Exciting a specific part of the brain with electromagnetic pulses could boost our ability to remember certain facts, a study in Science suggests.

The US trials involving 16 volunteers found they made 30% fewer mistakes in memory tests after the procedure.
Scientists are now investigating whether the technique could help people with memory disorders and reduce memory loss in later life.
Independent researchers describe the method as "ingenious".
Researchers at Northwestern University in the US targeted a particular nerve hub known as the hippocampus.
This area of the brain has a central role in basic memory processes that tie unrelated facts together - such as remembering someone's name or the contents of last night's dinner.
Scientists pinpointed this region in each of their 16 volunteers using detailed scans and then assessed their baseline memory.
Participants were presented with pictures of faces while hearing unrelated words and asked to learn and remember the face-word pair.
A device was then used to apply short bursts of electromagnetic stimulation to the area of the head directly above the hippocampus hub.
The sessions lasted 20 minutes a day for five consecutive days.
Volunteers scored significantly better on similar memory tests after this procedure - even 24 hours after sessions were completed.
The study revealed they made 30% fewer mistakes at this point, compared with scores before they had the procedure.
And they showed no signs of improvement when exposed to a dummy, placebo version of the device.
Prof Joel Voss, who led the study, said: "We show for the first time that you can specifically change memory functions of the brain in adults without surgery or drugs, which have not proven effective."
He added: "This non-invasive stimulation improves the ability to learn new things.
"It has tremendous potential for treating memory disorders."
Researchers are now investigating how memory changes in older age, and hope to start trials on people with early signs of dementia.
Dr Nick Davis, who was not involved in the study, said: "The method used to stimulate the hippocampus is quite ingenious. It is very smart work.
"The work is exciting as most of our knowledge about memory circuits comes from animal studies or people with memory impairments."
Scientists say the device works by emitting a strong electromagnetic field in rapid pulses.
This then generates an electrical current in nerve fibres - mimicking the usual electrical activity in the brain.


The big question about the Prime Minister's plan to hand more control over taxes, spending and welfare to the four nations is how far this would end the subsidy of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland by England, and especially by London and the South East.

For all that it may sound attractive to the Scots, Welsh and Northern Irish to have greater influence over their respective economic destinies, presumably that would be less desirable if at a stroke they became poorer.
The point is that as and when there is an English parliament for English people - of the sort that the former Tory minister John Redwood has been demanding, and David Cameron seemed to concede today - the financial transfer from England to the rest of the UK may be harder to sustain.
So these constitutional reforms will be tricky, if not dangerous - if at least a part of the current glue that holds the UK together is a redistribution of resources from England to the rest, and that glue is progressively removed.
Being British right now means in part that public services and living standards are not too far apart in quantum and quality wherever you happen to live. But what if the overhaul of the UK's budget-making or fiscal constitution waters down that glue.
How much is at stake?
Well, spending on public-sector services per head is highest in Northern Ireland, £10,900 and it is lowest in England, at £8,500.
The figure for Scotland - beneficiary of the famous or notorious Barnett Formula, which formalises an income transfer from England to Scotland - is £10,200.
So expenditure on public services in Scotland is a fifth higher per person than south of the border, and it is 28% higher in Northern Ireland.
In Wales, the increment on public-service spending is 14% - which the Welsh have often complained is too little, compared with the transfer of income to Scotland.
Now one way of looking at the scale of the transfer is to look at the amount of income - or what is known as gross value added - generated in each country.
So English gross value added per head is highest, at just under £22,000, and it is lowest in Wales at £15,400.
The English enjoy public-service spending per annum equivalent to under 40% of the income they generate, whereas annual outlays on public services in Wales are equivalent to more than 60% of nationally generated income per head.
The ratios for Scotland and Northern Ireland are just over 50% and not far off 70% respectively.
In a UK of considerable social and cultural solidarity that prevailed for most of the twentieth century, these sorts of disparities between income and outlay between the nations were relatively uncontroversial: they captured the idea that all UK citizens are in it together, as it were.
But today it seems almost inevitable that in David Cameron's brave new world of greater national fiscal self-determination, some English nationalist MPs on the right of the spectrum may increasingly view Wales - and Scotland and Northern Ireland - as de facto socialist paradises excessively featherbedded by the English.
That said, if the nations are given much greater control over income taxes - which appears to be what is on offer - could they not pay for whatever public services they feel they need out of these locally levied taxes?
Not remotely.
Income and other direct taxes per head in Wales raise £5,564, considerably less than the UK average of £7,360, and nowhere near enough to cover public service expenditure.
There is a similar mismatch between direct income taxes and public spending throughout the UK.
Borrowing and indirect taxes, mostly VAT, make up the difference. And there is not the faintest chance that national parliaments will be given the power to increase VAT, because this would be an admin nightmare for businesses and undermine the UK as a frictionless single market.
All of which means that it may sound exciting and empowering in Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland to make their own choices about taxing and spending.
But it may also be a bit nerve-wracking (or worse) if it provides cover for Westminster to reduce the income transferred to them from English taxpayers.


A new 24-hour television channel dedicated to north Wales is set to launch on 26 April.

As well as a nightly news bulletin, there will be entertainment pieces from the area covering things such as lifestyle, sport and the Welsh language.
Made in North Wales follows the launch of other regional networks, such as those in Cardiff and Liverpool.
It will be available on Freeview channel eight and Virgin 159.


Conditions have deteriorated at an immigration removal centre to such an extent that it is a "place of national concern", the prisons watchdog says.

Nick Hardwick, chief prisons inspector, said Yarl's Wood, in Bedfordshire, was failing vulnerable women.
He said the concerns showed women, including pregnant ones, should be detained only as a last resort.
A Home Office spokesman said it was "committed to treating all detainees with dignity and respect".
Yarl's Wood holds more than 350 detainees, most of them single women, who are waiting for their immigration status to be resolved.
Mr Hardwick's report suggests that conditions have worsened since inspectors last visited two years ago. More than half of the detainees who were surveyed said they felt unsafe.
Mr Hardwick said that while a total of 443 women held at the centre were removed from the UK in the six months before the inspection, just over twice that number were released back to the community.
Of the 99 pregnant women who were held at Yarl's Wood last year, only nine were removed.
Fifteen detainees had been held for between six months and a year. Four were detained for more than a year, the longest being 17 months.
"When you're there, there's no light in your life" - One former detainee's story
Mr Hardwick called for a "strict time limit" on how long anyone can be detained.
"Yarl's Wood is rightly a place of national concern. While there have been instances of unacceptable individual behaviour, most staff work hard to mitigate the worst effects of detention and women told us they appreciated this.
"These are issues that need to be addressed at a policy and strategic management level. We have raised many of the concerns in this report before.
"Decisive action is needed to ensure that women are only detained as a last resort. Other well-respected bodies have recently called for time limits on administrative detention, and the concerns we have identified provide strong support for these calls."
The Home Office has commissioned the former prisons ombudsman, Stephen Shaw, to independently review welfare in detention and he will report in the autumn.
A Home Office spokesman said: "A number of the findings in this report are extremely disappointing. Working with our partners, we want to make sure standards in the centre improve, especially regarding the provision and delivery of healthcare.
"We are committed to treating all detainees with dignity and respect. We aim to protect the health and wellbeing of those we are detaining at all times so we are pleased that this report finds that 80% of detainees surveyed said staff treated them with respect.
But Emma Ginn, of charity Medical Justice, said: "Immigration removal centres are dangerous places for many vulnerable detainees.  They should be closed on health grounds while a comprehensive and independent investigation is carried out."
And Jerome Phelps, of campaign group Detention Action, said: "It is high time for the government to step away from the routine detention of migrants, and instead to work with them to resolve their immigration cases in the community wherever possible."


More than 90 people have been killed in a suicide bomb attack at a military parade rehearsal in Yemen's capital, Sanaa, defence ministry officials say.

The bomber, who was reportedly wearing an army uniform, blew himself up among a group of soldiers at al-Sabin Square, near the presidential palace.
An al-Qaeda source told the BBC one of its members had carried out the attack.
It was the deadliest incident in the capital since Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi was elected president in February.
One of Yemen's security chiefs was sacked after the attack by a presidential decree.
Defence ministry officials say 222 people were injured in Monday's attack.
"We were in a parade, suddenly there was a huge explosion. Dozens of our men were killed. We tried to help them," Col Amin al-Alghabati told the Reuters news agency.
"The suicide bomber was dressed in a military uniform. He had a belt of explosives underneath," he added.
By Frank  GardnerBBC security correspondent
A large suicide bombing in the Yemeni capital marks a significant step-up in the country's troubles.
Recently there have been daily casualties in fighting in the mountainous southern desert and towns between government forces, backed by US military advisers, and militants linked to al-Qaeda. But Sanaa has been relatively quiet since the longstanding President Ali Abdullah Saleh stepped down reluctantly.
So this is a message, almost certainly from al-Qaeda, to the new President, Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi, that he can expect no let-up in the fight between the army and the militants.
Coupled with the attack on US advisers to Yemen's coast guard it will be a worrying development for Washington and the West, since Yemen is home to al-Qaeda's most dangerous branch, responsible for building and sending a succession of sophisticated bombs onto planes bound for the US.
Another soldier, Ahmed Sobhi, told the Associated Press news agency: "This is a real massacre. There are piles of torn body parts, limbs and heads. This is unbelievable."
Security officials said the attacker had been a soldier taking part in the drill and that he had detonated his explosives shortly before Defence Minister Nasser Ahmed and the army chief-of-staff were expected to greet the troops.
Most of the casualties were from the Central Security Organisation - a paramilitary force commanded by Yahya Saleh, a nephew of former President Ali Abdullah Saleh.
Yahya Saleh was dismissed from his post just hours after the attack.
The soldiers had been practising for a parade for National Unity Day on Tuesday, which marks the anniversary of the 1990 unification of the Marxist People's Democratic Republic of Yemen - also known as South Yemen - and the Yemen Arab Republic, known as North Yemen.
"Yemenis must stand together in the face of this deadly terrorist threat," Brig Karim Nahil said. "We will celebrate our unity tomorrow with the blood of our martyrs on our hands and faces."
An al-Qaeda statement later sent to BBC Arabic said the group had recruited a soldier for the bombing, and that it was carried out in retaliation for "crimes" committed by the Central Security Organisation.
Monday's attack comes 10 days after the military launched an offensive against Islamist militants linked to al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) in the southern province of Abyan.
Over the weekend, at least 33 militants and 19 soldiers were reportedly killed in clashes near the town of Jaar, in Abyan, which has been under control of Ansar al-Sharia - an offshoot of AQAP - since last year.
On Sunday, three civilian contractors training Yemen's coast guard were shot and wounded by unidentified gunmen as they drove through the eastern Red Sea port of Hodeida, the Pentagon said on Monday.
It said the injuries were minor.
Ansar al-Sharia has said it was behind the attack.
Ansar al-Sharia, or Partisans of Islamic Law, was founded in response to the growing youth movement in Yemen, which has marginalised Salafi jihadists who advocate the violent overthrow of the government.
In November, protesters forced President Saleh to hand over power to Mr Hadi, then his vice-president, as part of a deal brokered by the Gulf Co-operation Council.
Mr Hadi was elected president in February and immediately said one of his most important tasks was the "continuation of war against al-Qaeda as a religious and national duty".
The president has also moved to restructure the military, trying to purge it it of those closest to his predecessor.
In a separate development, Mr Saleh's General People's Congress party said he had been discharged after undergoing "routine" tests and "minor operations" at a hospital run by the Republic Guard on Sunday.
In June, Mr Saleh suffered serious wounds in a bomb attack on the presidential palace, for which he was treated in Saudi Arabia and the US.


