A heating system meant to reduce bills is leaving people in fuel poverty, according to campaigners and residents.

The government wants millions of us to get heat and hot water from "district heating networks" to help meet carbon reduction targets.
But residents on some networks say they are more expensive than traditional heating and have been beset with problems.
Providers are working to tackle issues and say some schemes work brilliantly.
Instead of having a gas boiler in every home, heat networks send heat and hot water to numerous properties along a system of underground pipes from one central communal heat source.
This could be a mini-power station in the middle of a housing estate, or waste heat from a recycling plant or a factory.
Those living on the Myatt's Field North Oval Quarter estate in Lambeth, South London get heat from a small power station in a building known as the submarine. The system, run by E.on, was installed when the estate was redeveloped.
Uzoamaka Okafor, chair of the residents' association, said the problems were causing a lot of distress, particularly to elderly and vulnerable residents.
She said some smart meters did not work, which meant people were being sent high estimated bills, including some who were being asked for hundreds of pounds a month.
She said: "It's been riddled with issues, from intermittent hot water and heating, a number of outages, to concerns around high estimates bills, customer service and technical faults.
"There are lots of residents that do not put their heating on at all; they go to bed early. I've bought one resident blankets, because she's so distressed about bills she doesn't want to put the heating on."
Residents said some people were having to choose between heating and eating.
A report about the problems on the estate, written by Ruth London from Fuel Poverty Action and Stuart Hodkinson from the University of Leeds, said there had been heat outages on 48 days in four years.
It detailed individual cases of vulnerable people left without heat for weeks and months on end.
It also details the case of Edward Connell, an elderly man thought to have been suffering with a form of dementia who told people he was struggling with high bills. He died of heart failure in October. The report said there was no food in his flat when he died.
In February, after a meeting with E.on about problems on the estate, residents were sent a letter of apology by the head of the company's heat division, Jeremy Bungey.
A spokesman told the BBC E.on did not agree with all of the points raised in the report, but acknowledged there had been issues.
He said many had been resolved some time ago. He urged anyone with problems with their smart meter to get in touch.
In relation to Mr Connell, he said: "This is clearly a very sad case, but we have no insight into the wider circumstances of his death and the factors which may have led to it."
He said the company had spoken to Mr Connell a number of times when he moved into the property in 2015 and that in June, after providing a manual meter reading, he was found to be in credit.
At the moment, 200,000 people rely on district heating, but the government is championing the system and has put up Â£320m in seed funding to encourage more heat networks to be built in towns and cities across England and Wales.
It wants 18-20% of heat to come from district heating by 2050, in a bid to help meet carbon reduction targets.
According to the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy website, heat networks "have the potential to reduce heating costs, in some cases by more than 30%".
But some customers say they have not seen the promised savings, and a traditional gas boiler would be much cheaper for them.
Charles Montlake, who lives in New Capital Quay in Greenwich, South East London has district heating in his flat which is also provided by E.on.
He was given Â£669 in an out-of-court settlement with the energy giant after he lodged papers with the small claims court saying he had been overcharged for his heating for a year.
E.on says it believes it offers Mr Montlake value for money.
Unlike traditional energy customers, people like Mr Montlake on district heating cannot go to Ofgem to complain about bills, because district heating is currently largely unregulated.
Customers can go to the energy ombudsman and a body set up by a number of providers called the Heat Trust, but their powers are limited.
And while traditional power users can switch suppliers if they are not happy with pricing or customer service, those on district heating are locked into long contracts.
Mr Montlake told 5 live Investigates: "Our contract is for 25 years, so our current alternatives are move or don't use heat."
Ms London said she had come across contracts locking customers in for 40 and even 80 years, and estates where those who owned their own homes were moving house because they could not afford the mortgage and the heat bills.
She said the problem was particularly acute for people on low incomes, like some of those living on the Myatt's Field North Oval Quarter estate.
She said: "It's some of the worst fuel poverty we've seen.
"We're afraid the same thing is going to happen to heating systems all over the UK, where people are actually not able to cover their heating costs and they're going cold and potentially even losing their lives, as well as their health, as a result.
"The industry has to be regulated, it is absolutely not acceptable that it should be a wild-west situation where companies can do what they like."
Tim Rotheray, director of the Association of Decentralised Energy, said: "Across the country, these schemes have been lifting people out of fuel poverty and making cold homes warm.
"But any evidence of unhappy customers is a serious concern.
"A good experience for customers is not only vital for them, but also for the future of the industry.
"We recognise the new and changing nature of this industry means that sometimes quality and customer service standards are not good enough. The industry has tackled these issues head on.
"In March we launched a new task force, attended by consumer groups, investors, developers and observed by government and Ofgem.
"The group is examining both industry and regulatory options to ensure all aspects of consumer protection can be an integral part of enabling new investment."
To hear more about this story, tune into 5 live Investigates on Sunday April 30 at 11am or listen to the podcast.


Fulham boss Slavisa Jokanovic has criticised the club's transfer policy, declaring he is "not an important person" in their recruitment process.

The Serb told BBC Radio London that Craig Kline, a data analyst at the west London club, is ultimately responsible for signings.
"It generally depends on this guy [Kline] who is going to sign for us or not," Jokanovic, 48, said.
"The last decision is in the hands of this man. It is not my business."
Kline was brought to the Whites by Tony Khan, the son of the club's American owner Shahid, and has introduced statistical data to the club's recruitment.
Chief football officer Mike Rigg also has an input to transfer dealings at the Championship club.
"I'm a little bit disappointed because no one knows who this guy [Kline] is," Jokanovic added.
"Instead he's sitting in the directors box.
"I want to take responsibility for how I work with my team and how they perform but I am not part of the recruitment business. It is in the hands of people who believe they're more prepared."
Fulham have signed nine players this summer but sold striker Ross McCormack to Aston Villa for a fee of £12m on the eve of the campaign.
Jokanovic is keen to use that money to strengthen his squad but claims he has missed out on signing new players because of Kline.
"It is better to ask questions to this man as he can explain what we are going to do in recruitment," Jokanovic said.
"I've lost many players in this process in nine months. In the last two days I lost a few players who he believes are not good enough.
"I had an opinion from one of the best managers in the world on one of the players and he believes it is a good signing for us and I believe that too. Craig doesn't believe it is a good signing for us and this guy is not with us."


A porcelain plate that until recently hung on a woman's wall has been valued at £60,000, ahead of its auction.

The item, which carries the reign mark for Chinese Emperor Yongzheng, has a white-on-blue floral design and dates back to 1723-1735.
The plate was bought by Scot Alexander Robertson, who made his fortune in the US in the early 20th Century.
The current owner said it had been passed down to a relative who had kept it on her wall in an ornamental holder.
Making his money in banking, Robertson collected fine art and it is believed he purchased the Chinese plate in 1911.
He had no children and on his death in 1922 his possessions were divided between Scottish relations.
Despite being valued at £20,000 on the Antiques Roadshow in the 1990s, the plate remained on everyday display.
The owner, who asked to remain anonymous, said: "My auntie, who lived with my granny, used to hang it on the wall but I was too scared to have it on show when my family inherited it two years ago. I put it away in a box inside a cupboard.
"I hope someone buys it who will cherish it - and be brave enough to have it on display."
Charles Hanson, of Hansons Auctioneers in Etwall, Derbyshire, said: "The plate is exceptional and it's in good condition - even though granny did put a metal plate mount around it.
"A similar dish is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York."
The plate has a guide price of £40,000-£60,000 but Mr Hanson thinks it could well fetch "far more" when it is auctioned on 29 September.


The number of people claiming unemployment benefits in Northern Ireland continued to fall in June.

The claimant count was down by 600 over the month to 30,500, which was the 16th consecutive monthly decrease.
However, the figures also suggest that economic inactivity is rising again.
Economic inactivity refers to people of working age who are neither in work or looking for a job.  The rate in Northern Ireland is persistently above the UK average.
It had been on a downward trend from 2013/14 but has now increased over the last three quarters.
The inactivity rate now stands at 27.4% compared to a UK rate of 21.5%.
Of the estimated 321,000 economically inactive people in Northern Ireland, just under a third were long-term sick or disabled.
Just over a quarter were students, 23% were looking after the family/home, 10% were retired and 8% cited another reason for inactivity.
In 2015, the Northern Ireland Executive published a strategy for tackling economic inactivity.
It aimed to support people with work-limiting health conditions, lone parents and people with caring commitments to get back into work.
The strategy has not been implemented due to budget pressures.


Protests have broken out across the US following a grand jury's decision not to charge a policeman over the death of unarmed black teenager Michael Brown.

Demonstrators have taken to the streets in Ferguson, Missouri, as well as in cities around the country.
There were weeks of unrest earlier this year after Mr Brown was shot by police officer Darren Wilson on 9 August.
State prosecutor Robert McCulloch announced the decision and said the jury exhaustively examined evidence.
Mr Brown's mother burst into tears as the announcement was made. His family have called for calm.
Mr Brown's family has now issued a statement saying they were "profoundly disappointed that the killer of our child will not face the consequence of his actions".
Police have said there was a struggle between the teenager and the officer before the shooting.
Shots were fired and cars and buildings set on fire as part of the outcry. Police responded with smoke and tear gas to try to move crowds.
Many people have called for Mr Wilson to be charged with murder.
President Barack Obama made a statement urging Americans to accept "that this decision was the grand jury's to make,'' and calling for protests to be peaceful.
Thousands of people protested around the country, including in New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia and Washington DC.
Protesters have been chanting, "Hands up, don't shoot" - a reference to statements by some witnesses who said Mr Brown had his hands up in apparent surrender to the officer when he was shot.
Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter and Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube


Asisat Oshoala's double saw Arsenal Ladies beat Notts County to boost their chances of securing Champions League football next season, despite having only 10 players for the last half hour.

