Roger Federer says 'Big Four' rivals Andy Murray, Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal will still pose a major threat to his Wimbledon hopes, despite questions around each of them.

The Swiss, 35, is the bookmakers' favourite to regain the title he last won in 2012.
Defending champion Murray is struggling to recover from a hip injury.
"If he's anything close to 100% physically, I consider him one of the big favourites," said Federer.
"It's that simple. It's the same for Novak and the same for Rafa."
Djokovic, a three-time champion, won only his second title of the year in Eastbourne on Saturday after a poor 12 months by his standards.
Nadal returns to Wimbledon for the first time since 2015, after missing last year through injury.
Murray heads into the tournament without a win on grass this year after losing in the first round at Queen's Club, and was hobbling during practice sessions at the All England Club on Friday and Saturday.
"I think it's very even when we put it all out on the line," said seven-time champion Federer.
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"Everybody has their own little story right now.
"For me, everything that happened sort of before - Queen's for Andy, whatever - doesn't matter so much.
"I feel like Andy's one of the best players in the first week at Wimbledon, so I don't worry too much for him there. He can play himself into shape hopefully for week two.
"Novak is just coming back from winning Eastbourne now. Rafa is coming in red hot from the clay.
"So I see it positive for them rather than negative in some shape, which I'm sure people will try to see that way."
Nadal, 31, has not been past the fourth round at Wimbledon since 2011 and won the last of his two titles in 2010, but arrives fully fit and having just clinched a record 10th French Open.
"I am excited to be playing here again, in a tournament that I really love, I really enjoy playing," said the Spaniard, who plays Australian John Millman on Monday.
"At the same time, I tell you, it's a tournament that you can go out of very early.
"But if I am able to go through at the beginning, I think I am with confidence. I am playing well since the beginning of the season, so let's see."
Angelique Kerber has replaced Serena Williams as the world number one since reaching last year's final, but her form has slumped in 2017 and she is in danger of losing top spot after Wimbledon.
The German, 29, plays Irina Falconi of the US in her opening match.
"I'm starting from zero here," said Kerber. "My mind is just day by day here, like last year.
"I will not put the pressure too high. I'm already so long the number one, I will try, of course, to keep it.
"But at the end, I am here to play round by round and focusing only on my matches, not about the numbers or the rankings, the points I have to defend, or whatever."
Two-time champion Petra Kvitova will be the centre of much attention as she continues her remarkable comeback following a knife attack in December.
The Czech, 27, suffered lacerations to her playing hand and it was feared she might never play again.
On the contrary, Kvitova returned ahead of schedule at the French Open, and then won only the second tournament she played since her comeback, on the Birmingham grass last week.
"I'm not sure if it is the result of what happened, but maybe I feel a bit fearless because of what happened," said Kvitova, who opens against Johanna Larsson of Sweden.
"I find out what's important and what is not. Sometimes I'm thinking on the court that I already won the biggest fight, and if I fight in the match, it doesn't matter if I win the last point or lost. I will still be happy to play."


UK interest rates have been cut from 0.5% to 0.25% - a record low and the first cut since 2009.

The Bank of England has also signalled that rates could go lower if the economy worsens.
The Bank announced additional measures to stimulate the UK economy, including a £100bn scheme to force banks to pass on the low interest rate to households and businesses.
It will also buy £60bn of UK government bonds and £10bn of corporate bonds.
Governor Mark Carney said there was scope to cut the interest rate further.
He said that a majority of the nine-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) backed another cut if subsequent data showed the economy was deteriorating.
Mr Carney also took a tough stance on banks and the introduction of its Term Funding Scheme. This will lend directly to banks at rates close to the new 0.25% base rate to encourage them to pass on the lower interest rates to businesses and households.
The governor said that banks have "no excuse" not to pass on the lower borrowing costs to customers and will be charged a penalty if they fail to do so.
He said: "The MPC is determined that the stimulus the economy needs does not get diluted as it passes through the financial system."
The Bank also announced the biggest cut to its growth forecasts since it started making them in 1993.
It has reduced its growth prediction for 2017 from the 2.3% it was expecting in May to 0.8%.
Mr Carney that the decision to leave the EU marked a "regime change" in which the UK would "redefine its openness to the movements of goods, services, people and capital".
He said: "We took these steps because the economic outlook has changed markedly, with the largest revision to our GDP forecast since the MPC was formed almost two decades ago."
Mr Carney added: "By acting early and comprehensively, the MPC can reduce uncertainty, bolster confidence, blunt the slowdown, and support the necessary adjustments in the UK economy."
The decision to cut interest rates to 0.25% was approved unanimously by all nine members of the MPC and is the first change in interest rates since March 2009.
The £60bn bond-buying programme, which increases quantitative easing to £435bn, was approved by a vote of 6-3, with Kristin Forbes, Ian McCafferty and Martin Weale preferring to wait until more concrete data is available rather than relying on surveys.
The corporate bond-buying scheme was opposed by one member: Kristin Forbes.
The corporate bond-buying scheme will purchase up to £10bn of bonds issued by companies outside the financial sector. Only companies considered to be contributing to the UK economy will be eligible. More details of the scheme will be released in September.
The extensive series of measures was revealed with the central bank predicting that inflation would rise above its 2% target as a result of the falling value of the pound.
Analysis: Kamal Ahmed, economics editor
The Bank of England is not very confident about the future of the economy.
It says growth will fall dramatically, announcing the biggest downgrade to its growth forecast since it started inflation reports in 1993.
The economy, it says, will be 2.5% smaller in three years' time than it believed it would be when the Bank last opined on these matters in May.
Unemployment will rise (although only marginally), inflation will rise, real income growth will slow and house prices will decline.
Growth, the Bank believes, will fall perilously close to zero over the final six months of this year.
It predicts that the amount of money lent through the scheme could reach about £100bn.
Read Kamal's full analysis here
A weaker pound makes imported goods more expensive, which boosts inflation. The pound fell by 1% against the dollar following the Bank's announcement.
Daniel Mahoney, head of economic research at Centre for Policy Studies, said: "The Bank's further loosening of monetary policy could prove problematic for the UK economy. The falling pound means that inflationary pressures are already building up, and today's decision will exacerbate them."
The Bank has warned that there will be "little growth in GDP in the second half of the year", although the forecast for 2016 growth has been left unchanged at 2% as a result of stronger-than-expected growth in the first half.
The forecast for 2018 has been cut from 2.3% to 1.8%.
It also expects the unemployment rate to rise to 5.4% next year and 5.6% in 2018.
The MPC meeting was the last one before it moves to only meeting eight times a year, meaning that it is not scheduled to meet again until 3 November, although it can call an extra meeting before then if it wants to.
A majority of MPC members said that if the economy performed as they expected in the coming months, they would support cutting interest rates again before the end of the year to their lowest possible level of "close to, but a little above, zero".
Before the referendum, there were warnings of a recession if there was a vote to leave the EU.
The Bank of England's quarterly inflation report does not foresee a recession, although all of its forecasts take into account the stimulus measures.
Even with those measures, the Bank still predicts little growth in the second half of the year, suggesting there could have been a recession if the Bank had not acted.
However, Scott Corfe, director of the Centre for Economics and Business Research, said: "Even with this stimulus, CEBR expects economic growth to slow from about 1.5% this year to less than 0.5% in 2017.
"A recession - at least a couple of quarters of negative growth - will be difficult to avoid and unemployment is likely to rise from current levels."
Business organisations the CBI and the British Chambers of Commerce both called on the government to do its bit to help.
Mr Carney has written to Chancellor Philip Hammond to outline the measures taken by the MPC as well as explaining why inflation remains, for now, significantly below its target rate.
In response, Mr Hammond wrote: "Alongside the actions that the Bank is taking, I am prepared to take any necessary steps to support the economy and promote confidence."
He said that those plans would be set out in the Autumn Statement.
Lucy O'Carroll, chief economist at Aberdeen Asset Management, said: "The Bank really needed to announce this kind of combination of measures. What will really count is whether the chancellor provides a fiscal boost in the autumn. Monetary policy can't do much more on its own."


At least nine people have died in two separate gun battles in Saudi Arabia.

In the first incident on Monday, masked gunmen killed at least five people in the town of Dalwah, a Shia Muslim area in eastern Saudi Arabia.
On Tuesday in a shootout believed to be linked to that attack, two suspected militants and two Saudi policemen were killed in Buraida, north of Riyadh.
Shias, who make up less than 15% of the Sunni-majority nation, are currently marking the festival of Ashura.
It commemorates the death of a grandson of the Prophet Muhammad.
Monday's attack was in Dalwah in Ahsa district, one of the centres for Shia Muslims.
At least three attackers fired machineguns and pistols at a crowd that was leaving a building where ceremonies had been taking place, police said.
At least 15 people have been arrested in connection with the shooting.
One resident of Eastern Province, Nasima al-Sada, told Agence France-Presse: "It's very surprising because it's the first time. We are shocked."
Saudi Arabia's supreme council of Sunni clerics condemned the attack, saying: "The enemies of our religion and our homeland aim to attack our unity and stability."
There were few details of the second gun battle.
The Saudi Press Agency said that in addition to the dead, two security officers were wounded.
The interior ministry said the gun battle began when officers tried to arrest suspects believed to be involved in Monday's incident.
Shia Muslims have long complained of marginalisation by the Sunni royal family, with the Eastern Province, where most of the country's Shia live, seeing a spate of protests in the wake of the Arab Spring.
The Saudi government denies allegations of discrimination and blames Iran for stirring up discontent.


David Cameron's policy chief has apologised "unreservedly" over remarks he made about black communities days after the 1985 Broadwater Farm riot in north London.

