Victims and witnesses should be warned of likely questioning in court of their sexual history or bad character, the director of public prosecutions says.

They would be informed about the nature of the defence's case and given details about court procedures, if proposed guidance for prosecutors is accepted.
Alison Saunders said alleged victims of crime in England and Wales should not be "ambushed" in the witness box.
Prosecutors should test evidence, not put witnesses "on trial", she said.
As part of the proposed guidance witnesses would be told if third party material that could undermine the prosecution case had been disclosed to the defence.
Witnesses should be encouraged to ask the advocate or judge to repeat or rephrase questions and should be reminded they can ask to see their witness statement, the plans propose.
Ms Saunders - the most senior criminal prosecutor in England and Wales - has proposed the changes, saying that asking someone to come to court "without any idea of what they face in the witness box does not seem fair to me".
"To stand up in a formal setting and to be asked sometimes difficult and personal questions in front of a court full of strangers is a very big ask," she added.
She said cross examination of witnesses was "a vital part" of the court process, but courts could be made to be "fairer for victims and witnesses, while maintaining the vital balance which ensures fair trials for those in the dock".
"I am convinced that we owe it to those who are willing to come to court to help them as much as we can," she added.
But Tony Cross QC, chair of the Criminal Bar Association, told the Today programme on BBC Radio 4 he is "deeply" concerned about the proposal.
"The Court of Appeal has clearly set out that training or coaching for witnesses in criminal proceedings - this applies to prosecution and defence witnesses - is simply not permitted," he said.
"Our system of justice involves the confrontation - if I can put it that way - between the prosecution and defence as to what the witness is about to say, which should happen in the presence of the jury, not in a private room which the jury is not party to."
Last year, former director of public prosecutions Keir Starmer said victims of violent crime faced an "unacceptable ordeal in the courtroom".
It also follows a series of cases in which witnesses have complained they have been subjected to hostile cross-examination about personal matters.
Celebrity cook Nigella Lawson described her experience as a witness in the trial of her ex-husband Charles Saatchi's personal assistants as "mortifying".
The proposed guidance will be put out for consultation for eight weeks.
Victims' Commissioner Baroness Newlove, whose husband Garry was killed in August 2007 after he confronted a group outside his house, said most victims and witnesses do not know what to expect in court "until it is too late".
"They are thrown into a highly intimidating situation through no fault of their own and then left with little or no explanation to help them through it," she said.
Attorney General Jeremy Wright said giving evidence can be a "daunting" process.
"This guidance will help witnesses understand what they can expect when they are in court and also explain the process for what happens next," he said.


An Australian state has banned sexist and offensive slogans on campervans and other vehicles following a high-profile campaign.

It follows complaints about "degrading slogans and imagery" on hire vehicles primarily aimed at young backpackers.
Queensland passed the laws on Tuesday night, meaning vehicles can be deregistered if owners do not remove slogans deemed to be offensive.
The complaints were chiefly directed at a company called Wicked Campers.
The government has criticised the company, which is based in Queensland, for using the adverse publicity to promote its business.
"Offensive advertising includes advertising that uses obscene language, that is degrading, that deals inappropriately with sex or violence or very importantly that discriminates against or vilifies any section of the community," said Minister for Main Roads Mark Bailey.
The opposition's anti-domestic violence spokeswoman, Ros Bates, said she was appalled by the slogans.
"[The slogans] include 'it's easier to apologise than ask for permission', and 'I can already imagine the gaffer tape on your mouth'... and for any member of our society these slogans are sickening and perverse," Ms Bates said.
"These vans promote rape, encourage sexism and incite violence and control."
The new powers can be enforced if slogans are not removed within 14 days of a complaint being upheld by the nation's Advertising Standards Bureau.
The change comes after more than 125,000 people signed a petition calling for Wicked Campers to take down its slogans.
"I just feel like it's wallpapering our lives, this idea, this obsession with sex, and creating a sex-obsessed male and a victim female, a hyper-sexualised 'asking for it' female," Paula Orbea told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation after starting the petition in 2014.
Mr Bailey said he hoped other Australian states would pass similar laws to ban sexist and offensive adverts.
Ms Bates said she was concerned Wicked Campers would simply relocate interstate.
The BBC has contacted Wicked Campers for comment.


Monaco missed the chance to go six points clear at the top of Ligue 1 after being held by Bastia.

The Corsican side took the lead when Guinean Sadio Diallo beat goalkeeper Danijel Subasic from close range.
But Portugal midfielder Bernardo Silva pulled the league leaders level early in the second half when he headed in an Almamy Toure cross.
Champions Paris St-Germain would move to within a point of the summit should they beat Toulouse on Sunday.
Monaco travel to face Manchester City in their Champions League last-16 first-leg game on Tuesday.
Match ends, Bastia 1, Monaco 1.
Second Half ends, Bastia 1, Monaco 1.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Jean-Louis Leca (Bastia) because of an injury.
Foul by Benjamin Mendy (Monaco).
Jean-Louis Leca (Bastia) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Fabinho (Monaco) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Lenny Nangis (Bastia).
Attempt missed. Thomas Lemar (Monaco) left footed shot from very close range is high and wide to the right. Assisted by Bernardo Silva with a cross.
Lenny Nangis (Bastia) is shown the yellow card.
Attempt missed. Florian Marange (Bastia) header from the centre of the box is too high. Assisted by Axel Ngando with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Bastia. Conceded by Benjamin Mendy.
Attempt missed. Jemerson (Monaco) header from the centre of the box misses to the right. Assisted by Thomas Lemar with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Monaco. Conceded by Jean-Louis Leca.
Attempt saved. Kylian Mbappe (Monaco) right footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the bottom left corner. Assisted by Bernardo Silva.
Foul by Bernardo Silva (Monaco).
Lassana Coulibaly (Bastia) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Kylian Mbappe (Monaco) left footed shot from the centre of the box is high and wide to the left. Assisted by Benjamin Mendy.
Bernardo Silva (Monaco) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Lenny Nangis (Bastia).
Substitution, Bastia. Lenny Nangis replaces Gaël Danic.
Attempt missed. Falcao (Monaco) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high. Assisted by Nabil Dirar with a cross.
Substitution, Monaco. Nabil Dirar replaces Almamy Touré.
Attempt missed. Jemerson (Monaco) header from the centre of the box is high and wide to the left. Assisted by Thomas Lemar with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Monaco. Conceded by Florian Marange.
Corner,  Monaco. Conceded by Alexander Djiku.
Attempt missed. João Moutinho (Monaco) right footed shot from outside the box is too high following a corner.
Corner,  Monaco. Conceded by Abdelhamid El Kaoutari.
Foul by Thomas Lemar (Monaco).
Prince Oniangué (Bastia) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Almamy Touré (Monaco) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Gaël Danic (Bastia).
Substitution, Bastia. Axel Ngando replaces Sadio Diallo.
Substitution, Monaco. Kylian Mbappe replaces Valère Germain.
Foul by Fabinho (Monaco).
Sadio Diallo (Bastia) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Valère Germain (Monaco) header from the left side of the box is too high. Assisted by Benjamin Mendy with a cross.
Corner,  Monaco. Conceded by Alexander Djiku.
Attempt blocked. Bernardo Silva (Monaco) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Bernardo Silva (Monaco) wins a free kick on the right wing.


An attack took place in the French city of Nice at their National Day Celebrations.

It happened on the famous Promenade des Anglais after a firework display.
A lorry drove through a crowd of people who were celebrating.
At least 84 people have died.
The group who call themselves  Islamic State have said that the attack was carried out by one of their followers.
If you're upset by anything in the news take a look at the advice here.
The driver of the lorry was killed by police.
The French police have stepped up their security and are investigating the attack.
Emergency services were quickly on the scene and are doing all they can to help those who have been affected.
French officials have called the attack "an act of terror."
French President Francois Hollande said "France is badly hit," adding that, "we need to do everything we can to fight against" such attacks.
No group has claimed responsibility for the attack so far.
A state of emergency had been in place after last November's attacks in Paris where 130 people died.
President Hollande has extended a state of emergency across France by three months because of this attack.
In January 2015, people working at the Charlie Hebdo magazine were targeted, as well as people in a Jewish supermarket.
Then in November, there were a number of attacks across France's capital city Paris.
The extremist group that calls itself Islamic State - or IS - said they had carried out those attacks but it's not yet known who's behind what happened in Nice.
Islamic State have an extreme view of the religion of Islam which means they believe that democracies like France are their enemy.
The French military has bombed Islamic State in its bases in Iraq and Syria, and IS has said that the terror attacks in France are its revenge.
Attacks like this are always shocking but it's important to remember that events like this are extremely rare.


A traditional African quilt has been made by women in Bristol to raise money for the British Red Cross and highlight its work with refugees in the city.

A call for sewing volunteers was put out by the Afrika Eye Festival who said the response had been "overwhelming", with "yards of African fabric" donated.
The Red Cross said it would help fund its work with Bristol's "vulnerable" refugees and asylum seekers.
The quilt is on show at the Watershed and will be auctioned on Sunday.
The quilting project was supervised by artist Gaie Delap and took about three months.
The design is based on a traditional African method of weaving narrow strips of cloth, which are then sewn together in a "harmonious pattern".
Ms Delap said quilts were "emblematic of resistance and conflict" and had a "strong history of women working together and being made in times of trouble and strife".
The quilt is on display at the Watershed from Friday to Sunday. Anyone interested in bidding for it has until 16:00 GMT on Sunday.


Exceptional school leaders in England are to be recognised with a personal letter from Ofsted's chief inspector as part of new inspection arrangements.