Notts edged a tight first half lacking clear-cut chances, but Arsenal led when Oshoala profited from a poor backpass to run through and slot home.
Gunners goalkeeper Emma Byrne was then sent off for bringing down Ellen White.
But Oshoala's shot sealed the win after a mistake by goalkeeper Megan Walsh.
The victory means Arsenal still have a remote chance of winning the league on goal difference.
But they would need to win all of their remaining four Women's Super League games and hope unbeaten leaders Man City lose all three of theirs - as well as overturning a goal difference of 18.
However, Arsenal are only two points behind second-placed Chelsea giving the Gunners a much more realistic chance to play in Europe next season.
The Blues - who thrashed Birmingham earlier on Sunday - have played a game less, but still have to meet Manchester City.
Arsenal defender Casey Stoney:
"It was a great result and pleasing when you go down to ten. If I'm honest it was probably one of our poorest performances of the season.
"It was more their errors than our creativity but having said that, you'll take three points here and it means we've beaten them four times this season.
"We've played in games this season where we have dominated and ended up losing so it was a reverse of that today and we were clinical when we needed to be.
"We'll keep fighting for the Champions League and keep trying to win games. We're relying on other teams to do us a favour but whilst were still up there, we'll keep going."
Notts manager Rick Passmoor:
"It's disappointing because you can legislate for individual errors and that's what it was.
"We were on top for long periods and they were hitting us on the counter attack, which they looked very dangerous on. However, I'm really pleased with everything apart from them two sloppy mistakes.
"It's good to see that we are performing again, it's good to see that we are putting a marker down but we need to take that into the next five games."
Match ends, Notts County Ladies 0, Arsenal Ladies 2.
Second Half ends, Notts County Ladies 0, Arsenal Ladies 2.
Corner,  Notts County Ladies. Conceded by Sari van Veenendaal.
Attempt saved. Jessica Clarke (Notts County Ladies) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Attempt saved. Fern Whelan (Notts County Ladies) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the top left corner.
Hand ball by Asisat Oshoala (Arsenal Ladies).
Attempt saved. Danielle Carter (Arsenal Ladies) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Attempt missed. Vicky Losada (Arsenal Ladies) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left.
Corner,  Notts County Ladies. Conceded by Dominique Janssen.
Attempt blocked. Angharad James (Notts County Ladies) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt saved. Aivi Luik (Notts County Ladies) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Substitution, Arsenal Ladies. Dominique Janssen replaces Emma Mitchell.
Corner,  Notts County Ladies. Conceded by Josephine Henning.
Attempt saved. Jordan Nobbs (Arsenal Ladies) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Foul by Laura Bassett (Notts County Ladies).
Asisat Oshoala (Arsenal Ladies) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Aivi Luik (Notts County Ladies) left footed shot from the left side of the box is too high.
Emma Mitchell (Arsenal Ladies) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Jessica Clarke (Notts County Ladies) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Emma Mitchell (Arsenal Ladies).
Attempt missed. Rachel Williams (Notts County Ladies) right footed shot from the left side of the box misses to the right.
Substitution, Arsenal Ladies. Kelly Smith replaces Daniëlle van de Donk.
Jo Potter (Notts County Ladies) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Vicky Losada (Arsenal Ladies).
Goal!  Notts County Ladies 0, Arsenal Ladies 2. Asisat Oshoala (Arsenal Ladies) with an attempt from very close range to the centre of the goal following a corner.
Corner,  Arsenal Ladies. Conceded by Jo Potter.
Corner,  Arsenal Ladies. Conceded by Megan Walsh.
Attempt saved. Danielle Carter (Arsenal Ladies) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top left corner.
Attempt saved. Danielle Buet (Notts County Ladies) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Substitution, Notts County Ladies. Taome Oliver replaces Ellen White because of an injury.
Substitution, Arsenal Ladies. Sari van Veenendaal replaces Katie McCabe.
Emma Byrne (Arsenal Ladies) is shown the red card.
Ellen White (Notts County Ladies) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Emma Byrne (Arsenal Ladies).
Corner,  Notts County Ladies. Conceded by Casey Stoney.
Attempt blocked. Jessica Clarke (Notts County Ladies) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt missed. Jessica Clarke (Notts County Ladies) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Attempt saved. Danielle Carter (Arsenal Ladies) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Attempt missed. Angharad James (Notts County Ladies) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Corner,  Notts County Ladies. Conceded by Josephine Henning.


A man has been found guilty of murdering five members of his wife's family in Sydney.

Robert Xie killed brother-in-law Min Lin, Mr Lin's wife Lily, their sons Henry, 12, and Terry, 9, and Mrs Lin's sister Irene, in a crime that shocked Australia in 2009.
His murder conviction on Thursday ends a legal saga that has spanned three years and four murder trials.
"I did not murder the Lin family, I am innocent," Xie said after the verdict.
The New South Wales Supreme Court heard evidence Xie, 53, resented Mr Lin, 45, because he was perceived as the better businessman within the extended family.
"These perceptions invoked intense emotions on his behalf including anger and resentment and that the accused directed these emotions at Min and his wife," prosecutor Tanya Smith said at the trial's outset, according to the Sydney Morning Herald.
"Also he was hurting the people that had not given him the respect and admiration he believed he was entitled to."
The court heard Xie took a hammer-like weapon to the family's North Epping home, in Sydney's northwest, sometime after 02:00 on 18 July 2009.
He bludgeoned them to death.
Xie was charged with murder in 2011 after police forensic officers found a blood stain in his garage. They alleged it contained DNA of four of the five victims.
The judge accepted a majority verdict of 11 to one after the jury failed to reach a unanimous decision.
A jury in a separate trial last year failed to reach a verdict. The other two trials were aborted for legal reasons.
Xie did not give evidence at any of the trials.
He was supported throughout by his wife, Kathy, who cried after the verdict and proclaimed his innocence.
Her parents hugged the prosecutor in another part of the court.


Patients at GP surgeries in Lincolnshire have been urged to postpone non-urgent appointments after Friday's global cyber-attack.

Computer systems in the county's GP surgeries are currently switched off so the virus can be dealt with.
Kieran Sharrock, medical director of the Lincolnshire Local Medical Committee (LMC), said patients should only visit their GP in an emergency.
Some hospital appointments have also been suspended.
More on this and other local stories in Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire LMC represents about 450 GPs at 100 practices across the county.
Dr Sharrock, a GP in Spilsby, said: "We don't have access to any medical records, prescriptions, blood test or X-ray results, so if people are coming for routine appointments, for follow-ups or for a new problem which isn't urgent or an emergency, we're asking for them to postpone that."
The NHS has issued advice about the possibility of further cyber-attacks at GP surgeries if computers are switched on before updates are applied.
Lincolnshire is one of seven NHS trusts, out of the 47 that were hit, that is still facing serious issues.
Routine hospital appointments in Lincoln, Boston and Grantham have also been suspended.
However, chemotherapy treatments and antenatal appointments are going ahead as planned.
One patient affected by the attack is Steve Helmer, from Nettleham, near Lincoln, who is awaiting test results to see if he has lung cancer.
He said: "If I've got cancer and I've got to have chemotherapy my life is going to be cocked-up until either the chemotherapy ends, or the inevitable," he said.
However, he said the worst part was not knowing.
Mr Helmer was due to attend an appointment on Monday, which was cancelled.
"It's not their fault - and it's not my fault but this is what it does to people," he said.
"It totally and utterly trashes them."
Mark Brassington, chief operating officer at United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust, said staff were working hard to resolve the problem and, by Monday afternoon,  "significant progress" had been made restoring IT systems.
In a statement he said people should attend booked outpatients appointments and operations as planned on Tuesday unless they receive a telephone call to the contrary.
He said: "Patients who do attend for their appointments are asked to bear with our staff, as some imaging results may not be immediately available and systems are running slowly in some areas.
"We are still in a major incident, so we would like to remind patients to use our A&E wisely and only attend in life threatening or emergency situations."
He said the close integration between hospitals, GP surgeries and other health services had exacerbated the problem in Lincolnshire.
Read more:
The virus that hit the NHS in England and Scotland, known as Wanna Decryptor or WannaCry, has infected 200,000 machines in 150 countries since Friday.
A security update - or patch - was released by Microsoft in March to protect against the virus, but it appears many NHS organisations had not applied it.
In addition many NHS computers were running with the old Windows XP operating system, which is no longer supported by Microsoft and so vulnerable to attack.
Microsoft rushed out a patch over the weekend to deal with the latest threat.


HMP Channings Wood has been described as a "prison in decline" in a report by the chief inspector of prisons.

In his report Peter Clarke said the Devon jail was struggling to cope and safety had deteriorated.
He found inmates did not feel safe and the level of violence had "increased noticeably" since the last inspection in 2012.
Michael Spurr from the National Offender Management Service said he recognised immediate action was needed.
More on the prison 'struggling to cope', and other news
The prison, in the village of Denbury, held just over 700 prisoners at the time of the unannounced inspection in October 2016.
Mr Clarke said: "The senior management team had a number of vacancies, including that of deputy governor, all of which left substantial strategic and operational gaps.
"As a result, our major concern is that the prison just doesn't have the necessary strategies, plans or resources at a senior level to halt the deterioration."
Inspectors were concerned to find that:
Mr Spurr said "experienced senior leaders" had been appointed who would be working in the prison and supporting the governor to tackle the issues raised in the report.
"More prison officers have been recruited to help tackle violence and the prison has increased the use of metal detectors to help find weapons and mobile phones," he said.


Intelligence agency GCHQ has accredited six UK universities to teach specialist master's degree courses to future internet security experts.

