Civilians in Syria's second city of Aleppo are suffering unthinkable atrocities, Amnesty International says.

A new report alleges that government forces and many rebel groups are committing war crimes on a daily basis.
The government has reportedly stepped up its bombardment of Aleppo in recent weeks in response to a rebel offensive.
President Bashar al-Assad categorically denied that barrel bombs had ever been used by his forces in an interview with the BBC in February.
At least 10 people, including four children and teacher, were killed on Sunday when a barrel bomb hit a nursery school in the Seif al-Dawla district.
Local journalist Zaina Erhaim told the BBC on Monday that she heard the sound of children's screams and saw rescuers struggling to pull victims from the rubble.
Amnesty's report says that from January 2014 to March 2015, government aircraft launched continual attacks using barrel bombs - oil barrels, fuel tanks or gas cylinders packed with explosives, fuel, and metal fragments - in Aleppo.
Their targets included at least 14 public markets, 12 transportation hubs, 23 mosques, 17 hospitals and medical centres, and three schools.
"I saw children without heads, body parts everywhere. It was how I imagine hell to be," a local factory worker said describing the aftermath of an attack on al-Fardous district in 2014.
The vast majority of fatalities from the eight attacks Amnesty investigated were civilians. According to the Violations Documentation Center, an activist-run monitoring group, barrel bombings killed at least 3,124 civilians and 35 rebel fighters in Aleppo province over the same period.
Amnesty said evidence suggested the air campaign in Aleppo had "deliberately targeted civilians and civilian objects", and noted that it was a war crime to intentionally make those not directly participating in hostilities the target of attacks.
"Such a systematic attack on the civilian population, when carried out as part of government policy as appears to have been the case in Aleppo, would also constitute a crime against humanity," it added.
Armed opposition groups in Aleppo were also accused of committing war crimes by using imprecise weapons such as mortars and improvised rockets fitted with gas canisters called "hell cannons" in attacks that killed at least 600 civilians in 2014.
The report also documented widespread torture, arbitrary detention and abduction of civilians by both government security personnel and rebels in Aleppo.
Amnesty said the widespread atrocities had made life for civilians in Aleppo "increasingly unbearable", with many forced to eke out an existence underground.
A resident described Aleppo as a "circle of hell". "The streets are filled with blood. The people who have been killed are not the people who were fighting," he said.
"More than a year ago the UN passed a resolution calling for an end to human rights abuses, and specifically barrel bomb attacks, promising there would be consequences if the government failed to comply," said Philip Luther, director of Amnesty's Middle East and North Africa programme.
"Today, the international community has turned its back on Aleppo's civilians in a cold-hearted display of indifference to an escalating human tragedy."
"Continued inaction is being interpreted by perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity as a sign they can continue to hold the civilians of Aleppo hostage without fear of any retribution."


It has been a year and a half since the diesel emissions scandal at the German carmaker Volkswagen first came to light.

Since then, the company has agreed to pay substantial compensation to people in the US who bought cars equipped with illegal software, capable of disguising their true emissions levels.
But Volkswagen has not yet made any payments to buyers in the UK or elsewhere in Europe, even though millions of cars sold in the region were also fitted with similar software.
Nor does it have any plans to do so.
However, efforts are now being made to force the company to change its mind, orchestrated by the European Commission. The Department for Transport has been involved in the discussions.
The scandal first became public in the US in September 2015.
It emerged that roughly 600,000 diesel vehicles had been fitted with "defeat devices" - software which could recognise when a car was being tested, and turn on its emission controls systems.
They could then be turned off again when the car was being used on the road. That would improve its performance, but also dramatically increase the levels of harmful nitrogen oxides it produced.
The software had been developed by VW's engineers because they realised that their cars were not capable of both passing strict US emissions tests, and offering high levels of performance.
But the scandal was not confined to the US. It soon became apparent that cars sold all around the world had also been fitted with defeat devices - including about eight million in Europe.
They included cars sold under the Audi, Skoda, Seat and Porsche brands, as well as Volkswagens.
News of what Volkswagen had been doing prompted angry reactions from buyers, many of whom demanded compensation.
In the US, they got what they wanted.
Under the terms of a $10bn settlement with the Federal Trade Commission, VW agreed to buy back or repair all of the affected vehicles, and provide their owners with a cash sum of at least $5,000.
Buyers in Canada received a similar settlement, but only after taking out a class action lawsuit against the company.
In Europe, things have been rather different. Although Volkswagen is in the process of recalling the affected vehicles and modifying them, it has refused to provide any recompense for buyers.
There is a good reason why Volkswagen has made payments in the US. It simply had no choice. What it was doing was clearly illegal.
The company has admitted that it deliberately set out to circumvent the emissions testing process, and designed its defeat device accordingly. It also lied to regulators about what it was doing.
The US authorities take a very dim view of this kind of thing. As a result Volkswagen is facing a total bill in the US of $21bn.
That includes large criminal and civil fines, as well as the cost of buybacks and compensation. If VW had decided to fight the charges rather than settling, it could have been even bigger.
It has also pleaded guilty to criminal charges of conspiracy to commit fraud and obstruction of justice.
In the UK and other European countries, the situation is more complicated.
Although it is in the process of recalling millions of vehicles fitted with software capable of cheating emissions tests, Volkswagen denies actually doing anything illegal.
It says, for example, it "does not accept that a defeat device prohibited under UK law was fitted to any of the affected UK vehicles".
It also insists: "This issue has not caused any loss of engine performance or any increase in running costs. Nor has it changed fuel economy figures, CO2 emission figures or the vehicles' tax status.
"In addition the value of the vehicles has not been negatively affected by this issue."
So no compensation, it argues, is needed. Similar arguments are used in other European countries.
Put simply, Volkswagen doesn't believe that in Europe the "defeat devices" were actually defeat devices - in the strictest legal sense.
It also maintains that the software wasn't actually needed to pass emissions tests in Europe, which were less stringent than those in the US.
Nevertheless, efforts are under way in Brussels to force Volkswagen to pay up.
Last week the European Commission hosted a meeting of 22 consumer protection authorities from across the continent.
They agreed to prepare collective action against the company.
It is understood this could involve individual authorities imposing co-ordinated fines on Volkswagen for alleged breaches of consumer law, as well as taking a joint "administrative decision", which could be used to support litigation against the company in national courts.
According to people within the Commission, the main aim is to put pressure on the carmaker, in the hope that it will voluntarily provide compensation.
A spokesman for the Department for Transport said afterwards that the government took "the unacceptable actions of VW extremely seriously" and was "pushing them to compensate the UK consumer".
Even if these efforts fail, VW could yet be forced to make substantial payouts.
It is facing a range of class action lawsuits, representing hundreds of thousands of disgruntled buyers - and if it loses, the bill could be very steep indeed.


The emerging format war between online universities has accelerated, with the University of California, Berkeley signing up to Harvard and MIT's edX partnership.

Last week, Coursera, a rival Silicon Valley-based platform, announced 12 more universities were joining.
UC Berkeley will add two courses to the edX online offering this autumn.
The edX partnership is also promising to add further universities from "around the world".
Edinburgh University emerged last week as the first UK university to join in this current race to establish online university platforms.
The Scottish university joined the Coursera project, which has partners including Stanford and Princeton.
This year has seen major US universities pushing ahead with rival plans to make courses available for free on the internet.
It has been hailed as a first step towards a major shift in higher education - with implications for the current constraints on time, capacity and funding.
It raises the prospect of giving prestigious institutions a global reach and access to students around the world.
The edX project followed from a MIT prototype, called MITx, that launched with a single electronics course, entirely taught and assessed online.
The addition of UC Berkeley maintains the position of elite institutions offering a small number of courses customised for online delivery.
The two courses from UC Berkeley, free to users, will be in software and artificial intelligence.
MIT will offer courses in chemistry and computer science and Harvard will run courses in health statistics and computer science.
The promise to announce further international partners will raise speculation about whether any more leading universities in the UK are set to join.
There have been earlier pioneers in this online education field, but in recent months this has gathered momentum - and with such big university brands it is becoming much more mainstream.
Among the factors helping to push this growth have been advances in the technology, such as tablet computers and video on broadband, the expanding global demand for higher education and deepening financial pressures.
Online university courses have the potential to reach large numbers of people currently unable to access higher education.
It also allows individual institutions to globalise their courses and "scale up" their potential reach.
MIT has pointed out it would have taken 40 years to teach the number of students who successfully completed its prototype online course.
The rising cost of tuition fees, worries about student debt and stretched university budgets have also raised the idea of online courses providing a more affordable model.
The edX alliance is based on a not-for-profit principle - with the funding being drawn from Harvard and MIT.
Coursera is backed by investors and aims to generate revenue from its online visitors, rather than charging directly for services, following the pattern of Google.
Both of these university partnerships are making a distinction between a fully fledged campus-based degree and these online courses where certificates are awarded rather than a formal qualification.
This highlights two areas that will need to be resolved as the experiments develop - how students can be assessed for online qualifications and how they should be accredited.
The president of edX, Anant Agarwal, welcomed the addition of UC Berkeley.
"EdX is about revolutionising learning, and we have received a tremendous outpouring of excitement and interest from universities around the world.
"UC Berkeley is an extraordinary public institution known not only for its academic excellence but also for its innovativeness.
"With this collaboration, edX is now positioned to improve education more rapidly, both online and on-campus worldwide."


The Voice Kids kicked off on Saturday night with singers aged 7-14 facing blind auditions in front of judges Danny Jones, Pixie Lott, and will.i.am.

