Brexit will mean Britain having to find new economic partners, so what are the prospects of a stronger trading relationship with China?

Afternoon tea in the Shanghai Peninsula Hotel is reminiscent of the days when the British ran the world's greatest trading empire.
Then, as now, Shanghai was the money capital of China and afternoon tea was a ritual featuring crisp tablecloths, silver tea service and business gossip.
The big difference now is that Britain no longer runs the empire. With a population 20 times as large, China has the scale advantage and the shoe is now on the other foot.
The last British government worked hard at attracting Chinese investment, embarking on what it called a golden decade with Beijing. But the new prime minister has delayed a key nuclear power project, reportedly due to concerns about Chinese involvement.
So just as Brexit Britain is looking to new economic partners to replace the European Union, will national security concerns rock its relationship with China?
Across the table from me, sipping English tea (milk, no sugar), Joselyn Zhou is untroubled. She acquired the English tea habit last year while studying for an MBA at Durham University.
At 34 years old, this Shanghainese is already a business veteran. And while studying in the north-east of England, she kept close watch on small British enterprises she believes have the potential to make it big in China.
Her first target is a digital platform for occupational training courses, as she believes China has the technology but not enough content.
"From my perspective, the UK is still an attractive destination," she says.
"It is a centre for talented people. If you can retain that quality and attract bright business talent in, I don't see any negative effects.
"And for a new prime minister, checking everything is reasonable. I don't see long-term tension. The two countries will solve things in a diplomatic way."
In Ms Zhou's view, whether it is a company or a government, when facing the might of China, it all comes down to having something worth selling.
When the UK leaves the EU and has to negotiate trade deals with China alone, she says, it will have less leverage, so quality will be even more important.
"You have nations that are small but their standards and quality are high, so it is all about what you have to offer," she says.
Ms Zhou is not the only one optimistic about the future of the UK-China relationship.
Larry Wang runs a consultancy arranging visas for Chinese investors in the UK and has seen intense demand post-Brexit.
"The UK remains a dream country for lots of Chinese people. If possible they would like their children to be educated in the UK for a period of time," he says.
"They don't make decisions on political reasons, but on their own economic benefits. It doesn't matter if the UK remains in the European Union or not."
A lawyer I get chatting to on a train tells me the British bargains for China's moneyed classes go beyond education, to holidays, property and business.
"If there is an opportunity for them to invest and they see valuable assets, that will prompt an overall investment shopping spree," he says.
"And as a tourist, everything is more affordable.
"Basically, China has never been this rich, and London has never been this affordable."
He himself is about to take his family to the UK on holiday, and many of his friends are buying property.
But he urges the British government to quash doubts about Chinese intentions and national security.
"There are people who are very sceptical and suspicious about Chinese expansion worldwide," he says.
"To me, this is not justified. Everyone needs to make money.
"You really should grab this opportunity and maximise your profit.
"That is what English people are very good at."
The most sombre assessment of British prospects I meet in China this week comes from a man who still has to promote them.
Joerg Wuttke represents the European Chamber of Commerce, and, while acknowledging the UK's strong financial services, soft power and good will in China, he gave me a long list of reasons to be gloomy about what will happen when the UK finally leaves the EU and has to negotiate its own trade deals with China.
"It's going to be difficult," he says. "First, the Chinese hate uncertainty. Second, you have past promises that when you enter London you're in the middle of Europe. This is not the case any more. Thirdly, if you invest heavily in the United Kingdom and then have your currency devalued by 10%, that already sends a message to Beijing.
"And the last point, Hinkley Pointâ€¦ is the UK a trusted partner when it comes to Chinese companies operating a nuclear power station or not? For China, this is very difficult to swallow possibly. Are we trusted partners or not?"
Is the list long enough? Mr Wuttke is also worried the UK does not have enough experienced trade negotiators to handle negotiations. And it is at this point that the real challenge begins.
"It will find it has no leverage," he says.
"The UK already has the most open market. China's is closed. China doesn't trade on good will; you have to trade with something.
"For the UK, it will take five to 10 years if it wants to negotiate a free trade agreement."
The irony is that what was intended as a golden decade for UK-China ties may turn into a tortuous decade of trade talks.
But at least there will be British bargains for Chinese buyers along the way.


Salford Red Devils have confirmed the signing of on-loan Castleford winger Justin Carney on a three-year deal from next season.

The 27-year-old Australian is on a season-long loan with the Red Devils, having missed the end of last season after being suspended by the Tigers.
The former Sydney Roosters and Canberra Raiders player has scored six tries in 12 outings so far this season.
"I feel right at home at Salford," Carney told the club website.
"[Owner] Marwan Koukash was there from day dot for me and there are a lot of people like Michael Dobson, Weller Hauraki and Junior Sa'u I have played with previously and I work well with."
Head coach Ian Watson added: "Justin is a real good bloke to have around the place.
"He is a 100-miles-per-hour player and he is the top metre-maker in the competition this year. That's a big plus for any team."


A parliamentary commission in Brazil investigating spying allegations says the journalist Glenn Greenwald will be invited to testify next week.

Mr Greenwald recently published allegations that US officials monitored communications of the Brazilian President, Dilma Rousseff.
Another recent report accused US authorities of spying on Brazil's oil company Petrobras.
The firm's president and five Brazilian ministers are also expected to testify.
Mr Greenwald's partner, David Miranda, who was held for more than eight hours by British authorities at a London airport on his way back to Brazil, is also expected to testify to the parliamentary commission.
The Rio de Janeiro-based journalist's allegations are based on documents leaked by the fugitive American former intelligence worker, Edward Snowden.
Mr Greenwald spoke about the spying allegations before the Brazilian Congress in August.
Ms Rousseff is expected to go ahead with a planned visit to Washington in October, despite fierce criticism in Brazil over the allegations of spying by US officials.
The Brazilian investigative commission wants to probe whether the alleged spying on Petrobras could have compromised the integrity of the public auction of a major oil field in October.
The Senators will invite the Minister of Communications, Paulo Bernardo, the Justice Minister, Jose Eduardo Cardozo, the  Defence Minister, Celso Amorim, the Foreign Relations Minister, Luiz Figueiredo, and the Minister of the Institutional Security Office, Jose Elito, to testify.
US President Barack Obama has already vowed to investigate allegations that the National Security Agency (NSA) spied on his Mexican and Brazilian counterparts.
Mr Greenwald, a reporter for the British Guardian newspaper, alleged the NSA spied on communications between aides of Ms Rousseff and accessed all internet content that she had visited online.
Mr Greenwald was the first journalist to reveal the secret documents leaked by Mr Snowden on 6 June. Since then, he has written a series of stories about surveillance by US and UK authorities.


Former celebrity publicist Max Clifford has told a jury he is determined to clear his name as he faces an allegation of indecent assault.

Mr Clifford, 73, who was jailed in 2014 under Operation Yewtree, said: "I was found guilty... I know I'm innocent."
He was giving evidence on the first day of his defence for allegedly indecently assaulting a 17-year-old girl more than three decades ago, which he denies.
He said he had hired investigators to help prove his innocence.
"I know I was not guilty. One of the things I have learned is you're guilty until you're proven innocent when sexual offences are involved," he told Southwark Crown Court.
"I have had the money to be able to employ private investigators for this trial. They are all ex-Met Police."
Asked what he had tasked the private investigators with, Mr Clifford, of Hersham in Surrey, replied: "To tell the truth."
Mr Clifford was given an eight-year prison sentence after being convicted of a number of charges under Operation Yewtree, the Met Police investigation set up in the wake of the Jimmy Savile scandal.
Opening his defence, Sarah Forshaw QC said the "odds are stacked against Max Clifford", following his conviction "at the height of the Operation Yewtree hysteria".
The alleged victim in the current trial claimed she was assaulted by Mr Clifford at his Mayfair offices in New Bond Street between October 1981 and May 1982.
He allegedly locked the girl in his office and forced her to engage in a sexual act with him, the jury has heard.
When asked about the allegation, he replied: "There's no way it ever happened. She knows that as well."
He denied having ever made threats to "murder or kill" the victim, who told the court she feared for her life during the alleged incident.
"I am not a bully, it's not my nature," he said. "I stand up for myself and I stand up for others. I wouldn't bully or compromise a 17-year-old."
"But I'm an easy target now," he added.
He told the court he thought the alleged victim's reason for contacting police was financial.
While giving evidence, Mr Clifford spoke about his early career, his marriage and affairs, and his life in prison.
He told jurors prison "was a shock to the system" and he had become "an equalities rep" at the Category C Littlehey Prison in Cambridgeshire.
"I can only compare it to being buried alive," he said. "Having had a very successful living, I have lost everything."
Mr Clifford went on to say he had been transferred to Wandsworth Prison, south-west London, for this trial, where he said he had been kept in his cell for "23-and-a-half hours a day".
He told jurors: "It's a simple cell - no communications, no TVs, radio, it doesn't even have a kettle. When I arrived, the walls were covered in excrement."
Mr Clifford told the court he had helped  launch the career of The Beatles, and later worked with several household names, including Frank Sinatra, Diana Ross and Seve Ballesteros.
"I was also employed by Chelsea Football Club because so many of their football stars were getting caught up in scandals," he added.
The alleged victim, who is now married with children, had previously told jurors that Mr Clifford insisted she wore skirts to work and would leave "explicit" Polaroid photographs of women on his desk for her to see.
Under cross-examination from prosecutor Rosina Cottage QC, Mr Clifford denied using a Polaroid camera to take pictures of "wannabe girls".
The defendant said the camera was a gift from a friend, and allowed people in the office - and his daughter and her friends - to take a picture if anyone famous ever showed up.
Responding to the allegation that he used the camera to take pictures of girls who were "desperate to be famous", Mr Clifford replied: "I could have, but I didn't.
"I met a lot of people, male and female, who were desperate. You only have to look at Big Brother."
He said he was passed "maybe 100" Polaroid images of "young women with their legs wide apart" during a 20-year period.
The trial continues.


