The case of a United Nations intern found sleeping in a tent on the shores of Lake Geneva has drawn attention to the United Nations practice (one it shares with big business and some European Union institutions) of employing interns on an unpaid basis.

David Hyde, a 22-year-old from New Zealand, was delighted when he was accepted as an intern with a UN agency. He had hoped for a paid position, because, he says: "I think my work does have a value."
But he was happy to take the UN offer because of the prestige attached to working for such a renowned organisation.
He admits that, during the interview process, the UN told him quite clearly that Geneva was an expensive town, and wanted reassurances that he would be able to fund his internship himself.
"I guess my budget was not realistic in the end," he says. "It was way more expensive than I imagined. I thought I could find a really budget way to live, but to be honest I've ended up living in a tent."
He is, he says, not keen to be seen as a victim, and points out that camping on the shores of Lake Geneva during the summer months is not actually "all that bad".
He had not spent too many nights there before he was noticed, and soon his story was on the front pages of the Geneva newspapers.
Genevans were shocked that the famous and much-loved institution should be connected to such a case.
But inside the United Nations itself, there was little astonishment.
"It doesn't surprise me at all," says Sabine Matsheka from Botswana. Sabine is chair of the Geneva Interns Association. "We get desperate calls and emails from interns asking for couches, air mattresses, just a place to stay."
Sabine, who is interning with the United Nations Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), says she too has had difficulty making ends meet.
"The unpaid element has influenced my internship," she says.
"I had to plan very carefully with my funds and that's why I had to stick to three months because that is what I could be supported by my family and my own funds.
"I wish I could stay longer."
UN officials have been taken aback by the huge attention now being paid to David's case.
"Interns get a lot of experience," says Ahmad Fawzi, head of the UN's information service in Geneva. "First-hand knowledge about how the international system works: it's invaluable for them, and they have fun."
Mr Fawzi also points out that the policy of not paying interns comes not from the UN agencies themselves, but from the UN General Assembly which, some years ago, passed a resolution allowing the recruitment of interns, but prohibiting their payment.
And, he insists, the UN does its best to offer a few perks, negotiating cheaper rates for interns on Geneva's public transport system, and offering discounts at the UN cafeteria.
Those, however, will hardly compensate for the sky-high rents which confronted David when he arrived.
"I feel this young man may not have done his research," says Mr Fawzi.
Unpaid internships are commonplace these days, and they can be good experience for young people hoping to gain experience in a possible future career field.
But Ian Richards, who heads the UN staff trade union in Geneva, believes the United Nations is the one organisation that should not be using unpaid labour, however valuable the experience.
"It does make this organisation look terrible," he says.
"Here's the United Nations, it's supposed to set the standards when it comes to labour standards, reaching out to the young, reaching out to people in developing countries, and it doesn't seem to be able to do that."
What's more, he points out, UN agencies employing unpaid interns are in danger of violating the very principles, such as the abolition of slave labour, which they exist to promote.
"A few years ago at the International Labour Organisation, they found an intern sleeping in the basement," he remembers.
"That created a lot of noise in the press and, as a result, the ILO decided to pay its interns."
Meanwhile Sabine Matsheka points that continuing with the policy of unpaid interns simply ensures that only candidates with personal funds can apply. At the moment, of the 34 interns in Sabine's section alone, she is one of just two from Africa.
"I am from a developing country," says Sabine, "and I know of many people from my university who would have loved this opportunity but could probably not afford to do it."
But if the ILO can find a way to get around General Assembly rules and pay its interns, surely other UN agencies can do the same?
As ever with UN bureaucracy, it is not quite as simple as that.
All agencies attached to the UN Secretariat, among them OCHA, UN Human Rights, and the UN Conference on Trade and Development, remain bound by that old General Assembly vote forbidding the payment of interns.
"I personally, everyone here agrees," says Ahmed Fawzi. "They should be paid.
"But the only way to change it is for a member state to draft a resolution and submit it to the General Assembly and put it to the vote. I have no doubts it would be accepted immediately.
"It's not up to us, the civil servants, it's up to member states to change the rules."
Drafting, adopting and introducing UN policy can, as with any legislative body, take years. So any change will not affect today's interns, and certainly not David, who is now rolling up his tent.
The expense of Geneva, the unpaid status, and now the pressure of media attention have all been too much and he has decided to resign, although he is keen to stress that his UN colleagues in Geneva are not to blame.
"The United Nations has done nothing to try to stop me talking about this subject," he says.
"They have been nothing but supportive, they don't want to see me in this situation. But on a structural level, there is a kind of missing link in terms of support.
"I'm not sure what I'll do moving forward."


The chair of Kent Police Authority, Ann Barnes, is to stand as an independent candidate for Kent Police Commissioner.

Ms Barnes, who is expected to resign from her position to stand for election on 15 November, said she wanted to keep party politics out of the police.
She launched her campaign beside cardboard cutouts of Ed Miliband, Theresa May and David Cameron.
The Conservative candidate is Medway councillor Craig MacKinlay. Labour's is Ashford councillor Harriet Yeo.
Five other independent candidates have announced they will stand in the election - Thanet councillor Ian Driver, former Medway Mayor Dai Liyange, businessman Fergus Wilson, former Kent police officer Fran Croucher and campaigner Ken Little.
The Liberal Democrats are not putting forward a candidate.
Ms Barnes said: "We face the very real threat that for the first time our police service could fall under the control of a party politician.
"Could such a person be trusted to put the people of Kent first and not just toe the Party line?"
Ms Barnes's campaign manager Peter Carroll said she was "starting process of disengaging" from the police authority.
Ms Yeo has said the role of police commissioner will give constituents a chance to influence how they want their policing delivered, while Mr MacKinlay has said it will be a democratic link between the electorate and policing.
The new commissioners will have the power to hire and fire chief constables, hold them to account and set the forces' budgets.
Police and crime commissioners will be elected for every police force of England and Wales in the November polls.
The elected commissioners will replace police authorities a week later.
The Home Office said every household would receive information about the elections from the Electoral Commission and information about every candidate would be published online and, for those who wanted it, delivered in written form.


Swimmer Adam Peaty has received the freedom of the city of Derby following his gold medal win in the Rio Olympics.

The athlete won Team GB's first medal of this year's Games when he took first place in the 100m breaststroke in world record time.
The 21-year-old, who trains with City of Derby Swimming Club, received the accolade at a ceremony at the Council House.
It comes amid concerns for Derby's limited public swimming facilities.
Moorways Swimming Pool, where Peaty used to train, has been closed since March due to budget cuts.
The family pool at the city's Queen's Leisure Centre has also been shut for repair work.
Before accepting his award, Peaty urged the authority to "push those facilities forward" and use the Olympic legacy as an advantage.
Derby council leader Ranjit Banwait replied he was "committed" to building a new Â£50m pool at the Moorways site by 2018.
The Labour councillor added giving Peaty the freedom honour was a chance to celebrate his "fantastic sporting success".
Peaty's coach Mel Marshall and Lewis White, who won a bronze medal in the S9 400m freestyle at the Rio Paralympics, were also honoured at the ceremony.
The Staffordshire swimmer's Olympic success made him the first British man to win a swimming gold medal since Adrian Moorhouse, in Seoul 1988.
Earlier this month hundreds of people lined the streets of Peaty's hometown of Uttoxeter during an open top bus tour.


An estate agent has been fined £200,000 after a prospective house buyer who was viewing a property fell into a 30ft (nine-metre) deep garden well.

The 39-year-old woman suffered head injuries in the fall in Malmesbury, Wiltshire, last April.
Swindon Magistrates' Court heard she stepped on to a wooden board placed over the well which gave way.
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) found Strakers had been warned about the well and the board being unsafe.
The woman suffered concussion in the fall, and was submerged in water in the well for an hour before being rescued.
The court heard she also suffered post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of the fall.
Insp Matthew Tyler said it could have "easily become a fatal tragedy".
He added: "If, when warned of the unsafe well, the company had properly checked to see if it was secure the trauma this individual has gone through could have been prevented."
Bosses at Strakers, which is based in Market Place, Devizes, pleaded guilty to breaching section 3 (1) of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, and were fined £200,000 and ordered to pay costs of £2,474.
Antony Bulley, Strakers managing director, said directors and staff had been "deeply distressed" by the incident.
"We wish to make it known that Strakers have carried out extensive internal investigations and have fully cooperated with the Health and Safety Executive throughout culminating in a plea of guilty at the earliest opportunity presented."
He added that the company's aim is "to ensure that everything possible is done to avoid any similar incident occurring in the future to any member of the public or our staff".


The family set to buy Nottingham Forest are very loyal and have a long history of investing in sport, according to a leading Kuwaiti sports journalist.

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Mohammed Said, who works for the Al Qabas newspaper and as a television pundit, is in no doubt the Al-Hasawi family will bring success to Forest.
"They are a very famous family in Kuwait and very rich," Said said.
"Fawaz Al-Hasawi is very loyal to all the players and I think he will do a lot for Nottingham Forest."
The Al-Hasawi family have been granted a period of exclusivity to complete the takeover and they will now conduct due diligence in conjunction with the estate and senior management within the club.
And Said is convinced Fawaz Al-Hasawi's track record of investing in sport in his homeland should allay any concerns about his intentions for Forest.
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Al-Hasawi had been chairman of Al-Quadisya Sports Club in his native country, but his decision to step down was a precursor to interest in investment within English football.
"This is a very famous and leading club in Kuwait," Said added. "This club specialises in 16 sports and not only football. In football, it was champion of the Kuwaiti league 16 times - 4-5 of them under the control of Mr Fawaz.
"He put a lot of money in this club, helping the players and supporting them and sometimes he supported the national team with money.
"I don't know why it is Nottingham Forest. I think it's an investment deal because Nottingham Forest was a very good football team in the 80s and not now."


