At the start of this year, BBC Radio Four devoted a whole day to a radio adaptation of Tolstoy's War and Peace.

On New Year's Day, listeners were invited to binge on it all day long, with only brief interruptions.
Now filming has begun on a new television version, in an adaptation by award-winning screen writer Andrew Davies.
So the current chill in relations with Russia, it seems, has not affected the British love affair with Tolstoy.
In fact, perhaps War and Peace can help us understand why Russians tend to view their nation as always under attack from outsiders.
For although Tolstoy's epic novel is about love, it is also the dramatic story of Napoleon's advance on Moscow and what it felt like to be part of a Russian family, packing up and fleeing the burning capital.
In 1812, it was the French bearing down on Moscow, a century and a half later it was Hitler's Nazi army.
These pivotal moments in the nation's history are etched into the memory of every Russian and help underscore President Putin's claim that Russia is once again under threat from Western hostile forces.
This time, he argues, the enemy is the US, spearheading an onslaught by Nato allies who have used the conflict over Ukraine to impose sanctions, as part of a decades-old desire to keep Russia weak and fragmented, so the West can stay dominant and strong.
This is why, Mr Putin argues, Russians must remain united behind his presidency, and why Russian writers, artists and film-makers should use culture to help reinforce patriotism and loyalty.
But not all contemporary Russian culture fits this Kremlin narrative.
Leviathan, the latest film from the distinguished director Andrei Zvyagintsev, has been making waves since it was premiered at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.
Set in Russia's arctic north, it is a bleak but brilliant story of a small man crushed by corrupt bureaucrats and church leaders.
It won a further string of international honours, including best foreign film at the Golden Globe awards, and was shortlisted (though did not win) in the best foreign film category at the 2015 Academy Awards, the Oscars.
But in Russia, far from being hailed as a masterpiece, it ran into trouble.
Although it was partly financed by his ministry, the Russian Minister of Culture, Vladimir Medinsky accused the director of deliberately pandering to anti-Russian sentiment in the West in a bid to win international film prizes.
The Russian Orthodox Church also denounced it. One prominent Kremlin supporter, Sergei Markov, called it "anti-Putin".
Leviathan has not been banned in Russia, although its colourful profanities have been removed.
In fact, the row probably helped it win a wider audience.
Certainly when it went on general release in one south-western Moscow suburb in February, it was an immediate sell-out.
Russians rushed to the local cinema to see what all the fuss was about.
Mr Medinsky's criticism is not surprising.
A former MP with close links to the Kremlin, he made his name as the author of a series of popular but controversial history books called Myths About Russia, aimed at debunking negative stereotypes which, he claims, were deliberately invented by foreigners to undermine Russia's reputation.
But some Russian cultural figures have gone further, protesting not so much at Zvyagintsev's film, but at what they claim is Hollywood's unfair dominance of the global film industry.
Andrei Konchalovsky is a hugely successful Russian film director who comes from a well-known cultural family.
His father, Sergei Mikhalkov, wrote the lyrics for Stalin's National Anthem. His brother Nikita Mikhalkov, an Oscar-winning film director in his own right, served as minister of culture.
And Andrei Konchalovsky himself forged a film career both in Hollywood and Russia where he collaborated closely with the distinguished film-maker Andrei Tarkovsky.
Now, however, he is no longer well disposed to the American movie industry.
He refused to let his latest film, The Postman's White Nights, be considered for this year's Academy Awards as a protest against what he claims is American cultural imperialism.
When I caught up with him in London at a recent Azerbaijani arts festival, he gave two reasons.
Firstly, he said, he was opposed to the "popcorn" style entertainment of US blockbusters, which were now so prevalent in Russian cinemas.
And secondly, he was objecting to the idea that all non-English language films were "segregated" into one single "foreign film" category at the Oscars.
"What the hell does that mean?" he said. "I felt myself humiliated: foreign for who? I am strongly opposed."
But Mr Konchalovsky's criticism of Hollywood is part of what he sees as a wider cultural realignment, which echoes the geo-political shift President Putin likes to refer to in the political sphere: the decline of the West and the rise of the emerging economies of "the rest", including, of course, Russia.
"I agree with certain politicians that the civilisational pressures of America are too strong," he told me.
"America has a big illusion about universal values of American dream. But it is a big illusion.
"We see how it crumbles when Americans try to impose democracy. They cannot dominate any more with their ideology.
"America has a Europe-centric view of the world, and those values of democracy, freedom, equal rights etc, have proved not to be universal.
"The old idea of absolute, unshakeable values of Western civilisation, that period is coming to an end."
So is Russia not European? I asked.
In Mr Konchalovsky's scheme of things, it turns out that it is not. It is part of a separate Eastern tradition.
"We have developed on the periphery of European civilisation.
"Our religion, geography, climate and history created our culture. We are not Latins, the West is Latin," he said.
"And the iron curtain is between Russia and Poland, not to do with socialism, but between Eastern philosophy - emotional; and Western philosophy - infatuation with order."
It is both an intriguingly radical new idea: Russia as Eastern and Asian-facing; and a notion which goes back two centuries: the old paradigm of a cultural conflict in Russia between so-called Slavophiles and Westernisers.
In the past, cultural commentators have tended to argue that it left the country with a foot in both camps, a unique "Eurasian" nation.
But in today's Russia, where state-run media now paints both the US and its European allies as hostile and as danger to Russia, there seems increasingly little room for a fudge.
A startling survey at the beginning of the year by the respected Levada polling organisation suggested that negative perceptions of the US, and the European Union had doubled in the past year - at least, according to the answers of those who were surveyed.
And judging by Mr Konchalovsky, this anti-Western, anti-European sentiment is now tipping over into the cultural sphere.
I asked him how he reconciled his theory that Russia was not European with the fact that many of Russia's greatest writers (like Pushkin, Tolstoy and Chekhov) were loved by Western audiences and seen as part of the European mainstream - evidence of a shared culture, and a shared system of universal values.
His answer left me dumbfounded.
"Tolstoy is not a Russian writer," said Mr Konchalovsky.
He then sketched out for me his view of Russia's cultural history, dividing it into the Muscovite period up to the end of the 17th Century, and then a period launched by Peter the Great who tried to Europeanise, but with limited success.
"There is a little fraction of Russian society that called itself maybe European: Russians that created basically everything that Russia can be proud of - starting from Tolstoy, Tchaikovsky, Chekhov, Dostoevsky - and which had incredible influence on Western culture because Russia is a very talented and powerful country.
"But Peter the Great didn't succeed to Westernise the whole nation. It was beyond his ability,
"So we have a tiny fraction (which is) European - and an enormous ocean of Russian Muscovites who basically don't care about the world."
It is a radical thought: three centuries of an experiment to Europeanise Russia which is now coming to an end.
The Bolsheviks, after all, also drew on European ideas based on the works of that German thinker, Karl Marx.
This new vision embraces President Putin's pivot towards China, his rejection of Western values and civic links, and his insistence on Russia being a new centre of global conservatism.
Will it take hold, though?
Do most Russians really want to turn their backs on Europe and look East instead?
That is the deeper question behind the current crisis which is not only about what happens to Ukraine, but what will happen to Russia too.


A fuel tanker driver who died at an industrial estate on the outskirts of Ipswich was found trapped between a lorry and a gate, police said.

The man, in his 30s, died at the scene in Latimer Close, on Ransomes Europark, at about 04:40 GMT.
Suffolk Police said they were treating the death as a fatal road traffic collision and had informed the Health and Safety Executive.
Officers believe no-one else was involved in the incident.
The driver is believed to have worked for Essex Tankers Ltd.
An inquest will be held later.


The Ireland women's team will take on South Africa this summer in a seven-match series.

Ireland will play the touring South Africans in four one-day internationals followed by three Twenty20 games.
"This is the competitive cricket we need on a regular basis to be able to compete with the world's top teams," said Ireland coach Aaron Hamilton.
Ireland have withdrawn from this season's County Championship because of their busy schedule in 2016.
The Irish will play in their second ICC World Twenty20 in India in March and compete in a World Cup qualifying campaign against the Netherlands and Scotland.
The ODIs against South Africa, who are ranked sixth in the world, will take place on 24 July, 26 July, 29 July and 1 August followed by the T20s on 4 August, 5 August and 7 August.
Venues for the matches have yet to be confirmed.
"These games will be another chance for our players to apply their trade at home in front of supporters and younger girls looking to aspire to play for Ireland in the future," added Hamilton.
"This series will continue to build the increasing profile of the women's game in Ireland."


The UK company developing an engine for a new type of spaceplane says it has successfully demonstrated the power unit's enabling technology.