Ipswich Town defender Paul Digby says facing the likes of Wayne Rooney and Daniel Sturridge prepared him for life in the Championship.

The 21-year-old, who is on loan from Barnsley at Portman Road, made his first start for Ipswich last Saturday's 0-0 draw at Middlesbrough.
The England Under-20 player says helping at senior training with Roy Hodgson's men has helped him.
"They needed some lads to go in and make the numbers up," he said.
"It was an unbelievable experience, so inspiring. I was up against Wayne Rooney, Daniel Sturridge, Danny Welbeck, it was an amazing experience just seeing how the best in the country do it."
Digby, who had a trial with Manchester United last summer, came up through Barnsley's youth ranks with Everton and England defender John Stones.
"I got injured a lot, but he was different class, he was unbelievable when he came into the first team and improved so much," said Digby.
"I'm not surprised he's had £40m bids in for him, he is top, top drawer."
Ipswich's chances of making the play-offs have been ended by a run of just one win in their last 10 league games, but despite that Digby says he is relishing his time at the Suffolk club.
"I love it here, the boys are class, the staff are class, I feel like I'm learning and improving every day, which as a footballer you want to do.
"The gaffer's been brilliant, he's been putting a lot of time and effort into me," he added.
"Because I've not been playing week in, week out, him and Terry Connor have been brilliant with me, pushing me extra hard in training and after training, keeping my standards high, so when I do come into a game I'm ready for it and prepared for it.
"The gaffer was such a great centre-half, I've got such a great mentor there to learn off, and I'm just trying to be like a sponge and take as much off him as I can."


A man who assaulted a security guard and fought with police while trying to get into Rangers' Ibrox Stadium has been jailed for eight months.

Stuart Robertson, 32, from Springburn, Glasgow, seized the guard and pushed him against a wall on 7 February.
When police intervened he struggled with them, shouted abuse and threats and made a sectarian remark.
At Glasgow Sheriff Court, Robertson was also banned from attending football matches for three years.
Speaking after Robertson was sentenced. Stephen Ferguson, football liaison prosecutor for the west of Scotland, said: "This kind of physical and verbal violence directed at people who are simply doing their jobs is unacceptable, whether at football matches or elsewhere.
"The Crown Office Procurator Fiscal Service takes a zero-tolerance approach to this type of behaviour and will continue to prosecute those who engage in it."


A 70-year-old man has appeared in court charged with murdering an 18-month-old boy on Teesside almost 50 years ago.

David Dearlove, 70, from Great Yarmouth, is charged with murdering toddler Paul Booth, from Haverton Hill, Stockton, in October 1968.
No plea was entered during the short hearing at Teesside Magistrates' Court, but Mr Dearlove's solicitor indicated he would deny the charge.
He was remanded in custody until a crown court hearing on 16 November.
Adam Hodge, defending, said: "I can say that the matters are denied. There will be a trial."
Mr Hodge said an application for bail would be made at a later date.
Mr Dearlove also faces a charge of neglect between January and October 1968.
Magistrates had applied a restriction on reporting the dead child's identity, but this was lifted following a challenge by the media.


A student leader charged with sedition in India has been freed from prison a day after a court granted him bail.

Kanhaiya Kumar was arrested last month after a rally against the execution of a Kashmiri separatist convicted over the 2001 India parliament attack.
The authorities allege protesters shouted anti-India slogans. Two other students remain in custody.
The arrests sparked massive protests across India, with many accusing the government of cracking down on dissent.
The government defended the arrests, saying the students supported the Kashmiri separatist movement and the break-up of India.
Why was Kanhaiya Kumar arrested?
What nationalism means to Indian 'sedition' students
On Wednesday, Mr Kumar, the president of the students' union at Delhi's prestigious Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), was ordered to be released from Tihar jail.
The Delhi high court set the six-month bail bond at 10,000 rupees (Â£105; $148). The money was deposited on Thursday.
The student leader's mother Meena Kumari described his release as a "victory".
"My son is innocent. He was framed in this case. But we have full faith in India's constitution and the bail is his first victory," she told BBC Hindi.
Mr Kumar's father, Jaishankar Singh, said his son had been charged with sedition because his "opponents had conspired against him".
"I will advise him to continue to be a good human being and remain committed to his principles," he added.
Two other students, Umar Khalid and Anirban Bhattacharya, also accused of sedition for helping organise the protest at JNU, were arrested last week.
Critics have condemned the charges against the students as an assault on freedom of expression, but government ministers have refused to back down, vowing to punish what they describe as "anti-national elements".
The 9 February rally that prompted the arrests was to mark the third anniversary of the 2013 hanging of Mohammed Afzal Guru.
Guru was one of those convicted of plotting the 2001 parliament attack - charges he always denied. The attack, which left 14 people dead, was blamed on Pakistan-based militants fighting Indian rule in Kashmir.
Indian opposition parties see the affair as an attempt by the BJP to push its Hindu nationalist agenda, correspondents say.
There have also been counter protests by those who say JNU is a hotbed of "traitors" and should be "cleaned up".
India's sedition law dates back to 1870, introduced by the British to hit back at anti-colonial movements.
Some of the country's leading independence leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, were tried under the infamous law.
The sedition law has rarely been upheld by India's courts. But anyone charged under the law cannot apply for bail immediately and so can be instantly imprisoned.
"The question of how much criticism a government can tolerate is indicative of the self-confidence of a democracy," writes Lawrence Liang in an article for The Wire.
"On that count, India presents a mixed picture where, on the one hand, we regularly see the use of sedition laws to curtail political criticism even as we find legal precedents that provide a wide ambit to political expression."


Nominations close later in the race to succeed Nigel Farage as UKIP leader.

Mr Farage, who led the party for most of the past eight years, stood down after the UK's vote to leave the EU.
Those vying to replace him include the party's immigration spokesman Steven Woolfe, councillor Lisa Duffy and MEPs Jonathan Arnott and Bill Etheridge.
Those wanting to stand need the backing of a proposer and 50 supporters from at least 10 UKIP branches. The winner will be announced on 15 September.
Nominations close at midday. The final list of candidates will be considered by the vetting committee of the party's national executive, before being announced on Tuesday, a UKIP spokesman said.
Only people who had been party members for at least five years could initially enter the contest, but this rule was later changed to set the minimum limit at two years.
Candidates must pay a Â£5,000 deposit to enter the contest, which will be refunded if they secure at least 5% of the vote.
UKIP leadership: The runners and riders
Ms Duffy, a councillor in Cambridgeshire and a little known figure in Westminster, has the backing of UKIP's former deputy chairwoman Suzanne Evans, who wanted to stand herself but was unable to, having been suspended from the party following an internal dispute.
Mr Arnott, the North East's UKIP MEP, is a former general secretary of the party who was elected to the European Parliament in 2014.
Announcing his candidacy for the leadership earlier this month, Mr Arnott said he wanted to be a "strong and credible voice for the North East".
Mr Woolfe is thought to be Mr Farage's favoured successor and is seen as the frontrunner.
The 48-year-old barrister is a rising star in the party, holding the high-profile immigration and financial affairs brief, and one of UKIP's most accomplished media performers.
Mr Etheridge, the West Midlands MEP and Dudley councillor, has said UKIP should stick by its "core principles and values" and not be "distracted by negative influences".
The 46-year old was a Conservative activist before joining UKIP in 2011.
Mr Farage stood down following the UK's vote to leave the European Union, saying his "political ambition has been achieved".
He said at the time: "I want my life back, and it begins right now."
The face of Euroscepticism in the UK for nearly two decades, Mr Farage helped turn UKIP from a fringe party into the third biggest in UK politics - in terms of votes at the 2015 general election.
He also helped persuade more than 17 million people to vote to leave the EU.
He also stood down briefly as leader in 2009, but was re-elected the following year.
He said he would quit after failing to win his seat at the 2015 general election, but stayed on after the party rejected his resignation.


A collection of essays about race and immigration in modern Britain has been voted the best book of the year.