In a newly-released memo, Oliver Letwin - then adviser to Margaret Thatcher - blamed unrest on "bad moral attitudes".
He also dismissed plans to encourage black entrepreneurs, saying they would set up in the "disco and drug trade".
Mr Letwin said parts of the private memo were "badly worded and wrong".
His statement came amid mounting calls from senior Labour figures for him to apologise.
The party's deputy leader, Tom Watson, said the comments were evidence of "an ignorant and deeply racist view of the world", while MP Chuka Umunna said attitudes in the memo were "disgusting and appalling".
But a government source told the BBC it was a "historical" document "written by a policy team whose main task was to challenge orthodox views".
More from the National Archives
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What happened to the UK's moon dust?
Thatcher government files 'deja vu'
The Broadwater Farm riot followed the death of estate resident Cynthia Jarrett, who died of heart failure after four policemen burst into her home during a raid on 5 October 1985. Police said they were looking for stolen property but found none.
Mrs Jarrett's death sparked riots in which more than 230 police officers were injured and PC Keith Blakelock was killed after being stabbed 43 times.
The 1985 memo, written by Mr Letwin and future Conservative MP Hartley Booth, urged Mrs Thatcher to ignore claims that rioting in mainly black inner city areas was caused by social deprivation and racism.
"The root of social malaise is not poor housing, or youth 'alienation', or the lack of a middle class," they wrote in the document, which has been released by the National Archives.
"Lower-class, unemployed white people lived for years in appalling slums without a breakdown of public order on anything like the present scale; in the midst of the depression, people in Brixton went out, leaving their grocery money in a bag at the front door, and expecting to see groceries there when they got back.
"Riots, criminality and social disintegration are caused solely by individual characters and attitudes. So long as bad moral attitudes remain, all efforts to improve the inner cities will founder."
The pair, who were members of the Downing Street policy unit, poured scorn on plans put forward by two government ministers to tackle bad housing and encourage new black middle-class entrepreneurs as a "force for stability".
"David Young's new entrepreneurs will set up in the disco and drug trade; Kenneth Baker's refurbished council blocks will decay through vandalism combined with neglect; and people will graduate from temporary training or employment programmes into unemployment or crime," they said.
They argued government should place "young delinquents" in "good" foster homes and create a new "youth corps" to promote "moral values" and encourage "personal responsibility, basic honesty" and respect for the law from an early age.
In a follow-up paper, Mr Booth attacked plans for a Â£10m communities programme, suggesting it would do little more than "subsidise Rastafarian arts and crafts workshops".
The proposals were strongly criticised at the time by cabinet secretary Sir Robert Armstrong, who warned Mrs Thatcher that the proposed attempts at "social engineering" raised some "very large and problematic questions".
Labour's David Lammy who grew up alongside the Broadwater Farm estate, said the riots "had nothing to do with moral bankruptcy and everything to do with social decay and the appalling relations between black youths and the police".
He said the memo was "an indication of how the powerful can be so utterly, utterly out of touch with what's going on".
Mr Umunna, who grew up in Brixton at the time of the riots, said: "The authors of this paper illustrate a complete ignorance of what was going on in our community at that time, as evidenced by their total and utter disregard of the rampant racism in the Met Police which caused the community to boil over - there is no mention of that racism in their paper.
"The attitudes towards the black community exhibited in the paper are disgusting and appalling. The tone of it in places is positively Victorian."
Speaking on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, former head of the Equality and Human Rights Commission Trevor Phillips said he did not think Mr Letwin's remarks "would have raised a single eyebrow at the time".
He added: "My guess is that he's a grown-up now, he has met people and he has different views."
Mr Letwin, now the minister for government policy in the Cabinet Office, said: "I want to make clear that some parts of a private memo I wrote nearly 30 years ago were both badly worded and wrong.
"I apologise unreservedly for any offence these comments have caused and wish to make clear that none was intended."
A Cabinet Office spokesman said: "We remain thoroughly committed to helping the most vulnerable and ensuring that nobody is confined by the circumstances of their birth."
Mr Booth has been approached by the BBC for comment.
In separate papers released by the National Archives, government advisers expressed fear that potential rioters were arming themselves with napalm following the unrest.
Downing Street files also show Mrs Thatcher told then Home Secretary Douglas Hurd the government "should stand up for police" and proposed extra search lights as well as the possibility of demolishing homes in "difficult estates".
The archives also reveal government advisers feared a milk float in north London had been "abducted" to use the bottles to make petrol bombs.


Ideas are being sought to safeguard the future of a medieval Borders kirk where it is believed William Wallace was appointed Guardian of Scotland.

It comes after an archaeological survey in Selkirk which uncovered underground remains of a medieval chapel.
It is now hoped that a Friends of the Auld Kirk group can be established to encourage community support.
A meeting has been arranged as part of the Selkirk Conservation Area Regeneration Scheme (CARS).
It will take place on 24 January at the town's County Hotel.
Project officer Colin Gilmour said: "We were hopeful that the discovery made during the archaeological survey and the resulting events last September would encourage the development of further initiatives to secure this important site for the future, and this public meeting is the first step.
"We need to develop ideas and projects to safeguard the site for the future, enhance its interpretation and ensure its upkeep, and the support and involvement of the local community is key to that."


A strike called by the opposition to force the Democratic Republic of Congo's President Joseph Kabila to step down at the end of his term has crippled businesses in the capital.

Shops in Kinshasa were closed and streets were mostly empty, says the BBC's Poly Muzalia in the city.
The government dismissed the strike as the work of "radicals having some old fashioned fun".
The opposition fears Mr Kabila wants to delay elections due in November.
Police also fired tear gas to disperse opposition supporters who had gathered in the capital.
The one-day strike was most successful in Kinshasa, which has a population of about 11 million, our correspondent says.
However, business activities were also slow in Goma, the main trading centre in the east, he adds.
A coalition of  opposition groups, headed by veteran politician Etienne Tshisekedi, is boycotting talks aimed at resolving differences over the elections.
It says Togo's former Prime Minister Edem Kodjo, whom the African Union (AU) has appointed as a mediator, is biased towards Mr Kabila.
Delays in organising the election have compounded opposition fears that Mr Kabila plans to stay on despite a constitutional ban on him serving a third elected term.
The election commission has said a voter registration drive in the vast central African state of about 70 million people will not be completed by December.
In May, an opposition presidential candidate Moise Katumbi fled to South Africa after an arrest warrant was issued for him.
He was accused of hiring foreign mercenaries in an alleged plot against the state, which he denied.
DR Congo has a long history on instability and has never had a smooth transfer of power since independence in 1960.


Later this week, Google Play will revamp the way it rates apps.

The Android store will abandon the low/medium/high maturity classifications it has used until now and switch to a system run by an outside body.
As increasing numbers of youngsters are left alone to play with smartphones and tablets, the move will allow Google to show it takes its responsibilities seriously.
But there remains the potential for confusion - and controversy.
Google says it wants to reassure parents that apps are properly labelled by bringing in the experts rather than relying on developers to self-certify their products, as had been the case until now.
Rather than use its own proprietary classifications, it will offer parents and children labels similar to those already used to provide guidance about the suitability of boxed video games for different age groups, which should be relatively familiar.
A relatively new body called the International Age Rating Coalition.
It was founded two years ago, but its members have been in the age classification business for decades.
Instead of a centralised office issuing a single global age rating for each app, Iarc's five participants each give their own grades, taking into account local laws and different cultural sensitivities.
So, apps that contain nudity, violence, references to gambling and drugs and other potentially unsuitable material, will be ranked differently depending on where in the world a user's account is based.
The bodies involved are:
Generic ratings are assigned to territories without a participating authority.
If, for whatever reason, one or more of the rating authorities refuse to classify an app, it will not be distributed in the relevant countries.
Iarc says not.
Developers only have to fill in a single questionnaire about how their apps function and the content they contain.
The different bodies then share the information.
Makers of apps that don't contain content of their own - including calendars, calculators and other utilities - should be able to complete the process in less than a minute, the coalition's chairwoman Patricia Vance told the BBC. Even those involving more work shouldn't take longer than 15 minutes.
The system is automated, so the ratings should be spat out shortly after the answers are punched in.
However, Iarc promises there will be manual checks of the most popular apps and any which receive complaints from customers.
"The volume of apps in a storefront like Google Play is just enormous," explained Pegi's Dirk Bosmans.
"We can't follow the same [hands-on] approach that we do for boxed games, but we don't have to make the process as robust as there's no physical product here.
"If a physical product is mis-rated that's a logistical nightmare as you have to pull the boxes back from the shops and reprint them.
"With apps you can just say, 'That age seven rating should have been a 12,' and with a snap of the finger, reprogramme it."
Actually, Google Play isn't the first to throw its lot in with Iarc.
Mozilla's lesser-used Firefox Marketplace already depends on its rankings.
And the body says Microsoft, Sony and Nintendo are also set to join.
Iarc would love to take over the iOS store's age ratings and says it has discussed the possibility with the iPhone-maker.
But for now, Apple has opted to retain its own system.
That could potentially be confusing for families using a mix of devices.
For example, Apple's guidelines state that an app depicting mild occurrences of cartoon-like violence should get a nine+ rating, but the ESRB allows the same type of product to be classed E, meaning suitable for everyone.
Likewise, Apple says apps including nudity should be limited to a 17+ audience, while Pegi says nudity is fine for the 3+ crowd if it's non-sexual and 16+ if erotic.
Apple declined to comment about its future plans.
Not quite.
The ratings are limited to an app's content and don't involve privacy issues.
So, Iarc's members would judge a storybook app, for instance, to be suitable for a pre-teen age group based solely on the innocuous plot it tells.
But it could still be problematic if it required the user to share data about their location, contacts, photos or other device use.
This is a real concern. Earlier this month, 29 privacy watchdogs across the globe announced they were investigating what information was being collected by some of the leading apps targeted at children because of fears that too much personal information was being recorded.
Apps containing user generated content that isn't moderated before publication pose a separate challenge.
The ESRB plans to give such products a "teen" rating, while Pegi will instead show an exclamation mark icon, indicating that further parental guidance is necessary.
Yes. But there are proposals to change this.
Some campaigners are pressing for an age-verification scheme that would let app stores confirm that young device-owners were old enough to download a product without needing to hold personal information about them on file.
This would involve a trusted third party carrying out the necessary ID checks and then vouching for the child's age at the point of purchase, explains Dr Rachel O'Connell, chief executive of the tech advisory service Trust Elevate.
If the child was flagged as being below Iarc's relevant age rating, she said, an email could be automatically sent to their parents asking for their permission.
While it might take years to get such an initiative up and running, the GSMA - which represents mobile operators - says other steps could be taken in the meantime.
It suggests age-restricted apps could pose children a series of challenging questions to try to catch out those attempting to pretend to be older than they are - such as requiring them to type in their date of birth - and only giving them one chance to get the answer right.
There are also existing parental control apps and settings in Android Lollipop that can be used to prevent unauthorised access to the marketplace and only allow children access to specific titles.


