One of the strange features of cybercrime is how much of it is public.

A quick search will turn up forums and sites where stolen goods, credit cards and data are openly traded.
But a glance into those places may not give you much idea about what is going on.
"Everyone can join as long as you speak Russian," said Anton, a malware researcher at security firm Sentinel One, who has inhabited this underground world for more than 20 years.
"By Russian I mean the USSR, so there is Ukrainians, there is Kazakhstan, there is Belarus. The Romanians are doing all the dirty work like spam and maintenance so they are not really involved in developing malware," he said. "But, today, is it mainly Russian? Yes."
Those vibrant underground marketplaces have a long history and Anton adds that he tracks the malware makers to gain insights into what they might do next.
"I was there from the very early stages," Anton told the BBC. "I guess I started at about the age of 12, when there was not much online community.
"Instead it was many channels where hackers exchanged information and exploits and kind of stuff like that," he said.
In those early days few wanted to break the law, he said.
"Back then there was not much money involved at all," he said. "It was only about sharing knowledge, sharing information, sharing various scripts or downloading warez - which is pirated content."
"It gives us an insight into the directions these communities are taking.
"We have to monitor these to understand what they are doing, the success they are having and what they are about to do next.
"You have to be prepared rather than just sit back and wait for it to happen to you. It's essential for us to have this kind of contact because without it we are blind."
"There's a lot of criminality going on on the open web, particularly when you get into the Russian federation. They do not need to be on the dark web. Some are quite brazen and quite public whereas others have a much higher level of operational security.
"If we are tracking a criminal location and we find chatter about our clients that can be of value," he said. "In the longer term it's what's coming over the horizon. What are they dialling up next?
"It's not trivial to do something like that, it's definitely not easy to do although I think there's definitely value in working out what they are doing."
The underground changed after the millennium turned and e-commerce took off. Forums popped up that talked about how to cash in via spam, phishing, malware and web attacks.
There was another big shift in 2007-08, said Anton, as the criminals sought a way to fleece people that gave better returns than the cruder techniques. The first wave, which started the modern era of cybercrime, used fake anti-virus software.
"They installed some really, really poorly written software on your machine," he said, explaining the scam. "It looked like anti-virus but it actually does nothing.
"It tells you: 'We just scanned your PC and we have found many problems. You need to fix it now, you need to buy this software. It only costs $35-40 (£28-32)'," he said.
This worked better than earlier scams, said Anton, but it took a lot of effort to catch people out and get them to pay.
Often, he said, when people paid via a credit card they reversed the transaction once they found out they had been tricked. Conversion rates, meaning the number of victims who handed over cash, stayed low.
"This meant they must do something better, something more scary."
Frightened people pay up, said Anton, adding that this drove the next evolution: lockers.
"What they do is they attack your browser and put up a big page on your main desktop, saying you were found with illegal child pornography or something very, very scary," he said.
"People got afraid saying 'OK, maybe one of my kids did it, maybe, I'm not sure, I'll pay',".
The one-page attacks asked for more money, up to $200 (£160), and proved so successful that many police forces issued warnings that urged people not to pay.
The success, and also the publicity, forced the next stage of crimeware - ransomware, Anton explained.
"I call it an evolution because the same people that did the fake anti-virus before are doing ransomware now. And they were doing the fake police page in the years between 2010 and 2013," he said.
Ransomware has the best conversion rate, he said, because victims cannot ignore its effects.
"It's real damage so that you can see that your files are no longer working. And that's the best proof for the user that he must pay," he said.
Its rise has also been helped by the advent of virtual currency Bitcoin, because it has few of the drawbacks of credit cards or other payment systems.
"Today you cannot talk about ransomware without mentioning Bitcoin because that's what made this evolution come," said Anton.
The damage is not just limited to the amount people pay. Estimates from the FBI suggest that the 992 cases of ransomware carrier Cryptowall reported during a 14-month period cost victims $18m (£14.4m). Some of the cost was in the ransom, up to $10,000 (£8,000), but this was multiplied by lost productivity, legal fees and work done to remove the infections.
It is popular, he said, because of another shift in the way that the underground is organised. In the past the groups writing the malware sent the spam, analysed the results and fleeced the victims.
Not any more, he said. Now, many groups writing ransomware run it as a service.
"They will give you the software with your affiliate ID so if you spread it they will know that it's from you and you will get a payout," he said. "You will get 70% and they will get the 30% out of each payment."
Competition among ransomware writers means some other groups give better returns.
But, he said, those groups may be producing poorly-written malware that struggles to get past the digital defences people and businesses use.
The evolution of the underground has hit a peak with ransomware and Bitcoin, said Anton, and their combined success has kicked off a gold rush.
"It's getting more and more people attracted to it, like from the criminal side. More and more people are starting to spread it."
They will not stop, either, he said. "I think if you get easy money and it just keeps coming, why not continue it, right? It's obvious."


Aid has begun to reach remote regions near the epicentre of Saturday's devastating earthquake in Nepal.

As relief efforts continue in the Kathmandu Valley, the UN says the response is broadening to include hard hit areas such as Dhading and Gorkha.
The 7.8-magnitude quake killed more than 5,000 people. Many survivors are in desperate need of food and water.
Thousands of people are queuing to board buses and leave the capital, amid fears of further aftershocks.
"We are scared of the epidemics that may spread because of all those dead bodies," a man waiting at Kathmandu's main bus station told the BBC. "Just to be safe, I'm leaving town for a while."
Early on Wednesday police at the station scuffled with people trying to get on to crowded buses.
In other developments:
There's a rush to get out of Kathmandu. Thousands of people are trying to flee - some trying to head out to the remote districts to see how their families are, others including tourists trying to head towards India by road.
But there simply aren't enough buses to take them out and the highways are choked with vehicles, people and relief convoys. Tempers are flaring.  The police came to the bus station to restrain those trying to board crowded buses, which made it worse.
Outside Kathmandu airport, there are lines of tourists trying their best to get a ticket to fly home. The airlines have laid on extra flights but it's not enough and also, the airport is finding it hard to cope with the additional rush as well as the influx of cargo aircraft bringing in relief material.
Learning lessons from disaster
Satellite reveals quake movement
Rescue operations resumed on Wednesday following bad weather.
Bella Messenger, an NGO worker in an isolated area of Gorkha district, told the BBC that Chinese lorries had brought aid to the area, but many people remained cut off.
"You can't get to some villages without a helicopter," she said.
There was some good news when a man trapped in the rubble of a Kathmandu hotel for 82 hours was pulled to safety by Nepalese and French teams.
Rishi Khanal, 27, said he had been surrounded by dead bodies and drank his own urine to survive.
"I had some hope but by yesterday I'd given up. I was sure no-one was coming for me. I was certain I was going to die," he told AP news agency from his hospital bed.
More than eight million people have been affected by the quake, the UN says. About 10,000 people have been injured.
Hundreds of thousands of people continue to live in temporary camps, in squalid conditions with very little food and water, says the BBC's Sanjoy Majumder in Kathmandu.
Officials admit they have been overwhelmed by the scale of the disaster, but highlight the challenges it poses in one of Asia's poorest countries.
"The government is trying its best to deliver the relief materials," National Disaster Management chief Rameshwor Dangal told the BBC. "The problem is the level of disaster is very high and it's spread over more than 20 districts."
Renaud Meyer of the UN Development Programme said Kathmandu's single-runway airport was struggling to accommodate the rush of aid flights, but teams were delivering supplies as quickly as possible.
On Mount Everest - where the quake triggered an avalanche that killed at least 18 people - all stranded climbers have now been evacuated from base camp.
Nepal earthquake: Before and after
Nepal quake special report
Landslide fears after Nepal quakes
Quake 'was anticipated'
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Two men have been arrested on suspicion of murdering a woman found dead in a car boot in Greater Manchester.

Greater Manchester Police (GMP) were tipped off that the body was in a vehicle in Heywood, shortly after 19:35 BST on Thursday.
Officers followed a car matching its description, which was seen in Claybank Street around 15:50, before it was found abandoned in nearby River Street.
A GMP spokesman said its inquiries were ongoing.


Some of the UK's dung beetle species are becoming scarcer and could even face extinction, according to scientists.

The Dung Beetle UK Mapping Project (Dump) is still in the early stages of its research work, which has included examining beetle sites in Scotland.
However, the team said it had already noted an "alarming trend" of decline of some species.
Dung beetles play key roles in improving soils and controlling pests.
Reasons for the decline in some beetle species include coming into contact with anthelmintics, a type of drug given to livestock to control intestinal worms that prevent the farm animals from thriving.
Dump involves Darren Mann, who is head of life collections at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Steve Lane, Ceri Watkins and Sally-Ann Spence.
The project is not funded and the team members have been doing their research in their spare time, while on family holidays and fitting it around their other work.
The scientists have been examining well-documented dung beetle sites, including locations in the Cairngorms, and have also been looking for the insects in previously unrecorded places.
They hope to enlist the help of organisations that record flora and fauna and also wildlife enthusiasts, whose attention is being drawn to Dump via social media. On Twitter the project has the hashtags #dungathon and #dungisfun.
Ms Spence said some of Dump's early results had given cause for concern.
She said: "Our results mapping the dung beetle species in the UK, although the project is in its youth, are already showing an alarming trend in species rarity and even extinction.
"The three main reasons behind this are considered to be the use of anthelmintics, soil disturbance and the disappearance of livestock from historic pastures due to a change in farming practices."
It has been suggested that dung beetles save the UK's cattle industry an estimated Â£367m a year, Ms Spence said.
They do this by encouraging the growth of healthy grass through their burrowing in soil, which aerates it and allows rainwater and nutrients into the ground.
Dung beetles also eat animal droppings harbouring parasites harmful to livestock.
Ms Spence said: "We take the opportunity of our survey visits to make farmers and livestock keepers aware of their dung beetles, the latest research, their economic benefits and how they might implement simple workable measures ensure a healthy dung beetle population.
"We have received a fantastically positive response from all we have spoken to.
"Farmers are keen to preserve their dung beetles and we intend to gather more data about species and their population frequencies to enable more research into these incredibly important beetles."
As well as their importance to agriculture, the beetles and their grubs are food for wild birds and mammals.
Scotland has the UK strongholds for at least three species of dung beetle - Aphodius fasciatus, Aphodius lapponum and Aphodius nemoralis.
The Cairngorms and the Western Isles are among the best recorded areas for the creatures, but large parts of the rest of Scotland remain unrecorded.
Ms Spence said: "The project is vast.
"Different species live in, or under, different dung in different stages of decomposition on different soils at different altitudes at different times of the year.
"Dung quality is important too. We have become connoisseurs of fine dung. Not adverse to feeling the texture or giving it a good sniff - you can tell a lot about an animals health by its dung - we will examine it meticulously for beetles."
The end result will be a dataset of dung beetle information, including identification, distribution maps, ecology and species conservation status. This will be made available via The British Beetles website and will include an online recording system using Irecord.


