Concerns about a girl repeatedly abused by a gang of men in Buckinghamshire were raised by a charity several years before the perpetrators were arrested, it has emerged.

Barnardo's told the BBC it had worked with the ring's two victims in 2008 and referred the case of one to the local authority and other relevant agencies.
The charity's Michelle Lee-Izu said "insufficient action" was taken.
Six men were found guilty on Friday of abuse on a "massive scale".
The Old Bailey heard the abuse in Aylesbury went on for years and involved rape and child prostitution.
The court heard evidence from both victims, who came from troubled backgrounds and were befriended by the men who gave them alcohol, DVDs, food and occasionally drugs.
While aged just 12 or 13, one of the vulnerable girls, known in the trial as A, was passed between 60 mainly Asian men for sex after being conditioned into thinking it was normal behaviour, jurors were told.
Ms Lee-Izu, a lead director for child sexual exploitation, told BBC Radio 4's Today programme: "In 2008, we worked with both these young people and our work with these young women was very specific to them as individuals.
"We had concerns about the safety of one young woman and we made a referral to the local authority and the relevant agencies.
"At that time the agencies didn't respond in a way that we wanted, that we expected them to, although some actions were taken by the local authority so we escalated those actions further.
"But insufficient action was taken as far as we were concerned."
Eleven defendants faced trial, accused of 47 sexual offences between 2006 and 2012 following an investigation launched in 2013.
Four were cleared of any wrongdoing, while the jury could not reach a verdict on one of the men.
The six who have been convicted will be sentenced in September.
Speaking on BBC Radio 4's Today programme on Saturday,  David Johnston, director for children's services at Buckinghamshire County Council since 2014, said a review of the concerns raised by Barnardo's would be carried out to discover what happened and what action was taken.
He said: "Workers at the time missed a number of opportunities to perhaps protect them [the girls] or to provide other services for them. Having said that, we know a great deal more about child sexual exploitation and grooming now than we did back then.
"Over the time I have been in the post, we have reviewed a lot of practices."
He added: "Today, evidence of unhappiness shown by behaviour - such as school homework standards falling and running away - instead of being monitored as in the past, it is now investigated for motivation.
"More specialists are now working with local authorities and the police to build up knowledge of child exploitation to protect young people and those working with them."
On Friday, Mr Johnston apologised on behalf of Buckinghamshire County Council for "letting [the girls} down during this period in their lives".
He said: "We know a great deal more about child sexual exploitation than we did back then and I hope that young people who are worried about themselves or someone they know will have the same courage to come forward. We will do everything in our power to help them."


Aberdeenshire councillors have narrowly voted in favour of a 2.5% rise in council tax.

The SNP-led administration's budget was approved by 33 votes to 32 following two hours of debate.
Co-leader Richard Thomson told members he wants to use an extra £6m announced in the Scottish government's budget on a scheme to ease the impact of business rates rises.
The 2.5% council tax increase adds more than £28 to a Band D property.
Higher band properties will see their charges rise more due to national changes agreed last year.


The only remaining handwritten script by the famous playwright, William Shakespeare, is about to go on display at the British Library in London.

11 April 2016 Last updated at 06:52 BST
But exactly how do they know that he wrote it?
Jenny asks expert, Zoe Wilcox, to reveal the secret to spotting a Shakespeare script.


An abandoned donkey missing one of his feet is walking again thanks to a human prosthetic leg donated from the UK.

Hector the donkey was dumped outside an animal welfare centre in Luxor, Egypt, and had not walked for four months.
His new foot was made using spare parts of a prosthetic leg donated to Legs4Africa, a Leicestershire-based charity.
It usually donates prosthetics to human amputees in Africa, but Hector is the first animal to be helped.
Tom Williams, the charity's founder, said it was "fantastic to see Hector walking for Christmas".
A donkey in Hector's condition would usually be left to die, or killed humanely.
However, Hector appeared to be happy despite being lame, so Animal Welfare of Luxor (AWOL) decided to help him.
Georgie Hollis, a wound specialist with a background in biomechanics, built the new foot after AWOL contacted equine medicine expert Prof Derek Knottenbelt OBE.
"He's a friend of mine and he's a bit of a legend really, or a leg-end," said Miss Hollis.
"He sent me an email saying 'Georgie, we must be able to do something for this donkey'."
Miss Hollis suspects Hector lost his foot after being tethered by his leg, cutting off the circulation.
"We are trying to save him from being a wonky donkey, which would be the end of it for him really," said Miss Hollis.
"Hector is just one of a lot of donkeys that need lots of help. There are more donkeys used around the world for transport than there are cars."
AWOL fitted the new foot, but Miss Hollis will visit Hector herself in a month or so to fit him with a permanent foot.
"I will cast his leg and make him one that's more permanent, breathable, lightweight and sporty," she said.
Watch a video showing more than 500 legs being driven from Leicester to The Gambia


Former pop star Gary Glitter has been arrested on suspicion of sex offences by police investigating Jimmy Savile abuse claims.

He was released on bail until mid-December, after being questioned at a London police station.
Glitter, 68, whose real name is Paul Gadd, was jailed in Vietnam in 2006 for child sex offences.
Police are investigating allegations TV star Savile sexually abused some 300 young people over a 40-year period.
Met Police confirmed officers from Operation Yewtree had "arrested a man in his 60s in connection with the investigation".
"The man, from London, was arrested at approximately 0715 on suspicion of sexual offences. The individual falls under the strand of the investigation we have termed 'Savile and others'."
Scotland Yard has said it is following about 400 lines of inquiry as part of the operation - which is looking into claims Savile, who died last year aged 84, abused hundreds of young girls and some boys.
Police described former BBC DJ Savile as a "predatory sex offender".
Karin Ward  - a former pupil at Duncroft approved school for girls in Surrey - told the BBC she had once seen singer Glitter having sex with a schoolgirl in Savile's dressing room at the BBC. Glitter has denied the allegations.
Glitter is the first person to be arrested in connection with the Met's Savile abuse inquiry.
The glam rock star rose to fame during the 70s, selling 18 million records by 1975.
Elsewhere the deputy leader of the Labour Party Harriet Harman has called for a judge-led inquiry into the Savile abuse claims.
She told BBC One's Andrew Marr Show: "The trouble is that there are a multiplicity of inquiries. What we need is one over-arching inquiry.
"It should be independent because there are big lessons to be learned here, not just for the BBC, although the epicentre of it was at the BBC."
Savile is also alleged to have carried out abuse at a number of institutions, such as the high security psychiatric hospital Broadmoor, Stoke Mandeville Hospital and Leeds General Infirmary.
Justice Secretary Chris Grayling told the same programme while what had happened was "horrendous"  it was important not to "rush into a judge-led inquiry," arguing it would take "much longer to get to the truth".
The BBC Trust's chairman Lord Patten, writing in the Mail On Sunday, said the corporation must face up to the truth, warning it "risks squandering public trust".
Alleged victim Ms Ward was interviewed for the BBC's Newsnight programme last November in which she made abuse claims, but the interview was only shown on Panorama this week as the Newsnight investigation was shelved.
Mr Patten told the paper: "Like many who work for the BBC, I feel a sense of particular remorse that abused women spoke to Newsnight, presumably at great personal pain, yet did not have their stories told as they expected."
It also emerged on Sunday that Savile's former house in the Scottish Highlands has been vandalised and painted with abusive slogans.
The BBC has already announced inquiries into the Savile abuse claims. The first, led by former Sky News head Nick Pollard, is examining whether there were any failings in the BBC's management of the Newsnight investigation into Savile abuse claims.
On Monday, former Court of Appeal judge Dame Janet Smith will begin a review into the culture and practices of the corporation during Savile's time at the BBC. A further review will examine sexual harassment policies at the BBC.


A 29-year-old man has appeared in court accused of causing the deaths of a baby boy and his father in Cardiff by dangerous driving.

Simon Lewis, 33, from Trowbridge, was killed in the crash on Lamby Way on New Year's Eve.
His pregnant wife had an emergency Caesarean Section on Sunday, but the infant died the same day.
Kyle Kennedy from Rumney was remanded in custody at Cardiff Magistrates' Court on Friday.
In addition to two charges of causing death by dangerous driving, the defendant was also accused of driving without insurance, failing to give a blood sample, driving while disqualified and aggravated vehicle taking without consent.
Mr Lewis was the driver of a Daihatsu Sirion carrying his wife Amanda and their three-year-old daughter when it was involved in the collision with a Peugeot 307, belonging to Mr Kennedy's girlfriend.
The Lewis's son was born three months premature when a decision was taken to carry out the emergency Caesarean Section, amid concerns the baby was in distress.


Liam Payne says he does not "drink any more than a uni student" the same age as him, after an article was published suggesting he may have an alcohol problem.

The One Direction singer says the claims are "out of order".
The 21-year-old wrote on Twitter that he spends his time off at the gym and playing computer games with mates.
The Inquisitr's article quoted tweets where Liam had written about performing at an "early show after a night out".
The story was also promoted on the website's Twitter account, which has 4,600 followers.
In a series of tweets, aimed at The Inquisitr's Twitter account, Liam says he usually does not really like to respond to news articles but was making an exception for this one.
"Thanks for worrying but I don't spend my time off stage drinking," he explains.
"Don't treat me like I'm any different to a normal boy my age."
The article has not been taken down from The Inquisitr's website.
Liam also said sorry to his followers for the series of messages, tweeting: "Apologies for the rant guys have a nice evening."
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Too much testing in schools risks killing the joy of reading for children, War Horse author Michael Morpurgo will say in a lecture later.