The German government expects Greece to uphold the terms of its international bailout agreement, a spokesman for Chancellor Angela Merkel has said.

But spokesman Georg Streiter declined to comment on reports that Berlin is now content that the eurozone could withstand Greece's exit from the bloc.
Greece is holding a general election later this month, and anti-austerity party Syriza is ahead in the polls.
Syriza wants to renegotiate the terms of its international bailout.
Under those terms, the so-called troika - EU, International Monetary Fund and European Central Bank - supported Greece with the promise of â‚¬240bn (Â£188bn) in return for budget cuts and economic reforms.
"Greece has fulfilled its obligations in the past. The German government assumes it will continue to fulfil its contractual obligations to the troika," Mr Streiter told reporters.
"Every new government has to abide by the contractual obligations of the previous government."
The stability of the eurozone has once again risen up the political agenda with the rise of the anti-austerity party Syriza, on course to win the 25 January snap election, according to polling.
On Saturday, Der Spiegel cited sources saying that both Mrs Merkel and finance minister Wolfgang Schaeuble now believe the eurozone has introduced enough banking reforms and support to withstand a Greek exit.
Berlin also feels that the once-troubled countries of Ireland and Portugal have made good progress in strengthening their economies, the report said.
The Syriza party, led by Alexis Tsipras, has pledged to reverse reforms imposed by Greece's international creditors and renegotiate its bailout deal.


Former Chancellor George Osborne is to be paid £650,000 a year for advising the US fund manager Blackrock.

In an updated entry in the Commons register of interests, he disclosed that he would be paid £162,500 each quarter and would work 48 days a year.
He has already earned close to £800,000 for speeches made to banks and other firms since leaving office in July
The MP for Tatton said he had consulted the business appointments watchdog before taking on the Blackrock job.
The register of members' interests also states Mr Osborne expects to receive "registrable equity"- shares - in Blackrock "in the future".
The Advisory Committee on Business Appointments advises ministers on whether it is appropriate for them to take on jobs within two years of leaving office.
When it named him as an adviser to its Investment Institute in January, Blackrock said Mr Osborne would provide "perspectives on European politics and policy and Chinese economic reforms" as well as wider geo-political trends.
He joins his former chief of staff, Rupert Harrison, who is a senior strategist for the US investment firm.
Former foreign secretary William Hague joined Citigroup as an adviser earlier this year while former prime minister Gordon Brown sits on the global advisory board at investment manager Pimco, and his predecessor Tony Blair joined JP Morgan in 2008 shortly after leaving office.
Mr Osborne, who served as chancellor between 2010 and 2016 before being sacked by Theresa May after she took power, was in the Commons on Wednesday to watch his successor Philip Hammond deliver his first Budget.
After the event, he tweeted that "sound money and fiscal responsibility are the only secure foundations of a fair and strong economy".


Cambridge boss Shaun Derry won on his return to former club Notts County as the U's kept their slim hopes of making the League Two play-offs alive.

Luke Berry gave Cambridge a great start as he charged down County keeper Scott Loach's clearance and the ball flew into the far corner of the net.
County levelled when Haydn Hollis met a Liam Noble free-kick.
Ben Williamson got the winner after a goalmouth scramble before Noble was sent off for a foul on Darnell Furlong.
The victory leaves Cambridge five points off the play-off places with two games to go.
Derry's side must hope that they win their final two matches and AFC Wimbledon, who occupy the final play-off place, take no more than one point from their remaining three fixtures.


Sheffield United have signed Middlesbrough defender Alex Baptiste on a 93-day emergency loan.

Baptiste, 30, joined Boro last summer but has yet to make a competitive appearance after suffering a double leg fracture in a pre-season friendly.
The 30-year-old previously had spells at Mansfield Town and Blackburn and was a member of the Blackpool team that won promotion to the Premiership in 2008.
He will be available for Tuesday night's game against Burton Albion.
"Following an injury, he is now fit and raring to go and will make a valuable contribution in the remaining months of the season," Sheffield United manager Nigel Adkins told the club website.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


The father of one of the 82 Nigerian women released five days ago has spoken of his joy at seeing her again three years after she was kidnapped by Boko Haram Islamist militants.

Yakubu Nkeke was briefly reunited with her on a visit to the capital, Abuja.
The rest of the Chibok girls will be reunited with their parents next week, Nigeria's minister for women says.
The Nigerian government says all 103 schoolgirls released so far will go back to school in September.
The 21 girls freed last year have been living in Abuja, rather than returning to the remote north-eastern town of Chibok, where 276 girls were abducted from their school in 2014.
"When I first saw her, she jumped and grabbed me. I held her, I started dancing around with her," said Mr Nkeke, head of the Chibok's Parents Association.
People in Chibok spent the whole night "singing and praising God" after being told of the latest release, Mr Nkeke said.
"Everyone in Chibok - not only the biological parents - everybody is rejoicing because of this," he said.
Photos of the released girls are to be shown to their parents on Sunday as part of the identification procedure, he said.
Those that identify their daughters will be brought to Abuja to see them, the Nigerian government says.
Mr Nkeke said the girls had suffered hardship during their captivity, including going some days without food. He said some had married Boko Haram militants but they had told him they had not been forced to do so.
A rehabilitation centre in the capital, Abuja, where some of the 21 girls previously freed had been staying, is to be closed in September.
Women's Affairs Minister Aisha Alhassan told journalists that the girls were ready psychologically to return to school.
The young women were "stable" and "cheerful" compared to the other 21 freed, she said.
"Their psychological state is better than when these ones [the 21] came, so I believe between now and September these other ones should be able to stabilise and we will be able to take all of them to school in September," she said.
"As a lay person, not as a medical doctor, I feel that medically too they are not too bad," she added.
Ms Alhassan also said the government will continue seeking experts' advice on the girls' psychological  state.
She said the vocational centre, which was especially set up for the girls' rehabilitation, will be closed after they leave to resume their education.
Ms Alhassan said girls at the centre had been receiving psychological care and were not "having nightmares anymore".
Those that were released on Saturday will be also be admitted to the vocational centre, where they will get skills training.
She denied reports that the young women were being held against their will and said they were free to leave the centre. At least one is currently visiting her family but her plans were being kept secret, she added.
Boko Haram militants are thought to be still holding more than 100 of the 276 taken from Chibok.
The militant group has also kidnapped thousands of other people during their insurgency in the region.
It is believed that some of those abducted have been married to fighters and had children with them.


People in Northern Ireland who were affected by the contaminated blood scandal prior to September 1991 are to receive increased financial support.

In the 1970s and 1980s, some blood products used to treat NHS patients were imported from the US.
They included donations from prisoners, who were at risk of hepatitis C or HIV.
More than 2,000 patients across the UK are thought to have died as a result of what was called "the worst treatment disaster in the history of the NHS".
Now Northern Ireland's health minister has announced a reform of a payment scheme that was established for patients infected following treatment.
The changes, which will also benefit patients' families, will bring Northern Ireland into line with England.
Announcing the news, Michelle O'Neill said: "I'm well aware that, although no amount of money could ever make up for the life-changing and tragic impacts that these events have had on a number of people, those who have been adversely affected should be given the financial support that they need."
Key features of the reformed scheme include all those infected receiving an annual payment.
This will include the £500 winter fuel payment as standard, without the need to apply for it.
Those infected with hepatitis C at stage One will get a new flat rate annual payment of £3,500, rising to £4,500 from 2018/19.
Partners or spouses at the time of death of a primary beneficiary will be entitled to a £10,000 one-off lump sum where the HIV/hepatitis C infection contributed to the death of their partner or spouse.
This will apply both to those who have already been bereaved and those who are newly bereaved.
More details of the changes can be found on the Department of Health website.


A man cleared of rape who must give police 24 hours' notice before he has sex is to go on hunger strike in protest over the ruling.

The man, in his 40s, was acquitted last year at a retrial but is the subject of an interim sexual risk order (SRO).
He said the law had been "misapplied deliberately by North Yorkshire Police" and he would "commence hunger strike in protest over the SRO".
The force said it was "satisfied that our actions are justified".
Sexual risk orders were introduced in England and Wales last year and can be applied to any individual who the police believe poses a risk of sexual harm - even if they have never been convicted of a crime.
The order requires this individual to disclose any planned sexual activity to the police or face up to five years in prison.
In a statement, he said: "I protest that even though a jury found me unanimously not guilty, after nearly two years I still find myself being punished for a crime that never happened.
"I protest to being subject to an order that is unlawful in almost every syllable, is unjustified and is so extreme as to be utterly unliveable.
He accused the force of "sour grapes" in applying for the order after his acquittal.
He said if his protests were ignored his hunger strike would "continue to either a satisfactory or a natural conclusion".
A North Yorkshire Police spokesperson said its application for an SRO was considered necessary "to protect the public from the risk of sexual harm".
Sexual risk orders are civil orders imposed by magistrates at the request of police.
The order was extended in January for four months after it was initially imposed in December.
The case is due back before York Magistrates on 14 July ahead of a hearing on 19 August, which will decide whether to make the interim order permanent.
The man, who said the complainant had consented to sex, was cleared of rape after being held on remand for 14 months.
It declares he "must disclose the details of any female including her name, address and date of birth... at least 24 hours prior to any sexual activity taking place".
It also lists restrictions on his use of the internet and mobile phones and requires him to inform officers of any change of address.


China's capital continues to be enveloped in a thick smog that has forced school closures and sparked warnings to some citizens to stay inside.