Security and terrorism policy featured strongly as the Green Party and UKIP leaders faced a Question Time audience.

UKIP leader Paul Nuttall called for 20,000 more police officers on UK streets, and for a review of funding of mosques in Britain.
Green co-leader Jonathan Bartley said the Prevent counter-radicalisation strategy should be scrapped.
The Bristol Q&A was the latest in a series of special shows ahead of Thursday's general election.
It took place the day after the London Bridge terror attack, which killed seven people and injured 48.
Mr Nuttall, who has previously stated that detention without trial should not be ruled out for terror suspects, said a return of control orders and tagging should also be considered.
He said the UK needs to "fight fire with fire" when it comes to Islamic extremism, adding that he agreed with the prime minister that the country had been "tolerant" of extremism.
"We've got to get real now - these people are a clear and present danger to our own people in this country... I wouldn't take anything off the table in dealing with these people," he said.
"There are a small number of people in this country who quite clearly hate who we are - hate the way we live - and want to destroy our democracy. They are cancer and they need to be cut out."
He urged the prime minister to reverse cuts to the "police force, border force and prison service".
"Politician after politician" had refused to acknowledge the problem of radical Islam, he said.
"It's not about Muslims," he said, "Islamism is a political ideology".
But a woman in the audience said he was actually "grouping" all Muslims together with policies like UKIP's proposed burka ban, and another audience member suggested his comments were fuelling radicalisation.
"We've got to say to these people Islamism is not welcome in this country," Mr Nuttall replied.
Mr Nuttall, who is seeking to gain his party a foothold in Westminster after its sole MP quit the party, also called for the Muslim community to sign up to the Prevent strategy and for an investigation into the Saudi funding of UK mosques.
Appearing separately on stage, Green Party of England and Wales co-leader Jonathan Bartley called for a UK arms embargo on Saudi Arabia, but did not support Prevent.
"It is clearly toxic to some communities," he said.
"It is alienating some communities and therefore we are not getting to the root of radicalisation, not building bridges we need. We are not getting the intelligence that we need."
Mr Bartley, whose party had one MP in the previous Parliament, echoed attacks on cuts to police numbers, saying they threatened the British tradition of community policing and "policing by consent".
Pressed on whether he would authorise a drone strike on a jihadist overseas, he said he would look at it on a case-by-case basis, but warned: "Those incidents have consequences for radicalisation".
The two politicians were also quizzed on their wider policies.
These included the Greens' pledge for a four-day week - Mr Bartley jokingly told the audience it would help them avoid the "Sunday night feeling" and said it would help deal with the effects of "automation" in certain sectors.
Mr Nuttall was asked whether his proposed post-Brexit migration crackdown was a "danger" to the NHS.
He dismissed this, saying the government should assure all EU migrants working in the NHS that they can stay in the UK and calling for the foreign aid budget to be "slashed" to increase funding for the health service.


NHS Scotland has spent nearly £230m on drugs to treat diabetes and obesity within three years, figures have shown.

The diabetes drugs bill was £75.7m in 2013-14, £73.2m last year and £74.2m in 2011-12. Another £6.1m went on obesity prescriptions in the three-year period.
The figures were obtained by the Tories, who said the conditions were harming both sufferers and the NHS.
The Scottish government said obesity and diabetes were on the rise across Europe and Scotland was no exception.
It said the problem was being taken seriously and a range of measures had been implemented to try to tackle it.
The most recent statistics suggested nearly a quarter of a million people in Scotland now have diabetes, almost 5% of the population.
The majority of sufferers, about 220,000, have type 2 diabetes.
Obesity is the biggest risk factor driving the disease, which develops when the insulin-producing cells in the body are unable to produce enough insulin, or when the insulin that is produced does not work properly.
A different form of diabetes - type 1 - is caused by the body's own immune system rebelling and destroying the cells needed to control blood sugar.
A total of 3.34 million items were dispensed to treat diabetes in Scotland in 2013-14.
The official figures revealed that obese patients were prescribed more than 52,000 items in the same period - about 1,000 a week - at a cost of £1.9m.
That is up from the cost of £1.5 million in 2012-13, but lower than the previous year, when £2.7 million was spent on obesity prescriptions.
Conservative health spokesman, Jackson Carlaw, who obtained the figures, said: "Of course, not every case of diabetes is related to weight, there are a range of reasons.
"But the fact prescriptions for both diabetes and obesity are rising at an alarming rate year-on-year cannot be ignored.
"While we need the NHS and Scottish government to do all they can to force through messages on healthy living, it isn't just down to them.
"There has to be a level of personal responsibility.
"Obesity generally isn't something you catch on a bus, and people know that a healthy diet and active lifestyle are what's required to keep the weight down.
"If they don't, diabetes is just one of the serious conditions lurking round the corner."
A Scottish government spokesman said: "Our diabetes action plan, which will be updated this summer, sets out a clear commitment to the prevention and early detection of diabetes and to improve the treatment and care of people with diabetes.
"Although the number of people with Type 2 diabetes has increased in the last year, the number of prescriptions per person has remained at the same level.
"We recognise that obesity is a serious issue and are taking a range of measures to make it easier for people to be more active, to eat less, and to eat better.
"We are supporting child healthy weight interventions and are increasing opportunities for children to get involved in sport and physical activity, through active schools and our target of all primary children having two hours of PE lessons a week.
"We also recently announced a £50m investment in school sport."


The family of a boy from Staffordshire who has cerebral palsy say they are struggling to pay for his physiotherapy.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
28 October 2014 Last updated at 21:49 GMT
An anonymous donor paid Â£11,00 for Ben Baddeley to have an operation to help him walk earlier this year after it was cancelled by the NHS.
But as his initial treatment was private the family are now having to pay for his follow-up care and need to find about Â£16,000 for his treatment which physiotherapists say he currently needs three times a week.
BBC Midlands Today Health Correspondent Michele Paduano reports.


It is one of the most dragged-out divorces in corporate history but it seems that BT and Openreach will definitely go their separate ways.

Talks between BT and regulator Ofcom to find a voluntary solution to the problem seem to have broken down.
Ofcom has now begun the formal process of forcing a legal split.
The big question is what will it all mean for consumers.
The argument for separation centres around whether the firm that provides the vast majority of the UK's broadband infrastructure (Openreach) should be part of the same parent group as one of the UK's leading internet service provides (BT).
Rivals have long argued that this is bad for competition and the consumer. TalkTalk's Dido Harding was one of the first to welcome Ofcom's new tough stance: "Openreach has been letting consumers down for far too long, unable to meet promises of even minor improvements and becoming a household name for all the wrong reasons."
Ofcom agrees and, now too, does the government: "We've been clear that we need a more independent Openreach. It needs to offer genuinely fair and equal access to the country's telecoms infrastructure to BT's competitors," said a spokesman for the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
This is the best way to ensure consumers get the service they need, and the country gets the digital infrastructure it needs," he added.
Slow and non-existent broadband is still an issue in remote areas and most agree that is unacceptable in an age where telecoms are as important as gas, electricity and water.
Openreach has been criticised for the slow rollout of rural broadband and for failing to offer radical new technologies. But, on the flipside, there are no large queues of other operators lining up to fix the problem, which is expensive and technically challenging.
The Countryside and Landowners' Alliance pointed out that any split must make sure that the work Openreach is doing to close the digital divide can continue unhindered.
"Any formal break between BT and Openreach must not lose sight of the goal to deliver broadband to rural areas. Ofcom must make it clear that the conditions of the separation include guarantees for future investment to further support rural digital connectivity," it said in a statement.
Will a split lead to better, cheaper broadband?
What consumers really need, according to Andrew Ferguson, founder of the broadband news website ThinkBroadband, is "fibre to the home with gigabit speeds for Â£20 to Â£35 per month".
Fibre-to-the-home technology offers faster speeds than the majority of current broadband connections, which are known as "fibre to the cabinet", meaning the final connection to homes is delivered over slower copper wire.
Mr Ferguson told the BBC that no-one currently knows whether a legal separation will deliver this faster option.
"The split has the potential to be very transformational and start the UK down a path of 95% fibre-to-the-premises coverage in 10 years, but that was a possibility yesterday too. The key is whether the split means more money will be available and if a fibre-to-the-premises (home) product is adopted by operators like Sky and TalkTalk," he said.
"The hope is that by reducing the influence of BT Group on Openreach, it would be likely to invest more in faster broadband technology that allows more providers, such as Sky and TalkTalk as well as BT, to offer a better service to their customers."
But, he added, there is a counter-argument that an independent Openreach could create "a stock market that gets jittery which means that Openreach is starved of capital and struggles to meet what its critics have said are already unambitious rollout targets".
Most agree that a separation of BT and Openreach would not alone solve the UK's broadband problems.
Richard Neudegg, head of regulation at uSwitch, said: "Ofcom needs to act across the board to ensure competition and service improvements. This includes universal service obligations, quality of service requirements on regulated products and automatic compensation when providers fail to deliver.
Some believe that the real problem with the UK's broadband is that the copper network simply does not offer the bandwidth and reliability to support our increasingly data-rich needs.
Founder of Mimosa Networks, Jaime Fink thinks it is time to consider other technologies: "Openreach and other UK service providers must change their approach and look at new technologies that can profitably deliver a superfast sustainable broadband network."
He pointed to the US where new entrants such as Google and Facebook have shaken up the market with fixed wireless solutions, which are less expensive than fibre.
Will a split improve customer service?
You have a broadband fault but it is taking weeks to fix. Sound familiar?
One of the biggest arguments in favour of a split is that Openreach has just not provided adequate levels of customer service. Critics say this is because it is not a customer-facing firm so all complaints are channelled via a customer's ISP, giving it no incentive to get on with repairs.
"Millions of people have suffered woeful levels of service from Openreach, so these reforms must lead to significant improvements for customers who have been let down for too long," said Which's Alex Neill, managing director of Home and Legal.
But will a separation deliver this?
It may depend on how the separation looks, thinks Ovum analyst Matthew Howett.
"The improvements in quality and availability of service that Ofcom hopes legal separation will bring about will likely to be delivered much sooner if BT can get on and deliver them today as a result of a voluntary agreement, rather than wait for a lengthy and uncertain process to run its course at the EU level," he told the BBC.
In order to start the legal separation, Ofcom must now prepare a formal notification to the European Commission to start the process.
Mr Howett believes that the door is still open for a voluntary agreement from BT.
"In many ways that would be a better outcome than a forced legal separation, not least because the EU route is uncertain, untested and likely to take much longer to achieve. It is also of course made more complex by the decision from Britain to leave the EU."


