Canadian intelligence officials are warning "hacktavists" might try to meddle in the next federal election.

Communications Security Establishment (CSE) officials say Canada is not immune to cyber threats that have targeted a growing number of elections worldwide.
The agency made the assessment in a report looking at Canada's vulnerability to similar threats.
But it predicts efforts will be primarily "low sophistication".
CSE chief Greta Bossenmaier said on Friday that there is a range of online actors at play, from nation-states, motivated by economic and geopolitical interests, to so-called "hacktivists", motivated primarily by ideological interests.
Ms Bossenmaier said that in 2017, 13% of countries holding federal elections have had their democratic process targeted.
The most prominent such incidents in recent years have been in Europe and the US, where Russia has been accused of meddling in the democratic process.
In the US, intelligence agencies have said they believe Russia tried to help Donald Trump win in November by damaging Hillary Clinton, something Russian President Vladimir Putin flatly denies.
In France, newly elected president Emmanuel Macron's incoming emails were hacked and leaked during the recent campaign.
Such activity in Canada represented a "small fraction" of what is going around the world. The CSE notes it has not observed any foreign influence targeting Canadian elections.
The (CSE) is Canada's secretive eavesdropping agency responsible for monitoring foreign signals intelligence and protecting online federal government information and communication networks.
For their report, compiled at the Trudeau government's request, the CSE looked at three potential targets: elections, political parties and politicians, and traditional and social media.
It examined cyber threat activity against the democratic process in Canada and around the world over the past decade.
Online adversaries can attempt to tamper with election results, suppress voter turnout, use information to manipulate or discredit politicians, and to spread disinformation and propaganda.
Ms Bossenmaier noted that the agency had monitored "low-sophistication cyber threat activity" from groups like Anonymous prior to the 2015 general election, but underscored nothing suggested it had any impact.
The agency report says nation-states are the "most capable adversaries" and "have undertaken the majority of the cyber activity against democratic processes worldwide".
It says that whether they target Canada in the general election scheduled for 2019 depends on how they perceive the country's domestic and foreign policies, like those related to natural resources.
Democratic Institutions Minister Karina Gould said that all federally registered political parties have been invited to a briefing on cyber threats this month.
The government is also reviewing existing measures  in place to protect critical infrastructure from cyber-threats.


Inequality is "entrenched" in Hollywood, with women, minorities and LGBT people among those excluded, a new study has suggested.

The University of Southern California's report showed that women had just 31.4% of spoken roles in 2015's top 100 films, compared with 32.8% in 2008.
Lesbian, gay or transgender characters accounted for less than 1% of speaking parts - or 32 out of 35,205 characters.
Researchers described Hollywood as "an epicentre of cultural inequality".
They said little progress had been made in increasing diversity.
Between 2007, when the study was first carried out, and 2015, the authors said there has been no marked change in the proportion of black, Latino or Asian characters - at 12.2%, 5.3% and 3.9% respectively.
Study author Stacy Smith, a professor at USC, said: "We're seeing entrenched inequality.
"Whether we're studying gender, race, ethnicity, LGBT or characters with disabilities, we're really seeing exclusionary forces leaving out anybody that's not a straight, white, able-bodied man.
"Despite all the chatter and all the activism and all the press attention, it's another year where the status quo has been maintained.''
The report also showed:
The new figures follow the #OscarsSoWhite controversy earlier this year, sparked by two years of all-white acting nominees at the Academy Awards, as well as concerns over the gender gap in pay and the lack of female directors.
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which awards the Oscars, has expanded its membership in an attempt to improve diversity.
Smith said: "We've seen a lot of talk and little action. What we need now is for companies to take the same leadership position, be transparent in their inclusion goals and be accountable to representing the actual world we live in when it comes to the demography of the US."
The survey found that female lead or co-lead roles increased by 11% from 2014 to 2015 - but only three films cast such a role from an underrepresented racial or ethnic group. There were no Asian male or female leads across all of the films studied.
"When we really drill down in the numbers, we see a perpetuation of the same groups getting access to the most visible roles, whether that's in the director's chair or on screen, and that continues to be the problem plaguing Hollywood's hiring practices," Smith said.
Several of 2015's most profitable films had diverse casts, however, including the seventh Fast and Furious film, Mad Max: Fury Road and Star Wars: The Force Awakens.
A number of remakes or reboots with women in lead roles have also been announced, including Ocean's Eight and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels.
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram, or if you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


Shares on Wall Street closed higher on Wednesday, recovering ground after a fall on Tuesday.

Financial stocks led the way, as the momentum in Washington for an overhaul of bank regulations held up in advance of a preliminary vote on Thursday.
The Dow Jones climbed 37.46 points or 0.18% to 21,173.69. The wider S&P 500 added 2.81 points, rising 0.16% to 2,433.09.
The Nasdaq closed up 0.34% at 6,296.70.
Trade volume lessened, as investors trod with caution ahead of the UK general election and former FBI director James Comey's testimony in Washington on Thursday.
Some of the impact of that testimony was blunted by the release of his prepared remarks, which repeated already available information.
Energy stocks fared the worst on Wednesday, as oil prices slid following a new report that showed a rise in US production.
Financial firms were among the biggest risers.
The US House of Representatives is expected to approve a bill on Thursday that would undo many of the financial rules put in place after the 2008 crisis.
Few expect the proposal in its current form to advance from the House into law, but they say its support is a sign that a more limited reform could succeed.
The Federal Reserve also said three major banks, including Deutsche Bank and UBS Group, would be given more time to comply with one of those financial rules.
Bank of America shares closed the day up 1.66%, JP Morgan Chase gained 1.15%, Deutsche added 0.75% and Goldman Sachs rose 0.58%.


If you want to improve your flexibility, energy and give yourself a body positive boost everyday this week, you've definitely come to the right place!

We've teamed up with the lovely former Pussycat Doll Kimberly Wyatt to give you an all round, body positive workout - which will only take up a few minutes of your day.
From learning the best way of stretching your body to trying out exciting battle moves and Kimberly's basic ballet workout, you'll be kept on your feet all week.
Kimberly will even give you her top tips on how to kick start your morning with a wake up routine, and a gentle cool down to help you sleep like a baby!
So let's get started...
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Learn how to stretch the #bodypositive way with Kimberly's top tips to get your energy flowing and your adrenaline rushing!
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Work your core, legs, ankles and feet with Kimberly's top ballet moves to make you feel #bodypositive all day!
Follow Kimberly on Twitter and Instagram.


Ministers have announced a further delay to the government's flagship Universal Credit scheme.

Full roll-out of the welfare reform is now forecast in March 2022, an extension of a year - and 11 years after it was first announced.
Universal Credit, which replaces six current benefits with a single payment, is being rolled across the country.
It was originally scheduled to be completed in 2017 but has been beset by IT delays and costs have spiralled.
The revised scheduled, revealed in a written ministerial statement, is being attributed to extra work created by changes announced in the 2015 summer Budget, including limiting the child element of tax credits to two children.
Universal Credit currently has 279,000 claimants, and is available to new single jobseekers in every job centre across the UK.
Giving evidence to the Commons Public Accounts Committee, Robert Devereux, the permanent secretary at the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP), rejected MPs' suggestions the project could have been delivered quicker, saying: "The complexity of this undertaking is probably the largest thing this department has ever done."
His DWP colleague Neil Couling told the committee another of the reasons for the delay had been time spent planning for an "emergency brake" on migrants' welfare entitlement, which was part of former prime minister David Cameron's EU negotiations.
This is no longer a consideration following the UK's vote to leave the EU.
The Resolution Foundation think tank, which has long supported Universal Credit, said the government should consider whether the "current design is right for the new economic conditions Britain faces".
"With most independent economic forecasts pointing to higher inflation and lower real wage growth in the coming years, implementing Universal Credit in its current form risks deepening the squeeze on living standards facing low and middle income families," said the foundation's senior economic analyst David Finch.


Two soldiers have been killed while serving in Afghanistan, the Ministry of Defence has said.

A soldier from the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers died after an explosion in southern Afghanistan on Thursday.
Another, from the Parachute Regiment, was fatally wounded by small arms fire in Helmand Province on the same day.
The next of kin for both soldiers have been told.
The first soldier, serving with the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, was operating in the Gereshk Valley area in Helmand.
Lt Col Tim Purbrick, spokesman for Task Force Helmand, said: "During an operation to detain an insurgent, the soldier was working to recover a vehicle which had been damaged in an explosion when he was fatally wounded by an explosive device.
"Our thoughts and prayers are with his family and friends."
The number of British military deaths in operations in Afghanistan since 2001 now stands at 373.
News of the soldiers' deaths come as mourners prepare to pay their respects to a Military Cross holder also killed in an explosion in Afghanistan.
Marine Sam Alexander, 28, from Plymouth, was killed on 27 May, along with his troop commander, Lt Ollie Augustin.
His funeral is due to take place at the Minster Church of St Andrew's in Plymouth.


Former MotoGP champion Nicky Hayden has been injured after he was hit by a car while cycling in Italy.

The 35-year-old, who has been racing for Red Bull Honda's World Superbike team this year, is being treated at a hospital in Cesena.
The American competed in the latest round of the World Superbike championship in Italy last Sunday.
He won his only MotoGP championship in 2006, preventing Valentino Rossi from winning a sixth successive title.
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The Indian government has launched a major welfare scheme for pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers.

They will be given about 12,000 rupees ($270) over a period of six months.
To be eligible for the scheme each woman will have to undergo regular health checks during her pregnancy and ensure vaccinations are up to date.
According to the UN, India has the highest maternal mortality rate in the world with 1,000 women dying every day because of pregnancy-related problems.
It says that a woman giving birth is 36 times more likely to die in India than her equivalent in a developed country.
Over a million women will benefit from the scheme which will cover most parts of the country and will cost the government nearly $223m.
To ensure that the money reaches eligible women the government has decided to transfer the cash directly into their bank accounts.
A recent assessment by the World Health Organisation and other UN agencies found that even though India is "making progress" in reducing maternal mortality, it is still a long way from achieving its target under the UN's Millennium Development Goals.


