the flash-sales pioneer Vente Privee; and the car-sharing facilitator BlaBlaCar.
BlaBlaCar's founder Fred Mazzella explained to me the changes that have helped his company reach 20 million customers in 19 countries.
"Over the last couple of years the system of financing - which was a real problem in France - has been transformed.  Before, there were gaps in the financing chain from business angels to large professional investors.
"But today there are many new types of investor in Paris - like the entrepreneurial fund ISAI - and you can raise anything from one to a hundred million euros. It's made a huge difference, turning start-ups into scale-ups."
Another factor is the spread of incubators - places like The Family, NUMA, and 50Partners - which provide not just a physical base for new companies, but also advice and knowhow.
From the government side, Mazzella praises initiatives such as the Research Tax Credit, which means start-ups can get reimbursed up to three-quarters of their spending on research projects.
But the big shift has been one of mentality.
"A few years ago, all the top students who came out of the best 'grandes ecoles' - their ambition was to work in the established giants like BNP or L'Oreal," says Mazzella.
"Now they all say they want their work in start-ups and build their own."
Source: Fortune Global 500
Of course it is in the interest of Mazzella, Macron et al to talk up France as much as possible. They need the investors and they need the brains.
And not all may be as rosy as they like to portray.
In Israel last week, venture capitalist Yoav Tzruya said French start-ups were still "too happy to stay on the French market, rather than having global ambitions. And they still need better financing."
Macron himself admitted France was "15 years late when it comes to finance - but we are stepping up the pace".
Compared to London, Paris still lags far behind when it comes to attracting outside money.
According to Management Today, Paris drew under 400 Tech Investment Projects in the past decade against London's more than 1,000.
And there remains France's reputation as a high-tax country with an overweening state sector. Le French-bashing is not exactly out of fashion.
Still, one constant has held true through the hi-tech explosion:  the ability of French grandes ecoles to turn out highly competent computer engineers and business modellers.
These are the people scooped up by the thousand in California and London.
And these are the Leons now being urged to come home.


Plaid Cymru won two of its three seats in north Wales in an election which saw the party make no gains.

Plaid held Dwyfor Meirionnydd and Arfon.
UKIP's leader in Wales, Nathan Gill came fourth in the poll for the seat of Ynys Mon, which Labour held on to.
Mr Gill tweeted: "Walking home from the count to the dawn chorus, magical night for UKIP Wales, cemented place as 3rd party in Wales".
The Conservatives retain their seat in Aberconwy.


A mother who killed three of her children by deliberately driving them into a lake in Australia has been jailed for at least 20 years.

Akon Guode, 37, killed one-year-old Bol and four-year-old twins Hanger and Madit in Melbourne in 2015.
Another child, six-year-old Alual, was also in the car but survived.
Guode had pleaded guilty to murder, infanticide and attempted murder, but a judge said her motive for the crimes remained unclear.
"Your betrayal of their trust was catastrophic," Justice Lex Lasry told Guode in the Supreme Court of Victoria on Tuesday.
"People want to understand why you did what you did, because particularly for parents of young children such action is foreign and unthinkable.
"In my opinion, your actions were the product of extreme desperation, rather than any form of vengeance."
Onlookers and emergency crews tried desperately to rescue the children in the moments after the car entered the lake in the suburb of Wyndham Vale. Guode and Alual were rescued.
In earlier hearings, the court heard harrowing accounts of what witnesses confronted on the day.
"They (the children) are floating, they are floating in the water," one onlooker said in an emergency call played to the court.
"(They) can't swim."
Joseph Manyang, the father of the three children, testified that Guode was a "loving mother" who would not have harmed the children intentionally and had spoken of feeling dizzy before the crash.
However, a key witness told police that Guode spoke about killing her children on the day of the tragedy.
Justice Lasry acknowledged that Guode, who came to Australia as a refugee, had experienced trauma in South Sudan where she witnessed her husband's murder.
She had endured an "extraordinarily difficult life", he said.
The judge said Guode had been suffering post-traumatic stress, signs of depression and feelings of isolation from the Sudanese community.
He sentenced her to 26 years and six months in jail, with a non-parole period of 20 years.
He said it was likely she would be deported after serving her sentence.


A shopkeeper was threatened by masked robbers wielding what is believed to be a firearm during a raid at a post office.

The two men escaped with a five-figure sum of cash after the robbery at 08:10 in Strathaven, South Lanarkshire.
Police said it had been a "very frightening" experience for the shopkeeper, who was not injured.
Officers are checking CCTV footage and speaking to local businesses and people who were in the area at the time.
Local officers were supported by armed police when they attended the incident, which took place at the post office within the Day to Day store in Green Street.
One of the robbers was about 5ft 10in to 5ft 11in tall, of stocky build, and was wearing blue jeans and black boots.
The other was between 5ft 7in and 5ft 8in tall, of slim build, and was wearing a black cap with an 'NY' logo and a jacket with a white zip.
Det Insp Colin Campbell said: "The men, both of whom had their faces covered with masks similar to balaclavas, ran off from the shop via the lane to the side of it.
"At this time they made off on foot. We don't know if they had access to a vehicle or not, but that will obviously be one of our lines of inquiry.
"It's possible the suspects had been either hanging about the area prior to the robbery, or indeed over the past few days, so if you did see anyone acting suspiciously, either in a car or not, then please get in touch with police."


Olympic skeleton champion Lizzy Yarnold says she may boycott the 2017 World Championships in Sochi following claims of Russian state-sponsored doping.

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The event will take place despite a World Anti-Doping Agency (Wada) commissioned report, which made the allegations, advising against the country hosting major sporting events.
Yarnold, who won gold in Sochi in 2014, said her sport was "by no means clean".
The Briton, 28, has returned to training after more than a year out.
A second Wada report from Canadian law professor and sports lawyer Dr Richard McLaren is due next month and is expected to clarify concerns about doping, specifically at the 2014 Winter Olympics.
"We've had these McLaren reports which have lots of allegations and I just hope that if people can be convicted of doping they should serve their time," Yarnold said.
"It's very important to me to compete in sport for the right reasons, to have sportsmanship and to be clean; to stand on the start line and to trust in the system - and at the moment the system just isn't up to it."
Asked whether she would compete in 2017 as it stands, Yarnold said: "At the moment I want to leave it open that I don't know whether I'm going to compete in Sochi."
The British Bobsleigh and Skeleton Association said it "fully supports clean sport" and wants all its athletes to compete on an "equal footing".
"We continue to seek reassurance from our international governing body, the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF)," the governing body added in a statement.
"As an organisation, we are in regular dialogue with UK Anti-Doping, the World Anti-Doping Agency and the IBSF and we await the publication of Professor Richard McLaren's second report, which is scheduled for December."
The first McLaren report, which was released in July 2016, stated that the programme in Russia was "planned and operated" from late 2011 - including the build-up to London 2012 - and continued through the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics until August 2015.
It looked into allegations made by the former head of Russia's national anti-doping laboratory.
Grigory Rodchenkov claimed he doped dozens of athletes before the 2014 Winter Olympics, which were held in Sochi.
But a statement released by the Kremlin criticised the report as "accusations against Russian athletes" based on the the testimony of "a person with a scandalous reputation".


Celebrity weddings appear to be everyone's business, regardless of whether the two people getting married actually want the world to see them tying the knot.

Jessica Chastain, who married earlier this month, had been intent on keeping prying eyes away.
But her ceremony was gatecrashed - by a helicopter and a long lens.
The photographs were widely shared, prompting the Oscar-nominated actress to ask fans to respect her privacy.
She tweeted: "I am going to ask you to please stop sharing the photos. Helicopters disregarded a no-fly zone and took those pics during the ceremony. Every time I see them I'm reminded of the insensitivity of that incident."
When George Clooney and his wife Amal married in 2014, they kept the press pack at bay by selling photographs to Hello! and People magazines, reportedly giving the fee to charity.
Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie did the same when they married a month earlier.
But what if, like Jessica, celebrities would rather not allow the world to see their private, personal day?
Celebrity wedding planner Lisa Vorce, who was behind John Legend and Chrissy Tiegen's wedding in 2013, says the paparazzi are "ruthless". She told us how she manages to keep the press where she wants them - at a distance.
It's not easy! You have to be incredibly stealthy about the process and unfortunately you have to operate from a "trust no-one" perspective.
Unfortunately - yes absolutely. It is very helpful (and necessary).
Guests are usually understanding and willing to do whatever it takes to help the wedding couple celebrate their big day in peace.
It can cause some stress (for example, guests might say, "what if my child needs to reach me?") but that is easily mitigated by having an emergency contact number (i.e. us) and phones on site for emergency calls out (under security supervision).
Aside from trying on the wedding gown, we are able to do the majority of the planning and production without the vendors having face-to-face contact with the client.
Because I specialise in destination weddings, that's typically our norm anyway - so it's not outside of our typical operations.
We use aliases for the clients on all vendor contracts, send videos of venues, sample floral mock-ups, etc. I don't want to disclose too many of our strategies - let's just say diversion techniques and non-disclosures are involved.
One image is better than none - but I think it's human nature for the public or fans to always be after more.
Yes - without exception.
Yes - the paparazzi are ruthless.
However, there's always a way to combat the intrusions. For example, at one of my celebrity weddings we had paparazzi in boats trying to capture images of the wedding.
Our security team disbursed our own boats to create choppy waves while flashing lights at the paparazzi cameras. They made it nearly impossible for the paparazzi to get a focused image.
We shelter the guests and clients from everything to the best of our ability. Our job is to take care of things before it impacts the client or the guest experience.
We plan for all scenarios, have counter-strategies in place, and have an incredible security team.
The nature of weddings are celebrations of love - there are grandmothers and family members and great friends who are so happy for the wedding couple - all of those positive, heartfelt emotions rise above press intrusion.
1) Stay off social media, and 2) Take a trip to a beautiful place where you don't want to get married and say you would love to get married there!
I most enjoyed that John and Chrissy trusted me and gave me artistic licence to design something that was a reflection of them.
Their wedding was full of joy, music, beauty, friends, and family - all things that are truly a part of their daily lives.
I remember one guest said to me: "This is the best day of my life, and it is not even my wedding!" That was a lovely testament to the joy of that day.
Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


Arctic sea-ice volume during the first two weeks of October was about 6,200 cubic km.