A reading at the US embassy in Beijing on Tuesday put levels of harmful microscopic particles at 634 micrograms per cubic metre, compared with the World Health Organisation's maximum recommended limit of 25 micrograms per cubic metre.
China's ministry of environmental protection said the smog was due to "unfavourable" weather.
The following images show how different street scenes were a month ago.


The GP system in England is facing a "catastrophe" because of cuts in funding, doctors' leaders are warning.

Analysis by the Royal College of GPs suggests that over the past three years, investment in general practice has fallen by £400m in real terms.
That is equivalent to a 7% cut in spending per patient, it says.
Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt told the RCGP, which is meeting in Harrogate, he government wanted to increase access to GPs by extending opening hours.
On Tuesday, the prime minister said he wanted more patients to be able to get help in the evenings and at weekends, as he set out details of a £50m pilot programme in nine areas of England to widen access.
But the college said its analysis - based on official data from the Health and Social Care Information Centre - showed the government was taking money away from GPs despite claiming it wanted to move care away from hospitals.
The RCGP's chairwoman Dr Clare Gerada said the cuts meant doctors were being required to do more work with fewer resources, damaging services for patients.
In 2012-13, £8.5bn was invested in general practice, when everything from spending on pay, IT, tests and drugs was taken into account, it said.
In many ways it is hard to measure what effect the cuts cited by the RCGP might be having.
The most obvious measure of judging performance used to be through the 48-hour target for waiting for an appointment. But this was scrapped by the coalition.
The Patients Association has consistently said the feedback it gets flags longer waits as an issue.
The RCGP also says it is getting harder to keep extra services going; such as dieticians and talking therapies.
Some of the biggest cuts have been among these 'enhanced services' - and in longer opening hours, the very thing ministers were talking about extending earlier this week.
For a government that makes a big play of protecting the NHS budget, it raises some tricky questions.
That compared with £8.3bn in 2009-10, which is the equivalent of £8.9bn in 2012-13 prices.
In terms of spending per patient, that represents a fall from £168.40 a year to £156.45 - a drop of 7%.
Dr Gerada also pointed out that the investment represented 9% of the entire NHS budget, even though GPs had 90% of the contacts with patients.
She said: "Our figures should send out a warning to government and the rest of the NHS that we will soon have a catastrophe on our hands if urgent action is not taken to reverse the decline in funding.
"GPs are keen to do more for their patients, but we are heaving under the pressure of ever-increasing workloads and diminishing resources.
"Some of us are routinely working 11-hour days with up to 60 patient contacts in a single day and this is not safe or sustainable.
"You do not want a tired GP seeing you. You do not want a tired GP any more than you want a tired pilot or a tired surgeon."
Dr Gerada also expressed concern about the season ahead and said general practice was close to reaching a "tipping point" which would see the profession "fall over".
"We're trying to squeeze more and more activity out of a smaller and smaller pot of money," she added.
"If we have a cold winter, I'm really afraid that  patients will suffer considerably.
"The front door of the NHS is the GP's surgery. If that gives, the rest of the NHS will give and very rapidly."
Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt, who addressed the conference on Thursday afternoon, did not object to the figures.
But he said the problems with investment in GPs "goes back further than three years".
"In the NHS we have invested in hospitals, in A&Es and we have not had a parallel investment in primary care."
He added the government was now looking to invest in programmes that increased access to GPs - hence the announcement this week to extend opening hours and increase the use of technologies such as email and Skype.
Patients Association chief executive Katherine Murphy said: "This chimes with what patients are saying to us. They are finding it harder to access GPs both in and out of hours.
"The mantra is about moving care out of hospitals and into the community, but if we are going to achieve that we have to stop throwing money at hospitals and invest in GPs so they can provide quality care."
Shadow health secretary Andy Burnham said: "These figures are embarrassing for a prime minister who got elected on a promise not to cut the NHS.
"They make a mockery of yet more promises he has made on GP access this week and show he simply can't be trusted on the NHS."


US officials have returned to France a Picasso oil painting that was stolen from a Paris museum 14 years ago.

La Coiffeuse (The Hairdresser), a cubist painting from 1911 valued at $15m (Â£10m), was found in a shipment from Belgium to Newark, New Jersey, in December 2014.
A label described it as a mere handicraft worth $37.
It was handed over to the French embassy in Washington by US Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials.
"We're so glad that it's going to be shown to the world again," the agency's director, Sarah Saldana, was quoted as saying by Reuters.
The painting was last seen on public display in Munich, Germany, in 1988.
It was then returned to Paris' Centre Georges Pompidou. The museum reported it stolen from its archives in 2001.
Experts from the museum authenticated the painting as Picasso's earlier this year.


Gabon striker Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang is confident the Africa Cup of Nations hosts will recover from their shock draw with debutants Guinea-Bissau.

The Panthers conceded a late goal to be pegged back to 1-1 in a game they were huge favourites to win, leaving them struggling to qualify from Group A with Cameroon and Burkina Faso to come.
"We remain positive. We're at home, it is a big advantage," said Aubameyang. "We want to achieve something.
"It is  up to us to win the next game."
That match will be on Wednesday against Burkina Faso, who came back from a goal down against Cameroon as their match also ended 1-1.
It is vital to Gabon's chances of progressing to the next round that they improve considerably from their lacklustre performance on Sunday.
The prolific Borussia Dortmund striker Aubameyang, who scored Gabon's goal, added: ""We made a mistake (giving away a late goal) but it is now up to us to rectify the problem.
"Obviously the result was not ideal to start with. The first half was difficult. We began with a little stress, we were a little tense.
"Unfortunately in the end, we let in a goal that we should not have conceded. It was a mistake that we should not have made. It will teach us not to repeat it."


Two prehistoric wooden structures 20 miles north of Stonehenge are 800 years older than previously thought, scientists have revealed.

The circles, which may have been used for festivals or rituals, at West Kennet near Avebury are now believed to have been built in 3300BC.
New radiocarbon dating tests have been carried out by Historic England.
Professor Alex Bayliss said finding "palisades of this time is completely unprecedented in British archaeology".
The structures stretched over 4km (2.5 miles) and were built with more than 4,000 trees.
Professor Bayliss said: "We've discovered a completely new type of monumental structure at a time when we didn't think any existed in Britain.
"There are palisades later and earlier but these are different."
She said the tests were carried out using charcoal samples excavated by Professor Alisdair Whittle, from Cardiff University, 30 years ago.
When the palisades were found in the original excavation in 1987 and the early 1990s, it was believed they were built in about 2500BC.
But Professor Bayliss said developments in radiocarbon dating techniques now enabled them to be more accurate.
She said the palisades were "probably used very briefly" and were "definitely burnt down deliberately".
She said speculation about their purpose included a festival or that one enclosure could have been for women and the other for men for rituals.
Professor Whittle added it was a "wonderful set of results".
"It's significant because it places the construction earlier and it's a period about which we don't know a lot," he said.
"It also shows us a lot of later activity of either people gathering seasonally or even permanently in what seems to be quite large numbers.
"It deepens our understanding of people coming to that area at a time when Avebury and Silbury Hill were being constructed."


A team of astronomers has published a multi-coloured survey of five chunks of space - and offered the best estimate yet of how fast the Universe is fading.

They analysed the light from 200,000 galaxies in 21 wavelengths and found that the energy output of the Universe has nearly halved in two billion years.
This agrees with previous calculations, confirming that the lights are slowly going out right across this spectrum.
The drop is largely due to the falling rate at which new stars are formed.
The results, which come from the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey, were unveiled at the general assembly of the International Astronomical Union in Honolulu, Hawaii.
"We used as many space and ground-based telescopes as we could get our hands on to measure the energy output of over 200,000 galaxies across as broad a wavelength range as possible," said GAMA's principal investigator Prof Simon Driver, from the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research in Western Australia.
He and his team are now opening up this huge collection of data for other astronomers to work on.
"The data release means that a whole lot more people outside the team are going to be able to jump on the data and do science with it, which is incredibly important," said Dr Stephen Wilkins of the University of Sussex, another GAMA team member.
He told BBC News that the strength of GAMA is that it combines so many wavelengths, where previous surveys have concentrated on a few.
Because the team used a variety of the world's most powerful telescopes - both earthbound and in orbit - their analysis spans wavelengths from UV light to infrared, including the small strip of visible wavelengths in the middle.
That means they can look at light from stars that are both young and old, as well as light that has been absorbed and then re-emitted by dust. So the new assessment of the Universe's decline includes information from a huge variety of galaxies, including those hidden behind dust.
"We know that star formation peaked a few billion years ago and has been declining since. This is just a new way of measuring that decline," Dr Wilkins said.
"It's a new spin, and it completely agrees with the previous results - but it's tightened the error bars as well."
Specifically, when the team totted up the total energy output of galaxies at three different ages, they saw a steady slump. In total, from 2.25 billion years ago to 0.75 billion years ago, the Universe's output apparently fell by about 40%.
"The rate at which stars are forming is slowing down so much that we are now starting to see the total energy output of all the stars decreasing," Dr Wilkins explained. This happens because the stars that already exist - on average - get older, smaller and less energetic.
Prof Driver wrapped the findings into a sad but cosy analogy: "The Universe will decline from here on in, like an old age that lasts forever," he said. "The Universe has basically sat down on the sofa, pulled up a blanket and is about to nod off for an eternal doze."
The eventual end of the Universe is still an awfully long way off, the team said - and it is far too early to put a date on it.
"The rate at which stars form is probably going to decline more and more," Dr Wilkins said. "So the Universe will, based on our expectations, become fainter and fainter and fainter. But there's a huge amount of uncertainty there because we don't understand so much of the underlying cosmology."
The team's analysis of the great cosmic drowsiness has been submitted to the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, but is not yet peer-reviewed.
Dr Aprajita Verma, an astrophysicist at the University of Oxford, said GAMA offered a unique and valuable data set because of its spread of wavelengths.
"We know that galaxies can exhibit very different properties if you look at them purely in the visible, compared to other wavelengths," she told the BBC. "This study is making a census of their emissions, right the way from the UV through to the sub-millimetre range."
Dr Verma was also pleased the wider research community would get its hands on the data. "It will spawn lots of new studies," she said.
Follow Jonathan on Twitter


A woman has been charged with the murder of a man found stabbed to death in a flat above a pub in north London.