Calls for the reintroduction of a post-study work visa system for international students in Scotland have been rejected.

The UK-wide visa scheme was scrapped in 2012.
An inquiry by the Scottish Affairs Committee concluded that removing the visa had made Scotland a less attractive destination to study.
But the UK government rejected the call, saying other visa options were available for former students.
The post-work study visa allowed overseas graduates to work for two years in the UK after completing their studies.
It was abolished after the Home Office concluded that the system had been open to widespread abuse.
But the Scottish Affairs Committee report cited an 80% drop in non-EU students remaining in the UK after graduating since the visa was scrapped.
It said change was necessary to address demographic challenges in Scotland and fill skills gaps in areas including health and finance.
The University of Edinburgh has also warned of a "brain drain of global talent" caused by students moving away from Scotland after graduation.
In a response published by Immigration Minister Robert Goodwill, the UK government said the four current visa categories available to non-European Economic Area (EEA) graduates of UK universities "comprise an excellent post-study work offer".
The government also said abuse of the previous system had "damaged the reputation of our education system".
It added: "This was supported by evidence that the availability of the tier 1 (post study work) category gave rise to a cohort of migrants who, to a significant degree, were unemployed or engaged in unskilled work and was likely to seek to abuse the immigration system in order to prolong their stay."
The government also noted that visa applications from international students to study at Scottish universities had increased by 10% since 2010.
It said: "Applying different immigration rules to different parts of the UK would complicate the immigration system, harming its integrity, and cause difficulties for employers with a presence in more than one part of the UK.
"We have taken important steps to reform the student migration system and we have no plans to re-introduce a post-study work scheme that does not lead to skilled work and could reintroduce many or all of the issues we saw under the former tier 1 (post study work) category."
A pilot scheme is taking place at the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Bath and Imperial College London to simplify the visa application process for Masters students and grant them an additional six months leave to remain after the end of the course to find a graduate job under Tier 2 visa rules.
The government said: "The institutions taking part in the pilot were chosen due to their consistently low level of visa refusals.
"Should the pilot be a success, the Home Office will be considering expansion of the pilot further, including to highly-compliant institutions in Scotland."
SNP MP Pete Wishart, who chairs the Scottish Affairs Committee, said he was "extremely disappointed" by the response.
He said: "Despite the almost universal support for improving post-study work schemes in Scotland, we are still to see these factors have any influence on the direction of policy.
"We reiterate our call for the UK government to engage constructively with Scottish higher education institutions on this issue.
"The government must also speak to employers about the struggles they have in recruiting for key sectors."
Scottish Chambers of Commerce (SCC) described the UK government decision as "bad for business" and said it was "doing Scotland a major disservice".
SCC chief executive Liz Cameron said: "At a time when the Scottish economy is facing serious challenges in the shape of a low growth rate and high levels of skills shortages, all in the face of a redefinition of our relationship with the European Union, it simply beggars belief that the UK government is closing the door on an opportunity for talented international people to contribute to our economy.
"Scotland's world class universities and colleges must be able to compete for the best talent available across the globe and we need these skilled people to put their learning to use in Scotland's businesses, driving innovation, increasing productivity, eliminating skills shortages and growing Scotland's international connectivity. "


A man who ran over and killed a child actor and his aunt during a police chase in south London has admitted causing their deaths.

Joshua Dobby, 23, knocked over Makayah McDermott, 10, and Rozanne Cooper, 34, in Penge on 31 August.
Appearing via videolink at the Old Bailey, he admitted causing death by dangerous driving but denied manslaughter.
Mr Dobby told the court he acknowledged the "pain and suffering" he had caused.
He was initially charged with causing death by dangerous driving but during a hearing at the Old Bailey it emerged he has also been charged with two counts of manslaughter.
He also pleaded guilty to causing serious injury to Makayah's sister by dangerous driving.
Mr Dobby was remanded in custody and will face trial on 27 February.


Continued debate and protest over the planned international finance centre in St Helier are costing the island money, the treasury minister says.

The first lease for about 16,500 sq ft (1,532 sq m) of space in the first of six buildings has been signed.
Senator Alan Maclean said protests and petitions made it harder to get firms to sign a lease.
A petition against the development by the Jersey Development Company currently has about 1,000 signatures.
Banking group UBS is the first firm to sign a pre-let agreement for office space on the former Esplanade car park site.
The land is owned by the States of Jersey and the development is being completed by government owned body The Jersey Development Company (JDC).
Senator Maclean said a lot of misinformation had been spread and even though Swiss bank UBS had signed up for about a third of one building, it was enough to guarantee a profit.
He said it was too late to stop the development as more than Â£5m had been spent by the JDC to get to this point in the development.
The minister said: "It is bad enough seeing front page articles talking about protests against the finance centre with thousands of people.
"That gets picked up internationally. What sort of impression does that give of this island as a whole? It does no good for any of us.
"We have been through a process to get to this point, lets get behind the development company, celebrate UBS signing up and get a move on with this."
Deputy Montfort Tadier, of Reform Jersey, who called for a referendum on the development before any work began, said it had previously been promised no work would start until 200,000 sq ft (18,581 sq m) had been let.
He said: "It would seem that the democratic process is an irritant to the oligarchs who are increasingly running our island.
"The minister should get his own house in order and stop breaking promises which were made by his predecessor which were taken by the Assembly in good faith."
Senator Maclean said the promise applied to the previous developer, Harcourt, and that ended when the Jersey Development Company took over.
Further public meetings are to be held to explain what the JDC is planning to build on the Esplanade car park.


Venezuela's Foreign Minister Delcy Rodriguez has criticised as "rude meddling" a joint communique by 11 Latin American countries calling on Venezuela's government to "guarantee the right to peaceful protest".

The 11 countries also condemned the death of six people in anti-government marches this month.
The opposition is planning a mass protest for Wednesday.
The government has called on its supporters to hold rival marches.
Venezuela is deeply divided between those who support the government of the socialist President Nicolas Maduro and those who blame him for the country's economic crisis and want him gone from power.
There has been a series of anti-government protests in the capital, Caracas, and other major cities, as well as marches by government supporters.
In their joint statement, the governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay rejected the violence, which led to the deaths of six people during the recent demonstrations.
They called on President Maduro "to prevent any violence against protesters" and also called on opposition groups "to exercise their right to demonstrate responsibly so that the day remains peaceful with people expressing themselves calmly".
The Latin American countries also called on the Venezuela government to quickly set dates for elections to be held "to solve the grave crisis which Venezuela is experiencing and which worries the region".
Regional elections originally due to be held in December 2016 were postponed by the electoral council to 2017, but a date has not yet been set.
Municipal elections are also due to be held in 2017.
Foreign Minister Delcy Rodriguez labelled the communique as "rude interference".
She also wrote that "these governments misuse international law to back interventionism in Venezuela to attempt to govern the country from abroad".
She ended a series of tweets by saying that "there is no imperialist force in this world which can defeat the sovereign people of Venezuela".


Sam Burgess and James Graham are the "leading contenders" to captain England during the forthcoming Four Nations, says new coach Wayne Bennett.

Wigan's Sean O'Loughlin, who led the side for last year's series win over New Zealand, is out through injury.
Burgess and Graham both play in Australia's National Rugby League.
Asked whether he had considered naming a Super League player as captain, Brisbane coach Bennett said: "My only criteria is the best man for the job."
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He added he would make his decision at the weekend, after speaking to Rugby Football League chief Nigel Wood.
Burgess, who plays for South Sydney Rabbitohs, is back in the England squad for the first time since he returned from rugby union.
The 27-year-old switched codes to play at last year's rugby union World Cup, and last played for England's rugby league side in the 2013 World Cup semi-final.
"It's great to have Sam back," said Bennett. "He's a huge player in our game. He is inspirational and everyone looks up to him."
Graham, 31, plays for Canterbury Bulldogs and is England's most-capped player, with 29.
England have never won the Four Nations, which this year also includes Australia, New Zealand and Scotland.
They play a one-off match against France in Avignon on 22 October, for which Burgess is suspended, before the Four Nations.
England then play New Zealand in Huddersfield on 29 October, Scotland in Coventry on 5 November and Australia at the Olympic Stadium on 13 November.