Heads and principals who have played a key role in turning around a school or college will get the letters, with a copy going to the education secretary.
Sir Michael Wilshaw set out the plan as he confirmed a switch to more frequent, but shorter Ofsted inspections.
Heads said the changes could make inspections fairer and more effective.
The plans are designed to encourage school leaders who put their careers on the line to tackle troubled schools.
In a speech in London, Sir Michael said: "Those leaders who are taking risks, putting themselves out and disseminating good practice beyond their own institution need to be celebrated as exceptional reformers."
On the move to shorten inspections, Sir Michael said it would "reduce the burden of inspection without losing the rigour which parents and the public rightly expect of Ofsted".
The new inspections will last a single day, rather than two days as at present, and be led by two senior inspectors or HMIs.
"Make no mistake, this a very different inspection model to what has gone before," Sir Michael said.
"The starting assumption of HMIs will be that the school or college is good. This should engender an atmosphere in which honest, challenging, professional dialogue can take place."
The changes are due to come into force in September along with changes to the way Ofsted inspectors are hired and managed.
More Ofsted inspectors will be drawn from staff in good and outstanding schools and colleges, for example.
Brian Lightman, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, said: "While we welcomed Ofsted's plan to carry out short inspections of 'good' schools rather than full inspections, we felt that schools likely to be downgraded, or upgraded, should immediately have the required full inspection rather than being kept in limbo. We are reassured that our advice has been acted upon.
"We are also pleased that the emphasis in Ofsted's revised school inspection handbook will be on assessing schools on the outcomes they achieve for students, particularly in terms of the progress made at school.
"We believe it is right that the inspection system should focus on outcomes, rather than telling schools how to teach. This is a step in the right direction."


At least six people have been killed in clashes between Islamist protesters and police in Egypt's capital Cairo.

The violence broke out during demonstrations in support of ousted President Mohammed Morsi and the banned Muslim Brotherhood after prayers at the end of the holy month of Ramadan.
The authorities blamed unknown assailants for firing on the march.
But the Muslim Brotherhood said the deaths occurred when the police broke up the protest.
Supporters of the Brotherhood have faced a crackdown since mid-2013, with thousands jailed and hundreds, including Morsi, sentenced to death.
Demonstrations have dwindled under a law that requires a police permit.
But there were street rallies on Friday following morning prayers for Eid al-Fitr, which marks the end of the fasting month.
They followed a Brotherhood call for protests, saying "your Eid is your revolution", says the BBC's Claire Read in Cairo.
On Thursday night, Morsi released a message from his jail cell calling on his supporters to "save Egypt from the oppressive military officials".
Friday's clashes happened in Talbiya district, near the Giza pyramids, and Nahya, near Cairo.
Police also made 20 arrests in Egypt's second city, Alexandria, state news agency Mena reported.
The Muslim Brotherhood was banned for decades until the 2011 overthrow of Hosni Mubarak.
Their candidate Morsi won elections in 2012, but he lasted only a year in power before he was toppled by the military following popular protests.


A fresh wave of bombs has killed more than 40 people across Iraq - mostly targeting Shia areas - officials say.

The deadliest was in the city of Hilla, south of the capital Baghdad, where two car bombs at a market killed at least 15 civilians.
Other bombs hit Baghdad itself as well as Basra, Nasiriya and Karbala in the south of the country.
Sectarian violence has surged across Iraq in recent months, reaching its highest level since 2008.
More than 5,000 people have been killed so far this year in Iraq, 800 of them in August alone, according to the United Nations.
In Hilla, about 95km (60 miles) south of Baghdad, two parked car bombs exploded simultaneously near a busy market, police said.
Abu Ahmed, who runs a grocery store, told Reuters news agency that he had stepped out of his shop when the two explosions occurred.
"I ran to check on my son who was covering for me in my shop and found him covered with blood among many other bodies. There is no trace left of my shop," he said.
Some of the other attacks included:
On Saturday, more than 20 people died when a suicide bomber targeted the funeral of a member of the Shabak people near Mosul, the capital of Nineveh province. The Shabak - about 50,000 people who largely follow a faith considered an offshoot of Shia Islam - are frequently targeted in attacks by Sunni militants.
And on Friday, at least 30 people died in a bomb attack on a Sunni mosque in the central city of Baquba.
In recent weeks, Iraqi security forces have reportedly arrested hundreds of alleged al-Qaeda members in and around Baghdad as part of a campaign the Shia-led government is calling "Revenge for the martyrs".
But the operations, which have taken place mostly in Sunni districts, have angered the Sunni community and failed to halt the violence.
The country has also seen a spillover of violence from the conflict in Syria, which has taken on increasingly sectarian overtones.


Merseyside Police has apologised over an "inappropriate" tweet about rape made from its official Twitter account.

The force has launched an investigation after a reply was sent to a tweet alluding to Everton's 6-2 win over Sunderland earlier.
Its message read: "Just confirm there was no actual rape. Sunderland certainly got caught with their pants down."
The tweet has since been deleted and the force has posted an apology.
Merseyside Police had been responding to a tweet sent to its account which said: "Hello. I'd like to report an incident of rape that occurred at Goodison Park, Liverpool, on November 1st at 3:00."
A short time after, another Twitter user contacted the police account and wrote: "I'd like to report an incident that's been going on for ages. Chelsea get raped every week, can you help?"
It responded: "Afraid not, it's not a criminal offence to lose week in, week out."
The tweets were deleted after two hours but screen grabs of the exchanges were retweeted multiple times, provoking an angry reaction from many.
One twitter user, @Chiller, contacted the force saying: "This is exactly what women don't need from their police force."
Another, Kelly O'Donnell wrote: "So @MerseyPolice have deleted their tweets. Unfortunately for them, I have screen shots. Is rape a joke to you?"
In a series of Twitter posts, Merseyside Police offered an apology.
"We would like to apologise for any offence caused by inappropriate tweets from the force account this afternoon," it said.
"They do not reflect the strenuous efforts made by Merseyside Police to investigate serious sexual crimes and protect victims.
A full investigation has been launched into the "inappropriate use" of the official police Twitter account.


East Fife stunned runaway leaders Livingston with a 2-1 victory in Scottish League One.

That was not the only surprise of the day in the division, with Stranraer securing only their sixth win of the campaign with a 1-0 victory away to Queen's Park to climb off the bottom.
Elsewhere, Alloa Athletic secured a thrilling 4-2 win over Stenhousemuir, who drop to the foot of the table.
That means only three points separate the bottom four now.
Liam Buchanan gave Livingston an early lead at Bayview, but substitute Jamie Insall equalised with a quarter of an hour remaining.
Scott Robinson grabbed the winner three minutes later.
At Hampden, Willie Gibson scored the only goal of the game for Stranraer, who now rise to eighth, with a 20-yard effort on the hour mark to defeat the Spiders.
Alan Cook put Stenhousemuir ahead after nine minutes against Alloa, but Kevin Cawley, Greig Spence and Jordan Kirkpatrick turned the contest on its head before half-time.
Kirkpatrick completed his brace after the interval, with Oli Shaw netting a late consolation for the home side.


A South African girl has been taken off a plane in Cape Town on suspicion of planning to join Islamic State (IS) militants, a minister has said.

Her relatives contacted authorities after she disappeared from her parent's home on Sunday, the minister added.
In February, local media reported that a South African had joined IS in Syria, and was trying to recruit other South Africans via social media.
It was the first reported case of a South African joining the group.
The 15-year-old had been taken off a British Airways flight, and had been "returned safely to her parents who are very happy" that her attempt to join IS had been thwarted, State Security Minister David Mahlobo told South Africa's privately owned eNCA news channel.
Social workers would help her overcome the "damage" caused to her by IS propaganda, he added.
"The girl over the past period has been actually using technology, the social platforms, interacting with strange people and reading some material that suggested that she is actually getting an interest to join the terror group," Mr Mahlobo said.
US officials believe that more than 20,000 people from more than 100 countries have gone to Syria and Iraq, where IS has declared a caliphate.
British officials have said that this includes at least 600 people from the UK.
IS has established a presence in Africa, with militant groups in Nigeria and Libya pledging allegiance to it and carrying out bombing campaigns in its name.
In February, South Africa's Daily Maverick newspaper reported that a South African, who called himself Abu Hurayra al-Afriki [The African], had travelled to Syria to join IS.
He had set up now-suspended Tumblr and Twitter accounts to advise would-be jihadists on how to do the same.


Sunderland manager David Moyes says he was being "realistic" when he told the club's fans to prepare for another relegation battle.

The Black Cats have struggled for top-flight survival during the past four seasons and have lost their opening two Premier League games.
"There have been managers come and gone and everything has been very close to the bottom every season," said Moyes.
"I've said I want to change that but I can't do that overnight."
Moyes took over from Sam Allardyce at the end of July and has had limited time to strengthen his squad.
They lost 2-1 at Manchester City on the opening day of the season and were beaten by the same scoreline at home to Middlesbrough on Sunday.
The former Preston, Everton, Manchester United and Real Sociedad boss says he would "like to get a few" more players in but has "got a lot of work to do with the players".
Media playback is not supported on this device
"I've told people that it was always going to be difficult," added the Scot, whose side play Shrewsbury in the EFL Cup on Wednesday (19:45 BST).
"I think I said when we came we were always going to build. I've come in late on, it's never going to be easy.
"I hope I was being realistic. There was no point in me telling people untruths - I wouldn't do that. Do we want to be there? No."
The Black Cats' past four seasons have seen them finish 17th, 14th, 16th and 17th - often staying up thanks to late rallies. The 2010-11 campaign was the last time they did not change managers during the season.
Moyes added: "The fact of the matter is we need to make improvements. We need to get more players in, we need to add to the squad."
Meanwhile, Sunderland keeper Vito Mannone has been taken to hospital after injuring his arm in training.
The 28-year-old Italian, who has played in both of Sunderland's game so far this season, suffered the problem during training.


Being in the EU makes it harder for the UK to stop serious criminals and those with suspected terror links entering the country, a UK minister is to say.

