The Peruvian government has admitted that the Shining Path Maoist rebel group is still in existence.

"We cannot say this terrorist group has been exterminated," said Defence Minister Jakke Valakivi. "It is much weakened, of course, but it continues to operate."
Counter-terror chief Jose Baella said the left-wing rebels still have some 350 members, and 80 fighters.
Shining Path guerillas waged a bloody insurgency in Peru from 1980.
When the then-leader, known as Comrade Artemio, was captured in 2012, President Ollanta Humala declared the army's mission against the Shining Path accomplished.
Last week, the Peruvian army rescued 39 people, mostly children, from a farm where the rebels kept them as slave workers.
Some of the children had been born in the camp, and were fathered by rebels.
One woman told reporters they had been living and working there for 30 years.
The camp is in the Apurimac-Ene and Mantaro River Valley, an area known by its Spanish language acronym, Vraem.
The biggest blow to the Shining Path, or Sendero Luminoso, took place in 1992, with the arrest of its founder, Abimael Guzman.
Almost 70,000 people had died or disappeared in more than a decade of internal conflict.
The rebels then dispersed into small bands, who got more involved in drug trafficking.
The main faction was led by Florindo Eleuterio Flores, alias Comrade Artemio, who was arrested in February 2012.
The group is now led by the brothers Victor and Jorge Quispe Palomino, who have been indicted in the United States for drug trafficking offences.


Last week we told you about the gardener competing for the title of 'Fastest Garden Shed' and it looks like he might have done it.

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17 August 2015 Last updated at 08:23 BST
Kevin clocked up an average of seventy miles per hour on Sunday during a day of world record attempts.
He will now submit his results to Guinness World Records, which will decide if he has officially broken the previous record which stands at 58.4 miles per hour.


Leinster have signed Springbok full-back Zane Kirchner on a two-year deal.

The 28-year-old will join the Irish province from Super Rugby side the Bulls, who spent several months trying to retain his services.
The date of Kirchner's arrival has yet to be confirmed as the South African is under contract with the Pretoria-based outfit until the end of October.
Leinster are understood to be keen to secure an early release for Kirchner in time for their pre-season preparations.
The full-back has been capped 24 times by the Springboks and was part of the South Africa side which faced the British and Irish Lions in 2009.
With Isa Nacewa set to leave the Irish province at the end of the season, it seems that Kirchner is the man the Leinster hierarchy have chosen to step into the Fijian's boots.
The Bulls tabled a new offer for Kirchner's services, but conceded they could not compete with the money on offer.
Bulls' high performance manager Xander Janse van Rensburg said: "We have been in talks with Zane and his agent since November and although it is very disappointing to lose his services, we wish him well with the new phase in his career.
"From our side, with coach Frans Ludeke very involved and in regular consultation with Springbok management, we tried our best to keep the player in Pretoria, but could in the end not compete with the exchange rate and the expectations of Zane and his agent."
Leinster Joe Schmidt welcomed the imminent arrival of Zirchner.
"Zane Kirchner is a quality international player and we believe that he will add genuine value to the Leinster squad over the next few years," said Schmidt.
"He's well balanced, fast and skilful and has featured for the Springboks in their last nine internationals. At 28 he is ideally placed to contribute to team performance while also passing on his experience to some of our younger outside backs."


A farmer in the northern Indian state of Bihar is using magic shows to promote organic farming, Amarnath Tewary reports from Govindpur village in Muzaffarpur district.

Shreekant Kushwaha, in his late 40s, is a farmer who is a trained magician and has been using his skills to convince farmers in the state to convert to organic farming methods.
In the last few years, he has conducted more than 1,000 magic shows and converted thousands of farmers to organic farming to "increase both their yield and incomes".
"Magic and farming are both science and need use of hands for their execution. Both become obsolete if denied new tricks," he says.
Most of his magic shows begin with some popular trick like making a small ball vanish into air, or pulling a pigeon out of a hat.
"Once I've grabbed the attention of the crowd, I go for the real thing," he says.
"I show them two boxes and tell them that one box has seeds with organic fertiliser while the other has seeds with synthetic fertiliser. Then I put a lid over both the boxes and say let's see which grows faster.
"When the lid is lifted, the seeds treated with organic fertiliser seem to have grown into small plants but those treated with synthetic fertiliser have not grown at all," he says.
"And then I explain why and how it is done."
He says most among the audience return home convinced that organic is the way to go.
Mr Kushwaha himself learnt the benefits of organic farming in 2001 from a training camp held in his village by a non-governmental organisation.
He says moving to organic farming changed his fortunes: he grows rice, wheat and more recently, medicinal plants on his farm and yields are high.
Once a poor farmer who could not even afford two daily meals for his family, he now owns a double-storey house, has a beautiful kitchen garden with decorative lights and flowers, a cow, a colour television, a computer and printer and a motorbike.
"I couldn't go to school, but I sent my children to school for a proper education," he says.
"It was all made possible once I started organic farming on my two-acre plot of agricultural land," he says.
"And, now my only mission in life is to promote organic farming."
The idea to promote organic farming with magic shows came to him in 2003 when "at a village agriculture fair I saw a magician pulling in the crowds for his shows and keeping them interested for well over an hour with his tricks".
"But when I approached the magician, he refused to teach me any tricks."
Mr Kushwaha did not lose hope and went to meet Ram Ratan Sharma, a famous magician in his area.
While he farmed his land during the day, he learnt magic at night, picking up more than 500 tricks in two years.
"The villagers and even my own family members said I was mad but I kept on," he says.
In 2005, Mr Kushwaha conducted over two dozen magic shows in his village to convince farmers of the benefits of organic farming.
A year later, Govindpur - a village of 150 households with a population of over 1,200 - was declared the first organic village in the state by the Bihar government.
Soon, the government-run State Bank of India adopted the village to provide all facilities to the farmers as they moved to organic farming.
An unlettered farmer who could barely write his name in Hindi, Mr Kushwaha has now been felicitated by several institutions, politicians and local organisations for his "unique experiment of farming with magic".
Today, he gives tips to farmers on how to make organic fertiliser to increase the soil fertility and better their yield.
Farmers Shankar Ram and Rajdeo Singh are all praise for Mr Kushwaha who has done the village proud with his sheer "dedication and determination to convert all of us to organic farming".
Says agriculture expert UK Sharma: "Mr Kushwaha has cast his magic spell on the farmers of the area."
At present though, Mr Kushwaha is worried about the depleting number of cows and buffaloes in the village which, he says, may hamper the move towards organic farming. Cow dung and urine provide valuable fertiliser for organic farming.
"Cattle rearing has become quite expensive these days so many people are moving away from it and migrating from villages to find jobs in the cities," he says. "But then, there is always a new trick in science and magic."


Mae cyfarwyddwr cwmni wedi ei garcharu am dros ddwy flynedd a hanner ar ôl i gasglwr peli golff foddi mewn llyn.

Fe wnaeth Dale Pike, 25, "sefyll a gwylio" tra bod Gareth Pugh yn plymio i'r dŵr yn gwisgo belt trwm er mwyn casglu'r peli ar gwrs golff Peterstone Lakes ger Casnewydd.
Fe wnaeth Mr Pugh, 29, gasglu dros 300 o beli cyn iddo golli ei offer anadlu, a boddi.
Dywedodd y barnwr fod Pike wedi caniatáu i Mr Pugh "gymryd risg er mwyn gwneud arian sydyn".
Clywodd y llys fod Mr Pugh wedi ei gyflogi i gasglu'r peli fyddai yna'n cael ei gwerthu ymlaen gan gwmni Boss Golf Balls oedd yn berchen i Pike.
Ond yn ôl yr erlynydd Phillip Evans QC, daeth hi'n amlwg i Pike fod "rhywbeth wedi mynd o'i le" wrth i Mr Pugh ddeifio yn y llyn i'w casglu.
"Erbyn i'r gwasanaethau brys dynnu Mr Pugh allan roedd wedi bod dan ddŵr am 70 munud," meddai.
"Cafodd Mr Pugh ei ganfod yn y dŵr gyda'i draed yn wynebu i fyny, ac roedd yn cael ei bwyso i lawr gan y belt trwm a'r bag o beli golff yr oedd yn ei gasglu."
Clywodd y llys y dylai Pike fod wedi talu deifwyr proffesiynol i wneud y gwaith, ond ei fod yn hytrach wedi dewis Mr Pugh, oedd yn dioddef o ADHD ac anawsterau dysgu.
Byddai'r cwmni deifio wedi costio tua £1,000 y diwrnod, ond roedd Mr Pugh yn cael ei dalu rhwng £20 a £40 y dydd.
Yn amddiffyn, dywedodd David Elias QC ei fod yn "naïf" i feddwl y byddai "popeth yn iawn petai'n defnyddio'r offer hwnnw yn y llyn".
Fe wnaeth Pike, o Lyn-nedd, Abertawe, gyfaddef dynladdiad drwy esgeulustod difrifol a chael ei garcharu am ddwy flynedd ac wyth mis.


A mother accused of murdering her daughter has described the 21-month-old as "her angel" and "the love of her life".

Ayeeshia Jane Smith died at her home in Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, when her heart was torn by a forceful stamp, Birmingham Crown Court heard.
Her mother, Kathryn Smith, told police Ayeeshia's broken ribs happened during CPR and she was bruised from a fall.
Ms Smith and her partner Matthew Rigby, 22, both from Nottingham, deny murder.
More updates on the Ayeeshia Jane Smith murder trial
Transcripts of the pair's police interviews conducted shortly after Ayeeshia's death in May 2014 were read out to the jury.
When asked to account for a large bruise on her daughter's back, Ms Smith said she got it falling off her potty.
Ms Smith said the toddler's three broken ribs must have been caused by medics at Burton's Queens Hospital giving her CPR on the night she collapsed and where she later died.
In another passage, she told police: "She was the love of my life. She'd lie with me, stroke my hair. It's something I'll never get back...she was an angel".
Mr Rigby told police Ayeeshia had suffered a number of seizures in the months before her death.
On the night in question she turned purple, he said in interview.
"She was a darling, a star. She didn't deserve this at all," he said.
Ms Smith, of Sandfield Road, Nottingham and Mr Rigby, of Sloan Drive, Nottingham have also pleaded not guilty to allowing or causing a child's death and child cruelty.
The trial continues.