A watchdog says an investigation has begun as firms in part of Birmingham say they are fed up with a stench they claim has emanated from an abattoir.

The Food Standards Agency (FSA) said it had started the inquiry over Mr Meats in Digbeth. There has been a series of complaints about the business.
A video from August at the entrance to the yard showed what appeared to be sheep carcasses and offal.
Mr Meats said some smell and unpleasantness was "inevitable".
Photos from March showed a yard apparently covered in blood with remains piled in a corner.
Owner of Sheesha Lounge next door Zeeshan Moustapha said: "We get a general stench that circulates the area constantly and it's just causing a serious issue to our business. It's just disgusting really."
Richard Crofts, whose family runs a nearby factory, first complained to the council in 2006 but said he had been "passed from pillar to post."
He said: "The main responses we've had is as we're non residential we don't count.
"We pay rates, we pay our taxes, so we have as much of a say as the residents here and if the residents aren't able to speak out, we're more than happy to speak out for them."
Birmingham City Council said its environmental health team had received complaints from traders about Mr Meats "the details of which have been shared with the FSA for further investigation".
A spokesman for the abattoir said vehicles belonging to neighbouring businesses had "blocked access, preventing the removal of animal waste in a timely and efficient manner".
He said there had been an abattoir on the site for the past 40 years and "some smell and unpleasantness is inevitable".


A teenager accused of killing a 19-year-old jogger in a hit-and-run incident claims he had sold the car involved 45 minutes earlier.

The 17-year-old, who can not be named because of his age, is charged with causing the death by dangerous driving of Lesley-Ann McCarragher in Armagh.
The teenager was airlifted to hospital in Belfast but later died from her injuries.
The court heard the accused bought the white Saab on Friday.
On Saturday, a witness described seeing it being driven at speeds estimated at up to 90 mph.
The witness said it appeared to be racing a second car, believed to be a black Volkswagen Golf.
The police are still seeking that car and its driver.
A detective told Newry Magistrate's Court that the white Saab was undertaking another vehicle on the hard shoulder when it struck Lesley-Ann McCarragher.
The court heard that the 17-year-old initially denied owning the car when contacted by police on Saturday.
A detective revealed that the woman who had sold the car to the accused received a text from him on Saturday urging her to tell the police, if they asked, that she had sold the car to foreigners.
On Saturday evening, the accused handed himself into police and told them he had sold the car 45 minutes before the accident to foreigners at the side of the road.
The white Saab was later found in a garage rented by his brother.
The accused is also charged with failing to stop or report an accident and having no licence or insurance.
Objecting to bail, the detective said the woman who had sold the youth the car had told officers that she was scared of the accused and his family.
The court also heard that the accused had refused to hand over his mobile phone.
The magistrate said it was a case of "no phone, no bail" and adjourned the hearing while two police officers took the accused to retrieve the phone.
When the court sat again in the afternoon, a solicitor for the accused said an agreement had been reached for the phone to be handed over.
Bail was granted on condition that happens.
The accused will appear again in court later this month.


Transport giant FirstGroup warned of ongoing economic uncertainty in the UK as it posted a jump in annual profits.

The firm saw underlying pre-tax profits rise 23% to £207m, following a strong performance from its First Student school bus operation in North America.
Aberdeen-based FirstGroup said its American arm benefited from the weak pound.
But the pound's impact on fuel costs left it nursing a £19.8m profits hit across its UK bus and rail divisions.
Overall group revenues over the year to 31 March were up 8.3%, at £5.65bn, with operating profit rising 12.7% to £339m.
Underlying operating profits in its bus operations fell 29% to £37m, while rail earnings dropped 26% to £53.8m.
The Aberdeen-based group also saw bus passenger revenues fall 0.6% on a like-for-like basis, after being hit by falling numbers of shoppers on the high street and ongoing issues with traffic congestion in some areas.
Meanwhile, like-for-like passenger revenues rose by 1.3% in its rail business, which includes the Great Western and TransPennine Express UK rail franchises, However, the company said growth was held back by a slowdown across the industry.
FirstGroup said trading conditions would continue to be uneven across the group.
It added: "The group faces a mixed trading environment with opportunities for steady progress in the North American divisions but continued economic uncertainty in the UK."
The group's year was marred by the crash on its Croydon Tramlink line last November, which killed seven people and injured more than 50 others.
Chief executive Tim O'Toole said the company remained "focused on understanding the exact cause of this incident and will continue to provide our full support to the ongoing investigations".
He added that the results of investigations may still not be known "for many months".


South Korea's education minister has apologised after two faulty questions in the national college entrance exam left thousands of students confused.

Students said the error meant there were two possible correct answers to the multiple choice questions.
Officials have said they will accept two answers as correct in each case, and the head of the national exam board has offered to resign.
The annual test determines the academic futures of high school students.
South Korean media said the mistake would affect the test scores of about 3,600-4,000 students.
"I express deep regret and recognise an urgent need to improve the question-making process," Education Minister Hwang Woo-Yea said in a statement broadcast on television.
"We will investigate the root cause of the problem," Mr Hwang said.
About 640,000 students sat the nine-hour standardised test, called the College Scholastic Ability Test, on 13 November at 1,216 testing sites across the country, South Korea's Yonhap news agency said.
Many students engage in intense studying for years in preparation for the exam, often with the involvement of their parents in what is an extremely competitive academic environment.
A good score would mean a spot in one of South Korea's top universities.
The suspect multiple-choice questions, one in the biology exam and one in the English language paper, sparked an uproar with parents and students complaining to the website of the Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE) which administers the exam.
Last year's exam was also controversial because of a mistake in one of the questions in the world geology section.
After a year-long legal battle, Seoul High Court ruled in favour of four students who said the question was flawed.
"We did our best this year to prevent erroneous questions... but again there were faulty questions, causing chaos and inconvenience among exam takers, their parents and teachers," said Kim Sung-Hoon, head of KICE.


A member of the German engineering team that designed the rocket that took US astronauts to the Moon has died in Alabama.

Oscar Holderer, who was 95, suffered a stroke last week and did not recover, his son Michael said.
Mr Holderer was one of about 120 engineers who moved to the US after World War Two, bringing technology used in the German V2 rocket.
They played a key role in the Saturn V rocket used in the 1969 Moon landing.
The team, led by Wernher von Braun, was part of a project called Operation Paperclip that transferred technology used in Germany's V2 and other rockets to the US.
They were originally based at White Sands, New Mexico, but moved to Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, in 1950 where they used early computers and slide rules to design the Saturn V.
Michael Holderer said his father had designed the high-speed wind tunnel used to develop Saturn and oversaw its construction at Nasa's Marshall Space Flight Center in Redstone.
"He was one of the more hands-on members of the team. He had his own machine shop here in town as a hobby," he said.
Ed Buckbee, a space historian and former Nasa publicist, paid tribute to Mr Holderer.
"He was a very talented man, not only an aeroballistics expert but very accomplished in design and fabrication."
Mr Holderer became a US citizen in 1955. After retiring from Nasa in 1974, he built training devices that are still in use at the US Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville.


As former boyband Busted return with a surprising new sound, channelling Daft Punk and 1980s movies, they tell us why its time for people to change their perceptions.

Charlie Simpson, Matt Willis and James Bourne found fame and legions of young fans as Busted in the early 2000s, thanks to hits like What I Go To School For, Crashed the Wedding and Year 3000. But once a punk rock boy band, not always a punk rock boy band, apparently.
"Yeah we have a past," admitted Busted at the recent press launch of their first new album in more than a decade, Night Driver. "But we have a future too."
After an acrimonious split in 2005, when Simpson left to concentrate on his other band Fightstar, the band patched things up last year to announce 2016's Pigs Might Fly reunion tour. But they also decamped to LA to try and write a new album, channelling 'grown up' influences like Skrillex and the 1980s movies they watched as kids.
""I'm very glad we did," Charlie Simpson told the BBC. "It was the first time we'd really just been together without any pressure from anyone and I think we're just really proud of the result."
The influence of Daft Punk's collaborations with Nile Rodgers is also clear to hear on new single On What You're On, while the video (and the album's name and artwork) owes plenty to Nicolas Winding Refn's stylish Ryan Gosling movie Drive.
"Back in the day, we made the music that we made because that's what we were into at the time," added Matt Willis.
"We made this record because that's what we wanted to make right now. We didn't aim it at anybody, we just kind of made it."
Charlie: That was it - we were all so happy just to be in a room. I mean that was a big step for a start, just for us to be in the room together with some guitars. It was all just very natural, just a free flowing process, we didn't really stop to think about it.
James: If we liked the way it sounded we just kept going. If we weren't feeling it in the moment we didn't finish it.
Charlie: We were getting in the studio at 10am, coming out at 8,9 pm and these songs were really being recorded on day-by-day basis.
Charlie: I think it's the old fans I'm most apprehensive of - seeing if they're going to come with us on this new journey. I've got a feeling that they are. The people I've shown that were Busted fans back in the day absolutely love it. It's always nerve-wracking releasing any music, regardless of what it is. But you can't make music for other people, you have to be happy with yourself.
Matt: This is the exact album that I want to be on. Sometimes I listen to bands and I'm like, 'man, I want to be in that band!' And now I can hear my album and I'm like 'I want to be in that band'. And it's the coolest thing, it's like 'that's me!'.
Charlie: We have ten years of experience and this album is who we are now. I don't feel it's like we're 'trying to do' anything. People's perception of what Busted is and was - obviously people have to get over that initially, because this is a very different thing.
But the music is our weapon, the music is what's going to do the talking and people either will come with us or they won't, but I believe in this music enough to believe that it will change people's perceptions.
James: They will come or they won't, but you know what? The door's always open.
Charlie: That is an interesting question. We never actually thought about that.
James: No. For all of us, being in a band that wasn't Busted would be weird. The whole point of a band name is so that people know who you are, and we are Busted. The three of us together are Busted, so that's the label - it's just a label.
Charlie: If you think of any bands that change their sound, they didn't change their name because of their sound. Many bands have gone on huge musical journeys.
I'm not comparing us to Coldplay in any way whatsoever, but if you listen to their album now and you listen to Yellow, they are effectively a different band. I guess the difference with them is they've evolved over time.
James: We weren't there to evolve in front of people's faces. You didn't see a transition.
Charlie: But we still evolved as people though - we evolved hugely.
Charlie: Good question! We should have thought that through earlier!
Matt: That's going to be a real sticky point - how do we make these two bands co-exist?
Charlie: That's going to be the hardest part of this whole process, but with the old songs we are going to reinvent them a bit. We did for the [reunion] tour, the songs sounded different on the tour.
James: Songs are songs and they can be done so many different ways. People cover songs every day, but the songs exist always. So maybe there's a way that we can make some of them not feel like they're completely alien to what we're doing now.
Charlie: We will always play some of the old songs. We're not just going to not play old songs. But there will be a transition period as we move on.
We're going to start writing our new record soon.... in the next six months. And before long, there's going to be two albums, and then you've got the same amount of albums that are new and old. And then you do a third one and suddenly your new stuff outweighs your old stuff, so you end up just becoming that band anyway.
Charlie: We are in a way, because we finished this album six months ago and we're going on to think about new songs.
Matt: If you listen to this record there's a progression. We were discovering new things as we were making it. So the next record's going to be even more fun again because we get to explore a few other avenues which we kind of touched on.
We can't wait to go back into the studio, we had such an amazing time. This is the most excited I've been about anything I've done creatively ever, so I can't wait to do more.
Busted's album Night Driver is out on 11 November. On What You're On is out now.