The show's winner will get Â£30,000 towards 'musical education' and a VIP trip to Disney Land Paris.
It's the first time that a junior equivalent of The Voice has come to the UK, although there have already been 30 versions of the show in other countries including Australia and France.
The show opened with will.i.am promising us laughter and tears - so did it deliver? Here are five things we learned...
This was made clear right from the start, as the very first act, 13-year-old Jessica belted out 'Somebody to Love' by Queen. By her last note, all three judges had turned around, and will.i.am joked that the police might be on their way "because you just killed it".
Meanwhile, 12-year-old Courtney might have seemed quiet and shy while she waited to perform, but she transformed into a rock star when the music started, wowing the judges with moves she'd learned from Youtube.
We probably could have guessed this, but just in case you were in any doubt the show opened with a 'story time' sequence including childhood photos and videos of Pixie, Danny, and will.i.am, and honestly they looked pretty cute!
They chatted about childhood memories off-stage, and were clearly imagining how they would have felt appearing on a show like this back then.
Did it look this scary in the adult version? The silence when the singers walk out onto the stage is deafening - you can hear the contestants and the judges breathing nervously, and even rustling in the audience adds to the tension. You can practically hear their heart-beats!
The stage somehow looks bigger as well - you suddenly realise what a massive space it is for one person to fill. The relief when the music starts makes it all worth the build up!
We're quite glad about this to be honest - all the contestants were really good, so there wasn't really any reason for the judges to find their inner Simon Cowell.
Even when none of the judges turned around, they had loads of lovely things to say in feedback.
In fact, contestants seemed equally worried about upsetting the judges when they had to pick a mentor. Will.i.am didn't take it well when Leah, the youngest contestant, picked Pixie Lott as her coach instead of him.
Danny was the most buzzer-happy, and got a couple of acts without challenge, but it didn't take long for the judges to start competing to win their favourite acts.
Will.i.am *really* loved the show's first rapping entrant. He was so into the performance that he jumped up onto the stage to join him mid-performance! Attention-seeking? maybe... but Little T seemed happy about it, and he picked Will to coach him.
And Will wasn't the only one to perform - Danny burst into song to prove he could sing in Italian to Italian-born contestant Riccardo.
All three judges were desperate to win Riccardo over after his beautiful rendition of 'Hallelujah' and even resorted to listing their favourite Italian things.
Ultimately, Pixie won the act. Was it because she has (sort of) the same name as Riccardo's Italian Grandma? Or did Riccardo just like her best? We'll never know.


Rotherham Titans head coach Lee Blackett is to leave the Championship club this summer to join the backroom staff at Premiership side Wasps.

The 32-year-old Chester-born former Rotherham captain is to become Wasps' backs coach for the 2015-16 season.
He replaces former Wales international fly-half Stephen Jones, who is returning to Scarlets.
He will be part of a four-man coaching team under Dai Young, the club's director of rugby.
Young, who also has the job title of head coach, also has defence coach Brad Davis and part-time assistant coach Andy Titterrell on his backroom team.
Blackett was the youngest coach in the Championship when he took up the role of head coach with Titans in 2013 at the age of 30, leading his side to fourth place.
"Lee is one of the brightest young coaches in Britain," said Young. "He has won admiration throughout the game for turning Rotherham into one of the strongest teams outside the Premiership.
"We always knew the time would come when Stephen would want to return to Wales with his young family. He's done a great job for us, after moving straight from a player to backs coach when Shane Howarth left."
Young continued: "There were two options. One was to recruit a vastly experienced backs coach who has been there and done it. Option two was to get the best up and coming coach out there.
"The vastly experienced option was a non-starter really, simply because there is no one of that level on the market at the moment, so we decided to look at the most promising young coaches coming through.
"Lee has impressed knowledgeable onlookers by his attention to detail, enthusiasm and professionalism and his proven ability to get the best out of the players he coaches."


Theresa May needs to listen to voices outside the Westminster "bubble" on Brexit, the first minister has said.

Carwyn Jones told assembly members he welcomed news of her willingness to talk to political opponents.
But he said the prime minister seemed uninterested in views on Brexit from the Welsh and Scottish governments.
The UK government said it was "committed" to working with devolved bodies to deliver a "successful Brexit for the whole of the UK".
Opposition parties have responded with scorn to news that Mrs May wants them to "contribute and not just criticise" after the Conservatives lost their majority in the general election.
Taking questions on Brexit from the assembly's external affairs committee on Monday, Mr Jones said: "The oddity about the announcement today was that it was a discussion only at Westminster inside the bubble."
Referring to the nature of the UK's departure from the EU, he said: "We have put forward proposals from Wales. The Scots will have their own perspective. It seems those views are not as important.
"Brexit carries with it the seed of division within the UK, unless steps are taken to make sure the UK's unity is still robust."
Mr Jones claimed that the UK government's position on Brexit was no longer clear, and called for the establishment of a "proper council of ministers" involving the nations to plan the way forward.
He said Mrs May had not replied to a letter he wrote outlining the idea shortly after the election in June.
The first minister said he did not want to leave Europe's customs union and single market, and did not believe a trade deal could be completed by the Brexit deadline of March 2019.
Farming in Wales would "fall off the edge of the cliff", he claimed, if the UK had to rely on World Trade Organisation rules after Brexit, as well as lose EU agriculture subsidies.
Mr Jones warned the UK government not to take for granted that the assembly would consent to the Repeal Bill,  due to be published on Thursday, which will mark the first step towards replacing EU law with British legislation.
If the assembly's powers were threatened by the bill, he said the Welsh Government could publish its own Continuity Bill in the autumn.
Mr Jones added that he was meeting the EU's chief Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier in Brussels on Thursday, despite the Welsh Government having no formal role in the Brexit talks.
A UK government spokesman said:  "We are committed to working with the Welsh Government and the National Assembly for Wales, and with the other devolved administrations and legislatures, as we deliver a successful Brexit for the whole of the UK.
"The level of engagement on this issue has been unprecedented, including meetings with businesses and groups across the nations."


The Army is setting up a new unit that will use psychological operations and social media to help fight wars "in the information age".

Head of the Army General Sir Nick Carter said the move was about trying to operate "smarter".
The 77th Brigade, made up of reservists and regular troops and based in Hermitage, Berkshire, will be formally created in April.
It has been inspired by the Chindits who fought in Burma in World War Two.
An Army spokesman said the unit would "play a key part in enabling the UK to fight in the information age" and that it "consists of more than just traditional capabilities".
He said: "77 Brigade is being created to draw together a host of existing and developing capabilities essential to meet the challenges of modern conflict and warfare.
"It recognises that the actions of others in a modern battlefield can be affected in ways that are not necessarily violent and it draws heavily on important lessons from our commitments to operations in Afghanistan amongst others."
Recruitment for the brigade, 42% of whose personnel will be reservists, will begin this spring.
Its members will come from the Royal Navy and RAF as well as from the Army.
One former commander of British forces in Afghanistan has warned the new operation should not mean fewer troops on the frontline.
Colonel Richard Kemp said: "My view is that this should not be done at the expense of combat troops. Where are these 2,000 people going to come from?"
"They are likely to come from savings made in combat troops. I think that's a mistake.
"I think the British forces have already been cut far too much in a very uncertain and increasingly dangerous world.
He acknowledged the need for this type of innovation, but said "it should be added to the forces, not created out of savings found elsewhere."
The creation of the new unit is part of a major restructuring of the military under the Army 2020 plan, which will see the military scaled down to around 82,000 regular troops in the next five years.
The unit will also seek "new ways of allowing civilians with bespoke skills to serve alongside their military counterparts".
The Army spokesman said it would share the "spirit of innovation" of the Chindits in the Burma Campaign of 1942 to 1945.
Chindits was the name given to the Long Range Penetration (LRP) groups that operated in the Burmese jungle behind enemy lines, targeting Japanese communications.
The new unit will also use the old Chindit insignia of a Chinthe, a mythical Burmese creature which is half-lion and half-dragon.
Tony Redding from Kent, whose father was in the Chindits, told the BBC he was disappointed by the move. He said: "Sadly the Ministry of Defence didn't inform the surviving Chindit veterans of the decision to use the badge in this way.
"I've tried very hard to look for similarities and the only common denominator I can find is that the Chindits 70 years ago were a highly unconventional force. Perhaps this new force are to use some unconventional means of warfare."
By BBC defence correspondent Jonathan Beale
The Army says it's learnt valuable lessons from Afghanistan - not least that it can't win wars using pure military force alone.
The brigade will be made up of warriors who don't just carry weapons, but who are also skilled in using social media such as Twitter and Facebook, and the dark arts of "psyops" - psychological operations.
They will try to influence local populations and change behaviour through what the Army calls traditional and unconventional means.
Civilians with the right skills will work alongside regular troops and reservists and could be sent anywhere in the world to help win hearts and minds.
It can be seen as proof that the Army is adapting to modern asymmetric warfare, and that it remains relevant at a time when there are fears within the British military of more cuts after the election.
Paul Rogers, a professor of international security at the University of Bradford, said the announcement represented a "big expansion" of the Army's psychological operations and was an "attempt to rebrand and update" this area of its work.
"We had so much difficulty in Iraq and Afghanistan, it's about trying to learn the lessons of how these groups are using social media," Prof Rogers explained.
He added: "In some senses it's defensive - trying to present the case from this side against opponents who hold many of the cards.
"We've seen with Islamic State, its incredible capability on the net, Facebook, Instagram and all the rest."
A former Army officer involved in psychological operations in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq, Simon Bergman, predicted it would help build "the Army for the future".
"For example, 77 brigade have a large component of civil affairs soldiers who'll be operating in populations, working with them, achieving military effects - and a broader effect, because as we know from Afghanistan, the military doesn't work in isolation. It works as a component of government."


Russia says it has flown 11,000 tourists home from Egypt in the past 24 hours, and more will return on Sunday.

