Chris Woakes will return to the England side for Friday's second Test against West Indies at Headingley.

The Warwickshire all-rounder has not played international cricket since June after struggling with a side strain.
He will replace fellow pace bowler Toby Roland-Jones, who took four wickets at Edgbaston as England won the first Test by an innings and 209 runs.
"It's a great chance for Chris to come back into the side and show his class," captain Joe Root said.
West Indies drew criticism for their lacklustre performance in the previous Test - which was a day-night match - as England thrashed them in three days to take a 1-0 series lead.
The three-match series is England's last Test preparation before they travel to Australia in November for the Ashes.
Woakes took seven wickets and scored 65 on his return to first-class cricket against Middlesex earlier this month.
A regular in all three formats for England, the 28-year-old bowled just two overs in England's first Champions Trophy match against Bangladesh, before leaving the field.
He was an important part of England's Test side last summer, taking 26 wickets in four Tests against Pakistan, and scoring 177 runs in seven innings.
Woakes was replaced in the Test squad by Middlesex seamer Roland-Jones, who has taken 14 wickets at an average of 19.35 in three Test appearances this year.
"Roland-Jones has not done a lot wrong at all, he's played some fantastic cricket and I see him being a massive part of our future moving forward," Root added.
Media playback is not supported on this device
West Indies have not won a Test in England since 2000 and have not won a series away from home against a team other than Bangladesh and Zimbabwe since 1995.
However, wicketkeeper Jonny Bairstow said England were wary of a West Indies fight-back following their poor performance in the first Test.
"There's talent and a lot of desire in the West Indies side, a lot of want to prove people wrong and we don't want to be at the other end of that," the Yorkshire player told BBC Sport.
"We're expecting the West Indies to come back at us pretty hard after Edgbaston."
England have lost two of their past four Test matches at Headingley and still have issues in their batting line-up, with Durham's Mark Stoneman the latest player to open alongside Alastair Cook.
Bairstow backed the team to score runs in Leeds.
"If you don't respect the conditions, then it can be difficult," the 27-year-old said.
"If you get through those difficult periods - if it's a bit cloudy and it's nipping or swinging - then it's a fantastic place to bat."
West Indian bowling great Sir Curtly Ambrose was one of many to criticise the side following the first Test, describing the performance as "embarrassing and pathetic."
Head coach Stuart Law said he was disappointed that Ambrose - a former bowling coach with the national side - had criticised the side in a newspaper column, rather than addressing the players face-to-face.
"We have to understand why it is there. We are not performing as well as we want," Law said.
"What can we do? We have to get our noses down, our backsides up and play better. I believe in these young men. They have got high skills.
"It is just the experience of learning how to play in a very tough environment."
Despite having fast bowler Shannon Gabriel available for selection, West Indies are expected to go with the same side that lost in Birmingham.


Dan Purvis is back in the city where he and his British team-mates made history and looking forward to competing again in front of a home crowd.

Purvis was part of the British team to win silver in the team event - their first men's team medal at a world championships - in Glasgow.
"It's great to be back," he told BBC Scotland. "Its always fantastic to be in front of a home crowd.
"To be here in a big arena in front of an enthusiastic crowd."
Purvis, who competed at the recent Scottish championships in Perth, is taking part in the Gymnastics World Cup at the Emirates knowing that he is constantly under the selectors' microscope with the Rio Olympics looming.
Britain have secured a team place in Rio thanks to their world championships showing, but the five men making up that team have yet to be announced.
The final line-up will be confirmed on 12 July.
"Rio is always on the back of your mind, but you have to keep your feet on the ground," said Purvis. "You have to train and get on the team.
"These competitions allow me to prove myself and that's what keeps your head settled.
"It's one thing to dream, but to try and get there in reality is another."
Purvis was part of the GB men's team to win bronze at the 2012 Olympics in London and, two years later, he won gold for Scotland at the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow on the parallel bars as well as silver with the men's team.
Last year's world championships achievements followed and he is fresh from being crowned Scottish champion two weeks ago.
"Confidence is high," Purvis added. "At the moment, the key momentum is about hitting these results and scores.
"Training has been good, so I'm ready to go and hit the routines I know I can."


A man who assaulted two police officers with an angle grinder has admitted two counts of grievous bodily harm.

Stephen Yabsley, 53, was arrested after the attack in Kingsbridge, Devon, in May.
The two Devon and Cornwall Police officers were left with arm injuries when they responded to reports in Retreat Close of a man making threats.
Both officers required surgery but the injuries were described by police as non-life-threatening.
During the attack, a stand-off lasted for about four hours before Yabsley was arrested.
Yabsley, who is in custody and had been facing attempted murder charges, also admitted one count of affray.
He is due to be sentenced at Plymouth Crown Court on 10 December.


The father of US fugitive Edward Snowden has said the FBI asked him to travel to Moscow and see his son, but adds that he wants more details.

Lon Snowden said he had been asked several weeks ago about Edward, who is sought by the US for leaking details of electronic surveillance programmes.
However, he wants to know the FBI's intentions, he told Russian state TV.
The Obama administration, meanwhile, declassified some documents relating to its phone-snooping programme.
The files were released on Wednesday "in the interest of increased transparency", said Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, though they contained significant redactions.
Lon Snowden said in the interview he believes his son would not get a fair trial in America and, if he were in his son's place, he would stay in Russia.
Who is Edward Snowden?
Where will Snowden end up?
Q&A: Prism
He described his son as a "true patriot" who had "made America a more democratic country" by revealing secret details of the US National Security Agency's surveillance programmes.
The interview was broadcast live, early in the morning, on the Russia 24 news channel. Mr Snowden spoke English, with a Russian translation.
Mr Snowden has been stuck in transit at a Moscow airport for more than a month as he has no valid travel documents.
"Edward, I hope you are watching this," Lon Snowden said in the interview.
"Your family is well. We love you. We hope you are healthy, we hope you are well, I hope to see you soon, but most of all I want you to be safe. I want you to find a safe haven."
The fugitive's father also thanked the Russian authorities for keeping his son safe.
"I also would like to thank President Vladimir Putin and the Russian government for what I believe to be their courage and strength and conviction to keep my son safe," he said.
"Like any mother or father who loves their child, I love my son and I will be forever grateful for what you have done, very much."
Edward Snowden arrived in Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport on 23 June from Hong Kong, after making his revelations.
He has requested temporary asylum in Russia, while saying he hopes eventually to go to Latin America..
The Snowden affair has caused diplomatic ructions around the world, upsetting America's close allies and traditional enemies.
The US Attorney General, Eric Holder, has given Moscow an assurance that he will not face the death penalty if extradited to America, but the Russians say they do not intend to hand him over.


A woman who died after eating a sorbet on holiday in Greece had warned her travel agent and hotel about her food allergies, an inquest has heard.

Amanda Thompson, of Rochdale, Greater Manchester, collapsed after eating the strawberry dessert, the court heard.
Recording a verdict of accidental death, North Manchester coroner Simon Nelson concluded that something in the sorbet had triggered a fatal reaction.
Holiday company Thomson offered its "deepest sympathies" to her family.
Rochdale Coroner's Court heard Mrs Thompson, a 50-year-old mother of two, knew eating eggs, milk or apples would make her seriously ill.
When she went on holiday to Rhodes in 2012 with her family, she told the hotel's management about her concerns.
Her husband Ian told the hearing that shortly after eating the dessert his wife complained of a tingling sensation in her mouth and feared she was having a severe allergic reaction.
He said she went to the hotel room and collapsed. She never regained consciousness.
The inquest heard a Greek pathologist later concluded she died of natural causes, probably due to heart failure.
Mr Thompson said he always believed his wife died as a result of anaphylactic shock.
A British pathologist later confirmed that was indeed the cause of her death, the hearing was told.
Mr Nelson said he found it "astonishing" that neither the hotel management nor holiday company had launched an investigation into the circumstances surrounding Mrs Thompson's death.
Thomson said in a statement: "We note the verdict of the inquest today and we'd like to extend our deepest sympathies to the family at this extremely difficult time."


Venezuelan opposition lawmakers have chosen a veteran politician as the new head of the country's legislative body.

Henry Ramos Allup, 72, will be the first opposition politician to lead the National Assembly in 16 years following a landslide victory in legislative elections on 6 December.
Mr Ramos said he would ensure the assembly would act "as an autonomous power."
The newly elected lawmakers will take up their seats on Tuesday.
Mr Ramos Allup was chosen by opposition lawmakers in a secret ballot with 69 votes out of 111 cast, defeating 46-year-old Julio Borges of the Justice First party.
He is expected to be formally confirmed in the post when the lawmakers take up their seats.
Mr Ramos Allup is the secretary general of the social-democratic Democratic Action party, which has long been opposing the socialist government of President Nicolas Maduro and his predecessor in office, Hugo Chavez.
The government says Mr Ramos Allup is a member of Venezuela's "old guard". His Democratic Action was one of two parties that alternated in power for four decades before President Hugo Chavez was elected president in 1998.
But his supporters say the 72-year-old has the experience and political savvy to turn the National Assembly into a counterbalance to President Maduro's executive branch.
Mr Ramos Allup said the MUD opposition coalition, which won a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly, would show Venezuelans "a more democratic way forward".
Known for his sometimes confrontational style, he struck a surprisingly conciliatory note after his election.
"We represent an alternative. We are not going to be anti-establishment, rather an autonomous legislative power," he said.
"We ask people to watch us, to demand more of us, and keep an eye on what we do to make sure we honour our commitment," he added.
Nevertheless, the first session of the assembly is expected to be tense after the opposition coalition said all of its 112 members would take up their seats even though three have been suspended by the Supreme Court pending investigations into alleged voting irregularities.
Tension is also expected to be high around the National Assembly building, as both the opposition and the governing Socialists have called on their supporters to converge on the building.


Just one point separates the top four sides in the Premier League - and the title race is destined to remain extremely tight to the very end.

