India's capital Delhi, closed a stretch of road to vehicles for a few hours on Thursday, as part of a "car free day".

A 6km (4 mile) stretch of road from the Red Fort to the India Gate monument in the city centre only allowed public transport from 07:00 to 12:00.
Delhi's Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal led a group of cyclists on the route to promote alternative forms of transport.
However, many questioned its effectiveness, as the streets were largely empty due to a public holiday.
The state government hopes to mark "car free day" once a month in a bid to combat pollution.
In May 2014, the World Health Organization announced that Delhi's air is nearly twice as toxic as that of Beijing, which was believed to be the most polluted city in the world.
An estimated 8.4 million cars ply its roads every single day.
"All of us have to do our bit to decongest the roads and to reduce pollution. People should leave their cars and start using public transport and bicycles,'' Mr Kejriwal said as he prepared to lead the cyclists.
But the question was how effective the gesture was, given that just one road was closed for five hours, and also on a day when schools, colleges, businesses and government offices were shut on account on the Hindu festival of Dussehra.
BBC correspondents said that the impact of the initiative was likely to be greater in coming months, when vehicle movement in the city is normal.
The government said it had picked 22 October as the date of its initiative before it was known that Dussehra would be celebrated on that day.
Delhi police also criticised the choice of date as "hasty and quite impractical".
But the car free day also had its share of cheer leaders.
"Even though it's only for a few hours, it's a very good start. We have to get people thinking about the harm air pollution is doing to our health,'' Sunil Kumar, an environmental activist who cycled to the event, told AP.


Wales hooker Ken Owens will captain the British and Irish Lions in the second match of their New Zealand tour, against a Blues side that features eight All Blacks in the starting XV.

Fellow Welshmen Rhys Webb and Dan Biggar are at half-back for the Lions, with the England pair of Maro Itoje and Courtney Lawes in the second row.
Robbie Henshaw and Jared Payne form an all-Irish midfield.
Double World Cup winner Sonny Bill Williams starts for the Blues.
Bristol-bound Steven Luatua is also among the New Zealand internationals to line up for the Super Rugby team in Auckland.
Elsewhere for the Lions, Jack McGrath and Dan Cole start alongside Owens in the front row, with James Haskell, Justin Tipuric and CJ Stander in the back row.
Elliot Daly, Jack Nowell and three-time tourist Leigh Halfpenny make up the back three.
The Lions started their tour of New Zealand with a nervy 13-7 victory over the Provincial Barbarians in Whangarei on Saturday.
"We have stated from the off that we want to give every player a start in the first three games and Wednesday is an opportunity for this set of players to show what they can do in a Lions jersey," head coach Warren Gatland said.
"We are expecting a big crowd at Eden Park. It will be the first of three matches there for us and we know the atmosphere will be outstanding. We are hoping for some good weather and are expecting a tough, fast and open game of rugby.
"We created some good opportunities against the Barbarians but didn't see them through and that is something we want to improve on."
Gatland's desire to give every player a start in one of the first three matches means Mako Vunipola, Jamie George, Tadgh Furlong, George Kruis, Peter O'Mahony, Sean O'Brien, Conor Murray, Owen Farrell, Jonathan Davies, George North and Liam Williams are all set to start against the Crusaders on Saturday.
Blues head coach Tana Umaga has selected an entirely All Black front row with Ofa Tu'ungafasi alongside captain James Parsons and Charlie Faumuina.
Twice-capped All Black Augustine Pulu is at scrum-half, with fellow New Zealand internationals Rieko Ioane, Williams, and George Moala in the backline.
Dual code international Williams faces a late fitness test - TJ Faiane has been named on standby - but is expected to be fit to start.
Umaga comes up against the Lions for the first time since 2005, when as a player he led the All Blacks to a 3-0 series whitewash.
However his involvement was controversial - he and hooker Keven Mealamu were guilty of a dangerous tackle in the first Test which ruled Lions captain Brian O'Driscoll out of the tour with a dislocated shoulder.
"It's not about that time now, that was 12 years ago," Umaga said.
"If people can't put that behind them then I suppose they never will. It's about this group now, and their time against the Lions, and the memories they make. Hopefully they are positive ones."
Halfpenny; Nowell, Payne, Henshaw, Daly; Biggar, Webb; McGrath, Owens (captain), Cole, Itoje, Lawes, Haskell, Tipuric, Stander
Replacements: Best, Marler, Sinckler, Henderson, O'Mahony, Laidlaw, Sexton, L Williams


Bristol City have signed Bournemouth midfielder Lee Tomlin on loan until the end of the season.

The 27-year-old former Peterborough player joined the Cherries for £3m from Middlesbrough last summer.
But he has been limited to just three starts in the Premier League this term, and scored his only goal in Bournemouth's 2-1 FA Cup win at Birmingham earlier this month.
He will go straight into the squad to face Birmingham City on Saturday.
"We've been monitoring his situation at Bournemouth and it's great that we've been able to bring him on board," said Bristol City's interim manager John Pemberton.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Spain's Alberto Contador has ruled himself out of the Rio Olympics after injury forced him to withdraw from the Tour de France.

Contador pulled out of the Tour during Sunday's ninth stage and says his recovery will take four weeks. The Olympic road race begins on 6 August.
"To reach them in optimal condition looks like it will not be possible," said Contador.
He is now targeting the Vuelta a Espana on 20 August for his comeback.


A man has been charged with making an explosive substance after a suspicious device was found in a block of flats in West Sussex.

The Middlewick House flats and nearby area had to be cordoned off as a bomb disposal team was called to the Belmont Close area of Hassocks on Saturday.
The road was evacuated for most of the day.
Sussex Police said David Smith, 50, of Belmont Close, would appear before Crawley magistrates on Monday.
He has been charged with making an explosive substance for an unlawful purpose and possessing an explosive substance for an unlawful purpose.
Ch Insp Jon Carter said: "I would like to thank all those who were evacuated yesterday for their patience while we worked to make the area safe."


Hillary Clinton has used a comedy interview to skewer presidential rival Donald Trump, and allowed herself to be the subject of plenty of jokes as well.

The Democratic presidential candidate appeared with actor Zach Galifianakis on the online comedy show Between Two Ferns.
She follows in the footsteps of President Barack Obama, who appeared on the show, streamed on the Funny Or Die website, in 2014.
For the most part, the former secretary of state remained deadpan while Galifianakis, star of The Hangover, delivered the punchlines.
Here are some of the notable exchanges between the pair:
Galifianakis: "As secretary, how many words per minute could you type? And how does President Obama like his coffee? Like himself? Weak?"
Clinton: "You know, Zach, those are really out-of-date questions. You need to get out more."
Galifianakis: "Let's talk about Trump."
Clinton: "Oh let's."
Galifianakis: "When you see how well it works for Donald Trump, do you ever think to yourself, 'Oh maybe I should be more racist'?"
Clinton: [shakes head, smiles]
Galifianakis: "Are you excited about being the first girl president?"
Clinton: "Well, I mean being president is an extraordinary honour and responsibility, but being the first woman elected president and what that would mean for our country and particularly what that would mean, not just for little girls but little boys too, that's pretty special."
Galifianakis: "Not to take away from the historic significance of becoming the first female president, but for a younger, younger generation, you will also become their first white president, and that's pretty neat too."
Galifianakis: Do you wonder what your opponent might be wearing?"
Clinton: "I assume he will be wearing that red power tie."
Galifianakis: "Or maybe a White Power tie?"
Clinton: "That's even more appropriate."
Galifianakis: "When he is elected president are you going to move to Canada?"
Clinton: "I would stay in the United States, I would try to prevent him destroying the United States."
Galifianakis: "So you are going to lead the civil war?"
Clinton: "No, I would not take up arms, I think that might be a little extreme."
Galifianakis: "Right, because you were saying before we were rolling that you wanted to take away everyone's guns."
(Mr Trump has repeatedly said his rival wants to abolish the Second Amendment, something the Clinton campaign has denied)
Galifianakis: "When you went to Donald Trump's wedding, did he write his own vows? And did Michelle Obama write Melania's?"
Clinton: "Umm, I really couldn't see or hear very well, so I'm not quite sure what his vows were. But I'm sure they were 'great' and 'huge' and 'wonderful'."
Galifianakis: "Well, this has been a lot of fun, Mrs Clinton, we should stay in touch. What's the best way to reach you? Email?"
Clinton: [looks annoyed; sighs]
(You can read moreon the context of this joke here)
Donald Trump, who has made his own appearances on comedy shows, has not yet responded to Mrs Clinton's jokes.


Belgium is mourning the deaths of 28 people - 22 of them children - in a coach crash in Switzerland.