Schools are being pressured into "teaching literacy fearfully", Mr Morpurgo will tell an audience of publishers and educationalists.
More rigorous primary tests sparked parent protests in England this year.
At the time, ministers argued that the tests boost educational standards and need not be stressful.
But Mr Morpurgo says testing is "supposed to encourage" both those who pass and those who fail, but he will tell the inaugural Book Trust Annual Lecture at London's Guildhall that this is not the case.
"When you fail it brings only a sense of worthlessness and hopelessness.
"It brings fear and shame and anxiety.
"It separates you from those who have passed, rocks confidence, ruins self-esteem."
When you fail a test: "You disappoint yourself, disappoint others. You give up," Mr Morpurgo is expected to argue.
Tests help reinforce "almost an apartheid system of a kind in this country... Between those who read, who, through books, through developing an enjoyment of literature, can have the opportunity to access the considerable cultural and material benefits of our society - and those who were made to feel very early on that the world of words, of books, of stories, of ideas, was not for them, that they were not clever enough to join that world, that it was not the world they belonged to, that it was shut off from them forever."
He says too much government emphasis on "measurable outcomes and results" continues to reinforce a "great divide" that is "shamefully still there", with too many children still being failed.
"Our prisons are full of them... Many remain lonely and marginalised all their lives.
"The right book, the right author, the right parent, the right teacher, the right librarian at the right time, might have saved some of them at least, made the difference, shone a light into a dark life, turned that life around."
He is expected to call for:
The testing system in England was changed this summer in line with a "new more challenging national curriculum" brought into England's schools in September 2014.
Ministers say previous expectations were too low and that the tests help teachers understand how pupils are doing and identify where additional support is needed as well as helping the government make sure schools are doing well.
"They are a key part of making sure young people master the skills they need to reach their potential and succeed in life," said a Department for Education spokesman.


The world's earliest known wine-making facility has been discovered in Armenia, archaeologists say.

A wine press and fermentation jars from about 6,000 years ago were found in a cave in the south Caucasus country.
Co-director of the excavation Gregory Areshian, of the University of California, Los Angeles,  said it was the earliest example of complete wine production.
The findings were announced by the National Geographic Society.
They have been published in the online edition of the Journal of Archaeological Science.
The facility was uncovered in the mountains of south-east Armenia. The same area was the site of the discovery of the oldest known leather shoe, dated to about 5,500 years ago.
Inside the cave, the international team of archaeologists found a shallow basin, measuring about 1m (3ft) across, that was positioned to drain into a deep vat.
The basin could have served as a wine press where people stomped the grapes with their feet, Mr Areshian said.
The team also found grape seeds, the remains of pressed grapes and dozens of dried vines.
The seeds were from the same type of grapes - Vitis vinifera vinifera - still used to make wine today.
The wine-making facility was surrounded by graves and the team says the wine may have been intended for ceremonial use.
Mr Areshian said that already-know evidence of wine drinking pre-dates the Armenian facility.
"The evidence argues convincingly for a wine-making facility," said Patrick McGovern, scientific director of the Biomolecular Archaeology Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia, who was not part of the research team, Associated Press news agency reported.
He said such large scale wine production implied that the Eurasian grape had already been domesticated 6,000 years ago.
The earliest comparable remains to those uncovered in Armenia were found in the tomb of the ancient Egyptian King Scorpion I, dating to around 5,100 years ago, AP reported.


The Better Together campaign in the independence referendum has been fined for failing to provide a full and complete report on its spending.

A £2,000 penalty was imposed by the Electoral Commission because the pro-Union campaign did not provide receipts or invoices for £57,000 of expenditure.
The fine has been paid and the commission said it accepted the omissions were not deliberate.
The law requires receipts or invoices for all expenditure of more than £200.
Better Together was a designated lead campaigner in the Scottish independence referendum, with more significant resources and a higher profile than other campaign groups.
The Electoral Commission said it took into account that the responsible person for the organisation made efforts to provide further supporting documentation after the deadline for the report had passed.
Better Together paid the fine in full on 12 January, the commission said.
Bob Posner of the Electoral Commission said: "The responsibilities of a registered campaigner in a referendum do not end on polling day.
"Transparency around who spends what at referendums, based on complete and accurate financial reports, is an important part of ensuring that the public has confidence in the democratic process".
Pro-independence blog Wings Over Scotland was fined £750 last year for failing to file complete spending returns, while the Labour for Independence group was fined £1,500 for failing to submit any accounts.
The Communications Workers Union, which backed a 'No' vote, was fined £500 for spending money on campaigning before it was officially registered with the Electoral Commission.


Britain's team sprint squad started their Olympic year with victory at the Track Cycling World Cup in Hong Kong.

Jason Kenny, Philip Hindes and Callum Skinner beat Poland by 0.051 seconds.
Britain's women's team pursuit and team sprint squads both took silver, beaten by Canada and Russia respectively, and the men's team pursuit won bronze.
Mark Cavendish is fourth halfway through the omnium after second places in the scratch and elimination races and a 16th in the individual pursuit.
The Manxman, who is yet to win an Olympic cycling medal, is aiming to qualify for the track cycling team at the Rio Games in August but faces stiff competition from Ed Clancy and Jon Dibben for the omnium place.
Olympic champion Laura Trott leads the women's omnium at the halfway stage, from USA's Sarah Hammer and Belarus' Tatsiana Sharakova.


The European Union should abandon its "utopian dreams" of ever-closer integration to combat rising Euroscepticism, Donald Tusk has said.

The president of the European Council said EU leaders should concentrate on practical measures such as reinforcing borders and a banking union.
Mr Tusk warned of "dramatic consequences" if Britain left the EU.
He urged Europe's leaders to match the energy and endeavours of those who wanted to break up the union.
Meanwhile, Spain's Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy has warned that the consequences of an exit vote in the UK's EU referendum later this month would be "very negative for British citizens".
In a speech in Madrid, he said people from the UK would lose their right to move freely, work and do business in the largest economic area in the world.
More than 300,000 Britons are resident in Spain, about 35% of whom are retired.
"There is no worse prospect for the European economy than the omen of a triumph of anti-liberal and Eurosceptic political forces, whether left or right," Mr Tusk told business leaders in Brussels.
"We must and can avoid this scenario," he said.
Mr Tusk chairs the meetings of EU leaders when they gather as the European Council in Brussels.
His latest plea for Britain to remain part of the EU club follows a warning by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development that the UK's economy would suffer "a large negative shock" if it left.
John Longworth, from the UK's Vote Leave campaign, criticised the OECD's report as "flawed".
In May Mr Tusk said the only alternative to the EU was "chaos" and criticised high-profile Leave campaigner Boris Johnson's comments comparing the EU's aims to Hitler's.


Twitter has introduced changes in the hope of regaining popularity, but progress takes time, chief executive Jack Dorsey tells the BBC.


Lionel Messi took his career goals tally to 500 when he scored in Barcelona's surprise 2-1 home defeat by Spanish La Liga rivals Valencia.

Media playback is not supported on this device
It is the latest landmark in a remarkable career and comes less than 11 years after the then 17-year-old's first senior goal against Albacete in May 2005.
"The figure is from another galaxy," said Barca boss Luis Enrique when asked about the achievement.
Here, we take a closer look at how the Argentina forward reached the landmark for club and country.


The leaders of the Czech Republic and Hungary say a "joint European army" is needed to bolster security in the EU.

They were speaking ahead of talks in Warsaw with German Chancellor Angela Merkel. They dislike her welcome for Muslim migrants from outside the EU.
Hungary's Prime Minister Viktor Orban said "we must give priority to security, so let's start setting up a joint European army".
The UK government has strongly opposed any such moves outside Nato's scope.
The Czech, Hungarian, Polish and Slovak leaders are coordinating their foreign policy as the "Visegrad Group".
Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka said building a joint European army would not be easy, but he called for discussion to start on it.
The EU has joint defence capabilities in the form of 1,500-strong battle groups, but they have not been tested in combat yet.
Last year European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker called for a European army to give the EU muscle in confronting threats from Russia or elsewhere.
Slovakia will host an informal EU summit on 16 September to consider the EU's future without the UK.
No UK minister will attend, as the Conservative government is preparing the ground for Brexit, in line with the 23 June vote to leave the 28-nation bloc.
"Brexit is not just an event like any other - it's a turning-point in the EU's history, so we have to frame a careful response," Mrs Merkel said.
Germany wants the Visegrad countries to help house refugees from conflict zones, especially Syria, Iraq and Eritrea, but they oppose an EU quota system.
Germany took in more than a million non-EU migrants last year - a record influx.
Hungary and Slovakia are suing the European Commission at the European Court of Justice (ECJ), calling its quota scheme for distributing refugees illegal.
Hungary will hold a referendum on 2 October aimed at showing majority opposition to quotas.
Mr Orban announced plans on Friday to build a second razor-wire fence, taller and stronger than the first, along Hungary's southern border with Serbia.
The second fence would be to keep out any future wave of migrants arriving from the Balkans.
The BBC's Nick Thorpe in Budapest says Hungary currently allows around 30 people a day through two transit zones built into the existing fence. Migrants live in wretched conditions beside the fence, waiting to be allowed through, he reports.
Others pay people smugglers, who bribe police on both the Serbian and Hungarian side.
A note on terminology: The BBC uses the term migrant to refer to all people on the move who have yet to complete the legal process of claiming asylum. This group includes people fleeing war-torn countries such as Syria, who are likely to be granted refugee status, as well as people who are seeking jobs and better lives, who governments are likely to rule are economic migrants.


Australian cyclist Stephen Wooldridge, an Olympic and world champion, has died aged 39.

Wooldridge won team pursuit gold at the 2004 Athens Olympics and four world titles between 2002 and 2006.
He held a number of administrative roles in the sport after his retirement.
"Our thoughts are with Stephen's family and friends during this very difficult time," said Cycling Australia chief executive Nick Green.
"Steve will be remembered by so many for not only his success in competition, but also for the contributions he made across so many roles in the sport."
Australian Olympic Committee president John Coates added: "Stephen was an exceptional cyclist and Olympic champion who will forever be remembered."


The first person to arrive at the scene of the massacre of six men in a County Down pub in 1994 has said he is still having counselling after what he saw.