The number of dead in the Nepal earthquake continues to rise.

But how can authorities be sure about the precise number, or even know where to search for victims among the Nepalese population, when there are tens of thousands of undocumented refugees?
Tibetans fleeing from China have been escaping across the treacherous Himalayan border ever since 1959, when the Chinese overran Tibet. And they have been risking their lives to make the crossing ever since.
Their goal has been to find refuge in Nepal, and, if possible, travel through an open border into India. A small number have been processed and are held in a refugee centre in the Nepalese capital, Kathmandu.
Only a minority of second-generation Tibetans have Nepalese citizenship. The bulk of them are living illegally.
They do not have residency rights and they do not have identity cards. They are stateless and therefore invisible.
Nepal is reluctant to talk about them for fear of upsetting its northern neighbour, one of the country's big investors.
Most ethnic Tibetans live quietly outside Kathmandu in remote villages scattered across the mountains, right up to the Chinese border.
These  villages lie right in the quake-affected zone - but those that have perished cannot be identified formally because officially they do not exist.
Ethnic Tibetan villages like Bridim - north of Kathmandu and close to the border with Tibet, at around 3,000 metres above sea level - are among the poorest in this poor rural nation and have been flattened after Nepal's worst earthquake in 80 years.
The Dolma Development Fund is one of the few non-governmental organisations that cares for Tibetan tribals in Nepal. It set up a school in Dhunche, not far from Bridim, to educate 500 ethnic Tibetan children and orphans of the area.
"Bridim is practically razed to the ground," Dolma's chief finance officer Carla Teixeira Alvares Kaspar said.
"We have no idea how many people have survived. There are no rescue missions operating in such isolated areas."
She is also worried about the water supply in Bhorle, in a valley close by.
"It's a big slum. We have children there.  There is just one water pipe from the mountains and if that gets disconnected they have nothing. Then disease can spread very quickly."
She spoke of "horrendous landslides" hitting Dhunche.
"There is little communication and power. For refugees, this is the last straw. It was impossible before. There is so much destruction in Kathmandu."
"With the monsoon coming in a month or two, I don't anticipate they are going to restore electricity or even communication or minimal roads to the mountains before December. Everything is going to stop in the monsoons," said Ms Kaspar.
The chairman of the Dolma Development Fund, Tim Gocher, lives in Kathmandu with his Nepalese wife, Pooja. He sent this message.
"Pooja, the boys and I are all still fine, however things are much worse than we thought [on Saturday] as information comes through.
"The Dolma charity has lost children we sponsor, the school in Dhunche is largely destroyed along with most of the small houses in the town, and most of Bridim's houses are gone. Information on casualties and damage is patchy.
"We slept in the car last night and most people are too scared to go back to their homes. There are still aftershocks and I think we're not going back in today [Sunday]. Sorry for the bad news. There's nothing good about this situation."
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George Groves says finally ending his wait to become a world champion will make him a "better human being" and a "better fighter".

The 29-year-old stopped Russian Fedor Chudinov in a brutal affair in Sheffield on Saturday, claiming the WBA super-middleweight belt in his fourth world title fight.
"For so long I was walking around clueless, not knowing why I wasn't a world champion," said the Briton.
"I can put the demons to bed."
Groves was forced to rebuild his reputation after two defeats by fellow Briton Carl Froch in world title fights in 2014, followed by a loss to Badou Jack of Sweden a year later.
And, despite being left with a severely damaged jaw by Chudinov at Bramall Lane on Saturday, he said after the sixth-round stoppage that a "weight had been lifted".
"I was bitter," added Groves. "No-one likes being called bitter, but I knew deep down I was feeling sorry for myself.
"Now I can say I am the best in the world and have a belt to prove it. It is a truly wonderful feeling.
"I am going to be such a better, rounded human being as as well as a better fighter now."
Groves' struggles after his three defeats at world level prompted him to part with trainer Paddy Fitzpatrick and join forces with Shane McGuigan, a relationship which has now delivered five straight wins.
McGuigan said the victory over Chudinov was "a dog fight", as both men traded heavy blows from the off until Groves produced a relentless finish which led to his opponent being stopped on his feet.
The trainer says the "sky is the limit" for his fighter now. A potential route could see him face IBF champion James DeGale, a rematch given he beat the fellow Briton in 2011.
The pair spoke about the potential bout when ringside for Tony Bellew's victory over David Haye in March, with 31-year-old DeGale saying they could talk again if Groves claimed the WBA belt.
"I don't think it will be an easy one to make because he is not an easy person to deal with," added Groves.
"It's a fight I think everyone would like to see again. It's a great fight - I'd enjoy the build up to the fight and beating him again."


Bald men in Mozambique could be targets of ritual attacks, police have warned, after the recent killing of five men for their body parts.

Two suspects have been arrested in the central district of Milange, where the killings occurred.
"The belief is that the head of a bald man contains gold," said Afonso Dias, a police commander in Mozambique's central Zambezia province.
Albino people have also been killed in the region for ritual purposes.
Three men have been killed in the past week alone.
The BBC's Jose Tembe in the capital, Maputo, says police think the notion of a bald head containing gold is a ruse by witchdoctors to get clients to take a person's head to them.
"Their motive comes from superstition and culture - the local community thinks bald individuals are rich," Commander Dias is reported as having told a press conference in Maputo.
The suspects are two young Mozambicans aged around 20, the AFP news agency reports.
A regional security spokesman, Miguel Caetano, told AFP that one of the victims had his head cut off and his organs removed.
The organs were to be used in rituals to advance the wealth of clients in Tanzania and Malawi, Mr Caetano said, citing the suspects.
There has been a spate of killings of people with albinism in East Africa in recent years, with their body parts used to make charms and potions by witchdoctors.


Japan is inviting residents to return to a town evacuated in 2011 after the Fukushima nuclear plant disaster.

Naraha is the first town to allow people to return permanently, following several years of decontamination work.
But many say they are not ready to come back, and only a fraction have returned for brief stays since a trial period began in April.
The Fukushima Daiichi plant suffered a series of meltdowns following a massive earthquake and tsunami.
After the disaster, all of Naraha's 7,400 residents moved out.
The town, about 20km (12 miles) south of the nuclear plant, is seen as a test case for the return of evacuated residents.
Some 100,000 people in the area are still unable to return to their homes.
Authorities in Naraha are issuing people with devices to check radiation levels and have been rebuilding local services, including shops and clinics.
Naraha Mayor Yukiei Matsumoto said the lifting of the evacuation order was "just a start".
"The clock that was stopped has now begun to tick," he said.
Former residents held a vigil to mark the rebirth of the town.
But according to one survey, just 46% of residents say they hope to return.
One of the most powerful earthquakes ever recorded struck off the coast of Japan in March 2011, triggering a huge tsunami. Almost 16,000 people died and more than 2,500 are still listed as missing.
None of the deaths however have been linked to the nuclear disaster, although there were a number of deaths in the subsequent evacuation.


The Football Association of Wales (FAW) is investigating suspicious betting patterns on a Welsh Premier League (WPL) match.

It follows a game on Saturday when relegated Rhyl - who had not won in 16 matches - beat Port Talbot 5-0 at home.
"We are aware of the issue and are working on this with the relevant authorities," said an FAW spokesman.
Rhyl's previous win had come in October against Airbus Broughton UK.
They are 11th in the 12-team league, with Port Talbot one place and 12 points ahead of them.
Betting and sports data analysts Sportradar is the FAW's integrity partner and is involved in the investigation.
All WPL players must sign an agreement before each season, which includes a pledge not to bet on games and competitions in which they appear.


A couple who stole a police car and drove it more than 200 miles at speeds up to 124mph, have been sentenced.

Daniel Toy, 24, stole the car from Camelford Police station in Cornwall on 8 October, Truro Crown Court heard.
He and his girlfriend, Samantha Poole, 31, drove it to Slough, Berkshire, before being stopped by a stinger.
Toy was jailed for two years and six months. Poole was given a 15 month sentence but was released due to time already spent in custody.
Both have been disqualified from driving.
More on the stolen police car and other Devon and Cornwall news
Toy broke a window at an unmanned police station to get to the car keys before the pair drove about 230 miles along the A30, the M5 and then the M4.
After tracking and shadowing the vehicle, police eventually stopped it by using a stinger device at about 03:00 BST.
Poole drove the car most of the way to Bristol, clocking a top speed of 107mph.
Toy then took over, averaging 110mph but reaching 124mph on occasions.
They stopped at two service stations on their journey, on one occasion stealing two energy drinks and on another driving off without paying for fuel.
The court heard Toy undertook cars on the motorway and almost lost control in coned off areas.
For the four minutes before being stopped, the car's blue lights were activated.
Toy pleaded guilty to burglary, aggravated vehicle theft, driving while disqualified, making off without payment for fuel and for theft of a television.
Poole admitted making off without payment, taking a vehicle without authority and theft of a TV.
Judge Simon Carr said "this is some of the worst driving I've had to pass sentence on" and "it was mere luck nobody was killed as a result of what you did".
Devon and Cornwall Police declined to comment.


A prosecution witness in the trial of two bankers for manipulating Libor interest rates has accepted banks could put rates higher or lower without necessarily breaking the rules.