The degrees form part of the UK's cyber security strategy published in 2011.
The strategy recognised that education was key to improving defences against hackers and online fraud.
Cabinet Office minister Francis Maude said internet cyber security was a "crucial part" of the government's long-term plan for the British economy.
He said the courses would help to make the "UK one of the safest places in the world to do business online".
He said: "Through the excellent work of GCHQ, in partnership with other government departments, the private sector and academia, we are able to counter threats and ensure together we are stronger and more aware."
UK universities were invited to submit their master's degree courses for certification.
The universities now running GCHQ-approved programmes in cyber security are Edinburgh Napier University, Lancaster University, the University of Oxford and Royal Holloway, University of London.
GCHQ has also given provisional accreditation to Cranfield University's cyber defence and information assurance course, and the University of Surrey's information security course.
A spokesman for GCHQ said the universities "were judged to provide well-defined and appropriate content, delivered to the highest standard".


US President Donald Trump is interviewing candidates for the position of national security adviser.

He has selected four candidates: adviser Keith Kellogg; former UN ambassador John Bolton; Lt Gen H R McMaster; and Lt Gen Robert Caslen.
The role became vacant when Lt Gen Michael Flynn was fired after just three weeks and three days in the job.
Mr Trump's first choice, Retired Vice Admiral Robert Harward, turned down the role, citing "personal reasons".
Gen Flynn stepped down after misleading Vice-President Mike Pence over his conversations with Russia's ambassador to the US.
When asked about speculation that he was not allowed to bring his own staff at the National Security Council, Mr Harward told the Associated Press: "I think that's for the president to address."
Retired general and former CIA chief David Petraeus is also no longer a candidate, Mr Trump's press secretary Sean Spicer said on Saturday.
Mr Petraeus retired as CIA director in 2012 after it emerged he had given top-secret material to his biographer, with whom he was also having an extramarital affair.
Keith Kellogg, a retired three-star lieutenant general who became a security consultant for software giant Oracle Corp, and has been acting national security adviser for the past week.
H.R. McMaster, a lieutenant general with the Army who has served in Iraq and Afghanistan, where he worked on a government anti-corruption drive.
Robert Caslen, an Army lieutenant general who is the superintendent of the US Military Academy at West Point.
John Bolton is a career diplomat and lawyer rather than a military man, and served as George W Bush's hawkish ambassador to the United Nations from August 2006 to December 2006.
Five big questions after Flynn's resignation
President Trump deflected accusations that he was struggling to find a replacement for Gen Flynn, telling reporters on Air Force One on Saturday that he had "many, many that want the job".
The president is spending the weekend at his properties in Florida for the third week in a row. He has called his Florida Mar-a-Lago club the "Southern White House".
On Saturday, Mr Trump held what the White House called "a campaign rally for America" in Florida in which he again attacked the media, saying they did not want to "report the truth".
The comments came two days after he held a press conference criticising the media, whom he later referred to as "the enemy of the people".
In response, the Republican senator John McCain told NBC: "If you want to preserve democracy as we know it you have to have a free and, many times, adversarial press and without it I'm afraid that we would lose so much of our individual liberties over time. That's how dictators get started."


Male boxers will not wear protective headgear at Rio 2016 after the International Olympic Committee ratified the rule change by the sport's governing body.

The International Boxing Association (AIBA) adopted the change for amateur fighters three years ago.
Female fighters will continue to wear headgear.
Boxers have worn headgear in every Olympics since the 1984 Los Angeles Games.
The change will result in a decrease in concussions, AIBA president Ching-Kuo Wu predicted.
IOC spokesman Mark Adams said: "AIBA provided medical and technical data that showed the number of concussions is lower without headgear. They have done a lot of research in the last three years. The rule will go ahead for Rio."
However, the rule has not yet been implemented for women due to a relative lack of data on head injuries in the comparatively young sport of female boxing.


Fears are growing over the health of Greek banks after indications that savers have withdrawn billions of euros in the past week.

The pace of withdrawals has gained speed as talks between the government and its creditors have collapsed.
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England captain Alastair Cook has said there is no batting practice planned for the team bonding trip to Spain.

Media playback is not supported on this device
A 14-man squad leaves on Saturday for a four-day clinic with new coach Trevor Bayliss before the Ashes on 8 July.
"We don't need to constantly train, we don't lose it in two or three days of not picking up a bat," said Cook.
"We're in a unique situation, that 11 days before an Ashes series none of us had met the new coach before, so going away seemed to be the best option."
The skipper, who has won three and lost two of his Ashes campaigns, claims winning this summer's five-match series would be the greatest achievement of his career.
Cook, 30, has won 114 caps and eclipsed Graham Gooch's record as England's leading Test run-scorer last month.
Australia begin their defence of the Ashes in Cardiff next month, having won back the urn in emphatic fashion with a 5-0 win last year.
"From where we've been if we did win the Ashes that would be remarkable, something I'd be very proud of. It would be my best achievement," Cook said.
Cook highlighted the first Test against New Zealand at Lord's last month as a key moment for his side's season. England won the match by 124 runs having recovered from 30-4 on the opening morning, with Joe Root and Ben Stokes putting on 161 in 32 overs.
"To me the summer started with that partnership," said Cook.
"The way they played was very un-English - a counter-attack scoring at six runs an over rather than trying to scrape through - and from that moment on there was a sea change in everyone's mentality."
Under captain Eoin Morgan and temporary coach Paul Farbrace, England won an entertaining one-day series against New Zealand 3-2 and also captured the one-off Twenty20 international against the Kiwis.
"English cricket feels good at the moment," Cook added. "Being away from the international game for a couple of weeks while the one-dayers have been on, the way Eoin and Paul have led that team, the cricket they have played has been fantastic to watch.
"I couldn't have been more proud. Five or six of those guys who were heavily involved in that team are going to be heavily involved in the Ashes and absolutely we can use some of that."
Morgan made 322 runs at an average of 64 in the one-day series and Cook said the left-hander could in contention for a Test return, having played the last of his 16 matches in February 2012.
"He is a world-class player and it has turned round beautifully for him in the past couple of months. You have to earn the right for selection but he is always slightly ahead of a few people because we know he can handle the big stage."
England bowler Stuart Broad says it will not be a major issue for the first Australian coach of the England team to be facing the country of his birth.
"It's an interesting dynamic but it's great for us as players - we can pick his brains of how Australia like to play, what their potential weaknesses can be," said Broad.
"He's going to be wearing three lions on his chest and he'll be desperate for England to make a stamp on that series."


Experts have scientific proof that us humans really do fall in love with our dogs.

Our bond with our furry friends has a lot to do with their puppy dog eyes.
That's because when a dog owner looks their pooch in the eye it often causes an increase in a chemical in their bodies which creates feelings of love.
The chemical, called oxytocin, helps parents bond with babies when they look at them.
Researchers had the lovely job of collecting wee from dogs and their owners before and after a 30-minutes together
The samples showed that those pairs who gazed at each most had the greatest amount of oxytocin in their wee.
The research was done by scientists at Azabu University in Japan.
The scientists say if you want to get the best out of your pet you need to look into their eyes rather than just telling them what to do.


French accident investigators released their final report into Germanwings Flight 4U 9525, which crashed in the Alps in March 2015, about a year later.

Their evidence, obtained from the cockpit voice recorder and other information outlines in more detail how co-pilot Andreas Lubitz, 28, brought down the Airbus.
So how did this final half hour unfold?
Germanwings flight 4U 9525 took off from Barcelona Airport in Spain heading for Duesseldorf, Germany, with 150 people on board, at 09:00 GMT on 24 March.
The Airbus 320 began travelling over the sea towards France, taking about half an hour to climb to 38,000ft (11,600m).
It should have been a two-hour flight and, in the first 20 minutes, the pilots could be heard discussing the stop-over at Barcelona with a flight attendant.
At 09:30 the plane made its final contact with air traffic control - a routine message about permission to continue on its route. Everything seemed to be going as planned.
Shortly afterwards, the captain told the co-pilot he was leaving the cockpit and asked him to take over radio communications. The cockpit door is heard opening and closing on the recording.
Seconds later, shortly before 09:31, the selected altitude was changed from 38,000 ft to 100 ft and the plane began its descent.
At 09:33, the plane's speed increased. Air traffic control contacted the co-pilot - and continued to do so over the coming minutes - but received no answer.
A buzzer requesting access to the cockpit sounded at 09:34. Knocking and muffled voices asking for the door to be opened  can be heard until the end of the recording.
At 09:39, "noises similar to violent blows on the cockpit door were recorded on five occasions" over the course of a minute. The flight crew of another plane also tried to make contact with the cockpit by radio around this time.
In the next minute - 93 seconds before impact - "low amplitude inputs" on the co-pilot's flight controls were recorded. But the level of movement was too low to disengage the autopilot, so the input made no change to the flight path.
The "Terrain, Terrain, Pull Up, Pull up" warning was triggered at 09:40: 41 and it continues until the end of the recording at 09:41:06.
French prosecutor Brice Robin gave details of events on board the Airbus when he briefed journalists after the cockpit voice recorder was analysed in the days after the crash.
During the first 20 minutes of the flight, he said, the co-pilot's responses were courteous but he became "curt" when the captain began the mid-flight briefing on the planned landing.
It was shortly after this that the captain left the cockpit, probably to go to the toilet, and within seconds Lubitz had altered the flight monitoring system to send the aircraft into descent.
"This action on the altitude controls can only be deliberate," said Mr Robin.
In the 10 minutes it took for the plane to plummet through the sky, Lubitz did not say a word and his breathing remained normal - despite repeated attempts by crew members and air traffic control to get him to respond.
The Airbus descended at a rate of about 3-4,000ft per minute. The last radar contact was at 09.40:47 GMT at 6,175ft.
During the very last moment of the recording passengers can be heard screaming. Mr Robin said he believed they were unaware of what was happening in the cockpit up until this point.
The plane hit the mountain at 700km/h (430mph) an hour.  "Death was instant," he added.