An ancient solar system similar to our own has been discovered by scientists.

Studying data from the Kepler telescope, the team, led by the University of Birmingham, found a star orbited by five planets similar in size to Earth.
The system, 117 light-years away, is the oldest known of its kind, formed 11.2 billion years ago.
Dr Tiago Campante said it could provide a clue to "the existence of ancient life in the galaxy".
"By the time the Earth formed, the planets in this system were already older than our planet is today," he said.
"This discovery may now help to pinpoint the beginning of what we might call the era of planet formation."
The work is published in the Astrophysical Journal.
Researchers said the star, named Kepler-444, and its planets were two and a half times older than earth and dated back to the "dawn of the galaxy".
Planets ranging in size from Mercury to Venus orbit the star within the equivalent of 10 of our days.
While the proximity of the planets to the star ruled out the possibility of life, Dr Campante said the discovery showed planets of an Earth-like size, capable of supporting life, could exist around a similarly ancient star.
"There may be civilisations out there with a head-start of a few billion years. Imagine the level of technology," he said.
Nasa's Kepler mission has so far found hundreds of new worlds since it launched in 2009.
Scientists have studied the occasional dips in light as planets pass in front of their host stars.
Scientists studied the natural resonance of Kepler-444, caused by the sound trapped within it, allowing them to measure its diameter, mass and age.
Dr David Gregory-Kumar, BBC Midlands Today
Planet-hunting is one of the most exciting areas of astronomy. What was once thought of as science fiction is now a reality.
But what makes today's discovery by the University of Birmingham so interesting is that the astronomers have found ancient planets that are similar to those in our own Solar System.
It means Earth-like planets have been around for much of the 13.8-billion-year history of the Universe.
This expands what we know about the early formation of planets and could even have implications for the potential for ancient alien life in our galaxy.
Meanwhile a new generation of planet-hunting telescopes, including one led by the University of Warwick, are just coming online.


Tourist spending in Northern Ireland has increased by 5%, according to data from the Department for the Economy.

It has published statistics for the 12 months to June.
They show expenditure grew to £789m, but the total number of visitor trips fell by 3% to 4.5m.
However, Economy Minister Simon Hamilton said the figures revealed that "visitors have, generally, been staying longer."
The data shows that external visitor markets - Great Britain and beyond - have been improving.
The weaker markets have been Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
But there is believed to have been a more recent surge in visits from across the border, a period not covered in the new data.
The pound's post-referendum slump is said to have boosted the tourism sector overall.
Hotel occupancy levels in August reached a record high.
"Tourism is an important sector for our economy," Mr Hamilton said.
"I intend to bring forward a new strategy later this year to work with the industry to build an internationally competitive and inspiring destination of which we are all proud."


Payments to a college's Cardiff campus have been suspended after a BBC Wales' Week in Week Out investigation into fraud allegations.

Payments have been stopped to the West London Vocational Training College and its students in the Welsh capital.
Education Minister Huw Lewis said there were concerns over "unusual student recruitment trends".
The college said as far as it is concerned, all of its students are genuine.
The Cardiff branch runs various IT and business courses and has been designated as suitable to offer HND business courses, which attract tuition fees of Â£6,000 per student, funded by the Welsh government.
Students on those courses can also apply for Student Finance Wales loans and grants.
Week In Week Out has been investigating offers made by a local agent recruiting for the college.
Some students have been told by him they can use faked documents to access those loans and grants and they do not have to attend regularly to get the cash.
He also said if they do not go on to earn more than Â£21,000, they will not have to repay the money - which is true.
The college has denied any knowledge of that scam.
In a statement to AMs on Friday, Mr Lewis said: "Allegations have since come to light to suggest that one or more individuals within the college may have colluded with prospective students deliberately to defraud the student finance system by falsifying academic records and records of attendance at the college.
"I would expect any allegations of criminal activity to be referred to the police so that they may be investigated fully."
Pearson UK - which validates colleges - carried out a review of the Cardiff campus, visiting the site on 21 October.
The education minister said that "no substantive concerns came to light at that time".


A visually impaired rapist has been found guilty of sexually assaulting eight of his fellow pupils at a school for the blind in Edinburgh.

David Penman, 42, was convicted of preying on his victims while at the Royal Blind School during the 1980s.
The High Court in Edinburgh heard how Penman committed rape and sexual abuse on girls and boys.
Judge Lord Uist told him that it was clear he had a "propensity for sexual violence".
One of his victims, who cannot be named for legal reasons, told jurors how Penman targeted her.
The woman, who is now in her 40s, told the court he repeatedly attacked her during her time there.
The court heard how one day she walked past Penman and heard him tell a friend how she was an "easy target" for rape.
It took jurors one day of deliberations to return verdicts of guilt on 11 charges of rape, attempted rape and sexual assault.
Prosecution lawyer Ian Wallace then revealed Penman, from Inverness, was jailed in February 2000 for 10 years on charges of rape and attempted rape.
On that occasion, Judge Lord Kingarth also ordered him to be supervised by the authorities for eight years following his release from custody.
In 2009, Penman was convicted of breaching a Sexual Offences Prevention Order. He also received two years probation in 1993 after being convicted of indecent assault.
Days earlier Penman, a prisoner of HMP Edinburgh, gave evidence in which he told jurors that this was the first time he had appeared in court.
Lord Uist called for a report into whether the repeat sex offender meets the criteria for the imposition of an Order for Lifelong Restriction.
Penman, who is registered blind, had pleaded not guilty.
Defence solicitor advocate Ann Ogg told the court that she would reserve her position until the next time Penman appears in court.
Judge Lord Uist thanked jurors for their "very obvious care and attention" that they displayed during the time the case was in court.
Penman is due to appear for sentencing at the High Court in Edinburgh on 30 August.


Around 50,000 people attended the Halloween festival in Londonderry and Strabane over the weekend.

The figures came from Derry City and Strabane District Council, which said that this year's celebrations have been the most successful ever.
Highlights of the event included 'The Rise of the River Gods' parade.
In October, the city was named the world's best Halloween spot in a poll by American newspaper USA Today.
Revellers in Strabane also enjoyed Halloween celebrations with a fireworks display over the River Mourne.
The Mayor of Derry City and Strabane District Council, Councillor Elisha McCallion, said the numbers attending had surpassed all expectations.
"Council pulled out all the stops this year to wow locals and visitors alike with a magnificent Halloween programme over the three day festival which led up to the spectacular carnival parade and fireworks display.
"The 'Rise of the River Gods' theme really captured the public's imagination and, it was fantastic to see people of all ages enjoying the family-friendly atmosphere."


US President Barack Obama has declared a state of emergency in Flint, Michigan, where the water has become contaminated with lead.

The city's water became contaminated after a change in supplier in 2014. Corrosive water leached lead from old pipes into the water supply.
The emergency declaration will unlock $5m (Â£3.5m) in federal funding.
Earlier in the week, Governor Rick Snyder had requested $31m from the federal government.
He said the need in the city of almost 100,000 people "far exceeds the state's capability" and sought a disaster declaration.
But reports in Michigan said Mr Obama denied that request, that would have freed up more than the $5m, as such declarations are only made for natural disasters.
In October, testing revealed increased lead levels in water supplies and in children's blood. Lead exposure can cause learning disabilities and behavioural problems in children.
Before then, residents had complained of discoloured water, bad smells and headaches and rashes from using the water from the city's new supplier.
The city switched its water source from the city of Detroit to the Flint River in 2014. It has since switched back to Detroit's water.
Michigan's attorney general has said he will investigate the water crisis to see whether any state laws were violated.
The lack of clean water in Flint "is a human tragedy in which families are struggling even with the most basic parts of daily life", said Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette.
Mr Snyder has already declared an emergency in Flint due to the water situation. Local officials deemed it a public health emergency in October.
He has been criticised for his handling of the water crisis, with protesters calling for him to resign.
As a result of Mr Obama's announcement, officials from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema) will co-ordinate the response in Flint.
On Saturday, the singer Cher said she would donate bottled water to Flint residents, with some 180,000 bottles to be shipped.
"This is a tragedy of staggering proportion and shocking that it's happening in the middle of our country," she said.


The man suspected of killing 11 people in a St Petersburg train is in his early 20s and from Central Asia, Russian media report.