Moscow announced on Friday that it was suspending all flights to Egypt after a Russian plane crashed in Sinai - having initially urged caution towards claims a bomb may have brought down the jet.
Dozens of special flights were put on for tourists wanting to go home.
A remembrance service has been held in St Petersburg for the crash's 224 victims, most of whom were Russian.
The main bell of the northern city's St Isaac's Cathedral tolled 224 times - once for each of the victims.
Meanwhile, another Russian plane with the victims' remains - the fourth since the crash on 31 October - landed at St Petersburg's Pulkovo airport, as the identification process continues.
The UK has flown 3,500 travellers out of Sharm el-Sheikh, from where Metrojet Flight 9268 took off for St Petersburg on 31 October.
The UK halted flights to and from the resort on Wednesday, citing intelligence concerns that the Airbus may have been downed by a bomb.
In search for answers, British ties to Egypt take a hit
Airport security rethink 'may be needed'
Could Islamic State have bombed Flight 9268?
What we know about the Sinai crash
Russia criticised the UK decision - but then on Friday announced it was stopping all flights to Egypt. Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the temporary flight ban into law on Sunday.
Russians make up close to one in three of all foreign tourists in Egypt, most of them holidaymakers visiting resorts such as Sharm el-Sheikh and Hurghada.
In 2014, about three million Russian nationals stayed at Egypt's resorts.
The scent of burning incense filled the cathedral, as an Orthodox priest chanted prayers for the dead.
A choir sang solemn hymns, while some in the congregation held candles and flowers.
Then the cathedral bell tolled. Every 10 seconds it rang out again, until it had sounded 224 times, a mark of respect for each of the victims of the plane crash.
One man told me he would have liked President Vladimir Putin to be there, since Mr Putin is a native of St Petersburg. The Kremlin leader did not attend.
If it was a bomb that destroyed Flight 9268, that would undermine the Kremlin's narrative: that Russia's military operation in Syria is designed to make Russians safer at home.
Officials said there were about 80,000 Russian tourists in Egypt when Moscow took the decision to stop flights.
Holidaymakers were flown back without hold luggage, mirroring the restrictions placed on British tourists being repatriated.
The British Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond said the delays to flights for Britons stranded in the Red Sea resort were caused by the much higher level of security checking being imposed.
"We are running up against the capacity limits of the airport given the additional measures that are being applied and that's what's causing the delay to some flights," he told the BBC's Andrew Marr Programme.
At most, people will experience a delay of two or three days, he added.
An Egyptian member of the international team investigating the crash has told Reuters that they are "90% sure" that a sound heard in the last moments of the recording of the plane's cockpit voice recorder was an explosion caused by a bomb.
On Saturday, the head of the investigating team, Ayman al-Muqaddam, said it was too early to say what caused the plane to break up in mid-air.
Militants in the Sinai Peninsula affiliated to Islamic State have claimed that they brought down the airliner, but they have not said how.
Sinai Province: Egypt's most dangerous militant group
Guide to Sinai's active militant groups
How is a plane crash investigated?


Scotland's Richie Ramsay has fired his way into the field for next month's US Open at Erin Hills in Wisconsin.

The Aberdonian finished joint third in the qualifying event at Walton Heath in England, where the top 15 were able to seal a spot at the major.
"I played in the US Open in 2007 with Tiger Woods and Geoff Ogilvy," Ramsay told BBC Scotland.
"And I'm very eager to get back and show that I've moved on from where I was."
Compatriot Russell Knox had already qualified for this season's event because he won a PGA Tour event last year.
"Anytime we get to represent Scotland, especially in the bigger tournaments at the majors, is a proud moment," said Ramsay.
"I'm proud to be in the US Open representing Scotland.
"The US Open is the perfect platform to showcase that I'm capable of mixing it with the best guys out there.
"I feel like I've got a lot more game, a lot more shots and a lot more mental toughness now."
England's Aaron Rai topped the field at Walton Heath with a 14-under-par total for his two rounds, one shot ahead of China's Haotong Li.
Ramsay, who shot two rounds of 66, was tied with Alexander Levy of France one shot further back.
Welshman Bradley Dredge, Ireland's Paul Dunne and English trio Andrew Johnston, Eddie Pepperell and Matt Wallace also qualified.


Steven Finn took a five-wicket haul as England moved to the brink of victory over Australia on another barely believable day of Test cricket at Edgbaston.

The Middlesex fast bowler continued his remarkable resurgence as England tore through Australia's batting for the second time in as many days on a sun-kissed Birmingham afternoon.
Only David Warner's swashbuckling 77 and Peter Nevill's gutsy 37 not out off 117 balls spared Australia the ignominy of a two-day defeat but the tourists are perilously poised on 168-7, 23 runs ahead of England with just three second innings wickets in hand.
England, who earlier scored 281 all out for a first innings lead of 145, with Joe Root scoring 63 and Moeen Ali 59, will now expect to wrap up a victory inside three days that would put them 2-1 ahead in the series with two matches to play.
Alastair Cook's men must triumph outright to win back the Ashes, while Australia only need to draw to retain the urn.
The sole negative from England's point of view was the sight of James Anderson leaving the field mid-over in the evening session to receive treatment on a tight side.
Setting about the business of bowling out Australia midway through the afternoon session, England made an early breakthrough when Stuart Broad removed Chris Rogers lbw for six to reach 299 Test wickets.
But where there is Warner there is danger. The left-hander's 35-ball half-century - equalling Graham Yallop's record for the quickest Ashes fifty - saw Australia race to 62-1 and threaten to make major inroads into England's lead.
A clever piece of captaincy from Alastair Cook turned the tide England's way.
After Finn's first over went for 14 runs, Cook responded by switching him from the City End to the Pavilion End, and his decision brought immediate reward.
For the second time in the match, Finn dismissed Steve Smith, with the Australia batsman top-edging a pull shot high into the Birmingham sky and leaving Jos Buttler with the straightforward task of watching the ball into his gloves.
Better was to follow for Finn and England after tea as the Middlesex fast bowler ripped through Australia's middle order with three wickets for 12 runs in 17 balls.
Out-of-form duo Michael Clarke and Adam Voges edged to third and second slip respectively in successive balls before Mitchell Marsh was clean bowled.
Anderson, whose 6-47 on the opening day set England rolling, then took the crucial wicket of Warner, who looped a catch to cover off a leading edge to leave Australia on 111-6.
With nearly two hours remaining in the day's play, Australia were staring at a two-day defeat.
But a partnership of 42 between Nevill and Mitchell Johnson extended deep into the final session and ensured England would have to bat again.
Finn, whose 5-45 was his first five-wicket haul since March 2013, showed his golden touch once again, when he had Johnson caught at backward point for 14.
But wicketkeeper Nevill, whose retention ahead of Brad Haddin has reportedly caused disquiet in the Australia camp, found another willing ally in Mitchell Starc as they battled through the final 8.5 overs of the day.
Australia had actually made the perfect start to the second day when Mitchell Johnson removed Jonny Bairstow and Ben Stokes in the space of three balls to pass 300 Test wickets.
Both deliveries were short, fast and rearing up towards the batsmen's throat, and were gloved through to Nevill.
When 145-5 became 190-7 as Joe Root and Jos Buttler fell in quick succession, Australia were back in the game, only for Moeen and Broad to swing the momentum back England's way.
Their counter-attacking partnership of 87 off 117 balls featured 14 boundaries, 11 from the blade of Moeen, who reached his fifty off 66 balls.
By the time both were dismissed in successive overs from Josh Hazlewood, Australia's downbeat body language told of a side who knew they were beaten.
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England bowler Steven Finn: "It has been a while since I've played Test cricket so to come here and take wickets was great. The rhythm was good. When you've played a fair bit of cricket you try to treat it like another game. It obviously isn't and it is tiring but it has been a good day.
"The game is definitely not won yet. They have players who can bat. There will still be pressure and we need to do a professional job tomorrow."
Australia bowler Mitchell Johnson: "It's not ideal, it's not something we're happy about. We're 23 runs ahead and we need a big partnership in the morning to get the ball rolling. We played some shots we didn't need to and the guys will be disappointed. We need to stop this rot.
"It looked at one stage like we wouldn't make them bat again. If we can get to 120 or 130 ahead we'll have a really good crack at them."


Fermanagh saw off a mini-revival from Antrim to book an Ulster Championship quarter-final meeting with Donegal.

Antrim cut an eight-point deficit to three at one stage but a late goal by Sean Quigley ensured Pete McGrath's Erne men would progress.
Home forward Tomas Corrigan landed nine points but boss Pete McGrath will be concerned about the second-half wobble.
Fermanagh had led 0-9 to 0-2 at half-time before Antrim hit back with five scores without reply.
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The Erne men now progress to play Donegal in the last eight of the provincial championship.
Antrim left their challenge much too late and ultimately paid for a shockingly slack start.
The Saffrons, who won promotion to Division Three earlier in the year, were six points down when they registered their first score through a Brian Neeson free.
The gap was eight late in the first half and it looked like Fermanagh were going to stroll into the quarter-finals.
But from 0-11 to 0-3 down, Antrim rallied with five unanswered points by Mark Sweeney, John Carron, Tomas McCann, Ryan Murray and Sean Burke.
During that spell, Neeson had a goal chance but shot into the side-netting from a tight angle.
The momentum was with Antrim but they conceded a cheap free to give Corrigan the chance to give the hosts a four-point lead before Quigley netted the only goal.
Top scorer Tomas Corrigan: "The first half was the most pleasing thing. We targeted a big first 10 minutes and wanted to keep going after that.
"That is what we did but we are disappointed with our second half performance. We have a lot to work on."
Fermanagh manager Pete McGrath: "For long periods in the second half we were sleepwalking.
"It was a nervous time for us. We let Antrim back into it and that is a concern.
"The result was satisfactory but the performance overall you have to say we did OK but can do better."
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Antrim joint manager Gearoid Adams: "We did not turn up in the first half. There were 14 scoring chances each which is hard to believe.
"In the second half we got it back to three but Fermanagh kicked on in the end and the goal put a gloss on it for them.
"We came down here to win and we are disappointed that we didn't."
Victorious Fermanagh now face Donegal in the last eight of the Ulster Championship while Antrim go into the All-Ireland qualifiers.
Fermanagh: C Snow; M Jones, C Cullen, M O'Brien; D McCusker (sub D Kelly 66), J McMahon, B Mulrone; E Donnelly, A Breen; P McCusker (sub P Cadden), R Jones, R Lyons; R Corrigan (sub D Teague 56), S Quigley, T Corrigan.
Antrim: C Kerr; K O'Boyle, R Johnston, N Delargy; P McBride, M Johnston, J Laverty (sub McAleese 47); M Sweeney, C Murray (sub S McVeigh HT); M Fitzpatrick (sub R Murray 56), K Niblock, J Carron; B Neeson (sub S Burke 59), T McCann, M McCann.
Attendance: 9124


An allegation of electoral fraud in relation to the 2015 General Election in Gloucestershire is being investigated by police.