The Good Immigrant includes contributions from 21 black, Asian and minority ethnic authors including actor Riz Ahmed and comedian Nish Kumar.
It was named winner of the Readers Choice Award at the inaugural Books Are My Bag Readers Awards, which received votes from more than 50,000 people.
The book was partially crowdfunded, with author JK Rowling donating Â£5,000.
Author Nikesh Shukla, who edited the collection, said it was "amazing" to win an award decided by readers.
"For them to respond like this is why we do it," he wrote on Twitter.
Ahmed's essay, printed in The Guardian earlier this year, told of his experiences being stopped and interrogated at airports.
The actor was seen in cinemas this year in Jason Bourne and has a role in the upcoming Rogue One: A Star Wars Story.
Other winners included Bill Bryson, whose The Road to Little Dribbling: More Notes From a Small Island won the biography and autobiography award.
The Detective Dog, by Julia Donaldson and Sara Ogilvie, received the children's prize, while Sarah Perry's The Essex Serpent won the "beautiful book" award for its eye-catching cover.
The awards were presented in London on Thursday by actress and writer Meera Syal.
Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


Arsenal have completed the signing of teenage Costa Rican forward Joel Campbell from Deportivo Saprissa.

The 19-year-old has signed a "long-term contract" to move from his homeland for an undisclosed fee.
Campbell scored for Costa Rica against Bolivia in this summer's Copa America and has six international caps.
"It is a dream come true to play for such a big club in England and I want to do well for myself and Costa Rica," Campbell said.
"I am ready, I am very happy to be here and I want to focus on doing well for Arsenal.
"I'm good in one-on-ones and I am a player who knows how to score goals. I play forward and I can play on both sides.
"Arsene Wenger is a manager of immense quality. I took this decision because I know I have a possibility to become a better player here."
Arsenal announced they were close to signing Campbell on 12 August.
Speaking at that time, Wenger said: "[He] has shown that he is a player with great ability, and has performed well on the international stage at a young age.
"We look forward to the formalities of the transfer being completed and working with Joel when he joins us at Arsenal."


The man convicted of murdering a four-year-old boy who was subjected to "incomprehensible brutality" has been found dead in jail.

Mariusz Krezolek, 36, was discovered in his cell by guards at about 08:30 GMT on 27 January at Full Sutton prison.
He was given a life sentence in 2013 after being convicted of murdering step-son Daniel Pelka in Coventry.
Daniel's mother, Magdalena Luczak, who was also found guilty of his murder, was found hanged in her cell last July.
Latest updates on this story
A Prison Service spokesman said Krezolek was found "unresponsive" in his cell, and despite efforts to revive him he was pronounced dead shortly afterwards.
"As with all deaths in custody, there will be an investigation by the independent Prisons and Probation Ombudsman," they said.
Daniel was starved and beaten for months before he died from a head injury in March 2012 at his Coventry home.
During Krezolek and Luczak's trial at Birmingham Crown Court, jurors heard the boy weighed just over a stone and a half at the time of his death.
He was denied food, poisoned with salt, locked in a small room, forced to perform punishment exercises and subjected to water torture.
The boy had been treated at hospital for a broken arm, and turned up at school with bruises and facial injuries.
A teaching assistant had said he looked like "a bag of bones", and he had been seen scavenging for food.
The medical evidence, Judge Mrs Michael Cox said, showed that Daniel's emaciation was regarded by experts as "unprecedented" in Britain.
The trial also heard that Luczak, despite knowing of Daniel's hunger, gave specific instructions to his teachers that he was not to eat any more food than his small packed lunch because of an eating disorder.
Judge Cox said Daniel's mother and step-father had acted with "incomprehensible brutality" towards him, causing the boy "severe physical and mental suffering".
Krezolek was sentenced to a minimum of 30 years in jail.
In December 2014, both he and Luczak failed in a bid to reduce their sentences, which they had claimed were "excessive".
Three judges at the Court of Appeal also dismissed Krezolek's bid to overturn his murder conviction.
A serious case review found chances to help Daniel had been missed, and "no professional tried sufficiently hard enough" to talk to him about his situation.
Dr Mohammad Pathan, a GP, was given a warning on 1 July last year for not acting adequately over concerns raised about Daniel.


Stirling missed a penalty in stoppage time as 10-man Berwick held on to win.

The hosts went ahead after 24 seconds when Blair Henderson got on the end of Michael McKenna's cross before slotting in from close range.
Stirling went close but Moses Olanrewaju's effort was superbly blocked by Johnny Fairbairn.
Brian Martin was sent off after handling in the area but Stirling were unable to equalise, with Sean Dickson missing from the spot.


Singer Dolly Parton has issued a statement denying a report that claimed she has stomach cancer.

The 69-year-old country star made the declaration following a story in the National Enquirer that she had been rushed to hospital.
"There is absolutely no truth at all that I have stomach cancer," the statement on her website said.
"It is true that I had kidney stones," she said. "I had them removed three weeks ago and I am doing just fine!"
Parton added that she was already back at work following the operation.
"I am back to work and last week I was at Dollywood filming parts for my new movie Coat of Many Colors," she wrote. "I love and appreciate everyone's concern."
Fears for Parton's health were sparked when The Eagles star Don Henley said she had overcome a "medical issue" to shoot a video with him in Los Angeles.
Speaking during an interview at the Americana Music Festival last month, the musician said Parton had "got out of the hospital bed" to join him in the video for When I Stop Dreaming.


A £15m discounted bus travel scheme for young people has been launched.

Mytravelpass, which is funded by the Welsh government, will entitle 110,000 passengers aged 16-18 to a third off bus fares anywhere in Wales.
Transport Minister Edwina Hart said it would make it easier for young people to access jobs and training opportunities.
The pass applies to local journeys and longer distance TrawsCymru routes.
The scheme is part of a Labour-Liberal Democrat deal struck in September 2014 to pass the Welsh government's budget.


Rory McIlroy remains three shots behind leader Graeme Storm after the third round of the South African Open.

Media playback is not supported on this device
England's Storm, going for his first European Tour title for 10 years, is 17 under after a 67 and has now gone 41 holes without a bogey in Johannesburg.
World number two McIlroy, who has been playing with back pain, also carded a five-under 67 that included an eagle at the par-four seventh and five birdies.
"I felt it could have been a couple better," said the Northern Irishman.
"I was in a bit of discomfort early on, but the physio patched me up and got me going.
"I drove the ball well for the most part today and gave myself plenty of chances and took quite a few of them, especially around the middle of the round."
Jordan L Smith - the number one in last season's Challenge Tour, the second tier of European golf - will complete the final group on Sunday. He is a shot behind McIlroy after a four-under 68, level with South African Jbe Kruger, who carded a 69.
Italian Edoardo Molinari equalled the course record of 63 to get to 12 under par, alongside South Africa's Dean Burmester and Jaco van Zyl, French pair Joel Stalter and  Romain Langasque, and American Peter Uihlein.


Troubled car manufacturer Lotus says it hopes the launch of its latest model will prompt a turnaround in the company's fortunes.

The Norfolk-based firm shed 240 jobs from its Hethel HQ and recorded multimillion-pound losses last year.
But it said the Evora 400, launched at the Geneva Motor Show, and the arrival of 150 new employees would bring an end to a turbulent period.
The new staff members are due to be recruited over the next four months.
CEO Jean-Marc Gales said the company's sales had increased by 60% in the current financial year and it hoped to become profitable again within two years.
"We always needed specialists but a large-scale manufacturing operation [is needed] to build this car," he said.
"It is a turnaround car for Lotus."
He said the Evora 400 was "based on the existing Evora, but over two thirds of the pieces are new".
Car industry expert Prof David Bailey told the BBC Lotus had seen "a bumpy ride" over the past few years but the firm should develop new models if it wanted to remain profitable in the long term.
"The had a crazy expansion plan under the previous chief executive [Dany Bahar] who was trying to turn Lotus into a British Ferrari... and that simply fell apart very quickly," he said.
"The new CEO has turned things around, he's cut costs dramatically and he's gone back to the core business which is making attractive lightweight cars and they are getting a lot of publicity about the Evora 400.
"They are clearly on the up."


Ten people have been arrested in Serbia for arms-trafficking, police say, after the country's largest weapons haul in 16 years.

Rocket launchers, anti-tank mines and automatic guns were among the weapons seized in northern Serbia, close to the Croatian border.
A police video shows officers arresting suspects amid piles of weapons.
Hand grenades, rifles, pistols, bullets, night-vision equipment and various explosives were also seized.
Interior Minister Nebojsa Stefanovic said the authorities would be investigating if the arms were going to be sold, and where to.
The Balkans have been a hot spot for arms-smuggling since the wars in the region in the 1990s.
Weapons originating in the Balkans were used in attacks by militants in France last year:


Calls have been made for an extension to the registration deadline for all residential landlords in Wales.

The new Rent Smart scheme requires anyone who rents out property in Wales to register or become licensed by 23 November.
But the Residential Landlords Association (RLA) said many were still unaware they need to do so.
Rent Smart Wales said landlords were given a year to register and it would not extend the deadline.
A Freedom of Information request by the RLA showed just 32,230 out of 130,000 landlords had registered by 18 October - those who do not comply can be fined.
The figures were released by Cardiff council, which is administering the scheme for the whole of Wales.
Douglas Haig, RLA director for Wales, said he was writing to Community Secretary Carl Sargeant to request a new deadline to allow time for landlords to be properly educated about what they need to do.
But Rent Smart Wales said there had been a large increase in numbers registering as the deadline approached and 46,300 out of 130,000 landlords had now registered and a further 11,400 had begun the registration process.
Mr Haig said communication had been "poor" with "very few" landlords aware of the scheme.
He said others were leaving it until the last minute because registration and licences run for five years from the date they are approved, not from 23 November.
The number of staff employed to carry out the scheme had also been "grossly underestimated", he added.
"I don't think it's asking a lot for the Welsh Government or Cardiff council to come forth with an education plan to get this information out there. That would be a sensible approach," he said.
A Rent Smart Wales spokesman said: "We have no intention of extending the deadline. However, we do recognise that, due the very high numbers of landlords visiting the website to register and apply for licenses, some are experiencing difficulties.
"The Rent Smart Wales team consists of 79 posts and the team are working hard to reduce waiting times for customers.
"Once the November 23 deadline for complying has passed, enforcement powers will be used in a sensible and proportionate manner."
RENT SMART FACTFILE:


The son of former loyalist paramilitary leader Johnny Adair has been found dead in South Ayrshire.