But who will win it on goal difference? Data company Gracenote has the answer, but you'll have to scroll down for their prediction.
In the meantime, it's looking bleak for the Black Cats of Sunderland at the other end of the table.
After 10 games, they have just two points in the bag, are bottom of the pile and have just a 19% chance of avoiding the drop into the Championship.
Gracenote say they will finish on 28 points, well adrift of safety, although they will not be the worst side in Premier League history.
They will not even be the worst Sunderland side in the top flight.
The Black Cats managed 15 points in 2005-06 and 19 in 2002-03, relegated to the Championship on both occasions.
There is a sliver of hope for Sunderland boss David Moyes, though.
Crystal Palace and Everton managed just three points from their opening 10 matches in the 2013-14 and 1994-95 seasons respectively but stayed up.
For the record, the worst Premier league performers are Derby County, who collected just 11 points - one win and eight draws - in 2007-08.
It will perhaps come as no surprise to learn that Leicester City's hopes of retaining their crown are already over.
According to Gracenote, the Foxes have a 0.1% chance of emulating their success of last season. Currently 11th, they are predicted to finish eighth.
It is looking bleak, too, for Manchester United.
Their title chances are rated at just 1.3% by Gracenote, who think Jose Mourinho's side will finish in sixth on 64 points, well adrift of the top four.
That is one place lower and two points fewer than last season, which ended with an FA Cup victory but with manager Louis van Gaal losing his job.
Worse news for United fans is that neighbours Manchester City will finish top, pipping Arsenal on goal difference.
Gracenote predicted City and the Gunners would battle it out for the title before the season started and the duo are currently locked on 23 points at the top.
Liverpool have also collected 23 points thanks to seven wins and two draws from their opening 10 games, but Gracenote predicts Jurgen Klopp's side will ultimately finish three points back in third.
"Liverpool are still improving and we may be underestimating them still," says Simon Gleave, Gracenote Sports' head of analysis.
The fourth and final Champions League spot will go to Chelsea in Antonio Conte's first season in charge, with Tottenham four points back in fifth.
Look away if you are a fan of Sunderland, Hull City or Swansea. Manchester City supporters may want to post it all over social media.
Gracenote runs season simulations 10,000 times to come up with its predictions, using results from the past four years.
Points are awarded per match based on the probability of a win/draw/defeat and added to points already won to calculate the predicted points.


South Africa says non-citizens arriving from Ebola-affected areas of West Africa will not be allowed into the country, with borders closed to people from Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.

All non-essential outgoing travel to the affected countries has been banned.
Senegal also said it was suspending flights with Ebola-affected countries, and closing the border with Guinea.
Cameroon and the Ivory Coast earlier imposed travel bans, despite World Health Organization warnings not to.
South African nationals will be allowed to re-enter the country when returning from high-risk countries, but will undergo strict screening, the health ministry said on Thursday.
Usual screening procedures are in place for those who travel between Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia, which have been defined as medium-risk countries.
South Africa has experienced two Ebola scares in recent weeks, involving passengers arriving from Liberia and Guinea, but the country has so far remained Ebola-free.
Johannesburg has one of the major transit airports, connecting southern Africa with the rest of the continent. Several airlines, including British Airways and Emirates Airlines, have stopped flights to some of the affected countries.
Meanwhile, Senegal's interior ministry announced on Friday it was closing the land borders with Guinea "once again".
Senegal shut its border with Guinea for the first time in March after the virus reached the capital Conakry.
In a statement, it said this extends to "air and sea borders for aircraft and ships from the Republic of Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia".
Separately, the African Union (AU) announced plans to send a special team to the four affected countries.
The six-month-long operation, involving volunteer doctors, nurses and medical personnel, will cost about $25m (Â£15m) and begin immediately, the AU said in a statement.
Aid workers and medical staff are most exposed to the virus, and have been most at risk of becoming infected. Two US aid workers were discharged from hospital on Tuesday, after recovering from the virus they contracted in Liberia.
The supply of the experimental drug used to treat the couple, ZMapp, has been exhausted.
As Ebola has no known cure, it is being controlled by isolating victims and those who have come into contact with them.
Liberia's attempt to prevent the spread of the virus by imposing quarantines has led to unrest.
11,314
Deaths - probable, confirmed and suspected
(Includes one in the US and six in Mali)
4,808 Liberia
3,955 Sierra Leone
2,536 Guinea
8 Nigeria


British number two Dan Evans was beaten 6-3 6-4 by Japan's Kei Nishikori in the second round of the BNP Paribas Open.

With temperatures at Indian Wells in excess of 105 degrees, Evans broke in the opening game but world number five Nishikori hit back immediately and captured the set in 42 minutes.
Breaks were traded again at the start of the second before Nishikori sealed the match in an hour and 24 minutes.
Kyle Edmund is also out, 6-4 7-6 (7-5) to defending champion Novak Djokovic.
Following the surprise defeat of world number one Andy Murray at the hands of qualifier Vasek Pospisil the previous evening, Evans, 26, produced a spirited performance, but some pinpoint accuracy from Nishikori saw him break again in game eight of the first set.
World number 41 Evans, who beat Dustin Brown in the previous round, continued to frequently match the quality of his Japanese opponent's groundstrokes but gradually faded as the assured Nishikori moved through to face Gilles Muller of Luxembourg in round three.
Find out how to get into tennis in our special guide.


Russia has indicated it is ready to discuss opening four safe corridors to the besieged, rebel-held east of the Syrian city of Aleppo, the UN says.

Humanitarian adviser Jan Egeland said they might be used to supply food and medicine to the 250,000 people there.
Conditions were now so dire that medical operations were being conducted without anaesthetics, he warned.
Russian-backed Syrian government forces have retaken more than a third of eastern Aleppo since the weekend.
On Thursday, state media reported that the Syrian army had captured the Sakan Shababi and Masaken al-Buthuth al-Ilmiya areas.
But the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a UK-based monitoring group, said clashes were continuing inside Sakan Shababi and also that rebel fighters had regained part of Sheikh Saad, in the south.
At a news conference in Geneva, the head of the UN's humanitarian task force for Syria said Russia had announced it wanted to "sit down in Aleppo with our people there to discuss how we can use the four corridors to evacuate people".
"We have at least 400 wounded that need immediate medical evacuation," Mr Egeland said, adding that there would also be discussions about using the corridors to "get medical supplies and food in" for the first time since July.
Mr Egeland acknowledged that previous attempts to set up humanitarian corridors had not been successful due to "issues with both sides".
He said Russia had promised to respect the corridors, and that UN officials now felt confident that rebel groups would do the same.
"I think it has dawned upon all sides the urgency of the situation," he said.
Russia unilaterally declared the creation of humanitarian corridors in October to allow civilians and rebel fighters to be evacuated during a three-week pause in air strikes, but the UN was not involved and few people took up the offer to leave.
Without access to the east, UN aid agencies are strengthening their presence in government-controlled western Aleppo, the BBC's Imogen Foulkes in Geneva says.
Mr Egeland said the UN has enough food stored in the west to feed 150,000 people in the east, as well as medical supplies to cover their needs.
"It is pre-positioned, we have people there we basically need the access and we're sitting down now to discuss it with Russia and with the government of Syria."
He added that at least 27,000 people had fled the east for government- and Kurdish-controlled areas since the weekend.
They are joining 400,000 long-term displaced people already in the west of the city.
It is likely the UN also wants more of its own staff on the ground as witnesses, amid reports that those fleeing rebel-held areas are being detained, our correspondent adds.
Aleppo was once Syria's largest city and its commercial and industrial hub before the uprising against President Bashar al-Assad began in 2011.
It has been divided in roughly two for the past four years. But in the past 11 months, Syrian troops have broken the deadlock with the help of Iranian-backed militias and Russian air strikes.
In early September they reinstated a siege of the east, and launched a large-scale offensive to retake full control of the city later that month.
The Syrian Observatory says more than 300 civilians have been killed in rebel-held districts since the offensive was stepped up in mid-November. Another 48 civilians have died as a result of rebel rocket-fire on government-controlled areas, it adds.


Ever since the Sony hack, which caused private emails to be leaked about film castings, people have been talking about the idea of Idris Elba becoming the next Bond.

Now the actor has had his say - and he's done nothing to deny the rumours.
"Isn't 007 supposed to [be] handsome? Glad you think I've got a shot! Happy New year people," he tweeted, along with a picture of himself.
Current star, Daniel Craig, is committed to just one more movie.
Reports about the leaked Sony Pictures Entertainment emails suggest that a message from chairman Amy Pascal read: "Idris should be the next Bond."
Pascal was thought to be emailing Elizabeth Cantillon, the former executive vice president of production for Columbia Pictures - which distributes the Bond franchise.
There has been no confirmation from Sony Pictures that the actor will be the next 007.
Earlier this week, conservative US talk show host Rush Limbaugh criticised the rumours, saying that because the original author Ian Fleming wrote James Bond as "a white [man] from Scotland", the character should not be played by a black actor.
"That's not who James Bond is, and I know it's racist to probably even point this out," he said.
Elba, 42, has previously said he would like to play Bond.
During a Reddit AMA in September he responded to a fan's question of whether he'd be willing to take the role, writing: "Yes, if it was offered to me, absolutely."
Daniel Craig is currently filming upcoming Bond movie, Spectre.
Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter and Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube


Transport company FirstGroup has extended its deal with the government to run services on the Great Western rail network until 2019.