In a statement, the county force said: "We have received an allegation of electoral fraud and an investigation has been launched."
"We are considering an application for extension on time to investigate."
The police would not give further information about the nature of the allegations.
Police did not comment on whether the investigation is linked to the Conservative Party failing to declare Â£38,000 worth of election expenses.


Luxembourg's Bob Jungels won his first Grand Tour stage in a sprint between the overall classification contenders on stage 15 of the Giro d'Italia.

Jungels, 24, powered through a select group that broke clear on the final climb of the 199km stage to Bergamo.
Dutchman Tom Dumoulin retains the overall lead, but lost time to Colombia's Nairo Quintana, who finished second to claim six bonus seconds.
France's Thibaut Pinot finished third, with Britain's Adam Yates in fourth.
Orica rider Yates is up to 11th overall, with Astana rider Tanel Kangert - seventh at the start of the day - forced to abandon after crashing into a traffic island and breaking his elbow.
Quick-Step Floors' Jungels attacked with 4km to go as the breakaway was caught, with defending champion Vincenzo Nibali (Bahrain-Merida) responding before all the favourites joined together for the descent into Bergamo.
Jungels upped the pace again inside the final kilometre and ultimately had too much power for a group mainly containing specialist climbers, as Quintana (Movistar) took a surprise second to cut the gap to Dumoulin (Sunweb) to two minutes 41 seconds.
The peloton has a rest day on Monday before a final week that features the toughest climbs of this year's 100th edition of the race.
1. Bob Jungels (Lux/Quick-Step) 4hrs 16mins 51secs
2. Nairo Quintana (Col/Movistar) Same time
3. Thibaut Pinot (Fra/FDJ) Same time
4. Adam Yates (GB/Orica) Same time
5. Domenico Pozzovivo (Ita/AG2R) Same time
6. Patrick Konrad (Aut/Bora) Same time
7. Vincenzo Nibali (Ita/Bahrain) Same time
8. Tom Dumoulin (Ned/Sunweb) Same time
9. Ilnur Zakarin (Rus/Katusha) Same time
10. Bauke Mollema (Ned/Trek) Same time
1. Tom Dumoulin (Ned/Sunweb) 63hrs 48mins 08secs
2. Nairo Quintana (Col/Movistar) +2mins 41secs
3. Thibaut Pinot (Fra/FDJ) +3mins 21secs
4. Vincenzo Nibali (Ita/Bahrain) +3mins 40secs
5. Ilnur Zakarin (Rus/Katusha) +4mins 24secs
6. Bauke Mollema (Ned/Trek) +4mins 32secs
7. Domenico Pozzovivo (Ita/AG2R) +4mins 59secs
8. Bob Jungels (Lux/Quick-Step) +5mins 18secs
9. Andrey Amador (Crc/Movistar) +6mins 01secs
10. Steven Kruijswijk (Ned/Lotto NL-Jumbo) +7mins 03secs
Selected others:
11. Adam Yates (GB/Orica) +7mins 43secs


Three white lion cubs have been born at a zoo in Poland, in eastern Europe.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
5 February 2014 Last updated at 08:46 GMT
White lions are very rare - their zoo keeper thinks there's only around 90 of them in existence.
They are usually found in wildlife reserves in South Africa and a few zoos around the world.
Check out the clip and see the newborns settling in...


(Close): Stocks on Wall Street opened lower after figures showed the US economy grew more slowly than expected in the first quarter of the year.

The economy grew an at annual pace of 0.2% in the quarter, well below expectations of 1% growth.
The Dow Jones fell 74.61 points to 18,035.53, while the S&P 500 slipped 7.9 points to 2,106.85.
The technology-heavy Nasdaq index closed down by 31.78 points to 5,023.64.
Shares in the software company Salesforce.com jumped to a record high, closing up 11%, on a report by Bloomberg that it had fielded a takeover inquiry from an unidentified suitor.
Nasdaq stock GoPro jumped more than 12% to $52.94 after the company - which makes wearable cameras -  reported better-than-expected first quarter revenues and profits.
The company also predicted second quarter results above analysts' forecasts, with revenues set to be $380m-$400m.
Shares in tyre maker Goodyear rose 4% after it also reported first quarter results ahead of forecasts.


A Virgin Australia aircraft bound for Sydney was forced to turn back to Los Angeles and land after sinks on board leaked.

Passengers claimed the stench was "unbearable" and said human waste had reached the aisles, however the airline denied this.
Virgin Australia said the flight was turned around for the comfort of those onboard.
The airline said safety of passengers was never called into question.
"In accordance with standard operating procedures, the captain made the decision to return to port as a precautionary measure after two of the sinks on board were leaking," the airline said in a statement.
It did not reveal what had caused the problem.
A resident of Christchurch, where the plane was headed after Sydney, said the smell was "unbearable".
"We could see it [human waste] it go through the aisles, like it was very obvious," Julia Malley told New Zealand radio.
However, Virgin has denied there was leakage from the toilets onboard.
"The onboard toilets operate on a completely separate drainage system," the airline told the Sydney Morning Herald.
"As the issue was with the aircraft sink, and not the toilets, there was no incident of leaked human waste."


The cost of creating places for the 880,000 extra pupils expected in England by 2023 could push schools to breaking point, council leaders warn.

The Local Government Association fears the demand for school places could soon reach a tipping point with no more space or money to extend schools.
The LGA wants the government to fully fund the cost of all the extra places, calculated to run to £12bn.
Ministers said the last Labour government had failed to plan ahead.
Official government figures, published last year, project that by 2023 there will be a total of 8,022,000 pupils in England's schools - up from 7,143,000 in the current academic year.
The school population bulge is most acute in major cities, according  to the National Audit Office, with the birth rate rising faster than at any time since the 1950s.
Some suburban areas have seen a rise in the number of families with school-age children, due to changes in work patterns - while the school population has fallen in some rural areas.
The NAO has said the rising birth rate is related to a 6% increase in the number of women of child-bearing age since 2003, plus more older women having babies.
Official figures for 2013 show that more than a quarter of births (26.5%) in England and Wales were to women born outside the UK - that is 185,075 babies out of a total of 698,512 born that year.
Similar figures for 2002 show 596,122 live births of which 17.7% were to women born overseas.
The LGA says the cost of creating places for all these pupils could be £12bn, meaning the government's commitment of £7.35bn for extra school places leaves a shortfall.
As well as more central government funding, it wants councils to be given the powers to open new schools to meet local need without bureaucratic burdens.
The association's comments come ahead of Thursday's deadline for the parents of some 370,000 three and four-year-olds to apply for school places for their children.
It says councils are "pulling out all the stops to ensure there is a place for every child".
Separate figures from the Labour Party suggest almost one in five primary schools is already over capacity.
The party sent Freedom of Information requests to England's 152 local education authorities - 130 replied.
The responses suggested 18% do not have enough capacity for their pupils, with children in over-large classes or temporary makeshift classrooms.
These include a primary school in Northumberland which is holding classes in a converted double-decker bus, and another in Bristol which has taken over an old police station.
More than three-quarters (78%) of the councils that responded saw a need for additional primary places in the next three years, with half saying they would need more secondary places.
David Simmonds, chairman of the LGA's children and young people board, said: "We are calling on the government to commit to funding the creation of school places and hand councils the powers to open new schools, for both primary and secondary-age pupils, before time runs out."
He said councils were trying to create places on time and in the right places but were hampered by red tape and lack of money.
"The scale of this crisis is too much for council taxpayers to pay for alone.
"Additionally, much of the decision-making about new school places rests in the hands of the government, whose funding for school places came late.
"As a consequence, councils are carrying a billion pounds worth of costs which puts pressure on other school services."
The government has focused funding on new schools for academies and free schools, which are independent of local authority control.
Education Secretary Nicky Morgan told BBC Radio 4's Today programme that the spaces would be provided by academies and free schools, and £5bn had been spent in this parliament so far on the creation of new places.
"By the time we get all the free schools in the pipeline up and running, they will be providing over 200,000 new places across the country," she said.
"Seventy per cent of free schools that have been opened have been opened in areas of basic need."
Class size was important but so was the quality of education and number of teachers in the classroom, she added.
Labour says government policy means local authorities are unable to build schools in areas where they are needed while allowing free schools to open in areas where there are already surplus places.
Shadow education secretary Tristram Hunt said parents had a "big choice" to make at the May election.
"On education the choice is this: a Labour Party committed to sensible and pragmatic solutions for overcoming the growing pressures on school places, or David Cameron's irresponsible schools policy that prioritises money for new schools in areas with surplus places," he said.
Conservative Education Minister Nick Gibb blamed the crisis on Labour.
"The last Labour government failed to plan for the future, cutting funding for school places during a baby boom while allowing immigration to get out of control, and they wasted millions of pounds of taxpayers' money on their failed building schools for the future programme," he said.
Natalie Evans director of the New Schools Network, which represents free schools, said they were "playing an important part" in helping address the places crisis.
Some 86% of primary free schools are in areas with a projected need for places "rising to 100% in London where the shortage is most acute", said Ms Evans.


The extension to Mrs Thatcher's Right to Buy scheme - controversial at the time - has had a rocky ride ever since the Conservative government announced it was to be extended in 2015.