The coach, carrying 52 people back to Belgium following a skiing trip, struck a wall in a tunnel on Tuesday.
Relatives of the victims have flown to Switzerland - with many unsure about the fate of their children.
King Albert said his thoughts "go out to the victims and their families". Investigators say there is no indication that the bus was speeding.
The bus crashed shortly after 21:00 (20:00 GMT) on Tuesday near Sierre, in the Swiss canton of Valais, close to the border with Italy.
The Belgian foreign ministry said most of the children were aged around 12, and the bus was one of three hired by a Christian group. The other two reached Belgium safely.
The children had spent a week skiing in Val d'Anniviers in the Swiss Alps.
Those on board the bus that crashed were from the Stekske primary school in Lommel, near the Dutch border, and from St Lambertus in Heverlee, near Leuven, with the numbers roughly even.
Although most of the victims are Belgian, Swiss officials say the dead include seven Dutch children. Among those injured are three Dutch, one Pole and one German.
The 24 injured have been taken to hospitals in Sion, Bern and Lausanne. Officials say three were in a coma.
A helpline for families has been set up.
Early on Wednesday distraught relatives attended meetings at St Lambertus school, where they were given the names of pupils known to have survived.
"Parents who know their child is alive are relieved, but for the others it's terrible," said parish priest Dirk De Gendt.
Speaking outside the primary school in Lommel, local bishop Patrick Hoogmartens said the families were feeling powerless.
"None of the parents knows what has happened exactly, if their child has been affected or not," he said.
About 100 relatives later flew to Switzerland on board a government plane.
They were comforted by the royal couple as they left from a military airport near Brussels.
By Imogen FoulkesBBC News, Sion, Switzerland
The coach hit a kerb and then swerved into what is a "stop lane" inside the tunnel. It appears to have then carried on and hit the wall at the end of the lane. Judging by the catastrophic destruction of the bus and the loss of life, this was at a very high speed indeed.
This tunnel is viewed as one of the safest - a motorway tunnel with two lanes each way and a divider so traffic is not facing head-to-head. It looks as though there were no other vehicles involved in this accident.
Although there have been safety questions over some of the more elderly Alpine tunnels, with just two lanes facing each other, this was not one of those. This was a newer tunnel with a lot of safety features - escape lanes, escape telephones, and it's very wide. There should be enough space for traffic not to hit the kerb.
Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo - who also travelled to Switzerland on Wednesday - told reporters in Sion that is was "an absolutely tragic day" for Belgium.
During the news conference Swiss prosecutor Olivier Elsig said the bus was nearly new.
It hit a concrete wall that forms part of an emergency access section head-on, in a tunnel where the speed limit is 100km/h (62 mph).
Mr Elsig said the speed of the bus was still being determined, but there was no indication that it was travelling too fast.
The children on the bus were wearing seat belts and no other vehicle was involved, he added.
Mr Elsig said that possible causes being investigated included a technical failure, the driver suffering a health problem, or "human error".
Earlier, Belgian Transport Minister Melchior Wathelet said the company that ran the coach, Toptours, had "an excellent reputation".
He said: "The drivers had arrived the night before and had rested during the day before departure. It seems that the law on driving and rest periods has been respected."
Both the drivers were among the dead.
Valais police chief Christian Varone described the site as "a scene like a war".
The European Parliament observed a minute's silence at noon.


Swedish ice hockey player Nicklas Backstrom became the sixth athlete to test positive at the Winter Olympics.

Austrian cross-country skier Johannes Duerr was revealed on Sunday to have tested positive for blood-boosting drug EPO before the Games.
He had been due to be a seeded starter in Sunday's final cross-country event.
I have absolutely nothing to hide
Backstrom was pulled out of Sweden's ice hockey final against Canada after testing positive for a substance found in an allergy medication.
The 26-year-old, who plays for the Washington Capitals in the National Hockey League in North America, is a star player for his national side, and in his absence Sweden lost 3-0 to Canada in Sunday's final.
"I have absolutely nothing to hide," said Backstrom. "I have allergy problems, and I have been taking Zyrtec-D for many years, and it was a little shocking to me to be honest with you.
"I feel like I haven't done anything differently now than the last seven years. I've been playing internationally for many years and I haven't seen this before.
"I was ready to play probably the biggest game of my career, and two-and-a-half hours before the game I got pulled aside. I was very sad, and honestly I felt bad for the guys.
"Lots of guys were in the locker room when they called me out."
Latvian hockey player Vitalijs Pavlovs, Ukrainian cross-country skier Marina Lisogor, German biathlete Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle and Italian bobsleigher William Frullani had already tested positive for banned substances under the International Olympic Committee's doping control programme.
Duerr tested positive for EPO, or recombinant erythropoietin, which belongs to class S2 on the prohibited substances list.
After being caught and subsequently sent home, the 26-year-old apologised for letting down all the people who had helped and supported him during his career.
"There's nothing left for me than to apologise to everyone - to my family, my wife," Duerr told Austrian TV ORF.
"For me the main thing is simply all the people I disappointed. Yes, I can't make it good again but I would just like to apologise."
Duerr also admitted to being relieved that everything was now out in the open.
"So many people worked their butts off for me and I disappointed them with my stupidity," he said.
"First of all I would simply like to apologise and everything else, all further steps, we'll see what comes my way. I don't know myself yet. Part of me is happy that it came to an end."
Austrian Olympic chief Karl Stoss said the news had "shocked" him, adding: "Johannes is a great guy, so I don't understand how it could happen."


A woman, 26, remains in hospital after her car rolled 20m (65ft) down an embankment on the M4 motorway.

Firefighters cut the woman free from her vehicle on the eastbound carriageway between Pencoed and Miskin just before 18:00 GMT on Friday.
Police said she was being treated at Princess of Wales Hospital in Bridgend for head and spinal injuries.
The M4 eastbound was closed for investigations to take place and has since reopened.
Anyone who witnessed the incident involving a white Citroen has been asked to contact police on 101.


Safety is being "compromised" at Norwich Prison because of a lack of staff, an annual report has said.

An Independent Monitoring Board review also raised concerns about food hygiene, a lack of cleaning materials and a rat infestation.
In June a prison officer was attacked with a bladed weapon at the jail.
"While progress remains to be made, HMP Norwich have addressed a number of concerns raised in the report," a Prison Service spokeswoman said.
The report said there had been no major improvements that had "directly improved impacted upon prisoner welfare", and highlighted "severe" staff shortages.
Officer had become "exhausted" and demoralised" but the report praised the diligence of management and the majority of staff.
In January 2017 there were 16 recorded prisoner-on prisoner assaults and seven on staff, but nearly half of all prisoners surveyed by the report's authors said they knew of assaults not recorded.
In a bid to tackle the problem, the prison had implemented a "Violence Reduction Project".
However, the report said: "Violence is better scrutinised as a consequence of the Violence Reduction Project but the project has not succeeded in one of the key aims - that of reducing violence."
The Prison Service spokeswoman said: "We are committed to transforming prisons into places of safety and reform and have announced a major overhaul of the prison system, including 2,500 extra frontline officers.
"We welcome the commitment of the prison to providing a range of good work and education opportunities, including The Britannia Cafe, which was also praised by the IMB."
Cafe Britannia is a social enterprise open to the public. The report said it provided "good work experience" for prisoners but "the absence of significant qualifications is regrettable".


Thousands of brightly coloured pom-poms are decorating one of Bristol's shopping streets.

The pom-pom parade stretches along Bedminster's North Street, to celebrate the start of British Summer Time.
It is the idea of artist Vicky Harrison who said more than 700 volunteers have been involved in the production, aged from three to 93.
Ms Harrison estimated the teams had made "about 10,000" of the eye-catching woolly balls.
She said the pom-poms were put up to celebrate the start of British Summer Time on Sunday and for the whole community to come together to have fun.
"It's really captured  everyone's imagination and created a buzz about the streets,  young and old have all joined in," she said.
"We've had seven schools involved, community groups, families and people in residential care.
"They've come together and made 10,000 pom-poms to decorate the area and make people smile.


The Big Bash finished on Saturday with Englishman Ian Bell scoring an unbeaten 31 as Perth Scorchers thrashed Sydney Sixers in the final.

The Sixers had earlier won the women's final with victory over a Scorchers side featuring England's Katherine Brunt and Anya Shrubsole.
But how did English players fare throughout the tournament?
We've compiled the 10 best performers - in no particular order. Just click on their picture to see their competition stats.
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At least 50 people in Ethiopia have died in floods and landslides caused by heavy rain, a state-affiliated broadcaster has reported.

The rainfall follows one of the worst droughts in more than 50 years, made worse by the El Nino phenomenon.
Administrators in the southern district of Wolaita said 41 people had died in landslides on Monday.
Nine other people drowned in floods in the south-eastern area of Bale that also killed hundreds of head of cattle.
The flooding in Bale, in the south of the Oromia region, has reportedly affected 559 hectares (1,381 acres) of farmland too, washing away seeds.
Rescue efforts are under way to save people missing in the landslides, Wolaita police commissioner Alemayehu Mamo told Fana Broadcasting Corporate (FBC).
But a major road and bridge had also been damaged in the SNNP region, hampering rescue efforts, he said.
The BBC's Emmanuel Igunza in the capital, Addis Ababa, says more than 10 million people are already in need of urgent humanitarian assistance because of the drought.
The government and aid agencies have launched a $1.4bn (Â£970m) appeal to help those requiring urgent food assistance.


A man who was accused of killing a teenager in Chichester has been found not guilty of murder and manslaughter.

Luke Jeffrey, 18, from Bognor Regis, was found with stab wounds in Alexandra Road in the cathedral city in March.
Samuel Morgan, 19, of Adelaide Road, Chichester, was cleared by a jury at Lewes Crown Court.
Mr Morgan was also charged with possessing a knife in a public place and will face a trial at the same court on 28 November.
Mr Jeffrey was studying at college to be a fitness instructor, the court heard.


Online gambling firm 888 Holdings has won a takeover battle for rival Bwin.party in a cash and stock deal valued at about £898m.

The two companies had been in discussions since the middle of May.
Earlier this month, GVC Holdings tabled a rival cash and stock bid valuing Bwin at £908m.
The 888 deal values Bwin shares at 104.09p each, a 1.2% premium on the online gambling website's closing share price on Thursday.
The deal comes less than six months after 888 rejected a takeover bid from William Hill, which valued it at about £750m.
Friday's deal for Bwin is expected to be completed at the start of 2016 and will deliver cost savings in the region of $70m (£45m) a year by the end of the 2018 financial year, the two companies said in a statement.
Bwin shareholders will own approximately 48.9% of the enlarged group, the statement added.
Liz Catchpole, a Bwin independent non-executive director and chair of the company's audit and risk committee, and Martin Weigold, Bwin's chief financial officer, will join the 888 board as an independent non-executive director and a non-executive director, respectively, on completion of the deal.
Bwin's chief executive Norbert Teufelberger, will not be joining the board of the new company but will provide it with consultancy services.
Brian Mattingley, executive chairman of 888, said: "This is a transformational opportunity for 888 in the consolidating online gaming industry, which is expected to grow significantly over the coming years."


Jose Mourinho's treatment of Chelsea team doctor Eva Carneiro is to be discussed by world governing body Fifa.

