A teenager has appeared in court over the death of a celebrities' bodyguard stabbed outside his London home.

Ricky Hayden, 27, and his father Paul, 54, were attacked as they tried to stop a moped being stolen from outside their home in Chadwell Heath on 13 September.
Tommy Lee Roome, 19, of Rams Grove, Chadwell Heath, was charged with murder and attempted murder when he appeared before the Old Bailey.
He was told he would face trial in March 2017 and remanded in custody.
A plea hearing was also fixed for 13 December.
Mr Hayden died from a stab wound to the thigh a day after he was attacked in Gibbfield Close at about 01:25 BST.
The 27-year-old had been a security guard at ITV with his father Paul, who was also injured in the attack.
He had worked at high-profile events including at the marriage of Peter Crouch and Abbey Clancy, as well as being a member of Havering Council's highways team.


Wrexham Maelor Hospital has seen a 30% rise in emergency admissions putting pressure on bed spaces, say bosses.

The knock-on effect has caused delays in getting people into the hospital's emergency department with ambulances queuing outside.
The spike in demand came last week and continues to be felt across the hospital's wards, according to Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board.
Bosses said they were trying to open additional temporary beds.
"But to do this we have to be sure we can bring in enough extra nurses to safely look after the patients in these beds," said Tim Lynch, interim director of secondary care.
"Our staff are working incredibly hard to make sure that patients are getting the care they need and we can only ask for people's patience and understanding while we try to manage this difficult situation."
The hospital said it could not say what had caused the increase in the demand, but that there was a high number of seriously ill patients admitted who needed a longer stay in hospital to recover.


Gareth Bale headed in a late goal as Real Madrid won 1-0 at Real Sociedad to briefly go top of La Liga.

Real were again without the injured Cristiano Ronaldo, who also missed the goalless first leg of their Champions League semi-final at Manchester City.
Striker Karim Benzema was also absent but Bale filled the void with his 19th goal of the season.
Real play the return leg against City on Wednesday night.
Relive how Real Madrid kept their title hopes alive.
Bale had missed a number of chances as Zinedine Zidane's side chased a 10th successive league win to keep the pressure on title rivals Atletico Madrid, who later beat Rayo Vallecano 1-0, and Barcelona, who went back to the top after beating Real Betis 2-0.
But the Wales international, 26, who scored twice as Real beat Rayo Vallecano a week earlier, enhanced Real's chances of a first title success since 2012 when he powerfully headed home a cross from Lucas Vazquez.
Real Madrid coach Zinedine Zidane: "I am happy for him (Bale) because he has had problems this season with injury. But when he is fit you notice.
"We could have scored earlier in the first half, but we had to work until the end against a difficult side.
"I am happy with the performance and to get three points once again."


Noted Russian journalist Dmitry Tsilikin has been found stabbed to death in his flat in St Petersburg.

Mr Tsilikin, 54, was found on Thursday evening after friends and family had been unable to contact him.
His mobile phone and computer are missing. Police have opened a murder inquiry.
Mr Tsilikin was a well-known culture and arts critic, working on TV and radio as well as for print media such as Kommersant, Vogue and Elle.
Mr Tsilikin had reportedly just returned from a trip to the Latvian capital, Riga.
Friends and family last spoke to him at the end of last week.
Mr Tsilikin was found with multiple knife wounds and it is believed he may have been dead for at least two days.
The Russian Investigative Committee said a forensic investigation was being carried out and it had not ruled out "murder committed on domestic grounds".
St Petersburg Union of Journalists chairwoman Lyudmila Fomichev told Kommersant: "This is a great tragedy for the entire journalistic community, because he was a very well-known, great journalist who wrote on culture and art."
Mr Tsilikin, a graduate of the Leningrad State Institute of Music and Cinema, turned to journalism after the collapse of the Soviet Union, working for the newspaper Rush Hour and editing Culture and Society.
He also worked on a number of TV and radio programmes, as well as other newspapers and magazines.


Planet Venus has put on a show for skywatchers by moving across the face of the Sun as viewed from Earth.

The transit was a
          very rare astronomical event
 that would not be seen again for another 105 years.
Observers in north and central America, and the northern-most parts of South America saw the event start just before local sunset.
The far northwest of America, the Arctic, the western Pacific, and east Asia witnessed the entire passage.
While the UK and the rest of Europe, the Middle East, and eastern Africa waited for local sunrise to try to see the closing stages of the transit.
Venus appeared as a small black dot moving slowly but surely across the solar disc.  The traverse lasted more than six and a half hours.
Some of the best pictures of the event were provided by the
          US space agency's (Nasa) Solar Dynamics Observatory
, which studies the Sun from a position 36,000km above the Earth.
"We get to see Venus in exquisite detail because of SDO's spatial resolution," said agency astrophysicist Dr Lika Guhathakurta.
"SDO is a very special observatory. It takes images that are about 10 times better than a high-definition TV and those images are acquired at a temporal cadence of one every 10 seconds.  This is something we've never had before."
Many citizens keen to observe the transit first hand attended special events at universities and observatories where equipment for safe viewing had been set up.
In Hawaii, one of the best places to see the whole event, the university's
          Institute of Astronomy
 set up telescope stations on Waikiki beach.
"We've had 10 telescopes and the queues have been 10 deep to each telescope all day long," said the institute's Dr Roy Gal.
"It's a great opportunity to get people excited and teach them stuff. I was hoping for a big turn-out, and it's been fantastic," he told BBC News.
Joe Cali
 viewed the transit on the edge of the Outback in New South Wales, Australia, another ideal vantage point.
"It is exciting. It may look like just a black dot on the Sun but if you think about it, it's one of the few times you get to see a planet in motion," he said.
UK skywatchers had to deal with quite extensive cloud conditions across the country.
"We've had total cloud and rain," said Brian Sheen from the
          Roseland Observatory in Cornwall
.
"But we've been improving our chances by connecting with the Shetland Islands and the people up there have done rather better than we have.  We've been seeing the transit through [a feed] of one of their telescopes," he explained.
Scientists observed the transit
 to test ideas that will help them probe Earth-like planets elsewhere in the galaxy, and to learn more about Venus itself and its complex atmosphere.
Venus transits occur four times in approximately 243 years; more precisely, they appear in pairs of events separated by about eight years and these pairs are separated by about 105 or 121 years.
The reason for the long intervals lies in the fact that the orbits of Venus and Earth do not lie in the same plane and a transit can only occur if both planets and the Sun are situated exactly on one line.
This has happened only seven times previously in the telescopic age: in 1631, 1639, 1761, 1769, 1874, 1882 and 2004.
The next pair will not now occur until 2117 and 2125.
The phenomenon has particular historical significance. The 17th- and 18th-Century transits were used by the astronomers of the day to work out fundamental facts about the Solar System.
Employing a method of triangulation (parallax), they were able to
          calculate the distance between the Earth and the Sun - the so-called astronomical unit (AU)
 - which we know today to be about 149.6 million km (or 93 million miles).
This allowed scientists to get their first real handle on the scale of things beyond Earth.
In pictures: Transit of Venus
Venus transit: Your pictures
Modern instrumentation now gives us very precise numbers on planetary positions and masses, as well as the distance between the Earth and the Sun. But to the early astronomers, just getting good approximate values represented a huge challenge.
This is not to say the 2012 Venus transit was regarded as just a pretty show with no interest for scientists.
Planetary transits have key significance today because they represent one of the best methods for finding worlds orbiting distant stars.
Nasa's Kepler telescope
, for example, is identifying thousands of candidates by looking for the tell-tale dips in light that accompany a planet moving in front of its host sun.
These planets are too far away to be visited by spacecraft in the foreseeable future, but scientists can learn something about them from the way the background star's light is affected as it passes through the planetary atmosphere.
And observing a transiting Venus, which has a known atmospheric composition, provides a kind of benchmark to support these far-flung investigations.
Researchers also took a close look at Venus itself during the transit, used the occasion to probe the middle layers of the planet's atmosphere - its mesosphere.
They were
          looking for a very thin arc of light, called the aureole
, which can only be seen when Venus appears to just touch the edge of the Sun's disc at ingress and egress.
The brightness and thickness of the aureole depends on the density and temperature of the atmospheric layers above Venus's cloud tops.
Observations of the aureole were being combined with data from
          Europe's Venus Express spacecraft
 in orbit around the planet to provide information on high-altitude winds.
The Venusian atmosphere experiences super-rotation. That is - the whole atmosphere circles the planet in four Earth days, on a body that turns around just once in 243 Earth days.
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on
          Twitter


Harlequins and England back row Jack Clifford has been ruled out of the rest of the season as he requires surgery on a persistent shoulder injury.

The 24-year-old is set to be out for 12 weeks and will miss England's tour of Argentina in June.
"The issue needs addressing immediately," Harlequins director of rugby John Kingston said.
Clifford lasted just five minutes of Quins' defeat by Saracens at Wembley on Saturday because of a head injury.


Andy Murray eventually found his form to get the better of home favourite Richard Gasquet and reach the semi-finals of the French Open.