Reaction Engines Ltd (REL) of Culham, Oxfordshire, ran a series of tests on key elements of its Sabre propulsion system under the independent eye of the European Space Agency (Esa).
Esa's experts have confirmed that all the demonstration objectives were met.
REL claims the major technical obstacle to its ideas has now been removed.
"This is a big moment; it really is quite a big step forward in propulsion," said Alan Bond, the driving force behind the Sabre engine concept.
The company must now raise the Â£250m needed to complete the next phase of development.
This would essentially take the project to the final designs that could be handed to a manufacturer.
Although the British government has put significant sums into REL's technology in the past, the company's preference is to pursue city finance.
"The project to date has been more than 90% privately funded, and we intend to continue with that type of structure," explained Tim Hayter, the CEO of Reaction Engines Ltd.
"Yes, we would encourage government money but we're not reliant on it and we're certainly not depending on it.
"What is more important to us is government endorsement. That gives everyone the confidence that the UK is behind this project."
REL's idea is for an 84m-long vehicle called Skylon that would do the job of a big rocket but operate like an airliner, taking off and landing at a conventional runway.
The vehicle would burn a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen but in the low atmosphere the oxygen would be taken from the air, in the same way that a jet engine breathes air.
Only once it had achieved very high speeds would Skylon switch to full rocket mode, burning onboard fuel supplies.
Taking its oxygen from the air in the initial flight phase would mean Skylon could fly lighter from the outset with a higher thrust-to-weight ratio, enabling it to make a single leap to orbit, rather than using and dumping propellant stages on the ascent - as is the case with current expendable rockets.
If such a vehicle could be made to work, its reusability should transform the costs of accessing space.
But its success depends on the Sabre engine's ability to manage the very hot air entering its intakes at high speed.
These gases have to be cooled prior to being compressed and burnt with the onboard hydrogen.
REL's solution is a module containing arrays of extremely fine piping that can extract the heat and plunge the inrushing air to about -140C in just 1/100th of a second.
Ordinarily, the moisture in the air would be expected to freeze out rapidly, covering the piping in a blanket of frost and dislocating their operation.
But the company's engineers have also devised a means to control the frosting, permitting the Sabre engine to run in jet mode for as long as is needed before making the transition to full rocket mode to take the Skylon spaceplane into orbit.
It is the innovative helium cooling loop with its pre-cooler heat-exchanger that REL has been validating on an experimental rig.
"We completed the programme by getting down to -150C, running for 10 minutes," said Mr Bond.  "We've demonstrated that the pre-cooler is behaving absolutely as predicted."
The UK Space Agency asked Esa's propulsion division to audit the tests, and the Paris-based organisation has declared its satisfaction with the outcome of the experimental programme.
"One of the major obstacles to developing air-breathing engines for launch vehicles is the development of the lightweight high-performance heat exchangers," it said in a statement.
"With this now successfully demonstrated by REL, there are currently no technical reasons why the Sabre engine programme cannot move forward into the next stage of development."
Dr Mark Ford, who heads the propulsion engineering group at the agency, added: "The gateway is now open to move beyond the jet age."
The next phase is a three-and-a-half-year project.  It would see a smaller version of Sabre being built on a test rig.  The demonstrator would not have the exact same configuration as the eventual engine but it would allow REL to prove Sabre's performance across its air-breathing and rocket modes.
"Its parts will be spread out slightly; there's no need for us to package it as we would a real engine," said Mr Bond.
"Also, we will want the ease of access to exchange parts, so it will look a little bit like an anatomy exhibition."
The UK government is currently assessing what its involvement should be in the next phase of Skylon/Sabre, but David Willetts, the science minister, was keen on Wednesday to add his personal support to the project: "The engine being developed by Reaction Engines is a potential game-changer in terms of space technology," he said.
"This successful testing validates the assessment made of the engine concept by the UK Space Agency back in 2010 and is yet another example of the UK's world class space industry. It would be a fantastic achievement if we could one day use this home-grown technology for our own commercial space launches."
Esa is certain to do more study work with REL.  Although it is currently working on new versions of its Ariane rocket - a classic expendable vehicle - the agency also wants to keep an eye on future launcher technologies.
REL itself is considering other applications for its technology.  These could include incorporating Sabre-like heat-exchangers into existing gas turbine jet engines to improve their fuel-burn efficiency; and also into desalination plants.
Sabre engine: How the test campaign was conducted
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos


Used-car dealers may have broken the law by continuing to sell Vauxhall Zafiras which pose a possible fire risk.

More than 234,000 Zafiras made between 2005 and 2014 are subject to safety recalls to prevent them bursting into flames.
The cars should not be passed on to new owners until they've been repaired.
But some cars have been sold without the necessary work done and without buyers being told about the problem.
The potentially illegal sales have been uncovered by BBC Radio 4's consumer programme, You & Yours.
Jemma Osbourne's family from Benfleet in Essex bought a second-hand Zafira in January 2016, six weeks after a safety recall had been launched on that model.
Vauxhall wanted all these Zafiras returned to garages where they could be checked over and fixed free of charge to prevent them catching fire.
But the repair work had not been done on the vehicle Jemma bought and, a few months later, it caught fire.
"That day we'd booked to get ourselves some tattoos done", said Jemma. "We set out with my youngest who is a year and a half, drove a few miles up the road to Southend-on-Sea and parked directly outside the tattooist's shop".
Soon afterwards she looked out of the shop window and spotted smoke inside the car.
"We managed to get out of the back of the shop and by the time we'd gone from the front to the back, the car was on fire.  It was really scary to think that I'd just got my daughter out of there".
Jemma and her partner Lewis Gillingham had bought their Zafira from a branch of the used-car dealers Big Cars Ltd at Witham in Essex. The couple say they were unaware of the problems with model B Vauxhall Zafiras and the sales team never said anything about it at the time of purchase.
"Nothing at all was mentioned about a recall", said Jemma. "It was the firemen that actually told us. I would never have put my children in that sort of car if I'd known the problems that they'd had".
It is not certain the fire was caused by the known fault with Zafira Bs. Big Cars Ltd says an independent report found it was caused by a fuel leak instead. But whatever the cause, the point is there was an outstanding safety recall on the car when it was sold, and that could put Big Cars Ltd on the wrong side of the law.
Guidance for the used-vehicle trade published by the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency states that if you are selling a vehicle to a consumer you will need to check for outstanding recalls and these safety recalls must be attended to prior to the consumer purchasing the vehicle.
"It's really important for any motor dealer that is having a Vauxhall Zafira that is affected by this recall on their forecourt to actually have this work done prior to exposing it to sale", said Tim Milsom, lead officer for the motor trade with the Chartered Institute of Trading Standards.  "If they fail to do that then they might be constituting a possible criminal offence".
There's a duty under several pieces of legislation that any product sold in the UK must be safe for consumer use. It is a principle enshrined in both civil and criminal law.
Tim Milsom cites the Sale Of Goods Act, General Product Safety Regulations 2005, Consumer Protection From Unfair Trading Regulations and even - in the case of cars - the Road Traffic Act.
"Stating or otherwise creating the impression that a product can be legally sold when it cannot is also an offence. But it is important to say that only a court of law can interpret the law", he said.
You & Yours asked Big Cars Ltd to explain why a Vauxhall Zafira with an outstanding safety recall was sold to Jemma Osbourne and Lewis Gillingham and why the couple had not been told about the issue at the time of their purchase. In a statement the company said "after taking advice, we would not wish to comment at this time".
It pointed out it had provided a courtesy car to the couple for six weeks after the fire and says it values all its customers. It has now offered to meet with the family to discuss an ex-gratia payment.
Vauxhall issued a second safety recall on model B Zafiras after the first "fix" failed to entirely solve the problem. The second recall was launched on the 28 May, 2016 but some other used-car dealers  have continued to sell the vehicles even though they have not yet had the second recall work done.
It means some customers have unwittingly bought Zafiras subject to not one but two outstanding recalls because work from the first safety recall launched in December 2015 had still not been done on their cars.
There are 234,938 Zafira B models affected by the fire risk. There is no precise number on how many of them have actually caught fire but a figure of 300 has been reported.
Vauxhall is continuing to write to owners to get affected vehicles booked in for the latest remedial work.  In the meantime, it says it is "very important" that the cars' heating and ventilation system is set only at fan speed zero or four to protect against the risk of fire.


The 193 countries of the United Nations have agreed a landmark declaration to rid the world of drug-resistant infections or "superbugs".

Six years in the making, the international commitment could prevent 700,000 deaths a year, say experts.
It is the fourth time a UN declaration has been reached on a health issue - following HIV in 2001, non-communicable diseases in 2011 and Ebola in 2013.
The signatories now have two years to report back with an action plan.
Experts say treatment-resistant infections pose one of the biggest known threats to humanity today.
Without urgent action, it is conceivable that simple infections could soon become entirely untreatable with existing drugs.
The problem has been caused by over-use of antimicrobial medicines for humans, animals and agriculture.
Repeated exposure allows bacteria and other infections, including HIV and malaria, to learn how to dodge these treatments by mutating and evolving.
Unless new effective treatments are found, routine medical procedures such as hip operations and Caesarean sections could become too dangerous to perform.
The nations have committed to:
Dr Margaret Chan, Director-General of the WHO, said: "Antimicrobial resistance poses a fundamental threat to human health, development, and security.
"The commitments made today must now be translated into swift, effective, lifesaving actions across the human, animal and environmental health sectors.
"We are running out of time."
The UK has been at the forefront of a campaign to get global action on superbugs.
It has pledged £369m to international antimicrobial resistance (AMR) programmes in the past two years.
Earlier this year, Lord O'Neill, who led a government review on AMR, called for a $2bn (£1.5bn) investment in global innovation funding for research by 2020.
The signatories at the United Nations General Assembly in New York have agreed to pool funding, already totalling about $790m (£600m).
The UK's chief medical officer, Prof Dame Sally Davies, said: "Drug-resistant infections are firmly on the global agenda, but now the real work begins.
"We need governments, the pharmaceutical industry, health professionals and the agricultural sector to follow through on their commitments to save modern medicine."
The UK has set its own target to reduce inappropriate prescriptions and the incidence of high risk bacterial infections in hospitals by 50% by 2020 and cut the level of antibiotic use in the agricultural sector to 50mg/kg by 2020.


Two people have been remanded in custody after a woman was hit by a car at a petrol station in Barnsley.

Michelle Carr was injured as she tried to prevent the vehicle leaving the Jet garage on Park Road on Sunday.
Appearing at Barnsley Magistrates' Court, Scott Dearing is charged with offences including robbery and dangerous driving.
Charlene Beadman, 28, of Jennings Close, Rotherham, is charged with robbery and making off without payment.
Mr Dearing, 30, of no fixed address, has also been charged with driving while disqualified, making off without payment and possession of an article used in connection with fraud.
Both are due to appear at Sheffield Crown Court on 5 January.


Australian pace bowler Josh Hazlewood has pleaded guilty to dissent after swearing during day four of the second Test against New Zealand.