At least 45 people were injured in the explosion between two underground stations on Monday afternoon.
Another explosive device was found and made safe at a station nearby.
The Interfax and Tass news agencies said the suspect had been identified, but there are conflicting reports as to whether he was a suicide bomber.
Authorities in Saint Petersburg have declared three days of mourning for the victims.
President Vladimir Putin, who was in the city when the blast occurred, visited the scene on Monday evening and laid flowers at a makeshift shrine.
Russian investigators have described it as a suspected "act of terror" but they have given few details. No group has said it was responsible.
Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said in a Facebook post that the explosion was a "terrorist attack".
World leaders rallied behind Russia in condemning the blast. US President Donald Trump described it as "a terrible thing" while German Chancellor Angela Merkel said it was a "barbaric act".
EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini said Europe's thoughts were with the Russian people.
First images from the scene showed a train at Tekhnologichesky Institut station with a hole blown in its side and wounded passengers on the platform.
Initial reports suggested there had been two explosions, one each at Sennaya Ploshchad and Tekhnologichesky Institut stations.
But the Russian National Anti-Terrorist Committee later confirmed there had been only one explosion, between the two stations, at about 14:30 local time (11:30 GMT).
What we know so far
Events as they happened
In pictures: St Petersburg metro explosion
Senior investigator Svetlana Petrenko told Russian media the train driver's decision to continue to the next station almost certainly helped save lives, as it allowed people to be rescued quickly.
Health Minister Veronika Skvortsova said 10 people had died - seven at the scene, one in an ambulance and two in hospital. The death toll was later raised to 11.
Andrei Przhezdomsky, the head of the National Anti-Terrorist Committee, said the explosion was caused by "an unidentified explosive device".
President Putin said all causes, especially terrorism, were being investigated.
The discovery of an explosive device at another station, Ploshchad Vosstaniya, also suggested a co-ordinated attack.
Interfax said the focus was now on a 23-year-old man from Central Asia known to have links to radical Islam.
The news agency said the man died in a suicide blast and was identified through his remains. But the president's spokesman Dmitry Peskov would not comment on reports a suicide bomber was to blame.
Another agency, Tass, reported that a woman may also have been involved in the explosion.
The Russian authorities are sensibly being cautious before apportioning blame for Monday's metro blast. An earlier quote by the prosecutor-general that it was an act of terrorism was quickly retracted.
The FSB security service, the successors to the Soviet-era KGB, have skilled investigators, including forensic explosive experts. They will have been examining security camera footage and the explosive residue for clues, as well as the second device that was found intact and defused.
Their suspicions are likely to focus on two possible suspects, neither yet confirmed. First, an IS-inspired group enraged by recent Russian airstrikes in Syria. And second, Chechen nationalists (or even a combination of both).
Chechen militants and international jihadists do have a track record of plotting to attack Russia's transport hubs, notably in Moscow. An estimated 7,000 Russians have travelled to Syria to join extremist groups - and some have returned.
St Petersburg's metro system, which is used by more than two million passengers every day, has not suffered previous attacks.
Several transport hubs in Russia have, however, been attacked. In 2010, 38 people died in a double suicide bombing on the Moscow metro.
And a year later, a bomb exploded on a high-speed train travelling between Moscow and St Petersburg, killing 27 and injuring another 130.
Both attacks were claimed by Islamist groups.


A 25-year-old volunteer is in training to be the first fully-trained female coxswain in the 151-year history of Porthdinllaen RNLI lifeboat station.

Caryl Parry Thomas, a police officer with North Wales Police, has been a crew member at the station for eight years.
If successful, she will be in command of the lifeboat when it goes to sea.
There are currently no fully-trained female coxswains at Welsh RNLI lifeboat stations with all-weather lifeboats.
The role involves being in charge of a boat, particularly its navigation and steering.
As part of her training, which she hopes to complete next year, Ms Parry Thomas spent a day in Caernarfon Bay on board the station's Tamar Class lifeboat, under the watchful eye of coxswain Mike Davies.
The lifeboat crew conducted joint exercises with the rescue helicopter.
Mr Davies said: "With Caryl in command of the lifeboat we put her in different scenarios such as pilotage of the channel on Caernarfon Bar and up the Menai Straits.
"We also deployed our rescue dummy early on in the day and Caryl was tasked with planning the search for the rescue dummy, tasking various crew members to do different jobs such as navigating, plotting a search pattern and doing lookouts.
"We also put Caryl in scenarios such as a fire drill and got her to organise the deployment of the anchor system."
Ms Parry Jones said: 'I've been training under Mike's watchful eye for the last 18 months. Becoming a fully trained RNLI Coxswain is another challenge which I'm determined to overcome."
There are three fully-trained female Coxswains at all-weather lifeboat stations across the RNLI.
They are at Hastings, Hartlepool and Hoylake, and all hold volunteer deputy second coxswain volunteer positions.


Canada's Royal Ontario Museum will take two blue whale carcasses that washed up on the coast of western Newfoundland.

Whales on the beaches of Rocky Harbour and Trout River were among several believed to have died in heavy ice.
The towns did not have the resources to move the decomposing whales, which experts fear could bloat and explode.
"The chance to preserve, study and examine up to two skeletons is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity," the museum said in a statement.
The museum estimates there are fewer than 250 of the creatures in the Northwest Atlantic.
The move comes after a joint agreement between the museum and Canada's Fisheries and Oceans department. It is unclear how long it will take museum scientists to remove the whale entirely from either beach.
Canadian officials earlier said it was each town's responsibility to handle the dead whales.
Trout River Town Clerk Emily Butler says the 25m (81ft) whale near the town's boardwalk is bloated with methane gas.
She fears as temperatures rise, the whale corpse would start to reek or potentially explode from the build up of gas.


An Afghan woman immortalised on the cover of National Geographic magazine should be granted bail, Pakistan's interior minister says, after she was arrested on fraud charges.

Sharbat Gula, whose haunting green eyes made her famous as a child refugee, is accused of procuring fake ID papers.
"I think I will have to review this case because she is a woman and we should see it from a humanitarian angle," Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan said.
She faces up to 14 years in jail.
Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan said Pakistan's Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) should arrange bail as soon as possible.
However, he added: "If we withdraw charges against her, deport her, or give her a temporary visa to leave Pakistan, then we will have to take back cases against the officials who issued her fake ID card. They are the real culprits, and I do not want to let them off the hook in any manner."
Mrs Gula's bail hearing is due to take place on Tuesday.
Afghan 'green-eyed girl' arrested
The Afghans forced to go home
Afghanistan's looming refugee disaster
Pakistan recently launched a crackdown against fake IDs, and Mrs Gula was arrested after a two-year probe in Peshawar, near the Afghan border.
Mrs Gula allegedly applied for an identity card in April 2014, using the name Sharbat Bibi. If the fraud claims are true, she is one of thousands of Afghan refugees deploying desperate measures to avoid returning to their war-torn homeland.
The celebrated "Afghan girl" picture was taken by photographer Steve McCurry in 1984 in a refugee camp in north-west Pakistan, during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. It led to one of the most recognisable magazine covers ever printed.
After hearing of Mrs Gula's arrest, Mr McCurry posted the iconic picture on Instagram and wrote: "Two hours ago, I got word from a friend in Peshawar, Pakistan, that Sharbat Gula has been arrested. We are doing everything we can to get the facts by contacting our colleagues and friends in the area.
"I am committed to doing anything and everything possible to provide legal and financial support for her and her family."
Recent UN figures show that Pakistan hosts 1.4 million registered Afghan refugees. A further one million unregistered refugees are believed to be in the country.
An earlier headline on this story incorrectly stated that Sharbat Gula had already been bailed, but in fact her case has not yet been heard.


A single dose of radiation during surgery is just as effective as a prolonged course of radiotherapy for breast cancer, a study suggests.

Doctors have tested the technique, which involves a single shot of radiotherapy to a tumour site, in more than 2,000 patients.
It could save the UK Â£15m a year, the researchers said.
Cancer Research UK said The Lancet study could have a "huge impact" for patients.
The researchers said using the one-stop procedure would be more convenient for patients and cut waiting lists.
Treatment to surgically remove cancerous breast tissue is the starting point of treatment for thousands of women in Britain each year.
That is often followed up with weeks of radiotherapy to the whole breast to kill any remaining cancer cells.
But with the new technique, doctors use a mobile radiotherapy machine that can be inserted into the breast to target the exact site of the cancer.
Led by a UK team, but carried out in nine countries, the four-year trial in women over 45 showed similar rates of disease recurrence regardless of the treatment used.
There were six cases of the disease returning in those who had the new single-dose technique and five cases in those undergoing a prolonged course of radiotherapy.
But the single dose during surgery avoids potential damage to organs such as the heart, lung, and oesophagus, which can occur during radiation to the whole breast, the researchers said.
The frequency of any complications and major toxic effects was similar in the two groups.
University College London Hospitals (UCLH) oncologist Prof Jeffrey Tobias, who enrolled the first patient on the trial at the former Middlesex Hospital in London with oncologist Jayant Vaidya, said: "I think the reason why it works so well is because of the precision of the treatment. It eradicates the very highest risk area - the part of the breast from which the tumour was removed."
Meanwhile,  Mr Vaidya, who is also a UCLH oncologist, said the new treatment "could mean that many more women could conserve their breasts".
Josephine Ford, 80, was diagnosed with breast cancer in February 2008 and was successfully treated with this form of treatment three months later.
She said this approach "simplified everything and made the process less traumatic".
And she added that it made her life "so much easier" since she "didn't have to come back to the radiotherapy department on a daily basis for five or six weeks".
While optimistic about the results, the researchers stressed the findings were only applicable to women with a similar type of breast cancer as those in the trial.
But they added: "Treatment of patients with breast cancer accounts for about a third of the workload of radiotherapy departments in some parts of the world and contributes substantially to the unacceptable waiting lists seen in many oncology departments worldwide.
"In countries such as the UK where the waiting list for postoperative radiotherapy could rapidly diminish with use of targeted intraoperative radiotherapy, we estimate savings of around Â£15m a year."
Kate Law, director of clinical research at Cancer Research UK, said: "Radiotherapy is already a very effective treatment, so improving that even further is an exciting prospect.
"Further follow-up of these women will be needed to confirm whether this strategy not only makes the most of the therapy's power but also minimises any long-term side effects."


A man's body has been pulled from the English Channel off the Isle of Wight after an "unexplained" death, police have said.

Officers said they had alerted the family of 26-year-old Nitin Woocheet, from Southsea, who has been missing from Portsmouth since 18 March.
The body, which has not yet been identified, was discovered by crew on a fishing vessel on Sunday evening.
It was then recovered by the RNLI's Bembridge Lifeboat.
A spokesman for Hampshire Constabulary said: "Officers are in the early stages of an investigation into the death, which at this stage is unexplained."


Prosecutors have sought to put pressure on Russia to provide information about the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 over eastern Ukraine in July 2014.

