Changes to tax credits which campaigners have dubbed the "rape clause" became law at the beginning of April.

Campaigners have been fighting the measures since they were announced in the Budget in 2015 but they only came into effect on 6 April.
A number of high-profile opposition politicians have rounded on the UK government over the policy and rallies have been held calling for the clause to be scrapped.
The child tax credit is a benefit to help with the cost of raising a child. Parents and carers might be able to get them if their children are under 16 or, if they are in eligible training, up to the age of 20.
The amount they are given depends on their income, how many children are living with them and their childcare costs.
It can be worth up to Â£2,780 per year for each child.
Child Tax Credit is one of the six benefits that are being phased out and replaced by Universal Credit.
The two-child policy will also apply to the new "Child Element" of Universal Credit.
The move was announced two years ago by the then Chancellor George Osborne.
The UK government said it wanted to limit child tax credit to the first two children because it wanted "people on benefits to make the same choices as those supporting themselves solely through work".
Exemptions to the changes were announced for those;
There was also an exception for a child born as a result of "non-consensual conception". This is the so-called 'rape clause'.
It states that a woman can claim for a third or subsequent child if it was conceived "as a result of a sexual act which you didn't or couldn't consent to" or "at a time when you were in an abusive relationship, under ongoing control or coercion by the other parent of the child".
A woman cannot claim this exemption if she lives with the other parent of the child.
However, it states she can qualify whether or not there has been a court case or conviction of a criminal offence.
The advice from the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) is that women affected should get support from women's aid, Victim Support or Rape Crisis.
The DWP said it would operate a "third-party model" so that women did not have to describe the details to a member of its staff.
Instead, women would talk to healthcare professionals, a social worker or an approved rape charity.
The UK government has been accused of forcing victims of rape to endure further trauma, making women "prove" they have been raped to receive child benefits.
A campaign group - Scrap The Rape Clause - was set up by SNP MP Alison Thewliss and a petition calling on the government to abandon the plans was signed by 10,000 people.
Ms Thewliss wrote: "I believe that women having to prove that they had been raped to DWP employees in order to receive social security payments is morally wrong and would cause needless additional trauma, as well as being completely unworkable in practice."
The UK Tory government insists its system will ensure women who had a child through rape are not denied tax credits.
That includes allowing an "approved person" to give evidence to HM Revenue and Customs to spare victims the trauma of reliving their ordeal.
Its guidance says: "In developing this requirement, the government has sought to strike a balance between the need to treat such cases with sensitivity and the need to ensure that child tax credit is paid only to persons who are genuinely entitled to it."
A DWP spokeswoman: "We have always been clear this will be delivered in the most effective, compassionate way, with the right exceptions and safeguards in place."
The spokeswoman said that, in cases where victims have accessed support from third parties or charities, the DWP will be notified by these organisations and it will not be investigated.
The spokeswoman was unable to explain how claims would be verified when made by a woman who had never accessed support or told anyone about being raped.
The government added that the policy was debated and voted on in parliament and the exceptions were consulted on widely.
The government requires a form to be filled in which is a declaration by the claimant and by the third-party professional that the terms of the exemption have been met.
The HMRC website states: "You'll need to complete the non-consensual conception form with the help of an approved third-party professional". It says: "You don't have speak to, or give details about the circumstances of the conception to HMRC staff."
The interpretation of this requirement has caused dispute, with Scottish Tory leader Ruth Davidson hitting out at the "misinformation" about the changes, saying women would not have to fill out a form saying they had been raped.
She said: "They don't have to speak to the DWP, they don't have to declare that they have gone to the police, they don't have to have a medical intervention.
"All they have to do is write their name and someone who is either a healthcare worker or a social worker does everything else for them."
However, Scottish Health Secretary Shona Robison said she had "grave concerns that there was no suitable infrastructure or training to support the implementation of the policy".
She said there was "little advice" on how to conduct the exercise in an appropriate way or provide specialist support to women who have experienced sexual violence.
Ms Robison said: "There should not be an expectation that healthcare professionals act as gatekeepers to the benefits system unless formally contracted."
The Royal College of Nursing Scotland said they "do not believe it is appropriate for a nurse or a midwife to arbitrate if a woman's claim is consistent with rape".
The health secretary said she would not "disseminate" the UK government's guidance to NHS Scotland.
The DWP could not say how many people it thought would qualify under the rape clause.
During her interview at the Women in the World summit in New York, First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said the 'rape clause' was a "disgusting and disgraceful policy".
In her newspaper column, Ms Sturgeon condemned the Scottish Conservatives' "complicity" in the "utterly immoral policies" of the UK government.
Scottish Tory leader Ruth Davidson said she supported the exemptions placed on restrictions to child tax credits and wanted to see them implemented in the "most compassionate" way possible."
Ms Davidson added that Holyrood had the power to create new benefits and could provide funding for families with more than two children if it wanted.
She said: "Of course this would have to be paid for, but if the SNP government believes this to be of such importance, then it can act."
The first minister responded by saying: "Let's be clear, the answer to Tory cuts cannot simply be for the Scottish government to get out the sticking plasters and patch up the Tories' mess - using money intended for public services, while the UK government pocket the savings from their cuts.
"The solution is for the Tories to scrap the rape clause and the two-child policy - not just in Scotland but across the whole of the UK."
Scottish Labour leader Kezia Dugdale wrote a newspaper column urging Ms Davidson to confront Prime Minister Theresa May about the "barbaric" changes.
She has also written to Ms Davidson asking her to "join with us and condemn this appalling act", saying the clause "should shame every single Tory MSP".


Declassified US records reveal the nation's intelligence chiefs used hundreds of Nazis as spies and informants after World War Two.

Central Intelligence Agency officials are said to have turned to the country's former enemies to help beat the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
Academics studying the documents say America used at least 1,000 ex-Nazis.
Some had served at the highest levels of the Nazi Party, and were recruited to work as spies for the US in Europe.
Former SS officer Otto von Bolschwing reportedly wrote policy papers on how to terrorise Jews, but was hired by the CIA to spy in Europe after World War Two.
The agency is said to have relocated him and his family to New York in the 1950s as a reward for loyal service.
Nazi collaborator Aleksandras Lileikis - linked to the massacres of tens of thousands of Jews in Lithuania - was recruited by the US as a spy in East Germany and later brought over to Boston.
There is evidence the CIA even tried to intervene when Mr Lileikis became the subject of a war crimes investigation.
The recruitment of Nazi assets occurred against the backdrop of Cold War paranoia and panic.
But records indicate long-time FBI director J Edgar Hoover not only approved of the use of ex-Nazis as spies, he also dismissed the horrific acts they had been involved in during the war as Soviet propaganda.
The revelations come one week after an Associated Press investigation found the US government had paid dozens of suspected Nazi war criminals millions of dollars in Social Security benefits after forcing them to leave the US.
The payments were made through a legal loophole. The US justice department later said benefits are paid to individuals who renounce US citizenship and leave voluntarily.


A man has appeared in court charged with the murder of a 19-year-old man who was stabbed in Greater Manchester.

Police found the teenager and a 23-year-old man with stab wounds on Ashton Road, Oldham, on Saturday.
They were both taken to hospital where the 19-year-old died later that day. The older man had serious injuries and remains in hospital, police said.
Matthew Gregory, 23, of Horsedge Street, Oldham, has been charged with murder, assault and violent disorder.
He has been remanded in custody and will appear again at Manchester Magistrates' Court on Tuesday.


The death of a prisoner who was found unresponsive in his cell at Nottingham Prison is being investigated.

Shalane Blackwood, from Derby, had been jailed for possession of a firearm and was on a licence recall when he died on Wednesday morning.
Attempts were made to give the 29-year-old CPR but he was pronounced dead by paramedics at 6:52 BST.
The Prison Service said the cause of his death is unknown.
The death is being investigated independently by the Prisons and Probation Ombudsman (PPO).
A highly-critical government report published in February said Nottingham Prison was not safe enough and conditions were poor.
In response, the National Offender Management Service said a new governor was in post and "rapid improvement" was expected.
Last July, an inmate was taken to hospital after reportedly trying to blind himself.
About a week later, a prison officer's ear was bitten off in an attack at the jail.
The Prisons and Probation Ombudsman has investigated and published reports on 16 other deaths of Nottingham Prison inmates since 2004.
Of these, six of the deaths were found to be "self-inflicted" and eight were natural causes.
Two of the deaths, in March 2007 and September 2009, were "non-natural". Both of these men died from heroin and alcohol overdoses shortly after being released from the prison.


Josh Morris scored his 15th goal of the season as League One leaders Scunthorpe took all three points at Coventry.