The new franchise covers a period in which a series of upgrades will take place along the Great Western network.
Those improvements include electric train services for the first time on the network, starting with services in the Thames Valley.
Upgrades will also include additional train capacity at peak times.
First Great Western will pay the government about £68m to operate the franchise - which operates services between London, the Cotswolds, South Wales and the South West - from September 2015 until April 2019.
The Department for Transport (DfT) said passengers would benefit from the addition of three million extra seats across the network by 2018.
It also said more services to Devon and Cornwall would be added to the timetable, and 369 new train carriages introduced to the network.
The DfT added that capacity during the morning rush hour commute to London would increase by 4,000 seats by December 2018.
FirstGroup will also be responsible for introducing the new Hitachi Intercity Express Trains between London, Bristol and South Wales and the Cotswolds from summer 2017.
FirstGroup chief executive Tim O'Toole said the rail operator was already working with the DfT and Network Rail to deliver the initial phases of the £7.5bn Great Western mainline modernisation programme.
The franchise award was long expected. FirstGroup is the longest serving of the train operating companies.
In 1996, it joined a bid for one of the first railway franchises of the privatisation programme, which began under John Major's Conservative government.
It has operated the Great Western network on its own since 1998 when it took 100% ownership of the franchise.


A 27-year-old man was twice attacked by the same man following an incident on a bus in Edinburgh.

The victim had been on a number 3 Lothian bus, which was travelling east along Princes Street at about 17:00 on Friday, when the man started causing a disturbance.
Both men got off the bus outside the Apple store and the 27-year-old was punched in the face.
As he walked up Waterloo Place towards Regent Road he was hit on the head.
He noticed that the same man from the previous disturbance was responsible.
The suspect then ran off up the steps towards Calton Hill.
The suspect was described as being black, in his early 20s, 5ft 11in tall, of slim build. He was wearing a white baseball cap with a red brim and a white top with blue diagonal stripes on the shoulders.
Police have asked anyone who can help to identify him to come forward.
Det Sgt Neil Spowart said: "We believe this attack stemmed from the victim's involvement in trying to stop the suspect causing a disturbance on the bus and are keen to hear from other passengers who were on-board at the time.
"In addition, members of the public who witnessed the altercation outside the Apple store or the second assault on Regent Road are also asked to contact police immediately."
In a separate incident, a 36-year-old man was seriously assaulted in the Allan Terrace area of Woodburn, Dalkeith, at about 16:50 on Friday.
The man received a number of cuts to his arm and back and an injury to his ear.
He was treated by ambulance staff but declined hospital treatment.
Police said inquiries to establish the full circumstances of the assault were ongoing and asked anyone with information to contact them.
Det Insp Paul Batten said: "At this time, we are trying to determine the full nature of this attack and establish who was involved.
"I would ask anyone who believes they saw anything suspicious in the Allan Terrace area on Friday afternoon to contact police immediately."


Torrential rain caused flash flooding of homes and businesses in coastal areas of east Norfolk.

A number of homes were inundated in Gorleston and nearby Bradwell on Sunday.
The flooding followed a 90-minute downpour.
Jonathan Wilby, of Great Yarmouth fire station, said: "Drains and pumping systems were unable to cope with the amount of rain."
He added: "We prevented some homes from being flooded by pumping water away."


Captain Eoin Morgan hopes England can reach the final of the one-day tri-series to aid their preparations for the upcoming World Cup.

The winners of Friday's game with India in Perth will go forward to meet hosts Australia at the same venue on Sunday.
Morgan told BBC Sport: "I don't think it's added pressure.
"If we win and go through to the final it will give us momentum and confidence going into the World Cup. I think that's key within itself."
England have lost both of their games against Australia in the tournament but beat India by nine wickets in their first meeting on 20 January.
Left-handed batsman Morgan added: "We can't look too far ahead. We'll focus on tomorrow's game and hopefully produce our best.
"I don't think you can ever be happy with where you're at as a side or as an individual, so I think it's important that guys keep striving to improve.
"Tomorrow is a new day and another chance to go out and prove themselves and for every individual to go and strive to win man of the match.
"It's something we've talked about in the past, and it's something we'll look to do throughout the World Cup."
England are expected to name an unchanged side for the game.
Meanwhile, Morgan has confirmed that he will enter the auction for this year's Indian Premier League (IPL).
The IPL, which runs from 8 April until 24 May, clashes with England's three-Test tour of the West Indies - although Morgan has not played a Test since February 2012 - and the start of their home Test series against New Zealand.
Morgan missed last year's IPL to concentrate on trying to win back his Test place, but admits those hopes have now been "scaled down."
The 28-year-old said: "The ambition still is to play Test cricket, absolutely, but given where I'm at the moment, I think the IPL is the best thing for me."
All-rounder Ravi Bopara and batsman Alex Hales, who are also in Australia as part of England's tri-series and World Cup squad, have also put themselves forward for the auction, which takes place on 16 February.
Bopara has also been out of the Test side since 2012, while Hales is uncapped in the five-day format.
Both players were unsold in last year's IPL auction, when Kevin Pietersen was the only current or former England international to be purchased.
The World Cup, co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand, runs from 14 February until 29 March.
England (from): Ian Bell, Moeen Ali, James Taylor, Joe Root, Eoin Morgan (capt), Ravi Bopara, Jos Buttler (wk), Chris Woakes, Stuart Broad, James Anderson, Steven Finn, Alex Hales, Chris Jordan, James Tredwell.
India (from): Ajinkya Rahane, Shikhar Dhawan, Ambati Rayudu, Virat Kohli, Suresh Raina, MS Dhoni (capt, wk), Stuart Binny, Ravindra Jadeja, Axar Patel, Mohammed Shami, Ishant Sharma, Ravichandran Ashwin, Bhuvneshwar Kumar, Mohit Sharma, Dhawal Kulkarni, Umesh Yadav.


New Wolves boss Paul Lambert says being a football manager is "heart-attack material" - but he still gets the same adrenaline rush from the game he loves.

The 47-year-old ex-Livingston, Wycombe Wanderers, Colchester United, Norwich City, Aston Villa and Blackburn Rovers began his seventh job in management on Saturday with a 0-0 draw at Preston.
"There's a great adrenaline rush about all this," Lambert told BBC Sport.
"It's still heart-attack material but it's what I've done since I was 15."
The Scot added: "There's a great buzz about the whole thing and I'm delighted to start with our first clean sheet in 10 matches.
"No slight on (previous head coach) Walter Zenga, but we had to get stronger at the back. The foreign kids have done great, but it's important to get in lads who know the league."
Media playback is not supported on this device
Lambert made two key personnel changes against Preston, bringing back midfielder Jack Price and starting 18-year-old striker Bright Enobakhare for his first league appearance since 23 April.
"Jack's a really clever player, a good footballer," Lambert said. "He recognises danger. It was important to bring him back. That was an easy one to make.
"As for Bright, I'd watched him for the Under-23s in the Accrington game and in training. He's a big talent. He's only a baby in terms of football stature, but the things he does are great. He gets people off their seat."
Lambert started his reign without several injured players - striker Joe Mason, winger Ola John and midfielder Prince Oniangue, as well as their long-term absentees, defender Mike Williamson, striker Michal Zyro and winger Jordan Graham.
And he has insisted that, under his management, talented youngsters will get their chance.
"The future for this club is good," he added. "Not just Bright. We've got young players as good as I've seen in many a year. I've told them that if you're good enough, you're old enough."
Paul Lambert was talking to BBC WM's Mike Taylor.


The UK terrorism threat level has been reduced from critical to severe, Prime Minister Theresa May has said.

The change indicates an attack is highly likely, not imminently expected.
Soldiers deployed to support the police will be stood down on Monday night, at the close of the bank holiday weekend.
Earlier on Saturday, police evacuated an area of Moss Side in the city, in a search linked to Monday's bomb attack at the Manchester Arena which killed 22 people and left scores injured.
The evacuation was described by Greater Manchester Police as a precautionary measure to "ensure everyone's safety".
Mrs May made the announcement after leading a meeting of the government's emergency committee Cobra on Saturday morning.
She said significant activity by the police during the last 24 hours had led to the threat being reduced.
It had been set at critical in the aftermath of the bombing.
There will be "more arrests and more searches" linked to the Manchester attack, the UK's most senior counter-terror officer Mark Rowley has said.
Greater Manchester Police said the change in threat level had not altered its response to Monday's attack.
Chief Constable Ian Hopkins said: "The level of resources we have available to us remains the same as we continue to take positive action."
Detectives are questioning 11 men about the attack following a series of raids.
In the latest arrests, police held two men, aged 20 and 22, after carrying out a controlled explosion at an address in the Cheetham Hill area of Manchester early on Saturday.
There were also searches at a separate property in Cheetham Hill and in the Longsight area.
Armed police are guarding hundreds of events across the UK at the start of the bank holiday weekend.
Police reviewed security at more than 1,300 events across the country, and say people can be "100% confident" they are doing everything possible to protect them.
Senior officers have encouraged people to go out but to remain vigilant.
"Whatever events you are going to - whether you are going shopping or to sporting events or music events, I'd encourage the public to carry on," Metropolitan Police Assistant Commissioner Mark Rowley said.
"What they will see is many more police officers - some armed, some unarmed - out there to protect the public."
Security is being increased at Wembley for the FA Cup Final, Hampden Park for the Scottish Cup Final, Twickenham for the Aviva Premiership Rugby Final, and for the Great Manchester Run on Sunday.
Among the entertainment, sporting and community events taking place is Radio 1's Big Weekend.
Newsbeat's Steve Holden said security had been stepped up at Europe's biggest free-ticketed event, where 25,000 people are expected on Saturday, and on Sunday.
There are more police officers, sniffer dogs, and two-stage security in place, with checks at transport hubs as well as "airport-style security" at the venue.
"The advice is not to bring big bags, things like umbrellas and big coats," he said.
Most people were still excited to come, he said, but a "smattering" had been put off after the arena blast.
Seven children were among those who died when Salman Abedi, 22, detonated a bomb at the Manchester Arena on Monday night, at the end of a concert by US singer Ariana Grande.
NHS England said 116 people had received inpatient care, with 63 still in hospital - including 20 in critical care.


A man who attempted to meet schoolgirl Kayleigh Haywood for sex just days before she was raped and murdered by someone else has been jailed.