Former Barclays traders Ryan Reich and Stelios Contogoulas are accused of conspiracy to defraud by rigging Libor.
The Libor rate is meant to track how much banks pay to borrow cash from each other.
But the jury at Southwark Crown Court has heard that it could be manipulated.
To arrive at Libor, which stands for London Interbank Offered Rate, banks every day would make submissions stating what interest rate they thought they would have to pay and an average was taken and published.
What is the Libor scandal?
The jury has heard that banks also had large trading positions which would make or lose money according to the movements of the Libor average.
The traders are accused of making inappropriate requests to Barclays' submitters between 2005 and 2007, asking them to put in submissions that were higher or lower to nudge the average up or down.
John Ewan, former Libor manager at the British Bankers Association (BBA), agreed in court that a bank could be "perfectly entitled" to ask for a lower rate as long as it was within a range of interest rates at which the bank might borrow cash.
Mr Ewan was asked about the case of a senior Barclays manager who was told by a Libor submitter that the range of interest rates at which the bank might borrow was between 5.10% and 5.25%.
If it put in a higher rate, the senior manager feared the bank might "get slaughtered in the press".
Asked if the rate would still be accurate if he then asked for the submitter to put in a rate at the lower end of the range, 5.10%, Mr Ewan said: "It is in line with the definition at the time, yes."
Representing Ryan Reich, Adrian Darbishire QC presented Mr Ewan with evidence from 2006, 2007 and 2008 of banks putting in submissions not based purely on the cost of borrowing cash.
In an email cited in court from 3 September 2007, Mr Ewan told BBA colleagues banks were putting in submissions which "ran contrary to the definition of Libor, which insists that rates are based on the interbank market".
"It is a dirty little secret that this is not always the case," he wrote.
The court also heard a transcript of a telephone conversation from 29 November 2007 where Mr Ewan discussed with a senior Barclays executive, Miles Storey, how banks were borrowing at a high interest rate but making submissions that said they could borrow at a lower one.
"The divergence between where people are posting them for whatever reasons and where they are actually trading is beginning to sort of creep out of the woodwork," Mr Storey said.
Later in the conversation, Mr Storey also told Mr Ewan: "Manipulation, for whatever reason, is going to come out."
Mr Darbishire asked Mr Ewan: "If a [bank] can borrow in reasonable market size at any one of a wide range of offered rates, then it is not false or inconsistent with the definition for the bank to base its response, in other words its submission, on the lowest of those rates?"
"No," said Mr Ewan.
"Or the highest one or any other arbitrary selection from among them?"
"That's right."
The case continues.


It cost £15m and took five years but what did Operation Elveden - the police investigation into inappropriate payments to police and public officials by journalists - aim to achieve?

Given that it has been repeatedly criticised by the country's biggest newspapers, it is ironic that it was initially sparked by, in effect, the press handing itself into the police.
In 2011, the British arm of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation passed on to Scotland Yard a thick file of emails revealing that police and prison officers, soldiers and Ministry of Defence officials - as well as their friends and relatives - had been paid thousands of pounds for stories.
Despite the fact that some of the payments were covertly funnelled through branches of the travel agent Thomas Cook, it wasn't a particularly secret practice.
Cash for copy was and still is a core part of the business model of some newspapers, in particular the Sun. Mr Murdoch was later caught on tape telling his journalists they hadn't done anything that wasn't part of the tabloid culture.
But all of a sudden it seemed it could be illegal.
As part of Operation Elveden there were dawn raids, suspects' homes searched in front of their families, 90 arrests were made. There was fury at the treatment of journalists, who often claimed they had acted in the public interest.
The charges were of misconduct in public office, yet the journalists weren't public officials.  They were dragged in as co-conspirators for making the payments.
When the cases came to court the view of juries was clear - they convicted the public officials but allowed most of the journalists to walk free, while others successfully appealed.
Only one journalist - the Sun's Anthony France - was found guilty. His appeal is outstanding. Another - Dan Evans, from the News of the World - pleaded guilty.
In a 2015 Appeal Court judgement, the law appeared to catch up. Judges concluded corrupt police officers and prison staff taking money for information could still expect prosecution, but for journalists there should be a different test.
Prosecutors said if there was no harm to the public interest, it might not be in the public interest to prosecute.  It was not a get out of jail free card, but a reinforcement of the principle that journalists might be able to pay a whistleblower to reveal a story which the public would welcome being told.  Another MP's expenses scandal for example.
Some harm was done by the payments to public officials.
The stories included details of servicemen and women being killed in action, which were leaked before they were officially made public. This premature publication distressed families.
One MoD official, Bettina Jordan-Barber - who was well-placed to sell information - made £100,000.
But the complexity of the inquiry also meant journalists under suspicion had to endure months of uncertainty about whether they would be prosecuted.
Could the police have ignored the evidence they were given in 2011?
It would have been difficult, since the prevailing narrative at the time was that the Met in particular was too close to its friends on national newspapers.
Scotland Yard stresses it had no choice but to act when faced with evidence of corruption, not least involving nine police officers.
Its £15m investigation has secured 34 convictions, but it has also secured a little more certainty about where the law draws a line when it comes to the murky practice of chequebook journalism.


A prayer for the EU referendum campaign has been published by the Church of England.

It calls for "honesty and openness" in the debate and asks for "discernment" for voters.
The prayer was released on Twitter "for use by churches and individuals" ahead of the 23 June vote.
The Church of England is not taking a formal position in the debate - the Church of Scotland and the Church of Wales have both backed Remain.
Follow the latest EU referendum debate
Last month Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby called for a "visionary debate" on the EU referendum and said there was no "correct Christian view" on it.
Archbishop Welby called on those who want to leave the EU to set out what Britain would be like after leaving in a variety of respects, including its international "attitude" and its values.
"And from those who want to stay, how would we change the European Union? How would we make it more effective if we remained in it? What's our vision?" he said.
Cardinal Vincent Nichols - the head of the Catholic Church in England and Wales - recently said he believed if the UK left the EU it would face "more complex problems than we would if we were playing an active part with Europe".


Striker Steven MacLean believes St Johnstone might not be struggling to remain in Europe if they were midway through their season.

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Saints were beaten 2-1 by FK Trakai in the first leg of their Europa League first qualifying round tie on Thursday.
Trakai are 16 games into their season, while Saints had not played since May.
"I could say it doesn't matter that they've played games and we haven't, but you know what, it does help," MacLean told BBC Scotland.
Tommy Wright's Saints now face a struggle to overturn the deficit when they travel to Lithuania for Thursday's second leg.
"They've played 15-20 games, it's got to help, MacLean said. "If we're sitting here in 15 weeks' time having played 15 games we're going to be better than we were [in the first leg].
"It does affect things, but we're not using that as an excuse, whether there's ways round it, I'm not going to be the one who decides that.
"I think down the line, it's got to be addressed. However, we're a better side than we showed, though we're still confident we can go there and get something out of the game."
In recent seasons, teams from Malta, Luxembourg and Gibraltar have all beaten Scottish top-flight opposition.
And MacLean says the start date of Scotland's season is impacting sides as they kick off their European campaigns before June is out.
"I don't know if we need to change the dates of the season," he added.
"Do we start sooner? Do we finish the season sooner? Do we go to summer football?
"I think something needs to be done because when we're playing these ties a lot of teams are undercooked.
"It's not an excuse, it's fact, they've played 15 games, we haven't so it's not a level playing field in Europe."
Saints are confident they can still win the tie and progress to a likely meeting with Swedish side IFK Norrkoping, who defeated Prishtina of Kosovo 5-0.
However, their task is all the harder given MacLean will not take part due to his knee injury history and the fact that Trakai will host Saints on an artificial surface at the national stadium in Vilnius.
"It's horrible, to be honest," he added. "When we saw the five teams we could get I was just hoping it would be one that doesn't play on astroturf and unfortunately it was.
"The manager takes the decision out of my hands. I would play but I just accept it and hope the boys can go over there and get a result because we've got quality players in that dressing room.
"I'll maybe try and bend the manager's ear again and see if I can play.
"We had chances [in the first leg], maybe three of four gilt-edged chances, so it just shows we'll get opportunities over there, we just need to be clinical when we get them."
You can hear the full interview with Steven MacLean on Saturday's Sportsound on BBC Radio Scotland from 14:00 BST.


A man has been shot dead in a "shocking" attack in a north-west London street.

Firearms officers were called to Church Street in Harlesden on Wednesday night where the victim, in his 20s, was pronounced dead at the scene.
A police spokesman said it was believed the suspect, who used a "high-powered weapon", left the scene in a vehicle.
No arrests have been made and post-mortem tests will take place in due course.
More on this story and other news for London
Det Insp Andy George said: "This was a shocking murder with multiple shots fired from what is believed to be a high-powered weapon.
"My team are undertaking a number of active enquiries to trace the vehicle involved and its passengers.
"We believe a number of people in the area witnessed what occurred and have yet to come forward."


Great Britain's short track speed skater Elise Christie has been ruled out of the fifth World Cup event of the season in Germany this weekend.

The 500m world record holder suffered a concussion last week, and will not be able to compete in line with GB medical team's 'return to racing policy'.
Chrisite, 26, holds the number one ranking in the 500m World Cup and sits second in the 1,000m.
She has won three 500m and two 1,000m World Cup gold medals this season.
"While this is disappointing to not have Elise racing this weekend, we take any head injury seriously," said GB short track performance director Stewart Laing.
European bronze medallist Charlotte Gilmartin, 26, is targeting a first World Cup medal of the season in the 1500m.
The World Cup series will conclude in Minsk, Belarus, between 10 and 12 February.


Irish Prime Minister, Enda Kenny, will address his party later, amidst calls for him to step down.

They come following several criticisms of his leadership in recent days.
It is understood his decision to allow Independent Alliance ministers a free vote on a controversial fatal foetal abnormalities bill has caused problems in the party, RTÃ‰ reports.
There was also surprise when James Reilly, who lost his seat in February, was reappointed as deputy leader.
On Monday, one member of the DÃ¡il (Irish parliament) Brendan Griffin, said it was his preference to see a change of leadership before the term resumes in autumn.
Now, questions are being asked about Mr Kenny's future in office.
Ministers and backbenchers have publicly endorsed the the taoiseach (Irish prime minister), but it is understood that many believe he will have to address the timeline of his departure sooner rather than later.
The party will gather later in Leinster House, for its weekly meeting, but there are no motions about the taoiseach on the agenda.
Mr Kenny is expected to address the issues raised over the past week, and it is understood his supporters, including senior ministers, will line up to endorse his position.


Art critic and former curator Julian Spalding has predicted the conceptual work of artists like Damien Hirst will soon become "worthless".