Morris steered Paddy Madden's cross home at the near post as the Iron secured their sixth away victory.
Both sides had efforts blocked on the line in the first half, while Sky Blues striker Marvin Sordell tested keeper Luke Daniels just before the break.
Ruben Lameiras and Jamie Sterry had chances for an equaliser after Morris' goal, but Scunthorpe held out.
The victory extended their lead at the top to five points, with Bolton - who began the day in second place - not in action at Peterborough until Sunday.
And the margin could have been greater if Tom Hopper had not shot wide late on after beating the offside trap.
Coventry had won three of the four previous league games under interim boss Mark Venus, and remained 18th in the table despite their sixth home defeat of the campaign.
Match ends, Coventry City 0, Scunthorpe United 1.
Second Half ends, Coventry City 0, Scunthorpe United 1.
Kyel Reid (Coventry City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Tom Hopper (Scunthorpe United).
Ruben Lameiras (Coventry City) is shown the yellow card.
Foul by Jordan Willis (Coventry City).
Tom Hopper (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Kyel Reid (Coventry City).
Stephen Dawson (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt blocked. Ruben Lameiras (Coventry City) left footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Foul by Ruben Lameiras (Coventry City).
Stephen Dawson (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Tom Hopper (Scunthorpe United).
Jordan Turnbull (Coventry City) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Attempt missed. Gael Bigirimana (Coventry City) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses the top right corner.
Attempt missed. Tom Hopper (Scunthorpe United) right footed shot from a difficult angle on the right is close, but misses to the left.
Substitution, Scunthorpe United. Luke Williams replaces Paddy Madden.
Corner,  Scunthorpe United. Conceded by Ben Stevenson.
Foul by Jamie Sterry (Coventry City).
Josh Morris (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Jordan Willis (Coventry City).
Tom Hopper (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Scunthorpe United. Conceded by Lewis Page.
Attempt blocked. Josh Morris (Scunthorpe United) left footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Substitution, Scunthorpe United. Richard Smallwood replaces Duane Holmes.
Foul by Jordan Willis (Coventry City).
Josh Morris (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt blocked. Josh Morris (Scunthorpe United) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Substitution, Coventry City. Kyel Reid replaces Andy Rose.
Foul by Jordan Turnbull (Coventry City).
Neal Bishop (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Corner,  Coventry City. Conceded by Murray Wallace.
Attempt saved. Jamie Sterry (Coventry City) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Attempt missed. Ruben Lameiras (Coventry City) left footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Lewis Page (Coventry City) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Josh Morris (Scunthorpe United).
Hand ball by Stephen Dawson (Scunthorpe United).
Jordan Turnbull (Coventry City) is shown the yellow card.
Foul by Jordan Turnbull (Coventry City).
Conor Townsend (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.


Two people have been airlifted to hospital after a four-vehicle crash on the A465 in Monmouthshire.

The Wales Air Ambulance and three road ambulances attended the crash at Pandy on the main road between Abergavenny and Hereford at about 15:10 BST.
The A465 Hereford Road has been shut in both directions but it was expected to reopen on Thursday evening.


Ipswich Town won away from home for the first time in the Championship this season as Derby County missed a host of opportunities.

Bartosz Bialkowski made three good saves to keep Derby out in a first half that the home side dominated.
Luke Varney gave Ipswich the lead early in the second half with his side's first real effort when Scott Carson failed to keep out his long-range shot.
The result means Derby have still only scored one league goal this season.
Derby move out of the bottom three by virtue of goal difference, despite having lost for the third successive match, while Ipswich move up to ninth place.
Bialkowski made a great save from Matej Vydra early on before keeping out Craig Bryson's drive from the edge of the box and then stopping James Wilson's effort from long range at the end of the half.
Ipswich manager Mick McCarthy made two half-time changes, bringing on Tom Lawrence and Varney, who gave his side the lead eight minutes after his introduction.
Former England goalkeeper Carson somehow let the ball creep into the net despite getting two hands to the effort.
It was a first goal of the season for Varney, who scored just twice in over two-and-a-half years as a Derby player earlier in his career.
Derby tried to break Ipswich's resistance but a combination of brave defending and wasteful finishing - Darren Bent and Will Hughes both missed the target with decent efforts, while Bialkowski made a great save from Nick Blackman in stoppage-time - saw Ipswich come away with the points.
Ipswich manager Mick McCarthy: "We've mugged them to be fair. They were better than us, they dominated the first half and for 10 minutes we were hanging on.
"But it's all about the stuff I preach to the players and sometimes supporters don't like it when I talk about being resilient and tough, hard working and putting a shift in and it gets ridiculed a bit, but without it you get nothing for me.
"We've shown all those qualities tonight and we got blocks in and headers out and they were better, they played better than us but they couldn't score."
Derby manager Nigel Pearson: "Mick said to me before the game he felt they'd been mugged on Friday and I think they've probably done that to us.
"Of course it's a disappointing night and it's difficult to sell the idea that's okay when you are losing games and to score one goal in the league is a poor return, but I thought the players deserved to win the game.
"I thought they played exceptionally well. I felt for the fans and the players but the good thing was I think the fans could see what the players are about and they stuck with them."
Match ends, Derby County 0, Ipswich Town 1.
Second Half ends, Derby County 0, Ipswich Town 1.
Attempt blocked. Nick Blackman (Derby County) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Richard Keogh (Derby County) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Tom Lawrence (Ipswich Town).
Attempt missed. Nick Blackman (Derby County) left footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Craig Bryson.
Brett Pitman (Ipswich Town) is shown the yellow card.
Foul by Will Hughes (Derby County).
Christophe Berra (Ipswich Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Derby County. Nick Blackman replaces Markus Olsson.
Corner,  Derby County. Conceded by Luke Chambers.
Attempt saved. Luke Varney (Ipswich Town) right footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Brett Pitman.
Attempt missed. Darren Bent (Derby County) left footed shot from the centre of the box is high and wide to the left.
Attempt missed. Jacob Butterfield (Derby County) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right. Assisted by Craig Bryson.
Attempt blocked. Jacob Butterfield (Derby County) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Corner,  Derby County. Conceded by Jonas Knudsen.
Attempt missed. Jacob Butterfield (Derby County) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the right. Assisted by Darren Bent with a headed pass.
Foul by Matej Vydra (Derby County).
Adam Webster (Ipswich Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Will Hughes (Derby County) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Matej Vydra.
Attempt blocked. Jacob Butterfield (Derby County) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Will Hughes.
Substitution, Ipswich Town. Teddy Bishop replaces Cole Skuse because of an injury.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Cole Skuse (Ipswich Town) because of an injury.
Foul by Will Hughes (Derby County).
Tom Lawrence (Ipswich Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Markus Olsson (Derby County) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Grant Ward (Ipswich Town).
Attempt missed. Grant Ward (Ipswich Town) header from the centre of the box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Tom Lawrence with a cross.
Markus Olsson (Derby County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Luke Varney (Ipswich Town).
Offside, Derby County. Jacob Butterfield tries a through ball, but Markus Olsson is caught offside.
Substitution, Derby County. Darren Bent replaces James Wilson.
Ikechi Anya (Derby County) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Luke Chambers (Ipswich Town).
Attempt saved. Jacob Butterfield (Derby County) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Craig Bryson.
Goal!  Derby County 0, Ipswich Town 1. Luke Varney (Ipswich Town) left footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Grant Ward.
Richard Keogh (Derby County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Luke Varney (Ipswich Town).
Attempt missed. Cyrus Christie (Derby County) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right. Assisted by Jacob Butterfield.


A new fundraising appeal is being launched to look after the remote islands of St Kilda.

The National Trust for Scotland, which owns the islands, is launching the Love Our Islands campaign to support historical conservation and environmental work on the archipelago.
The appeal marks the 30th anniversary of St Kilda's designation as a World Heritage Site.
The islands lie about 40 miles west of Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides.
St Kilda is home to hundreds of thousands of seabirds which nest on the seven islands that make up the archipelago.
It was also the home of generations of people until the last were evacuated in 1930.
The last surviving former resident of St Kilda, Rachel Johnson, died earlier this year at the age of 93.
Caring for St Kilda costs the National Trust of Scotland £270,000 a year. It includes preserving the street the residents once lived on, the church, nearly 1,400 "cleits" - conical stone structures used for storage and drying of seabirds - and buildings which are thought to be prehistoric.
The trust also monitors wildlife on St Kilda, which is the largest seabird colony in the north-east Atlantic with 600,000 nesting birds each year.
The most recent major survey, conducted last year, revealed dramatic declines for seabirds including fulmars, kittiwakes, common guillemots and razorbills, amid rising temperatures and rising seas, the trust said.
St Kilda was designated as a natural World Heritage Site in 1986 after being one of the first sites put forward in the UK for the designation.
In 2005, it became the UK's first site to have mixed listings for both natural environment and cultural value.
National Trust for Scotland chairman Sir Moir Lockhead said: "Its remote location, outstanding natural beauty and the dramatic story of the people who once lived there have captivated people across the centuries and it still holds an allure for many people today.
"More importantly, anyone who cares about our seabirds and the wider health of our oceans will appreciate the work we carry out here year on year at St Kilda.
"Our seabird survey from St Kilda is providing us with vital information which appears to show major impacts of climate change on sea conditions and the species which depend on the marine environment."


A shortage of nurses in the UK will continue for years to come and could get worse, experts are predicting.

The warnings follow a report from early 2016 on the nursing workforce compiled by the Institute for Employment Studies for the Migration Advisory Committee.
The authors cite the ageing workforce, poor planning by government and the risks from Brexit as key problems.
A Department of Health spokesman said that retaining home-grown nurses was a "top priority" for the government.
The report prompted the government to relax rules and grant up to 15,000 visas for nurses from outside the European single market over the next three years.
But its publication was put off during the EU referendum, so it is only now that the full scale of the problem is revealed.
The report highlighted evidence showing the NHS was already short of nurses - with one in 10 posts unfilled.
It said that as one in three nurses are over the age of 50, the NHS faces a retirement timebomb and warned the NHS will not have the nurses to plug the gaps.
360,000
nurses employed by NHS in England
600,000
across whole of UK in NHS, care and private sectors
1 in 10 nurse posts in England unfilled
29% of nurses are aged over 50
13% of nurses come from overseas
It criticises workforce planning in the NHS, citing the 17% cut in nurse training places between 2009 and 2013. Since then the numbers have been increased but this has come too late, the report said.
It has meant the NHS has increasingly had to rely on recruiting nurses from abroad - over the past year more than a quarter of new recruits  have come from overseas.
Foreign nurses now make up 13% of the workforce with a third of them coming from the EU - a source which the report authors believe could start to dry up in the coming years following the vote to leave.
Report author Rachel Marangozov believes nurses could be put off by the prospect of Brexit which, together with the other factors, means the recruitment of extra nurses from the rest of the world will "not be sufficient" to plug the gap in the workforce.
"The government needs to act now to ensure that the UK has a domestic supply of nurses to fill these future posts. This will require adequate and sustained investment in workforce planning," she said.
The warning comes after a report by the Public Accounts Committee earlier this year was also critical of nursing workforce planning.
There are around 360,000 nurses currently working in the NHS in England - with the Royal College of Nursing believing there is already a shortage of at least 20,000.
RCN general secretary Janet Davies said: "This report makes sobering reading and it is clear that without urgent action the UK is heading for a major nursing shortage.
"Thanks to years of short-term thinking, the UK is completely unprepared to deal with the challenges posed by an ageing workforce, increasing demand and now the uncertainty caused by leaving the EU."
Ms Davies also warned that the plan to scrap nurse bursaries and make them pay for university courses - unlike other students they do not currently face fees to study - could make the situation even worse.
But a spokesman for Department of Health in England pointed out there were 11,000 more nurses on our wards than there were in 2010 and training numbers were increasing.
"As the Health Secretary has already said, EU workers are a crucial part of our NHS and the training and retention of home-grown nurses is a top priority for this government."
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On 28 January, President Trump signed an executive order, which, among other things, indefinitely bans Syrian refugee arrivals as well as all other refugees for 120 days.