Shenol Erol Ali was found dead in the Bill Nicholson pub in Northumberland Park, Tottenham, on 3 February.
The 32-year-old Bulgarian national was found to have died of multiple stab wounds.
Gyuldzhan Hadzhieva, 37, of Northumberland Park, has been charged with murder. She will appear at Hendon Magistrates' Court later.


Hearts' new loan signing Abiola Dauda is confident he will be able to handle his first Edinburgh derby, after sampling the "crazy" Belgrade city rivalry.

Dauda arrived at Hearts on loan from Vitesse Arnhem having had a previous spell in Serbia with Red Star Belgrade.
"I don't think it will be more than what I've experienced before," the Nigerian said of Sunday's Scottish Cup fifth round clash with Hibernian.
"It's the same experience I had with Red Star and Partizan."
Dauda says his experience of the intense rivalry between the Belgrade clubs has taught him not to get too swept up in the emotion surrounding derby matches.
"The fans there, they're crazy," the striker told BBC Scotland.
"The week before the game the training ground is packed full of fans trying to let us know how important it is. It was hard.
"In the beginning I was thinking it would be like a do-or-die thing, but you get to understand that these games are for the fans, not for the players. Just do it for them. That was my experience there. After that everything becomes easier to play."
Dauda admits he knows little of Hibs or the history of the rivalry between the Edinburgh clubs, but he is still relishing the prospect of the Cup tie at Tynecastle.
"This is a game for the fans and we have to respect that," he said.
"Ever since the draw was made we've been looking forward to this day so there is a lot of tension now and talk about the game but it's a derby so it's normal to be like this.
"I think it will be a really great atmosphere based on what I've seen in videos so I'm looking forward to seeing how it will be."


Films starring Bradley Cooper, Johnny Depp, Chris Hemsworth and George Clooney are among the biggest film flops of 2015.

Rock the Kasbah starring Bill Murray is number one on the list by Forbes.
Mortdecai starring Johnny Depp and Aloha starring Bradley Cooper and Emma Stone also made the top ten.
Cyber crime thriller Blackhat starring Chris Hemsworth is in third place, while Clooney's sci-fi family film Tomorrowland came in fourteenth place.
Rock the Kasbah sees Murray as a washed up music manager stranded in Afghanistan - it also starred Bruce Willis, Kate Hudson and Zooey Deschanel.
Forbes estimated it only made $2.87m (£1.9m) at the box-office but cost $15m (£9.95m) to make.
In second place is hitman drama The Gunman starring and co-written by Sean Penn. It made $10.7m (£7.10m) in ticket sales after costing a reported $40m (£26.5m) to make.
Both big and small budget films made the list.
Fairytale Pan and Disney fantasy Tomorrowland were both big budget disappointments at the box office.
Clooney could not save the Disney film which made $190m (£126.1m) at the box-office, but was made on a budget of $209.m (£138.7m).
The Neverland 3D-fantasy film Pan failed to top the US box office when it was released despite massive promotion.
The movie, starring Hugh Jackman as Blackbeard and directed by Atonement filmmaker Joe Wright, suffered from bad reviews.
It cost a reputed $150m (£99.6m) to make and only made $119.8m (£79.5m) at the box office - this placed it eleventh on the Forbes list.
On the other end of the scale, We Are Your Friends, which starred Zac Efron as an EDM DJ, was made for just $6m (£2.39m) - but only made $3.6m (£3.9m) at the box office. These figures placed it in eighth place.
Despite Cameron Crowe's stellar cast for Aloha, which included Bradley Cooper and Emma Stone, the film is in ninth place.
The film was in the spotlight after leaked emails from Sony Pictures Entertainment co-chair Amy Pascal said its script was "ridiculous".
It was also criticised after Stone, who has blonde hair and green eyes, was cast as Allison Ng - a fighter pilot who was part-Chinese, part-Hawaiian and part-Swedish.
One advocacy group called Aloha "a whitewashed film" that failed to portray the ethnic diversity of Hawaii.
It cost $37m (£24.56m) to make but only made $26.3m (£17.46m).
Johnny Depp's art heist comedy Mortdecai, which also starred Gwyneth Paltrow, came in tenth place with box office takings of $47.3m. It cost $60m to make.


Social care costs in England should be capped so people do not face losing large chunks of their assets, an independent review says.

Council-funded home help and care home places for the elderly and adults with disabilities are currently offered only to those with under £23,250 of assets.
The Dilnot report said the threshold should rise to £100,000 and a £35,000 lifetime cap on costs would be "fair".
But the Treasury is known to have doubts about the expense of the plans.
Just over £14bn a year is spent by councils on social care.
However, the changes would cost an extra £1.7bn a year if they were implemented now - and this figure could rise by 50% as the "baby boom" generation begins to retire.
Last year the coalition government asked economist Andrew Dilnot to look into how the system of funding social care in England could be changed amid concerns it was getting harder for people to get access to state support.
The ageing population and squeeze on council budgets have led councils to impose stricter criteria on who can get help.
By Ben GeogheganBBC Political correspondent
"Now Gordon Wants £20,000 when you die".
That was the Conservative campaign slogan in 2010, the last time there was a serious attempt to sort out social care.
Then as now, the main political parties were talking about cross-party consensus.
Then as now, they insisted reform was needed so that old people didn't have to sell their homes to pay for their care.
However, their attempt to reach agreement failed and led to what Ed Miliband today described as "political bickering".
Might things end the same way this time round?
In Whitehall, officials are warning about the difficulties that lie ahead.
They insist this issue will "absolutely not be long-grassed", but politicians don't need reminding that - as one source put it - this will not be nice and easy.
An age old problem with no easy answer
It means while 1.8m are getting state funding, another 1m-plus either have to pay for support themselves or go without.
Mr Dilnot's commission has ruled out calling for care to be free.
Instead, it has recommended a partnership between the state and individual whereby the high costs are covered by the government - one in 10 people aged over 65 faces care costs of more than £100,000 over their lifetime.
But the individual should be liable for the first tranche of care with a cap in costs set at between £25,000 and £50,000, the report said.
It went on to suggest £35,000 as the ideal figure - a third of over 65s face sums above this amount.
Below the age of 65, the cap should be phased in. For young adults below the age of 40 to 45 it should be free - although in reality this makes little difference as hardly any pay now because those with care needs at that age have often not had time to accrue savings or buy property.
After that age, the cap should be gradually phased in by £10,000 each decade.
The hope is that with the state paying for the high-cost cases, the insurance industry would be encouraged to develop polices which would cover any care costs below the cap.
The cap will not include so-called "hotel costs" for food and accommodation. However, the report said there should be a standard charge which could be around £7,000 to £10,000 per year.
Means-testing should remain so that the poorest would not have to pay, the commission recommended, but the threshold increased to £100,000 for residential care to better reflect the rise in property prices seen over the last two decades.
The commission believes the cap and rise in the threshold will mean no-one will lose more than 30% of their assets paying for care.
Commentators divided over how report will be received
Mr Dilnot said the money would have to be found by making cuts elsewhere or raising taxes and he said any tax rise "should be paid, at least in part, by those of retirement age".
Launching the report, he added: "The issue of funding for adult social care has been ignored for too long.
"The current system is confusing, unfair and unsustainable. Individuals are living in fear, worrying about meeting their care costs.
"Putting a limit on the maximum lifetime costs people may face will allow them to plan ahead for how they wish to meet these costs."
The report also called for an end to the ever-tightening restrictions being placed on access, arguing there should be a national standard so everyone had the same access no matter where they lived.
The commission has already had talks with the Treasury about the proposals. It is understood that government officials voiced concerns whether extra money could be found in the current financial climate.
Health Secretary Andrew Lansley acknowledged finding the money remained a challenge, saying such change would require "significant cost" and need to be balanced against other funding priorities.
However, he said despite this social care was still a "priority for reform" and the commission's report would be "carefully considered" before the government put forward its proposals next spring.
Labour leader Ed Miliband said he would be willing to have cross-party talks to try to reach a consensus on the issue.
The recommendations already have widespread support among charities and campaigners with many arguing it provided the blueprint for reform.
Michelle Mitchell, of Age UK, said action was long overdue: "Social care is at crisis point. Vulnerable people are going without care and that means their conditions are worsening and they are ending up in hospital and costing the government more. We cannot go on as we are doing."
Any overhaul of the system would take about four years to introduce.


A young child's remains have been found in a street in Kent, police have said.

Officers received a report that the "remains of an infant" had been found in Broadway, Sheerness, just before 12:50 GMT.
A spokesman for the force said: "The age and identity is not currently known and neither is the cause of death."
As part of the inquiry, he said officers are also keen to locate the mother of the child to ensure her wellbeing.
He added: "Those that do come forward should know that the information will be handled in a sensitive way."


Two women from the UK charged with drug smuggling in Peru have been remanded in custody after appearing in court.

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21 August 2013 Last updated at 21:56 BST
Michaella McCollum, of Dungannon in Northern Ireland, and Melissa Reid, of Lenzie near Glasgow, were refused bail by a judge.
The pair are accused of trying to smuggle cocaine with a street value of Â£1.5m out of the country.
Ms McCollum's lawyer Peter Madden said both women would plead not guilty.


Rob Howley should become the next permanent Wales head coach, says former captain Gareth Thomas.

