More than 150 skiers have been rescued after hours trapped in cable cars in the Italian Alps, officials say.

The 153 skiers were stuck on the slopes of the Cervinia resort for seven hours on Saturday after wires carrying the cabins became tangled in strong winds.
The cars stopped at an altitude of more than 2,500m (8,366ft), and the rescue ended just before midnight.
No cases of hypothermia were reported during the incident in the Aosta Valley, near the French border.
"Luckily the wind wasn't too cold... everything is under control," Adriano Favre, the head of the local rescue teams, was quoted as saying by the AFP news agency.
Television pictures of the rescue showed the skiers using wires to slide down the cable to the ground.
In September, more than 30 tourists spent a cold night trapped in several cable cars high above the French Alps.
They were eventually freed after rescuers managed to restart the cabins by relaxing the tension of tangled cables.


World number one Angelique Kerber said she was "really surprised" her Wimbledon match was put on court two as Monday's scheduling faced criticism.

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Only two of the six last-16 ties on the two show courts were women's singles matches.
"I was looking forward to playing on one of the two big courts," Kerber said after her defeat by Garbine Muguruza.
"Maybe I will talk to them. This is not my decision at the end. It's the decision from all the others."
Meanwhile, French Open champion Jelena Ostapenko, 20, also queried the scheduling of her match against Elina Svitolina on one of the outside courts.
Asked if she was surprised, she said: "I mean, yes. Also, Elina is number four in the world. I think our match was a very interesting match for the people to watch. But I thought we would play on a bigger court."
World number one Andy Murray, Roger Federer and Venus Williams were given Centre Court for their last-16 matches with British women's number one Johanna Konta and former men's champions Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic on Court One.
Wimbledon chief Richard Lewis stated the schedule was based on fans' demand.
"I wouldn't say it's favouritism. I would say it's taking the marquee matches," he said.
Find out how to get into tennis in our special guide.
"It's not about male or female, in the end it's about which matches you feel the public and broadcasters want to see."
Speaking on BBC Radio 5 live, three-time champion Chris Evert questioned the lack of "equal representation".
"I think all women would like to see three of each to go along with the equal prize money," said the American.
"Fortunately for men's tennis and unfortunately for women's tennis this year the top four men are of very high marquee value, and it's hard to say that Djokovic should be on court two.
"But then I wonder about that argument because in the past there have been years when the women have been more attractive to watch, been bigger names, and they've still gone with the four men and two women."


Burton Albion's Ben Turner has lost his appeal against a Football Association racial abuse charge and will miss the first five games of next season.

Turner was charged after an incident involving Brentford's Nico Yennaris in the Championship match in December.
An independent panel found the 29-year-old defender guilty as his language "included a reference to ethnic origin and/or race and/or nationality".
Tuner will have to attend an education course and pay an £8,000 fine.
He had "strongly denied" the charge and the club were "extremely disappointed" by the commission's original decision.


Northern Ireland's tourism industry saw a rise in visitors and spending during the period that covered last summer.

Official figures for the year to September 2014 showed spending rose by 3% to £756m with trip numbers up 2% to 4.3m.
However, when trips and spending by NI residents were stripped out there was no significant growth.
Spending by non-NI residents actually slipped slightly from £521m to £519m over the year.
The Stormont Executive has targeted tourism as a growth industry that should be delivering £1bn a year to the economy by 2020.
The numbers of trips and spending has been on an upward trend since 2011.
The overall rise in the year to September was driven by a 21% increase in the number of people taking holidays in Northern Ireland, rather than visiting relatives or making business trips.
The figures also showed a continuing trend of a growing number of visitors from outside the UK, but a steep fall in total visitors from the Republic of Ireland.
Total overnight trips from Great Britain and other countries was up 3% but overnight trips from the Republic of Ireland were down by 13%.


A New Zealand plasterer has organised a plane delivery of hundreds of take-away burgers and pizzas for the town hit hardest by Monday's earthquake.

Robert Coombes, 49, gathered donations, filled a friend's aircraft and landed in Kaikoura for lunchtime on Friday.
About 2,000 residents have been cut off by damaged roads, although a convoy of military trucks carrying supplies arrived later.
The 7.8-magnitude earthquake left two dead and caused major landslides.
Mr Coombes, told the New Zealand Herald the plane was loaded with 400 pieces of Kentucky Fried Chicken, 300 McDonald's burgers, 50 Domino's pizza, footballs and sweets - donated mainly by company managers in his hometown of Nelson, 130km away.
Some staff at the fast food outlets had come into work two hours early to prepare the food, he said. "It's just incredible".
Mr Coombes said he wanted to "put a smile on these faces, even if it's only for one day".
"There's necessities, but with kids you need a bit more than bread and water.
"I just thought I'd fill the plane with junk food and bring a little bit of happiness to the place."
Residents of the coastal town had already received two planeloads of donated groceries, organised by estate agent Trevor Hurley from Ashburton, The Press newspaper reports.
He founded Trev's BBQ to fly in supplies and put on barbecues for people affected by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, and swung into action again earlier this week.
About 1,000 people, including many tourists, have been evacuated from the town.
Helicopters have been flying provisions from navy vessels anchored offshore, but the convoy of 27 trucks was delayed by bad weather on Thursday.
Main roads and rail links to the town are blocked by massive landslides, caused by the powerful earthquake which lifted the sea bed up to 2m (6.5ft) along a 110km (70 mile) stretch of coastline.
There have been well over 2,000 aftershocks since Monday and the country's official GeoNet science agency is warning that more are likely.


Detectives are making another attempt to solve the mystery of the disappearance of Devon schoolgirl Genette Tate almost 36 years ago.

They have asked prosecutors to look at bringing charges against serial child killer Robert Black.
Genette, 13, vanished while delivering newspapers in Aylesbeare, east Devon, in 1978. Her body has never been found.
Black was convicted in 2011 of murdering nine-year-old Jennifer Cardy in Northern Ireland, in 1981.
Devon and Cornwall Police have asked the Crown Prosecution Service's Complex Casework Unit to examine whether Black, long considered the prime suspect, can be brought to trial for Genette's murder.
By Simon HallBBC South West Home Affairs Correspondent
Of all the historical cases in Devon and Cornwall, it is perhaps the Genette Tate disappearance which most haunts both the public and the police.
Generations of detectives have tried - and failed - to solve it.
But they keep on trying, not just because it's their duty, but also because the potential rewards are so very great; the chance, at last, of closure for the police, the local community, the country, and most of all for Genette's family.
Bad character evidence about his previous child killings was put before the jury during the Cardy trial, a decision which was upheld by the Court of Appeal last year.
Black had previously been found guilty of murdering three other young girls.
Detectives want to see if such evidence could be used to help bring a case against Black for Genette's disappearance.
Devon barrister Gavin Collett said: "Evidence like this can have a powerful impact upon a jury."
A senior Devon and Cornwall Police source said that if the attempt to use bad character evidence was unsuccessful, detectives could once again interview Black in prison.
But, the officer said, it was "a long shot" as Black had previously refused to co-operate.
Tim Swarbrick, a retired Devon and Cornwall Police superintendent, said, "Cases like this are never closed. It would mean a great deal to the police and the community to see the mystery of Genette's disappearance finally solved."
Genette's father John Tate told BBC Radio 4's Today programme he felt "pretty happy" the police were confident in their investigation, although he hoped they had not overlooked any other suspect by spending time focusing on Black.
Asked how he had coped in the decades since Genette went missing, Mr Tate said it had been difficult as the incident was never far from his mind.
He said: "You look at everything that it could possibly be to do with her. You just cope very poorly sometimes."
Black was arrested by Devon and Cornwall Police in 2005 in connection with Genette's disappearance but there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him. He is serving multiple life sentences for his crimes.
In a statement, Devon and Cornwall Police said they were "liaising with the Complex Case Unit of the Crown Prosecution Service to ascertain if the 2013 Court of Appeal judgement following the murder of Jennifer Cardy in Northern Ireland [in which Black's conviction and the use of bad character evidence was upheld], has any bearing on the Genette Tate case".
The force added: "This liaison is still at a very early stage and will take some time to complete."


When you don't have a sheep dog, how do you herd your flock?

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1 April 2015 Last updated at 16:59 BST
Well one man has started using a drone instead. Paul Brennan decided to use one on his brother's farm in Ireland.
The little remote controlled aircraft encourages the sheep into their pen.
Paul says it take three minutes and 21 seconds to get them from one side of the field to another using the gadget.
Jenny's got more on this woolly tech tale...
Pictures from Paul Brennan


Suzi Perry will present the BBC's Formula 1 coverage from the start of next season,

Perry, 42, previously presented the BBC's MotoGP coverage for 10 years, as well as reporting on other sports.
"Motorsport is my life and I've really missed being away from the grid," said Perry.
"I am so excited to be joining the BBC. Working alongside such an eminent team and the F1 world is a huge honour and I can't wait to get started."
The BBC also confirmed that the British, Belgian, Italian and Brazilian Grands Prix are among 10 races that will be shown live on terrestrial television.
However, the Monaco Grand Prix will not be shown live on the BBC.
There will be extended television highlights of the action from Monte Carlo and the other nine races that are not part of the BBC's live TV coverage.
All 20 races will be broadcast live on BBC Radio 5 live or 5 live sports extra, with live text commentary on the BBC Sport website.
The BBC extended its agreement to show Formula 1 though to 2018 in July 2011, sharing rights to the sport with Sky Sports where previously it had been the exclusive UK broadcaster.
Beyond her experience in sport, Perry has presented television programmes across entertainment, technology and travel, most notably the Gadget Show on Channel 5 since 2003.
"She'll bring real energy and years of experience to one of the biggest jobs in sports broadcasting," said BBC Head of F1 Ben Gallop.
"Her presenting ability, coupled with her love and knowledge of motorsport, make her an excellent addition.
"I'd also like to take this opportunity to thank Jake Humphrey for his enormous contribution to the coverage over the last four years and we all wish him the best for the future."
Humphrey, who presented the BBC's Formula 1 coverage from the start of 2009, announced in September that he would leave at the end of the 2012 season
The rest of the BBC's presentation team for 2013 "will be confirmed in due course", according to the corporation.
Live Grands Prix:
* venue yet to be confirmed by Formula One Management


Northern Ireland goalkeeper Alan Mannus has signed a one-year contract extension with St Johnstone.