Bruce Cordwell, then 19, contacted the Leicestershire 15-year-old through Facebook and WhatsApp in November 2015.
The messages were discovered by police investigating Kayleigh's murder by Stephen Beadman later that month.
Cordwell, of no fixed abode, pleaded guilty to attempting to arrange the commission of a child sex offence.
Sentencing Cordwell, now 20, to three years and seven months, Judge Robert Brown said: "You groomed her.
"Your intention was that you would meet her and your intention thereafter was that you would have sexual intercourse with her.
"You never actually met her and you had not agreed or even proposed a date, time or place of rendezvous, but this type of offence is child abuse and it calls for a custodial sentence."
More on this story and other news in Leicestershire
Leicester Crown Court heard Kayleigh, from Measham, Leicestershire, chatted online with Cordwell between 9 and 13 November.
At the same time she was chatting to another man, Luke Harlow, and went to his flat in Ibstock on 13 November.
Beadman, a neighbour of Harlow, raped and murdered Kayleigh in the early hours of Sunday, 15 November.
Cordwell sent Kayleigh a message on 16 November when he heard she had gone missing, saying: "You need to get home now, your parents are worried sick about you. You are only 15."
It was among other explicit messages discovered by police.
In July, Beadman was given a life sentence with a minimum term of 35 years, while Harlow was jailed for 12 years.


Firefighters called to a house blaze in Flintshire discovered a cannabis farm capable of producing "industrial quantities", a court has heard.

Plants with a potential street value of between Â£27,000 and Â£80,000 were found at the home in Trelawnyd in January.
Ian Anderson, 24, of Liverpool, was jailed for 16 months after admitting cultivating cannabis and abstracting electricity.
Mold Crown Court heard the fire was caused by an electrical fault.
Anderson agreed to care for the plants as a means to pay off a Â£5,000 drugs debt and had no influence on those above him in the chain, the court heard.
Judge Niclas Parry said the operation had all the hallmarks of a professional set up and while Anderson was a gardener and not the organiser, it was an important role.


Liverpool defender Trent Alexander-Arnold described scoring on his European debut for his boyhood club as "a dream".

The 18-year-old opened the scoring with a neat free-kick as the Reds won 2-1 at Hoffenheim in their Champions League play-off first leg.
"It is indescribable," Alexander-Arnold, who has been with the club since he was eight, told BBC Radio 5 live.
"It is special in so many ways."
Former Liverpool captain and current Reds academy coach Steven Gerrard told BT Sport after the game on Tuesday that Alexander-Arnold will be a "top, top player".
The teenager added: "It is always good to get compliments from your idol and I hope to live up to his words. It is always good to get his backing and support."
Alexander-Arnold, who broke into the Liverpool squad last season, took the free-kick despite there being considerably more experienced set-piece takers on the field for Liverpool.
"I told him he had to do it," said Reds boss Jurgen Klopp. "He was the only one who can.
"He can shoot free-kicks better than I ever could. He is an incredible young player."
Liverpool will look to clinch a place in the group stage of this season's Champions League when they host Hoffenheim in the second leg on Wednesday, 23 August.
"I am happy with the result," added Klopp. "If somebody told me we would win we would take each result - even an 8-7.
"I'm not happy with the goal they scored but I think they deserved the goal for their effort over the 90 minutes."


Scotland's publicans have stepped up their war of words with one of the world's big brewers over its plans to take over a large chain of British pubs.

Heineken is being strongly criticised by the Scottish Licensed Trade Association (SLTA) for its plans to buy Punch Taverns.
The sale would increase Heineken's ownership of pubs from 2% of the Scottish total to 6%. Although it would increase its market share of beer sales, the Netherlands-based brewer points to a much larger share for Tennent's owner C&C.
The SLTA's chief executive, Paul Waterson, claimed Heineken has "little regard for local relationships", alleging that its investments had been in "up-market, city centre" bars, and that it was not committed to supporting smaller, community-based pubs.
He also claimed Heineken, with brands including Amstel, Sol and Strongbow cider, would stifle drinkers' options on which brands of beers and other drinks were available.
Heineken already has 1,100 British pubs, including some it bought when it took over part of Scottish & Newcastle in 2008.
Last month, it won a brief bidding battle for the 3,300 pubs in the Punch Tavern chain in a joint £400m bid with real estate specialist Patron Capital private equity. They intend to divide up the portfolio.
The Scottish publicans' association said tied pubs - those owned and leased by brewing firms - suffered from skewed investment and financial restrictions.
"Our greatest concern are the barriers that Heineken will put in place when it comes to other brewers," said Mr Waterson. "This will have a disastrous effect on consumer choice.
"Quoted as saying, 'no-one expects to buy Costa when in Starbucks', they will impose 85% of their own products in Punch pubs, at least, leaving little room for others," the SLTA boss claimed.
"That's hardly working with licensees to ensure they have the right drinks offer to suit the specific needs of each pub. The framework is clear, and it's restrictive, anti-competitive and will disadvantage our own home-grown producers."
The comments follow an exchange between the brewing giant and the SLTA, following the announcement late last year of the Punch Taverns deal.
After the landlords expressed their initial "grave concerns," a response was published by the managing director of Heineken Star Pubs and Bars, Lawson Mountstevens.
He wrote: "Heineken has a long track record of working with entrepreneurial licensees who know that success comes from providing a consistently excellent experience for customers. In 2016, we committed a further £2 million of investment for our Scottish pubs, adding to the £5m we have spent over the last three years.
"The scale and scope of our refurbishments have helped to ensure that licensees can significantly improve their food offer, with new kitchens and flexible areas within pubs to cater for a wider range of events.
"With our pubs better equipped to meet changing consumer needs, they are also generating multiple income streams for our licensees."
The boss of the pub division continued his response: "Rather than 'de-stabilise our fragile industry', we hope to bring our passion, expertise and successful operating model to more Scottish pubs.
"When it comes to consumer choice, Heineken's market share in Scotland's pubs is less than half that of the largest producer, C&C Group. We have consistently said that we start with what is right for each pub, and we will work with licensees to ensure they have the right drinks offer to suit the specific needs of each pub."


A driver has been jailed for 16 months for causing the deaths of a father and his young son as they crossed a road after a Christmas party.

Stuart Bates, 43, and Fraser, seven, died after being hit by a car in Talbot Green, Rhondda Cynon Taff, in December.
Joshua Staples, 22, from Tonyrefail, admitted two counts of causing death by careless driving without due care and attention at Cardiff Crown Court.
Mr Bates' wife Anna-Louise said the family would never get over their loss.
The father and son, of Llanishen, Cardiff, died after being hit by Staples' car as they crossed the A4119 at Talbot Green, at about 12:30 GMT on 6 December.
Mr Bates, an IT programme manager, was taken to the Royal Glamorgan Hospital at nearby Llantrisant, where he died from his injuries.
Fraser was taken to Bristol Children's Hospital but he died from head injuries.
Staples pleaded not guilty to charges of causing death by dangerous driving and his plea was accepted.
As well as being jailed, he was also disqualified from driving for two years and eight months.
In a statement released after the case, Mrs Bates, who also has a young daughter, said her family was relieved Staples had accepted responsibility for his actions.
"We as a family will never get over the tragic and sudden loss of Stuart and Fraser," she said.
"Whilst we understand and respect our legal system we have never sought retribution against the driver.
"However, we are relieved that he accepted responsibility for his actions.
"The custodial sentence imposed will give all parties the time and opportunity to reflect and for the healing process to begin."
She added: "We would like to thank the wider community for the support they have shown our family and now look to continue the positive legacy of the boys with our charity, Believe."


A new plan to expand student numbers at the Magee campus in Londonderry to more than 9,000 has been submitted by Derry City and Strabane District Council and Ulster University.

The revised business plan was prepared by independent consultants who were appointed by the council in 2014.
The plan foresees an expansion of student numbers to 9,400 by 2025.
This date is five years later than was hoped when the One Plan for Derry's regeneration was launched.
The plan also includes increasing full time undergraduate places by 2,636 bringing the total to 6000 by 2024.
John Kelpie, chief executive of Derry City and Strabane District Council, said that there were a number of options detailed in the revised plan.
"It recommends what we believe to be the most effective and financially viable option to improve access into higher education and maximise impact on the city.
"It aims to fully inform decision-making by the Department for Employment and Learning and the NI Executive in relation to both sustainable funding and the current maximum student number cap."
Ulster University Vice-Chancellor and President Paddy Nixon said it was essential to sustain the positive impact within communities.
"We recognise our responsibility as a civic university.  Ulster University has always remained committed to expansion at the Magee campus.
"Long-term sustainable funding provision for students and infrastructure investment is also essential to deliver these ambitions."


Labour has accused David Cameron of being hypocritical by writing to his local council in Oxfordshire to complain about proposed cuts.

