Hillary Clinton has called Donald Trump a "creep" in her new book, saying he made her "skin crawl" at a debate during their presidential campaigns.

She says he made her feel "incredibly uncomfortable" and was breathing down her neck, while pacing behind her.
Politico magazine called the exchange "the ugliest debate ever seen".
Both candidates traded insults during the bitter 2016 campaign, and Mr Trump still uses the nickname "Crooked Hillary".
Reading an extract from her forthcoming title What Happened on news network MSNBC on Wednesday, Mrs Clinton said she did not know how to react as the pair took to the stage for their second debate last October.
"Do you stay calm, keep smiling, and carry on as if he weren't repeatedly invading your space? Or do you turn, look him in the eye and say loudly and clearly: 'Back up you creep, get away from me. I know you love to intimidate women, but you can't intimidate me, so back up.'"
The debate took place just days after a 2005 recording was publicised, in which Mr Trump bragged of grabbing women by their genitals and getting away with it because of his status.
After an uproar, he apologised and dismissed the conversation as "locker-room talk".
In her forthcoming book, Mrs Clinton says this made her feel even more uncomfortable on the night.
"This is not OK, I thought," she writes. "It was the second presidential debate and Donald Trump was looming behind me. Two days before, the world heard him brag about groping women.
"Now we were on a small stage and no matter where I walked, he followed me closely, staring at me, making faces."
She says she chose to respond by gripping her microphone tightly, but she sometimes wonders if she should have told him to back off. "It certainly would have been better TV," she says.
"I kept my cool, aided by a lifetime of dealing with difficult men trying to throw me off [...] Maybe I have overlearned the lesson of staying calm, biting my tongue, digging my fingernails into a clenched fist, smiling all the while, determined to present a composed face to the world."


Derby County remain in fifth place in the Championship after a win over Huddersfield.

Chris Martin headed the hosts into the lead from Cyrus Christie's cross after Tom Ince had earlier seen a deflected effort hit the Town post.
The Terriers had chances to get back in the game but Jamie Paterson dragged a shot just off target from 15 yards.
Ince's shot struck the crossbar before sub Johnny Russell wrapped up the victory with a smart curling finish.
It was just a third win in 11 matches for the Rams but victory maintains their hopes of pushing for an automatic promotion place.
Darren Wassall's men are seven points behind second-placed Middlesbrough having played a game more.
Huddersfield were competitive throughout but defeat means they drop to 18th in the table, seven points clear of the relegation zone.
The Rams travel to QPR on Tuesday while Huddersfield host Reading, looking for their first win in four matches.
Derby head coach Darren Wassall: "We believe in Chris Martin but what we did do at Brentford [on 20 February] was have a long chat before the game and say we wanted him firing on all cylinders because he's a great asset to the club.
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"He hadn't scored in open play since October so we decided to leave him out for the Brentford game and he agreed with that decision. Since then, I think it was a weight off his shoulders and his attitude was great.
"He came on at Brentford and scored a wonder goal and he's not looked back since. That's all we've done, we told him we really rate him as a player and he's responded which is full credit to him."
Huddersfield head coach David Wagner: "Derby had to produce one of their best performances today to be able to beat us and so we can leave the stadium with our head up.
"I think there were only some small key points that decided this game and those were in Derby's direction which is why we lost.
"It's important that you trust and believe in yourself and sometimes you get what you deserve and sometimes not. Today I think we didn't get what we probably deserved, which was a draw or maybe more.


Mark Duggan's family has urged judges to overturn an "unsafe" lawful killing inquest verdict delivered in 2014.

The 29-year-old was fatally shot by a police marksman in north London and his death sparked riots in Tottenham that spread nationwide in August 2011.
Hugh Southey QC said the coroner had given the jury an "unlawful direction" which made the original verdict unsafe.
The Court of Appeal judges have reserved judgement in the case and will announce the ruling at a future date.
Addressing the three Court of Appeal judges earlier, Mr Southey QC said: "No verdict is better than one based on an unlawful direction."
He said it was important to the family that the previous unlawful killing verdict be overturned and for it to be recorded as unsafe.
An inquest jury previously concluded by a majority of eight to two that Mr Duggan had lawfully been killed by armed police.
His aunt, Carole Duggan, has always maintained the death was an execution.
No gun was ever found on Mr Duggan but a weapon was discovered about 20ft (6m) away from where he died.
No date has yet been set for the Court of Appeal ruling.


The Pentagon plans to move roughly a dozen inmates from the US military prison at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba to at least two countries.

The transfers come as the Obama administration takes steps to close the controversial facility, which has been called a recruiting tool for jihadists.
The prisoners are expected to leave Guantanamo in the coming weeks.
However, the military did not disclose the prisoners' destinations.
Tariq Ba Odah, a Yemeni man who has been on a long-term hunger strike, is among the prisoners being transferred, an official told Reuters.
About 91 detainees currently remain at Guantanamo, down from about 800 in 2002.
President Barack Obama has said he wants to transfer the men to their home countries or to military or civilian prisons in the United States.
Guantanamo Bay is located on an American naval base in south-eastern Cuba. Former US President George W Bush opened it to accommodate foreign terror suspects after the 9/11 attacks on the US.
One of the key complaints from human rights groups is that many detainees have been held there without charge or trial.
Mr Obama says the prison costs about $445m (Â£316m) to run annually and it represents a threat to national security.
However, some Republicans in Congress have resisted the closure of Guantanamo, saying the inmates are dangerous and do not belong in civilian prisons.


Guernsey's new system of government has come into force.

It follows the island's general election, when the number of politicians elected was slashed from 45 to 38 - they were sworn in on Saturday.
The reform being introduced today sees the end of ministerial government and the start of a new committee system.
At its centre, the Policy Council & Treasury and Resources is replaced by a new five member Policy and Resources Committee (PRC) headed by a president.
He or she will be chosen on 4 May.
The committee will be responsible for setting the strategic direction of policy.
Nine principal committees will also be formed over the coming weeks - none of whose members will sit on PRC.
The States of Deliberation as a whole remains both legislature and executive - and therefore the ultimate decision-maker.
Guernsey's new system of government - or maybe that should read the latest version of government for the island - comes into effect on 1 May.
Why is it changing?  Well the idea is "to improve the island's traditional committee system ... to better support the States in their most important objective: to serve the people of Guernsey now and in the future" (according to the States Review Committee).
You may not have asked for it - but you were consulted!
Eight fewer politicians, Departments become Committees and there are fewer of them.
And a new Senior Committee to co-ordinate policy, resources and external relations.
Members of the public may baulk at some of the costs that have been mentioned for changing signage and moving staff around Sir Charles Frossard House but the aspiration is to make the States more streamlined and responsive to all our needs.
The process has already begun and you should notice the difference in time - whether it's your transaction with social security, a visit to the hospital or the processing of your driving licence application.


At least 20 people have been killed and 40 wounded after a bomb exploded at a vegetable market in northwest Pakistan.

The blast happened in the city of Parachinar, a mainly Shia Muslim area on the Afghan border.
The market was full of shoppers when the device exploded. Officials said the death toll was expected to rise.
A faction of the Pakistani Taliban (TTP) said it was behind the blast, adding its goal was "to avenge the killing of our associates".
The group's spokesman said it wanted to "teach a lesson to Shiites for their support for Bashar al-Assad," referring to the Syrian president.
The spokesman warned that his Sunni Muslim group will continue attacking Shia Muslims if they back President Assad, whose regime is entrenched in a six-year civil war that has claimed more than 310,000 lives.
Varied reports have emerged about the cause of the explosion, with some blaming an improvised explosive device (IED) hidden in a vegetable box.
Other accounts suggested a suicide bomber was responsible.
Sabir Hussain, a doctor at Parachinar's main hospital, told the Associated Press agency that 11 critically-wounded people were brought there, but died during treatment.
He said several others in a serious condition were being moved to other hospitals for better care.
Pakistan's military said soldiers had cordoned off the bomb site, and that Army helicopters were sent to evacuate the injured.
Parachinar is the capital of the Kurram, one of Pakistan's seven tribal districts.
These areas are governed according to local laws and customs, and are known for sectarian clashes between Sunni and Shia Muslim groups.
In December 2015, an IED blast at the same market killed at least 23 people and wounded more than 30.
Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has issued a statement expressing his grief over the latest loss of life.


The number of human interventions in journeys made by driverless cars from Google company Waymo in California more than halved in 2016.

There were only 124 "disengagement" incidents last year, where a driver had to take control of a test vehicle on public roads, down from 341 in 2015.
The cars drove nearly 636,000 miles last year, compared with just over 424,000 in 2015.
Other states in the US do not require such reporting.
The California Department of Motor Vehicles published the annual reports on Wednesday.
Under law, every company that has a state permit to test autonomous vehicles in California must report how many times a driver had to intervene.
"Disengagements are a natural part of the testing process that allow our engineers to expand the software' s capabilities and identify areas of improvement," Waymo said in its report.
The most common reasons for interventions in Waymo cars were "software discrepancies, unwanted manoeuvres of the vehicle and perception discrepancies", according to the company.
Of the 124 incidents, only 10 were caused by the "reckless" behaviour of another road user.
Beyond Waymo's impressive results, the news was generally good.
Cruise, the start-up leading General Motors' autonomous driving development, upped its testing in San Francisco markedly. It went from driving fewer than five miles in June 2015, to nearly 400 in June 2016.
It reported 414 disengagements in almost 10,000 miles of driving in 2016 overall.
For some companies the records show a very small amount of mileage covered by the autonomous cars.
In other US states with self-driving regulations - including Nevada, Michigan, and Florida - there is no requirement for public disclosure of this type of data, which is why, for example, not much is known about Uber's autonomous vehicle testing.
Ford only reported 590 miles driven in 2016, all in the month of March. It only has two autonomous cars in California, but has a much larger fleet in Michigan, where reporting is not required.
Meanwhile BMW recorded one disengagement in its 638 miles of autonomous driving in March and April 2016, because lane markings on Highway 101 were not clear enough. The operator's reaction time was recorded as "under two seconds".
The companies that reported to the California DMV were: BMW, Bosch, GM Cruise, Delphi Automotive Systems, Ford, Waymo, Honda, Nissan North America, Mercedes-Benz, Tesla and Volkswagen.
In the UK, Volvo is expected to begin testing its autonomous cars on the roads this year.