The 35-year-old had been linked with Scottish Premiership rivals Motherwell after playing second fiddle to Zander Clark for much of the season.
But he regained his place in mid-March and will continue to fight for the number one jersey.
The former Linfield player has made 202 appearances for Saints since joining from Shamrock Rovers in 2011.
Mannus made only 18 appearances, having lost his place in August.


Singer Kate Bush is to release a live recording of her Before the Dawn concert - with no post-show tinkering.

According to her PR, "nothing on the record was re-recorded or overdubbed".
Bush performed 22 sold-out concerts at London's Hammersmith Apollo - her first live performances in 35 years - between 26 August and 1 October 2014.
The live album - attributed to "The KT Fellowship" rather than the 58-year-old alone - will be available on a 3-CD and 4-vinyl set on 25 November.
Divided into three acts, Bush's stage show combined renditions of such hits as Running Up That Hill with song cycles from her Hounds of Love and Aerial albums.
The album - released on Bush's Fish People label - includes Never Be Mine, a song that featured during rehearsals but was not included in the final show.
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A former children's doctor from Leeds General Infirmary has been charged with possession of cocaine.

Colin Ferrie, 52, of Waters Walk, Apperley Bridge, Bradford has also been charged with possessing a class C drug.
He will appear at Leeds Magistrates' Court on 18 August alongside Scott Pendlebury, of Daisy Fields, Bradford, who is charged with the same offences.
It follows claims made by the Mail on Sunday newspaper last year about Dr Ferrie's alleged drug taking.
West Yorkshire Police said a 23-year-old man, from Bradford, who was also arrested as part of the investigation, had been released from bail and would face no further action.
Another man who was interviewed under caution after voluntarily attending at a police station will also face no further action.
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust said Dr Ferrie, a consultant paediatric neurologist specialising in epilepsy, no longer worked there.


Details of a pipeline to safeguard drinking water supplies in west Cumbria are to go before the public.

United Utilities is to construct a 62-mile (100km) pipeline from Thirlmere reservoir to homes and businesses in the Whitehaven, Egremont, Maryport, Cockermouth and Wigton areas.
The £300m project also includes a new water treatment works, two service reservoirs and a pumping station.
A series of events in March will give people the chance to view the route.
Work is due to start in the spring and be complete by 2020.
John Hilton, from United Utilities, said: "We hope many local people will come along to learn more about the schedule of work for this historic project.
"Much of the pipeline's route will be in agricultural land, away from roads, to minimise inconvenience for motorists, residents and businesses.
"Nevertheless, this is a major engineering scheme, and we are sure many people will be interested to find out more about where, when and how we will be delivering the work."


An on-duty police officer has been seriously injured in a hit-and-run incident in Cullyhanna, County Armagh.

The collision, involving a low loader vehicle, happened on Mullaghduff Road as the policeman was investigating the theft of a cash machine near Newry.
Police said the lorry was driven at speed directly at the officer and he was pinned between it and a police vehicle. The lorry left the scene.
Police are treating the incident as attempted murder.
The officer is said to be in a stable condition in hospital.
Supt Simon Walls said: "From the accounts of those at the scene, this appears to have been a deliberate act and as such we will be treating this incident as the attempted murder of a police officer."
The PSNI said the officer was struck after police "encountered a suspicious lorry transporting a car".
The incident happened as the officer left the police vehicle to speak to the driver of the other vehicle.
The officer's colleagues provided emergency first aid and the PSNI helicopter was used to transport the injured officer to hospital in Belfast.
The lorry is described as a low loader with a white cab with a red body and a yellow bumper. It was carrying a white or silver vehicle.
Police have appealed for information.
Earlier, a man in his 20s was arrested at Drumass, Inniskeen, in County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland, after a digger was used to rip the cash machine from the wall of a filling station on the Camlough Road, near Newry, at about 03:30 GMT.
Police said the search is continuing for two other men who fled following that incident.


Watford are to rename their Rous Stand at Vicarage Road after former manager and chairman Graham Taylor.

Ex-England boss Taylor, 69, led the Hornets from the fourth tier to second place in the top flight during a first spell as boss between 1977 and 1987.
He returned in 1996 and brought Premier League football to Vicarage Road for one season.
"I feel truly honoured that Watford would seek to recognise my time at the club in this way," he said.
"As everybody is very well aware, I spent a big part of my working life at the club and as part of the town and its community.
"What we created, among the success on the field of play, was a very special feeling - the memories of which have always remained with me.
"It will certainly feel strange coming to future Watford home matches and sitting in a stand named after myself, although it's something that myself and my family can take immense pride in. So I would thank everyone at the club most sincerely for this wonderful gesture."
Taylor was England manager between 1990 and 1993, but quit after failing to qualify for the 1994 World Cup.
He also took charge of Aston Villa twice, Wolves and Lincoln City and returned to Watford in 2009 in the role of chairman, a position he relinquished two years ago, although he remains a life president.
The Rous Stand is currently named after Sir Stanley Rous, a former sports teacher in the town who was an international referee and Fifa's president between 1961 and 1974.
"It's always been our intention to honour one of the club's greatest servants and renaming the Rous Stand is hugely appropriate," said Watford chief executive Scott Duxbury.
"We intend to permanently reserve two seats, for Graham and his wife, Rita, within the directors' seating area in a stand which already contains the Sir Elton John Suite."
John, a hugely successful musician and a former owner of Watford, appointed Taylor as manager in 1977.
"Both men are synonymous with a special time in the club's history, so we feel this is a fitting tribute," added Duxbury.


A church hall in Stoke-on-Trent is being refurbished as part of a wider £750,000 investment in one area of the city.

Central Hall Methodist Church in Longton, built in the mid-19th Century, will be restored as part of a scheme to renovate the town's architectural gems.
Restoring the exteriors of a further 10 buildings during 2012 will be funded by the city council and English Heritage.
Work on the church hall is expected to get under way on Monday.
Longton Market Hall has already benefited from the heritage grant with shop fronts refurbished and a new illuminated metallic market sign installed.
The funding has also helped to reinstate cobbles along the historical route of Handcart Lane.
Councillor Ruth Rosenau, Stoke-on-Trent City Council cabinet member for regeneration, said: "Longton has a strong architectural heritage and this project is helping to restore the exterior of some of the town's most historical buildings.
"The Methodist hall is well used by the community and has a long historic connection with the town.
"The work will repair the front stained glass windows and restore the intricate canopy designs which will bring the building back to its former glory."


The Trump administration has approved plans to ask US visa applicants for details of their social media use.

Consular officials can now ask for social media usernames going back five years via a new questionnaire.
It also allows authorities to request email addresses, phone numbers and 15 years of biographical information.
This can be requested when "more rigorous national security security vetting" is needed, a State Department official told Reuters.
According to reports, the State Department expects that about 0.5% of visa applicants will be given the questionnaire.
Critics have argued that the checks could lead to extended, fruitless lines of inquiry or the collection of personal information not relevant to security checks.
Providing the information is voluntary, though the questionnaire informs applicants that "individuals who [...] do not provide all the requested information may be denied a US visa".
A proposal to request "social media identifiers" for travellers using the visa waiver program was put forward by US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) last year.
This came into force for some visa waiver travellers in December 2016.
The new questionnaire applies specifically to visa applicants not using the visa waiver program.
Evaluation of social media activity is increasingly common, though US employers in Maryland and Illinois were recently banned - thanks to state-level legislation - from asking job applicants for their social media logins.


A man has been charged with the murder of his partner, who has been missing for several months.

Dean Lowe, 32, is accused of killing Kirsty Noden, also 32, who has not been seen by neighbours in Marazion, Cornwall, since January.
Officers began investigating her disappearance last week after hearing from police in a different part of the country that she may have come to harm.
Mr Lowe will appear before magistrates in Cornwall on Monday.
Miss Noden, who is also known as Kirby Noden, has links to Torquay, Ellesmere Port, Crewe and Merseyside.
A Devon and Cornwall Police spokesman said: "Miss Noden had initially been treated as a high-risk missing person following concerns for her welfare from her friends and relatives in the north west of England.
"Detectives are keen to speak to anyone who has had contact with or seen Kirsty since December 2016.
"Kirsty has yet to be located and searches and inquiries continue to trace her."
She is described as white, of heavy build and 5ft 8ins (172cm) tall.


The Royal Navy's new aircraft carrier has left its home port for the first time.

HMS Queen Elizabeth - one of two new carriers being built at Rosyth dockyard in Fife at a cost of more than Â£6bn - is to begin sea trials.
The ship passed under the Forth Bridge just before midnight.
It is the largest warship ever built for the Royal Navy. The flight deck alone is the size of three football pitches.
Once in service the ship can operate with a crew of 1,000 and 40 aircraft.
The 65,000 tonne warship is the Royal Navy's first aircraft carrier since HMS Illustrious was scrapped in 2014.
Eleven tugs manoeuvered it out of the dock at Rosyth.
It then squeezed through the narrow entrance into the Forth estuary.
Once low tide is reached at about 23:00, the warship will have to lower a mast to make it under the Forth bridges - with just a few metres to spare.
Commanding officer Captain Jerry Kydd said the ship was important for Britain's reputation as a naval power.
"I think there are very few capabilities, by any country, that are as symbolic as a carrier strike capability," he added.
"Submarines you can't see, but these are very visible symbols of power and power projection."
Defence Secretary Sir Michael Fallon said: "This is a historic moment for the UK as our new aircraft carrier takes to sea for the very first time.
"This floating fortress is by far the most powerful ship ever built in Britain that will enable us to tackle multiple and changing threats across the globe.
"HMS Queen Elizabeth is an enduring example of British imagination, ingenuity, invention that will help keep us safe for decades to come. She is built by the best, crewed by the best and will deliver for Britain.
"For the next 50 years she will deploy around the world, demonstrating British power and our commitment to confronting the emerging challenges from a dangerous world. The whole country can be proud of this national achievement. "
The start of sea trials follows warnings that technical issues and personnel shortages could delay the deployment of the aircraft carrier.
The National Audit Office said in March the project was entering a "critical phase", with many risks to manage.
The Ministry of Defence acknowledged "challenges" but said it was committed to being fully operational by 2026.
The technical issues mean the forthcoming sea trials are three months behind schedule.
The NAO predicted it would not be operational by 2020, as had been promised by the MoD.
The BBC's defence correspondent Jonathan Beale said that if all went according to plan with the latest developments, HMS Queen Elizabeth would be sailing toward open waters on Monday evening.
He said the Royal Navy expected Russia's military to take an interest while the warship was being tested in the North Sea.
It will be several years before HMS Queen Elizabeth is fully operational with jets on board.