A prayer book belonging to the poet William Wordsworth has been stolen from a church in Cumbria.

The book, which dates from 1835, was on display in a glass cabinet at St Oswald's Church in Grasmere, and was taken between 17:30 BST on Tuesday and 10:30 on Wednesday.
The value of the book is not known but the church warden Sonia Rickman described it as "irreplaceable".
She said those responsible obviously knew what they were looking for.
"The church was open, we only close it in the evening. The first I heard was when someone rang me to say the glass had been smashed, that's when we found out it had gone.
"Wordsworth lived in Grasmere, he prayed at our church and he's buried in our churchyard, so it's quite a loss," said Ms Rickman.
"A lot of people come to see where he was buried."
Cumbria Police has appealed for information, and urged antique dealers to look out for anyone attempting to sell it.


Golf courses need to be more enjoyable to stem a decline in uptake of the sport, the co-designer of this year's Scottish Open venue has said.

Mark Parsinen, who helped to lay out Castle Stuart Golf Links, near Inverness, said for 40 years the demand has been for harder courses.
But with falling club memberships, he said the sport must try to balance the needs of professionals and amateurs.
Mr Parsinen said golf should not be "a thing of torture".
The co-architect of Kingsbarns in Fife and a developer of courses in the US said statistics showed golf club membership in Scotland had fallen by 17% since 2004 and a growing number of courses were closing, with high costs and length of playing time among the reasons cited.
He said similar problems were affecting the game in America.
Mr Parsinen said: "Every 48 hours a golf course closes in the US. People don't want to spend their spare time looking for balls and being humiliated.
"Golf courses have evolved to have faster greens, narrower fairways, much longer rough and more penalty-laden 'hard edges'.
"Golfers have been facing increasingly difficult courses and challenges that are all too often humiliating and costly, both in time and the cost of lost balls."
He said the 1974 US Open at Winged Foot marked a "sea change" in golf course design.
Golf's governing body in the United States, the USGA, argued at the time that tougher courses helped to "identify" the best golfers.
But Mr Parsinen said: "The logic that difficulty in golf is the way to identify the best players isn't entirely true, although it has held sway ever since Winged Foot - to the dismay of the average golfer after a protracted and almost unnoticeable trend towards difficulty becoming the 'be all and end all' of golf design.
"Over more than 40 years, our perception of what golf is all about has changed. How has golf turned into this torture thing?"
He added: "If people think golf is all about a difficult test and proving your mettle, then in that crucible they will suffer pain because they think it may be inevitable.
"But you can change the paradigm of golf and say 'I don't need to be playing the most difficult courses in the world. I need to find some engaging pleasure'."
The Scottish Open will be held at Castle Stuart from 7-10 July.


Efforts to tackle agricultural pollution are not being prioritised by the Welsh Government, the chairwoman of Natural Resources Wales has said.

Diana McCrea said there had been a "continuing, unacceptable number of slurry pollution incidents".
She made her comments in a detailed letter to Environment Secretary Lesley Griffiths, saying she was "increasingly concerned and more needed to be done".
The Welsh Government said it would work with the industry to find a solution.
Soil, fertiliser and slurry from farms as well as waste from industry can find its way into rivers, killing fish and their food sources.
Ms McCrea outlined efforts being undertaken by NRW, the environmental regulator, including the establishment of a working group involving farming unions and Welsh Water.
It comes after river and fishing groups criticised the regulator's record earlier this year, claiming agricultural pollution was "out of control".
Ms McCrea said there had been 679 slurry pollution cases reported since 1 January 2010, mostly from dairy farms, ranging from about 70 to 118 a year.
Cautions, prosecutions and serving notices were used in 15% of cases, which were the most serious.
She said there were good examples of the NRW and Welsh Government working well together but she was becoming "increasingly concerned that we may have lost sight of the necessary overview".
Ms McCrea, who will raise the issue at the Royal Welsh show on Monday, wants Ms Griffiths to prioritise the work of officials to help take improvements forward.
She has set out her thoughts on improving good practice on farms, inspecting slurry and silage stores while they are being built and regulating anaerobic digestion plants on farms.
Ms Griffiths is also being asked to look at allowing the use of civil sanctions to help tackle agricultural pollution, to bring Wales in line with England, but it needs the Welsh Government to pass the legislation.
A Welsh Government spokesman said Ms Griffiths would respond to the letter in due course.
He added: "Tackling agricultural pollution is crucial if we are to improve water quality in Wales.
"We look forward to working with natural resources, the farming industry and other respective parties to find a solution that works for all parties."


A campaign has been launched to recruit 5,000 people as members of the Royal Cornwall Hospitals Trust.

Hospital officials said members would be able to influence future decisions in the county.
The campaign is part of a consultation process before the Royal Cornwall Hospital bids to become a foundation trust.
Lezli Boswell, the trust's new interim chief executive, said members could be as young as 11-years-old.
Staff at the Royal Cornwall Hospital in Truro have already signed up more than 60 members of the public at an event in the city centre.
One of those, Vic Atkinson, from Bugle near St Austell, said: "I feel strongly about the hospitals, but I feel also strongly they could do with a change.
"It depends if we get any input. If we can get some input we might be able to give some ideas and if it gets the backing they might be taken on board."
The hospital said becoming a foundation trust would give it more freedom to meet local needs.
Hospital officials said it would be more answerable to the community.
Lezli Boswell, who took over as the trust's interim chief executive on Thursday, said: "I think that members can be very, very influential and we have to, as directors of the board, ensure they have the correct information, that we directly provide information to them about plans and proposals, and listen to what they have to say."
Ms Boswell said that by becoming a foundation trust, it would be a "good indication of a well-led, efficient and good quality organisation, providing excellent patient outcomes."


Olympian Callum Hawkins says he is enjoying the opportunities that have come his way as he continues to make his mark as a long-distance runner.

Hawkins, 24, came to prominence after finishing ninth in the Rio Olympics marathon, and in 2017 his career has gone from strength to strength.
He is preparing for this summer's World Athletics Championships in London.
"I'm hoping to improve upon what I did at the Olympics and just keep the ball rolling," he told BBC Scotland.
In January, at the Great Edinburgh International Cross Country, the Kilbarchan athlete became the first British runner to beat Mo Farah in any race for seven years. The following month he smashed the Scottish half-marathon record in Japan.
Hawkins is still coming to terms with his achievement in Rio and his recent successes, and acknowledges that his competitors will now also be aware of his capabilities.
"It's not quite hit me yet," he said of his standing in the sport.
"It might hit me closer to the champs (World Championships) but I'll just go out and do what I do."
While his training routine may be unchanged, Hawkins is enjoying the "pretty big changes" in his life since Rio, namely the greater interest in him from the media and sponsors and the invitations to bigger races.
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Hawkins is feeling in good shape ahead of the summer's World Championships after "a decent stint" at altitude in Colorado, "training under the watchful eye of the legend Steve Jones".
The former marathon world record holder, whom Hawkins describes as "hard as nails", is now based in Boulder and Hawkins trained under him as part of a Scottish Athletics training programme.
"He was a tough competitor and didn't really care what people thought about him," said Hawkins of his role model.
Back in Scotland after his stint in the United States, Hawkins is preparing for the World Championships with two races, the first of which is the Great Manchester 10K, and gruelling training sessions.
"I'm doing a 10K and a half marathon, but it's mainly just training and ramping up the miles, doing 20-plus miles sessions," he said.


A metro transport network and faster broadband are top of the shopping list for the new Cardiff Capital Region.

It has laid out its vision for the next 15 years in driving south Wales forward.
Public transport is the priority according to the "Powering the Welsh Economy" report.
It needs to be "high-performing, seamless and efficient" with too much reliance at the moment on cars.
The region needs to build on the planned electrification of Great Western and Valleys rail lines.
The network - which could be built by 2030 - would involve trains, buses and city trams and could cost over Â£2bn if it goes ahead.
Board chairman Roger Lewis says the project could attract hundreds of millions of pounds worth of European Union structural funds, which can be used to develop the Metro relatively quickly.
Another key area is faster, reliable and cheap broadband.
"This is now a 'must have' for any city region with global aspirations and is critical for economic growth," says the report.
It points to the infrastructure in place and being developed and says the region now needs to capitalise on its "significant fibre backbone".
As for mobile coverage it points to black spots and says continued investment is needed to eliminate these and ensure 3G and new 4G coverage is available from all the major operators across the region.
In its 41-page report the region's advisory board sets out what it thinks needs to happen next.
Mr Lewis says the City region needs strong leadership, a clear and agreed vision, power, the backing of key stakeholders and importantly cross-party support.
With Cardiff also part of the Great Western Cities and Cores Cities groups, he said it was now about bringing those strands together.
Economy Minister Edwina Hart, who set up the Cardiff Capital Region and Swansea Bay City Region boards, argues all of Wales will benefit if they succeed in attracting jobs and investment.
She denies that the plethora of city organisations are "talking shops" .
When the Welsh government set up advisory boards for the two City Regions they were relatively new concepts.
It's incredible how quickly the landscape has changed in the UK.
The City regions in the north of England, and the wider partnership under the heading One North have already benefited from many millions of extra cash from the Treasury, for the projects they have identified as being key to economic growth.
Wales needs to act fast to not be left behind.
Mrs Hart will now consider Cardiff's Capital Regions strategy and will decide what will happen next - including whether it gets the powers and budget to match its ambitions.


Martin Adams has targeted 25 successive appearances at the BDO World Championships after his 23rd outing at Lakeside ended in a first-round defeat.