The number comes from Europe's Cryosat mission, which has just restarted its near-real-time data service.
It is slightly higher than for the same period in 2010, but 1,500 cu km below the 2013 high point seen by the space sensor, now in its sixth year in orbit.
A rapid data feed is aimed at those sectors that need to be aware of the position of the most robust floes.
These include shipping and oil and gas operations.
Users can get snapshots of the Arctic basin covering two days, two weeks or one month.
New data is added just a couple of days after being acquired by the spacecraft and its radar instrument.
Volume of Arctic autumn sea ice: First two weeks of October (average)
2010: 5,900 cubic km; 2011: 4,500 cu km; 2012: 4,600 cu km;
2013: 7,800 cu km; 2014: 6,800 cu km; 2015: 6,200 cu km
Cryosat first introduced the service in April, but then had to suspend it in May because its complex, three-dimensional measurement technique of sea-ice thickness does not work in the peak of the summer melt season.
Now, with the autumn freeze-up well under way, the observations can be made again.
But even though Cryosat cannot produce reliable numbers in July, August and September, its early October figure is still a useful gauge of what happened during the summer period.
And this year's Crysosat volume measurement agrees well with the assessment, published by other satellite teams, of the area, or extent, of sea ice. This is a plain two-dimensional measurement that is much easier to make from orbit, even in the warmest months.
It witnessed the floating pack decline to a minimum of 4.41 million sq km by mid-September - the fourth lowest extent in the satellite era.
"Similarly, our number for volume in early October is our fourth lowest, but you have to remember that with Cryosat we've only got six years of data, whereas for the extent measurement the satellite record goes back several decades," explained Rachel Tilling from the Nerc Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM) at University College London, UK.
Her CPOM colleague from Leeds University, Andy Shepherd, added: "Volume and extent seem to be tracking each other relatively closely of late, but going forward you might expect to see more variability in area than thickness, simply because natural variability from year to year can change quite quickly the amount of thin ice that is grown or melted in the Arctic."
Climate models forecast a general downward trend in sea-ice cover in the northern polar region as temperatures rise.
CPOM research has shown that floe volume correlates well with "melt degree days" - essentially, the number of days in a year when air temperatures are sufficiently warm to erode the ice.
And, at the moment, the long-term trend sees this index increasing by about a quarter of a day, year on year.
Cryosat is a mission of the European Space Agency.
It carries one of the highest-resolution synthetic aperture radars ever put in orbit.
The instrument sends down pulses of microwave energy that bounce off both the top of the Arctic sea ice and the water in the cracks, or leads, that separate the floes.
By measuring the difference in height between these two surfaces, it is possible to calculate a thickness based on the known fraction of floating ice that is normally submerged.
A map of thickness points can then be converted into a volume when combined with data on sea-ice extent.
The technique becomes problematic in summer months because melt water sitting on the tops of floes looks the same to the radar as the seawater in the leads.
How Cryosat measures sea-ice volume
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos


India beat Sri Lanka by an innings and 171 runs in Pallekele to complete their first whitewash in an overseas three-Test series.

Following on, Sri Lanka were bowled out for 181 on the third day as off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin took 4-68 and Mohammed Shami 3-32.
Niroshan Dickwella, who top-scored with 41, was one of only three Sri Lanka batsmen to pass 16.
India made 487 in their first innings before bowling Sri Lanka out for 135.
India won the first Test in Galle by 304 runs and the second in Colombo by an innings and 53 runs, which was their first victory by an innings in Sri Lanka.


Although tweets are a maximum of just 140 characters long, the impact of the social media website on journalism has been huge.

Lots of journalists now use Twitter as a newsgathering tool. It can be a great way to search for contributors, case studies and information on a story.
It is also a good way just to see what people are saying on a particular topic and can be used to broadcast your stories to a wider audience.
BBC News School Report uses Twitter to promote stories and news about the project, but we make sure we follow these guidelines:
Why not have a look at School Report's quiz on using Twitter safely as a journalist?
However, if you want to use Twitter as part of your journalistic research during the course of School Report you should think very carefully about safety issues and the age restrictions in place on Twitter.
Just like websites such as YouTube and Facebook, Twitter is aimed at people who are over 13. Within Twitter's pages on privacy is a section on their policy "towards children" which points out that "...our services are not directed to persons under 13... we do not knowingly collect personal information from children under 13".
Any use of Twitter or social media for School Report purposes should comply with your school's social media policy, and we strongly recommend it is done in a supervised capacity.
It is crucial that social media is used safely, especially by young people. For more guidance on using social networks safely see BBC Webwise's guide to staying safe on social networking sites.
You can also read  School Reporter's guide to staying safe online, with teenagers giving tips to their fellow teens on how to stay out of trouble.
And here are some simple tips to ensure you use Twitter safely - and remember that many of these tips apply to other social media websites too:
There is also more information available on these websites:
You can choose which other Twitter accounts you would like to follow. Depending on the stories you are working on, you might want to follow, for example, your local newspaper, your local council, your local football club or journalists who tend to cover these type of stories.
You can also create lists in Twitter to group together related accounts which can be a really useful way to manage lots of information coming in.
If, for example, you were reporting on a story about your local football club, you might want to follow the club's official account, an organised fans' group, supporters who blog about the team, footballers who play for the club, journalists who cover stories about the team and so on.
By creating a list, you can group all of these accounts together in one Twitter stream to make it easier to follow. Here are some step-by-step instructions to create lists.
You can search Twitter in a similar way to searching Google, Yahoo or other search engines and this can help you find out crucial information and even potential interviewees.
An advanced search can be a really good way of narrowing down the information that's coming in on a particular topic.
People often use hashtags to help their tweets get found by other Twitter users with an interest in a particular topic or event. So, for instance, during Prime Minister's Questions, journalists may compose a tweet about the exchanges and end with #pmqs which other people can then search for to bring all the tweets mentioning #pmqs together.
There's no hard and fast rule about what hashtags get used - try a bit of trial and error to see what people are using.
But it's vital that you treat Twitter just the same as any other source: just because something's on Twitter doesn't mean it's true!
Hoax accounts are common, and sometimes a Twitter user will pretend to be a famous person for the purposes of trying to arrange a face-to-face meeting. This is obviously dangerous and you should not allow yourself to be talked into a meeting with someone you do not know.
There are also parody accounts, where Twitter users pretend to be other people either for comedy or to catch out lazy journalists.
There have been a string of hoax stories circulating on Twitter, from made-up football transfer stories and political resignations to false reports of celebrity deaths. It's important to check out stories are genuine before you start reporting them.
At the BBC we normally want at least two sources for every story - that way you can be more confident that it's true. Use other non-Twitter sources to try to verify the story.
Twitter uses blue ticks to identify "official" accounts, especially for high-profile celebrities - but even some of these have proven to be hoaxes so use some common sense. Ask yourself: How many followers do they have? How much have they tweeted? When was the account set up? What is in their 'bio' section?
If an account claims to be, for example, your local MP but only has seven followers, has tweeted twice and was set up yesterday, alarm bells should be ringing!
This video on the BBC College of Journalism offers some more top tips on verifying stories, material and people you discover on Twitter.
Don't assume that you can just use material - videos, photos etc - that you come across via Twitter in your reports.
This guide from the BBC College of Journalism offers some more detailed advice about copyright issues and dealing fairly with people.
You should get consent from the person who posted the material before using it, and the same rules about privacy and taste and decency apply - don't use material that is unsuitable for your audience.
And think about the impact of using the material on the people involved. Is it fair to them to reuse it in a reporting context when this would not have been their original intention when they uploaded the material?
The BBC broadcasts breaking news and other stories on Twitter and individual productions - like School Report - also promote their stories and material via Twitter. Here are some useful handles: @BBCBreaking, @BBCSchoolReportand @BBCNewswhich will give you a good example of how the BBC does things on Twitter.
The BBC uses Twitter to broadcast headlines as a story breaks and provide links to further information which is available via the BBC News online site as more information becomes available.
If your school uses Twitter and has an account you may want to broadcast the headlines of your stories on the account - just like the BBC does. It's one way of getting your news seen by more people in your community who follow you.
It's also a way of getting people who are interested in the subject of your story to find out about it.
Imagine you were reporting on the possible closure of your local hospital. People who are interested in the future of the hospital may well search Twitter to see what the latest news is, so if you put the right terms - probably the name of the hospital in this instance - in your tweet, then your report will have more chance of being seen by a really engaged audience.
The key is to remember that BBC journalism values still apply: be accurate, fair and think about what your audience will find most interesting.
Think of the tweet as the headline to your story and apply the usual who, what, where, how and who rules.
Get a second pair of eyes from the teacher before sending anything.
And don't forget to include a link! There are URL-shortening websites such as bit.ly and TinyURL (many others are available, try an internet search for "URL shortener") which will ensure the link takes up fewer of your precious 140 characters!