Writing in the Independent, Spalding described Hirst's work as "the sub-prime of the art world" and advised owners of his work to sell quickly.
Hirst, best known for his animals in formaldehyde, has been at the forefront of the British conceptual art movement.
Arts journalist Georgina Adam said Spalding's condemnation was "unfair".
"He is probably right about later Damien Hirsts, which are more like luxury goods than art," she told the BBC.
"But Hirst's earlier work did redefine the notion of art work.
"To condemn the whole of conceptual art is unfair," she added.
An exhibition of Hirst's work opens at Tate Modern in London next week.
But Spalding told the Independent: "The emperor has nothing on. When the penny drops that these are not art, it's all going to collapse. Hirst should not be in the Tate."
Spalding said he coined the term "con art" which is "short for contemporary conceptual art and for art that cons people".
Spalding, who was director of galleries in Sheffield, Manchester and Glasgow, where he promoted artists including LS Lowry and Beryl Cook, added: "It's often been proposed, seriously, that Damien Hirst is a greater artist than Michelangelo because he had the idea for a shark in a tank whereas Michelangelo didn't have the idea for his David.
"What separates Michelangelo from Hirst is that Michelangelo was an artist and Hirst isn't."
Simon Todd, from online auction website ArtNet, told the BBC he disagreed that the art bubble would soon burst: "The contemporary art market is very strong at the moment both in terms of the domestic, international and growth markets."
He said ArtNet "has been approached by financial organisations regarding arts investment despite the majority of the art funds collapsing back in 2009.
"The credit crunch seems to have made little impact and the auctions that suffered in the two years post-credit crunch are not feeling the comparative ill effects now."
Spalding's latest book, Con Art - Why You Ought to Sell Your Damien Hirst While You Can - is published next month.
Hirst first came to public attention in London in 1988 when he created the Freeze exhibition in a disused warehouse, showing his work and that of his fellow students at Goldsmiths College.
His exhibition opens at Tate Modern on 4 April and runs until 9 September.
Hirst's shark in formaldehyde - titled The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living, 1991 - will be on display, alongside other famous work including 1990's A Thousand Years, 1992's Pharmacy and a Â£50m diamond-encrusted skull, For the Love of God.
Hirst's sale figures dropped considerably between 2008 and 2009 although this fall coincided with the collapse of Lehman Brothers bank in the US.
Last year, one of his spot paintings - of which there are over 1,000 - sold for Â£1.8m.
The Tate Modern and Damien Hirst's company Science declined to comment on Spalding's claims..
Hirst's public gallery in south London, which is being developed to display his personal art collection, will open in 2014.


The head of the world's largest hedge fund has said that President Donald Trump will be good for the US and world economy - but he fears the populist tide that took him to the Oval Office.

Ray Dalio, founder of Bridgewater Associates, which manages $150bn, said populism was on a scale not seen since the 1930s, and could prove dangerous.
The remarks follow a critical speech in Davos by top investor George Soros.
He called Mr Trump an "imposter" and "conman", and expected him to fail.
Mr Dalio's position is less negative. He told the BBC: "On Trump, there are pluses and minuses.  I don't think he is necessarily protectionist, and he is very pro-business with his policies.
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"Money chases hospitable environments, and if you create an environment where the taxes are lower, for example, it can attract money from all over the place. Money moves very quickly.
"So, when those who run big companies are thinking about where they might put their next plant, they will look favourably at somewhere where there are low taxes, is pro-business, and has the rule of law.
"That's stimulative - so the world next year will have a higher growth rate as a result of those things, I think we can be pretty confident about that."
Less positively, Mr Dalio explained why he thought some of the forces unleashed by Trump could be "dangerous".
"It [populism] can have negative consequences. It will have negative consequences for climate change, for globalisation."
He said it was also the biggest threat to the future of the European Union.
"In the 1930s nearly every country, with the exception of the US and UK, had populist leaders, who became more nationalist, more protectionist, and a malaise set. When we look towards Europe we have to be mindful that this is the major force that will now determine whether there is a European Union or not.
"It frightens me because it may not be well managed. There are things that I don't like about it, because it can lead to crises. It's often not well managed."
He said US stock markets had risen because of Trump's pro-business policies - in particular lower taxes: "It's similar from the shift from the left to the right that took place in the 1980s, which ended up being very stimulative. Where we go from here has yet to be seen.
"We know that Donald Trump is aggressive - the question is whether he is going to be aggressive and prudent, or aggressive and careless. We don't know the answer. He has put together reasonable people around him, they don't seem reckless."


World number 19 Nick Kyrgios suffered a shock defeat by Wimbledon junior champion Denis Shapovalov in the first round of the Rogers Cup in Toronto.

He was beaten 7-6 (7-2) 3-6 6-3 in his first match since losing to eventual champion Andy Murray at Wimbledon.
"I'm not going to tell you what I did or didn't do to prepare. I just played pretty bad," said the Australian, 21.
Canadian Shapovalov, 17, is competing in only his second ATP event, and plays Bulgarian Grigor Dimitrov next.
Ranked 370 in the world, Shapovalov struck 12 aces in the match against an off-key Kyrgios, who served 18 double faults.
The Australian added: "He played great and he earned it. Obviously he was excited playing in front of his home crowd.
"I know what it feels like to come off one of your biggest junior results and then play in one of your home tournaments."


Six Conservative MPs are to vie for the influential role of chair of the Commons Treasury select committee.

Richard Bacon, Charlie Elphicke, Stephen Hammond, Nicky Morgan, John Penrose and Jacob Rees-Mogg are all candidates for the high profile post.
Elections for this and nine other committees will take place on 12 July.
Select committee chairman have become increasingly powerful in recent years and the posts are highly sought after among backbench MPs.
Labour's Hilary Benn has been returned unopposed as chair of the Brexit committee, as has former Labour minister Yvette Cooper at home affairs and Conservative Sarah Wollaston at health.
Elections for select committee chairs were introduced in 2010 and the positions - which give MPs an opportunity to initiate inquiries and hold ministers, civil servants, regulators and business leaders to account - are decided at the start of each new Parliament.
MPs need nominations from 15 colleagues to be able to stand.
Andrew Tyrie, who had held the role of Treasury committee chairman since 2010, stood down as an MP at the election.
Mr Rees-Mogg and Mr Hammond were members of the committee before the election, while Mrs Morgan is a former Treasury minister and education secretary.
Mr Bacon is a longstanding member of the public accounts committee while Mr Penrose and Mr Elphicke are former whips.
Other multi-candidate contests include for education, where former Conservative ministers Nick Boles, Robert Halfon, Tim Loughton and Dan Poulter are among the six candidates.
Former London mayoral candidate Zac Goldsmith will take on Tory colleagues Neil Parish and Bill Wiggin for the chair of the environment committee while Julian Lewis, the Conservative chair of the defence committee in the last Parliament, faces a challenge from former soldier Johnny Mercer.
There is a three-way battle for the foreign affairs committee between previous incumbent Crispin Blunt, John Baron and Tom Tugendhat. Andrew Murrison and Nigel Mills are candidates for the Northern Ireland berth.
On the Labour side, former cabinet minister Liam Byrne will take on Rachel Reeves, Ian Lucas and Albert Owen for chair of the business committee while there are five contenders for the title of transport committee chair.
Angela Smith will take on Ian Mearns to lead the backbench business committee, which chooses topics for debate in the chamber.
Select committee chairs are allocated to individual parties on the basis of the overall number of MPs they have - with the House having to approve a motion on how they are divvied up following party consultations.
The Lib Dems are to take the reins of of one committee - science and technology - with Norman Lamb and Jo Swinson competing for the role of chair.
The other MPs who have been elected unopposed are:
The elections will be held later this month under the alternative vote system, with all MPs able to vote.
Committee chairs are limited to serving two full terms or eight years, whichever is the longer.


The second convoy of aid lorries in a week has set off for the rebel-held Syrian town of Madaya, which is under siege from government forces.

About 50 trucks left the capital Damascus on Thursday, heading towards the town near the Lebanese border.
The UN has said it has received credible reports of people dying of starvation in Madaya, where about 40,000 people have been trapped.
On Monday the first aid was allowed into the town since October last year.
At the same time aid lorries also reached Foah and Kefraya, two northern towns besieged by rebel forces where the humanitarian situation is also said to be dire.
The latest delivery for Madaya is carrying flour, medicine and hygiene products for the town's residents, reports say.
A UN official who visited the town during the last aid drop said conditions there were the worst he had seen during Syria's five-year civil war.
People have reportedly been eating grass and pets to survive.
Madaya has been besieged since early July by government forces and their allies in Lebanon's Shia Islamist Hezbollah movement.
Blockades have been a feature of Syria's conflict. Up to 4.5 million people live in hard-to-reach areas, including nearly 400,000 people in 15 besieged locations who do not have access to life-saving aid.


The family of a teenager badly hurt in a holiday quad biking accident need to raise £30,000 to bring him home.

Lewis Evans, 18, from Thornbury near Bristol, suffered "devastating injuries" when he came off the bike on the Greek island of Zante on Monday.
Mr Evans had holiday insurance but it did not cover quad biking.
His parents were told to "expect the worst" and flew out to be with him. His family have set up an appeal to raise the money for an air ambulance.
His great-aunt Sue Turl said: "Lewis has had devastating injuries.
"He's been diagnosed with a ruptured spleen, a very large hole in one lung and a not-so-large hole in the other lung."
She said he also has several broken ribs and two bad breaks to his shoulder.
Ms Turl said: "A few days ago, they [his parents] were told to expect the worst. He rallied round this morning and is now stable.
"It turns out the insurance have refused to make any payment, saying that quad biking [is a] dangerous sport and it's in the small print. His parents are absolutely devastated.
"The air ambulance to bring him home will cost at least £30,000 and his family aren't in the position to pay that sort of money."


A collector who sold three new plastic £5 notes for £460 on the Ebay internet auction site says he will reinvest the money in his hobby.