He also promised "to prioritise refugee claims made by individuals on the basis of religious-based persecution, provided that the religion of the individual is a minority religion in the individual's country of nationality".
The executive order imposed a cap of 50,000 on the number of refugees for 2017, less than half of the 110,000 admissions that President Obama planned.
Has the number of refugees in the US and, in particular, those from Syria, risen in recent years?
The number of refugees admitted to the US over the past 10 years has fluctuated, from the low of 48,282 in 2007, to the high of 84,995 in 2016.
In the first three months of the new financial year, a total of 25,671 were admitted.
In 2016, of the nearly 85,000 refugees admitted, the highest number - 16,370 - arrived from DR Congo, followed by Syria with 12,587 and Myanmar (Burma) with 12,347.
The number of Muslim refugees who entered the US in 2016 was 38,901, making up almost half (46%) of the total, according the the Pew Research report from October 2016.
The report says this is the highest number of Muslim refugees in any year since data on self-reported religious affiliations first became publicly available in 2002.
Between 2011, when the conflict in Syria started, and 2015, the US admitted a relatively small number of Syrian refugees - a total of 201. In 2015 the number increased to 1,682 and in 2016 to 12,587, bringing the total, since the start of the war, to 14,470.
By comparison, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees' latest figures show that the highest number of refugees from Syria since the start of the crisis was taken by Turkey with 2.9 million, Lebanon with one million and Jordan, which took 655,000.
In the same period, the EU took 844,000 Syrians, according to Eurostat, with more than half of the total admitted by Germany.
There have been big differences in the number of refugees arriving year-on-year in the US over the past four decades: from the peak of 207,116 in 1980 to the lowest of 27,131 in 2002.
In total, since 1975, the US has admitted about 3.4 million refugees. Its current population is about 323 million.
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Scotland scrum-half and captain Greig Laidlaw will be a huge loss against Wales, according to Rhys Webb.

Laidlaw, 31, is out of the Six Nations after injuring an ankle against France.
Wales number nine Webb says Scotland will miss the Gloucester player's tactical nous and place kicking.
"Greig's a massive loss. His accuracy off the tee is pretty impressive, he almost never misses. Whoever's replacing him will be getting in a lot of practice this week," he said.
"Hopefully we won't be giving away many penalties to give them a shot at."
Laidlaw kicked three penalties and two conversions in Scotland's opening-round 27-22 win against Ireland at Murrayfield.
He left the field in the first half in Paris when Finn Russell missed a conversion from in front of the posts as the ball toppled from the tee at the last moment.
Webb expects Laidlaw's replacement to be a tough opponent, with Ali Price impressing off the bench against France.
"Price came on for them at the weekend and he's been playing in a Glasgow team which has been full of confidence last season and this season," added the Ospreys scrum-half.
"He's got a good understanding with Finn Russell as well and then there's Henry [Pyrgos] if he comes off the bench as well.
"They're all good players but we're going to be concentrating on ourselves and not worrying about who they bring to the party."
Scotland have not beaten Wales since 2007, but Webb believes they are a better team now than in previous seasons.
"I think Scotland have come on leaps and bounds," he added.
"They've got some threats in the back three with Stuart Hogg, [Tommy] Seymour, [Tim] Visser - they're all dangerous whoever plays there so we have to be tactically smart with those guys playing.
"They'll want to play some rugby as well, especially with Finn Russell at 10.
"He's been pulling the strings for Glasgow and Stuart Hogg has been carving it up hasn't he for the last two games, so I don't think much is going to change."


Late-night messages sent to shoppers with mental health problems leave them vulnerable to financially-crippling impulse buys, a report has suggested.

They felt they were unfairly targeted with email marketing and TV shopping at night when their defences were down.
The report's authors, the Money and Mental Health Policy Institute, said shoppers should be allowed to set "opening hours" for online accounts.
A retailers' trade body said no shop deliberately targeted the vulnerable.
Internet shopping is valued at Â£1bn every week, with sales representing about 15% of all retail activity in the UK.
The report said that 24-hour online shopping meant "consumers who struggle to control their spending find themselves at greater risk than ever before".
Retailers send personalised emails to customers, based on previous purchases, which may include short-term discounts and promotions.
The report claimed that while most retailers targeted their marketing for first thing in the morning - from 06:00 to 09:00 - or early evening - from 17:00 to 22:00, a few seemed to frequently send emails at night - from midnight to 05:00.
Some mental health problems manifest themselves in compulsive buying, making purchases which are later regretted and could lead them into a spiral of debt.
So-called crisis spending often occurs during periods of poor mental health and was "motivated by emotional or psychological needs and processes rather than material need", the report said.
"Some people experiencing mental health problems find it difficult to return online purchases. They often feel too ashamed or guilty about their behaviour, or may face practical barriers such as social phobia preventing them from going to the post office."
The institute called for:
Bryan Johnston, from the British Retail Consortium, which represents retailers, said: "This report raises some serious issues which retailers consider carefully, but no retailers deliberately target vulnerable customers.
"The timing of marketing varies greatly, but mails are generally timed to land when they are most likely to be seen and never with a view to exploiting a particular vulnerability. All customers are able to opt out of marketing, which for many delivers useful product news and special offers."


Australia captain Michael Clarke insists his side will not give up as they look to save the Ashes series following a disastrous first day for the tourists at Trent Bridge.

Clarke's side were bowled out for 60 before lunch as Stuart Broad took 8-15.
Joe Root then hit an unbeaten century as England scored 274-4 to establish a lead of 214.
"The Australian way is to never give up. That has to be our attitude," Clarke told Test Match Special.
"We have to come here tomorrow and bowl England out and then bat as big as we have done in this series."
Clarke's side came into the Test at Trent Bridge 2-1 down and knowing that a defeat would see the home side regain the Ashes.
However, they now face the prospect of a heavy defeat after being dismissed for their joint seventh-lowest Test score in 111 balls - the shortest first innings in Test history.
The Australia captain lost a key toss on Thursday, which allowed England to bowl first in favourable conditions on a wicket that offered incentive for the seam bowlers.
Broad, though, was exceptional, taking the equal fastest five-wicket haul in Test cricket before cleaning up the tail after Steven Finn and Mark Wood had claimed a wicket each.
"It didn't start well, losing the toss and getting sent in but you still have to execute and Stuart Broad was a class above today," continued Clarke.
"He put everything in the right area, we nicked everything and England's fielding was exceptional. Those conditions we faced today were as tough as we faced in a long time so to lose the toss was vital."
England lost Adam Lyth and Ian Bell cheaply, but 43 from captain Alastair Cook set the platform, which Root (124 not out) and Jonny Bairstow (74) capitalised on with a fourth-wicket stand of 173.
"The wicket flattened out a little bit after lunch but England played really well," added Clarke.
Australia made a surprise selection for the match, bringing in batsman Shaun Marsh at the expense of his all-rounder brother Mitchell, meaning Clarke had just three seamers at his disposal.
Towards the end of the day, Clarke turned to the part-time seam of opening batsman David Warner.
When questioned about this he replied: "You'll have to ask the selectors about that. They tried to pick the best XI and I don't think it would matter who we picked. Shaun Marsh has scored a couple of hundreds and is in good form but he got a good ball."


An analysis of inspections of hospitals which are caring for the elderly has suggested the current inspection regime has not driven up standards.