Howley, 46, is deputising for coach Warren Gatland, who is taking charge of the 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand.
"What's the point of being understudy to Warren if we went and found someone new," Thomas told BBC Radio 5live.
"To have your national side coached by someone from your nation is something surely all countries are aiming for."
Thomas believes Howley can strengthen the side in time for the 2019 Rugby World Cup draw in May 2017 after gaining extensive experience as Gatland's assistant.
"Gatland's created something very successful so it's important that Rob has learned from a guy who is undoubtedly an extremely good coach," Thomas continued.
"Warren has to give him a certain amount of authority. Rob will grow from this experience and from this length of time he has.
"Probably towards the latter end of the November internationals we will definitely see a certain change within the team."
Howley has been in this situation before, guiding Wales to the 2013 Six Nations title when Gatland took charge of the Lions tour to Australia.
Wales can narrow the gap behind world number one in the rankings New Zealand, according to Howley, despite the All Blacks carrying a run of 18 consecutive wins.
New Zealand are the number-one ranked team in the world and are 14 ranking points ahead of fifth-placed Wales.
"We have changed and we've worked a lot of skills in training, particularly the front five skills," Howley told BBC Wales Sport.
"It's a point of difference particularly in New Zealand and it's a point we'll continue to work on," he said.


Manchester United manager Jose Mourinho says he instructed his players to give their shirts to the travelling supporters after victory at West Brom.

Captain Wayne Rooney, midfielder Paul Pogba and striker Marcus Rashford all took their shirts off and went over to the away fans at the final whistle.
"I told them to do that. It is Christmas time," said Mourinho.
Two goals from Zlatan Ibrahimovic gave the Red Devils a 2-0 Premier League win against Albion at The Hawthorns.
It took the Swede's tally to 11 for the season in the Premier League, with only Dutchman Ruud van Nistelrooy (12) scoring more in his first 16 league games for the club.
United are unbeaten in their past 10 games in all competitions and next face Sunderland on Boxing Day.
Mourinho added: "A shirt for a fan coming directly from the game with sweat means a lot.
"It is a pity that not everyone can get one but for the ones that can get it, it is a great feeling.
"For them [the players], it is just one more shirt. They will arrive in the dressing room and give it to the kitman, to a friend or change with a West Brom friend."
Meanwhile, Watford sent a Christmas card to five-year-old Sunderland supporter Bradley Lowery, who is terminally ill. After leading out his heroes at the Stadium of Light against Chelsea on Wednesday night, he has subsequently received 28,000 Christmas cards.
And Yeovil manager Darren Way and his players put £300 behind the bar for supporters who made the 660-mile round trip to Carlisle so they could enjoy a pie and a pint.


President Barack Obama sat down with the BBC's North America editor, Jon Sopel, to discuss Britain's role in the world, his upcoming trip to Africa, and Mr Obama's plans for his remaining time in the White House.

Below are some of the biggest takeaways from the BBC's exclusive interview.
UK-US RELATIONS
At the beginning of his presidency, there was talk that the much-vaunted "special relationship" between the US and UK had grown cold. But almost eight years later, the loving feeling has certainly returned (if in fact it ever left), with Mr Obama praising the "outstanding partner" he has in UK Prime Minister David Cameron. He was insistent the UK had a vital role to play in both the European Union and the fight to stabilise Syria.
AFRICA
"We have heard that in the US they have allowed gay relations and other dirty things." So says William Ruto, the deputy president in Kenya - hardly the kind of talk that would fly in the US, where the right to marriage was recently extended to gay Americans across the country. But Obama says he has no tolerance for intolerance, and will push a more inclusive agenda on his trip.
Mr Obama scored a victory when the US struck a nuclear deal with Iran, but finding neutral ground with Tehran might have been the easy part. Now he has to get Republicans in Congress on board with the plan. His critics say lifting sanctions will result in more money flowing to Hezbollah and the Assad regime, further destabilising the region. But Mr Obama says Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has incentive to modernise the economy.
GUN LAWS
The tail-end of Mr Obama's presidency has brought a looser, more candid commander-in-chief. Witness his last press conference, where he virtually dared reporters to ask him tough questions about the Iran deal. With the BBC, he openly discussed the biggest frustration of his presidency - his inability to pass any gun control reform.
RACE RELATIONS
When Mr Obama sang Amazing Grace on a stage full of black ministers at the funeral for one of the victims of the Charleston shootings, jokes flew on Twitter that he had achieved a "peak black" moment. It was a long time coming for many who hoped to see Mr Obama more fully engage with issues of racism during his presidency. But with little over a year left in office, he has been more assertive about dealing with race relations - and says the country has evolved on race since he moved into the White House.


Wasps have signed Australia international full-back Kurtley Beale for the 2016-17 Premiership season.

The 27-year-old, who will become the Premiership's highest-paid player, will join the Coventry-based club at the conclusion of the New South Wales Waratahs' 2016 Super Rugby season.
Beale helped the Wallabies to the World Cup final last autumn, and was a Super Rugby winner at club level in 2014.
"I want to win trophies with Wasps in the Premiership and Europe," he said.
Australia's relaxing of international selection rules for overseas-based players means the Sydney-born back, who has played for his country across the three-quarter line, can continue to feature for the Wallabies.
"It's a privilege every time you get to pull on that Test jersey and if I'm lucky enough to be selected for Australia in the future, I'll be ready," he added.
Beale's arrival will counterbalance the loss of New Zealand international back Charles Piutau to Ulster for next season, when his short-term deal comes to an end this summer.
"It was important for us to recruit another world-class player to replace him, which we've achieved by signing Kurtley," said director of rugby Dai Young.
"He's played at the highest level, which should help our squad's continual improvement moving forward.
"There are very few players in world rugby who can really excite people and get spectators on the edge of their seats. Kurtley Beale is one of those rare talents. Every time he gets the ball in his hands, you can sense the anticipation among those watching that something is going to happen."


Stoke City have signed striker Wilfried Bony on a season-long loan deal from Premier League rivals Manchester City.

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Ivorian Bony, 27, has made 15 league starts since joining City for £28m from Swansea in January 2015, but had not featured under new boss Pep Guardiola.
The Potters have also signed Porto and Netherlands defender Bruno Martins Indi, 24, on loan for the season with a view to a permanent deal.
Derby goalkeeper Lee Grant, 33, has joined on loan until January.
Stoke have also signed 17-year-old defender Cameron McJannett from Luton for an undisclosed fee.
Meanwhile, defender Philipp Wollscheid has left the club to join Bundesliga side Wolfsburg on a season-long loan and 26-year-old forward Joselu has joined Spanish side Deportivo la Coruna on a similar deal.
"Bringing Wilfried in was a no-brainer for us," Potters manager  Mark Hughes said. "He has power, speed and very good physical attributes."
Stoke targeted Ivory Coast international Bony as there had been no development in their attempt to sign West Brom forward Saido Berahino.
Last week, West Ham United manager Slaven Bilic said he was interested in signing Bony, who has three years left to run on his contract at Etihad Stadium.
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Red Bull has unveiled the car many expect to be the closest challenger to world champions Mercedes in 2017.

The RB13 was revealed in a short film on the team's social media outlets and strongly resembles last year's car, the only one to beat Mercedes in 2016.
Designed to the new 2017 rules that will make the cars faster and more demanding for drivers, it has many of the design cues seen on other new cars.
There is also a unique hole in the nose tip, the purpose of which is unclear.
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Red Bull driver Daniel Ricciardo, who won the Malaysian Grand Prix last year and finished third in the championship behind Mercedes drivers Nico Rosberg and Lewis Hamilton, said: "It looks quite beautiful. It definitely looks sleek. They look like the fastest cars in the world. That was the impression I got."
Team-mate Max Verstappen, winner in Spain last year and fifth overall behind Ferrari's Sebastian Vettel, said: "The car looks very aggressive. Hopefully when it looks that aggressive it will be fast, but we still have to wait and see."
Like all 2017 cars bar the Mercedes, the Red Bull features a 'shark fin' on the rear bodywork, which provides an aerodynamic advantage in cornering.
The Mercedes ran without a shark fin at its launch day at Silverstone last Thursday but is expected to feature one in pre-season testing, which starts on Monday.
The angle of the Red Bull shown in the video did not allow sight of what are expected to be a complicated and intricate series of airflow conditioners behind the nose, in between the front wheels and beside the cockpit, which enhance aerodynamic downforce.
Despite the superficial similarity to last year's Red Bull, the team appear to have packaged the rear bodywork much more tightly to aid airflow at the back of the car.
It is suspected that the car was launched without many of its aerodynamic parts, which it will run in testing.
Can they catch Mercedes?
There is great expectation surrounding Red Bull for 2017, with many hoping they can make a fight of it with Mercedes.
Their chassis was pretty much there with the silver cars in 2016 and it would be a surprise if that was not the case again this year - Red Bull were the team who best interpreted the last major chassis rule change, dominating from 2010-13, after Brawn won their title in 2009 thanks to the double-diffuser controversy.
The new car looks the business, in Red Bull style, even if many of the flourishes that are expected were missing on launch day.
In Daniel Ricciardo and Max Verstappen they have one of the best driver line-ups on the grid - one with potential volatility to match the stellar talent.
But the big question mark is over the Renault engine. If that can get close to Mercedes on power, Red Bull might be a serious threat. If not, another season of not-quite-there promises.
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Scotland's women's hockey team have progressed to the World League 2 semi-finals in Valencia on Saturday with a 2-1 victory over Russia on Thursday.