Alan Scrase said finding the polymer fivers with consecutive AA01 serial numbers was "the luck of the draw".
The 52-year-old struck the jackpot after visiting a bank branch shortly after a delivery of new fivers - on the day after the launch date.
He had failed to get any of collector value on the first day of issue.
"I did not get them on 13 September - the first day - but it was just by sheer chance that I went to the bank the next day and they had just got them in," he said.
"You just go in your bank and ask for them. I got a few."
New issues of bank notes, uncirculated and with low serial numbers in the first printing run are attractive to collectors. Extra value comes when there is something unusual about them, as is the case with the first plastic notes to be issued by the Bank of England.
A total of 440 million new £5 notes have been printed. About one million have AA01 serial numbers, but some are not in general circulation. The very lowest serial number notes are handed to the Queen.
The polymer note - which is much more durable than the old fiver - was delivered to banks over the course of a week.
After arriving at the bank just at the right time, Mr Scrase decided to put a set of three fivers with consecutive serial numbers on internet auction site Ebay.
After 31 bids were made, the set was sold for £456.
"I am surprised how much they have gone for," he told the BBC News website.
"Any collector wants the first issue but they seem to have gone up in value very quickly."
Instead of spending the money on a weekend away or a trip to a fancy restaurant, Mr Scrase said he would spend the money on adding to his collection of old US banknotes.
The US versions were "a lot more colourful" and more interesting to look at, he said.
"It is a very addictive hobby," he said. "And it gets expensive."
"I spend a lot more money than I get back selling them, so this will subsidise my collection."
Some auctioneers sound a note of caution to others hoping to cash in on the early issues of the new £5 note.
"There is always some excitement over new issues like this, truly it should be just over the low serial numbers (not consecutive ones) but these are often carefully released by the bank," said Seth Freeman, of AH Baldwin and Sons.
"People get overly excited on platforms like Ebay and the prices are not justified."
Auction host site Thesaleroom.com said that banknotes could be worth more if they were held onto for some time. It is auctioning a Bank of England £5 note dating from 1979, with an estimated price of £7,000.
The new fiver, which features the image of Sir Winston Churchill, is not the first plastic banknote to be seen in the UK. They have previously been in circulation in Northern Ireland and Scotland.
The Bank of England has already said that the new £10 note, featuring Jane Austen, released next year, and the new £20 note to be issued by 2020 featuring artist JMW Turner, will also be made of plastic.
The polymer notes are expected to last an average of five years - compared to the current note's two years.


Students have designed their perfect pubs which gives a more memorable experience in a "slow drinking" venue.

They have been unveiled as part of the annual Know The Score Drink Less Enjoy More campaign, which promotes sensible drinking around the Six Nations rugby.
The students from University of South Wales have worked with Alcohol Concern Cymru and South Wales Police.
Designs include displaying soft drinks, indoor garden providing herbs for drinks and performance spaces.


Newport County have signed Ivory Coast international defender Abdoulaye Meite.

The 36-year old has joined the South Wales club on non-contract terms and he is eligible to play against Blackpool on Saturday.
Capped 48-times by his country, Meite has previously played in England for Bolton Wanderers, West Bromwich Albion and Doncaster Rovers.
Meite, who started in the 2004 UEFA Cup final, is a free agent after being released by Seinäjoen Jalkapallokerho.


Northern Ireland company Wrightbus is to test a prototype zero-emission, double decker bus on the streets of London.

The vehicle is powered by a hydrogen fuel cell and a battery pack.
The Ballymena company hopes that London may in future place an order for the buses.
Wrightbus previously delivered 1,000 Routemaster vehicles to London when Boris Johnson was Mayor.
However, his successor Sadiq Khan has pledged to stop buying pure diesel double deckers from 2018.
Wrigthbus launched its new bus at London City Hall and it will be trialled next year.
William Wright, director of Wrights Group, said: "Innovation and technology is at the core of everything we do.
"This vehicle brings an interesting new dimension to bus technology, offering transport operators a choice to help address the world's environmental challenges."
Wrightbus makes buses for customers around the world and employs more than 1,900 people.


The value of the virtual currency Bitcoin has always been volatile.

Even so, there has been particular turbulence in recent days as fears of a "civil war" among its adherents first grew and then subsided, although they have not gone away altogether.
On Sunday, the value of one bitcoin dropped to about $1,863 (Â£1,430) before bouncing back to $2,402 on Wednesday, according to data from the news site CoinDesk - still some way off a June high of $3,019.
Bitcoin risks becoming a victim of its success.
The popularity of the financial technology has caused transactions to be processed slower, with some users complaining of having to wait three days or more for confirmation of trades when the backlog was at its worst, in May.
Moreover, fees have also risen, hitting a high of $5 per transaction at the start of June.
That makes it too costly to justify its use for some purchases, such as buying a pint of lager in a Bitcoin-accepting pub.
There are ways around the problem, but the cryptocurrency's community has been split over which solution to adopt.
The risk is that Bitcoin could effectively split in two, with one type becoming incompatible with another, ultimately undermining confidence in the project altogether.
The issue is that Bitcoin's underlying technology has an in-built constraint: the ledger of past transactions, known as the blockchain, can have only 1MB of data added to it every 10 minutes.
To understand why, it's helpful to first understand how Bitcoin works.
To authenticate Bitcoin transactions, a procedure called "mining" takes place, which involves volunteers' computers racing to solve difficult mathematical problems.
For each problem solved, one block of bitcoins is processed. As a reward, the successful miners are given newly generated bitcoins.
An updated copy of the blockchain database is then copied to all the computers involved in the validation process, which are referred to as "nodes".
Bitcoin originally did not have the 1MB/10min blockchain limit, but the feature was added to help defend the technology against denial of service (DoS) attacks, which might overwhelm the blockchain by flooding it with tiny transactions.
Mining, by the way, has become a big business in its own right, with some companies investing in huge "farms" of computers dedicated to the activity. Several of the biggest are based in China.
Many of the miners have, in fact, favoured the so-called Bitcoin Unlimited solution.
They said that allowing them to increase the 1MB block size would speed up transactions and reduce transactions fees.
But this could also make mining more expensive, and impractical for small "mom and pop" operations, leaving it under the control of a handful of large corporations.
That is because more processing power would be needed to verify transactions.
Furthermore, additional data bandwidth and storage space would be needed to transmit and store the blockchain, since it would become much bigger.
Critics also say the move would make Bitcoin more vulnerable to hackers.
Moreover, some people are concerned that giving the miners power to vary the block size might undermine the principle of Bitcoin being decentralised, with no equivalent to a central bank running the show.
Some software developers have favoured reorganising the format of Bitcoin transactions to make the blockchain more efficient.
Specifically, they propose relocating " transaction signatures" - which unlock bitcoins so they can be spent - from within the blockchain to a separate file transmitted alongside it.
Doing so should make it possible to process transactions at double the current rate.
And as an added benefit, "node" computers could save on storage space by opting not to keep records of the oldest signatures.
This scheme is known as Segregated Witness, or Segwit.
However, critics say it would deliver only a temporary respite while adding an extra level of complexity.
It appears so.
A middle-ground solution - called Segwit2x - aims to start sending signature data separately from the blockchain later this week and then to double the block size limit to 2MB in three months' time.
An initiative called Bitcoin Improvement Proposal 91 (BIP 91) states that if 80% of the mining effort adopts the new blockchain software involved and uses it consistently between 21 July and 31 July, then the wider community should accept this as the solution.
The good news for those who like the idea is that close to 90% of miners appear to back the effort, according to Coin Dance, a Bitcoin-related statistics site.
Other plans exist to try again after August if the target is missed.
But a risk remains that if use of Segwit2x software never reaches the required threshold or that hardcore opponents refuse to buckle, then it could result in two different versions of the blockchain, and in effect two types of Bitcoin.
Such as schism could help rival cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum, prosper and ultimately doom Bitcoin altogether.
One expert, however, said he believed that was an unlikely outcome.
"The vast majority of people in the Bitcoin community are opposed to splitting Bitcoin into two competing cryptocurrencies," said Dr Garrick Hileman, research fellow at the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance.
"Such a move would weaken Bitcoin's network effect advantage and sow confusion.
"It is much more likely that people who are dissatisfied with Bitcoin's direction will simply move on to something else, which is what we've seen in the past."


The son of ex-world athletics chief Lamine Diack is one of four officials facing a disciplinary hearing this week over an alleged doping cover-up.

Papa Massata Diack, a former consultant for the IAAF, and ex-IAAF anti-doping director Gabriel Dolle are charged with breaches of the IAAF's code of ethics.
Former All-Russia Athletic Federation chief Valentin Balakhnichev and coach Alexei Melnikov are also in the dock.
None are expected at the three-day hearing, which starts on Wednesday.
The charges relate to the payment of about £435,000 that Russian former London Marathon winner Liliya Shobukhova allegedly made to have her doping violations covered up.
Her 38-month ban from track and field was reduced by seven months after she turned whistleblower for the World Anti-Doping Agency.
A decision from the hearing, which will be held in London, is expected in early January.
Russia have been banned from international athletics competition after a report by Wada's independent commission alleged they were guilty of "state-sponsored doping".


China has jailed a top journalist for seven years for leaking a confidential paper to a foreign website.

Gao Yu, 71, had "illegally provided state secrets to foreigners", the court in Beijing said.
China has not confirmed which document the case relates to, but it is thought to be a Communist Party strategy paper known as "Document No 9".
The paper is said to call for aggressive restrictions on democracy, civil society and the press.
Amnesty International called the sentence "an affront to justice".
Gao was "the victim of vaguely worded and arbitrary state-secret laws that are used against activists as part of the authorities' attack on freedom of expression", said William Nee, China researcher at the rights group.
Shang Baojun, one of her lawyers, said they were "very disappointed" with the verdict and would appeal.
Analysis: Celia Hatton, BBC News, Beijing
Gao is a rarity in China - an outspoken reporter who chose to work outside the mainstream state media outlets. She filed Chinese language stories to overseas media outlets that were eager to publish her insights.
She was also unusual because she appeared to have access to relatively high-level information about the Chinese government and the ruling Communist Party. Though that does not mean, her lawyers insist, that she is guilty of leaking state secrets.
Somewhat ironically, the internal Communist Party memo Gao is said to have leaked warns of the dangers posed by "Western-style" media outlets.
"Some people, under the pretext of espousing 'freedom of the press' promote the West's idea of journalism," the document reads.
"The ultimate goal of advocating the West's view of the media is to hawk the principle of abstract and absolute freedom of press, oppose the Party's leadership in the media, and gouge an opening through which to infiltrate our ideology."
Gao was detained in April 2014. Weeks later, state television network CCTV aired a video of Gao, her face blurred, admitting she made a "big mistake".
Gao's lawyers said she made the statement after police threatened her son. She was then put on trial in November.
Another of her lawyers, Mo Shaoping, told the BBC the forced confession was invalid and would form the basis of the appeal.
The highly respected journalist, who has written for media in Hong Kong and elsewhere, has already been imprisoned in the 1990s.
She was convicted of sending party documents, including a speech by then-President Jiang Zemin, to a Hong Kong newspaper.
Gao's sentencing comes amid a widespread crackdown on freedom of speech in China, reports the BBC's Celia Hatton in Beijing.
According to media advocacy group the Committee to Protect Journalists, she is one of 44 Chinese journalists behind bars.
The group says that China now has more journalists in prison than any other country.