Ollie Norburn marked his Macclesfield debut with a stunning volley as Torquay were beaten 2-0 at Moss Lane.

Norburn's sweet strike from outside the area gave Gulls goalkeeper Brendan Moore no chance as the ball flew into the top corner with 24 minutes on the clock.
Chris Holroyd confirmed victory on 65 minutes with a second memorable goal as his fierce strike went in off the crossbar.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Macclesfield Town 2, Torquay United 0.
Second Half ends, Macclesfield Town 2, Torquay United 0.
Substitution, Macclesfield Town. Paul Lewis replaces Jack Mackreth.
Courtney Richards (Torquay United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Substitution, Macclesfield Town. Neill Byrne replaces John McCombe.
Corner,  Macclesfield Town.
Substitution, Torquay United. Jamie Reid replaces Brett Williams.
Goal!  Macclesfield Town 2, Torquay United 0. Chris Holroyd (Macclesfield Town).
Substitution, Torquay United. Sam Chaney replaces Damon Lathrope.
Corner,  Macclesfield Town.
Corner,  Macclesfield Town.
Corner,  Macclesfield Town.
Brett Williams (Torquay United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Second Half begins Macclesfield Town 1, Torquay United 0.
First Half ends, Macclesfield Town 1, Torquay United 0.
Goal!  Macclesfield Town 1, Torquay United 0. Ollie Norburn (Macclesfield Town).
Corner,  Macclesfield Town.
Corner,  Macclesfield Town.
Corner,  Macclesfield Town.
First Half begins.
Lineups are announced and players are warming up.


Ex-Northern Ireland Secretary Lord Mandelson has accused Theresa Villiers of having "her fingers in her ears" over claims there would be no hardening of the Irish border after a Brexit.

Ms Villiers, the current Northern Ireland secretary, has said the existing border arrangements would continue much as they are if the UK left the EU.
People can move freely between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland due to the Common Travel Area (CTA).
It pre-dates the creation of the EU.
The CTA is an informal arrangement but a report by MPs on the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee said that in the event of a British exit from the EU (Brexit) the future of the CTA "would be put into question."
Legal evidence heard by the committee suggested that a continuation of the CTA would require agreement of other EU members.
Lord Mandelson said: "Theresa Villiers is not right about this.
"The thing about the Leave campaigners is they want us to take this dramatic step but every time some negative or undesirable consequence is pointed out they just wish it away.
"They put their fingers in their ears or their heads in the sand."
Ms Villiers has said there were "some risks" migrants could enter the UK illegally via an open Irish border but added that they could be dealt with by the authorities after they arrive.
The referendum will take place on 23 June.


American Lexi Thompson was left in tears after being handed a four-stroke penalty while leading the final round of the first major of the season - and then losing a play-off to Ryu So-yeon.

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She incorrectly replaced a marked ball in Saturday's third round - a TV viewer spotted the offence and told officials.
Thompson was leading the ANA Inspiration by two shots when told of the penalty after her 12th hole.
She birdied the 18th to force a play-off which Ryu won at the first hole.
Thompson, 22, had missed a 20-foot eagle putt on the last that would have given her a sensational victory at Mission Hills in California.
Thompson appeared to put a marker at the side of her ball on the 17th green before lifting it and replacing in front of the marker prior to a putt of less than two feet.
The LPGA said she "breached Rule 20-7c (Playing From Wrong Place), and received a two-stroke penalty. She incurred an additional two-stroke penalty under Rule 6-6d for returning an incorrect scorecard in round three."
Her five-under-par third-round 67 was changed to a 71.
"Is this a joke?" Thompson said after being informed by a rules official, before making birdies on three of the last six holes to force the play-off.
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"It is unfortunate with what happened, I did not mean that at all, I had no idea that I did it," Thompson later told the Golf Channel.
"I had to regroup myself, my caddie helped me out tremendously, we have a great relationship. I tried to gather myself and I made a great putt at 13.
"But it's all to the fans, they helped me get through the rest of the round and I thank them a lot.
"I learned a lot about myself and how much I have in me. I wasn't expecting what happened today to happen and I will learn from it."
South Korean Ryu was the beneficiary as she claimed a second major title after making a four in the play-off, but admitted her win did not feel right.
"I cannot believe the situation. I didn't even check the leaderboard, Lexi was playing so well. I didn't expect it," she said.
"It hurts me as well, it is a weird feeling but at the same time I am proud of myself."
The LPGA said in a statement: "On Sunday afternoon, the LPGA received an email from a television viewer that Lexi Thompson did not properly replace her ball prior to putting out on the 17th hole during Saturday's third round of the ANA Inspiration.
"She was immediately notified of the breach by LPGA Rules Committee in between holes 12 and 13 of the final round."
And LPGA Tour rules official Sue Witters, who had to break the news to a stunned Thompson, said she understood the outrage of fans but insisted no other option was available.
"What's my choice?" she said. "A violation in the rules and then it would be the opposite story: Oh, they knew, why didn't they do anything about it.
"I can't go to bed tonight knowing that I let a rule slide. You know, it's a hard thing to do, and it made me sick to be honest with you."
However, Bernard Gallacher, former captain of the Europe Ryder Cup team, told BBC Radio 4's Today programme "the LPGA had the power to dismiss that person (the TV viewer), they should have completely ignored it".
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Thompson was two shots clear of playing partner Suzann Pettersen on 16 under following the 12th hole - and was charging towards her second major championship.
She immediately dropped from 16 under to 12 under following the penalty ruling, but recovered from her tears on the 13th tee, to hole a 20ft birdie putt to move back into a share of the lead after Pettersen, bogeyed the hole.
Thompson continued to battle back and made birdie at the 15th to take a one-stroke lead with three-holes to play.
But she bogeyed the 16th as Ryu took the clubhouse lead at four under, with a birdie on 18 to card a bogey-free four-under-par 68.
Thompson arrived at the 18th hole one-stroke behind Ryu, needing eagle to win but her putt stopped inches from the hole and she tapped in for a 67.
Ryu then birdied the first play-off hole, the 18th, to complete her second major victory.
Norway's Pettersen signed for a 70 to finish in a three-way tie for third with Australia's Minjee Lee and Inbee Park of South Korea, who both shot three-under 69s.
American Michelle Wie also carded a 69 to finish sixth on 11 under, while New Zealand's world number one Lydia Ko was tied 11th on seven under.
England's Charley Hull closed with a level-par 72 for five under and compatriot Mel Reed's four-over 76 saw her finish on six over.
Golf is no stranger to controversy surrounding its rules.
At the 2016 US Open, eventual winner Dustin Johnson was forced to play his last seven holes knowing he had to review a possible rules infringement after the round.
Standing over his ball on the fifth green, Johnson made two practice putts. But as he prepared to address the ball to take his putt, it moved slightly.
The American was handed a one-shot penalty for making his ball move, despite being initially absolved of wrongdoing.
But unlike Thompson, he went on to claim his first major finishing three shots ahead of the field.
And Johnson also fell foul of the rules in 2010 when he missed out on a US PGA Championship play-off as a result of a violation.
Leading by one, Johnson was docked two shots for grounding his club in sand on the 18th hole. He thought it was wasteland but it was deemed to be a bunker.


Pope Francis has requested to chew coca leaves during his forthcoming visit to Bolivia, according to Bolivian Culture Minister Marko Machicao.

Coca, the raw ingredient for cocaine, has been used in the Andes for thousands of years to combat altitude sickness and as a mild stimulant.
Mr Machicao said the government offered the Pope coca tea and the pontiff had "specifically requested" to chew coca.
The Vatican has not yet commented. The Pope travels to Bolivia on 8 July.
Coca leaves were declared an illegal substance under the 1961 UN convention on narcotic drugs.
But the growing of coca leaves for religious and medicinal purposes is legal and licensed in Bolivia.
Many indigenous Bolivians consider the coca bush a sacred plant and chewing its leaves or brewing them into a tea is very popular.
Bolivia's 2009 constitution even declared the coca leaf "a cultural patrimony".
President Evo Morales, who used to be a coca grower, has long campaigned to decriminalise the consumption of coca leaves.
If the Pope were to chew coca leaves during his visit to the Andean country it would provide strong backing for Mr Morales's campaign.
"We will be awaiting the Holy Father with the sacred coca leaf," Mr Machicao said.
The Pope's visit to Bolivia is part of a larger tour of Latin American countries which will also take him to Ecuador and Paraguay.


If you are a tea connoisseur, here's some bad news: your morning cuppa of steaming Darjeeling tea may soon be difficult to get.