Healthcare Improvement Scotland (HIS) began inspecting hospitals in 2012.
It was part of a new programme of inspections designed to encourage improvement and share good practice.
But the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) said its review of 35 inspections suggested there had been a failure to improve the quality of elderly care.
In response, HIS said its own review of the care of older people in acute hospitals, which was produced last November, found that "we are seeing improvements being made across Scotland".
Its chief executive, Angiolina Foster, said: "The report identified a number of areas of good practice including an increased awareness by staff of the issues facing older people in NHS Scotland hospitals and patients being consistently treated with dignity and respect.
"However, we also identified areas for improvement including the flow of patients in acute hospitals and the practice of boarding - when patients are moved from one ward to another to meet the needs of the service and not because of the patient's clinical needs."
However, the RCN said it did not believe there was any evidence of change.
Its report stated: "It is clear from the inspection reports that fundamental standards of care are not being met for older people in many hospitals."
It said that inspectors had "often found examples of warm, caring and meaningful interactions between staff and patients" in hospitals across the country.
But its analysis showed that 31 out of 35 inspections found hospitals did not appropriately screen and assess older people for cognitive impairment while 27 hospitals needed to improve nutritional screening of older people.
Meanwhile, 19 out of 35 inspections identified improvements were needed in the assessment of pressure ulcers and 18 out of 35 found hospitals could do better in the way they implemented adults with incapacity legislation.
The report said that inspections "frequently identified issues around patient flow", including delayed discharge and boarding - where shortages of beds can mean a patient is cared for in a ward that is not best-suited to their needs.
RCN Scotland director Theresa Fyffe said: "Our analysis also showed that NHS boards do not seem to be learning lessons from each other or even between hospitals within the same board.
"A poor inspection report in one hospital may be followed a few months later by a poor inspection report in another hospital in the same board area, with the same issues revealed.  This is clearly not good for our older people."
The RCN report, called Frontline First, found that while the majority of patients say they are happy with the quality of care, inspectors identified serious failings.
Almost all inspections found that hospitals did not appropriately screen and assess older people to identify serious conditions such as dementia, and most had poor care plans and nutrition programmes.
The inspection regime's lack of effectiveness is illustrated by a series of inspections within an area managed by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde.
In May 2012, an inspection of Glasgow Royal Infirmary identified 17 areas where care needed to be improved.  More than a year later, an inspection of Gartnavel hospital in October 2013 found 15 similar areas for improvement.
Four months later, in February 2014, the Southern General was told it needed to improve care in 16 areas.
Two months after that, standards within the board appeared to be worse than ever. In April, the Victoria Infirmary was given a list of 19 areas for improvement.
Rosslyn Crocket, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde's director of nursing, said: "I recognise that in some areas the improvement methods we were putting in place were not consistently delivering the results we expect for our patients.
"That's why we have introduced a new initiative that will delegate more responsibility and control to the most senior nurses on the wards in order to spread learning in a more sustainable and consistent way."
The RCN is calling for long-term funding for national improvement programmes.  It has also called on the Scottish government to support health boards to increase capacity and drive improvements.
Responding to the RCN report, Scottish Health Secretary Shona Robison said: "We're committed to driving up standards in the care of older people in hospitals, which is exactly why this government introduced these inspections.
"These inspections are already reviewed regularly by Healthcare Improvement Scotland, whose most recent review already identified the points raised by the RCN and action is under way to address them.
"Through the inspection process HIS also found that 'on average, 99% of patients said the quality of care they received was good.'
"We've also provided an extra Â£2.5m to HIS to continue their improvement work across the NHS, which will also impact positively on improvements to the care older people receive."
Ms Robison said she had asked the chairs of NHS boards to "proactively look at their individual services, including for older people, and report back to the Chief Nursing Officer who is overseeing this work".
But Scottish Labour health spokeswoman Jenny Marra said: "The SNP government can't wait until this amber warning turns to red to act. We have known for many years that our population is ageing and this is more challenging to our NHS."
And the Liberal Democrat health spokesman Jim Hume claimed the report showed that "the complacency of SNP ministers on the future of Scotland's NHS is setting Scotland's hospitals up to fail older patients".


Rochdale have re-signed striker Jack Redshaw on loan for the rest of the season from Blackpool.

The 26-year-old joined Dale from Manchester City in 2010 but made just three substitute appearances.
He dropped into non-league football with Salford City and Altrincham and had a three-year spell at Morecambe before he joined the Seasiders in 2015.
Meanwhile, striker Joe Bunney, 23, has signed one a new one-year deal with the League One side until 2018.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page or visit our Premier League tracker here.


An Indian jewellery advertisement featuring top Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai Bachchan has been withdrawn after criticism that it was "racist" and promoted child slavery.

The advertisement shows a black, emaciated child holding a red parasol over the fair, bejewelled actress.
A group of activists, in an "open letter" to Ms Rai Bachchan, called the image "extremely objectionable".
The film star's publicist said she had been photographed without the backdrop.
"The final layout of the ad is entirely the prerogative of the creative team for a brand," Ms Rai Bachchan's publicist said in a statement, suggesting that the actress had not been involved in the final image that appeared in the advertisement for Kalyan Jewellers.
The ad featuring the 41-year-old, who is a former Miss World, appeared in a newspaper last week.
After criticism, the company issued an apology on its Facebook page. It said the advertisement was intended to portray "royalty, timeless beauty and elegance" and expressed deep regret for any inadvertent hurt caused.
The company said it had begun withdrawing the ad from its campaign.
In an open letter addressed to the film star and published on Wednesday, a group of activists expressed "dismay" at the "offensive image".
"In the advertisement you appear to be representing aristocracy from a bygone era - bejewelled, poised and relaxing while an obviously underage slave-child, very dark and emaciated, struggles to hold an oversize umbrella over your head.
"The extremely fair colour of your skin (as projected in the advertisement) contrasted with the black skin of the slave-boy is obviously a deliberate 'creative' juxtaposition by the advertising agency, and insidiously racist."
The activists said the image reminded them of "17th and 18th century colonial European portraits of white aristocracy, depicting women being waited upon by their 'black servants'" and called on the actress to dissociate herself from "this offensive image".
In India, where there is a marked preference for fair skin and skin-whitening creams and lotions are big business, many say the advertisement perpetuates the retrograde idea that fair is beautiful.
The advertisement was also criticised on social media. Author and activist Meena Kandasamy tweeted:


A raised walkway has been recommended as the "optimal solution" to long-standing flooding problems in the Whitesands area of Dumfries.

Council officers have advised against a self-rising barrier due to technical challenges and environment constraints.
The walkway with glass panels would cost about Â£15m to install.
A Dumfries and Galloway Council report said a significant amount of work had been done to address public concerns over visual impact and loss of parking.
It is the latest attempt to find a compromise solution to tackle flooding from the River Nith in the town.
Analysis: Giancarlo Rinaldi, BBC news website south Scotland reporter
The time has come, surely, for the words to end and action to start.
It will probably never be possible to come up with a solution to the Whitesands flooding which pleases everybody but most people agree something should be done.
Anyone who has lived in Dumfries for any length of time knows it is a chronic problem which dates back for decades.
The issues must have been aired well enough by now to allow the construction phase of some kind of scheme to begin.
Otherwise, we will just have to accept - like previous generations - that it is something Dumfries must learn to live with.
More than 5,500 people signed a petition against plans to build an embankment along the waterfront.
Now a 1.3m (4ft 3in) raised walkway is being suggested with a 1.2m (4ft) glass wall on top.
It comes after the latest round of public engagement events which found 83% of people in favour of some kind of flood protection scheme in the area.
However, the questionnaire used to gauge opinion did not ask people outright which of the two remaining options they would prefer.
That has led to accusations from some respondents that the survey was designed to give the council the result it wanted.
Environment, economy and infrastructure committee chairman, councillor Colin Smyth, said: "After a consultation process that has stretched on for three years, it is now time for councillors to take a decision and make clear the way forward.
"We know that options such as dredging and flooding upstream have been thoroughly investigated and, unfortunately, simply do not provide a solution.
"However, councillors will have the opportunity to consider options that not only will tackle flooding but also regenerate the Whitesands."
He also stressed that "as a direct result of the extensive public consultation" their proposals had "changed significantly".
What do you think? Is it time for the talking to stop and some kind of flood protection project be put in place on the Whitesands in Dumfries or should the scheme be scrapped completely? Email your thoughts todumfries@bbc.co.uk.


Kissing helps us assess potential partners if, like a Jane Austen heroine, we cannot wait forever for Mr Darcy to come along, a study suggests.

Scientists believe kissing helps people judge the quality of a potential mate through taste, smell and fitness.
Once in a relationship, the Oxford University study found kissing was a way of getting a partner to stick around.
Women were found to value kissing more highly in long-term relationships.
An online survey of 900 adults by the Oxford team, published in the journal Archives of Sexual Behaviour, showed that men and women who were more attractive or had more casual sex partners were more selective in choosing mates, and those groups valued kissing more highly.
This suggests that kissing helps in sizing up a potential partner, the study says.
Professor Robin Dunbar, from the department of experimental psychology at Oxford University, said courtship in humans was complex and involved a whole series of assessments before men and women decided to carry on their relationship.
"Initial attraction may include facial, body and social cues. Then assessments become more and more intimate as we go deeper into the courtship stages, and this is where kissing comes in.
"In choosing partners, we have to deal with the 'Jane Austen problem': How long do you wait for Mr Darcy to come along when you can't wait forever and there may be lots of you waiting just for him? At what point do you have to compromise for the curate?"
Prof Dunbar said that Jane Austen, whose works of romantic fiction included Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, realised that people were extremely good at assessing where they were in the "mating market" and pitching their demands accordingly.
"It depends what kind of poker hand you've been dealt.
"If you have a strong bidding hand, you can afford to be much more demanding and choosy when it comes to prospective mates," he said,
If kissing plays a part in selecting a partner then it also plays an important role before sex in short relationships and at a range of different times in committed relationships, the study found.
The study found that kissing was particularly important to women in long-term relationships.
This may be because it plays a role in increasing feelings of affection and attachment among couples, the researchers suggest.
Previous research had found that women placed greater value on activities that strengthen long-term relationships because being pregnant and raising children is easier when two parents are present.
In another study in Human Nature, researchers from Oxford suggest that women's attitude to romantic kissing also depends on where in their menstrual cycle and their relationship they are.
Women valued kissing most at the start of a relationship and around the time they were most likely to conceive in their cycle.


A man with HIV who infected two women with the virus has been jailed for five years at Bristol Crown Court.

