A British IT worker who left the UK to fight against Islamic State (IS) was shot during battle, he has revealed.

Jac Holmes, 22, from Bournemouth, left the UK in January to join the People's Protection Unit, or YPG - the main Kurdish force in northern Syria.
Speaking to BBC South from Syria, Mr Holmes said he was shot in the arm as his unit attempted to take control of a village from IS.
Government and police terror experts have warned against going to Syria.
Mr Holmes said: "Me and my group were trying to advance, and then I literally just got shot in the arm. It was a bit of a surprise - obviously I've never been shot before.
"My arm suddenly felt a bit strange and then there was blood everywhere."
He said he spent some time in a Kurdish hospital recovering but is now back at the frontlines, staying with other Kurdish and western fighters in an abandoned village.
Mr Holmes previously revealed how his interest in the region began in 2011.
He started following Kurdish social media accounts, as well as those of western volunteers fighting with Kurds.
After leaving the UK in January, he crossed into Syria from Iraq to join YPG in its campaign against IS fighters.
"They [IS] are a horrendous terrorist organisation, they enslave, pillage - they think they're justified under their version of Islam.
"Anyone of a sane mind can see there is nothing religious or righteous about it. I can't get over why anyone would actually join a group like Isis," he said.
David Knowles, of the Hampshire Constabulary counter-terrorism team Prevent, said he would discourage anyone from travelling to Syria.
"They could well be committing offences in the UK by fighting overseas and they may well be committing offences in Syria," he said.
"The Syrian government passed a law two years ago to say anybody fighting in their country would be imprisoned for up to 10 years."
Mr Knowles said fighters ran the risk of being imprisoned, being killed or captured, tortured and executed by IS.
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) insists British citizens should not travel to any part of Syria, even for humanitarian reasons.  It warns they could face arrest on their return and the best way to help is to donate to charities.
Terrorism expert Dr Anthony Richards, of the University of East London, said he thought it was possible to draw a distinction between those fighting for and against Islamic State.
"It is very unlikely that those fighting against Isis [IS] upon their return... are likely to present a domestic threat to the security of the United Kingdom.
"So my feeling is that the British government perspective that they will take a pragmatic approach to this."


Police have charged a man with murder following a fatal stabbing.

Matthew Sharpe is accused of killing Andrew Hasler, 28, of Houghton Road, St Ives, Cambridgeshire.
Mr Hasler was found at his home at about 12:40 GMT on Sunday, 8 January with multiple stab wounds to his chest. He died at the scene.
Mr Sharpe, 40, from St Neots, has also been charged with the attempted murder of a woman, 27, who was seriously injured.
More Cambridgeshire stories
He appeared before magistrates earlier and will next appear at Cambridge Crown Court on 16 January.


James Young, who lost his arm and leg in an accident, has a prosthetic arm and bionic hand inspired by one of his favourite video games.

31 March 2016 Last updated at 20:07 BST
The limb is based on one seen in Konami Digital Entertainment's Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain.
The 25-year-old was chosen by prosthetics artist Sophie De Oliviera Barata because of his positive attitude and love of video games.


Managers in Scotland have expressed surprise at the level of dope-testing in the game, following a BBC Scotland report.

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It revealed that only eight players had been tested in nine months, with no out-of-competition tests conducted in three years.
Aberdeen manager Derek McInnes said: "If people know they're getting watched and they can be tested just dropping into the stadium at any time at a training session as they do in England then it might make people think twice."
His Hibernian counterpart, Englishman Alan Stubbs, added: "Down south, we did get tested on it quite a lot and it could be very random."
Statistics published by UK Anti-Doping, the body responsible for carrying out tests across Scottish and English football, show that, for the same nine-month period, 1,583 tests took place in England.
The FA in England supplements UKAD's budget to allow for a greater number of tests, something the SFA says it will consider but does not currently do.
"If those are the figures, I would be surprised at that," added McInnes.
"When I operated in England as player and manager, it was far more regular than that. I know they probably have more resources and staff to do it.
"While I don't think there'll be a huge problem, it's important to keep on top of things like that, to keep that as a deterrent with more testing.
"I think if you take your eye off the ball with any issue - and certainly you've seen it in other sports, it's really relevant at the minute. I don't think we should ever get blase and complacent with that.
"I don't think it's a huge problem, that there should be a big panic about it but we don't know if there's not much testing."
Stubbs agrees, adding: "I was a bit surprised by the number that was put out.
"I think the most important thing with the way sport over the world is going, in football we don't want any accusations or anyone pointing fingers.
"If we can keep this sport as clean as we possibly can, I think it's better for everybody."
Of his experience in English football, Stubbs recalled: "We didn't know when they were coming.
"It wouldn't surprise me if we did somewhere between probably eight and 12 in a season, just out of one club."
Like McInnes and Stubbs, Celtic manager Ronny Deila does not believe drug misuse is a major problem in football.
However, he added: "At the same time, it has to be clean and fair and some tests are important to have of course.
"If you don't find anything, it's no reason to increase all the testing, but if you start to see tests that say this is happening in football then of course you have to increase them.
"I haven't seen in my time in football something about this - there's been one occasion in maybe a million."
Deila had experience of testing as a player and manager in his native Norway before joining Celtic.
"I think it's more in Norway," he said, although he pointed out that his present players had been subject to testing during European competitions "where there's more testing than there is here in Scotland".


The Ulster Unionist Party has said it will not return to talks on Wednesday unless the Provisional IRA's existence is the first item on the agenda.

A fresh round of cross-party talks to resolve the crisis, sparked by the murder of a former IRA member, have ended for the evening.
Police said last month they believe IRA members may have been involved in the shooting of Kevin McGuigan Sr.
Sinn Féin has denied this and maintains the Provisional IRA no longer exists.
Tuesday's talks lasted about two hours.
Afterwards, Ulster Unionist leader Mike Nesbitt said whether or not the Provisional IRA still exists "is the issue and the only issue that we will speak on".
"We will consider going into the session which deals with the IRA. We will consider it, but we need to see the papers and the terms of engagement," he said.
"The fact that no other party supported us and said 'let's change this proposed agenda, forget the Stormont House Agreement until we resolve the issue of Sinn Fêin being in denial about the IRA' is frankly appalling."
First Minister and Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) leader Peter Robinson said the talks were extremely important.
"If the assembly and executive falls we are probably talking about the best part of a decade before it would ever be revived," he said.
His party colleague, Arlene Foster called Mr Nesbitt "the master of hokey cokey politics".
"One day Mike Nesbitt is in the executive and the next day he's out.  One day he's in the talks and the next day he's out," she said.
Earlier, Secretary of State Theresa Villiers told MPs she did not believe the time was right to suspend the devolved institutions.
However, she said she would keep the option open if circumstances changed dramatically.
She said there were two issues creating instability - continued paramilitary activity and the failure to implement the Stormont House Agreement.
On his way into the talks, Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams said any decision about suspending Stormont would be "beyond Ms Villiers' pay grade".
Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness said the secretary of state's comments contrasted with a recent conversation he had with the prime minister, in which David Cameron did not indicate he was ready to suspend Stormont.
Alliance leader David Ford said his party did not want any quick fixes, but a resolution of Stormont's longer-term problems.
Last week, Alliance supported a DUP request for a voluntary adjournment of the Stormont assembly to create space for negotiations.
However, Mr Ford said that in the light of the DUP blocking executive meetings, his party would not support any more adjournment motions.
The Ulster Unionists also released a paper calling for £20-£25m of what they described as unspent legacy funding to be diverted towards mental health care. The UUP argued this could help ease Stormont's financial impasse.
The talks are also being attended by Irish Foreign Minister Charlie Flanagan.
On his way in he expressed disappointment about what he described as the British governments unilateral action in indicating it will impose welfare reform if there is no agreement.
However, Mr Flanagan said he understood this would only be a last resort and hoped the talks would be successful making welfare legislation via Westminster unnecessary.
The current talks are expected to last four to six weeks.


President Barack Obama has arrived in Saudi Arabia for talks with King Salman and other leaders from Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.

Relations have become strained over the fight against so-called Islamic State (IS) and the nuclear deal with Iran.
US Defence Secretary Ashton Carter is on the trip with the president.
Mr Carter said they would be seeking help with military and naval operations to counter Iran's "destabilising activities" in the region.
Mr Obama will talks with King Salman on Wednesday and meet the leaders of Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and Oman on Thursday.
He will then travel to the UK and Germany.
Country profile: Saudi Arabia
While Saudi press hails strong relations with the US, Middle Eastern newspapers in general are playing down Barack Obama's visit, arguing that he does not have enough time before leaving office to mend strained ties, BBC Monitoring reports.
Saudi-owned Al-Hayat sees the visit as "a farewell summit" for the US president: "Obama will no longer be either useful or relevant to the Gulf states," it says.
Pan-Arab Al-Arab al-Alamiyah agrees, saying that key issues are "most likely to be passed over to the next US administration, which may be better placed to deal with them".
Rajeh al-Khoury in Lebanese Al-Nahar says Mr Obama will not be able "to correct his illusions about Iran, but will rather leave behind a lesson about failure".
Saudi pro-government Al-Riyadh urges the US and Saudi Arabia to "square up to growing mutual challenges that include rebuilding confidence".
Rim al-Harami in Qatari Al-Raya concurs, saying "the challenges remain but they could be overcome if confidence is regained".
Frank Gardner: How strained are US-Saudi relations?
The US support for the lifting of sanctions against Iran has damaged relations with Saudi Arabia, Iran's biggest rival in the region.
And a bill that is being considered in the US at the moment could potentially allow American citizens to sue Saudi Arabia over the 9/11 attacks.
The GCC includes Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman.


The men's and women's solo singer gold medal winners have been announced at Gaelic's Royal National Mod, which is taking place in Dunoon.

Eilidh Davis, from Invergarry, and Calum MacLeod, from Carloway, Lewis, won the honours.
The coveted Lovat and Tulibardine Shield will be awarded to the best choir on Friday.
The eight-day celebration of Gaelic music, dance, drama, arts and literature is now in its 120th year.
The Royal National Mod is organised by An Comunn GÃ idhealach, the world's oldest Gaelic organisation.