Carneiro's role was downgraded after she and head physio Jon Fearn went on the pitch to treat Eden Hazard in the 2-2 home draw with Swansea on 8 August.
The move reduced Chelsea to nine men - goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois had already been sent off - and angered Mourinho, who called it "impulsive and naive".
Fifa's medical committee will discuss Carneiro at a meeting on 11 September.
The committee is expected to make clear its support of team doctors who act in the best interest of players.
Chairman Michel D'Hooghe said: "This is once again an example of the difficult situation of the team doctor.
"I want to discuss this with my colleagues and to see if we need to give a declaration from the medical side to help team doctors."
Mourinho was criticised for his comments about the medical team after the game at Stamford Bridge but refused to back down.


Islamic State militants have seized the last Syrian government-controlled border crossing between Syria and Iraq, a Syria monitoring group says.

Government forces withdrew from al-Tanf - known as al-Waleed in Iraq - crossing as IS advanced, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) said.
The loss of al-Tanf to IS follows the group's takeover of the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra on Thursday.
The US says that fighting the militants will be a "difficult challenge".
Islamic State now controls "more than 95,000 sq km (36,679 sq miles)" of Syria, which is 50% of the country's entire territory, the UK-based SOHR said.
The militants dominate the provinces of Deir al-Zour and Raqqa and have a strong presence in Hasakeh, Aleppo, Homs and Hama.
However, correspondents say there are large areas under IS control in the east that are not very significant strategically.
IS has also made significant gains in neighbouring Iraq, capturing the strategically-important city of Ramadi in Anbar province after weeks of fighting.
The BBC's Jim Muir says that the militants, demonstrating the extraordinary momentum they have shown in the past, have not been content to sit and savour the major gains they have made in recent days.
The seizure of al-Tanf, in Syria's Homs province, enables IS to link up its positions in east-central Syria more directly with the ground they hold in Iraq's western Anbar province, he notes.
Militants in Iraq are reported to be pressing eastwards from Ramadi down the Euphrates Valley towards Habbaniya where pro-government forces are massing for a proposed counter-attack on Ramadi.
If they take Habbaniya, IS will be close to linking up directly with Falluja, a city close to Baghdad which has been held by the Sunni militant group for well over a year despite repeated attacks by government forces, our correspondent says.
Iraq's Deputy Prime Minister Saleh al-Mutlaq warned that fighting IS was no longer a "local matter", and called on the international community to act.
"All the world will face this danger if there is not a clear strategy to fight Islamic State," he said.
The US and its coalition partners are carrying out strikes against IS in Syria and Iraq - they have carried out 18 air strikes on targets in Syria since Wednesday, US officials said.
The US has acknowledged recent IS gains are a "setback" for coalition forces, but President Barack Obama insisted the US is "not losing" the war with the group.
"There's no doubt there was a tactical setback, although Ramadi had been vulnerable for a very long time," he told The Atlantic magazine in an interview published on Thursday.
"The training of Iraqi security forces, the fortifications, the command-and-control systems are not happening fast enough in Anbar, in the Sunni parts of the country."
White House spokesman Josh Earnest said the problem of IS was "not going to be solved overnight".
"Until we're able to build up local forces on the ground in Syria who can take the fight to Isil [IS] in their own country," he said, "this is going to continue to be a difficult challenge."
Meanwhile,  the United Nations has expressed concern at reports that Syrian forces in Palmyra prevented civilians from leaving, ahead of its fall to Islamic State.
It said it was "deeply concerned" about the plight of those remaining in the area, amid reports of summary executions.
IS has also overrun the World Heritage site adjacent to the modern city, raising concerns about its future. The militants have previously demolished ancient sites that pre-date Islam.
Saving history from the jihadists
IS threat to 'Venice of the Sands'
Your memories of Palmyra
Are you in the region? Are you affected by the issues raised in this story? You can email your comments including your telephone number if you are willing to speak to a BBC journalist to haveyoursay@bbc.co.uk.
You can message us on WhatsApp 07525 900971.


A castle has welcomed 20 chicks to its grounds after hens nested next to a lifelike replica boar.

The boar - which has a moving head - is one of a number of animated replica creatures at Mountfitchet Castle.
Staff at the site, an open air museum, were surprised to find two nests had been created next to the arc of its belly.
Owner Jeremy Goldsmith said seeing the hatched chicks on Thursday morning had been a "lovely surprise" for staff.
He said it remained unclear why the hens had made the nests next to the boar, though it was likely they chose it because it was a secluded spot with straw, and perhaps for a sense of protection from the replica animal
The chicks have been seen playing on top of the boar's back and head.


Police believe a body unearthed by workmen in Cambuslang is that of a man who went missing in 2012.

Human remains were discovered at the Dale Avenue industrial site on Tuesday.
A forensic examination suggested the body had been in place for "a considerable time", and officers believe it may be that of Blantyre man David Baird.
The 54-year-old went missing in June 2012, and officers are liaising with his family.
The death is being treated as unexplained, and inquiries to establish the full circumstances are under way.
Further forensic tests will also be carried out to firmly establish the identity of the deceased.


Discount clothing chain Primark has reported more steady growth, but its performance has failed to prevent a fall in profits at its owner, AB Foods.

Total sales at Primark rose 12% in the six months to February, with operating profits rising 8% to £322m.
However, group pre-tax profits at AB Foods halved to £213m, with the company's sugar business being hit by weak prices.
The company also warned the strength of the pound could hit full-year results.
Sterling's strength against many currencies, together with the weaker euro, could lead to a "modest decline" in full-year adjusted earnings per share.
AB Foods said that the sales rise at Primark was driven by an 11% increase in retail selling space at the chain.
Like-for-like sales - which strip out the impact of new stores - were level with last year, the company said.
Sales were "held back by unseasonably warm weather across northern Europe last autumn and the impact that opening new stores in the Netherlands and Germany had on existing stores in this region".
However, it added that like-for-like sales over Christmas "were strong".
AB Foods' sugar business reported an operating loss of £3m, down from a profit of £64m a year ago, as it continued to be affected by lower sugar prices.
Sugar prices in the EU have fallen by about 40% in the past two years.
AB Foods' chief executive, George Weston, said: "This is a sound trading result with significant progress made in operating profit by Primark.
"As expected, profitability at AB Sugar was substantially lower as a result of much weaker EU sugar prices.
"Primark's performance was driven by significant expansion of selling space and superior trading by the stores opened in the last 12 months and plans for its entry into the north-east of the US are well advanced."
AB Foods' pre-tax profit was also hit by a £98m charge on its Vivergo biofuel joint venture after oil prices fell.


A seven-year-old boy has been killed in a road accident in County Fermanagh.

He was named locally as Ryan McGovern. It happened at about 13:00 GMT on Sunday at Lattone Road in Belcoo.
He was taken to South West Acute Hospital in Enniskillen, but was pronounced dead a short time later.
Sinn FÃ©in councillor Anthony Feely knows the child's family. "It is very sad news to hear, especially before Christmas," he said.
"I would like to convey my deepest sympathy to the McGovern family.
"I cannot begin to imagine how they are feeling."
Police have appealed to anyone who witnessed the incident to contact them.


The decision by the BBC to drop Jeremy Clarkson, the host of Top Gear, for carrying out a verbal and physical attack on one of the show's producers, has been met with both condemnation and approval by social media users worldwide.

Reactions range from the "BBC has killed Top Gear", to praise for a "brave BBC".
The story was also news for media in areas as far apart as Latin America and Europe, with the Russian Defence Ministry even offering Clarkson a job at its own TV station.
French daily Figaro said the announcement had had "the effect of a bomb on Twitter".
It added that "the sense of disappointment can be read in messages posted on the social network across the Channel and even in France".
Italian journalist Federico Garimberti recalled on Twitter: "Like it or not, a BBC that shows Clarkson the door demonstrates that it doesn't give a damn about its audience. Top Gear is watched by 350 million people in 212 countries."
"This is the end of Top Gear as we know it," Jan Micka exclaimed on the Czech website Auto.cz.
In Iran, a disappointed Twitter user tried to start a trend in defence of the British TV presenter.
"We are all Jeremy Clarkson," declared @CmpiChism, arguing that "no one can present like him".
Other Iranians seemed to agree. Saman Vatanshenasan wrote on Facebook that it was "meaningless to imagine the Top Gear without Jeremy... I need to say this in support of him that I am Jeremy Clarkson".
"Now that the BBC has sacked Clarkson does anyone watch Top Gear anymore? They are crazy," @sellar said on Twitter.
But not everyone in Iran on social media was pro-Clarkson.
Facebook user Mohammad E. Amini pointed out that it was "important to know the red line between fame and extremism".
"BBC saved its name by making this decision," he added.
"BBC decision to stop its cooperation with Clarkson was a very brave and respectable move. Even if you have 30 million viewers there is still no reason for assault," argued @jaavid on Twitter.
In the Czech Republic, the move to drop the Top Gear presenter was welcomed by journalist Ivan Kytka.
"For the BBC, principles are clearly more important than profit. Money is not the most important thing for a public service broadcaster," he said on the Czech TV website.
The BBC's decision not to renew Clarkson's contract was greeted with approval by internet users in Argentina.
Last September, the Top Gear crew had to abandon filming in the country amid angry protests over a car number plate that appeared to refer to the Falklands War.
"Thanks Jeremy… we don't need you around here… when you do come back it'll be to cover the story of when your delinquent countrymen give back the Malvinas [Falklands]," said a reader in the online forum of Clarin newspaper.
"The best TV channel in the world can't have this type of employee," was another opinion in the same forum.
Many social media users were amused the BBC's announcement coincided with news of singer Zayn Malik  leaving the successful British boy band One Direction.
"Jeremy Clarkson and Zayn Malik could team up to form a new boy band - Top Direction," @sicfallacy suggested on Twitter.
But for Italian user Mauro Scarpoloni, Clarkson was obviously the more popular brand. "So the real drama is not One Direction, it's that the BBC has killed @BBC_TopGear #BringBackClarkson," he tweeted.
In Russia, the story seemed to acquire a political dimension.
Interfax news agency quoted St Petersburg councillor Vitaliy Milonov as saying: "Clarkson will be able to find a great job in our country, where he will not be told how to host a TV programme."
Zvezda, the TV channel controlled by the Russian Defence Ministry, announced on its website that it had officially offered to employ the former Top Gear presenter. It published a letter to Clarkson in English:
"Dear Jeremy, the Russian Armed Forces Broadcasting Company 'Zvezda' expresses deep honour to you and kindly asks for cooperation.
"We would like to invite you to be a presenter of motoring show on our TV Channel in Moscow."
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.


Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) Enda Kenny has said he is hopeful a deal with independents to form a new government could be signed off by Wednesday or Thursday morning.

Mr Kenny's party, Fine Gael, last week agreed a deal with Fianna Fáil to allow for a Fine Gael-led minority government in the Republic of Ireland.
Fine Gael will now meet the Independent Alliance and the Rural Alliance.
Mr Kenny said he would like to think a deal would be concluded this week.
Earlier, acting Minister for Agriculture Simon Coveney said he hoped an agreement would allow a vote for taoiseach on Thursday.
Mortgage arrears
The talks with independent members of parliament (known as Teachtaí Dála or TDs) are expected to cover a wide range of issues from mortgage arrears and crime to wind turbines and cardiac care.
Independent TD for Kerry Michael Healy-Rae was less upbeat.
He said it was unlikely a vote for a taoiseach will take place this week.
Efforts to form a new government have been continuing since the Republic of Ireland's general election on 26 February.


DNA tests have linked five men with a gang rape and murder last month that has caused outrage in India, a court in Delhi has heard.

The pre-trial hearing was held at the District Court in the Saket area of the Indian capital.
The judge ordered the five to appear before her on Monday. A sixth suspect is expected to be tried as a juvenile.
The woman, 23, died last weekend. Her friend has been recalling the harrowing details of the attack on a bus.
The man, who has not been named, told Zee News how he and the victim had boarded the bus and paid a fare, before he was beaten unconscious by men on board, who then attacked her.
Prosecutor Rajiv Mohan told Magistrate Namrita Aggarwal that DNA tests confirmed by the Central Forensic Science Laboratory had shown that blood stains found on the clothing of all of the accused had matched the blood of the victim.
Mr Mohan also cited records from the Mount Elizabeth Hospital in Singapore, where the woman died, which said death was caused by septicaemia and multiple-organ failure.
The five accused, aged between 19 and 35, are charged with rape, abduction and murder, and could face the death penalty if convicted. They include the driver of the bus.
The prosecutor also said items robbed from the victim had been recovered from the accused.
The magistrate said: "[The suspects] will be produced in court on Monday."
A following hearing was set for 10 January.
Protesters gathered outside the court in Saket, carrying a banner demanding justice for the victim.
The friend of the woman who died has given his first interview since the incident.
The man, who has not been named, told Zee News he and the rape victim had boarded the bus after a trip to the cinema and after failing to flag down an auto-rickshaw.
He said the bus had tinted windows, and that he believed the group of men had laid a trap for them.
Viewpoints: What next after India rape outcry?
"We tried to resist them. Even my friend fought with them, she tried to save me," he said.
"She tried to dial the police control room number 100, but the accused snatched her mobile away.
"I tried to fight against the men but later I begged them again and again to leave her."
He confirmed earlier reports that the assailants had thrown them off the bus and tried to run them over.
The friend said he had tried to get help from passers-by and motorists.
"They slowed down, looked at our naked bodies and left," he said.
And he also criticised the authorities, accusing them of being slow to arrive, then arguing over jurisdiction, and eventually taking them to the wrong hospital.
"My friend was bleeding profusely. But instead of taking us to a nearby hospital, they [police] took us to a hospital that was far away," he said.
Delhi Police on Saturday denied its officers were late in arriving. A statement said the first vehicle had arrived within four minutes of the distress call, left the scene with the victims within another three minutes and reached Safdarjung Hospital within another 24.
The BBC's Andrew North, in Delhi, says the case continues to put Indian life under a sharp magnifying glass, and for many people it is uncomfortable viewing.
Meanwhile, police have opened an investigation into whether Zee News broke broadcasting laws relating to disclosure of the victim's identity.
The victim's friend was not named but his face was shown.
Police spokesman Rajan Bhagat told AFP news agency that a case had been filed against the broadcaster.
The case has caused a national outcry, and there have been frequent protests calling for greater protection for women.


The Sioux Indian community says it is "encouraged" by the US government's decision to delay ruling on an oil pipeline project in North Dakota.

The Departments of the Army and Interior said they would consult further with local communities on the issue before making a decision.
There have been major protests against the plans in Standing Rock reservation.
The United Nations said security forces had used excessive force against demonstrators.
Maina Kiai, the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association, called for protesters to be treated humanely.
"Tensions have escalated in the past two weeks, with local security forces employing an increasingly militarised response to protests and forcibly moving encampments located near the construction site," he said.
Hundreds of people have been arrested during the weeks of mass protest over the $3.7bn (Â£2.8bn) Dakota Access construction project.
A "day of action" is set to go ahead on Tuesday, with groups assembling outside offices of the Army Corps of Engineers, banks and energy companies across the country.
Standing Rock Sioux Chairman Dave Archambault II said the news of the federal authorities' decision to delay its ruling implied his people were being heard.
"Millions of people have literally and spiritually stood with us at Standing Rock," he said, thanking them. "The harmful and dehumanising tactics by the state of North Dakota and corporate bullies did not go unnoticed because of you."
The community and environmentalists believe the project will pollute water supplies.
The Army Corps of Engineers had previously given permission for the project, and much of the construction for the 1,172-mile (1,885km) line has already gone ahead.
However, construction company Energy Transfer Partners is still awaiting approval for work under Lake Oahe, which sits beside the Standing Rock reservation.
The Army said on Monday it had decided to consult further with local communities "in light of the history of the Great Sioux Nation's dispossessions of lands" in the country.
But Energy Transport Partners - which insists the project will boost local economies and is much safer than transporting oil by rail or road - expressed dismay at the Army Corps of Engineers' decision.
"This action is motivated purely by politics at the expense of a company that has done nothing but play by the rules it was given," Chief Executive Kelcy Warren told Reuters.
Protesters have been using the slogan #noDAPL to condemn the pipeline project on social media. They also coordinated an online campaign where they encouraged people from around the country to "check in" at Standing Rock on Facebook to show solidarity and attempt to confuse the police on the scene.


Scotland has fewer people with firearm licences but they own more guns, the latest statistics have shown.

By the end of last year, 141,569 shotguns were held on certificate along with 72,005 firearms. Those figures represented a 10-year high.
The number of licences issued by the end of 2012 was 48,168, which represented a 10-year low.
Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill said the weapons belonged to people who "had a legitimate reason for owning it".
He also made a fresh plea for responsibility for firearms to be devolved to Scotland, as he said it was "still cheaper to buy a firearms licence than a TV licence across the UK".
The figures from Scotland's chief statistician showed that there was an increase in the number of registered firearm dealers in Scotland to 353, a 2% increase on the previous year and the highest total for the last decade.
A total of 1,149 applications were made for a new firearms certificate last year, with all but 12 of these granted.
Meanwhile, 1,926 applications were made for a new shotgun certificate, of which 38 were refused.
Mr MacAskill said: "Scotland's police work extremely hard to make firearms owners aware of their responsibilities and at having the right procedures in place to prevent firearms from being used in criminal ways.
"However, firearms legislation remains reserved and it is still cheaper to buy a firearms licence than a TV licence across the UK.
"While I welcome the moves to tighten this legislation over recent years, there is no doubt that devolving this area will give the Scottish government the powers to better control the number of lethal weapons in society and thereby help to protect and reassure the Scottish public."


China's anti-corruption agency says it is going to watch its officials more closely, after uncovering corruption within its own ranks.

It says 17 officials from the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) have been investigated for corruption since 2012.
A sweeping anti-corruption drive has been a defining feature of Xi Jinping's presidency.
More than a million officials have been punished so far, says the government.
The CCDI has been front and centre in Mr Xi's anti-corruption drive, directing the investigations into, and punishment of, officials across the country.
But the powerful watchdog has admitted that it is not immune.
It revealed this in surprising fashion last week - through a television show, co-produced with national broadcaster CCTV, featuring the confessions of senior inspectors who have since been jailed.
The China Daily newspaper reported at the weekend that a total of 7,900 disciplinary CCDI officials had been punished for some form of violation over the past four years. Among them were the 17 anti-corruption officials investigated for corruption.
Televised confessions have become de rigeur for Chinese authorities seeking to make an example of people.
The CCDI made a similar show last October featuring corrupt officials from other agencies, but the latest show focused squarely on the CCDI itself.
Titled "Forging Steel Requires Strength in One's Body", it was unabashedly billed as a demonstration of resolve.
It was the most public admission to date of corruption within the CCDI ranks.
The three-part show featured CCDI inspectors penitently detailing how they pressured other officials, including higher-ranked ones, for bribes in return for granting them favours.
One official admitted taking 141m yuan ($20.4m; Â£16.7m) in bribes, along with more than 1,000 bottles of alcohol.
Xinhua news agency said the arrests of high-level CCDI inspectors "were a wake-up call: trust in any party cadre cannot replace supervision".
But in a separate article, the news agency reported that 93% of Chinese people were satisfied with the government's anti-corruption efforts.
State-linked newspaper Global Times said the TV programme showed "the party's determination to combat corruption and deter the officials".
The CCDI held its annual meeting at the weekend, where the agency put in place the new rule.
Its official statement did not contain much detail, but said it would involve "close supervision of work processes", including the "clear and accurate" handling of investigations, tip-offs, and money and materials in corruption cases.
It would also regulate procedures for interrogations and collection of evidence.
Anti-corruption agents have sweeping powers, including the authority to arrest people off the streets and interrogate them in secret, without the need for a lawyer.
The new rule, the statement proclaimed, would ensure "CCDI's self-supervision is combined with supervision from the Party and society".
"Trust cannot replace supervision," it said. "We must make sure the power granted by the Party and the people is not abused."


Storm Desmond, which has hit parts of northern England and Scotland, has caused huge damage.

Schools and hospital services have been closed in parts of northern England as emergency services continue try to make people safe.
Here is a selection of pictures capturing what happened as more than 1,000 people were evacuated, tens of thousands left without power and streets left underwater.