The aid organisation Mercy Corps says Turkey has revoked its registration, forcing it to stop operations that help hundreds of thousands of Syrians.

A statement issued by the US-based group late on Tuesday said: "Our hearts are broken by this turn of events".
It was not immediately clear why the registration was revoked.
Since 2012, Mercy Corps has conducted from Turkey one of the largest aid operations in Syria, assisting up to half a million civilians each month.
It has also provided a range of social services and other emergency assistance in Turkey, reaching about 100,000 Syrian and Turkish people in 2016 alone.
Mercy Corps' statement said its operations inside Syria would continue.
"Our priority right now is to limit any adverse effects our departure from Turkey may have on the innocent men, women and children who depend on our assistance."
"We continue to seek a dialogue with Turkish authorities in an effort to obtain permission to resume our operations in Turkey as soon as possible. We remain hopeful that the government of Turkey will allow us to return to serve those in critical need," it added.
Turkey has opened its doors to more than 2.91 million refugees since the uprising against Syria's President Bashar al-Assad began in 2011, and has also served as a hub for deliveries of humanitarian aid to Syria.
Turkish officials have so far not told Mercy Corps why its registration was revoked.
But in November the government closed hundreds of non-governmental groups it accused of being linked to terrorist organisations or acting against national security, as part of a crackdown launched after an attempted military coup in July.
A spokeswoman for Mercy Corps, Christine Bragale, said she could not speculate on the reason for the Turkish government's decision, but stressed: "We have every confidence in the impartiality and integrity of our operation."
US state department spokesman Mark Toner told the Washington Post that it was aware of the situation with Mercy Corps, which he called a "valuable partner".
"We have informed the government of Turkey of our concerns regarding Mercy Corps' closure and the impact it will have on their ability to provide critical humanitarian assistance to vulnerable populations," he said.


A late Ian Keatley penalty consigned Edinburgh to a third straight Pro12 defeat at home to Munster.

Alan Solomons' side had scored a wonderful try through centre Will Helu after Munster had started strongly with a John Ryan score.
Sam Hidalgo-Clyne kicked three penalties with a host of returning World Cup internationals on both teams.
But the scrum-half saw his dramatic drop-goal attempt charged down three minutes into overtime.
With just three minutes gone, Ryan muscled between Edinburgh's centres to ground the ball against the base of the post, Keatley converting.
Hidalgo-Clyne replied with a penalty and Munster's Gerhard van den Heever was sin-binned for colliding with the airborne Tom Brown, but Edinburgh - supreme in the scrummage and wayward come the lineout - failed to capitalise significantly on the winger's absence.
Keith Earls came within a whisker of a second try, haring after a sumptuous Conor Murray box kick deep into the Edinburgh 22, but spilling the bouncing ball at the corner flag as the cover defence heaved him out of play.
Keatley thumped over a penalty from just inside Edinburgh's half after the home pack shunted a fraction too early in the scrum and Hidalgo-Clyne slotted his second three-pointer to bring the hosts back within four points at the break.
Under Solomons, Edinburgh have relied more upon a pulverising pack than abandon out wide, but the try they crafted shortly after half-time was a work of some beauty.
It started with Cornell du Preez, the back-row, fielding a kick in his own half and releasing Damien Hoyland down the wing with a delightful offload.
Youngster Hoyland danced and shimmied his way through the Munster defenders, before the ball was swept to the other flank via Hamish Watson and Tom Brown to find Helu, who raced for the corner and grounded powerfully.
Hidalgo-Clyne's conversion attempt ricocheted back off the upright.
Keatley then hooked a penalty effort wide from distance and Munster lost a second man to the flash of David Wilkinson's yellow card, All Black centre Francis Saili binned as he was caught on the wrong side of a ruck.
Hidalgo-Clyne converted the resulting penalty, but Munster's pivot cancelled it out with one of his own five minutes later.
There is little doubt Edinburgh are on an upward trajectory, but there are still rough edges, notably in the fluidity of the backline play, to be refined - the number of infuriating fumbled passes will have more than irked Solomons.
From one such vexing spill, replacement prop John Andress brought a scrum crashing to ground and Keatley regained Munster's lead with a huge kick from the tee.
The visitors turned the screw. Keatley arrowed the ball in behind Brown and the Irish pack lay siege to Edinburgh's line, yielding a yellow card for the hosts' fly-half Greig Tonks.
Edinburgh rallied well, though, resisting Munster's advances, and with the clock almost red, Hoyland intercepted in his own 22 to race downfield and set up a heart-stopping, but ultimately fruitless, finale.
Edinburgh: Blair Kinghorn, Damien Hoyland, Will Helu, Matt Scott, Tom Brown, Greig Tonks, Sam Hidalgo-Clyne; Alasdair Dickinson, Ross Ford, WP Nel, Anton Bresler, Alex Toolis, Mike Coman (captain),  Hamish Watson, Cornell Du Preez.
Replacements: Neil Cochrane, Rory Sutherland, John Andress, Roddy Grant, Nasi Manu, Sean Kennedy, Andries Strauss, Dougie Fife.
Munster: Simon Zebo, Gerhard van den Heever, Keith Earls, Francis Saili, Ronan O'Mahony, Ian Keatley, Conor Murray; Dave Kilcoyne, Duncan Casey, John Ryan, Donnacha Ryan, Dave Foley, Dave O'Callaghan, Jack O'Donoghue, CJ Stander (captain).
Replacements: Niall Scannell, James Cronin, Mario Sagario, Robin Copeland, Jordan Coghlan, Tomás O'Leary, Rory Scannell, Denis Hurley.


The University of Bristol is inviting applicants for the brand new post of "associate dean of eureka moments".

The successful applicant will lead the university's new School of Social and Clinical Medicine.
The university said it came up with the alternative job title in a bid to capture people's imaginations and attract "extraordinary" candidates.
Prof Jonathan Sandy, university dean, said: "It's there to attract attention and it's certainly worked."
In its ad, posted last Friday, the university is seeking an "inspirational educational leader" to build on its "established reputation as a pioneering powerhouse".
The word "eureka" comes from an ancient Greek word meaning "I have found (it)" and is attributed to scholar Archimedes who reportedly exclaimed it while stepping into a bath and noticing that the water level rose.
This led to his discovery of the law of hydrostatics, stating that a body immersed in fluid loses weight equal to the amount of fluid it displaces.
Prof Sandy, dean of medicine and dentistry, said the successful candidate would not actually hold the title, but "may if they want to".
The rather more conventional title of associate dean of social and clinical medicine will be on offer for those who decline it.
Prof Sandy said the job title was the idea of recruitment agents to make people "stop and think".
He said: "It's to get people to look beyond the associate dean title because it's a really exciting opportunity."
"I've no idea yet what the response has been.
"But we're expecting to get some very strange applicants, but then we get completely inappropriate applicants anyway."


An investigation has been launched into improving London Ambulance Service.

The London Assembly wants to find out if the service can cope with future challenges as emergency calls continue to rise.
Health and Public Services Committee chairman James Cleverly said the public needed to know it could "continue to count" on the ambulance service.
The service is not accountable to London Mayor Boris Johnson unlike other emergency services.
As an NHS Trust, the service is expected to undergo changes as a result of proposed reforms set out in the government's NHS White Paper, including becoming a Foundation Trust.
In 2010, the London Assembly wrote to the Secretary of State for Health Andrew Lansley to suggest that as part of the reforms, London Ambulance Service could come under the governance of the mayor.
The proposed reforms come at a time when it is facing a rise in demand for its services, with a 28% increase in the number of 999 calls and nearly a quarter more incidents attended since 2006.
The committee will hold public meetings on 17 March and 6 April and a full report will be published in the summer.


Best Solution, ridden by Pat Cosgrave, was a convincing winner of the Epsom Derby Trial at Lingfield.

The Godolphin colt, at odds of 7-1, beat Glencadam Glory by three and a quarter lengths, with Tartini third.
Sofia Rocks set the pace before Best Solution surged clear. Favourite Sir John Lavery trailed home in sixth.
"We went a good gallop and didn't mess about," said Cosgrave. "I couldn't fault him. I thought it was a good performance with a penalty."
Best Solution was cut to fifth favourite with some bookmakers for the Derby, which takes place on Saturday, 3 June.
BBC horse racing correspondent Cornelius Lysaght
Thank goodness we've still got a potentially most informative Dante Stakes to come as the big-race picture seems to me 8/10 in terms of confused.
Best Solution put in a very solid performance here, and he'll probably go to Epsom, but the pretty comprehensive defeat of Sir John Lavery, rated prominently amongst Aidan O'Brien's Derby hopefuls was disappointing.
At Chester, O'Brien's trial winners Venice Beach and Cliffs Of Mower hardly had us reaching for the Basildon Bond to write home, and it's unclear if he'll run Churchill.
A commanding win by, say, Cracksman, with Frankie Dettori riding, in the Dante would set the Derby reckoning alight.


Hamilton Academical surrendered a lead for the second week running as Inverness Caledonian Thistle struck late at New Douglas Park.