Simon James, 46, from the city, lied to the women, both his former partners.
James was diagnosed with HIV in the 1990s but failed to use contraception, attend hospital appointments or take his medication, the court heard.
He was found guilty of recklessly transmitting HIV - Avon and Somerset Police said it is only the third such conviction in UK legal history.
Recorder Michael Parroy, QC, said his actions were "dreadful" and had "devastated" the lives of the women.
Police said James initially did not tell the women he was infected and then, when his HIV status was discovered, he claimed to be allergic to latex condoms and insisted unprotected sex with him was safe because he had never infected anyone before.
Speaking after the sentencing hearing, Det Con Ben Sullivan said: "Simon James had been aware of his HIV status and yet failed to use his antiretroviral medication or use contraception."
He added: "As a result, his victims have suffered greatly and I can only praise them for their bravery."
Stephen Dent, from the Crown Prosecution Service, said: "The HIV virus is highly complex and prosecutions based upon its transmission are similarly complicated.
"We are therefore pleased that, with the help of some of the country's foremost virology experts, Simon James' dangerous behaviour has been exposed and he has been punished for the lifelong injury he has caused his victims.
"His selfish and irresponsible approach has had tragic consequences for both his victims."
James, from Bradley Stoke, was convicted at a previous hearing.


Relatives of two hostages who died in the Sydney siege have criticised police over their handling of the incident.

In December 2014, self-styled Islamist Man Haron Monis held 18 people hostage inside a Lindt cafe in the city centre.
Heavily armed police stormed the building 17 hours later after Monis shot cafe manager Tori Johnson.
A subsequent inquest was on Sunday labelled a "witch hunt" by the police union, but victims' families said police tactics had put lives in danger.
The relatives said they were shocked by revelations that police had planned to intervene only if the gunman killed or injured someone.
"I'll never be able understand how you can make a calculated decision that you wait for someone to die," Mr Johnson's mother, Rosie Connellan, told the Australian Broadcasting Corp (ABC) in a programme to be broadcast on Monday.
New South Wales coroner Michael Barnes will hand down his findings into the 18-month inquest on Wednesday.
Monis was shot dead by police during the raid, while another hostage, Katrina Dawson, was killed by stray bullet fragments fired by police.
The inquest aimed to establish whether deaths were avoidable and if it should have been treated as a terrorist event.
How the Sydney siege unfolded
In depth: Timeline of events
Relatives of Ms Dawson, a barrister and cafe customer, said the police tactics were "outrageous".
"The idea that we had to wait for somebody to be killed or seriously injured before the police would act was staggering," her brother, Angus Dawson, told the ABC.
The barrister's mother, Jane Dawson, said: "They should be saving them from death or serious injury."
Mr Johnson's partner, Thomas Zinn, said he had lost faith in police because of their "great level of incompetence" during the incident.
It is the first time the families have publicly criticised police, aside from when Mr Johnson's parents stormed out of the inquest during one testimony.
However, New South Wales Police Association acting chief Tony King said the inquest had scrutinised police officers "as if they were on trial".
"For some lawyers the focus appeared to be not just to attribute blame but moral culpability, twisting words to belittle experienced officers," he wrote in a long post on Medium.
Mr King said they should instead be thanked for putting their lives on the line.
Questions about why police snipers did not attempt to shoot Monis were heavily discussed during the inquest.
A police commander in charge of the operation had previously said the siege had the hallmarks of a domestic incident rather than terrorism, despite the fact that Monis asked to be given a flag of the so-called Islamic State (IS) militant group.
He said he had been advised by a psychiatrist that the siege was "final posturing" by Monis in order to gain some "street cred" before a likely jail sentence.
Monis had been facing dozens of sexual assault charges plus charges of being an accessory to the murder of his ex-wife.


Serco has been confirmed as operator of the Northern Isles ferry service following a hearing at the Court of Session.

The Scottish government had to postpone plans to sign a six-year contract with the firm after rival bidder Streamline mounted a legal challenge.
The court decided to overturn the suspension of the contract award.
Serco can now publish its operational plans and take over the lifeline services from 5 July.
Transport Minister Keith Brown said the decision would remove any uncertainty for islanders, businesses and staff.
The ferry is one of the main modes of transport for people in the Northern Isles.
Serco will take over services run by Northlink between Aberdeen, Kirkwall and Lerwick and between Scrabster and Stromness.
The contract is worth Â£243m over six years.
Serco was announced as the preferred bidder earlier this month but Streamline argued it had a stronger case for running the route.
In welcoming the court's decision, Mr Brown said the new contract would rectify some difficulties, including having to extend the drydock period to carry out repair and maintenance on the vessels.
"The new contract will ensure we see no repeat where boats are laid up for unnecessarily long periods of time," he said.
"Passengers will also see improvements to the journey experience with better ticketing arrangements, improved catering, hospitality and customer care facilities, and premium reclining seats added on board overnight services."
Mr Brown added: "The new contract will also protect vital time sensitive freight transport and crucially, clear commitments that crossing times, including the 90-minute crossing between Scrabster and Stromness, will be retained."
Orkney MSP Liam McArthur said the decision by the Court of Session lifted some of the "uncertainty" surrounding the future of Orkney and Shetland's lifeline ferry service, but he said questions still remained about the detail of what Scottish ministers have secured from Serco.
He added: "Particular concerns have been raised in relation to freight services and this is something I will be discussing with local businesses over the coming days.
"There can be no question of this service being reduced, and it is important that resilience is built in throughout the year."
He said he also wanted the firm to make clear its intentions with regard to staffing, sourcing arrangements and pricing.
Scottish Labour's infrastructure spokesman, Richard Baker, questioned the Scottish government's decision to take the service out of the public sector and awarding the contract to a private operator.
"I know that ferry workers are worried over the impact this will have and there are real concerns over what level of service will be provided by Serco when they take over," he said.
"The National Farmers Union and the freighting industry have already expressed disappointment at the lack of clarity from Serco on future service provision.
"The reality is that Northlink has provided this service as a public owned company for many years and these are vital lifeline service for island communities."
Serco said it would retain the NorthLink Ferries brand and appoint a locally-based management team.
Business development director Jamie Ross said: "Serco has considerable experience in operating critical transport services.
"We will build on the strengths of the current NorthLink operation and will introduce a variety of improvements to the services."
He added: "We will ensure there is a smooth handover."
Serco said it would maintain the current passenger and freight ferry timetable until the end of this year, before introducing new operational timetables from January 2013.
There will be no change to currently published fare prices in 2012.
Shetland Islands Council welcomed the resolution of the contract issue.
Allan Wishart, chairman of the Regional Transport Partnership, ZetTrans, said: "It is good to know who will be providing our lifeline link with the mainland, and we look forward to working with Scottish government and Serco to understand the detail of the new service and what it means for Shetland."


A former police constable has pleaded not guilty to making indecent images of a child, sexual assault and grooming a girl under the age of 16.

Keith Burgess, 41, of Dibden, Hampshire, also faces three counts of misconduct in public office.
He was bailed to appear at Guildford Crown Court for trial on 5 December.
Police have confirmed the officer has been dismissed from his job at Southampton Central police station for matters unrelated to the court case.
Correction 28 July 2016: This story has been changed to reflect the fact Mr Burgess has since been dismissed from the police for matters unrelated to this case.


Sheffield City council has spent £190,000 lobbying for a proposed HS2 station to be moved from Meadowhall to the city centre, it has emerged.

The authority said relocating the station could generate up to 6,500 more jobs and bring in hundreds of millions of pounds in business rates.
The figures emerged after a Freedom of Information request by BBC Look North.
An HS2 spokeswoman said the Meadowhall site provided "significantly better connections to more people and places".
Figures show that the council spent £78,090 on an assessment of the case for a city centre station, £25,525 on "understanding the economic impact relocating the station and £6,000 on a business breakfast with HS2 representatives.
A Sheffield City Council said: "The differences in predicted economic impact between a city centre or an out-of-town parkway location are vast.
"A city centre station will help connect Sheffield to Leeds and Manchester to help create the 'Northern Powerhouse'. An out-of-town parkway station will be a massive economic opportunity lost. "
It was announced in 2013 that a new station linking Sheffield with London and Birmingham via the HS2 high-speed rail network would be situated at Meadowhall shopping centre.
Katherine Button, of HS2 Ltd,  said: "The Sheffield Meadowhall station is the best location to serve the wider South Yorkshire region.
"We have scrutinised other options including a city centre site, but Meadowhall provides significantly better connections to more people and places across the region and at a lower cost, and provides the quickest onward journey times to Leeds, Newcastle and Scotland.
"That is why the majority of Sheffield City Region authorities, as well as Leeds City Region and East Midlands authorities support Meadowhall, and are keen to see faster progress in the coming months.
"The final decision will come from the Government and we anticipate an announcement will be made later this year."


Starting salaries for graduate jobs have fallen overall over the past five years, research suggests.

Research for the Complete University Guide says graduate starting salaries in professional posts dropped 11%, to £21,702 in real terms, in 2007-12.
The research, based on official statistics, shows that this decline is continuing and perhaps increasing.
Graduate starting salaries fell 4% in real terms in 2005-10, according to the guide.
Medicine and dentistry - which had the highest starting salaries in 2007 - experienced reductions of 15% and 9% respectively.
There were also shifts in the graduate premium - the difference between starting salaries in graduate-level and other employment.
Building showed the greatest increase in the gap between graduates entering professional-type jobs and those in non-graduate employment.
A building graduate taking up a graduate-level job in 2007 would have had a £4,045 advantage over a fellow student entering non-graduate work, when adjusted for inflation. By 2012, the differential had increased to £7,174, a rise of 77%.
The average for all subjects, where there were sufficient numbers to be analysed, remained level between 2007 and 2012. But the differential, after adjustment for inflation, actually fell marginally from £6,732 to £6,717.
Only two subject areas - materials technology, and librarianship and information management - showed an increase in starting salaries, of 13% and 3% respectively.
In all other subject areas where there was sufficient data for analysis, starting salaries fell - from 2% for general engineering, and by as much as 25% for Middle Eastern and African studies.
Dr Bernard Kingston, the guide's principal author, said: "These figures show a continuing decline in the graduate premium across many subjects, and must be a concern to students when choosing what to study at university when tuition fees of up to £9,000 a year in England and Wales.
"It is helpful for young people considering which subject to choose to see how their earning potential for the occupations for which they may qualify changes over a short time.
"While financial returns should not be the only consideration, they are becoming more important, whether we like it or not. However, with a volatile labour market, it is difficult to predict the future for any particular subject."
A Department for Business, Innovation and Skills spokesman said: "A degree is still one of the best routes to a good job and a rewarding career. Typically those with a degree earn considerably more over their lifetime, an estimated £165,000 for men and £250,000 for women.
"The increased number of graduates has been met by increased demand from employers which is why last year the chancellor made an historic commitment to remove the cap on the number of people who could go to university by 2015-16."
Last week research suggested that many of today's students would still be repaying their student debts when they reach their 50s.