Speaking from the Heights Bar in Loughinisland, where loyalist gunmen carried out the murders, Kevin Gordon said what he found "never leaves you".
On Thursday, an official report said there was collusion between police and loyalist gunmen in the killings.
"Everybody knew in their hearts there was a cover-up," Mr Gordon said.
"For it to be exposed at such a high level is a relief."
An emotional Mr Gordon told the BBC: "Talking to the relatives, there's that sense of justice being done and their long campaign has been justified."
The Catholic victims were in the bar watching the Republic of Ireland play a World Cup football match against Italy on 18 June that year, when two Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) members walked in and opened fire indiscriminately.
They were killed instantly.
Mr Gordon said he was driving past the bar on what was "a beautiful summer evening" and saw a friend come "staggering out of the bar".
"I thought he perhaps had too much to drink but he wagged me down," he said.
"I stopped and he said: 'Kevin, Kevin, help us, they've shot us. There's six dead in here.'
"I abandoned my car outside the door, I came in and the bodies were lying.
"I was in for a long, long time - it seemed a long time. Obviously, you're in shock and as time lapses, you don't realise how fast it goes."
Mr Gordon said that he felt comfort in returning to the bar after the attack, and that he and others found it to be "a good place to meet".
But he added that he is still dealing with the trauma of what he witnessed that night.
"I actually found solace in meeting my friends and we talked about it, a shoulder to lean on, rather than sitting at home," he said.
"Of course you remember, you never forget - I personally am still getting treatment for it.
"Twenty-two years down the line and it'll never ever leave you.
"You walk through this room and you look at that plaque on the wall and you remember your friends - I knew every one of them.
"I'm delighted, if that's the word, that the families, who have fought a really hard, emotional battle for 22 years, have got justice at last."


The six team hosts for this summer's inaugural Women's Cricket Super League have been announced.

The south will have three teams, with one based at The Oval with Surrey, who pipped a joint bid by Middlesex and the MCC for the one London spot.
There will also be a team based in the south west and another in Hampshire.
The north will have two sides, in Lancashire and Yorkshire, while the Midlands team for the Twenty20 league will be at Loughborough University.
Loughborough is also the long-term base of the England women's team.
All six hosts have been awarded hosting rights for a four-year period from 2016-2019.
The tournament will be played in a Twenty20 format this season, before adding a 50-over competition in the future.
The group stage of the 2016 competition will run from 30 July to 14 August, with the top four teams qualifying for a finals day.
Further details, including team names, will be revealed at a later date.
"This is a key day in the creation of the Women's Cricket Super League," said England & Wales Cricket Board chief executive Tom Harrison.
"The bidding process for obtaining the hosts was competitive from the outset."
There were 28 initial expressions of interest for the WCSL.
Hampshire Cricket with partners: Berkshire Cricket Ltd, Dorset Cricket Board, Isle of Wight Cricket Board, Oxfordshire Cricket, Southampton Solent University, Sussex Cricket Ltd, Wiltshire Cricket Ltd
Lancashire County Cricket Board with partners: Lancashire County Cricket Club, Lancashire County Cricket Club Foundation
Loughborough University
South West: Somerset County Cricket Club, Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, University of Exeter
Surrey County Cricket Club
Yorkshire County Cricket Club


Scunthorpe United have signed Coventry City midfielder Jim O'Brien on an emergency loan deal.

O'Brien, 28, has scored two goals in 29 appearances for League One Sky Blues this campaign.
He started his career with Celtic before enjoying spells with Motherwell and Barnsley prior to joining Coventry in July 2014.
The Iron, who are currently under the caretaker charge of Nick Daws and Andy Dawson, take on Millwall on Tuesday.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Fourteen people have been injured in clashes in eastern Saudi Arabia, state media say.

They said the unrest in the province of Qatif late on Monday had been incited by "a foreign country", without elaborating.
Saudi Arabia's minority Shia population is concentrated in the east, the scene of protests earlier this year.
State media said eight of those wounded were security personnel and three were civilians.
State news agency SPA quoted the interior ministry as saying that "a group of outlaws and rioters on motorbikes" had gathered in al-Awamia village near the city of Qatif, "carrying petrol bombs".
The group was responsible for acts leading to "insecurity with incitement from a foreign country that aims to undermine the nation's security and stability", SPA reported.
Saudi mentions of foreign meddling are normally veiled references to Iran, the region's main Shia power, observers say.
In March, Saudi police opened fire to disperse protesters in Qatif, a day before planned countrywide anti-government protests.
The protesters, from the Shia minority, were demanding the release of prisoners they said had been held without charge.
Protests are illegal in Saudi Arabia, which has had an absolute monarchy since its unification in the 1930s.
Rights groups have accused the police of beating protesters during previous rallies in Qatif.
Shias make up about 10% of the population in Sunni-dominated Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Arabia has not seen protests on the same scale as other nations in the Middle East and North Africa during the so-called Arab Spring.


The leaders of China and Taiwan have held historic talks in Singapore - their first in more than 60 years.

Chinese President Xi Jinping and Taiwan's President Ma Ying-jeou shook hands at the start of the talks, which were seen as largely symbolic.
China views Taiwan as a breakaway province which will one day be reunited with the mainland.
But many Taiwanese see it as independent and are concerned at China's growing influence.
The awkward questions that could crop up
What's behind the China-Taiwan divide?
"Both sides should respect each other's values and way of life," Mr Ma said as the talks began at a luxury hotel.
Mr Xi told the Taiwanese leader: "We are one family."
The meeting "has opened a historic chapter in the cross-Strait relations, and history will remember today", he added.
The meeting took place in neutral territory on the sidelines of a state visit by Mr Xi to Singapore.
Relations between China and Taiwan have improved under Mr Ma since he took office in 2008, with better economic ties, improving tourism links, and a trade pact signed.
The two sides split in 1949 when the Kuomintang lost to the Chinese Communist Party in the civil war and set up a new government in Taiwan.
Mr Ma described the talks as "positive and friendly", but no major agreements or deals appear to have been reached.
Mr Ma said in advance that the issue of the South China Sea disputes, which has dominated recent concerns in the region, would not be brought up.
Mr Ma proposed reducing hostility across the Taiwan Strait, expanding exchanges and establishing a cross-strait hotline, according to Taiwan's central news agency.
He said this was part of consolidating the "1992 consensus" - the agreement under which both sides recognise the principle of "one China" but define it in their own ways.
Similar remarks were made by Mr Xi, who said upholding the consensus would help "the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation".
It is not entirely clear why the meeting has happened at this time, as neither side has properly said.
Mr Ma has built his presidency on closer links with China, so there is a good reason for him to meet Mr Xi, says the BBC World Service's Asia editor, Michael Bristow.
There is also a presidential election in Taiwan in January. Mr Ma might think the meeting will give a boost to his party's candidate, who is trailing in the polls, our correspondent says.
China also has something to gain, and that also concerns Taiwan's election. Mr Xi's decision to talk reminds Taiwanese voters that China is far friendlier to a government of Mr Ma's nationalist party than one formed by the opposition, which leans towards independence for Taiwan.
It is a calculated gamble for Mr Xi, as China's attempts to influence Taiwanese voters have previously backfired, our correspondent adds.
Taiwan profile
China profile
Growing fears over China's influence have led to widespread dissatisfaction in Taiwan.
President Ma's Kuomintang (KMT) Party suffered a crushing defeat in local elections last year, a result that was widely seen as a rejection of Mr Ma's push for closer ties with China.
In the Taiwanese capital there were protests before the talks and one group tried to enter the parliament building.
State media in China heralded the meeting, with an editorial in the Chinese Communist Party mouthpiece People's Daily calling it a "victory of peace and rationality".
It said critics were "displaying jiggery-pokery from a small circle. Such extremism is bound to be stigmatised".


Scientists have used hair to locate where distinct Aboriginal groups lived in Australia up to 50,000 years ago.

The genetic study could help reconnect indigenous families with ancestral communities, according to the University of Adelaide-led study.
It shows the first Australians spread rapidly before largely spending continuous time in distinct areas.
The research is an important step in learning more about ancestry prior to European settlement, the authors said.
It again confirmed that Aboriginal Australians descended from a single population that arrived 50,000 years ago from New Guinea, when it was joined to Australia.
The research, published in the journal Nature, analysed 111 hair samples taken by anthropologists from across Australia in the early 20th Century.
The DNA allowed researchers to trace maternal ancestry through unique genetic material.
"What we've found is that we can see right the way back to the first colonisation of Australia by Aboriginal people," said lead author Prof Alan Cooper.
The first population spread rapidly. Within 2,000 years people had circled the east and west coasts before meeting somewhere in South Australia, the study said.
"The amazing bit is that they don't seem to move again once they've done that," Prof Cooper said.
"There's small movements into the desert interior but that basic pattern has held for 50,000 years."
The findings offered another compelling reason for the strong indigenous connection to the land, he said.
One of the study's co-authors, geneticist Dr Ray Tobler, said he traced his own family history to a small Queensland settlement.
"My great-grandmother worked in the area around Cherbourg," he told the BBC, referring to area 260km (160 miles) north of Brisbane.
"My grandad was born not too far from there."
His grandfather never spoke about his heritage because, like more than 100,000 Aboriginal children, he was forcibly removed from his family at a young age.
"This project can help provide lost history to some families," Dr Tobler said.
Reporting by the BBC's Greg Dunlop


Hundreds of North Sea workers are to be balloted for industrial action in a dispute over pay cuts.

Members of the Unite union working for Wood Group on eight Shell installations will vote on whether to strike.
The union said its members were "deeply worried" and felt they had no other option but to consider industrial action.
Wood Group said it was "extremely disappointed" at the news during the consultation process.
The platforms involved are Shearwater, Gannet, Nelson, Curlew, Brent Delta, Brent Alpha, Brent Bravo and Brent Charlie.
In February, Aberdeen-based Wood Group PSN announced it was cutting rates paid to about a third of its UK contractor workforce.


A 29-year-old has been charged with murder, a year after a man died from head and chest injuries.

Satnam Singh, 74, was found on Coronation Street, Derby in July 2015. Police originally thought he had been hit by a car.
Further investigations revealed Mr Singh had, in fact, been assaulted, Derbyshire Police said.
Sukhraj Atwal, of Pear Tree Crescent, Derby, appeared at Southern Derbyshire Magistrates' Court on Saturday.
Mr Singh was found injured on a Friday morning, near the Sikh temple where he worked as a volunteer.


Arina Rodionova will be busier than most brides on her wedding day as she attempts to win a wildcard to the Australian Open.