Dominic Raab, who backs EU exit, will say EU nationals whose activities are of concern but about whom there is no clear intelligence have a "free pass" into the UK due to free movement rules.
Debate on security within the EU has intensified since the Brussels attacks.
Pro-EU campaigners say the UK will lose access to key information by leaving.
Is the UK safer in or out of the EU?
Prime Minister David Cameron has insisted co-operation among 28 states makes the UK safer while former security service officials have expressed contrasting views about the importance of EU membership with regard to intelligence sharing arrangements with the US and other allies.
Mr Raab's intervention, in a speech in London, marks a continued focus by Leave campaigners on the issue of security and what they argue are the risks of EU membership
On Tuesday, those calling for an Out vote in the 23 June referendum released a list of 50 foreign criminals they say have been allowed into the UK because of freedom of movement rules giving EU nationals visa-free entry.
Mr Raab, who is a junior minister at the Ministry of Justice, will argue that the sheer number of people who can legally come to the UK from the EU make it "exponentially harder" for those presenting a "credible and current danger" to be monitored and stopped.
Although the UK is not a member of the Schengen borderless travel zone and carries out passport checks, Mr Raab will say the current system reduces the capacity for effective surveillance and leaves the UK effectively "importing risk".
"We cannot refuse entry to EU citizens producing an EU passport, even though we have no control over the checks made by the country of issue, which we can charitably say are of mixed reliability," he will say.
"Crucially, for UK intelligence agencies, we cannot bar individuals on whom we have sketchy intelligence but reason to believe may be linked to terrorist related or other serious criminal activity. Or who may have done something which gives rise to questions, such as visiting Syria, without a clear or credible reason.
"In most countries outside the EU, you can bet that individuals flagged in this way would not waltz through passport control without these doubts or question marks being answered or assuaged...
"EU rules set the bar for taking meaningful action impossibly high, which means we effectively have to give a free pass into Britain to those coming from the EU."
UKIP leader Nigel Farage caused controversy in the immediate aftermath of the Brussels attacks by claiming the city had become the "jihadi capital of Europe" and EU border rules led to "the free movement of terrorists, of criminal gangs and of Kalashnikovs".
Mr Raab will stop short of saying this, arguing it is "too early" to tell to what extent Schengen rules helped those behind the attacks, but he will insist "regaining control over our borders would be a valuable defensive tool in protecting Britain from future terrorist attacks".
Britain Stronger in Europe, the cross-party group campaigning to stay in the EU, said six former home secretaries backed continued EU membership as did the "weight of opinion in the UK and within the international intelligence community".
"Using the European Arrest Warrant, we can deport suspected criminals who do get in, and bring those who would do us harm back to the country to face justice," said its director Will Straw.
"And by sharing intelligence and pooling resources with our nearest neighbours we can take the fight to terrorists, stopping them before they even reach our shores."
Meanwhile Mr Cameron, who will return to the EU campaign trail next week after the Easter recess, has been warned that he will only win the referendum by putting forward a "positive and inclusive" vision of the benefits of the EU membership.
A group of peers has said the PM must focus on articulating the shared values that different European countries have in common.
The House of Lords EU committee said relying on "narrow national economic self-interest, alongside fear of the alternatives" would not be enough to ensure an In vote in three months time.
"It needs to try and capture the spirit we saw in Wembley last year when England football fans sang the Marseillaise after the attacks in Paris," said Lord Boswell, the former Tory MP who chairs the committee.


The head of Labour's Welsh campaign to stay in the EU, Lord Hain, has called two prominent leave campaigners shameless for supporting some freedom of movement between the UK and the EU.

Monmouth MP David Davies has backed the idea provided "benefits and council houses" are stopped for EU migrants.
Welsh Tory leader Andrew RT Davies has also said free movement would be acceptable with  an overall cap.
Lord Hain said it showed that Brexit campaigners "sold Leave voters a pup".
"They were not straight with them. Every person I bumped into on the street believed that Vote Leave would reduce or stop immigration, and Leave campaigners encouraged that belief. It was central to their success," he said.
"This is frankly shameless and shameful to renege on the promises that were made."
Earlier David Davies said the concept of a system continuing "some sort of freedom of movement" between the UK and the EU was "probably right" if "benefits and council houses" were stopped for EU migrants after Brexit
The Vote Leave campaign had called for voters to "take back control" of borders, backing an "Australian-style" points-based immigration system.
A majority of Welsh voters - as across the UK - backed Brexit in June's referendum, with much of the debate focused on immigration and the EU's system of freedom of movement.
Currently, EU citizens are able to live and work across the 28-member bloc.
Since Leave's success in the poll the nature of the UK's future relationship with the European Union after Brexit, and how immigration would work with remaining EU states, has been subject to debate.
"We can't do anything about immigration from within the EU until we leave," the Conservative MP told the BBC's Good Morning Wales radio programme on Thursday.
"Even then I think we are probably going to ensure some sort of freedom of movement for countries already in the EU, and I think that's probably right actually.
But he added: "I do think we should stop providing benefits and council houses to people who are in the EU.
"I think anyone who comes over here should be expected to work, and it should be clear that they have a responsibility to find that work themselves.
"I think it's wrong we give people from other EU countries the same rights to benefits as someone born and brought up in Britain."
During the referendum campaign David Davies took part in a BBC Wales debate where he said he was fed up of criticism for raising the issue of immigration.
He claimed that because of EU membership, there was "uncontrolled migration of mainly young men" who were coming to the UK "from a variety of countries looking for a better way of life".


Graeme McDowell carded a two-under par round of 69 at the opening round of the weather-interrupted Genesis Open.

The Portrush golfer, starting on the back nine on the Californian course, birdied the par-five 17th and hit more two birdies on the front nine.
He also bogeyed the par-three seventh and is tied for 30th place, five shots behind American leader Sam Saunders.
Padraig Harrington is tied for seventh place on four under alongside Phil Mickelson.
Shane Lowry will struggle to make the weekend cut, having shot three over through 16 holes on a fog-delayed first round.
Dustin Johnson's bid to overtake Jason Day as world number one continued with a first-round five-under-par 66.


Officials have now confirmed dozens of deaths in snowstorms that have struck a popular Nepalese trekking route.As emergency teams continued their search experts told the BBC how hikers could stay as safe as possible if disaster strikes.

Dawa Steven knows all too well how quickly disaster can strike in the Himalayas.
As a Nepalese Sherpa, he has climbed widely in the surrounding peaks and said the weather can change in an instant.
The 30-year-old recalls the time two years ago when he and nine companions ran into trouble while climbing on the Tashi Labsta pass near Mount Everest.
"There was a sudden change in weather and a tremendous windstorm," he said. "It was horrendously difficult and very, very dangerous. Hands down, that was one of my toughest days."
In the latest storms, many people appear to have perished after being caught out on open mountainsides. Others were buried by avalanches.
The deadly weather was highly unusual, whipping through Nepal on the tail-end of Cyclone Hudhud.
Yet Mr Steven, who runs a trekking company in Kathmandu, said there were still life-saving tips which climbers could use to mitigate the risk of catastrophe.
The one thing to remember was shelter, he said, even if it were a yak shed or tea hut.
"If there is no shelter, find a cave or a large rock somewhere," he said. "Just any sort of shelter from the elements.
"Then band up with other people. As it gets colder you can rely on each other's body warmth."
If a hiker is caught without any kind of sanctuary during a storm, he added, then he or she had almost "reached the point of no return".
Tuesday's tragedy occurred on the Annapurna Circuit - one of the most well-trodden trekking routes in the world.
Although frequented by seasoned climbers and mountaineers, it is also popular with less experienced hikers.
Given the severity of the unexpected snowstorms, some of those caught out would not have had been fully prepared.
Simon Lowe, an experienced mountaineer who has climbed widely in Nepal, said: "You just would not expect that weather at this time of year.
"There would have been a reasonable expectation that they could have gone out in good weather and it would have stayed like that."
Like Mr Steven, Mr Lowe said that the most important thing for any hiker to do in such a situation is find shelter - even if it means trying to create a snow cave.
How to avoid an avalanche
Though there is no failsafe method, assessing avalanche risk is mostly a matter of topography, say experts.
Convex slopes and cornices are particularly hazardous, while smooth rock slabs beneath the snow are dangerous as they fail to provide anchorage.
The type of snowfall is also key - the stickier the snow, the less likely it is to sheer off the mountain. In addition, if the sun is shining the day after a heavy storm, then melt-water running beneath the surface could also increase the chances of movement.
For walkers, the odds of surviving an avalanche come down to the surrounding terrain. If it looks like the risks of collapsing snow are high and you are standing on the edge of a crevasse or in a gully, the prospects of survival may be slim.
Even if caught in the flow of an avalanche, experts say, all is not lost. Rolling like a log or even using a swimming motion can help, while covering the mouth with one hand can help create a breathing space when trapped.
But he added that technology was becoming increasingly influential.  Weather forecasts are readily available on mobile phones, he said, while his own company always sends groups to Nepal with satellite phones and GPS devices.
However he noted that in the worst storms, GPS technology often does not work.
Another problem is altitude sickness - something which Mr Lowe rates as the single biggest danger for hikers in the Himalayas.
According to Nikki Skinner from the UK-based Trek and Mountain magazine, a good way for walkers to mitigate the risk is to train at home before leaving on a big expedition.
"The best thing you can do is to replicate what you will be doing when you get there," she said. "You need to do cardiovascular fitness training, go for long walks, get used to long days on foot."
Ms Skinner also said there were various training programmes for trekkers, including rescue courses or "winter skills" programmes on how to spot avalanche threats or navigate during a blizzard.
Dawa Steven says that perhaps the most effective way for a trekker to escape catastrophe is to prepare adequately beforehand.
"It all starts before the trek itself," he said, saying that it was important for foreigners to use experience local guides and also inform their embassies of where they were going.
"These days Annapurna is popular with a lot of young people on a budget," he said. "They don't hire proper guides and don't go through proper trekking companies.
"Sometimes they are going into unknown territory and in 99% of cases that is fine.  But when something like this happens, they can get into big trouble."


Police in Spain say they have broken up a large immigration ring that smuggled Iranians as young as five into the UK.