Watford have signed Mario Suarez from Fiorentina for an undisclosed fee, the midfielder signing a four-and-a-half-year deal.

Suarez, 28, played 13 times for the Serie A side this season after signing from La Liga side Atletico Madrid.
He spent five years at the Spanish club, where he won the league title, Spanish Cup and Europa League.
That included a season with current Hornets boss Quique Sanchez Flores, before Diego Simeone took over.
Suarez is Watford's third signing of the transfer window after bringing in goalkeeper Costel Pantilimon and forward Nordin Amrabat.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


"If I went there that night and it had have been more difficult, 100%, I wouldn't have tried anything."

It was less than three years ago that Tiarna Dorton tried to take her own life by jumping from a road bridge onto Belfast's Westlink.
"I can remember the smell of the tarmac. It had been raining," she told BBC News NI.
The attempt caused serious injuries and she now uses a wheelchair. But she has come out the other side, in her words, in a better place.
Now, she's sharing her story in an effort to improve safety measures at the Divis Bridge.
On Thursday, a local group walked to the bridge from Grosvenor Bridge as part of a call for higher barriers.
If those had have been in place when Tiarna tried to take her own life, she said she would have turned away.
"I'm not much of a climber, it would have put me off," she said.
"People might say that if they're going to do it, they're going to do it.
"But if it had have been a bit of a struggle to do it, then I might have been more inclined to talk to someone instead."
The group behind Thursday's campaign event were the Square Cut Punt Crew, a local support group made up of people touched by issues such as homelessness, addiction and mental health problems.
The organisers are hoping the Department of Infrastructure will be moved to take action.
"We're lobbying for the department's permanent secretary, Peter May, to make a decision to raise the railings," said Alison Brennen.
The reasons for an individual attempting to take their own life are complex, but Northern Ireland has a higher rate of suicide than anywhere else in the UK.
In 2015, the rate of suicide in Northern Ireland was 19.3 deaths per 100,000 of the population - the highest on record, according to the Office of National Statistics.
These rates are even more severely felt in areas like the lower Falls Road, near Divis Bridge.
Square Cut Punt Crew began their campaign after the death of Nathan Ritchie last October.
A petition they started has gained more than 1,000 signatures.
"With Stormont being up in the air since January, we haven't been able to push," said Alison. "But we can't wait any longer.
"If there was something there, just to distract people, it would make things a wee bit more difficult."
The group pointed out that a draft strategy issued by the Department of Health - Protect Life 2 - specifically cites the use of "physical barriers" at well-known locations as an effective method in suicide prevention.
They also argued that barriers exist elsewhere in the area to protect property or prevent anti-social behaviour.
"Railings around bins in the area are even higher than those on the Divis Bridge," said group member Francine Trainor.
"In the past year spiked railings have been put up to stop bonfires being lit, but nothing has been done to stop people jumping off the bridge and losing their lives."
The Department of Infrastructure has said the bridge meets national standards, including the height requirements of the "bridge parapets".
"While engineering solutions may provide part of the answer by restricting access, in isolation they may not address the underlying problem and have the potential to reinforce the association of bridges with suicide attempts," it said.
However, it also said that it worked with other agencies to facilitate the introduction of measures at sites "identified as particularly problematic" and that "consideration is already being given to the Westlink corridor".
For Tiarna Dorton, these measures are badly needed.
"There was nothing put in place at the bridge to stop me," she said.
Despite the extensive injuries - including a broken spine and legs - Tiarna said the incident was key in turning her life around.
"Back then I was putting myself into a lot of vulnerable situations," she said.
"I realised since that I care much more about myself. That a lot of people care about me."
However, she has her concerns that others may feel like she did on that night in 2014 and that they will go to the same place.
According to Alison Brennen, Tiarna's experience is a familiar one.
"I've heard similar stories before - her story is probably the same as many people's who go to that bridge," she said.
"If you can just stop somebody for 30 seconds, they might reconsider.
"We're a group that lives locally who have experienced issues like this.
"We just think it makes sense to do something about this bridge."


Charles Eugster isn't your average professional.

True, like tens of thousands of others in his Swiss hometown of Zurich, he heads to his office most mornings, a commute that involves a walk up a steep hill for 10 minutes, a half hour train ride, followed by a 10-minute tram journey.
Once there, he works at updating his website, writing, and conducting research into ageing. What makes him exceptional is that he's doing all of that at the age of 97.
But could he be trailblazing for the rest of us?
He certainly thinks so. Dr Eugster attributes his longevity to the fact that - bar a pause in his early 80s - he has never really stopped working, and in his late 80s decided to focus on his fitness.
He worked as a dentist until he was 75, and is now an athlete who trains three days a week, holds the indoor 200m and outdoor 400m sprint world records for men over 95.
He is competing in the 100m, 200m and long jump at the British Masters Athletics Championships in Birmingham this weekend.
"I'm not chasing youthfulness. I'm chasing health. People have been brainwashed to think that after you're 65, you're finished. But retirement is a financial disaster and a health catastrophe," he says.
In that he echoes similar concerns voiced by the likes of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as well as many pensions and retirement experts, although perhaps they use less alarmist language.
"The reduction of old-age poverty has been one of the greatest social policy successes in OECD countries," a recent OECD report noted.
But it added: "As the baby boomer generation retires and pension systems continue to be reformed, the focus on preventing old-age poverty will become sharper and sources of income in old age other than those from pension systems would have to be considered."
For Charles Eugster, those other sources of income can only mean working well into our twilight years.
How to survive at work: The Business Daily team explores life in the office
Click here for more programme highlights
We're used to hearing about mounting pension liabilities in the industrialised world, what's often referred to as the pensions "time bomb".
An ageing population coupled with falling fertility rates and thus a shrinking workforce from which to extract taxes, means governments and companies are struggling to pay out the pensions of the elderly.
Compounding the problem is the fact that most of us are living longer than ever before as well as evidence showing that retired people have more health problems.
The UN estimates that globally, the number of those over 60 or over will more than double by 2050 and more than triple by the end of this century.
What's more, about half of all babies born in industrialised nations today can expect to live to 100 years.
"People seem to forget how old we are becoming," Charles Eugster says. "How on earth do you think we are going to pay for all those years of doing nothing?"
It's prompted some to argue that we need a fundamental rethink of the way we live and work. Lynda Gratton and Andrew Scott, professors at the London Business School have done just that in a book, The 100-Year Life.
They argue that that if turning 100 becomes normal, then we have to discard our idea of a traditional "three-stage life", one in which education is followed by work and then retirement.
If our working lives become a seven-decades long affair, then we cannot rely on a single period of education to prepare us for it. Instead, they argue, we will need to constantly retrain and reinvent ourselves to stay ahead of technology and the demand for changing skill sets.
It's a daunting proposal, and one that would pile the pressure on all of us to "age well" - to stay robust and healthy in order to remain a productive member of the workforce.
It is this idea of "ageing well" that Anne Karpf, a sociologist at London Metropolitan University and author of How to Age, objects to.
"People are trying to overturn the stereotypes and they erect new norms instead," she says. "We've got to be very careful not to be prescriptive in our ideas about ageing."
At the moment, the stereotype is that the elderly are often too frail to work and are therefore forced into a dependent position, either in terms of the pension they rely on or the help they require from family or social institutions.
But Anne Karpf says even those existing stereotypes are wrong. "All of us, as we go through life, have periods of fragility and dependency," she says. "This idea that the young are independent and the old are dependent is a gross simplification."
So are we living healthier as well as longer lives, or are our additional years spent in poor health? There appears to be considerable debate surrounding those questions.
Research by the National Institute on Aging (NIH) in the US, says it depends on how rich you are and your ethnic background.
Richer people live longer, healthier lives and it found, among other things, that older adults in the US were less healthy than their British counterparts at all socioeconomic levels.
"There is no physiologic reason that many older people cannot participate in the formal workforce," the NIH report concluded, "but the expectation that people will cease working when they reach a certain age has gained credence over the past century."
That expectation started in earnest after World War Two, when industrialised nations created modern pension schemes. But those pension schemes were created when life expectancy was a lot shorter.
In 1960, average life expectancy in the UK and the US was about 70, with many men retiring at 65. Today people in these countries are expected to live to about 80 - yet the average retirement age is 64.
"It is ironic that the age at retirement from the workforce has been dropping at the same time that life expectancy has been increasing," the NIH report said.
With all the talk of a pensions time bomb, the economics does not bode well for those of us looking forward to a long, financially stress-free retirement. In fact, the risk is we may start to see our increased longevity as a curse rather than an achievement.
But is the answer to spend our seventh, eighth or ninth decades in the gym, like Charles Eugster?
For those of us horrified at the suggestion, Dr Eugster has several other proposals.
As his age group grows in number, he wants better services for them, things like dating agencies, business schools and training facilities for the over 65s - anything that helps the elderly remain engaged and productive which in turn, he believes, keeps them healthier.
And on that last point, he reckons vanity is your best friend.
"Even at 87, I wanted an Adonis body, in order to turn the heads of the sexy, young 70-year-old girls on the beach," he says.
"I wanted a six-pack, but my coach said that we must first work on my bottom, which she said was a catastrophe."
For more from Manuela and the Business Daily team, listen at 08:32 GMT each weekday on BBC World Service or download the podcast and check out episodes and programme highlights here.


The latest stop-search data by Police Scotland appears to emphasise not only that there was a target culture within the force around the controversial practice, but also how poorly managed the data was in the past.