The 26-year-old will play a qualifying match in the morning before tying the knot in the afternoon.
The Russian-born Australian needs to win two matches to qualify for the first Grand Slam of the year, which begins on 18 January.
Rodionova had been due to play compatriot Storm Sanders on Saturday afternoon, which would have clashed with her wedding to Australian Rules football player Ty Vickery.
But tournament organisers and her opponent agreed to move the match to the morning.
If Rodionova beats Sanders in the play-off-semi-finals, she will be back at Melbourne Park on Sunday for the final.
She told the Sydney Morning Herald she would be taking it easy at her wedding as a result, if she makes it that far.
"I don't think brides should be very drunk at the wedding," said the world number 309.
"That's not a good look, so I'm definitely not going to be having more than three. It should be good."


A climber who has become the first person to reach the top of California's El Capitan rock without a rope has described his intense satisfaction.

"It was exactly what I hoped for. I felt so good. It went pretty much perfectly," Alex Honnold said.
His ascent of the 3,000ft (1,000m) rock-face in Yosemite National Park on Saturday has been described as one of the greatest solo climbing feats.
It took Mr Honnold four hours to scale it without ropes or other safety gear.
In places the 31-year-old Californian had to dangle from the mountain by his fingertips.
"At the bottom I was slightly nervous," he told the National Geographic magazine. "I was slightly tense, but felt really good."
"I didn't have much of a backpack, and the climbing just felt amazing.
"Not dragging 60 meters of rope behind you for the whole mountain, I felt so much more energetic and fresh."
Mr Honnold set off it was "still quite dark", disturbing a wild bear as made his way to the base of the rock's huge granite wall.
He said the hardest part of the climb occurs about 700m (2,300ft) up, where there are only very small handholds.
The climber has been ropeless climbing for about 20 years and had been preparing for the El Capitan ascent for more than 12 months - with time spent training in the US, China, Europe and Morocco.
Only a small group of people knew of his plans to make the ascent and they had promised to remain silent.
"Physically [the climb] is not that hard to execute," he said. "It's more you have to be in exactly the right [mental] place, so I was trying to create the right place," he said.
Experts say the climber's achievement is all the more impressive because it used to take weeks to reach the top even with the aid of a partner and climbing aids.
But speed climbers have more recently made the ascent faster by working in tandem.
In 2015 two climbers made it to the the top without aids, except for harnesses and ropes to prevent deadly falls. But it still took them more than two weeks.


A giant dinosaur footprint measuring over a metre wide has been discovered in Bolivia in South America.

29 July 2016 Last updated at 07:36 BST
It's thought to have been made by an Abelisaurus, a predator that lived around 80 million years ago.
These massive creatures once roamed South America, according to palaeontologist Sebastian Apesteguia.
The print was found by a tourist guide in Maragua, a place well known for dinosaur tracks.
Other dino remains have also been found in the area.


World champion Mark Selby has won his first title of the season with victory in the Paul Hunter Classic in Germany.

The world number one beat fellow Englishman Tom Ford 4-2 to win the event for the third time.
The win was Selby's first since claiming his second world title in May, having not progressed beyond the last 32 in two events so far this season.
"It's always great to win a tournament and I can take a lot of confidence from it," the 33-year-old said.
"It wasn't a good final - Tom missed a few balls. But it's always a great tournament here in Germany with fantastic crowds."
Former Masters and UK Championship winner Jimmy White lost in the quarter-finals of the event, while Thailand's Thepchaiya Un-Nooh hit the first 147 break of his career on Saturday.


A car bomb attack claimed by so-called Islamic State (IS) has killed at least nine people in the centre of the Iraqi capital, Baghdad, officials say.

An explosives-laden pick-up truck exploded shortly before midnight (21:00 GMT) in the predominantly Shia Muslim commercial district of Karrada.
Twenty people were also injured by the blast, which set several shops on fire.
The blast was not far from the site of a lorry bombing in July that left more than 300 people dead.
An IS statement said the Sunni jihadist group had targeted a gathering of Shia civilians on Monday and boasted how it had managed to carry out the attack despite heightened security in the area.
The streets of Karrada are lined with shops and restaurants, and they are usually packed ahead of the Islamic festival of Eid al-Adha, which starts next week.
The area bombed in July, which was targeted  as Muslims prepared for the other major festival of Eid al-Fitr, had only recently been reopened by the Iraqi authorities.
In a separate development on Tuesday, the UN World Food Programme said it had delivered food to more than 30,000 residents of Qayyarah for the first time in two years, after Iraqi government forces ousted IS militants from the northern town.
The WFP's country director, Sally Haydock, told AFP news agency that Qayyarah was "in a dire state" and that locals were "suffering extreme hunger".
Safe drinking water, electricity and medical services were almost impossible to access, and black smoke was also rising from nearby oilfields that were set alight by militants as they withdrew from the town two weeks ago, Ms Haydock said.
The Qayyarah operation was part of a wider offensive by government forces aiming to retake the second city of Mosul, 60km (35 miles) away, which IS militants overran in 2014.
The UN Refugee Agency warned last month that 1.2 million people could be displaced by the assault on Mosul.


Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini has asked for an end to violence after attacks against migrants in South Africa.

The king told crowds of thousands at a stadium in Durban that previous reports that he said foreigners should "go back to their countries" were distorted.
He has been accused of fuelling attacks in which at least seven people died.
Hostile sections of the crowd sang songs calling for immigrants to leave and booed a speaker who said foreigners had the right to live in South Africa.
In King Zwelithini's speech he called recent violence shameful and vile.  "We need to make sure no more foreigners are attacked," he urged.
He said accusations against him of inciting violence were incorrect because the country has only been shown a portion of his speech.
"If it were true that I said foreigners must go, this country would be up in flames," he added.
More than 300 people have been arrested. Among the latest arrests were three men detained in connection with the murder of a Mozambican national in Alexandra, a township in Johannesburg.
South African photojournalist James Oatway witnessed Emmanuel Sithole being stabbed to death in broad daylight and has spoken to the BBC about what he saw:
Except for Mr Sithole, those killed have been in Durban, the biggest city in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province. They are an Ethiopian man, a Mozambican man, a man believed to be from Zimbabwe and three South Africans.
In other developments:
South African President Jacob Zuma has condemned the attacks, saying they "go against everything we believe in".
With the unemployment rate at 24%, many South Africans accuse foreign nationals of taking jobs from locals.
Official data suggests there are about two million foreign nationals in South Africa, but some estimates put the number much higher.


Teenager Katie Swan upset world number 327 Ekaterine Gorgodze as Great Britain beat Georgia 2-1 to set up a Fed Cup promotion play-off on Saturday.

Swan, Britain's youngest ever Fed Cup player at 16 years old, won 6-3 6-3 in the opening contest of the best-of-three tie in Eilat, Israel.
Heather Watson then beat Sofia Shapatava 6-2 6-0 to ensure Britain top Pool B in Europe/Africa Group 1.
Britain will play Belgium in Saturday's play-off.
Another victory there would see Judy Murray's side progress to a World Group II play-off in April, and the possibility of a first home tie for Britain's women since 1993.
In the four years since Murray took over the captaincy they have twice come through Europe/Africa Group 1, only to lose away ties against Sweden in 2012 and Argentina in 2013.
Murray's hopes were dealt a blow before the tournament started this year when Australian Open semi-finalist and British number one Johanna Konta withdrew because of illness, prompting the captain to call on Swan.
The US-based teenager made her Fed Cup debut on Thursday with a victory against South Africa, but Gorgodze - ranked 197 places higher than the Briton - was a significant step up in class.
The Georgian broke serve at the first opportunity for a 2-0 lead but Swan then took 10 of the next 12 games to build a decisive advantage.
Leading 6-3 4-1, Swan held off a fightback and saved break points before closing it out after one hour and 31 minutes.
Watson, ranked 85th, was far too strong for world number 226 Sofia Shapatava in the second singles match as she won in one hour.
Jocelyn Rae and Anna Smith were beaten 6-2 6-4 by Shapatava and Oksana Kalashnikova in the doubles match.
"Joss had a back injury which restricted her, especially on serve, and of course that's a little bit of a worry for Saturday," Murray told the LTA.
Belgium will go into Saturday's decider as the favourites in terms of rankings, with Alison van Uytvanck their number one at 43 in the world.
Murray added: "They have a strong team but I know enough about Fed Cup to know that rankings can go out of the window when you're playing for your country."


The world's first purpose-built motor racing circuit has taken a step forward to get £4.85m Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) cash for its restoration.

Brooklands Museum at Weybridge in Surrey wants to restore the finishing straight of the 1907 race circuit.
The project also aims to move and restore the Grade 2-listed Wellington Hangar, built on the track in 1940 for the assembly of Wellington bombers.
The museum has been awarded HLF funding of £286,500 to develop the project.
The charitable trust is expected to apply for the remainder of the grant in 2015.
Within a year of the race track opening, early experiments in aviation were also taking place at the site.
Motor racing ended at Brooklands on the outbreak of World War II, when the aviation factories of Vickers-Armstrong and Hawker were expanded.
The Wellington Hangar now houses numerous historic aircraft, including a Wellington bomber recovered from Loch Ness in 1985.
As part of the aircraft factory and race track revival project, the hangar will be restored on a new site next to the race track and show displays of how aircraft were designed and built at Brooklands for 80 years.
Every British and French Concorde was partly manufactured at Brooklands, and the museum now has Concorde G-BBDG on display.
"Brooklands is a unique place which is celebrated as a test bed of invention and daring for both motor racing and aviation development," said Stuart McLeod, head of Heritage Lottery South East.
"We look forward to working with them over the coming months as they develop their ideas further."


Former Fulham and Crystal Palace defender Brede Hangeland has announced his retirement from football.

The 35-year-old centre-back was released by the Eagles this summer after making nine appearances for the Premier League club last season.
Hangeland, who won 91 international caps for Norway, joined Fulham in 2008 from Danish side FC Copenhagen.
He scored 12 goals in 272 appearances during six years at Craven Cottage, moving to Palace in the summer of 2014.
Hangeland was part of the Whites side which reached the final of the Europa League in 2009-10, losing 2-1 to Atletico Madrid after extra time.