Gordon Brown has accused David Cameron of stirring up English nationalism to try to win the election.

And the former PM said the SNP was misleading people over its offer to back a Labour-led administration.
Mr Cameron has described the prospect of a Labour government propped up by the SNP as a "match made in hell".
SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon has said her party's MPs would "want to be constructive" at Westminster.
Mr Brown told a gathering in Fife: "The only way they can win is to build resentment in Scotland of the English and resentment in England of Scots."
And he told his audience of fewer than 100 voters that Mr Cameron was "whipping up English nationalism".
On the SNP, he said "people must realise they are not interested in a Labour government". Mr Brown said only a Labour government would "immediately deal with food bank poverty, zero-hours poverty, inequality and the NHS", warning that large numbers of SNP MPs could mean "months of constitutional chaos".
Mr Brown criticised the tone of the election campaign so far, saying: "People are talking all the time about hung Parliaments, negotiations, deals... We will talk about poverty, inequality, the health service."
But the former PM acknowledged that voters in Scotland do want change.
"I've been going around Scotland and the one thing that is clear, was clear during the referendum campaign and is clear now, is that people want change, they feel insecure," he said.
"But they don't just want constitutional change."
He repeatedly made the claim that only a Labour government could provide change "immediately", whereas a large number of SNP MPs  heading to Westminster could result in "months of constitutional chaos".
Mr Brown said it was a "social justice election", saying Labour would "end austerity and protect those people in greatest need" whereas he claimed "there is no more money in the Scottish government's plans for extra spending to deal with these problems for the first year - there is zero money for all these problems".
The former PM also attacked the SNP for delaying taking action over food banks, and the so-called bedroom tax, "because they didn't want to let Westminster off the hook - they simply don't do it as there are political reasons".
Mr Brown warned that if the SNP made significant gains, they would be in "exactly the same position as always; a protest group, they will make a song and dance about it but can they make real change?"
He appeared to acknowledge that time is short for Labour to make its case again in Scotland saying: "In these last few days of this campaign it is Labour that will stand up for the values of sharing and solidarity."
Mr Brown dismissed Alex Salmond's remarks about writing the next Labour Budget, receiving laughs from the audience when he said: "Everybody knows, no one is going to ask him."
David Cameron has warned the prospect of a Labour-SNP deal presents "clear and present dangers" for the UK.
He has said the rise in support for the SNP in Scotland meant the stakes in the election have "got much, much higher".
But Ms Sturgeon has sought to allay such fears, insisting her party would act in the interests of the whole of the UK.
She said last week: "If the SNP emerges from this election in a position of influence we will exercise that influence responsibly and constructively, and we will always seek to exercise it in the interests of people not just in Scotland but across the whole of the UK."


Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has told a vast rally in Istanbul that he would approve the return of the death penalty if it was backed by parliament and the public.

He was speaking to at least a crowd of at least a million who had gathered in Turkey's biggest city.
The rally followed last month's failed military coup.
Mr Erdogan also said the state would be cleansed of all supporters of the US-based cleric Fethullah Gulen.
The cleric is blamed by the Turkish government for the attempted uprising. He denies any involvement.
Religious figures and leaders of two of Turkey's three opposition parties attended the rally. The Kurdish party was not invited.
More than 270 people died in events surrounding the 15 July coup attempt, which triggered a government crackdown.
Thousands of alleged supporters of Mr Gulen have been detained or dismissed from government jobs.
Western nations have been critical of the government's response to the coup. The European Union - which Turkey has applied to join - refuses to accept capital punishment in member states.
The parade ground, built to hold more than a million people, was overflowing, with streets of surrounding neighbourhoods clogged by crowds, Reuters news agency reports.
Turkish government sources said five million people had attended, with the event broadcast live on public screens at smaller rallies across Turkey's provinces.
Mr Erdogan told the rally: "It is the Turkish parliament that will decide on the death penalty... I declare it in advance, I will approve the decision made by the parliament.
"They say there is no death penalty in the EU... Well, the US has it; Japan has it; China has it; most of the world has it. So they are allowed to have it. We used to have it until 1984. Sovereignty belongs to the people, so if the people make this decision I am sure the political parties will comply."
The president railed against Mr Gulen's movement, hinting of further hardline measures to come.
"July 15 showed our friends that this country isn't just strong against political, economic and diplomatic attacks, but against military sabotage as well. It showed that it will not fall, it will not be derailed," Mr Erdogan said.
"Of course we have to uncover all members of this organisation and eradicate them within the framework of the law, but if we content ourselves with just that, then we as a state and a nation will leave weak our defence against similar viruses."
The "Democracy and Martyrs' Rally" was the climax of three weeks of nightly demonstrations by Mr Erdogan's supporters around the country.
Speaking ahead of Mr Erdogan, Prime Minister Binali Yildirim told the rally that Mr Gulen would be brought to Turkey and made to pay the price for the coup attempt.
"Let all of you know, the leader of this terrorist group will come to Turkey and pay for what he did," Mr Yildirim said.
In a rare address to a public rally, the head of Turkey's armed forces, Hulusi Akar, said "traitors" would be punished in the harshest way, and thanked civilians for their role in defeating the uprising.
The crackdown in Turkey has seen tens of thousands of public sector workers suspended or dismissed, with many having their passports cancelled. There has also been a massive reshuffle of the military.
About 18,000 people have been detained or arrested.
Local branches of the AK Party have been told to begin a purge of suspected Gulenists in their ranks.
Mr Gulen was a close ally of President Erdogan until a bitter split between his movement and the party of the president three years ago.
Turkey has listed Mr Gulen's movement as a terrorist organisation.


Figures suggest "shocking" numbers of incidents involving people with mental health issues are handled by police.

England and Northern Ireland faced nearly 240,000 such incidents in 2016, figures show.
Freedom of Information requests found Nottinghamshire recording the most, with 19,973 and the Police Service of Northern Ireland next at 19,668.
Parliament Street, which studies political issues, called for greater investment in mental health services.
There were 239,388 incidents reported but there was wide variation, with Lincolnshire Police recording the least at 2,512.
Parliament Street's mental health spokesman, Danny Bowman, said: "These findings reveal the shocking numbers of mental health issues currently being dealt with by police forces across the country.
"It's time to recognise that Britain needs a better funded strategic plan to ensure people who are suffering with mental health problems are properly cared for by specialist health services."
Paul Farmer, chief executive of the mental health charity Mind, said it was important vulnerable people had the right support, including from NHS mental health services,
A government spokesman said: "People experiencing mental health crisis need the right care in the right place, not a police cell.
"We're investing Â£30m in providing more alternative places of safety, have more than halved the number of people detained under a mental health section in a police cell in the last year and are entirely banning the use of police stations for this purpose for under 18s."
Sgt Anthony Horsnall of Nottinghamshire Police said mental health was identified as a priority in the Police and Crime Plan.
"We have reviewed and made significant improvements in the way that we record police incidents that are linked to mental health and this is reflected in the data.
"We have made significant improvements in the way we deal with mental health and have excellent relationships with our partners including Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust," he said.


Relatives of two Cheeki Rafiki crew members have paid tribute to the "passionate sailors" after the search for the four men was called off.