They said they wanted information about the Buk missile that shot down the airliner, killing 298 people on board.
The criminal inquiry was at "a very advanced stage", they said, and results would be presented after the summer.
The West and Ukraine say Russian-backed rebels were responsible but Russia accuses Ukrainian forces.
In a statement, the Dutch-led prosecutors said they had made "several requests" for assistance - but were still waiting for information from Moscow.
They said a few issues, including forensic tests, were taking more time than expected.
However, the first conclusions regarding the type of the weapon used and the exact launch site are expected to be published in autumn.
Flight MH17 from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur crashed at the height of the conflict between Ukrainian government troops and pro-Russian separatists.
Last year, a Dutch report concluded it was downed by a Russian-made Buk missile, but did not say who fired it.
Some families of the victims are suing Russia and its President Vladimir Putin in the European Court of Human Rights.
Their claim is based on the violation of a passenger's right to life, News.com.au reported earlier this month.
They are seeking A$10 million Australian dollars ($7.2m; Â£4.9m) for each victim, and the lawsuit names both the Russian state and its president as respondents.
A senator with Mr Putin's party was quoted in state media as saying the claim was "legally nonsensical and has no chance".
Separately, families of six Malaysia Airlines crew members who were killed filed a lawsuit on Thursday blaming the carrier for the tragedy.
They accuse the company of negligence and breach of contract.


Henrikh Mkhitaryan's first Premier League goal gave Manchester United victory over top-four rivals Tottenham.

United, still six points behind fourth-placed Manchester City, led when Mkhitaryan raced on to Ander Herrera's through ball and hammered into the roof of the net.
Victor Wanyama should have levelled with a header from six yards out, although visitors Spurs created few chances despite plenty of possession.
Paul Pogba almost made it more comfortable for Jose Mourinho's side when he hit a free-kick against the post, but United ended a run of three games without a win in the league.
The game ended in disappointment for Mkhitaryan, who was taken off on a stretcher with an ankle injury in the final 10 minutes at Old Trafford and has been ruled out until Boxing Day.
Spurs missed the chance to replace Manchester City in fourth and remain fifth, three points above United.
There had been a sense that Manchester United's performances were improving this season without the results - particularly in the league - following suit.
But this was an assured display, coupled with a positive result, and will give Mourinho hope that his side can now build on a troubling run of three wins in 12 league games.
A defeat would have proven extremely costly to United's hopes of claiming a Champions League spot and would have put them nine points behind the visitors.
United were able to name the same starting line-up that drew 1-1 at Everton a week ago and that consistency appeared to give them the confidence to allow Spurs plenty of possession, without feeling threatened.
Tottenham produced very little, despite their command of the ball, and it was United who were the more dangerous side through the counter-attacking pace of Anthony Martial, Herrera's neat passing and Mkhitaryan's link-up play.
It was Herrera who created the goal, dispossessing Harry Kane in the middle of the park and releasing Mkhitaryan, while Pogba showed occasional signs of menace, forcing a fine save from Spurs keeper Hugo Lloris after curling a free-kick against the woodwork.
It was all lined up to be the perfect afternoon for Mkhitaryan, who has turned around his fortunes at Old Trafford since joining from Borussia Dortmund in the summer.
The 27-year-old, who became the first Armenian to score in the Premier League, had started only one league match in his first four months at the club.
But Mourinho has brought him back into the fold and the result was two goals in as many games for the forward, following a strike in Thursday's Europa League win over Zorya.
Mkhitaryan's revival may have been cruelly cut short, however, after he was carried off the pitch following a challenge by Danny Rose.
Mourinho said the injury was not serious and expects him to be back for the Premier League match at home to Sunderland on Boxing Day.
The Armenian's absence could open up a return to the side for Wayne Rooney, who was an unused substitute, while Marcus Rashford and Juan Mata could also be options.
The only other negative for United was the booing from some supporters of Marouane Fellaini while the Belgium midfielder was warming up to come on as a stoppage-time substitute.
Fellaini conceded the late penalty from which Everton equalised last week, moments after he had come off the bench.
It was a disappointing end to a positive week for Tottenham, who hammered Swansea 5-0 last weekend and beat CSKA Moscow 3-1 in the Champions League on Wednesday to secure a spot in the Europa League.
The return of Toby Alderweireld to the defence, following an injury lay-off since October, would have only improved the mood of boss Mauricio Pochettino.
But the goalscoring prowess and creativity of the last two games abandoned them as their laboured build-up play failed to put Kane into dangerous positions.
United contained the visitors brilliantly, but Spurs lacked imagination and Wanyama's header from a Christian Eriksen free-kick, which the Kenyan put wide despite being completely unmarked, was as close as they came to scoring.
Man of the match - Ander Herrera (Manchester United)
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Manchester United manager Jose Mourinho: "After so many matches playing well but not winning, we needed more the points than the performance.
"But I knew against Tottenham it's difficult to get a result without playing well. But we played very well."
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Tottenham manager Mauricio Pochettino: "I think it was an even game, a really competitive game. A game that was difficult to play, always at Old Trafford.
"We created some clear chances to score but I think they were more creative on goal and from that they scored and we didn't."
Both sides will find out who they will face in the last 32 of the Europa League when the draw is made on Monday.
After that, Manchester United travel to Crystal Palace on Wednesday, while Tottenham host Hull City on the same day (both at 20:00 GMT).
Match ends, Manchester United 1, Tottenham Hotspur 0.
Second Half ends, Manchester United 1, Tottenham Hotspur 0.
Substitution, Manchester United. Marouane Fellaini replaces Ander Herrera.
Foul by Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur).
Phil Jones (Manchester United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Tottenham Hotspur. Conceded by Antonio Valencia.
Harry Winks (Tottenham Hotspur) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Ander Herrera (Manchester United).
Kyle Walker (Tottenham Hotspur) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Marcus Rashford (Manchester United).
Jan Vertonghen (Tottenham Hotspur) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Ander Herrera (Manchester United).
Foul by Harry Winks (Tottenham Hotspur).
Paul Pogba (Manchester United) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Dele Alli (Tottenham Hotspur).
Michael Carrick (Manchester United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Manchester United. Eric Bailly replaces Henrikh Mkhitaryan because of an injury.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Substitution, Tottenham Hotspur. Georges-Kévin Nkoudou replaces Christian Eriksen.
Danny Rose (Tottenham Hotspur) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Delay in match Henrikh Mkhitaryan (Manchester United) because of an injury.
Foul by Danny Rose (Tottenham Hotspur).
Henrikh Mkhitaryan (Manchester United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Danny Rose (Tottenham Hotspur) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Antonio Valencia (Manchester United).
Corner,  Manchester United. Conceded by Danny Rose.
Attempt blocked. Antonio Valencia (Manchester United) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Henrikh Mkhitaryan.
Kyle Walker (Tottenham Hotspur) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Kyle Walker (Tottenham Hotspur).
Marcus Rashford (Manchester United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Henrikh Mkhitaryan (Manchester United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Harry Winks (Tottenham Hotspur) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Henrikh Mkhitaryan (Manchester United).
Foul by Moussa Sissoko (Tottenham Hotspur).
Michael Carrick (Manchester United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Christian Eriksen (Tottenham Hotspur) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Michael Carrick (Manchester United).
Substitution, Manchester United. Marcus Rashford replaces Anthony Martial.
Foul by Dele Alli (Tottenham Hotspur).
Ander Herrera (Manchester United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.


(Close): Stocks were slightly down with investors seeing little in the Federal Reserve's latest minutes to alter views on when interest rates might rise.

After closing at a record high on Tuesday, the Dow Jones fell 26.99 points to 18,285.4, while the S&P 500 lost 1.98 points to 2,125.85.
The tech-heavy Nasdaq added 1.71 points to 5,071.7.
Among banks fined a total of $6bn for manipulating currency rates, Citigroup lost 0.8% and JP Morgan fell 0.79%.
Shares in home improvement retailer Lowe's fell 4.64% after its first quarter results fell short of expectations.
Southwest Airlines sank 9.09% after it said passenger revenue per available seat was expected to fall this quarter. The news pushed other airline stocks down.
While the Fed is expected to raise rates this year, the timing of the move has kept the market guessing.
Mark Luschini, chief investment strategist at Janney Montgomery Scott, said the minutes from the Fed's April meeting gave no hint "that they were going to do anything different than what the market was already prepared for... That's why the net-net was a benign impact to financial markets".


Fire crews had to cut a person free from a car which had gone into a lake in Cardiff.

South Wales Fire Service said they were called to Roath Park Lake at 02:07 GMT on Sunday where they found one person trapped while a second had managed to release themselves.
Specialist rope and boat rescue crews assisted with the rescue which took more than an hour.
The person's injuries were minor, the fire service added.


We're not yolking there is such a thing as the World Egg-Throwing Championship and as you'd egg-spect it can get pretty messy!

This year the competition, which happens in Lincolnshire in the UK, was won by a team all the way from New Zealand.
Nick Hornstein and Robbie Hollander travelled across the world to compete and they won gold!
They took part in the Egg Throwing event which sees teams of two people throwing an egg as far as they can without breaking it.
The pair managed to throw their egg a huge 81 metres, frying both their opposition and the old world record of 76 metres.
Teams from England, Australia and Germany also participated in the games, but Julie Moens of Canada was the championships' most eggs-ceptional competitor.
The Canadian won gold in both the Russian Egg Roulette and the Egg Catapult events.
The Russian Egg Roulette challenge is probably the messiest of the lot. It sees two players take turns to pick from six eggs and smash them on their heads.
The catch is that five eggs are boiled and one is raw - whoever avoids the raw egg is the winner!


Aung San Suu Kyi has reduced the number of ministries she will run in Myanmar's new government.