Alexandre D'Acol got the opener - a rebound after keeper Owain Fon Williams had kept out Ali Crawford's header.
Crawford almost doubled Accies' lead, his chip tipped over by Fon Williams.
Robbie Thomson replaced injured keeper Remi Matthews and kept out a Ross Draper header but could not stop Liam Polworth's long-range leveller.
The away team in this fixture had won the five previous meetings and perhaps more pertinently, Caley Thistle had not lost at New Douglas Park since January 2009, winning on all six of their most recent visits to Hamilton.
Although they could not preserve that record, they will be delighted to emerge from this match with a point, having looked second best for much of the game.
Accies' renowned youth academy is a gift that keeps on giving it seems and in Greg Docherty they appear to have cultivated another star-in-the-making.
Cut from a similar cloth to James McCarthy and James McArthur, Docherty is a tidy, energetic box-to-box midfielder, with an eye for a pass.
Called up for Scotland Under-21 duty this week, Docherty showed why as he and fellow academy graduate Crawford dominated the midfield, with Crawford getting beyond D'Acol to glance a header at Fon Williams before the striker's emphatic finish.
Pleasingly for player-manager Martin Canning, Scott McMann - another youth product - made his first Premiership start, filling the left-back slot that has been a problem for Accies this season.
Caley Thistle appeared to have turned a corner recently, with a fine run of four games undefeated following three losses in their opening three matches.
And they began the match well as Brad McKay had a header cleared off the line by Louis Longridge.
But they drifted out of the match, though Gary Warren did go close on two occasions.
It was not until the closing stages they really began to push Accies back and when the home side lost Matthews to injury, Draper pulled out a magnificent save from his replacement Thomson.
But Thomson could not get to Polworth's ferocious low drive deep into stoppage time, which extended Accies' winless run to four.
Hamilton player-manager Martin Canning: "For the seventh out of the eight games, I think, we've gone ahead - we've only managed to see it out once and win one game.
"It's not enough, we know that, we need to do better, to see games out. I thought again we did enough to win the game. But obviously we got hit again in injury time, which was disappointing.
"We didn't lose the goal because tactically we were unaware or were undone. Sometimes all you can say is maybe Lady Luck isn't on our side at the minute."
Inverness CT manager Richie Foran: "I thought we had the better chances, their keeper pulled off one or two decent saves, we had one cleared off the line so on chances alone I think we deserved a point. On overall play, I thought they were the better team.
"We've scored a couple of late goals now so I always thought one was going to drop for us. It's a great finish by Liam Polworth.
"The spirit was great. I'm delighted with the lads."
Match ends, Hamilton Academical 1, Inverness CT 1.
Second Half ends, Hamilton Academical 1, Inverness CT 1.
Gary Warren (Inverness CT) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Ali Crawford (Hamilton Academical).
Attempt missed. Lonsana Doumbouya (Inverness CT) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt blocked. Ali Crawford (Hamilton Academical) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Goal!  Hamilton Academical 1, Inverness CT 1. Liam Polworth (Inverness CT) right footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner.
Danny Seaborne (Hamilton Academical) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Scott Boden (Inverness CT).
Attempt missed. Liam Polworth (Inverness CT) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high from a direct free kick.
Foul by Rakish Bingham (Hamilton Academical).
Carl Tremarco (Inverness CT) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Dougie Imrie (Hamilton Academical) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Dougie Imrie (Hamilton Academical).
Jake Mulraney (Inverness CT) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Hamilton Academical. Shaun Want replaces Louis Longridge.
Corner,  Hamilton Academical. Conceded by Gary Warren.
Attempt blocked. Ross Draper (Inverness CT) header from the centre of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Inverness CT. Conceded by Robbie Thomson.
Attempt saved. Ross Draper (Inverness CT) header from the left side of the six yard box is saved in the top right corner.
Substitution, Hamilton Academical. Robbie Thomson replaces Remi Matthews because of an injury.
Darian MacKinnon (Hamilton Academical) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Darian MacKinnon (Hamilton Academical).
Jake Mulraney (Inverness CT) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
(Hamilton Academical) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Lonsana Doumbouya (Inverness CT).
Delay in match Remi Matthews (Hamilton Academical) because of an injury.
Foul by Greg Docherty (Hamilton Academical).
Larnell Cole (Inverness CT) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Scott McMann (Hamilton Academical) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Liam Polworth (Inverness CT).
Substitution, Inverness CT. Larnell Cole replaces Iain Vigurs.
Attempt missed. Brad McKay (Inverness CT) right footed shot from the right side of the box is just a bit too high.
Dougie Imrie (Hamilton Academical) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Carl Tremarco (Inverness CT).
Attempt missed. Scott Boden (Inverness CT) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Scott McMann (Hamilton Academical) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Liam Polworth (Inverness CT).
Substitution, Hamilton Academical. Rakish Bingham replaces Alejandro D'Acol.
Lonsana Doumbouya (Inverness CT) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.


St Johnstone have signed defender Clive Smith on loan from Preston North End until the end of the season.

Saints have strengthened their defensive options with Ally Gilchrist injured and Liam Gordon and Aaron Comrie on loan at Peterhead.
"I'm delighted to bring in a young defender for the rest of the season," manager Tommy Wright told the St Johnstone website.
"Clive has come highly recommended and will be a good addition to the squad."
Wright's men visit Partick Thistle on Wednesday evening.


More patients are taking up cardiac rehabilitation after a heart attack, making Wales a "world leader" in the service, a charity has said.

British Heart Foundation (BHF) said 59% of patients sought support following a procedure - up 17% on the year before.
It comes two years after the uptake in Wales was criticised for falling behind care in England.
BHF welcomed the rise but said 2,000 patients were still missing out putting them at risk of another heart attack.
Cardiac rehabilitation offers lifestyle advice and support, including guidance on diet and exercise.
It helps people with heart disease to manage their condition and reduce the risk of repeat attacks, and BHF said evidence showed it cuts deaths and hospital readmissions.
Two years ago, just 38% of the patients eligible in Wales took part.
But figures published in the National Audit of Cardiac Rehabilitation (NACR) show during 2015-16 Wales overtook England's rate of 49% for the first time.
Len Drane, from Treharris, near Merthyr Tydfil, thought he was a fit and healthy, rugby-playing 42-year-old when he had a heart attack while playing golf in 2004.
He was rushed to Caerphilly Miners' hospital, where he spent five days before being transferred to Cardiff's University Hospital of Wales to be fitted with a stent to help improve blood supply to his heart.
The father-of-three then began rehabilitation which involved exercises to strengthen his heart.
"It was like light circuit training on a machine, light cardiovascular exercises that got your heart pumping and they built up every time," said Mr Drane, now 54.
"While I was discharged after about 16 months, it also helped make me more confident, like a self-help group, meeting other people in the same position."
This year's audit said the most common reason for people not taking part was a lack of interest.
But it said the number of patients with depression reduced after taking part, while the number of people meeting national exercise guidelines increased.
Although the report found more people were taking part, only half started their programmes within the recommended 33 days.
Ruth Coombs, head of BHF Cymru, said the figures were "hugely encouraging" but more work was needed to address delays in uptake and variations between services.
Prof Patrick Doherty, report author and director of the NACR, at University of York, said: "The good news is that Wales now leads the world in uptake to cardiac rehabilitation and prevention for patients following a cardiac event or procedure, with around 60% of patients accessing services.
"The bad news is that unfortunately four in 10 patients are still not accessing these services and those that do attend may receive inadequate care with nearly half of programmes failing to meet the minimum standards."
A Welsh Government spokeswoman said ensuring people got the right cardiac rehabilitation was saving lives and it had worked with the NHS to improve access to programmes in recent years.


A 16-year-old boy has been charged with wounding with intent in connection with the stabbing of a woman in Carlton, near Goole.

Police were called to a house in Manor Farm Close on Wednesday after a woman in her 40s was attacked.
North Yorkshire Police said the woman remains in hospital in a stable condition.
The teenager was remanded in custody by magistrates in York and is due to appear before a youth court on Tuesday.


Selling fruit on a market stall instead of being at school, and being labelled a "macho woman" for playing football are experiences which have inspired BBC Women's Footballer of the Year 2017 nominee Marta to achieve success on and off the field.

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We are profiling each of the five nominees for the BBC Women's Footballer of the Year 2017 award. You can see all their profiles, read full terms and vote here for your favourite online until 08:00 GMT/09:00 BST on Monday, 15 May.
The Brazil captain, a five-time Fifa World Player of the Year, enjoyed one of the proudest moments in her career last year when she was one of her country's flag-bearers at her home Olympics in Rio.
Becoming the most famous female footballer of the past 20 years is a dream she could never have imagined would come true when she was working to earn a wage as an 11-year-old.
"I used to sell fruit in the public market, once a week to help my family and it was not even our own fruit, it was someone else's," said the 31-year-old forward, who joined Orlando Pride in the United States in early April from Sweden's FC Rosengard.
"I worked selling clothes in street stands too. I think that's one of the things people do not believe I've done.
"That happened when I was 10, 11 years old, when I was a kid. This is not normal, this isn't correct. Kids should be in school. But unfortunately I had no way to go to school, my mother could not take me there because of our financial situation," added Marta, who is from Dois Riachos, in north-east Brazil.
"My mum went through many difficulties with four children to raise. My father left her very early, I was less than one year old when he left. I would meet her only at night because of work and unfortunately we didn't have much time together. I saw that constant struggle and that inspired me a lot to get where I am now."
Despite her pride at flying the Brazilian flag in front of thousands of fans in Rio, the Olympics were tinged with disappointment for Marta as the hosts finished fourth after losing to Sweden on penalties in the semi-finals and then to Canada in the bronze-medal match.
But she feels inspiring future generations was a huge positive from the Games.
"We constantly noticed the warmth of the fans all the time with us, the people stuck with us," she said.
"It was sad because we did not get the medal, but I think the biggest prize was that we realised in some way that the people were with us."
Many defences have been torn apart by her strong running, superb control and left foot but this might never have happened if she had not left home at the age of 14 to pursue her footballing career with Rio-based club Vasco da Gama.
"I remember I suffered a lot of discrimination and prejudice. It was constant; every day," she said.
"People would come to me and say: 'It's a boys' sport, you have to play with a doll.' People would even talk to my mother and to my brother to say that they shouldn't let me play with boys."
Marta was appointed a United Nations Goodwill ambassador in 2010 and she tries to champion women's football across the globe.
"A lot of girls were actually afraid to speak out, they didn't want to be labelled as a 'macho woman'," she said. "That motivated me. Now it has changed a lot."
"I think you should vote for me because everything I do, I do with love. This shows that really what we have been doing over the years has been fruitful. It would give me more motivation to pursue my best every year."