Hazlewood's rant, after an lbw appeal against Kane Williamson was turned down by both the on-field and third umpires, was picked up by a stump microphone.
Williamson hit 97, while BJ Watling and Matt Henry added 118 for the eighth wicket as New Zealand scored 335.
Chasing 201 for a 2-0 series win in Christchurch, Australia closed on 70-1.
David Warner was the batsman out for the tourists, although that too was not without a little controversy.
An appeal for caught behind was turned down by umpire Ranmore Martinesz, but the decision was overturned on review by third umpire Richard Illingworth after television replays proved Warner gloved the ball down the leg-side to keeper BJ Watling.
However, Martinesz appeared to again give Warner (22) not out before Illingworth intervened, saying three times "give him out", at which point the Sri Lankan official raised his finger.
When the pair earlier refused to dismiss Williamson Hazlewood became angry and used offensive language, despite television technology showing the New Zealand opener edged the ball into his foot, meaning he could not be out lbw.
Williamson was out nine runs later, bowled by Jackson Bird, who then had Tim Southee caught by Smith for a second-ball duck to leave the hosts on 210-7, a lead of just 75.
Watling (46) and Henry (66) went on the attack, with the latter hitting 12 boundaries as he easily bettered his previous best Test score of 27.
But he was bowled by Bird, seven runs after Watling had been dismissed by James Pattinson (4-77), with the Black Caps on 335.
Bird then had Trent Boult caught by Pattinson for a duck to finish with 5-59 - his first five-wicket haul in Tests.
In reply, Australia - who will regain the top spot in the ICC Test rankings with a draw - were 70-1 at stumps with Joe Burns 27 not out and Usman Khawaja unbeaten on 19.
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The first official photo of the new Great British Bake Off line-up has been released by Channel 4.
Paul Hollywood is the only star who's stayed with the show, while Prue Leith is replacing Mary Berry.
Taking over presenting duties from Mel and Sue are Sandi and Noel.
Comedian and writer Sandi Toksvig currently presents the quiz shows Fifteen to One and QI.
Noel Fielding is also a comedian, who has starred in several comedy shows. He played Ed Banger in the Horrid Henry movie.
The new series of Bake Off is expected to start later this year.
It was announced that the BBC lost the baking competition to Channel 4 last September.


The pound is down sharply as traders react to the early election results.

The currency market had been expecting a clear victory for Theresa May's party, but the results so far, and the exit poll, have cast doubt on a Conservative majority.
Sterling fell as low as $1.27, down about two and a half cents from its level late on Thursday.
It has recovered a little, but the market is volatile and traders are cautious.
"Given the patchy history of exit polls, this time we will have to wait for the seat by seat results, setting the pound up for a volatile day," said Sean Callow, senior currency analyst at Westpac.
The exit poll cast doubt on an overall Conservative majority, raising concerns about increased uncertainty and a possible delay to Brexit negotiations.
The BBC projects that the Conservatives will be the largest party with 318 seats, they require 326 for a majority.
When will we know who's won?
Seat-by-seat result forecasts
Election results live updates
Election 2017: At a glance
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Neil Wilson, senior market analyst at ETX Capital said the exit poll was a shock for the financial markets.
"It's fair to say markets had been a little complacent about this result," he said.
If the election results in a hung parliament the pound could fall as low as $1.25 on Friday, Mr Wilson said.
"Trading is pretty thin overnight and the volumes will increase markedly later this morning when traders in London arrive at their desks, which might produce some more decisive price action," he added.
Sterling has been trading in a range between $1.28 and $1.30 in recent weeks.
Against the euro the pound is down 1% at 1.142 euros.


Japan's authorities have seized the passport of a journalist planning to travel to Syria, local media say.

It was necessary to confiscate Yuichi Sugimoto's passport in order to protect his life, the authorities said.
The 59-year-old photographer, who had planned to enter Syria on 27 February, described the move as a threat to the freedom of press.
Two Japanese hostages were killed by Islamic State (IS) militants in Syria in January.
However, Mr Sugimoto told reporters that he had no intention to visit areas controlled by IS.
It is said to be the first time the Japanese government has taken such a step.
The foreign ministry says it is in accordance with a provision in the country's passport law, that allows a confiscation in order to protect the passport holder's life.
Mr Sugimoto, who has covered conflict zones in Iraq and Syria before, insists he has always taken precautions and retreated when in danger.
"What happens to my freedom to travel and freedom of the press?" he told the Japanese paper Asahi Shimbun.
He said he was planning to travel to Turkey before entering Syria with a former soldier who had previously worked for Kenji Goto, a fellow journalist who was taken hostage, and killed in Syria last month.
A second Japanese citizen, Haruna Yukawa, was also kidnapped and killed by IS militants.
After the handling of the hostage crisis, approval ratings for the government of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe have gone up, recent polls show.
Two separate surveys conducted by the Yomiuri newspaper and Japan's news agency Kyodo indicate that up to 60% of people approve of the way the government dealt with the crisis.
A similar percentage also said Japan's support to countries affected IS should continue to be non-military.
In January, Mr Abe promised $200m (Â£130m) in non-military aid for countries fighting Islamic State.
Officials said that much of the $200m fund would be focused on helping refugees displaced from Syria and Iraq.


Children whose fathers are in jail are being punished by rules which limit visits if prisoners do not behave well enough, says Barnardo's.

"It's very hard on the children," said one mother, whose partner was jailed for 21 months when their son was two.
The charity says the rules, which apply in England and Wales, are cruel and it wants them scrapped.
The Ministry of Justice says it has a "dedicated strategy to help strengthen family ties".
Barnardo's points out that the rules are different in women's jails where Ministry of Justice guidance says "children should not be penalised from visiting or contacting their mother because of their mother's behaviour".
The rules depend on the Incentives and Earned Privileges scheme which links extra family visits with improved behaviour.
Some prisoners are allowed only two visits from family members in a 28-day period but, with improved behaviour, this can rise to three or four visits in that time.
The charity was told a year ago that the scheme was under review but says so far, nothing has changed.
Barnardo's chief executive Javed Khan has written to Prisons Minister Sam Gyimah calling for the rules on family visits to men in jail to be brought in line with those for women.
"We're still waiting and children are still suffering. The government must address this now," said Mr Khan.
The MoJ said it recognised the importance of families in helping offenders to reform.
A spokeswoman said: "We are committed to transforming prisons into places of safety and reform and we recognise the need to provide those in our custody with stable environments, as well as opportunities to change their behaviour and turn away from a life of crime.
"Relationships with families can play a key role in this. We have a dedicated strategy to help strengthen family ties, including giving governors flexibility over their budgets to support schemes that help offenders maintain these relationships."
"Sarah" says that for most of his time in jail, her partner was limited to three family visits each month.
The couple already had a toddler and she gave birth to their second child while he was in prison.
She says the visiting restrictions amount to punishing children for their parents' behaviour.
"You are in prison because you have committed a crime and because of that you need to be punished.
"I am completely supportive of that - but you can't choose your parents.
"A child hasn't done anything wrong they are completely innocent in this."
Most of the visits were stressful, she says, with queues and searches on the way in.
She and her partner sat on chairs that were screwed to the floor and the prisoners were not allowed to get up.
It was very hard for the family to interact normally, she says.
However, on two occasions, he was allowed "family visits" of up to six hours.
There were still searches but the prison officers were out of uniform and the prisoners were allowed to move around.
"You could almost imagine you had gone out for the day.
"It was a really positive experience.
"One was held in a prison gym and allowed the prisoners to walk around, play with the children and the families to eat together at a table.
"There was a slide and the children could paint. At another prison, there was a bouncy castle. These visits are less intimidating for the children and make the dads feel more involved."


Uber boss Travis Kalanick has apologised after a video emerged of him swearing at one of the company's drivers.

The outburst came after Fawzi Kamel, who was driving the chief executive, complained his income was falling and blamed Uber's fare structure.
In an email to staff, Mr Kalanick said he was "ashamed" of his behaviour and admitted he needed to "grow up".
Just two weeks ago he apologised for "abhorrent" sexism at Uber.
And on Monday, Mr Kalanick asked his engineering chief Amit Singhal to resign following a related development.
Bloomberg published the video showing a row between Mr Kalanick and Mr Kamel, a driver who picked him up in early February.
After a back and forth about lower prices on Uber's service, Mr Kalanick eventually told the 37-year-old: "Some people don't like to take responsibility... They blame everything in their life on somebody else. Good luck!"
During the argument, he swore once at the driver.
Dear Travis... leadership advice for Uber's beleagured boss
In his staff memo, Mr Kalanick said: "By now I'm sure you've seen the video where I treated an Uber driver disrespectfully, To say that I am ashamed is an extreme understatement.
"My job as your leader is to leadâ€¦ and that starts with behaving in a way that makes us all proud. That is not what I did, and it cannot be explained away.
"It's clear this video is a reflection of me - and the criticism we've received is a stark reminder that I must fundamentally change as a leader and grow up. This is the first time I've been willing to admit that I need leadership help and I intend to get it.
"I want to profoundly apologise to Fawzi, as well as the driver and rider community, and to the Uber team."
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC and on Facebook. You can reach Dave securely through encrypted messaging app Signal on: +1 (628) 400-7370


Wales coach Robin McBryde says his players overcame a sickness bug to beat Samoa 19-17 in Apia.

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Around 10 Wales players were hit with a virus on the day of the game with captain Jamie Roberts among those ill.
"We've had a little bit of an illness in the camp and the players could have used that but they dug in so deep," McBryde revealed to BBC Wales Sport.
"I'm just so pleased for the players. It's been such a difficult tour in such a short space of time."
Wales fell behind early on and were 10-9 adrift at half time but two second half Steff Evans tries secured a first Welsh win in Samoa since 1986.
"We put ourselves in a very difficult position. We were 10-0 down early on and Samoa didn't disappoint," he continued.
"We knew they would be physical and get stronger and they did that.
"We didn't help ourselves and hurt ourselves on a couple of occasions but the way the boys dug in and got through the arm wrestle was fantastic really."
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With 16 players on British and Irish Lions duty, Wales fielded an unfamiliar team with the forwards containing just 31 caps between them.
"For an inexperienced front five to go up against a fully loaded Samoan pack was impressive," McBryde reflected.
"The half backs controlled things in that weather and we left a few tries out there.
"That's where the experienced members of the touring party like Jamie and Gareth Anscombe took the lead.
"For them to be guiding this team through those difficult periods helped us get across the line.
"We could quite easily have scored before half time and the boys had the luxury of making a few mistakes and still winning as well. We're delighted."