She will not now take over the education and energy portfolios, but will still be foreign minister and minister in the president's office.
Parliament has also proposed giving her the role of "state counsellor", a new position similar to prime minister.
Aung San Suu Kyi leads the National League for Democracy (NLD) that took power on Wednesday.
However she is constitutionally barred from becoming president, because of her children's foreign citizenship.
Despite this, she has vowed to run the country from behind the scenes through her friend and ally, the newly inaugurated President Htin Kyaw.
Two former civil servants have been nominated to take over the education and energy ministries, in place of Aung San Suu Kyi.
The BBC's Jonah Fisher says Myanmar's government ministries are extremely bureaucratic, with decisions usually requiring a ministerial signature.
Many had seen Ms Suu Kyi's move to take on four of the most important portfolios as too big a task, says our correspondent.
In scaling back her day-to-day responsibilities, she will be hoping to focus more on running the country and implementing much needed change, he adds.


Ivan Lendl is a great person to have on the team when expectations start to build around me because he's been through the same experience himself.

The year I won Wimbledon, I was seeded to meet Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the quarter-finals and Roger Federer or Rafa Nadal in the semi-finals, but they all went out early.
I remember that made it hard in terms of everyone focusing on me from early in the tournament and I spoke with Ivan about it at the time, because it's an extra thing to deal with.
The difference between this year and 2013 is those players were all in my section of the draw, and so their losses had quite a direct effect, whereas Novak Djokovic losing on Saturday won't have any bearing on me at all unless I reach the final.
I couldn't help but notice the noise from the crowd when Novak's score flashed up on the Centre Court scoreboard, but I only thought about it for a few seconds. It doesn't guarantee anything.
The players left in my section of the draw are still formidable.
You've got Nick Kyrgios, who's beaten Rafa on Centre Court before; Feli Lopez, who's a very good grass-courter; Tsonga is one of the best grass-court players in the world; not many players want to play John Isner; Richard Gasquet's still in there and he made the semis last year.
There are some pretty decent players left in my way, so I'm not getting carried away.
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I don't have a weather app on my phone but a couple of the guys in my team do, and it's fair to say they've been checking them pretty regularly over the past week.
A British summer like this one can be a nightmare for spectators, organisers and players.
We tend to speak to the tour managers regularly on days when there is rain around to find out what the plan is, when the matches will start and what the outlook is, because they often have the best forecasts.
Some players are pushier than others about constantly trying to get updates - I personally don't.
The coaches will sometimes try to get a heads up to find out what time you're going to play, but I tend to talk to the guys on my team.
It can be tricky when the schedule doesn't come out until late because if you're scheduled to play at 11am, for example, you might want to go to bed at 10.30pm as you're getting up early.
When you get your schedule you have to plan out your day - what time you get up, what you're going to eat, when you're going to practise and then chat about the match with your team.
I went on at 2.30pm on Saturday, so for me it wasn't much of an issue.
I got a message past 10pm the night before saying I was second on Centre Court, so we just had a group chat where everyone messaged each other, made a plan and then spoke about the match the following morning.
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You can make requests around when and where you play - I normally have one match on court one each year, so this time I asked to play there in the second round, but obviously it's up to the organisers to decide.
It's obviously an advantage to play on Centre Court at Wimbledon because the roof means you know your match is going to get finished, whatever the weather.
I personally prefer playing outdoors, but on a rainy day like Saturday I'm in a position where I got through to the fourth round and don't have to worry about coming back and finishing.
That will be the case for my next opponent, with Nick and Feli unable to finish on Saturday, and mentally that can be tiring.
I experienced it at the French Open against Radek Stepanek when I was two sets down and had to finish the next day. It was a stressful situation - but more mentally than physically taxing.
Whichever of them gets through, I'm sure they will be physically fine and in confident mood for our match on Monday.
Andy Murray was talking to BBC Sport's Piers Newbery.


Two bomb attacks in north-eastern Nigeria have left at least 42 people dead and more than 100 injured, officials say.

At least 27 people died when a bomb targeted a newly opened mosque in the town of Yola.
Earlier, 15 people were killed in a suicide bombing in Maiduguri.
It is not clear who carried out the bombings but the Islamist militant group Boko Haram has carried out many attacks in the area.
The group has targeted both Christians and Muslims who do not adhere to their ideology.
The first blast, in Maiduguri, occurred early on Friday morning as worshippers arrived for dawn prayers.
An eyewitness told AFP that there was one suicide bomber involved.
The second, larger blast targeted worshippers attending Friday prayers at a newly inaugurated mosque in the Jimeta area of Yola.
Thousands of people have been killed and millions forced to leave their homes by Boko Haram violence in recent years.


A horse was shot in the head with an arrow in what the RSPCA described as a "wicked attack".

The injured white and brown Cob-type yearling, called Widget, was discovered in a field in Abbots Langley, Hertfordshire on Saturday evening.
The arrow was found in a wound close to its eye.
The RSPCA believes it will survive the injuries, although a spokeswoman said it had a "lucky escape". Police are hunting the attacker.
A Â£1,000 reward has been put up by the owner of the yard where the horse was kept for information leading to a conviction.
The horse is currently at the Royal Veterinary College, near Hatfield, for treatment.
Updates on this story and more from Hertfordshire
RSPCA deputy chief inspector Mel Fisher said: "It seems this poor boy has had a very lucky escape, though the next 48 hours will be crucial.
"The arrow has gone through his eye socket and into his nasal cavity, miraculously without hitting anything vital. It's hoped he won't lose his eye but it's too early to know for sure.
"This was a wicked attack on a friendly and sociable little chap."
Det Sgt Dan Stoddart from Hertfordshire Police said: "This appears to be senseless, cruel crime and we are doing all we can to find the person responsible."


Here's a guide to measuring whether or not it's been a good or bad night, leader-by-leader...

The Conservative leader called this election to strengthen her hand in Brexit negotiations and to give her more control over her rebellious backbenchers. If she was to get a majority of 50 seats or more, job done.
However, some analysts have said she would need a buffer zone of 70 or 80 seats to get a compromise deal on Brexit past her hardline, Eurosceptic right-wingers, if it comes to that.
If her 17-seat majority is increased to 20 or 30, serious questions will be asked about why she didn't do better. If she manages to increase it by only a handful of MPs or, worse, loses seats, her electoral gamble will have failed and she will be in a far weaker position than she was at the start of the campaign.
Job prospects: If Mrs May loses the election, then the presumption would be she has to quit. If she only manages to hold on to the existing numbers of Conservative MPs, or increases her majority by a modest amount, it would at the least be the end of her honeymoon period.
The other prize at stake in this election for the Labour leader, apart from the keys to Downing Street, is the chance to permanently shift his party to the left, and put the membership, rather than the MPs, in the driving seat.
If he gets more than the 30.4% vote share Ed Miliband won in 2015, he and his team will claim that project is firmly on track and there is popular support for his policies.
If Labour pegs the Tories back to a handful of gains, or gains a decent chunk of seats itself, Mr Corbyn will have exceeded many expectations and will be in a much stronger position.
If, however, Labour loses a lot of seats to the Tories in its traditional working class heartlands, then the party's "moderate" wing, who have kept quiet during the campaign, will be baying for his blood once again and it could be a very ugly autumn for Labour.
Job prospects: The campaign has gone well for Mr Corbyn and if he avoids losses, or gains seats, he will be in a much stronger position at Westminster. If he loses seats, the question then becomes whether he can hang on to ensure there is a successor who shares his brand of politics.
Another strong performance by the SNP could give Scotland's first minister a mandate to hold a second independence referendum and resist what she calls the "extreme Brexit" being pursued by the Conservatives.
However, it will be difficult for the party to do better than it did at the 2015 general election, when it won 56 out of 59 seats. The Conservatives and Labour have their eyes on a handful of vulnerable SNP seats.
Job prospects: Not likely to be affected by this election - unless the Tory revival in Scotland is a lot stronger than anyone is predicting - particularly as her powerbase is at Holyrood, not Westminster.
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The Lib Dem leader has had a bumpy campaign, not helped by the fact that it did not turn out to be a "Brexit election," when that was what he had planned to talk about.
He has set himself a target of doubling the number of Lib Dem MPs from nine to 18. Anything less than that will be a disappointment, but probably not fatal to his chances of remaining party leader. Anything more and he and his party could be real players in the new Parliament.
Job prospects: If the Lib Dems lose seats then he could be forced out. He is also facing a strong Tory challenge in his own Westmorland and Lonsdale seat.
If UKIP defies predictions, and the polls, by winning a seat, then Mr Nuttall will be hailed as the party's saviour. If it drops below the 5% it had been polling at, then it could spark another round of blood-letting and his departure from the top job.
Job prospects: UKIP is always liable to erupt into internal warfare, so you never know. Mr Nuttall was also a reluctant leader - he initially rejected calls to stand - so may feel he has done all he can and it's someone else's turn.
The pioneering job share between the Green Party's best-known figure Caroline Lucas and Jonathan Bartley appears to have worked out pretty well at this election.
Job prospects: The joint leadership arrangement could continue even if Ms Lucas loses her Brighton Pavilion seat, at least until the party's next scheduled leadership election.
This election is a test of whether the Plaid Cymru leader's strategy of reaching out to disaffected, anti-Brexit Labour voters is working. Some will argue that if the party can't take seats from Labour now, it never will.
Job prospects: If Plaid loses seats, Leanne Wood risks being forced out as leader. If it remains on three MPs, she will probably be safe from a coup.
If the party gains one, or even two seats, it will be seen as a great result. This is really a secondary election for the party and as a member of the Welsh Assembly, rather than an MP at Westminster, Ms Wood is not facing the electorate herself.


An initiative to bring internet access to the "next five billion" people has been launched by Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.