A firefighter has been found dead while on duty at a fire station in what his employer described as a "sudden and tragic loss".

Crew Manager Paul Wilkens, a 47-year-old father of four, had worked for Leicestershire Fire and Rescue Service for 14 years.
He was found dead on Tuesday morning while on duty at Castle Donington Fire Station.
The fire service has not yet given any details of how he died.
Chief Fire and Rescue Officer Steve Lunn said: "The whole service is devastated and shocked at the sudden and tragic loss of our friend and colleague.
"At this hugely sad time our primary concerns are very much focused on Paul's partner, his children and his immediate and close family. As a service, we are doing everything we possibly can to support them."
Mr Wilkens had previously served in the armed forces, in the Corps of Royal Engineers.
A JustGiving page to support his partner, daughter, son and two stepchildren has already raised thousands of pounds.
A tribute on the page said he was affectionately known as TL - due to his "too loud" presence.
"TL was certainly larger than life itself; you certainly knew when TL entered a room, a party and even an incident," the tribute said.
"He was incredibly positive and tremendously kind."


Mae Geraint Thomas o Team Sky wedi cipio'r crys melyn ar ddiwrnod cyntaf y Tour de France.

Fe gwblhaodd y Cymro 32 oed o Gaerdydd y cymal cychwynol yn Dusseldorf mewn 16 munud 4 eiliad, 12 eiliad o flaen pencampwr y llynedd, ei gyd aelod yn Team Sky, Chris Froome.
Dyma'r tro cyntaf i Thomas ddod i'r brig yn un o gymalau'r gystadleuaeth hon, nag unrhyw un o'r prif bencampwriaethau.
Mae'n ddechrau gwych iddo, yn enwedig o ystyried iddo orfod rhoi'r gorau i'w ras yn y Giro d'Italia fis Mai, ar ôl cael ei anafu'n ddrwg mewn damwain.
Mewn cyfweliad ar ITV4 yn dilyn y ras, dywedodd: "Mae'n afreal, dyma ddechrau fy wythfed Tour, a'r cymal cyntaf i mi ei ennill.
"Wnes i ddim breuddwydio y byddai hyn yn digwydd. Mae'n anghredadwy."


A former Labour health minister has told the BBC it is irrelevant whether NHS care is delivered by the private or the public sector.

Lord Darzi said the NHS should prefer providers who deliver the highest quality care - whether they are "public, private or not-for-profit".
His comments intensify a row within the Labour Party over outsourcing NHS care.
Labour's shadow health secretary Andy Burnham recently said the private market was "not the answer".
But speaking to BBC Newsnight, Lord Darzi - one of the country's top surgeons - said the debate should focus on securing the best possible care - regardless of where it comes from.
"If the debate doesn't focus on the quality of care, then every patient and every clinician will know that the real argument about what matters has already been lost," he said.
He is the latest Labour Party member to speak out against Mr Burnham's apparent change in policy.
Julian Le Grand, a former senior policy advisor to ex-Prime Minister Tony Blair, and an architect of many Labour health reforms, said competition within the health service "seems to work".
He said Mr Burnham was at risk of wasting money if he ignored it.
"We learnt in the Blair government that you have to have pressure from outside if you're going to reform a poorly performing hospital," he said.
"That pressure can come from competition. It seems to work, it's a good thing to have and if Andy Burnham ends up pouring more money into the health service without that, that money is going to be wasted."
Mr Burnham has said a Labour government would reinstate the NHS as "preferred provider" of services to ensure hospitals worked together rather than in competition with each other
However, Mr Le Grande said the preferred provider policy was "daft".
"It's protectionist, it's going to protect the inefficient. It's going to protect the incompetence, it's going to protect the low quality service," he said.
"What we need is a healthy dose of competition in order to put pressure on reform, pressure on improvement, pressure on performance."
Earlier this month, Mr Burnham said the NHS was on "a path towards privatisation and marketisation".
He said if the NHS carried on with experimentation of the market it will "destroy everything that is precious"
Meanwhile, David Blunkett, a former cabinet minister under Tony Blair, appealed for calm within the party, telling Newsnight that now was not the time for "an unproductive battle between old and New Labour".
"We should be proud of the achievements of the past and visionary about the potential achievements of the future," the former home secretary said.
"This is a very different moment in time and the generation leading the party need our advice behind the scenes and our whole-hearted support in campaigning for success in the general election."


Gary Ballance scored a century in his first game as captain and Ben Coad took five wickets to help Yorkshire take control on day one against Hampshire.

Ballance struck a vital 120 from 190 balls, including 17 fours, to anchor his side's first-innings score of 273.
Yorkshire had slipped to 152-7, but his 106-run partnership with Steven Patterson (37 not out) steadied things.
Coad (5-18) then produced career-best figures to leave Hampshire reeling on 58-5 at close.
At an uncontested toss, Hampshire captain James Vince elected to bowl first, but may have been worried as Yorkshire's opening pair of Adam Lyth (30) and Alex Lees (20) put on 41 for the first wicket at a rate of five runs per over.
However, Edwards bowled Lees and Gareth Berg (2-50) had Lyth caught behind by Lewis McManus to slow the scoring.
Australia batsman Peter Handscomb made 25 on debut before Edwards got through his defences and exposed the middle order, with Jack Leaning and Tim Bresnan falling in quick succession.
England left-hander Ballance, who played the last of his 21 Test matches against Bangladesh in October, battled on throughout in an innings that spanned nearly four hours.
He found a willing partner in Patterson in a crucial stand before 23-year-old seamer Coad - in just his fourth first-class game - turned the match on its head with a remarkable eight-over burst.
He pinned Jimmy Adams lbw in his first over, had Vince caught at mid-wicket, Michael Carberry taken at slip and Sean Ervine caught at mid-off, before debutant Rilee Rossouw (23) fell lbw to leave the visitors in real trouble at stumps.


Napoli manager Maurizio Sarri has been banned for two Italian Cup matches for "highly offensive" comments made to Inter Milan boss Roberto Mancini.

Ex-Manchester City manager Mancini, 51, claims Sarri used homophobic language towards him during a touchline row when their teams met in the Coppa Italia.
However, the suspension was not for homophobia, for which the punishment could have been greater.
Sarri, 57, has also been fined 20,000 euros (£15,000).
Napoli were beaten 2-0 in Tuesday's quarter-final, so Sarri will not serve his ban until next season.
Mancini, in his second spell at Inter, was also fined 5,000 euros (£4,000) after he was sent off towards the end of the match.
Warning - the section below contains language some readers may find offensive
Mancini said Sarri shouted "poof" and made another homophobic slur in an altercation following Inter's second goal.
Sarri claimed not to remember his exact words, but acknowledged he had been "fired up and angry".
He added: "I was not discriminating against anyone. If I did indeed use those words, then I apologise to the gay community."
Italian snowboarder Arianna Cau said Sarri's ban is too short.
"I am not a judge, so I can't really say what the punishment should be, but it should be more serious," Cau told BBC World Service.
"People understand that in Italy we have a problem. If we don't have a serious punishment, then we will never fight this war.
"They say homophobia doesn't exist in Italy, but that's not true. The moment has arrived to start taking this seriously."


Great Britain's men advanced to the Olympic rugby sevens semi-finals after a dramatic 5-0 victory over Argentina in extra time.

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Argentina missed what would have been a match-winning penalty in stoppage time, sending the game into sudden death.
Tom Mitchell could then have won it for Britain, only for his penalty to rebound off the post, but Dan Bibby's try soon after secured victory.
They will face South Africa in the last four on Thursday.
"I thought that our Olympic dream was over, but luck was on our side," Bibby said.
"We have only been together for 10 weeks, and to fight out there on the field, no matter what nation you are from - England, Scotland or Wales - is what a true team is about."
Argentina came second in their pool during the group stages and many of their players were left in tears after the defeat.
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Fiji advanced to the semi-finals with a 12-7 victory over New Zealand, as they continued their search for a first ever Olympic medal.
It was New Zealand's second loss of the day after Great Britain defeated them 21-19 in the final group match.
Fiji will face surprise package Japan in the last four after their 12-7 win over France, while South Africa secured an emphatic 22-5 victory over Australia.
England's 2003 World Cup-winning coach Sir Clive Woodward
"The drama was amazing. I thought the Great Britain team handled the pressure really well. They really kept their nerve. The scenes at the end were just fantastic and this game will go down in the history of rugby sevens. It was that good."
England international James Haskell: "Yes the boys!!!! @TeamGB 7's pulling it out the bag. Dan Bibby take a bow. Unreal try-saving turnover from Davies in the first half."
Harlequins and England full-back Mike Brown: "What a game!! Well done @TeamGB brilliant #Rugby7s #Olympics"
Welsh rugby union referee Nigel Owens: "Never get excited over a game of rugby unless Wales or Pontyberem are playing lol. But was hiding behind the sofa for that one. Well done GB."


Britain's Andy Murray has been drawn in the same group as Roger Federer for the ATP World Tour Finals in London.