The gang allegedly supplied fake Spanish passports to Iranian nationals so they could fly into the UK.
More than 100 people were arrested across Europe, including the suspected ringleader, who was apprehended at London's Heathrow airport.
The operation involved Spain's federal police, London's Metropolitan Police, and European crime agency Europol.
Europol said the group, operating from Malaga in the south of Spain, charged the migrants about €25,000 (£22,500) each for fake Spanish passports, travel documents, transfers and accommodation.
Spanish police said the criminal organisation was 15 people-strong, all of whom had been detained. All were arrested in Malaga, police said, except for the suspected ringleader at Heathrow - who was trying to flee to Brazil.
He was detained on a European arrest warrant.
Forty-two of the people detained were accused of selling their genuine Spanish documents to the criminal group - for anywhere between €300 and €5,000.
Dozens of Iranian nationals were also arrested at European airports, after being found carrying the forged passports.
During the raid in Malaga, police found records of seven Iranian migrants, including a five-year-old child.
They also seized dozens of real passports, computers, printers, more than 400 blank ID cards - as well as guns, cash, and "a high-end vehicle".
The year-long investigation began when several Iranians were found in Hamburg, Germany, with a mix of fake and genuine passports, and tickets from a travel agency based in Malaga. That discovery led police to the large-scale smuggling operation.
"The criminal group was perfectly structured," Europol said in a statement.
"Each member had a defined role, ranging from recruiting the irregular migrants in their country of origin, to facilitating the transfers, hosting them in safe houses in Spain, and supplying the travel documents."
Spain's Policia Nacional said: "With the dismantling of this criminal organization, the illicit trafficking of Iranian citizens to the EU and the United Kingdom has been considerably reduced."


Kenny Shiels' Derry City reign got off to a losing start as Finn Harps earned a deserved 2-1 victory in the League of Ireland Premier Division opener.

Debutant Jordan Allan first two first-half chances for Derry with Gareth McGlynn also going close before David Scully put Harps ahead on 45 minutes.
Former Derry player Ryan Curran strode through the Candystripes defence unhindered to double the lead on 75.
Rory Patterson replied in injury-time but it was too late for Derry.
Harps keeper Ciaran Gallagher endured a nervous moment deep into injury-time as he appeared to misjudge a cross into his box but he wasn't punished as the home outfit held on to earn their first win over Derry since 1998.
After appearing to start well, Derry lost their way badly in the contest as former Brandywell players Barry Molloy and Tony McNamee impressed in the Harps midfield.
McNamee introduction for Sean Houston midway through the first half meant that he was up against his brother Barry, who was in Derry colours.
Scottish player Allan missed a great Derry chance in the first minute as he headed a Gareth McGlynn cross wide.
As Derry made the brighter start, Harps defender Damien McNulty bravely blocked a McGlynn close-range effort before Allan header over in the 40th minute after Gallagher had flapped at a corner.
The key moment of the game came in first-half injury-time as Scully rose to head an Adam Hanlon free-kick past Gerard Doherty.
Play was decided scrappy in the third quarter on the heavy Finn Park pitch but Harps doubled the lead on 75 minutes as Curran, who moved to Harps during the close season, sprung woeful Derry attempts to play offside as he ran unchallenged to slot past Doherty.
Against the run of play, Patterson scored in the first minute of injury-time with Nathan Boyle also going close as Harps nerves were strained in the closing seconds.
But the Donegal club held on for the win they deserved on their first Premier Division game since 2008.


The former Archbishop of Westminster, Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, has died at the age of 85, the Roman Catholic Church says.

Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor, who died on Friday at 15:35 BST, had cancer.
He had been seriously ill in hospital since his health took a "defining turn" in August.
He became the 10th Archbishop of Westminster in March 2000 and therefore the leader of the Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales.
Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor retired from the role in 2009 and was the first archbishop to do so.
Born on 24 August 1932 in Reading, Berkshire, Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor was one of six children. Two of his brothers became priests while another played rugby for Ireland.
He was ordained priest in Rome in October 1956 and was made Cardinal in 2001 by Pope John Paul II.
The current Archbishop of Westminster, Cardinal Vincent Nichols, had led calls for prayers for the cardinal after he became ill last month.
In his last message, Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor wrote to Cardinal Nichols, saying: "I am at peace and have no fear of what is to come.
"I have received many blessings in my life, especially from my family and friends."
Speaking to the BBC News Channel, Cardinal Nichols said his lasting memory of him would be his "laughter and of his joy in life, music and sport and in company and in having a good chat".
"I'm sure heaven will be ringing with his laughter."
On the BBC's Desert Island Discs programme Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor admitted that while training for the priesthood at the English College he learned how to make a good Martini cocktail.
The Archbishop of Canterbury, the Most Reverend Justin Welby said in a statement that Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor's "humility, sense and holiness made him a church leader of immense impact".
"He was a great raconteur and story-teller, amusing, but always with a purpose. His words and his life drew people to God.
"His genial warmth, pastoral concern and genuine love for those in his care will be missed, but also celebrated with thanks. May he rest in peace and rise in glory."
Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor's time with the church did not pass without its controversy.
While he was the Bishop of Arundel and Brighton, it became known to him a priest in the diocese was abusing children.
After seeking advice, Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor moved Michael Hill to be a chaplain at Gatwick Airport, but Hill abused more children there and was sent to prison in 1997.
Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor later said the way he handled things was "shameful" and went on to set up a independent committee to review child protection practices in the Catholic Church in England and Wales.
Former Prime Minister Tony Blair, who converted to Catholicism in 2007 when he left office, paid his own tribute to the churchman credited with playing a role in his conversion.
He said the cardinal was a "wonderful advertisement" for Christianity and the Catholic Church.
"He led a life of commitment, dedication and compassion. But he also led a life of joy.
"He was a lovely person to be with and be around with a great sense of humour and the sharpest of wits. I found him always a source of wisdom and genuine friendship."


The UK's education system is ranked sixth best in the developed world, according to a global league table published by education firm Pearson.

The first and second places are taken by Finland and South Korea.
The rankings combine international test results and data such as graduation rates between 2006 and 2010.
Sir Michael Barber, Pearson's chief education adviser, says successful countries give teachers a high status and have a "culture" of education.
International comparisons in education have become increasingly significant - and this latest league table is based upon a series of global test results combined with measures of education systems, such as how many people go on to university.
This composite picture puts the UK in a stronger position than the influential Pisa tests from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) - which is also one of the tests included in this ranking.
The weightings for the rankings have been produced for Pearson by the Economist Intelligence Unit.
The two education superpowers - Finland and South Korea - are followed by three other high-performing Asian education systems - Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore.
The UK - which is considered as a single system, rather than four devolved administrations - is then ranked at the head of an above-average group including the Netherlands, New Zealand, Canada and Ireland.
These are ahead of a middle-ranking group including the United States, Germany and France.
At the lowest end are Mexico, Brazil and Indonesia.
These comparisons draw upon tests that are taken every three or four years, in areas such as maths, science and literacy - and so present a picture lagging by several years.
But the intention is to provide a more multi-dimensional view of educational achievement - and create a databank which will be updated, in a project that Pearson is calling the Learning Curve.
Looking at education systems that succeed, the study concludes that spending is important, but not as much as having a culture that is supportive of learning.
It says that spending is easier to measure, but the more complex impact of a society's attitude to education can make a big difference.
The success of Asian countries in these rankings reflects the high value attached to education and the expectations of parents. This can continue to be a factor when families migrate to other countries, says the report accompanying the rankings.
Looking at the two top countries - Finland and South Korea - the report says that there are many big differences, but the common factor is a shared social belief in the importance of education and its "underlying moral purpose".
The report also emphasises the importance of high-quality teachers and the need to find ways to recruit the best staff. This might be about status and professional respect as well as levels of pay.
The rankings show that there is no clear link between higher relative pay and higher performance.
And there are direct economic consequences of high and low performing education systems, the study says, particularly in a globalised, skill-based economy.
But there are less straightforward and conflicting messages about how schools are organised.
The ranking for levels of school choice shows that Finland and South Korea have among the lowest levels of school choice. But Singapore, another high performer, has the highest level. The UK is among the upper levels in terms of school choice.
Higher levels of school autonomy are a characteristic of many higher performing systems - headed by China, the Netherlands, the UK and Hong Kong (which is considered as a separate school system in such education rankings).
But Finland, the most successful system, has a relatively low level of school autonomy.
Sir Michael Barber, a former adviser to Tony Blair, said that the gathering of this information was the "start of something significant" - providing a practical resource for policy makers wanting to learn from other countries.
In terms of the UK's performance, he said it fitted into the view that education standards had risen at the end of the 1990s and into the early 2000s and had then levelled off.
Labour's education spokesman Stephen Twigg said the findings reflected the achievements of the previous government.
"This report shows that after 13 years of investment and reform with Labour, schools in the UK are amongst the best in the world."
And he said the findings did not provide evidence for the current government's support for free schools.
"This shows there is much more to school performance than structures," said Mr Twigg.
A Department for Education spokeswoman said:  "We are driving up standards right across the board by bringing the best graduates into teaching, developing a world-class curriculum, and restoring order to our classrooms.
"We are driving forward the academies and free schools programmes with more than half of secondary schools now enjoying academy status.
"We have introduced the EBacc so more pupils are encouraged to study the core academic subjects that universities and employers demand and we will be introducing a new, far more rigorous examination system."


Warwickshire's failure to reach the quarter-finals of the One-Day Cup is a result of their poor start, says director of cricket Dougie Brown.

The Bears took one point from their first three games and Wednesday's wash-out in their final group match against Kent ended their last-eight hopes.
"We can't think we're unfortunate, we started poorly," Brown told BBC Coventry and Warwickshire.
"The games that we lost, we lost very heavily, and that cost us."
Big early defeats by Nottinghamshire and Essex undermined the Bears' hopes of advancing, and Brown said the match schedule did not help.
"We had no time to prepare for the competition," he added, after taking his side through 14 days of cricket in a 26-day period across three competitions.
"We knew what the schedule was like but we went from a T20 game at Headingley, straight to Nottingham and then to Lord's.
"Flitting from one competition to another while you're on the road, and playing your first four One-Day Cup games away wasn't ideal."
Although out of the One-Day Cup, Warwickshire have a chance to defend their T20 Blast title at Finals Day on 29 August and are eyeing runners-up spot in the Division One of the County Championship.
England all-rounder Chris Woakes is set to miss Friday's match at Nottinghamshire with a hamstring strain as the Bears look to close the 12-point gap on second-placed Middlesex.