Huddersfield Giants have signed Wakefield Wildcats full-back Jordan Tansey on an initial month-long loan.

The 29-year-old made eight appearances for the Wildcats last season after joining them from Castleford Tigers.
Huddersfield have been hit by injury problems, with Scott Grix and Craig Huby both set for lengthy lay-offs.
"A new face will give us a great lift after the difficulties we have faced in this first month," director Richard Thewlis told the club website.
The Giants, who are currently bottom of the Super League table, have yet to win a game this season.


England's treatment so far in Australia has been "demeaning and disrespectful", says head coach Eddie Jones.

England beat the Wallabies in Australia for only the fourth time with a 39-28 victory in Saturday's first Test.
But Jones was upset with a promotional video shown before the game, as well as a question asked by former Wallabies flanker Steve Hoiles afterwards.
"The team has been disrespected," said Jones. "I'm not worried about myself, I can handle myself."
The Australian, 56, added: "I don't talk about it to the team. We talk about rugby."
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In a trailer shown repeatedly in the build-up to the first Test, pundits including Tim Horan and Phil Kearns mockingly highlighted past English failures, including last year's early exit at the World Cup.
The pundits said a successful series for the World Cup finalists was a foregone conclusion, but Jones says his England team are determined not to spurn the opportunity of an historic victory.
"You've seen the promotions... and the kind of questions we get," he added. "It's quite demeaning and disrespectful to the team."
During the post-match news conference, former Australia international Hoiles told Jones he was in the press "more than Donald Trump", before posing a question laced with sexual innuendo.
"Without a doubt we've been disrespected," said Jones, whose side have a chance to wrap up the series in the second Test in Melbourne on Saturday.
"You get that sort of ridiculous question from Hoiles."
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Leinster returned to the top of the Pro12 table and bagged a bonus point with an emphatic win over the Scarlets.

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Scrum-half Luke McGrath snapped up two first-half tries but the visitors were just 12-9 down at the break thanks to three penalties by Dan Jones.
Leinster broke clear in the second half at the RDS with Rhys Ruddock crashing over and Joey Carbery scoring twice.
Replacement Ed Byrne also got over and Jamison Gibson-Park came on to score a try with the last move of the match.
The five-point return takes Leo Cullen's men two points clear of the Ospreys who had gone top on Friday with victory in Edinburgh.
Scarlets were unchanged from their first win over Munster at Thomond Park for 14 years, but their hopes of an Irish double were blown away in the second half as Leinster coasted to their fourth successive bonus-point victory of the Six Nations period.
After Jones had kicked the visitors ahead early on, Leinster turned down a kickable penalty and from a close-in scrum, McGrath scrambled over for the opening try.
A second successful penalty followed from Jones, but the Scarlets fly-half then blundered when a was charged down by McGrath, who finished smartly for his second try.
The Welsh club were just three points in arrears at half-time but conceded 33 without reply after the interval.
Leinster ran in four tries during the third quarter - Ruddock charging through and full-back Carbery snapping up two and replacement Ed Byrne also scoring.
Just to rub it in at the death, another replacement, Gibson-Park, completed the rout for Leinster, profiting from Dan Leavy's barnstorming run towards the right corner.
Leinster: Carbery, A. Byrne, Kirchner, Reid, McFadden, R. Byrne, L. McGrath, Dooley, Strauss, Bent, Molony, Triggs, Ruddock, Leavy, Conan.
Replacements: B. Daly for Reid (56), Gibson-Park for L. McGrath (60), B. Byrne for Dooley (57), E. Byrne for Strauss (57), Ross for Bent (49), M. McCarthy for Triggs (60), Deegan for Ruddock (68).
Scarlets: McNicholl, T. Williams, S. Hughes, Parkes, van der Merwe, D. Jones, J. Evans, W. Jones, Elias, Kruger, Price, Beirne, Shingler, J. Davies, Boyde.
Replacements: Nicholas for S. Hughes (45), A. Thomas for D. Jones (56), D. Smith for J. Evans (79), Garrett for W. Jones (68), D. Hughes for Elias (69), N. Thomas for Kruger (49), Bernardo for Price (60), Allen for J. Davies (49).
Referee: Nigel Owens (Wales)


A giant rugby ball which "crashed" into the wall of Cardiff Castle for the Rugby World Cup has been taken down.

Rugby fans flocked to see and take pictures of the "ball in the wall" when the city hosted eight games during the tournament, which ended at the weekend.
New Zealand beat Australia in Saturday's final at Twickenham.
The ball appeared in the castle wall on the eve of the World Cup as a surprise and was finally taken down during the early hours of Tuesday.


As English clubs amassed over £1billion in transfer fees in this window, the transfer market in Scotland may have seemed a little slow in comparison.

However, although much of the business was conducted earlier in the summer, several Scottish clubs were still active on the final day of the transfer window.
BBC Scotland lists all the deals involving Scottish players that were concluded on transfer deadline day.
Aberdeen
In: James Maddison, midfielder (Norwich City, loan)
Celtic
In: Cristian Gamboa, defender (West Bromwich Albion, undisclosed);
Out: Saidy Janko, defender (Barnsley, loan)
Dundee
Out: Andy Black, defender
Heart of Midlothian
Out: Juanma, forward (Murcia, loan)
Inverness Caledonian Thistle
In: Brad McKay, defender (St Johnstone); Larnell Cole, midfielder (Fulham, loan)
Kilmarnock
In: Scott Boyd, defender (Ross County, loan)
Out: Mark Waddington (Stoke City, end of loan); Oliver Davies (Swansea, end of loan)
Motherwell
In: Ryan Bowman, forward (Gateshead, undisclosed); Luka Belic, midfielder (West Ham United, loan)
Out: Marvin Johnson, midfielder (Oxford United, undisclosed); Luke Watt, defender (Stranraer, loan); Lee Lucas, midfielder
Partick Thistle
In: Adam Barton, (Portsmouth, undisclosed)
Out: Mathias Pogba, forward (Sparta Rotterdam); David Crawford, goalkeeper
Rangers
In: Philippe Senderos, defender (Grasshoppers)
Out: Andrew Murdoch, midfielder
Ross County
Out: Scott Boyd, defender (Kilmarnock, loan); Chris Robertson, defender
St Johnstone
In: Joe Gormley, forward (Peterborough United, loan)
Out: Brad McKay, defender (Inverness Caledonian Thistle)
Ayr United
Out: Craig McCracken, defender
Dumbarton
In: Sam Stanton, midfielder (Hibernian, loan)
Dundee United
In: Tony Andreu, midfielder (Norwich City, loan)
Out: Kieran Freeman, defender (Southampton, undisclosed); Justin Johnstone, forward (York City, loan); Cammy Ballantyne, defender (Montrose, loan); Aaron Murrell, forward (Cowdenbeath, loan); Brett Long, goalkeeper (Forfar Athletic, loan)
Dunfermline Athletic
In: Nicky Clark, forward (Bury); John Herron, midfielder (Blackpool)
Greenock Morton
Out: John Tennent, defender (Cumbernauld Colts, loan)
Hibernian
Out: Sam Stanton, midfielder (Dumbarton, loan); Jamie Insall, forward (East Fife, loan)
Queen of the South
Out: Robbie Thomson, goalkeeper
Raith Rovers
In: Craig Easton, midfielder (Torquay United)
Out: Jonny Court, forward (Montrose, loan); David Mckay, defender (Montrose, loan)
East Fife
In: Jamie Insall, forward (Hibernian, loan)
Livingston
Out: Darren Jamieson, goalkeeper
Queen's Park
In: Willie Muir, goalkeeper (East Fife)
Out: Mark Williams, defender
Stranraer
In: Luke Watt, defender (Motherwell, loan)
Clyde
In: Ross Perry, defender (Brechin City)
Out: David Marsh, defender
Cowdenbeath
In: Aaron Murrell, forward (Dundee United, loan);
Forfar Athletic
In: Brett Long, goalkeeper (Dundee United, loan)
Montrose
In: Cammy Ballantyne, defender (Dundee United, loan); Jonny Court, forward (Raith Rovers, loan); David Mckay, defender (Raith Rovers, loan)
Out: Jamie Clarke, midfielder
Charlie Mulgrew, defender (free agent to Blackburn Rovers)
Ikechi Anya, midfielder (Watford to Derby County, £4m)
Chris Martin, forward (Derby County to Fulham, loan)


Germany defender Antonio Rudiger has been ruled out of Euro 2016 after tearing cruciate knee ligaments in training on Tuesday.

The 23-year-old was taking part in the squad's first session at their base in France when he suffered the injury.
"A decision on a new player has yet to be taken," said a Germany statement.
The absence Rudiger, who plays for Roma in Serie A, is a blow with fellow centre-back Mats Hummels not fully recovered from a leg muscle injury.
Germany had arrived at their tournament base in Evian only hours before Rudiger was injured.
They are in the same group as Northern Ireland, Poland and Ukraine.
Create leagues and play against your friends in BBC Sport's new Euro 2016 Predictor game


I understand the Labour leader is preparing to unveil proposals designed to increase competition between banks by forcing the so-called "big five" - HSBC, Barclays, Royal Bank of Scotland, Santander and Lloyds - to sell more of their branches and promote the growth of new banks capable of challenging them.

Ed Miliband will make his plan public in a major speech on Friday which will argue that what the party calls a "living standards crisis" can only be addressed by making long term structural changes to the British economy.
Labour see this as a follow up to their proposal for an energy price freeze.
Party officials will not confirm the details of their banking package although one source told me they had been discussing the possibility of a cap on the market share which any retail bank can have drawing on a similar scheme in the United States.
In a separate development, the party will tomorrow call on Chancellor George Osborne to block Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) from paying staff bonuses worth twice their salaries.
The Financial Times reports that RBS intends to ask its shareholders - in effect the British government - to approve bonuses set at twice the normal level permitted by a new EU law which limits bonuses to the same amount as annual salary in the previous year.
The paper reports all major European banks are expected to follow suit.
The shadow chief secretary, Chris Leslie, has tabled a Commons motion on Wednesday saying the government "as a majority shareholder should not approve any request to increase the cap".
He says that "at a time when families face a cost-of-living crisis, it cannot be right for George Osborne to approve a doubling of the bank bonus cap".
The chancellor is likely to call on RBS to exercise restraint as he has in the past.
The government has passed new laws to force regulators to produce greater competition in banking, acting on recommendations of the Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards and the Vickers Commission.
Labour will use their proposals to claim that the prime minister "stands up for the wrong people" whilst they challenge the big five banks just as they challenged the big six energy companies
NOTE
In a speech in July 2012, Ed Miliband said the banking industry had become "economically damaging and socially destructive" and set out his aim of increasing banking competition and forcing the "big five" banks to sell branches. He is expected to unveil the detail of this on Friday.