Blue and beaked whales' behaviour is disturbed by simulated navy sonar, according to two published studies.

In two experiments, teams of researchers managed to attach tracking and sound-recording tags to 17 blue whales and two beaked whales.
They then played simulated sonar sound through an underwater speaker and measured the animals' responses.
The findings are reported in two Royal Society journals, Proceedings B and Biology Letters.
Researchers have previously linked mass strandings and deaths of beaked whales around the world to military exercises using what is known as mid-frequency sonar. So scientists have been keen to understand if the sound harmed the animals.
The new study does not explain those strandings - the chain of events that leads to these remains unclear.
But marine mammal expert Patrick Miller, from the University of St Andrews' Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU), who was not involved with the new study, said the results showed it would be wise for naval exercises to "avoid critical habitat areas".
The beaked whale study was led by scientists also from the SMRU.
It revealed what researchers had long suspected, that man-made sound had a negative effect on these deep-diving whales. Beaked whales use sound to hunt as well as to communicate. They produce echolocation clicks as they dive up to 1.5km (1mi) in depth, picking up echoes that bounce off the bodies of the squid they are hunting.
When the scientists played the sonar sounds during their experiments, both of the tagged Cuvier's beaked whales stopped hunting and "swam rapidly, silently away".
Perhaps more surprising was that, in the other study, led by Jeremy Goldbogen from the Cascadia Research Collective in the US state of Washington, several blue whales also responded to the sound.
Blue whales communicate with very low-frequency sound - far below that of naval sonar. And because they do not use sound to hunt, the scientists thought they would not be affected.
Yet the whales' responses did vary.
Animals that were feeding close to the surface showed almost no response, but animals that were diving for krill - rather than sifting the surface waters - reacted very differently.
"One animal was diving and feeding repeatedly all throughout the day," recalled Dr Goldbogen.
"And as soon as the sound started, the animal stopped feeding and maintained a directed heading and moved away from the sound source."
These vast animals can scoop up half a million calories' worth of krill in one gulp as they dive, so disturbing their feeding deprives them of large amounts of energy.
"I calculated that in that time, the animal lost a metric tonne of krill," said Dr Goldbogen.
"So if this happens a lot in these feeding hotspots, that could have real consequences."
And currently, naval exercises are carried out in these hotspots.
The blue whales in this study, for example, were feeding in the in-shore waters of California during the summer and autumn of 2010. The study area is where the US Navy carries out regular exercises and where the whales come to build up fat stores for the long migration to their breeding grounds.
Even subtle disturbance to this vital pre-migration gorge, said Dr Goldbogen, "could have real consequences for the population health".
"These are the biggest animals that have ever lived, so they need a huge amount of food," he added.
The detailed examination of the whales' behaviour was made possible by the technology contained within the tracking tags.
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"A lot of the same sensors that are in our smartphones are in the tags we attached to these whales," said Dr Goldbogen.
"When you rotate your phone and the screen moves with you, that's because there are these sensors called accelerometers and magnetometers.
"That's how we get the information about the position of the whale."
This resulted in detailed animations of each whale's position, speed and movement.
But to actually put a tag onto one of these giant mammals involved a chase.
The tags are attached using suction cups, so the researchers had to use a small boat to move alongside each whale, while one member of the team used a long carbon fibre pole to "tap" the tag onto the animal's back.
"It's a lot easier in blue whales than some other whales, because they're so big," said Dr Goldbogen.
"We can programme the tag to release, so we find the tag and download the data."
This is a far trickier exercise with beaked whales, which are smaller and dive for an hour at a time.
"If you see a beaked whale and if you don't get the tag on it, you might never see it again," said Dr Goldbogen.
Although both studies provide clear evidence that sonar affects these rare marine mammals, the scientists say much more research is needed into the specific impacts of human activity on their environment.
Dr Miller commented: "Further research on the possible long-term impacts of these effects is needed, to evaluate whether more protection measures are required."
Dr Goldbogen concluded: "We didn't expect blue whales to have a strong response, so there's clearly a dearth of basic data on how animals respond to man-made sound.
"These animals have evolved in a very different environment to the one they're living in today."


Fifa presidential candidate Prince Ali Bin Al Hussein says if elected he wants to implement a 10-year programme to reform football's governing body.

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Ali, 39, and Jerome Champagne will challenge incumbent Sepp Blatter, who took over in 1998 and is seeking a fifth term, in May's elections.
Jordanian Prince Ali said Fifa "tends to be secretive" so transparency and reform "is crucial".
He added: "If elected, we will roll up our sleeves and deliver our programme."
Prince Ali, a Fifa vice-president and the president of Jordanian football since 1999, revealed his intention to stand on Monday, after receiving encouragement to do so from colleagues.
Fifa has suffered a number of corruption allegations during Blatter's 17-year reign - and Prince Ali wants to clean up the image of football's governing body.
"I believe we should be totally transparent," said Prince Ali. "I will look to a 10-year programme for the organisation, where everyone is a part of it and ourselves as the executive committee will implement it.
"In the coming months, I will be looking to sit down and talk to all our member associations and listen to them.
"I'm not coming in to dictate. I have my ideas and progress I want to implement, but I have to hear back from my colleagues."
Ali, also head of the West Asian Football Federation, was one of a number of officials who called for the publication of ethics investigator Michael Garcia's report into allegations of corruption surrounding the 2018 and 2022 World Cup bids.
"Reform is crucial," added Prince Ali. "I was the first to ask for the Garcia report to come out. We should have nothing to hide.
"Fifa as an organisation tends to be a bit secretive, but we should be confident and happy to be open and engaged with everyone.
"I don't see a reason to be guarded. We have to bring the administration of sport into the current time we live in. I want to bring back that confidence."
Prince Ali said that the role is "not something I want to do long term" but added: "A lot things can happen and I'm confident we can [introduce the changes] in quick time."
On Friday, Fifa presidential candidate Champagne - who is the only other person to have announced his attention to challenge Blatter - said he may not have enough support to contest May's election.
A candidate needs to secure five nominations from Fifa's 209 members to take part in the election on 29 May.
Meanwhile, Concacaf (the football federation for North America, Central American and the Caribbean) president Jeffrey Webb said he has been asked to run as a candidate, but appeared to rule out the possibility of standing in the election this time around.
"I have been asked [about running for the Fifa presidency], but as I said my immediate focus is with Concacaf and my work continues there," said Fifa vice-president Webb.
"Who knows what lies in the future, but right now my focus and firm commitment is with being the president of Concacaf."


A new tax which changes the way people pay duty on house purchases has come into effect in Scotland.

The Land and Buildings Transaction Tax (LBTT) replaces UK stamp duty under new devolved powers contained in the Scotland Act 2012.
The Scottish government has said nine out of 10 taxpayers will be better or no worse off under the new system.
LBTT is the first tax to be introduced by the Scottish Parliament in 300 years, along with a landfill tax.
The new system uses a graduated tax rate, working in a similar way to income tax.
Under LBTT, properties worth up to £145,000 will not attract any tax.
For sales between £145,000 and £250,000, a tax rate of 2% will be applied, with the introduction of a new rate of 5% between £250,001 and £325,000.
Between £325,001 and £750,000, the marginal rate will be 10%, with a top rate of 12% applying to all transactions above £750,000.
The rest of the UK will continue to operate under reformed stamp duty rules, as laid out in Chancellor George Osborne's Autumn Statement.
LBTT band rates from 1 April
Up to £145,000 - 0%
£145,001 to £250,000 - 2%
£250,001 to £325,000 - 5%
£325,001 to £750,000 - 10%
£750,001 and over - 12%
UK stamp duty rates from December 2014
Up to £125,000 - 0%
£125,001 to 250,000 - 2%
£250,001 to £925,000 - 5%
£925,001 to £1.5m - 10%
£1.5m and over - 12%
The new rates will only be payable on the portion of the total value which falls within each band.
This contrasts with the former "slab" structure of stamp duty, under which the higher tax rate was payable on the whole purchase price when a threshold was crossed.
Finance Secretary John Swinney has said the new tax rates will see 50% of all household transactions paying no tax and more than 40,000 buyers paying less on the purchase of a new home.
Mr Swinney was accused of a "U-turn" in January when he announced revisions to the initial LBTT rates set out in his draft 2015/16 Budget in October.
The alterations came after Chancellor George Osborne made changes to UK stamp duty.
LBTT will be administered by Scotland's new tax collection agency, Revenue Scotland, with support from Registers of Scotland (RoS).


Three people have been arrested on suspicion of harming a four-month-old baby in Liverpool.

Paramedics were called after the baby boy reportedly stopped breathing at a house in Birchfield Road, Walton, on 2 September.
Two men, aged 34 and 29, were arrested on suspicion of wounding, and a 25-year-old woman was held on suspicion of inflicting GBH, Merseyside Police said.
The baby remains in hospital after suffering head, arm and rib injuries.
His condition is described as serious but stable, police said.
The three suspects - who were previously arrested on suspicion of assault - have been released on bail.


David Cameron has pledged to raise human rights as he arrived in the Gulf on a trip to strengthen the UK's defence, security and commercial ties.