Hit songs by Elvis Presley, Abba and The Spice Girls are among those being used in research that hopes to unlock the secrets of how memory works.

Researchers from the University of Amsterdam have created an online game in an attempt to shed light on why some tunes get stuck in your head.
Fans must identify song clips and compare them by their catchiness.
The researchers hope the findings will help the understanding of long-term memory and the treatment for dementia.
Dr Ashley Burgoyne of the University of Amsterdam said: "We do know that music has a very powerful effect on memory, more powerful than many other memory triggers. But the reasons for it aren't completely understood.
"Why is it that there are certain pieces of music that you hear just a couple of times and 10 years later you hear it again, and you may have forgotten the title and the artist, but the music comes back to your immediately?"
Dr Burgoyne said he hoped 10,000 people would play the game, Hooked On Music. The findings from the game would be "one piece of a larger puzzle", he said.
"There's been some very nice research showing that, if you can bring the favourite music of people who are suffering from dementia, it can really re-enliven them. These memories don't seem to fade.
"So if we can have a better understanding of how that process works and identify the features of music that seem to lock [it] into long-term memory, then you can perhaps use that to make better clinical decisions about what music is going to be the most therapeutic."
The game was created and launched with the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester.
The museum's Dr Marieke Navin said: "The idea is that people could be contributing to scientific research. We tried to make it a fun thing that people might want to play irrespective of the science behind it."


The first scientific paper to come out of the New Horizons flyby of Pluto in July has just been published.

Appearing in Science magazine, the article is largely a collation of information already made public through media briefings and press releases.
It includes the mission teamâ€™s initial impressions of Pluto and its moons: Charon, Styx, Nix, Kerberos and Hydra.
And, of course, it details some of the basic numbers that can now be used to describe these far-flung objects.
One key early result from the US space agency (Nasa) probe is the precise measure of Pluto's radius, of 1,187km, plus or minus 4km.
"This doesn't sound particularly exciting but you have to remember estimates of Pluto's radius varied from 1,150km to 1,200km, so this will really help those people modelling how Pluto/Charon formed, their atmospheres and the material exchange between them," said team member Dr Carly Howett from the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado.
Pluto's mass was already known, so the larger radius gives a density that is consequently now a little lower, at 1,860kg per cubic metre.
This brings it nearer to that of Charon, the main moon in the system. Its density is 1,702kg per cubic metre (its radius is 606km plus or minus 3km).
The closeness in density has a series of theoretical implications, which the team duly starts to discuss in the new paper.
It suggests the materials that make up the objects are not that dissimilar. Yes, different types of ices dominate their surfaces, but their bulk compositions may be quite alike.
That is not a surprise if, as many scientists think, the pair were formed as a result of a collision between two primordial objects billions of years ago.
However, it does put some important constraints on the smash-up.
To have the bulk materials broadly divided up evenly between Pluto and Charon may indicate that the colliding objects were predominantly undifferentiated masses of ice and rock.
Had either significantly gone down the path of separating heavier and lighter materials into defined layers, this would be reflected in the densities of Pluto and Charon today.
And accepting the undifferentiated state of the colliders could say something about the early conditions that pertained in this distant region of the Solar System, known as the Kuiper Belt.
It might suggest it was a markedly low-energy environment. Had the accretion of materials to make larger and larger objects been a more dynamic, violent process then it would have injected a lot of heat into these bodies, melting materials and prompting them to separate into layers.
"If this story all hangs together then it might mean these objects formed more slowly or that they formed later than at least some models would have it. This is the kind of thinking we're doing," Prof Bill McKinnon from Washington University in St Louis, Missouri, told BBC News.
In this context, it is fascinating to note that Comet 67P is two objects stuck together.
67P is being studied by that other major space venture of the moment - the European Space Agency's Rosetta probe.
The duck-shaped comet very probably formed in the Kuiper Belt before being disturbed and moved into the inner Solar System. And Rosetta scientists say some of the icy dirtball's features could only persist today if the precursor objects were joined in a low-velocity, "walking pace" collision.
"All of the data about Pluto and its moons (even the little bitty moons) and 67P, and the next Kuiper Belt object we go to with New Horizons in a little over three years  - all of this will feed into trying to understand how the Solar System formed," said Prof McKinnon.
New Horizons continues to speed beyond Pluto following its historic flyby.
It has now gone more than 100 million km deeper into space, putting it some five billion km from Earth.
As it recedes from us, the probe continues to send back data gathered during the flyby.
"We're really in the peak time in the mission for science because we're in the thick of our highest priority downlink," explained Dr John Spencer from SwRI.
"Every week, we have something new and wonderful to look at and speculate about. Future papers will contain a lot more goodies," he told the BBC.
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos


Widnes Vikings hooker Aaron Heremaia has signed a new one-year contract extension until 2017.

The 33-year-old one-time New Zealand international joined the Vikings at the start of 2015 from Hull FC and featured in every single game.
Heremaia spent three seasons in Super League with the Black and Whites after joining them from NRL side New Zealand Warriors.
"I'm really enjoying my time here and I'm very happy to stay," he said.
"It's a very professional set-up here and it was an easy decision to commit for another year."


A man who shot and wounded a policeman at point blank range as he sat in his patrol car was inspired by Islamic State militants, police said.

Edward Archer, using a stolen gun, fired at least 11 shots at Jesse Hartnett in Philadelphia.
Despite being shot, Mr Hartnett left his vehicle and was able to return fire, striking the gunman three times.
Mr Archer was arrested within minutes and later confessed to police he did it for Islam, officers told reporters.
"He has confessed to committing this cowardly act in the name of Islam," Police Commissioner Richard Ross said, because he believes "police defend laws that are contrary to Islam".
The 30-year-old from Yeadon, Pennsylvania, told police he pledged allegiance to Islamic State.
But there is no evidence that he was working with anyone else, Mr Ross said.
Philadelphia court records show he was convicted of assault in March and was set to begin a prison term. He had also been convicted of forging documents in a nearby suburb.
Mr Archer's mother, Valerie Holliday, said he is mentally ill and had suffered multiple head injuries, the Philadelphia Inquirer reported.
"He's been acting kind of strange lately. He's been talking to himself . . . laughing and mumbling," she told the newspaper.
"He's been hearing voices in his head. We asked him to get medical help."
Ms Holliday also told the Inquirer that he had been a devout Muslim "for a long time".
After the shoot-out, Mr Hartnett screamed into his radio: "I'm shot, I'm bleeding heavily." He has serious injuries and requires surgery.
"His will to live undoubtedly saved his life," Mr Ross said. "This could have easily been a police funeral."
Mr Ross said Mr Archer's gun was a police firearm that was stolen in 2013.
The shooting happened on the day two men who came to the US as refugees were charged with supporting terrorism - in Texas and California.
A month ago, attacks in San Bernardino, California, left 14 people dead, carried out by a couple inspired by Islamic State.


AFC Wimbledon are a step closer to building a new stadium in Merton after Mayor of London Sadiq Khan overturned a decision to call in the plans.

The Dons had been granted planning permission to build an initial 11,000-seater ground on Plough Lane by Merton Borough Council in December 2015.
However the plans were called in for review in March by Boris Johnson, who was London's Mayor at the time.
After a consultation, Khan has handed the application back to Merton Council.
Khan said the plans will be "of great benefit to Londoners and the wider community for generations to come".
Merton Council's cross-party planning committee had unanimously agreed to the plans, and will now determine the application.
AFC Wimbledon's plans to redevelop the current site of Wimbledon Greyhound Stadium include the construction of 602 residential units, and could see the capacity of the proposed new stadium increased to 20,000.
The League One club welcomed the decision in a statement on their website, adding they hoped the council would confirm that the planning application had been granted.
Meanwhile the leader of Merton Council, councillor Stephen Alambritis, said he was "thrilled" with Khan's announcement following a 14-day consultation period.
"We look forward to the homecoming of this much-loved and well-deserving team," Alambritis added.
"Merton wants to see AFC Wimbledon back on Wimbledon turf. We will now be working with the applicant towards the delivery of the site."
Merton's planning committee are expected to give final approval to the stadium scheme at their next meeting on Thursday, 15 September.
The original Wimbledon FC were forced to leave their Plough Lane ground in 1991 following the publication of the Taylor Report which, in the wake of the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, recommended that top-flight sides should play in all-seater stadiums.
They shared Selhurst Park with Crystal Palace until 2003 when they moved to Milton Keynes, having been given permission to relocate by an independent commission a year earlier.
The club were subsequently renamed MK Dons, while their old Plough Lane home became a residential development.
AFC Wimbledon, formed in 2002 in response to the relocation, have played all their home games at Kingsmeadow in Kingston, which is also home to non-league Kingstonian.
The phoenix club had two main aims: to return to the English Football League and to move back to Merton, which they see as the club's spiritual home.
They have won six promotions in the 14 years since their formation, reaching the third tier with a 2-0 victory over Plymouth Argyle in the League Two play-off final in May.
AFC Wimbledon took over the leasehold of Kingsmeadow in March 2003 and have agreed to sell the ground to Premier League side Chelsea.


A 65-year-old man has died after a crash on the A90 involving an articulated lorry.

The accident happened at Careston junction, two miles south of Brechin, at about 18:20 on Wednesday.
The 30-year-old female passenger in the Skoda car and the lorry driver were not injured.
The northbound carriageway was closed in the area until 01:00. Police have appealed for anyone who witnessed the crash to contact them.


Glamorgan have given a three-year contract extension to off-spinner Andrew Salter, running to the end of the 2019 season.