The three-time champion lost 3-0 to Canada's Jeff Smith on Tuesday.
But the 59-year-old Englishman plans to be back at Frimley Green in 2017.
"The one milestone I want to achieve is my 25th consecutive year here, so I've got to be here next year for number 24," Adams told BBC Sport. "I'm looking forward to it already."
Adams currently holds the record for the most consecutive appearances at the BDO World Championships, having made his debut in 1994.
He won the title in 2007, 2010 and 2011 but Smith, a semi-finalist last year, produced a clinical display to end hopes of a fourth Lakeside crown.
Lincolnshire-based Adams, who was the number two seed, said: "Jeff could go on and win it. If he carries on playing like that, he's going to be in the mix at the end.
"From what I've seen, he's played the best darts on that stage so far.
"I'm a little bit disappointed for the fans who would have loved to have seen me win, but every so often you get one of these first-round games where you go out. Never mind - it's not the first time it's happened."
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The 2017 Tour de Yorkshire has got off to a flying start in Bridlington, Yorkshire.

28 April 2017 Last updated at 16:43 BST
Thousands lined the side of the streets to cheer on the competitors.
We spoke to a young Yorkshire resident Max to see what the atmosphere was like down on the start line.
Check out the video.


Glamorgan ground their way to a five-wicket victory over Worcestershire thanks to a marathon career-best of 103 not out by Owen Morgan.

Morgan, 22, played a composed knock to register the highest ever score by a Glamorgan night-watchman.
Morgan shared partnerships of 59 with Jacques Rudolph, 88 with Will Bragg, and 99 with Aneurin Donald (57).
The loss is a blow to Worcestershire's pursuit of leaders Essex.
Worcestershire did not manage to overcome a slow and unresponsive New Road pitch despite the continuing efforts of Joe Leach, with 108 runs and eight wickets in the match.
Donald started slowly, but changed the tempo with 17 runs off the first over with the new ball to erase lingering home hopes.
Morgan wrote his own script by reaching his century with the winning boundary after batting since the third ball of the innings.
His knock overtook the previous night-watchman best of 84, by Colin Metson against Kent in 1991.
It was only Glamorgan's second Championship win of the 2016 season.
Worcestershire have a rapid turn-around for their One-Day Cup quarter-final away to Somerset on Wednesday 17 August.
Glamorgan's Owen Morgan told BBC Wales Sport: "Not in my wildest imagination (did I think I'd bat through), my main target was to see out the first hour with Jakesy (captain Jacques Rudolph), and hopefully build from there.
"Thankfully I managed to bat the whole day, I didn't think of seeing it through until Aneurin (Donald) started whacking a few and the winning line came in sight quite quickly.
"At the start of the year I wouldn't have imagined myself in this position, so I'm very pleased. I've always been able to bat but this year it's glued together a bit more and it's given me a lot more more confidence.
"Being a bowler is obviously my main suit but hopefully I can become a good all-rounder."
Worcestershire director of cricket Steve Rhodes told BBC Radio Hereford & Worcester: "The first-innings batting cost us at 37 for 5, we tried to play catch-up cricket and we fought back really hard but we need to start the match better.
"It was 50/50 overnight but the wicket wasn't deteriorating, it got a bit flatter and the foot-holes didn't react badly for the batsmen.
"We'll take our hat off to Morgan, who applied himself really well and deserved to be on the winning side, though Joe Leach was unlucky to be on the losing side.
"Somerset have had a week off and it would be lovely to have that to prepare for white-ball cricket, but we've had a tough four days. Energy levels seem to come back in a quarter-final though with a lot at stake and a big crowd."


Atletico Madrid coach Diego Simeone knows fighters when he sees them - so the warm embraces he offered Leicester City's players at the end of his side's hard-fought Champions League victory spoke of respect fully earned.

Leicester spent everything on and off the pitch to write one more chapter in the remarkable story of their past 12 months - but the dream died at the hands of a mix of excellence and experience that is La Liga powerhouse Atletico.
The King Power Stadium dripped with atmosphere and reverberated to a wall of sound before kick-off amid scenes more reminiscent of a rock concert than a Champions League quarter-final second leg.
Dry ice dropped from the rafters of all four stands, a giant banner displaying the face of a fox rolled down behind the goal and a spectacular display of pyrotechnics and fireworks lit up the night sky at one end of the stadium.
And as more dry ice greeted the name of every Leicester City player as they were announced, Simeone stood unmoved and unimpressed in his technical area - a brooding presence, a mixture of menace and authority in his trademark black overcoat, suit and shoes.
His team followed suit by swiftly illustrating that this was to be a step too far for a Leicester City team who not only defied odds to win the Premier League last season but continued to laugh in the face of logic by becoming England's last representatives in the Champions League.
It was noisy. It was brave. It was occasionally chaotic. And in the end it was not quite enough.
So this Leicester journey comes to a close - but not without the pride, passion and sheer bloody-mindedness that has been a characteristic of their Champions League campaign.
Reality dictates that it may be a long time before the King Power plays host to Champions League football again. If it is, this was a match and occasion that contained so many of the attributes that has made Leicester's run to the last eight so memorable and so creditable.
Leicester were almost regarded as gatecrashers at Europe's elite football party following their remarkable title win, but they have made themselves right at home and have never looked out of place among such illustrious company.
When others spoke of group stage respectability, Leicester - initially under the guidance of title-winning manager Claudio Ranieri - made a nonsense of their domestic struggles to breeze through Group G, with memorable moments such as the 3-0 win away to Club Brugge.
The 5-0 loss away to FC Porto in their final group game was an aberration as they topped their section. They then set up the drama and sub-plots that surrounded their last-16 tie with European specialists Sevilla, Europa League winners for the past three seasons and riding high in La Liga.
Ranieri was sacked, brutally in the eyes of some, after Sevilla's 2-1 win in the first leg on 22 February - then, on a night of drama, his replacement Craig Shakespeare masterminded a 2-0 win in the second leg.
Atletico, genuine Champions League A-listers, carried just too much over two legs, but even then they required a dubious first leg penalty from Antoine Griezmann, who was fouled outside the area by Marc Albrighton, to secure the lead they protected here and added to with Saul Niguez's header.
Leicester City could have been forgiven for accepting the game was up as they needed three goals, but this is not a team or an arena built to go quietly, and how it rocked when Jamie Vardy's equaliser on the night offered brief hope that another sporting miracle might descend on the King Power.
Atletico are drilled in the sort of backs-to-the-wall defiance they required for the last 20 minutes, and it is a tribute to Leicester that they tested a team of such steel and discipline, a mirror image of the streetfighter and super-talented coach who leads them, to such an extent.
Leicester ran until the final seconds of four minutes of stoppage time. A crowd fed on fantasy for the past 12 months roared in anticipation at every attack until the dying moments as if they fully expected their players to set reality aside once more and do the seemingly impossible again.
This time there was no fairytale. Reality did kick in and hit home when Italian referee Gianluca Rocchi sounded the final whistle to signal the end of Leicester City's European adventure.
Leicester's players slumped to the ground in despair before rising to hear the sound of a standing ovation from all corners of the King Power, appreciation not just for this night but for the others they have given their supporters on this journey into the unknown.
Shakespeare spoke of wanting more of this, hoping his players have got the taste for more as they go back to league business at Arsenal next Wednesday night.
Leicester were damned with faint praise when they reached the Champions League. The knockout phase would supposedly be glorious success - that goal was achieved and more as they were edged out of a place in the last four after the Premier League's other contenders fell by the wayside.
The dream is over but the ride was full of the twists and turns that have played out on all the pages of this unlikely Leicester City story.
The Foxes ended as Champions League losers - but they can leave Europe's top table with reputation enhanced and heads held high.


Two policemen will appear in court over sexual assault and assault allegations relating to another officer.

South Wales Police PCs Jeremy Fowler, 39, and Mathew Davies, 37, have been summonsed for sexual assault and assault respectively.
Both men, who work in Merthyr Tydfil and Rhondda Cynon Taff, have been suspended and will appear at Swansea Magistrates' Court in June.
The allegations relate to incidents said to have happened two years ago.


Glasgow gangland figure Kevin "Gerbil" Carroll put out a £100,000 contract on one of the men blamed for killing him, a murder trial has been told.

Det Con James Sloan said the man - who cannot be named for legal reasons - also told police about people who were interested in harming Mr Carroll.
The police officer was giving evidence at the trial of Ross Monaghan.
The 30-year-old denies denies shooting Mr Carroll dead at the Asda car park in Robroyston, Glasgow, in January 2010.
The jury was told that DC Sloan spoke to the man - who was an associate of Mr Carroll - after the shooting.
He refused to give a formal statement, but did give information to the inquiry.
Defence QC Derek Ogg asked DC Sloan: "Did this man say he was no longer an associate because he understood that Gerbil had offered £100,000 for a hit on him?" The detective replied: "That's correct."
The man also gave police information about a number of people interested in doing serious harm to Mr Carroll, DC Sloan said.
Mr Monaghan's legal team has lodged a special defence blaming eight men, including William Paterson who is believed to be in Spain, for the shooting.
The jury heard that DC Sloan also spoke to Scott Bennett, a nightclub owner, about a mobile phone number of interest to the inquiry.
He took a statement from Mr Bennett in a supermarket car park in Bearsden on 10 September 2010, because he refused to go to a police station.
Advocate depute Iain McSporran, prosecuting, asked DC Sloan: "Did he give information about a mobile phone number ending in 1210 that the investigation was interested in?" He replied: "Yes."
Mr Bennett's statement was read out in court and in it he said that he was looking for a roofer to repair a leak in the roof of his Clydebank nightclub.
He said in the statement: "I got the number from a mate of mine for Ross Monaghan. He's a pal of mine. I know him as Hugo. It's rhyming slang. Hugo Boss, Ross."
Mr Bennett told DC Sloan that he was called twice by the number ending 1210, which he believed was Mr Monaghan's number.
Gillian Rankin from Addiewell Prison told the court that two days after the shooting of Mr Carroll, Mr Monaghan and William Paterson visited Paul Lyons in the jail.
She told the court that all visitors to the prison have to be photographed and fingerprinted and go through airport-style security before being allowed access to prisoners. There are also sniffer dogs patrolling the jail.
Mr Ogg asked her: "Any visitor would be aware of this?" She replied: "Yes."
It is alleged that while masked and acting with others, Mr Monaghan murdered Mr Carroll by repeatedly discharging loaded handguns at him, shooting him on the head and body.
He is further accused of, while acting with others, attempting to defeat the ends of justice by disposing of a revolver, pistol and ammunition within undergrowth in Coatbridge and Airdrie, both Lanarkshire.
It is also claimed a car - bearing false number plates YF 55 EZZ - was set on fire.
Mr Monaghan also faces a number of firearms charges.
He denies all the charges against him and has lodged a special defence of incrimination against eight men.
The trial before judge Lord Brailsford continues.