Interestingly Police Scotland released the latest quarterly data in not one, but two spreadsheets.
It should be pointed out that the release of the figures was also published on the same day as reports into the system of stop-search and the M9 crash in which two people died after their crashed car was left unattended for days.
The two spreadsheets have almost been overlooked on what has been an incredibly busy news day.
Looking at these data sets, what can we conclude?
The first spreadsheet, for April-May 2015, shows a massive reduction in the number of searches from the same period last year.
In this two-month period, officers conducted 37,162 searches - that's about the same number undertaken in just the one month of May last year.
Police Scotland, and the outgoing Chief Constable Sir Stephen House, has long denied the existence of targets and yet this data seems to suggest otherwise.
But despite these new data sets, the single police force has remained adamant that it "did not have and does not have any targets around the volume of stop and search".
Since BBC Scotland broke the story about the continued practice searching under-12s, the total number of searches has decreased steadily.
Even the independent Scott Report has stated stop-and-search use was "excessive" and that "this is emphasised by the significant reduction in its use more recently, especially since April of this year".
Some police sources also told the advisory group that the "use of the tactic took it beyond any available intelligence and best use of officer hours".
The report added: "It is clear that targets...have been a significant factor, possibly the significant factor in driving up numbers and influencing daily practice [of stop and search]".
But not only have the number of searches halved in the last year - the number of consensual searches reduced drastically from approximately 70% to 46%.
And what's more the success rate of consensual searches during these two months improved to 30% - up from 21% for the same period in 2014.
But perhaps what is more interesting is the fact that Police Scotland released a separate, second spreadsheet for the month of June.
This data has been extracted from "an enhanced national database was rolled out across Scotland on 1 June 2015 together with changes to operational practice and recording procedures."
The enhanced database apparently includes additional validations designed to improve the quality of the data by preventing inaccurate data capture through input error.
One such validation apparently includes the verification of a person's age.
These enhancements came in the wake of Sir Stephen admitting that data released to BBC Scotland was "inaccurate".
In response to the new data, a Police Scotland spokesman said: "Police Scotland has been working through a substantial programme of improvement around the use and recording of stop and search. As part of these ongoing improvements, an enhanced database was launched across Scotland on 1 June.
"Due to the improvements made, and recognising that the data captured previously is not wholly accurate, it is not appropriate to compare the new stop and search data against the historical data.
"The number of stop searches has dropped every year of Police Scotland and the number of stop searches carried out in the final years of the eight legacy forces was higher in than the first year of Police Scotland."
The fact that this data has been released separately serves to draw a line under the debacle of not only how the force has conducted searches, but also how it has recorded the search data previously.
The data includes;
A refusal is where someone refused a consensual search; a seizure is where a search was not necessary and items such as weapons or alcohol were seized.
However, the data shows that there were only 33 refusals - that means only 1% of consensual searches were denied even though a person can legally refuse to be searched.
This underlines the fact that many aren't aware of the different types of search,
Combined with the media scrutiny, the two new criteria of seizure and refusal have arguably contributed in a further decline in stop and search totals.
These 2,491 seizures of alcohol would otherwise have boosted the figures for consensual and statutory searches for example.
The segregated June data reveals there were just 11,680 searches that month - only one of which was on a minor under 12.
That compares to 42,447 searches in June 2014, a month in which 52 children were searched.
And on the topic of conducting consensual searches on children, the Scott Report noted the many ways in which "children" can be defined.
It proposed that children are not only those under 16 but those under 18 too, "as currently proposed in the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Bill."
If that's the case the latest data is even more interesting as 809 under-18s were still searched last June.
Ultimately, this is a step forward in transparency and accountability as  we are now able to search the raw data for ourselves - it's just a shame it's taken so long and so many controversies to get there.


The US military has obtained a new video of a US soldier captured in Afghanistan more than four years ago, US officials have confirmed.

It shows Sgt Bowe Bergdahl, 27, in declining health but gives his family renewed hope for his eventual return.
Sgt Bergdahl, missing since June 2009, is believed to be held in Pakistan by a group affiliated with the Taliban.
The video refers to current events, indicating the only American held prisoner in the conflict remains alive.
"As we have done so many times over the past four and a half years, we request his captors to release him safely," Sgt Bergdahl's parents, Bob and Jani Bergdahl, said in a statement on Wednesday.
US officials have confirmed the existence of the video to US media but have declined to discuss its contents.
A proposal offered by the Taliban in June to exchange Sgt Bergdahl for several top senior operatives detained at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, stalled only weeks later when the militants vowed to fight Afghan President Hamid Karzai's government.
Meanwhile, the soldier's hometown of Hailey, Idaho, has continued to remember him through special events and yellow ribbons pinned to the town's utility poles and trees.


Excited train fans in Japan have experienced the super speed of their new 311 mile an hour trains.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
17 November 2014 Last updated at 15:46 GMT
One hundred passengers whizzed along a 27 mile route on an amazing new floating train.
They 'levitate' above the train tracks using magnets - so they're nicknamed maglev trains.
The Central Japan Railway Company is testing the trains between the cities of Uenohara and Fuefuki.


A man has been charged in court with causing serious injury by dangerous driving after a motorcyclist was badly hurt in Aberdeenshire.

A 32-year-old man was taken to hospital after the accident near Mintlaw on Tuesday.
Alan Tait, 35, of Fraserburgh, faced other motoring charges, as well as possession of drugs allegations.
He made no plea at Peterhead Sheriff Court and was released on bail.


A Paralympian athlete was told by a local authority that her prosthetic limb was not proof of her disability.

Sophie Kamlish was told by Bath and North East Somerset Council that in order to renew her bus pass, she would need to provide a letter from her GP.
The sprinter had previously visited the council offices to collect her pass, but was told showing her prosthetic leg as proof would no longer count.
The council has since backtracked after she posted about the issue on Twitter.
In the post Ms Kamlish said: "The council need 'more evidence' than me turning up with no leg to renew my disabled bus pass, need a letter from GP to prove my disability".
It was retweeted more than 50 times before the council responded.
In a statement, it said: "Following Sophie Kamlish's initial telephone call to the council on Tuesday and subsequent comment on Twitter, we looked into her case and were able to send her a new bus pass on the same day."
Ms Kamlish said: "I think they clearly wanted to avoid a PR disaster, so they're going to send me one in the post now rather than make me come all the way down with a letter."
She added that it was "pretty nice" that she did not have to go through the "stress" of getting someone to write her a "sick note" in order to obtain a new pass.
The nineteen-year-old represented Great Britain at the 2012 Paralympics, and won a bronze medal at the IPC World Championships in France in 2013.


Yahoo has denied that it has made it deliberately difficult for customers to migrate to another email provider.

It follows the disabling of an email-forwarding feature which allows people to migrate automatically.
Yahoo said it was a "temporary" move while it worked on improvements.
The firm is dealing with fallout from a massive breach of customer data and accusations that it allowed the US government to spy on emails.
In a statement to the BBC, Yahoo said: "We're working to get auto-forward back up and running as soon as possible because we know how useful it can be to our users. The feature was temporarily disabled as part of previously planned maintenance to improve its functionality between a user's various accounts. Users can expect an update to the auto-forward functionality soon. In the meantime, we continue to support multiple account management. "
But some of its customers were not convinced.
"This is all extremely suspicious timing," Jason Danner, who runs an information technology business in Auckland, New Zealand, told the Associated Press. He said that he was trying to leave Yahoo after 18 years with the email provider.
Such a feature has been "a basic concept for 15 years for just about every email provider out there", added technology business owner Brian McIntosh.
"All of a sudden it's under development. And only at Yahoo," he told the Associated Press.
There are also reports that customers of BT - which outsources its webmail hosting to Yahoo - are also unable to delete BT Yahoo email services.
A spokesperson told the BBC: "We apologise to customers who have been unable to delete their Yahoo account. We are working quickly to sort this out and expect to have this fixed soon."
In September, Yahoo revealed that hackers had stolen the personal information of half a billion people in 2014, a record-breaking theft that appears to have gone undiscovered for two years.
More recently there have been accusations that Yahoo opened its users' emails to government surveillance.
The New York Times said that the FBI scanned its users' incoming emails for an unusual string of characters that had been linked to a terrorist organisation. It added that the messages were made available to the FBI, but the scans have now stopped.
The details built on an earlier report by the news agency Reuters which said Yahoo had scanned millions of its users' emails on behalf of the US government.
In response, Yahoo said the Reuters report was "misleading" and that it was "a law-abiding firm".


Stocks on Wall Street saw their biggest one day gain in eight months as investors reacted to the latest events in the US election.

Shares worldwide have risen after the FBI said Hillary Clinton should not face criminal charges over her emails.
In the US, the S&P 500 index surged 2.2%, or 46.34 points, to 2,131.52.
On Friday, the index had closed lower for the ninth trading session in a row - its worst run since December 1980.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average soared 371 points to 18,259.60,  while the tech-heavy Nasdaq index jumped 119.8 points at 5,166.17.
"Investors are reacting this morning to moving the email controversy to the sidelines, but still looking at a race that is too close to call," Art Hogan, chief market strategist at Wunderlich Equity Capital Markets said.


The wreck of a World War One German U-boat has been found off the coast of Norfolk.

Scans by windfarm developers showed the submarine lying about 55 miles (90km) east of Caister-on-Sea.
U-31 went missing in January 1915, struck a mine in the North Sea and sank. All 35 men on board died. Its whereabouts were not known until now.
As an official military maritime grave, the wreck of U-31 will remain in its final resting place.
U-31 was the first of 11 Type U-31 submarines to be commissioned by the Imperial German Navy between 1912 and 1915.
More on this story and others from Norfolk here
Numbered from 31 to 41, three surrendered and eight sank. The whereabouts of two of those that sank - including U-31 - was unknown, Mark Dunkley, marine archaeologist at Historic England, said.
He called the discovery by windfarm developers ScottishPower Renewables and Vattenfall "a significant achievement".
Scans of the seabed turned up more than 60 wrecks over a two-year period. Most of these were already known about, but the U-boat was "entirely unexpected", developers said.
At first it was thought the wreckage might be a Dutch Navy submarine, missing since June 1940, however, after several dives it was eventually found to be the much earlier German submarine.
A team from Lamlash North Sea Diving managed to get clear footage of the U-boat, lying on the seabed at a depth of 98ft (30m), allowing accurate identification of U-31.
Source: BBC iWonder/ScottishPower Renewables
"After being on the seabed for over a century, the submarine appears to be in a remarkable condition with the conning tower present and the bows partially buried," Mr Dunkley said.
"Relatives and descendants of those lost in the U-31 may now take some comfort in knowing the final resting place of the crew and the discovery serves as a poignant reminder of all those lost at sea, on land and in the air during the First World War."
Should plans for a windfarm in the area go ahead, developers have given assurances the site will not be disturbed.