He said there would be no "no-go areas" but discussions would take place showing "respect and friendship".
Britain is looking to sell Typhoon jets to Dubai and Saudi Arabia, despite allegations of human rights abuses.
Mr Cameron said countries had a right to self-defence and promoting UK business was "completely legitimate".
The prime minister is hoping to increase defence co-operation with the United Arab Emirates, including contingency plans for the possible basing of RAF warplanes if conflict erupts with Iran, says BBC security correspondent Frank Gardner.
He added that Mr Cameron's visit came amid signs of strained relations with Gulf states. His Arab hosts, while publicly welcoming the prime minister, have their own issues they want to address with him.
They have told the BBC that in the wake of the Arab Spring they worry Britain risks confusing democracy and human rights movements with revolutionaries who, they say, want to replace the current monarchies with Islamic republics.
By Frank GardnerBBC security correspondent
David Cameron's Gulf trip this week goes to the heart of the government's dilemma over how to deal with the Arab Gulf states in the wake of the Arab Spring.
Britain has huge business and defence sales interests in the UAE and Saudi. No 10 says it hopes to boost annual bilateral trade with the UAE to Â£15bn (US$23bn) by 2015.
The Foreign Office also sees both countries as vital strategic partners in confronting Iranian power in the region and there is talk of building a long-term defence partnership with Abu Dhabi.
But the overthrow of unpopular Arab regimes elsewhere last year has energised public debate about how the Gulf states are ruled.
Even here in tranquil UAE, a small but growing number of anti-government activists have been imprisoned, a move condemned by the EU.
Mr Cameron knows he must raise the thorny issue of human rights with his hosts. He also knows that if he pushes too hard then Britain risks losing major contracts to countries that ask no questions.
They have hinted that Britain risks losing out on major contracts in future, but human rights groups want the British government to put more pressure on Gulf rulers to speed up democratic reforms.
Both the UAE and Saudi Arabia have been criticised for alleged abuses, but they have rejected these criticisms.
They have warned that if Britain continues to support calls for reform prompted by anti-government activists they will increasingly give lucrative deals to Asian partners instead.
Speaking in Dubai, Mr Cameron said: "On human rights, there are no no-go areas in this relationship.
"We discuss all of these things but we also show respect and friendship to a very old ally and partner.
"We have one of the strictest regimes anywhere in the world for sales of defence equipment but we do believe that countries have a right to self-defence and we do believe that Britain has important defence industries that employ over 300,000 people so that sort of business is completely legitimate and right."
It is Mr Cameron's second visit to the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia as prime minister.
No 10 says the UK is looking to sell  about 100 Typhoon jets to the UAE and Saudi Arabia as well as building closer defence and security ties.
A number of RAF Typhoons are already in the UAE for a joint training session.
The prime minister is expected to push for the UAE to buy 60 of BAE's Typhoon jets in a deal worth Â£3bn, which would secure thousands of jobs in the UK.
He said British exports to the country were up 16% in the first half of the year and it was vital to be involved in the fastest-growing economies in the world to compete in the "global economic race".
The Gulf region's economies have been growing much more strongly than the UK's and other European countries, and the Foreign Office wants the UK to be "the Gulf's commercial partner of choice".
"It is not just about trade and investment," the prime minister said.
"We are also partners in defence and security, we worked together in Libya and Afghanistan and we will be talking about all the key regional and global issues."
Source: IMF's economic outlook
The UAE air force is shopping around for new planes to replace its ageing fleet of F-16s and Mirages and the Typhoon is up against the Rafale, made by the French company Dassault.
During a question-and-answer session with students, Mr Cameron also warned that it would be a "desperately bad development for our world" if Iran gained nuclear weapons.
Western governments say the country's uranium-enrichment programme is designed to this end, but the regime insists its aim is to set up civilian power stations,
Mr Cameron said there was the possibility of a "nuclear arms race" across the Middle East, adding: "The message we need to send to Iran is: there is a peaceful path; there is a path you could take that will remove the pariah status from your nation and that is to accept that you could have civil nuclear power but not military nuclear power and then we could have a proper discussion."


Victims of harassment and stalking are being left at risk because of failings by police and prosecutors in England and Wales, say two watchdogs.

Crimes were not being recorded, said a report by the Inspectorate of Constabulary and the Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate.
It also said too many investigations were poorly run and failed to give victims legal protection.
Police and prosecution chiefs have pledged to improve performance.
Stalking and harassment cases were often misunderstood, despite powers being available to protect victims, the inspectors said.
The report also said police officers would fail to recognise repeated signs of a stalker, by treating each complaint in isolation rather than being part of a pattern.
That, in turn, meant police and prosecutors did not see the bigger picture and appreciate the full scale of the harm being suffered by the victim.
According to a report on the authorities' response to stalking, victims have faced stalking and harassment in their homes, at work, and on social media.
It says one threat made to a victim stated that: "I will stay in your life forever... I will make sure nothing in your life or your family's ever runs smoothly".
One victim told a researcher: "And it got to the point where I actually said to me mum one night that 'Do you know what? I'm going to be a story in the newspaper. I'm going to be another one of these girls that gets murdered by her ex'."
A female bank employee told police that a male stranger kept visiting her at work, leaving gifts and following her after she finished work, to a bus stop - he had acted in a similar way with the victim's colleague.
The employee was transferred to another bank branch, but the man tracked her down. She then confronted him, and he became angry.
Police did not arrest or interview the man, but instead issued him with a Police Information Notice - a protection order designed to help prevent this type of offence.
But the report said PINs were misused and did not cover all types of offences.
Wendy Williams, who led the inspection for Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary, said: "Police forces must act quickly to protect victims, including survivors of domestic abuse leaving coercive or controlling relationships.
"It is not acceptable that victims and their families are left to live in fear.
"While we found some evidence that the police and CPS understand the risks of the repeat behaviours... we found worrying failings at every stage, including reporting, investigation and prosecution. Changes need to be made immediately."
The report calls for:
One procedure used to warn a suspect that they would be prosecuted if they do not stop harassing a victim was found to be so misused that the inspectors said it should be scrapped.
They also warned that a proposed court order to protect victims of stalking would not help victims of harassment, such as people fleeing domestic violence.
The Suzy Lamplugh Trust, which runs the National Stalking Helpline, said the failures identified in the report were unacceptable.
And Director of Public Prosecutions Alison Saunders said she would introduce mandatory stalking and harassment training for all prosecutors.
Assistant Chief Constable Garry Sherwan, the National Police Chief Council's lead for stalking, said: "I will be writing to all chief constables to make sure officers are aware of the powers they have to tackle cases of stalking or harassment and that cases must be recorded and monitored.
"We want to see numbers of people prosecuted for stalking and harassment increase."


Families bereaved by two Glasgow road death incidents, including the 2014 bin lorry crash, have been told they cannot launch private prosecutions.

Two bereaved families had been seeking permission to bring charges against bin lorry driver Harry Clarke.
Mr Clarke was unconscious when the bin lorry veered out of control on 22 December 2014, killing six people.
Judges also ruled against a similar bid from the relatives of two students killed in a crash in 2010.
The Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, which brings prosecutions in Scotland, had previously decided not to press charges in either case.
The families of victims then sought permission to bring rare private prosecutions against the drivers.
Judges began hearing legal arguments at the Court of Session in September.
Those who died in the bin lorry crash were Erin McQuade, 18, her grandparents Jack Sweeney, 68, and his 69-year-old wife Lorraine, from Dumbarton, Stephenie Tait, 29, and Jacqueline Morton, 51, both from Glasgow, and Gillian Ewing, 52, from Edinburgh.
The Sweeney/McQuade families wanted Harry Clarke to be prosecuted as a fatal accident inquiry in August 2015 found the crash could have been avoided if he had not lied about his medical history.
The inquiry found that Mr Clarke, 59, who had a history of blackouts and poor health, had "repeatedly lied in order to gain and retain jobs and licences".
This included not fully disclosing the details of a blackout he suffered at the wheel of a stationary bus in April 2010 to his own doctors and in employment applications and medical assessments for later jobs at Glasgow City Council.
It found eight reasonable precautions that could have prevented the crash. All were related to his hidden medical past.
During evidence at the inquiry, which concluded in August 2015, it emerged that Mr Clarke had suffered an episode of neurocardiogenic syncope.
He passed out at the wheel while the bin lorry was on Queen Street in Glasgow city centre, just days before Christmas 2014.
Just 19 seconds later, the vehicle came to rest against the Millennium Hotel in George Square, leaving six people dead and 17 injured.
The other case related to students Mhairi Convy and Laura Stewart, who were knocked down and killed in a separate crash in Glasgow in 2010.
The two women, who were aged 18 and 20, were walking in the city's North Hanover Street when a Range Rover being driven by William Payne mounted the kerb and hit them after he blacked out at the wheel.
Rejecting the appeal for private prosecutions, Lord Justice Clerk Lady Dorrian, along with Lord Menzies and Lord Drummond Young, said the Crown Office had applied the correct test on the legal requirements of charges of dangerous driving.
Lady Dorrian said: "In our view the test of exceptionality would require to show that the lord advocate's decision not to prosecute had to be viewed in the circumstances as an egregious or outrageous failure in the exercise of his public duty in the circumstances.
"It is quite difficult to conceive of circumstances in which the court would pass a bill where the lord advocate had examined and investigated the circumstances of the case and concluded as a matter of informed judgment that the whole tenor and weight of the evidence did not justify prosecution."
Following the decision, Laura Stewart's aunt Cate Cairney said the legal system had "fatally let our girls down".
She said: "The judgment today hasn't surprised us at all - we have been expecting it to be a 'no' decision. Since Laura and Mhairi were brutally mown down by William Payne, we have found ourselves locked in a most brutal horror story.
"As average, normal families, we expected that justice would take care of itself, that the COPFS (Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service) would do their core job on behalf of the victims and the fight for the truth.
"Having never been exposed to any kind of criminal proceedings before, we were like lambs to the slaughter. Eyes filled with tears, broken-hearted and vulnerable to the machine that is the COPFS.
"As families who had to identify their daughters, seeing them as no people ever should, we trusted the process and we trusted the law. And this law has fatally let our girls down."
Mhairi's father Alan Convy said: "How many more innocent daughters, parents, brothers, sisters, nieces and nephews have to die before the Crown do the right thing and send out the right message to the public?
"If this ruling is the law, then the law is wrong in our eyes. It needs changed."


Prince Buaben has become Hearts' sixth summer signing after agreeing terms with the Tynecastle club.