Pregnancy reduces grey matter in specific parts of a woman's brain, helping her bond with her baby and prepare for the demands of motherhood.

Scans of 25 first-time mums showed these structural brain changes lasted for at least two years after giving birth.
European researchers said the scale of brain changes during pregnancy were akin to those seen during adolescence.
But they found no evidence of women's memory deteriorating.
Many women have said they feel forgetful and emotional during pregnancy and put it down to "pregnancy" or "baby" brain - and, it seems, with good reason.
Pregnancy is characterised by extreme surges of sex hormones and involves drastic physiological and physical changes in the body, the researchers say.
During those nine months, women experience a flood of oestrogen which is greater than for the whole of the rest of their lives.
Yet research on the effects of pregnancy on the human brain is scarce.
This study, from researchers at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and Leiden University and published in Nature Neuroscience, looked at the brain scans of women before they became pregnant, soon after they gave birth, and two years later, to see how the brain changed.
And they compared these women's brains with those of 19 first-time fathers, 17 men without children and 20 women who had never given birth.
The researchers found "substantial" reductions in the volume of grey matter in the brains of first-time mothers.
The grey matter changes occurred in areas of the brain involved in social interactions used for attributing thoughts and feelings to other people - known as "theory-of-mind" tasks.
The researchers thought this would give new mothers an advantage in various ways - help them recognise the needs of their child, be more aware of potential social threats and become more attached to their baby.
Just by analysing the brain images, computers were able to pick out the women who had been pregnant.
In one task, women were shown pictures of their own babies and other babies and their brain activity was monitored.
The parts of the brain which lit up when they saw pictures of their own babies closely matched the areas where grey matter had been reduced or "fine-tuned" during pregnancy.
The same areas did not light up when pictures of other babies were viewed.
Elseline Hoekzema, study author and postdoctoral researcher at the Institute of Psychology at Leiden University in the Netherlands, said: "We can speculate that the volume reductions observed in pregnancy represent a process of specialisation or further maturation of this Theory of Mind network that, in some way, serves an adaptive purpose for pending motherhood."
The study found that pregnant women were all affected in similar ways, regardless of whether they conceived naturally or underwent IVF.
And there were no changes in first-time fathers' grey matter in the study when their brains were monitored before and after their partners' pregnancy.
The research team also found no major changes in white matter in the brain.


A call to deselect a UKIP member of the Welsh assembly has been rejected by the party's ruling body.

A letter sent by party activists in north Wales claimed Michelle Brown has been "abrasive and discourteous" to them.
It was sent to UKIP's national executive committee (NEC) before a row over racial slurs about a Labour MP, for which Ms Brown apologised.
But UKIP chairman Paul Oakden said the letter did not follow proper process.
A UKIP assembly group spokesman said the letter was written by a group with a "long-standing grudge" against the AM.
The ruling NEC body discussed the issue at a meeting on Friday, where they also decided to allow a controversial anti-Islam campaigner to run for the UKIP leadership.
Mr Oakden said: "A member of the NEC had contacted the person that is putting this forward and said to them they need to follow the proper process of completing the necessary forms and submitting them to the NEC.
"Members simply emailing the NEC saying we want you to do this is not the correct disciplinary process for the party, by any stretch of the imagination.
"A member of the NEC has gone back and given advice on what they need to do."
Shaun Owen, secretary of UKIP's Delyn branch, wrote to the NEC saying: "For some time we have been appalled by the abrasive and discourteous manner of Ms Brown towards UKIP locally.
"Her lack of effort in pursuing the aims of the party both locally and nationally is of concern to members across the region."
Mr Owen added he believed members would stop supporting UKIP if Ms Brown remained in the role.
However, a spokesman for the party's assembly group dismissed the letter as written by a "tiny and insignificant group".
In February, Ms Brown denied an allegation she had smoked recreational drugs in a hotel room.
Later that month, she said she had acted "with propriety" after it was revealed she had discussed how an advert for a job in her assembly office could be changed to help her brother get an interview for the post.
Meanwhile, UKIP's NEC confirmed that 11 hopefuls in the contest to succeed Paul Nuttall as leader will be able to run as candidates.
The list includes Anne Marie Waters, the founder of the Sharia Watch pressure group, who has described Islam as evil.
UKIP AM David Rowlands had said Ms Waters is probably "too extreme" to be allowed to stand but she claimed the party was trying to "ostracise" her.
Other candidates who have also cleared the NEC's vetting process and are going forward to a vote of the membership include Welsh activist John Rees-Evans, London Assembly member Peter Whittle and Scottish MEP David Coburn.
Mr Nuttall resigned after the general election in June when the party failed to win any seats and saw its vote plummet.


Russian track and field athletes will be able to compete at Rio 2016 - if they pass extra doping checks, says the International Olympic Committee.

But whether they are allowed to represent Russia or not is unclear.
IOC president Thomas Bach said clean Russian athletes should take part under their own flag.
While athletics' governing body the IAAF says it will accept appeals on an "exceptional basis", for Russians to participate as "neutral athletes".
On Friday, the IAAF upheld a ban on all Russian track and field athletes competing at this summer's Olympic Games, first imposed because of widespread state-sponsored doping and cover-up allegations.
On Tuesday, the IOC opened the door for some athletes to go to this summer's Olympic Games, if they could prove they were clean, with Bach saying: "If there are athletes qualified, then they will compete as members of the team of the Russian Olympic Committee."
However, the IAAF responded by insisting that if athletes met "strict criteria", they would compete "in an individual capacity as neutral athletes, not under any country's flag".
It added: "This decision has been unequivocally supported across sport and the IOC summit today unanimously agreed to fully respect the IAAF decision."
The president of the Russian Olympic Committee, Alexander Zhukov, confirmed Russia's clean athletes would appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (Cas) against the "legally indefensible" ban on them competing.
He added that Russia "will not boycott the Olympics".
A statement from the Russian Ministry for Sport said its athletes would undergo at least three additional IAAF anti-doping tests before Rio, adding: "Our Olympians are ready to go over and above all the normal anti-doping tests to show their commitment to clean and fair sport."
However, sports minister Vitaly Mutko later said the IAAF had "done everything to destroy" athletics in his country.
The IOC met in Lausanne on Tuesday to agree a five-point anti-doping plan, saying the "presumption of innocence of athletes" from Russian and Kenyan athletes was "being put seriously into question".
Both Kenya and Russia have been deemed non-compliant with anti-doping rules.
The IOC added the lack of trusted doping controls meant it wanted each sport's governing body to vet their athletes.
Both countries have now asked the IOC for further clarification on how their athletes can qualify for exemptions and compete at Rio.
Russia track federation general secretary Mikhail Butov praised the IOC's "compromise", but said it "needed to be explained".
Pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva, who had announced plans to legally challenge the ban on Russian athletes, said: "I have to admit that deep down there is hope. It hasn't died completely."
The 34-year-old double Olympic champion added: "The most pleasant thing for me personally is that all athletes who win their cases will compete under the Russian flag. That's a victory.
"I was desperate yesterday, but I'm very optimistic today. Now it means that the end of my career, I hope, will be in Rio."
Mahoah Esipisu, a spokesman for Kenya's President Uhuru Kenyatta, said: "We are one of the most tested nations. We are ready for the new requirement (of testing our athletes) because we support clean athletics."
At Tuesday's meeting, the IOC also said they would ask the World Anti-doping Agency (Wada) to convene an "extraordinary world conference on doping" in 2017.


The world's second largest country by surface but relatively small in terms of population, Canada punches above its weight in economic terms.

A federation of former British colonies, Canada follows the British pattern of parliamentary democracy, and the UK monarch is head of state. Ties with the US are now vital, especially in terms of trade, but Canada often goes its own way.
Both English and French enjoy official status, and mainly French-speaking Quebec - where pressure for full sovereignty has abated in recent years - has wide-ranging cultural autonomy. Indigenous peoples make up around 4% of the population.
Canada is one of world's top trading nations - and one of its richest. Alongside a dominant service sector, Canada also has vast oil reserves and is a major exporter of energy, food and minerals.
Population 34.7 million (UN, 2012)
Area 9.98 million sq km (3.85 million sq miles)
Major languages English, French (both official)
Major religion Christianity
Life expectancy 79 years (men), 83 years (women) (UN)
Currency Canadian dollar
Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by a governor general
Prime minister: Justin Trudeau
Justin Trudeau - son of Pierre Trudeau, who dominated Canadian politics in the 1970s - won a resounding election victory for his Liberal Party in October 2015, ending the nine years of Conservative government under Stephen Harper.
After a closely fought three-way contest with the Conservatives and centre-left New Democrats, the Liberals leapt from the humiliating third place they won at the 2011 election to gain a surprise overall majority in parliament.
Mr Trudeau campaigned on promises to shift some of the tax burden from middle-income earners to the richest Canadians, and run a budget deficit to allow spending on infrastructure and boosting growth.
Canada has a long history of public broadcasting. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) was set up in the 1930s in response to the growing influence of American radio.
Broadcasting in French and English, the CBC runs four radio networks, two national TV channels, TV and radio services for indigenous peoples in the north, and Radio Canada International.
The Canadian media are free to present a wide range of views and opinions. Quotas exist for broadcasts of Canadian material.
1583 - Newfoundland becomes England's first overseas colony.
1627 - Company of New France established to govern and exploit "New France" - France's North American colonies.
1763 - Under the Treaty of Paris, Britain acquires all French colonies east of the Mississippi, including New France, which becomes the colony of Quebec.
1867 - British North America Act unites Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in the Dominion of Canada.
1885 - Canadian Pacific railroad is completed.
1931 - Statute of Westminster grants British dominions, including Canada, complete autonomy.
1939 - World War II: Canadian forces are active in Italy, Europe, the Atlantic and elsewhere.
1982 - The UK transfers its remaining final legal powers over Canada, which adopts its new constitution, including a charter of rights.
1995 - A referendum in Quebec rejects independence by a margin of only 1%.