More than 200 Scottish Labour politicians and members have signed an open letter calling for Jeremy Corbyn to stand down.

The signatures include MSP Daniel Johnson and ex-shadow Scottish Secretary Margaret Curran.
The move comes after Scottish Labour leader Kezia Dugdale said she would quit if she had suffered the same loss of support as Mr Corbyn.
The letter said "for the good of the party" Corbyn "must step aside".
Councillor Jenny Laing, leader of Aberdeen City Council, MEP Catherine Stihler, Jamie Glackin, the former chairman of the Scottish Labour Party, and Gordon Matheson, former leader of Glasgow City Council, joined numerous councillors and activists in urging Mr Corbyn to go.
The letter states: "With the crisis engulfing the country in the wake of the vote to leave the European Union it is clear that we need an effective Labour opposition to hold this Government to account and to, ultimately, be in government again.
"The Labour Party was formed to provide a voice for working people in Parliament and to form governments that can further the interests of the majority of working people. It is clear that Jeremy Corbyn cannot provide that leadership.
"The leader of the Labour Party must have the confidence of the MPs they lead in Parliament. With Tuesday's vote of no confidence, it is clear that no longer exists.
"We hear time and time again from ordinary people up and down the country that they cannot see Jeremy Corbyn as Prime Minister.
"We need a credible, competent opposition, but Jeremy Corbyn is currently unable to fill all positions on his front bench.
"Jeremy Corbyn wants to captain a ship for which he has no crew. For the good of the party and, more importantly, the country, he must step aside."
The signatories also declare support for MP Ian Murray's decision to resign from his post of shadow Scottish secretary under Mr Corbyn.
It followed an earlier open letter to Mr Murray from 80 Scottish Labour figures, including Elaine Smith MSP, condemning him for handing a "gift" to the SNP and Tories, and supporting Scottish Labour deputy leader Alex Rowley for criticising the MP for Edinburgh South.
It stated: "We are absolutely astonished that you have chosen this moment to put factional party politics over getting the best outcome for the people of Scotland."
Signatories to that letter included Scottish Labour councillors, the executive committee of Scottish Young Labour and members of Mr Murray's own constituency Labour party.


Allegations that American football legend Peyton Manning took human growth hormone should be investigated, says the World Anti-Doping Agency (Wada).

Wada also described the allegations, which Manning dismissed as "complete garbage", as "very concerning".
Al Jazeera reported that Denver Broncos quarterback Manning was treated with human growth hormone (HGH) during his recovery from neck surgery in 2011.
Its source - Texas-based pharmacist Charlie Sly - has since recanted.
The Al Jazeera documentary linked players from the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Baseball (MLB) with performance-enhancing drugs.
"Al Jazeera's allegations are very concerning, particularly as it relates to the NFL's and MLB's testing programmes," David Howman, director-general of Wada, said in a statement.
"While the NFL and the MLB are not signatories to the world anti-doping code, in recent years Wada has been working with them and other professional leagues in the United States to try to bring them closer to Wada's programme.
"As it relates to the particular allegations by Al Jazeera, Wada expects that they will be carefully investigated by the relevant authorities and that, if warranted, necessary and appropriate steps would be taken."
The NFL collective bargaining agreement, ratified in 2011, banned HGH but players were not tested for it until 2014. No NFL player has tested positive for HGH.
MLB said it would investigate allegations made in the documentary that several of its players took banned hormone supplement Delta-2.


Claims management firms have taken almost a quarter of the £22.2bn paid out for payment protection insurance (PPI) compensation.

The National Audit Office said companies that handle such claims had taken between £3.8bn and £5bn from April 2011 to November 2015.
The NAO said mis-selling of financial products was still a "major problem".
It said the Financial Conduct Authority lacked evidence on whether its actions were helping to reduce mis-selling.
Amyas Morse, head of the National Audit Office, said the information that the spending watchdog had access to, such as customer complaints, did not show any clear reduction in the extent of mis-selling.
"The FCA cannot be confident that its actions are reducing the overall level of mis-selling, and it has further to go to show it is achieving value for money," he said.
The cost of running the FCA, the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) and Financial Services Compensation Scheme came to £834m a year.
Although fines appear to have substantially reduced financial incentives for firms to mis-sell, the complexity of products, sales incentives and company cultures meant the risks remained.
Some 12 million customers have been paid compensation by banks and other financial organisations for mis-sold PPI.
Complaints to the FOS were now taking three times as long to handle as they did in 2011/12 as it struggled to deal with an unprecedented increase in its workload largely caused by PPI cases.
The service had a backlog of 40,000 cases that were still outstanding after two years that it did not expect to clear until July 2017.
The FOS received 164,347 new cases about financial products in general in the second half of 2015. That was down 6% fall on the previous six months, but PPI still accounted for 56% of new complaints.
Mr Morse said there had been no noticeable decline in the level of complaints about mis-selling upheld by the FOS in the past five years. It has found in favour of consumers in 62% of cases raised with the service since April 2013.
Although making a PPI claim through the Ombudsman was free, the NAO said that many consumers were reluctant to do so because they believed it would not achieve anything or that it was too stressful.
Four fifths of PPI complaints to the Ombudsman were made through claim management companies, the NAO said.
Its report points to a warning by the FCA that government pension reforms easing access for savers "raise risks" that "vulnerable and unsophisticated" consumers could take financial decisions that were not in their best interests.
A spokeswoman for the FCA said: "It is unlikely that mis-selling could ever be eliminated completely. Our aim is to avoid and minimise it as far as possible, create the right incentives and culture in firms and to ensure appropriate redress for consumers and regulatory penalties for poor conduct are put in place when it occurs.
"The report makes clear that the recommendations, which we are accepting, are designed to build on the FCA's current strategy and increase confidence that it is achieving its intended outcomes for consumers. Protecting consumers from the effects of mis-selling is central to what we do."


All ferry services between the Channel Islands and the UK on Wednesday have been cancelled due to forecast "severe weather conditions".

The Commodore Clipper, which sails between Portsmouth and the islands has been cancelled.
A fast ferry to Weymouth, which was put on to help passengers affected by earlier disruption, was also cancelled.
On Monday, only the Clipper operated on UK routes, with fast ferries only running between Jersey and St Malo.
The forecast for Wednesday is wind rising throughout the day, reaching gale force eight to severe gale force nine in the evening. Gusts of up to 70mph overnight are predicted.
Steve Champion-Smith, executive director of freight at Condor Ferries, said: "Forecast winds are so strong that it is likely that they would prevent even our conventional ferries from berthing in the Channel Island ports, so increasing disruption.
"We expect there to be a window of less severe weather during Thursday, which we believe will enable the Clipper to berth, discharge and load cargo before the severity of the weather increases again.
"Our freight team have been in daily, detailed discussion with our customers over the past week and this revised service has been put in place with the goal of minimising disruption in these atrocious conditions."
There are no scheduled fast ferry services between the islands and the UK or France until Friday.


Raith Rovers have agreed to sign former Hearts and Dundee striker Christian Nade.

The Frenchman, 29, will complete the move when he returns from spending some time in his homeland.
Nade scored three goals as Dundee won the Scottish Championship last season but was then released by the Dens Park club.
As well as having a spell with Sheffield United, he has also played in Cyprus and Thailand.
Championship Raith recently signed goalkeeper Kevin Cuthbert and midfielder Martin Scott.


A family ran a global drugs operation from a luxury villa in Spain under the guise of selling sport supplements.

Adam Maybury, 28, led the business, which pretended to sell the supplements online but sent drugs through the post.
Maybury, from Staffordshire, worked with his mother, sister, cousin and best friend, on an operation that earned average monthly payments of £45,000 at its peak.
All five were sentenced at Birmingham Crown Court on Thursday.
The National Crime Agency (NCA) said the synthetic drugs were imported from Holland and then distributed around the world, including Japan, New Zealand and Brazil.
Marshall was responsible for dispatching the packages from Spain until he fell out with Maybury over money. Russell then took over Marshall's role.
Maybury's mother leased offices in Burntwood and opened and managed accounts, card processing facilities and companies to help import and supply drugs.
She sent a text to her son at one point saying: "I am getting a bit worried about all your dodgy dealings Adam just be careful x", the agency said.
Faye Maybury worked in the UK, running the group's websites and checking payments, while posting packages.
The conspiracy lasted from June 2011 to September 2014, the agency spokesman added.


A £500,000 bid for Truro to become European Capital of Culture has stalled amid claims it is a poorly-considered "vanity project".