Royal Navy warship HMS Bulwark has arrived in an Italian port, carrying 1,200 migrants rescued from the Mediterranean Sea.

The ship docked at Catania, in Sicily, where the migrants will be handed over to the Italian authorities.
Bulwark, which has been on a search and rescue mission in the area for the past month, rescued the migrants on Sunday.
Captain Nick Cooke-Priest said the people traffickers were committing acts "tantamount to murder".
BBC defence correspondent Jonathan Beale, who was on board Bulwark during the rescue, said a small, wooden vessel had been packed with about 400 people.
There also had been two rubber dinghies, each carrying about 100 people, trying to get to Europe from Libya.
"The fact that many didn't even have life jackets was another reminder that the gangs who trafficked them had little regard for their lives," he said.
He added that five of the men rescued were going to be questioned by Italian police about possible links to the smuggling gangs.
The BBC's Clive Myrie, who is in Catania, said it would take several hours to disembark all the migrants from HMS Bulwark.
"They are exhausted, some are traumatised and several are pregnant, so it is going to take a long time," he said.
"Once on dry land, they are taken to reception centres across the country but it could be years before they receive papers saying they can live and work freely in Italy.
"As for HMS Bulwark, in the early hours it will head out to sea on the lookout for more migrant boats."
The ship's captain said Sunday was a "complex" day of seven search and rescue operations, and a "huge success".
"Normally we would be putting Royal Marines and sailors on to hostile shores," he told the BBC.
"The only difference with what we were doing yesterday was we weren't putting my own people into harm's way. We were actually taking survivors out of their harm's way and recovering them to HMS Bulwark."
He added the traffickers who sent "women, children, the old, young, pregnant out on a very perilous journey in unseaworthy vessels" were a "scourge".
The UK government dispatched the ship amid a rise in the number of people dying while trying to reach Europe.
The latest rescue brings the total number of individuals saved by HMS Bulwark so far to more than 2,700. Last week, Bulwark rescued 747 people from boats off Libya's coast.
The 19,000-tonne assault ship is one of numerous European vessels on rescue patrol in the Mediterranean.
They are patrolling about 70,000 sq miles of the central Mediterranean, looking for people including those fleeing Africa and trying to get to Europe.
It is estimated more than 1,600 people have drowned so far this year trying to make the dangerous crossing.


One of the biggest icebergs ever recorded has just broken away from Antarctica.

The giant block is estimated to cover an area of roughly 6,000 sq km; that's about a quarter the size of Wales.
A US satellite observed the berg on Wednesday while passing over a region known as the Larsen C Ice Shelf.
Scientists were expecting it. They'd been following the development of a large crack in Larsen's ice for more than a decade.
The rift's propagation had accelerated since 2014, making an imminent calving ever more likely.
The more than 200m-thick tabular berg will not move very far, very fast in the short term. But it will need to be monitored. Currents and winds might eventually push it north of the Antarctic where it could become a hazard to shipping.
An infrared sensor on the American space agency's Aqua satellite spied clear water in the rift between the shelf and the berg on Wednesday. The water is warmer relative to the surrounding ice and air - both of which are sub-zero.
"The rift was barely visible in these data in recent weeks, but the signature is so clear now that it must have opened considerably along its whole length," explained Prof Adrian Luckman, whose Project Midas at Swansea University has followed the berg's evolution most closely.
The event was confirmed by other spacecraft such as Europe's Sentinel-1 satellite-radar system.
How does it compare with past bergs?
The new Larsen berg is probably in the top 10 biggest ever recorded.
The largest observed in the satellite era was an object called B-15. It came away from the Ross Ice Shelf in 2000 and measured some 11,000 sq km. Six years later, fragments of this super-berg still persisted and passed by New Zealand.
In 1956, it was reported that a US Navy icebreaker had encountered an object of roughly 32,000 sq km. That is bigger than Belgium. Unfortunately, there were no satellites at the time to follow up and verify the observation.
It has been known also for the Larsen C Ice Shelf itself to spawn bigger bergs. An object measuring some 9,000 sq km came away in 1986. Many of Larsen's progeny can get wound up in a gyre in the Weddell sea or can be despatched north on currents into the Southern Ocean, and even into the South Atlantic.
A good number of bergs from this sector can end up being caught on the shallow continental shelf around the British overseas territory of South Georgia where they gradually wither away.
What is the significance of the calving?
In and of itself, probably very little. The Larsen C shelf is a mass of floating ice formed by glaciers that have flowed down off the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula into the ocean. On entering the water, their buoyant fronts lift up and join together to make a single protrusion.
The calving of bergs at the forward edge of the shelf is a very natural behaviour. The shelf likes to maintain an equilibrium and the ejection of bergs is one way it balances the accumulation of mass from snowfall and the input of more ice from the feeding glaciers on land.
That said, scientists think Larsen C is now at its smallest extent since the end of the last ice age some 11,700 years ago, and about 10 other shelves further to the north along the Peninsula have either collapsed or greatly retreated in recent decades.
The two nearby, smaller shelves, Larsen A and Larsen B, disintegrated around the turn of the century; and a warming climate very probably had a role in their demise.
But Larsen C today does not look like its siblings. Prof Helen Fricker, from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, told BBC News: "The signs we saw at Larsen A and B - we're not seeing yet. The thinning we saw for Larsen A and B - we're not seeing. And we're not seeing any evidence for large volumes of surface meltwater on the order of what you would need to hydro-fracture the ice shelf.
"Most glaciologists are not particularly alarmed by what's going on at Larsen C, yet. It's business as usual."
Researchers will be looking to see how the shelf responds in the coming years, to see how well it maintains a stable configuration, and if its calving rate changes.
There was some keen interest a while back when the crack, which spread across the shelf from a pinning point known as the Gipps Ice Rise, looked as though it might sweep around behind another such anchor called the Bawden Ice Rise. Had that happened, it could have prompted a significant speed-up in the shelf's seaward movement once the berg came off.
As it is, scientists are not now expecting a big change in the speed of the ice.
One fascinating focus for future study will be a strip of "warm", malleable ice that runs east-west through the shelf, reaching the ocean edge about 100km north from the Gipps Ice Rise. This strip is referred to as the Joerg suture zone. There is a large queue of cracks held behind it.
"Calving of the iceberg is not likely itself to make the existing cracks at the Joerg Peninsula suture zone more likely to jump across this boundary," observed Chris Borstad, from the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS).
"At this stage we really don't know whether there is some larger-scale process that might be weakening this zone, like ocean melting at the base of the shelf, or whether the current rift was just a random or episodic event that was bound to happen at some point.
"We know that rifts like this periodically propagate and cause large tabular icebergs to break from ice shelves, even in the absence of any climate-driven changes.
"I am working with a number of colleagues to design field experiments on Larsen C to answer this specific question (by measuring the properties of the Joerg suture zone directly). But until we get down there and take some more measurements we can only speculate."
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos


A New Zealand broadcaster who called Governor General Sir Anand Satyanand "a fat Indian" has apologised.

Michael Laws' comments on his radio show last week were strongly condemned by Prime Minister John Key.
Laws is the second broadcaster from New Zealand to be accused of making "racist" remarks.
On Sunday, TVNZ host Paul Henry quit after provoking outrage over his comments about Delhi Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit.
On his show last week, Laws compared the governor general to an obese Monty Python character, Mr Creosote, who explodes after eating too much food.
He said Sir Anand's weight seemed "incongruous" on an Indian.
"I mean, we don't all expect Indians to be begging on the streets of New Delhi, but it's like Anand discovered the buffet table at 20 and he's never really left it," the radio host said.
Laws had initially refused to say sorry, but in a statement on Monday he said: "I apologise to the governor general for comments which were, upon reflection, uncharitable and inappropriate."
The prime minister said the remarks were unacceptable.
"I find Michael Laws' comments offensive because they're deeply personal and they're aimed at the governor general in a way that I don't think is appropriate for that office," news agency AFP quoted Mr Key as saying.
On Sunday, Paul Henry, who presented TVNZ's Breakfast programme, resigned after his on-air comments two weeks ago about Mrs Dikshit led to indignation both in New Zealand and in India.
He laughed a number of times as he mispronounced her surname, which sounds closer to "Dixit" in English, and said her name was "appropriate because she's Indian".
Indian officials condemned those remarks as "racist and bigoted".
India's foreign ministry registered a formal protest and New Zealand's government apologised for the remarks.
Mrs Dikshit, who has been overseeing arrangements for the Commonwealth Games in Delhi, said Mr Henry's remarks were "not appropriate".


The numbers are staggering: up to three million Bengalis were killed by famine, more than half a million South Asian refugees fled Myanmar (formerly Burma), 2.3 million soldiers manned the Indian army and 89,000 of them died in military service.