Police said they were called to reports of a body at a property in Templehill in Troon at 17:15 BST on Saturday.
Jonathan Adair junior, who was 32, had recently been released from prison.
Officers said they were treating the death as unexplained and a post-mortem examination would be carried out. A report will be submitted to the procurator fiscal.
Jonathan Adair's father, Johnny Adair, is a former leader of the outlawed Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF).
The family was forced to flee Northern Ireland in 2003 after a series of murders linked to a loyalist feud.
When he was 18 and still living in Northern Ireland, Jonathan Adair was shot in both legs in the loyalist lower Shankill area of west Belfast.


In the Disney Pixar animation The Incredibles, the daughter in the family of superheroes, Violet, has a particular superpower.

She can create a protective force field around herself - an impenetrable bubble. She can also make herself invisible.
Businesses trying to ward off millions of dangerous cyber-attacks in an increasingly connected world probably wish they had the same superpower.
Well, perhaps now, they do.
A cybersecurity firm called Bromium reckons its technology can protect laptop and desktop users in large organisations against malware hidden in email attachments and compromised websites.
It does this through a process called micro-virtualisation.
Every time you open a document or visit a website, Bromium creates a mini protected virtual environment for each task - like a series of Violet's bubbles.
Even if you've clicked on an email link containing a virus, there's nowhere for that malware to go because it is isolated within its bubble. It cannot infect the rest of the machine or penetrate the corporate network.
Bromium co-founder and president Ian Pratt, who sold his first company XenSource to Citrix for $500m (£398m) in 2007, says it has taken his firm six years to perfect the product.
"This is by far the hardest thing I've done by miles," he tells the BBC.
One helpful development was when the big computer chip makers, such as Intel and Arm, began producing chips that had virtualisation capability built in to them.
"We've created a billion virtual machines since we started - no bad stuff has ever escaped from one of them," says Mr Pratt.
The technology has proved popular with intelligence services and other government agencies, he says.
"The US intelligence services tend to compartmentalise data from secret sources using separate banks of computers. Now, using virtualisation, they can keep secret data separate and secure virtually on one computer," he says.
One computer can have 50 virtual machines (VMs) running at the same time without much loss in performance speed, he says, although a typical user will have five to 10 running concurrently.
It is this ability to create VMs instantly without much drain on the computer processor's resources that is one of the product's main advantages, he believes.
At the World Economic Forum's recent Davos summit, a cybersecurity roundtable discussion revealed that the biggest banks can now expect up to two billion cyber-attacks a year; retailers, a mere 200 million.
And recent research from IT consultancy Capgemini finds that only 21% of financial service organisations are "highly confident" they could detect a data breach.
Unfortunately, despite all the latest firewalls and antivirus software, it is we humans who are the weakest link in any organisation's security defences.
Despite all the warnings, we still click on email links and attachments, download software to enable us to watch that cute kitten video, and visit websites we probably shouldn't - even while at work.
Virtualisation is one defence against such attacks.
Prof Giovanni Vigna is a director of the University of California in Santa Barbara's cybersecurity centre and co-founder of malware detection company, Lastline.
He says: "Virtualisation is a very effective way of containing the effects of an attack because it isolates the bad stuff, and that's awesome," he says.
But it is not a "silver bullet", he warns.
"It won't prevent users from giving away sensitive security data in targeted spear phishing attacks," he says.
This is where staff are hoodwinked into giving away security details because hackers have collated enough personal details to make an email or document look entirely official and convincing.
This type of manipulation - called social engineering - is still "very effective", says Prof Vigna. "It's difficult to protect against human stupidity."
Bromium's Ian Pratt accepts that this is a limitation of virtualisation, but he maintains: "In 80% of cases hackers are gaining access to enterprise networks through staff clicking on dodgy links.
"Our system limits the damage that can be caused. We're trying to make these attacks far more expensive to execute."
Traditional anti-virus (AV) software works by identifying malware signatures and adding them to the huge database. Once a known signature has been detected it can then quarantine and delete the suspect program.
The problem with this approach, however, is that it's reactive and does nothing to prevent previously unknown attacks made by new forms of malware, many of which can evolve within an infected system and evade the AV software.
One cybersecurity firm trying to tackle this issue is Invincea, which describes its X product as "machine learning next-generation antivirus".
It aims to detect and stop malware without relying on signatures. It learns how suspect programs look and behave when compared to legitimate programs and other known forms of malware. And if a suspect file exceeds a risk threshold it is quarantined or deleted.
The deluxe version of Invincea's product also ensures that all links and attachments are opened in a virtual isolated environment - it's own version of Violet's bubble.
"Invincea is a major competitor to Bromium," says Prof Vigna. "The advantage is that is works on CPUs [central processing units] that don't support micro-virtualisation, so it can be used in organisations with older computers."
Microsoft has also been exploring the benefits of virtualisation. Its next major Windows 10 update will enable users to run the Edge browser within a protected virtual machine environment.
Prof Alan Woodward from the University of Surrey's computer science department thinks the tech giant could go further.
"Virtualisation is a neat idea," he says. "Lots of people are taking it very seriously. My personal suspicion is that someone like Microsoft may well try to build it into their operating system [OS] directly."
Although we have much better malware detection systems these days, we - "the squidgy bit in the chair", as Prof Woodward calls us - remain the most vulnerable point in this cybersecurity warfare.
Can we develop a version of Violet's bubble to protect us from ourselves?
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US presidential hopeful Donald Trump is to attend the official opening of the revamped Open venue - Trump Turnberry in Ayrshire.

The US billionaire bought the hotel and golf course for an undisclosed sum in 2014 and subsequently added his name.
The golf course and most rooms in the hotel have now reopened following a Â£200m refurbishment.
The presumptive Republican nominee will attend the official reopening on 24 June - one day after the EU referendum.
Mr Trump said: "Very exciting that one of the great resorts of the world, Turnberry, will be opening today after a massive Â£200m investment.
"I own it and I am very proud of it.
"I look forward to attending the official opening of this great development on 24 June."
Mr Trump is likely to be the Republican candidate in the US presidential election in November after seeing off a host of rivals in the primaries.
The outspoken billionaire has been a controversial figure during the campaign, most notably calling for a temporary ban on Muslims entering the US following the San Bernardino shootings in California.
This prompted a petition advocating a ban on Mr Trump coming to the UK, which attracted hundreds of thousands of signatures.
The size of the petition triggered a three-hour debate at a Westminster committee room, which ended without a vote being taken.
Home Secretary Theresa May can - and does - sometimes prevent people from entering the UK because of things they have said.
However, the Home Office said she does not use these powers lightly; only "if she considers their presence in the UK to be non-conducive to the public good" or if they are people who "seek to harm our society and who do not share our basic values".
Mr Trump's comments on Muslims were described as "divisive, unhelpful and quite simply wrong" by Prime Minister David Cameron, who later said he stood by those remarks but would work with whoever was elected president.
Mr Trump later moved to defuse any tension between the two by saying that he had been asked to visit Downing Street and expected to "do just fine" with Mr Cameron.
Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon called Mr Trump's comments on Muslims "offensive".
She said: "Mr Trump's views are repugnant, and they clearly do not represent the mainstream views of people across America."
His arrival in Scotland later this month is likely to be contentious with the fallout from Mr Trump's comments in the primaries still fresh in many people's memories.
Turnberry is on the rota of courses that can stage the Open Championship and Mr Trump previously said that was a factor is his decision to purchase the resort.
The Ayrshire course is Mr Trump's second in Scotland, following on from his Aberdeenshire resort at Menie, which opened in July 2012.


Duncan Taylor insists there is plenty more to come from Scotland after Saturday's historic win over Australia.

The Saracens centre scored the first of three Scottish tries as Gregor Townsend's men triumphed in Sydney for the first time.
The 24-19 win was just the visitors' third from 12 Tests on Australian soil.
"I think we're still developing, which is a good thing. There's still a load more potential for this squad," Taylor told BBC Scotland.
"I think everyone believes that and everyone believes that we're trying to create that belief that we can beat any team in the world and that's slowly building.
"The boys are working exceptionally hard to play that brand of rugby that Gregor's after and I think it's coming together quite well."
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Since succeeding Vern Cotter, head coach Townsend has guided Scotland to back-to-back victories on tour, with the Sydney success following a five-try win over Italy the previous weekend.
"It was a very special victory," Taylor, 27, added. "We deserved that win in the end. There was never a lost cause, which is pretty special. When you know you've got guys either side of you that are going to keep fighting for absolutely everything, it means a lot.
"We have a great belief in ourselves and in our team and how we're trying to play rugby."
Flanker Hamish Watson finished a fine attacking move to score the decisive try at Allianz Stadium, and says the result surpasses any he has achieved.
"I think it's the biggest victory of my career," the Edinburgh open-side, 25, said. "This, as a one-off victory, it's a big, big victory against a team that was ranked above us.
"With the sort of backs we've got nowadays with Scotland, we've got so many good backs, you can try and run those sort of gamble lines and you know that it will pay off sometimes because our backs can beat a lot defenders.
"It was a huge effort by the boys and defensively amazing in that last 15 minutes. Definitely the biggest victory of my career, I'd say.
Watson impressed during the 2016 autumn internationals, was a stand-out performer as Cotter piloted Scotland to their most successful Six Nations Championship in 11 years last term.
"It's great to carry on the momentum that Vern took forward with this squad and now Gregor's sort of carried it on," Watson added. "He's done really well to start with two wins.
"It's a great team to be involved with at the minute and great for all the fans, great for Scottish rugby.
"We are a very close group of players. That squad's been together since the start of Vern's career with Scotland so we're a very tight group and we've got that squad that looks like it could be going forward for the next few years. It's a young squad and obviously a lot of very good players in it."