Last month Cornwall Council's Independent-Lib Dem cabinet voted to go ahead with the bid for Truro to secure the title in 2023.
At the time the city's mayor said he had not been consulted about the plans.
The decision will now face further scrutiny after Conservative councillors complained.
More on the culture bid and other stories from Cornwall
They claimed Truro started working on the bid too late and other interested cities, including Leeds and Milton Keynes, had been putting together detailed plans for several years.
"We've been told for four years we've got no money, we're a 'no-money council' and you suddenly produce more than £500,000 for a bid to become the European Capital of Culture," said councillor Fiona Ferguson.
"I think it's entirely unrealistic to spend money on this sort of thing. It's a vanity project."
She claimed Brexit also meant any money invested in the project could be wasted, as the UK may no longer even be eligible to take part.
However, in the past three non-EU cities have held the title, Istanbul in 2010, Stavanger in Norway in 2008 and Reykjavik, Iceland, in 2000.
The Department for Culture, Media and Sport, which launched the contest in December, said it was continuing under the assumption a UK city will host the event in 2023.
Cornwall Council said the cabinet's decision was being called in on the grounds that there was "inadequate consultation with stakeholders prior to the decision being made" and that there was not sufficient evidence "on which to base a decision".


A furniture company has been fined £12,000 and its boss given a suspended jail term after a 19-month girl trapped her head in a cot and was left hanging.

Ophelia Conant's head became trapped in a gap in the cot in April 2013.
Phillip Dickens, director of Oxfordshire-based Baumhaus, admitted two counts of placing an unsafe product on the market.
He also received a three-month suspended jail term at Amersham Crown Court.
Ophelia's head became stuck between the top of the end of the cot and a horizontal handle above it.
Her mother Louise, who lives in Buckinghamshire, saw the incident on a video monitor and was able to rescue her.
Ophelia suffered only minor injuries, the court heard.
Ms Conant said: "I bought what I thought was the best, but it turned out to be a living hell.
"For a long time afterwards it gave me nightmares and it made me nervous about putting Ophelia to bed.
"The video monitor definitely saved her life."
Buckinghamshire County Council's trading standards said a similar incident took place in Northamptonshire nine days later.
The council said investigations on the Nutkin cot-bed showed failures in testing.
A prototype designed in the UK had passed inspections, but the prosecution said the product was manufactured in China and the imported versions had different dimensions.
The prosecution said there was no proper quality control for the product in the UK.
The company had recalled 200 cot-beds, but it was unable to trace 12.
Judge Karen Holt also awarded costs of £35,654 against Baumhaus and the two mothers were awarded compensation of £1,000 each.
The recall and dispute was believed to have cost the company, based at Upper Heyford near Bicester, about £350,000.


Social media giant Facebook has overhauled the Trending feature on its site to make posts more automated after claims of left-wing bias.

Facebook's 1.7 billion users see news stories and topics picked using a mixture of AI and human input.
Under the changes, descriptions of stories are no longer written by editorial staff, the company said.
Earlier this year Facebook was accused of suppressing conservative views, prompting complaints from Republicans.
A former journalist who worked for the company had alleged that Facebook workers "routinely suppressed news stories of interest to conservative readers".
In a blog post, the company said an internal investigation found no evidence of systematic bias.
But Facebook said it was making the changes to allow "our team to make fewer individual decisions about topics".
Users will still see personalised news, but the wording will be simplified and entries will focus on how many people are talking about them.
Staff will remain involved to ensure posts are still topical and based on news events.
"Facebook is a platform for all ideas, and we're committed to maintaining Trending as a way for people to access a breadth of ideas and commentary about a variety of topics," the company said.
As their user bases grow, tech firms like Facebook have faced increasing scrutiny over whether their platforms are neutral.


Chancellor George Osborne has said he wants to reform planning laws to make it easier for villages in England to build new starter homes.

Mr Osborne said the changes would allow councils to allocate more sites for building homes specifically for people who already live or work in the area.
He said he also wanted to improve transport, schools and broadband in rural areas to boost the rural economy.
But Labour said the plans were ignoring the need for more affordable homes.
The chancellor wants to extend the government's "starter homes" scheme, announced before the election for brownfield sites, to some villages.
The initiative offers young local first-time home buyers a 20% discount on the price of the property. As it stands, the discount will be offered on homes up to Â£250,000 outside London and Â£450,000 inside London.
The measures are part of Mr Osborne's new rural productivity plan, which will be unveiled later.
Steve Reed, Labour's shadow local government minister, said the Conservatives' housing policies had made things worse for people in rural communities.
"The government says it wants to build starter homes in rural areas but it seems these will replace affordable homes to buy and rent - starter homes should be additional to affordable housing supply not instead of it," he said.
"In many rural areas buying or renting a home has become increasingly unaffordable. Yet the government has undermined the provision of affordable housing at every step by watering down requirements on developers to build new affordable homes."
Writing in the Daily Telegraph, Mr Osborne said rural areas were an increasingly dynamic part of the economy, with 60,000 people moving from the city to the countryside each year.
He has pledged to continue to protect the Green Belt but said he wanted to "make it easier for people to stay in their rural communities and for newcomers to settle there too".
He and Environment Secretary Liz Truss write in their joint newspaper editorial: "For rural areas, we want better internet and mobile phone communications, better transport, better schools, better skills, better housing, better business growth and better local government.
"And we'll look at planning and regulatory constraints facing rural businesses. In a recent survey of rural businesses the main barrier to growth that most identified was planning restrictions.
"So for a start, we'll review rules around agricultural buildings such as barns to allow rural businesses to expand more easily."
The Campaign for Rural England said it welcomed the government's recognition that rural areas could boost the economy, but it voiced concern that the "beautiful English countryside" was at risk of "inappropriate developments".
Planning officer John Rowley said: "We recognise that providing the right houses in the right places that meet local need is a vital part of ensuring our villages remain vibrant and sustainable.
"However, the proposals risk alienating local communities and reducing the amount of affordable housing in rural areas. The government's suggestion that young families will be able to afford houses at even 20% discount will not ring true in many low-waged rural economies."
He added it was likely that commuters would be able to outbid local families, taking advantage of the discount which would not continue on resale - and therefore there would be no incentive for local people to back any new developments.


The UK's five largest banks are too powerful and should be forced to give up "significant" numbers of branches, Labour leader Ed Miliband has said.

The City had been "an incredibly poor servant of the real economy" for years and should be helping business grow and create jobs, he told activists.
A Labour government would "turn the tide" by creating two "challenger" banks to boost High Street competition.
David Cameron said the banking system was "much stronger" than in 2010.
The "big five" banks - HSBC, Barclays, RBS, Santander and Lloyds Banking Group - account for the majority of bank customers and lending.
By Nick RobinsonPolitical editor
In his speech at the University of London, Mr Miliband likened the "broken" banking system to the energy market, claiming "too much power is concentrated in too few hands" and this has had a detrimental effect on enterprise and jobs.
Under Labour, Mr Miliband said, "instead of you serving the banks, the banks will serve you."
"We need a reckoning with our banks, not for retribution but for reform," he added.
Bank of England Governor Mark Carney said earlier this week that he supported the view that a cap on banks' market share "would not result in substantial improvement to competition".
But Mr Miliband said a Labour government would instruct the Competition and Markets Authority to report within six months of the May 2015 general election what the limit on a bank's market share should be and the timetable for any sell-off of branches, which should be completed by 2020.
The opposition leader said he wanted to "establish for the first time a threshold for the market share any one bank can have of personal accounts and small-business lending".
Labour would also introduce a new National Credit Register for small and medium-sized businesses, to increase competition and improve lending to small business by allowing all banks access to comprehensive data on their credit histories.
Mr Miliband insisted politicians could not "duck" the issue: "I am not talking about whether we should have new banks but about how we make it happen...
"It is not about creating new banks that control some tiny proportion of the market, but new banks that have a substantial proportion and can properly challenge existing banks.
By Robert PestonBusiness editor
Extracts of the speech to be given by the Labour leader say: "We have to get to the root of the decades-long problem in British banking - too much power concentrated in too few hands.
"Britain has one of the most concentrated banking systems in the world, with just four banks controlling 85% of small business lending."
Ed Miliband will pledge that big banks cannot get any bigger.
Bankers have said to me this would lead to what they call a perverse outcome, that as they approached the maximum size they would dump customers they deemed low quality or loss-making.
It is unclear whether these customers would be able to bank elsewhere.
Labour to force bank break-ups
"And we are not asking whether existing banks might have to divest themselves of a significant number of branches. We are asking how we make it happen."
Mr Miliband acknowledged the previous Labour government had made mistakes in bank regulation but said David Cameron was happy with a "steady as you go" approach to bank reform while more radical steps were needed.
Asked what he thought the maximum size of a bank should be, he said he would "not dream up a figure out of the air" and the regulators should decide.
The prime minister said the  government had presided over the worst banking crash of recent times.
"We have been sorting out our banking system, which is much stronger than the mess we inherited from Labour," he said during a visit to Norfolk.
"But what we need is a whole economic plan - which builds the roads and railways, that helps the small businesses, which creates the jobs and cuts people's taxes - that is what this government is delivering."
Shares in RBS and a number of other banks fell marginally on Friday and the British Bankers Association said Labour's proposals would "undermine" the levels of service given to existing customers.
"Forcing people to change bank by selling their local branch is not what customers want," said its chief executive Anthony Browne.
Efforts by the Lloyds Banking Group to dispose of more than 630 branches last year foundered after Co-op pulled out of a deal due to financial problems.
But the firm has re-launched the TSB retail bank, with about 600 branches, while RBS has set out plans to revive Williams and Glyn's - which ceased trading in 1985 -to take over RBS branches in England and Wales and NatWest outlets in Scotland.


Hundreds of new jobs have been announced for a Cardiff call centre.

Firstsource Solutions said new staff will be based at its Cardiff Bay site which already employs about 800 people.
The 300 new jobs include sales and customer service roles working in both inbound and outbound departments.
The company's sales vice president Kathryn Chivers said: "Firstsource Solutions is delighted to be able to continue to bring new employment to Cardiff."


Former Manchester United defender Patrice Evra headed the winner as Marseille all but ended Nice's hopes of a top-two finish in Ligue 1.