The 22-year-old Salter became a first-team regular in the 2015 season and played 12 County Championship matches, claiming 25 wickets.
"I'm really happy, it's been a tough couple of years beforehand learning some big lessons on the way," he said.
"But I'm feeling really good and optimistic about this season."
Salter had a best haul of three for five in 2015, and scored 411 runs with a top score of 73.
He has spent successive UK winters in Australia, first at the Darren Lehmann Academy in Adelaide, before playing club cricket in Sydney.
"It's a longer process than I imagined and in some games it felt like it was going really well and others were a hard lesson," he continued.
"There have been different chapters (in my career), playing in Australia, the success we had winning four Championship games in a row [in 2015] but the most exciting one is the next one ahead."
He was selected ahead of 38-year-old Dean Cosker for most of the 2015 Championship season, but the veteran left-arm spinner was still Glamorgan's most successful bowler in the T20 Blast.
Salter, from Pembrokeshire, is happy to learn from Cosker's former "spin twin" partner Robert Croft, who was appointed as Glamorgan's head coach in February.
"It's great having Crofty as head coach because he talks to me about the experiences that he's faced but it is a tough gig at times being an off-spinner when batsmen target you," Salter added.
"But that's the art of the game, that's the craftsmanship that I'm trying to learn bit by bit."


Tommy Bowe made his return to action after almost six months out as Ulster lost 26-15 to Wasps in Thursday's pre-season game at Kingspan Stadium.

Bowe came on for fellow international Stuart McCloskey who was forced off before half-time by a hand injury.
McCloskey sustained his injury after being stood on and he is expected to undergo an x-ray.
Bowe, out of action since Ireland's Six Nations game against Wales in March, operated as centre after coming on.
The Monaghan man normally plays wing although he has lined out at full-back for Ulster on many occasions.
Wasps led 14-8 at half-time with Peter Browne's Ulster touchdown coming either side of Wasps scores by Craig Hampston and Simon McIntyre.
A Callum Patterson try helped nudge Ulster 15-14 ahead but touchdowns from Josh Bassett and Danny Cipriani saw Wasps fight back to win.
Cipriani finished with 11 points for the visitors.


Belfast-based firm Equiniti has been selected to provide a cloud-based system for the Passport Office.

The technology and administration services provider, which employs 300 people in Northern Ireland, has won a government contract worth £500,000.
Its system is designed to help with the recording, planning and scheduling of staff.
The Passport Office has 2,500 employees working from 37 locations across the UK.
The platform will initially be used in Glasgow and then rolled out to the six other Passport Office locations throughout the UK.
Equiniti secured the deal though the government's G-Cloud procurement framework.
Nigel Farr, one of the company's directors, said: "Working patterns have changed dramatically over the last decade and far fewer businesses operate the stereotypical nine-to-five hours."
"Having a time and attendance system that is cloud-based is increasingly becoming essential in order to accommodate anything from flexible working or remote working to job sharing and hot-desking across locations," he added.
"Her Majesty's Passport Office has increased its flexibility and capability to respond to extreme external pressures which have a direct effect on its workforce requirements."


A republican councillor in Strabane has called for the removal of a large image of masked gunmen on the gable wall of a house in the town.

It shows two masked men with a large machine gun with the words "Unfinished Business".
It was put up near a children's play area in Springhill Park.
Paul Gallagher has said that people in the area don't know where it has come out of.
"People were saying to me that they would prefer that it wasn't there.
"Residents are concerned that it brings the area down."
The niece of a man shot dead by the IRA in Strabane, told the Belfast Telegraph that the poster was an insult to IRA victims everywhere.
Shelley Gilfillan, whose uncle Hugh 'Lexie' Cummings was killed in 1982, said that it normalises violence.
"That will teach the children what to do. It's sick and it will make the children of the area more used to violence."


Leinster missed the chance to go top of the Pro12 table as they slipped to defeat at Newport Gwent Dragons on a wet night in south Wales.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Fly-half Jason Tovey scored 18 of Dragons' 23 points in a solid display.
First-half tries for Ashton Hewitt and Tovey, either side of Luke McGrath's reply for the visitors, gave the hosts a seven-point lead at the break.
Leinster applied second-half pressure to no avail and were denied a losing bonus point by two Tovey penalties.
The win - Dragons' fourth in the league this season - saw them climb above Zebre into 10th in the table. Leinster, who were without 30 players because of international call-ups, remain second.
Wales were given a boost in the build-up to the Six Nations as full-back option Hallam Amos completed a further 80 minutes, continuing his comeback from a shoulder injury.
Hewitt stepped inside a challenge to cross for the opening try, his fourth in the Pro12, which was converted by Tovey, before Fergus McFadden's penalty got the visitors on the scoreboard.
McGrath, captaining Leinster for the first time, then burst through a gap to score under the post to give the Dublin side a 15th-minute lead, and Fergus McFadden kicked the extras.
Dragons were then twice denied possible tries by the television match official, before the game swung in their favour when Leinster's Dan Leavy was sin-binned for foul play.
Tovey took advantage, crossing in the corner after Rynard Landman's offload down the blindside, and then kicked a drop goal before the break.
In the second half, Leinster rallied, attempting to move above Scarlets at the top of the table.
But Dragons' defence held firm - aside from one McFadden penalty - before McFadden himself was shown a yellow card and Tovey's late penalty ensured the visitors left with nothing.
Dragons: Carl Meyer, Ashton Hewitt, Adam Hughes, Adam Warren, Hallam Amos, Jason Tovey, Sarel Pretorius; Boris Stankovich, Thomas Rhys Thomas (c), Brok Harris, Cory Hill, Matthew Screech, Nick Crosswell, Nic Cudd,  Rynard Landman.
Replacements: Elliot Dee, Phil Price, Shaun Knight, James Benjamin, Charlie Davies, Geraint Rhys Jones, Nick Scott, Scott Andrews.
Leinster: Zane Kirchner; Adam Byrne, Garry Ringrose, Ben Te'o, Fergus McFadden, Cathal Marsh, Luke McGrath; Peter Dooley, James Tracy, Michael Bent, Ross Molony, Hayden Triggs, Dominic Ryan, Dan Leavy, Jordi Murphy
Replacements: Richardt Strauss, Jeremy Loughman, Oisín Heffernan, Tadhg Beirne, Peadar Timmins, Isaac Boss, Ian Madigan, Noel Reid
Referee: Marius Mitrea (FIR)
Assistant referees: Craig Evans, Sean Brickell (both WRU)
Citing commissioner: Dennis Jones (WRU)
Television match official: Tim Hayes (WRU)


Florida authorities are calling a recent triple murder in Pensacola a "ritualistic killing" and believe the suspect had ties to witchcraft.

A 77-year-old woman and her two adult sons were found dead in their home on Friday.
They were discovered with slit throats and blunt force wounds, but there was no sign of a break-in.
Police think the deaths may be connected to Friday's "blue moon", an unusual astronomical event.
A "blue moon" is a nickname for a second full moon within one calendar month. They can occur once every three years.
No arrests have been made, but police said they had identified a person of interest in the case.
Police described the crime scene as "very complex" and said the bodies had been positioned.
Escambia County Sheriff David Morgan said the victims - Voncile Smith, John William Smith and Richard Thomas Smith - were known to be "very reclusive, very secretive''.
Richard Smith worked at a nearby military base, but Mr Morgan said the case was unrelated to "national security elements".


Two officers from Scotland Yard have been called "heroic" after forcing their way into a burning building and rescuing an unconscious man.

They were flagged down just before midnight on Saturday near the block of flats in Roland Gardens, Chelsea.
London Fire Brigade said it was called to an apartment on the second floor, but the fire had already been put out.
The man was taken to hospital, but his condition is not believed to be serious.
Four officers were also treated for smoke inhalation but they have since returned to duty.
Insp Chris Downs said: "These officers acted with great courage. Their quick thinking and heroic actions in entering a burning flat and rescuing the occupant have averted a potentially lethal situation."


US department store giant Macy's said it will cut thousands of jobs and close stores after disappointing sales over the holiday season.

The cuts will impact 3,000 jobs, half of which are expected to be placed in other positions.
An additional 600 jobs will be lost in back-office operations, while 750 workers will go through the closing of a call centre.
About 36 stores will also be closed by early spring of this year.
The company expects a 2.7% drop in same-store sales for the year to January, more than the up to a 2.2% decline it had initially forecast.
"In light of our disappointing 2015 sales and earnings performance, we are making adjustments to become more efficient and productive in our operations," said chief executive Terry J. Lundgren in a statement.
"In some cases, there will be short-term pain as we tighten our belt and realign our resources."
Macy's is the US's biggest department store chain and operates upscale retail chain Bloomingdale's.
A strong US dollar, low spending by tourists, warm weather and a glut of unsold inventory are being blamed for its disappointing performance over the key winter holiday season.
Consumer spending habits have also changed as people spend more money on travel and electronics and less on discretionary items such as clothing and cosmetics.
The retail giant has also been hit hard by deep discounts from e-commerce giants such as Amazon and low-cost rivals such as TJ Maxx.
Macy's said the job losses and store closures would mean a saving of $400m (Â£273m).
Last year, the company announced plans to close up to 40 stores in the US in early 2015.
Macy's shares were up more than 3% in after-hours trading as investors digested the news of the cost savings.


A growing number of people refuse to be put into male or female categories, either because they do not identify as male or female, or because they are going through transition to the opposite gender.