How much do you know about long-track speed skating?

23 January 2017 Last updated at 08:36 GMT
Well, it's an Olympic sport where competitors are timed while skating a certain distance.
Great Britain dominated the sport around a hundred years ago, but as time went on, the sport has almost died out here in the UK.
BBC reporter Mike Bushell has been finding out what happened to the sport, and why the Netherlands is the new home for speed skating!


Nasa is seeking a new "planetary protection officer" tasked with defending the earth from alien life.

More specifically, the job's main concern is avoiding "biological contamination in human and robotic space exploration."
That applies both ways - to spacecraft returning to Earth and to the risk of human contamination of other planets.
Along with its inspiring job title, the position comes with a hefty annual salary range of $124,406 - $187,000.
Applications have been open to US citizens since July, with a closing date of mid-August. But the job advert went largely unnoticed until now, when it caught the eye and imagination of US media outlets.
It is not a new idea - the original United Nations treaty on space exploration, signed in 1967, called for space-faring nations to take care about contaminants.
Among the goals of the Office of Planetary Protection are keeping other worlds "in their natural states" and to "take prudent precautions to protect Earth's biosphere in case life does exist elsewhere".
The trope of unwanted alien contamination is a favourite of science fiction writers.
And while the current PPO, Dr Catharine Conley, told the New York Times in 2015 that she was presented with some Men in Black-style sunglasses on her first day, she knows that humans are likely to be the bigger threat.
"If we're going to look for life on Mars, it would be really kind of lame to bring Earth life and find that instead," she told the newspaper.
The hefty responsibilities may explain the generous salary - but the qualifications are demanding.
Aside from requiring "advanced knowledge of planetary protection" the right candidate needs to already have experience in "space programmes of national significance".
That's on top of a degree in physics, engineering, or maths. And the job also requires "secret" security level clearance.
The often-obscure cleanliness of spacecraft has recently been in the spotlight - when US Vice-President Mike Pence decided to touch a component despite the large "do not touch" sign attached.
But Nasa later said the surface would be cleaned before being assembled into the Orion spacecraft - it's all part of the decontamination procedure.
In fact, as Time magazine points out, Nasa takes planetary protection so seriously it is preparing to destroy the Cassini spacecraft orbiting Saturn so that it does not crash uncontrollably and contaminate the planet - just as it did with Galileo, orbiting Jupiter, in 2003.


Universities are going to test "name-blind" admissions for the first time to stop potential discrimination based on assumptions about students' names.

Exeter, Huddersfield, Liverpool and Winchester will pilot a system this year where the names of applicants are not seen during admissions.
The aim is to stop "potential bias" about students' race and identity.
Universities Minister Jo Johnson said he backed attempts to "stamp out inequality" in higher education.
The pilot project aims to see if masking the names of applicants will remove any "unconscious bias".
Without identifying names, applications would be considered without knowing the gender of students or any indications of their ethnic background or religion.
The admissions process would use any relevant contextual information about a student - such as whether they were from a low-income family - but the name would be concealed.
Last year, former Prime Minister David Cameron said universities should use name-blind recruitment as a way of promoting social mobility and preventing bias against minorities.
The pilot study will find out how this might be implemented more widely, such as whether the name of the applicant should be known before a decision is taken to offer them a place.
For universities that interview applicants for some courses, they would need to decide when admissions officers would have access to the names.
At present, there are no universities that use "name-blind" admissions.
But other employers have announced similar plans to try to run a recruitment process while concealing much of the information about applicants.
Deloitte said its recruitment process would take place without knowing which university or school that applicants had attended, in a bid for a more diverse workforce.
Universities have been under pressure from the government to make sure that they are open to applicants from all social backgrounds.
Last week, Oxford University announced that this year it would be admitting the highest proportion of students from state schools for more than 40 years.
This week, the Office for Fair Access said that universities would spend Â£834m on outreach projects and scholarships to support poorer students.
Helen Thorne of the Ucas admissions service said the project would allow UK universities to evaluate any benefits and see how it worked with "existing approaches used to ensure that admissions are fair".
Mr Johnson said: "We are committed to ensuring that everyone with the ability, regardless of their background, has the opportunity to study at our world-class universities. That is why we called on Ucas to conduct this review."


Poundland shares have plunged nearly 20% after the retailer reported a fall in sales and profits, and said recent trading had been "highly volatile".

Half-year pre-tax profits fell 43.1% to Â£5.3m, and like-for-like sales were down 2.8%, the budget retailer said.
Poundland cited factors such as a drop off in the loom band craze and an early Easter last year for the decline.
But its acquisition of 99p Stores had added "early sales uplifts", said chief executive Jim McCarthy.
However, he said the chain had seen "highly volatile trading conditions so far in the third quarter".
"The quarter's performance therefore depends more than ever upon the last six weeks' trading towards Christmas," he said.
Keith Bowman, an equity analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown Stockbrokers, said that profits had "fallen short of expectations" and that investor confidence in the near term was being tested.
Shares in Poundland closed down 55.5 pence at 225.1p.
The drop in profits and sales for the six months to 27 September was not a "major problem," Mr McCarthy told the BBC.
"We flagged that the results for this half this year would be less than last year because last year was an exceptional period where we benefited from... a late Easter that had quite an impact on sales, we had unusually fewer competitor openings, we had soft comparables and we had the one-off loom band craze," he said.
"We are, in fact, where we expected to be at this stage.
"The first half is our quieter half and the most significant contribution comes from the second half. We do operate on smaller margins... and it is about driving volumes."
He added that the majority of Poundland employees would be affected by the introduction of the National Living Wage.
"It does add another Â£4m or so to the first year's costs," he said.
He said the firm would be "trialling a hybrid self-checkout" and installing LED lighting to reduce electricity costs as part of efforts to counterbalance the impact of the National Living Wage on the business.
Hargreaves Lansdown's Keith Bowman added: "Trading performance at the acquired 99p Stores - hindered by the uncertainty of a competition review - has disappointed."
He said management comments on Poundland business performance had offered "little near term reassurance", and that the company's plans to expand in Ireland and Spain "adds currency risks".
But store numbers are growing, the firm's store growth target had been expanded, and "conversion of the 99p Stores to the Poundland format is being accelerated given the improvement in sales generated".
"In all, despite expected long term growth, investor confidence near term is being further tested," he said.


The US Federal Reserve has raised its benchmark interest rate by 0.25%, only the second increase in a decade.

The central bank voted unanimously to raise the key rate to a range of 0.5% to 0.75%, citing a stronger economic growth and rising employment.
But the central bank said it expected the economy to need only "gradual" increases in the short term.
Fed chairwoman Janet Yellen said the economic outlook was "highly uncertain" and the rise was only a "modest shift".
However, the new Donald Trump administration could mean rates having to rise at a faster pace next year, she signalled at a news conference after the announcement.
The president-elect has promised policies to boost growth through tax cuts, spending and deregulation.
A US rate rise - how am I affected?
US rate rise: Should Asia worry?
Ms Yellen said it was wrong to speculate on Mr Trump's economic strategy without more details.
But she added that some members of the Federal Open Markets Committee, the body which sets rates, have factored in to their forecasts an increase in spending.
As a consequence, the FOMC said it now expects three rate rises next year rather than the two that were predicted in September.
Ms Yellen told the news conference: "We are operating under a cloud of uncertainty... All the FOMC participants recognise that there is considerable uncertainty about how economic policy may change and what effect they may have on the economy."
Also, she declined to be drawn on Mr Trump's public comments about the Fed, and his use of tweets to announce policy and criticise companies.
"I'm a strong believer in the independence of the Fed," she told journalists. "I am not going to offer the incoming president advice."
The interest rate move had been widely expected, and followed the last increase a year ago.
Rates have been near zero since the global financial crisis. But the US economy is recovering, underlined by recent data on consumer confidence, jobs, house prices and growth in manufacturing and services.
Ms Yellen said the rate rise "should certainly be understood as a reflection of the confidence we have in the progress that the economy has made and our judgment that that progress will continue".
Although inflation is still below the Fed's 2% target, it expects the rise in prices to pick up gradually over the medium term.
"The Committee expects that economic conditions will evolve in a manner that will warrant only gradual increases in the federal funds rate," the Fed statement said.
It added: "The federal funds rate is likely to remain, for some time, below levels that are expected to prevail in the longer run."
The Fed also published its economic forecasts for the next three years.
These suggest that the Federal Funds rate may rise to 1.4% next year; 2.1% in 2018; and 2.9% in 2019.
GDP growth will rise to 2.1% next year and stay there, more or less, during those years.
The unemployment rate will fall to 4.5% over the 2017-2019 period, the Fed forecast.
And inflation will rise to 1.9% next year and hover at that level for the next two years.
The dollar rose 0.5% against the euro to â‚¬0.9455, and was 0.9% higher against the yen at 116.17 yen.
Wall Street's main stock markets were largely unmoved immediately after the Fed's announcement, but drifted lower later. The Dows Jones index closed down 0.6%, and the S&P 500 was 0.8% lower.
There's a name missing from the Federal Reserve's statement - Donald Trump. The president-elect's surprise triumph at the polls last month has turned out to be a short term boost to the US economy.
Stock markets have surged higher, and consumer confidence indicators show US consumers feeling even more upbeat. The challenge for the Fed is working out what his election may mean to the economy in the next year or so.
The most obvious likely impact could come from tax cuts which both he and the Republican Congress seem to favour. Less certain is an infrastructure spending spree that Mr Trump would evidently like, but which many in Congress are less keen on.
If Janet Yellen and her colleagues considered these political issues, they weren't mentioned in the official statement on monetary policy. Nevertheless Mr Trump has a way of breaking in to most conversations these days.
And the first question asked of Ms Yellen at her press conference duly concerned America's next president - and she admitted that Mr Trump's impact on US tax and spending policies might have influenced some of her colleagues forecasts for next year.