The 35-year-old scored his first goal for the club since joining from Juventus in January.
Bafetimbi Gomis, on loan from Swansea City, headed the hosts in front before Mario Balotelli equalised with his 15th league goal of the season.
Victory moves Marseille up to fifth in the table with two games remaining.
Nice led Ligue 1 earlier in the season but, with two games left and six points behind second-placed Paris St-Germain, they look likely to finish third.
Match ends, Marseille 2, Nice 1.
Second Half ends, Marseille 2, Nice 1.
Yohann Pelé (Marseille) is shown the yellow card.
Foul by Paul Baysse (Nice).
Andre Zambo Anguissa (Marseille) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt blocked. Younès Belhanda (Nice) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Bassem Srarfi.
Attempt missed. Morgan Sanson (Marseille) left footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Andre Zambo Anguissa.
Younès Belhanda (Nice) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Andre Zambo Anguissa (Marseille).
Substitution, Marseille. Bouna Sarr replaces Rémy Cabella.
Foul by Paul Baysse (Nice).
Bafétimbi Gomis (Marseille) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Mario Balotelli (Nice) because of an injury.
Attempt saved. Andre Zambo Anguissa (Marseille) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Rémy Cabella.
Attempt missed. William Vainqueur (Marseille) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right.
Attempt saved. Anastasios Donis (Nice) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Younès Belhanda.
Substitution, Nice. Bassem Srarfi replaces Valentin Eysseric.
Attempt missed. Mario Balotelli (Nice) right footed shot from the centre of the box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Arnaud Souquet.
Attempt saved. Patrice Evra (Marseille) left footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the top right corner. Assisted by Dimitri Payet with a cross.
Corner,  Marseille. Conceded by Paul Baysse.
Anastasios Donis (Nice) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Patrice Evra (Marseille).
Attempt missed. Anastasios Donis (Nice) left footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left. Assisted by Arnaud Souquet.
Attempt missed. Mario Balotelli (Nice) header from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Arnaud Souquet with a cross.
Attempt missed. Andre Zambo Anguissa (Marseille) right footed shot from the right side of the box is too high. Assisted by Bafétimbi Gomis.
Substitution, Nice. Mickael Le Bihan replaces Vincent Koziello.
Attempt blocked. Bafétimbi Gomis (Marseille) left footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Foul by Mario Balotelli (Nice).
Rolando (Marseille) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Marseille. Andre Zambo Anguissa replaces Maxime Lopez.
Offside, Nice. Jean Michael Seri tries a through ball, but Anastasios Donis is caught offside.
Mario Balotelli (Nice) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by William Vainqueur (Marseille).
Attempt blocked. Mario Balotelli (Nice) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Younès Belhanda.
Rod Fanni (Marseille) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Younès Belhanda (Nice) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Rod Fanni (Marseille).
Goal!  Marseille 2, Nice 1. Patrice Evra (Marseille) header from very close range to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Maxime Lopez with a cross.
Attempt missed. Dimitri Payet (Marseille) right footed shot from outside the box is too high from a direct free kick.


Ten serving Essex police officers have criminal convictions ranging from robbery to drinking and driving, it has emerged.

One of those 10 has three convictions, a BBC Essex freedom of information request revealed.
Deputy Chief Constable Derek Benson said most of the offences were committed before the officers joined the police.
He said cases were judged on their own merits.
The crimes committed also include assault causing actual bodily harm and criminal damage. Two drink-driving offences were committed by officers after they were recruited.
One officer has three convictions.
All the officers' offences are now spent and were committed before 2009.
Mr Benson said: "There are guidelines available to us now which gives us a framework to work on as to what should or should not happen.
"It would be very unusual now for an applicant to the police service to be accepted with a criminal conviction."
The police and crime commissioner for Essex, Nick Alston, said he understood some of the offences were committed when the officers were young and those people had "turned their lives around".


Defender Andrew Considine scored a hat-trick as Aberdeen hammered a dismal Dundee side to ensure Celtic must wait to be crowned Premiership champions.

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A win for Dee would have handed the title to Celtic, but their visitors put that prospect to bed in the first half.
A Considine double and goals from Adam Rooney and Kenny McLean had Derek McInnes' men 4-0 up at the break.
Ryan Jack hit the fifth before Niall McGinn tapped home and Considine completed his hat-trick.
Celtic will clinch the title on Sunday if they beat Hearts at Tynecastle (12:30 BST kick-off)
Aberdeen are 11 points clear of Rangers in third, while Dundee are eighth.
The Dons are in a very strong position to finish second behind Celtic, with their showing here throwing the gauntlet down to Rangers before their meeting next weekend.
Their performance was even more dominant than the scoreline suggests.
Aberdeen bossed it from the first whistle and Considine nodded over the bar with a great early chance.
He made up for that miss soon after, powering home a header from Jonny Hayes' perfect delivery.
Rooney drew a good stop from Dee keeper Scott Bain, but the striker did not have to wait long to add his name to the scoresheet, headed in Shay Logan's exquisite cross.
McLean slammed in number three with his right foot before Considine cashed in on sloppy defending to nod his second.
There was no let-up after the break as Jack slotted the fifth in off the post, McGinn tapped home and Considine slid in to seal his hat-trick.
What a horrible evening this was for Paul Hartley's side.
Not many teams would have contained Aberdeen in this form, but Hartley will be furious at some of his side's defending.
They have been depleted by injury but that does not account for such a display.
The absence of injured striker Marcus Haber seemed to have a major impact as his replacement Faissal el Bakhtaoui was unable to hold the ball up and bring team-mates into the game.
Weekend results will determine how damaging this has been for Dundee, whose next game away to Ross County takes on added significance as they look to avoid being dragged into the relegation scrap.
Every player in red did themselves proud, but Considine and McLean deserve special mention.
McLean stood out all night and it was significant that he was removed after an hour, with some key games coming up for the Pittodrie outfit.
Considine, of course, takes the majority of the headlines thanks to his first hat-trick as a professional.
Individually and collectively, the Dons were sensational.
It seems this Aberdeen team is going from strength to strength, which promises much for the remainder of the season.
Match ends, Dundee 0, Aberdeen 7.
Second Half ends, Dundee 0, Aberdeen 7.
Foul by Anthony O'Connor (Aberdeen).
Mark O'Hara (Dundee) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Ryan Christie (Aberdeen).
Kevin Gomis (Dundee) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Goal!  Dundee 0, Aberdeen 7. Andrew Considine (Aberdeen) right footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Ryan Christie following a set piece situation.
Ryan Jack (Aberdeen) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by James Vincent (Dundee).
Cameron Kerr (Dundee) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Graeme Shinnie (Aberdeen) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Cameron Kerr (Dundee).
Corner,  Dundee. Conceded by Ash Taylor.
Attempt missed. Faissal El Bakhtaoui (Dundee) right footed shot from outside the box is too high.
Corner,  Dundee. Conceded by Andrew Considine.
Corner,  Dundee. Conceded by Ryan Jack.
Substitution, Aberdeen. Frank Ross replaces Niall McGinn.
Corner,  Dundee. Conceded by Andrew Considine.
Goal!  Dundee 0, Aberdeen 6. Niall McGinn (Aberdeen) right footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Ryan Christie.
Substitution, Aberdeen. Scott Wright replaces Jonny Hayes.
Attempt missed. Ryan Christie (Aberdeen) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high.
Attempt missed. Henrik Ojamaa (Dundee) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high.
Attempt missed. Kevin Holt (Dundee) header from the centre of the box misses to the right following a corner.
Corner,  Dundee. Conceded by Ryan Jack.
Attempt missed. Jonny Hayes (Aberdeen) left footed shot from outside the box is too high.
Foul by Kevin Gomis (Dundee).
Ryan Christie (Aberdeen) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Henrik Ojamaa (Dundee).
Anthony O'Connor (Aberdeen) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Substitution, Aberdeen. Ryan Christie replaces Kenny McLean.
Attempt missed. Kenny McLean (Aberdeen) left footed shot from outside the box is too high.
Foul by Cameron Kerr (Dundee).
Niall McGinn (Aberdeen) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Dundee. Conceded by Andrew Considine.
Attempt blocked. Kenny McLean (Aberdeen) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt missed. Niall McGinn (Aberdeen) right footed shot from the right side of the box is too high.
James Vincent (Dundee) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Kenny McLean (Aberdeen).
Foul by Niall McGinn (Aberdeen).
Cameron Kerr (Dundee) wins a free kick on the left wing.


Exeter City manager Paul Tisdale says the competition for places as goalkeeper in his side is pleasing.

Bobby Olejnik, who played almost every game last season, has featured just three times since the start of October.
Christy Pym has taken over as first-choice keeper - playing nine of the last 12 games - while James Hamon has also made two starts.
"The fact of the matter is we have three very good goalkeepers, that's how it should be," Tisdale told BBC Sport.
"All players have light at the end of the tunnel in terms of good performances and I'm comfortable in selecting all three."
In 21-year-old Pym's last five games for his hometown club, City have lost just once - away at high-flying Carlisle in a game they should have won - and moved up to 17th in League Two.
"I will make a selection based on a whole number of topics and analysis and at the moment my choice is Christy," added Tisdale.
"He's played really well over the last three or four games and I don't think anyone would criticise his performances.
"We need competition for places and I've got three very able, selectable goalkeepers all trying very hard.
"There's no poor relationship between them on the training ground, which you often get in these situations, so I'm delighted for all of them.
"They're all good chaps and all pulling in the same direction whether they're selected or not, which isn't always the case."


Nick Clegg hopes his apology for that pledge on university tuition fees will help ensure the Liberal Democrats' work in government is not overshadowed by the breakdown in trust over broken promises.