Murray lost the first set from 5-2 up and let a similar lead slip in the second before taking the tie-break, and going on to win 5-7 7-6 (7-3) 6-0 6-2.
The Scot, seeded second, will face holder Stan Wawrinka of Switzerland in the last four on Friday.
Third seed Wawrinka beat Spain's Albert Ramos-Vinolas 6-2 6-1 7-6 (9-7).
Murray has now won his last 10 matches, having won the Italian Open last month, and is through to his fourth French Open and 19th Grand Slam semi-final.
In the other half of the draw, rain delays mean the quarter-finals between Novak Djokovic and Tomas Berdych, and David Goffin and Dominic Thiem, will be played on Thursday.
Murray had won all four previous Grand Slam meetings with Gasquet but gave the Frenchman every opportunity to improve on that record.
The Briton earned a 5-2 lead before his early success with drop shots disappeared, and double faults at key times helped Gasquet run through five straight games.
A similar pattern followed in the second set, as Murray again failed to serve out from 5-2 and fell 3-1 down in the tie-break, but he gathered himself to finally take control with six straight points.
The Parisian crowd had been hoping their man could emulate Yannick Noah's title-winning run of 1983, but Gasquet's challenge faded dramatically in the third set.
After the first two sets took well over two hours, Murray raced through the third in 27 minutes, and a sharp forehand volley gave him the decisive breakthrough early in the fourth.
"Stop it!" shouted Murray after his fourth double fault of the afternoon but it did not signal another collapse, and the world number two reeled off 13 of the last 15 games to win in three hours and 23 minutes.
The poor weather in Paris meant Murray was playing for the first time since beating John Isner on Sunday, and he felt that was behind his inconsistent form in the early stages.
"It wasn't easy for me today," said the Scot. "I played two guys where you get zero rhythm, against [Ivo] Karlovic and Isner.
"Then a two-day break where you're barely hitting any balls because of the conditions. It was 30, 40 minutes of hitting.
"Then coming out and playing a completely different match today, I thought I did well for the most part in a tough atmosphere, too. It's not bad. I was playing some good stuff. I finished the match extremely well, I think."
BBC tennis correspondent Russell Fuller
"It is unusual to see Murray concede a 5-2 advantage once, let alone twice, but Gasquet deserves huge credit for the way he played in the opening two sets. The drop shot had been Murray's trump card in the early exchanges, but Gasquet started to read it, and given the physical nature of the match, a two-set deficit would have been very hard to retrieve.
"With Gasquet visibly tiring in the third set, Murray dragged him from one side of the court to the other as he soon assumed complete control.
"Murray has now played 20 sets in 5 rounds, but both he and Wawrinka have the benefit of a day off which won't be afforded to the quarter-finalists in the other half of the draw."


A case against a police officer who was charged with assaulting a man at a police station has been dropped.

PC Jamie Wallis, of Dorset Police, was charged with common assault after allegedly attacking a 30-year-old man at Bournemouth Police Station in April.
Bournemouth Magistrates' Court heard the case against the 40-year-old officer had since been discontinued.
The officer was removed from front-line duties during proceedings and this will now be reviewed, the force said.
A spokesman for Crime Prosecution Service (CPS) Wessex said it had concluded there was "insufficient evidence to have a realistic prospect of conviction".
Supt Pete Windle, head of professional standards at Dorset Police, said: "Dorset Police expects the highest standards of professionalism and integrity from its staff.
"We have a duty to thoroughly investigate criminal allegations against our staff, as we have done in this case, the details of which were then passed to the Crown Prosecution Service for their consideration and decision."
PC Wallis, who is based at Winton Police Station, had been due to appear before the court on Friday.


Customs officials in Kuwait have apprehended a pigeon carrying drugs in a miniature backpack, Kuwaiti newspaper al-Rai reports.

A total of 178 pills were found in the fabric pocket attached to its back, the newspaper says.
The bird was caught near the customs building in Abdali, close to the border with Iraq.
An al-Rai journalist said the drugs were a form of ketamine, an anaesthetic also used as an illegal party drug.
Abdullah Fahmi told the BBC that customs officials already knew pigeons were being used to smuggle drugs, but this was the first time they had caught a bird in the act.
Law enforcement officials elsewhere have, however, identified previous cases where pigeons have been used to carry lightweight high-value narcotics.
In 2015, prison guards in Costa Rica caught a pigeon carrying cocaine and cannabis in a zipped pouch.
And in 2011, Colombian police discovered a pigeon that was unable to fly over a high prison wall because of the weight of a package of cocaine and marijuana strapped to it.
Pigeons have been used to carry messages since Roman times, using their powerful "homing" ability.
Racing pigeons can return to their lofts from distances of hundreds of kilometres.


The US is going ahead with plans to deliver four F-16 fighter jets to Egypt despite the political unrest in the country, senior American officials say.

It comes as Washington is continuing to evaluate last week's overthrow of President Mohammed Morsi by the army.
US massive military aid to Cairo would have to be cut by law if the removal of the Islamist leader is determined by Washington to have been a coup.
The Muslim Brotherhood, which backs Mr Morsi, is demanding his reinstatement.
Its supporters have been staging mass protests near Cairo's barracks, where he is believed to be being held. On Monday, more than 50 Brotherhood loyalists were killed in clashes with the army.
The new authorities have not said where Mr Morsi is, but a foreign ministry spokesman said he was in a "safe place" and being treated in a "very dignified manner".
The US officials say Washington will deliver four F-16 fighter jets in the next few weeks.
They are part of an already agreed bigger order of 20 planes - eight of which were sent to Egypt in January. The final eight are expected to be shipped later this year.
Egypt authorities accused of cover-up
Egypt clashes: Divided views
Is Egypt heading for holy war?
Lessons of the Arab Spring protests
White House spokesman Jay Carney on Wednesday reiterated that it would not be "in the best interests of the United States to make immediate changes to our assistance programmes".
He added that the administration would take its time to consider the implications of removing Mr Morsi from power.
US military aid to Egypt is estimated to be $1.3bn (Â£860m) each year.
President Barack Obama has been careful not to use the word "coup" in relation to events in Egypt, the BBC's Katy Watson in Washington reports, as doing so would trigger the legal requirement to cut off aid.
On Wednesday, arrest warrants were issued for the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mohamed Badie, and nine other senior figures in the movement.
They are charged with inciting Monday's deadly violence in the capital, in which more than 50 Brotherhood supporters, a soldier and two policemen died.
The Brotherhood says the army fired on peaceful demonstrators and it is accusing the interim authorities of a cover up. The military, however, say soldiers acted in self-defence after being attacked by armed assailants.
Many Brotherhood members are already in detention and warrants are said to have been issued for hundreds more.
Correspondents say the new warrants could scupper any attempts to persuade the Brotherhood - banned for decades under former President Hosni Mubarak - to participate in the transitional political process.
The timetable for new elections was announced in a constitutional declaration by interim President Adly Mansour on Monday evening. It laid out plans to set up a panel to amend the suspended constitution within 15 days.
The changes would then be put to a referendum - to be organised within four months - which would pave the way for parliamentary elections, possibly in early 2014.
Once the new parliament convenes, elections would be called to appoint a new president.
Key players in the Egyptian crisis
Profile: Hazem el-Beblawi
Q&A: Egypt in turmoil
The Brotherhood has rejected the transition plan and its political wing, the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), has said it will turn down a post in the cabinet being formed by the interim Prime Minister Hazem al-Beblawi.
Mr Beblawi said on Thursday that he had not ruled out offering posts to the FJP.
"I don't look at political association," he told the AFP news agency.
"I'm taking two criteria for the next government. Efficiency and credibility."
The main liberal opposition coalition, the National Salvation Front (NSF), and the grassroots Tamarod protest movement, which co-ordinated the anti-Morsi protests, said they were not consulted on the decree and have concerns about it.


A lorry carrying stone shed its load on to a car in a crash in the Cotswolds.

Gloucestershire Police said the crash happened just after 11:45 GMT near Northleach on the A429 towards Cirencester near the A40 junction.
The driver of a Jaguar, a 56-year-old man from Staffordshire, was taken to hospital in Bristol with serious but not life threatening injuries.
A 46-year-old man from Cheltenham and a female passenger in a Ford Focus suffered minor injuries.
The lorry from Moreton-in-Marsh was carrying a load of Cotswold stone. The driver was uninjured, police said.
The road was closed earlier but has now been reopened to traffic.


Seven men have been sentenced to 10 years for the rape and kidnapping a schoolgirl in the Chadian capital, Ndjamena.

Some of the men come from families with close links to the government. One has escaped from custody.
The victim, Zouhoura, is the daughter of an opposition leader and was threatened with death if she spoke about the attack.
A video of her rape sparked a wave of protests in Chad in February.
Africa Live: More on this and other news stories


A new exhibition at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery features the work of two photographers who documented the remarkable transitions taking place at an iconic Johannesberg landmark.

At 54 storeys high and the tallest residential skyscraper in Africa, Ponte City originally offered luxurious homes to the wealthy.
But while it remains a landmark in Johannesburg, several transitions have left it looking far from how it did 39 years ago, when it was first built.
South African photographer Mikhael Subotzky and British artist Patrick Waterhouse have documented the apartment block's journey from luxury flats to a refuge for immigrants, from a potential prison site to a derelict half-demolished shell occupied by those who are either squatting or awaiting eviction.
They first had the idea to tell the story of the building and its colourful past in 2007 and began documenting the life of the residents over the next five years, interviewing the remaining tenants and photographing daily life in the dilapidated building.
They say they aimed to create a visual "before and after" of the building, from its original plans to its more recent incarnation: a place that has "come to symbolise urban decay", perceived as "the epicentre of crime prostitution and drug dealing in Johannesburg".
The results will be on show from Saturday 6 December at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh.
The photographers came across this scene where three men were kneeling in prayer with Ponte City towering in the background. The hill site is used by many religious groups as a holy place.
During their visits to the building, Subotzky and Waterhouse met many of the residents, some of whom invited the photographers to document their routines -some more intimate than others. This couple were getting ready to go out dancing for a night on the town.
Subotzky and Waterhouse often photographed people in one of the many lifts that service the 54-storey Ponte City building; in this picture the young woman was on her way to a wedding.
Subotzky and Waterhouse photographed the view from every window within the multi-level structure. This is the view from flat 5005, where Joe and Vaneshka live, just one of the many families residing in the tower.
Visiting the site during September/October of 2008, the photographers captured the clean-up of the central atrium, which had been used to dump the debris from the renovation of the building. The cylindrical tower is open to the sky at the top and light floods in from above illuminating the apocalyptic-like scene below.
Many families welcomed the photographers into their homes, often keen to show what life in Ponte was really like for them. Subotzky and Waterhouse returned repeatedly to document the tower and its residents over a period of five years. During that time many people moved away and new residents came in their place.