British number two Aljaz Bedene lost in the first round of Wimbledon to seventh seed Richard Gasquet.

The Frenchman, a semi-finalist in 2015, won 6-3 6-4 6-3.
Bedene, ranked 56th in the world, becomes the fifth British man to fall in the opening round.
Andy Murray faces Liam Broady in an all-British match later on Tuesday, while Johanna Konta, Heather Watson, Katie Swan and Tara Moore also play for places in the second round on day two.
There are 15 British players in the singles this year, and so far two - Marcus Willis and Dan Evans - have gone through, with seven knocked out.
Gasquet took early control of the match, racing into a 4-1 lead, and despite Bedene breaking the Gasquet serve to recover to 4-3, the Frenchman claimed the opening set.
The world number 10, who was beaten by Novak Djokovic in last year's semi-final, outclassed Bedene for much of the remainder of the match with a typically stylish performance.
Gasquet's single-handed backhand is regarded as one of the best in the game and he hit 16 backhand winners on his way to victory.


World War Two evacuees who left Guernsey in 1940 are to unveil a plaque in Derbyshire marking the 70th anniversary of the island's liberation.

About 650 schoolboys from Elizabeth College lived in the county during the occupation of the Channel Islands.
Rob Champion, 85, was one of them and will give a reading at the service at Tideswell Church later.
Mr Champion said it had been tough as he had little contact with his parents but his time in Derbyshire was special.
The 85-year-old was one of about 4,000 schoolchildren who left the island following the collapse of France.
"It was quite an upheaval," he said. "[But] when you're 10 years old you don't really understand the implications... it was an exciting time actually. I have very special memories.
"It was tough but we had a happy time [in Buxton]."
Children had little contact with their parents apart from a telegram of 25 words sent with the help of the Red Cross, every few months.
Mr Champion will give the address that was made by his former headmaster in the pupils' final assembly before they made the journey to England.
17,000
people fled the island out of a population of 42,000
4,000 school children evacuated
2,000 islanders deported to Nazi internment camps
34 civilians killed when St Peter Port Harbour was bombed
8 islanders known to have died resisting the Nazi occupation
Bruce Parker, a former BBC Antiques Roadshow presenter and teacher at Elizabeth College, will also be at the service.
He said: "The government decided they couldn't defend the island so plans were hurriedly made to get the school population off the island immediately.
"The boys were lucky enough to be taken in or around Buxton and there they stayed for five years."
"[The people of Guernsey] have always been grateful for what the people of Derbyshire did for them and this weekend is a chance to express that."
The stone plaque will be unveiled at Tideswell Church, where the college held its main services from 1940-45.


St Patrick's Church has been standing on Donegall Street in Belfast since 1877.

The building withstood the Belfast Blitz during World War Two and recovered from a catastrophic fire in 1995.
But its distinctive stone cladding exterior is now struggling to hold off the ravages of weather and time.
And millions of pounds will be required to carry out restoration work, according to the church administrator.
Father Eugene O'Neill said the time has come to "refresh the fabric" of the distinctive building.
"It's a stone building and it has 140 years of Belfast soot and dirt and corrosion eating into it," he said.
In recent months, work has been completed on restoring the top end of the church spire at a cost of £1m.
The next phase of work will cost at least £2m.
"One third of the church spire was a million pounds but we had to stop when we ran out of money about one third away from the top," Fr O'Neill said.
"Now we need to raise funds to complete the tower.
"Then after that, raise more funds to complete the restoration of the fabric of the church."
That would involve replacing worn stone, windows and other parts to make sure the building is still standing in another 140 years.
Ian Whoriskey has been the sacristan at the church for the past three decades and has observed the crumbling damage to the outside facade.
"Over the years the stonework has decayed and parts of it were falling down around the side and the front of the church.
"It was dangerous - some pieces were as big as bricks.
"We had to get a steel-mesh net put up to safeguard people coming in and out of the church."
Prince Charles visited St Patrick's Church two years ago and later donated £2,000 towards the restoration works.
But much more than that will be needed, and Fr O'Neill said "alternative sources" for funding are being sought.
The church is hoping to tap into the "generosity of Catholics in the United States", he said.
"If we were to try to build that today, it would cost us probably in the region of £10m to £15m to put up," he added.
"Let's remember, it was built in 1877 with the pennies of the poor - there were no wealthy Catholics then.
"Many tens of thousands of people contributed small amounts to help build it.
"We're expecting that we're going to have to ask for funding from our parishioners and Catholics further afield so that we can restore it."
St Patrick's has been the centre of some controversy over parading in recent years.
But, that issue appears to have passed this year.
And Fr O'Neill said the church is now looking to the future and playing its part in the huge economic development taking place in the surrounding area.
"The major funder [of the nearby development] is the Ulster University, which is putting in about a third of a billion pounds into a vast new campus.
"That will effectively wrap itself around our church in glass and steel and provide a very stimulating and futuristic backdrop to our Victorian gem of a church."
He believes the church will be a "beacon of hope, civility and faith" for the student population that will soon arrive in the area.
The redevelopment is a sign that the "scars of the Troubles" in north Belfast are being "healed", according to Fr O'Neill.
It could soon become a "boom town", he added, with St Patrick's at its heart.
"St Patrick's is a very beautiful church and I think it will continue to be a haven for peace and reflection."


An IT worker got thousands of abusive tweets after he was mistaken for an Olympian who accused a rival of doping.

Mark Horton was targeted after swimmer Mack Horton, who won gold in the 400m freestyle on Saturday, said second-place Sun Yang, was a drugs cheat.
The Australian swimmer's Twitter account was bombarded with angry messages - as was the account of Mr Horton, of Watford, Hertfordshire.
"Luckily, I don't speak mandarin," he said.
"It made my weekend rather interesting."
The Olympic gold medallist also accused Yang, of China, of deliberately splashing him in a training session, saying: "I ignored him, I don't have time or respect for drug cheats."
In an interview after his win, Horton defended his comments, saying: "I used the words drug cheat because he tested positive.
"I just have a problem with athletes who have tested positive and are still competing."
He received a barrage of messages from Sun Yang fans, some of whom mistakenly typed "mark" instead of "mack".
Tweets to Mr Horton that can be repeated, include: "YOU SHOULD APOLOGISE TO SUN YANG YOU SHOULD LEARN TO RESPECT OTHERS!!!" and  "Not only a liar and a loser in life but a coward who doesn't have the guts to admit what he say" [sic].
Mr Horton, who has not watched any of the Olympic swimming, tried to halt the messages on Sunday when he tweeted at the swimmer "@_mackhortn mate, just apologise! I'm getting abuse for something you said. #SunYang".
He also said: "For the record, I'm not the Australian swimmer who said something about a Chinese swimmer #sunyang".
Nevertheless, he received 1,000 mentions by other Twitter users on Sunday night alone, some of which were messages of sympathy and interview requests from British and Australian media.
He has since turned his notifications off.
"Back to the day job," he commented earlier.
Chinese swimming officials have demanded an apology over Horton's comments.
Sun served a three-month suspension in 2014 for testing positive for a banned substance but was cleared to compete.


Arthur Woodburn rose from being a despised World War One conscientious objector to become Secretary of State for Scotland.

Not many people have made such a leap, but he had the satisfaction of moving up from a tiny, freezing-cold prison cell to the most coveted office in Scotland.
His old prison, Calton Jail in Edinburgh, was razed almost to the ground - and one of Scotland's swankiest 1930s buildings took shape above - St Andrew's House on Calton Hill.
Woodburn's new office when he arrived in 1947 as Labour Secretary of State for Scotland was a walnut-panelled art-deco marvel to die for. But it didn't begin like that.
Arthur Woodburn was born in Edinburgh in 1890, the youngest of eight children.
He did not begin World War One as an objector but his job as a clerk at the London Road foundry showed him how the arms trade worked at that time.
He was appalled that firms were profiting from misery, making huge fortunes while men were fighting at the front losing their lives.
It began to turn Woodburn's views and, anyway, he had his elderly mother to look after and a kidney condition that affected his fitness.
Arthur did not go to war when it began but, in 1916, the war came for Arthur.
The Military Service Act of January 1916 called up all single men between the ages of 18 and 41 unless they were given an exemption by local military tribunals.
Woodburn was 25 and had an easy way out, he was in an exempt occupation that helped the war effort.
But this was too easy for a man with such a strict conscience.
How could he ask others to risk imprisonment for refusing conscription when he had a get-out-of-jail free card?
Woodburn told the authorities in writing that he would resist conscription.
He was now a marked man.
There were four categories for exemption - obvious ones for ill health, hardship and essential war work, and then the most controversial one: "conscientious objection to the undertaking of combatant service".
This last category was really for people who had strong religious objections and it did not cover political objection.
Though Woodburn was religious, his anti-war views were deeply rooted in his Independent Labour Party politics, so his chances of escaping call-up were slim.
Those slim chances vanished when a Zeppelin bombed Edinburgh the day before his final appeal.
Soon Arthur was on the path to Calton Jail, which in his case went via Glencorse Barracks, Wormwood Scrubs and even a short stay in the Tower of London before being sent back to Scotland.
Then, as now, trains pulling into Edinburgh Waverley from the east arrived under an impressive set of walls, jutting out of Calton Hill.
They are not there to hold the rocks back or to make it look picturesque for the tourists.
They were built to stop criminals escaping.
A century ago, you would have seen towering above them, not St Andrews House, but the jail Woodburn described as '"the poorhouse of all prisons with the cold chill of a grim fortress".
It was famously cold.
The food was revolting.
According to another conscientious objector it consisted "almost entirely of porridge and sour milk and soup and bread".
"On one day only, Friday, when potatoes are given, can it be called solid food," they said.
And if you were lucky enough to have a hot day in summer, the stench was almost unbearable.
On top of this came the rule of silence.
Prisoners were not allowed to talk to other prisoners.
Then there was hard labour.
In Calton Jail, men endlessly knotted mats until their fingers went into spasms.
The only compensation for Arthur was to be close to family.
He worked out a kind of semaphore system with his wife-to-be, so she could wave at him from Calton Hill and he could signal back that he was all right.
According to Robert Duncan, in his new book Objectors and Resisters, Arthur Woodburn was Scotland's longest serving conscientious objector, from April 1916 to April 1919.
When many others decided to give in and take alternative war work, Woodburn refused.
Finally when the government was slow to release him, he went on hunger strike.
It was a brave stand for his principles.
According to his great nephew Ken Duffy, Woodburn did not forget those principles as he rose up the political hierarchy, but he did change his mind by World War Two about how to apply them.
He decided that only governments, not individuals, would end war.
He hoped they would do that by coming together at last to form a world government.
But he never forgot that his new HQ as Scottish secretary was built on his old jail.
In fact he bought some of the old paving stones from the prison to lay a garden path at his house, a reminder that his path to power was not Old Labour or New Labour but hard labour.
Not many Secretaries of State could say that.
Source: BBC History
The World War One Centenary


A motorist was seriously injured in a crash involving a lorry and two cars.