The shadow chancellor John McDonnell has been warning left-wing members of Labour that there is a "soft coup" aimed at weakening then toppling Jeremy Corbyn.

Writing for Labour Briefing he said: "It's planned, co-ordinated and fully resourced. It is being perpetrated by an alliance between elements in the Labour Party and the Murdoch media empire, both intent on destroying Jeremy Corbyn and all that he stands for.
"The coup is not being waged up front in public but strictly behind the scenes."
But soon after publication, his spokesman pointed out that the article had been written - although not published - before the party's defeat in the Copeland by-election, adding that the shadow chancellor was now calling for "unity."
And shadow cabinet member Barry Gardiner told the BBC that Mr McDonnell's comments were prompted by "frustration" at what was seen as an unhelpful contribution from the former party leader Tony Blair on Europe - ahead of by-elections in two Brexit-backing areas.
So is there really a coup being plotted against Mr Corbyn?
Well, yes - but not in the conventional sense.
Last year, more than eight out of ten Labour MPs voted for a motion of no confidence in Mr Corbyn, but still failed to oust him when the increasingly left-wing membership simply re-elected him, and with a bigger mandate than before.
His opponents won't be taking that road again, because it is still likely to be a dead end.
Instead, a slower diversionary route is being seen by some as the way forward.
One of Mr Corbyn's staunchest backers has been Len McCluskey, the leader of Britain's biggest union, Unite.
His former flatmate Tom Watson - Labour's deputy leader - failed to persuade Mr McCluskey in turn to persuade Mr Corbyn to agree a leaving date from the party leadership last summer.
But Mr McCluskey is up for re-election at the end of April and is being challenged by West Midlands organiser Gerard Coyne, who is politically to his right.
Mr Coyne's initial pitch was that the union was too focused on Westminster politics under Mr McCluskey and not enough on members' interests.
But following the Copeland defeat, he has more explicitly attacked Mr McCluskey and Mr Corbyn - accusing the former of wasting members' money propping up the latter and calling for loans made to Mr Corbyn's re-election campaign to be repaid rather than written off.
The implication is that a Coyne-led union wouldn't be funding a Corbyn-led Labour Party and that a new general secretary of Unite would apply pressure on the Labour leader to stand down.
However, some of Mr Corbyn's critics at Westminster believe the Coyne campaign so far has had too subtle a message to gain prominent media coverage and should be more explicit about wanting to see the Labour leader deposed.
So far, these Corbyn critics aren't confident that Mr Coyne will succeed in his bid to become the next general secretary of Unite. And - frankly - even if he does, he might be constrained by a more left-wing union executive if he were to try to pull the plug on the current party leadership.
So the real battle is being waged largely beneath the radar at the party's grassroots.
And it is Mr Corbyn's supporters who are being accused of trying to mount a coup.
Mr Corbyn's opponents say the real coup is the one being plotted by those close to the leadership.
They argue that those on the left of the party want to change Labour irrevocably and ensure it can't return to its Blairite past.
While polling suggests that Mr Corbyn isn't a popular leader, the argument goes that the left can't afford to ditch him unless an equally left-wing leader could be guaranteed to succeed him.
So the "coup" that Mr Corbyn's critics would point to is this: an attempt to change Labour's leadership rules to enable a left-wing successor to get on the ballot.
Currently a candidate for the leadership requires the support of 15% of MPs and MEPs before the wider, left-wing membership gets a chance to vote for them.
Mr Corbyn only succeeded in getting on to the ballot in 2015 because some of those to his right "lent" support to "broaden the debate" following the party's unexpectedly bad election result.
That simply wouldn't happen again.
So at this year's annual party conference in September it is almost certain delegates will be given the option to reduce that threshold from 15% to just 5% - a much smaller hurdle for a left-wing candidate to overcome.
That would mean a leadership candidate would need the backing of just 13 elected politicians instead of 37 before being able to put themselves forward to the wider membership.
This has been dubbed the "McDonnell amendment" by Mr Corbyn's critics.
They say this rule change could see the party leadership "transfer" to the shadow chancellor, who failed to get on to the leadership ballot in 2007 when Tony Blair stood down, because he gained too few nominations from his fellow politicians.
But he has denied any leadership ambitions and, in truth, it could be younger left-wing shadow cabinet members such as Rebecca Long-Bailey or Angela Rayner who would benefit from a lower threshold.
Another potential beneficiary could be Clive Lewis, who resigned from the shadow cabinet over the leadership's backing for triggering Article 50 - breaking with those around Mr Corbyn in the process - but potentially endearing himself to the largely pro-Remain membership.
He has denied already registering internet domain names for a leadership bid.
But internal groups such as Labour First and Progress - put over-simply, Brownites and Blairites - are working closely together to try to prevent any of the above from succeeding.
Their view is that if Mr Corbyn was simply replaced by someone with similar politics, Labour would have missed an opportunity to appeal to a wider electorate who believe the party is now too left-wing.
So they are battling against the proposed leadership rule changes.
The only way to stop the changes is to get more anti-Corbyn delegates to Labour's conference this autumn than those who support the leadership.
That means getting more of the leadership's critics along to the local constituency meetings that choose the delegates.
It's estimated that perhaps about 55% of last year's conference delegates were not Corbyn supporters and his critics believe they can succeed in delivering a similar, if not slightly better, number this year.
Labour First recruited a full time organiser last month to assist in this project.
With a large influx of left wing members following Labour's 2015 defeat, the assumption was that many local Labour parties would move to the left.
But that has not been happening on quite the scale that was imagined, with some of the more recent members being happier to vote electronically in leadership elections for Mr Corbyn than attending what can often be tedious meetings to nominate conference delegates.
And Mr Corbyn's opponents say that in recent internal elections - even in parts of London that would be assumed to be pro-Corbyn - those supportive of the leadership have been defeated.
If this year's conference were to reject a change to the leadership rules, the issue can't be raised again for three years - in other words, until after the next election.
That is likely to mean that Mr Corbyn would be urged by his inner circle to stay on until 2020 (assuming no early election) because a left-wing legacy couldn't be guaranteed.
At the weekend Mr Corbyn made it clear that was indeed his intention to contest the next general election - but the working assumption by some others in leadership positions is that he would ideally want to stand aside in 2018 if a suitable successor were to emerge.
To give him that option,  Momentum - the group set up to support him and to turn Labour into more of a social movement than a conventional political party - will have to work hard to defeat his opponents at the grassroots.
This won't be as glamorous as the two summers of leadership rallies that have gone before, but might be far more important in determining the future direction of the main party of opposition.


The top US intelligence official told a hearing on Tuesday he doesn't think a deal between the US and China will protect business from cyberattacks.

The US and China reached an agreement not to conduct or support cyberattacks on businesses during Chinese President Xi Jinping state visit last week.
The US had been considering sanctions against China if it did not take steps to rain in cyber economic espionage.
But James Clapper said sanctions may still be needed.
Mr Clapper, the director of National Intelligence, told a Senate hearing on cybersecurity he was not optimistic about the agreement.
Mr Clapper said it was difficult to measure how much cyber espionage was conducted by the Chinese government, and would therefore be subject to the agreement.
The US suspects China of being behind several high profile data breeches, including one at the Office of Personnel Management, which exposed the personal records of 21.5 million government employees and jobseekers.
At a joint press conference announcing what the countries called a "common understanding", both presidents stressed the need to work together to curb cyberattacks. The deal does not include any other provisions to defend companies against cyber threats.
Enforcing this agreement will be difficult.
Eran Kahana, a cybersecurity attorney at the US law firm Malson said, "Since not all data breachs are reported and it can be hard to tell where each breach came from, I think it will be years before we know if this [agreement] made a difference."
Mr Kahana also warned companies about relaxing security standards in the wake of this agreement: "To think these attacks will end because there is a deal is false. This may give us more of an enforcement environment, but I don't think much more."
China is not the only country to conduct these types of attacks, though it has acted on a much larger scale. Even some US allies have been known to use cyber theft as a means to help their domestic businesses.
The US itself conducts cyber espionage, though not with the intention of passing information on to local companies.
While many are sceptical about the agreement's ability to curb attacks, in the long run the deal may be significant.


A lawmaker from India's southern state of Kerala has announced that he is returning to eating meat, fish and eggs after practising vegetarianism for nearly two decades.