A cancer expert has spoken of the role Welsh patients have played in a major study into prostate cancer treatment.

The life of patients with prostate cancer could be prolonged by up to two years by combining hormone therapy with a drug, researchers believe.
The Wales Cancer Research Centre was involved in a trial of 1,776 men.
The results were revealed earlier this year but have now been published in The Lancet.
It claimed patients who took a chemotherapy drug alongside hormone therapy lived, on average, 10 months longer.
Study vice chairman Prof Malcolm Mason said he was "thrilled to see such positive results".
The international research study is called Stampede - or Systemic Therapy in Advancing or Metastatic Prostate cancer: Evaluation of Drug Efficacy.
Nearly 20,000 people have prostate cancer in Wales and more patients took part in the research from Wales than any other area.
Hormone therapy is used to stop a tumour growing but in most cases, over time, it starts to grow again.
The trial has looked at using other treatments in combination with it.
The drug Docetaxel was used alongside hormone or radio therapy in 1,184 of the trial patients.
It was compared with the results of 592 men who received the standard therapy.
The drug is commonly used and is inexpensive, although it has temporary chemotherapy side-effects.
It is usually prescribed when therapy has failed.
Velindre Cancer Centre in Cardiff has been one of the main participants in the research.
Prof Mason of the Wales Cancer Research Centre said: "In Wales, we put more patients into this trial than any other region, so this is really a big success for NHS Wales.
"Based on the results, we would recommend that Docetaxel should be incorporated into the standard of care for men with metastatic prostate cancer who are starting long-term hormone therapy for the first time and are fit enough to receive chemotherapy."
The trial has been financed by Cancer Research UK and five pharmaceutical companies.


Government forces have broken a siege by Islamic State (IS) of an airbase in northern Syria, state media report.

Army units had made contact with troops defending Kuwairis airbase, east of Aleppo, and eliminated large numbers of militants, the Sana news agency said.
The facility had been under attack by the jihadists for nearly two years.
Meanwhile, at least 22 people were killed and many more wounded by rebel shellfire in the Mediterranean city of Latakia, state media and activists say.
The blasts hit two separate areas of the city, according to the Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. With many of the wounded in serious condition, the death toll is expected to rise, the Observatory said.
Latakia, which lies in the heartland of President Bashar al-Assad's minority Alawite sect, has largely escaped the conflict that has devastated most of Syria and killed more than 250,000 people.
Syrian government forces were holed up inside the Kuwairis base under siege from Islamic State, while pro-government forces tried to reach them with air support from Russia.
The successful assault on the base comes a week after the Syrian army battled Islamic State to regain control of a road southeast of Aleppo and took back control of the government's only supply route into the city.
Areas around Aleppo have seen weeks of heavy fighting after Syrian troops, backed by Lebanese and Iranian fighters, launched an offensive to retake surrounding territory from rebels and jihadist fighters.
The regime offensive has so far focused on clearing rebel-held areas south of Aleppo, rather than targeting the city itself.


The UK is set to send a second Royal Navy ship to the Mediterranean to help tackle people trafficking and arms smuggling in Libya, officials say.

David Cameron told the G7 summit in Japan that the UK was ready to take an "active leadership role" in helping Libya deal with trafficking.
The UK currently has one survey vessel, HMS Enterprise, operating in the area.
For the UK to send another warship, the EU will need to extend the mandate of its current naval operation.
UK officials at this week's meeting of G7 industrialised nations said they would seek UN approval so that the new warship could also seize boats suspected of smuggling arms to fighters of so-called Islamic State in Libya.
Last Sunday the new Government of National Accord (GNA) in Tripoli asked the European Union for more help in training its navy and coastguard to stop the trafficking of migrants across the Mediterranean.
It is thought this may soon be followed by a request for international ships to operate in Libyan waters.
If this request is received, the UK will seek the extension of the EU's Operation Sophia mission to tackle people-trafficking in the central Mediterranean, as well as a Security Council resolution at the UN enabling its forces to assist in the interception of arms shipments.
This would move the UK another step closer to direct military involvement in the Libyan conflict, BBC diplomatic correspondent James Landale says.
This week the UK sent four military planners to the Rome headquarters of Operation Sophia, with the goal of preparing a plan to improve the effectiveness of the Libyan coastguard.
Downing Street did not say what type of Royal Navy ship would be sent and declined to discuss what evidence it had for illicit arms movements from the Libyan coast.
Mr Cameron first put forward the idea of extending Operation Sophia into Libyan territorial waters at a Brussels summit of the EU in March.
He warned that the number of migrants attempting to cross via the central Mediterranean could be expected to swell once the alternative route through Turkey, Greece and the western Balkans had been closed.


South Korea's President-elect, Park Geun-hye, has said her victory will help the country's economy recover.

Ms Park, the daughter of former dictator Park Chung-hee, defeated her liberal rival Moon Jae-in. She will be South Korea's first female leader.
Votes are still being counted, but Mr Moon has admitted defeat. Turnout was high in a poll dominated by economic and social welfare issues.
Ms Park, 60, will replace her party colleague Lee Myung-bak.
He is stepping down as the law requires after his five-year term.
By Lucy WilliamsonBBC News, Seoul
Park Geun-hye's win means that South Korea now has its first female president. In a country where rapid modernisation exists alongside ancient Confucian values, many people are saying her election will prompt real social change.
Ms Park has already served as South Korea's first lady, after her mother was killed in the 1970s. Now she's won a stint in her father's role, she'll face loud demands to reform the big family conglomerates he created, whilst protecting the country's modern economy from the effects of the global slowdown.
Supporters of her liberal rival, Moon Jae-in, have accused Ms Park of belonging to the past, and of having little understanding of the rough and tumble of modern democratic government.
Combined figures from the networks released after polls closed gave Ms Park 50.1% of the vote over Mr Moon's 48.9%.
"This is a victory brought by the people's hope for overcoming crisis and economic recovery," she told supporters in the capital Seoul.
Economic growth has fallen to about 2% after several decades in which it averaged 5.5%.
With the country having split almost equally along party lines, the BBC's Seoul correspondent Lucy Williamson  says Ms Park will have to work hard to improve relations with her detractors.
From the moment polls opened at 06:00 on Wednesday (21:00 GMT on Tuesday), millions of South Koreans queued to cast their ballots despite freezing temperatures.
Ms Park's supporters, wearing red party scarves, cheered as poll figures emerged.
Both bolstered and dogged by the legacy of her father, who built South Korea's economy while crushing dissent, she apologised in September for human rights abuses under his administration.
Mr Moon of the Democratic United Party is a former human rights lawyer who served under former President Roh Moo-hyun. He was briefly jailed by Ms Park's father in the 1970s.
Profile: President-elect Park Geun-hye
Both candidates put forward broadly similar policies, promising to boost social welfare spending, close the gap between the rich and poor and rein in the family-run giant conglomerates known as chaebol.
The issue of North Korea did not feature heavily in the campaign despite its recent rocket launch.
Both candidates promised more engagement with Pyongyang - though in Ms Park's case, more cautiously than her rival.
Ties between the two Koreas deteriorated during Mr Lee's term.


The parliamentary commission on banking standards believes that banks let us down so comprehensively in the boom years that led to the great crash that what's required is a complete cultural overhaul.

And that, in turn, needs one reform that is simple to understand but really hard to put into practice - bankers need to be clear about their responsibilities and held properly to account when things go wrong.
To to achieve that, it recommends:
1) a whole new regulatory system for licensing or approving bankers
2) financial incentives, bonuses, that are dished out over as long as ten years and are easy to cancel when things go wrong
And 3) a new criminal offence of managing a bank recklessly.
The commission is in a sense responding to public unease that no one responsible for the banking meltdown has gone to prison, and the failed, discredited bankers remain very wealthy.
But it is more than that. The Lords and MPs on the commission want banks and bankers that take a long term view and don't take dangerous risks in the pursuit of big rewards.
There is, of course, a danger in setting much higher standards of conduct for bankers than for other business people - which is that few in their right minds might choose banking as a career.


A woman has been arrested following the sudden death of a man in Norwich.

Officers were called to a block of flats in Gristock Place by the ambulance service just after midnight.
A man, thought to be in his late 40s, died a short time later in one of the flats, said Norfolk Police.
His death is currently being treated as unexplained. A woman, aged 50, has been arrested in connection with the incident and is currently in custody at Wymondham Police Investigation Centre.
A cordon on the property remains in place while investigations continue.
A Home Office post mortem examination on the body to establish cause of death will be held later, Norfolk Police said.


The UK government has announced plans which could radically change the way the offshore oil and gas industry is taxed.