Barry Ferguson insists that missing out on promotion with Clyde for a second season running has not dampened his enthusiasm for management.

And the former Rangers and Scotland captain, whose side lost to Queen's Park in the play-off final, is already making plans for another attempt.
"I've signed up five players from different clubs for next season, so there will be a few changes," he said.
"There needs to be a few changes and I need a bit more quality."
Ferguson, capped 45 times for Scotland, took over at Broadwood in June 2014 after a six-month spell as caretaker manager of Blackpool during which his side avoided relegation from England's Championship.
"This club's been in the doldrums for the last 10 years," he said of the Cumbernauld outfit who have slumped since being relegated from the second tier in 2009.
"Last year, it wasn't my squad - I think there's only two remaining of the 19 - and obviously I brought my own squad this season.
"I thought they would have been good enough, but a couple of injuries have hampered us, although I am not going to use that as an excuse.
"Overall, we should have had enough quality to win the league, but we weren't consistent enough and I am first to admit that."
Ferguson stressed that he would not be abandoning his "attack-minded" style of play.
"I have had a bit of criticism about that in the past," he admitted.
"I've got my own philosophy. Since I started my coaching badges, I've got a way of playing and sometimes the chairman says I need to calm down a wee bit.
"But that's the way I want to go. I want to play attacking football and take the game to teams."
Clyde finished third in the League Two table, beat runners-up Elgin City in the play-off semi-final but lost to the fourth-top Spiders on aggregate despite winning the second leg 1-0 at Hampden Park.
"In the first 10 minutes, we didn't start well, but then we took control of the game after that and started to pass the ball about like I wanted," added Ferguson.
"We got the penalty and then the second half petered out a bit and it wasn't what I expected.
"I told them they had to go for them and we didn't do that - and we didn't do enough on the day."


The leader of the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro, has given a rare speech on the final day of the country's Communist Party congress.

The former president, 89, acknowledged his advanced age but said Cuban communist concepts were still valid and the Cuban people "will be victorious".
It was earlier announced that Cuba's President, Raul Castro, would remain party chief for another five years.
Raul Castro, who himself is 84, is due to step down as president in 2018.
But in Cuba the role of Party secretary is considered just as powerful as president, so his announcement that he had been re-elected for another five years was significant.
Some have interpreted Fidel Castro's speech as a goodbye to the Cuban Communist Party faithful. Whether he intended it to be is another matter, but it certainly contained references to his own mortality not previously heard from him.
"I'll soon be 90" the former president told the congress, "something I'd never imagined." His longevity wasn't through effort, he said, but was rather "a whim of fate".
"Soon I'll be like all the others," he said, "to all our turn must come." State television showed at least one person in the audience of loyalists wiping tears from their eyes.
But being Fidel Castro, any admission of fallibility or weakness was immediately followed by a statement of defiance: "The ideas of Cuban Communists will remain as proof on this planet that if they are worked at with fervour and dignity, they can produce the material and cultural goods that human beings need."
Fidel Castro's speech at the five-yearly congress has been interpreted by some analysts as valedictory, but the Castro dominance in Cuban politics looks set to continue for some time yet.
Raul Castro proposed at the weekend that 60 should become the maximum age for joining the Party's central committee. Cuba has an ageing leadership - Mr Castro's deputy in the Party, Jose Ramon Machado Ventura, is 85.
But he also said that there should be a five-year transition period before that comes into force.
He will continue as Party leader until 2021, a move which the BBC's correspondent in Cuba, Will Grant, says will disappoint many Cubans who had hoped that the recent thaw in relations with Washington might also usher in a new generation of reformers in the Communist Party.


An inquest into the deaths of five men at Camber Sands will have to examine whether the local authority was to blame, a lawyer has said.

Barrister Patrick Roche represented the families of those who died at the Sussex beach last summer, at a pre-inquest review in Hastings.
Coroner Alan Craze agreed the inquest should take place before summer "in the interests of safety recommendations".
The five who died on 24 August were all from south-east London.
They were:
Two others, Brazilian Gustavo Silva Da Cruz, 19, and Mohit Dupar, 36, from Hayes, west London, lost their lives in July 2016.
Mr Dupar died in hospital on 28 July, four days after trying to rescue Mr Da Cruz.
Mr Roche said the inquest should look at whether Rother District Council "could or should" have done more given the history of Camber Sands.
He told the pre-inquest review there had been one death there in 2015, followed by the two last July, but no remedial measures came in until after the five further deaths a month later.
"This is very much a case where the court will have to examine whether the local authority is to blame for these deaths," he said.
The coroner revealed a letter had been received from a "thoroughly disaffected" ex-employee of the council who worked for the authority until 2007.
The author said that in 2007 contracts were changed, a rescue boat was sold and life-saving employees had their employment discontinued.
Mr Craze said he had no intention of calling the author to the full inquest as his evidence was by now "so peripheral", but "it does spark me to inquire into the history".
He said the full inquest would be held in Hastings from 26 June but he would defer a decision on whether or not to hold it with a jury.
Last month, Rother council allocated Â£51,000 for lifeguards at Camber this summer.
They will be stationed at the beach from the late May bank holiday until the end of the summer holidays.


Chelsea have agreed a deal to sign defender Baba Rahman from Bundesliga side FC Augsburg.

The Premier League champions confirmed the move for the Ghana international, 21, on their club website with Augsburg saying the fee will remain undisclosed.
Chelsea had been linked with the left-back after allowing Brazil international Filipe Luis to re-join Atletico Madrid earlier this summer.
He said: "I am very happy to sign for one of the biggest clubs in the world."
Chelsea manager Jose Mourinho, whose side lost 3-0 at Manchester City on Sunday, said: "It is important because he is a left-back, so he can compete with [Cesar] Azpilicueta.
"At the same time, Azpilicueta can compete with [Branislav] Ivanovic for the right-back position, so he replaces Filipe Luis in the balance of the squad."
Rahman spent 12 months with Augsburg after signing from SpVgg Greuther Fürth in August 2014, making 31 appearances for the Bavarian club last season as they qualified for the Europa League.
He was also a member of Ghana's Africa Cup of Nations squad which lost in the final to Ivory Coast in February.


Glamorgan have been chosen to host one of the experimental day-night Championship games using pink balls during the 2017 season.

A full round of four-day fixtures will be staged under floodlights for the first time.
The Welsh county take on Derbyshire in Cardiff, starting on Monday, 26 June.
Glamorgan took part in the only previous day-night Championship match, beating Kent by eight wickets in September 2011.
The experiment is designed to help England players adjust to the conditions before the first day-night Test in the UK, against the West Indies in August 2017.
It is also hoped to attract more supporters to Championship games in mid-summer, with most T20 matches in Cardiff now played under lights.
"The pink ball has probably come on a fair bit since we played in Canterbury 2011. The ball was in its infancy, it was pretty cold, a pretty forgettable experience to be honest" said Glamorgan wicket-keeper Mark Wallace, who hit a fifty in that match.
"When we played back in 2011 it was hard to see the ball, the colour wasn't quite right but I think they've sorted that out now, they've done a lot of trials and testing.
"Initially it's bizarre, it messes with your body clock but it's something that certainly has a future in our game, we'll be playing a lot more of it."
Glamorgan begin their Championship season away to Northants on April 7, after a first-class warm-up against the students of Cardiff MCCU on 28 March.
They play three four-day games before moving on to the One-Day Cup, with the 50-overs One-Day Cup competition now being played in a block between 27 April and 14 May.
Another six Championship games follow before the T20 Blast starts in its new 43-day block, beginning on 7 July.
Glamorgan stick with the same level of cricket at Swansea and Colwyn Bay as in 2016.
They face Kent in the One-Day Cup at St Helen's on May 14, and Durham in the Championship on 26 May.
The annual visit to Colwyn Bay starts on Monday 28 August, with Sussex the visitors to the Rhos-on-Sea ground.
Glamorgan will make a rare trip to Chester-le-Street starting on 19 June, after Durham were relegated to Division Two on financial grounds.
After the expansion of the division to ten teams and the cut to 14 matches, Glamorgan will not play Sussex or Nottinghamshire, but they will face Sussex at Arundel in the T20 Blast on 9 July.
The venue for their away match against Middlesex on 10 May is yet to be confirmed.


Toyota has returned to the top slot in global vehicle sales after releasing figures for the first nine months of the year.

The Japanese carmaker sold 7.5 million in the first three quarters of 2015, beating Volkswagen's 7.43 million and General Motors' 7.2 million.
After six months of the year, VW was ahead of Toyota, in pole position for the first time.
VW's emissions scandal emerged towards the end of September.
The discovery of software that was able to mislead emissions tests on diesel cars may have more effect on VW's sales in the remainder of the year.
Toyota's sales for the first nine months were 1.5% below the level at the same stage last year.
Toyota first overtook GM to take the top slot in 2008 and has kept it every year since, except 2011 when GM was the top seller after a tsunami in north-eastern Japan disrupted Toyota's production.
Separately, there was relief for General Motors on Sunday when it reached an agreement with the United Auto Workers union, averting a threatened strike.
Details of the four-year labour deal were not released. It will now go to a vote of UAW leaders and then the union's 52,700 workers at GM.
"We believe that this agreement will present stable long-term significant wage gains and job security commitments to UAW members now and in the future," said UAW president Dennis Williams.
The union had threatened that it would terminate its existing contract at midnight Eastern time on Sunday, meaning there could have been a strike.