The social network has teamed up with Ericsson, MediaTek, Nokia, Opera, Qualcomm and Samsung, among others, to lower the cost of mobile data.
The group said it wanted to help those in developing countries to become part of the internet community.
But one expert said those nations had "other priorities" to deal with first.
Mr Zuckerberg said the goal was to make "internet access available to those who cannot currently afford it".
The group's statement said only 2.7billion people - just over one-third of the world's population - had access to the internet. Adoption was growing by less than 9% a year, which was not fast enough.
Central to the group's plans is to be more "data efficient" by researching ways to use less data to load websites or load apps.
The statement said: "Potential projects include developing data compression tools, enhancing network capabilities to more efficiently handle data, building systems to cache data efficiently and creating frameworks for apps to reduce data usage."
Dr Michael Jennings, chair of African studies at Soas, University of London, said he welcomed the firms' efforts, but that priority must be given to other pressing needs such as providing power to keep devices up and running.
"It's something of a misnomer that the five billion aren't connected," he told the BBC.
"Most people have made a call or used a mobile phone, and the success of things like mobile money service M-Pesa has shown just how many people are using these things."
Tom Jackson, managing editor of African technology news site HumanIPO, said interest in the area was encouraging but that the pledge lacked important specifics.
"In terms of being able to reach people, they've never actually said how," he told the BBC.
"Last mile connectivity has been a problem that has been battled in Africa for a long long time."
Earlier this month, analyst Gartner said smartphones outsold "feature" phones for the first time, but many people in the developing world still rely on slow connections and very basic handsets.
Other companies are stepping up their interest in this area, all eager to position themselves as a major player in a market that analysts predict could be highly lucrative as technology adoption increases.
"Africa is almost like the final frontier these days," said Mr Jackson, "the final place now where there's penetration to be increased and there's money to be made."
Google recently launched Project Loon - balloons that will beam the internet from near-space. Fifty people are currently testing the technology, which gives speeds equivalent to 3G, in New Zealand.
If successful, it would be likely to provide a cheaper alternative to satellite connections, currently one of the main ways people in the developing world connect to the web.


New Zealand-born full-back Gareth Anscombe says he feels vindicated in choosing to play for Wales.

Anscombe, 24, was a part of the Welsh side beaten by South Africa in Saturday's World Cup quarter-final.
Although the country of his birth marched to the semi-finals with a crushing win over France, Anscombe insists he is proud to play for Wales.
"I'm glad to be here. I wouldn't have it any other way," said the Cardiff Blues player, whose mother is Welsh.
"Everyone maybe questions your loyalty and I would certainly do anything for those boys next to me in a red jersey.
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"I'm proud of who I'm playing for now and I would love to have a few more chances and put that red jersey on as many times as I can.
"It certainly justified my decision."
Anscombe, who can also play as a fly-half or centre, joined Cardiff Blues from Waikato Chiefs in New Zealand in 2014.
He missed the start of the World Cup with an ankle injury and, following his recall to the squad, aggravated the injury in the defeat to South Africa.
"I think I've done something maybe similar to what I've done [before the tournament]," said Anscombe.
"It's the same ankle but I don't know if it's quite as bad.
"We're not in a semi-final and we feel we're good enough to be there.
"We can come up with excuses and say we have injuries - and we have [had injuries] - but a bit of brilliance out of nothing [Duane Vermeulen's pass out the back of his hand to Fourie du Preez] gave them the try."


Mo Farah looks set to miss the World Indoor Championships in March to focus on the defence of his Olympic titles.

The Briton, 32, says the Glasgow Indoor Grand Prix on 20 February - at which he will race the 3,000m - is likely to be his only indoor race of 2016.
The World Indoors take place in Portland, Oregon - where Farah now lives - from 17-20 March.
"The 3,000m in Glasgow is likely to be my only indoor race of 2016 and I want to make it a good one," he said.
"It will give a good indication of how my training is going and will hopefully set me up for a successful outdoor season."
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The double Olympic champion, who missed the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow because of injury, has been based in Portland since joining controversial coach Alberto Salazar's training group at the Nike Oregon Project in early 2011.
Farah, who has won seven global long-distance titles, will attempt to retain his 5,000m and 10,000m crowns in Rio in August.
The Londoner retained his world titles at the same distances in August and will open his 2016 season in Scotland by racing in the Great Edinburgh International Cross Country on 9 January.
He added: "I haven't competed in Glasgow since 2012 and it will be great to be back. The Scottish crowd love athletics and I'm sure they will give great support to the athletes."
Farah has not competed at a World or European Indoor Championships since 2012.


Boosting faith tourism in Wales will be a challenge, the Welsh government has admitted.

Economy and Transport Minister Edwina Hart said attracting more visitors to places of worship and other sacred sites would give tourism a competitive edge.
But she said increasing the Â£12m UK tourists already spend visiting faith venues would be difficult.
It comes as the government launched its Faith Tourism Action Plan.
Mrs Hart said the plan sets out a "challenging vision for exploiting the full potential of Wales places of worship".
It said places of worship are already amongst the most visited attractions in Wales.
Visit Wales figures showed tourists from across the UK spent Â£12m while visiting such venues in Wales in 2012.
St Davids Cathedral - 262,000 visitors
Norwegian Church, Cardiff Bay -     148,547
Brecon Cathedral and Heritage Centre - 120,000
Tintern Abbey - 69,631
Llandaff Cathedral -  40,372
But the Welsh government said improving that figure would be hard because many places of worship are closed or appear closed to visitors; there is no coherence between faith tourism projects and no organisation adequately funded to promote it.
The faith action plan, which was launched at St Asaph Cathedral in Denbighshire, is part of the government's wider tourism strategy.
"This is the first action plan of its kind in the UK with a specific focus on faith tourism," Mrs Hart said.
"Some of Wales' places of worship are truly iconic and attract huge numbers of visitors every year. This action plan will not only focus on the iconic sites.
"Churches and chapels have a presence in every community and the activities within Wales' places of worship have helped shape its language, culture and way of life. Temples of all religions, holy sites and pilgrim trails also have their place."
One element of the action plan is to develop a pilgrims' walking trail across south Wales to the cathedral.
St Asaph Cathedral was chosen as the site for the launch of the action plan, which was welcomed by the Bishop of St Asaph, the Right Reverend Gregory Cameron.
"Across this diocese we have holy sites and ancient places of worship which have been visited by pilgrims for generations and this initiative is a new opportunity to share our rich Christian heritage with locals and tourists alike," he said.
A working group has been set up in order to achieve the objectives of the plan and their work will focus on promoting faith tourism, help tourism businesses to make the most of faith tourism.


Six months ago, President Barack Obama told the BBC that his inability to do anything about gun control was the greatest frustration of his presidency.

Despite his efforts, Congress wouldn't pass tougher legislation so now - via executive action - the president is trying to go it alone. But he knows how closely scrutinised his efforts will be.
So for much of Monday afternoon, the president was holed up with Attorney General Loretta Lynch to ensure that his plans were legally watertight and housed in a Kevlar, bullet-proof container. Because as sure as night follows day, the plans will come under attack, scrutiny and high-velocity fire.
Part of it is that the issue of guns is a live rail in American politics - something that is hard to grasp if you don't live in the United States. But the right to bear arms is enshrined in the US constitution. It is part of the national psyche. It is an important constituent of national identity.
Just as you can band around words like freedom and liberty - for many Americans the right to own a gun for self-defence is an essential, integral part of that.
You might call this the philosophical objection to any assault on what the pro-gun lobby sees as the sanctity of the Second Amendment - which sets out that controversial (and for many who live outside the US, incomprehensible) right.
And then there is the practical. The pro-gun lobby will deploy statistics which they say show that tightening background checks would not have stopped any of the recent mass shootings, and that in cities where people are allowed to carry guns concealed, there is less crime.
To which those backing the president will ask why is it that in America tens of thousands die each year from guns (and before I get caught in the cross hairs of this battle - yes, I know that a huge numbers of those deaths are suicides).
They will ask why last year there was, on average, a mass shooting (four or more people hurt) about once a day.
I think I'm correct in saying there were 27 gun death homicides in the US on Christmas Day. That's about the total for a whole year in the UK.
I recently visited a gun show at Chantilly, Virginia.
The overwhelming majority of weapons on sale were from registered dealers. But there were unregistered dealers as well.
One charming man I spoke to had a stall of fine old pieces, including a Remington rifle from the 1970s. Because he wasn't registered, all I had to do was show him a driver's licence - and answer this question: am I a felon or mad?
Say no to that, and all I had to do was hand over the cash and the gun was mine with as much ammunition as I could carry. And as he pointed out to me, if I lied, how would he know?
There were also individuals walking around the show carrying rifles and revolvers, with flags coming out of the muzzle saying "for sale" - again no restrictions at all for people who just wanted to flog their old firearm.
These are some of the issues that the president wants to address with his executive action.
The issue will be fought over as if it is a massive change - it probably suits both sides in this battle to portray the battle as bigger than it is. But these are tiny changes in the grand scheme of things.
And allow me to apply and amend something I learnt about politics and polling a long time ago. It is this - don't look at the polls, look at the betting markets.
And though I wouldn't dream of being so crude as to suggest that our stock markets are akin to casinos, I couldn't help but notice a market report from the Associated Press - despite a "severe sell-off" across all major markets on Monday, "shares of companies that make guns surged as new data pointed to strong sales at the close of 2015".
The report also mentioned recently released numbers from the National Instant Criminal Background Check System  - requests for checks jumped about 38% last month compared with December 2014.
"It's the biggest growth of the year," an analyst told the AP. "Probably safe to say gun sales were up a lot in the month of December."
As they say in All the President's Men - follow the money. The gun industry is in rude health, and little that Barack Obama is going to do is going to change that.
Which also probably means there is going to be little change in the extraordinary number of gun deaths here in the United States.


The rules governing premium phone lines will undergo huge changes from the start of July.