South Asia was transformed dramatically during the war years as India became a vast garrison and supply-ground for the war against the Japanese in South-East Asia.
Yet, this part of the British Empire's history is only just emerging. By looking beyond the statistics to the stories of individual lives the Indian role in the war becomes truly meaningful.
Has the massive South Asian contribution to the World War Two been overlooked?
In some ways, it hasn't.
Everyone has heard of the Gurkhas and many people have heard something of the role of Indian soldiers at major battles like Tobruk, Monte Cassino, Kohima and Imphal.
The Fourteenth Army, a multinational force of British, Indian and African units turned the tide in Asia by recapturing Burma for the Allies. Thirty Indians won Victoria Crosses in the 1940s.
Increasingly, for both the World War One and Two, the contribution of soldiers from across the Empire-Commonwealth has been coming to light.
But what about all the other people who were caught up in the war?
Numerous other South Asian people sweated behind the scenes to secure supply lines and to support the Allies.
There were non-combatants like cooks, tailors, mechanics and washermen, such as a boot-maker to the Indian army named simply as Ghafur who died at the battle of Keren in present-day Eritrea and whose grave can still be seen there today.
What do we know about the thousands of women who mined coal for wartime in Bihar and central India, working right up until childbirth? Or the gangs of plantation labourers from southern India who travelled up into the mountains of the northeast to hack out roads towards Myanmar and China? Or the lascars (merchant seamen) such as Mubarak Ali, remembered simply as "a baker" who died in the Atlantic when the SS City of Benares was torpedoed?
There were millions of other South Asians working towards the imperial war effort and we never hear about them.
It wasn't glamorous work: "coolies" loading and unloading cargo at imperial ports or clearing land for aerodromes did not share the prestige of fighter-pilots.
But their work could be very dangerous.
Thousands of Asian labourers died building treacherous roads at high altitude, including the Ledo Road between China and India, working with basic pickaxes and falling prey to malaria and other tropical diseases.
Others died in industrial accidents - there was an incredible explosion in Bombay harbour in 1944, when a ship loaded with explosives and cotton caught alight, blew warships to smithereens and made over 80,000 homeless.
Factory workers and dockworkers also suffered from aerial bombardment - official figures suggest several thousand deaths from Japanese bombs on India's eastern coastline.
The men and women who kept the imperial war effort going in South Asia did not write diaries and memoirs.
Often for them it was just a job, a way of earning enough money to eat.
They did not see it as belonging to a heroic part of world history, worthy of inclusion in history books. The illiterate left little trace of their service. And often their work - hard and poorly paid - was tough and dangerous whether it was wartime or not.
British officers wrote hundreds of accounts of their time in South Asia but there is not a single written memoir by an Indian rock-breaker, road builder or miner.
It's not a simple story of heroism or patriotism; many of these workers were more motivated by the need for bread than by the need to defeat the Axis.
And it's not a straightforward case of imperial exploitation - many elite South Asians made quick profits in the war and transformed their own fortunes.
Experiences of the 1940s depended on caste, class, vantage point and region: a Punjabi soldier could see things very differently to a metropolitan student in Mumbai (formerly Bombay) or a factory-owner in Kolkata (Calcutta).
Often those who worked towards the war were Anglo-Indians, adivasis [tribespeople], Parsis and Christians - and their histories slipped by the wayside during the writing of post-independence nationalist myths.
The people who made up the war effort soon had their lives shaped again by the Partition of 1947 and the carving up of new countries.
This wartime history belongs to Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan as much as to India.
In the rush to write new histories of nation states after 1947, much of the history of the 1940s was locked out from official memory. Tales of the freedom struggle took precedence. And in Britain and the US, the emphasis was placed on remembering military contributions to major battles, not on the everyday lives of anonymous workers.
As one report put it at the time, this was not the "forgotten army", but the "unknown army". Perhaps now we can finally start to appreciate the fullest extent of WW2.
Yasmin Khan is an associate Professor of History at the University of Oxford. Her book, The Raj at War: A People's History of India's Second World War will be published in July by Random House.


The Paralympic Games are about to reach their conclusion, with the final day of action on Sunday.

Here's BBC Sport's day-by-day guide so you know when the medals will be won, and which events to monitor closely.
All times BST
Athletics (men's marathon T12, T46, T54, women's marathon T12, T54), wheelchair rugby, sitting volleyball (men's gold).
13:00 - GB's Derek Rae in the men's T46 marathon
13:00 - Japan v Canada in wheelchair rugby bronze medal match
13:00 - Egypt v Brazil in sitting volleyball bronze medal match
16:00 - Bosnia and Herzegovina v Iran in sitting volleyball gold medal match
16:30 - GB's David Weir & Simon Lawson in the men's T54 marathon
16:30 - Australia v USA in sitting volleyball gold medal match
16:31 - USA's Tatyana McFadden in the women's T54 marathon
23:30 - Closing ceremony
Brit watch
Before the closing ceremony, there are still medals up for grabs with David Weir entered in the T54 marathon, which will take place along five laps at Fort Copacabana (16:30) along with Simon Lawson, who won silver at last year's Great North Half Marathon.
Like Lawson, Scotland's Derek Rae will be making his Paralympic debut in the T46 class (13:00) after suffering nerve damage to his arm in a motorbike accident in 2010.
World watch
Tatyana McFadden is also queen of road racing and has won the big four city races (Boston, London, Chicago and New York). But she has yet to win a Paralympic marathon title and will want to put that right. Manuela Schar of Switzerland and Japan's road specialist Wakako Tsuchida could be her nearest challengers (16:31).
Tsuchida's compatriot Yutaka Kumagai stormed to victory in the T12 race event at the London Marathon and the visually-impaired athlete will be attempting to give his nation a boost as they prepare to take over the mantle of Paralympic hosts from Brazil.
In the women's event, China's Jin Zheng was seven minutes clear of her closest rivals in London in April.
The men's sitting volleyball title is also up for grabs (16:00) with Iran hoping to reclaim the title they lost in London and win their sixth title from the last eight Games. Bosnia and Herzegovina were victorious four years ago, beating Iran 3-1 and both will want to figure again.
The BBC is not responsible for changes to schedules, and has taken all reasonable care to ensure the information in this article is correct.


Veterinary staff are trying to find the owner of a cat rescued from a rising tide at the side of a river.

The male cat, nicknamed Fireman Sam, was precariously perched on a pipe cover sticking out of a wall at the side of the River Haven in Boston.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue service saved him - and "put the cat in the bag" - after a member of the public alerted them on Tuesday afternoon.
He is being cared for at Pilgrim Veterinary Surgery in the town.
Sam has no microchip but was wearing a flea collar with a distinctive fish charm hanging off it.
Veterinary nurse Emily Herbert said: "He looks very well cared for. He's not underweight.
"The fact he has got this little charm on his collar suggests he belongs to someone so we are hoping they will come forward."
If an owner does not come forward after seven days, Fireman Sam will go to a rescue centre.
The river becomes drained of water at low tide, so Fireman Sam could have jumped down there during the day, and become stranded when the tide rose.
A video filmed by the Boston Standard shows a crowd of people watching the rescue, then cheering and applauding when firefighters got hold of the cat.
The bridge was closed for about 20 minutes while firefighters lowered themselves down on an aerial ladder platform.


The release of the Senate Intelligence Committee's report into the CIA's detention and interrogation programme shines a light into the darkest corners of the Bush-era "war on terror".

Although the programme's existence has been well-known for years now. the level of detail contained in the 480-page summary offers a new insight into the work of the CIA.
It also probes the extent to which the programme was accepted at the highest levels of government.
The authors of the report describe how Mr Bush began to set the foundation for a secretive detention programme within a week of the terrorist attacks.
They wrote: "September 17, 2001, six days after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, President George W Bush signed a covert action Memorandum of Notification (MON) to authorize the director of central intelligence (DCI) to 'undertake operations designed to capture and detain persons who pose a continuing, serious threat of violence or death to U.S. persons and interests or who are planning terrorist activities.'"
One of the biggest questions about the CIA detention programme is who knew what - and when - about the harsh treatment of detainees and the use of "enhanced" interrogation methods.
The report says: "The CIA did not brief the leadership of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on the CIA's enhanced interrogation techniques until September 2002, after the techniques had been approved and used."
Former CIA officials - those who were involved in the programme - agree on the timing of their briefings to Congress about the programme.
Yet the former CIA officials describe things a bit differently. Several years ago John Rizzo, the former acting general counsel of the CIA, told me that the leaders of Congress knew exactly what the CIA officers were doing with the detainees at the black sites - and didn't object.
President Bush has said that he supported the harsh interrogations. He wanted to protect the US from another al-Qaeda attack.
Yet the report states he was not always enthusiastic about the tactics: "According to CIA records, when briefed in April 2006, the president expressed discomfort with the 'image of a detainee, chained to the ceiling, clothed in a diaper, and forced to go to the bathroom on himself.'"
One of the most important case studies in the report is the one about a Saudi-born detainee named Abu Zubaydah - one of the first prisoners to be subjected to waterboarding.
The report provides new details about his treatment and says CIA officers concluded that he "should remain incommunicado for the remainder of his life".
This could have given the CIA officials more freedom to subject him to harsh treatment, since they believed he would never have a chance to provide an account of what happened to him.
Zubaydah, who was captured in Pakistan in 2002, is now held at Guantanamo's Camp Seven, an area that is off-limits to journalists.
John Rizzo, formerly of the CIA, has acknowledged that videotapes made of the interrogation of Abu Zubaydah were "tough to watch".
Yet the report reveals new details about what the videotapes portrayed - and why they were disturbing.
In a heavily redacted section, the authors write that during one interrogation Zubaydah became "unresponsive, with bubbles rising through his open, full mouth".
The videos have been destroyed. As of this date, the Senate report provides the most comprehensive account of what the videos showed.
Democratic Party Senator Dianne Feinstein, chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee, is the first woman to hold the vaunted position of overseeing 16 intelligence agencies.
The California native, born in 1933, attended Stanford University and began her career in politics in 1969 when she was elected to the San Francisco County Board of Supervisors.
During her career, Ms Feinstein has championed legislation banning the manufacture, sale and possession of military-style assault weapons as well as bolstering security measures at more than 300 US seaports.
She has also been a staunch critic of US intelligence over-reach, publicly criticising the National Security Agency's monitoring of the national leaders of American allies.
But her most high-profile fight of late was the committee's six-year review of thousands of CIA documents, which concluded the rendition, detention and interrogation practices of the George W Bush administration were ineffective.
Libyan Islamist Abdul Hakim Belhaj told the BBC two years ago that he had been tortured:
"I was kidnapped at Bangkok airport and my family and I were tortured by the CIA and of course this continued when I was handed to the Libyan authorities.
"I was tortured but what was more agonising is what happened to my ill and pregnant wife back then.
"When we were detained in Bangkok airport we stayed for days in a small cell that was very crowded. My wife was brutally tortured. I was beaten, hanged from a wall. I was put under so much psychological pressure during my interrogation. "
As ex-CIA lawyer John Rizzo wrote in his book, "the bipartisan leadership of Congress (the so-called Gang of 8) had been briefed by the CIA on the newly approved techniques, including waterboarding, and expressed no concern whatsoever".
His account raises questions about the congressional leadership. Why didn't they say at the time that they believed the harsh interrogation methods were wrong?
Members of Congress could have told Rizzo and the other CIA officials that they didn't want the detainees to be treated like this.