A gorilla that escaped from its enclosure at London Zoo drank five litres of undiluted blackcurrant squash before being returned to his den, a report has found.

Kumbuka, a western lowland silverback, made an "opportunistic" exit through unlocked doors, London Zoo added.
The zoo said the gorilla got into a secure keepers' area on discovery of the security flaw.
Kumbuka was returned to his den shortly after being tranquilised on 13 October.
What happens if you drink five litres of undiluted squash?
The 29st "alpha male" was kept calm by a keeper before the keeper managed to remove himself from the area.
Armed police were called to the zoo and visitors were evacuated after the ape's bid for freedom.
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But in his report on the breakout, Prof David Field described the events as "less dramatic than some would have you believe".
He said: "There were no broken locks, Kumbuka did not smash any windows, he was never 'on the loose' and his normal gorilla posturing reported by visitors earlier in the day was unrelated."
The gorilla found the door to his area was unlocked and a second door had yet to be secured shortly after his feeding time at 17:00 BST last Thursday.
It brought the gorilla face to face with the keeper who had shared an "incredibly close relationship" with the animal.
The member of staff talked to Kumbuka and "removed himself from the area".
Once alone, the animal "briefly explored the area next door to his den, where he opened and drank five litres of undiluted blackcurrant squash", the report revealed.
It concluded that the gorilla was always contained in a non-public area of the zoo after the alarm was raised, in accordance with its policy.
Kumbuka was returned to his den shortly after being tranquilised.


Leyton Orient boss Ian Hendon has appointed Gillingham's Andy Hessenthaler as his assistant manager.

Hessenthaler, who has agreed a two-year deal, had two spells as Gills boss and was in joint caretaker charge of the League One side earlier this season.
Hendon played alongside the 49-year-old at Barnet and was his assistant at Priestfield during the 2010-11 season.
"I am delighted to have someone with Andy's experience and knowledge by my side," Hendon told the club website.
"I have worked with him and he is a very good coach. I also played alongside Andy in the same team and know what attributes he will bring to the club.
"Andy will work alongside Kevin Nugent, who remains very much part of my coaching team."
Hessenthaler made over 360 appearances for Gillingham during a stint with the Kent club which spanned a decade and included a period as player-boss.
He returned as manager in 2010, but stepped down two years later before becoming director of football, only to leave the club in May 2013.
He was appointed as assistant manager by Peter Taylor last summer and remained part of the coaching set-up after Justin Edinburgh was appointed boss in February.
Hessenthaler described the move to Orient as "an incredibly difficult decision".
He added: "I've had a 20-year relationship with Gillingham and I love the club. However, I felt it's a fresh challenge for me and I look forward to what lies ahead."
Former West Ham coach Hendon was appointed O's manager in May on a two-year deal, following their relegation to League Two.


Glasgow has been named among 11 urban areas in the UK and Ireland which have breached air pollution safety levels.

The city featured in the data published by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
The health body warned poor air quality caused more than three million deaths around the world every year.
A spokeswoman for Glasgow City Council said it took its responsibility to monitor air quality "very seriously" and its data showed it met air pollution targets in 2015.
As air quality declines, the risk of stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma, increases among residents, WHO said.
One way the global health body assesses air quality is by examining the levels of a type of pollution known as particulate matter (PMs).
Glasgow was one of a number of places which breached the safe limit set for PM10.
Port Talbot, Stanford-Le-Hope, London,  Scunthorpe, Leeds, Eastbourne, Nottingham, Southampton and Oxford, as well the town of Longford in Ireland, also exceeded the safe level.
More than 40 towns and cities across Britain and Ireland breached the safe levels for another measure known as PM2.5.
Glasgow and Prestonpans in East Lothian featured on that list.
WHO said that across the world 80% of cities that measure outdoor air pollution are failing to meet its guidance for safe levels of air quality.
Dr Flavia Bustreo, WHO's assistant director general for family, women and children's health, said: "When dirty air blankets our cities, the most vulnerable urban populations - the youngest, oldest and poorest - are the most impacted."
Jenny Bates, Friends of the Earth air pollution campaigner, said air pollution caused 40,000 early deaths a year in the UK.
He added: "This is a public health crisis. It's time it was treated that way.
"We need fewer and cleaner vehicles with a Clean Air Zone in every city and large town - and politicians must urgently introduce a diesel scrappage scheme to get the worst polluting vehicles off our roads, as well as more investment in alternatives to driving."
Dr Penny Woods, chief executive of the British Lung Foundation, said the report was "deeply concerning".
"It is clear from this report that the UK is facing an air pollution crisis," she said.
"Unfortunately, the government's response so far has been inadequate. Swift action must be taken to reduce pollution levels in the UK and protect our lung health."
A spokeswoman for Glasgow City Council said: "Glasgow has set a target of being one of the most sustainable cities in Europe and we take our responsibility to monitor air quality very seriously.
"In fact the latest data for air quality in the city shows that both the Scottish Air Quality Objective and WHO target level for the pollutants PM10 and PM2.5 were met across the city in 2015.
"While we have made good progress, we recognise there is more to be done. The council is a key partner in the Scottish government's Clean Air for Scotland Strategy which is intended to define the path to achieving full compliance with the relevant air quality standards over the next few years."
A total of 40 towns and cities in the UK and Ireland breached safe levels for fine particles in the air, known as PM2.5, according to WHO.


A man who ran the London Marathon - and then continued running all the way home to Cardiff -  has arrived back in the Welsh capital to a hero's welcome.

James Rudolf ran the 159 miles back to Wales after last Sunday's marathon.
He was welcomed back by family, members of the Cardiff Blues rugby team and hundreds of supporters as he arrived at Cardiff Arms Park.
Mr Rudolf is raising money for the charity that helped his son, Oscar, who has a rare form of cancer.
The 41-year-old father-of four, from Lisvane, in Cardiff, said his six-year-old was diagnosed with Ewing's Sarcome, a rare soft tissue cancer, in 2014.
Oscar needed chemotherapy as well as proton radiotherapy treatment in Florida.
Mr Rudolf said: "It's hard to put into words how I'm feeling now. It's been a great week, I've really enjoyed it.
"It's been really hard work, but to see everyone out here today is amazing. It's great to be back with Sarah, my wife, Oscar and our other three boys, I'm very happy."
The original fundraising target set by James was Â£10,000. He has now raised more than Â£65,000 for Latch.
Oscar was admitted to hospital on Thursday evening because his temperature went up, but doctors agreed to let him leave hospital with his mother to see his father complete his run on Friday evening.
He later returned to the oncology ward where he was being treated with antibiotics before being released on Saturday morning.
Mrs Rudolf said: "I'm very proud of James and the friends who ran back with him from London, it's been a very emotional week."


Scientists have been given the go-ahead to study 500-year-old human bones from Ipswich, which could help research into arthritis.

English Heritage requested the six-month loan of bones from nine skeletons at Ipswich Museum.
The museum said the study could reveal how the disease has changed over the centuries.
Simon Mays, of English Heritage, said: "The loan gives us access to a very important collection."
Eight of the skeletons to be studied were excavated from the Blackfriars and Whitefriars monastic cemeteries in Ipswich town centre in the late 20th Century.
Another one was found during a dig of part of the town's quay about three years ago.
It is believed arthritis was prevalent among the monks who lived in the Ipswich friaries.
Mr Mays, a human skeletal biologist, said the bones would be examined by him, an osteo-archaeologist and rheumatologist in Portsmouth, Oxford and Bristol and the most interesting ones would undergo CT scans.
"We will lay them out in anatomical order, look at the X-rays, which were done several years ago, and decide what to do," said Mr Mays.
"The diseases we are looking at cause destruction of the joints of the skeletons... but we need to find out why there was a cluster of the disease in Ipswich.
"It might say something of the history of different diseases and how the manifestations have changed."
Philip Wise, heritage manager with Ipswich and Colchester Museum Service, said: "You can tell with the naked eye that the longer leg bones and hips have knobbly, arthritic lumps on them, so arthritis seems to have been very prevalent and the friars would have been hobbling around."
The remains are believed to date from 1300 to 1530 and are stored in boxes at the museum. The loan was approved by the borough council.


Former Zimbabwe Test batsman Mark Vermeulen has been banned from all cricket activities for referring to black people as "apes".

The 36-year-old, who played nine Tests and 43 one-day internationals, made his views in a Facebook post in July.
Vermeulen was responding to a complaint by Prosper Utseya, which alleged that there was racism in Zimbabwe cricket.
"Racism is abominable and there can be no defence for it," Cricket Zimbabwe said in a statement.
On Friday, a Zimbabwean newspaper published an apology from Vermeulen. In it, the former international said that he had made a personal apology to Utseya, and that it had been accepted.
"I know my comments were over the top and I apologise to all that I have offended. But as a cricketer, it's how our minds work," he said.
Zimbabwe Cricket said: "Mark Vermeulen has been banned from participating in all cricket activities, after he owned up to repulsive remarks that reflect racism, prejudice and plain ignorance.
"We find Vermeulen's Facebook comment distasteful and unacceptable, particularly for a senior sportsman who should have learned from playing in Zimbabwe and abroad that there is no place for racism in sport."


A man has been charged after another man was serious injured when he was stabbed on an industrial estate in Dorset.

The victim, in his 30s, was found in Hatch Pond Road on Nuffield Industrial Estate, Poole, on Friday lunchtime.
His condition is described as serious but not life-threatening, police said.
A 27-year-old man from Swanage, initially arrested on suspicion of attempted murder, has been charged with wounding.
He also faces charges of aggravated vehicle taking, possession of an offensive weapon in a public place and possession of cannabis.
He is due to appear at Poole Magistrates' Court later.