Hearts ended a run of three straight defeats as Dundee's relegation fears deepened with a sixth straight loss.

Isma Goncalves raced onto Don Cowie's pass and fired home from a tight angle via a deflection off Darren O'Dea.
The hosts might have been further ahead by half-time but Arnaud Djoum's header was superbly saved by Scott Bain.
Dundee offered little but Jack Hamilton was forced to tip Tom Hateley's free-kick onto a post and Craig Wighton dragged a golden chance wide.
But it was far too little from Paul Hartley's side, who remain in ninth place, only a point above the relegation play-off spot.
Hearts remain in fifth place, five points behind St Johnstone, but only their second win in 10 games brought some relief to under-pressure head coach Ian Cathro.
A tense atmosphere seemed assured given the two sides' recent form, but the hosts - with midfielder Prince Buaben playing at centre-back - eased any early nerves in the 13th minute.
Portuguese striker Goncalves, playing up front on his own, eluded three Dundee defenders as he collected Cowie's threaded pass and swept the ball home for his fifth goal since arriving in January.
Hearts dominated the midfield and Dundee - with 19-year-old Daniel Higgins making his debut in defence  - looked hesitant and nervy as the home side picked their passes at will.
Dundee keeper Bain made a terrific save to throw himself to his left to push away a powerful Djoum header from six yards before the interval as Hearts kept up the relentless pressure.
But the visitors came close to a leveller a minute before half-time when Hateley's free-kick was pushed onto the post by Hamilton, who reacted quickly when the initial effort appeared to deceive him.
Wighton, just on as a substitute, wasted an unbelievable chance after 63 minutes when Hearts defenders Andraz Struna and Krystian Nowak both gave the ball away, but the striker appeared to kick the ball into the ground 14 yards out to send the ball spinning well wide.
Chances were limited in a scrappy second half but Bain made stops from Alexandros Tziolis and a deflected effort from Goncalves to keep the visitors' hopes alive.
But ultimately Dundee provided little threat up front and a sixth straight defeat sends them further into the relegation mire.
Hearts head coach Ian Cathro: "It was a very important win.  Towards the end it was about us getting over the line, given the situation we are in. We had to defend some long balls and direct play
"So it was an important step but it is only a small step and we want to move on very quickly and take the next one.
"I'd like us to be a little bit quicker and finish our attacks and make more chances. It was a really good save from Scott Bain that could have given us that second goal and allowed us a bit more control, so we'll try to be a bit more clinical in games.
"We're suffering from a lack of positive results; there are no other issues. We are strong together and the team are fighting hard and putting in a massive effort. There were still 16,000 hearts fans here and we want that demand and we want everyone to come with us."
Dundee boss Paul Hartley: "There wasn't a lot of quality in the game, it was a bit scrappy, but we felt if we stayed in the game, we could get something.
"Craig [Wighton] had an outstanding chance in the second half and that is the difference.  When the chances come, you have got to take them and be clinical.
"I think he just choked on it a little bit, the ball got too close to his feet.  He could probably have taken another touch because he was through on goal. But that will happen to him.  He is still a young man and he will miss more chances throughout his career, so I won't be too critical.
"Our attitude was excellent, the shape was good defensively, the players are working ever so hard and they are not getting the breaks.  They don't mean to make mistakes, they are only human.  It isn't nice where we are, but keep performing like that for six games and we will be fine."
Match ends, Heart of Midlothian 1, Dundee 0.
Second Half ends, Heart of Midlothian 1, Dundee 0.
Attempt missed. Paul McGowan (Dundee) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high.
Substitution, Heart of Midlothian. Bjorn Johnsen replaces Esmael Gonçalves.
Attempt missed. Esmael Gonçalves (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the right.
Foul by Malaury Martin (Heart of Midlothian).
Paul McGowan (Dundee) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Esmael Gonçalves (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by James Vincent (Dundee).
Foul by Rory Currie (Heart of Midlothian).
Daniel Higgins (Dundee) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Rory Currie (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Tom Hateley (Dundee).
Alexandros Tziolis (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by James Vincent (Dundee).
Foul by Liam Smith (Heart of Midlothian).
Cameron Kerr (Dundee) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt blocked. Esmael Gonçalves (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Rory Currie (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Daniel Higgins.
Attempt blocked. Alexandros Tziolis (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Daniel Higgins.
Substitution, Heart of Midlothian. Rory Currie replaces Jamie Walker.
Attempt missed. Jamie Walker (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from outside the box is too high from a direct free kick.
Jamie Walker (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Daniel Higgins (Dundee).
Attempt missed. Craig Wighton (Dundee) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left.
Substitution, Heart of Midlothian. Malaury Martin replaces Arnaud Sutchuin-Djoum.
Substitution, Dundee. Craig Wighton replaces Henrik Ojamaa.
Foul by Alexandros Tziolis (Heart of Midlothian).
Cameron Kerr (Dundee) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Arnaud Sutchuin-Djoum (Heart of Midlothian) left footed shot from outside the box is too high.
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Mark O'Hara.
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Cameron Kerr.
Foul by Krystian Nowak (Heart of Midlothian).
Marcus Haber (Dundee) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt saved. Alexandros Tziolis (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Foul by Perry Kitchen (Heart of Midlothian).
Marcus Haber (Dundee) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Second Half begins Heart of Midlothian 1, Dundee 0.


A Kent airport is holding a consultation over its possible closure, the BBC has learnt.

The 144 staff at loss-making Manston Airport were given details about the 45-day consultation on Wednesday.
The airport was bought by Ann Gloag, who co-founded the Stagecoach Group, for a Â£1 in October last year.
Leader of Thanet District Council, Clive Hart, described the news as "potentially a devastating blow" to the local economy.
BBC South East business correspondent Mark Norman said: "I understand the business is losing money and may have to close."
Dutch airline KLM started running two morning flights from Manston, with one returning in mid-morning and the other in the evening at the beginning of April 2013.
In July of the same year, the airport revealed a 40-year vision as part of its submission to the government commission looking at airport expansion in the South East.
Between 2015 and 2025, Manston said it could be handling five million passengers a year and 400,000 tonnes of freight.
Mr Hart said the council had been "clear that it has supported the future development of the airport".
He added: "We have worked with operators to ensure that the economic benefits to the district could be maximised including the council's direct port of entry service and therefore this is very disappointing news."
Unite regional officer Ian McCoulough said he was "seeking clarification from the management" about the airport's future.
He added: "Unite will do everything possible to safeguard the interests of our members in the days and weeks ahead."
A month after she bought the airport, Ms Gloag told the BBC: "Whilst this is a loss-making airport, I hope that with the co-operation of our neighbours and the wider community of Kent, the airport partners and staff, we can capitalise on the opportunities available to give Kent the best chance possible of having a successful and vibrant airport."
Keith Taylor, the Green Party's MEP for the South East the possible closure came "as no surprise" and hoped the announcement would stop the council from trying to develop the airport further.


A woman who hosted 130 people for Christmas dinner in an attempt to combat "festive loneliness" said the day was "awesome".

Mo Fayose invited anyone alone on Christmas Day to come to her house, but there was so much demand she had to hire two venues in Nottingham.
The mental health student nurse funded the events herself spending between £2,500 and £3,000.
She admitted that the idea was "a bit mad".
However, she said her Christmas present was the happiness of seeing everyone smiling.
"I must admit it was awesome because it was diverse; we even had a few homeless people in there as well," she said.
"As a mental health student nurse I find that there's festive loneliness and that got me thinking that we could bring people together."
The mother-of-two said she had experienced loneliness in the past herself.
She said she had "been through it all" in life, including the breakdown of her marriage and being blinded in one eye because of a car accident.
Ms Fayose said she is not religious and sees Christmas as a time for everyone to be together.
With the help of volunteers she served up three courses at St Mark's Church Hall in Woodthorpe and Bestwood Park Community Centre.
There was also a Christmas breakfast at Hyson Green Market Square.
Ms Fayose said she never expected the events to be so popular and is already planning to do it again next Christmas.
She said: "It was just the fact that people were saying 'This is so good, because I would have been on my own today', and they wanted to get tucked in and enjoy the day."


A police investigation is under way after an employee was found dead at an Edinburgh department store.

The 30-year-old man was discovered in the House of Fraser shop on Princes Street at 09:15 on Tuesday.
Police said the death was being treated as unexplained and next of kin had been informed.
House of Fraser said bosses at the store were helping police with their inquiries. The shop reopened at 09:00 on Wednesday.
A spokesman for House of Fraser said: "We are deeply saddened to confirm the death of one of our employees at our Frasers store in Edinburgh.
"Our thoughts are with the family during this difficult time. The cause of death is still being investigated and we are fully supporting the police with their investigations.
"We have decided that Frasers Edinburgh will remain closed today out of respect for the individual and our staff. We will be offering full support to our employees over the coming days and weeks."
A spokesman for Police Scotland said: "Inquiries into this matter are ongoing and a report will be sent to the procurator fiscal."


A man using the pseudonym "His Royal Gingerness" has pleaded guilty to two cyber attacks of a hospital and an airport.

Daniel Devereux, 30, of no fixed address, admitted two counts of unauthorised access under the Computer Misuse Act.
He hacked into the websites of Norwich Airport and the Norfolk and Norwich hospital in 2015.
Sentencing is due to take place at Norwich Magistrates' Court on 16 June.
The court heard the airport hack in September 2015 affected bookings and arrivals and departure boards.
The airport took its website down for three days and built a new one at an estimated cost of between Â£30,000 to Â£40,000, the court was told.
Magistrates heard the hospital hack, which took place in November 2015, did not impact on clinical procedures.
The Norwich and Norfolk hospital took its website offline for 24 hours while it improved its security.
Mark Davis, defending Devereux, claimed he was a "white hat hacker" who suffered from mental health issues. Reports on Devereux's mental health are due to be prepared prior to sentencing.
Mr Davis said: "The hacks he perpetrated were for the improvement and benefit of these systems rather than for malicious intent or personal gain."
Devereux contacted BBC Radio Norfolk in November 2015, saying he had hacked into Norwich Airport's website.
He also posted videos on YouTube explaining the hacks and at all times identified himself as "His Royal Gingerness".
He claimed it took him two or three minutes to achieve each hack and he claimed a friend called "Muslim Electronic Army" could use it to put a message on the airport's website "saying there was a bomb in the airport".
Police were able to trace the hacks to the same IP address.
Devereux is currently serving a prison sentence for another matter.