There's nothing unusual about a lapsed vegetarian but VT Balram said his decision was prompted by the federal Hindu nationalist BJP government's attempt to seize the people's right to eat what they wanted.
"I have been living without eating meat, fish or eggs since 1998. But now the time has come break it and uphold the right politics of food assertively," Mr Balram said, while posting a video of him eating beef with friends and fellow party workers.
The BJP believes that cows should be protected, because they are considered holy by India's majority Hindu population. Some 18 Indian states have already banned slaughter of cattle.
But millions of Indians, including Dalits (formerly untouchables), Muslims and Christians, consume beef.  And it's another matter, say many, that there's no outrage against the routine selling of male calves by Hindu farmers and pastoralists to middlemen for slaughter as the animals are of little use - bullocks have been phased out by tractors in much of rural India, and villagers need to rear only the occasional bull.
Ironically, the cow has become a polarising animal. Two years ago, a mob attacked a man and killed him over "rumours" that his family ate beef. Vigilante cow protection groups, operating with impunity, have killed people for transporting cattle.
More recently, the chief of BJP's powerful ideological fountainhead Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (National Volunteers' Organisation) has called for a countrywide ban on the slaughter of cows.  And this week, a senior judge said the cow should be declared a national animal and people who slaughter cows should be sentenced to life in prison.
Many say this is all contributing to effectively killing India's thriving buffalo meat trade.
Earlier this week, several Indian states opposed the federal government's decision to ban the sale of cattle for slaughter at livestock markets. The government said the order was aimed at preventing uncontrolled and unregulated animal trade.
But the ban, say many, could end up hurting some $4bn (Â£3.11bn) in annual beef exports and millions of jobs. There are some 190 million cattle in India, and tens of millions "go out of the system" - die or need to be slaughtered - every year. How will poor farmers sell their animals?
So, as lawyer Gautam Bhatia says, the new rules are "perceived as imposing an indirect beef ban". He believes the government will find it difficult to defend them if they are challenged in the court - one state court, responding to a petition that they violate the right of a person to chose what he eats, has already put the ban on hold.
The badly-drafted rules, Mr Bhatia says, are "an opportunity for citizens and courts to think once again whether the prescription of food choices is consistent with a Constitution that promises economic and social liberty to all".
Critics have been calling the beef ban an example of "dietary profiling" and "food fascism". Others say it smacks of cultural imperialism, and is a brazen attack on India's secularism and constitutional values. Don't laugh, but there could be a conspiracy to turn India vegetarian, screamed a recent headline.
Many believe that the BJP, under Narendra Modi, appears to be completely out of depth with India's widely diverse food practices which have always been distinguished by religion, region, caste, class, age and gender.
Indians now eat more meat, including beef - cow and buffalo meat - than ever. Consumption of beef grew up 14% in cities, and 35% in villages, according to government data analysed by IndiaSpend, a non-profit data journalism initiative.
Beef is the preferred meat in north-eastern states like Nagaland and Meghalaya. According to National Sample Survey data, 42% Indians describe themselves as vegetarians who don't eat eggs, fish or meat; another baseline government survey showed 71% of Indians over the age of 15 are non-vegetarian.
Governments have tried to impose food bans and choices around the world, mostly using health and environment concerns and hygiene concerns.
In the US, for example, groups have rallied against subsidised vegetables, outlawing large sodas, promotion of organic food and taxing fat. Bangkok is banning street food to clean up streets and enforce hygiene standards.
India has done the same in the past. Crops like BT brinjal have been stalled by the government and industrially manufactured food like Maggi noodles banned temporarily amid claims they contained dangerously high levels of lead. Scarcity has also led to bans - a ban of milk sweets in the 1970s in Delhi was justified because milk used to be in short supply.
"To the extent that this ban on cattle slaughter justifies itself by speaking of 'unfit and infected cattle', it seems to invoke public health, but then stops short of not banning the sale of goats, sheep and chicken as well," sociologist Amita Baviskar told me.
"In fact, the public health argument leads logically to a move towards better regulation like stricter checking of animals for disease, more hygienic slaughter and storage of meat rather than a flat-out ban."
Clearly, the ban appears to be working already.
"Selling red meat, even goat meat, in a BJP-ruled state is now injurious to one's health. Who would want to risk the wrath of the vigilantes?," says Dr Baviskar.
As it is, she says, meat-eating habits of Indians have been changing rapidly in the last couple of decades and the chicken, once regarded as a "dirty bird", is now the most popular meat.
"I see a greater polarisation taking place between red states (meat-eating) and white states (chicken eating)  Within the white states, meat-eaters will have to skulk about, looking over their shoulder as they bite into a beef kebab".


Rolls-Royce has raised its cost-saving targets in a bid to cut between £150m and £200m from its budget.

The aero engine maker said the savings would be at the top end of its target amid a challenging period ahead.
The company said demand for its engines for extra wide body aircraft had stayed strong.
However, Rolls was losing ground in business aviation, while problems in offshore oil and gas markets meant its marine orders were "very weak".
In a trading update, the group maintained its outlook for lower revenues as well as profits this year.
Chief executive Warren East said: "We have made steady progress in 2016 to date, delivering a ramp up in large engine production and implementing the first stage of our transformation programme.
"At the same time we have managed well mixed markets for our marine and power systems businesses."
The group will switch to a new accounting method in 2018. George Salmon, equity analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown, said that would result in last year's profits being restated and adjusted down by £900m.
"Five profit warnings in the 20 months up to November 2015 means Rolls-Royce shareholders have had anything but a smooth ride recently," he said.
"Operationally, the group is undergoing some major restructures. Investors will hope that it emerges as a leaner and more transparent company. However, the road ahead could be a long one."
Shares slid 2.7% to 734p, making it one of the biggest fallers on the FTSE 100.


About 100 homes and businesses in Swansea are to receive new ultrafast broadband as part of a cutting-edge trial by BT.

The telecommunications giant wants to try out new technology that can transmit data at very high speeds - hundreds of megabits a second.
It will also set up a test laboratory in its tower in the city.
Academic researchers, start-ups and communications providers can test new technologies at the laboratory.
BT said the trials will focus on delivering the new service to blocks of flats and business premises, following tests of what it calls 'G.Fast' technology at its labs in Suffolk.
"BT's research into ultrafast 'G.fast' technology is now moving out of the labs and into the field," said BT's head of operations, Mike Galvin.
"Our technical trial will allow us to evaluate the best way of delivering ultrafast speeds to flats and business premises nationwide."
The company recently announced plans to roll out the new technology across the UK over the next decade, in a bid to deliver broadband speeds of up to 500Mbps to homes and businesses.
According to the regulator Ofcom, the current average broadband speeds across Britain stand at 23Mbps.


When it comes to holidays, Europeans and Americans are separated by more than just the Atlantic Ocean.

For a start, the average European in full-time employment can expect about five weeks' paid leave a year, while US workers have no guaranteed legal right to any time off at all.
Then there's the air travel industry in the two regions. Both have seen the rise of low-cost airlines, but on either side of the pond established carriers are adopting different strategies in order to survive.
If global travel trend-watchers are to be believed, the first of these two differences is starting to shrink. But on the second point, the disparity looks set to increase.
At the annual World Travel Market (WTM) gathering of travel industry movers and shakers in London this week, "the American Dream Part 2" was one of the rallying slogans, highlighting the possibility that people in the US might now be able to enjoy the fruits of their labour by taking more holidays.
This year's edition of the trade fair's Global Trends Report led off with the new opportunities offered by some US companies that are allowing employees to have unmonitored or even "unlimited" holidays.
Americaâ€™s national vacation problem
Admittedly, only 1% of US companies have brought in this policy so far. But given that, according to the US Travel Association, 40% of Americans do not use up all their holiday entitlement of typically two weeks per year, while 13% take none at all, there is plenty of room for change.
"More holidays would be a win-win for the travel industry and employers," says the report, "with benefits for both being seen, coupled with an improved work/life balance for employees."
Of course, once you've decided to go on holiday and your boss has agreed, getting there is half the fun - or half the battle, depending on how you look at it.
And if you're going by air, it's increasingly likely that you've chosen to fly with one of the low-cost carriers, such as Europe's Ryanair or Easyjet.
As Rafael Schvartzman of global airline trade body Iata told the WTM on Tuesday, the low-cost sector now accounts for 40% of European air traffic.
This has had consequences for the old guard of "legacy" airlines, many of which are seen as national flag carriers in their native territories.
In London, for example, Tube passengers are thoroughly used to seeing posters for cheap flights with British Airways, which is determined to compete with its budget  rivals.
For many in the airline industry, particularly in Europe, this kind of price war is inevitable. Some airlines are trying what they call a "hybrid" model, aiming to match the low-cost carriers on ticket prices while not going as far as to charge separately for every on-board service.
Icelandair is one of them. It boasts a 2% share of the North Atlantic market, running flights that link US and European cities via its hub in ReykjavÃk. It makes no extra charge for check-in baggage, but it does charge a fee for its in-flight wi-fi services, which it is rolling out to its entire fleet of planes.
Its senior vice-president of marketing and sales, Helgi Mar Bjorgvinsson, told the WTM that all established airlines were following that approach to some extent.
"Most of the legacy carriers are introducing 'Light' fares that have charges for luggage," he said. "So everyone is gradually moving towards the middle."
And indeed, the concept of the Light fare does seem to have spread to many Europe-based airlines. Alitalia, Swiss, Austrian Airlines, Lufthansa and Air France all now use the term in their publicity material, often describing it as a "new fare concept for Europe".
But at the same time, the traditional flag carriers have been trying to cut their costs with restructuring plans that have prompted angry reactions from employees.
As air travel consultant John Strickland put it: "Lufthansa is set for another strike, while Air France has workers tearing the shirts off the backs of managers."
And airlines within the EU face other disadvantages that are not shared by the US. Iata's Mr Schvartzman complains that the European air travel market is "over-regulated", adding: "We have freedom of movement, but we still have borders in the air."
At the same time, consolidation in the industry has led to airline tie-ups in Europe, such as the Air France-KLM deal of 2003 and the British Airways-Iberia merger in 2010, but the market has remained fragmented.
In the EU, the top five airlines have 60% of the market between them, but in the US, that figure is more like 90%.
So how are US airlines coping with the rise of budget travel? The shake-up in the country's air industry began in 2008, when Delta, the third-largest US airline, took over Northwest, then the fifth-biggest in the US.
Delta's senior vice-president for Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Nat Pieper, remembers those days as a time when his airline was under pressure from the low-cost carriers - not just on price, but also on product quality.
Now he says Delta's future lies in being "a carrier of choice", with better service, seating, in-flight entertainment and loyalty programmes, rather than just trying to compete on price.
"I don't see anything that Delta is doing that's leading to a hybrid solution, " he told the WTM.
"We're trying to elevate above the low-cost arena and above the hybrid arena. We need to do what resonates with our customers and we offer a product that's competitive with anyone in the globe."
So if Americans manage to get away from their desks and they want to fly beyond their shores, where else can they go?
Well, another of the WTM's global trend predictions is that Iran is set to become a new holiday hotspot, offering what the report calls "scope for great adventure".
Top-class hotels are apparently in short supply, and no foreign brands currently operate there after years of international isolation. However, you may not actually need a hotel booking.
"The sharing economy has already arrived," says the report, "with an estimated 50,000 Iranian hosts registered on Couchsurfing.com, despite a lack of government enthusiasm for the service."
But take plenty of cash with you, because "online or credit card payments are virtually impossible inside Iran". Intrepid souls, make your bookings now...