Gordon Strachan says there is no need for John McGinn to leave Hibernian to become a Scotland regular.

The national team boss has often spoken of the benefits of having players at the highest possible level.
But although McGinn, 21, faces another season in the Championship, Strachan says continued improvement there will ensure his place in the squad.
"I think John should concentrate on getting to a higher level with Hibs," Strachan told BBC Scotland.
"Hibs were the club who put their trust in him. Alan Stubbs went to the chairman and said 'this kid's good for us, we want him'.
"So I think he should be concentrating on getting Hibs back because I've shown you don't have to be playing in the Premier League in England or the Premiership in Scotland to get a game."
McGinn could win his second cap against Italy in Malta on Sunday, having impressed on his debut against Denmark in March.
"We watched the Denmark game and thought 'we can call on John now, if needed'," Strachan explained. "It's up to him to make that position his own. If we can get another few like that, that's great.
"John made his debut and we were very pleased with what we saw but then we looked at it again and said to John 'think about this when you're there the next time' so there's a lot of progress to be made there."
And Strachan admits it was McGinn's attitude as much as his ability that convinced him to give him his first cap.
"John was picked by me coming to watch training," he said. "I knew how he could play - I was just watching his behaviour at training. So there's all sorts of ways you can get picked."
The squad for the friendlies against Italy and France includes more uncapped or inexperienced players than usual because of the unavailability of several regulars, but Strachan will not experiment at the cost of weakening his side.
"Of course I would like to see how Barrie McKay would fare in a Scotland jersey," he said. "But then when they get here you see how well Olly Burke's doing, how well Stephen Kingsley's doing and you think 'I can't play them all at the same time'.
"I think that would be really unfair on them. You've got to watch with young players. A couple of times , I've put people in too early, which has affected them longer term.
"Also when you're picking the team, usually there's partnerships and you don't want that to be two brand new players, no matter who you're playing. But if you're playing France and Italy you need people beside you where you can say 'I'm glad he's beside me'."


A manta ray mothership, eel-like drones and fish-shaped torpedoes... not things from a sci-fi movie but visions of the Royal Navy submarines of the future.

Twenty scientists and engineers aged 16 to 34 were challenged to "visioneer" a new generation of underwater craft.
Their ideas drew heavily on marine life, feature surfaces that can shape-shift, and boast radical new propulsion technologies.
The concepts aim to inspire new ideas for underwater combat in the future.
However, the BBC's defence correspondent Jonathan Beale says the Navy is unlikely to turn many of these visions into reality.
Cdr Peter Pipkin, the Royal Navy's fleet robotics officer, said: "Today's Royal Navy is one of the most technologically advanced forces in the world, and that's because we have always sought to think differently and come up with ideas that challenge traditional thinking."
In the 18th Century the Royal Navy began sheathing ships in copper - dramatically improving speed - and the dreadnought revolutionised naval warfare in the run up to World War One.
The new concepts were dreamed up by scientists from BAE Systems, Rolls Royce, Lockheed Martin and the Ministry of Defence, who were asked to envisage submarine warfare in 50 years' time.
The challenge was to design craft that are cheap to run and deadly in battle.
Cdr Pipkin added: "If only 10% of these ideas become reality, it will put us at the cutting edge of future warfare and defence operations."
So how do the designs look?
Based on a hybrid between a whale shark and a manta ray, the mothership's hull would be 3D-printed and built from super-strong alloys and acrylics, with surfaces that can morph in shape.
With tunnel drive propulsion similar to a Dyson bladeless fan, it could travel at 150 knots, sucking water through the bow and expelling it from the stern.
A crew of 20 would live on board, and the vessel could dock at underwater stations based around the world.
By Jonathan Beale, BBC defence correspondent
The Royal Navy's thinking big about the future. It's already held the first large-scale maritime exercise involving hi-tech robots and underwater systems -"Unmanned Warrior".
But the harsh reality is there simply isn't the resources to turn these latest dreams into reality. And in truth, the Navy's thinking often looks to the past as much to the future.
Most of its budget is being spent on two new aircraft carriers, new frigates to protect them and four new submarines to carry the UK's Trident nuclear missiles.
This is what the Royal Navy will be operating for decades to come. These new ships and submarines will be far more advanced than what it's had before. But they're still more Cold War era than science fiction.
Launched from weapons bays on the mothership and themselves armed, these submarines would travel hundreds of miles in near-silence using sine wave propulsion.
Their main purpose would be to eject individual sensor pods that use lasers to communicate with each other, forming an underwater communication network.
These gizmos would be launched from the eel vessels in large groups, and could be directed to block uptakes and intakes on enemy craft, rendering them inoperative.
They could carry out reconnaissance, shadow foreign submarines or undertake escort duties.
Made from saltwater soluble polymers - like capsules for washing machines - they can be dissolved when secrecy demands.
A replacement for torpedoes, these provide an adaptable weapon system to attack ships, submarines or even targets on dry land.
Their payloads would include cluster missiles, electromagnetic pulses or shockwave emitters.
Operating in and above the surface of the water, they would be especially hard to detect with radar systems owing to the "noise" created by choppy waters.
If detected, they could immediately use plasma batteries to dive for the safety of the deeps.


A man has been convicted of raping a one-day-old baby boy and two other young children.

Stuart Young preyed on the children between November 2008 and December 2013 at various locations in Edinburgh.
The High Court in Edinburgh heard the attacks on the one-day-old boy continued until he was aged three months.
A jury convicted Young on two charges of rape and another of sexual assault. Sentence was deferred.
The week-long trial heard how, in November 2008, Young raped a girl who was aged just six months.
He continued to sexually assault her until December 2013 when she was aged five.
In July 2013, he abused a nine-year-old girl at an address in the capital's Stenhouse area.
Following conviction, temporary judge Paul Arthurson QC deferred sentence for the court to obtain reports about Young's character.
The judge warned Young, who lived in Sighthill, Edinburgh, to expect a lengthy prison sentence.
Judge Arthurson said: "You have been convicted of some truly depraved and despicable crimes.
"You should expect a sentence to reflect your level of criminality."
Young, who has previous convictions for non-analogous offences, had entered not guilty pleas and denied any wrongdoing.
The details of the case were so traumatic that jurors have been excused from serving on another jury for five years.
Defence solicitor advocate Ian Paterson told the court that his client realised that he was going to be sent to prison.
He said: "Mr Young expects that a substantial period of imprisonment will be imposed upon him."
Sheriff Arthurson deferred sentence and Young swore as he left the dock with two security officers who were taking him to the court room cells.
Young was also placed on the sex offenders register.  He will be sentenced at the High Court in Edinburgh on 28 May.
Det Insp Douglas Moran, of Police Scotland, said specialist support was being given to Young's victims and their families.
He said: "Thanks to the bravery of these two little girls in speaking up about the horrific abuse Young inflicted upon them, their physical ordeal is over and their tormentor is now facing a considerable prison sentence. The baby boy was given a voice so he too could be spared further suffering.
"However they, and their families, have had to live through Young's catalogue of offending again since he refused to accept responsibility for his actions and subjected them to a trial.
"Specialist support continues to be provided to the children and their families, and I hope they take comfort that he is now behind bars."


South Africa's new left-wing MPs attended their first parliamentary session dressed as maids and miners.

Most of the women wore red coats and aprons, and the men overalls and hard hats - to show they intend to represent the interest of workers.
The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) has 25 MPs in the 400-member parliament elected on 7 May.
It was the first election contested by the EFF, led by the firebrand Julius Malema.
He formed the EFF last year following his expulsion from the governing African National Congress (ANC) in 2012.
The EFF won 6% of the vote after campaigning on a promise to partially nationalise mines and seize white-owned farms.
The BBC's Pumza Fihlani in South Africa says its MPs made quite a statement in parliament in Cape Town with their outfits.
Other MPs wore traditional suits and fancy dress.
Outside parliament, EFF MPs sang and danced around the bronze bust of South Africa's first black President Nelson Mandela, as photographers snapped pictures.
"The working class and poor now know they've got representatives in parliament. There is no other organisation which associates itself with the struggles of the poor," EFF MP Floyd Shivambu said.
Our correspondent says the EFF is expected to contribute to robust discussions in parliament, but it does not have the numbers to deliver on its radical promises.
The ANC won the election with 62% of the vote, followed by the centre-right Democratic Alliance (DA) with 22%.
The ANC has governed South Africa since apartheid ended in 1994.
The parliamentary session was held to swear in MPs. President Jacob Zuma is due to be inaugurated for a second term at a public ceremony on Saturday.


A paraglider has been critically injured in a crash at an airport, police have said.

The 55-year-old member of Bollington Parascenders was hurt while undertaking a parascending launch at City Airport in Barton, Salford at 08:00 on Sunday.
Greater Manchester Police said the man had been taken to hospital with "life-threatening injuries".
A spokesman added the cause of the crash was "unclear" and asked anyone who witnessed it to get in touch.
Bollington Parascenders said members regularly fly parascending flights from City Airport in summer.
The British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association said it would offer the police support if required to help with the investigation.


New rules forcing broadband firms to be clearer in adverts on the costs of their contracts have come into effect.

Broadband suppliers will now have to show upfront and monthly costs, without separating out line rental prices, according to the changes brought in by the Advertising Standards Authority.
The rules were originally due to be implemented in May, but firms asked for more time to comply with the changes.
The ASA said customers were now much less likely to be misled.
"The effect should be a real positive difference in how consumers understand and engage with ads for broadband services," said ASA chief executive Guy Parker.
The move comes after research by the ASA, conducted with regulator Ofcom last year, found that most users could not correctly calculate bills based on the information given in a selection of broadband ads.
People were "likely to be confused and misled" by price claims in the adverts, the ASA found.
Geoff Roberts, from Northampton, told the BBC that he found broadband adverts "completely misleading".
"What was advertised up front - when you really went into it - was nothing like what they were offering. The monthly amount was not clear."
He was paying nearly Â£45 for his phone and broadband, but reduced that amount to Â£26.50 when he switched to another provider.
To comply with the new rules, broadband providers will now have to:
Digital and Culture Minister Matt Hancock welcomed the ASA's move.
"Making broadband providers show all-inclusive, upfront prices in their advertisements means consumers will be much better placed to make an informed choice when deciding on a service," he added.
Technology expert Chris Green told BBC Radio 5 live: "It's going to level the playing field, and make pricing more transparent.
"But mostly it's about providing a lot more clarity to customers."
However, there will be no change to the rules on the way providers are allowed to advertise the broadband speeds on offer.
"If a broadband company advertises a particular speed, actually only up to 10% of people need to get that speed, which a lot of people would say is quite misleading," said Steve Nowottny from Moneysavingexpert.
One reason for that rule is that different customers will experience different speeds, according to how far they live from the telephone exchange.