Up to now it was only council tenants who had the right to buy the homes they had previously rented. But when the Housing Bill becomes law housing association tenants will acquire that same right.
As a scheme already rejected by the Scottish and Welsh governments, who wish to preserve publicly-owned housing stock, it is also emblematic of the different directions being taken by different parts of the United Kingdom.
Potential buyers must have been tenants for at least three years, the same as with council tenants. The government says that means up to 1.3m housing association tenants will be eligible in England. Around 500,000 housing association tenants are already eligible for some discounts. So the new scheme will extend rights to a further 800,000 tenants, and increase the discounts available. In Wales the government is planning to abolish Right to Buy entirely, and in Scotland it will be phased out by August 2016. A separate scheme exists in Northern Ireland.
For those eligible, discounts start at 35% on a house and 50% on a flat. The maximum is 70%, but that is currently capped at £77,900 outside London, and £103,900 in the capital. For example, someone who has been a public sector tenant for ten years could buy a £100,000 flat for just £40,000 - using a 60% discount.
Under the government's new Housing Bill, Local Authorities will be required to sell off their most valuable council houses, whenever they become vacant. The government estimates this would raise £4.5bn. The councils will then have to build replacement homes with the money raised, and the surplus will be used to fund Right to Buy. The government will make up any difference.
The government hasn't yet said what this policy will cost the taxpayer, but it has promised to refund the discount to the housing association involved. The National Housing Federation (NHF) which represents all the UK's housing associations, has calculated that in total Right to Buy for housing association tenants might cost £11.2bn, if all those tenants who could afford to buy did so. The Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) has said it would potentially cost "billions of pounds" over the next parliament, and it "would worsen the UK's underlying public finance position". The IFS said it would also represent a "substantial giveaway" to housing association tenants.
The government argues that by selling off housing association homes, but by requiring a replacement to be built, the scheme will, in effect, double the number of homes available. It will also raise the proportion of home-owners in England, which has fallen over the last few years. But the NHF argues that since 2012, only 46% of homes sold off have been replaced by new ones, despite a requirement for local authorities to do so. One problem is that councils - particularly those in urban areas - cannot find enough land to build on.
Around 2.5m council tenants across the UK have bought their homes since Right to Buy started under Mrs Thatcher's government in October 1980. The numbers buying peaked at 167,000 in England in 1982/83, but fell to 3,179 in 2009/10. After the discounts were increased, sales went back up to more than 15,000 in 2013/14. The government hopes the number will now rise further.
Around 15 to 35% of housing tenants eligible for the new scheme will be able to afford to pay a mortgage, according to the NHF.. That means around 221,000 households might be keen to take up the offer - but potentially fewer than that if mortgage rates begin to rise, as expected, over the next couple of years.


Norway has summoned the Russian ambassador in Oslo for an explanation after a top Russian official defied a travel ban by visiting Arctic Norway.

Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin flew to Svalbard, in the Arctic Circle, then went to the North Pole to open a Russian drifting base on an ice floe.
Russia is boosting its Arctic presence.
Mr Rogozin has been blacklisted by the EU, US and Norway since Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea. The sanctions bar visits or use of Western banks.
The Russian foreign ministry reacted angrily (in Russian) to Norway's stance on the visit, calling it "inexplicable and absurd from the perspective of international law".
It said the current sanctions "have nothing to do with" the 1920 Spitsbergen Treaty, which "provides free access to the archipelago for signatories to the treaty".
"Norwegian law was not violated either" by Mr Rogozin's visit, the ministry said.
Mr Rogozin heads a new Russian government commission overseeing projects in the Arctic. In 2015-2020 Russia plans to spend 222bn roubles (£2.8bn; $4.3bn) on developing Russia's resources in the Arctic, which is believed to be rich in untapped energy and minerals.
In February, government newspaper Rossiiskaya Gazeta quoted him as saying development of the Arctic shelf would lead inevitably to a conflict of interests between nations, and he did not rule out such a confrontation escalating beyond diplomatic disputes.
Russia is among Arctic nations that have submitted claims to Arctic territory - claims now being considered by a UN arbitration panel.
In tweets, Mr Rogozin shrugged off Norway's displeasure at his visit to Svalbard on Sunday. Russia has a small coal-mining community at Barentsburg in the Norwegian archipelago, which he visited.
He also sent pictures and triumphant comments from Russia's new North Pole Station-2015. He flew there aboard a special plane from Longyearbyen, which has Svalbard's only airport.
"The Arctic is Russian Mecca," he tweeted in English.
Earlier he tweeted: "Norwegians bring their tourists here in snowmobiles to explore the 'Soviet heritage'", "I just took a dip in the Arctic Ocean" and - in an ironic comment on the Norwegian protest - "you don't wave your fists after a fight".
The Russian polar base is on a drifting ice floe, and revives a Russian programme of drifting Arctic stations that was suspended in 2013, Tass news agency reports.
Russia's first North Pole station was opened in 1937, in Soviet times.


A dairy cattle exhibitor has been disqualified from the Great Yorkshire Show after an animal was tampered with, organisers have said.

The Yorkshire Agricultural Society confirmed a "substance" was used on the cow's udders, contravening show rules.
Chief Executive Nigel Pulling said the competitor's animal had been banned with immediate effect.
"We take any allegation of tampering very seriously as the welfare of animals is paramount," he said.
The Society confirmed the breach was discovered on Tuesday, the first day of the show in Harrogate.
The animal and others entered by the exhibitor have been barred from taking part in the event for three years.
The competitor can appeal.
The show's rules state any interference with an animal which has an affect on its milk flow will lead to disqualification.


Police searching for a missing 27-year-old woman have found a body in the sea.

A search was launched for Jacqueline Hudson in Brixham, south Devon early on Sunday.
Police say an air and sea search with coastguards of the area around Berry Head resulted in the discovery of a body.
Officers said they were no longer looking Ms Hudson and although formal identification has not yet happened, her next of kin have been informed.


Spending on agency staff at the Royal Cornwall Hospitals Trust has increased by 75%, a Freedom of Information request has revealed.

In 2015 the bill for agency staff was £13.1m, a rise of £7.5m on 2014's figure.
Health campaigners have said the figures are "incredibly worrying" and could seriously threaten the financial affairs of the trust.
The trust said reducing the amount it spent on agency staff was "important".
Trust chief executive Kathy Byrne said it had recently changed its approach to using agencies, recruiting over 200 substantive clinical staff and reducing the amount spent on agency staff in August by £300,000.
The FOI request revealed that spending with one nursing agency alone reached £1.1m in 2015/16.
The trust said it had introduced measures to try to recruit staff, including looking abroad for nurses.
Graham Webster from campaign group Health Initiative Cornwall said the increase was a "worrying trend".
"I think it exposes the acute shortage of nursing staff, particularly nurses but also other clinical staff, that we're having in Cornwall," he said.
Mr Webster said the staffing shortages were partly down to high house prices in the region and also the "intense pressure" of the job.
£13.1m
Spent on agency staff in 2015-16
£7.5m Spent on agency staff in 2014-15
£1.1m Spent on one nursing agency alone in the last year


Four Cardiff men have appeared in court on charges of kidnap and causing actual bodily harm.

The four from the Rumney area of the city appeared at Newport Magistrates' Court on Tuesday.
The men, aged between 33 and 58, were granted bail and sent for trial at Newport Crown Court on 4 June.
They were all arrested as part of Gwent Police's Operation Imperial investigation looking into modern day slavery and forced labour.
Patrick Joseph Connors, 58, has been charged with two offences of kidnap and four offences of assault occasioning actual bodily harm.
Patrick Dean Connors, 38, and Lee Carbis, 33, have both been charged with kidnap and William Connors, 35, has been charged with assault occasioning actual bodily harm.


Former Sussex captain Chris Adams says the club must regroup quickly from their T20 Blast exit to avoid relegation in the County Championship.

Sussex, who lost to Northants on Wednesday, are currently eighth in Division One with four games remaining.
"They have got to deal with this disappointment and do it quickly," Adams, 45, told BBC Sussex.
"They need to clear it out of their system and plan for what has to be done to keep Division One status."
David Willey hit a 40-ball century as Northants defeated Sussex by seven wickets in their T20 quarter-final.
Sussex have gone seven Championship games without a win and Adams wants the side to rediscover their early season form, when they beat Hampshire and Worcestershire.
"You only need to think back to the way it started - they came out the traps absolutely flying, won two in a row and everything at that point was going fantastic," he said.
"It looks hard work at the moment and there is a bit of negativity coming into the squad and the environment. That is not the fault of anyone - it is just what happens.
"They can turn it around and say they will be a different side in the next four or five weeks, by being aggressive and attacking sides."
Adams, who captained Sussex to the Championship title in 2003, 2006 and 2007, believes two wins from their last four matches should be enough for the county to clinch survival.
"They need to construct how they will go about it - they will have to do it in a positive way and take a few risks," he added.
"I'd like to see the younger players given more of a go as well, as with youth you get that real desire to make a difference.
"There is a big task ahead for Mark Robinson, Ed Joyce and the team, but the talent is there. It is just a case of making sure the focus and mentality is right."


Apple has agreed to settle a case brought over claims it poached staff from a firm that makes batteries for electric cars, court documents show.

The iPhone-maker was accused of targeting engineers from A123 in mid-2014 as it sought to build a large-scale battery unit.
It denied the claim when a suit was filed in a court in the Massachusetts federal court in February this year.
The terms of the deal were not disclosed in court papers.
The agreement in principle was disclosed in the papers filed by the battery-maker, which is based in Waltham, Massachusetts. The two parties are said to be working out the final details.
A123 claimed that, in about June 2014, Apple began aggressively poaching its engineers who were leading some of the company's most critical projects. Apple denied the claims.
In March, Apple unsuccessfully applied to have the case thrown out, claiming that it was based "solely on labels and conclusions" that weave "an elaborate but ultimately incorrect and unsupportable theory", the Wall Street Journal reported.
According to the newspaper, the discussions had been going on since late March and court documents show that A123 has repeatedly filed for permission to delay since then. Apple was also asking for the case to be moved closer to its California base.
A123 Systems is a pioneering industrial lithium-ion battery-maker, which was backed by a $249m (Â£158m) US government grant. It filed for bankruptcy in 2012 and has been selling off assets.
Apple refused to comment, while A123 did not respond.


A dry, hot wind blows across the Jordanian desert, coating a freshly pitched city of tents with a fine film of dust.