A widowed mother-of-five who has lived in Australia for most of her life is facing deportation to the UK.

Kelly Webb, 30, a recovering drug addict, has been in and out of prison and last April was given an 18-month sentence for aggravated burglary.
Under Australian law, Webb's visa has been cancelled and she must now wait to hear if ministers will let her stay.
Webb, who left the UK when she was two, fears she and her children would end up living on the streets if deported.
Since a change in the law in 2014, visas are automatically cancelled when someone, who is not an Australian citizen, is sentenced to a year or more in jail.
Webb, 30, has not been back to the UK since her mother, father and elder sister first travelled to Australia, in 1988, from Stoke-on-Trent.
Speaking to BBC News from an immigration detention centre, she said: "If I end up in the UK, I'd have no housing, no family, no friends. I could not take the children - I could not be that selfish. I would be living on the streets with the poor little buggers."
Webb, who never became an Australian citizen or naturalised, said: "Had I known this could happen, I would have got citizenship.
"If the minister says I can't stay, there's nothing else I can do. I'll have to pack my bags. They will take me to the airport. And that's it."
Webb, from Geelong in Victoria, said she found out she faced deportation in March, three days before she was due for parole.
"This is the cruellest thing anyone could ever do," she said, adding that her prescription for anti-depressants had been doubled to help her cope.
Webb has an extensive criminal history, including a conviction for killing her stepfather. She was sentenced to a good-behaviour bond after the court heard he had been abusive over an extended period.
"I know I have done a lot of bad things - they've been mostly due to drug addiction," she said, adding that she has undergone recovery and rehabilitation programmes.
"I'm not a bad person. I made wrong choices. I want a quiet life with me and my children. I want to keep my family together."
Her eldest, nine, currently lives with his father in Perth. While in prison, her six-year-old twins and five-year-old son are being cared for by their paternal grandmother, and her one-year-old baby girl is with Webb's mother.
Her late husband, father to her four youngest, was killed in a motorcycling accident last year.
While in detention, she is able to see her baby once a week, but has not seen her other children and describes the conditions there as worse than prison.
"It's so, so hard. I just want to be a mother to my children. Their dad was killed - I am all they have got."
In December 2014, the Migration Act 1958 was amended to introduce new mandatory powers to cancel visas of "non citizens" who have been sentenced to 12 months or more in prison. These "non-citizens" can seek to have this revoked.
In Webb's case, ministers are likely to take into account the seriousness of the offence and the best interests of the children in deciding whether she can stay.
Australia's immigration department said it would not comment on the specific details of this case.
Between December 2014, when the law changed, and the end of March this year, Australia deported 441 people whose visas were cancelled, the department said.


Music fans have started arriving for the T in the Park festival, which is being held for the first time at Strathallan Castle.

More than 80,000 people are expected to attend the event over the weekend, with many camping.
The festival is being held at the Perthshire estate after moving from Balado.
Acts set to perform include the Libertines, Kasabian, Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds and David Guetta.
The festival moved from its traditional Balado home after fears were raised about an oil pipeline running under the site.
But the move sparked some local controversy around Strathallan.
After a lengthy planning battle over issues including wildlife and transport, DF Concerts won permission to hold the festival at Strathallan for the next three summers.
Coaches are running to the festival grounds near Auchterarder from around Scotland, and provisions have been put in place on the local road network.
Police and festival organisers have issued extensive advice to revellers ahead of the event, with strict rules in place including bans on selfie sticks, flagpoles, flares, nitrous oxide and so-called legal highs.
The festival arena opens to fans on Friday, although many opt to also camp over on the Thursday night. Weather forecasts predict a mix of rain and sunshine through the weekend.
Festival director Geoff Ellis said: "We're starting a new chapter for the festival at Strathallan and creating brand new memories for thousands of music fans.
"We have the UK's best line-up and there's no doubt it will be the weekend of the summer.
"My message to fans when they get here is to respect the site, look after yourself, your friends and your camping neighbours - and most of all, have a fantastic time."


Streets in Wales are blighted by discarded cigarette butts, with 86% of roads strewn with smoking-related litter, a charity's survey shows.

Discarded chewing gum was also seen on three-quarters of streets surveyed for Keep Wales Tidy, while dog fouling was found on one in 10.
Despite this, 96% of streets were graded as acceptable to the public.
Natural Resources Minister Carl Sargeant said "everybody" was responsible for keeping streets clean.
Keep Wales Tidy said smoking-related litter - which is predominantly made up of cigarette butts - was difficult to clean up.
It could also affect the environment and wildlife by contaminating water supplies with toxic chemicals, it added.
Chief executive Lesley Jones said:  "I would emphasise that it isn't just the responsibility of local authorities to clean up an area, but everyone who lives, works, visits a street, park, beach, city, town or village to keep it clean and create a good environment for all."
Its research - published in the All Wales Report (How Clean are our Streets?) - was funded by the Welsh government.


The family of a man killed by an IRA bomb 23 years ago have criticised a further delay in the publication of a report into how the RUC dealt with the attack.

Sean Dalton was one of three people killed when a booby-trap device exploded in August 1988.
The bomb had been left for the security forces at Kildrum Gardens in Creggan.
The Police Ombudsman's Office began an investigation after receiving a public complaint about the police response.
Mr Dalton, who was 55 and Sheila Lewis, 60, were murdered.
Another man Gerard Curran died the following year from his injuries.
In a statement released on the anniversary of the bomb, Mr Dalton's family said they had asked that allegations that the RUC had known that the flat had been booby-trapped be investigated in 2005.
"It was agreed we would receive a final report in the autumn of 2010. Since then we have been promised many times that the report would be ready, yet we are still waiting.
"We were recently assured that we would receive the report at the end of August 2011 to coincide with the 23rd anniversary.
"In a letter dated 26 August 2011 to the Pat Finucane Centre, however, the ombudsman has reneged on that promise and says the report will be delayed yet again.
"We are deeply disappointed and urge the ombudsman to release the report without further delay."
Al Hutchinson is the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland. A spokesman for his office said: "We can understand the family's frustration and can assure them that it will be the next major historical report that we publish."
Lost Lives, the book which chronicles every death in Northern Ireland's Troubles, said the incident was described as the "good neighbours bomb".
It said the IRA had kidnapped a man and booby-trapped his flat in the expectation it would be searched by the security forces.
Instead the three victims, who had noticed their neighbour's absence, went to the man's flat. Mr Dalton managed to get inside which detonated the bomb and demolished the flat.
According to Lost Lives, Mr Dalton's family later claimed the police had been negligent in allowing civilians to approach the flat.
They alleged the police were aware it had been booby-trapped but the bomb had been left in place to protect an informant.
The family stressed that the IRA was ultimately responsible for what happened but said the RUC should have also accepted its responsibility.


In our series of letters from African journalists, film-maker and columnist Farai Sevenzo looks at those most in danger in the battle against poachers in Africa.

World Ranger Day (31 July) is dedicated to the men and women who put themselves on the frontline to protect our wildlife from one of the biggest armed scourges of the 21st Century.
Some estimate that gangs of poachers kill two or three rangers every week in game reserves across Africa.
It has become a bitter battle against poaching.
If the elephants and the rhinos could release press statements on their respective international days, they would tell you that the killings of their kind have multiplied since 2006.
And even though some recent studies suggest the killing of elephants has slowed, some experts believe that the decline in deaths could be down to fewer elephants being alive to poach.
Organised criminals with sophisticated GPS systems and deadly arms seem to stop at nothing to get tusks and rhino horns to sell in Asian markets for millions of dollars.
It is the rangers who stand between them and the killers.
Farai Sevenzo:
"It is no surprise that South Sudan's protracted rebellions have affected animals and the men and women who try to protect them"
A recent WWF survey of game rangers in Africa found some rangers barely had the equipment, including boots, to fight poachers in Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo and were regularly abandoned as a low priority of governments.
Of those surveyed, 75% said they had been threatened by community members for the work they do in protecting wildlife and a staggering 54% said they would not want their children to become rangers - which is bad news for those elephants, rhinos and gorillas slowly dwindling to extinction.
Just two weeks ago the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority put out a tender for the supply of new vehicles for its directors and an advert for two new executives just when its working rangers, toiling to stop poachers in 45C heat, had not been paid for three months.
Members of a parliamentary committee on the environment noticed the lack of priorities and were not impressed.
More on poaching in Africa:
The war on elephants
Does burning actually destroy ivory?
Can drones tackle wildlife poaching?
My daughter the gorilla
It is also clear that the pressure on a ranger can come from their own, so it is little wonder that some of them are turning from game keeper to poacher just to stay alive.
Zimbabwe has managed to capture two of its most-wanted poaching suspects in the last week, according to the state-run Chronicle newspaper.
Altogether 10 suspects were arrested in separate operations, though its report shows the difficulty of tracking down poachers.
The tools of their trade may be simple - the paper lists some being arrested with a couple of rifles, a silencer, ammunition, a knife, a torch and a getaway car - but their collusion with local chiefs makes them more lethal to animals and rangers alike.
It is no surprise that the deaths of elephants and rangers in DR Congo were at the hands of armed militias, and that South Sudan's protracted rebellions have affected animals and the men and women who try to protect them.
The director of South Sudan's Lantoto National Game Park, where 10 elephants were killed by poachers in June, says the instability in his country is to blame.
"You know animals are like people and when there is continuous presence of fighting and hunting down in the country, they tend to run away in search of peaceful environment," Col Natalino Lasuba recently told South Sudan's Radio Tamazuj.
He said park rangers faced challenges including heavy rains, lack of logistical and communication equipment, inadequate numbers - as well as the inevitable clashes with armed poachers.
Virunga National Park in DR Congo - home to the endangered gorillas and Africa's oldest park - documents the rangers who die in the line of duty and has set up a fund to help their widows.
One of the latest to die was 40-year-old Sebinyenzi Bavukirahe Yacinthe, who left behind a wife and eight children aged between two and 16 in January.
While Fidele Mulonga Mulegalega and Venant Mumbere Muvesevese were killed in an attack by Mai Mai rebels in March.
"These deaths break the unfathomable barrier of 150 rangers lost in a decade here in Virunga, over 10 of those in the last year alone," the park's director Emmanuel de Merode said in a statement at the time.
"Despite the wide progress we make here in many areas, we cannot sustain these kind of losses in what is still the most dangerous conservation job in the world."
Whether it is South Sudan's Boma National Park, DR Congo's Garamba National Park or Kruger National Park in South Africa, the poachers are increasing their firepower and the fallout for the rangers is severe.
Not only are rangers' lives being lost to increased poaching, there is also the psychological fallout. It is creating a new kind of "ranger trauma" to seeing so many butchered animals littering the savannah, including those of rhino and elephant calves.
The animals too do not distinguish between poacher or ranger so some of the dead rangers have been trampled to death by the elephants they were protecting.
Considering that more than 14,000 elephants have been killed between 2003 and 2015, it barely registers as a concern for most African governments.
African governments should treat the prevalence of armed poaching as a national security emergency, and dedicate a large chunk of the defence budget to combating it robustly.
The ranger is in a war few acknowledge is happening on World Ranger Day and every day.
More from Farai Sevenzo:


Funding of £4.3m is to be shared between projects aimed at regenerating Scottish coastal communities.