The lorry then crashed into a house in Bolney Road, Ansty, West Sussex. The cottage's occupants were unhurt, but the building has structural damage.
A 72-year-old man who was driving a VW sustained serious injuries. The other drivers were also taken to hospital.
The A272 Bolney Road was closed at the junction with Bishops Lane and Pickwell Lane until the early hours, following the crash on Saturday afternoon.
Ricky, the owner of the property - who did not want to give his full name - told the BBC he had only just finished renovating the house.
"We started in September and finished it on Saturday morning, and now we've got to start all over again.
"The downstairs is wrecked and the front top room is also damaged."
He said his wife's grandparents, who are in their 90s, were in the property at the time and were very "shaken up".
"Luckily they managed to get out... a few cuts and bruises but otherwise OK," he said.


Top Gear executive producer Andy Wilman has said he is not quitting the show.

A leaked email from Wilman to staff of the show had seemed to suggest he was resigning, but he said it was a private "note of thanks" marking the an end of an era.
Wilman, an old school friend of former presenter Jeremy Clarkson, helped relaunch the show with him in 2002.
Clarkson was dropped by the BBC earlier this month following a "fracas" with a Top Gear producer.
Wilman has issued a statement about the email, saying: "The email I wrote yesterday was not a resignation statement, and nor was it meant for public consumption".
A spokeswoman for the BBC said his email "was intended as a heartfelt message to people who had worked with him and Jeremy, to recognise the fact that with Jeremy leaving it was the end of an era".
"It was not a farewell but a thank you to people who have been important to the show over the last 12 years. It was bringing down the curtain on the Clarkson era, not announcing his own departure," she added.
In the leaked email Wilman started with: "Well, at least we left 'em wanting more.
"And that alone, when you think about it, is quite an achievement for a show that started 13 years ago."
As well as thanking staff, he assured them that the show will continue.
"For those of you who still rely on it for work, don't worry, because the BBC will make sure the show continues.
"Our stint as guardians of Top Gear was a good one, but we were only part of the show's history, not the whole of it. Those two words are bigger than us."
BBC director general Tony Hall announced on 25 March that the corporation would not be renewing Clarkson's contract.
Andy Wilman's statement in full
"The email I wrote yesterday was not a resignation statement, and nor was it meant for public consumption.
"It was a private note of thanks to 113 people who have worked on the show over the years, but clearly one of those 113 is a bit of a tit, because they shared it with a website.
"I don't get this modern obsession with sharing, linking, forwarding, retweeting; whatever happened to a private moment?
"And if I were to resign, I wouldn't do it publicly, I'd do it old school by handing in my, er, notice, to someone upstairs in HR.
"I work behind the camera and I wouldn't presume for one moment to think people are interested in what I do. Now, everyone back to work."
Clarkson was suspended on 10 March, following what was called a "fracas" with Top Gear producer Oisin Tymon.
The row, which took place in a Yorkshire hotel, was said to have occurred because no hot food was provided following a day's filming.
An internal inquiry found that Mr Tymon took himself to hospital after he was subject to an "unprovoked physical and verbal attack" by Clarkson.
In his statement about dropping Clarkson, the director general admitted that looking to renew Top Gear for 2016 was "a big challenge and there is no point in pretending otherwise".
He has asked Kim Shillinglaw, controller of BBC Two and BBC Four, to look at how to do this and to look at how they can broadcast the last programmes in the current series.
There is no news yet as to whether fellow presenters James May and Richard Hammond will return to the show.


BBC Sport's football expert Mark Lawrenson is pitting his wits against a different guest each week this season.

This week he takes on twin brothers Aaron & Bryce Dessner from US rock band The National.
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The Dessners hail from Cincinnati but have always been football fans, with Bryce telling BBC Sport: "We grew up playing soccer and we we were really into it as kids. We were captains of our high school teams.
Aaron added: "We were decent by American standards, which means not very good at all. But we have always followed the Premier League.
"My wife is Danish and her family are long-time Liverpool supporters so I am a Liverpool fan by default. But like a lot of Americans we follow the teams that have American players, so we love Tim Howard at Everton for example."
A correct result is worth ONE point. A correct score earns THREE points.
Last week, Lawro got four results right, with one perfect score. His score of six gave him victory over actor and comedian David Schneider, who got two correct results, with no exact scores.
We're keeping a record of the total scores for Lawro and his guests (below), and showing a table of how the Premier League would look if all of Lawro's predictions were correct (also at the bottom of the page).
All kick-offs at 15:00 GMT unless otherwise stated.
Lawro's prediction: 1-1
The National's prediction: 1-2
Lawro's prediction: 2-0
The National's prediction: 1-0
Lawro's prediction: 2-1
The National's prediction: 0-1
Lawro's prediction: 2-1
The National's prediction: 0-0
Lawro's prediction: 2-1
The National's prediction: 1-0
Lawro's prediction: 2-0
The National's prediction: 0-1
Lawro's prediction: 1-1
The National's prediction: 0-2
Lawro's prediction: 2-0
The National's prediction: 0-0
Lawro's prediction: 0-2
The National's prediction: 0-3
Lawro's prediction: 1-1
The National's prediction: 0-0
Lawro was speaking to BBC Sport's Chris Bevan.
Lawro's best score: 13 points (week seven v David Schneider)
Lawro's worst score: 4 points (week two v Sam Tomkins)


Police are looking into whether the death of a 14-year-old boy in Fife was linked to prescription drugs circulating at local schools, it is understood.

Liam McAlpine was found at home in Glenrothes on Sunday.
It is thought he took his own life.
Earlier this week, parents were warned prescription tablets, which could cause "serious side effects" and have "life-changing consequences", were circulating at Glenrothes high schools.
Liam's family said: "We as a family are devastated by the loss of our beloved son, grandson, nephew and brother Liam McAlpine.
"We wish to be left in private to mourn."
Liam passed away at his home in Elgin Drive, Glenrothes. Inquiries are still ongoing to establish the full circumstances of his death.
A report has been sent to the procurator fiscal.
Avril McNeill, headteacher of Glenrothes High School, said: "We are all deeply saddened by the news of Liam's death and our thoughts are with his family at this difficult time.
"Liam was a cheerful, pleasant and likeable pupil with an excellent attendance record at school.
"He will be missed within our school community. Our guidance teachers, psychological and community chaplaincy teams are on hand to offer support to any pupils or staff who may need it."
Det Insp June Peebles, of Police Scotland, said: "Liam's death is a tragedy and our thoughts are with his family, friends and classmates at this very difficult time.
"We are continuing our inquiries into Liam's death.
"We would ask anyone with information to contact Police Scotland."
On Monday, a letter was sent to all secondary school pupils in the Glenrothes area.
It said: "We have been made aware that prescription tablets are in circulation amongst secondary school-aged children in the Glenrothes area.
"The tablets that we know of are Citalopram, Fexofanadine and Bedranol.
"While there does not appear to be any issues with the composition of these medications, if consumed they can cause serious side effects and may have life-changing consequences.
"It is never safe to take someone else's medicine. If you suspect that your child may have taken any of these you should seek immediate medical attention for your child."


Fidget spinners that can puncture the skin have been discovered for sale in the UK by a BBC Watchdog investigation.

Safety fears have been raised about the spinners - a craze that has fascinated children and frustrated parents - with others found to fail safety tests.
Some in the shape of a "shuriken", an offensive weapon in the UK, were found to be on sale on eBay.
Tests found they could damage eyes and puncture skin. The auction site said they would be removed from sale.
The spinners, originally designed to help children with conditions such as autism deal with stress, have become a playground craze.
The Watchdog team bought three fidget spinners - marketed as toys for children - from eBay.
They had the appearance of a "death star" or "shuriken". The items were put through testing by blades expert Professor Sarah Hainsworth. She tested the spinners by stabbing into a tomato, used as a substitute for an eye, and pork skin, used as a substitute for human skin.
All three spinners had the ability to puncture the tomato, and two out of three were able to puncture the pork skin.
A spokesman for eBay said: "These items are absolutely not permitted and will be immediately removed. We'd like to thank the programme for bringing these items to our attention."
BBC Watchdog also bought five fidget spinners from local shops. A toy safety expert concluded that none of them should have been sold as they did not pass essential toy safety tests.
Concerned parents have also recounted evidence of poor quality spinners, including one who found a large shard of metal protruding from the toy.
Advice from Trading Standards for anyone buying spinners and other toys includes:
You can watch the full story on BBC One at 20:00 BST on Wednesday 2 August, and later on the BBC iPlayer


A bronze statue to honour English aviator Amy Johnson has been unveiled close to where she was last seen alive.