A woman has appeared in court charged with attempting to murder her mother with the help of another woman.

Helena Happell, 41, and her co-accused Mary Hawthorn, 32, allegedly attempted to kill Lorretta Happell on Friday.
The incident is said to have taken place at a property on Great Western Road, Glasgow.
Both women appeared at Glasgow Sheriff Court where they made no plea or declaration and were remanded in custody.
Ms Happell is also charged with sending text messages that were "grossly offensive or of an indecent, obscene or menacing character" to the 58-year-old between 15 October 2016 and 27 October 2016.
Prosecutors claim that on 17 February 2017 Ms Happell and Ms Hawthorn repeatedly hit Mrs Happell with "a knife or similar instrument" then wrapped a wire around her neck and attempted to strangle her.
Both women will appear for a full committal hearing next week.


A driver deliberately reversed into a police car twice after being pulled over in Worcester, officers said.

One officer was taken to hospital as precaution and the patrol car, a BMW X5, had major damage.
A green Mitsubishi Pajaro hit the police car near Stoulton on the B4084 from Pershore to Worcester.
The car may have had cloned plates, said police who are appealing for witnesses or anyone who sees a Mitsubishi which may be damaged.
The collision happened at about 03:35 GMT on Wednesday and the driver left in the direction of Worcester.
More on this story and updates from Hereford & Worcester


A third of students in England, who pay up to £9,000 in tuition fees, say their degree course is poor or very poor value for money, a study indicates.

A survey of 15,046 UK students found they have just 10 minutes extra with university lecturers despite the rise - for the majority - in fees since 2012.
The findings are revealed by the Higher Education Policy Institute (Hepi) and the Higher Education Academy (HEA).
The government said students, "quite rightly", had higher expectations.
Higher tuition fees in England mean undergraduates currently in the first or second year of university study are paying up to £9,000 a year.
The Hepi and HEA research found today's students in England  were more likely to say their course was poor value compared to 2012 - before the fee hike.
One third of current first- and second-year students (33%) said they were receiving poor or very poor value for money, compared with 18% in 2012.
And just 36% of these students thought their course represented good value for money, compared with 52% in 2012.
But the study found  students in Scotland were more likely to say their course was worth the money, with  70% of those at Scottish universities rating their course as good or very value.
However, Scottish students pay no tuition fees, if they study at a university in Scotland.
The Hepi/HEA report says regional differences in perceptions of value for money are "not unexpected given that Scottish and other EU-domiciled students from outside the UK, who constitute the vast majority of students at Scottish institutions, effectively pay no fees".
When asked what their top three priorities would be for institutional expenditure, 48% of UK students polled said "reducing fee levels", followed by having more teaching hours and reducing the size of teaching groups (both 35%).
The survey also found 31% said they would definitely or maybe have chosen another course if they were to have their time again.
The survey found that in the first and second years of their degree, undergraduates have an average of 14.2 hours of "contact" time - for example time spent in lectures and seminars, and spend another 14.3 hours on average in private study.
This is much less than the 40 hours a week of study suggested in the Quality Assurance Agency's (QAA) guidelines, the report said.
The findings show students do not attend about 9% of lectures and seminars laid on by their university, with the most common reasons for absence  being that undergraduates did not find the lectures very useful and that the notes were available online.
Universities minister David Willetts said: "Young people are more serious about their education than ever before. Universities need to raise their game [...] I don't think universities are worse, but students have higher expectations, quite rightly."
Mr Willetts  said institutions would now have to do "far better" than simply offering lectures with 500 students sitting in a room taking notes from slides on a screen.
He added: "The days where the academic experience is simply sitting in rows with 500 other people taking notes from slides on a screen that you can access online on your laptop, universities now have to do far better than that."
Nick Hillman, director of Hepi, said: "The data suggest growing differences across the UK. Students in Scotland generally think they are getting good value for money.
"Meanwhile, students in England are paying much more but receiving only a little more. In England, one in three students say they are getting poor value for money - nearly twice as high as before the £9,000 fees were introduced.
"In this election year, students should press all the political parties to say what they will do to encourage universities to offer world-class teaching alongside their world-class research."
Nicola Dandridge, chief executive of Universities UK, said: "The increase in fees in England and the shift away from public funding to higher graduate contributions means that students are clearly demanding more from their courses.
"The important thing is ensuring that students have enough information about their courses and that the experience matches their expectations.
"Due to the quality of its degrees, the UK has one the strongest and most highly respected higher education systems in the world."
Sonia Sodha, head of public services policy at the consumer magazine Which?, said: "A key problem is a lack of information that makes it difficult for students to make a fully informed choice. We want better data to be included in the key information set such as the amount and type of scheduled teaching."


It was a case of "Tiocfaidh Ar Lene" after the leader of the DUP extended her hand to Irish speakers with a "thank you" in the language.

The Daily Mirror's play on the Irish phrase meaning "our day will come" certainly is a striking one.
And the significance of Arlene Foster's visit to a Catholic grammar school in County Down on Wednesday isn't missed by other newspapers.
Both the Belfast Telegraph and the News Letter report that her move stands in stark contrast to plans that Sinn Féin's Michelle O'Neill has in mind for this weekend.
The party's Stormont leader is due to speak at a 30th anniversary commemoration for eight IRA men killed by the SAS in Loughgall, County Armagh.
But that will do nothing to build bridges between unionists and nationalists, Methodist minister David Clements - the son of a murdered RUC officer - tells the Belfast Telegraph.
And the paper's columnist Ruth Dudley Edwards says Mrs O'Neill lost "game, set and match" to her DUP counterpart on Wednesday.
The criticism of Mrs O'Neill's planned IRA tribute doesn't end there.
The News Letter's editorial claims Sinn Féin's "staggering hypocrisy... between the way it behaves and the conduct it demands of others seems to grow by the week".
And the paper reports that reconciliation campaigner Trevor Ringland says Mrs O'Neill is "living in the past", with the onus now on Sinn Féin to return Mrs Foster's gesture.
Writing in the Belfast Telegraph, Mrs Foster says of her visit to Our Lady's Grammar School in Newry: "The pupils presented me with a lovely painting.
"Set against a background of two young ladies, it said in Irish and English: 'Together we are strong.'"
Is there a case for hanging that artwork up in Stormont's Great Hall to inspire those politicians sitting around the negotiating table?
It was the flaming issue that led to Stormont's collapse, but little's been heard of the Renewable Heat Incentive scheme and its catastrophic projected overspend recently.
Now it's back on the agenda, as the inquiry into the scandal begins on Thursday.
The News Letter's political editor Sam McBride reports that the team investigating the scheme is warning anyone with relevant evidence "should not delete, destroy or dispose" of it.
He adds that the inquiry is to issue formal summonses to attend hearing and hand over evidence.
Those who fail to comply with the notices face a potential £1,000 fine or six months in the slammer.
As BBC News NI's economics editor noted on Twitter on Tuesday...
Yes, the Aussie actor and singer set pulses racing not only in the newsroom, when he visited for an interview, but also at the Belfast's Grand Opera House, where he's performing in Million Dollar Quartet.
And the Irish News sent Anne Hailes along to review the musical, in which Donovan plays Sun records founder Sam Philips in 1956, overseeing an impromptu jam session where "spirits soar and music is made".
Jason will be pleased to know the show was music to Anne's ears, and she reports in Thursday's paper that she was left tapping her toe to renditions of Blue Suede Shoes, Great Balls of Fire and Hound Dog.
And in case you missed it, here - especially for you (sorry!) - is Jason's interview on Wednesday's Evening Extra (from 1:19:25).
A thrilling climax is virtually guaranteed on Saturday with the final round of games in the Irish Premiership season.
Linfield have one hand on the Gibson Cup after staging a remarkable fightback in recent weeks to overhaul Crusaders' lead with a relentless run of wins.
But before they can hold it aloft, they must avoid defeat to Belfast rivals Cliftonville in what promises to be a hostile atmosphere at Solitude.
The game has all the makings of a Belfast version of Spain's el clasico games between Real Madrid and Barcelona, according to journalist and Cliftonville supporter Henry McDonald, writing in the Belfast Telegraph.
In the same way that Real are viewed by Barca fans as an establishment club, McDonald says Reds fans view Linfield in the same light as it enjoys "wealth, privilege and advantage because their ground is also the national stadium".
And even though he acknowledges that the odds are against his side, he says "pride and dignity" should be on their minds as they aim to scupper the Blues' big day.


Mae Cyngor Caerdydd wedi gorfod trefnu cyhoeddwyr Cymraeg ar gyfer cyfri'r etholiadau lleol ar y funud olaf ar ôl i bedwar o swyddogion y cyngor dynnu allan ddydd Iau.