It has certainly got him noticed, something which used to be a problem for the Liberal Democrats. He finds himself trending on twitter, along with a cheeky remix of the party political broadcast.
Although Mr Clegg has previously said that Liberal Democrats have nothing to apologise for, last year he did tell the leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats: "I know I haven't always made your life easy, Kirsty, sorry about that."
In the same speech, Mr Clegg highlighted the possibility of St David's Day becoming a bank holiday in Wales.
The idea was launched in a UK government tourism strategy, which promised to consult the Welsh assembly on whether it should have the power to move the spring bank holiday from early May to March 1.
It was potentially good news for those parties which have campaigned for a St David's Day holiday, although David Jones, since promoted to David Cameron's cabinet, told MPs that it could have cross-border implications: "For that reason it is a matter that properly resides with this parliament".
So, eighteen months on, what's occurin'? Not much, by the look of it. The idea appears to have been quietly dropped.
I contacted the department for culture, media and sport to find out the latest state of play and was directed to a blog written some months ago by its former tourism minister.
John Penrose, for it was he, said: "We tested the water in a pretty general way, making it crystal clear that if there was no particular consensus - or a general feeling that the status quo was just fine, thank you very much - then that was what we'd go for."
Mr Penrose summed up the results of the "pre-consultation" like this:
"So no consensus. And - roll-of-drums - no change of bank holiday dates. And is this a victory for Merrie Englande lobbyists and a set-back for hoteliers; or is it a triumph for lawn-mower sellers and a defeat for punch-and-judy men? None of the above, really. More a case of doing what we said we'd do. Will there be headlines along the lines of MINISTER IN 'DOING WHAT PUBLIC WANT' SHOCKER? I rather doubt it."
Indeed, there were very few headlines at all. Mr Penrose was sacked in the reshuffle earlier this month but according to the DCMS when it comes to bank holidays the status quo remains.
Will Nick Clegg use his party conference to update voters on the policy or could there be another "sorry" on the way?


Andy Murray declared himself happy with his progress after securing his place in the last 16 of the Australian Open.

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Top seed Murray made short work of American Sam Querrey, winning 6-4 6-2 6-4 in one hour and 59 minutes.
"Sam, especially in the first set, was hitting a huge ball," added Murray, who had no recurrence of an ankle problem.
"There was a key moment at 3-4 when I saved a break point and then managed to break the next game and had the momentum after that."
Murray will now face Germany's Mischa Zverev, the world number 50, on Sunday.
Querrey was the man who upset then world number one Novak Djokovic at Wimbledon last summer, but Murray made sure he did not fall victim to another shock after the Serb's surprise defeat by Denis Istomin on Thursday.
With six-time champion Djokovic out, Murray is a clear favourite among many observers to finally land the third leg of the career Grand Slam.
"I don't worry about that, really," said Murray, who has lost four Melbourne finals to Djokovic.
"Obviously, if you're to get to the final, then it has an effect. A lot of the times when I've been in the final here, I've played against him. Had some tough ones."
Querrey gave the Scot plenty to think about in the early stages of their third-round match, attacking the net and hurrying the top seed, but a first-serve percentage of just 57% was not enough to keep Murray at bay.
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The American missed a fleeting chance with a break point in game eight and Murray immediately took advantage, getting the break himself in the next game with a beautiful lob.
He took a firm grip on the match with a run of six out of seven games, easing through the second set with two more breaks.
There was a flurry of resistance as Querrey reeled off three straight games to lead 3-2 in the third set, but Murray once again turned up the pressure with his return to break for a fifth time on his way to a comprehensive victory.
"There was a key moment at 3-4 when I saved a break point and then managed to break the next game and had the momentum after that."
Murray will start as a strong favourite against Zverev, but there is plenty of danger lurking on the Scot's side of the draw.
Former winner Stan Wawrinka, the US Open champion, is through to the last 16 after a 3-6 6-2 6-2 7-6 (9-7) win over Serbia's Viktor Troicki.
The Swiss, a potential semi-final opponent for Murray, will play Andreas Seppi next after the Italian beat Belgian Steve Darcis 4-6 6-4 7-6 (7-1) 7-6 (7-2).
Should Murray get past Zverev on Saturday he could face a daunting quarter-final against four-time champion Federer, seventh seed Berdych or fifth seed Kei Nishikori, with Slovakia's Lukas Lacko the outsider in that section.


Hundreds of indigenous Brazilians have been protesting in the capital, Brasilia, against the construction of what will be the world's third biggest hydro-electric dam.

An indigenous leader delivered a petition opposing the project signed by more than half a million people.
Environmentalists say the dam in the Amazon river basin will harm the world's biggest tropical rainforest.
Brazilian Energy Minister Edison Lobao said construction would begin soon.
Mr Lobao said the population which would be affected by the Belo Monte dam would be compensated and resettled.
But indigenous leader Raoni said he was convinced the dam would bring "bad things" to his tribe's villages.
'There'll be war'
"We don't want Belo Monte because it will destroy our rivers, our jungle and our way of life," he added.
Another tribal leader said he and his tribe had not been given enough information about the project.
Ireo Kayapo said that if his tribe were to be driven from its land, "there'll be war and blood will be spilled".
Wearing their traditional headdresses, tribal leaders delivered a petition signed by more than 600,000 people demanding the government scrap the $10bn project.
Licences still have to be granted for the actual building of the plant, but last month Brazilian environment agency Ibama gave the go-ahead for the clearing of the land at the site of the planned dam.
The government says the Belo Monte dam is crucial for development and will create jobs, as well as provide electricity to 23 million homes.
The 11,000-megawatt dam would be the biggest in the world after the Three Gorges in China and Itaipu, which is jointly run by Brazil and Paraguay.
It has long been a source of controversy, with bidding halted three times before the state-owned Companhia Hidro Eletrica do Sao Francisco was awarded the contract last year.
Celebrities such as the singer Sting and film director James Cameron have joined environmentalists in their campaign against the project.
They say the 6km (3.7 miles) dam will threaten the survival of a number of indigenous groups and could make some 50,000 people homeless, as 500 sq km (190 sq miles) of land would be flooded.


Since there is a consensus amongst the majority of the world's scientists that temperatures are rising - most likely driven by human behaviour - why does climate change coverage seem to be drying up?

Have the media lost interest? Is it a question of chronic political fatigue? Are our brains simply not wired to think long-term?
The BBC World Service's The Inquiry hears from four expert witnesses.
Max Boykoff founded the Media Climate Change Observatory a decade ago.
"We monitor 50 sources around the world across 25 countries on six continents. We seek to put our fingers on the pulse of the ebbs and flows of coverage of climate change over time, month to month.
"It's not an exhaustive reading of all media accounts everywhere around the globe across all platforms, but rather is a way to get us talking productively.
"In 2004 there were relatively low levels of coverage. Around 2006, into 2007 there was an uptick. There was a high water mark in 2009 [at the time of the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen].
"From that high water mark to 2014, coverage has dropped: 36% globally; 26% in the US; and as much as 55% in the UK.
"Within the last year here in the United States, National Public Radio reduced its environment reporting team from three to one reporter.
"We see examples of this unfolding quite regularly. There's certainly newsroom pressures. There's shrinking time to deadline, there's reduced resources to cover complex issues such as climate change that require a certain level of investigation, a certain level of familiarity with the contours and the nuances of the topics."
Jennifer Morgan is the Global Director of the climate change programme at the World Resources Institute.
"Copenhagen was supposed to be the moment when over 190 countries came together and agreed a new legally binding agreement to address climate change. It was very much a great excitement and anticipation of trying to finally get a global agreement after the Kyoto years.
"I remember walking in with a colleague of mine, and saying 'Okay, we have to do it.  We have to get this done, these moments don't happen very often'.
"But it soon became clear that negotiations weren't going to plan:
"In the middle of the second week normally what happens is the options start to get narrowed down, and you can see the package emerging. That wasn't happening, and that's when we all started to get very concerned."
China's chief negotiator was barred by security for the first few days, sessions were routinely suspended in the name of finishing on time, developing countries said they were ignored, and the EU was missing from a final meeting where a last-minute, non-binding deal was drawn up.
"It was terrible. [We felt] an exhausted defeat, just a deep fatigue, particularly from the European side, of just wanting to take a break. The personal sacrifice - it sounds crazy - but believing and trying to make something happen, I think it was a trauma, just to put so much blood, sweat and tears into it.
"Right after Copenhagen, there was a sense that there needed to be a bit of a time out on the world leaders' side of things. So it definitely went into a very low level of attention for a few years. The relationships of some of the Heads of State after Copenhagen were quite strained.
"Even months after, it was almost like [they] had been being psychologically burned by this.
"That's had a real impact on the willingness of these individuals to stay engaged."
Environmental psychologist Robert Gifford researches why even those who accept a link between human behaviour and climate change are reluctant to act.
"Our brain physically hasn't developed much for about 30,000 years. At that time we were mostly wandering around on the Savannah, and our main concerns were very immediate: feeding ourselves right now, worrying about anybody who might try to take our territory. There was very little thinking about what might happen in five years, 10 years, or 100km away.
"We still have this same brain. Obviously we're capable of planning, but the kind of default is to stick into the here and now, which is not very good for thinking about climate change, which is a problem that, for many people, is more in the future and farther away, or at least we think it is.
"[And] as any advertiser knows, if you don't change your message people will just tune out. And so environmental numbness is 'yes, I've heard that message before'. We're always open to new messages, and paying more attention to new messages. So if governments or policymakers repeat the same message too often, people just tune out after a while."
We also tend to tune out when we feel helpless:
The Inquiry is broadcast on the BBC World Service on Tuesdays from 13:05 GMT
Listen to the programme
Download the programme
"'What can I do about this global problem? I'm just one person, and there's 7+ billion people on the planet. I just don't have much control over this, so therefore I'm not going to do much about it, because my contribution, even if I did everything, wouldn't make much difference.'
"Most of us who are trying to do something about this have realised, for example, that the polar bear metaphor is not a great one. Yes, we have some sympathy for this poor polar bear, but it's not close enough to our own lives.
"Uncertainty is a really big problem. We've learned in my own laboratory from experimental evidence that when people feel a bit uncertain about an environmental problem - if the future temperature might vary from a half a degree increase to a one and a half degrees increase - people will say 'well, it's probably only going to be a half a degree increase, so I'll keep flying to some tropical place'.
"It's a natural human tendency to interpret information in a way that suits our personal interests.
Joe Smith teaches geography at the Open University and argues the narrative around climate science must evolve.
"I'm not sure that people need to engage with climate change at all. It's more or less unreportable if you just describe it on the page.  It's complex, interdisciplinary, the findings drip out over time, and the boundary between science and policy and politics is a very messy one. It's a real challenge for the media.
"The idea that we will mobilise any more people with fear messaging is wrong.  I think we've knocked at the door of everyone that might respond to such a thing, but you've also got to ask whether it's an accurate way of telling the science.  I think it is more respectful to the nature of the science to say that it's one of humanity's most ambitious questions.
"There was a tactical wrong turning in suggesting that by insisting that the debate is over, we can move onto the action. It somehow implied that the science was complete, and that, of course, left lots of space for those people who have arguments about the actions on climate change to stand in the way of us having a proper public conversation about those actions because they were able to pick apart minor details in the science.
"It's not just that climate science isn't finished, it's actually unfinishable.
"The rest of science - particle physics, cosmology - is allowed to be rather saucy. I would love to get to the point where we allow climate change science to simply be interesting, enchanting even, as fascinating as any area of science because it's a hugely ambitious and compelling mission.
"If you want to talk to a business person, you talk about energy security for their business or energy security for their nation.  If you want to talk to a parent at the school gate, you talk to them about the health of their child, their experience of the trip to school - wouldn't they be happier walking and cycling?
"Talking about climate change doesn't have to involve 'talking about climate change' to lead us to some really substantial actions.
"We don't need to wear a climate change t-shirt."
The Inquiry is broadcast on the BBC World Service on Tuesdays from 13:05 GMT. Listen online or download the podcast.