Famously called the "champagne of teas", it is grown in 87 gardens in the foothills of the Himalayas in Darjeeling in West Bengal state. Some of the bushes are as old as 150 years and were introduced to the region by a Scottish surgeon.
Half of the more than 8 million kg - 60% of it is certified organic - of this sought-after tea produced every year is exported, mainly to the UK, Europe and Japan. The tea tots up nearly $80m (Â£60m) in annual sales.
Darjeeling tea is also one of the world's most expensive - some of it has fetched prices of up to $850 (Â£647) per kg. The tea is also India's first Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) product.
Since June, Darjeeling has been hit by violent protests and prolonged strikes in support of a campaign by a local party demanding a separate state for the area's majority Nepali-speaking Gorkha community.
The upshot: some 100,000 workers - permanent and temporary - working in the gardens have halted work. Production has been severely hit. Only a third of last year's crop of 8.32 million kg had been harvested when work stopped in June. If the trouble continues, garden owners say they are staring at losses amounting to nearly $40m.
"This is the worst crisis we have ever faced. Future orders are being cancelled, and there is no fresh supply. Connoisseurs of Darjeeling may have to soon switch to other teas until the situation improves," Darjeeling Tea Association's principal advisor Sandeep Mukherjee told me.
The shutdown in the gardens couldn't have come at a worse time.
The harvesting season in Darjeeling extends to roughly a little over seven months - from March to October. It is also divided into four distinct seasons called "flushes".
The ongoing impasse came in the middle of the second - or summer flush - season which gives the tea an unique "muscatel" scent and accounts for half of the yearly crop and and 40% of annual sales. The separatist agitation in Darjeeling has disrupted life in the region since 1980s, but in the past the strikes usually happened during the lull between seasons.
Tea buyers are already feeling the crunch. In India, the tea is fast going off the shelves. Some supermarkets in Japan have said their stocks will run out by November if supplies don't resume. An importer in Germany says the tea runs the risk of becoming a "limited edition" beverage.
Even if the agitation is called off tomorrow and the workers return to the gardens, it will take more than a month to begin harvesting. The gardens have been idle for more than two months, and are full of weeds. Tea bushes have become "free growth plants", say owners. Workers have to clean and slash the bushes before they can begin plucking the leaves again.
Clearly, if the political impasse is resolved this month, the gardens of Darjeeling will be humming only next year - India is heading into a season of yearly festivals, marked by long holidays.
"For the moment, Darjeeling looks like becoming a limited edition tea all right," says Ashok Lohia, who owns 13 gardens in the region. "But I'd just request the connoisseurs to bear with us, and we promise to be back with the our very best quality soon". For the moment, tea drinkers may have to learn to live without their favourite brew.


A permanent memorial to British service personnel who died in Afghanistan is to be built at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire.

Prime Minister David Cameron made the announcement as he visited UK troops in Camp Bastion on Armed Forces Day.
The memorial will be paid for from fines imposed on banks that rigged inter-bank interest rates, he said.
Hundreds of celebrations are planned across the UK to celebrate the fifth national Armed Forces Day.
The day started with a volley of gun blasts at Nottingham Castle.
Armed Forces Day recognises the contribution made by service personnel past and present. Members of all three services take part.
Speaking from Britain's main base in Afghanistan, Mr Cameron said: "I think Armed Forces Day is an opportunity for the whole nation to say a very big thank you, but also to say how proud we are of our armed forces and everything they do for us.
"I can announce today we will be taking more money off the Libor fines and putting it into the military charities - including building a permanent memorial at the Staffordshire arboretum, so that we can always remember, and future generations can remember, those that fell and died here in Afghanistan."
The prime minister later flew to the capital of Pakistan, Islamabad, for talks with President Asif Ali Zardari.
The number of UK service personnel to have died since operations in Afghanistan began in 2001 is 444.
The existing memorial in Camp Bastion, which Mr Cameron visited during his time at the base, will be dismantled as troops leave next year and as much of it as possible will be used in the arboretum.
The memorial, which will receive funding of £300,000, will be built over the next 18 months and dedicated once combat operations in Afghanistan have ended.
The National Memorial Arboretum, near Lichfield, hosts more than 250 different memorials, including a number to the armed forces.
Mr Cameron also announced how an additional £2.5m from fines levied on banks for attempting to manipulate the Libor interest rate would be spent on helping the armed forces community.
The Warrior Programme for Veterans and Families will receive just over £930,000 to further their efforts to support veterans moving into civilian life. The Veterans Council Headquarters will get £500,000 to create a one-stop shop for the military community to access mental health, health and social care services. Veterans Aid has been awarded £160,000 to expand its substance abuse and mental health treatment programmes.
10:47 A Feu de joie (gun salute) from Nottingham Castle opened the day, followed by a parade through the city and a fly-past by the Red Arrows
11:00 A Typhoon fly-past took place across the city centre
13:00  The Royal Air Force Falcons Parachute Display team made a landing on the Victoria Embankment
13.50 The RAF Battle of Britain Memorial flights featuring a Dakota, Lancaster, Spitfire and Hurricane begins at the Embankment
17:40 The King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery perform a Musical Drive on the Embankment
During his visit Mr Cameron ate breakfast with British troops and was briefed about recent operations in Helmand, using a tactical map laid out in a sandpit.
He also took the controls of a bomb disposal robot, steering a Wheelbarrow robot using a remote control, and mimicked the action of launching a Desert Hawk 3 drone as he held the unmanned aerial vehicle.
Asked about efforts by the US to start talking to the Taliban, the prime minister said it was important to pursue  a political solution - as well as a security solution - in Afghanistan.
At a joint press conference with Afghan leader Hamid Karzai later Mr Cameron said the two nations had a "shared commitment to a strong partnership beyond 2014".
The prime minister said the British contribution in Afghanistan after 2014 would be an officer training academy. Combat troops, he said, would continue to leave the country, with none by the end of 2014.
Mr Cameron then flew on to Pakistan, but spoke of the relationship between the neighbouring countries while still in Afghanistan: "We have a very clear view which is that it's in Pakistan's short, medium and long-term interest to have a secure, stable and prosperous Afghanistan with which they have a good and strong relationship."
In the UK, this year's main Armed Forces Day event kicked off with a tri-service parade from Nottingham's castle to the Old Market Square, where a drumhead service will be attended by the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester.
The Red Arrows, the Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team, will fly over and, at the service's conclusion, current and historic craft from the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force will also fly past - including the RAF's latest multi-role fast jet, the Typhoon.
There will be Royal Navy and Royal Marines displays on the River Trent, and members of the RAF Falcons Parachute Display Team will land on Victoria Embankment.
The King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery will close the day in Nottingham.
Meanwhile, Labour leader Ed Miliband said the party would give military veterans guaranteed "special provision" in the health service and change the NHS constitution to enshrine those rights.
He tweeted: "Armed Forces Day is a day when we rightly commemorate the sacrifices, past & present, that our servicemen & women make to protect us."


X Men: Apocalypse has topped the UK box office chart for the second week in a row, holding off competition from Alice Through The Looking Glass.

The ninth instalment of the X Men film series took £2.54m on its second week of release.
Alice Through The Looking Glass, starring Johnny Depp and directed by James Bobin, took £2.23m debuted at number two.
Its predecessor, Alice in Wonderland, took £10.5m in its first week in 2010.
The UK chart mirrors the North American box office, which also saw Alice beaten into second place by X Men on Memorial Day weekend.
Angry Birds, the film based on the popular game, was the third most popular film in the UK, with takings of £919,000.
Jodie Foster's fourth film as a director, Money Monster, entered the UK box office chart at number four after taking £821,000 in its first weekend.
The movie stars George Clooney as a TV financial news presenter who is taken hostage by a gunman live on air.
Another new entry, Love and Friendship, starring Kate Beckinsale, enters at number eight, having taken £263,000 on its opening weekend.


Footie fans all over the country will be looking forward to the start of the Premier League on Friday.