A significant Bronze Age pottery find has been made during an archaeological dig on the east side of Lewis.

Pieces believed to date from between 1500 and 1000 BC were unearthed in the Point area.
Scottish Water had been working on a new line when a saddle quern, used for grinding corn, was spotted.
The site was initially thought to be an Iron Age dwelling but experts now believe they are dealing with something older.
The water line has been diverted and the site evaluated by a specialist team.
Archaeologist Alastair Rees said: "The pottery that we first found initially seemed to be from the Iron Age.
"But since then we have found much more pottery and it is definitely Middle Bronze Age, which is much older in date.
"So we have had to rethink the site considerably."


Aberdeen hotels are continuing to suffer from a collapse in occupancy levels and revenues, according to a report.

Business advisers BDO found occupancy in the Granite City fell year-on-year by 15.6% in February, while revenue slumped by 39.4%.
BDO said Aberdeen's hospitality sector continued to be "adversely affected" by the low oil price.
There was a mixed picture for hotels in other Scottish cities.
In Edinburgh, year-on-year occupancy rose 2.4% and revenue was up 3.5%.
Glasgow saw occupancy dip 0.9%, with rooms yield up by 5.6%. Year-on-year occupancy in Inverness was down 2.5% and revenue up 0.5%.
Occupancy rates across the UK were static, while revenue was up in Wales, regional UK and England but down in Scotland.
Alastair Rae, from BDO in Scotland, said: "Aberdeen's hospitality sector continues to be adversely affected by the low oil price which is clearly having a significant impact on occupancy and revenue levels.
"With occupancy dipping to 60.7% there will be a concern that revenues will continue to fall as demand remains as limited.
"There will be a cut-off point for many operators where they find the balance between occupancy and revenue is simply not working.
"However, for many others this will simply be a continuing challenge for them to manage.
"However, until a clear picture emerges of where the oil price is going to stabilise the hospitality sector in Aberdeen is going to continue to be hit in the months to come."
He added: "While February is traditionally quite a flat month for the hotel sector it is good news that both Edinburgh and Glasgow posted good increases in revenue, indicating a relatively strong performance in Scotland's two largest cities."


The hijacking of a Libyan plane has ended peacefully after the men who seized control surrendered in Malta.

The domestic flight with 118 people on board was hijacked after taking off from Sabha, bound for the Libyan capital Tripoli.
Instead, the Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A320 was diverted to Malta International Airport.
It appears the two hijackers are supporters of Libya's late deposed leader, Muammar Gaddafi.
Pictures of them kneeling on the tarmac with their hands up appear to show the moment they were arrested by the Maltese authorities.
All the passengers - including one infant - and a number of the crew had already been released.
Maltese Prime Minister Joseph Muscat initially said that the men had been armed with pistols and a grenade - but later tweeted that the weapons appeared to be replicas.
Mr Muscat said neither of the men, believed to be of Libyan nationality, had made any demands.
He told a press conference: "The two hijackers have been detained in custody and interrogations are ongoing. The rest of the crew and passengers are also being questioned to ascertain events.
"Once this interrogation process is completed over the next few hours arrangements will be made to send the passengers and the crew members back to Libya with another Afriqiyah aircraft."
Shortly before the incident drew to an end, one man emerged from the plane briefly and stood on the plane steps waving a green, Gaddafi-era flag - adding support to earlier suggestions they were loyalists to the former leader, killed in 2011.
Taher Siala, the foreign minister of Libya's internationally backed Government of National Accord, said the hijackers wanted to set up a pro-Gaddafi political party.
Airport security in Libya: Rana Jawad, BBC North Africa correspondent, Tunis
Airport security in Libya is as lax and chaotic as the country's' politics. Various armed groups who do not have any particular allegiance to any Libyan administration control them all.
Over the years there have been several incidents that passengers have become accustomed to, which often go unreported.  This includes planes being delayed because rival armed groups drive up the runway, or even temporarily board them if they have a particular demand or a personal axe to grind.
The capital's main airport was burned down during the 2014 rival militia clashes to control it.
Libyans already have trouble flying out of their own country, and cannot travel direct to any European country.  European airspace has been closed to all flights from Libya for over two years.  The latest incident will undoubtedly dash any hopes that a change in that reality will take place any time soon.
One of the hijackers told a Libyan television station: "We took this measure to declare and promote our new party."
Initial information had suggested the hijackers were trying to claim political asylum in Malta, the mayor of Sabha, Colonel Hamed al-Khayali, told the BBC.
The incident began after the plane took off from Sabha at 11:10 local time (08:10 GMT), landing in Malta two hours and 20 minutes later.
Mr Muscat said the passenger list included 82 men, 28 women and one baby.
Col Khayali said security at Tmenhant was poor, with a distance of 5km (3.1 miles) travel between the airport building and planes.
"That is an open space and it is possible that along that route something was smuggled on board," he said.
Malta International Airport was closed and all flights were diverted while the incident was on-going.
Libya has been in a state of chaos since the 2011 overthrow of Gaddafi, who had ruled the country since 1969.
His removal left warring militias battling for control of different parts of the country, with so-called Islamic State (IS) taking control of areas.
Forces loyal to a national unity government, backed by the UN, recently took control of the coastal city of Sirte, which had been a bastion for IS since June 2015.


A woman whose body was pulled from the Norfolk Broads at the weekend has been named.

A Home Office post mortem test on Monday revealed Annette Creegan, 49, of Mitcham, south London, is likely to have died as a result of strangulation.
Ms Creegan's body and that of a man were found in the River Bure, close to where the holiday boat they had hired was discovered.
Police are treating the deaths as a "domestic incident".
No-one else is being sought in connection with the deaths.
The man, who died as a result of drowning, will be named once further formal identification procedures have taken place.
Their bodies were found on Sunday after the woman's 13-year-old daughter was found alone on a hire boat on Saturday.
The couple were found between Salhouse Broad and Wroxham Broad.
It is thought the man, who is a foreign national, had taken his own life and might have also used another method in addition to drowning, such as taking an overdose.
It is understood the girl, who was found unharmed, was cared for and fed throughout last week and it is not thought she was locked inside the boat.
She has been interviewed by officers and is now being comforted by family members.
The detective overseeing the investigation, Det Supt Jes Fry said: "We're continuing to investigate on behalf of the coroner.
"We believe this is a domestic incident and the woman was dead before she entered the water and the male died of drowning," he said. "The concerns of the child and the rest of the family remain our priority.
"It is a tragic set of circumstances and it is up to the coroner now to carry out his process and we will act on his behalf to gather intelligence and evidence to try and built a picture of what has happened and that will be dealt with at the inquest."


In March 2014, Blaine Gibson was sitting in the living room of his childhood home, surrounded by memories.

He had held on to the small house in Carmel, California for eight years after his mother passed away, visiting occasionally from Seattle to comb through the artefacts of their family life.
Now he had finally arranged to sell the house and this was to be his last visit. With boxes of pictures and documents to sort through, daytime TV became his constant companion.
Then Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 disappeared, and Blaine Gibson was hooked.
"I was stuck in the house and it was on the rolling news all day," he says. "And it hadn't just crashed into the South China Sea, it went across the Malay Peninsula to somewhere in the Indian Ocean. It was a complete mystery."
Mr Gibson sold the house and flew back to Seattle, but the mystery of MH370 went with him. For a year he investigated quietly, reading articles and posting on a Facebook group dedicated to the disappearance, until he read that there would be a commemoration for families on the first anniversary.
A dedicated traveller, Mr Gibson had been moving from country to country with no overarching purpose. Now he sensed he had a mission. He booked a ticket to Kuala Lumpur and headed to the event.
He mingled with family members and listened to their stories. He watched as a woman called Grace stood up to talk about her mother, and it reminded him of his own late mother.
"I was touched by the plight of the families," he says. "I just couldn't imagine how they felt, knowing nothing about their loved ones for a year.
"So I just decided, I'll go look for it for myself. I always suspected that the first piece of evidence of that plane would be a piece of debris washing ashore somewhere, that someone just happened to find."
For a year Mr Gibson visited beaches from Malaysia to Mauritius to the Maldives, keeping an eye out on some and combing others. Then one ordinary day in Mozambique, scanning a coastal sandbank, he saw something that didn't belong there.
When he picked up the triangular piece of debris from the sand, it was lighter than he expected. But he felt immediately that it was from MH370. Air crash investigators working on the case have since said it "almost certainly" is.
"The question people ask me is how could you find this?. But you could ask someone how could you possibly win the lottery? Nobody looks at the huge number of times you bought tickets and didn't win. They just look at the one time you did," he says.
Listen: One man's quest to find MH370
Three months later, Mr Gibson is back in the news. His travels have taken him to Madagascar, where he has turned up what may be another piece of the puzzle - debris that appears to be part of an in-flight TV monitor.
It may be another small coup for a man operating on the fringes of a huge international search effort. Mr Gibson sees himself as an important addition to the main search, someone at ground level, in among the sand and tall grass, talking to locals.
Mr Gibson says his search for the wreckage fits in well with his love of travelling and his ambition to visit every country (current count - 177). But it's clear that there is a powerful love of mystery involved.
Before MH370 appeared on his radar, he had travelled to Russia in 1996 to investigate the so-called Tunguska event - an enormous explosion over Siberia in 1908 thought to have been caused by a meteor.
He went to Ethiopia looking for the Lost Ark of the Covenant - the chest, known to Indiana Jones fans around the world, that according to the Bible holds the Ten Commandments.
And he's dabbled in studying the collapse of the Mayan Civilisation.
He is frank about having less luck with those adventures than with MH370. "I did not find the Tunguskan meteorite," he concedes. And: "In Ethiopia I did not actually find the Ark, but I think I was near it."
But when Mr Gibson speaks, there is an almost child-like sense of awe at chasing mysteries of such scale. "I love travelling, and I love solving mysteries, and I love to do good things for people," he says.
There is also a sense that the pursuit of mystery lends purpose to an otherwise itinerant lifestyle.
"Yes it has given me purpose," he says, "and purpose in things I enjoy - travelling, meeting people, and solving mysteries.
"I've learned a lot about aviation and I've learned a lot about oceanography. I've learned something about marine biology and something about politics. And I've learned something about people too."
As for the celebrity that goes with it, he says it is "not that important" to him. He puts himself out there to publicise the search for the plane and keep it going, he says, and if that means giving interviews, so be it.
There is a limit to what Mr Gibson's suspected plane parts can tell us. The fact that they are all small suggests that the aircraft hit the water hard, rather than being glided down by a pilot, and he believes firmly that the pilots did not purposely down the plane.
They also indicate that the Australian search team is looking in roughly the right place - oceanographers predicted that aircraft parts would eventually wash up where they've been found.
But they are unlikely to ever tell us why the plane ended up thousands of miles off course, in one of the most remote corners of the earth. Realistically, unless they find the "black box" flight recorders at the bottom of the ocean, we'll never know for sure
In the meantime, Mr Gibson's quest continues. After another raft of media interviews, he's headed down the south-east coast of Madagascar and eventually to South Africa.
First though, he has to make an important stop in the Madagascan capital, Antananarivo, to turn in his new find.
"I feel very good when I hand in the debris," he says. "I feel like I have contributed something. But at the same time there is a sadness. These are pieces of evidence that the plane crashed."
And the new piece, the TV monitor case, will be the hardest, he says. Much harder than a part of a tail or wing.
"Every time you fly, you see the monitor on the back of the seat in front. For somebody, this might have been the last thing they saw."