Murray, 27, has won three titles in the past six weeks to qualify for the eight-man season-ending tournament, which takes place from 9-16 November.
The Scot is in Group B along with Swiss second seed Federer, Japan's Kei Nishikori and Milos Raonic of Canada.
Top seed Novak Djokovic, Switzerland's Stan Wawrinka, Czech Tomas Berdych and Marin Cilic of Croatia are in Group A.
Murray will open play at the O2 at 14:00 GMT on Sunday against Nishikori, followed by Federer against Raonic at 20:00.
Wawrinka and Berdych begin proceedings on Monday, with Djokovic and Cilic in the evening session.
The top two players in each group will progress to the semi-finals, with the standings based initially on match wins, although it can come down to the percentage of games won or even world rankings as the final tie-breaker.
Murray has avoided defending champion Djokovic, who beat him at the Paris Masters last week to end his 11-match winning run.
But the 2013 Wimbledon champion will face Federer, who is attempting to regain the world number one spot and win this title for a seventh time.
Three-time semi-finalist Murray and Federer have each won 11 of their career meetings.
The Briton has a 3-0 winning record against Nishikori but trails Raonic 3-1 in their head-to-head.
US Open champion Cilic, meanwhile, will be making his debut in the tournament at the O2 Arena.
"It is going to be very difficult but very exciting," he told BBC Radio 5 live. "I hope it is going to be an absolutely amazing experience.
"I have watched it on TV for so many years so it is going to be very exciting, especially knowing it's played in front of full crowd, with big entertainment.
"Any of the matches could be a Grand Slam final so it is satisfying to play in it."
World number three Rafael Nadal will miss the tournament after having appendix surgery on Monday.


England bowler Stuart Broad will not be available for Nottinghamshire's County Championship match at Durham on Friday, despite a request from his county.

The England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) declined the request in order to allow the 30-year-old to rest.
Broad bowled 21 overs in Notts' opening match, taking four wickets as they beat Leicestershire by 10 wickets.
He and fellow paceman James Anderson, who is unavailable for Lancashire, will return for the third round of games.
"Both Stuart and Jimmy are committed to their counties and keen to play as much possible," said ECB director of cricket Andrew Strauss.
"But equally they recognise both the challenges and demands to come over the summer. Counties were made aware of the likely schedule back in January."
Despite losing the services of the centrally contracted Broad, Notts will have another England pace bowler, Jake Ball, available after the ECB rested him for the first game.
England do not play a Test until 6 July, but then face seven Tests in just over two months against South Africa and West Indies, before seven more in Australia and New Zealand over the winter.


Mae dyn 27 oed o ardal Llangefni wedi marw yn dilyn ymosodiad ger clwb nos ym Mangor fore Sadwrn.

Roedd Henry Ayabowei yn briod â dau o blant.
Ddydd Sul, cafodd dyn 26 oed o'r ardal ei arestio ar amheuaeth o lofruddiaeth.
Fe gafodd yr heddlu eu galw i'r lleoliad ger clwb Peep ar Stryd y Deon ychydig cyn 02:00 fore Sadwrn, yn dilyn adroddiadau bod dyn yn anymwybodol.
Cafodd Mr Ayabowei ei gludo i Ysbyty Gwynedd, cyn cael ei drosglwyddo i Stoke, lle bu farw fore Sul.
Mae swyddogion arbenigol yn rhoi cefnogaeth i'w deulu ar hyn o bryd.
Cafodd y dyn lleol 26 oed ei arestio mewn cysylltiad â'r ymosodiad ddydd Sadwrn, ac aeth o flaen Llys Ynadon Llandudno ddydd Sul.
Cafodd ei arestio ar amheuaeth o lofruddiaeth yn ddiweddarach, ac mae'n cael ei gadw dan glo yng ngorsaf heddlu Caernarfon.
Mynegodd yr Arolygydd Owain Llywellyn o Heddlu'r Gogledd ei "sioc" a'i "dristwch" yn dilyn "marwolaeth trasig y dyn teulu ifanc yma".
Mewn teyrnged iddo, dywedodd ei glwb pêl droed, CPD Llanfairpwll, bod Mr Ayabowei - oedd yn cael ei adnabod fel Henry Esin - yn "fonheddwr go iawn".
Mae'r heddlu'n apelio am dystion ac yn galw ar bobl sydd â lluniau neu fideo o Stryd y Deon rhwng 01:30 a 02:15 fore Sadwrn i gysylltu â nhw.


All four party leaders in the assembly have written to the prime minister objecting to the idea of holding the EU referendum in June.

The Labour, Plaid Cymru, Conservative and Liberal Democrat leaders say a vote the month after May's assembly election could confuse voters.
They say a later referendum would give both polls the "respect" they need.
The leaders say a June referendum would also affect election campaigning in London, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
There has been speculation David Cameron intends holding the referendum on 23 June, depending on the outcome of an EU summit in February.
On Monday, the Welsh government said the EU vote should be "sufficiently distant" from the assembly election.
In the letter, published on Wednesday, Labour's Carwyn Jones, Tory Andrew RT Davies, Plaid's Leanne Wood and Lib Dem Kirsty Williams say: "A June referendum date would mean that the campaigning period for the referendum would overlap with the campaigning for the May elections to our national assembly.
"The simultaneous existence of multiple party political campaigns and EU referendum campaigns would in itself pose practical and logistical difficulties, but the greater problem that we anticipate is the potential for confusion as a diverse range of issues is presented to the electorate.
"This is not just a matter of respecting the integrity of the Welsh electoral debate, but of affording the EU referendum campaign the respect it deserves."
Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon has also warned it would be "a mistake" to have the referendum so soon after the devolved elections.
Mr Cameron has pledged to hold the referendum by the end of 2017.


Inter Milan will consider offers for winger Ivan Perisic that are "difficult to reject", says boss Luciano Spalletti.

The Croatian winger has been linked with a £48m move to Manchester United.
Spalletti says Inter want to keep Perisic, 28, but would reluctantly sell the former Wolfsburg player to free up funds to strengthen his squad.
"He's an important player in the team and we're counting on him to start the new season," added the ex-Roma boss.
Spalletti, appointed Inter boss in June, added: "Sure, there were rumours, but the status quo is that we want to keep Perisic.
"Having said that, if someone comes in with a very difficult offer to reject, then we'll consider that.
"But, of course, we'll need to find a valid alternative for Perisic as well."
United representatives have visited Milan in an effort to negotiate a deal.
Perisic has scored 18 goals in 70 Serie A games since joining from German side Wolfsburg for reported £14.5m in August 2015.


Three young cows died after eating poisonous tree cuttings dumped in a Conwy farmer's field, North Wales Police has said.

The Friesians, aged 16 months, were found dead in Dolwen, near Old Colwyn, on Friday after eating clippings from yew and leylandii trees.
Sgt Rob Taylor, of the rural crime team, said a post-mortem examination showed plant toxins were to blame.
He said the force was investigating the "atrocious" act of fly-tipping.
"I'm appalled that the selfish action of someone dumping their waste has killed three animals. We are investigating and will analyse CCTV," he added.
He urged anyone with information to call 101.


David Cameron's decision to meet the Dalai Lama has provoked an angry response from the Chinese government.

The prime minister met the Tibetan spiritual leader in London on Monday.
China's foreign ministry said the meeting "seriously interfered with China's internal affairs" and "hurt" Chinese feelings.
Downing Street said the Dalai Lama was "an important religious figure" but the UK did not want to see its relationship with China "disrupted".
Mr Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg met the Dalai Lama privately on Monday at St Paul's Cathedral.
The exiled Tibetan spiritual leader was receiving the Â£1.1m Templeton Prize for his work affirming the spiritual dimension of life. He donated the bulk of the prize to Save the Children to support its work in India.
He told reporters China was beset by a "moral crisis" with widespread corruption and lawlessness.
Britain's ambassador in Beijing, Sebastian Wood, was summoned to China's foreign ministry by Vice Foreign Minister Song Tao following the meeting.
China's Foreign Ministry said Mr Song told Mr Wood British leaders should consider the "serious consequences" of meeting the Dalai Lama.
The meeting "seriously interfered with China's internal affairs, undermined China's core interests, and hurt the feelings of the Chinese people", said the foreign ministry in a statement.
At a news conference in Beijing, foreign ministry spokesman Hong Lei said: "We ask the British side to take the Chinese side's solemn stance seriously, stop indulging and supporting 'Tibet independence' anti-China forces, immediately take effective measures to undo the adverse effect, and take concrete action to safeguard the overall development of China-UK relations."
Mr Cameron's official spokesman defended his decision to meet the Dalai Lama, saying: "The Dalai Lama travels all over the world and has visited the UK several times in the past, and I believe that former prime ministers also met with him when they were in office."
The Dalai Lama, the spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism, fled his homeland in 1959 after a failed uprising against Chinese rule.
He now lives in Dharamsala in India, travelling the world to seek support for more rights for Tibetan people.
He is regularly vilified by the Chinese government, which accuses him of trying to split Tibet, with its separate culture and language, from the rest of China.


A primary school teacher accused of indecently assaulting his pupils has been cleared of all charges.

Phillip Monk, 61, of Penycoedcae, Pontypridd, went on trial at Newport Crown Court accused of 23 counts of indecent assault of a person under the age of 14, relating to seven girls.
He was found not guilty of assaulting pupils at Maesybryn Primary School, near Pontypridd, between 1984 and 1995.
No evidence was offered on six similar charges relating to two girls.
He was also cleared of these.
Judge Daniel Williams formally found Mr Monk not guilty of these charges after at a hearing on Monday after being told no evidence would be offered by the prosecution.


Almost 11,000 badgers were killed in 2016 as part of a government plan to control the spread of bovine TB.