"No-one would want to live in a tent here," admits Andrew Harper, head of the UN's refugee agency, the UNHCR, in Jordan.
But for hundreds of Syrians fleeing across the border every day, Jordan's first official refugee camp is their only safe haven from the growing violence at home.
On Saturday night, nearly 2,000 Syrians are reported to have made the increasingly dangerous escape to Jordan, marking what officials describe as a dramatic increase in the exodus.
"We tried for months to delay the opening of official camps," reflected Jordan's Foreign Minister Nasser Judeh. "We have our conscienceâ€¦but we also have our realities on the ground.
"A lot of Syrians came here over the past 15 to 16 months and stayed with family and friends, but it puts a burden on resources like water, health, education and energy, " he told me, against the backdrop of a long straight line of empty, cream coloured tents flapping in the desert wind.
Mr Judeh and Interior Minister Ghalib Al Zu'abi joined several ambassadors under a rough tarpaulin marquee in the scorching summer heat to mark a new, more visible, phase in Jordan's response to a deepening humanitarian crisis.
The authorities will gradually begin moving the first 5-600 refugees from some of the overcrowded "transit camps" into this new facility.
Initially, the UN expects to house 10,000 refugees here, but it has been given enough land to eventually provide for 100,000 people.
"Jordan is providing the land, the water, the electricity but what we need in money, it's as simple as that," underlined the UNHCR's Andrew Harper.
"Everyone talks about refugees, but helping refugees is something different, " he insisted. "We hope that in the holy month of Ramadan Jordan's neighbours, particularly in the Gulf, will step forward and do more."
Jordan has long been a refuge for people fleeing in waves in a troubled neighbourhood. But it has put the kingdom under constant strain with its meagre natural resources, fragile economy, and its own political fault lines.
The foreign minister said 142,000 Syrians had arrived in Jordan over the past year. The UN says some 37,000 have registered as refugees and the numbers are expected to keep climbing.
"Seventy-five per cent of the refugees are women and children," pointed out Maria Calivis, Regional Director for Unicef. "They make heroic journeys to get here from their homes in Syria."
"Now these tented camps are a new level of challenge, an immense challenge," she told me as we made our way through a row of tent pegs.
On Friday, six-year-old Bilal died en route to Jordan. The little boy was shot dead by Syrian forces as he let go of his mother's hand when the whole family, including his father, a soldier, tried to flee. There are also reported to have been "minor clashes" as Jordanian border guards tried to provide covering fire.
The incident highlighted the risk of tensions spilling across the border, drawing Jordan deeper into this crisis.
"We are extremely vigilant, " emphasised foreign minister Judeh, who said families often came under Syrian fire as they tried to escape. "Nothing comes ahead of our own security."
Jordan is carefully vetting those who cross legally, and keeping on eye on the many more Syrians who enter illegally, including defectors and activists.
Sources say another reason why Amman delayed the establishment of a highly visible refugee camp is the impact it could have on already strained bilateral relations with Damascus.
Both watch each other warily, fearing efforts to destabilise their own internal politics.
Jordan has been able to keep a lid on its own small but unprecedented protests, responding to calls for change and against corruption with a limited programme of reform.
Its own politics have long been complicated by its neighbours' violent conflicts.
"Jordan is full," said Mr Harper. "Aside from the Syrians, there are still Iraqi and Palestinian refugees here."
"Look at the situation in Damascus, Aleppo, Deraa, and Homs. This is a real crisis."
It is a crisis, affecting all of Syria's neighbours, that is not going away anytime soon, which means the refugees look set to stay too.


The World Trade Organization has cut its forecast for global trade growth this year by more than a third.

The new figure of 1.7%, down from its April estimate of 2.8%, would be the slowest pace of trade and output growth since the 2009 financial crisis.
It is also the first time in 15 years that international commerce has been left trailing behind the world economy.
The downturn reflects the slowdown in countries such as China and Brazil and lower levels of imports into the US.
Trade has grown 1.5 times faster than gross domestic product over the long term - but the WTO say it will only grow 80% as fast this year.
That would be the first reversal of globalisation since 2001 and only the second time this has happened since 1982.
WTO director-general Roberto Azevedo said: "The dramatic slowing of trade growth is serious and should serve as a wake-up call.
"It is particularly concerning in the context of growing anti-globalisation sentiment.
"We need to make sure that this does not translate into misguided policies that could make the situation much worse - not only from the perspective of trade, but also for job creation and economic growth and development, which are so closely linked to an open trading system."
Sluggish international trade growth is another symptom - and perhaps in part a cause - of the wider lacklustre global economic performance that has prevailed since the financial crisis.
Economic activity and trade have grown since its immediate aftermath, but not convincingly.
The WTO's publication lists a number of possible factors behind the weakness.
Two of them are matters of government trade policy: the absence of further trade liberalisation and what the report calls "creeping protectionism".
In principle, these are things that governments could address, by negotiating new trade deals and resisting calls for protecting industries against competition from imports.
But that runs up against the widely reported political backlash against globalisation.
Whatever the benefits that increased international economic integration might bring, some people don't share in them and there are many people who are convinced they lose.
The WTO's biggest downward revision to imports from its April forecast came in South America (-4.5% to -8.3%), the US (4.1% to 1.9%) and Asia (3.2% to 1.6%), but it predicted European imports would rise to 3.7% from 3.2%.
It added that the UK referendum result did not lead to an obvious downturn in economic activity, with its main impact being a drop in the value of the pound against the dollar and the euro.
It forecasts that growth will slow down in the UK in 2017, but that the country will not fall into recession.


Former Burnley midfielder Joey Barton's suspension from football for breaching betting rules has been reduced by almost five months after an appeal.

The 34-year-old's ban now expires on 1 June 2018, instead of 25 October 2018.
He was banned in April after being charged with breaking FA rules for placing 1,260 bets on matches between 26 March 2006 and 13 May 2016.
Barton, who says he is addicted to gambling, appealed against the length of the ban which he called "excessive".
The FA's Appeal Board said the initial ban was "excessive in the circumstances" as evidence from Barton's consultant psychiatrist about his addiction should not have been rejected.
The report says the new ban "reflects the overall seriousness of the breaches and also the mitigation including the full extent of Mr Barton's addiction".
Barton, whose fine of £30,000 remained unchanged, was released from Burnley in May.
Players in England's top eight tiers are banned from betting on football.
Former Manchester City and Newcastle midfielder Barton rejoined Burnley in January, having left Scottish Premiership side Rangers in November.
In November 2016, he was given a one-match ban for breaking Scottish Football Association rules on gambling.
Barton admitted the Scottish FA charge of placing 44 bets between 1 July and 15 September 2016, while he was a player at Ibrox.


A publican who repeatedly stabbed a man with a steak knife has been jailed for four years.

Sean Mitchell, 46, inflicted four stab wounds on Stephen Dagg, 53, when he attacked him from behind at the St Mary's Vaults pub in Stamford, Lincolnshire.
Lincoln Crown Court heard there was a history of hostility between the men.
Mitchell, who was a publican at the nearby Melbourn pub, had previously banned Mr Dagg from his premises.
More on this and other local stories from across Lincolnshire
The court heard Mr Dagg was drinking in the St Mary's Vaults pub on 12 June when Mitchell burst in to the pub and was heard to say: "Where's that queer."
Witnesses then described Mitchell, a father-of-three, attacking Mr Dagg from behind and inflicting four "karate chop" type blows to his neck and shoulder area.
The publican of St Mary's Vaults confirmed all of her knives were accounted for which meant Mitchell must have brought his steak knife with him.
Mr Dagg was then chased three or four times around the pub and hid behind the bar before he managed to escape outside.
He was later admitted to hospital in Peterborough where was he treated for four stab wounds.
Mitchell, who also had a supervisory role at the St Mary's Vaults pub, later said he had no memory of the attack and simply did not know why it had happened.
Mark Watson, mitigating, admitted Mitchell had brought the weapon with him, but had no recollection of what happened.
He added: "He had and has no idea about the complainant's sexuality. It was simply generic abuse."
Mitchell, of All Saints Street, Stamford, admitted a charge of wounding Mr Dagg with intent to cause him grievous bodily harm and having an offensive weapon.


National League strugglers Welling slipped to their fifth straight defeat at home to Barrow.

The Wings took the lead when Xavier Vidal's penalty hit the post and rebounded in off the back of keeper Joel Dixon.
Barrow levelled just before half-time when Danny Livesey headed in Dan Pilkington's corner.
Livesey, who once made his league debut against Liverpool for Bolton, then set up Ashley Grimes to head the winner.


Gloucester and England Saxons centre Henry Trinder has been ruled out of action 'for the foreseeable future' after undergoing knee surgery.

The 27-year-old injured the same right knee in February 2015, on his first start for five months after hamstring and shoulder problems.
Trinder played 14 games last season, scoring four tries.
But he suffered the latest injury towards the end of it and has now had to undergo another operation.
A club statement said: "The new injury is not as severe as the previous one, but surgical repair was deemed to be necessary.
"Henry underwent the procedure last week and will now embark upon an extended rehabilitation programme."
Swindon-born Trinder, who has played all his professional career at Kingsholm apart from one brief loan spell at Moseley, has scored 19 tries in 78 Premiership appearances for the Cherry and Whites.
His news comes in the wake of Gloucester signing another centre, Worcester's Andy Symons, who opted to move to Kingsholm rather than relegated London Irish, where he had agreed a deal.


PC Gordon Semple appeared settled in life but he had a secret - a dangerous lifestyle of extreme sexual activity, arranged over the internet and fuelled by drugs.