Former New York congressman Anthony Weiner has tearfully pleaded guilty to sending obscene material to a minor.

He must register as a sex offender and faces a possible prison term for exchanging explicit texts with a 15-year-old girl last year.
The 52-year-old's estranged wife, Huma Abedin, filed for divorce on Friday after seven years of marriage.
Weiner quit Congress in 2011 over a sex scandal and was again exposed in his 2013 run for New York mayor.
He was reportedly wearing his wedding band as he entered his plea on Friday morning at a Manhattan court.
Weiner was released on bail, pending sentencing on 8 September.
As part of his plea agreement, federal prosecutors said they would consider a term between 21-27 months "fair and appropriate".
Weiner cried in court as he said: "I have a sickness, but I don't have an excuse."
He acknowledged it was "morally wrong" and unlawful to have knowingly sent obscene messages between January and March last year to a North Carolina girl whom he knew to be 15 years old.
Weiner paused to compose himself as he read from a letter he prepared for his plea.
"Beginning with my service in Congress and continuing into the first half of last year," his statement said, "I have compulsively sought attention from women who contacted me on social media.
"These destructive impulses brought great devastation to my family and friends, and destroyed my life's dream of public service.
"And yet I remained in denial as the world around me fell apart."
He went on: "This fall, I came to grips for the first time with the depths of my sickness. I had hit bottom."
Acting Manhattan US Attorney Joon H Kim praised the work of the FBI and the special victims' division of the New York City Police Department.
"Weiner's conduct was not only reprehensible, but a federal crime, one for which he is now convicted and will be sentenced," Mr Kim said.
The former congressman's sexting scandal made headlines during last year's US presidential election, and featured in the 2016 documentary Weiner.
During an investigation, FBI officials found emails on Weiner's laptop from his ex-wife, Ms Abedin, who was a top aide to Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton.
An FBI investigation into Mrs Clinton's private use of email while she was secretary of state was closed after officials said nothing incriminating was found.
Anthony Weiner: Behind the scenes of a political marriage
The FBI began investigating Weiner last September after the Daily Mail reported that he had exchanged lewd messages with the North Carolina teenager.
The girl said he had asked her to undress on camera.
The girl's father told the British newspaper after Friday's plea deal was announced: "I don't know if it's justice.
"Just because he's pleading guilty doesn't mean he's going to do a bit of time."
A month earlier, Ms Abedin announced she was separating from her husband after it emerged he sent a photo of himself in his underpants with his toddler son nearby.
The New York Post reported that Weiner had sent sexual messages along with the alleged photo to an unidentified woman in 2015.
Once a rising Democratic star, he stepped down from Congress in June 2011 after a graphic image sent from his Twitter account went public.
Initially claiming his account was hacked, he eventually confessed to having lied.
Weiner also admitted indulging in explicit online exchanges with at least six other women and pledged to seek therapy.
He tried to revive his political career in 2013 by running for mayor of New York.
But his campaign imploded amid reports of further graphic online messages.


Shadow chancellor Alan Johnson is resigning from Labour leader Ed Miliband's frontbench team, citing "personal" reasons.

He is replaced by Ed Balls, previously the shadow home secretary. Mr Balls' wife, Yvette Cooper, takes over the home affairs brief.
Mr Johnson said he had "found it difficult" to cope with issues in his private life while shadow chancellor.
His resignation comes after just three-and-a-half months in the job.
It follows several recent gaffes when discussing tax and economic matters, including appearing in an interview not to know the rate of National Insurance paid by employers.
Mr Johnson, a former postman and trade union leader, was also reported to have clashed with his party leader over the policy of introducing a graduate tax to replace university tuition fees.
In a statement, the Hull West MP said: "I have decided to resign from the shadow cabinet for personal reasons to do with my family.
"I have found it difficult to cope with these personal issues in my private life whilst carrying out an important frontbench role.
Assessing the political impact
In Quotes: Johnson quits reaction
At a glance: New shadow cabinet
Profile: Alan Johnson
Profile: Ed Balls
"I am grateful to Ed Miliband for giving me the opportunity to serve as shadow chancellor of the exchequer. He is proving to be a formidable leader of the Labour Party and has shown me nothing but support and kindness.
"My time in Parliament will now be dedicated to serving my constituents and supporting the Labour Party. I will make no further comment about this matter."
Mr Johnson declined to comment as he left a Labour Party meeting in his constituency.
BBC political editor Nick Robinson said the resignation had "come out of the blue" and it was not one of those stories that people had been gossiping about and wondering if it would become public.
However, he said Westminster was now "abuzz with rumours about his marriage" and stressed Mr Johnson had not been "pushed out" because of his handling of the shadow chancellorship.
"This is a deeply uncomfortable personal story which I fear Alan Johnson may see spread out in newspapers and will have to tackle in public as well as in private," he added.
Mr Miliband told the BBC he had accepted the resignation "with great regret", adding: "As shadow chancellor and a politician who held five cabinet positions, Alan showed real leadership on issues that mattered to families across our country, warning of the dangers posed by the government's gamble on growth and jobs, promoting educational opportunity and delivering neighbourhood policing.
"Ed Balls is an outstanding economist and is hugely qualified to take our economic message to the country."
In a BBC interview, he said: "Alan Johnson was the right man for the job. He's had to stand down for personal reasons, nothing to do with the job."
Mr Balls, who ran against Mr Miliband in last year's Labour leadership contest, coming third, said: "It is a great honour to be appointed to this post, and to succeed my friend and colleague Alan Johnson whose commitment to social justice and service to the Labour Party is second to none."
As Mr Miliband reshuffles his frontbench team, Douglas Alexander becomes shadow foreign secretary and Liam Byrne is made shadow work and pensions secretary.
Tessa Jowell becomes shadow Cabinet Office minister.
Sixty-year-old Mr Johnson, an MP since 1997, served as home secretary, health secretary and education secretary under Gordon Brown.
Conservative deputy chairman Michael Fallon said: "Alan Johnson is a good man and I wish him well. But what really beggars belief is the appointment of Ed Balls...
"He was Gordon Brown's first lieutenant... [They] brought the government to the brink of bankruptcy."


Communications regulator Ofcom has opened a consultation into whether BT's Openreach service should be split off into a separate company

Most internet service providers offer services through a fixed-line network controlled and maintained by BT.
But Ofcom said it had concerns BT Openreach's performance on behalf of those providers had often been poor.
BT chief Gavin Patterson told the BBC that he thought splitting the Openreach service off would be a "mistake".
Following Ofcom's last strategic review 10 years ago, BT was obliged to create Openreach through which it provided access to its telephone and broadband network to "competing providers on equal terms".
Essentially, those providers pay a wholesale price to BT for use of the network and then charge telecoms customers for services.
Sky and BT don't like each other very much, particularly since the latter took a healthy portion of Sky's lunch by piling into sports television and winning the rights to broadcast Premier League matches.
There are dark mutterings that BT uses the vast profits from Openreach to fund its incursion into television, a claim the company hotly denies.
BT insists that Openreach's service has improved, with 2,500 engineers added in the last year and 700 more coming this year. It says it reaches or exceeds all of the 60 service targets set it by Ofcom.
And that it is only because of BT's large and healthy balance sheet that so much investment has been made in upgrading the network to super-fast broadband.
What won't be superfast is the Ofcom process. This is the latest stage in a far wider review of the UK's digital market which will take months to conclude and years to implement.
Read more from Kamal's blog here:
BT is responsible for connecting almost all households to the network regardless of their service provider, as well as improvements to and maintenance of the network.
However, Ofcom said the network had evolved in recent years, with the growth of fibre optic cable services - particularly in towns and cities - offering television, telephone and superfast broadband internet services.
And problems remain, with rural areas regularly complaining about poor internet service provision and BT's chief rival Sky claiming it can take up to 10 days for Openreach to connect new customers.
BT chief executive Gavin Patterson told BBC Radio 4's Today programme he believed it would be a "mistake for the country as a whole" for Openreach to be split away from his company.
He said 88% of the country now received superfast broadband and that BT had put forward proposals to deliver the next stage in delivery of services - known as ultra-fast broadband.
Key to the delivery of that, he said, was the scale that a company the size of BT could offer.
He rejected claims that BT enjoyed a monopoly on internet service provision, saying the "BT brands have less than a third of the market so I don't think there is a problem at all."
And he pointed out BT's biggest rival Virgin Media served more than three million customers in the UK.
But Mai Fyfield, Sky's chief strategy officer, welcomed the consultation adding that "consumers and businesses have been suffering because the existing structure does not deliver the innovation, competition and quality of service that they need".
She added: "We believe Ofcom should now move quickly to ask the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) to undertake a full competition inquiry."
The consultation follows the introduction of new rules, which Ofcom announced at the start this year, designed to ensure that BT could not price rivals such as Sky and TalkTalk out of the market.
BT is still awaiting the outcome of a Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) investigation into its takeover of mobile phone operator EE.
If the takeover goes ahead it would create the largest mobile phone network in country and give BT the ability to offer "quad play" services  - fixed line telephone and broadband internet, television and mobile phone services - in competition with Virgin Media and Sky.
Sky and BT have also entered into a bitter rivalry over pay-TV services, particularly for lucrative sports, in recent years.
Last year, BT outbid Sky for exclusive rights to show Champions League football matches on its BT Sports channels from August. Earlier this year Sky was forced into a very strong bid to maintain its hold over the rights to the majority of  Premier League football matches.


A gang which targeted jewellery and camera shops in a string of raids across four counties has been jailed.