The Ghanaian midfielder signed a one-year deal after impressing on trial.
Buaben left Carlisle in May and joins ex-Dundee United team-mate Morgaro Gomis and fellow new signings James Keatings, Soufian El Hassnaoui, Neil Alexander and Alim Ozturk.
"It's great that Prince has put pen to paper," head coach Robbie Neilson told the official Hearts website.
"He's been at training for the last two weeks and he's played a few games for us.
"He's looking good and he's a top player. He's played in the SPL for a long time and he's played in England at a very high level so I'm pleased to get him.
"He gives us a bit of strength in there. We've got some good options now in the middle of the field. He's a good character as well.
"He hadn't done a pre-season after he finished up last season so I just wanted to see where he was and he's a fit guy.
"If this is the condition he's in, having only trained for just over a week, then I'm looking forward to seeing what we can get out of him in two or three weeks time."
Buaben moved to Dundee United in 2007 and was part of the side that won the Scottish Cup in 2010.
He also had a short spell on loan last season at Partick Thistle.


Playwright Laura Wade has updated her 2010 sell-out play Posh to reflect the changing political climate for its West End transfer.

The story centres around a night of drunken debauchery by an elite Oxford dining society at a country gastropub.
"We really wanted to get our hands in again and bring it into absolutely now," said Wade, after the play's West End opening night on Wednesday.
The Royal Court production is at Duke of York's Theatre until 4 August.
Directed by Lyndsey Turner, the cast includes Leo Bill, Henry Lloyd-Hughes, Max Bennett and Harry Lister Smith.
Posh first opened at the Royal Court in 2010 in the run-up to the general election. It became one of the highest-grossing shows ever to play in the theatre.
Two years on, the script has undergone what Wade calls a "quite large rewrite" to reflect the new coalition government and the Greek economic crisis.
"Two years ago those characters were living under a Labour Government and now they're not, so they have different reasons to feel disenfranchised," she told the BBC.
"We wanted to add things that felt relevant to now but not those that were flash-in-the-pan - for example doing a 'pasty-gate' joke would have felt a bit cheap."
Critics have drawn parallels between Posh's Riot Club and the real-life Bullingdon Club (past members include David Cameron, George Osborne and Boris Johnson). But Wade is keen to point out that her characters are purely fictional.
She is currently working on adapting Posh into a feature film, with several drafts already completed.
A graduate of the Royal Court Young Writers Programme, Wade's first play for the Royal Court in 2005, Breathing Corpses, won her the Critics' Circle theatre award for most promising playwright.
So how posh does the Bristol university graduate consider herself?
"I'm not posh at all. I grew up in Sheffield but never managed to pick up the accent - which was careless because there'd be some cache now in being a northern playwright, but I missed out on that one.
"I think the interesting thing about the word 'posh' is that it is so relative, it's quite a provocative title because people have strong feelings about that word."


Five teenagers have been charged with terror offences after their arrest in London, the Metropolitan Police said.

The five males, aged between 15 and 19, were arrested on Monday after a "proactive" operation by the Met's counter-terrorism unit.
Ahmedeltigani Alsyed, 19, from Hounslow, is the only suspect who can be legally named. The others are aged 15, one is 16, while two are 17.
They are due to appear at Westminster Magistrates' Court on 25 February.
Four of the five are charged with preparation of terrorist acts, illegal under the 2006 Terrorism Act. The charges are:


Reading, who need a point to seal a Championship play-off place, are again without injured defenders Paul McShane, Tiago Illori and Joey van den Berg.

Corner,  Wigan Athletic. Conceded by Yann Kermorgant.
Corner,  Wigan Athletic. Conceded by Liam Moore.
Attempt missed. Nick Powell (Wigan Athletic) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high. Assisted by Dan Burn.
Corner,  Wigan Athletic. Conceded by Ali Al Habsi.
Attempt missed. Nick Powell (Wigan Athletic) right footed shot from the left side of the box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Dan Burn.
Attempt missed. George Evans (Reading) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right.
Attempt blocked. Yann Kermorgant (Reading) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Roy Beerens.
Foul by Roy Beerens (Reading).
Jamie Hanson (Wigan Athletic) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Attempt missed. Michael Jacobs (Wigan Athletic) right footed shot from the right side of the box is too high. Assisted by Ryan Tunnicliffe.
Substitution, Wigan Athletic. Max Power replaces Shaun MacDonald because of an injury.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
George Evans (Reading) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Delay in match Shaun MacDonald (Wigan Athletic) because of an injury.
Foul by George Evans (Reading).
Shaun MacDonald (Wigan Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Dan Burn (Wigan Athletic) left footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left following a set piece situation.
Foul by Tyler Blackett (Reading).
Nick Powell (Wigan Athletic) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Roy Beerens (Reading) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Jamie Hanson (Wigan Athletic).
Attempt saved. Michael Jacobs (Wigan Athletic) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Nick Powell.
Attempt blocked. Michael Jacobs (Wigan Athletic) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Stephen Warnock.
Attempt blocked. David Perkins (Wigan Athletic) left footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Shaun MacDonald.
Goal!  Reading 1, Wigan Athletic 0. Yann Kermorgant (Reading) header from the centre of the box to the high centre of the goal. Assisted by Garath McCleary with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Reading. Conceded by Dan Burn.
Attempt blocked. Garath McCleary (Reading) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Liam Kelly.
Attempt blocked. Roy Beerens (Reading) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Attempt saved. Garath McCleary (Reading) right footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the top right corner. Assisted by Jordan Obita with a cross.
Liam Moore (Reading) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Nick Powell (Wigan Athletic).
Offside, Reading. George Evans tries a through ball, but Yann Kermorgant is caught offside.
First Half begins.
Lineups are announced and players are warming up.
Callum Harriott (hamstring) will not play again this season after surgery.
Wigan must win to keep their slim hopes of avoiding relegation alive as they are six points from safety with two games remaining.
Jake Buxton (toe) is not fit enough to return, but striker Omar Bogle could be available for the Latics.
Reading manager Jaap Stam told BBC Radio Berkshire:
"Wigan need to win their last two games so we can expect them to be very motivated to get a result and to work very hard to make it very difficult for us.
"They'll be doing everything in their power to get a result, so we can expect a very tough game.
"The season has gone very quick with all the games we've had, so it's always nice to play at home and if we get a result, we know we'll be in the top six.
"You try to stay calm at this stage of the campaign and we need to trust ourselves that we can do what we need to do before the end of the season."
Media playback is not supported on this device
Ex-Reading captain and BBC Radio Berkshire's Ady Williams:
"Home form has been so impressive for Reading this season, just two defeats, so you would expect them to beat a side 23rd in the Championship table and destined for League One.
"The game at The DW Stadium at the beginning of November ended in a 3-0 away win, Gareth McLeary and Yann Kermorgant inflicting the damage.
"The stat that may concern Jaap Stam, Wigan have won their past three league visits to the Madejski Stadium, conceding just one goal."
BBC Radio Manchester's Paul Rowley:
"It looks a near impossible task for Wigan to survive in the Championship despite their history of Great Escapes in their Premier League days.
"But Graham Barrow's side can scrape home on goal difference if they win their last two games (against play-off chasing Reading and Leeds United), Birmingham City lose their last two, while Blackburn Rovers have to fail to win either of their last two.
"On the plus side, the 'Tics have won their last three games at the Madejski, and super sub Nick Powell has scored five goals in the last four matches after coming off the bench late on."


Charlton defender Jason Pearce will be out for three months after having an operation on a torn groin muscle.

The 29-year-old centre-back was forced off in the early stages of Saturday's 0-0 draw at Bradford.
Former Bournemouth, Portsmouth and Leeds man Pearce has featured 18 times for the Addicks after joining from Wigan in the summer.
"The time span is 12 to 15 weeks, which is a big disappointment for us." boss Karl Robinson told BBC Radio Kent.
"It's difficult one for him and me as a manager."


David Bowie's final album, Blackstar, has been shortlisted for the 25th annual Mercury Prize.

It faces competition from two grime albums - Kano's Made In The Manor and Skepta's Konnichiwa.
The records, which address everything from police harassment to broken families, both reflect an emerging maturity in the genre.
Radiohead receive a record fifth nomination for their stirring, emotional album A Moon Shaped Pool.
The band, who are currently on tour in the US, have yet to win the album of the year award.
Other artists nominated for the £25,000 prize include Laura Mvula, The 1975 and Michael Kiwanuka.
The full list of nominees is:
Read more about the nominees
Blackstar, which contains the line: "Look up here, I'm in heaven," on the track Lazarus, has been called Bowie's "parting gift".
Released just two days before his death from cancer, it went to number one on both sides of the Atlantic.
There is also a nomination for former Mercury Prize-winner Antony and the Johnsons, who now goes under the name Anohni.
Her album, Hopelessness, is a lacerating look at the modern world that rages against President Obama, drone warfare and ecological disaster.
The shortlist was chosen by a panel of judges that includes former winner Jarvis Cocker, Radio 1's Annie Mac, pop producer Naughty Boy and singer Jessie Ware.
Notable omissions include Adele's 25 and Coldplay's A Head Full Of Dreams, which were the two biggest-selling albums released during the eligibility period: 26 September 2015 to 29 July 2016.
PJ Harvey, the only artist to win the prize twice, also misses out on a nomination for her latest album, The Hope Six Demolition Project.
The shortlist will be whittled down to six albums on the night of the awards, with one of those finalists selected by a public vote.
Presented by Lauren Laverne, the ceremony will be broadcast live on BBC Four and 6 Music on 15 September.
After last year's low-key event, the award will be handed out at a gala concert in London's Eventim Apollo, after Hyundai stepped in as a headline sponsor.
After the row over diversity at this year's Brits, the Mercury list does its best to redress the balance, with an all-female rock band, two grime MCs, a music icon and a transgender torch singer.
Many of the nominated albums are unswervingly political. Anohni accuses President Obama of "executing without trial", while Skepta delivers a powerful message to the establishment: "We don't listen to no politician".
All of the records feel vital and innovative - yet it's the most commercial list in years, with all but one of the nominees having entered the UK album chart, four of them at number one.
That's thanks to a new panel of judges which puts an emphasis on musicians - including Jarvis Cocker and Naughty Boy - over rock critics and industry "suits".
They've even taken the brave decision to omit Adele's all-conquering 25. Not that she'll mind: The £25,000 prize is only just enough to buy one of her concert tickets on the secondary market.
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