David Cameron told the Conservative leader of Oxfordshire County Council, Ian Hudspeth, that potential reductions in services were unwelcome.
He suggested cuts in back office functions instead and offered to set up a meeting with the No 10 policy unit.
Labour has asked the Cabinet Secretary if that broke the ministerial code.
The PM wrote to Oxfordshire council leader Ian Hudspeth last month saying he was "disappointed" at proposed "cuts to frontline services, from elderly day centres, to libraries, to museums".
The council should "move cautiously in setting out its budget plans", he says.
In a letter of response Mr Hudspeth reminds Mr Cameron he "worked hard to assist you in achieving a Conservative majority".
Mr Cameron is the MP for Witney in Oxfordshire, an area covered by Oxfordshire County Council.
Labour has written to Cabinet Secretary Sir Jeremy Heywood suggesting the prime minister's letter may have breached the ministerial code, because Mr Hudspeth was invited to meet the No 10 policy unit regarding budget cuts.
Shadow minister without portfolio Jon Ashworth said the code requires ministers to "keep separate their roles" in government and as constituency members.
He said the leader of Mr Cameron's constituency county council "should not be given preferential treatment", and asked whether similar offers have been made to all the leaders of other councils.
Mr Ashworth told BBC Radio 4's Today:  "I doubt he is inviting the leader of Leicester City Council, where I am an MP, or the leader of Manchester City Council into the No 10 policy unit to discuss ways to deal with the cuts.
"It feels like a breach and I hope the Cabinet Secretary will look into it."
In his letter, the prime minister attempts to reassure his local colleague, pointing out that the money councils get from central government will not be confirmed until after the Spending Review later this month.
In his lengthy letter of response, Mr Hudspeth disagrees with a series of claims made in the prime minister's letter - including a suggestion that Oxfordshire County Council was failing to make back office savings and had actually seen an increase in its budget.
The county council leader points out that the authority employs almost 3,000 fewer people than it did in 2010.
He adds that the council's grants from government have fallen from £194m a year in 2009/10 to £122m this year.
"I cannot accept your description of a drop in funding of £72m... as a 'slight fall'" he writes.
Mr Hudspeth points out that in addition to the spending cuts the council has had to deal with, the demands upon it have been growing, given the "heightened awareness and concern around vulnerable children" since the Baby P case in Haringey in north London, and "the growth in the elderly population - who generate the largest demand for expensive social care placements and support".
Oxfordshire County Council's cabinet agreed earlier this week to cut £3.7m in subsidies to bus companies in the county. The subsidies currently help ensure "low use routes" remain viable.
Such routes are often in rural areas - such as the prime minister's Witney constituency.
A spokeswoman for the prime minister said: "There is still significant scope for sensible savings across local government to be made by back office consolidation, disposing of surplus property and joining up our local public services; we will be discussing with Oxfordshire how this can be taken forward to help protect frontline services."
For Labour, shadow chancellor John McDonnell told the BBC on Wednesday: "I welcome the prime minister as another Tory MP joining our campaign against George Osborne's cuts."


When the University of Birmingham revealed that it had fragments from one of the world's oldest Korans, it made headlines around the world.

In terms of discoveries, it seemed as unlikely as it was remarkable.
But it raised even bigger questions about the origins of this ancient manuscript.
And there are now suggestions from the Middle East that the discovery could be even more spectacularly significant than had been initially realised.
There are claims that these could be fragments from the very first complete version of the Koran, commissioned by Abu Bakr, a companion of the Prophet Muhammad - and that it is "the most important discovery ever for the Muslim world".
This is a global jigsaw puzzle.
But some of the pieces have fallen into place.
It seems likely the fragments in Birmingham, at least 1,370 years old, were once held in Egypt's oldest mosque, the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in Fustat.
This is because academics are increasingly confident the Birmingham manuscript has an exact match in the National Library of France, the Bibliotheque Nationale de France.
The library points to the expertise of Francois Deroche, historian of the Koran and academic at the College de France, and he confirms the pages in Paris are part of the same Koran as Birmingham's.
Alba Fedeli, the researcher who first identified the manuscript in Birmingham, is also sure it is the same as the fragments in Paris.
The significance is that the origin of the manuscript in Paris is known to have been the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in Fustat.
The French part of this manuscript was brought to Europe by Asselin de Cherville, who served as a vice consul in Egypt when the country was under the control of Napoleon's armies in the early 19th Century.
Prof Deroche says Asselin de Cherville's widow seemed to have tried to sell this and other ancient Islamic manuscripts to the British Library in the 1820s, but they ended up in the national library in Paris, where they have remained ever since.
But if some of this Koran went to Paris, what happened to the pages now in Birmingham?
Prof Deroche says later in the 19th Century manuscripts were transferred from the mosque in Fustat to the national library in Cairo.
Along the way, "some folios must have been spirited away" and entered the antiquities market.
These were presumably sold and re-sold, until in the 1920s they were acquired by Alphonse Mingana and brought to Birmingham.
Mingana was an Assyrian, from what is now modern-day Iraq, whose collecting trips to the Middle East were funded by the Cadbury family.
"Of course, no official traces of this episode were left, but it should explain how Mingana got some leaves from the Fustat trove," says Prof Deroche, who holds the legion of honour for his academic work.
And tantalisingly, he says other similar material, sold to western collectors could, still come to light.
But what remains much more contentious is the dating of the manuscript in Birmingham.
What was really startling about the Birmingham discovery was its early date, with radiocarbon testing putting it between 568 and 645.
The latest date in the range is 13 years after the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632.
David Thomas, Birmingham University's professor of Christianity and Islam, explained how much this puts the manuscript into the earliest years of Islam: "The person who actually wrote it could well have known the Prophet Muhammad."
But the early date contradicts the findings of academics who have based their analysis on the style of the text.
Mustafa Shah, from the Islamic studies department at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, says the "graphical evidence", such as how the verses are separated and the grammatical marks, show this is from a later date.
In this early form of Arabic, writing styles developed and grammatical rules changed, and Dr Shah says the Birmingham manuscript is simply inconsistent with such an early date.
Prof Deroche also says he has "reservations" about radiocarbon dating and there have been cases where manuscripts with known dates have been tested and the results have been incorrect.
But staff at Oxford University's Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, which dated the parchment, are convinced their findings are correct, no matter how inconvenient.
Researcher David Chivall says the accuracy of dating has improved in recent years, with a much more reliable approach to removing contamination from samples.
In the case of the Birmingham Koran, Mr Chivall says the latter half of the age range is more likely, but the overall range is accurate to a probability of 95%.
It is the same level of confidence given to the dating of the bones of Richard III, also tested at the Oxford laboratory.
"We're as confident as we can be that the dates are accurate."
And academic opinions can change. Dr Shah says until the 1990s the dominant academic view in the West was that there was no complete written version of the Koran until the 8th Century.
But researchers have since overturned this consensus, proving it "completely wrong" and providing more support for the traditional Muslim account of the history of the Koran.
The corresponding manuscript in Paris, which could help to settle the argument about dates, has not been radiocarbon tested.
But if the dating of the Birmingham manuscript is correct what does it mean?
There are only two leaves in Birmingham, but Prof Thomas says the complete collection would have been about 200 separate leaves.
"It would have been a monumental piece of work," he said.
And it raises questions about who would have commissioned the Koran and been able to mobilise the resources to produce it.
Jamal bin Huwareib, managing director of the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Foundation, an education foundation set up by the ruler of the UAE, says the evidence points to an even more remarkable conclusion.
He believes the manuscript in Birmingham is part of the first comprehensive written version of the Koran assembled by Abu Bakr, the Muslim caliph who ruled between 632 and 634.
"It's the most important discovery ever for the Muslim world," says Mr bin Huwareib, who has visited Birmingham to examine the manuscript.
"I believe this is the Koran of Abu Bakr."
He says the high quality of the hand writing and the parchment show this was a prestigious work created for someone important - and the radiocarbon dating shows it is from the earliest days of Islam.
"This version, this collection, this manuscript is the root of Islam, it's the root of the Koran," says Mr bin Huwareib.
"This will be a revolution in studying Islam."
This would be an unprecedented find. Prof Thomas says the dating fits this theory but "it's a very big leap indeed".
There are other possibilities. The radiocarbon dating is based on the death of the animal whose skin was used for the parchment, not when the writing was completed, which means the manuscript could be a few years later than the age range ending in 645, with Prof Thomas suggesting possible dates of 650 to 655.
This would overlap with the production of copies of the Koran during the rule of the caliph Uthman, between 644 and 656, which were intended to produce an accurate, standardised version to be sent to Muslim communities.
If the Birmingham manuscript was a fragment of one of these copies it would also be a spectacular outcome.
It's not possible to definitively prove or disprove such theories.
But Joseph Lumbard, professor in the department of Arabic and translation studies at the American University of Sharjah, says if the early dating is correct then nothing should be ruled out.
"I would not discount that it could be a fragment from the codex collected by Zayd ibn Thabit under Abu Bakr.
"I would not discount that it could be a copy of the Uthmanic codex.
"I would not discount Deroche's argument either, he is such a leader in this field," says Prof Lumbard.
He also warns of evidence being cherry-picked to support experts' preferred views.
BBC iWonder: The Quran
A timeline of how the Quran became part of British life
Prof Thomas says there could also have been copies made from copies and perhaps the Birmingham manuscript is from a copy made specially for the mosque in Fustat.
Jamal bin Huwaireb sees the discovery of such a "priceless manuscript" in the UK, rather than a Muslim country, as sending a message of mutual tolerance between religions.
"We need to respect each other, work together, we don't need conflict."
But don't expect any end to the arguments over this ancient document.
More stories from the BBC's Knowledge economy series looking at education from a global perspective and how to get in touch


Our ancestors may have got less sleep than we do, a study suggests.