Rafael Benitez is staying as Newcastle United manager after signing a new three-year contract following their relegation from the Premier League.

The 56-year-old Spaniard was appointed in March following Steve McClaren's sacking but failed to keep the Magpies in the top flight.
He had a break clause in his contract if Newcastle were relegated and was widely expected to leave the club.
"The love I could feel from the fans was a big influence for me," he said.
Former Liverpool, Chelsea, and Real Madrid boss Benitez will have control over "all football-related matters" at the club, Newcastle said.
Benitez's decision also hinged on the amount of funds he has to strengthen the squad following their demotion to the Championship.
"This is a huge club and I wanted to be part of the great future I can see for Newcastle United," added Benitez. "The main thing for me is that I have assurances that we will have a strong team - a winning team."
Benitez, who was sacked by Real in January and has also managed Valencia, Inter Milan and Napoli, took over with Newcastle one point adrift of safety.
Despite losing only three of his 10 matches in charge, the Magpies were relegated with one game of the season remaining.
Home supporters used their final match - a 5-1 thrashing of Tottenham - to try to convince Benitez to stay at St James' Park, singing and chanting his name throughout the home game.
Newcastle managing director Lee Charnley described Benitez as "phenomenal" and "world-class", saying he had "captured the hearts and minds" of fans and the club as a whole.
"I believe with Rafa as manager it gives us the best possible chance of returning to the Premier League at the first time of asking and delivering success for this football club beyond that," added Charnley.
"It is clear that Rafa has connected deeply with the club's supporters and we do not underestimate the role they have played in his decision to stay."
Former Newcastle striker Alan Shearer said he was "delighted", but a "little bit surprised", telling BBC Radio 5 live: "For Newcastle to attract of a manager of his calibre is a coup."
BBC Sport pundit Mark Lawrenson, a former Newcastle coach, said: "He's a control freak in the nicest possible way. I would imagine he's probably got millions to buy players plus what he generates in sales. He is ruthless.
"He managed at a lower level in Spain, that's where he learned the art of management. He'll get them organised defensively straight away, which you have to do in the Championship.
"Newcastle, Liverpool, Valencia - all teams with a massive base of support and very loyal to their managers if they think they are any good. I can really understand why he's staying."


A senior police officer who suffered a mental illness after years of witnessing trauma says the impact of horrific events such as the Manchester attacks on the emergency services has yet to be fully understood.

"We ask police to go to the places the rest of us couldn't or wouldn't and we ask them to do it repeatedly," Ch Supt John Sutherland tells the Victoria Derbyshire programme.
"For 25 years I've watched colleagues do those things with extraordinary compassion and they do it so beautifully, but I don't think we've even begun to understand the impact it has on them to be exposed to repeated trauma."
The senior Metropolitan Police officer knows from personal experience just how serious the impact can be.
In 2013, after years serving as a frontline police officer, Ch Supt John Sutherland began to feel unwell. He went on to suffer severe anxiety, depression and crippling exhaustion.
After going to see his GP, he was given emergency counselling, prescribed anti-depressants and signed off work.
It has taken him years to come to terms with his breakdown, which he says was caused by the trauma of dealing with the impact of horrific crimes, including murders and terror attacks.
Now, when terror attacks such as the ones in Manchester and Westminster take place, Ch Supt Sutherland says he "struggles" to deal with the extensive news coverage.
"It's the simple trauma of it," he says. "I can't look at the pictures or read much of the coverage because I care too much.
"The second thing I struggle with is my inability to respond in the ways I used to be able to. It is a survivors' guilt type thing, knowing my colleagues are in there in the thick of it but if I was to even try I would be more unhelpful than helpful like offering personal support on the front line or visiting."
Ch Supt Sutherland was a serving officer during the 7/7 attacks, when four suicide bombers killed 52 people in central London and injured more than 700. He was also at the scene of the failed 21/7 attacks, when failed bombers targeted three London Underground trains and a bus in an attempted repeat attack.
Since then, he has worked directly with colleagues who were first on the scene of 7/7 and the murder of Fusilier Lee Rigby.
"The reality is police officers venture into hell and they see things and deal with things and have to make choices that are beyond the comprehension of most of us," he says.
But that bravery can come at a cost.
"From my experience of being at murder scenes, what I understand now is that it would be impossible to venture into those places and not be affected by it. We'd be something less than human if we didn't feel something.
"I didn't understand until years later the extent of the impact of what had I'd experienced and had happened to me," he says.
"It was no single thing for me that suddenly caught up on me after 22 years, it was cumulative."
He has now chronicled his illness and the causes of it in a book, called A Life in Blue: a Memoir.
"As a society we have yet to fully understand the effect of repeated exposure to trauma on police," he says.
Ch Supt Sutherland, who now works in a non-operational role for London's Metropolitan Police, says his experiences during his career were just "normal" for a police officer.
But he says "we don't all react and respond in the same ways".
"If my story was about anything other than mental health, if it was about being shot or stabbed I'd feel no shame at all and would feel proud of myself and people's reaction would be one of equivocation. There would be a wound I could show, but mental health doesn't show up on x-rays.
"I felt desperately ashamed early on about mental illness and some of the bloke stuff of not being strong, that I'd fallen over when colleagues were still on duty - whilst I was curled up at home unable to move."
This week - following the atrocity in Manchester - the terror level in the UK was raised to critical, its highest level. It means another terror attack could be "imminent".
He says that alone places an additional burden on the Met's police officers.
"It is also the realisation that every police officer is an explicit terrorist target. It's in your subconscious," he says.
"That places an enormous burden, but you won't find a single officer batting an eyelid or complaining at all. They do what they do best in these circumstances and get on with it proudly."
Watch the Victoria Derbyshire programme on weekdays between 09:00 and 11:00 on BBC Two and the BBC News channel.


Ireland coach Joe Schmidt says he will face a tough task in raising his side's morale for next weekend's Test series decider against South Africa.

The Irish looked set to be the first of the four home nations to win a series in South Africa as they led the second Test 19-3 only to lose 32-26.
"It'll take us a couple of days, probably, to get over the anguish," said the Ireland coach.
A further worry for Schmidt is centre Robbie Henshaw's knee injury.
The Leinster-bound Connacht player had to be replaced by Ian Madigan in Johannesburg and now looks to be a doubt for Saturday's decisive Test in Port Elizabeth.
Tries from Ruan Combrinck, Warren Whiteley, Pieter-Steph du Toit and Damian de Allende saw Ireland crumble in the face of the Springbok onslaught.
"The players are certainly disappointed," Schmidt said.
"Whenever you get the win and get the result, it's always a lot easier to bounce back even if it's a physically tiring match."
After Devin Toner's first-half try, Jamie Heaslip's touchdown after the break helped keep Ireland in apparent control at 26-10 ahead but Schmidt's side conceded three tries in the closing 16 minutes in Johannesburg.
"We missed tackles and were unlucky at times, but the result was well and truly earned by the South African ball-carriers," said the Ireland coach.
"They really did take it to us and we were not quite up the task and that is incredibly disappointing."
Schmidt pointed to two penalty misses by otherwise impressive fly-half Paddy Jackson which would have increased Ireland's advantage when the Springboks were struggling.
"We just missed penalties before and after half-time which could have kept our confidence levels up and maybe delivered a little bit more of a blow to the South Africans," said the 50-year-old New Zealander.
"But the way they came back. They were relatively irrepressible."
Schmidt praised the performances of debutant Quinn Roux, tight-head prop Tadgh Furlong and Ulster centre Stuart Olding.
"Quinn gave us 50 minutes of real ballast in the scrums, he got around the park and he made sure that we were not losing those collisions.
"I thought Tadhg was great. It was an opportunity for him to demonstrate what he was capable of doing and I think everybody probably saw that he did just that.
"The first three tackles of Stuart were really decisive and allowed us to set our defensive line either side of him in that tackle area. That was really satisfying."


Eleven sheep have been killed by dogs in what has been described as a "horrific" example of sheep worrying.

Seven were killed during the attack and four had to be euthanized because they were beyond treatment.
A further 15 sheep needed veterinary treatment following the incident in Lincolnshire on Friday.
Caroline and Jim Chapman, who own the farm near Saltfleetby where it happened, said finding the dead and injured sheep was devastating.
Lincolnshire Police believes two dogs were responsible and said the incident was under investigation.
Mrs Chapman said: "It's not something that we will ever forget.
"Of the 29 that we had to start with in the field we've only had three that have been unaffected."
All of the sheep were pregnant.
Mr Chapman said: "It will be an absolute miracle if they all lamb without any problems at all, and if they all carry the lambs full-term now."
Jonathan Brant, who farms in Lincolnshire and is regional board chairman for the National Farmers Union in the East Midlands, said sheep worrying was becoming more frequent.
"There are more people moving out from the cities into the countryside, and obviously there's more dogs as well," he said.
"I went to see the incident early on Saturday morning and I've never witnessed anything quite so horrific really.
He hopes this "very tragic accident" will make other dog owners take more care.
"It's just common sense," he said.
"Do not let your dog off a lead when you are in a field of sheep and cattle. Just don't do it. You are asking for trouble."
Source: National Sheep Association


Andrew Trimble is set to return after injury in Friday's Pro12 game against Cardiff Blues at Kingspan Stadium.