Seven men from Hampshire stole goods worth £220,000 in a 10-week spree between October and December 2014.
They committed thefts in Hampshire, Dorset, Wiltshire and Sussex before they were arrested.
Cars were stolen from residential properties and garages, which were used to travel to high-value shops in Bournemouth and Salisbury among others.
Hampshire Constabulary carried out a series of raids in February 2015, which resulted in members of the gang being arrested.
All the men pleaded guilty to conspiracy to steal and were sentenced at Southampton Crown Court to the following:
The gang was responsible for a total of 18 offences, Hampshire Constabulary said.
The force said they frequently changed vehicles, number plates, telephone numbers and clothing.
They used 15 sets of number plates on nine different vehicles, while 12 different mobile phones were linked to the group, police said.
On 18 November 2014 over £1,800 of jewellery was stolen from a Pandora store in Bournemouth, and on the same night £30,000 worth of equipment was stolen from Castle Cameras in Salisbury.
Castle Cameras in Bournemouth was broken in to on 22 November 2014 with £45,000 worth of goods stolen.


A hashtag insulting presidential candidate Abdul Fattah al-Sisi has been circulating widely on social media in Egypt.

The hashtag, which translates as "vote for the pimp", has been tweeted hundreds of thousands of times.
Mr Sisi deposed Egypt's Islamist president, Mohammed Morsi, last July, after mass protests.
Earlier this week, he resigned as head of the armed forces and defence minister to stand for president.
He is widely believed to be the strongest contender in the May 26-27 vote given his popularity and the lack of any serious rivals.
Graffiti of the pimp hashtag has appeared on the streets of Cairo, below pictures of Mr Sisi's face.
The hashtag has prompted the creation of a number of counter hashtags in support of the former army chief, which were re-tweeted by his followers.
The BBC's Sebastian Usher says the media in Egypt has been muzzled and the Muslim Brotherhood outlawed under Mr Sisi's authority.
But there is one powerful and very Egyptian challenge he still faces - mockery.
One Egyptian blogger known under the alias "The Big Pharaoh", told the BBC that Mr Sisi's opponents were forced to used the hashtag due to the recent crackdown on demonstrations.
The social network, he said, was "the only arena where they can express their opposition, because now it is extremely hard to do demonstrations in Egypt with all the police crackdowns".
Mr Sisi's opponents hold him responsible for what human rights groups say are widespread abuses, and fear he wants a return to authoritarianism.
His supporters, however, view him as a saviour who can the end the political turmoil dogging Egypt since 2011 when a popular uprising ended Hosni Mubarak's three decades of one-man rule.
The crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood has left more than 1,000 people dead and seen some 16,000 others detained since Mr Morsi was ousted in July 2013.
CORRECTION: An earlier version of this story incorrectly reported that the anti-Sisi hashtag had drawn a threat of arrest by the Egyptian authorities.


Sheffield United kept their slim League One play-off hopes alive by beating Shrewsbury Town, who are just two points above the relegation zone.

Blades goalkeeper George Long saved Kyle Vassell's first-half spot kick.
Billy Sharp then put the visitors ahead with a low shot, his 20th goal of the season, only for Abu Ogogo to level from Sullay Kaikai's cross.
But Che Adams won it for United, who are four points outside the top six, firing in low from the edge of the box.
Shrewsbury are now without a win in seven games, during which they have picked up just four points out of a possible 21.
Shrewsbury manager Micky Mellon told BBC Radio Shropshire:
"If I'm absolutely honest, which I always try to be, I thought the only team that was going to score was us because we looked like we had the momentum.
"But then a bit of slack defending from a throw-in and we got punished. It was hugely frustrating.
"I couldn't fault much of the performance. We deserved much more than we got, but a bit of loose defending on two occasions cost us."


Premier League players have paid tribute to the victims of Monday's Colombian plane crash that killed 19 members of Brazilian side Chapecoense.

Many more support staff and journalists covering the club were among the 71 who died in the crash outside Medellin.
A minute's silence was held at matches in England and Scotland on Saturday.
Chelsea's Brazil defender David Luiz, whose side beat Manchester City 3-1, said: "I give this victory to the people who died."
Luiz's former team-mate, Arthur Maia, was one of the victims of the crash.
"It was a difficult week for us, especially emotionally," added Luiz, who held up his black armband alongside team-mate Willian when the latter scored against Manchester City.
"It was difficult to prepare the head for this type of game. Now we pray for the families, for comfort they have as it is a very hard time for them."
Blues midfielder Willian said he "wanted to do this for them, to say they have to keep strong".
Chelsea's Brazil-born striker Diego Costa added: "We pray for them, that God comforts their hearts.
"We have this job and sometimes we travel a lot. We need to pray for everyone inside the plane - the journalists as well as the players.
"I had some friends there also. It's a sad moment for everybody and we hope we can help them somehow."


Matteo Renzi's nickname is Il Rottamatore - the Demolition Man.

Italy's prime minister wears the name proudly, advertising his desire to tear through the mouldering institutions of the Italian state. But this year, his main target for demolition may, by accident, be himself.
Mr Renzi finds himself neck-high in a series of problems, some of them entirely self-inflicted.
He has called a referendum later this year to cut the powers of the Italian Senate as part of a series of planned constitutional reforms.
PM in a hurry for reform
He aims to streamline the Italian parliament, cut costs and give Italy more stable government. Parliament's two chambers weigh in with a combined 945 members, the largest elected legislature in Europe.
The prime minister has promised to resign if he loses the vote. What was once a rather hypothetical threat suddenly looks more real.
Mr Renzi becomes the second Western European prime minister this year to put his fate on the line in a referendum that he himself has called.
David Cameron's recent referendum defeat in the UK shows that energetic leadership alone isn't enough to win over voters fed up of losing out.
Matteo Renzi came to power in February 2014.
During his first two years, he governed relatively easily, by commanding the centre ground of Italian politics. But Italy now follows the rest of Europe in seeing its centre slip away.
In recent weeks, the populist Five Star movement has taken chunks of territory from Mr Renzi's centre-left Democratic Party.
In June, Five Star won the mayoralties of Rome and Turin.
Big wins for Five Star protest party
This week, for the first time, opinion polls show that Five Star is the most popular party in Italy.
The movement, founded in 2009 by comedian Beppe Grillo, has won support for its anti-establishment, populist views.
Its critics accuse it of being an ad hoc protest movement which has yet to present a coherent plan for government. However, it has caught a degree of referendum fever and has called for a vote on leaving the eurozone.
A general election isn't expected until 2018.
But Italy may struggle to reach that point in good shape.
The country's economy is growing slowly, but its banks are struggling with around €360bn (£306bn; $395bn) in bad loans.
Italy's oldest bank, Monte dei Paschi di Siena, is in particular trouble.
Italian bank hit by loan fears
Eurozone rules mean that these banks cannot be bailed out by the Italian state unless their bondholders, or investors, take losses first.
Matteo Renzi has suggested that he will find a way round these rules. Unless he manages to self-demolish beforehand.


A popular Gwynedd campsite must find alternative emergency access in the long term, the tenant of Llanbedr Airfield has said.

Shell Island, near Harlech, is cut off during high tide and the only access for emergency vehicles is through the airfield.
The owners said its future is in doubt after Snowdonia Aerospace LLP "withdrew" guaranteed 24-hour access.
But Snowdonia Aerospace said access has never been guaranteed.
A temporary arrangement is now in place, where emergency services have to call a mobile number for a staff member to open the gate and escort them over the airfield.
A Snowdonia Aerospace spokesman said: "Unfettered, uncontrolled and guaranteed third party access" would be "impossible" in an operational airfield.
He said the company told Shell Island "on several occasions" it was prepared to meet to discuss the matter, but that the campsite owners "have advised they do not consider a meeting with us conducive, while the threat of stopping emergency access remains in place".
"Our door remains open to both Shell Island and the emergency services in the immediate future, however it is clearly apparent a longer term solution is required which avoids the need to access across the airfield during high tides.
"We will be unable to guarantee future access due to operational safety, CAA regulations and ongoing development plans."
Edmund Bailey, a surveyor and agent for Shell Island, said the campsite was keen to find a solution and that its priority was the safety and well-being of staff and visitors.
"Access for the emergency services has never been in question in the past as historically the airfield had a continuous manned guard presence at the gates, sufficient to check that it was safe to pass through without delay.
"Shell Island has never completely refused to meet Snowdonia Aerospace," he added. "A meeting provisionally scheduled for 10 April was cancelled by Snowdonia Aerospace and no further date has been offered.
"We wanted to sort this out privately, it went public because the emergency services required that the site needed to notify visitors of the proposed changes to access arrangements and this only happened after we notified the owners of the airfield in advance."


Scotland has been placed joint last in an international study of physical activity among children.