US researchers studied the sleeping patterns of traditional societies in Africa and South America, whose lifestyles closely resemble ancient hunter gatherers.
They monitored 98 people for 1,165 nights, and found that they slept for an average of 6.5 hours per night.
By comparison, the scientists said that most people in the US get about seven hours, according to a large sleep poll.
The new study, published in the journal Current Biology, also finds that temperature played a greater role than light in shaping sleeping patterns.
Prof Jerome Siegel, from the University of California, Los Angeles, said: "The issue is: what is the data on how sleep has changed?
"And it occurred to me that these groups, which are rapidly disappearing, give the last opportunity to really know what human sleep was like before we all created our various civilisations.
"What is absolutely clear is that they don't sleep more than we do."
No naps
From artificial lights, to late night TV, and now the ever-present glow of our smart phones, modern life is often blamed for ruining our sleep.
To put this to the test, the researchers studied the Hadza of Tanzania, the San of Namibia and the Tsimane of Bolivia, fitting their volunteers with wristwatches that monitor sleep.
"All three groups have pretty much the same sleep duration and pretty much the same timing of sleep," said Prof Siegel.
"This gives me reasonable confidence that they reflect the common human biology and they are not a function of their particular situations, which are different."
As well as discovering that the average sleep duration was six hours and 25 minutes, the researchers also found the participants very rarely took naps.
While some European documents suggested that people used to wake up for a while during the night, sleeping in two shifts, the researchers found this was not the case with the hunter gatherers.
Surprisingly, natural light did not have as big an influence as was thought.
Most people fell asleep on average 3.3 hours after sunset.
However, temperature was an important factor.
"What we saw was quite striking - that sleep is occurring during this period of falling temperature and when the temperature hits bottom, they wake up," said Prof Siegel.
"This is quite surprising."
And despite the fact that these traditional societies slept less than the National Sleep Foundation's recommended seven to nine hours a night, the researchers said they did not grumble about being tired.
Insomnia was also extremely rare - and two of the groups did not even have a word for it.
Commenting on the research, Prof Derk-Jan Dijk, from the Surrey Sleep Research Centre at the University of Surrey, said that it was an important study but he did not agree that the data showed that our ancestors slept less than us.
"There are people in our society who don't get enough sleep, there is no doubt about it," he told BBC News.
"The question of whether we sleep that much less than so many years ago has been unanswered in ways - we need to be careful in interpreting that data."
He said that while the hunter gatherers did not fall asleep until several hours after sunset, artificial light was keeping us awake for even longer.
He explained: "We have artificial light in abundance and we have our clock-determined social commitments and the timing doesn't have anything to do with sunrise or sunset. We are to a large extent disconnected from those natural cycles.
"I think we need to re-evaluate the timing of our social schedules, including work, relative to the natural environment.  Our social environment has an impact on when we decide to go to sleep and wake up.
"Also if we look at our environmental variables in the light-dark cycle in our homes and the temperature, I hope his paper will make us see how relevant are they for the timing of our behaviour."
What's stopping my slumber?
Which five things ruin a good night's sleep?
Follow Rebecca on Twitter


Inmates claim they came close to rioting as they remained locked in their cells while prison services resumed after a staff protest.

Prisoners at HMPs Channings Wood prison and Featherstone said they were kept in cells for 24 hours on Tuesday and until midday on Wednesday.
One told the BBC "it was kicking off" among prisoners.
The Ministry of Justice (MoJ) said prisoners remained in their cells until the service returned to normal.
The prisoners were kept in their cells as up to 10,000 prison officers in England and Wales stopped work over claims of a "surge in violence" in jails.
The officers returned to work after a High court injunction ordered the protest to cease.
One inmate from Channings Wood, a Category C prison near Newton Abbot in Devon, told the BBC there had been no exercise, access to washing, medication or phone calls and he only got one meal on Tuesday.
He said: "Some of the lads are setting fires. It's kicking off now. I think the POA (Prison Officers Association) want a riot.
"This isn't a bad jail, they've got it easy here."
The MoJ said inmates had received food and medication as normal.
Six fire engines were called to Channings Wood on Tuesday after a fire started inside the building but the blaze was out when they arrived.
An inmate at HMP Featherstone near Wolverhampton contacted BBC WM on a mobile phone which he said had been smuggled in to say the the jail was "totally out of control".
He said inmates were unaware about the protest being staged by prison officers, a claim the Ministry of justice (MoJ) denied.
"There's a lot of things going on here that the [MoJ] just don't know about," he said.
The MoJ said it is examining the prisoner's comments about the mobile phone.
A spokesman for the POA said staff are working as normal though "they could be on a restricted regime because of staffing levels".
There were also reports of a small fire in a cell at Norwich Prison on Tuesday which the fire service extinguished.


West Ham manager Slaven Bilic says striker Diafra Sakho has been training as normal despite his arrest.

The Senegal international was arrested, allegedly on suspicion of assault, three days before starting Sunday's 2-0 Premier League win at Arsenal.
"Of course I'm concerned," said Bilic at his news conference before Leicester visit Upton Park on Saturday.
"I spoke with him. But he looks very positive, he's not worried about it. I am happy with him."
Bilic also confirmed midfielder Morgan Amalfitano is no longer in the first team and explained why West Ham did not sign former England international Joey Barton.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Amalfitano was left out of the squad for the opening weekend victory at Emirates Stadium.
It was reported that the 30-year-old, who has one cap for France, had missed a team meeting and his manager had made him train with the youth team.
Bilic said he has had a "quiet meeting" with Amalfitano, who arrived at Upton Park from Marseille last summer, to explain the situation, adding: "He's not in the first team any more and that is it.
"My first job is to protect the team, to keep the team as a unit in the best possible way.
"If I feel that someone is damaging it in a way, I have to react - and I did that."
West Ham pulled out of talks to sign former QPR captain and free agent Joey Barton this week following protests from fans.
But Bilic said the fans' reaction was not the only factor in the decision not to give the 32-year-old midfielder a contract.
"It was altogether. Not just one thing.
"We were thinking about Joey and I like him as a player. We discussed, we had some talks and ideas about him. But after that we decided, and Joey also, not to do it.
"It was not the best timing."
Watch more from Slaven Bilic on Football Focus, Saturday 15 August at 12.15 BST on BBC One and online.


Yorkshire seamer Ryan Sidebottom is not rethinking his plan to retire at the end of the season despite his strong start to the campaign.

The 39-year-old took eight wickets in the County Championship win over Somerset last week.
"I'm totally happy with retiring," he told BBC Radio Leeds.
"To play 20 years and have the career I've had, I'm very lucky. I've always wanted to go out on a high and hopefully I can go away with a trophy."
Sidebottom has taken 16 wickets at an average of 15.18 in his three Championship matches so far this summer.
Andrew Gale's side are second in the County Championship but were beaten by Surrey in the quarter-finals of the One-Day Cup on Tuesday.
Despite the disappointment, Sidebottom feels the side will have benefitted from the experience.
"We've got a lot of young, talented players in the team who got us to that position and I think they will gain from the experience of playing stronger teams," he said.
"We have put our heart and soul into doing better in one-day cricket because we've not been good enough in recent years. Hopefully the younger lads will learn from it.
"Guys like Ben Coad, Matthew Fisher and Matthew Waite have all come through the academy and done brilliantly."


Two-time world champion Mark Williams will face China's world number 84 Zhao Xintong in the World Championship first qualifying round on Saturday.

Williams, 42, was forced to qualify after he was defeated by Mark Selby on Sunday in the final of the China Open.
He will be one of 14 Welsh players who will have to win three qualifying rounds at Ponds Forge in Sheffield to secure a place in the first round.
Ryan Day is the only Welshman to be guaranteed a place in the competition.
The World Championship starts at Sheffield's Crucible Theatre on Saturday, 15 April.
15-year-old schoolboy Jackson Page and amateur Tyler Rees, 18, will play in the qualifying rounds after receiving an invitation to compete.
Page, of Ebbw Vale, will take on world number 75 Martin O'Donnell on Thursday while Rees will play against world number 44 Xiao Guodong of China on Wednesday.
Elsewhere, Matthew Stevens - twice a runner up at the Crucible - will face off against fellow Welshman Lee Walker on Wednesday.
Find out how to get into snooker, pool and billiards with our fully inclusive guide.
Sign up to My Sport to follow snooker news and reports on the BBC app.


An American woman of Indian descent has accused White House press secretary Sean Spicer of racism after an exchange in an Apple store in Washington.

Shree Chauhan, 33, challenged Mr Spicer as he was shopping, asking: "How does it feel to work for a fascist?" - referring to President Donald Trump.
Mr Spicer said: "It's such a great country that allows you to be here."
Ms Chauhan videoed the encounter and posted it online, drawing 300,000 views since Saturday.
She has been attacked online since posting the video, with critics branding her "vile" and accusing her of harassment.
When asked by reporters about the encounter, Mr Spicer said: "I interact with individuals all day long. Ninety-nine percent of them are pleasant, even with people who may not agree with our philosophy or programmes, whatever."
It's a free country, he added, and people can act how they want, no matter how that's interpreted.
"And as long as they stay on the right side of the First Amendment [right to free speech], we're good."
The footage shows Mr Spicer responding to the initial barb, about working for a fascist, by smiling and saying: "We have a great country."
Ms Chauhan, the founder of an education start-up, then asks him: "Have you helped with the Russia stuff - are you a criminal as well? Have you committed treason, too, just like the president?"
Mr Spicer can then be heard saying: "It's such a great country that allows you to be here."
"What can you tell me about Russia, Mr Secretary?" the questioner persists.
Mr Spicer then walks away saying: "Thank you very much," while Ms Chauhan repeats: "You know you work for a fascist, right?"
In a blog post, Ms Chauhan wrote that she is an American citizen who was born and raised in the United States.
She said she was "stunned" by the press secretary's comment, writing: "That is racism and it is an implied threat."
Ms Chauhan, who is the daughter of immigrants, acknowledged that she was "impolite" in her comments to the Trump aide.
She said she wanted to seize the "enormous opportunity... to get answers without the protections normally given to Mr Spicer".
Ms Chauhan hit back at her online critics, writing on Twitter: "I have clear feelings for the man who is a fascist's spokesperson. Nazis weren't stopped with niceties."
It has been claimed that Mr Spicer's remark - "it's such a great country that allows you to be here" - may have meant it's great that Americans can approach presidential aides even while they are out shopping.
Ms Chauhan has rejected that interpretation, saying that Mr Spicer should have said "it's such a great country that allows dissent" if that was what he meant.


It has been an unusual and not entirely straightforward journey.