James Male, 22, from Romsey, Hampshire, "loved being on the water", they said.
The family of Paul Goslin, of West Camel, Somerset, said sailing across the Atlantic had been one of the 56-year-old's "lifelong dreams".
The yacht was returning from Antigua when it started to take on water. Its upturned hull was found on Friday.
The life raft was still on board.
The other two crew members were skipper Andrew Bridge, 22, from Farnham, Surrey, and Steve Warren, 52, from Bridgwater, Somerset.
In a statement released by the Foreign Office on Sunday Mr Male's family said: "James was a passionate sailor, surfer, kayaker and all round water sport enthusiast as well as being a keen snowboarder and outdoor instructor."
"He loved being in the outdoors and on the water teaching new skills to people.  We must therefore try to take some comfort in the knowledge that he was doing something he really loved."
One Saturday, Mr Bridge's family said he would be "dearly missed by everyone who knew him".
And Mr Warren's family said in a statement: "We are very sad that the US has now suspended the search.
Contact with the Cheeki Rafiki was lost on 16 May after it got into difficulties 1,000 nautical miles (1,900km) east of Cape Cod in Massachusetts.
A search for the men was called off by the US Coastguard on 18 May, but restarted on 20 May after a request from the UK government.
That led to the discovery of the hull on Friday east of Massachusetts.
In their statement, Mr Goslin's family said he had "loved everything to do with the water", and paid tribute to their "husband, son, father and grandfather".
They added: "He'd been talking about sailing across the Atlantic for many years. We are, therefore, trying to take some comfort in the knowledge that he was fulfilling one of his lifelong dreams."
Both families said relatives of all four men had drawn strength from each other in the past week.
And they thanked everyone involved in the search for the Cheeki Rafiki, including the US Coast Guard, US Navy, Royal Air Force and UK government as well as volunteer yachts who joined in the operation.
Earlier prayers were said for the sailors in Somerset.
Reverend Rose Hoskins, associate vicar in West Camel, said the whole community was "absolutely devastated".
She added: "We've all been on a rollercoaster all week. Hopes raised and now really hopes finally dashed".


Britain is "united in shock and grief", the prime minister has said, as it emerged the British death toll in the Tunisian attack will rise above 30.

A total of 38 people were killed by a gunman with links to Islamic State extremists on a beach near Sousse.
Writing in the Daily Telegraph, David Cameron urged a fightback, vowing the UK would show "unshakeable resolve" in dealing with extremism.
He stressed the need to reject those who condone the "extremist narrative".
Tributes are continuing to be paid to the British victims, who include three generations of the same family, university graduates and a husband who died trying to shield his wife.
A number of British tourists remain missing, with their relatives continuing to face an agonising wait for news.
None of the dead have been officially identified but the names of some were confirmed by friends and family:
Three Irish people were also killed, along with one Belgian and one German, and Tunisians are also thought to be among the dead. At least 36 people were injured.
The BBC understands the number of British victims - which currently stands at 15 - will rise to at least 30 once the formal identification process is complete.
But it is also understood the process is taking time because of stringent Tunisian regulations, including the local coroner's requirement for medical or dental records.
The UK government also suggested officials were having difficulty identifying British victims as many were not carrying identification and because the injured were being moved between hospitals.
Writing in the Telegraph, Mr Cameron said that as the identities of the dead continued to emerge the full "horror" of events was becoming clear.
"But we will not be cowed," he said. "To our shock and grief we must add another word: resolve. Unshakeable resolve. We will stand up for our way of life.
"So ours must be a full-spectrum response - a response at home and abroad; in the immediate aftermath and far into the future."
He said the Islamic State group used social media as its "primary weapon" and police and security services must have "the tools they need to root out this poison".
Mr Cameron said it was also vital to confront the "poisonous ideology" behind attacks like that carried out in Tunisia.
"We must be stronger at standing up for our values - of peace, democracy, tolerance, freedom," he said.
"We must be more intolerant of intolerance - rejecting anyone whose views condone the Islamist extremist narrative and create the conditions for it to flourish."
BBC political correspondent Robin Brant
He doesn't say it overtly but this is another message to Muslims here and abroad.
With the knowledge that nearly all the victims on that beach in Tunisia were British, David Cameron says: "We must be more intolerant of intolerance" when it comes to extremist views.
The prime minister calls for a rejection of "anyone whose views condone the Islamist extremist narrative".
That is more direct than his words in a speech 10 days ago, when he criticised some British Muslims whom he said "quietly condoned" the actions of groups like Islamic State - but he's not suggesting any new quick fixes or a change to policy.
There is politics though; he says social media online is the primary weapon of Islamic State and he reminds people of the controversial new interception powers the government wants to give the police and security services, saying they must have them to "root out this poison".
Mr Cameron said the UK had a team of more than 50 consular staff, police officers and experts from the Red Cross on the ground in Sousse.
Detectives from the Met Police are among officers there helping with the investigation into the deadliest single terrorist attack on British people since 52 were killed in the London bombings of 2005.
The Tunisian authorities have said they believe the gunman, 23-year-old Seifeddine Rezgui, had help in carrying out the attack.
They believe the suspected accomplices provided the Kalashnikov assault rifle to Rezgui and helped him get to the scene, interior ministry spokesman Mohamed Ali Aroui told AP.
He said the attacker's father and three friends he lived with in Kairouan, where he studied, had been detained for questioning.
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Holiday firms put on extra flights over the weekend for people wanting to return home. Flights to the country have also been cancelled.
Meanwhile, the Foreign Office has updated its travel advice to warn that further terrorist attacks in Tunisia are possible, and urged people to be vigilant.
The Tunisian government has brought in increased security measures, with army reservists and extra police to be sent to tourist sites.


Part of the A40 in Pembrokeshire has reopened following a serious multi-vehicle crash.

The incident, involving a motorcyclist and four vehicles, happened between the A4076 at Scotchwell roundabout and the A4075/B4314 at Canaston Bridge roundabout.
The road was closed for about three hours following the incident.
Traffic in the area is reported to have returned to normal levels following earlier queues.


An Italian appeals court has upheld the 16-year sentence given to the captain of the Costa Concordia which capsized in 2012 killing 32 people.

Francesco Schettino was sentenced last year after a court found him guilty of manslaughter; causing a maritime accident and abandoning ship.
He was seeking to overturn the conviction, while the prosecution wanted a longer prison term.
The cruise ship capsized after hitting rocks off the Tuscan island of Giglio.
Schettino has not yet begun his sentence and has one final appeal to Italy's highest court.
He was not in the Florence court when the verdict was read out by the presiding judge on Tuesday evening, Italian media reported.
At the original trial, investigators had severely criticised his handling of the disaster, accusing him of bringing the cruise ship too close to shore when it struck the rocks.
More than 4,000 passengers and crew were forced into a chaotic evacuation.
Schettino said he had taken the ship so close to land for "commercial reasons" in a bid to please his passengers and those ashore.
He rejected rumours that he had wanted to impress his lover, Domnica Cemortan, who was with him at the helm.
Costa Crociere, the company that owned the ship, sidestepped potential criminal charges in 2013 by agreeing to pay a â‚¬1m ($1.1m; Â£769,000) fine.
Five other employees, including the helmsman, were given prison sentences ranging from 18 months to two years and 10 months in plea bargains concluded early in the investigation.


Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ) is one of Pakistan's most violent Sunni Muslim militant groups.

It takes its name from the late Sunni Cleric Haq Nawaz Jhangvi, who spearheaded the anti-Shia campaign which began in the country 30 years ago as a counter-movement to the Iranian Islamic revolution.
Mr Jhangvi was a founding member of Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP), a group blamed by many for introducing sectarian violence to the country.
Researchers say that the Islamisation policy introduced by Pakistan's former military leader, General Zia-ul-Haq, in the 1980s allowed the emergence of SSP in 1985.
The group resorted to violence against the Shia community almost immediately.
The campaign got bloodier when a rival Shia group, Tehreek-e-Nifaz-e-Fiqah Jafferia (TNFJ) challenged it, resulting in the deaths of the top leaders of both sectarian groups, including Mr Jhangvi.
Within a decade the conflict led to fissures within the SSP and in 1996 LeJ broke away under the leadership of Riaz Basra.
He wanted to continue on the path of violence against Shias and rejected a call from other Sunni militant leaders to join mainstream politics and scale down attacks.
Calling themselves "Jhangvi" loyalists, the Lej - or Army of Jhangvi - began allying itself with the Taliban movement which was just taking over in Afghanistan.
Both the Taliban and the LeJ belong to the same orthodox, puritanical Deobandi tradition of Islam associated with the Islamic revivalist movement in the region.
The connection helped Mr Basra and his group to seek refuge in Afghanistan.
Government intelligence agencies have pointed to several LeJ militant training camps in Afghanistan. These camps were used not only to train anti-Shia militants but also as safe havens for Pakistani criminals and militants.
In August 2001, Pakistan's military leader General Pervez Musharraf banned a number of militant organisations, with LeJ top of the list.
In May 2002 Riaz Basra was killed, and analysts believe that the group began to develop links with Osama Bin Laden's al-Qaeda network.
Such fears were proved right when investigators found links between LeJ relating to three 2007 incidents in Pakistan which were all blamed jointly on al-Qaeda and the LeJ.
These included the kidnapping and beheading of US Journalist Daniel Pearl, an attack on French engineers in Karachi and a bomb attack on an Islamabad church.


France has called up 12,000 police reservists to help boost security after Thursday's attack in Nice in which more than 80 people were killed.

Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve also appealed to "all willing French patriots" to sign up as reservists, to help protect the country's borders.
Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel drove a lorry along the seafront through crowds before police shot him dead.
So-called Islamic State claimed one of its followers carried out the attack.
A news agency linked to the group, Amaq Agency, said: "He did the attack in response to calls to target the citizens of the coalition that is fighting the Islamic State."
Five people believed to be linked to Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, including his estranged wife, are in police custody, the Paris prosecutor's office said.
France, which on Saturday began three days of mourning, already has 120,000 police and military deployed around the country. Its 12,000 reservists are made up of 9,000 military police officers and a further 3,000 regular police officers.
"I want to call on all French patriots who wish to do so, to join this operational reserve," Mr Cazeneuve said.
Some 30,000 people were on the Promenade des Anglais at the time of the attack on Thursday night.
Of the 84 who died, 10 were children. A total of 303 people had been taken into hospital following the attacks, the French health department confirmed on Saturday. Of those, 121 remain in hospital, 30 of whom are children, and 26 people are still in intensive care - including five children.
Residents of Nice and foreign tourists were killed. As well as France, the dead included nationals of Algeria, Germany, Tunisia, Switzerland, the US, Ukraine, Armenia, Russia, Morocco, Madagascar and Poland.
Prime Minister Manuel Valls said that "we know now that the killer was radicalised very quickly".
"The claim on Saturday morning by Islamic State and the fast radicalisation of the killer confirms the Islamist nature of this attack," he told Le Journal du Dimanche.
Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, a 31-year-old Tunisian, drove the lorry 2km (1.2 miles) along the promenade, at times zigzagging to target people, prosecutors said.
President Francois Hollande met defence and security chiefs and cabinet ministers on Saturday and called for national unity.
He said: "We are in a time when, and we have seen it, there is a temptation to divide the country. Faced with these temptations, faced with this risk, we must recall the unity and cohesion of this country."
Mr Hollande has moved to extend a state of emergency by three months.
It has been in place across France since the attacks carried out by militants from so-called Islamic State in Paris on 13 November that left 130 people dead.
Mr Hollande had proposed lifting the state of emergency on 26 July, but reversed his decision after the Nice attack.
Meanwhile, France's National Front leader Marine Le Pen has called for national service to be brought back and a national guard to be created to protect France in the wake of Nice attacks.
Speaking in Nanterre, on the outskirts of Paris, she said the budget for the armed forces should be increased. She also called on Mr Cazeneuve to resign and said that France had the means to defend itself, but that its leaders were too weak.
Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was known to the police as a petty criminal, but was "totally unknown to intelligence services... and was never flagged for signs of radicalisation," prosecutor Francois Molins said.
A neighbour of Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, who used to live in a high-rise block of flats on Boulevard Henri Sappia with his family, said he did not believe the 31-year-old was involved with IS.
Samiq, who did not want to give his surname, told the Press Association news agency: "I never saw him going to the Mosque. He was not a Muslim. During Ramadan I saw him smoking."
Speaking in Nice, the president of the Regional Council for the Muslim Faith, Boubakar Bekri, said mosques in the area had responded to the attack.
"In all mosques in the region of Alpes-Maritimes, there has been a common prayer calling for vigilance and patience, because these very bad events affect us; and there has been a call for blood donation," he said.


The son of Brazil's footballing legend, Pele, has handed himself in to complete his sentence for money laundering and drug trafficking.

Edinho, a former professional goalkeeper, was first arrested in 2005 over the charges, but appealed.
He remained free during the appeal but was sentenced in 2014 to 33 years.
The court has reduced that sentence to 12 years and 10 months, but ruled that he must be imprisoned while he appeals. Edinho denies all the charges.
As he arrived at a police station in the city of Santos, he said there was not a shred of evidence against him.
"I'm frustrated because I'm being massacred by the legal system," he said.
"I never had any involvement with money laundering."
Four other people have also been sentenced in the same case, including a man accused of controlling much of the drug trafficking in the Greater Santos region - Ronaldo Duarte Barsotti, known as Naldinho.
Edinho, whose real name is Edson Cholbi do Nascimento, admits that he once had a drug problem but says he has been clean for many years.
He played as goalkeeper in the 1990s for Santos, where his father spent all his professional career in Brazil.
He had been working as a manager of a small club in the state of Sao Paulo.
Pele, or Edson Arantes do Nascimento, retired in 1974, but made a comeback a year later for New York Cosmos.
Playing for Brazil, he won the World Cup in 1958, 1962 and 1970 and was acclaimed as the greatest footballer of his generation.
Edinho was five when Pele was signed to play for Cosmos and the family moved to New York. He is now 46.
When he returned to Brazil he decided to pursue a career in professional football - as a goalkeeper, much to his father's surprise.
He was Santos's goalkeeper in 1995 when the team reached the Brazilian league final, losing the title to Botafogo.
His detention and alleged involvement with drug gangs took most people in Brazil by surprise.
Pele, who is now 76, went to visit his son several times in jail.
"God willing, justice will be done. There is not a shred of evidence against my son," he said in 2006.


A sailing boat, a coffin and an oxygen tank were some of the items people have taken to be recycled, according to Surrey County Council.

It said an 8ft polystyrene snowman, a caravan and enough postage stamps to fill two vans have also been left at recycling centres.
A tortoise that had been tipped into a green waste bin was spotted and saved.
Surrey council said residents' efforts had helped them reach their target of recycling 50% of household waste early.
Dr Lynne Hack, cabinet member for environment, said: "While we may not be able to recycle all the waste produced yet, we will work hard to treat everything we can, no matter how weird and wonderful it is.
"People may be surprised to learn just how wide the variety of materials we're able to recycle in Surrey is."
Items that can be taken to the recycle centres include wood, metal, televisions, mobile phones, low-energy light bulbs, fluorescent tubes and clothes.
The county hopes to achieve a 70% household waste recycling target by 2014.


A male leopard which entered a school in the Indian city of Bangalore injured six people trying to capture it.

A scientist and a forestry employee were among those mauled during the near 10-hour long effort to corner the dangerous animal on Sunday.
The leopard, which strolled into the Vibgyor International school, was eventually tranquillised and released.
A recent wildlife census estimated that India has a leopard population of between 12,000 and 14,000.
The eight-year-old male was spotted strolling inside the school premises in the Kundalahalli area.
Footage on the school's security cameras showed it attacking a man near a swimming pool.
Conservation scientist Sanjay Gubbi and forest department employee Benny Maurius were injured when they tried to corner the animal and tranquillise him, reports say.
"It was a long struggle to capture the leopard. Although it was injected with tranquillisers it could be captured only around 20.15 local time when the medication took full effect," senior police official S Boralingaiah told reporters.
Wildlife official Ravi Ralph told the BBC Hindi's Imran Qureshi that the leopard possibly strayed into the school from a patch of forest not far from the school.
The captured animal has been moved to a national park and the six injured people, including a cameraperson of a TV channel, have been treated for minor injuries.
Leopards and other big cats have been known to stray into populated areas, and conservationists have warned that such confrontations may increase as humans encroach on animal habitats.
Last year a male leopard spent five hours with its head stuck in a metal pot in a village in the northern state of Rajasthan.


Konstanty Gebert is a man gifted with an almost permanent chuckle.

Giving me a tour of his home, in Warsaw, once the town house of a Polish aristocrat, he mischievously speculates over the reasons for a floor-plan that separated servants from guests.
Then he tells me a joke, which did the rounds when Poland joined the European Union in 2004.
"Mr Kowalski [the Polish equivalent of Mr Smith], day after the accession, opens the windows of his flat, looks out: same pot holes in the road, same garbage strewn all over, same drunks sitting in the alley. 'Ah, what a mess they have in this EU. Was it worthwhile joining?'"
Mr Gebert starts chuckling again. The cynicism in that joke may offer some clue to the success of Law and Justice.
The centre-right political party won Sunday's general election, with 39% of the vote, becoming the first to win a parliamentary majority since the fall of Communism in 1989.
For UK Prime Minister David Cameron, the election gives him an important new ally in Britain's renegotiation of its membership of the EU.
Law and Justice is broadly Eurosceptic, and sits in the same grouping in the European Parliament as Mr Cameron's Conservatives.
So far, according to Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond, negotiations have been only a form of "shadow boxing" but after Poland's election "we're going to see the pace of negotiation accelerate quite sharply".
Mr Cameron's most difficult ask may be for some way of curbing migration from other countries in the EU.
When I suggest to Mr Gebert, the former editor of a centre-left Jewish periodical, that the new Polish government could help, the joking stops.
"Cameron will find an ally in sabotaging Europe if this is what he wants, but certainly not an ally in limiting freedom of movement within Europe... of Poles who want to go and work or live in the UK," he says.
This may seem surprising. After all, the Law and Justice election campaign included a tough line on the demand from Brussels that Poland admit refugees.
This is a notably homogenous country. In the 2011 census, 87.5% of people described themselves as Roman Catholic.
My visit to Warsaw brought home to me the symbolic power of freedom of movement within the EU for those living in the former Soviet bloc.
For Poles, getting a visa from a foreign country was the easy bit; the problem was getting permission to travel from their own government.
Witold Waszczykowski got out, and he wasn't allowed back in.
He was exiled to the US, he tells me, for challenging the Communist orthodoxy while teaching history.
A former career diplomat, he has been tipped to be foreign minister in the new government.
At the Sejm, the lower house of parliament, we discuss areas of potential agreement.
Both Britain and Poland have kept their own currency, so agree that there should be protection in EU decision-making to ensure they are not out-voted by those using the euro.
David Cameron also wants an exemption from the aspiration of ever-closer union.
On freedom of movement between EU member countries, and on curbing benefits for migrants, though, Mr Waszczykowski is clear.
"If you try to separate people, segregate them, and have different social benefits for those who live in UK and those who emigrated or stayed temporary in UK, this will be the problem," he says.
So the new government is unlikely to help Britain curb EU migration any more than the old one, which had bridled at the Cameron government's sometimes clumsy rhetoric about "Polish plumbers".
I am told by one of President Andrzej Duda's senior advisers that David Cameron has already held informal discussions with Jaroslaw Kaczynski, the leader of Law and Justice.
Mr Kaczynski is not a popular figure in either Berlin or Brussels. When prime minister, he seemed to delight in being an irritant to those running the European Union.
Five years ago, in a book, The Poland of Our Dreams, Mr Kaczynski suggested German Chancellor Angela Merkel would like to annex the areas in western Poland that used to be German.
"Merkel belongs to a generation of German politicians that would like to reinstate Germany's imperial power" he wrote, adding, "we could wake up to a smaller Poland one day."
Since he needs Angela Merkel's goodwill, Mr Cameron may be relieved that Beata Szydlo, rather than Mr Kaczynski, is the new prime minister, though few doubt the powerful influence the party leader of Law and Justice will continue to be.
If this new ally could also be a handicap to achieving a deal acceptable to Britain, there is one thing Mr Cameron might put on the negotiating table, a promise to return to the political family of Europe's principal conservative parties, the European People's Party (EPP).
A decade ago, frustrated by the EPP's federalist stance and to reassure his Eurosceptics, Mr Cameron took his party out of the grouping.
His MEPs are in the European Conservatives and Reformists Group, along with Law and Justice.
"Angela Merkel is known to be a patriot for the EPP," Radek Sikorski, Poland's former Foreign Minister, tells me.
Until last year, Mr Sikorski served in the outgoing government of Civic Platform, whose MEPs are in the EPP.
He says by not being part of the bigger grouping, the Conservatives are not "where many of the decisions are pre-cooked".
An offer to return would please Mrs Merkel, and might help in the choreography of renegotiation, providing Mr Cameron can convince his Eurosceptic colleagues that Britain will get something concrete in return.
But how would Mr Kaczynski react? On past political form, he can be a staunch ally - but he makes a terrible enemy.
Shaun Ley visited Poland for The World This Weekend, which is broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Sundays at 13:00 GMT.