The research found that Scotland had one of the best environments and infrastructure for outdoor play among the 38 nations that took part.
But it was ranked joint worst for exercise, and for the amount of time children spend in front of screens.
The study found parents were often reluctant to allow children to play outside.
Competition from sedentary and screen-based activities was also a major factor.
However, the Active Healthy Kids Report Card praised Scotland's policies on encouraging physical activity, which were ranked joint second-highest of the 38 countries.
The Scottish government, which has questioned the report's methodology, has pledged that every school pupil in Scotland will benefit from at least two hours per week of physical education in primary school, and two periods in S1 to S4.
More than 800 primary schools across the country have also introduced the daily mile scheme, which sees pupils walk or run a mile every day in addition to PE classes.
The report also found the availability of facilities such as gyms, leisure centres and parks in Scotland was high by international standards.
It is the second time the study has been carried out - with this year's results similar to those published in 2014.
The global study was led in Scotland by Prof John Reilly of Strathclyde University, who said Scotland still seemed to have a culture of low activity.
He said: "Scotland has one of the world's very best natural environments, facilities offering ideal conditions for physical activity and much has been done to develop policies which encourage children to take part.
"A lack of freedom for children to play, combined with a wide range of sedentary alternatives, are a major barrier to children becoming more active.
"In the case of Scotland, it could be said that we have built it but they have not come."
Prof Reilly said it was "completely understandable" that parents want to protect their children as much as they can.
But he said giving children more freedom to play, especially outdoors, can help to build their confidence, autonomy and resilience.
They can also learn to solve problems, develop skills and learn their limits.
Prof Reilly added: "There are examples of this issue being dealt with in other nations. In Slovenia, for example, primary schools offer access to nearly 80 minutes of in-school, professionally-supported physical activity each day.
"In Denmark, it is compulsory to receive 45 minutes of physical activity per school day."
What the report says
Physical activity and exercise: Scotland is joint last with Chile, Estonia, Qatar, China and the UAE.
Sedentary behaviour and screen time: Scotland is joint last with Venezuela, Canada, Estonia, South Korea and China.
Policy in relation to physical activity: Denmark came first, while Scotland is joint second with Finland, Sweden, Canada, Wales and Colombia.
Responding to the study, public health minister Aileen Campbell, said the Scottish government wanted to do more to challenge sedentary behaviour and increase physical activity levels among young people.
She added: "We have concerns over some of the methodology used in calculating physical activity levels within this report card, but welcome the acknowledgement that Scotland has excellent facilities and infrastructure in place for physical activity.
"A massive investment in school sport has seen an increase in children doing two hours or periods of PE from less than 10% in 2004/5 to 98% in 2016. This is backed up by Â£50m investment in the Active Schools programme and Â£132m of investment in facilities since 2007.
"In addition, Scotland's national play strategy aims to ensure that all children and young people can access play opportunities in a range of settings which offer variety, adventure and challenge."
The nations assessed in the study were graded, from A to F, on nine common indicators: Overall Physical Activity; Organised Sport Participation; Active Play; Active Transportation; Sedentary Behaviours; Family and Peers; School; Community and the Built Environment, and Government Strategies and Investments.
The findings will be presented at the International Congress on Physical Activity and Public Health in Bangkok.


An 18-year-old man who had made threats against Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott has been shot dead in Melbourne, reports say.

The man had been under surveillance as a "person of interest", and was being investigated over claims of terrorism, the ABC broadcaster said.
Two police officers were reportedly stabbed by the man before he was shot.
They have both been taken to hospital and one is reported to be in a critical but stable condition.
The incident happened when the man arrived at a police station in the Endeavour Hills suburb of Melbourne on Tuesday evening.
He had been asked to attend an interview there, ABC reports.
According to Sky News Australia, the man was brandishing a flag of the Islamic State (IS) militant group.
A police statement said that an Australian Federal Police officer and a Victoria state police officer - part of a joint counter-terrorism team - met the teenager outside the station. It was then that the violence erupted.
The Melbourne Age quoted onlookers as saying that the man had been shouting insults at Mr Abbott and the Australian government in general in the moments before he was shot.
Sources quoted by The Australian said that he was a "known extremist" who was intercepted by two teams of police. The paper said it is believed that he had recently had his passport cancelled.
The incident has occurred amid heightened tensions due to major counter-terrorism raids last week in Sydney and Brisbane.
The raids were aimed at disrupting alleged IS-linked plans to publicly behead a randomly-selected Australian.
Australian authorities believe at least 60 Australians are in the Middle East fighting with IS (also known as Isis or Isil) and other militant groups.


It is a year since the UK voted to leave the European Union and Brexit negotiations are under way.

Since the initial fall-out there has been a legal challenge and a general election.
While everyone waits to see exactly what will happen, Leave voter Paul Austin has told the BBC  why he made his choice and whether, a year on, he would vote the same way again.
Mr Austin lives in North Yorkshire and runs an interior fitting-out business. He has spent 36 years working in the construction industry around the world.
"I was quite an aggressive Brexiteer and my friends were probably sick to the stomach of me trying to persuade them all to vote Leave," he said.
"I wanted limited immigration, not a ban, because I feel that it's totally uncontrolled.
"I'm also still concerned about taxation and VAT. I think the payments we make are very high and that money is going to other countries when it could be used better here."
However, Mr Austin says that on recent trips to the EU he has started to pay more attention to the immigration queue for non-EU passport holders - and is already starting to feel that he is becoming an outsider.
"I think other Europeans are starting to look at us as if we're a bit different and I've now started to back-pedal a bit on how I think about things," he explained.
"I have ended up with more questions than before the referendum."
As well as the continuing political conversations around Brexit, Mr Austin said recent news events had played a significant role in him moving from a clear Leave stance to one where he was less certain.
The recent news story about about baby Charlie Gard and the decisions about his continuing treatment had a powerful impact on him.
"I was quite upset by it and I'm glad his parents were able to get access to the European Court of Human Rights so he can be kept on life support until another group of experts have had time to look at his case," he added.
"But I wonder now about what this means when we leave and if means that other real people won't be able to have one more throw of the dice to have their case heard.
"I'm not saying that had the court not been available judgements would have been unjust, but they would have been unfair because they lost that extra level of consideration."
Another key factor behind Mr Austin's decision to vote Leave was his belief in the potential for the UK to expand its trading base around the world and access more competitive markets.
However, Mr Austin says that since the Grenfell Tower fire last week he now has concerns about how rigorous quality checks will be post-Brexit for imported goods.
"It's made me wonder about the sort of building materials that might be able to come into the country that might not have been tested properly or as well as things are now.
"At the moment we have the European kite mark which means the goods we buy are strongly and intensively vetted and tested.
"I still want more aggressive trading around the world but I'm also starting to think that maybe 40 years of working together to do all this in terms of quality control might be wasted."
By the UGC and Social Media Team


Hosts France face Portugal in the Euro 2016 final in Paris on Sunday - with goalkeeper and captain Hugo Lloris saying the tournament has helped his country "escape" from November's attacks in the city.

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The final will be played at Stade de France, where the home nation were playing Germany in a friendly eight months ago when the first explosions were heard at the start of a night that ended with 130 dead and hundreds more injured.
France reached the final with a 2-0 victory over World Cup holders Germany in Marseille on Thursday and are favourites to beat Portugal, who ended the hopes of Wales by beating Chris Coleman's side in Lyon 24 hours earlier.
If France win, it will be their first major tournament triumph since Euro 2000. Portugal have never lifted the trophy, losing to Greece in the Euro 2004 final on home soil in Lisbon.
French sports daily L'Equipe captured the mood of the nation the morning after the win against Germany with the headline "L'Extase" (The Ecstasy) after using "L'Horreur" (The Horror) on 14 November after the Paris attacks.
Didier Deschamps' side will hope to finish the job on Sunday but face the major threat of Portugal's Real Madrid superstar Cristiano Ronaldo, who scored one goal and made another as Wales' adventure in France came to its conclusion.
Tottenham goalkeeper Lloris explained the significance of the final when he said: "The French people really needed to escape in this competition and sport has this strength to bring people together.
"You can see that because we are currently experiencing it. We still have one step to take, though, if we are to finish this tournament in a good way."
Lloris, 29, added: "We have had some tough times, with tragic events and events off the field, but we are proud to be on the pitch and really feel the French population behind us."
Antoine Griezmann's two goals against Germany put him well clear as Euro 2016's top scorer with six and the firm favourite to win the tournament's Golden Boot.
He has been the crucial influence for France, also scoring the two second-half goals that took them out of trouble after they trailed 1-0 to the Republic of Ireland at half-time in their last-16 tie.
The 25-year-old will once again carry the hopes of a nation on Sunday, but coach Deschamps is confident the Atletico Madrid forward can shoulder that burden of responsibility.
"Griezmann is a good team player, he is not just an individual player," said the 47-year-old manager. "He had a very busy season which ended with the Champions League final for his club against Real Madrid.
"He had to digest that and I tried to give him a bit of a break in our first three games - but he is a very talented, clinical player and that is important for the France team."
Portugal will be hoping to end their reputation as international football's nearly men, having come close to the major prizes but never claiming any.
As well as reaching that Euro 2004 final, they also lost out in the World Cup semi-final in 2006, the quarter-finals at Euro 2008 and the semi-finals at Euro 2012. They also lost to eventual winners England in the 1966 World Cup semi-final.
Their bid to buck the trend has been boosted by the return of Real Madrid defender Pepe, who has overcome a thigh complaint that ruled him out of the semi-final victory against Wales.
"I feel great. I am fully fit and can be chosen to play," he said. "We want to write our names down in history and we believe that we can play well.
"Tomorrow we will have 11 million people, 11 players - plus three who will come on later on - and everyone will want to write their name in the history books and the history of Portuguese football."
The match also sees Pepe reunited with English referee Mark Clattenburg, who also took charge of the Champions League final between Real and Atletico Madrid in May.
On that occasion, Clattenburg awarded a penalty against Pepe and was also caught on camera looking unimpressed by the defender's theatrics.
"Tomorrow there will be three teams on the pitch - three teams who are privileged to be there," Pepe said. "Two will be playing for a prize and the third team, the referees, will try to do their best.
"I think this referee is maybe among the two or three best referees in the world and it was no accident that he was present at the final of the Champions League.
"The game tomorrow is recognition of his work and his quality as a professional referee. And I think - I hope - the linesmen, referees and everyone has an easy night and that they can work peacefully."
On the pitch, Uefa's analysis of the tournament can tell us that 107 goals have been scored in 50 matches so far, that there have been 195 yellow cards shown and that 5.8% of the offside decisions made - roughly one in 20 - have been wrong.
But there are equally fascinating facts and figures to be found in the tournament off the field too, and BBC Sport has been through the numbers to pull out some of the best.
A total of 2.4 million fans got tickets for the tournament's 51 matches - an average of about 7,000 spectators per game. There were no fewer than 11.2 million requests for tickets, with the top three countries for applications as follows:
It was the 2006 World Cup in Germany that really popularised the idea of the fan park - where supporters without tickets for a particular game can gather to watch on television.
There have been 10 official fan zones in France for Euro 2016, and the numbers show the extent to which they have allowed supporters to enjoy the atmosphere of the tournament:
A total of 2,000 people have been involved in producing more than 3,500 hours of television content for audiences around the world during the tournament - and the culmination of all that work will be Sunday's final in Paris.
The match between France and Portugal will be filmed by no fewer than 51 cameras, including:
So who is going to win on Sunday? The stars have been out on social media sharing their thoughts and predictions.
Create leagues and play against your friends in BBC Sport's new Euro 2016 Predictor game


A child rapist whose abuse of young girls was described as "wicked" has been jailed for 15 years.