The London PC's dismembered body was found in the flat of Stefano Brizzi - the IT worker who has been found guilty of his murder by an Old Bailey jury.
The men met using Grindr, the smartphone app millions of gay men use to look up others nearby and send them messages, often to arrange dates or "hook-ups".
Sometimes that can involve finding partners willing to take part in extreme sexual activities while taking drugs, sold or exchanged when users meet up.
"Chemsex", as it is known, is a growing part of gay culture, and the Brizzi trial laid bare its darkest secrets.
Few of PC Semple's colleagues in the Metropolitan Police even knew he was gay. He had been with his partner for 25 years but, as he had told one or two people, he had found something that was giving him an exciting secret sex life.
He did it surreptitiously - slipping away from a job in which his seniority allowed him the freedom to decide his own schedule.
CCTV footage from the day of his disappearance in April last year shows PC Semple walking through London glued to his mobile. The data from that phone shows what he was doing.
PC Semple and Brizzi had discussed, through Grindr messages, their plans. They involved bondage, sadomasochism, suffocation and drugs.
At his trial Brizzi, who claims to have had a strict Catholic upbringing at odds with his homosexuality and had no obvious signs of a violent past, pleaded not guilty to murder, claiming PC Semple had died in a "sex game gone wrong".
Brizzi came to London from Tuscany, Italy, in 2011 and became an IT analyst at Morgan Stanley in the City - a job he lost after he began taking crystal meth, or methamphetamine.
He referred to the drug as Nutella in his online posts but it is more commonly known as "Tina". Other substances popular on the chemsex scene include M, or mephedrone, and G - GHB.
Experts refer to them as "party drugs", and describe how for some gay men they have replaced ecstasy and cocaine.
Monty Moncrieff, who runs the Antidote support group which is part of the London Friend counselling service, says the new drugs are more potent, and their availability has been enhanced through apps.
"The coming together of the drugs and the apps, it's like a perfect storm," he said.
Crystal meth use has grown among gay men, he says, because it "lends itself to sex", reducing inhibitions and allowing them to stay awake for longer.
But it is more intense than cocaine, and can be injected, raising the health risk. The comedown from the drug "can be intense",  he says, and may result in hallucinations and psychosis.
This might explain, though not excuse, the horrific way in which Brizzi attempted to dispose of PC Semple's body.
Prosecutor Crispin Aylett QC told the jury that Brizzi, who had admitted a charge of obstructing a coroner in the execution of their duty, had dismembered PC Semple so no-one could find out exactly how the police officer had died.
Inspired by an episode of US TV show Breaking Bad, he cut up the officer's body and tried to dissolve it in an acid bath.
Crystal meth has become infamous in the UK from its portrayal in the same TV show in which a mild-mannered New Mexico suburbanite, Walter White, becomes a major dealer.
Brizzi was a huge fan of the show. It appears on a screen behind him in a selfie he posted on Facebook, along with a discussion of his intention to keep taking crystal meth.
Britain does not have a major problem with methamphetamine, apart from in the gay scene.
While Antidote's Monty Moncrieff says he has heard of drug-related deaths, what he is particularly concerned about is the impact on users' mental health.
Experts believe this has created something of a vicious cycle since psychological problems may be driving gay men towards the apps, the sex and the drugs in the first place.
Journalist Matt Todd argues in his book, Straight Jacket - How To Be Gay and Happy, that the legacy of a difficult upbringing, at odds with one's sexuality, can often be to blame.
"You are looking for ways to feel better about yourself. Taking drugs, having sex with people, being validated, it's a very heady mix.
"When these new drugs are mixed with apps which make it very, very easy to meet new partners it can be a very dangerous, compelling, compulsive, explosive situation.
"Drugs are passed around and sometimes people wake up and they don't know what's happened to them, or they may have been sexually assaulted, or they may have been raped."


Oscar Pistorius' siblings have criticised media coverage of his trial, on the eve of the South African athlete's sentencing.

Aimee and Carl Pistorius said they were anxious ahead of Tuesday's hearing, and that the truth had been "twisted and manipulated" and "sensationalised".
Pistorius was convicted of culpable homicide after shooting dead girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp, but cleared of murder.
The prosecution has argued for a minimum 10-year jail sentence.
Speaking to South African broadcaster eNCA, Aimee Pistorius said there was "obviously a lot of anxiety" ahead of the sentencing, and that the last 20 months had been "very taxing".
She said she felt "heartache for both my brother, our family and of course Steenkamp's family and her friends", adding that both families would struggle to move on.
"It's something that you never really get closure on... It's something that my brother will carry with him for the rest of his life.
"It is important for us that [Ms Steenkamp's family] know that she was very much cared for and loved, and accepted as part of our family in the short time that she was with us... [Reeva] had a wonderful charisma and zest for life that she just exuded and it was easy to just fall in love with her."
She added: "The truths had been twisted and manipulated, and things have been sensationalised. It causes hurt when things are also reported as fact when they are not."
Carl Pistorius said the hardest part of the situation was "all the negative media, polarised publicity, twisted truths and untruths, and how that infiltrates your life regardless of whether you try to or try not to follow the media".
"It permeates the very atmosphere of everywhere you go, including those that are close to you," he said.
He added that he could not speculate on the outcome of the sentencing, but said "tomorrow will also be very difficult. This is a weight that we all carry".
The high-profile, seven-month trial has captured public attention in South Africa and beyond.
Pistorius, a Paralympic sprinter, denied murdering Ms Steenkamp on Valentine's Day last year, saying he shot her by mistake, fearing there was an intruder in the house.
Ms Steenkamp, a model, reality TV star and law graduate, was hit three times by bullets shot through a toilet door by Pistorius at his home in the capital, Pretoria.
Last month, Judge Thokozile Masipa cleared Pistorius of murder, but convicted him of culpable homicide, saying he had been negligent.
There is no legal limit on the length of a jail term, but experts say the typical maximum sentence for the crime is around 15 years.
Pistorius' defence team has argued for him to be given community service and house arrest, a suggestion the prosecution said would be "shockingly disproportionate".


A group of footballers have been rescued from the water near Bundoran, County Donegal, after being swept out to sea and into rocks by a rip current.

They had been training on Tullan Strand on Saturday morning and had entered the water to cool down after their session.
Surfers, one of whom was a crew member with Bundoran RNLI, entered the water and helped the footballers to safety.
Both the inshore lifeboat from Bundoran and a Sligo based rescue helicopter attended the scene.
The lifeboat crew gave first aid to eight of the players, some whom were bruised and had swallowed sea water, before ambulances arrived.
A number of the casualties were taken to Sligo University Hospital as a precaution.
Following the incident, Bundoran RNLI helm James Cassidy warned potential visitors to the area about the potential dangers:
"We would remind locals and visitors alike that Tullan Strand and particularly the area along the cliffs is notorious for rip currents and under currents and is really not suitable for swimming.
"Rips are strong currents running out to sea which can catch even the most experienced beachgoers out.
"Should you get caught in a rip, the best advice is to stay calm and don't panic. If you can stand, wade. Don't try to swim.
"If you have an inflatable or board, keep hold of it to help you float. Raise your hand and shout for help loudly. Don't swim directly against the rip or you will get exhausted.
"Swim parallel to the beach until free of the rip, then make for shore," he added.


A man who murdered his partner by repeatedly striking her with a cooking pot and knife has been jailed for life.

James Morley, 42, had eight previous domestic abuse convictions for attacking Elaine Duncan, 46, when he killed her.
He attacked her at their home in Newmilns, East Ayrshire, in April 2014.
At the High Court in Edinburgh, judge Lady Scott sentenced Morley to serve at least 20 years in prison before he can apply for parole.
The court heard how Morley targeted Ms Duncan four days after he was released from prison.
He was in jail for breaching court orders which had been passed to protect her.
When he left prison, he went on an alcohol binge. He attacked Ms Duncan and left her body in the living room before visiting a local pub.
The court heard Morley repeatedly struck Ms Duncan with a cooking pot.
When she fell to the ground, Morley climbed on top of Ms Duncan and slashed her throat up to 20 times.
Lady Scott told Morley: "The violence of your attack was utterly savage. You struck your victim with such force as to cause significant bruising and a groove within her skull.
"Then, after she fell backwards, you knelt on top of her and cut her throat repeatedly according to the pathologist up to 20 times.
"In so doing you cut through the major muscles, larynx, thyroid bone and jugular vein.
"You committed this murder within four days of being released on licence for breach of court orders relating to the victim. You have left her son and family devastated."
Morley was convicted last month following a trial at the High Court in Paisley.
During his trial, the court heard Morley phoned 999 to tell officers he thought he had killed Ms Duncan. He gave operators the wrong address, prompting a frantic search for his victim.
When asked later where she was, he said: "Hanging off a leather couch in the living room."
Morley, who had been in a relationship with Ms Duncan for eight years, admitted culpable homicide but prosecutors refused to accept his guilty plea.
He denied murdering Ms Duncan, claiming he lashed out and killed her in a fit of rage during an argument.


A new project bringing together science and religion is unlikely to end the long and sometimes bitter debate over the relationship between the two.