The 175 million phone numbers in the UK that begin with 08, 09 or 118 will be affected.
Currently, unless you are calling from a BT landline, it is not possible to work out how much these phone calls can cost.
Premium numbers are often used by customer service and information lines and by directory enquiries.
Consumer groups say that for most callers, the cost of ringing one of these premium phone lines is too confusing.
They claim "NGNs" (non-geographic numbers) can act as a disincentive to individuals who may need to contact an essential service such as their bank or travel provider.
However from 1 July, the cost of an 08, 09 or 118 number will be split into an "access" fee made by the telecoms provider and a second "service" fee made by the organisation being called. "
All telecoms firms will have to provide the cost of their individual access charge on bills and customers contracts.
This means that consumers using an NGN line will soon be told "Calls will cost x pence per minute, plus your phone company's access charge".
"Experimentation"
EE [Everything Everywhere] which also runs T Mobile and Orange, has recently begun sending texts to customers informing them of its new access charge.
Joe Smithies of Ofcom told Radio 5 Live this new transparency will have the effect of lowering costs.
"All companies have had to come up with an access charge, where they've never had to do that before, they've never had to tell you how much they are taking from the cost of a call, they've never had to standardise it," he said.
"There is some experimentation... but I think what we will see over time is that the market is so competitive in this country that prices will move down".
He adds that more organisations are adopting cheaper 03 prefix numbers, partly through consumer pressure.
"Increasingly banks and government departments are moving to 03 and that's important because 03 numbers cost you no more than the cost of calling someone down the road... so that means there are fewer of these more expensive numbers "
Telecoms analyst Chris Lewis however is doubtful that consumers will benefit just from changes to the way that bills are presented.
Speaking on Radio 5 Live he said "The customers are, in some cases, very vulnerable... they don't understand what the charges are.
"And the point about varying rates between operators is that you don't have the choice of changing between operators for every call you make."
Figures released so far also show a wide variation between the access charges that telecoms firms will impose.
While EE has put its access charge at 44 pence a minute, Talk Talk says it will charge just 20 pence, while Vodafone will charge 23 pence.
Some telecoms firms are yet to make an announcement.
The changes to "Non Geographic Numbers" are part of a wider shake up by the regulator.
From July, calls to 0800, 0808 and 116 numbers, which are currently only free from landlines, should become free on mobile networks too.
Ofcom also plans to cap the highest premium rates charged on 09 numbers, which can cost up to Â£3 a minute.
However Chris Lewis believes that the days of business phone lines, both premium and standard rate, are undoubtedly coming to an end.
"We are beginning to interact with a lot of these businesses through chat, through email, through Twitter and so on," he said.
"WhatsApp is a good example where actually it's not even using the telephony network to communicate.
"The technology is coming down the line which will allow the call to be set up with no charge to the individual as long as you are online."


Jockey Brian Hughes believes the reputation of Seeyouatmidnight, the brightest hope on jump racing's Northern and Scottish circuit, is a victim of the sport's ever-growing north/south divide.

The eight-year-old, trained in Berwickshire, Scotland by Sandy Thomson, faces his biggest test to date when lining up in Haydock's Betfair Chase.
The list of opponents in yet another high-quality staging of the Grade One race is due to include dual winners Cue Card and Silviniaco Conti and the 2015 Cheltenham Gold Cup winner Coneygree as he returns from a year off because of injury.
Seeyouatmidnight, on whom Hughes will wear the black, yellow and white silks of the trainer's wife Quona, is the winner of seven races, most recently when putting in a striking display at Carlisle in October.
All that said, it's probably fair to say that the horse, who was also third in Scotland's Grand National in April, has not yet registered with the wider racing public.
And despite demonstrating his good form so recently, and having snow-softened ground conditions in his favour, he's received only limited coverage in the build-up to Haydock, the first leg - before Kempton's King George VI Chase at Christmas and the Cheltenham Gold Cup in March - in the Jockey Club's £1m 'Steeplechasing Triple Crown'.
Hughes, himself just about the most in-form rider in the country after a string of wins including a rare five-timer, plus two seconds, from seven mounts at Musselburgh in Betfair Chase week, told BBC Sport:
"I just feel that the horse never got the credit he deserved [after Carlisle]. If he was ridden by a top jockey - your Ruby Walshes or your Richard Johnsons or Barry Geraghty - and trained by a big Southern trainer, he might have been more in the press.
"At the end of the day I think the world of this horse - Sandy and his wife worship him - and it's great for us and our careers to be part of him.
"I think the horse deserves his chance to be there but obviously we respect the opposition because of them winning Grade Ones, and we haven't. On ratings, we have to find a bit, but it's only his second season [chasing] and hopefully he can improve.
"We're coming here off the back of a good run and hoping that he can mix it with these good horses."
Hughes, 31, by quite some way leading jockey on the Northern circuit from the currently side-lined Henry Brooke, is seen as the 'professional's professional', a jockey who's enjoyed considerable success but who's renowned for keeping his feet firmly on the ground.
All of which made his jubilant reaction to Seeyouatmidnight disposing of his sole rival at Carlisle, the talented Bristol De Mai, the more eye-catching.
The horse felt, he enthused, like "driving a Ferrari" and having "never touched a twig [of the obstacles]" he believed that he'd "never come up the hill as fast as that. Ever."
Reflecting on those quotes, Hughes, who's looking for his first victory at Grade One level, said:
"Looking back, I probably got a bit over-excited, but the way he was just lobbing his way round impressed me, and then when I asked from the third-last he surprised me; Carlisle is a steep hill and he powered up it.
"I've not had that many nice horses to ride but he feels like a very nice horse, and I hope that he can show the public how good we believe he is."
Victory at this level for the horse that's become something of a standard-bearer in his region would come at an opportune time.
No one doubts the ability of national hunt trainers based north of the Trent, but the fact remains it's short on major investors, and most of the racehorse owners with the biggest cheque books tend to look to stables in the south.
Apart from Seeyouatmidnight, one can see few others taking on the power of the south at the springtime festivals at Cheltenham and Aintree: probably only the Malcolm Jefferson-trained Cloudy Dream - another Hughes mount - Simply Ned and Eduard, both part of the Nicky Richards team, and possibly Grand National hope Highland Lodge.
It's all rather ironic because the word regularly used about flat racing in the north of England and Scotland is "flourishing"; all too often similar chat about jumping includes early mention of the description "beleaguered".
Work to try to improve things is underway, and the latest initiative, specially designed to provide an incentive to owners, is the 'Northern Lights Series', various series of races staged at courses north of Doncaster with a finals day at Carlisle in December 2017.
A big win in the meantime for a Scottish horse like Seeyouatmidnight would add priceless extra publicity.
+ Coverage of the Betfair Chase, Haydock on BBC 5 Live on Sat 19 Nov at 15:00 GMT


A fully electric version of the Mini will be built at the Cowley plant in Oxford, BMW has said.

The carmaker said the model would go into production in 2019, with Oxford the main "production location" for the Mini three-door model.
However, the electric motor will be built in Germany before being shipped to Cowley for assembly.
BMW said it had "neither sought nor received" any reassurances from the UK on post-Brexit trading arrangements.
Last year, the government faced questions about the "support and assurances" given to Nissan before the company announced that new versions of its Qashqai and X-Trail would be made in the UK.
And there have been reports that Toyota agreed to invest in the UK after receiving a letter reassuring the Japanese carmaker over post-Brexit arrangements.
About 360,000 Minis are made each year, with more than 60% of them built at Oxford. But BMW has built up an alternative manufacturing base in the Netherlands amid concerns about Britain's suitability as an export hub after Brexit.
BMW has warned about the damage of Brexit uncertainty, and in May chief executive Harald Krueger said the company had to remain "flexible" about production facilities.
UK Business Secretary Greg Clark hailed BMW's announcement as a "vote of confidence" in government plans to make Britain "the go-to place in the world for the next generation of vehicles". On Monday, he set out plans to invest in development of battery technology in the UK.
Mr Clark met BMW's head of sales and marketing, Ian Robertson, at the company's headquarters in Munich in January and March this year. The two also held meetings at Westminster in March and June.
David Bailey, professor of industry at Aston University, said the true test of the global car industry's desire to invest in the UK would come next year: "I don't think it [BMW's decision] tells us much about Brexit and the form of trade barriers we may face in the future.
"The big decisions will be about future models [which would have redesigned bodies], both at Mini and at companies like Vauxhall when they announce their new models in the next couple of years."
BMW says the economic case for building the electric mini in Oxford is compelling, and it's easy to see why.
This is not a brand new car, redesigned from the ground up. It's a Mini, a 3-door hatchback, which will in many ways be identical to the cars already being built at the Cowley plant.
The electric bit - the drivetrain, which includes the motor, gearbox and battery pack - will be assembled in Germany, and fixed to the rest of the car in the factory.
So it makes sense to build this model at the same factory as the majority of existing Mini production. There is no need for a new factory or production line, meaning the size of the investment will be relatively small by auto-industry standards - in "the tens of millions", BMW says.
There is a potential spanner in the works - the new car is due to go into production in 2019, months after the UK leaves the EU.
With drivetrains being imported into the UK and many completed cars exported back to Europe, there's a risk costs could rise sharply if tariffs are introduced on cross-channel trade.
But the company insists it can only make decisions based on the current economic realities. There has been no "special deal" done with the British government, it says - and nor has it asked for one.
The German carmaker said the Mini announcement was part of a plan for electrified vehicles to account for between 15-25% of its sales by 2025.
The electric Mini will be based on the company's 3-door hatchback model. However, BMW has yet to release pictures of a prototype vehicle.
BMW employs about 18,000 staff in the UK, including the Mini plant at Cowley, the Rolls-Royce factory in Sussex and at other sites in Birmingham and Swindon.
Unite assistant general secretary Tony Burke said the announcement was a "big vote of confidence" in BMW's UK workforce. He told the BBC that there had been "patient discussions behind the scenes" to secure the electric Mini.
Although there was no news about extra jobs, Mr Burke said the new Mini would "certainly underpin existing employment".
BMW currently makes electric motors and batteries for all of its electric cars at two factories in Germany, at Dingolfing and Landshut.
Electric car development has been boosted by a series of announcements in recent months. The first phase of a Â£246m investment by the UK government into battery technology was launched on Monday.
Earlier this month, Volvo became the first traditional car maker to commit to including an electric motor in all of its new models from 2019.
US firm Tesla's first mass-market electric car, the Model 3, is expected to be unveiled on Friday at a handover party for 30 customers, before production is ramped up.
And the first vehicle manufacturing facility to be built in Britain for more than a decade opened in Ansty, Coventry, in March to produce a new electric London black taxi.