Eric Rafferty, 69, of Aberdeen, was convicted of seven offences of rape, attempted rape and indecency against his victims between 1982 and 1990.
Judge Lord Uist told Rafferty at the High Court in Edinburgh: "These are offences of the most appalling nature.
"It has taken a long time for justice to catch up with you, but the day of reckoning has finally arrived."
He added: "All four girls were subjected to the most abhorrent sexual practices by you. These were unspeakably wicked crimes."
Defence solicitor advocate Iain Paterson said Rafferty partially accepted responsibility for the sex crimes but denied rape.
Mr Paterson said that if Rafferty survived prison he would come out "significantly older".
He said the former carer had no previous convictions, but that Rafferty accepted a custodial sentence was "absolutely inevitable" and would undertake a sex offender programme in prison.
Lord Uist said: "The only reason that it is now he is being dealt with was because, as is fairly common in this type of case, a sufficient number of victims did not make their disclosures until many years later."


The cost of a cuppa will have to rise, according to the boss of Typhoo.

For chief executive Somnath Saha, the economics of tea are simple and brutal.
Typhoo Tea produces 125 million tea bags a week at its factory in Moreton, Wirral, which have just one ingredient - tea leaves, and they are imported.
Black tea is a global commodity, traded in dollars. Following the fall in sterling since the Brexit vote, costs have soared for this renowned brand as 95% of its sales are in the UK.
"This is an absolute disaster for a company the size of ours," says Mr Saha.
"The very sharp fall in the pound means the impact is at least a quarter of a million pounds a month for us. This is having a very negative impact on our business and we are really suffering. It's now come to a point where it's not sustainable for us."
The news comes amid warnings of rising prices in the grocery sector, and with supermarket chain Morrisons increasing the cost of a jar of Marmite by 12.5%.
There are plenty of winners from the fall in the value of sterling. But Typhoo Tea is a graphic illustration of what it's like for a business with one raw imported material.
Typhoo has been trading for more than a century. These days, most of its black tea comes from Kenya. It's then blended and packaged on site. The company also packages own-label tea for most of the major supermarkets.
In addition, it produces a range of herbal teas and those ingredients are sourced in euros.
It's a high-volume, low-margin business.
The cost of the ingredient depends on the quality of the leaf. A typical 80kg bag of black tea could be bought for £90 to £100 at the beginning of the year. The company says that same bag now costs £120 to £150 at the weekly international auctions.
In other words, it is paying an awful lot more for the same amount of tea.
"We don't have big enough margins between us and retailers to absorb all these costs. We're looking at how to mitigate some of them, from our labour, overheads and marketing costs, which will affect the growth of the business and employment in long run. But some of these currency costs will have to be passed on, as neither us nor the retailers can absorb any more cost increases," Mr Saha says.
Like other suppliers, he is in discussions with the supermarkets about price rises. He denies posturing to try to secure a better deal.
"Absolutely not. This is a really serious situation for us. Nobody wants to do this, but ultimately some of the costs will go to the shoppers. There is no other option," Mr Saha says.
"It's one of the favourite drinks of this country. It's very unfortunate. It's nobody's fault - it's due to the economic conditions."
Typhoo Tea is owned by the Indian conglomerate Apeejay Surrendra Group, which Mr Saha says has supported the UK business for the last few months.
But he warned that if the fall in the pound was sustained, his business would be set to lose £3m, all but wiping out its profits. The time has now come to do something about it, he says.
"For everybody, it's been so difficult after June. We can't plan anything. Every day, you don't know what is going to happen next week. There is so much volatility."
Typhoo employs some 300 workers in the UK.
Many suppliers are talking to the supermarkets about price rises. These negotiations are normally confidential but they spilled into the open when Tesco's spat with Unilever became public.
Retailers and suppliers regularly discuss prices but, according to one industry expert, the current situation is different.
"This is no cat and mouse game. What we've been seeing here is unprecedented," says David Sables from Sentinel Management Consultants, which advises suppliers on how to negotiate with supermarkets.
"The real change that's happened here is that it's happening at a time when the retailers' margins have been squeezed by the battle with Aldi and Lidl. They can't take any more pain. It comes with a price increase to them, they will have to pass it on.
"There needs to be a new approach, a getting together of everyone to sensibly sit down and see how they can protect the consumer against what is a real industry issue," he says.
There are ways to absorb costs. For instance, Tesco and Morrisons are trying to make their businesses more simple and efficient which will save money in the long run. Packaging and product sizes can also be reviewed.
But after years of falling prices in the aisles, it seems inevitable that some prices will rise.
"I think there is a wave of price increases to come, as early as January. That's when we'll see the biggest impact," says Mr Sables.
"The generally accepted view is 5% - that's an understatement of what we're seeing on the foreign exchange. The view is that the industry will absorb some of that difference."
For Typhoo Tea, the time has come to pass on some of its costs.
In the longer term, its boss says he will be trying to boost exports and take advantage of any Brexit opportunities, but the focus now is dealing with the fallout.
Mr Saha adds: "This is a real loss, a real pain for this business and we cannot accept this loss any more."


A bar is being investigated after about 50 people who attended private functions there fell ill.

Public Health Wales said those affected by the diarrhoea and vomiting outbreak had been to Hi-Tide in Porthcawl, Bridgend county.
The outbreak has been linked to the bar and health officials are trying to find the source along with which bug has caused the illness.
A statement from the bar said it was cooperating with the investigation.
"We would like to reassure customers that we take health and hygiene issues very seriously and monitor food preparation in line with industry standards."


Premier League referee Mark Clattenburg now has a permanent reminder of taking charge of 2016's biggest football matches.

The 41-year-old officiated at May's Champions League final as Real Madrid beat Atletico Madrid on penalties, and was then chosen to referee the Euro 2016 final as Portugal beat France in extra-time in July.
To mark the landmarks in his career, Clattenburg had two tattoos inked on his arm while in Spain - one of the Euro 2016 logo and another of the Champions League trophy with 'Final Milano 2016' written underneath.
Tattooist Mick Mahon posted photographs of her work on Facebook and wrote: "It's not every Sunday you get to tattoo the world's top football referee... Mark Clattenburg back for more!"


A County Antrim school has won three awards at the BT Young Scientist competition in Dublin.

St Killian's College in Antrim was honoured in three categories, taking the title of Northern Ireland Best Project for its "time compressed transport tester".
The overall top prize was won by two 16-year-olds from County Cork, Colaiste Treasa students Ian O'Sullivan and Eimear Murphy, for their project, "Alcohol consumption: Does the apple fall far from the tree?"
In all, there are 550 projects from 206 schools all over the island, 29 of which are from Northern Ireland:
Oakgrove Integrated College in Londonderry won the Irish Aid and Gorta Self Help Africa award for its highly commended "seed harvesting kit for subsistence farmers in developing countries".
The device built by Megan Duffy and Zoe McGirr is set to be used in Ethiopia.
Zoe says their project aims to build a kit that will help farmers in developing countries become more sustainable by giving them everything they need to re-use their seeds.
Megan adds that their kit is solar-powered and is being "sent to Africa by a charity to see how it can cope with the increased temperatures".
Oakgrove Integrated students were also highly commended for another project, "Investigating the flow properties of Granular Materials".
Ballyclare High School also found success in a number of categories for two of its projects, "Car Speed by Doppler Shift" and "Using Biomimicry to produce environmentally friendly cement".
Environmental concerns were uppermost in the minds of Bethany Stewart and Emma Neill, whose project just might have implications for future construction and engineering.
Emma says they are trying to carbon-neutralise the process of cement production by copying the process that corals use to make their outer skeleton.
Bethany adds: "What we're ultimately trying to do in our project is reduce the amount of greenhouse gasses entered into our atmosphere and to reduce the greenhouse effect."
Jennifer McCluney, a teacher at Ballyclare High School, says competitions like this are very useful for students, particularly girls.
She says science is increasingly important in the job market, and it is important that girls are encouraged into science and engineering "because, hopefully, there'll be lots of jobs in that area soon".
Antrim Grammar School was highly commended for its project, "Computer encryption: Can Shor's algorithm be used to crack data encryption keys?"
Standing on the balcony overlooking the main hall, you get an idea of how big the 51st Young Scientist competition is.
One student from St Mary's College in Derry picked a subject that is topical for this time of year.
With many people trying to give up cigarettes as a new year's resolution, Justine Joy-Munoz is investigating the nicotine content of electronic cigarettes.
"I found that these e-liquids had more of a nicotine content in them than was stated on the packaging.  One of them had 12 times the amount advertised," she says.
"But the e-cigarettes were close enough to what the packaging said. So, they were more accurate than the e-liquids."
Jobs and the future of the economy are also very important in the thinking of the sponsors of the Young Scientist competition.
Colm O'Neill, chief executive of BT Ireland, says that science, technology and maths are crucial to the ongoing development of the country, generating the necessary skills to attract inward investment.
"I think in Northern Ireland we've been incredibly successful in that in recent years and these types of skills are essential to that."
He adds: "We also shouldn't miss how some of these young people are coming up with ideas that can be turned into businesses in their own right."
Enzymes are what the students at the Abbey Grammar School in Newry, County Down, focussed on in their project.
An enzyme, says 16-year-old AodhÃ¡n Donnelly, is a biological molecule that is used to break down larger biological molecules - all of which can be useful in medicine.
"A while ago in the HIV virus, scientists were able to find a particular enzyme and then get an inhibitor for that to stop it working and stop it from spreading throughout the body," he says.