But if you're not a traditional football fan, there are lots of words to wrap your head around if you want to understand what everybody is talking about.
Don't worry - Newsround has got you covered!
Added time - This is not to be confused with extra time, which is something different. Added time is time added on to the end of a match after 90 minutes to make up for periods when the match might have had to be stopped earlier on in the game for injury or substitutions. It is usually around three or four minutes.
Assistant referee - You might hear these people being called linesmen or lineswomen. They help the referee from the side of the pitch, and will alert the referee to things like a player being offside. They are the ones sidestepping up and down the side of the pitch with flags in their hand.
Away - If a team is playing away, they are not playing at their own ground.
Box - The box is the big rectangular area in front of the goal. If a defender commits a foul in the box, he may give away a penalty. It is also referred to as the penalty area or the 18-yard box. The goalkeeper is not allowed to touch the ball with his hands outside of this area. The D shape on the edge is called the Penalty Arc. It is an extra space for penalty kicks, only the attacking kicker and defending goalkeeper can be in it.
Champions League - This is the most important European football competition. The teams who finish in the top four in the Premier League will go on to compete in this famous competition.
Championship - This is the competition beneath the Premier League.
Corner - If a team sends the ball over its own back line (the line that the goal sits on), the opposition will win a corner. It is a good opportunity for them to score a goal, so teams don't want to give these away if they can help it.
Dugout - This is where managers, coaches and players who aren't on the pitch at the time, like substitutes, will sit to watch the match.
Extra time - For many matches, it's not a problem if it ends in a draw after 90 minutes is up. But in some matches, a winner will need to be decided - for example, in finals. When this happens, there will be extra time after 90 minutes. This usually takes the form of an extra mini-match, with two halves of 15 minutes each. If nobody wins during this time, it will go to a penalty shoot-out. You don't have extra time in Premier League matches.
Foul - If a player commits a foul, he does something that is against the rules of the game. For example, it might be a dangerous tackle. If the foul is bad enough, the player might find themselves getting a yellow or even a red card (don't worry, we'll come on to those later).
Free kick - A free kick may be awarded to a player if they have had a foul committed against them, especially if it has caused them to lose possession of the ball.
Goal area - This is the smaller box immediately in front of the goal, which is inside the 18-yard box. Goal kicks are taken from inside this area, which is also called the six-yard box.
Goal difference - If two teams are on the same number of points in a table, goal difference is used to decide who comes out on top. It is the difference between how many goals a team has scored and how many have been scored against them. The number of goals scored against a team is subtracted from the number of goals it has scored itself. The bigger the goal difference, the better.
Home - If a team is playing at home, they are playing at their own ground. This normally means that most of the people in the crowd will be supporting them.
Manager - The manager is the main person in charge of the football team. During matches, you will often see them shouting from the sidelines. Sometimes the person in charge is called the Head Coach.
Offside - The offside rule says that if a player kicks the ball up the pitch to his or her teammate, the teammate must have at least two people between them and the goal they are trying to score into - usually the goalkeeper and one defender. They can be level with the defender though. This stops strikers from goal-hanging. A player can only be offside if they interfere at all with what happens in the match. It's not against the rules just to stand in an offside position if you're not actually affecting anything. You also cannot be offside if you receive the ball directly from a goal kick, throw-in or corner. You also can't be offside if you're in your own half.
Penalty - A penalty is when a team get the chance to shoot at goal from the penalty spot, with nothing in between them and the goalkeeper (so no defenders). It is very likely that the player will score. A penalty will be awarded to a team if there is a foul made against them in the box.
Penalty shoot-out - A series of penalties are used to decide the winner of a match if there are no winners after extra time. Each team takes five penalties, in turn, to see who gets the highest score. If they still can't decide, then it goes to 'sudden death' and the first team to miss loses if the opposition score. They don't have them in the Premier League, but they do in some Champions League matches.
Possession - If a player is in possessionÂ¸ it means they have the ball. If a team is playing possession football, it means they are just keeping the ball and kicking it around between them, to stop the other team from getting it. Teams usually do this towards the end of a match if they are winning and want to waste time until the match finishes.
Promotion - The ultimate goal of any football team is to do well enough during a season that they get to move up into the competition above. This is getting promoted. If teams are in the Premier League, they cannot be promoted as the Premier League is the highest group you can be in. Towards the end of the season, all the fans will be talking about which teams are going to get promoted.
Red card - If a player receives a red card, they will be sent off the field. It may also stop them from playing in future matches. A player would receive a red card for seriously breaking the rules.
Referee - This is the person on the pitch who is in charge of overseeing the game. He or she will have a whistle and will be in charge of making decisions on the pitch about things like fouls. The referee has the final say on anything that goes on during the match. Clubs can ask for someone else to check red and yellow cards after the game, and sometimes if the referee doesn't see something during a game, a player can be punished later on.
Relegation - This is the opposite of promotion. Relegation is when a team does not do well enough during a season, so they are moved down to the competition below. They will have to spend the following season fighting to do well enough to be promoted back up again at the end of it.
Season - The season is the period during which the football league takes place. The season lasts from August until May.
Substitute - Substitutes are reserve players who do not start the match, but can be swapped on to the pitch for another player once play has started. Substitutes are used if a player on the pitch gets injured or perhaps the manager wants to bring someone off to rest. In the Premier League, teams can name seven people as substitutes for each game, but can only bring three of them on.
Tackle - A tackle is a move used by a player to try to win the ball off their opponent. There are rules about how players can tackle each other. If they do it in a dangerous way, they may find themselves being given a yellow or red card.
Throw-in - When the ball goes off the side of the pitch, the team who were the last to touch it concede a throw in. This means the other team get to throw the ball back into play. There are rules about the way the ball has to be thrown.
Transfer - A transfer is when a player moves to another team. During the year, there are two transfer windows - that means two periods during which players are allowed to register with new clubs. Transfer deadline day is the last day of a transfer window, and is always an exciting time as fans eagerly wait to see what deals will be done in time.
Yellow card - A player is given a yellow card if they are being warned following something that is against the rules. A yellow card isn't as bad as a red card, but if they receive multiple yellow cards, these can be turned into a red one, so any player who has been warned with a yellow card will want to be on their best behaviour.


Four people and three companies have been charged over the death of a woman who was crushed when a half-tonne window frame fell on her.

Amanda Telfer, 44, was killed when the 13ft-by-13ft window fell on her as she walked past a building in Mayfair, central London, in August 2012.
Three people are accused of manslaughter by gross negligence.
The criminal charges following an investigation by the Met Police and the Health and Safety Executive.
Members of the public lifted the frame off Ms Telfer, a lawyer, and tried to resuscitate her after the incident in Hanover Street, on 30 August 2012.
Ms Telfer, who worked for legal firm Keystone Law and was a volunteer for human rights charity Reprieve, died shortly afterwards.
The three accused of manslaughter by gross negligence, who are also accused of breaching general duty at work, are:
Steve Rogers, 61, of Sheering Mill Lane in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, is accused of breaching general duty at work.
Three companies will also appear in court for their alleged role in the death of Ms Telfer.
IS Europe, of Slough, Berkshire, Westgreen Construction, of Richmond, south-west London, and Drawn Metal, of Leeds, are accused of being employers who have breached a general duty of care to an employee and breaching a general duty of care to a non-employee.
They are due to appear at Westminster Magistrates' Court on 9 September.


A woman has been sentenced to 18 years in prison for the attempted murder of three people in a house fire in Canterbury.

Pearl D'Souza, 38, also known as Pearl Ivy Thomas, was sentenced at Canterbury Crown Court.
In September, she had pleaded guilty to three charges of attempted murder.
D'Souza had tried to take her own life, and those of three others, by ripping a gas pipe from the wall of her home and starting a fire in April 2014.
When fire crews arrived, they found the gas pipe behind the cooker in the kitchen had been disconnected and the gas had been ignited with a lighter.
She was one of four people taken to hospital suffering from burns and the effects of smoke inhalation after the fire at Keats Corner in Canterbury.
D'Souza was ordered to serve four years on extended licence after release from prison at the end of her sentence.
The judge described her as "wicked and utterly selfish".
Det Insp Janine Farrell, from Kent Police, said: 'Pearl D'Souza has been convicted of three attempted murders, but who can be sure of how many other potential victims were also put at risk by her deliberate and selfish actions?
'There is no doubt she intended to kill herself and the other occupants of the house that day when she ignited the gas with her lighter.
"It was only her lack of knowledge about the levels of gas required to cause an explosion that prevented fatalities in the house and in the neighbouring vicinity."


Scotland boss Gordon Strachan said his side's 1-0 Euro 2016 qualifying victory over the Republic of Ireland was "like a heavyweight boxing match" after Shaun Maloney got the winner at Celtic Park.

The win took them level with the Irish, three points behind leaders Poland.
"As a spectacle of pure football, it wasn't that great," he said. "But, as two groups of players not wanting to give an inch, it was mesmerising.
"There wasn't much football as such, but any chance they had they did that."
But the Scotland boss again played down suggestions that it had been a must-win game for his side, who are also level with Germany in Group D with seven points from four games.
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"I think I said earlier in the week there was one goal deciding all the games up until tonight outwith Gibraltar," he said. "It has happened again."
Asked whether he would now make changes for Tuesday's friendly against England, Strachan said: "I think so, because they put so much into that game.
"That was like one of those big heavyweight boxing matches.
"We've played in football games and believed in that and we've played in a more physical duel tonight and dealt with that as well."
Strachan credited coach Stuart McCall with the inspiration for Maloney's decisive goal.
"We are just fortunate Stuart came away with that set-play," he said. "It was a Stuart McCall goal."
Strachan said the move - a short corner, with Maloney playing the ball into the feet of Scott Brown, before scoring with a curled finish from the back-heeled return pass - was a variation of a set-piece used by McCall at Motherwell before he resigned from the Scottish Premiership club earlier this month.
"We can put on a set play, but you have to be able to finish and that's down to ability," he added in praise of Wigan Athletic midfielder Maloney's 75th-minute winner.
He added that he was delighted at the way Maloney and diminutive figures such as Steven Naismith and Ikechi Anya battled against the Irish.
"I have to say that our smaller guys, considering the height and power they were playing against, were very brave," he said.
"There wasn't much football as such, but any chance they had to do that they did. They were brave on and off the ball, the three behind the main strikers."
And he singled out midfielder Charlie Mulgrew for particular praise.
Celtic man Mulgrew missed Scotland's previous two games through suspension and injury but returned in place of James Morrison, sidelined by illness.
"Charlie was absolutely immense," said the manager. "Normally, you would come in and say what a game Scott Brown had, but Charlie's actually taken the mantle tonight and ably backed up by the people round about him. He was the best man on the pitch."


Two companies have been fined a total of £145,000 after a man was killed in a quarry in Northumberland.

Gary Ward, 43, died at Divet Hill Quarry on 19 February, 2009, after being trapped by a large stone crushing machine.
Quarry owners CEMEX UK and Mr Ward's employer, Ward Bros Plant Hire, admitted breaching the Health and Safety Act at Newcastle Crown Court.
Mr Ward was the nephew of Ward Bros' chairman.
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) prosecuted both firms after investigating Mr Ward's death.
The mechanical fitter, from Crook in County Durham, had gone underneath a conveyor belt on the large crusher to fix a fault when the machine moved and trapped him, the court heard.
He died from asphyxiation.
The HSE said a fault caused the machine to move and proper procedure was not followed before Mr Ward started the work.
Ward Bros, based in Langley Moor, County Durham, was fined £85,000 and ordered to pay £55,000 costs, while Surrey-based CEMEX UK was fined £60,000 with £37,500 costs to pay.
Speaking after the hearing, CEMEX UK said: "Our thoughts continue to be with the family and friends of Gary Ward.
"We have worked closely with the authorities and all learning points have been identified and addressed."
Ward Bros declined to comment after being contacted by the BBC.