A total of 10,886 badgers were culled in 10 areas in the counties of Gloucestershire, Somerset, Dorset, Cornwall, Devon and Herefordshire.
The government is proposing to allow continued "strictly licensed" culls to stabilise the badger population at its now reduced level.
Opponents of the plan say there is no evidence the cull is effective.
The highly-controversial culls began four years ago with the aim of stopping the spread of TB among cows, although animal welfare campaigners have criticised them as "inhumane and ineffective".
But the government insists "proactive" culling, which aims to remove 70% of the badgers in a given area, is necessary to tackle the disease which it says costs the taxpayer more than Â£100m every year.
The Humane Society International UK said it was outraged by the culls, describing them as "badgercide".
Director Claire Bass said: "Nearly 11,000 badgers have been shot in England since September this year, a staggering 14,829 badgers overall since the start of the culls, a shocking and grim death toll for this supposedly protected species."
Source: Defra/Natural England


Fifty Shades Of Grey will be hitting cinemas in its full glory after censors approved the film without any cuts.

Based on EL James's best-selling so-called "mummy porn" books, it has been given an 18 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC).
The film, which contains "strong sex and nudity", stars Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey and Dakota Johnson as his lover Anastasia Steele.
Directed by Sam Taylor-Johnson, it is due for release on 13 February.
James's trilogy of Fifty Shades books have reportedly sold more than 100 million copies worldwide and been translated into more than 50 languages.
In the US the film has been given an R rating, meaning those under 17 years old can watch it if accompanied by an adult.
Taylor-Johnson, who has never directed a Hollywood film before, said she consulted a professional dominatrix for research and said she "learned a lot" from her.
The film, which opens the day before Valentine's Day, has a dozen sex scenes although Taylor-Johnson said she was determined not to make the whole film about it.
"The sex scenes are pretty intense, so I'm sure people are going to feel aroused - but I've seen them so many times that I tend to forget," she told The Independent.
Some of the BBFC's rulings in the past have been controversial - last year the new Paddington film was given a parental guidance advisory due to scenes showing cross-dressing and a villainous taxidermist.
It initially advised the film featured "dangerous behaviour, mild threat, mild sex references (and) mild bad language".
However after the film's distributor contacted the body, it later changed the description from containing "mild sex references" to containing "innuendo".


A man has been jailed for raping a teenage girl almost daily for four years, the attempted rape another girl and abuse of a third.

Anthony Jordan, 44, denied all the offences, which took place in Wishaw and Motherwell between 2003 and 2014.
The High Court in Glasgow heard the abuse began when the girls were aged 12 or 13 and took place while their mothers were at bingo or out shopping.
Jordan was jailed for 13 years and placed on the sex offenders register.
His rape victim, who is now 24, told prosecutor Jane Farquharson it had happened "whenever he had a chance to get to me".
She said the first time he raped her, when she was 12, she was terrified and added: "I was feart to move."
The woman, who cannot be named for legal reasons, said: "Afterwards I curled up in a ball and cried."
Jordan claimed he was in a sexual relationship with the woman in 2014.
Ms Farquharson said: "This was nothing more than a last and defiant act by her abuser with no purpose other than to humiliate her."
Judge Lord Matthews said it was an appalling ordeal for the woman, which had "robbed her of her adolescent years".
The court heard how Jordan attempted to rape another of his victims, but every time he tried she would kick out and scream.
This victim, now 17, had told her mother she did not want her to go out to bingo, but did not tell her why.
Police were contacted after she finally told her mother.
Jordan's third victim, now aged 25, was sexually abused after he began a "squeezing game" with her.
He also abused her during a visit to a swimming pool by inappropriately touching her as they came down the flume together.
Jordan accused all his victims of lying.
He gave a thumbs-up to family members as he was led away to begin his sentence.


A petition calling for a law to make it mandatory to report suspected child abuse has been signed by 50,000 people.

It will be handed to 10 Downing Street ahead of the publication of a serious case review into the murder of four-year-old Daniel Pelka by his mother and her partner in March 2012.
Daniel, from Coventry, was starved and beaten for months before he died.
Despite the concerns of both teachers and doctors, there was no intervention by child protection agencies.
The trial last month of Magdelena Luczak, 27, and Mariusz Krezolek, 34, heard Daniel saw a doctor in hospital for a broken arm, arrived at school with bruises and facial injuries, and was seen scavenging for food.
Children's charity NSPCC has launched a campaign, called Now I Know, to put its telephone help line ChildLine in every primary school in an attempt to stop abuse.
The petition was started by Paula Barrow, a mother-of-two from Manchester, after hearing about the Pelka case. She said she wanted a new law removing "uncertainty" over how professionals should act.
Mrs Barrow said after talking to specialist lawyers she wanted to see a system similar to that for corporate manslaughter.
"What they say is that criminal prosecution would not be imposed in all but the most exceptional cases," she said.
"It is the preventative effect that is important here.
Several charities support the call for a change in the law.
Fay Maxted, chief executive of The Survivors Trust, said: "If law is introduced, staff will have no doubt what to do, and they would have legal protection from recrimination which presently can follow when a member of staff takes the conscientious step of reporting."
Peter Garsden, president of the Association of Child Abuse Lawyers and adviser to the Innocence in Danger charity, said child protection framework was outdated and left children at risk.
"The introduction of mandatory reporting would far better protect children and staff when concerns arise."
The NSPCC's chief executive Peter Wanless said the Jimmy Savile case had helped show people what happened if they did not speak up.
"Protection after the event, vital as it is, can't attack the root causes of the problem," he said.
"We want everyone to play their part by looking out for children and reinforcing the messages about speaking up.
"The future tide of child abuse cannot be turned without this."
When he died from a head injury at his home in Coventry, Warwickshire, Daniel weighed just over a stone-and-a-half.
Luczak and Krezolek were convicted of murder, given life sentences and told they would serve a minimum of 30 years.


Girls in Britain are becoming more miserable, suggests the Children's Society's annual report.

Among 10 to 15-year-old girls, the charity's report says 14% are unhappy with their lives as a whole, and 34% with their appearance.
Researchers were told of girls feeling ugly or worthless.
The figures for England, Wales and Scotland for 2013-14 represent a sharp rise in unhappiness on five years before.
By contrast the study found that boys' sense of happiness remained stable.
The charity's annual Good Childhood Report, now in its 11th year, draws its findings on teenagers' happiness from the Understanding Society Survey which gathers data on 40,000 households across the UK.
Children's Society and University of York researchers examined responses on the wellbeing of 10 to 15-year-olds.
They found that between 2009-10 and 2013-14 on average 11% of both boys and girls said they were unhappy.
But the latest available figures, for 2013-14, showed the proportion of girls saying they were unhappy had risen to 14%.
It follows research recently published by the Department for Education which showed the mental well-being of teenage girls in England has worsened, compared with their counterparts in 2005.
The study highlighted the growing pressure of social media and suggested that a tough economic climate had created a more "serious" generation of young people.
Lucy Capron from the Children's Society told BBC Radio 5 Live: "This isn't something which can be explained away by hormones or just the natural course of growing up, actually this is something that we need to take seriously and we need to address."
The proportion of girls reporting being worried about their looks rose from 30% for the period as a whole, to 34% in the year 2013-14 - while the proportion of boys unhappy with their appearance remained unchanged at 20%.
Three girls tell BBC Radio 5 Live how they feel.
Megan, 12, said: "The only time that I'm not happy is if people are judging me or being mean and things like that. With people at school, they post things [on social media] and they try and make everyone think that they are perfect.
"Sometimes it makes me feel - not annoyed - but I don't want to look at it any more because they just do it all the time and it gets on your nerves."
Natalia, 15, said:  "Everywhere you look it's like, celebrities: thin, blonde or - perfect teeth, perfect hair, perfect eyes, perfect eyebrows. And it's just crazy and I just feel like I should look like that - even though I know it's all like fake, or a lot of it is anyway.
"I have these days when I'm like, I don't care what people think but then somebody will say something and it will just hit me again and I'll feel worse but I don't know, it's hard to explain why it bothers me so much sometimes."
Caitlyn, 12, said: "I am happy most of the time, but then when it comes to my friends going: 'Ah I look really beautiful in this outfit' and everything, I just feel like, no, I can't do that - I can't pull it off.
"When I'm obviously looking through my Facebook and looking at some of the posts, all you can see is pictures of celebrities and my friends looking beautiful in selfies and everything, and then there's just me, like, I can't get away from any of it."
How do you help young girls feel happier?
While teenage angst is nothing new, Ms Capron said: "What's new and what the Children's Society have unveiled is the scale of the problem - particularly the fact that the gap between boys and girls is getting wider and that's something that we should be worried about."
The reasons for the deteriorating picture for girls are not clear says the charity - but the report finds that emotional bullying, such as name-calling, is twice as common as physical bullying among boys.
The report also suggests that girls are more likely to spend extended periods on social media which has been linked to a higher risk of mental ill health.
Ms Capron said relationships, and the way they are played out on social media, are big drivers in a young person's life.
"Some other research has shown that girls are spending a lot more time on social media - up to three hours a night in some cases - and we need to make sure that's done in a safe way," she said.
In another study, childcare professionals have published evidence that children could be worrying about being fat or ugly at a younger age, with girls particularly affected.
The Professional Association of Childcare and Early Years says staff have noticed children as young as three being worried about their appearance.
Overall, nursery staff, childminders and nannies looking after under-10s in England, reported hearing children:
The risk is that these views could prompt eating disturbances and depression later in life, according to Middlesex University child development lecturer, Dr Jacqueline Harding.
She suggested that media images and adults chatting about diets could lead to negative body images in children.
Parents can help boost body confidence, for example by praising children for acts of kindness rather than for their looks, she advised.
The association is calling for more support and government guidance on these issues.