The Ireland wing was out of action for a month after undergoing surgery on a hand injury sustained against Treviso.
Wiehahn Herbst has come through the return to play protocols but lock Pete Browne is out for three to four weeks.
Meanwhile back-row forward Marcell Coetzee is expected to be fit for the start of next season as his knee injury is not as bad as first feared.
Ruan Pienaar has been given a clean bill of health while Louis Ludik and Stuart McCloskey came through Ulster A's game against Leinster A last weekend unscathed.
Browne is ruled out with a shoulder complaint, while prop Kyle McCall will be absent for another four to five weeks.
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Another front-rower Rodney Ah You is available after serving a one-week ban for his red card against the Dragons.
Wing Tommy Bowe remains a long-term absentee as he continues to recover from a broken ankle.
Ulster emerged 35-22 victors the last time they took on the Blues at the Arms Park in early December and have now put together a run of six successive wins.
The Irish province occupy fourth place in the Pro12 table with four sets of fixtures remaining, a position they will hope to retain to secure a place in the end-of-season semi-final play-offs.
Following their penultimate home game of the season on Friday, Ulster face testing encounters with the top three sides in the standings, away to Munster and Ospreys, then home to Leinster.


Crystal Palace continued their recent revival to boost their Premier League survival hopes and leave Arsenal struggling to maintain their run of top-four finishes under Arsene Wenger.

Palace led through Andros Townsend's close-range finish, doubling their lead when Yohan Cabaye's shot looped in.
Luka Milivojevic clinched victory with a firm, low penalty as Palace moved six points clear of the relegation zone.
Sixth-placed Arsenal did not manage a shot on target in a poor second half.
Some travelling Gunners fans again called for manager Wenger, who has led Arsenal to top-four finishes in each of his previous 20 seasons at the helm, to leave the club.
The Frenchman's side are seven points adrift of fourth-placed Manchester City with eight games remaining.
The manner of Arsenal's performance - disorganised, devoid of attacking ideas and lacking fight - will increase the scrutiny on Wenger yet again.
The 67-year-old has already faced protests from some supporters urging him to leave, with more calls clearly audible - along with the barracking of his players in the latter stages - at Selhurst Park.
Wenger's contract expires at the end of the season and the club has offered him a new two-year deal, although he is still to announce whether he intends to carry on.
Arsenal had 72% possession against Palace but that mattered for little as the hosts broke quickly on the counter-attack, exploiting space down the flanks and taking their chances clinically.
The Gunners looked defensively vulnerable whenever Palace went forward, lacking leadership without injured captain Laurent Koscielny.
And when the visitors did attack, Palace keeper Wayne Hennessey was only required to make saves from Mohamed Elneny and Alexis Sanchez.
After the break, Hennessey did not even face a shot on target as Arsenal suffered a fourth straight away defeat for the first time under Wenger.
"Palace wanted it more. You could sense that from the kick-off," Theo Walcott, Arsenal's stand-in captain, said.
While Wenger has never led Arsenal to a finish outside the top four, opposite number Sam Allardyce has a proud record of not being relegated from the top flight.
On this evidence, Allardyce looks much likelier to maintain his achievement than his long-time adversary.
The former England manager, who has previously kept up Bolton, Blackburn and Sunderland, took a while to improve Palace's fortunes after replacing Alan Pardew in December, but the Eagles are starting to reap the rewards of his methods when it matters.
Palace had too much pace, power and passion for a lifeless Gunners side.
Although Arsenal dominated possession in the first half, Palace had the better chances and deservedly led when Townsend drilled in Wilfried Zaha's cross from the right.
Palace leaked goals under Pardew, but have discovered defensive resilience under Allardyce - leading to four clean sheets in their past six league games.
That run has coincided with the arrival of centre-back Mamadou Sakho, the loan signing from Liverpool who again led their backline with a determined and disciplined performance.
It laid the platform for Palace to go on and secure victory after the break.
Cabaye clipped Zaha's pass into the top corner before Gunners keeper Emiliano Martinez clumsily brought down Townsend, allowing Milivojevic to confidently tuck in his first Palace goal.
"Tactically the players were aware of what had to happen to beat Arsenal," said Allardyce.
"Arsenal have been weak defensively - they leave the centre-backs exposed."
Crystal Palace manager Sam Allardyce, speaking to Sky Sports: "Tactically the players were aware of how to beat Arsenal. The first thing was to defend and frustrate them, keep them playing sideways, then use the space behind the full-backs. Arsenal have been weak defensively, they leave the centre-backs exposed.
"We won a lot of possession off them and created lots of chances. Cabaye's goal, what a finish - and that was down to us pressing them. It wasn't a shock for me because we played Chelsea and won that game. The result might be a shock, but we did that again and did it better.
"We all know Arsenal are going through their worst spell for years, but the only way to take advantage is by playing well. Everything worked perfectly for us today."
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Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger, speaking to BBC Sport: "We lost too many duels and we paid for that. There is no obvious reason why. We prepared well. It's difficult to explain just after the game.
"I don't think my players didn't want it, but we lost duels in decisive moments and that's how games are decided at this level.
"I understand our fans are disappointed and we all are deeply tonight. It's very worrying and disappointing the way we lost the game. Palace were sharp, they beat Chelsea the other day, and that shows they have quality.
"We are in a difficult position. The game doesn't help."
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Crystal Palace will look to earn the one win Allardyce believes they need to be assured of safety when they host Leicester on Saturday. Arsenal travel to Middlesbrough next Monday in a game with significant implications at both ends of the table.
Match ends, Crystal Palace 3, Arsenal 0.
Second Half ends, Crystal Palace 3, Arsenal 0.
Shkodran Mustafi (Arsenal) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Christian Benteke (Crystal Palace).
Attempt missed. Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain (Arsenal) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right. Assisted by Granit Xhaka.
Foul by Aaron Ramsey (Arsenal).
Jason Puncheon (Crystal Palace) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt blocked. Christian Benteke (Crystal Palace) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Jeffrey Schlupp.
Substitution, Crystal Palace. Damien Delaney replaces Wilfried Zaha.
Offside, Crystal Palace. Joel Ward tries a through ball, but James McArthur is caught offside.
Corner,  Crystal Palace. Conceded by Nacho Monreal.
Attempt missed. Christian Benteke (Crystal Palace) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Andros Townsend with a cross.
Shkodran Mustafi (Arsenal) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Andros Townsend (Crystal Palace).
Aaron Ramsey (Arsenal) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jason Puncheon (Crystal Palace).
Substitution, Crystal Palace. Mathieu Flamini replaces Luka Milivojevic.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Mamadou Sakho (Crystal Palace) because of an injury.
Corner,  Arsenal. Conceded by Joel Ward.
Granit Xhaka (Arsenal) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Christian Benteke (Crystal Palace).
Substitution, Crystal Palace. James McArthur replaces Yohan Cabaye.
Corner,  Arsenal. Conceded by Martin Kelly.
Corner,  Arsenal. Conceded by Joel Ward.
Attempt blocked. Alexis Sánchez (Arsenal) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Aaron Ramsey.
Attempt missed. Héctor Bellerín (Arsenal) right footed shot from the right side of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain.
Substitution, Arsenal. Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain replaces Theo Walcott.
Goal!  Crystal Palace 3, Arsenal 0. Luka Milivojevic (Crystal Palace) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom left corner.
Penalty conceded by Emiliano Martinez (Arsenal) after a foul in the penalty area.
Penalty Crystal Palace. Andros Townsend draws a foul in the penalty area.
Attempt missed. Christian Benteke (Crystal Palace) right footed shot from the left side of the box misses to the right. Assisted by Wayne Hennessey following a set piece situation.
Foul by Héctor Bellerín (Arsenal).
Andros Townsend (Crystal Palace) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Goal!  Crystal Palace 2, Arsenal 0. Yohan Cabaye (Crystal Palace) right footed shot from the right side of the box to the top left corner. Assisted by Wilfried Zaha.
Substitution, Arsenal. Olivier Giroud replaces Danny Welbeck.
Substitution, Arsenal. Aaron Ramsey replaces Mohamed Elneny.
Mohamed Elneny (Arsenal) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Yohan Cabaye (Crystal Palace).
Attempt missed. Héctor Bellerín (Arsenal) right footed shot from the right side of the box misses to the right. Assisted by Alexis Sánchez.


A strong earthquake has struck Myanmar, the US Geological Survey reports, with shaking felt across the region.

The 6.9 magnitude quake took place at a depth of around 140km (87 miles), north-west of Mandalay. There were no initial reports of any fatalities.
The tremor could be felt in the north-east Indian state of Assam, where the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge are staying.
The royal couple, who are staying in a national park, were unharmed.
People in Myanmar's main city, Yangon, in the Bangladeshi capital Dhaka, and in Kolkata in India fled buildings in panic when the tremor struck.
Tremors are relatively common in Myanmar (formerly known as Burma). This earthquake occurred at intermediate depth, according to the USGS, which means it took place within the Indian tectonic plate as it subducts beneath Eurasia.
While such earthquakes may be felt at the Earth's surface, they are less likely to cause severe damage.
An Associated Press news agency reporter in Yangon reported seeing a seven-storey hospital shake during Wednesday's two-minute quake, causing staff and patients to flee the building.
Many of Myanmar's outlying areas have inadequate communications and infrastructure, including the area where the earthquake hit.
The Chinese official Xinhua news agency said strong tremors were also felt in Tibet, with many residents of Lhasa drawn out on the streets.
Shaking was experienced in the Assam capital Guwahati, where wall-mounted television sets at a local TV station were reported to have been sent crashing to the ground.
The British royal party have been visiting Assam's Kaziranga National Park.
"We felt the tremor very strongly, but all is fine,'' British Deputy High Commissioner Scott Furssedonn-Wood, who is staying in the same jungle resort as the royal couple, was quoted by AP as saying.
The royal couple are spending Wednesday night in the park and will travel to neighbouring Bhutan on Thursday.
An earthquake measuring 6.7 magnitude hit north-east India in January, near its borders with Myanmar and Bangladesh, killing at least nine people.
In March 2011, at least 75 people died when a powerful earthquake hit Myanmar near the borders with Laos and Thailand.


Patients who had eye operations at a hospital where staff raised concerns about the procedures said they suffered pain and felt rushed, a report claims.