One of the world's largest metal recycling companies has been fined Â£150,000 over the death of a worker crushed by part of a 33-tonne barge.

William Ward, 56, suffered "catastrophic" injuries when a section of the structure collapsed on top of him.
European Metal Recycling (EMR) had pleaded guilty at Warwick Crown Court to failing in its duty of care.
The firm was also ordered to pay Â£88,000 costs.
Mr Ward, from Handsworth, Sheffield, had been part of a team using blow torches to dismantle barges at the company's depot in Kingsbury, near Tamworth, in October 2011.
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE), said Mr Ward had finished cutting through the outer skin of the barge's hull before moving inside the unsupported structure.
He was about to cut through some more supports when the side collapsed in on him, they said.
The watchdog said it had identified "serious flaws with the method of work being used to dismantle the barges".
EMR, of Westbrook, Warrington, Cheshire, "failed to do enough to protect the workers", it added.
Mr Ward's wife of 25 years, Jayne, said being unable to say "goodbye" to her husband was "one of the worst things" to deal with.
"Other people can go home to talk to their partners and parents. I have no partner now and the boys have no father.
"I think of all the things that Billy will never see - the boys getting married, having children, children which would have been our grandchildren"
HSE inspector Mark Austin said the firm had "neglected its responsibility" to Mr Ward and his "terrible and senseless" death was "completely preventable".
Two subcontractors, brothers Stuart and Dennis Cheesman, also admitted health and safety offences in relation to the case and are due to be sentenced next year.


Facebook has killed off a video-focused app targeted at under-21s less than a year after it was launched.

Lifestage was designed to connect students going to the same school or university, making all of their posts available to each other.
But it faced criticism for having limited privacy controls and a "confusing" user interface.
The firm told Business Insider it had "learned a lot" from the app and would feed this into Facebook itself.
Lifestage was developed by a product manager who was a teenager himself when it became available on the iOS App Store in late August 2016.
Members were encouraged to answer personal questions by filming video replies and were rewarded with emoji graphics for doing so.
Users were supposed to be under 21 to see others' profiles, but the software could be fooled into providing access if older members typed in false birth dates.
The app expanded to Android in October 2016 but never achieved mass adoption.
It joins a lengthening list of other cancelled apps from the firm, which includes:


A married father-of-two from Liverpool who worked as a driver, Gary Harrison travelled by coach with Stephen Francis Harrison, his older brother and another victim of the tragedy.

This is the full statement to the inquests read by his daughter Claire Harrison, on behalf of her mother, Karen Harrison:
Gary Harrison was 27 years old when he lost his life tragically at Hillsborough watching his beloved Liverpool in their FA Cup semi-final against Nottingham Forest.
Gary was the youngest of seven brothers. As a child, he was very slim, which earned him the nickname 'Rib', a nickname which his brothers carried on into his adult life.
Profiles of all those who died
From a young age his obsession with football began. He played as much as he could, often joining in with his older brothers and their friends.
He was a talented footballer and was on Everton's books. Being a huge Liverpool fan, and Everton of course being their rival team, Gary would insist on taking his training kit in his red Liverpool FC bag which would, without fail, get him thrown out of the changing room each week.
Also, he represented Liverpool Schoolboys. His proudest moment was scoring two goals at Old Trafford against Manchester Boys. He could not wait to see the football Pink Echo the next day, but to his disappointment, they reported 'Gerry Harrison' had scored two goals and not 'Gary'.
Gary attended Netherley Comprehensive School. Whilst at school, his favourite subject was PE, a subject which he excelled in. At Netherley Comprehensive he met me. We were 14 years old.
We were courting for five years before getting married on 6 February 1981. We had two children, Claire and Paul. After leaving school, Gary mainly worked as a delivery driver. He also worked other jobs such as industrial cleaning at Stanlow.
At home, Gary was always listening to music and the radio. Every weekend, we would listen to the Top 40. He was always singing and would have Claire dancing around the kitchen.
Besides our children, his other passion was going to watch his beloved Reds. From a young age, he often went to the games. As a youngster, he would go to the game with his brother Jimmy.
As he got older, he introduced his nephew Tony and my brother Neil to the match.
He was always a family-orientated man, spending as much time with his family as he could.
His closest friend was his brother Stephen, who also tragically lost his life at Hillsborough. Their friendship brought our two families closer.
We would often go on days out together, places like Rhyl Sun Centre and going to stay in the caravan in Wales for the weekend. Gary also grew close to my side of the family.
My mum would buy Gary a Christmas jumper each year, which we would religiously wear on Boxing Day. He also became very close to my younger sister Nicola. He treated her and regarded her as his own little sister.
Just weeks before he died, he was delighted at the birth of Nicola's first child. He was the one to drive her home from the hospital.
At 27 years of age, we were at the beginning of a happy marriage, a young family with a lot to look forward to in the future. Sadly, this was cut short.
My son Paul was just four years old when he lost his dad. He does not have a lot of memories about Gary, but he does have some distinct memories.
He recalls learning to ride his bike on the field facing our old house. When Paul fell off the bike onto the grass, Gary would laugh and tell him to get up and get back on. Gary told me it was toughening him up and he was learning to ride as well.
Paul also recalls going to work with him. One time he remembers for a brief moment being lost inside a factory. Shortly after, Gary appeared with two new toy cars for him, a white police car and a blue sports car.
One of Paul's fondest memories is when Gary would sit him on his knee in the car. Paul would pretend to be driving the car while Gary told him which way to go.
Paul was extremely close to him. People would often say, 'Where is your shadow?', as he was always by his side.
When Paul had to stay at my Mum's one night, he sat up and cried the entire time. The next morning when Gary went to get him, he promised Paul he would never leave him anywhere again.
On most of the photos Paul is with him. It has been difficult for Paul growing up without his Dad, missing out on special occasions: his first car, his first pint, getting his house.
Paul took on Gary's passion for football and Liverpool FC. I am sure Gary would have been bursting with pride when he signed a professional contract with Liverpool FC in 2013.
Paul has made a career in football, which I am sure makes Gary happy. My Dad took over the role when we lost Gary. He took Paul to all of his football commitments throughout his time at the Liverpool Academy.
They also had a season ticket together at Liverpool. Paul loves my Dad like a father, but I am sure that if Gary were here, he would have taken up that role and been immensely proud to do so.
Claire was eight years old when she lost her Dad. She was also extremely close to him. He nicknamed her 'Dolly', which my Dad still calls her to this day. She has a lot of memories about her Dad.
She remembers when they would tape record their voices singing along to the Top 40. She still has a copy of the tape today. It is something she will always cherish, being able to listen to his voice.
One of her favourite memories is renting out videos on Saturday night. We would watch Rocky and Bruce Lee films. Before she would go to bed, Gary would tell her that he was in the SAS.
He would tell her that the helicopter was coming to pick him up soon from the front of the house. He was always joking and making her laugh.
As a joke, she would often put tins of salmon in his pockets when at her Nan's, then she would tell my Mum to check his pockets. This happened regularly. Everybody would play along.
When she celebrated her first Holy Communion, Gary hired a white car. He said he wanted it to feel special for her so she could feel like a bride.
On 26 July last year, she married her husband Keith. It is at times like these that the loss of her Dad hurts the most. I am sure it would have been a proud day for him to give her away.
After Gary died, Claire and Paul made some booklets about him and the memories they have. Paul talks about Gary's great sense of humour and the games they used to play.
Claire talks about her memories at the time, including me coming home with big red eyes on hearing the news, and of later being the mascot at the Liverpool game.
"These booklets are precious to Paul and I. I would like to read a few words from each. Please bear in mind that I was 8 years of age and Paul was only 4 at the time they were written.
This comes from my brother Paul's booklet:
'When he died, my Mum started to cry and my Nan started to cry, and I was sad, and Claire started to cry and everyone started to cry. And I never stopped thinking about him. As I went to sleep, I dreamed of my Dad and it was a very nice dream of my Dad. The next day, I forgot my Dad had died. I thought he would come back.'
This is a section from my booklet:
'I am writing about my Dad. His name was Gary. He was 27 when he died. The last time I saw my Dad was the Friday before he died. He took me down to my Nan's. My Nan, Mum and me went to my Nan's friends. The next day my Dad went to a football match with my uncle Stephen. Later on, the news came on again and said that 95 people had died. My mum started crying. My Nan said, "Don't worry, nothing will have happened to Gary".
The next day my Mum went to Sheffield. She phoned. My Nan picked up the phone. When my Nan put the phone down, everybody was crying. At first I thought they were just crying for relief, but later on, when my Mum came home, she had big red eyes. Later on, my Nan called me and our Paul in and told us what had happened. I did not understand at the time. I was only eight.'
I would just like to add that Gary was a good family man, a good father. He was extremely loving and protective towards his family.
On behalf of our family, I would like to thank you for letting us share some of our memories about a husband, a father, brother, uncle and son who tragically lost his life watching a Liverpool football match."


Men going thin on top may be more likely to have heart problems than their friends with a full head of hair, according to researchers in Japan.