Championship winners Leigh Centurions have signed Castleford back-row forward Danny Tickle and second-row Antoni Maria.

Tickle, 33, has joined immediately on an 18-month contract after his short-term deal with the Tigers.
The former England forward started his career at Halifax and has also played for Wigan, Hull FC and Widnes.
France international Maria, 29, will link up with Leigh in November ahead of next season on a two-year deal.
The Centurions have also announced that stand-off Martyn Ridyard has signed a new contract until the end of the 2018 season.
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The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has shortlisted five possible locations to store nuclear waste from submarines.

The MoD is looking for somewhere to store radioactive components until the 2040s when a permanent disposal facility is due to be ready.
The shortlisted sites are Capenhurst, Cheshire; Sellafield, West Cumbria; Aldermaston and Burghfield, Berkshire; and Chapelcross, Dumfriesshire.
The components are from 18 redundant submarines and nine still in service.
The redundant Royal Navy submarines are currently stored afloat at Devonport, Plymouth; and Rosyth, Fife; but cannot be dismantled until the reactor components have been removed.
After the site is chosen, the radioactive parts will be stored until after 2040, when the UK's Geological Disposal Facility, for the permanent disposal of spent fuel and nuclear waste, is planned to come into operation.
No decision will be made until after a public consultation later this year.
Of the shortlisted sites, the Atomic Weapons Establishment sites at Aldermaston and Burghfield are owned by the MoD and run by AWE Plc; Sellafield and Chapelcross are owned by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA); and Capenhurst is run by Capenhurst Nuclear Services.
Philip Dunne, minister for defence equipment support and technology, said: "This is another step towards a safe and sustainable solution for the disposal of radioactive waste from our submarine fleet.
"All of the potential sites have a proven track record in handling radioactive material in a safe and secure way."
The dismantling work will take place at Devonport and Rosyth.


Republic of Ireland boss Martin O'Neill praised Jeff Hendrick and Jon Walters after they helped set up a vital 1-0 Euro 2016 qualifier win over Georgia.

Hendrick's superb run teed up Walters to score on 69 minutes as the Irish strengthened their hold on third place in Group D.
"Jeff was absolutely magnificent. He has that ability and it was great to see Walters scoring," said O'Neill.
"We didn't play well in the first half but then there was a great turnaround."
With Scotland losing 3-2 at home to Germany, the Republic are now four points ahead of Gordon Strachan's side with two rounds of fixtures remaining next month.
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The Republic host leaders Germany and visit second-placed Poland, while Scotland welcome the Poles before visiting Gibraltar in their final game.
The third-placed team with the best qualifying record from the nine groups qualifies automatically for next summer's tournament in France, with the other eight facing a two-legged play-off.
O'Neill says his side will "have a go" as they aim to at least secure a play-off spot.
"We need to find a win in two matches," he said. "We'll have to play better for the whole game.
"Germany, with respect, are not only the best team in the group, they are world champions, and I'd say at this minute, possibly even the best side in Europe, so we will have to naturally do better for 90 minutes in the game."
O'Neill was delighted by his team's second-half endeavour.
"We found a way to win the second half," he said. "We were very tentative in the first half - I'm not sure why we should be.
"The players came on very, very strongly in the second half and we deserved to get the goal and we deserved to win the game."
O'Neill praised Derby midfielder Hendrick, who jinked past three challenges before squaring for Stoke forward Walters to notch his seventh international goal.
"It was a great, great run and to keep a little bit of composure as well with the final ball coming in that somebody is going to come in on top of that as Jonathan Walters did."


Administrators have confirmed just 15 staff remain at armoured vehicle firm Penman Engineering following the latest round of job cuts.

Sixty staff were made redundant on Thursday due to cashflow problems.
The company from near Dumfries had about 140 employees when it went into administration last month.
Mark Ranson of administrators Armstrong Watson said a delay in the receipt of funds from customers meant the staff could not be kept on.
"The administrators have been seeking recovery of those funds from customers, and will continue to do so," he said.
"All staff affected will be kept informed and payments will be made as soon as funds become available.
"Fifteen employees have been retained by the administrators to help complete various tasks relating to the collection of remaining debts and the ongoing sale of the business."
Meanwhile, Dumfries and Galloway Council leader Ronnie Nicholson has written to First Minister Nicola Sturgeon seeking her support for the struggling business.
Mr Nicholson said the loss of more than 100 skilled jobs - including apprentices - were "individual tragedies" and also a "further blow" to the region's economy.
He asked Ms Sturgeon to ensure the Scottish government intervened as it had to broker a deal at the Dalzell steel works.
He said that would be a "key step forward" in meeting the challenges facing the local economy.
Speaking for the Scottish government, Business Minister Paul Wheelhouse said he was "very disappointed" to learn of further redundancies.
"This continues to be a very difficult time for all of those affected and their families," he said.
"Partnership Action for Continuing Employment (PACE), the Scottish government's initiative for responding to redundancy situations, has provided support to staff who have already been affected and stands ready to offer further support to the staff made redundant today.
"Scottish Enterprise (SE) is also working closely with the administrators and doing everything possible to help find a buyer for the business."
He said SE had promoted the business to several companies who were now in discussion with administrators.
"That work will continue, as we explore every possible avenue to support the Dumfries site and its workforce," he said.


Child abuse survivors' groups have said they have "no trust left" in Scotland's Child Abuse Inquiry.

White Flowers Alba and In Care Abuse Survivors Group both called for urgent answers from the Scottish government on the future of the inquiry.
The probe has been plagued by problems and all three original panel members have now resigned.
Deputy First Minister John Swinney said he understood the concerns but told the BBC the inquiry was gathering momentum.
Glen Houston resigned from the panel on Tuesday. He said his new appointments to the boards of two public sector organisations meant there was potentially a conflict of interest with his work on the abuse inquiry.
The other two original panel members, Susan O'Brien QC and Prof Michael Lamb, stood down within days of each other last year, complaining of government interference.
In July 2016, senior judge Lady Smith was appointed as the new chairwoman following Ms O'Brien's resignation.
The spokesman for the survivors' group White Flowers Alba, Andi Lavery, claimed there were fewer than 200 survivors now in contact with the inquiry and said there was "no trust left".
"It's an absolute disgrace and it's so terribly sad. I don't know anybody that's left that wants to testify and we're in contact with quite a number of survivors," he told BBC Radio's Good Morning Scotland programme.
"At the end of the day, if you're abused in Scotland you face no prospect of either justice, accountability or redress. But if you're abused in Carlisle or Belfast, you face them in their inquiries.
"That's not right, it's not equality and it's not justice."
The inquiry was launched in October 2015 and charged with examining historical allegations of child abuse in residential accommodation in Scotland.
It is due to report in 2019.
Also speaking on BBC Radio Scotland, Alan Draper, of the In Care Abuse Survivors Group, said survivors were concerned about the resignation of Mr Houston and the Scottish government's decision not to replace him on the panel.
"It looks too legalistic to us. All we've got now is a High Court judge, QCs and solicitors involved in the inquiry team and no external expertise. This looks far too narrow," Mr Draper said.
The group have also demanded that Mr Swinney tell them why the inquiry will not consider redress for victims.
Mr Draper told BBC Scotland: "We've continued to ask John Swinney that this be part of the remit. We've been denied this remit.
"What survivors tend to feel [is that] we were failed when we were in care. We continue to be failed by the Scottish government and we continue to be failed by the inquiry - why should we engage with it?"
But Mr Swinney insisted the inquiry had a "very broad remit" and would ensure justice was delivered to abuse survivors.
He also defended the decision not to appoint a successor to Mr Houston, saying that survivors' groups had told him "very strongly" they wanted the inquiry to be led by a senior judge.
The deputy first minister told the BBC that Lady Smith also had the ability to appoint assessors to "enhance the expertise of the inquiry".
"I completely understand the concern of survivors and I've engaged with survivors on a number of occasions since I took over responsibility of the Child Abuse Inquiry and I will continue to do so," he said.
"The inquiry is gathering evidence, it's gathering momentum, it's gathering input from individuals who were the victims of abuse.
"So the inquiry in that respect is doing exactly what it was commissioned to do which is to pursue justice and accountability for the survivors of abuse.
"On the question of redress, I acknowledge this to be a significant issue, but it's an issue for the government to address in consultation with the survivors. It's not for me to pass this to the inquiry."


White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer has said his gaffe about Adolf Hitler not using chemical weapons was "inexcusable and reprehensible".

He said "there's no comparing atrocities" after Tuesday's remark seeking to draw a distinction between Syria's leader and the German dictator.
"I got into a topic that I shouldn't have and I screwed up," he said at a media forum in Washington.
"I would ask obviously for folks' forgiveness," he added.
He was accused of being insensitive to Jews and Holocaust survivors.
He told reporters at a White House news conference on Monday that Hitler "was not using gas on his own people the same way that Asshad [sic] is doing".
Mr Spicer had been criticising Russia's support for Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, who is accused of launching a chemical weapons attack earlier this month that left 89 people dead.
Spicer had choice - apologise or dig
Why does everyone keep making Nazi comparisons?
On Wednesday morning, the press secretary said his comments had distracted from President Donald Trump's recent actions, which included responding to the suspected deadly gas attack with a cruise missile strike and a bilateral with Chinese President Xi Jinping.
"On a professional level it's disappointing because I think I've let the president down," he said at a Newseum forum on Mr Trump's first 100 days.
But his comments, which came during the Jewish festival of Passover, sparked online backlash and calls to remove him from his White House post.
The Anne Frank Center and Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi both called on Mr Trump to fire him while some criticised Mr Spicer for referring to concentration camps as "Holocaust centres".
"Either he is speaking for the President, or the President should have known better than to hire him," she said in a statement.


A non-league footballer has been charged with possessing an offensive weapon - a corkscrew - after an alleged "incident of affray" during a match.