Labour is accusing the Conservatives of a "double deceit" over their health policies as they begin a week of campaigning on the future of the NHS.

Ed Miliband will say Conservative spending plans will result in cuts to public services doubling next year.
And he will claim David Cameron is "not being straight" on how he intends to pay for £8bn a year in extra funding.
The Tories say they will fund in full NHS England's needs by 2020, stressing their record on investment since 2010.
The future of the health service is a key election battleground, with Labour arguing that services have deteriorated markedly under the coalition government while the Conservatives have defended their record on staff recruitment and funding for drugs.
Speaking in Scotland, Labour leader Ed Miliband will contrast his party's guarantee of £2.5bn a year in extra funding for the health service with his opponents' plans.
Labour say they will recruit thousands of new nurses, doctors and midwives as part of a "time to care fund", paid for by the proceeds of a tax on properties worth more than £2m, a levy on tobacco companies and closing tax loopholes for hedge funds and other city funds.
This issue includes NHS funding, GP access and social care, particularly of older people.
Policy guide: Where the parties stand
"The Tory plans on the NHS are a double deceit," Mr Miliband will tell the Scottish Trade Union Congress. "They are not being straight about their extreme plans to double the cuts to public services next year."
"And they are not being straight when they promise to protect the NHS, but cannot say where a penny of additional money will come from.
"This double deceit is a double danger to the NHS. They have extreme spending plans and they can't tell us where the money is coming from.
"David Cameron poses a risk to the very fabric and foundation of our NHS. That's why we will fight every day to 7 May to stop a Tory plan that threatens our NHS. And it's why we have a different approach. A fully funded plan."
Speaking to the BBC, shadow health secretary Andy Burnham said people were waiting longer to be seen at accident and emergency than at any point in the past decade and the NHS would soon be "unrecognisable" if the Conservatives were re-elected.
David Cameron has said NHS budgets will be protected from spending cuts in the next Parliament, pointing to the £7.5bn that was invested in the health service between 2011 and 2015 when the health service received real-terms increases in funding.
Senior Conservatives have said they will pay for the £8bn in above-inflation funding which NHS England says it needs to pay for its modernisation programme by 2020, suggesting the upturn in the economy will make extra investment possible.
But Labour says the Conservatives' plans for £30bn in cuts in the first three years of the next Parliament will necessitate substantial reductions in spending for social care and other services integral to the performance of the NHS.
Conservative Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt said Labour's campaign was "bizarre". He tweeted: "They claim NHS is on life support yet still the only party to refuse to fund the £8bn NHS says it needs."
The Tories, who have questioned whether Labour's plans will raise £2.5bn a year, said Mr Burnham had been asked on multiple occasions to match the Conservatives' £8bn funding pledge but had "refused".


Oil giant Royal Dutch Shell has won a long-running court battle against Indian authorities over a tax dispute involving billions of dollars.

The Bombay High Court ruled in favour of Shell's Indian unit, which was accused of under-pricing shares transferred to its parent firm by $2.5bn (Â£1.6bn) in February 2013.
Officials wanted tax on the interest that the firm would have earned.
But the Indian court ruled that the stock transfers were not taxable.
[The tax department] "clearly exceeded its jurisdiction", said Shell's India lawyer Mukesh Butani in a statement, referring to the country's share transfer provisions, which exempt taxation.
The ruling is a significant victory for Shell and other international companies operating in Asia's third largest economy, that have been targeted in tax disputes.
A series of high-profile tax claims on big international firms recently including IBM, Nokia Oyi, HSBC and AT&T has put negative attention on India's tax authorities and dented the country's reputation as a destination for foreign investment.
"This is a positive outcome which should provide a further boost to the Indian government's initiatives to improve the country's investment climate," Shell's Indian unit said in a statement on Wednesday.
In October, an Indian court also ruled in favour of the biggest foreign corporate investor in India, Vodafone, which was involved in a similar transfer pricing battle with a local tax department.
Forget the complexities of this case and look at the bigger picture.
Multinationals in India often complain that tax authorities seem out to get them with rulings that are - at best - unpredictable.
And that has done nothing to help India's reputation as a friendly place for foreign firms at a time when it desperately needs overseas investment - both for expertise in key industries and the cash.
Narendra Modi's new government has pledged to end the "tax terrorism" that is scaring companies away.
The courts are independent of the government and this case dates back years.
But, this Shell victory, on the back of a similar win by Vodafone, will be keenly watched by dozens of other multinationals involved in similar battles, including HSBC and AT&T.


John Berry, a founding member of rap group Beastie Boys has died at the age of 52.

His father said he had been suffering from frontal lobe dementia, which had worsened in recent months.
John Berry originally formed the Beastie Boys as a hardcore punk band with three friends in 1981 and came up with the name for the group.
He played guitar on their first EP, Polly Wog Stew, but left before they achieved commercial success.
Berry attended the Walden School in New York with fellow band member Mike Diamond, known as Mike D.
The pair were later joined by Adam Yauch and Kate Schellenbach and released their debut EP in 1982.
When Berry left the group, he was replaced by Adam Horovitz, known as Ad-Rock, and the band took a new direction as a rap group.
Schellenback also left the group before the release of their 1986 album Licence To Ill, which debuted at number one in the US.
The group became a huge commercial success, recording a total of eight studio albums over 25 years, which collectively sold more than 50 million copies worldwide.
Four of them reached number one in the US, while their 1998 album Hello Nasty topped the album chart in the UK.
Their best-known hits include (You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Intergalactic, and Ch-Check It Out.
Seven of their albums achieved platinum sales status and the band toured with Madonna in 1985.
Beastie Boys remained a three-piece until Adam Yauch's death from cancer in 2012.
In the same year, Beastie Boys were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Billboard declared them the biggest selling rap group since the magazine began recording data in 1991.
Horovitz read a speech written by Yauch at the ceremony, which mentioned Berry as a formative member of the band's early years.
Frontal lobe dementia is a form of dementia that occurs when the frontal lobes of the brain begin to shrink.
It is an uncommon form of dementia and is thought to affect about 16,000 people in the UK.
Frontal lobe dementia is distinct from Alzheimer's disease and comes on earlier in life, usually between the ages of 45 and 65.
Symptoms include problems with behaviour, language and thinking.
The frontal lobes of the brain are involved in behaviour regulation. The disease can alter a person's character - they may become impulsive and lose their inhibitions or become less outgoing and socially isolated.
Source: Alzheimer's Society and NHS Choices
Mike D later confirmed that he and Ad-Rock would not continue with Beastie Boys, out of respect for Yauch.
After he left the band, Berry went on to play guitar in several other bands - including Even Worse, Big Fat Love, Highway Stars and Bourbon Deluxe.


A man who suffered "numerous stab wounds" in an attack in Salford is "lucky to be alive", police have said.

Officers were called to Salford Royal Hospital at about 23:45 GMT on Friday by staff who reported a 28-year-old had been admitted with stab wounds to his neck, shoulder and chest.
He had been helped to the hospital by friends after being attacked on Edward Street.
Det Sgt Julie Connor said it was a "brutal attack" with an unknown motive.
"What we do know from the doctors is that the victim is lucky to by alive and if his friends had not intervened, he would probably have died from blood loss," she said.
The man's attacker was described as being white, in his early 20s, and of average height and slim build, with brown hair cut in a 1960s style and a scruffy beard or moustache.
He was said to be wearing a blue top with a circle emblem on the front and blue jeans, and was carrying a large carving knife.
Det Sgt Connor said anyone with information about the attack should contact police.


A "chubby" toad found himself in a whole lot of trouble when he misjudged his girth and became stuck head-first in some garden decking.

The ample amphibian managed to get himself firmly wedged in a gap between the boards in a Norwich garden.
"He was the biggest, fattest toad I have ever seen," said RSPCA inspector Jason Finch, who had to saw around the boards to release it.
The tubby toad was unharmed after being safely released near the garden pond.
"Much like his literary counterpart, this Mr Toad had got himself in a spot of bother," Mr Finch said.
"I can only think he was after a nice fly or a juicy bug when he decided to stick his head down the gap."
More news from Norfolk
In fact, the toad was so firmly wedged, he could not be pulled out without the risk of injury.
The Coleburn Road homeowner allowed Mr Finch to saw the boards, however, the determined toad managed to squeeze his bottom through the gap and then became trapped under the decking.
After removing a section of the decking, the toad was lifted to safety and released.
Mr Finch said it was "really heart-warming that people are prepared to go the extra mile" by allowing him to cut up their decking to rescue the toad.


Welshman Jamie Donaldson saw his chances of victory at the Houston Open fade after a poor third round.

The 40-year-old Ryder Cup player was three shots off the lead at the halfway stage but a 74 leaves him six shots adrift.
American pair Jim Herman and Jamie Lovemark share the lead on 11 under.
Sweden's Henrik Stenson and Americans Dustin Johnson and Russell Henley are a further shot behind in the last event before the Masters.