The money from the Coastal Communities Fund will go towards 18 schemes designed to boost tourism, create jobs and grow the economy.
Among the grants is £300,000 towards 64 miles of coastal paths at the Rhins of Galloway in south west Scotland.
Plans for a visitor information centre and hub at Fort Augustus will benefit from £237,500.
And £258,190 will go to a project to transform the facilities at Discovery Point in Dundee.
Harris Development Ltd has been awarded £300,000 to develop two pontoons for small boats, while the Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust will use nearly £200,000 for a network of 25 whale-watching and heritage sites across the west coast.
Environment Secretary Roseanna Cunningham said: "With more than 10,000 miles of stunning coastline in Scotland, we need to do all we can to protect the marine environment that lives there and to help people living and working in these areas make the most of the economic opportunities on offer.
"This latest investment delivers on our commitment to supporting fishing and coastal communities, and includes a range of exciting projects that will improve paths and facilities and create new opportunities to attract tourists."


A Scottish teenager has written an open letter to her drug addict parents, thanking them for showing her that "life is not sunshine and rainbows".

Chelsea Cameron's parents were in the grip of their addiction when they missed her younger brother's first day at school and the day she was made head girl.
But in a heartfelt letter she has posted on her blog, the 18-year-old from Dundee does not criticise her mother and father for their absence.
Instead, she thanks them for teaching her to be independent, ambitious and to steer clear of drugs.
In one striking passage, she wrote: "Parents, both of you, thank you for teaching me that taking drugs ruins lives, breaks families apart and gives no one a quality of life worth living.
"I'll be eternally grateful for this lesson you have taught me which has a message which has stuck by me until this day and always will, I have never and will never have a desire to take harmful substances through your example."
The letter was published in the same week that Ms Cameron's father, Alexander, was jailed for a series of crimes at Dundee Sheriff Court.
Her mother, Tammy, told the Dundee Evening Telegraph that she was proud of her "amazing daughter".
She said: "No child should have to go through what Chelsea did and live that kind of life.
"I am ashamed and upset at my behaviour and am so sorry and so proud of her."
Ms Cameron said she had a "relatively normal" upbringing but she was aware that heroin and diazepam were a big part of her parents' lives.
She stopped living with them when she was 14, and instead stayed with various family and friends until she got her own home last October.
Despite her problems, the teenager excelled at school and discovered a passion for languages.
She was one of a group of pupils from Menzieshill High School, Dundee, who travelled to Uganda to carry out charity work.
And last year, as head girl, she spoke in front of hundreds of people at the school's prize giving ceremony.
Now she has landed an apprenticeship in administration.
She told the BBC Scotland news website that a teacher once told her class that anyone who was exposed to drug abuse as a child was "absolutely certain" to follow that path.
From that point, she was determined to make a success of her life.
"Society wasn't going to tell me what my future was going to be," she said. "Someone else's choices weren't going to determine my future."
Her positive outlook is reflected in the letter to her unemployed parents, in which she thanks them for teaching her to be ambitious.
She wrote: "Your example showed me that no ambition for education, work or any type of success is very harmful and leads to not a lot of self worth.
"Your example showed me that life is all about choices and that I didn't need to make the same ones you did."
The teenager also reveals that she hid the truth of her family life from her school friends until she was in the third or fourth year of high school.
She added: "Life is not sunshine and rainbows and thank you for teaching me that life is unfair, people disappoint you and there's sometimes nothing you can do about that. A lesson well learnt from the both of you."
She ends the letter: "I hope one day that you'll wake up and realise there is so much more the world has to offer you guys and when that day comes, please come to find me so we can enjoy life together.
"I'll show you some nice restaurants I like to go to and if you're lucky I might take you to Germany one day. Until then, I'll dream of what my life would be like with parents to enjoy it with."


A lorry driver who was on the wrong side of the road when he collided with a van, killing the driver, has been jailed for nine months.

Albertas Daskevicius, 51, was sentenced on Friday to a total of 18 months and banned from driving for 10 years.
He was said to have made "a terrible misjudgement with tragic consequences".
The Lithuanian, with an address at Bawn Court in Ballykelly, pulled out to pass a lorry that was turning left on the A5 road between Omagh and Strabane.
Sean McElwee from Cookstown, County Tyrone, was killed in the April 2015 accident.
Mr McElwee was travelling in the opposite direction with his father when his van was hit in the head-on collision.
His father survived and was in Dungannon Crown Court to see Daskevicius sentenced.
The Lithuanian was initially charged with causing death by dangerous driving.
The charge was reduced to causing death by careless driving, but sentencing Daskevicius to nine months in jail and nine on licence, the judge said his driving had come very close to dangerous.
Earlier, a prosecution barrister  had stressed that Sean McElwee was blameless and had no chance of avoiding the collision.
The court heard how the former grounds man at Father Rocks GAA club in Cookstown had tried to swerve out of the path of the oncoming lorry, but had nowhere to go.
In the fleeting seconds before impact, his father shouted: "Where's that eejit going?".
A defence lawyer told the court there was no evidence that his client had been speeding or using a mobile phone and that the lorry was roadworthy.
He added that Daskevicius had not decided to take a calculated risk, but simply made an error of judgement which had tragic consequences and that he felt genuine remorse and guilt over what had happened.
Daskevicius did not have insurance at the time of the accident and he was given a separate nine-month prison sentence for that, to be served concurrently.
He was also banned from driving for 10 years.
Several members of Sean McElwee's family sobbed quietly in the public gallery as a prison officer handcuffed Daskevicius and led him away.
The judge told the McElwee family that he had been deeply moved by their victim impact statements, which spoke of their deep sense of loss.
He said they were clearly private and he did not intend to read them out in court, but assured them that he had carefully noted what was written.
The family declined to say anything as they left court.


The UK economy may face "severe loss of momentum" after the vote to leave the EU, according to the EY Item Club.

The think tank's UK growth forecast for 2016 has been cut from 2.3% to 1.9%, and from 2.6% to just 0.4% for 2017.
Meanwhile its forecast for GDP growth for 2018 was slashed from 2.4% to 1.4%.
Its report said the Brexit vote would have "severe confidence effects on spending and business investment", which would lead to anaemic GDP growth over the next three years.
However, the drop in the value of the pound could bolster exports by 3.4% next year, the Item Club said, with imports falling by 0.3%.
Overall, the move would see net exports adding 1.1% to GDP in 2017, it added.
Brexit 'will be horrible for UK economy' - fund manager
Peter Spencer, chief economic advisor to the EY Item Club, said the UK economy was set to suffer a severe loss of momentum in the second half of this year.
"Heightened uncertainty is likely to hold back business investment, while consumer spending will be restrained by a weaker jobs market and higher inflation," he said.
"Longer-term, the UK may have to adjust to a permanent reduction in the size of the economy, compared to the trend that seemed possible prior to the vote. But amongst the gloom, the weaker pound provides one silver lining to exporters, particularly those selling to the US and emerging markets."
A new survey from Deloitte found 82% of chief financial officers of both FTSE 350 and large privately owned companies expected to cut capital spending in the next year. That was the biggest proportion on record and more than double the 34% in the first quarter, Deloitte said.
Its survey was conducted between 28 June 28 and 11 July, after the EU referendum and just before Theresa May became the new prime minister.
Almost all the CFOs surveyed said the level of uncertainty facing their businesses was higher than normal.
Ian Stewart, Deloitte's chief economist, said: "Perceptions of uncertainty have soared to levels last associated with the euro crisis five years ago."
Leading City fund manager Richard Buxton, chief executive of Old Mutual Global Investors, has said the Brexit vote would have a "horrible" impact on the UK economy, which could "judder to a halt".
The Item Club's Mr Spencer said that there were some positives ahead, including the UK retaining full access to the EU's single market in the short-term.
As well as the fall in the exchange rate offering export opportunities, he said the predicted increases in inflation and unemployment would allow the economy to rebalance away from consumption.
The Item Club also predicted that unemployment would rise from 5% to 7.1% by late 2019.


It may sound like a gambler's dream but a team of statisticians is working on ways to beat the bookies by predicting sporting events.