Up to 150 new jobs are to be created in Norfolk following a multi-million pound investment at a frozen food factory that specialises in meat-free produce.

The Linda McCartney factory, in Fakenham, is to be expanded by the company's American owners Hain Daniels.
Marketing director Nigel Parrot said as more consumers eat less meat "we need to expand that factory to meet our future demand".
Investment on the Holt Road site is expected to be completed by the autumn.
"The investment involves the installation of new production facilities and upgrading existing plant and equipment in order to meet growing demand for the extensive range of meat-free products, crumbles and hot desserts made at the Fakenham site," said chief executive Rob Burnett.
"It's great news for the local economy as we will be able to provide long-term employment and excellent career prospects for people."
The decision to invest in the factory reflects a turnaround for the site, which was on the brink of closure four years ago.
"The brand is growing at about 20% and food growth at about 4%," said the Fakenham site's group operations director David Betts-Grey.
"We think that is going to continue for many years so we're sure all the new jobs will be pretty secure for the long term."


Government spending cuts will see unprotected parts of the social security budget fall to their lowest level for 25 years, the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) has warned.

The IFS said protecting pensioner benefits meant cuts of almost 10% over two years to the welfare budget.
That would take welfare spending as a share of GDP to its lowest since 1990.
The government has committed to taking £12bn out of social security spending by 2018.
Welfare spending currently amounts to £220bn annually. That includes £95bn on the state pension and universal pensioner benefits, such as the winter fuel allowance, free bus travel and television licences for the over-75s.
The Conservatives have promised those areas of welfare spending will remain protected throughout the life of the current parliament.
But the remaining £125bn of welfare spending could be subject to freezes or cuts.
Unprotected welfare benefits include child benefit, housing and disability benefits and jobseekers' allowance.
Analysing what cuts the government might make, Carl Emmerson, deputy director of the IFS, said plans already announced to freeze working age benefits for two years would save £1bn annually.
He added the government's planned reduction to the household benefit cap, from £26,000 annually now to £23,000, would save £100m a year.
Meanwhile, the planned removal of housing benefit from 18 to 21 year olds who are claiming jobseekers' allowance would also only save £100m annually.
That amounted to just one-10th of the cuts the government needed to make to welfare spending in order to meet its goal, the IFS said, leaving £10bn of cuts still to be made.
The think tank's assessment of potential government spending cuts come after Prime Minister David Cameron said spending would fall by around £1 for every £100 of departmental spending.
Mr Emmerson said this "seriously underestimates the size of the challenge we face".
He added: "The cuts that the government announces later this year in next month's Budget and the following spending review may turn out to be deliverable.
"But they certainly will not feel like it is just 1% being taken out of each area of spending, nor will it require merely '£13bn from departmental savings' as the Conservative manifesto described.
"While not inaccurate, these numbers give a misleading impression of what departmental spending in many areas will look like if the manifesto commitment to eliminate the deficit by 2018-19, largely through spending cuts, while not cutting spending in many areas, is to be met."
The level of cuts would also be much deeper than under the coalition government, the IFS warned.
The big economic and political question for the prime minister and chancellor is whether to get the pain of slashing the deficit out of the way as early as possible in the Parliament, and risk significant strife and protest, or adopt a smoother path to putting the public finances on a more sustainable footing.
The politics of all this point in contradictory directions.
On the one hand, the Tories - against almost everyone's expectations, including the prime minister's - won a clear overall majority. And there was never any ambiguity during the general election campaign that the Conservatives would cut harder and faster than the other parties.
On the other, the eccentricities of the British electoral system mean that the Tories' overall majority was won with three-quarters of eligible voters not actually voting for them - and their lead in the Commons is slim.
So to tell you what you already know, making further cuts, without being perceived to be harming the innocent and vulnerable, will be a challenge.
Read Robert's blog in full
It said the coalition achieved £15bn of cuts to the welfare budget over the five years between 2010 and 2015, amounting to £3bn a year on average.
The aim to cut £12bn over the next two years meant the cuts to welfare spending would be more than double those achieved by the coalition on an annual basis.
The IFS identified three areas of the welfare budget where the axe might fall.
It said one way of making cuts would be to reduce the "child element" of child tax credit by 30%, which would save £5bn per year. But doing so would put 300,000 children below the poverty line, it added.
Another possible cut could involve a 10% reduction in housing benefits payments leaving those in receipt of the benefits to make up the shortfall themselves. The IFS estimated this would save the government £2.5bn a year.
Another option, taxing disability and incapacity benefits, could save the government £1.5bn a year, the IFS added.
In order for the government to keep its manifesto pledge to achieve a surplus by 2018 to 2019, average government departmental spending would also have to fall.
The IFS said spending was likely to be 6.6% lower in 2018 compared to now, marking a slight increase to 2.2% a year from the average of 2% a year in cuts to spending achieved in the last parliament.
That meant a real terms cut in government spending of £23.8bn a year by 2018 compared with this year, it added.
But the IFS warned that government departmental spending cuts would not be evenly spread due to the Conservative party's commitment to protect, or even increase, areas of spending including the National Health Service (NHS), education and international aid.
The government has already promised to increase NHS funding by £8bn a year by 2020.
As a result, unprotected government departmental spending would, on average, be 15.6%, or £62.8bn lower in real terms in 2018 to 2019 than in 2010 and 2011.
Another area of concern was the squeeze on public sector pay.
The IFS warned that were public sector pay to rise in line with Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecasts in March, there were likely to be a further 500,000 job cuts by 2018 and 2019, which would take the number of public sector staff to its lowest level since 1974.
The IFS forecast follows a warning from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in its annual report to the chancellor, to make the pace of spending cuts "more gradual by extending it beyond 2018" in order to "lower its impact on growth".
It also follows an announcement from Mr Osborne of a further £3bn of departmental savings in this tax year, as well as the sale of the government's remaining take in the Royal Mail, which the Treasury believes will raise around £1.5bn.


Organisers of the Shoreham air show, where a jet crashed last year killing 11 people, were unaware of the pilot's display plans, an interim report says.