Florent Cuvelier has signed a one-year contract extension with Walsall.

The 24-year-old Belgian midfielder, who rejoined the Saddlers for a third time last summer, has played 20 times for the League One club this season.
"It's a fantastic signing," said Walsall boss Jon Whitney. "He's an important player. He's the type of person you can build your team around."
Cuvelier is currently sidelined until April, having not played since 14 February because of a calf injury.
Young defender Kory Roberts, 19, and his fellow teenager midfielder, Jordon Sangha, also 19, have also signed new deals, which tie them to the Banks's Stadium until 2019.


A man and a woman from Berkshire have been charged with preparing for acts of terrorism in the UK.

Mohammed Rehman, 24, from Reading and Sana Ahmed Khan, 23, from Wokingham, were arrested last Thursday in a "pre-planned operation", police said.
Officers said the pair were arrested to "safeguard public safety" but added that they did not pose any imminent threat to the UK.
They will appear at Westminster Magistrates' Court on Friday.
Mr Rehman also faces a charge of possessing articles for terrorist purposes.
Police said they were arrested by officers from the West Midlands Counter Terrorism Unit in a joint operation with the South East Counter Terrorism Unit.
"The arrests were intelligence-led and made to safeguard public safety," West Midlands Police said in a statement.
"However, the action taken was pre-planned and police assess that the pair did not pose any imminent threat to the UK.
"Following the arrests, their home addresses were searched and a number of items were removed for forensic examination."


Mario Gotze set up the opening goal in his first start in nine months as Borussia Dortmund began the Bundesliga season with a stylish win at Wolfsburg.

Germany attacking midfielder Gotze had not played since being ruled out earlier this year for an indefinite time period because of "metabolic disturbances", but impressed as he played for just over an hour.
The 25-year-old made an early impact, teeing up American teenager Christian Pulisic who fired in from the edge of the box.
"I'm feeling well again, but I am a long way off being 100 percent again," said Gotze. "I have to train hard. There is still a lot of work to do."
Dortmund, without France winger Ousmane Dembele amid interest from Barcelona, doubled their lead when centre-back Marc Bartra popped up on the left edge of Wolfsburg's penalty area, beautifully bending into the far top corner.
Eighteen-year-old Pulisic, who has been linked with a move to Liverpool, turned provider after the break when he drilled across the home goal for striker Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang to convert at the far post.
It was the perfect start for new manager Peter Bosz, who left Ajax to replace Thomas Tuchel earlier this summer.
"It was obvious that Mario Gotze is an extraordinary player and will be very important for us," said Bosz.
"However, we must also be patient and I was glad he had collected a few minutes and did not hurt himself."
Elsewhere, Hamburg striker Nicolai Muller scored the winner in a 1-0 victory over Augsburg - but was then substituted after injuring himself when he tripped over the corner flag while celebrating.
Australia winger Mathew Leckie scored both goals on his Hertha Berlin debut as they won 2-0 against newly-promoted Stuttgart, while former Leicester striker Andrej Kramaric netted the decisive goal in Hoffenheim's 1-0 home win over Werder Bremen.
Hannover, who were promoted alongside Stuttgart last season, marked their top-flight return with a 1-0 win at Mainz.
Match ends, VfL Wolfsburg 0, Borussia Dortmund 3.
Second Half ends, VfL Wolfsburg 0, Borussia Dortmund 3.
Offside, VfL Wolfsburg. Robin Knoche tries a through ball, but Maximilian Arnold is caught offside.
Hand ball by Shinji Kagawa (Borussia Dortmund).
Nuri Sahin (Borussia Dortmund) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Maximilian Arnold (VfL Wolfsburg).
Sokratis (Borussia Dortmund) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Maximilian Arnold (VfL Wolfsburg).
Substitution, Borussia Dortmund. Shinji Kagawa replaces Christian Pulisic.
Corner,  Borussia Dortmund. Conceded by Paul Verhaegh.
Corner,  VfL Wolfsburg. Conceded by Lukasz Piszczek.
Attempt missed. Josuha Guilavogui (VfL Wolfsburg) left footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the right following a corner.
Corner,  VfL Wolfsburg. Conceded by Marc Bartra.
Attempt blocked. Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang (Borussia Dortmund) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Gonzalo Castro.
Offside, VfL Wolfsburg. Yannick Gerhardt tries a through ball, but Maximilian Arnold is caught offside.
Gonzalo Castro (Borussia Dortmund) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Ignacio Camacho (VfL Wolfsburg).
Substitution, Borussia Dortmund. Felix Passlack replaces Dan-Axel Zagadou because of an injury.
Foul by Lukasz Piszczek (Borussia Dortmund).
Landry Dimata (VfL Wolfsburg) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang (Borussia Dortmund).
Felix Uduokhai (VfL Wolfsburg) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Borussia Dortmund. Conceded by Felix Uduokhai.
Substitution, VfL Wolfsburg. Maximilian Arnold replaces Daniel Didavi.
Offside, VfL Wolfsburg. Daniel Didavi tries a through ball, but Josuha Guilavogui is caught offside.
Foul by Nuri Sahin (Borussia Dortmund).
Daniel Didavi (VfL Wolfsburg) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Offside, VfL Wolfsburg. Daniel Didavi tries a through ball, but Mario Gomez is caught offside.
Foul by Nuri Sahin (Borussia Dortmund).
Felix Uduokhai (VfL Wolfsburg) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Marc Bartra (Borussia Dortmund) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Mario Gomez (VfL Wolfsburg).
Attempt blocked. Maximilian Philipp (Borussia Dortmund) right footed shot from long range on the left is blocked. Assisted by Dan-Axel Zagadou.
Substitution, Borussia Dortmund. Mahmoud Dahoud replaces Mario Götze.
Goal!  VfL Wolfsburg 0, Borussia Dortmund 3. Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang (Borussia Dortmund) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Christian Pulisic.
Substitution, VfL Wolfsburg. Josuha Guilavogui replaces Riechedly Bazoer.
Offside, VfL Wolfsburg. Yannick Gerhardt tries a through ball, but Robin Knoche is caught offside.
Attempt blocked. Riechedly Bazoer (VfL Wolfsburg) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Foul by Lukasz Piszczek (Borussia Dortmund).
Landry Dimata (VfL Wolfsburg) wins a free kick on the left wing.


Scotland exited Suva on Sunday morning amid hugs from the locals and then a police escort which led their bus down the rickety road to Nadi.