Germany, Australia, Nepal and Pakistan now offer a third gender option on official forms with other countries set to follow suit. And scientists are finding more evidence to suggest that even biological sex is a spectrum.
Do we need to re-imagine our binary world and rethink one of the most basic parts of our identity?
Four experts talk to the BBC World Service Inquiry programme.
Brin Bixby was brought up as a boy, and went on to get married and father children before coming out as bigender. She set up Bigender.net, which reflects the view that gender is a spectrum.
"In college I wore a dress on Halloween, and it was supposed to be a joke, and the people helping me thought it was going to be hyper-real, exaggerated. [But] I didn't want to be a drag queen, I wanted to be a woman, and I think it took people by surprise.
"It was the first time I looked in the mirror and saw myself. People interacted with me as a woman: they saw me the way I wanted them to.
"I would be most comfortable if I didn't have to think about my gender, but unfortunately that's not how it works for me and a lot of other non-binary people.
"We have a cultural understanding of what gender is and looks like, and in the west we have a very binary view of it. My sense of gender as a part of my identity shifts.
"I present as a woman everywhere I go, except for at work and at my children's school, because it gets very exhausting to have to explain gender fluidity to everyone I meet.
"Ideally we would not make gender such a huge focus of our culture, which would give people the freedom to inhabit their gender in ways that feels most comfortable to them.
"What we're seeing now is a relaxation of the sense of binary amongst younger people and internet-savvy people who are inhabiting much more fluid spaces."
Writer Mark Gevisser explores gender identities across different cultures.
"We know there's a gender continuum, because there have always been effeminate boys and masculine girls. Transgender is certainly not a western phenomenon. In many cultures all over the world there are traditionally third gender or gender-fluid identities.
"There are the Hijras in India, what are known as two-spirited people in Native American culture, Muxe in Mexico, and the Bakla in the Philippines. The space these people have occupied has receded with the spread of the Judeo-Christian ethic and western culture, but they're still very much there.
"There's a tendency in the west to idealise these. But the truth is that if you're Bakla or two-spirited, there are only certain things in your culture you can do. In India, the Hijras are basically cast out of society, only good for begging and sex work. So it's not necessarily a great life.
"I was talking to a remarkable gender therapist named Diane [Erinsaft] and I suddenly started worrying that if she'd been around when I was a little boy, I might have been turned into a little girl. She laughed and said 'No, you're definitely a guy'.
"But we started talking about the potential risk of the transgender movement establishing new binaries where, if you have a girly boy, and you're worried about how effeminate this child is, you could very easily solve the problem by taking the child to the doctor and the doctor can wave a wand and say 'Your girly boy is now a princess'.
"Wouldn't it be better if we had a society that just raised children so that it was okay to be a tomboyish girl, or a girly boy, and to explore that?
"Diane speaks about 'gender smoothies'; she got this from one of her patients who said 'I'm not a girl or a boy, I'm a gender smoothie, I mix it all up together'."
Dr Imran Mushtaq is a consultant paediatric urologist who works with children with differences in sex development (DDS) at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London. Around 1 in 1500 babies are born with DDS but up to 1 in 100 people have less obvious differences.
"Absolutely sex is a spectrum.  It's not binary in any way and we are slowly coming to understand this.
"As a specialist working in this area for the last 12 years, I've seen us transitioning so much in the way we think about sex and the way we treat children in whom the sex is not clear, and we are increasingly becoming aware how complex the issue is.
"How do you define what sex a child is? Is it the physical characteristics, the genitalia - do they have testicles, do they have ovaries or do they have both? Is it their chromosomes, is it their hormones?
"You can have a child whose chromosomes are XX, typical of what you'd associate with being female, yet their genitalia looks like a boy.
"Ten or 20 years ago when children were born with these kind of problems, there was very little discussion about not doing surgery.  It was almost a given that the child would need surgery to make it a boy or a girl.
"As a doctor and surgeon, I'm increasingly uncomfortable about undertaking what is irreversible surgery.
"We know that the outcomes of surgeries that were undertaken 10, 20 years ago are not necessarily as good as we would like them to be. Now is the next stage: in 10 or 20 years' time we will find out the outcome of not doing the surgery or maintaining these children in a certain sex, whereas previously they would have been changed to a different sex.
"I don't think we should have gender categories. I don't think that sex should be on birth certificates, I don't think sex should be on driving licences and I don't think sex should be on passports.
"We are just what we are. We have a name, we have a date of birth, give us a number."
Tamara Adrian is Venezuela's first transgender congresswoman although since it has not been possible legally to change your gender in Venezuela since 1998, she was sworn in under her old name, as a man.
"I've been saying for more than 15 years that gender as a legal category must be suppressed, because it is a way to deny rights or grant rights to male or female. Gender has the same effect that race or religion had in the past: there were two groups, one that was privileged and had rights, another that was underprivileged and didn't have rights.
"It is exactly the same with gender. If you are male, you have rights that females don't have, and this legal category of male and female is still being used to prevent equal rights: for instance, when you advertise a job and ask for someone you say female or male.
"I think [the idea of a legal third gender] will be the first test for this future solution in which gender will be suppressed in the legal document.
"It could be a solution because initially some of the [gender fluid] people in Nepal or India or Pakistan were not able to legally exist. They were not able to vote or go to school, and in general they were deprived of any basic rights. So it is an alternative in these countries.
"In other countries such as Australia which do not categorise a person within the male or female boxes, it's the first step in order to have a much more gender fluid world. But in Australia, for instance, they are allowing people to choose not to be considered legally male or female.  But in those cases, you are deprived of the right of marriage.
"We see a little of the possibility [of a less binary future] when you talk about a metrosexual man, or you see women that allow themselves a suit one day and the following day to use a dress with high heels.
"That's part of this gender fluid world in which you are not prevented to use the clothes that you want or to express your gender in the way you want."
The Inquiry is broadcast on the BBC World Service on Tuesdays from 12:05 GMT. Listen online or download the podcast.


Antonio Banderas is promoting his new role as the villainous Burger Beard in the latest Spongebob Square Pants movie and in his next film he plays the celebrated Spanish artist Pablo Picasso.

"I'm not preoccupied but you have to try and be occupied," explains Banderas on his forthcoming role as Picasso.
"It's not nerves, it's about being honest and discovering in me what I have in common with him and studying him, his complexities and depth well enough to bring him to me and do a portrait that is fair."
The film 33 Dias, is set during the period when Picasso worked on his anti-war masterpiece Guernica.
If the pressure of playing a celebrated Spaniard isn't enough, both men also hail from the town of Malaga on the southern coast.
"People loved him and loved what he did in artistic terms and what I'm doing is trying to understand him and why he said the things he said and did the things he did.
"There's a sense of responsibility every time you play a character."
It is arguable whether that same sense of responsibility extends to Banderas' role as Burger Beard in The Spongebob Movie: Sponge Out of Water.
The film, which opens in the UK on Friday, is already a financial success, having earned $280m (Â£187m) worldwide.
From Blackbeard through to Captain Jack Sparrow, history is littered with seafaring scoundrels so did Banderas base his pirate on anyone in particular?
"Of course there are pirates in the history of motion pictures, hundreds of them, and probably I've seen them all and something is in here," says Banderas gesturing to his head.
"But it's not like I thought: 'I want to sound like someone else'."
A veteran of Spanish cinema, thanks to his frequent collaborations with director Pedro Almodovar, Banderas flits between drama roles, action film and comedies in equal measure.
But it is providing the voice of a CGI fairytale character for which he has possibly become best known - the doe-eyed but deadly Puss in Boots.
The swashbuckling feline first appeared in the Shrek sequel in 2004 and was reprised in the third and fourth films before landing his own film in 2011, marking the start of his own franchise.
"We've already initiated the process of making a new movie with him, probably in a couple of years he's going to be back on the screen.
"I love that cat man, it's so much fun and I like to voice the character. I've been with him since 2003, I was on Broadway at the time.
"But I love to make movies for children because you can do so much more and laugh and get your own personality in there."
Banderas' plans come as Netflix premieres its own animated series based on the character.
The Adventures of Puss in Boots, however, is not voiced by Banderas, but rather a Canadian voice actor Eric Bauza, doing an impersonation of Banderas.
But just how does the real Banderas feel about this?
"It's how Hollywood operates," he says. "If you create a character that can produce all of these different branches, it's just because the character is successful, so I'm very happy that it's happened."
The Spongebob Movie: Sponge Out Of Water 3D opens across the UK on Friday 27 March.


Flintshire council has agreed to push ahead with permanent charging for car parks in its town centres.

It has been operating a pay and display system since last year, and on Wednesday, members of a scrutiny committee voted to continue charging but with a number of amendments.
Flintshire council said the parking fees would help protect services threatened by budget cuts.
Its cabinet will now be asked to endorse the decision on 21 June.
"Pay and display is here to stay in Flintshire," said cabinet member Bernie Attridge, adding that it was important to collect and listen to feedback so they could improve the experience of car park users.
He said the tariffs people paid were not only used to maintain and improve car parking facilities, but helped "protect other vital services, such as social services and education, which are under threat from continued budget reductions."


Volunteers in Berkshire have said they are rescuing or supporting a growing number of neglected and abandoned horses.

The UK has been going through an "equine crisis" with large numbers of horses abandoned across Britain, the RSPCA has said.
The charity received 22,046 complaints about horse welfare in England in 2014.
New legislation to make it easier for animals to be seized came into affect in May last year.
The Control of Horses Act 2015 - introduced to deter owners from "fly-grazing" (illegally grazing) or abandoning their horses on public and private land - has made a difference in certain parts of the country, the RSPCA said.
Local authorities have the power to seize horses grazing illegally.
But animal lovers in Berkshire said they have had to step in to help "keep horses alive".
One Berkshire resident, who did not want to be named, said she has supported more than 60 horses in the past 12 months, including the rescue and rehoming of a number of animals.
She said she complies fully with the Control of Horses Act.
"I take it upon myself to feed and water the horses... to keep them alive.
"There are little pockets of people like me who do this because we don't want to see them dead." she added.
In March 2015 a small group helped rescue 20 abandoned horses from a field in Binfield.
Volunteer Kim White, who assisted with the rescue, has started Saving Abandoned Fly-grazing Equines (SAFE) - a group rescuing abandoned horses.
She said the current situation has "gone mad over the past month".
SAFE currently has seven rescued horses but wants to do more, Ms White said.
The group relies on donations from the public.
"We get calls from across the country, but we can't rescue them all" she added.
Tony Tyler, deputy chief executive of World Horse Welfare, said the charity's centres were at "bursting point" but urged caution to anyone thinking of taking a horse they believe had been abandoned.
Anyone with a horse welfare concern should get in touch with their local authority, Sean Murphy from West Berkshire Council said.