Amy Brodie and Robyn Collins scored the Scots' goals to set up a last-four match with hosts Spain, who beat Ghana.
Scotland head coach Gordon Shepherd said: "The focus, concentration and application of the players was excellent.
"We're in the semi-finals and the focus on that game will start later today."
Czech Republic play Ukraine and Poland face Turkey in the remaining quarter-finals.
Meanwhile, Scotland men's head coach Derek Forsyth has named his squad for the three Test matches against France in Le Touquet from 12-17 February.
The games are the final part of the squad's preparation for World League 2, which takes place in Belfast from 11-19 March and where Scotland are in Pool B with France, Poland and Wales.
"The camp in France follows a good camp in Spain, and selection will be made following these two solid sets of test matches," said Forsyth.
Scotland senior men's squad
Wei Adams (Canterbury), Russell Anderson (Cannock), Tim Atkins (Reading), Michael Bremner (Klipper THC), Gavin Byers (Grove Menzieshill), Patch Christie(Durham University), Dan Coultas (Edinburgh University), Ben Cosgrove (Grove Menzieshill), Callum Duke (Hillhead), David Forrester (Edinburgh University), Alan Forsyth (Surbiton), Cammy Fraser (Grange), Ed Greaves (Nurnberger), Sean Hadfield(Bowden), Hamish Imrie (Schaerweijde), Willie Marshall (Surbiton), Lee Morton (Kelburne), Nick Parkes (Surbiton), Duncan Riddell (Grange), Jamie Wong (Edinburgh University).
The games will be played on 14 February at 16:00 GMT, 15 February at 16:00 GMT and 17 February at 10:00 GMT.
Find out how to get into hockey with our special guide.


An overhaul of the design of UK pension saving being considered by the Treasury could lead to a mass withdrawal of funds, an industry figure has claimed.

Tom McPhail, head of retirement policy at Hargreaves Lansdown, suggested taxing pensions in the same way as Isas could lead to a "Northern Rock-style run on the pensions system".
The result of a review of pension saving will be revealed in the Budget.
Other options could benefit the savings of basic rate taxpayers.
Click here to explore the chancellor's options to change the pension system, if he decides on an overhaul.
They include changing the method of tax relief, establishing an Isa-style system, altering allowances, and cutting salary sacrifice.
There could be winners and losers from such changes.
Speculation suggests that Chancellor George Osborne might change the system to make pensions like Individual Savings Accounts (Isas).
Pension savers currently pay no tax on money they put into a pension, but they do pay tax on the money they take out. An Isa system would be the opposite, with income tax paid before the money was saved but tax-free when taken out.
Such a move would save the Treasury money but, according to Mr McPhail of pensions and investments manager Hargreaves Lansdown, this would cause huge instability.
"Investors don't trust politicians not to muck around with the pension system, with good reason," he said.
"An Isa-style reform, with tax relief being scrapped in favour of tax free withdrawals, would create the risk of a future Northern Rock-style run on the pension system and the UK stock market.
"Any hint of political interference in the future could result in billions of pounds being withdrawn overnight; it would be hugely unstable."
Former Pensions Minister Steve Webb, now director of policy at pensions provider Royal London, suggested that an Isa-style system would mean future pension savers would be at risk of politicians tinkering with this tax-free withdrawal, by having "another dip" at taxing pension savings.
Lord Adair Turner, a former chairman of the Pensions Commission, told the BBC on Thursday that an Isa-style system would not have any effect on the incentive to save into a pension, although it would bring forward the Treasury's tax income.
He said he was sympathetic to the idea of single rate of tax relief, suggesting it was "the direction in which we should head".
At the moment, basic-rate taxpayers who pay into a pension get 20% tax relief. Higher-rate taxpayers get 40% - and top-rate taxpayers get 45%.
Higher-rate tax relief costs the Treasury some Â£7bn a year, and clearly favours the well-off. A flat-rate has the potential to benefit basic-rate taxpayers and hit higher-rate taxpayers, depending on the level at which it is set.
A Treasury spokesman said all options were still being considered - including retaining the current system.
"The government launched a wide-ranging consultation into pensions tax relief last summer. We have not decided on whether or how to reform the system and are considering all options, including retaining the current system. This consultation is now closed and we will respond at the Budget," he said.


Manchester United and Liverpool have been charged by Uefa following crowd trouble during the Europa League last-16 second leg at Old Trafford.

Rival fans were seen fighting in the stands, seats were thrown and flares were lit at Thursday's 1-1 draw, during which five men were arrested.
Both clubs have been charged with crowd disturbances and throwing of objects.
Liverpool, who won 3-1 on aggregate, have been charged with illicit chants and the setting off of fireworks.
The case will be heard by Uefa's control, ethics and disciplinary body on 19 May, the day after the Europa League final in Basel.
Greater Manchester Police superintendent Jim Liggett said the force was investigating a "handful of concerning incidents" after Thursday's game.
Beforehand, police had to remove a banner on the M602 motorway in Salford designed to taunt Liverpool fans heading to Old Trafford.
United were not punished by Uefa after some of their fans sang offensive Hillsborough disaster chants during the first leg at Anfield.
Liverpool, meanwhile, are looking into a tweet sent from youth team player Jordan Williams' verified Twitter account during the game.
The tweet depicted an aeroplane emoji and pair of hands clapping, in response to a video of Liverpool fans celebrating inside Old Trafford
Other Twitter users suggested Williams was mocking the 1958 Munich air disaster, in which eight United players died.
Williams, 20, deleted the tweet and later apologised, saying: "My Twitter has been hacked, I would never put anything like that to offend anyone, sorry about this."
His account has since been deactivated.


Brighton have accepted head coach Oscar Garcia's resignation following their Championship play-off semi-final loss.

The Seagulls, who finished sixth this season, were beaten 4-1 at Derby on Sunday as they suffered a 6-2 aggregate defeat.
Playing: Barcelona B, Barcelona, Albacete (loan), Valencia, Espanyol, Lleida
Coaching: Catalonia (assistant), Barcelona (youth), Maccabi Tel Aviv (manager), Brighton (head coach).
Garcia was appointed Brighton boss in July 2013 after leaving his role at Maccabi Tel Aviv
"The club has been aware of my thoughts for several weeks," the Spaniard told the club website.
"During this time, I have had discussions with both the chairman, Tony Bloom, and chief executive, Paul Barber.
"I have enjoyed my time with the club but, although I do not have any immediate plans, I have decided to move on.
"The club will always have a place in my heart and I hope very soon they will be competing at the top level in English football."
Bloom added: "We are extremely grateful to Oscar for his efforts this past year, and for providing us with another exciting and memorable season at the club."
Garcia appeared coy over his future in his post-match interview following the second-leg defeat by the Rams.
"The squad gave me everything and it has been a real pleasure to be their manager," the 41 year-old told BBC Sussex.
Brighton recovered from a slow start to the season to finish in the play-off places, helped by an eight-match unbeaten run.
Garcia played for Barcelona for six years and also had a spell coaching their youth team before guiding Maccabi to the league title last season.


A 90-year-old woman has been critically injured after being hit by a car, say South Wales Police.

Officers are appealing for witnesses to the incident on Lavernock Road, Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan, on Tuesday at 17:10 GMT.
A silver Peugeot car struck the pedestrian who was taken to Cardiff's University Hospital of Wales.
The accident happened between the junctions of Augusta Road and Forrest Road.


Measles cases in England and Wales have risen to 2,016 in 2012, the highest annual total for 18 years, says the Health Protection Agency.

The measles cases during 2012 have been associated with prolonged outbreaks in Merseyside, Surrey and Sussex.
There were also several smaller outbreaks in travelling communities.
The HPA said parents should ensure their children are fully protected against the disease with the MMR vaccine.
Dr Mary Ramsay, head of immunisation at the Health Protection Agency, said coverage of the MMR vaccine is now at historically high levels.
"But measles is highly infectious and can spread easily among communities that are poorly vaccinated, and can affect anyone who is susceptible, including toddlers in whom vaccination has been delayed."
The measles virus can spread through droplets in the air that come out of the nose and mouth when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
The initial symptoms include cold-like symptoms, red eyes which are sensitive to light, a fever and greyish white spots in the mouth and throat.
Measles is an unpleasant viral illness which can, in some cases, lead to serious complications.
The infectious period is from around four days before the appearance of a red-brown rash, to around four days after its appearance.
In addition to the rash, abdominal symptoms may include nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea.
Symptoms usually last about 14 days in all.
BBC Health - Measles
These become a red-brown spotty rash after a few days.
Dr Ramsay said older children who were not vaccinated at the routine age, who were now teenagers, were at particular risk of becoming exposed while at school.
The only way to prevent outbreaks of measles is to ensure children are being vaccinated, Dr Ramsay said.
"Measles is often associated with being a disease of the past and as a result people may be unaware that it is dangerous infection that can lead to death in severe cases.
"Parents should ensure their children are fully protected against measles, mumps and rubella with two doses of the MMR vaccine.
"Parents of unvaccinated children, as well as older teenagers and adults who may have missed MMR vaccination, should make an appointment with their GP to get vaccinated.
Professor Ian Jones, from the University of Reading's School of biological sciences, said that "the current rate of infection, which is inversely related to the level of immunisation in the population, is unacceptably high".
"The numbers have been swollen by very localised pockets of infection (eg. an epidemic in Liverpool) and for most counties rates of immunisation of over 90% are the norm, the highest in 13 years."
He said the MMR vaccine offered lifelong protection from measles, mumps and rubella.
"If the immunisation record is uncertain, for example for travellers, assume it is incomplete and have a booster - you cannot over immunise."
Measles continues to circulate in several European countries, popular with holidaymakers.
The UK along with France, Italy, Spain and Romania accounted for 87% of the total 7,392 measles cases reported throughout the European Union countries up to the end of November 2012.


After months of wrangling over a new design for the Skegness Jolly Fisherman mascot,  councillors have agreed to use the existing one.