Their study of nearly 37,000 people, published in the online journal BMJ Open, said balding men were 32% more likely to have coronary heart disease.
However, the researchers said the risks were less than for smoking or obesity.
The British Heart Foundation said men should focus on their waistline, not their hairline.
A shifting hairline is a fact of life for many men. Half have thinning hair by their 50s and 80% have some hair loss by the age of 70.
Researchers at the University of Tokyo sifted through years of previous research into links between hair loss and heart problems.
They showed that hair that went thin on the crown was associated with coronary heart disease. This was after adjusting for other risk factors such as age and family history.
However, a receding hairline did not seem to affect the risk.
Dr Tomohide Yamada, of the University of Tokyo, told the BBC: "We found a significant, though modest, link between baldness, at least on the top of the head, and risk for coronary heart disease.
"We thought this is a link, but not as strong as many other known links such as smoking, obesity, cholesterol levels and blood pressure."
He said younger men losing hair on the top of their head should focus on improving their lifestyle to ensure they keep their heart healthy.
However, he said there was not enough evidence to suggest screening bald men for heart problems.
Coronary heart disease is the biggest killer in the UK.
One in five men and one in eight women dies of the disease.
It is caused by blood vessels that nourish the heart becoming blocked.
Any explanation for the link is uncertain.
There are ideas about increased sensitivity to male hormones, insulin resistance and inflammation in blood vessels affecting both the heart and the hair.
Doireann Maddock, a cardiac nurse with the British Heart Foundation, said: "Although these findings are interesting, men who've lost their hair should not be alarmed by this analysis.
"Much more research is needed to confirm any link between male pattern baldness and an increased risk of coronary heart disease. In the meantime, it's more important to pay attention to your waistline than your hairline.
"Hereditary hair loss may be out of your control, but many of the risk factors for coronary heart disease are not.  Stopping smoking, maintaining a healthy weight and being as active as possible are all things that you can do to help protect your heart."
Patrick Wolfe, a professor of statistics at University College London, said: "Right now the link that is seemingly responsible for this relative risk increase is not well understood, and so in future we might look forward to a day when understanding more about the various mechanisms underlying heart disease will tell us more about those underlying male pattern baldness, and vice versa.
"In the meantime it's a case of focusing on the things that we can control - our diet, exercise regimens and other risk factors - to lower our overall risk for heart disease."


A bin lorry has crashed through a hedge into the front garden of a house in Glasgow after the driver was taken ill.

The incident happened at about 11:20 in Croftside Avenue in the south side of the city.
The driver of the lorry has been taken to the Victoria Infirmary for observation.
A Police Scotland spokeswoman said no-one else was injured in the crash. The vehicle has been recovered from the scene.
Neighbour Julie Beckett, 43, who witnessed the incident, said: "I was drawing the curtains. The driver was out cold by the looks of it, slumped over the wheel.
"Two boys were outside the lorry collecting the bins, they looked alarmed.
"The first ambulance came quickly."
A spokesman for Glasgow City Council said: "We are aware of an incident in which a bin lorry left the road earlier this morning.
"The driver of the vehicle was taken to hospital to be checked over. It is a huge relief that no-one appears to have been injured.
"We are assisting the police with their inquiries."


All but one of Scotland's 59 MPs has voted against renewing the Trident nuclear weapons programme in the Commons.

MPs backed the renewal of the UK's nuclear weapons system, voting 472 to 117 in favour in Parliament.
The SNP's 54 members opposed renewal, as did Labour's Ian Murray, Lib Dem Alistair Carmichael and independent MPs Michelle Thomson and Natalie McGarry.
But Conservative MP David Mundell backed the renewal proposals.
The vote, which was held late on Monday evening, means the UK government will press ahead with the manufacture of the next generation of nuclear submarines, which are based at Faslane on the Clyde.
In a statement to parliament, Prime Minister Theresa May said it would be a "gross irresponsibility" for the UK to abandon its nuclear weapons.
She added that the nuclear threat had not gone away, and "if anything, it has increased".
Asked by SNP MP Ian Blackford what message she was sending to the people of Scotland, Mrs May said: "Fifty-eight of the 59 Scottish MPS will be voting against jobs in Scotland which are supported by the nuclear deterrent."
Earlier Brendan O'Hara, the SNP's defence spokesman said "there was absolutely no evidence" the threat of nuclear attack had increased.
He told BBC Scotland programme: "It would also suggest that 190-odd countries that don't have nuclear weapons somehow can't sleep safely in the beds at night.
"It's nonsense - it's another extension of project fear. It's to whip up fear and to make a nation or a people feel insecure in order to secure you're own political ends."
Since 1969, according to government documents, a British submarine carrying nuclear weapons has always been on patrol, gliding silently beneath the waves, somewhere in the world's oceans.
The logic is to deter a nuclear attack on the UK because, even if the nation's conventional defence capabilities were destroyed, the silent submarine would still be able to launch a catastrophic retaliatory strike on the aggressor, a concept known as mutually assured destruction.
The submarines, based at Faslane on the River Clyde, carry up to eight Trident missiles; each can be fitted with a number of warheads.
Read more about the history of the UK's nuclear weapons system
He said Trident was a "political weapon" designed to keep the UK on the "top tier of the world stage".
The country's economy cannot afford both nuclear weapons and conventional defences, he added.
"Either you bolster your conventional defences or you are a nuclear state," he said. "In which case, very quickly, your last line of defence becomes your first line of defence."
The Labour party is split on the issue of Trident, with its leader, Jeremy Corbyn, opposed to renewal.
Ian Murray, the former shadow Scotland secretary, said the split reflected similar attitudes in opinion across the country, and he welcomed Labour MPs being given a free vote on the issue.
He said he would be voting against renewal as "all nuclear weapons are immoral".
He said the risk of Scottish jobs being lost if Trident was scrapped was "something that has to be resolved".
But he added: "I don't think that should be the driving force in determining whether or not we renew the Trident weapons system. I think this has to be an issue of conscience."
Meanwhile, Mr Carmichael said he believed the UK should reduce its number of nuclear-armed submarines rather than scrapping them altogether.
But he said the vote was a yes or no decision, and he was unable to support the proposals put forward by the UK government.
Mr Carmichael said the requirement for the UK to have at least one Trident submarine at sea at all times was "out-dated", and that the UK should join together with other Nato countries to provide a nuclear defence.
Defence Secretary Michael Fallon said the replacement of the four nuclear-armed submarines - at an estimated cost of Â£31bn - would help to protect the country from nuclear attack for 30 years.
"We can't choose the threats that are out there nor can we predict exactly what they might be in the 2030s, 2040s, or 2050s," he said.
"We have to prepare to deal with terrorism, with conventional threats by strengthening our armed forces and we have to be sure we can respond and deter any nuclear attack as well."
He added: "We will continue to work for multilateral disarmament but meantime it is too dangerous a world to take the gamble of not modernising our own deterrent."
Gary Smith, Scotland secretary for the GMB union, said politicians should consider the jobs that are tied into the renewal of Trident.
He said: "Tens of thousands of jobs across the UK are dependent on Trident renewal and with that the building of the four submarines that's been promised.
"And the issue really is whether those submarines will be built in the UK or whether they will manufactured and built in America.
"And that's what politicians in Scotland should be focusing on here today - jobs and working class communities."


Sale Sharks have made two changes with Mike Phillips replacing the injured Peter Stringer at scrum-half and Ross Harrison coming into the front row.

Steve Diamond's side completed a double over Leicester last season.
Tom Brady replaces injured JP Pietersen and starts on his Leicester debut against the side he left in the summer.
George McGuigan starts at hooker, with captain Tom Youngs dropping to the bench alongside prop Logovi'i Mulipola, who is set to make his debut.
With Youngs among the replacements, lock Ed Slater takes over as captain.
Dan Cole, Mike Williams and Ben Youngs - Leicester's three uninjured players who were named in Eddie Jones' 37-man training England squad ahead of the autumn Tests - are set to start for the Tigers at the AJ Bell Stadium.
Sale director of rugby Steve Diamond told BBC Sport:
"They're a good side as we know, a top-four team so we've got to be at our very best to challenge.
"We've been a bit inconsistent to be honest but we're probably no further away than we were the same time last year.
"We lost at home to Gloucester which we don't do very often and it has hurt us a little bit."
Leicester Tigers director of rugby Richard Cockerill told BBC Leicester:
"We have the same approach this week. I don't think anything has to change - we can tweak our strategy for each team that we play.
"What set us apart at the weekend (beating Bath 34-14) was our physicality, our mindset, our passion and emotion around the game, which is hard to bring every week.
"We have to make sure that the players that take the field know their responsibilities playing for Leicester."
Sale Sharks: McGuigan; Edwards, Addison, Leota, Odogwu; MacGinty, Phillips; Harrison, Briggs, Longbottom, Evans, Mills, Neild, Seymour, Beaumont (capt).
Replacements: Lewis-Roberts, Aulika, Ostrikov, Pearce, Mitchell, Mugford, Bedlow.
Leicester Tigers: Veauinu; Thompstone, Betham, Tait, Brady; Williams, Youngs; Genge, McGuigan, Cole; Slater (capt), Fitzgerald, Williams, O'Connor, McCaffrey.
Replacements: Youngs, Mulipola, Bateman, Barrow, Kitchener, Kitto, Burns, Smith.


A train which passes through a number of stations associated with former England manager Graham Taylor is to be named after him.

The West Coast service will call at Watford Junction, Aston, Wolverhampton and Wembley Central.
London Midland is to re-christen the Class 350 model, to be known as Graham Taylor OBE, on 2 June.
The company said it was in "recognition of a man who made such a lasting mark on the sport across the country".
Head of West Coast services, Steve Helfet, said: "Graham played such an influential role at football clubs across the length and breadth of the country, not least in Watford.
"We wanted to do something special for the local community and dedicate one of our trains to his memory.
"We hope that passengers travelling on this train in the future will take a few moments to remember Graham, a true football hero."
Scott Duxbury, the chairman of Watford Football club, where Taylor made such a huge impact, said: "London Midland's respectful suggestion about Graham was put to his family for approval and we're delighted they accepted this offer.
"Alongside other planned tributes, this gesture is a mark of just how widely Graham's work and warm personality were appreciated across our town."
A ceremony on will take place on platform 10 at Watford Junction station on 2 June.
Graham Taylor's managerial career
Taylor led Lincoln City to the old Fourth Division title in 1975-76 before joining Watford
In his first spell as Hornets boss between 1977 and 1987, Taylor took the club from the Fourth Division to the top flight and they finished second to Liverpool in 1983. He also got them to the 1984 FA Cup final.
Appointed by Villa in 1987, he lead them to promotion into the top tier and took them to second in 1990
He became England boss in 1990 but resigned in 1993 after the team failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup
Taylor returned to club management with a brief stint at Wolves before again taking over at Watford, leading them to two promotions in as many years as he guided them back into English football's top flight
He returned to manage Villa in 2002 but retired a year later.