The mathematicians at Cardiff University use "big data" collected from thousands of previous results.
The academics and their specially-programmed robots then use their analysis to make bets.
Prof Anatoly Zhigljavsky, of the School of Mathematics, said: "We don't feel it as money. We feel it as a challenge."
His team recorded three years of data from 100 football leagues around the world, including results and in-play data, such as the number of goals, yellow cards and red cards in any given game.
The team and their robots analyse the data.
They then compare the odds offered by bookmakers for similar upcoming matches to the odds they calculate are reasonable.
"If the odds are in our favour we put a small bet in," Prof Zhigljavsky said. "And that's how we put in hundreds and hundreds of bets."
Prof Zhigljavsky said the team had one robot which, despite them not tuning it for three years, has made a "small but steady profit".
"It [the profit] is not significant but it's still positive," he explained.
However, for the most part, Prof Zhigljavsky believes current artificial intelligence punters cannot be trusted on their own to make money.
"Some robots are quite successful but most of them are not. Most of them require human intervention.
"We are still looking for the robot that will make big money," he said.
"We know when to play, we know when not to play. We know how to play. Unfortunately, we still don't know how to fully automize good robots."
Prof Zhigljavsky said he and his colleagues also produce strategies more sophisticated than those used by their electronic counterparts.
And it was the nagging sense that their branch of mathematics was under-appreciated that drew them to the challenge.
"Football betting is an interesting example - nobody asked us to do that but we found there is an infinite source of data, lots of uncertainty, and uncertainty is exactly what we like to deal with - to extract what is very, very difficult to extract."
He said the team had also detected betting scams in the past, such as match fixing, by spotting unusual fluctuations in the odds.
The professor of statistics is keen to point out that the betting work is only a "hobby" at the university, as he and his team carry out research which is much more serious and academically significant.
Nonetheless, he admits students enjoy it and staff relish the opportunity to apply their theories to work which is not exclusively theoretical.
Ben Morgan, who is studying gambling odds at the university said: "We've put a few bets on recently. Some have done better than others."
But, while studying the numbers may help, Prof Zhigljavsky insists the level of discipline and work required mean it is no short-circuit to getting rich.
"It looks like if you, at least, don't want to lose money in betting, then you have to apply some time, you need to apply some effort.
"I have a couple of friends who are making decent money [from betting] - they don't need to work, if they don't want to. They work for the moment, but they are thinking of quitting work.
"But they have to spend a serious amount of time to prepare for the proper betting, so nothing is free, unfortunately."
And while Prof Zhigljavsky does not spend the required time necessary to make betting his main source of income, he sees it as a realistic possibility.
"If I retire and I carry on this activity for another five years, I think I will be perfectly capable of supporting myself and my family just with this [betting].
"Of course, I will need to spend more time and energy. But if I still have energy and time, then why not?"
But he is not convinced the bookmakers need to start worrying about mathematicians having a serious impact on their profits for the meantime.
In fact, the statisticians may even prove useful to the betting companies.
"If we start winning on an industrial scale then we would present some danger to betting companies but I don't think we are any danger because our winnings are absolutely negligible.
"Because we are putting on lots of bets they actually may monitor people like us and get some extra information from us," Prof Zhigljavsky said.


While most media outlets across the world cannot decide who won the second debate between the two hopefuls, most newspapers highlight the "cruel" nature of the encounter and others focus on the sexual allegations surrounding both candidates.

Perhaps predictably, Russian state TV sees a "confident" Trump performance but an Argentine newspaper records a Clinton victory in the debate.
There "are no chances for Trump to be dismissed" from the race, Alexei Fenenko of Lomonosov Moscow State University tells Russia's centrist Nezavisimaya Gazeta daily, because with just a month left before the elections, "Republicans just have no time to promote an alternative figure".
And according to Russian state Rossiya 1 TV, "it is obvious that this time Trump performed far more confidently than in the first round and the counter-attack against Hillary and her husband put paid to the wave of accusations against him".
Meanwhile, Chinese media are critical of Trump's "body language". State broadcaster CCTV says Trump's "very menacing and threatening" gestures lacked "protocol".
But this is not enough to dent Trump's hopes according to China's Global Times. His "future isn't about his scandals. Rather, it is about US voters deciding whether they will continue to tolerate the hypocrisy that Clinton represents", it says.
In Mexico, meanwhile, the political weekly Proceso sees the debate as a "wasted opportunity" for Trump "in not asking women to forgive him". But Clinton also failed to take advantage, it says. "Instead of explaining more eloquently her government's proposals, [Clinton] fell into the trap of dismissing the personal accusations which her opponent to the US presidency was hammering home."
But the Democrat wins the praise of Argentina's La Nacion daily. "Clinton never lost her composure not even when faced with the most virulent of Trump's attacks...This was enough for her to win the night."
"Never has a TV duel been so cruel", says a headline in Germany's Sueddeutsche Zeitung. French broadsheets also lead with the debate, with Le Monde saying that Trump went on the attack "to forget his setbacks", while Le Figaro notes Trump's "all-out attack" on Clinton.
But in Italy, La Repubblica's "first conclusion" is that "American democracy is sick". "The mutual undermining is total. It's hard to find in the recent past a similar level of animosity, contempt and insult," says the paper.
Noting that Clinton "failed to deliver a knockout blow", Corriere della Sera daily adds that "Trump has no cause for celebration". "The only success of 'The Donald' was that he avoided being carpeted," it says.
In the Middle East, Lebanon's al-Nahar wanted to see Trump showing contrition after the "scandalous tape" revelations.
"Tens of millions of Americans who watched the debate were expecting to see Trump showing some regret... Instead, he launched a fierce attack against former President Bill Clinton," writes the anti-Syria daily.
Iranian daily Khorasan describes the sexual allegations as the "Achilles heel" of both candidates.
"Sex issues have become the main debate in America's election campaign and it seems that Hillary Clinton has the opportunity to ride this wave with her winning gender card. However, Trump will also try to use this same issue, namely Bill Clinton's past record in this regard.... It may be said that sex issues have now turned into the Achilles heel of both."
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.


The cabinet reshuffle by South Africa's President Jacob Zuma was expected, but its scale has taken people by surprise.

31 March 2017 Last updated at 14:10 BST
The BBC's Lerato Mbele takes a look at the implications.


A coroner has called on the Ministry of Defence (MoD) to improve safety after the death of five British servicemen in a helicopter crash in Afghanistan.

Oxfordshire Coroner Darren Salter has written to the MoD saying fatigue and a lack of training could have contributed to the accident.
He also suggested flight recorders could be installed on newer aircraft.
The men died during training when an Army Air Corps Lynx crashed 12 miles from Kandahar airbase in 2014.
Mr Salter recorded a narrative verdict and said a proximity alarm telling the crew they were going to crash had not been correctly set up.
He called on the MoD to review manning levels within air squadrons and the strain put on individual service personnel.
In a statement, the family of L/Cpl Oliver Thomas said they felt "very let down" by the MoD.
"His future was tragically taken away from him and us," it said.
"As the coroner said, this was a case of controlled flight into terrain, due to lack of situational awareness and misjudgement of height."
The family of Capt Thomas Clarke said there were still "significant question marks" over how the accident happened.
Father-of-two Spencer Faulkner was on his "last operation" and had been due to retire after serving for 22 years with the military, his widow Cally said.
After the inquest she added: "Nothing can ever bring Spencer back to us but we hope that lessons will be learned from this incident to reduce the risk of similar accidents in future."
A previous official report concluded the helicopter was serviceable and under the control of the crew when it was accidentally flown into the ground.
The inquest was told WO Faulkner's voice could be heard on the flight recording shouting "pull up" three times, moments before the helicopter hit the ground.
It had descended 25ft (7.5m) in half a second, despite attempts to halt the descent.
The aircraft was from a squadron based at RAF Odiham in Hampshire.


Paul Paton has signed a two-year deal with St Johnstone after leaving Dundee United by "mutual agreement".

The midfielder spent three years at Tannadice but leaves after their relegation from the Premiership.
Saints manager Tommy Wright told his club website: "Paul is underestimated - he's an aggressive player but has a lot of real quality too.
"His range of passing is excellent and throughout this career his attitude on the pitch has been great."
St Johnstone have already secured midfielders Blair Alston and Michael Coulson from Falkirk and York City respectively, while defeners Keith Watson is making the switch from St Mirren.
"We believe we've captured another good signing for the forthcoming season - our fourth - and I think in all four we are bringing quality and experience into the squad," said Wright.
"It not only improves the quality but also in terms of depth we are sitting, I believe, in a good position.
"I've always emphasised the point that it is the whole squad that has enabled this football club to achieve what it has these past few seasons and the addition of Paul will enhance that."
Paton joined United in the summer of 2013 from Partick Thistle, going on to make 90 appearances for the club.
He captained the side in the latter stages of last season and thanked the club's supporters "and everybody at Tannadice" on the club's website.
"There will always be a tangerine spot in my heart and I wish Dundee United every success in returning to the Scottish Premiership next season," he said.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Scotland colleagues Kim Little and Julie Fleeting scored to win Arsenal the FA Women's Cup for the 11th time.

Twelve months after losing for the first time in a final, the Gunners proved too strong for a Bristol team making their debut final appearance.
The Gunners scored the opener when Little finished off a fine solo run and Fleeting's header doubled the lead.
Arsenal comfortably saw out the match at Coventry's Ricoh Arena, although Academy's Helen Bleazard hit the bar.
For long spells Arsenal held the upper hand despite Academy, three times semi-final losers to Arsenal, starting the game well.
Having held their opponents to a 2-2 Super League draw last week, the West Country side went into the game with justifiable confidence.
And after just two minutes central defender Jemma Rose headed narrowly wide from a corner by captain Corrinne Yorston, who was in Arsenal's defeated side last year.
But following the early exchanges the Gunners took control and went ahead when midfielder Little jinked her way past two defenders to shoot home in the 19th minute.
The advantage was doubled 13 minutes later, a frantic series of incidents in the Academy penalty area leading to the goal.
After a Fleeting shot hit the bar left winger Rachel Yankey crossed for striker Ellen White to send in a header that was well saved by goalkeeper Siobhan Chamberlain.
But when the ball ran out for a throw-in it was quickly taken for left back Niamh Fahey to float in a cross that Fleeting headed into the top corner of the net.
Little might have scored again four minutes into the second half, but her low 12-yard shot was stopped by the diving Chamberlain.
A further goal at that stage would almost certainly have finished off Bristol, but they hit back well to have their best spell of the match.
Left winger Bleazard was unfortunate not to reduce the arrears in the 68th minute, her 20-yard free-kick bouncing off the bar.
But Little was then denied again by Chamberlain, who spread herself to make a brilliant save from the midfielder's 81st minute volley.
And the Gunners comfortably played out the closing stages to claim the trophy for the fifth time in six years.
Both teams, through reaching the FA Cup final, have qualified for next season's Champions League - Arsenal for the ninth time in 10 years, Bristol foi the first time ever.
Arsenal manager Laura Harvey:
"As a group the last 12 months have been tough.
"We said we wouldn't forget that feeling of last year and that has been our thing through the FA Cup - we wanted to make sure we brought it back home.
"We took our foot off the pedal in the second half, but the way we played in the first half no domestic team would have lived with us."
Bristol boss Mark Sampson:
"We could have been dead and buried by half-time.
"It would have been easy to throw in the towel, roll over and come away with a hammering, but we showed great character and gave it a real go in the second half.
"We weren't expected to be competitive in the Super League, but we've shown we can do that also we can get to a FA Cup final and qualify for Europe.
"So as much as we're disappointed with this result, it's been a great experience for the girls and it will be a positive step in the long term."
Arsenal (4-2-3-1): Byrne; Houghton, Grant, Flaherty, Fahey; Nobbs, Chapman; White, Little, Yankey (Carter 90); Fleeting (Beattie 70).
Substitutes not used: Tracy, Spencer, Coombs.
Bristol Academy (4-2-3-1): Chamberlain; McCatty, Rose, Yorston, Culvin (Clark 68); Hoogendijk, Daley; Dykes, Fishlock (Billson 46), Bleazard; Heatherson (Green 84).
Substitutes not used: Windell, Jones, Green.
Attendance: 13,885


England produced a fine bowling performance to dismiss Pakistan for 201 and seal a 141-run win in the third Test at Edgbaston.