Hull boss Steve Bruce says he is "thankful" he no longer manages Lee Cattermole after the player received a seventh Premier League red card.

The Sunderland midfielder was sent off as his side finished with nine men in a 1-0 loss at the KC Stadium. Andrea Dossena was the other man dismissed.
Bruce said Dossena's challenge on David Meyler deserved "three red cards".
Lee Cattermole's seven Premier League red cards:
02 Nov 2013: Hull 1-0 Sunderland
04 Mar 2012:  Newcastle 1-1 Sunderland
11 Sept 2010: Wigan 1-1 Sunderland
14 Aug 2010:  Sunderland 2-2 Birmingham
09 Feb 2010: Portsmouth 1-1 Sunderland
04 Mar 2009: Wigan 0-1 West Ham
13 Sept 2008: Wigan 1-1 Sunderland
"Thankfully he's not mine to manage anymore," he added when asked about Cattermole's foul on Ahmed Elmohamady.
Bruce managed the 25-year-old at both Wigan and Sunderland.
In 2010, Bruce warned the former Middlesbrough player that his career could be affected if he failed to improve his poor disciplinary record.
The former England Under-21 international's latest sending off was a straight red card for a challenge that split Elmohamady's boot.
"He's got to learn and I'm sure he will...eventually," added Bruce, after victory over his former club.
"One thing Lee's got to curb is that red mist that comes down. We know you can't make that challenge in today's football.
"In my day it might have been a booking but the directive is that if you leave the floor with studs showing, even if you don't make contact, it is seen as reckless and endangering the the player.
"The referee's got that one right and the second one [by Dossena] is a horror challenge, let me tell you.
"It was on David Meyler, who has had two serious injuries in his career, and he was lucky because those are the ones that really damage footballers.
"I don't know if you can get three red cards but he deserved them."
Although Sunderland manager Gus Poyet admitted former Liverpool player Dossena deserved to be sent off, he claimed Cattermole's challenge was not a red card.
The former Brighton boss criticised referee Andre Marriner for dismissing Cattermole, while failing to punish Hull's Paul McShane for a challenge that "could have killed" goalkeeper Keiren Westwood.
Republic of Ireland international Westwood, 29, had to be replaced in the first half after the challenge by McShane.
"I'm not accusing McShane at all," said Poyet.
"I think he played the ball and he was late but he nearly killed him and [Westwood] is injured and he is out and I need to change my goalkeeper.
"The tackle of Lee didn't touch [Elmohamady]. He was still on the pitch and he was down for two minutes - there's a little bit of a difference."
Sunderland's defeat at Hull was their eighth in 10 league games and leaves Poyet's side 19th in the table, five points from safety.


Production technology services company Proserv has won two North Sea contracts worth more than £15m.

Under the first deal with Taqa, Proserv will build a control system for three subsea wells near the Tern platform in the Cladhan field.
The other contract with an unnamed established operator involves subsea well and manifold control systems.
Proserv said the deals strengthened its position in the subsea controls and communications field.
Proserv chief executive David Lamont said: "Both contract wins reflect Proserv's industry-leading position and strong track record for delivering high-value integrated technology systems on time and within budget.
"Proserv's fast-growing suite of technologies have been developed based on the company's 'ingeniously simple' philosophy and are underpinned by the company's international talent pool of technical and engineering expertise which has expanded considerably through organic growth and strategic acquisition."
Westhill-based Proserv specialises in exploration and production, drilling and infrastructure technical solutions and services to the energy industry.
The company operates worldwide from 30 sites in six geographical regions.


The Top Gear special that prompted complaints from Argentina's London ambassador is to air at Christmas.

The announcement came on the same day a letter from the Argentine ambassador Alicia Castro, criticising the BBC, was made public.
The show's stars and crew had to abandon filming last month amid angry protests over a car number plate that appeared to refer to the Falklands War.
Ms Castro said a recent response received from the BBC was "inadequate".
In response to complaints concerning Top Gear presenter Jeremy Clarkson and the number plate incident, the BBC's director of television Danny Cohen wrote to Ms Castro in October.
"I would like to reassure you again that nothing we have seen or read since the team returned supports the view that this was a deliberate act," he wrote.
Ms Castro said Mr Cohen's "perfunctory" response showed he had not investigated the incident in any depth.
"Mr Cohen merely reassures us that it was not deliberate," she added. "We are not prepared to accept this as a full and adequate response to this supposed 'coincidence'."
In a letter to the BBC Trust, the corporation's governing body, Ms Castro said Clarkson's behaviour in the country fell "well below" BBC editorial values.
A Porsche the Top Gear team were using had the registration H982 FKL, which some suggested could refer to the Falklands conflict between the UK and Argentina in 1982.
The BBC and Clarkson have maintained the plate was a coincidence, saying no deliberate offence had been intended.
Top Gear will be split into two episodes, both focusing on the team's South American road trip.
The BBC's other festive offerings include Doctor Who, Call the Midwife and two final episodes of sitcom Miranda.
Other highlights include animated tale On Angel Wings, based on the book by Michael Morpurgo, with a voice cast including Sir Michael Gambon and Juliet Stevenson, and David Attenborough's Paradise Birds.
Simon Callow narrates Rik Mayall: Lord of Misrule, a look at the career of the late comic, while Mrs Brown's Boys returns for a two-part special.
Sir Bruce Forsyth reunites with Tess Daly for the Strictly Come Dancing Christmas Special, while comedy offerings include festive shows from John Bishop and Michael McIntyre.
Avengers Assemble, Salmon Fishing in the Yemen and Quartet are among the films the BBC will show as part of its seasonal line-up.
"This year's Christmas line-up on BBC Television is one of our best ever," said Danny Cohen. "There's world-class talent, edge of your seat drama, outstanding comedy and fantastic storytelling."


As British Airways (BA) finally starts to recover from a disastrous IT failure, an inquest is under way into what went wrong and why it has taken so long to fix it.

I've been contacted by someone who spent 30 years in corporate IT with some interesting theories.
The man - who doesn't want to be named - says airlines probably invest more in IT than any other organisations apart from banks, so this kind of thing just should not happen.
But he has three questions.
BA blames a power cut but in the words of my expert, it shouldn't have caused "even a flicker of the lights" in the data-centre. The UPS - the uninterruptible power supply - should have kicked in immediately.
The only issue should have been making sure the back-up generator was kept fed with fuel.
Even if the power could not be restored, the airline's Disaster Recovery Plan should have whirred into action.  But that will have depended in part on veteran staff with knowledge of the complex patchwork of systems built up over the years. Many of those people may have left when much of the IT operation was outsourced to India.
And there may have been a situation where one team was frantically trying to restore the original system while elsewhere another team was attempting to fire up the back-up - with managers unsure which of the two workstreams to prioritise.
One theory of my IT veteran is that when the power came back on, the systems were unusable because the data was unsynchronised. In other words the airline was suddenly faced with a mass of conflicting records of passengers, aircraft and baggage movements - all the complex logistics of modern air travel.
He says: "This would have meant that BA would need to restore to a known synchronised back-up point (potentially days old), which brings in the previous argument about the hands-on skills required to achieve this."
In summary, complex IT systems do fail from time to time, but smart organisations have the people and processes in place to recover quickly.
BA has said little so far about what went wrong. However, it will now be under pressure from investors, staff and passengers to provide some answers.


David Cameron has said he is "frustrated" by the dominance of the so-called 'big six' energy suppliers and called for far greater competition.

The prime minister said he wanted a 'big 60' energy market, with greater choice for consumers and "healthy" competition keeping prices down.
There has been widespread anger at recent price increases of up to 10%.
Ministers are also set to meet firms to discuss claims some direct debit customers have been overpaying.
This followed newspaper reports claiming ministers are concerned that firms are using direct debit customers - many of whose monthly payments are based on estimates of their energy consumption - to stockpile large sums of money.
Ministers are reported to be looking at the interest that firms generate on this money and potentially introducing a new code of conduct for such payments - although no date has been set for a meeting.
NPpower, British Gas, SSE and Scottish Power have all said they will increase electricity and gas prices by between 8% and 10% while Eon and EDF are expected to follow suit.
The increases will take the cost of an average dual-fuel bill, in most cases, to more than Â£1,400 a year.
The six firms account for about 90% of the UK energy retail market.
Labour wants a freeze in household bills but the government says this is a gimmick and says it is focused on reviewing competition and looking at a potential reduction in the environmental charges levied on monthly bills.
During a Q&A session with apprentices from a range of firms - held at the Mini plant in Oxford - the prime minister said eight new firms had entered the market since May 2010 but he wanted to see many more.
"Competition is the best answer in all of these areas," he said. "I am frustrated by the 'big six' because I want to see the 'big sixty' and to see many more energy companies."
He rejected suggestions that consumers got a better deal before privatisation, saying a market with a monopoly supplier was inefficient and prices went "shooting up" despite government efforts to intervene.
"You don't get competition through nationalisation," he added. "You get competition through privatisation and proper regulation and making it possible for companies to come into the market. That is what is happening in energy."
The government is launching a new review of competition in the market, including an annual audit of suppliers, to see what more can be done to encourage new entrants.
But Labour says the market is inherently dysfunctional and has called for a separation of the firms' generating and retailing capacity as well as a 20-month price freeze from June 2015.
Asked about reports that figures from regulator Ofgem would show wholesale energy prices have risen by less than 2%, a No 10 spokesman said it was for energy companies "to explain decisions on bills to their customers".
Separately, Mr Cameron has announced changes to apprenticeship schemes from the end of 2014, designed to give employers more control over standards and increase the emphasis on numeracy and literacy tests.
He also confirmed that a group of blue chip employers, including BT, Barclays and Tesco, have agreed to offer new 100,000 youth vocational training placements over the next two years.


Among those celebrating exam success is girls' education campaigner, Malala Yousafzai who gained a string of As and A*s in her GCSEs.