The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) also said they failed to carry out a proper risk assessment.
The vintage jet fell to the ground on a busy road during a rolling manoeuvre, destroying a number of vehicles and bursting into flames.
Andy Hill, pilot of the 1959 Hawker Hunter, survived.
The Shoreham air show organisers said in a statement that the report "reflects our assertions that we, as the flying display organisers, complied with the existing Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) CAP 403 regulations".
They added: "We are confident that we made every effort to follow the CAA's guidance."
According to the AAIB, the flying display director at Shoreham was well qualified, but he was not fully aware of the sequence of display manoeuvres the pilot of the jet was planning to carry out.
He was not, therefore, able to identify where they would take place, or which groups of people would be put at risk.
The report notes that in a previous display, in 2014, the same aircraft had flown over residential areas several times, as well as performing a steep turn over the town centre of Lancing.
This was despite its flying permit specifically stating that it should not be flown over congested areas and the show's organisers operating under similar constraints. However, the pilot was not told to stop his display.
This report doesn't tell you why the Shoreham jet crashed. That final report won't be out for some weeks yet.
But it will have big implications for air shows up and down the country. It'll mean tougher rules, more red tape, higher costs, better safety and it could also spell the end for dozens of the smaller shows.
Some have already cancelled because of the uncertainty and because of higher fees being brought in by the regulator.
The CAA says the extra cash will pay for more staff to improve safety. Show organisers disagree, saying it's more of a money-making exercise. Both sides maintain that safety is their number one priority.
More than six million people go to air shows every year, making it the second-biggest spectator event after football.
Air show safety tightened after Shoreham
CAA says air shows must adopt safety measures
According to the report, investigations have shown that this was not an isolated incident. Similar breaches have taken place at Shoreham and at other venues, involving other aircraft and pilots.
The AAIB is also critical of the way crowds outside the airfield were handled, including at the junction of the A27 where the accident occurred.
This was a site where crowds had been known to gather in large numbers in previous years, and the AAIB says stewards had been employed to ask people to move on.
However, it adds that: "Neither the organisers nor the police had requested or been granted the legal power to prevent people from being in this area and their efforts did not prevent gathering on the A27 junction."
Further criticism was aimed at the process under which pilots gain their display permits, which allow them to qualify using one aircraft model, then use a variety of others in the displays themselves.
This was the case with the pilot of the Hawker Hunter, who had qualified using a different type of aircraft from the one he was piloting in the show.
The AAIB also notes that the pilot, Andy Hill, had been prevented from completing a display at a different venue in 2014 because the display director had been concerned about one of his manoeuvres.
No action was taken on that occasion beyond an informal discussion with Mr Hill.
The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is responsible for allowing air shows to go ahead and monitoring their safety.
But according to the report, last year its representatives only attended 18 of the 254 displays it authorised. In the United States, the regulator attends every show.
The AAIB has issued a series of recommendations which are designed to make air shows safer in future.
In total, the report sets out 14 recommendations affecting the way shows are organised and regulated, and how pilots are qualified to take part in them.
The AAIB says the CAA should "introduce a process to immediately suspend the Display Authorisation of a pilot whose competence is in doubt, pending investigation of the occurrence".
Responding to the latest report a CAA spokesperson said: "We will now review the AAIB's bulletin in detail and consider all of its recommendations carefully. We will also factor the AAIB's findings into our ongoing review of air display safety, which we expect to complete in the coming weeks."


Confusion over the types of coal being burned in Chinese power stations has caused a significant overestimation of the country's carbon emissions.

Researchers, published in the journal Nature, say existing CO2 calculations had used a globally averaged formula.
But when scientists tested the types of coal actually being burned in China, they found they produced 40% less carbon than had been assumed.
The study says the error amounted to 10% of global emissions in 2013.
China's drive for economic growth over the past 15 years has seen the rapid expansion of coal burning for the production of energy.
Indeed, the widely quoted statistic about the country building a new coal power station every week was actually exceeded in 2006, when one and a half such plants were constructed on average.
That rate of expansion has fallen away but this reliance on coal means that China's emissions of carbon dioxide topped the rest of the world for the first time back in 2007, a position it has retained ever since.
In this study, an international team of researchers has cast doubt on the exact scale of Chinese carbon being pumped into the atmosphere.
China routinely publishes energy statistics but it doesn't produce regular information on carbon emissions.
International organisations try to work out accurate CO2 estimations using the energy data and established "emissions factors", which detail the amount of carbon produced by the fuel being burned.
These factors, provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), are usually averages based on assumptions about the type of coal being used.  This allows global comparisons to be made.
However, this new study looked at the actual carbon content found in over 4,000 coal mines in China and in lab tests of 602 coal samples.  The emission factors based on these tests were on average about 40% lower than the default values used by the IPCC and others.
"For most of the developed countries, coal has been comprehensively washed but in China the process is not so comprehensive," lead author Dr Zhu Liu from Harvard University told BBC News.
"Basically, the coal contains higher ash; more ash means there is less carbon. If we convert the same amount of coal, we get fewer carbon emissions. That's why we get a lower level than previous estimations."
The scientists say that China is effectively using more poor quality brown coal than previously assumed. This skews the emissions figures because it contains less carbon than higher grade bituminous coal.
The researchers say the discrepancy is significant. Over the period 2000-2013, they found that China emitted almost three gigatonnes of carbon less than previous estimates, which is around 10% of the global total in any one year.
"The findings do have very significant global implications as China accounts for one-third of global total emissions. If we reduce China's emissions by 15%, we get a 5% less global total," said Dr Zhu.
"The IPCC emissions factor number needs a revision and that should be at the global level. "
Other researchers disagree. They say that the new study, while giving greater accuracy about China, doesn't change the overall global total on emissions.
"China's emissions may be a bit less than we thought, but we know how much total CO2 there is in the atmosphere and it is monitored globally," said Prof Dave Reay from the University of Edinburgh.
"This study therefore makes no difference to the total amount in the atmosphere; it simply means that accounting for Chinese emissions is getting better."
The team behind the new study says that whatever the global picture, its work has implications for many other countries where information on the mix of coal being burned is unclear.
"China is one of the biggest coal users in the world. There are also others like India, Indonesia and South Africa that haven't a very robust system for collecting data and verifying the statistics," said Prof Dabo Guan, another author of the paper from the University of East Anglia.
"There is huge, even greater uncertainty for India and Indonesia - this is a starting point for the global south."
Follow Matt on Twitter @mattmcgrathbbc.


QPR made a losing start to life back in the Premier League as James Chester's header gave Hull an opening-day victory at Loftus Road.

Chester outmuscled Rangers debutant Rio Ferdinand at the back post to head in from a corner early in the second half.
The home side had a superb chance to salvage a point after Chester was harshly adjudged to have handled a cross from substitute Junior Hoilett.
But Allan McGregor rescued City by saving Charlie Austin's penalty.
On the balance of play, QPR deserved a point, having created by far the greater number of chances over the course of the game.
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Prior to the goal, Rangers' Alejandro Faurlin dragged a shot on the turn wide from inside the box, Joey Barton struck the side-netting with a curling free-kick from 20 yards and summer-signing Steven Caulker saw a header cleared off the line by Hull's off-season recruit Andy Robertson.
But for most top-flight sides, football is all about taking your often limited chances and in this regard, Hull have given the new-comers a valuable refresher lesson.
Chester's header was the away side's first effort on target and one of only a handful throughout the game, yet it gives them the three points and that all-important opening-day platform.
The Tigers may have lacked a distinctly Shane Long-sized physical attacking presence - emphasized by the absence of Yannick Sagbo through suspension - but they were well-drilled, disciplined and hard-working throughout.
Even an injury to summer-signing Robert Snodgrass - who had shown signs of a promising partnership down the left with fellow Scot Robertson - did not affect their solidity.
And had another of their summer recruits, Tom Ince, slotted home a chance on the break with 15 minutes remaining they could even have avoided the late drama to come.
QPR know only too well how costly a poor start can be after a 16-game winless run at the beginning of their last top-flight campaign in 2012-13 led to their relegation to the Championship.
That season, they suffered an opening-day humiliation as Swansea exposed all of their naivety and defensive deficiencies to claim a 5-0 victory at Loftus Road.
This was a much better display, but it again led to another opening-day defeat for the hosts.
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Former England captain Ferdinand is a high-profile addition, designed to provide maturity and authority at the back and for the most part did just that, with his every touch in the first half greeted with grateful applause from the home support.
However, the 35-year-old's most significant act was in allowing Chester to get the better off him at the back post and steer the game's only goal into the bottom corner of the net.
Rangers' subsequent failure to conjure an equaliser will evoke unwelcome memories of their last top-flight campaign when they scored just 30 goals - a league low.
Substitute Bobby Zamora had a superb chance when he was through on goal but allowed Ahmed Elmohamady to tackle him.
Loic Remy - who did enough to suggest that talk of a failed medical with Liverpool this summer were wide of the mark - saw the last of a trio of shots saved by McGregor in the closing stages.
Most galling of all for Rangers will be the penalty miss.
Chester was adjudged to have handled Hoilett's cross in the box when the ball appeared to strike his chest, but McGregor ensured any controversy was academic as he dived to his right to push away Austin's tame effort.
QPR boss Harry Redknapp: "Some days it just doesn't go your way.
"You get a penalty late on and I think if we'd scored the penalty we had time to win the game, the momentum was with us. Some days you get the breaks and some days you don't.
"I thought in the first half we played well - we had good control, a good shape to the team, we passed it well and created some good chances so it was encouraging."
Hull boss Steve Bruce: "The referees have got to get together and realise they're making a mockery of it (the rule regarding handball) - it's supposed to be deliberate.
"Chester has got his hand by his side, the ball is a yard away and probably travelling at 50 miles per hour - what's he supposed to do?
"We need to stop all this nonsense and have a bit of common sense."
Check out the best photos from today's Premier League action on the BBC Sport Facebook page.


Iran has released a container ship it seized in the Strait of Hormuz last week, state media report.

A source at Iran's Ports and Maritime Organisation was quoted by the official Iran news agency as saying that the Maersk Tigris "was free to leave".
The Marshall Islands-flagged ship and its crew of 24 were intercepted by Iranian patrol boats on the 28 April.
Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammed Javad Zarif said it had been detained because of a long-running legal dispute.
The Danish shipping company Maersk, which charters the vessel, had been ordered by an Iranian court to pay damages to a private firm, he said last week.
It is not clear if the dispute has been settled, although an Iranian official was quoted on Wednesday as saying that "possibly the issue will be resolved in a day or two".
The seizure of the ship in one of the world's major shipping lanes threatened to turn into an international incident.
The US sent the destroyer USS Farragut to the area to monitor the situation.
Maersk said its ship was in an international shipping lane when it was detained, but Tehran insisted it had been in Iranian waters.


A 17-year-old boy has died in a canal while being chased by police.