Southport chairman Charlie Clapham has stood down with immediate effect, along with vice-chairman Sam Shrouder following National League relegation.

Clapham said his position had become "untenable" following criticism in the media and on social media.
The decision followed on from the news that three directors, including Shrouder, would step aside in June.
Director Nigel Allen will take on the chairmanship on an interim basis while new investors are sought.
Clapham added: "(Directors) Nigel Allen and Liam Watson are considering their positions, Nigel has agreed to act as Interim Chairman until the 30 June 2017 during which time the board will seek a meeting with the Trust in Yellow Board to establish their views for the future as the call for change has come from them following the Open Meeting.
"The board will urgently seek to establish any level of interest in bringing in investors who may wish to take a controlling interest in the ownership of the club."
After their relegation from the National League was confirmed following defeat by Dover Athletic, Southport beat promotion-chasing Forest Green Rovers - only their third win of 2017.


Rafael Benitez might have thrown a few extra eggs into the pudding by describing Chelsea's season so far as "great" - but suddenly things are not shaping up quite so badly for "The Interim One."

Even Benitez's critics at Chelsea, and you do not have to look far to find them, cannot lay blame for their Champions League elimination at the Spaniard's door as they were effectively out when he succeeded Roberto Di Matteo.
So this left Benitez with the task of securing a place in the Premier League's top four and attempting to win the FA Cup, Europa League and Capital One Cup.
After a hard-fought, but just about deserved, FA Cup quarter-final win against Manchester United three of those targets remain within Chelsea's reach and Benitez's remit.
The good:
The bad:
Being a personality that encourages extreme reactions, he was wasting his time suggesting there should be some measure applied to the Blues' progress throughout the season.
He said: "After getting a draw against Manchester United in the first FA Cup game, beating Steaua Bucharest and West Ham we were the best in the world. We lost at Southampton and were the worst in the world and today we won so we are the best in the world. We have to have balance."
Balance and Chelsea do not belong together so Benitez can forget that. Examine the facts, though, and they suggest he may yet leave those at Stamford Bridge who have railed against his presence from the moment he walked through the door something to remember him by.
They remain in the top four, have now secured an FA Cup semi-final against Manchester City for the right to face either Wigan or Millwall in the final, and have a winnable Europa League quarter-final against Rubin Kazan on their agenda.
No-one can suggest Benitez is shaping up for a blaze of glory because failure to qualify for next season's Champions League would undermine everything and would be a wound that could not be healed by any silverware, even though that would not harm his own CV as he seeks his next post.
For all the enjoyment a trophy might bring, it would actually do Benitez more good than Chelsea. The season will be judged in the framework of Champions League qualification but at least there is still the promise of something tangible at the end of this most uneasy of arranged football marriages.
Benitez was able to revel in the sound of silence at Stamford Bridge as he overcame his old rival Sir Alex Ferguson (yes there was a handshake) to leave United with only the formalities of completing a 20th title triumph to occupy them for the remainder of the season.
He was not the recipient of a single approving cheer or comment for the victory but there were no banners to be seen and no abusive chants to be heard. In other words, as good as it is ever going to get for Benitez as he comes to the close of his time at Chelsea.
And his body language, especially in the second half, gave the lie to those who suggest he is passing through without a care for the club.
Benitez, on the basis that he is many things but not daft, will have known what would have awaited him had it gone wrong against United after fielding a weakened team in what may yet prove a crucial league defeat at Southampton.
He left John Terry, Frank Lampard and Fernando Torres on the bench at Stamford Bridge and came out on top - so perhaps, quietly under their breath, Chelsea fans may just be pleased with their manager's day at the office.
The first 45 minutes looked like leftovers from players who had played 48 hours earlier, or less in Chelsea's case. Dull and lifeless, it only emerged into the light in the second half, illuminated by two moments of undisputed world class.
Chelsea's winner came four minutes after the restart. Juan Mata's vision and precision to find Demba Ba was matched by the striker moving off Rio Ferdinand's shoulder to show perfect technique, athleticism and timing to hook a right-foot finish past David de Gea.
Just as crucial as the goal was a piece of breathtaking brilliance from Blues keeper Petr Cech on the hour mark that drew instant comparisons with all the great saves. When Javier Hernandez applied a flying header to Danny Welbeck's cross at the far post and directed it high and back across the goal, Cech seemed to defy all logic by arriving in time to stretch out a hand and turn it over the top.
The Blues are just one match away from their fifth FA Cup final in seven seasons. They lifted the trophy in 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2012.
Chelsea are now unbeaten in 29 FA Cup games (excluding penalty shootouts). It is the longest ever run without defeat by a single side.
Words cannot do full justice to the magic of the moment. Hernandez smiled in the knowledge he could not have done better and with a nod of appreciation to the keeper. It revived memories of Cech's save against Andy Carroll against Liverpool in last season's FA Cup Final - but the immediate instinct was that this was even better.
So Benitez relied on that quality but he was also deeply involved in his technical area. Tic-tac to players in all parts of the pitch, instructions and hand signals that meant nothing to his team but perhaps calmed his own anxiety, and frantic tactical adjustments as the game entered its final phrase.
Of course victory over United and Ferguson means much to him but he looked involved as Chelsea manager as well as on a personal basis.
For all his calls for balance, Benitez will know his time at Chelsea moves on a match-by-match basis. This was a good one - and there may even be better ones ahead.


A government-related agency in the US has suggested lawmakers consider strengthening privacy laws around facial recognition.

Such systems are increasingly being used in public areas, such as shopping centres.
The Government Accountability Office (GAO) did not make specific recommendations but suggested the need for a legal review.
Senator Al Franken said new federal standards were needed.
The report comes a month after privacy campaigners walked out of discussions on creating a code of conduct for private companies wishing to use facial-recognition technology.
The GAO report pointed out that there was currently a dearth of relevant legislation in the United States on the issue.
"No federal privacy law expressly regulates commercial uses of facial-recognition technology, and laws do not fully address key privacy issues stakeholders have raised," it said.
The GAO's report had originally been requested by Senator Franken, who released a statement following the document's publication.
"Facial recognition tracks you in the real world - from cameras stationed on street corners and in shopping centres, and through photographs taken by friends and strangers alike," he said.
Senator Franken added that he believed technology companies should adopt industry-wide standards for facial-recognition systems. He also called for federal standards which would protect consumers.
Executive director of the Open Rights Group Jim Killock said that UK laws were also lacking when it came to protecting users from certain uses of the technology.
"If private companies are gathering our images, it's almost impossible for us to give our 'consent' for them to fairly use and process our personal data as required by the Data Protection Act.
"The ICO needs to ensure that both private and public bodies do not introduce massive unregulated surveillance," he said.
In June, Leicestershire Police defended itself after the force was criticised for using facial recognition to scan the faces of 90,000 festival-goers in one weekend.
The scans were checked against a list of wanted criminals in Europe.


Almost simultaneous attacks in Kabul have left at least 16 people dead and 44 injured, the health ministry says.

The two suicide attacks took place at about midday local time (07:30 GMT) on Wednesday, targeting a police station and intelligence agency offices.
Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid claimed responsibility for the attacks.
It is the latest in a string of attacks to challenge the Afghan authorities after the resurgent militant group started its spring offensive early.
Condemning the bombings, President Ashraf Ghani said: "After the killing of [prominent commander] Mullah Salam and the Taliban's defeat on many other fronts, the terrorists are launching such attacks to raise the moral of their fighters."
Salam was killed in a US air strike on Sunday.
The first of Wednesday's attacks began when a suicide car bomber detonated his explosives outside a police station - which is next door to a military training facility - in the west of the city. This was followed by a five-hour gun battle between officers and another attacker.
Most of the fatalities reportedly occurred in this attack.
Soon afterwards a suicide bomber blew himself up outside Afghanistan's intelligence agency, in eastern Kabul.
Officials originally said just three people had died in the attack, but revised the number up later in the day.
The attacks came a day after the Taliban killed 12 policemen in an "insider attack" in the southern Afghan province of Helmand.