It is moving away from a focus on maximising revenue for the Treasury.
The government has admitted that the new priority of maximising extraction will mean a lower tax burden.
Danny Alexander, the chief secretary to the Treasury, said ministers would consult on several new approaches to taxation.
These will be in addition to tax concessions announced in the chancellor's Autumn Statement, which included an immediate cut in the supplementary charge element of offshore tax, from 32% to 30%.
There was also more flexibility in tax allowances announced for companies that have yet to see an income stream from their investments.
Chancellor George Osborne also said he was expanding the allowances for clusters of fields with high pressure and high temperature reserves of hydrocarbons, which require new and more expensive technology.
The broader changes to the tax regime follows Sir Ian Wood's review of the sector, which recommended a new regulator, and a requirement that the industry, government and that regulator should co-operate more closely.
More collaboration between oil producers is also being expected.
After a consultation, the Treasury now says that it foresees a lower tax burden on the industry, as new projects become more marginal.
Scottish Energy Minister Fergus Ewing said: "Following the UK government's admission that it has been 21 years since the oil and gas industry last received a tax reduction, the package of measures announced at the Autumn Statement is a first step to improving the fiscal regime for the industry.
"In driving forward these changes, it is essential that the UK government engages with the industry, the new regulator and the Scottish government to maintain momentum with these critical fiscal reforms."
Malcolm Webb, chief executive of industry body Oil and Gas UK, said: "We are encouraged to note that fiscal policy will now be framed in the context of the sector's wider economic benefits and will also take account of the global competitiveness of the industry in terms of commodity prices and costs.
"Mr Alexander paid particular attention to the need for the Treasury to work with the new Oil and Gas Authority (OGA) and the industry in the tripartite approach as called for in the Wood Review."
Friends of the Earth's policy and campaigns director Craig Bennett said: "Ministers must end their obsession with dirty fossil fuels and build a clean economy for the future based on energy efficiency and the nation's huge renewable power resources."
The oil industry has been awaiting a significant package of tax reforms from the Treasury.
It faces fast-rising production costs, the challenge of more difficult and expensive oil and gas reserves, ageing equipment, and a recent sharp fall in the price it gets for oil on the global market.
It has also been through a rough period of lobbying the Treasury, after the Â£2bn tax raid in the 2011 Budget, impressing on Whitehall how sensitive it is to even small tax changes.
The announcements in George Osborne's Autumn Statement were seen as modest by the industry, and a first step.
The range of measures now published could meet many of the industry's expectations, and make it financially viable to push for more extraction rather than leaving reserves under the seabed.
However, there is limited room for the Treasury's manoeuvre, given its vast deficit problems. And it is far from applying numbers to the plans it has set out. Consultation could take up valuable time, when investments hang in the balance due to the falling oil price.
The government is signalling that it is going to have to change its approach to offshore energy, meaning lower tax receipts.
Instead, it can look forward to more oil and gas being extracted, prolonging the lifespan of the industry's big employment footprint, and minimising the need to import oil and gas.
The Treasury will consider the wider economic benefits of maximising productions in addition to the revenue benefits.
And the new regime concedes that it will have to take more account of the competing and often more attractive investment alternatives for oil companies which operate in other countries' oil basins.
The new proposals include:
There is to be consultation on these next year, with some new details to be published with the Budget in the spring.
Making the announcement in Aberdeen, Mr Alexander described the tax review as an ambitious move to support a valuable sector.
He said: "We're incentivising and working with the industry to develop new investment opportunities and support new areas of exploration.
"This will help ensure that the industry continues to thrive and contribute to the economy.  This level of support is only possible because we can draw on the combined strength and resources of the United Kingdom."
Derek Leith, an energy tax specialist with accountancy firm EY, welcomed the recognition that higher oil prices did not necessarily lead to higher profits, as costs also tended to increase.
However, he said the current concern was over falling oil prices.
"Provided that these measures can be implemented quickly, and a further tax rate reduction can also be delivered, the government has taken some critical steps to protecting the longevity of the oil and gas industry in the UK.," he said.
"However, with the low oil price making the need for reform acute, there is absolutely no room for complacency."


At the heart of the current Greek debt crisis is an old debate - is it better to cut spending and raise taxes in an economic downturn, or spend your way out of it?

Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras came to power on a wave of public anger over austerity measures, and he is urging the Greek people to vote against austerity once more in a snap referendum on the country's debt crisis to be held on Sunday.
Meanwhile tens of thousands of people took part in anti-austerity demonstrations across the UK in June despite the government's insistence that austerity measures are vital to cutting the deficit.
Many countries decided to cut spending and put up taxes to deal with the fallout from the 2008 financial crisis. Were they right? Has austerity worked? Four experts offer their assessment.
Former BBC economics editor Stephanie Flanders is now chief market strategist for JP Morgan Asset Management.
"In 2009 we suddenly found ourselves in a much steeper recession than people thought, and the impact was suddenly very clear on the public finances. It pushed up budget deficits all over the world - particularly in the UK - by tens of billions.
"No one was making any money or paying any tax, meanwhile the unemployment numbers were going up quite quickly and that was pushing up costs. There was a moment leading up to the G20 summit in London in 2009 where leaders said 'we've got to have a global co-ordinated stimulus'.
"They were all on one side saying, 'we've got to not worry too much about borrowing going up, because governments are the only ones who can afford to do this at a time when households and companies are also cutting back'.
"[As a result] you saw the start of a recovery in most countries, and at the same time these horrendous borrowing numbers were coming in which we hadn't ever seen in peace time. And there were mutterings: 'Hang on, we're going to face an awful lot of pain to get that down, shouldn't we start doing that now?'.
"So they faced that dilemma: 'we've saved the economy, how quickly do we start to raise taxes again and cut spending to get our public finances in order and how quickly can we afford to do that without hurting this still fragile recovery?'
"If you think the economy is going to carry on growing, then you want to take a bit of that growth and start to put it back into the government coffers.
"You want to have taxes going up, certainly some plans to rein in spending, but of course the contrary argument is you can't assume that growth, because some of it is coming from what you're doing to prop up the economy.
"Unless you know that there's going to be other demand out there to make up the gap, you might face the economy slipping back into recession and then the borrowing is going be even worse.
"If the international lenders start to worry about whether you're going to pay it back, they start to charge you more interest, and if they charge you more interest, then your interest rates of course go up, and that pushes up your borrowing as well - you might be damned if you do, and damned if you don't.
Philip Coggan writes for The Economist.
"Most people think of being austere as living a very quiet life, not spending too much, especially not spending more than you earn. But that's not what economists mean by austerity. Economists mean the change in your financial position.
"Britain went from spending 11% of GDP more than it earned in one year to 9% of GDP more than it earned. That is still doling out money to the rest of the economy, but technically the change of position means that they're cutting spending, or raising taxes, and that makes the policy austere.
"There was one big tax rise - VAT - at the start of the parliament, and then there were big cuts to capital spending on new schools, new hospitals, new roads.
"[Austerity] was very strong for the first two years, so up to the middle of 2012. From that point on, the amount of austerity - the amount of cutting - slowed quite significantly. Some people argue that the government changed tack, and to the extent that the UK economy recovered, then that was all down to this change of tack.
"I don't think we can absolutely sure [whether austerity worked]. To have a proper scientific experiment, you need a control, in which case you need to rerun the economy without what the government did and see what happened. Alas we can never do that.
"The experience in Europe suggests that too much austerity can be counterproductive, and we've seen that in Greece, where the overall economy has shrunk by 25% over the last four or five years, because foreign creditors have made Greece cut back. That does seem to have overdone it.
"Some people say, if you have a central bank that's willing to do [quantitative easing: effectively printing money], you don't have to worry about the budget deficit. You can print as much money as you like, you can raise as much debt as you like, and indeed you should do so while rates are so low and spend it on infrastructure projects.
"Would the Bank of England have been willing to do that if the government had said it wasn't bothered about the level of the public sector deficit? Remember it's an independent bank. If you go back to 2010 and see what the [then] Bank of England governor Mervyn King was saying, he didn't give that impression.
"So I think it's a bit optimistic to say that the government in 2010 could have done absolutely nothing and got away with it."
Justin Wolfers is professor of economics at the University of Michigan, where the US federal government followed a policy of economic stimulus for a little longer than the UK.
"The relevant question for the US is whether stimulus worked.
"Lehman Brothers collapsed, unemployment was soaring, and the Obama administration passed the Stimulus Bill. That was a big part of what supported the economy through 2008, particularly 2009 and 2010.
"At that point quite a lot of the other economies in the world began to pull back on the extent of the stimulus that they were putting into the economy.
"Essentially the US just let its Stimulus Bill lapse. So what had been supporting the economy through 2009 and through 2010 went away. But there was no concerted effort to immediately or swiftly reduce the public debt. The view was that we should let the economy try and recover.
"The big Stimulus Bill for 2008, 2009, 2010 had specific formulae which ended up giving different amounts of stimulus to different states. You can look at those states which happened to get a bigger chunk of stimulus. Did their economy subsequently outperform other states over the next few years? The answer is yes."
"The really big costs are about repaying the debt. We do have a higher debt than we used to have, that gives us higher interest payments each year, and that's a real burden, and it's a burden that will slow growth in the future.
"Borrowing from the future just brings spending from the future to the present, and so there is a real cost, and it's one to be taken quite seriously."
Professor Sir Charles Bean was deputy governor at the Bank of England during the financial crisis.
"It's easy to forget the external dimensions. Obviously for the UK, what's been happening on our doorstep in the eurozone has been an important factor on the development of growth here.
"Arguments over 'well, if the government had adopted less aggressive fiscal consolidation we would have grown faster' - and the fact that we saw very little growth during 2011, 2012, reflected that fiscal choice - ignore the fact that across the Channel we were seeing this downturn in our primary export market.
"The question of austerity is often used as a bit of a code word for other, deeper differences of view about the role of the state.
"Often when people talk about austerity, they're not really talking about just getting the budget deficit down, they're actually talking about the size of the state. People who object to it are basically saying they want a bigger public sector.
"That is a big fundamental question. You can have a big public sector, providing it's paid for with higher taxes. There are costs and benefits of that. There are some states that have relatively large public sectors: the Nordic countries have perfectly reasonable growth rates. There are other countries that have smaller public sectors. Some of them have good growth, some don't.
"The question about the size of the public sector, though, is something that is distinct from the question of the appropriate pace of fiscal consolidation after a budget deficit has opened up, in this case as a result of the financial crisis.
"In principle, somebody who's committed to a small public sector could accept, temporarily, a very large increase in public spending during a deep recession, but in practice, it is usually quite difficult to change direction."
The Inquiry is broadcast on the BBC World Service on Tuesdays from 12:05 GMT/13:05 BST. Listen online or download the podcast.