A flight to Sydney awaited, then an overnight, then the journey home. Three weeks on tour, six weeks together in total; this has been a long summer already.
It didn't have the end they were looking for. Everything they delivered in Sydney - clinical rugby, extraordinary defence, cool heads under pressure - was cast into the Pacific in Fiji in that 27-22 loss.
In the space of a week, Gregor Townsend saw the twin personalities of his team, their ability to beat most sides when they're on song and their vulnerability against most sides when they're not.
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It was the first time the Fijians had beaten a tier one nation in a decade. Their power and passion was overwhelming. After the highs of Sydney, it was a sobering lesson, a reminder - not that it should have been needed - that if you miss nearly 30 tackles, regardless of the size of the dumptrucks you're attempting to tackle, you're playing a huge part in your own downfall.
Defence won a Test in Australia and defence helped lose it in Fiji. Scotland were without five of their first-choice backline, but Gregor Townsend has never been a coach to seek refuge in that kind of thing. On his first tour he had two good wins, one awful loss and a whole lot of things to think about going forward.
The evidence was already compelling, but Saturday added further ballast to the belief that Scotland can't get by in any meaningful Test unless they have Finn Russell at 10.
The stand-off is their greatest, and most irreplaceable asset, the man who, at his best, brings control and devilment and certainty to those around him.
Gregor Townsend kept his counsel, but he must have been frustrated to see Russell, a late call-up, making up the numbers with the British and Irish Lions in New Zealand instead of making things happen in Suva. In Sydney, Russell was outstanding in attack and defence.
There was a time when you couldn't envisage Scotland doing anything without the brilliance of Stuart Hogg to inspire them, but that's not strictly true now.
Scotland beat the Wallabies with Greig Tonks filling in for Hogg. There isn't another player in the country who could fill in for Russell.
Peter Horne, a centre trying to play 10, started in 2015 against Italy at Murrayfield. Duncan Weir stepped in against South Africa at the World Cup and against Ireland in 2016 and it was Horne, and Ruaridh Jackson, who shared the gig against Fiji.
All those games were lost. Russell would have made a difference in at least two of them.
One of Townsend's gigs over the coming months and years is to invent a machine that can clone Russell. Failing that, he's got to hope that a Conor Eastgate or an Adam Hastings comes roaring through to the senior ranks. There's a dependency on Russell that's not healthy.
John Barclay was nowhere near his best against Fiji. The fact that he practically had to be rolled out of bed on Saturday morning after suffering a back spasm didn't help. His involvement in the Test was in doubt right until the last minute. He played, but he wasn't himself. This was Barclay's greatest season, but it ended painfully, in every sense.
In the absence of Greig Laidlaw, he's become a fine captain, which begs the question - who captains Scotland in the autumn? It depends on how Townsend answers another question - who plays scrum-half in the autumn? Laidlaw might be the Lion, but, unquestionably, Ali Price has looked the more complete nine in recent months.
People have written Laidlaw off before only for him to come surging back to prominence. This is a critical moment in his Scotland career, though. Barclay can lead and Russell can goal-kick. Those are two of Laidlaw's key strengths. He's got a major challenge on his hands.
Jonny Gray remains a tremendous talent, but he needs to move to the next level now. His work-rate will always be phenomenal, but to reach world-class standard - or Lions standard - he needs to add things to his game, he needs to become more influential on days like Saturday, when Scotland are in trouble and need their big players to dig them out of it.
Warren Gatland didn't fancy him for the Lions. He needs to feed off that. He needs to become more physically dominant, more destructive.
He needs to carry. We need to see a lot more of him out there. More dog. He needs to make not just a lot of tackles, but a lot of big tackles.
He doesn't have the offloading brilliance of a Leone Nakarawa or the physical stature of a Maro Itoje, but if he's to kick on and become the player he can be, then now is the time.
The emergence of Ben Toolis at lock was one of the stand-out pluses of the tour. He's a genuine contender for a Six Nations match-day 23 now. The other huge movers were WP Nel and Duncan Taylor, not so much discoveries as rediscoveries after long absences with injury.
Scotland's options in the midfield are greater than at any point in their history. Taylor may be a scatterbrain, nicknamed Spacey, who turned up at the airport for this tour thinking his driver's licence would be sufficient to get him on the plane, but he's a fantastic rugby player and a hugely important figure for Scotland going forward.
You fancy that he'll play 12 come the autumn and the Six Nations, which leaves the 13 jersey up for grabs between Alex Dunbar, Huw Jones and Matt Scott. Horne is in there, too. Mark Bennett, sadly, is, a long-term injury.
Nick Grigg made his debut in Fiji and, by his own estimation, touched the ball only three or four times. That was an illustration of how badly wrong Scotland got it on the day. Grigg is a smart attacker who was starved of possession.
He deserves another chance, but the competition ahead of him makes you wonder when he's going to get it.
Before kick-off in Suva on Saturday, nine former Fiji internationals from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s were brought on to the pitch for a ceremony. Among them: Atonio Racika, a hooker, Nasoni Uluvula, a lock, and Ilami Lutumailagi, an openside flanker.
Back in 1973, Racika had England's John Pullin as his opposite number in a 13-12 loss in Suva. In 1979 Lutumailagi made his debut in front of 20,000 people against Jean-Pierre Rives' France in the same stadium where Scotland were beaten. In 1984 Uluvula jumped against New Zealand's Andy Haden, one of his heroes.
Fiji awarded caps for those games but the English, French and New Zealanders did not. That was the way of it back then. The arrogance of the most powerful rugby nations was untrammelled. They didn't sully themselves by giving out caps for games against the likes of Fiji.
This is a continuing disgrace. Apart from sending over non-cap XVs - the last of them 33 years ago - New Zealand don't come to Fiji. They have never played a full Test match in this country despite Fiji being utterly in thrall to All Black rugby.
They are far from alone. France have not darkened Fiji's door in 19 years, but by comparison to others they're heroic explorers. Australia and Wales have not played a Test in Fiji in 23 years. England have not been here in 26 years. Ireland haven't been in 41 years. The Springboks have never been here at all.
A new global calendar kicks in from 2020 and if it is to have any credibility then World Rugby had better ensure that nations like Fiji get some respect. It's long overdue.
Stuart Hogg; Tommy Seymour, Huw Jones, Duncan Taylor, Sean Maitland; Finn Russell, Ali Price; Alasdair Dickinson, Fraser Brown, WP Nel; Jonny Gray, Richie Gray; John Barclay, Hamish Watson, Ryan Wilson.
Greig Tonks; Lee Jones, Matt Scott, Alex Dunbar, Tim Visser; Peter Horne, Greig Laidlaw; Allan Dell, Ross Ford, Zander Fagerson; Tim Swinson, Ben Toolis; Rob Harley, John Hardie, Josh Strauss.


Sinn Fein president Gerry Adams is to step down as an MP and Stormont assembly member to stand for election in the Irish Republic.

He said he hoped to contest the Louth constituency, near the Irish border.
He said his Stormont replacement would be chosen this week, while he would remain as MP for West Belfast until the Irish general election is called.
Mr Adams said the main reasons for his surprise decision were the economic crisis and the need for new ideas.
He said the current Fianna Fail/Green coalition government was "probably the most unpopular in the history of the state".
By Mark SimpsonBBC Ireland Correspondent
As the peace process has settled down in recent years, Sinn Fein president Gerry Adams has often looked bored.
There is no longer a new political crisis every week in Belfast. As a result, Mr Adams has a reduced workload and a much lower profile.
That may not be the main reason he has decided to run for the Irish parliament, but it may well be a factor.
While his right-hand man Martin McGuinness has, as deputy first minister, become the face of Sinn Fein at Stormont, Mr Adams has had a peripheral role.
He spends a lot of time south of the border, but as an unelected politician he is effectively shouting from the sidelines.
At 62, he has decided to try to re-invent himself. If elected he would try to lead a surge in support for Sinn Fein in the south.
If he loses, it could spell the end of his long political career.
"As leader of the only all-Ireland party with an all-island mandate, I have a choice to make whether to stay in west Belfast, a place that I love, or to seek a mandate in another constituency in the south.
"West Belfast is my home. It is where Colette and our family are and where I live.
"But after thoughtful consideration, and with the support of colleagues, I have decided to put my name forward for Louth. If elected for this constituency I will work and stay here and travel home when possible."
The Irish prime minister, Brian Cowen, must call a general election before July 2012 and it is thought the election may happen next year.
Louth is currently represented by Sinn Fein's Arthur Morgan, who has said he plans to step down at the next election.
Sinn Fein has five MPs, including Mr Adams, and four TDs in the Irish parliament.
Mr Adams made the announcement ahead of his keynote address at the Edentubber Commemoration in County Louth.
Sinn Fein deputy first minister Martin McGuinness said: "The decision by Gerry to leave one of the safest seats in Ireland to seek election to the Dail in Louth and to play a central role in the battle for Ireland's economic recovery is leadership in action."


Disruption expected from major upgrade works at the UK's busiest railway station has not materialised with trains quieter than expected.

Ten platforms at London Waterloo will be shut until 28 August to enlarge station capacity.
Network Rail had warned stations like Vauxhall and Wimbledon would be "exceptionally busy" while several others in south-west London are shut.
However, passengers appear to have heeded warnings and avoided services.
An average of 270,000 journeys are usually made to and from Waterloo each day.
The Â£800m project will get the station ready for longer trains and provide space for 30% extra passengers during the busiest times of the day.
Apart from a few cancellations, train services during the morning rush hour were mostly running to timetable.
However, a signal failure at about 09:30 which affected three platforms caused delays to trains in and out of the station.
Closed and part-closed stations:
BBC Radio London reporter Barry Caffrey said both Wimbledon and Clapham Junction stations were "quiet" during the rush hour and there were none of the expected queues.
He added that passengers he had spoken to at Waterloo had been "pleasantly surprised" by their morning commute.
End of Twitter post  by @BarryCaffrey
Stations elsewhere on the network were also quieter than normal.
Winchester station was described as a "ghost town" while passengers at Esher station, who had been told to expect lengthy queues, instead found empty platforms.
About 1,000 workers are taking part in the upgrade work.
When the works began on Saturday, services were also hit by a signal failure.
Network Rail CEO Mark Carne apologised for the disruption to trains but said there was "no other way to do this".
"There will be three weeks of disruption but decades of fantastically improved services," he said.
However, the Federation of Small Businesses has warned the problems will have "lasting implications for small businesses".
"This is peak season for tourism and... many restaurants, hotels and shops will experience cancelled bookings and lost sales that will not be recovered", Chairwoman Sue Terpilowski said.
London Waterloo
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Maíría Cahill, the Belfast woman who has accused the IRA of covering up claims that an IRA man raped her when she was 16, is to stand for election.

She has joined the Irish Labour Party and has been nominated by its leader as the party's candidate for election to the Irish Senate (Seanad Éireann).
Ms Cahill first went public with her claims on BBC Spotlight 12 months ago.
She said the IRA made her confront her alleged rapist before forcing her into silence to protect its own movement.
Ms Cahill said she was subjected to a kangaroo court-style investigation as the IRA tried to work out whether or not she was telling the truth.
The man she accused of raping her was prosecuted but later acquitted of all charges against him following two separate court cases in 2014.
After the programme was broadcast, Ms Cahill took her campaign for justice to leading politicians on both sides of the Irish border.
The leader of the Irish Labour Party, Joan Burton, has now nominated Ms Cahill to be the party's candidate in an upcoming by-election to replace its County Donegal senator, Jimmy Harte.
In a email to Labour members of parliament, Ms Burton said: "I first met Maíría last October when we spoke for over an hour about the abuse she had experienced as a teenager at the hands of a leading member of the IRA.
"She told me about the crude investigation that took place, the fact that she had justice denied, and the pain she had experienced seeing her abuser live freely amongst her community in Belfast.
"She told me of the courage it took to go public and of her determination to continually campaign for people who had suffered abuse."
Ms Cahill is from west Belfast and is a member of one of the Irish republican movement's best-known families.
Her great uncle, Joe Cahill, was one of the founders of the Provisional IRA and a long-time associate of Sinn Féin president, Gerry Adams.
She attended the Irish Labour Party's annual conference in February, when she was presented with its James Larkin Thirst for Justice Award.
If elected, she would serve on the Industrial and Commercial Panel in Seanad Éireann.
Ms Burton said she was "suitably qualified, having a background in youth employment, activation, and community enterprise".
"As a party, we should be proud to have someone of such standing, courage and ability joining our ranks," the Labour leader added.


Nobody was to blame for the death of Australian opener Phillip Hughes in 2014, says the coroner who led the inquest into his death.