After more than 1,000 years underground - and nearly three since its discovery - part of the Galloway Viking hoard is going on public display in Edinburgh.
A collection of "international significance", it comprises more than 100 gold, silver and other items.
There is understandable excitement at the National Museum of Scotland at being able to give a glimpse of its treasures to a wider audience.
In future, it is planned, it will also go on show in Kirkcudbright - closer to the spot it was discovered.
It was September 2014 when metal detectorist Derek McLennan made the discovery of a lifetime on land in Dumfries and Galloway.
Buried at the beginning of the 10th Century, some of the artefacts date back to an even earlier period.
The hoard brings together the richest collection of rare Viking-age objects ever found in Britain.
"It is very exciting to finally have the hoard on display," said NMS senior curator Dr Martin Goldberg,
"To see it all laid out together for the first time is a real eye-opener for me - just seeing how much there is."
He said a small treasure vessel in particular had produced some remarkable finds.
"It is amazing - it is only 10cm high and 10cm in diameter - but the amount of things that were packed into it that we can now put on display," he said.
The range of items spread out across the glass cabinets on display is impressive - the bulk of it silver jewellery and ingots.
A tiny, gold, bird-shaped pin is particularly eye-catching as well as a number of brooches - some of a kind never previously found in Scotland.
The temporary display of the hoard - which runs until October - is aimed at helping to raise funds towards the nearly Â£2m required to "save it for the nation".
That process has not been without controversy.
Dumfries and Galloway Council had put in a bid to secure the hoard for a new art gallery being built in Kirkcudbright but that was ultimately unsuccessful, despite going to appeal.
NMS has pledged to put part of the collection on permanent display in the town in due course and, on occasions, let all the artefacts come to the region.
Not everyone in Dumfries and Galloway is happy with that outcome but NMS director Dr Gordon Rintoul insisted it was the right one.
"This hoard is of major national and international significance but it also needs a lot of work done," he said.
"It is going to take a conservation programme which we think is going to take at least two years."
He said a lot of specialised expertise and equipment would be needed to carry out that work.
"It is also going to need a lot of very detailed academic research to uncover its secrets - there are lots of mysteries around some of the items in the hoard," he said.
Dr Rintoul said that meant the museum in Edinburgh was the right place for the items.
"But it has always been our intention to aim to acquire it for the nation and to share it with others including Dumfries and Galloway Council," he stressed.
"We have been in dialogue with the council since last October and we remain in dialogue now.
"We have actually re-iterated since the hoard was allocated to ourselves that we want to see a proportion of it on long-term display in the new Kirkcudbright art gallery."
Those details have still to be thrashed out but, in the meantime, the first chance for the public to get a look at the artefacts starts at the National Museum of Scotland on Friday.
The items which were hidden under the soil of south-west Scotland for so long are on display until 1 October.
But the mysteries that they hold might take a lot longer to unravel.


WBO lightweight champion Terry Flanagan is open to a bout with Anthony Crolla but believes he "will have bigger fish to fry" if he beats Petr Petrov.

Flanagan, 27, will defend his title for a fifth time when he meets the 34-year-old Russian in Manchester on 8 April.
He then hopes to fight WBA champion Jorge Linares, who beat Crolla for a second time in six months on Saturday.
"I think I can beat Linares," Flanagan told BBC Sport. "I think I have the style to beat him."
"Anthony Crolla was made for Linares. I wouldn't be walking in like Crolla was. I truly believe I'm the best in the division.
"If people want the Manchester showdown with Anthony that is possible if the money is right but first and foremost I want the unification fights."
Flanagan - who went to the same Manchester high school as Crolla - believes his promoter Frank Warren offered Linares more money to face him than Crolla, adding the Venezuelan "took the easier option".
Since Crolla's defeat in the rematch with three-weight world champion Linares, Warren has said he would need to win "at least two non-championship fights" in order to be ranked sufficiently with the WBO for any meeting with Flanagan to take place.
Crolla's promoter Eddie Hearn has stated Flanagan does not have the necessary profile to form part of a bout which would create a sufficient payday for his fighter.
"With me and Anthony having rival promoters it's hard to make fights," Flanagan told BBC Radio 5 live Breakfast. "At the minute I've got bigger fish to fry, the likes of Linares. I've got options, first and foremost get this one right.
"Petr Petrov is in the prime of his career and we're in for a tough one, we have to be 100% on it or those big fights in the summer would be out the window."
Flanagan goes into the bout unbeaten in 32 fights, while Petrov boasts 38 wins and two draws from 44 contests.


The westbound M8 motorway has been closed in central Glasgow following a serious crash.

At least five vehicles are believed to have been involved in the collision at J18 Charing Cross.
Emergency services are at the scene and traffic is being directed off at J17, down Newton St and back on at J19, before the Kingston Bridge.
Have you taken any photographs of this incident? Send them to us at newsonlinescotland@bbc.co.uk
Please ensure when filming or photographing an incident that you make your safety and the safety of others a priority.
If you submit an image, you do so in accordance with the BBC's Terms and Conditions.


The number of bicycles stolen in Cardiff has risen by 57% in the last five years, figures have shown.

The details from South Wales Police showed there were 1,373 thefts in 2016 - up from 872 in 2012.
Cardiff is aiming to become one of the UK's leading cycling cities over the next 10 years.
While cycling charities called for safer storage, Cardiff council said its new Transport Interchange would have 500 secure cycle parking spaces.
According to the figures, obtained via a Freedom of Information request, most thefts were reported in the city centre - 1,736 in total over the five years.
The ward with the second highest number of stolen bikes was Cathays with 1,003 thefts, followed by Cardiff Bay with 664.
In January, the council's cabinet backed a strategy to get half of commuters in Cardiff out of their cars by 2021 and 60% by 2026.
The plans include creating the 500 new spaces at the new bus station at Central Square but charities said security is an issue.
Kevin Rhaman-Daultery, of charity Cardiff Pedal Power, praised the council's plans to improve the city's cycling infrastructure but said thefts could deter people from cycling in the first place.
"For a lot of people, cars are more convenient than bikes and people could be put off from cycling if there's a risk of their bike being nicked," he said.
"In terms of safe storage, it's something Cardiff council hasn't really discussed in their planning.
"They should look into how businesses and residential developments can provide safe storage, for staff and residents in the city - there are ways Cardiff council don't have to spend a penny."
The local authority said the rise in thefts came at a time when rates of cycling were also growing quickly.
In response to the charity's comments, a spokesman said: "The provision of cycle parking is a requirement of all new developments in the city and in the case of flats and workplaces, where bikes are likely to be parked for longer periods of time, this will be under cover and secure.
"Five hundred publicly accessible, secure cycle parking spaces will also be included in the new Transport Interchange planned for Central Square and we currently provide free Sheffield bike stands to businesses via the Park Your Bike scheme which can be mounted in secure locations."
The spokesman added that the council could do little to prevent thefts in areas such as residential houses and urged cyclists to ensure they are securely locked and registered.
South Wales Police was also contacted for comment.


New York Yankees' Alex Rodriguez said he would not be "defined by his mistakes" as he retired from Major League Baseball after a 6-3 win over Tampa Bay Rays in his final game.

The 41-year-old hit 696 home runs - fourth on the all-time list - but was given a 162-game doping ban in 2014.
"I've given these fans a lot of headaches over the years. I disappointed a lot of people, but this feels good," he said.
'A-Rod' will now become a club advisor.
Rodriguez helped the Yankees win the World Series in 2009 and was voted the American League's Most Valuable Player in 2003, 2005 and 2007.
A sell-out 46,459 Yankee Stadium crowd chanted "We want A-Rod" as he was brought on to the field by coach Joe Giradi.
"I have a huge heart. This is the last time he plays. I wanted it to be something," Giradi said.
With the game won, Rodriguez was given the ball, hugged his team-mates, grabbed a handful of dirt, raised his cap and walked to the dugout, before covering his face with a towel.
He told a news conference: "With all that I've been through, and for them to show up on a night like tonight and show me that type love is something that I'll never forget.
"It was overwhelming."


A council boss who was at the heart of an unlawful payments scandal is staying in his post.

Carmarthenshire council said it is "delighted" that chief executive Mark James, one of two chief executives to receive payments in lieu of employer pension contributions deemed "unlawful" by the Wales Audit Office, is staying.
Mr James has withdrawn his application for severance.
His package, worth a possible Â£446,000, was branded "a disgrace".
In a joint statement, the Labour/Independent administration said Mr James would stay on "for the time being".
Kevin Madge and Pam Palmer, the council's leader and deputy leader, said: "If ever there was a time when we need a first class, highly experienced and respected chief executive at the helm, it is now."
The public spending watchdog report said Carmarthenshire and neighbouring Pembrokeshire council acted unlawfully in allowing their chief executives to opt out of the Local Government Pension Scheme (LGPS) to avoid potential tax payments.
Instead the pair were given cash supplements in lieu of pension contributions.


The health minister says the newly agreed guidance on abortion should bring some clarity to health professionals.

Simon Hamilton says the guidance will help clinicians when dealing with the most difficult cases.
Northern Ireland's abortion law differs from the rest of the UK.
Access to termination is only permitted if a woman's life is at risk or there is a permanent or serious risk to her mental or physical health.
The long-awaited guidelines are aimed at providing clarification for medical staff on when a termination is legal.
Mr Hamilton recognised that the issue was "an area of public policy where people hold differing views".
He added: "My focus is on ensuring that health professionals who have to deal with extremely difficult cases have the clarity around the law that they have been asking me for."
The lack of clarity on the issue has been a sticking point for decades, and clinicians have expressed fear that they could face prosecution for carrying out abortions, based on their interpretation of a permanent or serious risk to woman's mental or physical health.
The publication of the latest set of abortion guidelines follows years of talks between the Department of Health, the Department of Justice and senior clinicians.
It also comes after a series of legal challenges against the current law and a high-profile but unsuccessful campaign to legalise abortion in cases of fatal foetal abnormality.
A fatal foetal abnormality diagnosis means doctors believe an unborn child has a terminal condition and will die in the womb or shortly after birth.
The campaign was led by Northern Ireland woman Sarah Ewart, who spoke out about her own experience of travelling to Great Britain for an abortion in 2013, after doctors told her  she was carrying a baby with anencephaly, that had no chance of survival.
Reacting to Thursday's development that the NI Executive had agreed that the guidelines are to be published, she said the new guidelines "may help some women, but it won't help me and other women with fatal foetal diagnoses".
Ms Ewart lobbied politicians for more than two years on the issue but in February, Northern Ireland Assembly members voted against legalising abortion in cases of fatal foetal abnormality.
Breedagh Hughes of the Royal College of Midwives said she hopes that the guidance provides clarity for medical professionals.
"They need a very clear exposition of what the law is and what the law says is legal," said Ms Hughes.
"They need to know the legal context within which they are working.
"Until the legislation is changed, midwives and medics are working with the legislation that stands and that is the legislation that must be outlined in the guidelines."
Ms Hughes said a major concern for medical professionals is the rise in the numbers of women accessing abortion pills on the internet.
Politicians also agreed on Thursday that the working group on abortion set up by Mr Hamilton will now include the Department of Justice.
Mr Hamilton was asked to set up the working group last month by First Minister and Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster.
On Friday, the minister indicated progress on the creation of the working group, saying he and Justice Minister David Ford both agree that "it should engage with healthcare professionals and those people directly affected by fatal foetal abnormality, and take account of recent consultation on the question of legislative change, as it goes about its important work".