British number one Johanna Konta has moved up two places to a career high of 21st in the WTA world rankings.

Heather Watson, the British number two, has moved up 14 places from 69 to 55, while British number three Naomi Broady is up two places to 78.
Konta was most recently in action at the Miami Open, where she became the first British woman to make the last eight but lost to Victoria Azarenka.
This time last year the Australia-born 24-year-old was the world number 151.
But a remarkable 12 months during which she reached the Australia Open semi-finals has seen her move to within touching distance of breaking into the top 20.


Doncaster Rovers midfielder Paul Keegan has signed a new three-year contract with the League One side.

The 30-year-old Irishman's deal expired at the end of last season, but he  in August on a one-month contract.
He has played in all of their games this term, taking his appearances tally to 83, having joined from League of Ireland Bohemians in 2011.
Keegan started  on Tuesday.


Selena Gomez says she is receiving chemotherapy after being diagnosed with the autoimmune disease lupus.

Concerns about the 23-year-old's health were first raised in 2013, when she cancelled a tour of Asia and Australia.
She later sought treatment at the Dawn at the Meadows rehab facility, with her representatives denying she was dealing with substance abuse.
But the singer has revealed her break was "really about" her lupus diagnosis, adding: "I could have had a stroke."
Speaking to Billboard magazine, the pop star was scathing about the gossip websites who suggested she was addicted to drugs.
"I wanted so badly to say: 'You guys have no idea. I'm in chemotherapy. You're assholes'."
"I locked myself away until I was confident and comfortable again."
Gomez went on to criticise the tabloid press, who have spent years picking apart her relationship with ex-boyfriend Justin Bieber, as "vile".
"I've been working since I was seven. I've been a Unicef ambassador since I was 17. It's so disappointing that I've become a tabloid story," she said.
Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease where the body's immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal tissue.
This process can lead to destruction of the kidney, heart, brain, spine, and lung tissue.
It can affect almost any system in the body but its exact cause is unknown.
Symptoms can include fever, a "butterfly" shaped rash on the face, hair loss, fatigue and painful joints.
The disease is currently treated by drugs, and by chemotherapy designed to suppress the action of the immune system.
Gomez, who began her career as a child star on programmes like Barney and Friends and Wizards of Waverley Place, is currently promoting her new album Revival, and appears in the US number one film Hotel Transylvania 2.


Nathaniel Mendez-Laing's brace secured a comfortable victory for Rochdale over local rivals Bury in League One.

Dale opened the scoring when Mendez-Laing pounced on a loose ball from Ian Henderson's blocked effort.
Mendez-Laing then nipped in between Ian Lawlor and Peter Clarke to double his tally and Rochdale's lead.
Former Bury defender Ashley Eastham wrapped up the three points when he leapt highest in the Shakers' box to head Michael Rose's corner past Lawlor.
Rochdale manager Keith Hill told BBC Radio Manchester:
Media playback is not supported on this device
"We wanted more penetration and we got it today. I think the game should have been put to bed before half time with the chances we created.
"I think it was all about control of the ball today.
"The plan worked but the players, more importantly, put in some practice and that's what pleases me most."
Bury manager David Flitcroft told BBC Radio Manchester:
Media playback is not supported on this device
"It's been a real tough week. I've got players out there who physically weren't really prepared for the game.
"It didn't look right and it didn't feel right.
"We've got to get the right bodies in now and make sure we've got enough covering in every position to get over the line."


Colombia and Venezuela have recalled their ambassadors following days of growing tension between the neighbouring nations.

More than 1,000 Colombians have been deported and about 6,000 have left in fear since Venezuela President Nicolas Maduro closed the border last week.
On Thursday Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos said it was "unacceptable" and withdrew his envoy.
The Venezuelan government followed suit later in the day.
Mr Maduro closed the border and declared a state of emergency in the western state of Tachira,  last Friday, after smugglers injured three Venezuelan soldiers and a civilian.
Announcing the recall of his ambassador, Mr Santos condemned the expulsions. "I can't allow Venezuela to treat Colombians and the Colombian government in this way," he said.
He added that he would call for an extraordinary meeting of foreign ministers from the Union of South American Nations.
A while later, Venezuelan Foreign Minister Delcy Rodriguez announced that Caracas was recalling its own ambassador to Colombia for consultations.
Smugglers have long operated along the porous border between the countries, purchasing heavily subsidised goods in Venezuela to resell in Colombia.
Talks by the countries' foreign ministers on Wednesday were aimed at normalising the situation in the key border region of Cucuta.
Hundreds are living in shelters there surrounded by the few possessions they could carry across the border on their backs.
President Maduro blames much of the violence on the Venezuelan side of the border on Colombian paramilitaries, whom he accuses of crossing the border freely to commit crimes.
In order to fight these gangs he declared a 60-day state of emergency on Friday which, among other things, allows the authorities to search homes without a warrant.
But his Colombian counterpart said those who had been deported were "no paramilitaries but poor and humble families who only want to live and work".
President Santos said some had complained of mistreatment by the Venezuelan security forces. The Venezuelan foreign minister dismissed allegations as "media lies".


A Scottish filmmaker who documented the controversy surrounding Donald Trump's luxury golf development in the north-east of Scotland is again preparing to take on to the American presidential candidate.

Anthony Baxter won awards at film festivals around the world for his critically-acclaimed 2011 movie You've Been Trumped despite it being branded a "failure" by the powerful property magnate who reportedly tried to prevent BBC2 from screening the documentary.
As Trump squares up to his Democratic rival Hillary Clinton in the US presidential race, Montrose-based Baxter is putting the finishing touches to a hard-hitting follow-up to his original project.
You've Been Trumped Too revisits the family of Michael Forbes, four years after the Trump International Golf Links opened in Aberdeenshire.
Mr Forbes was the "David" to Mr Trump's "Goliath" in the first film, as he refused to sell his land to the US tycoon.
But Mr Trump's representatives in Scotland have already criticised the project, accusing Baxter of "peddling lies and nonsense" about the company for years. They said they have not seen the film and have "no interest" in it.
Baxter claims the Forbes family have been without a proper water supply for five years - since construction workers accidentally cut it off while they were building the luxury golf resort.
Despite promises from the Trump organisation to fix the problem, the filmmaker said he found Mr Forbes's 92-year-old mother, Molly, using a wheelbarrow to collect water from a nearby stream.
Their experience, according to Baxter, shows that "what [Trump] says and what he does are two very different things".
The film is expected to open in independent cinemas across the UK at the end of October but Baxter is especially keen for it to be seen by an American audience before the US presidential election.
He told the BBC Scotland website: "The Trump organisation said back in 2010 that the Forbes would have the best water they'd ever had.
"But while Trump was running for president, Molly Forbes was collecting water with a wheelbarrow from a nearby burn. What he says and what he does is two very different things."
And he questioned Trump's pledge to create thousands of jobs with the golf resort on the Menie Estate in Aberdeenshire.
"He's under pressure at the moment over not releasing his taxes and says constantly that he's created tens of thousands of jobs," said Baxter.
"He promised 6,000 jobs in Scotland but he created a few dozen jobs, one golf course, a clubhouse and an upscale B&B.
"What he promises and what he delivers are very different.
"It's important to get it out to American voters before the election. It's a side to Donald Trump they have never seen before."
He hopes to raise $75,000 (Â£59,000) through crowd-funding to boost awareness of the project in the US and have it shown in movie theatres across the country. In five days, the project has raised more than $35,000 (Â£27,500).
The film also follows Michael Forbes and his wife, Sheila, as they travel to the Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio,
Baxter said the couple wanted to try to understand the appeal of Trump and to speak to delegates about their own experiences in Aberdeenshire.
He added: "I was amazed to observe the ongoing consequences of Donald Trump's actions in Scotland, at the very same time he was running for president and felt it was a story American voters needed to hear before 8 November."
In a statement, a spokeswoman for Trump International Golf Links said: "We have not seen the so-called film and have no interest in it.
"Anthony Baxter is not a credible journalist or filmmaker. He has no interest in the facts or the people of north east Scotland.
"He has propagated lies and nonsense about the company for years in an attempt to make a name for himself off the back of Trump.
"We operate a highly acclaimed, five-star golf resort and enjoy a great relationship with the local community and all of our neighbours with the exception of a few who have fought the project since its inception."


US President Barack Obama has said the UN climate conference in Paris could be a "turning point" in global efforts to limit future temperature rises.