Pre-payment energy provider Utilita has been hit with a £560,000 penalty after wrongly blocking customers from switching supplier.

Regulator Ofgem found the company had blocked 40,000 customers from moving to other suppliers.
Refunds totalling £110,000 will be paid to customers who lost out financially as a result.
Utilita has apologised and will pay the rest of the penalty to debt charity StepChange,
Ofgem described the actions of Utilita as "unacceptable" and said that the ability for customers to switch was fundamental to a well-functioning energy market.
The regulator found customers were blocked in various ways between June 2010 and May 2015, such as automatically blocking those on fixed-term contracts.
The company also failed to write to customers to explain why their switch had been blocked and what action they could take to resolve any issues.
A spokeswoman for Utilita said: "We would like to apologise unreservedly to those customers whom we wrongly prevented from switching supplier."
She said that only 10% of customers affected were left out of pocket.
"We will be contacting those customers as quickly as we can to rectify this," she said.
"Our customers are vitally important to us and we have taken quick and decisive action to update and improve our switching procedures. None of the issues investigated remain a problem and all our transfer processes are now compliant."


Shia Houthi rebels in Yemen have freed a senior presidential aide who they abducted 10 days ago.

Ahmed Awad bin Mubarak was handed over to a delegation of tribal leaders.
He was meant to be released last week as part of a deal agreed with President Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi to end a violent stand-off in the capital, Sanaa.
Mr Hadi and his government have since offered their resignations, saying they could not continue in their posts under such pressure from the rebels.
Their decision came after the Houthis seized the presidential palace complex and shelled the president's private home.
In a televised speech following the release of Mr Hadi's chief of staff, rebel leader Abdul Malik al-Houthi dismissed the president's resignation as a "manoeuvre".
He said Yemeni political parties, with UN support, had been holding consultations.
"We are seeking a peaceful transfer of power on the basis of partnership," he was quoted by the Reuters news agency as saying.
The resolutions of the National Dialogue Conference (NDC), held after an uprising forced longtime President Ali Abdullah Saleh from power, and the peace deal signed by Mr Hadi after the rebels overran Sanaa in September, would be the basis for any agreement, he added.
"Let everyone go towards co-operation instead of clashing, arguing and wrestling."
A week ago, Mr Houthi accused the president and those around him of failing to implement political deals which he said should have ushered in a new era in Yemen.
He listed as his main demand the shake-up of the commission tasked with writing a review of a new constitution to ensure more representation for his group.
The rebels have rejected a draft of the charter that would create a federal state of six regions, even though the plan was a recommendation of the NDC, which they backed.
They seized Mr Bin Mubarak on 17 January to stop him attending a meeting to discuss the draft, saying they had become aware of "irregularities" in the text.


Six children and two adults have been found handcuffed and fatally shot in the head in a Texas home, following the arrest of a man who exchanged gunfire with police.

The gunfire broke out when officers who had been called to the Houston-area home late on Saturday spotted the body of a child and tried to enter.
A man surrendered about an hour later, after talks with police negotiators.
Police said the suspect, David Conley, was later charged with capital murder.
The Harris County Sheriff's Office said the bodies were found after "a welfare check was conducted on the premises" by deputies at about 21:00 local time (02:00 GMT Sunday).
A man inside opened fire when the deputies tried to force their way in.
The dead were identified as Dewayne Jackson, 50, his wife Valerie Jackson, 40, and children Nathaniel, 13, Dewayne, 10, Honesty, 11, Caleb, nine, Trinity, seven, and Jonah, six.
Nathaniel was believed to be the son of Mr Conley, 48, and Valerie Jackson from a previous relationship.
Chief Deputy Tim Cannon of the Harris County Sheriff's Office said: "We... cannot fully comprehend the motivation of an individual that would take the lives of so many innocent people. Especially the lives of the youngest.
"The killer's motives appear to be related to a dispute with Valerie."
Mr Conley is being held in jail without bond.
The officials had previously said the bodies of five children and three adults were found in the house.
Court records showed that Mr Conley's criminal history dated back to at least 1988, the Associated Press reports.
Last month, he was charged with assault of a family member, the news agency says.


Maria Qamar's Instagram account is fast becoming a bookmark for young people from South Asian backgrounds, but what exactly is it about her pop art with a twist that's now drawing the attention of mainstream brands?

Channelling the comic book style of Roy Lichtenstein, the 24-year-old Pakistani-Canadian has poured her energy into drawing what she knew - not realising at first how her satirical take would strike a chord with other young people from the Indian diaspora.
And now, the sharp-witted self-proclaimed "stubborn" artist is bringing her experiences of the "desi world" and more specifically the tribe known as "the aunties" to the mainstream through her art.
The term desi derived from the Sanskrit word "desha", meaning country or land, and is used to refer to those of South Asian heritage who live abroad - the diaspora.
"I'm taking what already exists [in our culture] and laughing about it like an inside joke," Qamar says.
Her art featuring hyperbolic characters is so relatable for young people from similar backgrounds that fan comments such as "My life story" and "My mum, non-stop" are regularly left on her pages.
Which takes us on to the aunties...
They feature heavily in Qamar's Burnt the Rotis series but who are they? And, for those not in the know, what makes a desi "auntie" so special?
"They're women in your family who gossip about your life for no reason. They pretend to be your mother or talk about you to your mother about what you are up to.
"They want to know your personal things like bowel movements or blood type. Sometimes they plot to get you in trouble. Some of them even say they can use black magic... They go to extremes to make your life difficult," Qamar explains.
Luckily her own aunts aren't like that.
"My own aunties are not that bad. I'm close to my family - we have no bad blood. It's the aunties I see in soap operas who I find hilarious," she says.
But that has not stopped her from observing her family life and exaggerating it through her art.
"I always thought my family was dysfunctional. My family contains four very different personalities - my mum, dad, me and my brother. I thought certain things only happened in my family.
"The one piece I've drawn where the mother is yelling at her husband to call the police as they don't know where their daughter is at that very minute and could be dead - that's based on my own experiences.
"I didn't pick up the phone one afternoon as I was in class but they thought I had gone missing and was dead.
"I didn't have a lot of brown friends when I was younger to confirm these stereotypes. I didn't know that everybody felt this way. But girls, they tag their girl friends in the pictures I post.  That's probably not literally them but they wish they could be that person in the art at that moment," Qamar says.
Qamar began her project after she was made redundant from her advertising job just under a year ago. She says: "I was doodling and looking for inspiration and began mining my own culture.
"I moved over from Pakistan to Canada when I was a child and wanted to create something that would merge these two cultures together. I thought I needed some 'desi-ness' in my work. I started doing generic henna designs but lots of people were doing that. It was also too abstract. I wanted to create art with a message - something people would get straight away."
"I was researching lots of artists to see what styles worked. When you see a Lichtenstein piece, you know exactly what you have in front of you. So I tried to emulate that but what I drew looked like an auntie. What he drew looked like a white lady, but mine differed.
"When I saw what I had in front of me on the paper, I started wondering 'what would my mum say'. That's how it all started.
"My mum gives me ideas too. I asked her if she was watching any Indian dramas and that's where the inspiration for the 'I Put Salt in her Chai' piece came from. She told me that an auntie was putting salt in someone's chai - which is a bit malicious but still quite fun."
One of her most popular postings, with more than 3,400 likes, showcases a doe-eyed, downcast woman saying: "Even coconut oil can't fix this marriage."
For South Asian families, coconut oil tends to be a staple household item with a multitude of uses and is often marketed as having restorative properties... just maybe not in this case.
Qamar didn't didn't realise she would start getting global hits on her posts. "I thought people in North America would like it and Indian people would hate it. It's just light-hearted fun.
"However, I refuse to do straight up cultural appropriation e.g. making Marilyn Monroe into an 'auntie'. I won't take that step."
Qamar, who has started to exhibit and sell her work through her Hatecopy brand, says the emerging interest has made her change the way she works on the art and treat the enterprise more like a business.
She has invested in digital art tools so she can create the work and sell more prints more quickly.
"But I have been asked about why I still don't fill in my characters and give them colour," she adds.
"If you can't establish this is an Indian auntie, well that's not my problem. I do it for aesthetics, not to be politically correct."
"The most political piece I've done I call 'Uncle Pride' and shows two uncles kissing."
Qamar says she thought it would a humorous way to introduce the important concept of marriage equality, especially after the US Supreme Court said gay couples had a constitutional right to get wed.
She adds: "Most of the feedback to my work has been positive.
"The others - well they can just get over it."


The first deal limiting greenhouse gases from international aviation has been sealed after years of wrangling.