The teenager, believed to be named Jack Susianta, fled after smashing a window at his home in Clapton, east London, after officers were called there.
He was missing for about 40 minutes before being seen, running away again and entering the canal, the Met said.
A police officer followed the teenager into the water and tried to rescue him but was unable to. The death has been referred to the police watchdog.
Police said they were called to the boy's home on Wednesday afternoon because family members were concerned for his welfare and officers arrived at 15:12 BST.
At 15:38, Hackney Police tweeted: "Jack Susianta, 17yrs missing from E5. Last seen wearing a T-shirt, shorts and socks."
The boy was seen on Hackney Marshes at about 15:50 and when he ran away again he ended up in the canal at Lea Bridge Road in Hackney.
His body was recovered from the water at about 17:20 BST. The cause of death is not yet known and a post-mortem examination and formal identification are still to be carried out.
Dog units, a police helicopter, Marine Police and London Fire Brigade were all deployed in the search.
The Hackney Police account had also tweeted appeals over the disappearance of Jack in the early hours of Tuesday, followed about an hour later by a message saying he had been found.
The incidents leading to the teenager's death have been referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission.
A spokesman said: "We deployed investigators to the scene and we are currently assessing it to determine the level, if any, of our involvement.
"We haven't yet determined whether it will be necessary for an independent investigation."


The Oscar-nominated screenwriters who wrote The Fighter have been hired to write a movie about Leicester City's surprise Premier League win.

Briton Paul Tamasy and Eric Johnson's yet-to-be titled film will focus on Jamie Vardy and his journey from factory worker to top scoring striker.
Leicester City club beat 5000/1 odds to win the Premier League earlier this year.
"The story represents everything we love in a movie," Tamasy told Deadline.
Johnson added: "This is more than a sports film, it's a once-in-a-lifetime story about the fulfilment of impossible dreams and the strength of the human spirit.
"It's also a hell of a lot of fun. I'm extremely excited and proud to be a part of it."
The pair were nominated for the best original screenplay Oscar for David O Russell's 2010 biographical sports drama.
They lost out to David Seidler who wrote The King's Speech, which was coincidentally produced by Bedlam Productions - the same company behind the Leicester City film.
"We saw and heard first hand how highly respected and talented they both are - we very much wanted to find a way we might work together," Bedlam's Simon Egan said.
It is not known when the film will start production, nor when casting will begin.
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram at bbcnewsents, or email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


High security barriers are being installed in Edinburgh in a bid to stop terrorists driving vehicles into pedestrians.

The temporary measure is being installed ahead of the Edinburgh International Festival and Fringe.
Police Scotland said although there was no specific intelligence to suggest the events would be targeted, the UK terrorism threat remains "severe".
The National Barrier Asset (NBA) system is provided by UK government.
The Edinburgh International Festival and Fringe is the largest arts festival in the world, lasting for just over three weeks in August.
A review of security has taken place following recent attacks in London and Manchester.
Police Scotland and the City of Edinburgh Council submitted a request for the barriers, which will be paid for by the UK government.
The NBA is a temporary deployed system including high security gates, portals and barriers, which are designed to prevent hostile vehicle attacks on key or busy crowded place locations.
It is owned by the Home Office and its deployment around the UK is co-ordinated by Sussex Police, with their installation contractor H2S2.
The NBA has been used extensively in the UK this year at other major events including Wimbledon and the European Cup Final in Cardiff.


Smithfield Market could be the new home of the Museum of London, as the institution has run out of space in its current Barbican location.

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29 July 2015 Last updated at 20:35 BST
Alex Bushill speaks to Clem Cecil at Save Britain's Heritage and Anthony Robbins at the Museum of London.


For the families of men facing the death penalty, money can be a barrier to seeing a loved one before the end.

Marilyn Shankle-Grant's son, Paul Storey, has been fighting his death sentence for almost 10 years. All his legal efforts so far have fallen short, and in autumn, a judge set his execution date for 12 April, 2017.
Storey was convicted in the 2006 shooting death of 28-year-old Jonas Cherry during an armed robbery. Storey's accomplice - the gunman - pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison. Storey went forward with a jury trial and received the death penalty in 2008.
Since he was sent to death row, Shankle-Grant has been able to see her son about once a month, making the four-hour drive from her home in Fort Worth, Texas, to the state prison in Livingston, Texas.
But recently things have got more difficult for the 57-year-old hospitality worker. The stress and depression over her son's impending execution was affecting her work performance, and she lost a job she had held for 30 years.
She tried to pick up temporary work, and even started her own business, Marilyn's Old-Fashioned Tea Cakes, baking flat, buttery rounds from her grandmother's recipe, wrapping them up in cellophane and selling them at local events.
But even that small income stream has dried up - she stopped making tea cakes not long after her son's execution date was announced.
"When I do them, I do it with lots of love," she explains. "Right now that's just not in me."
The situation has become dire - her Forth Worth home entered foreclosure this week. She needs $8,000 (about Â£6,400) to save it.
Her financial difficulty - not to mention her broken car - have made the trips to Livingston a real financial strain, at the same time that the approaching execution date makes them more important than ever. She estimates each trip costs roughly $350.
With just six weeks left to visit before her son is executed, Shankle-Grant posted a weary status to her Facebook page, lamenting the short amount of time she has left with her son and the financial struggle she faces just to see him.
It caught the eye of Abraham J Bonowitz, co-director of Death Penalty Action, an anti-death penalty charity. He had met Shankle-Grant many times over the years at death penalty abolition events.
Bonowitz reached out to Shankle-Grant to ask her permission to set up an online fundraiser on her behalf. He created a page on the crowdfunding site You Caring, which included a note from Shankle-Grant.
"My love and devotion to my son are not matched by the resources needed to make the trip as often as I am allowed to visit him," she wrote. "With a heavy heart I turn to my fellow human light to ask you to help me help my son face the darkness as his destruction approaches."
The donations began streaming in. One anonymous donor contributed $1,000.
"My father was executed in Texas 13 years ago, and while the situation is still painful, I'm thankful for our last few visits, and I know he was as well," wrote one contributor.
"Nobody's going to be able to take away the pain that Marilyn has, but we can take away some of the anxiety," says Bonowitz, who is considering making these fundraisers a permanent part of his work.
So far, he has raised nearly $6,000. The money allows Shankle-Grant to rent a car each weekend, stay for two nights in a nearby hotel, as well as pay for meals and gas.
Thanks to the funds, Shankle-Grant has been able to visit her son every weekend since. She says she is incredibly grateful for the help.
"None of this would be able to be happening if it weren't for that You Caring page," she says. "I'm able to talk to him. When he's down and out and depressed, we can talk about it and talk him through it. It gives me comfort, too."
Shankle-Grant's situation illustrates the hidden impact on the families of the condemned, who often come from low-income backgrounds and can live far away from the prison in which their loved one is housed. After 30 years of death penalty abolition work, Bonowitz has seen the situation many times before. Often a church or a non-profit will step in to help defray the cost of visiting a family member before an execution.
"None of these families have any money," he says. "Marilyn never did anything wrong and yet she is made to suffer. It's her son's fault, yes, but that doesn't mean the love for her child stops."
The success of the fundraiser caught the attention of advocates in Arkansas, which is poised to execute eight inmates over the course of 10 days, due to the fact that the state's supply of an execution drug called midazolam is about to expire.
Deborah Robinson, a freelance journalist who is writing a book about the eight men, says she has heard from three of them, asking for help so that their families can see them before the execution dates in late April.
"I have a 21-year-old daughter whom I haven't seen in 17 years, along with a 3-year-old granddaughter," wrote inmate Kenneth Williams, who is scheduled to die on 27 April, in a message to Robinson.
"The financial costs have prevented her from coming. If I am going to be executed, I would love to see her before I go one last time and to see my grandchild for the first time."
Lynn Scott, the sister of death row inmate Jack Jones, Jr, lives in North Carolina. She runs her own business as a wedding planner, but she and her husband lost nearly everything after the 2008 recession - their house, their 401k, they sold off most of their possessions. After Scott's husband suffered a massive heart attack in 2015, they found themselves financially devastated.
"We live paycheck to paycheck," she says.
Arkansas is scheduled to execute her brother on 24 April. With airfare, hotel, car rental and meals - plus cremation and burial expenses - she expects that she will need about $5,000.
"It's very difficult," says Scott. "What I want people to know is - whatever the inmates did, we didn't do that. I didn't do that to those people, but I'm still losing someone."
Modelling a crowdfunding page after the one in Texas, Robinson is now raising funds for all three Arkansas families to help defray some of those costs.
If Shankle-Grant's You Caring page raises more money than she can use to see her son, she says she wants the excess funds to go to the families in Arkansas.
Her son, Storey, still has a lawyer fighting for a stay of execution, in part based on the fact that his victim's parents are opposed to the death penalty and do not want him to be executed. Glenn and Judy Cherry have written letters to Texas Governor Greg Abbott and other state officials asking for mercy.
Shankle-Grant still holds out hope that her son's execution will be halted, and the portion of the fundraiser money that is designated for her son's burial can be sent to the other families. She is asking supporters to write letters to the Texas Department of Corrections, asking that Storey's life be spared.
In the meantime, because of a court hearing Storey has been moved to a county jail that allows him to use the phone for the first time in years (phone calls are not allowed for death row inmates in his prison). Shankle-Grant says he has been able to talk to his elderly grandparents, who can't travel to see him, and thanks to the fundraiser, she was easily able to pay the hefty $300 phone bill. She is also able to talk to him, sometimes as often as four times a day.
It's a small comfort as the execution date creeps closer and closer.
"He'll hang up and call back, hang up and call back," she says. "I don't know after [nine] days if I'm ever going to hear his voice again. For me, it's very important."