However, it will offer trainee priests and Christians who are scientists the chance to engage with contemporary science.
The project - backed by the Church of England - is to receive more than £700,000 to promote greater engagement between science and Christians, as part of a three-year Durham University programme.
Trainee priests and others will be offered access to resources on contemporary science, and the scheme will research attitudes towards science among Church leaders.
Funded by the Templeton World Charity Foundation, the project will invite proposals for grants of up to £10,000 for "scientists in congregations" to promote greater understanding of the relationship between science and faith.
While some contemporary scientists who are atheists - such as Richard Dawkins in his book The God Delusion - have termed faith not credible, and even delusional, others within science do not see the two as being mutually exclusive.
One of those leading the programme is the Rev Prof David Wilkinson, an astrophysicist in the department of theology and religion at Durham University.
"Too often Christian leaders have felt that science is a threat or have felt a lack of confidence in engaging with it," he says.
Prof Wilkinson became a Methodist minister after training and working in theoretical astrophysics on the origin of the universe.
"Many of the questions that faith and science posed to each other were fruitful," he says.
"For many different folk both inside and outside the church, science and religion don't have a simplistic relationship - and the model that says science has to be pitted against religion doesn't explain the history of a very interesting interaction.
"Today, many cosmologists are finding that some questions go beyond science - for example, where does the sense of awe in the universe come from?"
The idea of a battle between the two dates back to the medieval Church's condemnation of Galileo for his discovery that the Earth moves around the Sun rather than vice versa.
It took hundreds of years for the Church to admit that Galileo had a point.
But the real narrative of a conflict between science and religion was developed in the late 19th Century, and has proved remarkably persistent - not least because it makes for lively debates on TV, radio and the internet.
Many have said that science deals with facts, while religion deals with faith, though many others today say the two have overlapping interests - arguing that both share a desire to find out what is behind the Universe.
However, more recently, arguments over creationism and intelligent design have sometimes pitted one against the other.
"The old distinction that science is about facts and religious belief is about faith is far too simplistic," says Prof Wilkinson.
"Science involves evidence, but it also involves skills of judgement, and skills of assessing evidence.
"After all, you only have a limited amount of evidence to base your theory, and you have to trust your evidence - which isn't far from being Christian.
"It doesn't involve blind faith - and indeed religion is not good religion if it is simply based on blind faith.
"Christianity has to be open to interpretation about its claims about the world and experience."
For Prof Wilkinson, the two are absolutely not mutually exclusive.
Living scientists with religious beliefs
Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the world wide web, Unitarian Universalism
Sir Colin John Humphreys, physicist, president of Christians in Science
Ahmed Zewail, 1999 Nobel Prize for chemistry, Muslim
Simon Conway Morris, palaeontologist, Christian
Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow, astrophysicist and former chairman of the Royal Society, churchgoer who doesn't believe in God
He cites The Goldilocks Enigma by Paul Davies and his idea that, like the porridge in the tale of Goldilocks and the three bears, the universe seems to be "just right' for life" in many intriguing ways.
"I've had moments of 'Wow,' like that - where you are struck by the beauty and elegance not just of the Universe but the beautiful, simple laws of physics that underlie the Universe," Prof Wilkinson says.
That sense of wonder is echoed by Catholic priest and particle physicist Father Andrew Pinsent, who worked at the Cern laboratory.
Now research director at the Ian Ramsey Centre for Science and Religion at the University of Oxford, he believes it is "an extremely promising" time for research on science and religion.
However, he fears that the old "conflict metaphor" has been revived, and is shaping the way many think - especially if they have little actual knowledge of either science or religion.
Fr Pinsent welcomes the idea of training priests to have scientific knowledge, saying knowledge is an intrinsic good.
"Many priests already have considerable scientific training," he says.
"For example, when I trained as a Catholic priest in Rome, 10% of the seminarians in my college had higher degrees in science and medicine, whereas the average of the UK population is estimated to be under 1.5%.
"Moreover, two of the most important theories of modern science, genetics and the big bang, were both invented by priests."
He says that as a particle physicist, he was always impressed by the discovery of "beautiful patterns and symmetries in nature, mathematics at a deep level, and the extraordinary properties of light".
"These discoveries cannot, in themselves, be used to construct a formal proof of the existence of God, but they do evoke a sense of wonder to which a religious response is natural," he says.
Other scientists agree that the long-standing idea of a war between science and religion is a misconception - though they would not necessarily see the two as natural partners.
James D Williams, lecturer in science education at the University of Sussex, says: "Where we have issues, they generally revolve around people trying to reconcile science and religion or using religion to refute science.
"This misunderstands the nature of science.
"Science deals in the natural, religion the 'supernatural'.
"Science seeks explanations for natural phenomena, whereas religion seeks to understand meaning in life."
"In my view, science and religion cannot be integrated, that is, science cannot answer many of the questions religion poses and, likewise, religion cannot answer scientific questions."


A man who robbed a pensioner on his doorstep has been jailed for over four years after he dropped a receipt bearing his name at the crime scene.

Leon Johnson brutally attacked the man and stole his wallet in Acocks Green, Birmingham, in December 2016.
After police spotted a Cash Converters receipt bearing his name, Johnson initially claimed he was a good Samaritan who had tried to intervene.
But CCTV showed him carrying out the attack and he admitted robbery.
More on this and other stories from Birmingham and the Black Country
He was jailed for four years and eight weeks at Birmingham Crown Court on Monday.
Police said the victim suffered cuts to his head and a severely bruised eye socket after the attack.
Johnson, 35, of Bromyard Road, Hall Green, had been serving a suspended sentence for battery at the time of the attack.
Det Con Tom Lyons, from West Midlands Police, said clothes stained with the victim's blood had been found in Johnson's washing machine.
"This was a particularly traumatic experience for the elderly man who was assaulted for a relatively small amount of gain for Johnson," he said.


The rescue of more than 600 migrants off Libya  on Saturday by a flotilla of EU ships took the weekly total to at least 13,000, Italian authorities say.

The rescues were the latest by a patrol of Italian, German and Irish ships operating in the Mediterranean.
Spring weather has led to a surge of people attempting the perilous crossing from Africa to Europe.
It is now the main migration route since an EU-Turkey deal curbed numbers sailing to Greece.
An Irish vessel saved 123 migrants from a people's smugglers' rubber dinghy on Saturday, the Irish military said, while the Italian coastguard said a German ship had carried out four rescue operations from similar unseaworthy vessels.
Meanwhile, about 4,000 migrants plucked from the sea earlier in the week arrived in Italy on Saturday. Many others are known to have drowned.
In one dramatic operation caught on camera by Italian rescuers on Wednesday, a migrant boat overturned after spotting a patrol boat.  The Italian navy rescued 562 people, whil five died.
The same patrol boat rescued a further 108 migrants in another incident later that day.
On Tuesday, another 3,000 people were rescued from smugglers' boats.
Most migrants are fleeing conflict and poverty in Africa and the Middle East.
Under a European Union plan, tens of thousands of those rescued at sea were supposed to be relocated to other EU countries from Italy and Greece, where most land.
However anti-migrant sentiment in other countries have meant that few of have actually been transferred.
A note on terminology: The BBC uses the term migrant to refer to all people on the move who have yet to complete the legal process of claiming asylum. This group includes people fleeing war-torn countries such as Syria, who are likely to be granted refugee status, as well as people who are seeking jobs and better lives, who governments are likely to rule are economic migrants.


A prosecutor has told the jury that Dzhokar Tsarnaev "wanted to punish America" when he and his brother planted bombs at the Boston Marathon.

His lawyers admit he carried out the attacks but say he was under the influence of his radicalised brother.
If found guilty, the 21-year-old, who is charged with 30 counts, will face life imprisonment or execution.
The jury is to begin their deliberations on Tuesday, after both sides finished their closing arguments.
Three people, including an eight-year-old boy, died after two pressure cooker bombs packed with nails, ball bearings and other shrapnel detonated in April 2013. More than 260 people were injured, with many losing limbs. A police officer was shot dead during the massive manhunt.
Assistant US Attorney Aloke Chakravarty said that Mr Tsarnaev targeted the marathon in 2013, because it was a day when the world's attention would be focused on Boston.
"He wanted to terrorise this country,"  the prosecutor said as closing arguments began at the trial in Boston.
"The defendant thought that his values were more important than the people around him. He wanted to awake the mujahedeen, the holy warriors," he said.
"He wanted to terrorise this country. He wanted to punish America for what it was doing to his people."
Mr Tsarnaev shook his head slightly when Mr Chakravarty referred to him as a terrorist.
As expected, defence attorneys underscored their argument that Mr Tsarnaev was acting under the influence of his elder brother, Tamerlan, who orchestrated the plot.
"Tamerlan built the bombs, Tamerlan murdered officer Collier, Tamerlan led and Dzhokhar followed," lead defence lawyer Judy Clarke said.
"We don't deny that Dzhokhar fully participated in the events, but if not for Tamerlan, it would not have happened," Ms Clarke also said.
She repeatedly referred to him as a "teenager" and as a "kid".
The court was filled with people who have been affected by the bombings and the subsequent manhunt - prosthetics, wheelchairs, and hearing aids have all been seen in the courtroom.
Defence lawyers have maintained that his 26-year-old brother, Tamerlan, who died during a massive manhunt, had orchestrated the attacks and by doing so they hope to spare their client the death penalty.
If convicted, a second phase will determine the punishment, and the jury will have to decide whether he will be put to death.
The attacks were the deadliest terror attack on US soil since 9/11.


The Irish government has formally bid to host two major EU bodies that will be relocated from London after Brexit.

The European Banking Authority (EBA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), based in Canary Wharf in London, employ more than 1,000 staff between them.
The Republic of Ireland has offered about €80m (£70m) across a decade to help the EMA relocate to Dublin.
Competing against other EU bids, it says a Dublin move would be the least disruptive for the agencies' staff.
The Irish application was officially submitted on Monday ahead of a midnight deadline.
Cities competing to host EMA
Cities competing to host EBA
The Irish government has committed to spending €15m (£13.5m) in the first year to help the EMA fit out the selected premises, and an annual contribution of €7m annually for rent and maintenance.
The banking and medicines agencies are seen as the first spoils of Brexit by the 27 remaining members of the EU.
The Irish government has earmarked three potential locations for the EMA headquarters, two in Dublin's docklands financial district and another by the city's airport.
Ireland's economy is likely to suffer  damage as a result of Brexit so landing one of the EU agencies would be some compensation.
The EMA looks like its best chance with the bid emphasising Ireland's expertise in life science and a proximity to London which could help the agency hold on to key staff.
However what could count against it is a previous EU commitment to spread agencies more evenly across the union.
Ireland is already home to Eurofound, an EU agency which monitors labour markets.
In the EBA bid's brochure, Irish Minister of State for Financial Services says the city offers a "seamless transition as Ireland is English speaking and culturally similar to London and is within the GMT time zone which helps maintain EBA routine option with minimal disruption".
There will be fierce competition to attract the agencies' highly skilled employees, their families and the business that comes with them. This includes about 40,000 hotel stays for visitors each year.
Each country could bid to host one or both agencies, but was only allowed one bid per agency.
European Medicines Agency (EMA)
European Banking Authority (EBA)
Frankfurt - location of the European Central Bank and a major financial centre - is seen as favourite location for the EBA, but Paris is also keen to win that contest.
The European Commission will assess the entries based on the quality of office space, job opportunities for spouses, good "European-oriented" schooling and transport links.
Accessibility and efficient infrastructure are the top two agreed criteria.
EU leaders agreed on the procedure in June, and a final decision on the relocation will be made in November.