From 2020, any increase in airline CO2 emissions will be offset by activities like tree planting, which soak up CO2.
The deal comes in a momentous week for climate policy when the Paris agreement to stabilise climate change passed a key threshold for becoming law.
Scientists applauded both commitments, but warned that plans to cut emissions are far too weak.
The aviation deal was agreed in Montreal by national representatives at the International Civil Aviation Organisation, ICAO.
Attempts have been made for nearly two decades to include aviation and shipping in the UN's climate agreements, but both sectors have managed to avoid firm targets.
The amount of emissions from aviation worldwide are roughly the same as those produced by the whole of Germany - and they are growing fast.
They are projected to consume approximately a quarter of the world's remaining carbon budget by 2050.
ICAO previously promised carbon neutral aviation growth in the 2020s, and planned to align the ambitions of airlines with the Paris agreement limiting warming to two degrees Celsius, or preferably 1.5 degrees.
At the last minute in Montreal, those plans were either watered down or dropped. Instead a compromise was agreed.
CO2 will be allowed to grow to 2020 but after that, emissions will need to be offset. The deal will be voluntary to 2026 but most major nations are expected to take part.
Britain's Aviation Minister Lord Ahmad said: "This is an unprecedented deal, the first of its kind for any sector. International aviation is responsible for putting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year than the whole of the UK, and yet until now, there has been no global consensus on how to address aviation emissions.
"For years, the UK has pushed to tackle emissions globally. Now, 191 countries have sent a clear message that aviation will play its part in combating climate change."
Tim Alderslade from the British Air Transport Association also welcomed the deal. He told BBC News: "It should not be forgotten that we are the only industry that has voluntarily agreed to such a commitment.
"As a sector we have really decoupled growth in aviation from growth in emissions."
Environmentalists were unimpressed.
Bill Hemmings from the green group T&E said: "Airline claims that flying will now be green are a myth. Taking a plane is the fastest and cheapest way to fry the planet and this deal won't reduce demand for jet fuel one drop."
The offsetting proposal is especially controversial. Airlines are striving to make planes more efficient, but the industry can't innovate fast enough to contain its dynamic growth.
That led to the proposal for offsetting - but sometimes offsetting by planting woodlands simply duplicates efforts already being made, and the offsetting industry is said to be prone to double-counting.
What's more, the ICAO deal has no clear rules for offsetting.
Tim Johnson from Aviation Environment Federation warned that to meet its own ambitions, the UK needed to go much further than the ICAO agreement.
He told BBC News: "With a decision on a new runway expected later this month, the UK's ambition for aviation emissions must match the ambition of the (UK's) Climate Change Act, and not simply the ICAO "global lowest common denominator" of "carbon neutral growth from 2020.
Follow Roger on Twitter: @rharrabin


A flat pack robot designed by an Edinburgh-based entrepreneur is to be a feature of this year's creative industries festival XpoNorth.

Alexander Enoch built his robot, called Marty, as a low-cost tool to inspire interest in programming and robotics while studying at Edinburgh University.
XpoNorth takes place on 7 and 8 June in Inverness and will bring together designers, writers and musicians.
The festival will include talks, workshops and performances.
XpoNorth is funded by Highlands and Islands Enterprise and the European Regional Development Fund and is free to attend.
Mr Enoch and Marty will be a feature of the festival's Gaming and Technology Playground, which will also have video games played at 48-hour-long Moray Game Jam, which takes place in March in Elgin.
Speakers at XpoNorth will include Matteo Alessi of Italian design house Alessi and Halla HelgadÃ³ttir, managing director of the Iceland Design Centre.
Sarah Bridge, music supervisor in charge of the multi-Oscar-winning Stephen Hawking biopic, The Theory of Everything, and commercials such as Nike NFL: Fast is Faster, is also to appear at the festival.


A new academy dedicated to providing non-medical treatments will "transform healthcare" in south west Wales, Swansea University has said.

The centre, based at the university's college of human and health sciences, will offer osteopathy, post-bereavement care, midwifery support and brain injuries rehabilitation.
It is hoped the service will help ease the pressure on NHS services.
Students at the centre will observe and learn in a real clinical setting.
The centre, part of the £600m Arch project, a collaboration between the university and Abertawe Bro Morgannwg (ABMU) and Hywel Dda health boards to improve the way healthcare is delivered, is being opened by Health Secretary Vaughan Gething on Monday.
Academy directory Julia Pridmore said some of the services, like audiology and osteopathy, will be available for drop-in patients.
She added: "If we make it easier for people to have themselves checked out at the first sign of trouble, or even just to reassure themselves that they are healthy, then hopefully we can reduce the amount of cases which become acute, requiring costly and difficult hospital treatment later on."
The academy, together with bereavement charity Cruse, has created a children's bereavement support group.
One of the services currently in very short supply across Wales is specialist post-bereavement care for children and young people.
Dr Zac Maunder, who manages the group, said: "Research shows that early intervention can be enormously beneficial for bereaved young people, but all too often there are shortages of specially-trained counsellors and lengthy waiting lists.
"We now have the chance to provide a forum for young people to talk to us and each other."
The health secretary said the academy will "enable staff to engage in cutting edge research that will drive innovation and excellence in Wales".


A row after a senior Tory referenced the Falklands War when speaking about Gibraltar is "ludicrous", Falklands veteran Simon Weston has said.

Lord Howard faced criticism after he said Theresa May would show the same "resolve" as Margaret Thatcher did over the 1982 conflict.
The Lib Dems said he was "sabre-rattling" and Labour criticised the "inflammatory" remarks.
But Mr Weston said the row, as Brexit talks loom, was a "storm in a teacup".
It was sparked by draft negotiating guidelines published by the EU on Friday that said any decisions affecting Gibraltar would be run past Spain.
In a 2002 referendum, Gibraltarians were asked if they wanted Britain to share sovereignty with Spain, but rejected the idea by 99% to 1%
The country has long contested Britain's 300 year-rule of the territory, which has a population of about 30,000.
After Argentina invaded the Falklands in 1982, Margaret Thatcher sent a task force to reclaim the islands in the South Atlantic and an estimated 655 Argentine and 255 British servicemen lost their lives in the fighting that followed.
Mr Weston suffered horrific burn injuries when the Sir Galahad ship came under fire in the conflict.
The former Welsh Guard said: "There's a huge amount of hysteria going on.
"When you listen to what he actually said rather than interpret it... it's a storm in a teacup, we all need to calm down.
"People are reacting like this because of Brexit. We're giving more power to the European negotiators by reacting like this and making it seem like we're not all together."
Theresa May has said the UK is "committed" to the territory.


Wigan Warriors trio Liam Farrell, Taulima Tautai and Joel Tomkins have signed new deals, which were revealed on social media by former heavyweight boxing champion Evander Holyfield.

Holyfield, 54, had mistakenly messaged the Super League champions last week while trying to include NBA basketball team Golden State Warriors.
England international Farrell, 26, has signed a five-year deal.
Tautai, 29, signed a three-year deal while Tomkins, 30, signed for two.
All three players were part of the Wigan side which won the Super League title last season and then beat Cronulla Sharks in February's World Club Challenge.
"It is important, not only on the field but off it as well, that we secure the future of our key players and Liam, Joel and Taulima are three of those," Wigan chairman Ian Lenagan said.


Many new mothers are being let down by the care they receive after having a baby, a survey suggests.

In a survey of 1,260 first-time mothers by the National Childbirth Trust (NCT), under half said they got the advice and support needed after giving birth.
The parenting charity said the survey showed a "shocking" level of postnatal care and warned the NHS had to improve.
The Royal College of Midwives said more money should be invested in maternity services.
The survey was carried out online between October 2009 and January 2010 on a self-selecting group of women who had given birth in the previous 12 months.
The majority of those who completed the survey had given birth in hospital and 95% were NCT members.
The survey found that 42% of mothers thought there were "sometimes" or "never" enough midwives to help them in hospital.
And while 56% said they got all the physical care they required, only 45% said they got all the information and advice they needed.
Guidance from NICE (the National Institute for health and Clinical Excellence) says all women should have a personalised postnatal care plan, yet 96% said they did not have one.
Clare Perriss, who lives in Dorset, had a traumatic time giving birth to her daughter Emily, now nearly two-years-old.
A long, painful labour was followed by an emergency caesarean.
Thirty-six hours later, having not seen a doctor since the operation, she was moved to a postnatal ward.
"But I didn't see any midwives again. I was in a very vulnerable position, I was shell-shocked and trying to recover from abdominal surgery and I had difficulty breast-feeding - but nobody was checking on me or offering support."
Less than 72 hours after the birth, she was at home dealing with a screaming, colicky baby.
"I saw lots of different midwives at home but never saw the same one twice.
"They all had different viewpoints so although the physical care I received at home was good, there was no emotional or psychological support.
"I could feel myself tipping back into postnatal depression."
In the end it was a year before Clare started to feel better.
"There needs to be a special type of care which caters for women who've gone through a traumatic birth or pregnancy," she says.
"I feel that my midwives were trained to recognise postnatal depression but not to help me through it."
Postnatal care: New mums' views
Of the women surveyed, 52% had given birth with forceps, ventouse or by caesarean section, which is slightly higher than the latest figures for women who had operative births in England in 2007-2008 (48%).
These women generally have the greatest needs when it comes to postnatal care, but the survey found that they experienced the biggest gaps in care.
Of mothers who had a caesarean, 43% said their emotional needs were not met within 24 hours to a month after the birth.
And 30% who had a caesarean found that midwives were only kind and understanding some of the time, or never.
Postnatal care in a birth centre or after birth at home was rated more positively.
Support for baby feeding is a recurring topic for many new mothers, but less than half said they got all the help and support they need in the early days.
Anne Fox, head of campaigns and public policy at the National Childbirth Trust, said postnatal care urgently needed improvement.
"Our report paints a dreadful, shocking picture of care in the UK - we're letting women and their babies down. Evidence shows that supporting women and babies at this vital time can have a major impact on future health and learning."
She added: "Many of the problems these women highlight seem to be due to staff shortages or lack of visits once they had left hospital - and this issue needs to be addressed if the quality of postnatal care is to be improved, particularly for vulnerable women."
Louise Silverton, deputy general secretary of the Royal College of Midwives, said: "This report paints a disappointing picture of postnatal care.
"The extra money and additional midwives from the previous government, whilst very welcome, still leaves us playing catch-up with the birth-rate, and we are still a long way short of bridging the gap."
A spokesperson for the Department of Health said it was working to improve the quality of maternity care and extend the choices available to every pregnant woman, and to recruiting an extra 4,200 health visitors to help support to women after birth.