Cataract operations carried out at Musgrove Park Hospital in Taunton in May left some with blurred vision.
The procedures were carried out on 62 people in a mobile unit by by private provider Vanguard Healthcare. Twenty-five of them had a "normal recovery".
Ophthalmology staff voiced concerns but operations continued, the report says.
The first operations happened on a Friday, Saturday and Sunday at the start of the month. The hospital had planned to operate on 400 people.
But by the Tuesday, some patients had come to back to the hospital complaining about their vision.
The report claims that three patients needed further surgery because of retention of lens matter, two suffered eye burns while six patients were found with microscopic metallic fragments in their eyes.
One told staff they were "shouted at" for moving, the report said.
Initial internal staff emails focused on a lack of follow-up arrangements for the patients and said it was unusual to have three patients complaining of problems.
The national average rate for complications in this type of surgery is 4.64%, but the report said the figure on patients sent to the mobile unit differed "10-fold" from this.
Ophthalmology staff also told managers in emails that "one a year would have been an issue".
Hospital managers decided to review all patients who had been operated on, but also gave the go-ahead for new surgeries to take place while previous patients were still being checked.
Source: NHS cataract surgery
These new operations then had to be stopped after staff assessing patients who had previously undergone procedures found some also had eye problems.
On the final day of surgery, there were seven operations despite the warnings over previous complications.
A statement from the hospital said: "The decision to allow surgery to go ahead on 9 May was taken following a number of teleconference conversations with all parties involved during that week."
But the hospital said that not everybody included in the email was in the hospital that day and "there was a delay in the email being seen".
"Surgery was stopped during the morning as a result of the email and feedback from the review clinic that was also being held at the same time," the statement added.
The report investigated whether surgical technique could have been to blame but said this could not "provide the whole explanation".
The Vanguard mobile unit was brought in to help lower waiting lists for the eye operations.
The firm's CEO, Ian Gillespie, said he wanted to "personally convey" his sympathy for any patients affected.
"The investigation does not identify any one cause, but instead points to a number of different factors which may have led to the complications experienced by patients," he said.
"No issues have been identified with the Vanguard mobile theatre facility itself; however there are clearly lessons to be learnt by all parties."
Musgrove Park Hospital had initially refused to release its internal report citing legal issues with its publication.
But it was released following a Freedom of Information Act request by the BBC.


A motorcyclist has died in a crash with a car in Hampshire.

The motorcyclist, a woman in her 50s, and the driver of a Fiat Doblo crashed at traffic lights at the junction in The Avenue, Fareham at about 13:00 BST.
She was pronounced dead at the scene. The woman driving the Fiat was not seriously injured.
The eastbound carriageway was closed for several hours with drivers urged to follow diversions. The westbound carriageway remained open.


A British forensic expert has told an inquest in Kenya that the son of a British lord  died of brain injuries and not a drug overdose.

Alexander Monson, 28, son of the 12th Baron Monson and heir to the family estate in Lincolnshire, died in police custody in Mombasa in 2012.
He had been arrested near a resort in the Kenyan coastal town of Diani.
Police said he died of an overdose, but Dr Jason James said he died of brain injuries caused by blunt objects.
Dr James told the inquest in Mobasa that preliminary findings by two pathologists who carried out autopsies independently showed the 28-year-old had injuries to his genitals and the back of his head.
"There was an ill-defined swelling in the â€¦ side of the brain ... not attended by laceration," Dr James said.
He said the injuries to the genitals and the head would have caused "substantial pain, discomfort and probably vomiting".
Dr James said he could not say when the injuries had happened.
Mr Monson, a former Marlborough College pupil, was arrested during a night out with friends in a small resort town on the Kenyan south coast.
He was booked into police custody on suspicion of possessing cannabis.
Senior magistrate Richard Odenyo adjourned the inquiry until 6 October.


Private hospitals should release the same levels of data about patient safety incidents as NHS providers, a report says.

The organisation behind the report says it is difficult for the public to judge the safety of  private hospitals.
Private hospitals now receive 28% of their income from treating NHS patients.
Independent hospitals say they are working hard to provide better data.
Private hospitals are required to report all serious incidents to regulators at the CQC and Monitor, and additionally to commissioners if NHS-funded patients are involved.
But it is not possible to compare data side-by-side from NHS and private hospitals for death rates or complications such as infections.
A think tank scrutinising the role of markets and competition in the NHS, the Centre for Health and the Public Interest (CHPI), says figures obtained from the Care Quality Commission (CQC) show just over 800 patients died unexpectedly in private hospitals in England between October 2010 and April 2014 - and there were more than 900 serious injuries.
The report says: "It is not possible to state whether these rates of death and serious injury are significant, as we do not know in which hospitals they occurred, the health status of the patients concerned, nor the types of treatments that were being provided.
"It is also not possible to state whether the rates are unusually high or to be expected."
Private hospitals' representatives say those figures need to be examined against comparable NHS data.
The report also says there were 2,622 emergency admissions to the NHS from the private sector in 2012-13.
CHPI is calling on the government to review the nature and costs of these admissions.
Report co-author, Prof Colin Leys, said: "The public and regulators have access to more information than ever before about how NHS services are performing but the same cannot be said for private hospitals.
"The government has recognised the crucial role of transparency in making hospitals safer, but reporting requirements should apply wherever patients are treated. This is too important to be left to the industry to address.
"This is a question of accountability. It's a basic necessity for all hospitals to report the same data."
The report recommends that private hospitals report on their performance in the same way as NHS providers - with data such as infection rates made available on the NHS Choices website, and monitored by the Health and Social Care Information Centre.
Peter Walsh, chief executive of Action Against Medical Accidents, said: "This report confirms it is time for the same level of scrutiny, regulation and protection of patients' safety and rights to be afforded to private patients as is now being done for NHS patients.
"A comparable complaints procedure and access to independent advice on complaints would be a good starting point."
Fiona Booth, chief executive of the Association of Independent Healthcare Organisations (AIHO), said: "From the data already publicly available from the CQC, it is clear that the care provided by independent hospitals is overwhelmingly safe.
"The independent sector has been working with the NHS for a number of years on a project to share and report quality data.
"A lot of work has been undertaken to make reporting systems compatible. That work is ongoing, and will enable the independent sector and the NHS to report incidents in a directly comparable way."
The Private Healthcare Information Network (Phin), which collates data, said: "Our network was set up precisely to improve the availability of information for patients, and has strong support from private hospitals, insurers, and doctors to do so.
"Most of the specific issues raised in the report are already being addressed, and indeed all private hospitals and consultants in private practice will soon be legally required to work with us to publish far more comprehensive information in the near future."


While most teenagers are at school, AC Milan goalkeeper Gianluigi Donnarumma is helping keep clean sheets in Serie A.

At just 16 years old the youngster is already being tipped by his coach Sinisa Mihajlovic as the "future of Italian football".
Donnarumma has started the last four games for the Rossoneri and his rise to fame has been so great that the youngster does not even merit a profile on football video game Fifa 2016.
On Saturday he faces Juventus and his idol, Italy legend Gianluigi Buffon.
Before the game BBC Sport takes a closer look at the 6ft 5in shot-stopper.
Donnarumma was born in Castellammare di Stabia on 25 February 1999.
The story goes that Donnarumma was so big for his age that his mother would bring a birth certificate along to every game to show opposition teams who thought he was too old for the age group he was playing in.
He followed his brother into the Milan academy, but while Gianluigi went on to make his senior debut for the Rossoneri, older brother Antonio, also a goalkeeper, was sold to Genoa without ever playing in the famous red and black.
"I chose to come to AC Milan and not Inter partly because my brother played here and partly because I have always been a Milan fan. I always wanted to be a goalkeeper. I started on a pitch near my home and I never had any other dream."
His first contract was negotiated by super agent Mino Raiola, who counts Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Paul Pogba among his clients.
Former Milan manager Filippo Inzaghi named Donnarumma on the bench for a match against Cesena in February, days before his 16th birthday.
In pre-season the youngster was promoted to Milan's first team by Mihajlovic as a third-choice goalkeeper.
He was part of the tour to China and made his debut in a friendly against Real Madrid in August.
Replacing Diego Lopez in the 72nd minute, Donnarumma saved a penalty from German World Cup winner Toni Kroos in the shootout to send it to sudden death.
But he missed the decisive penalty as Milan lost 10-9 on penalties.
Just weeks into the new season Donnarumma made his Serie A debut, in a 2-1 win at home to Sassuolo on 25 October.
At 16 years and eight months he became the youngest debutant goalkeeper in the Italy top division, since Gianluca Pacchiarotti who played for Pescara aged 16 years and 192 days in 1980.
"The day before the Sassuolo match, the coach called me into the changing rooms. He gave a brief speech and he told me of his decision," said Donnarumma.
"It was an incredible feeling. At first, I didn't realise that he was going to select me. Usually, I keep my feelings inside, but that day it was very hard. After training, I called my parents right away and they left Castellammare to come and watch me."
Donnarumma went on to keep his place in the side, ahead of former Real Madrid keeper Lopez, who is now out with a knee injury.
In the last league game against Atalanta on 7 November, Donnarumma made three crucial saves to earn Milan a point in a 0-0 draw, their first clean sheet of the season.
His performances have seen him earn a call-up to Italy under-21s.
When Donnarumma takes to the field against Juventus on Saturday, at the other end of the pitch will be 37-year-old Buffon.
"Buffon is my idol," said Donnarumma. "My dream is to become a regular in the senior national team and follow in his footsteps. Everyone would like to have a career like his."
Buffon's career began almost exactly 20 years ago, when the then 17-year-old made his debut for Parma against AC Milan on 19 November 1995.
He has gone on to win 154 caps with Italy, the World Cup and is considered one of the best goalkeepers of all time.
Does Donnarumma think he can reach the heights of his idol?
"I do not know if I was destined as many say," he added. "I definitely keep my feet on the ground."
Italian football writer and broadcaster Mina Rzouki: "Donnarumma is exceptionally big for his age with a huge wingspan and is agile for someone of his size. Italy does not usually produce such huge players.
"He is a well adjusted boy with a great family set-up and is very level headed. He is devoted to the art form of becoming a goalkeeper and that makes all the difference. He is not just talented, he has the right mindset and never gets flustered.
"He has appealed to two coaches in Inzaghi and Mihajlovic which says a lot about his character, he is highly rated and a model professional. To keep a player like Lopez out of the team means he must be something special.
"His weaknesses are crosses and his positioning, he has had made mistakes and been inconsistent but Mihajlovic has stuck with him regardless and put faith in him."