The mascot first appeared on a 1908 railway poster advertising the Lincolnshire coastal resort.
A new version is due to be placed in a plaza outside the railway station.
Officials had previously failed to agree, with one suggestion from the county council being described as "like a gargoyle" by Skegness Town Council.
Skegness Mayor Mark Anderson added: "It was completely against what our image of our town is."
He said in order to move things along quickly the town council has agreed to use the original design of Jolly pulling a suitcase along.
The county council had previously offered the local authority up to Â£30,000 for the new statue.
But Skegness Town Council said it did not have the resources to oversee the work.
Martin Hill, leader of the county council said "it has been a bit of a storm in a tea cup".
"Obviously, the first version didn't meet with the town council's approval - so we have said tell us what you want and we'll organise it.
"I'm pleased at last we've got a definitive answer."
The town's more famous Jolly Fisherman statue, which shows him with his arms outstretched on top of a water feature, will remain in Tower Gardens.


Clear guidance is "urgently" needed to explain the workings of the new tax that will replace stamp duty in Wales, a Welsh Assembly committee has said.

Powers stemming from the Land Transaction Tax bill, which also relate to tax avoidance, are set to come into effect in April 2018.
The new Welsh Revenue Authority (WRA) will collect the devolved taxes.
It should work with professional bodies to clarify how they will work, the assembly's Finance Committee has said.
The Land Transaction Tax and Anti-avoidance of Devolved Taxes Bill was published in September.
In a report, the Finance Committee made 18 recommendations in relation to the bill.
The committee said it wanted clarification on how the law would affect cross-border properties, with concerns there is no definitive map of them.
Committee members were also worried the provisions for establishing the amount of tax due and to whom were confusing and unclear to taxpayers.
Chairman of the committee, Plaid Cymru AM Simon Thomas, said the issue needed clearing up as a "matter of urgency".
"While the committee has agreed this bill should proceed, we also want to see much clearer guidance from the Welsh Government as to what the land transaction tax is and how it will work," he added.
"We want to see assurances the Welsh Revenue Authority, which will be responsible for collecting taxes raised, will be ready to collect taxes and offer advice from day one."
The committee's report will be considered in a meeting of the full assembly before a vote on whether the bill can proceed to the next stage of the law-making process.
The news came after it was announced on Monday income tax rates in Wales could be varied from April 2019 as part of a deal with the UK Treasury.
A Welsh Government spokeswoman said: "We welcome the Finance Committee's report about the introduction of land transaction tax - we will consider the findings and respond in due course."


It has been a home to monks, Vikings, and Victorian and World War II soldiers, along with cholera sufferers and a few smugglers.

Gulls are also regulars, with the island an important breeding ground, while hundreds of visitors take a boat trip from Cardiff Bay to explore the wildlife haven every year.
But new inhabitants could soon be mooring on the island of Flat Holm after Cardiff council unveiled plans to sell it as part of wide-ranging cuts to save ??110m.
Scrapping services like leisure centres and libraries has now, sadly, become a common way to save money for cash-strapped local authorities.
But selling an island - complete with a working lighthouse - is perhaps one of the more unusual ways to balance the books.
So who is most likely to be forking out for the small, wind-swept island - Wales' most southerly point - which is nestled in the Bristol Channel with neighbouring English-owned isle Steep Holm?
Land agent Chris Hyde, who sold the much smaller Sully Island off the Vale of Glamorgan coast about two years ago, said he expects interest from all over the world.
"With Sully Island we had interest from New Zealand, China - a lot of interest from China - Russia, South America, Europe, from all corners of the globe," he said.
"Owning an island for many wealthy people is exciting and ostentatious.
"It eventually sold to a wealthy English businessman for well over the guide price of ??90,000."
Mr Hyde, of agents Cooke and Arkwright, said he believes Flat Holm would be "an even better prospect for selling" as Sully Island was "merely 15 acres (6 ha) of heath land and there's nothing you can do with it".
"Flat Holm is bigger and has buildings - there's something you can do with it. You could derive an income from it," he said.
"I don't think it's the place for someone wanting to build a big hotel as it has protections.
"But it could be run in the same way it is now and a private buyer could run boats from the English side as well as the Welsh side."
Matthew Lipton, who has been living on Flat Holm as its warden for four years, said he hopes it would be sold to someone who would respect the "uniqueness" of the island.
"It's a cultural and historical site of importance, as well as for wildlife," he said.
"It has a wide and varied history and we've done a lot of work to restore many parts of it.
"I just hope it doesn't all go to rack and ruin, and I hope a wildlife organisation might buy it."
"Uniqueness" would certainly be a selling point for the island, which covers about 86 acres (35 ha).
Flat Holm was first inhabited in the Bronze Age - as shown by artefacts found on the island - but the first recorded occupier was St Cadoc in the 6th Century AD who used the island as a retreat for quiet meditation.
Vikings and Saxons, monks and silver miners have all occupied Flat Holm at some point, while brandy and tea smugglers used its rocky coves to store contraband.
In later years, Victorian soldiers were based there and a series of gun emplacements were built to fortify the island after Queen Victoria became concerned about the strength of the French Navy.
Four of the battery sites and a gun pit remain on the island.
In the 1880s, the Marquis of Bute - who then owned the island - leased some of his land to the Cardiff Corporation for a hospital to deal with an outbreak of cholera among sailors arriving in south Wales.
It is understood the last patient to be cremated on the island was at the end of the 19th Century.
Following these dark times came the pioneering work of Italian inventor Marconi, who famously used the island to send the first wireless message across the water in 1897.
A memorial to him can be seen on Flat Holm.
However, it wasn't long before the military returned to the island when World War II broke out.
More than 300 soldiers were based there as it became a base for anti-aircraft defences and a radar station.
Nature is Flat Holm's main importance now - surrounding the historical remains are maritime grassland and rare plants such as rock sea-lavender and wild leek, which have led to the island being designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Protection Area.
The island also has significant breeding colonies of lesser black-backed gull, herring gull and great black-backed gull.
Ross Clifford, the island's education officer who helps school children visit the island, said it was an important place as it taught children about history, nature, science and climate change.
"It's really important that the right person buys it - someone that has the right aims for the island and are not trying to make it into a commercial venture," he added.
Mr Lipton added: "It holds a special place in a lot of people's hearts."


A man jailed for six years for coercing a woman into having sex with a stranger and sending "revenge porn" to her family has had the convictions quashed.

Clive Weatherhogg's counsel told appeal judges that prosecutors now conceded there had been a miscarriage of justice over the coercion charge.
Appeal judges also agreed that a jury was misdirected over charges relating to the footage sent to relatives.
Mr Weatherhogg, 43, was jailed last May after being found guilty by a jury.
It is understood he will now be released from prison.
Sheriff George Way had remitted the case from Dundee Sheriff Court to the High Court in Edinburgh to be dealt with because of its greater sentencing powers.
Defence counsel Shelagh McCall QC told the Court of Criminal Appeal in Edinburgh that the Crown conceded there was insufficient evidence to prove lack of consent on the coercion charge.
The Lord Justice Clerk, Lady Dorrian, who heard the appeal with Lady Paton and Lord Turnbull, said: "We are satisfied the concession is well made."
Lord Turnbull said that information conveyed to the court seemed to show that even at an earlier preparatory marking stage in the case there were concerns over a lack of corroboration.
Lady Dorrian said the appeal judges were also satisfied that misdirections given to jurors by Sheriff Way over the charges relating to the footage sent to relatives were "material and constituted a miscarriage of justice".
Mr Weatherhogg, of Guthrie, near Forfar, Angus, had denied the charges during the trial, but admitted a separate charge of uploading the film to the internet.
He was jailed for four-and-years by Lady Wolffe with an additional 18 months for the charge he admitted.
The appeal hearing was told that Mr Weatherhogg had been in custody since March last year and had served the 18 month sentence, taking into account early release provisions.


Northern Ireland's housing market out-performed other UK regions in March, according to the latest Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) survey.

It said it was the first month this year in which new instructions to sell property increased.
RICS said a net balance of 67% of Northern Ireland surveyors said that prices rose in the past three months.
This was higher than any other UK region.
However, it said that with more potential buyers entering the market "there remains an ongoing imbalance between supply and demand which is acting to push prices upwards".
RICS Northern Ireland spokesman Samuel Dickey said he expected more properties to enter the market in "the months ahead", which he said "should ease the pressure on prices and support growth in transactions".
"Northern Ireland recorded the highest price balance of all UK regions during March and has the highest price expectations over the next three months," he added.
"This reflects the fact that the local market remains in recovery mode. Unlike other UK regions, average house prices here remain significantly below their peak and have a long way to go before they return to those levels.
"Whilst new instructions to sell increased last month, new buyer inquiries are also rising strongly, which is effectively creating a situation where we have under-supply and prices are rising as a result. But as more properties come onto the market, this should help address the imbalance."
A net balance of 69% of Northern Ireland surveyors said that they expect prices to continue rising in the three months ahead.
A net balance of 35% of NI surveyors said that transactions rose in March, with a net balance of 61% expecting them to rise in the three months ahead.


The second of three US presidential debate takes place on Sunday evening, two weeks after Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump sparred for the first time.