Negotiators from 195 countries will try to reach a deal within two weeks aimed at reducing global carbon emissions and limiting global warming to 2C (3.6F).
Leaders from 147 nations have been addressing the meeting, known as COP21.
President Obama urged negotiators to deliver a meaningful deal, because the "next generation is watching".
He told delegates: "Climate change could define the contours of this century more than any other (challenge).
"I came here personally to say the United States not only recognises the problem but is committed to do something about it."
He added that recent years had shown that the global economy had grown while emissions had remained flat, breaking the old arguments for inaction "that economic growth and environmental protection were in conflict".
Russian President Vladimir Putin also addressed the conference.
During negotiations for the preceding Kyoto Protocol, Russia was the last industrialised nation to ratify the global agreement, allowing the landmark deal to come into force in 2001.
Echoing President Obama, Mr Putin said: "We have demonstrated we can ensure economic development and take care of our environment at the same time."
In a diplomatic play on semantics, probably to highlight the differing points of view between industrialised and emerging economies, Chinese President Xi Jinping told the conference he did not see the Paris talks as a turning point nor a "finish line, but a new starting point".
He said that climate change went beyond national borders and that it was "a shared mission for all mankind", before reiterating China's pledge to start cutting its emissions from a peak in 2030.
So what can we glean from the warm words and good intentions of the leaders?
There are certainly positive omens. Leader after leader sang the same hymn - climate change is a huge challenge, only co-operation on a global level can solve it, and my country is doing great!
Still, there were obvious divisions.
Progress may or may not happen over the next two weeks.
One negotiator told me the whole idea was for the leaders to come, speak and happily be on their way without toppling this carefully constructed applecart.
Unlike in Copenhagen in 2009.
"The leaders fully understand the political nature, the political difficulties. They are coming here to provide manoeuvring guidance," he said with a hint of irony.
"And we as negotiators will then have to fix it."
Read more from Matt
British Prime Minister David Cameron used his address to consider how future generations would respond to the idea that it was "too difficult" for this generation of politicians to reach an agreement in 2015.
"Our grandchildren would ask why it was so difficult," he said, before listing how progress had been made in delivering climate policy, such as financing, carbon budgets and technological research and development.
"Instead of making excuses to our children and grandchildren, we should be taking action," Mr Cameron stated.
Tuvalu Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga made a stark observation in his passionate address: "If we save Tuvalu, we will surely save the world."
"Like other nations in the Pacific, our survival depends on the decisions we take here in Paris," he said, reflecting the concerns of many Small Island States (SISs) around the globe.
"We stand on a cliff edge. Either we stand united and agree to combat climate change, or we all stumble and fall."
Major points of contention include:
Much of the discussion in Paris is expected to centre on an agreement to limit global warming to 2C (3.6F).
However, assessments of the more than 180 national climate action plans submitted by countries to the summit suggest that if they are implemented, the world will see a rise of nearer to 3C.
Christiana Figueres, the head of the UN's climate change negotiations, told delegates that never before had a responsibility so great been in the hands of so few.
"The world is looking to you," she said. "The world is counting on you."
The talks are taking place amid tight security, two weeks after attacks in Paris claimed by the so-called Islamic State (IS) group.
World leaders are attending the start of the two-week meeting to give impetus to the talks, after the high-profile failure of the Copenhagen summit in 2009.
COP 21 - the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties - will see more than 190 nations gather in Paris to discuss a possible new global agreement on climate change, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to avoid the threat of dangerous warming due to human activities.
COP21 live: The latest updates from Paris
Explained: What is climate change?
In video: Why does the Paris conference matter?
Analysis: From BBC environment correspondent Matt McGrath
More: BBC News special report
The ultimate aim is to limit warming to 2C (3.6F) above pre-industrial levels, widely seen as a dangerous threshold. Since 1880, the average global temperature has already risen by almost 1C.  About 0.6C of this has occurred in the past three decades.
When the Earth warms about 2C above pre-industrial times, scientists say there will be dangerous and unpredictable impacts on our climate system. And we're already half-way to that danger point.


A new £5.6m research project has been launched in an attempt to create a new vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease in livestock.

The virus is one of the most contagious in cattle, sheep, goats and pigs.
Current vaccines must be refrigerated and require multiple boosters, making them difficult to administer in Africa - where the virus is endemic.
The new study, led by St Andrews University, will aim to develop a new generation of vaccines.
Millions of animals had to be destroyed in the UK's last foot-and-mouth outbreak, which took place in 2001.
The study - which will also involve the Pirbright Institute and the universities of Dundee, Edinburgh and Leeds - will investigate the virus' growth and interaction with cells.
Professor Martin Ryan, of translational virology in the School of Biology at St Andrews University, said: "One approach will be to alter the virus to make new strains that can infect animals without causing disease.
"These weakened viruses can prompt an immune response from the infected animal, giving it protection from subsequent infection."
The researchers will also attempt to use knowledge of how the virus grows in cells to make a new type of virus that could only grow in specially designed "helper" cells, meaning the virus could not then grow in animals.
This would make the use of existing conventional vaccines a much safer process.
The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council has awarded the £5.6m to the five-year project.


Elderly people are "trapped" in English hospitals in ever greater numbers as there is nowhere else for them to go, the charity Age UK has warned.

Its analysis shows patients spent a total of nearly 2.5 million days stuck in a hospital over the past five years.
Age UK said it was bad for patients' health, a waste of NHS resources and a huge cost to taxpayers.
NHS England said extra funds allocated to councils would help give care and support to patients leaving hospital.
Age UK says there is a crisis in social care ranging from a shortage of care home places to a lack of district nurses to help people in their own home.
It says the situation has got worse and the number of people being kept in hospital in 2014-15 increased by 19% on the previous year.
The charity's analysis of NHS England data for the last financial year showed the days spent stuck in hospital included:
Caroline Abrahams, from Age UK, said: "These figures show that year-on-year, older people are being trapped in hospital in ever greater numbers because of a delayed assessment, care home place, home care package or home adaptation.
"Without decent social care when discharged, whether to their own home or to a care home, hospital stays are often much longer than they need to be and older people are more likely to be readmitted because their recovery stalls."
She said this was a waste of NHS resources because it cost nearly Â£2,000 per week for an NHS bed in comparison to around Â£560 per week in residential care.
"Everyone agrees the way to go is to integrate social care and health much more effectively, but unfortunately our report shows we've got a long way to go before really the reality lives up to the rhetoric," she told the BBC .
"And if we can't get it right for such an important group of people, older people stuck in hospital waiting to get out, really we have to redouble our efforts and do much better."
An NHS England spokesperson said: "We continue to need strong joint working between hospitals, community services, care homes and home care, which is being further helped by the extra Â£35 million allocated to local councils for social care so patients leaving hospital get the care and support they need."


An American soldier has given her Invictus Games gold medal to the hospital team that saved her life.

Sgt Elizabeth Marks told Prince Harry, who presented her with the prize, to hand it to the medical team at Papworth Hospital in Cambridgeshire.
The swimmer, 25, from Arizona, became gravely ill when she collapsed with a lung condition on the eve of the first games in London in 2014.
"They absolutely saved my life and I can't thank the UK enough," she said.
Sgt Marks won all four swimming events she entered at the Invictus Games in Orlando for injured military personnel and veterans.
She chose to give her 100m freestyle gold to the hospital as it had been touched by the prince, who came up with the idea for the games.
Read more on this story and other news in Cambridgeshire
Sgt Marks has served in the US army since she was 17, but in 2010 suffered a serious hip injury that left her with no feeling in her left leg.
Two years ago, she became very ill after arriving in the UK for the games.
She woke up from an induced coma 10 days later in an army hospital in Germany.
"I was in hospital in London and went into respiratory distress syndrome, they shipped a team down from Papworth who put me on to ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) life support and that ultimately saved my life," she said.
"But they absolutely saved my life and I can't thank the UK enough for having that kind of medical support and taking such good care of me.
"So I gave Prince Harry one of my medals and hope it will find its way back to Papworth."
She also paid tribute to the NHS and said: "Thank you, I'll never be able to repay you, but what you're doing is wonderful."
Papworth's temporary chief executive said she was "delighted" by both Sgt Marks' "extraordinary" achievement and gesture.
Claire Tripp said: "We wish Elizabeth the very best and would very much like to meet her so we can thank her personally."
The hospital's medical director Dr Roger Hall said the team was "extremely proud" of Sgt Marks and described her donation as "generous and unexpected".
"Elizabeth's fantastic achievement is a good example of how modern medicine can support all of us to not only lead a normal life, following life-threatening conditions, but go on to achieve truly amazing accomplishments," he said.


An increasing number of UK employers are worried that they will not be able recruit enough high-skilled employees, according to an annual CBI survey.

The survey of 500 employers found 69% were concerned about not being able to find enough highly-skilled staff, compared with 55% last year.
The report showed that demand for low-skilled workers would continue to fall.
Tackling this skills gap has become a "top business priority", said CBI deputy director general Josh Hardie.
The survey says this could become even more difficult after the decision to leave the European Union.
"Not only will we have our existing UK skills shortages to address, but potentially reduced access to migrant skills will also impact businesses," says the CBI's report on the survey results.
Neil Carberry, the business group's director of employment and skills, said it was "absolutely critical" that businesses had clarity on the status of EU nationals currently working in the UK.
The CBI's education and skills survey examines the recruitment needs of firms employing more than three million staff between them.
The results show a changing jobs market, with employers saying they need to recruit more skilled staff, while cutting the number of low-skilled jobs.
But there are concerns about whether there is an adequate pool of such well-qualified staff, with more than two-thirds of firms not confident there will be enough staff to meet demand.
There are also problems with basic skills, with the survey showing almost a third of businesses had concerns about the literacy and numeracy levels of their new recruits.
But employers were more likely to rate "attitude to work" as more important than formal qualifications.
Rod Bristow, president of Pearson UK, and co-sponsor of the survey, said: "Employers don't just value what people know; they value what they can do. By far the most important 'skills factor' centres on attitudes and aptitudes such as ability to present well."
Improving careers advice was also seen as important and in a separate survey, the Baker Dearing Educational Trust, which supports University Technical Colleges, found that young people particularly benefited from direct contact with employers, such as work experience and talks from employers.
The CBI report reflects doubts about the government's proposed apprenticeship levy, which will take a levy from bigger employers to pay for targets for more apprenticeships.
The report warns that employers want "better quality training places" and do not want to pay extra for current training to be "rebadged".
Mr Hardie said the levy scheme "will need a genuine change of direction if it is to work" and he warned that employers still did not have enough practical information about the proposals.
"As it stands the levy system will work in Whitehall but it won't work in Walsall," he said.
But Petra Wilton, director of strategy at the Chartered Management Institute, said: "We need to stop knocking the apprenticeship levy and remember why it exists, we're failing to invest in the future and hurting our international competitiveness."
Mr Carberry said skills would be the key to the UK's competitiveness, regardless of what type of trading arrangements were concluded after the UK ends its EU membership.
"If you want a high skills, high pay UK, it's all based on skills."
A spokeswoman for the Department for Education said: "We are introducing the apprenticeship levy so that businesses have the talent they need to grow and thrive.
"We will continue to work closely with businesses of all sizes to design the levy around their needs and the need of their employees."