Hughes died from a brain haemorrhage, two days after being hit on the neck while playing for South Australia in a first-class match in Sydney.
New South Wales coroner Michael Barnes did, however, make recommendations to ensure the sport was safer.
Cricket Australia said it would make the changes as soon as possible.
"We want to do everything possible to avoid this sort of thing happening again in the future," chief James Sutherland told reporters in Perth.
Mr Barnes said there had been no "malicious intent" from New South Wales' Sean Abbott, who bowled the fatal delivery at the Sydney Cricket Ground, and "no failure" to enforce the laws of the game in respect to the short-pitched deliveries.
"Of the 23 bouncers bowled that day, 20 were bowled to him," he said. "Phillip was comfortably dealing with short-pitch balls. I conclude they did not contribute to his death.
"Hughes was dealt a fatal ball with a high bounce. He could have ducked but such was his competitiveness he wanted to make runs from it."
The coroner added: "A minuscule misjudgement or a slight error of execution caused him to miss the ball which crashed into his neck with fatal consequences."
During the five-day inquest, Hughes' fellow Australia internationals Brad Haddin, Doug Bollinger and David Warner, who were playing for New South Wales, denied there was any element of unsportsmanlike behaviour in the match.
Those sentiments were echoed by Tom Cooper, who was batting alongside Hughes at the time of the incident.
Questions had been raised over whether one bowler told Hughes: "I'm going to kill you."
Mr Barnes said while he could not be certain sledging - verbal abuse designed to unsettle a batsman - had taken place, it was "difficult to accept" it had not, but it would not have played any part in Hughes' death.
"Hopefully the focus on this unsavoury aspect of the incident may cause those who claim to love the game to reflect whether the practice of sledging is worthy of its participants," he added.
During the inquest, the Hughes family walked out of court because they believed unsportsmanlike play had contributed to the tragedy.
"The family's grief at losing their much-loved son and brother was exacerbated by their belief that unfair play had contributed to his death," Mr Barnes said.
The family were not at the court to hear the findings of the inquest.
Mr Sutherland said he did not believe sledging was an issue for cricket, but was mostly good natured and in the spirit of the game.
"If it has become a problem, then I'd say the umpires are not doing their job," he said.
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Mr Barnes also found that changes to safety equipment introduced since Hughes' death would not have saved the player.
He also found that the emergency response to the incident was flawed and it took six minutes to call an ambulance.
He said on-field umpires and the match referee, who is not based on the field of play but in the stands, should be trained to recognise and act on a medical emergency.
A review commissioned by Cricket Australia ruled protective helmets should be compulsory for batsmen facing fast and medium-paced bowling.
But that review also said helmets meeting the newest safety standards would not have saved Hughes' life.
The Professional Cricketers' Association (PCA) released a statement after the inquest and said it would continue to work to "improve the standard of helmets and other protective equipment".
The statement read: "Player safety is of paramount importance and we will continue to work closely with the England and Wales Cricket Board, the Federation of International Cricketers' Associations and the International Cricket Council to minimise the risk of serious injury to players."
Hampshire-based manufacturer Masuri has produced a prototype helmet, which features extra protection at the rear.
After Hughes' death, the company began investigating a possible redesign and have introduced a "stemguard", a device made of foam and a rubber-like compound that clips onto the back of a helmet.


Ballot, manifesto, party, pledge, swing...

You'll be hearing words like these pretty often between now and the general election on 7 May.
We're now in the official campaign period, when the different political parties will be working hard to win your vote.
It can be a lot to take in, so Newsbeat's come up with this special jargon buster for you to keep handy!
Ballot box - the sealed box in which you put your ballot paper after you've voted.
Ballot paper - the paper on which you cast your vote, by marking an X in the box next to the name of the person you want to win.
By-election - a one-off election that happens in between general elections, usually when an area's MP has died or resigned.
Candidate - a person who's running in an election, usually representing a political party.
Coalition - when two or more parties join together to make a government (when no party has a majority). This is what the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats did after the last general election.
Constituency - the area that your elected MP represents. There are 650 constituencies in the UK (and, as a result, 650 MPs).
Deficit - the difference between what the government collects in taxes and what it spends. Cutting the country's deficit is a key talking point.
Electoral register - the list of everyone who's registered to vote. You need to be on it to be able to vote on 7 May.
First past the post - is the voting system we use. Despite the name, there is no actual 'post', it just means that the candidate with the most votes wins.
Government - the government runs the country and is usually formed by the party that wins the election, or by a coalition.
House of Commons - the elected bit of Parliament. Our MPs have their own chamber where they sit  on green benches.
House of Lords -  unlike MPs, Lords aren't elected but usually chosen for their experience. They do things like consider new proposed laws and check the work of the government. They sit on a red benches.
Hung parliament - if no party gets a majority (more than 50%) of seats then we have a hung parliament. No one gets hung though!
Kingmaker - if there's a hung parliament then smaller parties might be able to play 'kingmaker' to the bigger parties who need extra MPs to make up a government.
Landslide - a landslide means when a party wins loads more seats than the nearest rival party. Experts think it's unlikely this time.
Majority - this means one party winning more than 50% of seats in the House of Commons (the magic number is 326).
Manifesto - a list of a party's ideas and policies, outlining what it'll do if it wins the election.
MP - stands for Member of Parliament. Each of the 650 UK constituencies has an MP who represents his or her area's interests in the House of Commons.
Opposition - the political parties aren't in the government - they sit opposite the government in the House of Commons. The leader of the opposition party with the most seats is called the "Leader of the Opposition".
Parliament - is where new laws get debated and agreed. Parliament is made up of two 'houses' - the House of Commons and the House of Lords - and also, officially, the Queen but she doesn't get involved in decision-making.
Party - we're talking political party here, which refers to a group that have common political goals. Most MPs belong to a political party.
Pledge - a pledge is a promise from a political party.
Policy - is the posh name for a plan of action from the party.
Polling station - is the place where you go to cast your vote - usually somewhere local to where you live, such as a school.
Prime minister - the person who is leader of the country and moves into 10 Downing Street. It's usually the leader of the biggest political party.
Referendum - a type of vote where voters are given the chance to decide on a major issue, by voting yes or no. One of the big issues this election is whether there should be a referendum on the UK being in the European Union.
Returning officer - the person chosen to make sure the area's vote goes smoothly and is done fairly. He or she will also announce the result.
Seat - when a candidate wins and becomes an MP, they win a 'seat' in the Houses of Parliament.
Spoilt ballot - when a voter hasn't voted properly on their ballot paper, such as by leaving it blank or writing more than one cross. Spoilt votes don't count towards the final result.
Swing - used to describe how much of a change in support there is from one party to another.
Term - a bit like a term at school or university, it means the fixed period of time between general elections. MPs are elected to serve for one term.
Turnout - the number or percentage of people who actually turned out to vote.
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US President Barack Obama has increased pressure on Republicans to accept a deal aimed at stopping the country going over a "fiscal cliff".

He blamed them for the deadlock, saying their "overriding theme" was protecting tax breaks for the rich.
But efforts to reach a deal suffered a setback as Senate leaders missed their own deadline to reach a compromise.
Failure to resolve the crisis by 31 December will mean steep spending cuts and tax rises.
This has raised fears that reduced consumer spending could trigger a US economic slowdown, which in turn could damage the global economy.
The current stand-off has its roots in a failed 2011 attempt to tackle the government debt limit and budget deficit. Republicans and Democrats agreed then to postpone difficult decisions on spending until the end of 2012, and imposed a threat of compulsory cuts if no deal was reached by 31 December.
That is also the date that tax cuts introduced by former President George W Bush are due to expire, though both parties want them extended for most Americans.
Analysts say that even if a deal is reached on the fiscal cliff, it will do little to reduce the original problem of the deficit and government debt limit, raising the prospect of further political in-fighting early next year.
Democrat Senate leader Harry Reid and his Republican counterpart Mitch McConnell were locked in negotiations over the weekend.
According to the Washington Post, they set themselves a deadline of 15:00 local time (20:00 GMT) to reach a compromise agreement, but the deadline passed without any sign of a deal.
The two senators appeared to admit not long before the deadline that negotiations were at a standstill.
Senator Reid said the Democrats were as yet unable to make a counter-offer to a Republican offer, and that there were still major differences between the two sides.
Senator McConnell said he had asked Vice-President Joe Biden for help in breaking the deadlock.
In his interview with NBC's Meet the Press, recorded on Saturday and broadcast on Sunday, Mr Obama said the priority was to ensure taxes do not rise for middle-class families, saying that would "hurt our economy badly".
"That's something we all agree on. If we can get that done, that takes a big bite out of the 'fiscal cliff'," he said.
But Republican and Democratic leaders remain divided over core ideological issues about tax and government funding.
There is also debate over where to set the threshold for tax rises. Democrats say the Bush era tax cuts should be extended for all Americans except the richest - those with annual earnings of more than $250,000 (£155,000).
Republicans - some of whom have pledged never to vote for increased taxes - say the deficit is a consequence of excessive government spending.
They want the tax threshold set higher, at around $400,000, and for revenue to be raised by economic growth and cuts in social security and other services states are legally bound to provide.
By Mark MardellNorth America editor
Mr Obama said he had made significant compromises already by offering to cut or reform welfare programmes in exchange for raising taxes for the highest earners, and criticised Republicans for not accepting the offer.
"They say that their biggest priority is making sure that we deal with the deficit in a serious way, but the way they're behaving is that their only priority is making sure that tax breaks for the wealthiest Americans are protected.  That seems to be their only overriding, unifying theme," he said.
"The offers that I've made to them have been so fair that a lot of Democrats get mad at me."
He said that that if all else failed and taxes did go up, he would introduce a bill to cut them when Congress reconvenes on 4 January.
But House Speaker John Boehner hit back, insisting that Republicans had made every effort to reach a deal.
"Americans elected President Obama to lead, not cast blame," he said in a statement.  "The president's comments today are ironic, as a recurring theme of our negotiations was his unwillingness to agree to anything that would require him to stand up to his own party."
The term fiscal cliff refers to the combination of almost $600bn of tax rises and spending cuts due to come into force on 1 January if Congress fails to pass new legislation.
What if the US goes over the cliff?
Will the fiscal cliff affect you?
Q&A: The US fiscal cliff
Why is it called a 'fiscal cliff'?
Sweeping Bush-era tax cuts will expire, eventually affecting people of all income levels, and many businesses.
The changes include:
• A 2010 payroll tax cut, the expiration of which would prompt immediate wage-packet cuts
• Some 25m people could move to a different tax band, potentially increasing individual tax bills by more than $3,000
• Cuts to benefits for the long-term unemployed, which could mean more than two million Americans immediately stopped receiving payments
• Cuts to compensation for doctors treating patients on federal healthcare programmes
• Inheritance taxes to rise from 35% to 55% on properties worth more than $1m, a measure opposed by Republicans as well as Democrats from agricultural states who say it would punish farming families
While some of the impact would be felt almost immediately, other effects would take longer to filter through. This could damage America's recent fragile economic recovery and alarm global markets.
In addition, the compulsory cuts mandated in 2011 will come into force, affecting about $109bn in military and domestic budgets.