Newcastle United's tea lady has stepped down from her match day duties after more than 50 years of service.

Kath Cassidy has served beverages to dozens of home and away players, managers and journalists at St James' Park since 1963.
To celebrate her retirement, the 88-year-old will be a special guest at the club's game against Norwich on Sunday.
Tributes have poured in from the likes of Alan Shearer, Kevin Keegan, Arsene Wenger, and Sir Alex Ferguson.
The club described her as "legendary" and "much loved".
Kevin Keegan said: "Players can be replaced, managers can be replaced, but people like you, Kath, are irreplaceable."
Sir Alex said: "Serving tea to the media cannot be an easy job so you well and truly deserve a long and happy retirement."


Republican Donald Trump has blamed the media after being accused of urging supporters to kill his Democratic rival for the White House, Hillary Clinton.

He told Fox News "dishonest" reporters had twisted his remarks, which appeared to suggest that gun rights advocates could stop Mrs Clinton if elected.
The businessman-turned-politician denied incitement and said he was exhorting his supporters to vote.
The comments on Tuesday afternoon sparked a firestorm of criticism.
Some interpreted his comments as a dark suggestion that gun owners could take up arms against Mrs Clinton, while others said they were at the very least irresponsible remarks that could have violent consequences.
The highest-ranked Republican, House Speaker Paul Ryan, said it was an inappropriate joke.
And Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren said it was a death threat by a "pathetic coward" who was sore because he was trailing in the polls to a woman.
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The controversial remarks were made at a rally in Wilmington, North Carolina, and refer to a future president's power to nominate a judge to fill a vacancy on the US Supreme Court.
The Republican presidential nominee said of his Democratic opponent: "Hillary wants to abolish, essentially abolish the Second Amendment, by the way, and if she gets to pick her judges, nothing you can do, folks.
"But the Second Amendment people, maybe there is, I don't know."
The Second Amendment enshrines the right to bear arms in the US Constitution, and there is no evidence that Mrs Clinton wants to abolish it, although she does want to tighten some restrictions.
Within minutes of him uttering the words, the criticism began to mount and Mr Trump issued a statement saying he was referring to the political power of gun rights advocates.
Hours later, Fox News host Sean Hannity told him the media had been "spinning it" differently.
Mr Trump answered by saying there could be no other interpretation of his words other than the one he had given.
"Even reporters have told me, I mean give me a break. But they're dishonest people.
"What it is is there's a tremendous power behind the Second Amendment.
"It's a political power, and there are few things so powerful, I have to say, in terms of politics."
Mr Trump's remarks come after eight days of negative headlines and falling poll numbers.
Some leading Republicans have said they cannot vote for him in November's presidential election because of his controversial comments and his hardline stance on immigration.
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Veterans of World War Two have taken part in events to mark the 70th anniversary of VJ Day, when Japan surrendered and the war ended.

A memorial event was held at Horse Guards Parade, attended by the Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall.
And the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh joined the PM and former prisoners of war at a remembrance service at St Martin-in-the-Fields church in London.
David Cameron said it was important to "honour the memory of those that died".
In Tokyo, Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and Emperor Akihito observed a minute's silence at a service.
VJ Day ended one of the worst episodes in British military history, during which tens of thousands of servicemen were forced to endure the brutalities of prisoner of war camps, where disease was rife and there was a lack of food and water.
It is estimated that there were 71,000 British and Commonwealth casualties of the war against Japan, including more than 12,000 prisoners of war who died in Japanese captivity. More than 2.5 million Japanese military personnel and civilians are believed to have died over the course of the conflict.
Veterans and their families watched a fly-past of historic and current military aircraft on Horse Guards Parade as part of Saturday's events.
Actor Charles Dance read the poem The Road to Mandalay, by Rudyard Kipling.
The poem was set to music and became a favourite marching tune for many in the 14th Army in Burma, now known as Myanmar.
Veterans, war widows and members of their families then marched from Horse Guards Parade to Westminster Abbey, accompanied by marching bands.
Members of the public lining Whitehall applauded as the parade went past, with many of the veterans waving union jacks.
Wreaths have also been laid at the Cenotaph on Whitehall.
You could tell them by their medals and cap badges, and by the military bearing that some still have.
Elderly former servicemen mingled with tourists in Trafalgar Square and the Mall between ceremonies to remember, mourn and celebrate the sacrifice of friends and comrades in the war against Japan.
The day started solemnly at St Martin-in-the-Fields, as the last post was sounded, a piper played a lament, and a survivor of Japanese prison camps reflected on comrades who died in them.
Even the church's 12 bells - ringing as the old soldiers emerged into the sunshine - had a plangent tone.
At Horse Guards Parade, there were more poignant reminders of what many who fought regarded as the "forgotten" war - overlooked by a home country celebrating Victory in Europe.
But as a Hurricane fighter and modern Typhoon jet flew incongruously close and low overhead, and Charles Dance recited the poem "The Road to Mandalay", the mood was lighter.
Finally, a parade of veterans and military bands down Whitehall signalled celebration - of extra decades of life and tyranny defeated.
At the service at St Martin-in-the-Fields the Reverend Dr Sam Wells told the congregation: "The struggles, the suffering and the sacrifice of the war in the Far East are a defining experience in our nation's history.
"We stand in awe of those who were tried in ways beyond what most of us ever have to go through and greater than many of us can ever imagine.
"People who lost life, limb and liberty that we might know peace."
And former prisoner of war Maurice Naylor spoke at the service, saying it was an honour to be joined by the Queen - "a veteran herself" - and members of her family.
He said: "How do I feel now? I feel lucky to have survived so long and still be able to address you. I feel sad for the families of those who died as a result of their captivity."
Although fighting in Europe ended in May 1945, the battle between the Allies and Japan continued.
It was only after two atomic bombs were dropped on the country that the Japanese surrendered on 15 August that year.
In Japan, Mr Abe expressed "profound grief" at his country's actions in WW2, but he faced criticism from South Korea and China who said Japan had failed to properly atone for its actions.
Events have also taken place across the UK to mark the 70th anniversary:
A service will be held at the Far East Prisoner of War Memorial Building at the National Memorial Arboretum on Sunday.
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I fought the Japanese in Burma aged 18


Theresa May has insisted the UK can increase international trade while curbing immigration, saying a "world of opportunities" awaits after Brexit.

On a visit to India, the PM told the BBC businesses were "very keen" to strengthen their ties with Britain.
She played down the Institute for Fiscal Studies' warning about increased borrowing, saying the "fundamentals" of the economy were strong.
The IFS says future public finances have deteriorated by Â£25bn since March.
It said weak growth would lead to lower-than-expected tax receipts, increasing borrowing by Â£25bn by 2019-20.
Asked about this by BBC deputy political editor John Pienaar, Mrs May said the government was "determined to continue to live within our means", adding: "What matters is us taking the opportunities that are now open to us to develop trade around the world."
During her visit, Mrs May has faced questions about her twin goals of expanding the UK's global trade relationships after it leaves the EU while curbing migration, which the government wants to get below 100,000.
On Monday she said an expansion of the Indian visa rules would be considered if Indians who overstayed their visas in the UK could be returned more swiftly and in greater numbers.
Asked whether she was worried her crackdown on immigration could trigger a slowdown in trade negotiations, she said Indian businesses had told her they were keen to do business in the UK and that the Indian government wanted to "remove the barriers to trade and investment".
Once it leaves the EU, the UK will be able to strike its own free trade deals with other countries, with the government promising to make it a "global leader in free trade".
Such deals will involve negotiations on top of those involved with separating the UK from the EU, which are due to be triggered by the end of March 2017.
Mrs May predicted these talks would be "complex" but said she was "determined to grasp the opportunities for global Britain".