One man has made this year's US presidential election the most extraordinary ever.

It has been an electric slugfest, democracy at its most vibrant and shameful.
More mud has been flung around than is churned up in that quintessential American sport of big trucks with big tyres screeching through the Georgia mud pits.
This was Donald Trump's election, even if he loses. Particularly if he loses.
The forces he has unleashed and validated won't go away. He is an incarnation of a mood, which has become a movement.
The really startling thing about Donald Trump is not how exceptional he is, but how much he is part of an American mainstream.
This bitter battle won't end on election day
The state that defines the race
America's coal country feels forgotten
Predict the president - play our game
Our full election coverage
Those who made headlines a few days ago, threatening bloody revolution and a march on Washington if Hillary Clinton wins, can be ignored.
But what they shout tells you something about the mood of their milder fellow Trumpists.
The adage that a win by a single vote is a win, is only partly true.
Battles are won and lost. Wars rage for years. In the UK, "Brexit means Brexit" has been used to encourage defeated Remainers to slink away and shut up.
Vanquished Americans, overflowing with a sense of injustice and anger, won't go so quietly.
If Mr Trump loses, he may stick around complaining, issuing legal challenges and dire warnings.
He might set up Trump clubs across America to further his cause, or fund a TV station.
But even if he disappears with uncharacteristic humility, he would leave a legacy that could transform American politics.
However, his fundamental attack against an elite doing down the common folk isn't new.
Back in 1891, the People's Party argued for the "plain people" against the "controlling influences" dominating the political mainstream, and demanded the expulsion of Chinese workers.
If you read no other political book this year, read The Populist Explosion by John B Judis, which brilliantly sets out the connection to present circumstances.
The 1964 Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater campaigned against civil rights, opposed his party's liberal elite and argued that "extremism in the defence of liberty is no vice". He lost, but helped transform his party.
But more modern right-wing populism in America may have begun with ex-Democrat George Wallace, who campaigned as an independent in 1968.
His case was based on a ferocious defence of the continued segregation of black and white, combined with an economic appeal to white blue-collar workers.
"There's a backlash in this country against big government," he said. "If the politicians get in the way, a lot of them are going to get run over by this average man in the street: this man in the textile mill, the man in the steel mill."
He lost, but his supporters didn't go away. And those workers in the textile and steel mills saw their standard of living and social position decline.
For years, Pat Buchanan - who tried to get on the Republican ticket a couple of times but ended up running for president for the Reform Party in 2000 - attacked not only transnational corporations and global competition, but also trade deals that benefited Mexican workers.
Sound familiar? By then, those steel and textile mills were closing down and many of those workers worked no longer. Mr Buchanan lost, but many listened.
Supporters and movements morphed and overlapped. The evangelical Christian right waxed and waned.
After Barack Obama's election, the Tea Party built a movement that combined several different resentments about bank bailouts, taxation and big government.
Mr Trump has put these concerns centre stage for the Republican Party, linking opposition to global free trade and widespread immigration to white unease at a black president and minorities' growing status and power.
Textiles and steel still resonate in the imagination and the children of those workers who lost their jobs struggle. But that's not all.
Many middle-class Americans on fair wages are burdened with huge college fees, face big medical bills all their life, and risk an insecure old age.
Life doesn't feel like it's getting better and better for many.
Add to the brew fears of a changing America, and the belief their taxes go only to help the feckless and illegal immigrants.
Mr Trump's appeal is directly to these people. The sharp intake of breath at the vulgarian on the high wire disguises the strength and breadth of this feeling.
Donald Trump is an American archetype, the huckster, the booster, the snake oil salesman.
What many forget in their liberal disgust is that in the old Wild West many bought the snake oil off the side of the wagon. When you've tried every other remedy, why not give it a shot? What's the risk? Similarly in politics.
This is not just the territory of the right.
President Clinton II would face similar rumblings to her left.
The sort of people who support Occupy and Bernie Sanders may hate Mr Trump, but they agree with his excoriation of the establishment, and his assault on the arrogance of the rich and powerful.
They will agree that the US risks a third world war if Mrs Clinton steps up military action in the Middle East and confronts Russia.
This may not daunt her. But if she wins, her legitimacy will already have been undermined by the accusation that she succeeded only because she was the candidate who was not Donald Trump.
The Republican Party would find itself with a heightened dilemma that so far it has ducked and ducked again.
In the UK, the day after the election, the losing party has a stark choice - to ditch or support its defeated leader.
There are not just debates, but votes about where they went wrong. Too left or too right - too much of this policy, too little of that?
In the US, it isn't quite so frantic.
The Republicans won't be choosing a new presidential candidate until 2020, and no-one can guess now who it will be.
Before I became the BBC's North America editor, I asked a host of diplomats, politicians and journalists who would face Mr Obama in 2012. No-one said: "Mitt Romney".  Not a single commentator dreamt it would be Mr Trump in 2016.
So the Republicans have time. But eventually they will have to make a decision. It is not just about embracing a populist rhetoric. Many do that already. Trump was just better at it.
They have to decide whether to adopt the policies that go with a conservative rejection of globalism and economic liberalism, which would horrify their remaining supporters in Wall Street and big business.
But if they don't, although the two-party system in America is immensely durable, it is possible that an inchoate angry movement could spill outside its boundaries, flowing who knows where.
The pitfalls are plain. The conservative political establishment's approach to the Tea Party was an idiot's guide on how not to do it.
Partly because of the system of primary elections - which allowed the "deselection" of  moderate candidates - the party was all but taken over by radicals who then became the mainstream.
There was a seemingly endless contest of candidates pushed into a Dutch auction, outbidding each other in outrage, moving further to the right.
There seemed to be no thought given to building an electoral strategy beyond the activist base, or to forming an alliance with the less militant, let alone figuring out how to turn ideologically driven anger into a coherent policy platform.
Mr Trump has made this problem more acute by making it appear like a sustainable strategy.
It may not matter for a good while - simply saying: "No, no, no," to the Clinton White House would do for a bit.
But there is little glory in becoming the eternal outraged opposition, shorn of serious ideas about how to exercise power.


Anyone who buys a drone in future in the UK may have to register it and take a safety test.

That could be the outcome of a government consultation on strict new drone safety rules.
There could also be tougher penalties for anyone who flies a drone in a no-fly zone, with the possibility of a new criminal offence of misuse of a drone.
Drone use has become widespread in the past few years, with drones available cheaply in high street shops.
The government says drones have enormous economic potential and are already being used by everyone from the emergency services and conservation groups to energy and transport firms.
But the Aviation Minister, Lord Ahmad, said while the vast majority of drone users were law-abiding, "some are not aware of the rules or choose to break them putting public safety, privacy and security at risk".
There are already strict regulations for all drone users.
Any drone with a camera cannot be flown within 50 metres of buildings, vehicles, people or over large crowds.
Anyone using a drone for commercial purposes has to register with the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).
But now leisure users may have to register their drones and perhaps undertake a test similar to the driving theory test.
This will apply to any drone weighing over 250g (0.55lb) - which covers just about anything more than a toy.
Simon Dale, of the FPV group for drone pilots, is unhappy about any plan to make leisure users register.
"It will impact the safe and sensible drone fliers and will not affect criminals or terrorists," he said.
Drone users could have to pay a hefty fee, Mr Dale fears: "Setting up a drone equivalent of the DVLA is likely to be costly."
Leisure drone user Peter Galbavy said the regulations were already too complex and badly framed.
"What really annoys me is the different rules for drones with or without cameras," he said.
"It's nothing to do with privacy - it's an assumption that the drone will be much heavier and can drop on people's heads - which is no longer true."
But concerns about safety have risen.
Jonathan Nicholson, from the Civil Aviation Authority, said: "We do see a rise in the number of near misses reported by airline pilots, and we have had complaints from members of the public about drones being flown too close to them, which the police receive."
He urged users to familiarise themselves with the CAA's Drone Code.
The government says the drone industry could be worth billions by 2025.
But ministers believe it will only be a success if it is done safely, and with the consent of the public.
The UK's proposed safety test is just one of a flurry of drone-related developments in recent days. Others include:


A volunteer lifeboat crew, training on a Teesside beach, ended up offering a helping hand to a stranded baby seal.

The animal was spotted under a seat in a promenade shelter, in Redcar, on Sunday, where it was thought to have taken refuge from rough seas.
As people arrived, it began to move away, leading to fears it could end up on a nearby road.
The crew moved it to safety and called a marine expert, who released it at the grey seal colony on the River Tees.
Dave Cocks, from Redcar RNLI, said: "We guess the seal had decided to get itself out of the sea, sometime during the night, to avoid the rough waves, with winds gusting at nearly 60mph.
"To start with, it was quite happy to stay snuggled up out of the weather in a corner of a shelter.
"But as more people came along, it tried to get out of the way and we were concerned it might even end up on the road outside the boathouse.
"Two RNLI volunteers used one of the lifeboat's survivor's blankets to swaddle the seal so it could be carried into a quiet corner of the lifeboat station."