Ms Johnson was the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia in 1930.
She died when her plane crashed into the Thames Estuary near Herne Bay in January 1941. Searches failed to find her body or the aircraft after she ditched off the Kent coast.
The statue of the pilot, commemorating her at the age of 37, has gone on display on Herne Bay's seafront.
Paul Courtenay, who was Amy Johnson's godson, said: "To be here today to see this wonderful statue unveiled is marvellous. I'm very glad to have been able to come."
Amy Johnson took off alone from Blackpool Airport to deliver an RAF aircraft to Kidlington airbase in Oxfordshire for the Air Transport Auxiliary.
The flight should have taken 90 minutes but, for reasons unknown, her plane ditched in the Thames Estuary four and a half hours after take-off.
Ms Johnson was 100 miles off course and 12 miles off the coast of Herne Bay.
People on boats in the area at the time saw the crash, but were unable to rescue her.
The Herne Bay statue was created by Ramsgate artist Stephen Melton and funded by local people and businesses.
A second bronze statue has been cast for her home city of Hull.
In January, Tracey Curtis-Taylor completed the 14,600-nautical mile flight from the UK to Australia in a vintage open cockpit bi-plane.
She retraced pioneer Amy Johnson's 1930 flight, flying over 23 countries and making some 50 refuelling stops.
Amy Johnson was the first woman in the UK to become an Air Ministry qualified ground engineer in 1929.
She became the first woman to fly solo to Australia, landing in Darwin on 24 May 1930 after 19 and a half days.
In 1931 she became the first pilot to fly from London to Moscow in one day.
In 1932 she flew solo from London to Cape Town in South Africa, breaking her husband's previous record by 11 hours, in .
In 1936 she regained her London to Cape Town record. This was her last long-distance flight.


Patients' confidential files were stored on top of cabinets on a hospital corridor within sight of outpatients and visitors, an inspection found.

Healthcare Inspectorate Wales said bulky files had been too big to be filed in a trolley on the gynaecology ward at Glan Clwyd Hospital in Bodelwyddan, Denbighshire.
Hospital bosses have given assurances that action has been taken since the unannounced visit.


Hull City manager Steve Bruce described his confrontation with Sunderland boss Gus Poyet during their sides' 1-1 draw as "grown men acting like children".

Bruce had to be restrained as the pair squared up moments after Poyet was sent off for reacting badly to midfielder Jack Rodwell's yellow card.
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Bruce blamed the incident on the "heat of the moment" while Poyet said: "What happens on the pitch stays there."
Dame N'Doye gave Hull a first-half lead before Rodwell equalised on 77 minutes.
Rodwell was booked for simulation with his side trailing 1-0 at the KC Stadium, prompting Poyet's furious reaction.
"I was sent off for kicking the bucket," he told BBC Sport.
"I know it doesn't look good, but it's nothing to worry about. I prefer that than saying something I would regret."
After Poyet was sent to the stand by referee Mike Dean, the Uruguayan walked across to confront Bruce.
The pair exchanged words before Bruce had to be restrained by an assistant referee and members of his coaching staff.
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"I don't know what I was supposed to have done," said Bruce. "He obviously feels aggrieved about something."
Bruce added he would let Poyet explain why he reacted the way he did, but insisted Rodwell had dived.
"The ref has seen it," said Bruce. "From Gus's reaction, it looks as though he didn't agree."
Rodwell's header kept Sunderland in 16th place in the Premier League on 26 points, four above the relegation zone.
Hull have 27 points and are 15th in the table with 10 games to play.
Poyet was also asked about Adam Johnson after the game.
The Sunderland winger was arrested on Monday on suspicion of having sexual activity with a 15-year-old girl and subsequently suspended by the club "pending the outcome of a police investigation".
Durham Police said Johnson, 27, was questioned at a station close to his County Durham home and later bailed.
Poyet said: "The only thing I can tell you is that it was a very difficult day yesterday. Very difficult day. I never had one like that, very difficult."


More than 500 speeding drivers have been caught by new cameras on the M4 in just five days.

Four average 50mph enforcement cameras were installed in October on a two-mile stretch at Port Talbot and they went live on Monday.
But around 125-a-day have been caught in less than a week.
The cameras are the first to go into operation on a Welsh section of the M4, and during a pilot before Christmas around 700 drivers a day were caught.
However, Wales Road Casualty Reduction Partnership GoSafe welcomed the reduction in drivers caught compared with the trial period.
Partnership manager Chris Hume said: "There is a clear indication that there has been a decrease in the numbers of people exceeding the limit.
"Excessive and inappropriate speed remains a factor in collisions and associated fatalities and serious injuries on our roads in Wales.
"Our main priority is to continue to educate motorists about the effect of inappropriate speed with enforcement being the last resort after engineering solutions are considered."


Southampton have signed Norwich City winger Nathan Redmond for undisclosed fee believed to be worth £10m.

Redmond, an England Under-21 international, has agreed a five-year contract with the Saints.
Norwich, who were relegated from the Premier League in May, signed the 22-year-old from Birmingham City for £3.2m in July 2013.
"They like to play attacking football and it's a style I feel I can really fit in well with," Redmond said.
"When Southampton said they were interested, it felt like the right move for me. I can develop my game here."
Birmingham-born Redmond made 122 appearances and scored 13 goals during his three-year spell with Norwich.
Redmond has played at every youth level for England, playing alongside Saints trio James Ward-Prowse, Jack Stephens and Matt Targett for England Under-21s at the Toulon Tournament earlier this summer.
Southampton are without a manager following Dutchman Ronald Koeman's departure to Everton.


The crew of a yacht have been rescued by lifeboat volunteers after they came down with food poisoning while sailing off the Cumbrian coast.

A lifeboat from Barrow was scrambled when the three-person crew issued a mayday on Friday as they sailed west of the Duddon Estuary.
The yacht's crew were transferred to the lifeboat and the vessel was towed to Barrow.
None of the yacht crew were seriously ill, the RNLI said.


Hackers used internet-connected home devices, such as CCTV cameras and printers, to attack popular websites on Friday, security analysts say.

Twitter, Spotify, and Reddit were among the sites taken offline on Friday.
Each uses a company called Dyn, which was the target of the attack, to direct users to its website.
Security analysts now believe the attack used the "internet of things" - web-connected home devices - to launch the assault.
Dyn is a DNS service - an internet "phone book" which directs users to the internet address where the website is stored. Such services are a crucial part of web infrastructure.
On Friday, it came under attack - a distributed denial of service (DDoS) - which relies on thousands of machines sending co-ordinated messages to overwhelm the service.
The "global event" involved "tens of millions" of internet addresses.
Security firm Flashpoint said it had confirmed that the attack used "botnets" infected with the "Mirai" malware.
Many of the devices involved come from Chinese manufacturers, with easy-to-guess usernames and passwords that cannot be changed by the user - a vulnerability which the malware exploits.
"Mirai scours the Web for IoT (Internet of Things) devices protected by little more than factory-default usernames and passwords," explained cybersecurity expert Brian Krebs, "and then enlists the devices in attacks that hurl junk traffic at an online target until it can no longer accommodate legitimate visitors or users."
The owner of the device would generally have no way of knowing that it had been compromised to use in an attack, he wrote.
Mr Krebs is intimately familiar with this type of incident, after his website was targeted by a similar assault in September, in one of the biggest web attacks ever seen.
It has emerged that the BBC's website was also briefly caught up in Friday's attack. The BBC is not a customer of Dyn itself, but it does use third-party services that rely on the domain name system hosting facilities provided by Dyn.
I understand that these include Amazon Web Services - the retail giant's cloud computing division - and Fastly - a San Francisco-based firm that helps optimise page download times.
Both companies have acknowledged being disrupted by the DDoS assault. Only some BBC users, in certain locations, would have experienced problems and they did not last long.
But there are reports that other leading media providers also experienced similar disruption.
It serves as a reminder that despite the internet being a hugely robust communications system, there are still some pinch points that mean a targeted attack can cause widespread damage.
The incidents mark a change in tactics for online attackers.
DDoS attacks are typically aimed at a single website. Friday's attack on Dyn, which acts as a directory service for huge numbers of firms, affected several of the world's most popular websites at once.
The use of internet-connected home devices to send the attacking messages is also a relatively new phenomenon, but may become more common.
The Mirai software used in these attacks was released publicly in September - which means anyone with the skill could build their own attacking botnet.
On social media, many researchers and analysts expressed frustration with the security gap being exploited by attackers.
"Today we answered the question 'what would happen if we connected a vast number of cheap, crummy embedded devices to broadband networks?'" wrote Matthew Green, an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Information Security Institute.
Jeff Jarmoc, head of security for global business service Salesforce, pointed out that internet infrastructure is supposed to be more robust.
"In a relatively short time we've taken a system built to resist destruction by nuclear weapons and made it vulnerable to toasters," he tweeted.


David Somerset, the 11th Duke of Beaufort, has died at the age of 89.

Badminton House said in a statement he died peacefully at his home on the Gloucestershire estate on Wednesday.
He leaves a widow Miranda and four children Harry, Anne, Edward and John and is succeeded by his eldest son Harry, The Marquess of Worcester.
The Duke was the president of the Badminton Horse Trials which is held on the family estate every year in early May.


The BBC will broadcast 32 live men's and women's British Basketball League games in 2016-17.

Matches will be on the BBC Red Button and BBC Sport website, and will include the British Basketball Cup finals, Trophy finals and Play-Off finals.
The BBL gets under way in September and the WBBL starts in October.
"We are excited about the opportunity that basketball affords as a sport with a digitally savvy audience," said Barbara Slater, director of BBC Sport.
There will be eight WBBL matches shown as part of the package, including the women's major finals, along with 24 men's games.
Sheffield Sharks won the 2016 Play-Off final with an 84-77 victory over Leicester Riders in May.
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Key dates:


The disappearance of a woman more than a year ago is now being treated by police as murder.