Chelsea may have handed Manchester United "the last part of the jigsaw" by selling them midfielder Nemanja Matic, says former England striker Ian Wright.

The 28-year-old Serb, who joined for £40m, was United's third summer buy after Benfica defender Victor Lindelof and Everton striker Romelu Lukaku.
Chelsea won the Premier League title last season, finishing 24 points clear of sixth-placed United.
"Right now Chelsea are in a worse position than last year," added Wright.
As well as selling Matic, Chelsea have told Spain striker Diego Costa he is free to leave, decided not to offer a new contract to veteran skipper John Terry and sold back-up keeper Asmir Begovic to Bournemouth.
The Blues have signed Monaco midfielder Tiemoue Bakayoko, Real Madrid striker Alvaro Morata, Roma defender Antonio Rudiger and former Manchester City keeper Willy Caballero.
"They have signed Bakayoko from Monaco to replace Matic, but he has to come in and hit the ground running because Chelsea want to go far in the Champions League and defend the Premier League trophy," Wright told BBC Radio 5 live's Monday Night Club.
"They are getting rid of players who are experienced and from who you know exactly what you're going to get."
Costa, 28, scored 20 goals in 35 Premier League games to help the Blues win the title but has been told by manager Antonio Conte he is free to leave Stamford Bridge.
The former Atletico Madrid striker was dropped in January after a dispute with a fitness coach, amid rumours of a move to China, although Conte said he was "very happy to play" when recalled.
Chelsea completed the club record £60m signing of Spain striker Morata, 24, on a five-year deal last month.
"With Costa not involved you have taken away 20 goals and someone has to replicate that," said Wright, who scored 185 goals in 288 games for Arsenal between 1991 and 1998.
"I'm not saying Morata won't do that, but when you look at Chelsea as a whole, they have a good team but are lacking depth."
After winning the Premier League title in his debut campaign, Conte says the new season will be "the most difficult" of his career.
The Italian, 48, has spoken of the need for Chelsea to sign more players and gave terse answers when questioned about the matter again in his news conference after Sunday's Community Shield defeat by Arsenal.
The former Juventus and Italy boss declined to answer when asked if his squad was ready to challenge in all four competitions this season.
Last week he also appeared to indicate he did not want Matic to leave.
"He is being undermined. To sell one of your best players to a rival? If he didn't want him to go and he has been sold then it is a problem," former Chelsea striker Chris Sutton said.
"He is extremely agitated. If he doesn't get players in then it wouldn't surprise me if he walked."
Italian football journalist Mina Rzouki on BBC Radio 5 live's Monday Night Club:
Conte has not been the most loyal person in football.
He desperately wanted to be the manager of Juventus because he had been club captain and he finally got the job in 2011. It came out of nowhere in the sense he did not have the experience for a top-level club.
They gave him that chance, gave him everything he wanted, and after winning the title in 2014 he just thought they weren't buying the right players to win the Champions League.
He walked away and looked to be agreeing terms with Milan - their biggest rivals at the time. He is somebody who looks after himself and what suits him best.
But walking away with six days before the new season starts is something else.
Chelsea have struggled to produce regular first-team players from their academy in recent seasons, despite winning four successive FA Youth Cups and the U21 Premier League in 2014.
This summer the Blues have sold academy products defender Nathan Ake, midfielder Nathaniel Chalobah and winger Bertrand Traore, also allowing striker Tammy Abraham to join Premier League rivals Swansea on a season-long loan.
Wright believes Chalobah - who has joined Watford after six loans spells away from Stamford Bridge - and Abraham should have been given a chance by Conte this season.
"Chelsea don't bring them through into the first team because it is a different business. They bring them through to sell them," Wright said.
"Someone like Chalobah is good enough to have a little run in that team and if Tammy Abraham scores goals and Alvaro Morata doesn't it is embarrassing.
"Chelsea have not even given them a chance."
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A man who admitted killing a 15-year-old from Cardiff whose body was found wrapped in a carpet claims he only did so to get out of prison.

Idris Ali, 51, of Cardiff, and Alan Charlton, 56, from Somerset, have appealed against their convictions.
Charlton was jailed for life in 1991 for murdering Karen Price while Ali was freed in 1994 after his conviction was quashed and he admitted manslaughter.
The Court of Appeal heard on Tuesday he had no involvement in Karen's death.
Karen disappeared from a children's home in 1981 and her body was found wrapped in a carpet in a property on Fitzhamon Embankment in 1989.
Both men have had their cases referred to Court of Appeal by the Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC), which investigates potential miscarriages of justice.
The appeals are based on claims evidence from the key trial witness, known only as D, could not be relied upon.
Ali now says he only pleaded guilty to the lesser charge in order to get out of prison.
His lawyers have argued a medical expert believed Ali's "significant intellectual impairment" made him more likely to make things up and he was a "habitual liar".
William Hughes QC said: "He had been in prison for more than three-and-a-half years.
"It was four days before Christmas and he had a good inkling that, if he were to plead guilty, he would be released there and then."
The court also heard Ali's "history of telling lies" meant his admission of guilt should be treated with the "utmost care".
After Ali admitted manslaughter in December 1994, he was released from prison, having served three years and nine months behind bars.
He pleaded guilty on the basis that evidence given by D was accurate; she said she was present when Charlton attacked Karen at his flat in Fitzhamon Embankment.
The court heard Ali admitted holding Karen's hands while Charlton beat her, but he said he only did so because he was afraid of Charlton and did not intend for her to suffer serious harm.
Charlton's lawyers claimed on Monday police officers involved in the investigation "put pressure" on key trial witnesses.
The hearing continues.


Retail sales volumes rose by a much better than expected 0.9% in May, compared with the previous month, as UK consumers bought more clothing.

Clothing sales suffered in April as unseasonably cold weather deterred shoppers from summer purchases.
Better weather in May sent clothing sales up 4.3% month-on-month - the biggest rise for more than two years.
The Office for National Statistics said the May increase was 6% higher than for the same month in 2015.
Analysts had expected retail volumes to increase by just 0.2% last month.
Scott Bowman, UK economist at Capital Economics, said: "It appears that Brexit concerns haven't been weighing on consumer spending. Looking ahead, we would expect retail spending to keep up a strong pace."
Average prices at stores, including petrol stations, fell by 2.8% year-on-year.
Samuel Tombs, chief UK economist at Pantheon Macroeconomics, said the slide in prices was the reason for the strong growth.
He said the fall in sterling over the past nine months meant retailers faced rising costs that they would soon pass on to consumers.
"Growth in retail sales volumes therefore is likely to slow markedly in the second half of this year, regardless of the referendum result," Mr Tombs added.
Online sales jumped by 6.4% compared with April and were 21.5% higher than May last year.
The ONS also revised up the rise for April from 1.3% to 1.9%, reflecting an unusually high amount of data received late from stores.
The three-month rate, which is less volatile than the monthly figures, rose to 1.5% from 0.9% in April.
"Even a significant fall in sales in June would see growth in the second quarter above the 1.3% rate experienced for the first quarter," Mr Bowman added.
Martin Beck, senior economic advisor to the EY ITEM Club, said the May rise in retail sales meant UK economic growth for the second quarter was "increasingly likely" to eclipse the 0.4% increase recorded for the first three months of the year.


League One strugglers Colchester United have signed West Ham defender Leo Chambers and Tottenham winger Nathan Oduwa on one-month loans.

Former England Under-19 international Chambers, 20, has made three appearances for West Ham's first team, all in the League Cup in 2013.
Oduwa, 19, spent the first half of this term on loan at Rangers, playing 15 times and had a previous loan at Luton.
Both may make their U's debut against Shrewsbury on Saturday.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


A drone "narrowly avoided" colliding with an airbus at 6,000 feet over Hertfordshire, a report has revealed.

The A320 pilot reported seeing a white quadcopter drone "flash past" the aircraft while travelling south of Brookmans Park last August.
No avoiding action was possible due to the lack of available time, a UK Airprox Board report said.
It concluded a "collision had only been narrowly avoided and chance had played a major part".
Air traffic control said the A320 pilot reported that "something had just gone over the top of him" at about 18:45 BST on 15 August 2016 while flying north of Potters Bar.
The controller said another aircraft had just crossed above but the pilot said the object was red and white in colour, had red and blue stripes on two of the rotor arms and was under a metre in size.
All drone operators are required to observe Air Navigation Order (ANO) 2016 articles which require a person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft to only fly the aircraft if reasonably satisfied  the flight can safely be made ,and not to recklessly or negligently cause or permit an aircraft to endanger any person or property.
They must also maintain "direct, unaided visual contact" with the aircraft that's sufficient to monitor its flight path in relation to other aircraft.
Airprox board members agreed the drone had been operated at an altitude that was beyond direct unaided line-of-sight, which was not permitted under current regulations without explicit Civil Aviation Authority permission, and that it had therefore been flown into conflict with the A320.
The drone operator could not be traced.


A South African club has been invited to join the Pro12, BBC Scotland has learned.

The Cheetahs, based in Bloemfontein, have been approached by the league, which currently comprises teams from Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Italy.
The Pro12 deny extending a formal invitation, but say discussions are underway between stakeholders.
Two South African franchises will be cut from Super Rugby from 2018, amid a downsizing of the competition.
The Cheetahs and the Port Elizabeth-based Kings are widely expected to lose their Super Rugby status.
This speculation is thought to have prompted an invitation from the Pro12 - the league has explored options for expansion in North America and other parts of Europe, as it aims to generate more revenue and tap into new markets.
The South African Rugby Union is also eager to align with a northern hemisphere tournament in future.
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Super Rugby features 18 teams from New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Argentina and Japan, but will be reduced to 15 next year by governing body Sanzaar.
As well as the two discarded South African sides, Australia will also lose one of its five representatives in the competition.
It has yet to be confirmed which three teams will be removed from the tournament, but it is believed the Cheetahs and the Kings will be the South African sides to lose their Super Rugby status.