Her father, Ziauddin Yousafzai, took to Twitter to list Malala's grades which include A*s in GCSE and iGCSE maths.
"My wife Toor Pekai and I are proud of Malala getting 6A*s and 4As. #education for every child," wrote Mr Yousafzai.
Malala was shot by the Taliban after writing a diary about life under their rule in North-West Pakistan.
Last year, she became the youngest person ever to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
The 18-year-old, who now attends Edgbaston High School in Birmingham, did particularly well in the sciences, with top A* grades in biology, chemistry and physics - as well as in religious studies.
She also scored As in history, geography, English language and English literature.
Malala first came to public attention through her anonymous diary, published on the BBC's Urdu website, in which she chronicled her desire for girls in Pakistan to have the chance of an education.
At the time, scores of girls' schools were being destroyed by militants in the Swat valley where she lived.
She survived being shot in the head by a Taliban gunman in October 2012 and was eventually flown to the UK for treatment and rehabilitation.
Profile: Malala Yousafzai
Malala: The girl who was shot for going to school


Tech giant Microsoft is set to close the London office of its Skype subsidiary with the potential loss of 220 jobs.

The company said it was consolidating its London offices and moving workers to a new site in Paddington.
"Microsoft reviewed some London-based roles and made the decision to unify some engineering positions," it said.
The move will potentially put at risk a number of "globally-focused" roles at Skype and Yammer, it added.
Skype was founded in London in 2003 and snapped up by Microsoft in 2011 for $8.5bn (Â£6.5bn).
In July, Microsoft said it would be scrapping 2,850 jobs across its business in the fourth quarter of 2016, although it is yet to say when the London Skype office will close.
"Microsoft will be entering into a consultation process and offer new opportunities, where possible," the company said.
"We are deeply committed to doing everything we can to help those impacted through this process."
On the face of it, the closure of Skype's London office says more about Microsoft's problems in managing the business since the takeover than about the UK's attractiveness as a location.
But it is also further evidence that ownership matters. Skype was an Estonian company but founded and rooted firmly in London, and when Microsoft swooped it was assumed that this would continue to be where its future was shaped.
Now it's facing strong headwinds, failing to establish itself as the prime means of business communications, and Microsoft is cutting costs.
If the firm was still controlled from London, the axe might have fallen elsewhere - but with key decisions being made far away in Seattle, there was no room for sentiment about Skype's history.
Foreign buyers always make positive noises about  boosting jobs and investment - but sometimes those promises are hard to keep.
Read more: Has the UK got Tech Talent?


Japan might have halted trading on the pound on Friday in Brexit's wake, but there's no doubting their yen for victory on Saturday when the national team face Scotland in the second and final Test in Tokyo.

This is going to be quite a big deal at the Ajinomoto Stadium in western Tokyo, the venue for the opening ceremony and first match of the 2019 Rugby World Cup while also serving as an evacuation centre for survivors of the great disaster that was the 2011 Tokohu earthquake and Tsunami.
For the first time ever, the Japanese team will be watched by the Imperial Couple. Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko will attend the Test, their presence sending something of a frisson through the home team on Friday.
Shota Horie, the experienced Japan captain, said it was a "very great honour" to have the Emperor watching the team play.
"We'd like to get a result in front of him," said the hooker.
In the mixed zone at the stadium, his team-mates said the same. The words "honour" and "privilege" were mentioned repeatedly.
Akihito, 82, acceded the throne in 1989 and is the eldest son of Emperor Showa [or Hirohito as we would know him].
He's also the nephew of Prince Chichibu, who was a hugely important figure in the development of rugby in Japan. A city centre stadium, the headquarters of the Japanese Rugby Union and Rugby World Cup 2019, is named after him.
"As well as the Emperor, we're expecting the largest crowd we've ever had watching Japan in Japan," said Mark Hammett, their interim coach.
As of Friday morning, 25,000 tickets had been sold with expectations of a walk-up figure of another 5,000.
The Ajinomoto has a covered-up running track, a tight pitch with short in-goals and vast spaces beyond both ends and both sides. It's an impressive sight even if the pitch seems like it's in another prefecture when sitting in the stand.
Hammett spoke about Japan's disciplinary record in the first Test and certain frustrations he felt. His team had two players sin-binned - correct decisions that cost Japan 14 points - and gave away 15 penalties.
Hammett reckoned that at least seven of them were dubious. As a consequence he said that if Japan's discipline holds and their penalty count is reduced, they have a big chance of causing an upset.
This will be Scotland's 16th Test match of the season, going back to the first of the four pre-World Cup warm-up matches against Ireland last August. Matt Taylor, Scotland's defence coach, also spoke of the Emperor and the motivation his presence might give the hosts.
"We're really excited that we're going to be playing in front of him and we understand, talking to the Japanese people and liaison officers, that it's a really big deal that he's coming to the game," he said.
"We understand how motivated the Japan team will be and we have spoken about how up for the game we need to be because of this."


A baby elephant in Sri Lanka has been rescued after getting trapped in a drain.

31 May 2016 Last updated at 08:46 BST
Wild elephants are known to roam freely in the area in the port city of Hambantota.
Rescuers and wildlife officials broke open the drain and pulled the elephant to safety.
It was then taken away for medical treatment for what vets think might be an injured leg.


Healthcare diagnostics company Randox has won a five year contract to supply quality control products to Northern Ireland health trusts.

The contract will see the County Antrim-based firm supply ten hospitals within the trusts.
The deal means that routine patient blood tests will be quality assured by Randox products.
The new business is potentially worth Â£1.2m over the life of the contract.
Quality control products are used to ensure accuracy in testing procedures and help prevent misdiagnosis
Randox is one of the largest manufacturers of laboratory quality control products in the world.


Norwich City have signed Wigan Athletic winger Yanic Wildschut for £7m and Ajax left-back Mitchell Dijks on loan for the rest of the season.

Wildschut, 25, has agreed a two-and-a-half-year contract after requesting a transfer from Wigan on Monday.
The Dutchman helped the Latics win the League One title last season.
Dijks, 23, was in Norwich last week for talks, but his agent said in a Dutch newspaper that Dijks would not be moving to Carrow Road.
However, Dijks has joined the Canaries on a deal which includes an option for the English club to buy the player.
Dijks began his career with Ajax, but had a spell with Willem II before rejoining them in July 2015 and has made 15 appearances this season in the Dutch Eredivisie and Europa League.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page or visit our Premier League tracker here.


Three people have been charged in connection with an alleged attack on taxi drivers on the Isle of Wight.

Gina Alexander, 24, and Karin Alexander, 22, both of Priors Walk, Newport, have been charged with affray.
Conor Patrick, 22, of Edinburgh Road, Freshwater, faces the same charge. All three will attend Newport Magistrates' Court on 12 August.
It comes after a gang allegedly attacked three taxi drivers at a rank in Newport on 13 April.
The incident on South Street led to a boycott by firms who refused to service ranks across the town.


The co-pilot suspected of deliberately crashing the Germanwings jet in the French Alps had researched suicide methods and the security of cockpit doors, German prosecutors said.

Internet searches from the week before the crash were found on the tablet computer used by Andreas Lubitz,
Meanwhile, the second "black box" flight recorder from the plane has been recovered.
There were no survivors among the 150 people on board the A320 on 24 March.
The German prosecutors said internet searches made on the tablet found in Lubitz's Duesseldorf flat included "ways to commit suicide" and "cockpit doors and their security provisions".
Spokesman Ralf Herrenbrueck said: "He concerned himself on one hand with medical treatment methods, on the other hand with types and ways of going about a suicide.
"In addition, on at least one day he concerned himself with search terms about cockpit doors and their security precautions.''
Prosecutors did not disclose the individual search terms in the browser history but said personal correspondence supported the conclusion Lubitz used the device in the period from 16 to 23 March.
Lubitz, 27, had been deemed fit to fly by his employers at Germanwings, a subsidiary of Lufthansa.
The first "black box", the voice recorder, was recovered almost immediately at the crash site.
Based on that evidence, investigators said they believed Lubitz intentionally crashed Flight 9525, which was travelling from Barcelona to Duesseldorf, taking control of the aircraft while the pilot was locked out of the cockpit.
The second "black box" recovered is the flight data recorder (FDR) which should hold technical information on the time of radio transmissions and the plane's acceleration, airspeed, altitude and direction, plus the use of auto-pilot.
At a press conference, Marseille prosecutor Brice Robin said there was "reasonable hope" the recorder which was being sent to Paris for examination, would provide useful information.
The "completely blackened" equipment was found near a ravine and was not discovered immediately because it was the same colour as the rocks, he said.
He said: "The second black box is an indispensable addition to understand what happened especially in the final moment of the flight."
He told the media 150 separate DNA profiles had been isolated from the crash site but he stressed that did not mean all the victims had been identified.
As each DNA set is matched to a victim, families will be notified immediately, he said,
He added 40 mobile phones had been recovered. He said they would be analysed in a laboratory but were "heavily damaged".
Also on Thursday, Germanwings said it was unaware that Lubitz had experienced depression while he was training to be a pilot.
Lufthansa confirmed on Tuesday that it knew six years ago that the co-pilot had suffered from an episode of "severe depression'' before he finished his flight training.
``We didn't know this,'' said Vanessa Torres, a spokeswoman for Lufthansa subsidiary Germanwings, which hired Lubitz in September 2013.
She could not explain why Germanwings had not been informed.
The final minutes
Lubitz began the jet's descent at 10:31 (09:31 GMT) on 24 March, shortly after the A320 had made its final contact with air traffic control.
Little more than eight minutes later, it had crashed into a mountain near Seyne-les-Alpes.
What happened in the last 30 minutes of Flight 4U 9525?
Who was Andreas Lubitz?


A stunning stoppage-time strike by Ayr United's Ross Docherty denied Stranraer a first-leg advantage in the Scottish Championship play-off final.