Premiership leaders Crusaders produced an amazing comeback to beat derby rivals Cliftonville 4-3 after trailing by three goals with 25 minutes left.

David Cushley won it in injury-time as the champions stay five points clear.
Linfield's Jimmy Callacher struck late in a 2-1 win over Glentoran while Ballymena squandered a two-goal lead in a 2-2 draw with Coleraine.
Glenavon beat Portadown 1-0, Ards secured a 3-1 victory over Carrick and Ballinamallard defeated Dungannon 2-0.
Relive a thrilling day of Premiership action
It was going so well for Cliftonville - an impressive exhibition of passing, movement and finishing put them firmly in control.
Daniel Hughes poked home the opener and Jay Donnelly rifled into the top corner before Ruairi Harkin volleyed in his first goal for the Reds.
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Crusaders were on course for a first league defeat of the season but they showed the stuff of champions with a remarkable fightback.
Two Jordan Owens headers set up a tense finale and Michael Carvill equalised in the final minute before Cushley fired home deep in added time.
There was also derby drama at the Oval as Gary Haveron started his reign as Glentoran manager against old rivals Linfield.
Marcus Kane's own goal gave the Blues an early lead but a close-range Curtis Allen finish made it 1-1 after 55 minutes.
Linfield clinched victory thanks to Jimmy Callacher's bullet header with four minutes remaining and there was still time for Birney to be shown a straight red card after a bad challenge on Niall Quinn.
Third-placed Ballymena slipped up after Cathair Friel's double left them 2-0 ahead going into the 89th minute at Coleraine.
Jordan Allen bagged two goals in two minutes in late derby drama to earn the Bannsiders a point.
United remain third but Glenavon are just a point behind with Kevin Braniff's second-half goal ensuring a Mid-Ulster derby win over the Ports at Moureview Park.
Portadown played the second half with 10 men following the dismissal of defender Brendan Shannon for a tackle on Joel Cooper just before the break.
Martin Murray's penalty gave Carrick an early lead against Ards but the hosts levelled with Michael Ruddy's spot-kick before goals from Emmett Friars and Carl McComb.
Ards, who are up to fifth, claimed the points despite having Gareth Tommons sent off after 53 minutes.
Ballinamallard are moving towards mid-table territory after James McKenna's strike and Adam Lecky penalty saw off the Swifts challenge at Ferney Park.


About 13 million pages of declassified documents from the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) have been released online.

The records include UFO sightings and psychic experiments from the Stargate programme, which has long been of interest to conspiracy theorists.
The move came after lengthy efforts from freedom of information advocates and a lawsuit against the CIA.
The full archive is made up of almost 800,000 files.
They had previously only been accessible at the National Archives in Maryland.
The trove includes the papers of Henry Kissinger, who served as secretary of state under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, as well as several hundred thousand pages of intelligence analysis and science research and development.
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Among the more unusual records are documents from the Stargate Project, which dealt with psychic powers and extrasensory perception.
Those include records of testing on celebrity psychic Uri Geller in 1973, when he was already a well-established performer.
Memos detail how Mr Geller was able to partly replicate pictures drawn in another room with varying - but sometimes precise - accuracy, leading the researchers to write that he "demonstrated his paranormal perceptual ability in a convincing and unambiguous manner".
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Other unusual records include a collection of reports on flying saucers, and the recipes for invisible ink.
While much of the information has been technically publicly available since the mid-1990s, it has been very difficult to access.
The records were only available on four physical computers located in the back of a library at the National Archives in Maryland, between 09:00 and 16:30 each day.
A non-profit freedom of information group, MuckRock, sued the CIA to force it to upload the collection, in a process which took more than two years.
At the same time, journalist Mike Best crowd-funded more than $15,000 to visit the archives to print out and then publicly upload the records, one by one, to apply pressure to the CIA.
"By printing out and scanning the documents at CIA expense, I was able to begin making them freely available to the public and to give the agency a financial incentive to simply put the database online," Best wrote in a blog post.
In November, the CIA announced it would publish the material, and the entire declassified CREST archive is now available on the CIA Library website.


Adults in France are about to vote on who they want to be their next president.

21 April 2017 Last updated at 12:58 BST
This is the person who makes important decisions in their country.
There are 11 people who want the job.
But there is one candidate in particular, Marine Le Pen, leader of the party Front National, that many people have been talking about.
Martin has been looking into why people have very different opinions about her.


The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim has won three prizes at this year's Golden Joystick Awards.

The role-playing game picked up ultimate game of the year as well as top gaming moment for its Throat of the World scene and best RPG.
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim beat the likes of Modern Warfare 3, Diablo 3 and Mass Effect 3 to the top prize.
The winners are all voted for by gamers with the event celebrating its 30th anniversary this year.
"The awards have been bigger and better than ever, a fitting tribute to a games industry in rude health," said James Kick from the Golden Joysticks.
"This year voting doubled on our previous world record, smashing four million votes from international gamers keen to make their voice heard.
"Today's winners represent the best of the best. Here's to 30 more years of the Joysticks."
Other winners included Batman Arkham City (Action/adventure), Battlefield 3 (shooter), Angry Birds Space (mobile/tablet) and Forza 4 (racing).
Grand Theft Auto 5, which is due to be released soon, won in the "one to watch" category.
EA Sports' Fifa won the outstanding contribution award.
The awards, which took place in central London, were hosted by comedian and gamer Ed Byrne.
A robot controlled by Stephen Fry presented the best hand-held game award to Sony Computer Entertainment for Uncharted: Golden Abyss.
Footage from two forthcoming games, from the Hitman and Metro series, was also shown.


South Africa has denied paying a $10m bribe to secure the 2010 World Cup, in the wake of a US inquiry into corruption at world football body Fifa.

Sports Minister Fikile Mbalula said the money in question was above board and intended to support football in the African diaspora in the Caribbean.
The Fifa scandal erupted last week when US prosecutors indicted 14 people.
On Tuesday, president Sepp Blatter said he was to step down, just days after he had been re-elected.
Of the 14 indicted by the US on charges of racketeering and money laundering, seven were senior Fifa officials, including two vice-presidents. The seven were arrested in Switzerland as they awaited the Fifa congress and are currently awaiting extradition to the US.
The US justice department alleges the 14 accepted bribes and kickbacks estimated at more than $150m (Â£97m) over a 24-year period.
US officials quoted in the New York Times also said on Tuesday that Mr Blatter, 79, was under investigation as part of the inquiry. They said they hoped some of the Fifa figures charged would help to build a case against him.
US officials allege South Africa paid a $10m bribe in exchange for support for its 2010 World Cup bid from former Fifa vice-president Jack Warner and several other members of the North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (Concacaf).
But in a press conference on Wednesday, Mr Mbalula said South Africa "categorically denied" the allegation, adding that the money went towards an approved programme.
How Fifa makes and spends its money
"We refuse to be caught up in a battle of the United States authorities and Fifa," he said, adding that South Africa would cooperate with the US investigation.
Separately, Interpol issued a wanted persons alert for two former Fifa officials, including Jack Warner, as well as four corporate executives.  All six were on the list of US indictments last week.
Announcing his resignation on Tuesday, Sepp Blatter said it appeared the mandate he had been given in last Friday's Fifa vote "does not seem to be supported by everyone in the world".
He said he would continue in his post until an extraordinary congress was called to elect a new president.
No dates have been set, but it is expected to take place between December 2015 and March 2016.
Analysis: Richard Conway, BBC Sport, Zurich
Sepp Blatter's key advisers cut dejected figures last night as their boss announced he was stepping aside.
The air of despondency in Zurich contrasts sharply with that in the rest of Europe. English Football Association chairman Greg Dyke and others who have pushed for reform rejoiced at the news that the man who has controlled Fifa with an iron grip since 1998 was finally going.
The question now turns to who will replace Sepp Blatter. What sort of Fifa will the winner inherit if the promised radical reforms take place? What next for the World Cup hosts Russia and Qatar?
Unless the electoral process changes dramatically Asian and African countries will once again be the power brokers.
Given anti-European sentiments amongst many nations in those continents the winner will need to be acceptable to all sides.
With Prince Ali of Jordan backed by Uefa, could he now return and claim the Fifa crown he was denied by Sepp Blatter last Friday?
Why did Sepp Blatter go now?
Resignation speech in full
Reaction from footballing world
How would Fifa officials be extradited?
Mr Blatter was back in his office at Fifa headquarters in Zurich on Wednesday, the BBC understands.
His daughter, Corinne Blatter-Andenmatten, is quoted by Swiss Daily Blick (in German) as saying her father's decision "has nothing, absolutely nothing, to do with the allegations going around".
A separate criminal investigation by Swiss authorities into how the 2018 and 2022 World Cups were allocated is also under way.
Australian football chief Frank Lowy said in an open letter on Wednesday that the race to win the 2022 bid, which was awarded to Qatar, was "not clean" and that he had shared what he knew with the authorities.
How has Fifa changed the game of football you play and watch? What are the good and bad things that have happened under Sepp Blatter? Email haveyoursay@bbc.co.uk with your stories.
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Six thousand patients in Brighton have been left trying to find a new doctor after talks to safeguard the future of their surgery broke down.

The Eaton Place surgery closed its doors for the last time at lunchtime because its two partners are retiring.
Local Conservative MP Simon Kirby, who had campaigned for it to remain open, said he was very disappointed.
NHS England said patients would be able to register with other nearby practices at a drop-in event next week.
At least half the patients have already registered with one of the 13 surgeries closest to Eaton Place.
NHS England has offered the surgeries a payment of Â£25 per head for every patient they take.
Mr Kirby, the MP for Brighton Kemptown and Peacehaven, had hoped another GP would take on the practice and said discussions had been so advanced that the recruitment process for new staff had already begun.
"It is particularly saddening that the final discussions between these various groups have not been successful," he said.
Patients wishing to register with another GP can visit the Wellsbourne Health Centre, in Whitehawk, on 4 March between 10:00 and 14:00 GMT.


General Motors chief executive Mary Barra has apologised for an ignition switch fault in some cars linked to at least a dozen deaths in road crashes.

At a US congressional hearing on Tuesday, she also said she was "disturbed" by the company's previous comments about the high cost of replacing the defective parts.
General Motors (GM) has so far recalled 2.6m cars because of the defect.
But it has been criticised for taking too long to do so.
Faults with ignition switches in some GM models, including the Chevrolet Cobalt and Saturn Ion, were first reported more than 10 years ago.
But the company only began recalling vehicles in February this year, a month after Ms Barra took over as chief executive.
"I cannot tell you why it took years for a safety defect to be announced... but I can tell you that we will find out," said Ms Barra, testifying before a US House of Representatives panel investigating the issue.
"As soon as l learned about the problem, we acted without hesitation. We told the world we had a problem that needed to be fixed.
"We did so because whatever mistakes were made in the past, we will not shirk from our responsibilities now and in the future. Today's GM will do the right thing.
"That begins with my sincere apologies to everyone who has been affected by this recall, especially to the families and friends of those who lost their lives or were injured.
"I am deeply sorry."
Ms Barra said she found it "disturbing" that cost considerations may have discouraged an immediate replacement of the faulty switches.
The chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, Republican Fred Upton, told Ms Barra: "With a two-tonne piece of high-velocity machinery, there is zero margin for error; product safety is a life or death issue.
"But sadly, vehicle safety has fallen short."
GM's initial recall affected 1.6 million cars made before 2007, and last week the company announced it would also cover more than 800,000 made from 2008-11.
At issue is a flaw in the manufacture of the ignition switch that causes the key to shift on its own from the "run" position to the "accessory" or "off position", even while the car is at full speed.
GM has launched an internal investigation into the matter, and last month created a new senior post to oversee vehicle safety and recalls.
And in the first hint that victims may be compensated, Ms Barra said GM would bring in consultant Kenneth Feinberg to help the company plan what to do "for those who suffered the most from this tragedy".
Mr Feinberg handled compensation issues related to the attacks in the US on 11 September 2001, the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and last year's Boston Marathon bombing.
On Monday GM announced a separate recall of more than 1.3 million vehicles because of an electronic power steering threat which, it said, "could increase the risk of a crash".


At least 50 people are reported to have been killed in north-eastern Nigeria in a gun and bomb attack by suspected Boko Haram militants.

Pictures from the village of Dalori show burned-out buildings and charred livestock.
Fires from the burning village could be seen in the the city of Maiduguri, nearly 10km (six miles) away.
One witness reported hearing the screams of children as huts were set on fire.
Other survivors say the shooting on Saturday evening continued for hours and left barely any parts of the village untouched.
Residents said at least 50 people were killed, although a Reuters reporter counted 65 bodies at a hospital morgue.
Witnesses said the attackers arrived on motorbikes and in lorries and were wearing military uniforms, Nigerian media reported.
Survivor Alamin Bakura told the Associated Press that he hid in a tree as the attackers struck on Saturday evening.
He said he saw militants firebomb huts and heard the screams of children as people were burned to death. He said several members of his family were among those killed or wounded.
Boko Haram has also been blamed for deadly bomb attacks in neighbouring Chad on Sunday.
At least three people were killed and dozens wounded when two suicide bombers struck two locations near Lake Chad, officials said.
Boko Haram's Islamist insurgency has claimed thousands of lives and displaced more than two million people over the past six years.
Recent attacks have involved suicide bombers targeting civilians in Nigeria's north-east and across the border in northern Cameroon.
Cameroon is part of a regional coalition fighting the group, along with Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Benin.
Why Boko Haram remains a threat


An Edwardian woman who helped to build the world's first purpose-built motor circuit and went on to race on it, is the focus of an exhibition in Surrey.

Dame Ethel Locke King took over supervision of the Brooklands track when construction was affected by debts and her husband's stress.
The daughter of the governor of Tasmania went on to come second in the first ladies' race in 1908.
Brooklands Museum assistant curator Abi Wilson said Dame Ethel was "pivotal".
A member of the wealthy Gore-Brown family, Dame Ethel stepped in after the stress of the project affected the health of her husband, Hugh Locke King.
Her family also lent money to pay off debts racked up from the work.
Ms Wilson said: "You think of her as your classic society lady, but actually she's just this incredible woman.
"She actually was really pivotal in having the track constructed - we always think of it as being something that her husband Hugh did, but he suffered from quite delicate health, and there were some severe financial strains.
"She took over signing all the letters, making all the decisions - a really sort of forceful woman but also very vibrant and generous, from all accounts."
Construction of the track started in about 1906, although experts are unable to pinpoint the exact date, and it opened on 17 June 1907.
Ethel and Hugh Locke King led the opening parade in their Itala car - which Dame Ethel raced in the Ladies' Silver Bracelet Handicap event a year later.
"They weren't really fans of women racing, they sort of let them have a go," Ms Wilson said.
"It was a long time until they raced against men on equal terms."
The exhibition also looks at Dame Ethel's work during World War One as assistant county director for the Red Cross, for which she established up to 15 military hospitals.


A Lincolnshire council has said it is seeking compensation over delays to a new leisure centre.

The £12m Meridian Leisure Centre in Louth opened in February 2010 after being delayed by contractor UCS Civils going into administration.
East Lindsey District Council now wants a £300,000 bond to be paid out to cover extra costs it incurred.
Officials said they were in a "constructive dialogue" with insurers but could not give a timescale.
The £300,000 bond was put in the original contract in case the contractor could not complete its part of the work.
The project was approaching completion when UCS Civils went out of business in November 2009.
The council said subsequent delays and the expense of finding new builders means the bond should be paid out.
Council chief executive Nigel Howells said: "We think we have incurred costs of that sort of order.
"So we are pursuing this and like most insurance companies, they are looking closely at it and we are in a constructive dialogue with them to get at the money."


Martyn Williams admits he will avoid a "painful" experience when he wins his 100th cap for Wales against the Barbarians on Saturday.

The flanker, 36, has been recalled for bench duty and been guaranteed an appearance against the invitation club.
He said: "When you're in my position and you get into the 90s that is your goal and to have come up one short would have been pretty painful."
Williams also backs Wales awarding caps against the Baa-Baas.
The fact that Wales are the only country to do so led to Williams making his debut against them in August, 1996.
The flanker has been recalled for bench duty, with Ospreys' Justin Tipuric starting in the number seven shirt.
Saturday, 2 June: Wales v Barbarians (Millennium Stadium, 14:00 BST)
Saturday, 9 June: Australia v Wales (Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane; 11:00 BST)
Tuesday, 12 June: Brumbies v Wales (Canberra Stadium, Canberra; 10:30 BST)
Saturday, 16 June: Australia v Wales (Etihad Stadium, Melbourne; 11:00 BST)
Saturday, 23 June: Australia v Wales (Aussie Stadium, Sydney; 0600 BST)
That has come about because Wales have sent an advance guard of front-line players to Australia to acclimatise ahead of their first tour Test in Brisbane on Saturday, 9 June.
Last weekend at Twickenham, an England XV beat the invitational side and on Tuesday, at Gloucester's Kingsholm, the Baa-Baas narrowly beat Ireland.
Because of the circumstances Williams says winning a cap against the Barbarians feels as special as every other he has won.
The British and Irish Lion said: "We're all aware of the argument about should caps be awarded against the Barbarians.
"I've been fortunate, I got my first against them and I'll get my 100th so this will feel to me as special as any other cap I've got.
"So at the end of the day you're being picked for your country in your national stadium and to represent your country, so I think it's fully justifiable to give caps.
"There's a few guys winning their first caps as well and they'll remember the day for the rest of their lives.
"I can understand why people make that argument, but we look at it on the positive side on this side of the fence."
Williams was on the winning side when Wales met the Barbarians in 2011 in a dramatic 31-28 win over his own nation.
I got my first against the Barbarians and I'll get my 100th so this will feel to me as special as any other cap I've got
That was Williams' only match at that level since Wales' November 2010 Tests and was followed by a 99th cap against Argentina in August 2011, as Wales completed their build-up for the 2011 World Cup.
He was left out of the tournament squad and failed to win favour for the 2012 Six Nations, in which Sam Warburton's injury paved the way for Tipuric to make his mark.
When Tipuric was also injured during the Six Nations, Scarlet Aaron Shingler made his debut at open-side having built his reputation elsewhere in the back five.
Those Wales open-side preferences have left Williams on the sidelines for their last 13 Tests.
Earlier in his career he was overlooked in favour of Brett Sinkinson, a New Zealander who won 20 caps under Graham Henry while playing for Neath.
Sinkinson won 15 of those caps before being ruled ineligible for Wales amid the Grannygate scandal that broke in 2000, and five more after he later qualified for Wales on residency grounds.
But Williams is not bitter about those lost opportunities.
He said: "I keep reminding people about that when they wind me up about being stuck on 99 caps, but that's the way it was then.
"I've got no bitterness towards towards that.
"I loved my time when I was with Graham when he was coaching over here.
"I learned so much from him and learned so much from Brett as well when he came in.
"So who's to say I would have been picked anyway if Brett wasn't?
"There were a lot of guys like Kingsley Jones, Jason Forster, Ian Boobyer - a lot of good sevens around at the time."