Soil from the village where Richard III was born will be placed alongside his remains when he is reburied.

The last Plantagenet king was born at Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, and members of his family were buried at the local parish church.
Soil from the castle grounds and two other sites will be laid around his coffin by Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby on 26 March.
Site owner John Gould said he was "delighted" to have been involved.
Soil from the castle, a Yorkist palace during the 15th Century, is one of three samples from sites significant in the former king's life to be sprinkled inside the vault where his coffin will be placed.
Samples from Middleham in Yorkshire, where Richard met future wife Anne, and the site of the Battle of Bosworth, have also been collected.
Some of the soil will be blessed by Bishop of Leicester Tim Stevens at a private ceremony on Sunday and will be put into a wooden casket to be displayed at the Battle of Bosworth Field Centre.
Richard's body was found buried under a car park in Leicester in 2012.
Mr Gould said: "It was a unique and very interesting request to be asked to provide a sample of soil from the castle site.
"I have lived in the village all my life and four generations of my family have farmed here.
"We have all grown up with Fotheringhay's history and often take it for granted. We are delighted to have been involved."
Village chair Ros Clayton said it was "brimming with rich history".
"The village played an instrumental role in the history of the Plantagenets and King Richard."


Thousands of Ethiopians are still stuck in Saudi Arabia after a 90-day amnesty for undocumented migrants expired on Tuesday without all of them leaving , the Ethiopian government has said.

Communications Minister Negeri Lencho told the BBC that the government has asked for the amnesty to be extended.
He said more than 45,000 citizens had so far returned but there were many more waiting to go back home.
Ethiopians have been employed in Saudi Arabia in building and domestic work.
Mr Negeri said that the government was expecting "a positive response" from the Saudi authorities for its request to extend the amnesty.
In March 2017 the Saudi interior minister, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Naif bin Abdulaziz, announced the amnesty under a campaign called "A nation with no legal violator".
During this period any one in breach of the country's residency and labour rules or regulations would be free to leave without facing any penalties.
In 2013 a similar amnesty was announced, however any illegal migrant who did not leave Saudi Arabia had to face punishment by way of fines, prison or being deported.
During that time a number of Ethiopians were killed in clashes with the Saudi police as they were being rounded up for deportation.
Mr Negeri says that there was a slow uptake during the amnesty period because some people were sceptical the Saudi authorities would take action during the just ended period of Ramadan.
Minister Negeri added that a taskforce and money has been set aside to receive and resettle the Ethiopian returnees.


Plans to raise parking charges at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary have been dropped following concerns from staff.

Parking at the privately-run visitor and patients car parks was to increase from £7 a day to £15.
Staff had complained that they would be worst hit by the rise.
Announcing the u-turn, NHS Lothian deputy chief executive Jim Crombie said the health board had listened to the concerns of its staff.
He said: "We have discussed with staff the proposal to increase parking charges and we have listened to the concerns they have raised.
"We have fed this back to our private sector partners and have agreed that charges will remain at the current level for this financial year.
"We understand the impact that travel to and from work can have on staff but also the frustration patients and visitors experience when trying to park to attend an appointment or visit a patient.
"We will use the review to explore these issues in detail."
NHS Lothian does not own or operate the car park at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.
The charges for the car park are set by Consort Healthcare in line with the PFI agreement.
Hospital parking charges were abolished by the Scottish government in 2008.
Charges were removed from 14 hospitals but could not be scrapeed at three PFI car parks.
Parking charges remain at Edinburgh and Glasgow Royal Infirmaries and Ninewells in Dundee.


Some of the BBC's most high-profile female personalities have called on the corporation to "act now" to deal with the gender pay gap.

Presenters Clare Balding, Victoria Derbyshire and Emily Maitlis are among those who have signed an open letter to director general Tony Hall.
They urge him to "correct" the disparity over gender pay, which they say has been known "for years".
Lord Hall said "work is already well under way" to resolve the pay gap.
On Wednesday, the BBC revealed the salaries of stars earning more than £150,000.
The salaries, published in the corporation's annual report, revealed two-thirds of its stars earning more than £150,000 are male, with Radio 2 DJ Chris Evans the top-paid on between £2.2m and £2.25m.
Claudia Winkleman - whose name was not on the original letter - was the highest-paid female celebrity, earning between £450,000 and £500,000 last year.
Education Secretary Justine Greening said the BBC's gender pay gap was "hard to justify", while Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn said discrepancies were "astronomical".
More than 40 signatories include BBC Sport's Sue Barker, BBC Radio 4 Today programme journalists Mishal Husain and Sarah Montague, BBC News and Antiques Roadshow presenter Fiona Bruce and The One Show's Alex Jones.
The report shows "what many of us have suspected for many years... that women at the BBC are being paid less than men for the same work," the letter says.
Pay disparities continue "beyond the list" of those earning more than £150,000, they add, including in areas of production, engineering, and regional and local media.
The letter continues: "Compared to many women and men, we are very well compensated and fortunate.
"However, this is an age of equality and the BBC is an organisation that prides itself on its values.
"You have said that you will 'sort' the gender pay gap by 2020, but the BBC has known about the pay disparity for years. We all want to go on the record to call upon you to act now."
The women say they are "prepared to meet" Lord Hall to ensure "future generations of women do not face this kind of discrimination".
Woman's Hour presenter Jane Garvey - who organised the letter and is not on the list of top earners - told BBC Radio 4's BH programme the BBC should "set a standard" when it comes to fair pay.
"We are not after pay parity," she said, "it is fairness that we are in pursuit of here, not enormous pay rises."
"I love what the BBC is meant to stand for - let's show the rest of Britain what this incredible institution can do."
Clare Balding said she became concerned about the gender pay gap in 2010, when after presenting Woman's Hour she realised her pay for the show was "40% lower" than similar programmes.
"We are the high earners, that's why we are on the list, but don't tell me that isn't reflected all the way down [the BBC]," she told the programme.
"It is right through and that's where I think we have got to stand up as the ones who are on the list and say 'hang on, enough, we can help you with this'."
Education Secretary Ms Greening, who is also responsible for women and equalities, told Sky News' Sophy Ridge on Sunday it was "impossible not to be shocked" by the BBC gender pay gap.
She said it was a "reputational issue" for the BBC, adding that it was "very hard to justify" some of the pay discrepancies.
Labour leader Mr Corbyn told the BBC's Andrew Marr Show he would be happy to sign the letter, saying the BBC "needs to look at itself".
But he said problem was broader than just the BBC and discrimination remained a "serious" issue in the UK.
Marr, who is paid between £400,000 and £449,999 a year by the BBC, said if he was a woman he would have been removed from the TV "10 years ago".
"There's a real lack of older women on the screen," the 57-year-old said.
Responding to the letter, Lord Hall said there would be a "wider consultation" over the next two months to address the issue and that he would value the contributions of those who signed the letter.
"When figures are published next year I am confident they will look very different.
"When other organisations publish their gender pay data by next April, I want the BBC to be one of the best performers when comparisons are made.
"But beyond that, over the next three years I want the BBC to be regarded as an exemplar on gender and diversity."


The world's largest bid to harness the power of fusion has entered a "critical" phase in southern France.