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Five bowlers claimed two wickets apiece as England wrapped up victory with 13.1 overs remaining to take a 2-1 lead in the four-match series.
Pakistan, set 343 to win after England declared on 445-6, were undermined by a collapse of four wickets for one run.
Although opener Sami Aslam hit 70, five players failed to reach double figures.
The final Test at The Oval starts on Thursday.
The scale of England's victory was all the more impressive given they conceded a first-innings deficit of 103, only the sixth time in history they have won a Test after trailing by 100 or more.
Indeed, it is a measure of their powers of recovery that, having lost the first Test inside four days, they head to The Oval knowing they can go top of the Test rankings if they win 3-1 and results in the Sri Lanka-Australia and West Indies-India series go their way.
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Pakistan's defeat, which ended their hopes of becoming the number one side in the world this summer, stemmed from a stunning afternoon collapse on a surface that remained reliable deep into the fifth day.
Roared on by a raucous crowd in excess of 10,000 on a gloriously sunny day, England effectively settled the contest by reducing the tourists from 124-3 to 125-7 in the space of 23 balls:
James Anderson returned after tea to have Yasir Shah taken at fourth slip and Mohammad Amir drove Stuart Broad low to point.
The damage that England had inflicted before tea was such that a last-wicket stand of 50 between Sohail Khan and Rahat Ali was no more than an inconvenience.
Sohail drilled a return catch to man of the match Moeen to fall for 36 off 37 balls and spark joyous scenes among the England players.
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Finn was a central figure in England's victory, removing arguably the two most prized Pakistan batsmen to reward an improved performance in what has been a trying summer.
The wicket of Pakistan captain Misbah-ul-Haq was his first in 71.3 overs, a sequence dating back to the third Sri Lanka Test at Lord's in June.
Having gone wicketless at Lord's, been dropped at Old Trafford and bowled almost 28 overs without success and seen a catch put down in the first innings at Edgbaston, Finn's roar of celebration reflected his obvious relief.
In finding late swing back in from round the wicket to bowl the obdurate Aslam, Finn - who finished with 2-38 - could even have secured his place in the team for the series finale.
Former England spinner Graeme Swann told BBC Test Match Special: "The standout performance for today is Steven Finn - he was brilliant. Those wickets changed the course of the game and opened the floodgates."
England later named an unchanged squad of 13 for The Oval, also containing Adil Rashid and Jake Ball, with James Vince cleared to play after a scan on a finger injury sustained attempting to take a catch in the slip cordon revealed no fracture.
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If Finn's return to something resembling his best form was the feelgood theme of the innings for England, Pakistan will leave Birmingham knowing they have uncovered an opener of considerable class.
Aslam, the 20-year-old playing only his third Test, followed up his first-innings 82 with an equally composed 70, spanning 167 balls and containing 11 fours.
Watchful around off stump, tidy off his pads and willing to drive down the ground, he helped add 73 for the second wicket with Azhar Ali after Mohammad Hafeez pulled Stuart Broad to fine-leg.
By adding 31 in four overs this morning as Moeen finished unbeaten on 86, England had left themselves a minimum of 84 overs in which to bowl Pakistan out, an equation which had been reduced to nine wickets in 62 overs by lunch.
However, Moeen had a driving Azhar well held by Alastair Cook at second slip and James Anderson drew an edge from Younus Khan after the interval, exposing Pakistan's fragile middle order to Finn and Chris Woakes.
Ex-England spinner Graeme Swann on TMS: "England pulled it off. That is an unbelievable Test victory. To come back and win this game is incredible.
"From the moment the second half of this game started, England have absolutely dominated."
England captain Alastair Cook: "It was great character from the guys to come back and bowl like we did. We batted well in the third innings - to wipe out that deficit on that third evening was massive."
England all-rounder Moeen Ali: "We were behind the eight-ball a little bit, but fought back brilliantly. As a team we were fantastic."
Pakistan captain Misbah-ul-Haq: "We weren't having any sort of problems before lunch, but that spell from Anderson and Finn broke the backbone of our team."


A Netherlands photojournalist has been shot dead by a sniper apparently belonging to the group known as Islamic State (IS) while reporting on the fighting in the Libyan city of Sirte.

Jeroen Oerlemans, 45, was killed while he was out with a team that clears mines.
He was reporting from a part of the city recently freed from IS control.
Oerlemans was abducted and wounded in Syria in 2012 with British photographer John Cantlie, but freed a week later.
Mr Cantlie was later abducted again, and is believed to remain in IS captivity.
Oerlemans had previously covered conflicts in Afghanistan, Syria and Libya in addition to writing stories about the journey made by migrants to Europe.
He was working in Libya for numerous publications including the Belgian weekly Knack magazine, which confirmed his death.
An announcement on Knack's website said the reporter was shot while on a reporting assignment and that the publication "wishes his family much strength".
Dr Akram Gliwan, spokesman for a hospital in Misrata where pro-government fighters are treated, told AFP news agency that the photographe was "shot in the chest by an IS sniper".
Netherlands Foreign Minister Bert Koenders described Oerlemans as "a journalist who kept going where others stopped".
"[He was] driven to put the news into pictures in the world's hotspots. It is profoundly sad that he has now paid the ultimate price for this," he said.
The coastal city of Sirte was seized by IS in February 2015.
Forces allied with Libya's UN-backed Government of National Accord began an offensive against the jihadists in Sirte in May.
Oerlemans is survived by a wife and three small children.


A woman who was knocked down by a taxi in Edinburgh city centre is in hospital with multiple serious injuries.

The 71-year-old was crushed under the vehicle as she crossed Princes Street opposite the Waverley Steps and beside the Balmoral Hotel on Thursday.
The crash happened at about 12:15 and the road was closed for two hours.
Sgt Iain Blain, of Police Scotland, said: "This collision has left a woman with serious injuries and we are keen to hear from anyone who witnessed it."


A councillor has been charged with four counts of making and distributing indecent images of children, the National Crime Agency (NCA) has said.

Matthew Sephton, 41, from Altrincham, was charged after being arrested last December.
The Trafford councillor has also been charged with possession of prohibited images and possession of extreme pornography, the NCA said.
Mr Sephton is due before Manchester Magistrates' Court on 12 July.


A total of £8m will be distributed to community projects in the North East and further afield after Virgin Money launched a new charitable foundation.

The Newcastle-based bank has pledged £4m over four years with the government committing the same amount.
The application process is now open for grants of £10,000 to £50,000.
Virgin Money previously gave £1.5m to the Northern Rock Foundation following its acquisition of the bank but that fund is likely to close.
There will be two rounds of grants over the next nine months, with the first awards for projects in the North East expected to be made in November.
The foundation said it aims to "promote the sustainable regeneration of economically and socially deprived communities" and an independent board of trustees has been appointed.
Chief executive officer Jayne-Anne Gadhia said: "Virgin Money takes its social responsibilities very seriously in all of the communities in which we operate, but particularly in the North East of England, given our acquisition of Northern Rock.
"The foundation can make a positive and sustainable difference, initially in the North East and over time across the whole of the UK."
The Northern Rock Foundation was created in 1997 after the now defunct Northern Rock Building Society was demutualised. A percentage of Northern Rock's profits were used to support charities with more than £200m being handed out.
Virgin Money then took over as its main backer but it was decided last year to close the scheme after future funding could not be agreed.


The number of women going for cervical screenings in Scotland has dropped to a 10-year low.

Uptake has fallen across every age group and every health board.
As of 31 March, only 69.2% of women who were eligible had been screened in the last three-and-a-half years, compared to 70.4% the previous year.
A new online campaign will be rolled out later this year to encourage more women aged between 25 and 34 to have a smear test.
Figures show three women lose their lives to cervical cancer every day in the UK.
Chief Medical Officer Dr Catherine Calderwood said: "We will soon be launching a new marketing campaign with NHS Health Scotland to drive home the importance, particularly with younger women, of attending their smear test when invited.
"These efforts will support the work that NHS Boards continue to do locally to increase the uptake in the programme, and take every opportunity to reinforce the importance of attending cervical screening.
"I would urge all eligible women to take up their invitation for screening and hope that this bold new campaign will raise awareness of those benefits and encourage women to make an appointment."
Robert Music, chief executive of Jo's Cervical Cancer Trust, said: "It is extremely disappointing and concerning to see uptake of cervical screening has fallen again.
"Incidence of cervical cancer in Scotland has increased by 21% in the last year and if we continue to see uptake decrease we are likely to see even more diagnoses and more lives lost to the disease.
"Cervical screening is a five minute test, but it is one that could save your life and I want to encourage all women to attend their screening when invited."