Victoria Cherry, 44, of Fulwood, Lancashire, has not been seen since October 2015.
A 43-year-old man has been arrested on suspicion of murder following the search of a property in Toronto Street, Bolton, said Greater Manchester Police.
A spokesman said the investigation was being treated as a "non-body murder" and appealed for information.
Det Ch Insp Terry Crompton said: "The focus of our investigation has now changed and we remain keen to speak to anyone who may have any information about what has happened to Victoria.
"I am urging anyone who has any knowledge of Victoria's movements since her disappearance, or any information - no matter how insignificant you feel it may be - to please get in touch."


Former US senator and Rhode Island governor Lincoln Chafee will seek the nomination of the Democratic party to run for US president in 2016.

"We must deliberately and carefully extricate ourselves from expensive wars," Mr Chafee said on Wednesday.
Mr Chafee has served as a Republican and an Independent but has never before run for office as a Democrat.
Analysts say he will aggressively attack presumptive front-runner Hillary Clinton on her foreign policy record.
In his announcement speech, he called for the US to move to the metric system and end capital punishment. He also advocated an "open-minded approach" to drug trafficking.
But his priority would be to end all US wars.
"Let's wage peace in this new American century," he said.
Mr Chafee joins Mrs Clinton, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders and former Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley in the Democratic primary race.
There are candidates who have a challenging road to their party's presidential nomination. There are candidates who have near insurmountable objects blocking their path to the prize - usually money and campaign organisation.
And then there's Lincoln Chafee.
The Rhode Island Republican-turned-independent-turned-Democrat raised eyebrows in April when he hinted, with little apparent warning or visible preparation, that he was considering a Quixotic bid for the Democratic nomination.
But here he is, announcing that he will be the third candidate to challenge prohibitive favourite Hillary Clinton for the party's presidential nod.
It's difficult to imagine a winning path for the second-generation US senator, whose biggest headline on the day he entered the race was that he had lost the login information for the  Facebook page he maintained while running for governor.
Politico's Ben White gave it a try, however, tweeting his suggested campaign slogan: "Chafee 2016: Because all the other candidates might die."
Mr Chafee has so far been the Democrat most willing to directly criticise Ms Clinton, particularly over her Senate vote in favour of the Iraq War.
"I don't think anybody should be president of the United States that made that mistake," Mr Chafee told the Washington Post in April.
Mr Chafee's rivals have already built robust campaign operations with staff across the country, a step he has yet to take.
Before splitting with the Republicans he had consistently been called the party's most liberal lawmaker.
In 2002 he was the only Republican member of the Senate to vote against authorising the invasion of Iraq.


A long-serving former Aberdeen City Council leader has announced he is stepping down from the local authority after 35 years as a councillor.

Len Ironside, the Labour councillor for Kingswells, Sheddocksley and Summerhill, led the council for four years, from 1999 to 2003, and spent 10 years as group leader.
He will stand down at next year's council elections.
Mr Ironside said it was time for someone new.
He told BBC Scotland: "It's been a huge part of my life and I have enjoyed it, even the difficult bits - it's been a battle sometimes.
"I respect what the public say and I think I have done my best to serve the public of Aberdeen.
"But now it's time to move on and some new people to take on the challenge."


Broken machines litter the labour ward at Kenyatta hospital in Nairobi.

Nurses struggle to open oxygen valves with their fingernails because the buttons and valves are all broken on the baby incubator.
The hospital's last functioning examination light is slumped nearby.
This lack of basic equipment could explain why Kenya is struggling to reduce maternal mortality rates.
The UN estimates 7,000 Kenyan women die each year when giving birth, many due to bleeding.
Yet many of these deaths could be avoided by a simple measure - shining a bright light so the doctor can look for tiny tears in the uterus or cervix.
But in the country's hospitals many imported lamps are gathering dust because they are just too expensive to repair or replace.
Medical staff are forced to improvise by using their mobile phones as guiding lights.
Likewise, newborns perish because there are not enough incubators or other life-saving equipment.
The struggle for life in the equipment-graveyard has inspired a lab of "super-geeks" to team up with the University of Nairobi healthcare workers to find innovative, high-quality and low-cost solutions.
Globally, a network of innovators are making low-cost designs in simple fabrication labs which have become known as FabLabs.
Last year, the Irish charity Concern Worldwide started a pilot project for maternal, newborn and child health, which started bringing Kenyatta hospital staff and budding bioengineers together to design new machines.
They are already testing a new suction machine, and are working on prototype incubators, examination lights, and vacuum delivery and phototherapy machines.
The aim is to make machines for around £40 ($60), that run on LED lights and battery or solar power.
The hope is they will save lives for years to come.
Edwin Mbugua, the charity's innovations manager, said: "We believe that this project will catalyse a lot of local manufacture of medical devices and this will translate to increased availability of very high-quality, low-cost devices that will continue to improve children's lives.
"No mother or child should die during the process of birth."
Dr Richard Ayah, who lectures in public health at the University of Nairobi, says such work is vital to cut the shockingly high maternal mortality rate.
"The highest is Mandera, at over 2,000 [deaths] per 100,000 births. Now at that level it means that women shouldn't even come to the health facility, it's that bad. It's like being in a war zone."
Some say a 2013 government policy to make maternity care free for all has only made things worse.
"There was no earlier preparatory work to make sure we had enough equipment, enough staffing, it was just a declaration," says Dr John Ong'ech, Kenyatta Hospital's head of reproductive health.
He added: "It has stretched whatever already existed."
The number of births at Kenyatta-East and Central Africa's largest referral hospital has increased from 10,000 to 15,000 per year and the number of premature babies treated there has doubled.
Around 2,000 babies, some weighing as little as 400g (under 1lb), are seen in the newborns' ward each month.
With so many babies, there are never enough machines to go round.
The hope is innovation will provide the solution.


Women aged 50 and older are being warned of the dangers of skipping smear tests.

A Cancer Research UK study reveals women who fail to attend for the screening after their 50th birthday are six times more likely to end up with cervical cancer.
The findings in PLoS Medicine serve as a reminder that screening saves lives, says the charity.
In most of the UK, women aged 25 to 64 are invited for screening.
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, women between 25 and 49 are offered three-yearly checks and thereafter five-yearly screening until they turn 65.
In Scotland, women between 20 and 60 years are invited for screening every three years. Scotland will also extend screening for women up to the age of 64 from 2015.
The study looked at data from more than a thousand women aged over 65 and diagnosed with cervical cancer and 2,646 women without the disease.
The results suggest that cervical screening in women aged 50-64 has a substantial impact on cervical cancer rates not only at this age, but for many years after - into a woman's eighth decade.
Jessica Kirby, Cancer Research UK's senior health information manager, said: "These results provide reassurance that there is a real benefit to women over 50 having cervical cancer screening.
"Screening can pick up abnormal cells in the cervix that could develop into cervical cancer if left alone - removing these cells prevents cancer from developing. Screening is a great way of reducing the risk of cervical cancer, and saves up to 5,000 lives a year in the UK. We encourage women to take up cervical screening when invited."
The number of eligible women aged 50-64 who have attended their cervical screening appointments has dropped in the last decade -  from 81% in 2003 to 77.5% in 2013.
There has also been a steady decline in attendance by younger women over the same timescale.
In 2012-13, 3.32 million women aged 25 to 64 years were tested, a fall of 6.8% from 2011-12 when 3.56 million were tested.
Prof Julietta Patnick, director of the NHS Cancer Screening Programmes, said: "Unlike many cancers, cervical cancer is a largely preventable disease.
"Where a cervical cancer is found through screening, it is usually at a very early stage where treatment has a greater chance of success.
"It is essential that women are aware of this when deciding whether or not to be screened."


Early Bronze Age remains from a burial site in Dartmoor National Park will be X-rayed at Salisbury District Hospital.

The items were found in a burial cist, a stone chest containing the ashes and belongings of a dead person.
Senior conservator, Helen Williams, said: "We have a real opportunity to research these finds and potentially discover more about the individual buried there."
The items, which include a woven bag, will be scanned at the spinal unit.
The burial cist was excavated from Whitehorse Hill in August 2011.
Archaeologists found cremated human bone, burnt textile, and a delicate woven bag inside.
The bag contained shale disc beads, amber spherical beads and a circular textile band.
Senior archaeologist for Dartmoor National Park Authority and Whitehorse Hill project manager, Jane Marchand, said: "This is a most unusual and fascinating glimpse into what an early Bronze Age grave goods assemblage on Dartmoor might have looked like as it was buried, including the personal possessions of people living on the Moor around 4,000 years ago."
Once the X-ray work is complete, further analysis will be made of the peat surrounding the cist.
Archaeologists believe this will give an insight into evidence of the vegetation and climate at the time of the burial.
Wiltshire Conservation Service will also be on hand to consult with the archaeology team on the x-ray results.


Cornwall's air ambulance charity is seeking landing sites across the county that are suitable for dealing with night-time emergencies.

The county will have two aircraft from December that can fly after dark.
The charity is asking people and communities with potential sites to consider offering them.
Staff and pilots said approved sites would allow quicker pre-flight planning after a call-out and speed up response times.
There are currently about 40 designated community daytime landing places in Cornwall.
Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) restrictions affect where the aircraft can take off and land during the hours of darkness.
One place that has stepped forward to volunteer for night landings is Helston Cricket Club.
Bar manager Terry Rustell said: "It's open, there are no trees, no overhead cables, and there's easy access to the main road.
"In the summer, roads are so chocka, but the air ambulance can get through. It saves time, it saves lives."
Pilot David Burgess, from new aircraft operator Specialist Aviation Services, said: "Accidents and incidents are no respecter of daylight hours.
"We can find landing sites ad-hoc but we need a fair amount of pre-flight planning and map study.
"If we've got a number of sites available - we know the area, the obstacles - we can get to scenes much more expeditiously."
Charity chief executive Paula Martin said: "If we can shorten flight planning by having pre-prepared sites, then that can speed up the responses."
However, new air ambulances in Cornwall and Devon will not be able to make night-time landings at the counties' major trauma centre, Derriford Hospital in Plymouth, because its helipad does not meet air safety standards for landing at night.