The Iter project at Cadarache in Provence is receiving the first of about one million components for its experimental reactor.
Dogged by massive cost rises and long delays, building work is currently nearly two years behind schedule.
The construction of the key building has even been altered to allow for the late delivery of key components.
"We're not hiding anything - it's incredibly frustrating," David Campbell, a deputy director, told BBC News.
"Now we're doing everything we can to recover as much time as possible.
"The project is inspiring enough to give you the energy to carry on - we'd all like to see fusion energy as soon as possible."
After initial design problems and early difficulties co-ordinating this unique international project, there is now more confidence about the timetable.
Since the 1950s, fusion has offered the dream of almost limitless energy - copying the fireball process that powers the Sun - fuelled by two readily available forms of hydrogen.
The attraction is a combination of cheap fuel, relatively little radioactive waste and no emissions of greenhouse gases.
But the technical challenges of not only handling such an extreme process but also designing ways of extracting energy from it have always been immense.
In fact, fusion has long been described as so difficult to achieve that it's always been touted as being "30 years away".
Now the Iter reactor will put that to the test. Known as a "tokamak", it is based on the design of Jet, a European pilot project at Culham in Oxfordshire.
It will involve creating a plasma of superheated gas reaching temperatures of more than 200 million C - conditions hot enough to force deuterium and tritium atoms to fuse together and release energy.
The whole process will take place inside a giant magnetic field in the shape of a ring - the only way such extreme heat can be contained.
The plant at JET has managed to achieve fusion reactions in very short bursts but required the use of more power than it was able to produce.
The reactor at Iter is on a much larger scale and is designed to generate 10 times more power - 500 MW - than it will consume.
Iter brings together the scientific and political weight of governments representing more than half the world's population - including the European Union, which is supporting nearly half the cost of the project, together with China, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States.
Contributions are mainly "in kind" rather than in cash with, for example, the EU providing all the buildings and infrastructure - which is why an exact figure for cost is not available. The rough overall budget is described as Â£13bn or 15bn euros.
But the novel structure of Iter has itself caused friction and delays, especially in the early days.
Each partner first had to set up a domestic "agency" to handle the procurement of components within each member country, and there have been complications with import duties and taxes.
Further delay crept in with disputes over access to manufacturing sites in partner countries. Because each part has to meet extremely high specifications, inspectors from Iter and the French nuclear authorities have had to negotiate visits to companies not used to outside scrutiny.
The result is that although a timeline for the delivery of the key elements has been agreed, there's a recognition that more hold-ups are almost inevitable.
The main building to house the tokamak has been adjusted to leave gaps in its sides so that late components can be added without too much disruption.
The route from the ports to the construction site has had to be improved to handle huge components weighing up to 600 tonnes, but this work too has been slower than hoped. A trial convoy originally scheduled for last January has slipped to this coming September.
Under an initial plan, it had once been hoped to achieve the first plasma by the middle of the last decade.
Then, after a redesign, a new deadline of November 2020 was set but that too is now in doubt. Managers say they are doubling shifts to accelerate the pace of construction. It's thought that even a start date during 2021 may be challenging.
The man in charge of coordinating the assembly of the reactor is Ken Blackler.
"We've now started for real," he told me. "Industrial manufacturing is now under way so the timescale is much more certain - many technical challenges have been solved.
"But Iter is incredibly complicated. The pieces are being made all around the world - they'll be shipped here.
"We'll have to orchestrate their arrival and build them step by step so everything will have to arrive in the right order - it's really a critical point."
While one major concern is the arrival sequence of major components, another is that the components themselves are of sufficiently high quality for the system to function.
The 28 magnets that will create the field containing the plasma have to be machined to a very demanding level of accuracy. And each part must be structurally sound and then welded together to ensure a totally tight vacuum - without which the plasma cannot be maintained. A single fault or weakness could jeopardise the entire project.
Assuming Iter does succeed in proving that fusion can produce more power than it consumes, the next step will be for the international partners to follow up with a technology demonstration project - a test-bed for the components and systems needed for a commercial reactor.
Ironically, the greater the progress, the more apparent becomes the scale of the challenge of devising a fusion reactor that will be ready for market.
At a conference in Belgium last September, I asked a panel of experts when the first commercially-available fusion reactor might generate power for the grid.
A few said that could happen within 40 years but most said it would take another 50 or even 60 years. The fusion dream has never been worked on so vigorously. But turning it into reality is much more than 30 years away.


India's Supreme Court has recognised transgender people as a third gender, in a landmark ruling.

"It is the right of every human being to choose their gender," it said in granting rights to those who identify themselves as neither male nor female.
It ordered the government to provide transgender people with quotas in jobs and education in line with other minorities, as well as key amenities.
According to one estimate, India has about two million transgender people.
In India, a common term used to describe transgender people, transsexuals, cross-dressers, eunuchs and transvestites is hijra.
Campaigners say they live on the fringes of society, often in poverty, ostracised because of their gender identity. Most make a living by singing and dancing or by begging and prostitution.
By Geeta PandeyBBC News, Delhi
Members of the third gender have played a prominent role in Indian culture and were once treated with great respect. They find mention in the ancient Hindu scriptures and were written about in the greatest epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.
In medieval India too, they played a prominent role in the royal courts of the Mughal emperors and some Hindu rulers. Many of them rose to powerful positions.
Their fall from grace started in the 18th Century during the British colonial rule when the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 categorised the entire transgender community as "criminals" who were "addicted" to committing serious crimes. They were arrested for dressing in women's clothing or dancing or playing music in public places, and for indulging in gay sex.
After Independence, the law was repealed in 1949, but mistrust of the transgender community has continued. Even today, they remain socially excluded, living on the fringes of society, in ghettoised communities, harassed by the police and abused by the public. Most make a living by singing and dancing at weddings or to celebrate child birth, many have moved to begging and prostitution.
It is hoped that the landmark court ruling will help bring them into the mainstream and improve their lot.
Rights groups say they often face huge discrimination and that sometimes hospitals refuse to admit them.
They have been forced to choose either male or female as their gender in most public spheres.
"Recognition of transgenders as a third gender is not a social or medical issue but a human rights issue," Justice KS Radhakrishnan, who headed the two-judge Supreme Court bench, said in his ruling on Tuesday.
"Transgenders are also citizens of India" and they must be "provided equal opportunity to grow", the court said.
"The spirit of the Constitution is to provide equal opportunity to every citizen to grow and attain their potential, irrespective of caste, religion or gender."
The judges asked the government to treat them in line with other minorities officially categorised as "socially and economically backward", to enable them to get quotas in jobs and education.
"We are quite thrilled by the judgement," Anita Shenoy, lawyer for the petitioner National Legal Services Authority (Nalsa), told the BBC.
"The court order gives legal sanctity to the third gender. The judges said the government must make sure that they have access to medical care and other facilities like separate wards in hospitals and separate toilets," she said.
Prominent transgender activist Laxmi Narayan Tripathi, who was among the petitioners in the case, welcomed the judgement, saying the community had long suffered from discrimination and ignorance in the traditionally conservative country, reports the Agence France-Presse news agency.
"Today, for the first time I feel very proud to be an Indian," Ms Tripathi told reporters outside the court in Delhi.
In 2009, India's Election Commission took a first step by allowing transgenders to choose their gender as "other"  on ballot forms.
But India is not the first country to recognise a third gender. Nepal recognised a third gender as early as in 2007 when the Supreme Court ordered the government to scrap all laws that discriminated on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.  And last year, Bangladesh also recognised a third gender.
Tuesday's ruling comes after the Supreme Court's decision in December which criminalised gay sex by reversing a landmark 2009 Delhi High Court order which had decriminalised homosexual acts.
According to a 153-year-old colonial-era law - Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code - a same-sex relationship is an "unnatural offence" and punishable by a 10-year jail term.
Legal experts say Tuesday's judgement puts transgender people in a strange situation: on the one hand, they are now legally recognised and protected under the Constitution, but on the other hand they may be breaking the law if they have consensual gay sex.


There are concerns about the future of Wrexham parish church's bells which have rung out over the town centre for almost 300 years.

Bell ringers at St Giles have launched a £10,000 appeal to fund repairs, saying they now need an overhaul as they were last restored 60 years ago.
The church has 10 bells which were cast in 1726 and weigh up to 1.2 tonnes.
Ringing master Ian Maycock said the bell frame was going rusty and the bells' clappers needed replacing.
He said the church could not afford to fund the repairs so the ringers were seeking funding from different sources.
The bells were cast in Gloucester and transported up the river Severn to Shrewsbury and then taken by road to Wrexham before being hoisted into place in the medieval church's tower.
The tower is one of the Seven Wonders of Wales, a rhyme written in the 18th Century and which lists other important landmarks in north Wales.


An island yards from the south Wales shore that was for sale of £1.25m has gone back on the market for £95,000.

Sully Island, just off the Vale of Glamorgan coast near Penarth, boasts 14.5 acres (six hectares), including a Viking-era hill fort and a shipwreck.
It was first put up for sale in May 2009 but its seven-figure asking price failed to find a buyer.
It also failed to sell at auction last year with a £150,000 guide price, said Chris Hyde, who is handling the sale.
Chartered surveyor Mr Hyde, an associate at Cardiff estate agents Cooke and Arkwright, said the island was unlikely to gain planning permission for turning the island in to a private residence but something to cater for the site's many visitors might be approved.
He said: "I believe it is priced realistically with a view to finding a buyer. Hopefully we can find someone who wants to buy themselves a rather lovely island."
A former haven for a Norman pirate and Middle Ages smugglers, Sully Island is classified as a site of Special Scientific Interest by the Countryside Council for Wales.
Sited about 400m from the mainland shore, it offers views to the west stretching up the Second Severn Crossing, and to the east people can see the hills of Devon.
Visitors can inspect a Danish Iron Age hill fort and step over the remains of a Victorian-era ship which ran aground.
But the only way to reach the island on foot is via a rocky causeway which is exposed for around three hours either side of low tide.
For that reason, whoever buys it must also expect some of the island's visitors to be more unexpected than others.
The Coastguard and Maritime Agency said it is alerted to "a lot" of people being cut off by the tide.
Sometimes it is only fishermen who are well prepared to spend several hours alone on the island which offers little shelter.
On other occasions, Swansea-based coastguards have to call out Penarth RNLI inshore rescue lifeboat to rescue unwary - and often ill-equipped - daytrippers who have become stranded.
A spokesman said: "People get stuck on the island when the tide comes in. They can be cut off for a number of hours and the might have inappropriate clothing.
"It's a very fast tide there. If they were to try and cross [the causeway with the tide coming in] they could well drown."
The tidal range in that area is the second highest in the world, behind only that of the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia.
The dangers were highlighted again at the weekend when a 28ft cabin cruiser with two adults and two people on board became stuck on the causeway after a rope was apparently caught round its propeller.
The four people on board were rescued by the lifeboat on Sunday and a salvage operation on the vessel was underway on Monday.