Sawbridgeworth Town FC player Aidan Chaves, 26, was arrested on Sunday following an incident at the Hertfordshire club on 25 March.
The Essex Senior League home game against Clapton FC was abandoned.
Mr Chaves was released on bail and is due at Stevenage Magistrates' Court on 19 July.
Mr Chaves, formerly of Chantry Lane, London Colney, St Albans was detained following reports that a player appeared to get a knife out after being spat at by a Clapton fan at the Crofters End match.
More news from Hertfordshire
Police confirmed he had been charged with "possession of an offensive weapon in a public place, namely a corkscrew" and a public order offence.
Following the incident Sawbridgeworth Town said a player's registration had been terminated.
A spokesman for the club said the player in question would "never represent" them again and had been given a life ban from the ground.


Fracking can contaminate water supplies if it is not done properly, because the fracking fluid injected into rock to enable gas to be released often contains chemicals.

The problem should not occur, as fracking typically involves drilling more than a mile underground - far deeper than the water-bearing rocks (aquifers) from which we get our water supplies.
But another possibility of contamination occurs where the drill hole goes through the water-bearing rock.
If the borehole is not properly cased to stop leaks, the fracking water can escape into the aquifer.
This happened a lot in the early days of fracking in the USA.
Other problems can occur if the frackers drill horizontally too close to water-bearing rocks.
This is now considered bad practice, although it also happened in the USA, where small risk-taking companies pioneered fracking techniques before big operators took over.
Some areas have complained about high levels of the carcinogen benzene in underground water supplies as a result. In the UK, the Environment Agency says only chemicals non-toxic at small concentrations may be used.
The other possibility of pollution is when the water, which is mixed with chemicals and sand for the fracking process, comes back to the surface. It can be contaminated with heavy metals and radioactivity.
This wastewater needs to be contained in tanks before being disposed of or - preferably - cleaned up to re-use for more fracking.
The UK government has decided that with proper regulations, contamination of water from shale gas production should be avoided - and permission granted to start fracking.
We asked readers to send questions as the government gave the go-ahead to fracking in Lancashire.
The most popular questions were in relation to water, and Tim Glover asked: "Does fracking affect the water supply?"
Fracking has long been a controversial issue.
In 2011, all fracking was suspended in the UK after it was believed to have caused earthquakes near Blackpool.
The ban was lifted in 2012, but campaigners have continued to voice their opposition.
Pollyanna Steiner, from Friends of the Earth, said: "Fracking goes against everything we need to do to tackle climate change.
"The government must end its fixation with dirty fossil fuels and focus instead on harnessing the UK's huge renewable energy resource."
Communities Secretary Sajid David, who approved the plans for fracking at the Preston New Road site, at Little Plumpton, Lancashire, said the shale gas industry would support thousands of jobs and reduce the UK's reliance on energy imports.
Follow Roger on Twitter @rharrabin


New details of Hewlett-Packard's $5.1bn (£3.6bn) lawsuit against Autonomy have emerged in a court filing.

In the documents, HP accused two former Autonomy executives of artificially inflating the company's revenue before HP bought the firm.
HP paid $11bn (£7.2bn; €9.8bn) in 2011, but then was forced to write down most of the value of the firm.
In response, former Autonomy chief executive Mike Lynch accused HP of looking for a "scapegoat".
HP says in the court filing that just before it decided to acquire Autonomy, it believed that the firm was growing rapidly, on the basis of documents that HP now says showed artificially inflated revenue and profit figures.
According to HP, Autonomy's revenues were 25% lower that it reported in 2009, 38% lower in 2010, and 36% lower in 2011.
As a result of the inflated figures, HP says it overpaid for Autonomy by an estimated £3.2bn - the rough amount it is now seeking to recover from Mr Lynch and Autonomy's former chief financial officer, Sushovan Hussain, in one of the largest damages claims ever brought against an individual in the UK.
However, Mr Lynch said HP's claims were baseless.
In a statement, he said HP's suit was "a simple rehash of previous leaks and insinuations that add up to one long disagreement over accounting treatment".
He added that the effort was an attempt by HP's chief executive, Meg Whitman, to find a "scapegoat for [HP's] own errors and incompetence".
Earlier this year, the Serious Fraud Office closed its investigation into Autonomy's sale, saying that "on the information available to it, there is insufficient evidence for a realistic prospect of conviction".
It ceded legal jurisdiction to US authorities.


The chief executive of Athletics Kenya wants to step down temporarily amid allegations he asked athletes for bribes to reduce doping bans.

Isaac Mwangi denies wrongdoing but wants to leave his post for 21 days while world governing body the IAAF investigates the claims.
The World Anti-Doping Agency said it was "most disturbed" by the claims.
"The allegations have caused me a lot of mental anguish," Mwangi said in a letter to Athletics Kenya.
"I am anxious to have my name cleared."
Two suspended athletes claimed Mwangi had asked for money in exchange for more lenient punishments - allegations Mwangi said were "unsubstantiated".
BBC Sport revealed last week that Kenya had missed a deadline to prove to Wada it was tackling cheating in athletics, following a string of positive drugs tests and corruption allegations.
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It will be placed on a 'watch-list' of nations at risk of breaching the agency's code, and could then be declared non-compliant and ultimately banned from international competition - as has happened with Russia's athletes.
The East African country, whose athletes are dominant in distance running, topped the medal table at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing with seven gold medals.
But since 2011, more than 40 of its athletes have failed drugs tests.
Three other senior officials at Athletics Kenya were suspended last year by the IAAF while an investigation took place into allegations of "subversion" of the anti-doping process in Kenya and "improper diversion" of funds received from Nike.
Vice-president David Okeyo, a council member for the IAAF, president Isaiah Kiplagat, and Joseph Kinyua, a former treasurer of the national association, all deny any wrongdoing.


Inside a large ramshackle shed a struck match is held to the end of a metal pipe, and a faint blue flame springs into life.

Zenebech Alemayehu smiles, puts her finger tips to her lips, then towards the flame, a symbolic kiss for her new biogas business.
A single mother with a nine-year-old son to look after, Ms Zenebech, 32, recently bought a local franchise from a company called B-Energy, which aims to provide households across Ethiopia with cheap, portable biogas for cooking.
The metal pipe leading into Ms Zenebech's shed comes from a 5m (16ft) long plastic tank, which is a sealed compost bag or "digester".
You add food waste or animal droppings to the bag, and it produces methane gas which can then be piped out.
To fuel her digester in a southern suburb of Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa, Ms Zenebech collects cow dung for free from a nearby dairy farm.
When enough gas is produced, she transfers it into two metre-long, pillow-shaped inflatable balloons, which can be carried on your back like a rucksack.
Currently Ms Zenebech is using the biogas to cook snacks to sell at the police station next door, but her longer term aim is to sell the bags of gas to nearby homes, along the lines of the business model suggested by B-Energy.
Each balloon backpack holds 1.2 cubic metres of gas, enough for about five hours of cooking. Ms Zenebech plans to sell them for 10 Ethiopian birr (50 cents; 31 pence).
The heat and fire resistant bags come with a tap and pipe, which users simply attach to their gas stove.
When the balloon bag - which remains the property of B-Energy - is exhausted, users return it to their nearest franchisee for it to be refilled with gas.
Ms Zenebech says of her digester: "When I see it working I am so happy."
B-Energy is the brainchild of German entrepreneur Katrin Puetz, 34.
With a masters in agricultural engineering, Ms Puetz began the project while working for Hohenheim University in Stuttgart.
Realising its potential in Africa, as a clean, cheap alternative to cooking on smoky, polluting wood fires, she contacted Addis Ababa University, which invited her to move to Ethiopia for a year, and helped her develop the technology.
So in April of last year Ms Puetz launched B-Energy in the east African nation.
Although she was offered grants from global charities, she says she turned them down because she wanted to show that B-Energy could stand on its own feet.
"My aim is not to just provide biogas, but to show it can be provided without aid," she says.
"This is not just about money, it is about pride - why do we always have to have aid and subsidies for something that can work on its own?"
As the business is still in an infant state it currently only has two franchisees in Ethiopia and one in Sudan.
Ms Puetz says that she has yet to determine how much money franchisees will need to pay to buy for their first digester and bags when the business is fully up and running.
However, she estimates a price of between 400 euros ($441; Â£281) and 800 euros, varying from country to country.
Meanwhile, extra empty gas bags will each cost 43.50 euros.
For a country like Ethiopia these are high prices, but Ms Puetz says she is wants franchisees to be able to pay in instalments, and she is in talks with finance providers.
While it is hoped that franchisees like Ms Zenebech will make a profit on their part of the business, B-Energy itself is being run as a social enterprise, with profits reinvested into the business.
Araya Asfaw from Addis Ababa University's sustainable development agency, the Horn of Africa Regional Environment Centre and Network (HOAREC), helped with the development of B-Energy.
He adds that it is essential that franchises are not given anything for free.
"When you give something for free, people do not value it, it may end up under the bed," he says.
"But make them pay and they then want the training, and use it properly."
To help promote B-Energy after its launch last year, the company came up with a novel idea in the town of Arsi Negele, 200km (124 miles) south of Addis Ababa.
Yodit Balcha, who owns the national B-Energy franchise for Ethiopia as a whole, explains: "Rather than just tell people, we connected a digester to a local cafe so people could see how it worked.
"The technology is easy and simple, which helps acceptability."
Within weeks Ms Yodit  says 26 households were buying B-Energy's gas sacks.
Yet despite B-Energy's optimism and enthusiasm, biogas is nothing new in Ethiopia and across Africa as a whole.
In fact in Ethiopia a government-backed scheme called the National Biogas Program is already rolling out biogas production across the country, and is funded by millions of euros from a Dutch charity.
B-Energy says its novel difference is its inflatable bags, which make the biogas far more portable, and therefore much easier for people to buy and sell. It is in talks to join the National Biogas Program.
However as Mr Araya admits, the large size of the bags may make them unsuitable for some cramped urban settings.
He says: "In the rural areas you have plenty of room, but it will be harder in the cities. The system is too bulky."
Despite such concerns about the size of the bags, Ms Zenebech is not deterred.
Having previously worked washing clothes and cleaning buildings, she is determined to be her own boss as she pushes ahead a fledgling business plan.
Up to her elbow in slurry as she mixes cow dung with water to add to her digester, she says: "I have done harder labour than this."