A 36-year-old woman has died after she was found with neck injuries following an assault on Thursday.

Police are treating the attack on Canvey Island, Essex, as murder and have issued a photo of a man they "urgently need to speak to".
Anthony Ayres, 48, is described as 5ft tall, white, and of medium build. Officers warned the public not to approach him and instead to dial 999.
The attack in Fairlop Avenue was reported at 16:55 GMT.
Follow live updates on this story and other news in Essex
The injured woman was taken to Royal London Hospital for treatment, but was declared dead later.
The scene of the attack was sealed off for forensic examination.
Police say they are now carrying out house-to-house inquiries.


An independent watchdog has warned that the UK's aid programme in Libya could be harming vulnerable migrants.

About Â£9m is spent providing water and sanitation for refugees in detention centres, training Libya's coastguard, and helping migrants return home.
But the Independent Commission for Aid Impact says that support could be leading to more migrants being detained and denied a right to asylum.
The government said any such risks around aid had been considered.
It added that it protected migrants' human rights and improved their conditions.
Libya is the main departure point for migrants attempting the sea crossing to Europe and is home to up to one million migrants and refugees, according to ICAI.
All those detained by the Libyan government, including those rescued at sea, are held in often overcrowded detention centres where they risk being abused.
The report by the ICAI, which monitors UK aid spending, said there were concerns about the risk that British aid was contributing to a system that prevents refugees from reaching a place of safe asylum.
It also warned that the risk that UK aid could cause "unintended harm" to vulnerable migrants or prevent them from reaching a place of safety had not been adequately assessed.
A government spokesman said: "Cross-government efforts are tackling the root causes of migration by building opportunity and stability for people in their home regions so they don't need to make the perilous journey across the Mediterranean.
"We're also getting help to vulnerable migrants who have already started their treacherous journey."
He added that UK vessels had saved more than 13,000 lives in the Mediterranean Sea since May 2015.


Usually, politicians like independent inquiries - they use them to outsource and delay difficult decisions.

The risk, of course, is that they lose control.
And Sir John Chilcot has used every bit of his independence to defy the body politic and take his time over a report that many wanted published earlier.
Commons Speaker John Bercow spoke for many at Westminster earlier, when he told MPs: "Sir John should be aware that there is a very real sense of anger and frustration across the whole House at what seems a substantial disservice that has been done."
But that raises questions about what this inquiry is for.
If it's to provide closure for the families of the fallen, then it has so far failed in that task.
If it is to learn lessons, well, they are likely to be learned too late to inform any decision about military action in, say, Syria.
But if the inquiry is designed to find out what happened and hold people to account, then there is an argument for taking the time to get it right.
After all, the Saville inquiry into Bloody Sunday, a single incident, took 12 years compared to Chilcot's seven year study into the causes and consequences of an entire war.
Senior Tory MP Bernard Jenkin has some sympathy for Sir John.
"He has been heroic in the way he's resisted public pressure," he said.
"He's been resisting pressure from some of the witnesses.
"I thought the criticism levelled by Clare Short earlier this year was absolutely out of order, I think it's out of order for the former prime minister, Tony Blair, to be issuing his, sort of, "prebuttal" denials in advance of the publication of the report."
Yet public inquiries don't have to take this long.
The inquiry into the Hillsborough tragedy took less than three years, the Franks inquiry into the Falklands conflict took just six months.
And William Shakespeare managed to encompass the whole of life in a corpus of fewer words than the two million Sir John has ground out.
Yet those words will matter.
Many people have made up their minds about the Iraq war but others still want to know the reasons for what happened.
British servicemen and women spent six years fighting in those deserts. Sir John Chilcot is taking a little longer to explain why.


A bridge that partially collapsed on to railway tracks is to reopen to traffic next month.

The collapse, in Barrow-upon-Soar in Leicestershire on 1 August, caused severe disruption for rail passengers heading to and from London.
It reopened to pedestrians three weeks later but required further work before being deemed safe enough for vehicles.
Network Rail said it had been a "huge project" to repair the bridge which is due to reopen on 27 March.
The firm said the work involved removing 200 tonnes of debris, restoring the brick parapet wall, reconnecting gas and water mains and resurfacing the road.
Area director Gary Walsh said: "Work to repair old bridges such as this one are complicated and can run into unforeseen challenges."
Further repairs will be carried out on the bridge later in the year.


Nineteen people died around the Welsh coast in 2014, latest figures show.

The RNLI lifeboat charity said more than two-thirds of those had not set out to enter the water. Across the UK, 163 people died.
It was also revealed crews and lifeguards saved 84 lives last year.
The charity is launching its national drowning prevention campaign, Respect the Water, warning people that water can be "dangerously unpredictable".
Figures also showed men accounted for nearly three-quarters of the water-related deaths.
The campaign to raise awareness in Wales is being launched by Jerome Kirby, from Cardiff, who got into trouble in the water while body boarding at Rest Bay in Porthcawl, Bridgend county.
The 27-year-old drifted out of his depth and was struggling to swim against the current for about 20 minutes when RNLI volunteer Chris Page spotted him and swam out to keep him afloat until he could be rescued.
Mr Kirby said: "It just happened so easily in what seemed to be a safe place.
"I can't stress how easy it is to get into trouble. One minute I was absolutely fine and could see people around me, the next I was out of my depth, drifting into danger and not able to get back."
Mr Page said Mr Kirby appeared to be in "a lot of difficulty".
"Always go into the sea with someone or ensure someone can see you at all times," he said.
"What happened to Jerome shows the unpredictable nature of the water. Thankfully, my story had a happy ending."


German Chancellor Angela Merkel's party easily won a state election in Saarland, which was closely watched ahead of September's national vote.

Her centre-right Christian Democrats (CDU) took 40.7%, comfortably seeing off a challenge by the Social Democrats (SPD), who secured 29.6%.
Mrs Merkel is hoping for a fourth term as chancellor but is under pressure.
The centre-left SPD has seen a recent surge in popularity under new leader Martin Schulz.
Saarland - a small south-western state with one million inhabitants - is currently governed by a coalition of the CDU and SPD as junior partner, mirroring the national government.
The outcome of Sunday's election in Saarland was being watched for signs of voter sentiment ahead of the 24 September general election.
A Deutschlandtrend poll for national TV on 24 March suggested the CDU and the SPD were on level pegging nationally, but that voters favoured Mr Schulz to lead the next government in Berlin.
The former president of the European Parliament took up the post as leader of the SPD in January. He is credited with a revival in popular support for his party.
In Saarland, a recent survey indicated a narrow lead for the CDU, but there had been predictions that a coalition between the SPD, the far-left Linke and the environmentalist Greens may emerge.
However, Mrs Merkel's party's succeeded in growing its vote - up to 40.7% from 35.2% in the last election in 2012.
Meanwhile, the SPD's vote went down slightly from 30.6% and the Greens failed to reach the 5% threshold to enter the state assembly.
However, the populist right-wing Alternative for Germany (AfD), which has played on dissatisfaction with Mrs Merkel's policy on immigration, did succeed in winning seats in the Saarland legislature with 6.2% of the vote.
The state contest saw Saarland's premier, 54-year-old Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, go up against her deputy in the regional government, the SPD's Anke Rehlinger, 40.
Mrs Rehlinger, a trained lawyer, has governed alongside Mrs Kramp-Karrenbauer since 2014. She holds the state record in shotput, 16.03m, and was a youth champion in discus.
Mrs Kramp-Karrenbauer has been prime minister of Saarland since 2011.
Saarland, a mainly Catholic state bordering Luxembourg and France, has sought to transform itself into a magnet for hi-tech industry after the decline of coal mining.
The CDU has governed there since 1998.
State elections are due to be held in Schleswig-Holstein and North Rhine-Westphalia before September's general election.


A footbridge is to be constructed to reunite a North Yorkshire town divided after its main road bridge collapsed during flooding.

Initial plans to bridge the River Wharfe in Tadcaster resulted in a stalemate after a local landowner refused permission.
The county council said an alternative option had been found using land owned by the town and district councils.
The authority said it hoped the bridge would be in place "within weeks".
The 18th Century road bridge is expected to take up to 12-months to repair at a cost of £3m.
The government had offered the county council an additional £300,000 towards the cost of a temporary footbridge to help reunite the town whilst the repairs are carried out.
Samuel Smiths' brewery, which owned the site originally chosen, refused permission over concerns pressure might be exerted for the temporary bridge to remain after the road bridge was reopened.
The county council said a new agreement had been reached between it, the town council, Selby district council and the town's football club, Tadcaster Albion.
The bridge will be accessed from Selby District Council's car park on the east side of the river and lead on to land owned by the town council on the west side.
The access path will lead through Tadcaster Albion's car park, which will provide a disabled access route.
There is an alternative route directly onto Bridge Street for the more able bodied.
The authority said it was grateful to the football club for its' help and would be making "every effort to get the footbridge installed as quickly as possible."
The town's MP, Nigel Adams, who had raised the issue with the prime minister on Tuesday, said he was delighted a solution had been found.