Plenty has happened in the meantime, including the explosive release of a video that has plunged the Republican nominee into a crisis.
And there have been plenty of hints what might come up in what is likely to be another bruising encounter.
Here is our A-Z guide to what is worth keeping an eye out for.
It's the only place to start, really. A tape from 2005, that emerged on Friday, showed Mr Trump making lewd comments about women, and saying he tried to kiss and grope them. He made a videotaped apology hours later, but the backlash even from within his own party was intense. Mrs Clinton has been gifted a line of attack, so how much of the debate can we expect to focus on what Mr Trump said, and how will he respond?
Good luck listening out for these terms...
Not the pork kind, but the audio kind. Mr Trump complained of a faulty microphone after the first debate - and it turned out his complaints were justified. Organisers will be keen to show that no candidate is disadvantaged this time around.
It's what Mrs Clinton called her rival all the way through the first debate - he apparently does not like being called by his first name. So will she do the same again, or did that trick do its job?
Climate change is a subject that has been mentioned only very very briefly in the two debates so far. Will it get any hearing in the town hall format?
On one hand: Mr Trump's charitable organisation, and the fact it was banned from fundraising in his native New York this week. On the other: Mrs Clinton's, and the concerns over its links to international donors. Trump, perhaps surprisingly, did not make a point of this in the last debate: will he now?
...and the other women with whom Bill Clinton was unfaithful, or is alleged to have been. The New York Times reported last week that Mrs Clinton engineered an "aggressive strategy of counterattack" against the women in question.
It's an issue that is hurting Mrs Clinton among younger, female voters - so how would she respond to a question on this?
Read more: Hillary's campaign and Bill's women
On a related note, Mr Trump has warned he may go for the jugular this time around. He didn't hit Mrs Clinton on some of the issues we might have expected - so will issues like Benghazi, her email scandal, the Clinton Foundation and her husband's infidelities get more of an airing?
Even the most partial of observers would agree that there were more interruptions by Mr Trump last time around (the extent to which he interrupted changes from news outlet to outlet).
Similarly, Clinton deputy Tim Kaine was king of the interruptions on Tuesday night. Will Sunday's event be more civilised?
Don't hold out for any rolling in the aisles - neither candidate is known for their comic timing - but there's plenty of material there to play with.
More to the point, the lack of one - while there were plenty of zingers during the Hoftstra University debate, neither candidate was able to deliver that crucial fact or line that buried their opponent. Take two?
Quite a few porkies were peddled last time around, so what should those in charge look out for? We asked a former FBI interrogator for his advice on weeding out the truth.
Yes, plural: there are two this time, CNN's Anderson Cooper and ABC's Martha Raddatz.
Trump was unhappy with the previous moderator, NBC's Lester Holt. There will be even more scrutiny this time around.
N is for No, That's Wrong
Just like last time around, we'll be keeping an eye on some of the statements made by both candidates. We're likely to be quite busy.
Read more: US Election Reality Check
And North Carolina. And Pennsylvania. And Florida. All the swing states that could decide this election, and the places where an impressive debate performance might help make a difference.
Read more: How does the election work?
Who's leading in our poll of polls?
48%
Hillary Clinton
44%
Donald Trump
Please enable Javascript to view our poll of polls chart.
Last updated November 8, 2016
The BBC poll of polls looks at the five most recent national polls and takes the median value, ie, the value between the two figures that are higher and two figures that are lower.
Unusually, ABC and CNN have said they are ready to consider 30 of the most popular questions submitted by the public on the website Presidential Open Questions, though there is no guarantee those questions will come up.
The most popular questions on the site at the moment relate to background checks for gun sales, benefits, the Second Amendment and term limits for members of Congress and the Supreme Court.
Clinton v Trump, Round One was watched by a record 84 million people - will we see the same audience this time around, or have people already had enough?
Body language, specifically. We've taken a look at what both candidates' gestures say about them.
It's a different format to last time around: half the questions will be asked by members of the public, and half by the moderators, based, according to the independent organisers "on topics of broad public interest as reflected in social media and other sources".
Clinton saw a jump in the polls after debate number one; the Trump campaign was buoyed by the performance of Mr Trump's right-hand man Mike Pence in his debate. Could this debate present one candidate with momentum, with only one more televised event to come?
Last Tuesday saw the only vice-presidential debate between Mr Kaine and Mr Pence: the former went for the attack; the latter remained unflappable - almost the reverse of the senior candidates' performances in the first debate. Will Mr Trump be buoyed by Mr Pence's strong show?
Read more: Who won VP debate?
Is the venue of the debate, in St Louis, Missouri. It all starts at 21:00 eastern time on Sunday (01:00 GMT).
(Tenuous, we know)
The New York Times reported this week that Mr Trump may not have paid federal income tax for 18 years, after posting a near-$1bn loss in 1995. The candidate said this showed he had "brilliantly" navigated the complex tax code.
If this subject doesn't come up, it will be a huge surprise.
Read more: How could Trump have avoided tax?
There are now more millennials (aged 18-34) than baby boomers (aged 51-69) in the US, according to the Pew Research Center. That's a lot of potential voters. Mrs Clinton's one-time Democrat co-runner Bernie Sanders is popular with this age group, so she has a fight on her hands to lure them to her side and avoid seeing them vote for third-party or independent candidates.
The problem? The Trump campaign has picked up on an audio recording they say shows Mrs Clinton denigrating Sanders supporters. Democrats say it doesn't; listen to it and make your own minds up.
Our North America reporter, Anthony Zurcher, will be in Missouri - you can read all his analysis here and follow him on Twitter here.
Read more: Why this Trump row is different


Exam results are out next week and there is a decidedly back-to-school feel about the papers the government is publishing this week on Brexit.

Theresa May is back from her holidays and the cabinet is keen to show that it has been hard at work in her absence, not fighting with each other at all.
I will leave it to my political colleagues to assess the substance and significance of Liam Fox and Phillip Hammond shaking hands in front of the whole class, and confine my efforts to marking their Brexit homework.
The first paper they have submitted is on the customs union. This is a special club for EU members that allows them to move goods in and out of each others' countries without having to show special ID or empty their pockets (or trucks) at the door.
Containers roll on and roll off at both ends with zero hassle.
Many businesses and port authorities are worried that leaving the club will mean people are stopped at the border and that these delays will cause long backlogs, interrupt supply chains, increase costs and deter trade.
As the head of the port of Dover has put it: "If we don't get this right, we could face Operation Stack every day in perpetuity."
The answers to these customs questions are therefore important.
Yes and no.
The government document is very clear that the UK will leave the customs union at the end of March 2019. The UK will then seek to agree an "interim period".
So what will that look like? There is a big clue in today's paper.
The government is promising that businesses will only have to adjust once to our eventual customs relationship with the EU.
That must mean that the day after we leave the EU, and enter the interim period, there will be no change.
So we are out of the customs union, but everything will pretty much stay the same until the interim period is over.
The only difference is that because we are technically out of the customs union, we will be able to negotiate our own trade deals with non-EU countries, while enjoying the benefits of frictionless trade we have now.
This approach will look to many like the "having our cake and eating it" that Boris Johnson was so keen on - and EU officials weren't.
The cabinet now seems united that this interim period is finite.
The time limit appears to be the next election in 2022.
So what happens then? There are two answers.
First answer: a brand new "streamlined" customs border with the EU.
Some combination of technology, negotiation, unilateral rule changes would make for a whizzy low-friction border.
Many will say that even if this new system works, it will find it hard to beat what we have now.
Others will say that a tiny bit of extra work at the border is a price worth paying for freedom to cut new trade deals.
Second answer: a new partnership based on a "shared approach" that would remove the need for a customs border altogether.
That option has most experts scratching their heads.
Whatever it is, it does not exist between the EU and anyone else right now (with the possible exception in a limited way of Turkey), and so is hard to analyse.
Overall, what we learn from this document is that the government wants to leave the customs union, while leaving border arrangements identical for up to five years from now.
After March 2019, it hopes to negotiate new trade deals, and there is nothing in reality to stop Liam Fox warming relations with prospective partners right now.
What is still hard to see is how substantive those negotiations with third parties can really be when we, and they, still have no idea what our future relationship will be with the EU.
The government is clearly trying to show the UK and the EU that it is getting its act together with these papers and I'm told this show of unity and effort will be welcomed by business.
But it's worth remembering Liam Fox has always been clear that, in his mind at least, an interim agreement means a period of time to adjust from A to B - where B is known and understood by both parties. It is NOT an extra three years to figure out where B might be.
The time available to define B - namely, the wider issues such as the financial settlement, trade, tariffs, immigration and rights of EU citizens in the UK and vice versa - continues to tick down.


A white powder found in a letter sent to a Moray pub - sparking a major emergency response - was not harmful, police have said.

The incident happened at the Crown Inn, in the Reidhaven Square area of Keith, on Thursday afternoon.
The square was cordoned off for several hours as police and fire crews examined the scene.
Police Scotland later said it had been established the white powder found in the letter was not harmful.


Storm Doris brought heavy snowfalls to Scotland's highest mountains, raising the potential risk of avalanches.
Thursday's severe weather saw gales batter parts of England and Wales and brought snow and heavy rain to parts of southern and central Scotland and the Highlands.
The Scottish Avalanche Information Service, which monitors for avalanche risk in six mountain areas, has rated the potential for the snow slides as "considerable" in five of them.
The five areas are Creag Meagaidh, Glencoe, Lochaber, Northern Cairngorms and Southern Cairngorms.
A rating of "considerable" means avalanches may occur naturally on some slopes, or could be triggered by the weight of a single person.
Mountains in and around Torridon, the sixth area covered, has had a dusting of snow.
High winds and mild temperatures had stripped large amounts of the snow cover from mountains across the six areas, before temperatures started falling ahead of the arrival of Storm Doris.
The avalanche risk in all six areas will be checked and updated later.


The Scottish SPCA is seeking the owner of a dog found stranded on an island in the River Carron.

A lorry driver called rescuers at about 12:00 on Thursday after spotting the blue and tan Yorkshire terrier underneath a bridge near the Checkbar roundabout in Bonnybridge.
Community safety officer Paul Crawford waded into the river to save the dog which is now in the care of a shelter.
It is not known how long it was stranded.
Animal rescue officer Ashley Griffin said:  "The dog is male, around one to three years old, and was wearing a rusty orange-coloured collar.
"He was a little frightened at first but is doing well.
"We'd like to thank the kind man who helped rescue the dog and hope that we can reunite him with his owner soon."
The dog was said to be in good condition. It is being cared for at Bandeath Stray Dog Shelter in Stirling.
Anyone who recognises it is asked to contact the Scottish SPCA.