Mae'r swyddogion wedi gwrthod cymryd rhan yn dilyn penderfyniad i gyhoeddi'r canlyniadau yn yr iaith Saesneg yn gyntaf ac yna yn yr iaith Gymraeg.
Y llynedd, cafodd canlyniadau etholiad y Cynulliad yng Nghaerdydd eu cyhoeddi yn Gymraeg yn gyntaf.
Mae'n debyg bod Cyngor Caerdydd wedi dod o hyd i bobol eraill yn lle'r pedwar sydd wedi tynnu allan.
Dywedodd un o'r pedwar wrth BBC Cymru eu bod nhw'n "teimlo'n bersonol" bod y penderfyniad "yn gam yn ôl".
"Mae gan Gyngor Caerdydd hanes da gyda'r iaith dros y blynyddoedd diwethaf ac roedd cyhoeddi canlyniadau 2016 yn gam arall cadarnhaol," meddai.
"Ro'n i'n teimlo'n bersonol bod hwn yn gam yn ôl ac allwn i ddim â chydwybod clir gefnogi hynny felly tynnais fy enw yn ôl."
Dywedodd llefarydd ar ran Cyngor Dinas Caerdydd: "Fel Cyngor rydym yn cymryd ein dyletswydd i hyrwyddo'r iaith Gymraeg yn ddifrifol iawn ac rydym wedi ymrwymo i hyrwyddo Caerdydd cwbl ddwyieithog.
"Dyma'r achos hefyd wrth gefnogi etholiadau, yr ydym yn falch o ddweud sy'n gwbl ddwyieithog.
"Yn ôl canllaw'r Comisiwn Etholiadol mae'r drefn ar gyfer darllen canlyniadau etholiad yn ddwyieithog yn ôl disgresiwn y Swyddog Canlyniadau.
"Nid yw hyn yn gostwng statws yr iaith Gymraeg nac yn mynd yn erbyn safonau'r Gymraeg, yr ydym yn eu cefnogi'n llawn."


Arguably the most talked-about television series of the past five years, the finale of Breaking Bad aired in the US on Sunday, swiftly followed by its UK premiere on Netflix.

Set in Albuquerque, the series followed the life of Walter White (Bryan Cranston), a high school chemistry teacher who was diagnosed with terminal cancer at the beginning of the first series.
In order to secure his family's future before he dies, he turned to a life of crime, making and selling methamphetamine.
Reviews in the UK and US have been generally favourable - but reveal several key plot points.
Walt may have ruined his own family and the lives of several others. And yet, in that climactic final half hour, he somehow won back a measure of both sympathy and respect - not least by surrendering the pretence that he'd done it all for his family.
"I did it for me," he told Skyler, at last. "I liked it. I was good at it." Of course, the thing he was good at was not carpentry, nor teaching - though I seem to recall he wasn't too shabby at that - but cooking meth and whacking folks. So in the end, he got what he deserved.
Read the full review here
Perhaps the best thing about the finale of Breaking Bad is that it actually ended. So many shows, notably The Sopranos and Lost, have gone dark without anything approaching finality. Here, the writers were so determined to not leave unfinished business that the last episode was called Felina, an anagram of finale. And almost every loose end was tied. In some cases, a little too tightly, and in others, not quite as much. Breaking Bad brilliantly tracked Walt's transformation from teacher to criminal mastermind. But it's still a mystery why that talented chemist turned his back on fame and fortune and became a humble high school chemistry teacher.
Read the full review here
Written and filmed at a time when Breaking Bad was already a phenomenon, this finale has been under a huge amount of pressure from a fan base that's taken ownership of the story in a way that few TV shows manage.
But fear not, they've pulled it off marvellously.
In a single episode, they've packed in all of those disparate ingredients that have made Breaking Bad such a joy.
There's action, violence and tension, but also humour, warmth and wonderfully quiet moments that carry so much weight.
Read the full review here
The final episode of Breaking Bad... had a lot of business to take care of in a short time. [It] was a kind of machine gun of narrative, knocking down all of those questions with auto-fire efficiency. (Well, almost all.)
It was not flashy. It wasn't structurally ambitious, in the way other Breaking Bad episodes have been. It was not, in most respects, surprising. And that's OK. Because what Felina was - as effective, satisfying series finales are - was true. It was true to the five seasons that preceded it, true to Walter White's obsessions and pride, and true to what Breaking Bad is at heart: A Western. As in the song El Paso, the protagonist (I'm not going to say hero) rode back to town, faced his enemies, said his goodbyes, and died. A Western is meant to go out with a bang, and Breaking Bad went out with about 40 of them per second (plus a dose of ricin).
Read the full review here
Like all big-talker shows that bring their heavy cargo in for a rough and breathlessly observed landing, Breaking Bad didn't quite leave itself enough runway to satisfactorily end some of its better story lines, especially once the chronology gap closed up between the flash-forwards from last year's episodes and Sunday night's conclusion. One could easily argue that there was just too much left to do in this one episode.
As a critic, I have to finally face the fact that my favourite series (possibly ever - I'd have to think long and hard about that) is now gone. And when trying to figure out why this show worked so well, so deeply for me, I keep coming back to one simple and not terribly profound idea: Breaking Bad was original.
Read the full review here
Not only did Vince Gilligan's five-season, hyper-violent prose poem to midlife male frustration tie up virtually every loose end in sight, it contained the Holy Grail of all storytelling: an Actual Moment of Truth. And not just this particular story's truth, but one that extended to the beloved and bloated genre Gilligan both elevated and mocked. "I did it for me. I liked it. I was good at it. And I was really ... I was alive."
The strongest moments of the final season came as Walt realised that great truism so often underscored in stories like his: Once you introduce evil into your life, you cannot control it.  In the end, though, Walter White was triumphant. His money would go to his children, his enemies were dead, his foster son freed.
Read the full review here
As final episodes go, this delivered everything that has been great about Breaking Bad. It had tension, pathos, brutality, emotion, humour, jaw-dropping shocks - but also resolution.
Like so much of Felina, the end was satisfying because of its simplicity. Really, we've known from the start how it would end. Walt's going to die. A show that sentences its lead character to death in the first episode is duty bound to deliver that promise by the end.
Read the full review here
In today's hyper-caffeinated age, precious little lives up to its hype. But the Breaking Bad finale - perhaps appropriately - got the chemistry just right... Sunday's finale made eminently clear, this was a show whose narrative fearlessness was only matched by its boundless creativity and unpredictability. The 75-minute finale written and directed by (Vince) Gilligan perfectly capped a final arc that was all forward momentum, with barely an ounce of fat on it, and almost nary a false note.
Read the full review here
In a stunning 75-minute extended finale, Vince Gilligan brought Breaking Bad to a supremely fitting close, tying up all the loose ends in his modern classic AMC series and killing off his now iconic anti-hero Walter White. And he did so in a way that confirmed Bad's status as one of TV's greatest series - and star Bryan Cranston as one of America's best actors.
Tense, witty, violent, oddly tender and, in its own strange way, as close to a "happy" ending as a story this dark could hope, this last episode brought the story to a straightforward, definitive conclusion, without the spirituality of Lost or the ambiguity of Sopranos.
Read the full review here
There was a lot of closure in Breaking Bad. You can say that Gilligan gave most of the viewers what they wanted (and, impressively, he did that by staying true to himself and the story without selling out or becoming unrecognisably saccharine as he tied the bow). This finale certainly wrapped up things - mostly - in a bow. It had similar strains to the shots that The Wire used and was nearly as effectively tidy as Six Feet Under was in spelling out the fate of those involved.
More than anything I love a creator's ability to end the story as he or she wishes. That doesn't make every decision acceptable. The finale to Dexter was an embarrassing, ham-fisted disaster. But the finale to Breaking Bad - even if it wasn't what I'd hoped would happen - was more than enough to thrill me and make me appreciate five seasons and six years of brilliant work. What an outstanding achievement.
Read the full review here


Relatives of those on the missing Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 have waited for more than a year without any concrete news.

But as Malaysia's prime minister says a piece of aircraft debris that washed up on the Indian Ocean island of Reunion is "very likely" to be from a Boeing 777, family members are reflecting on whether the development will answer long-held questions about their loved ones' fate.
"There are two parts, one is that [if] they have found the aircraft, then we can have some sort of closure. Then I can give my husband the peace that he needs.
"The other part is, no, let it not be true, because then we can still have hope that there is a chance the plane is still out there and they all can come home.
"We don't know yet, we are still on pins and needles."
"Well of course we're very shocked and anxious and you just feel like you've been thrown back into that loop one more time, all over again.
"We are not... taking it as the truth, because it's happened so many times before. We're wary of the information. I think we're also holding out hope until it's confirmed. We understand that there's a high likelihood that this might be it.
"But until then we still have to hold out hope."
"The most difficult part is not knowing anything.
"We're all longing and waiting so much for any sort of news that is, you know, valid... but when we get it I think it's going to be another emotional roller coaster as well."
'It has been more than one year and now they claim to have found debris of the MH370 on an island?
"We don't accept this, we do not believe what they claim, the finding does not constitute anything.''
"I'm hopeful, in another respect, I'm not. I guess while you don't know, you still hope.
"We need to know what happened... at least if it's confirmed as a part of the plane then we can go on to the next stage which is still pretty similar to where we were before - what happened, where's the rest of the plane and where's my brother?"
"I want to say that the families of the passengers of MH370 are suffering and hurting.
"On one hand, we are hurt from the plane accident itself, on the other hand we are hurt from the inhumane, illegal, cruel and harsh attitude from the Malaysian government and Malaysia Airlines, which hurts more than the accident.
"We can't go back to our original life any more."
"We need to find the main frame of the aircraft and the bodies. Until then I will continue to believe that my son is alive."


On 2 March, people will cast their votes in the sixth set of elections for the Northern Ireland  Assembly since the Good Friday Agreement in 1998.

31 January 2017 Last updated at 13:02 GMT
Here's BBC News NI's guide to Election 2017 as the assembly is 're-booted' for another term.