The home side had taken the lead through Mark McGuigan in a feisty match which was peppered with eight bookings.
But Docherty's late shot from inside the box levelled the tie again.
The two sides meet again for the second leg at Somerset Park on Sunday afternoon, with the eventual winner gaining promotion to the second tier.
Ayr's Greg Fleming produced a quite stunning save from a thundering Ryan Thomson shot, which appeared netbound until the goalkeeper launched himself to his left and diverted with the strongest of hands.
Fleming's team-mate Ross McCrorie blundered at the other end. Unmarked six yards out, he had all the time in the world to finish but rushed his effort and totally missed the target.
A swift Stranraer counter-attack led to the opener as Andy Stirling, the outstanding player on show, fed McGuigan to finish low and with precision.
The hosts could have scored a second in a bizarre sequence of play which began with an Ayr player having his jersey pulled as he took a throw-in by a Stranraer fan leaning over the wall.
The home team broke and Ayr keeper Fleming totally misread a header outside his box. The ball deflected to Jamie Longworth, whose shot was eventually cleared.
And then Docherty levelled the tie again seconds before the final whistle.
It was indeed a weird and wonderful night and sets up a fascinating showdown on Sunday.


A teaching union has warned against changing the law to allow school staff to search pupils without consent.

It comes after a review into the death of Bailey Gwynne found his death was "potentially avoidable" if teachers had known his attacker carried a knife.
The EIS said future searches could turn their members into "prison wardens" and put them at risk.
Bailey Gwynne died in October last year after a boy stabbed him during a fight at Cults Academy in Aberdeen.
The review, conducted by child welfare professional Andrew Lowe, made 21 recommendations including a call for legal changes to give teachers more power to search pupils.
Justice Secretary Michael Matheson said the Scottish government would consider the findings and report back in due course.
However, both the EIS and NASUWT have rejected the proposal on safety grounds and said it could lead to future claims against teachers.
Louise Wilson from the EIS told BBC radio Scotland: "We think it would undermine the teacher pupil relationship. It would undermine trust. It would almost be rather like being a prison warden rather than a teacher.
"Possibly, if there were incidents arising, it could also escalate those incidents. We think there's better ways of trying to reduce the risk of violent incidents in schools rather than having teachers take on the role of searcher."
Following the death of Bailey Gwynne, police were called to incidents at six secondary schools in Aberdeenshire and Moray in December where weapons were recovered.
Police said seven secondary school pupils were reported as a result.
Insp Colin Taylor, who leads a team of eight officers liaising with schools across Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire, denied there was a particular issue with knives in the area.
He told BBC Scotland's Good Morning Scotland programme: "I think it's probably more of a reflection of the raised awareness of it in the wake of the incident which took place at Cults. It came far more into the psyche of young people involved.
"They became far more aware of these sorts of incidents and the wider implications of them and became a lot more proactive in reporting it to their parents and their teachers and that I think was reflected in the number of incidents which very quickly began to be reported after the Bailey Gwynne incident."
Police have so far visited all S2 pupils in the classroom in Moray in Aberdeenshire to discuss knife crime.
They are now widening that initiative to include S1 pupils in Aberdeen city.


Thomas Cook Airlines has announced plans to launch direct flights to the Caribbean from Glasgow.

The services to Barbados as well as Cancun in Mexico have been included in the airline's winter 2015 schedule.
The route to Cancun will run on Saturdays from 7 November to 2 January, while the service to Barbados will operate on Sundays from 8 November to 3 January.
An Airbus A330 will be used for the new routes.
Thomas Cook also announced plans to extend its current Glasgow to Las Vegas programme to a weekly service from 2 November until 4 January 2016.
It then plans to double the number of flights to Las Vegas in the summer of next year, as well as increase the number of summer flights to Orlando.
Christoph Debus, from the Thomas Cook Group, said, "Following the great success of our new Las Vegas flight, we are really pleased to announce new routes this winter to Cancun and Barbados with an even better service with more flights to Las Vegas and Orlando next summer."


Pope Francis has decried the "tragedy" of people who are forced to migrate, as he celebrated Mass in Mexico's Ciudad Juarez city on the border with the US.

He climbed a ramp overlooking the Rio Grande that separates the city and El Paso, Texas, and laid flowers on a cross erected in memory of migrants who died trying to cross to the other side.
Earlier, he met inmates in the jail of Ciudad Juarez that was once one of the most violent cities in Mexico.
The events concluded his five-day trip.
"We cannot deny the humanitarian crisis which in recent years has meant the migration of thousands of people," the pontiff told some 300,000 people who attended the open-air Mass.
On the US side, tens of thousands watched the event on a giant screen.
"Each step, a journey laden with injustices; the enslaved, the imprisoned and extorted; so many of these brothers and sisters of ours are the consequence of trafficking in human beings," Pope Francis said.
Earlier on Wednesday, the pontiff visited the Cereso jail, a mixed prison which houses about 700 inmates, 250 of them women.
This trip to Ciudad Juarez was the culmination of a trip focused on meeting people on the margins.
He criticised the prison system while praying with inmates, he told the church hierarchy to leave their churches and be with their people and he urged political leaders to make Mexico a better place.
But there's one issue that is especially close to the pontiff's heart - as a Latin American and the son of immigrants, migration is a theme the Pope is keen to address.
Celebrating mass on the border with the United States went beyond Catholicism and went beyond the personal - it was a bold political move at a time when immigration is such a hotly-debated topic north of the border.
His visit was seen as a chance to give hope to the city's residents, who lived through a spate of murders and rampant drug violence which meant few dared leave their homes at night.
"The problem of security is not resolved only by incarcerating; rather, it calls us to intervene by confronting the structural and cultural causes of insecurity that impact the entire social framework," Francis told the inmates.
Pope tells young Mexicans to 'dare to dream'
The pontiff's visit came just days after 49 prisoners died in a fight between rival gang members at the Topo Chico jail in the north-eastern city of Monterrey.
Mexican prisons are notoriously overcrowded and corrupt and the meeting between inmates and the pontiff is expected to draw further attention to these problems.
Pope Francis has repeatedly called on the country's leaders to make it a better place for people to live.
On Tuesday, he told young Mexicans in the violence-hit state of Michoacan "to dare to dream".
He urged them to reject a life of crime and to "feel your value".


The EU has expressed concern after Bosnian Serbs decided to suspend co-operation with the country's central police force and courts.

The decision could "jeopardize the functioning of the judiciary and law enforcement in BiH [Bosnia-Herzegovina]", the EU warned.
The Bosnian Serb move follows raids by officers investigating war crimes.
Most Bosnian Serbs live in one of two entities set up by the Dayton agreement that ended the 1992-1995 Bosnian war.
Tensions have been rising for several months after lawmakers in the Bosnian Serb Republic, or Republika Srpska, voted to hold a referendum on the authority of Bosnia's national court in their entity.
Bosnian Serb President Milorad Dodik, who proposed the referendum, said the country's prosecutors had been more lenient towards "the few Bosniaks" charged with war crimes compared with Serbs.
On Thursday Bosnian Serb Interior Minister Dragan Lukac decried raids by state investigators looking for Bosnian Serb suspects in the town of Novi Grad as "inappropriate and provocative".
Supporting the move to suspend law-enforcement co-operation, Mr Dodik said the operation constituted an attack "that could even have provoked armed conflict".
But in a statement, the EU called on authorities in Bosnia-Herzegovina to "maintain mutual co-operation and dialogue".
It underlined "the need to respect the rule of law throughout the whole territory of the country".
Bosnia became an independent state after the war, but half its population - around two million people - had been displaced, and its infrastructure and economy was left in tatters.
Its political set-up is complicated, with the two regions having their own governments, parliament, police and other bodies - linked to a central Bosnian government and rotating presidency.
The country has been encouraged to seek membership of the European Union to strengthen its stability, but it has been unable to escape high levels of corruption, unemployment and political divisions that have put off foreign investors.


An academy chain is scrapping the current form of governing bodies for its schools in England.

The E-ACT academy group says it will replace them with "academy ambassadorial advisory bodies".
These new bodies will "play a central role in celebrating the academy's achievements", E-ACT has told its school governors in a letter.
But governing bodies, with parental representatives, will no longer hold their local schools to account.
The academy chain says it was about providing the "best possible education".
A school governor described it as "authoritarian" and "repugnant".
E-ACT's 23 schools are spread across England, with clusters in the West Midlands, Buckinghamshire, Bristol and the north west.
As an academy chain it receives public funding to operate schools, with accounts for the academic year ending in August 2014 showing an income of Â£135m.
A letter sent to governors tells them that the academy chain has decided to change its form of governance.
Instead of local school governing bodies, there will be a centralised process for monitoring standards.
The letter to governors says the academy chain would contact governing bodies "to discuss an appropriate transition date" and the replacement bodies would provide a different type of function, such as an "interface with the community".
And it invites current governors to move over to the new bodies, but these would no longer be involved in areas such as hiring senior staff and monitoring budgets and standards.
A governor in one of E-ACT's schools in the midlands said he was "shocked" at how governing bodies had been disbanded, which he described as "offensive and disrespectful to the people who freely volunteer their time to act as governors".
What makes this more controversial is that E-ACT itself has a troubled record.
In 2014, the academy chain lost control of 10 of its schools after Ofsted inspectors raised serious concerns about their performance.
Until July 2015, the chain was operating under a financial notice to improve, imposed by the Education Funding Agency.
A spokeswoman for E-ACT said the academy group had introduced "fundamental changes to how the organisation operates to ensure that every young person received the best possible education with us".
She added: "Part of this involves adopting a new governance model, in line with the Department for Education's guidance.
"We appreciate that change can be challenging for some, but we are committed to continuing to work closely with our governors and are encouraging each of them to take up posts in the newly-formed advisory bodies."


Daniel Craig will be reprising his role as James Bond one more time.

"I just want to go out on a high note. I can't wait," he said on The Late Show With Stephen Colbert on Tuesday.
Although some people on social media weren't too thrilled about the news, a lot of fans are excited about the actor's return.
One Twitter user is so happy about the announcement that it's probably going to be all they'll be talking about for a while:
End of Twitter post  by @shesJamesEvans
James Evans wrote: "Daniel Craig is doing another James Bond and your [sic] gonna have to deal with me flailing about this for the next two weeks, at least."
From one Craig to another, the actor has won singer Craig David's approval too: