For England, defeat by Pakistan was a world away from the Ashes celebrations.

For a packed house at The Oval, see empty seats in Sharjah. A rainy day in south London replaced by a cloudless sky over the desert.
But the questions hanging over Alastair Cook's side not only remain the same after a 2-0 series loss in the United Arab Emirates - they have grown in number.
"We don't have an opening partner, number three is going downhill, there's still a question mark against number five and number six, we're still waiting for the wicketkeeper and the spinners aren't winning matches," said former England batsman Geoffrey Boycott.
There are plenty of reasons for optimism, but in the short term a trip to South Africa does not appear to be a welcome Christmas present.
Answers must be found before the first Test against the best side in the world begins on 26 December.
The role of opening the batting with Cook is starting to look as cursed as the job of Defence Against the Dark Arts professor at Hogwarts.
Seven players have been tried since Andrew Strauss retired in 2012 and Moeen Ali looks set to become the seventh that has either been discarded, moved back down the order, or retired.
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Moeen's promotion from number eight was always likely to be a temporary measure that allowed England to play more than one spinner, but that did not stop Cook from saying he may get the job long term if he succeeded in the UAE.
However, 84 runs in six innings was anything but a success and, given the disappointing return of the touring spinners, England may have been better off giving a specialist opener three Tests to find his feet before South Africa.
The next man in line, likely to be Alex Hales, may well begin his Test career against the game's most fearsome pace attack of Dale Steyn, Morne Morkel and Vernon Philander.
"You could pull names out of a hat and they would all do a similar job," said former England captain Michael Vaughan.
"I think Hales will play, but they will have to take a reserve. If it goes wrong, they might need some experience, and that could come in the shape of Nick Compton."
Ian Bell was England's third-highest run scorer in the series, but a total of 158 at an average of 31.60 says more about the failure of the rest of the batsmen than his success.
Overall, it has been a steady decline since his stellar Ashes summer of 2013 - an average of 34.76 in 2014, 25.95 in 2015, and now 23 innings without a Test century.
James Taylor was recalled for the final Test against Pakistan, impressing with a first-innings 74 at number five.
If Bell is dropped - or retires - Taylor could move up to number three, which may allow a recall for Gary Ballance or a debutant such as Hampshire's James Vince.
Do England really want to take on Steyn and company with a rookie opener, a fledgling number three and a new number five?
"Ian Bell is a worry," said Vaughan. "But I don't want to be turning on the telly on Boxing Day and seeing three really inexperienced players in those conditions. I'd try to talk Bell into some kind of form."
Boycott said: "Ian Bell won't retire and they won't sack him because there's no-one else. England should move on."
At the end of Matt Prior's England career, Jos Buttler slotted seamlessly into the wicketkeeping gloves and the batting order. His first eight Tests yielded 474 runs at an average of 52.67.
However, an indifferent Ashes was followed by a miserable time in the UAE. Only 34 runs came in four innings and there were signs the glovework was creaking.
When Buttler was dropped for the third Test, his position behind the stumps went to Jonny Bairstow, previously in the side as a specialist batsman but Yorkshire's regular keeper.
Bairstow, though, has problems of his own. Recalled during the Ashes after an 18-month absence, he averages only 25.20 since returning and missed a regulation stumping on the fourth morning of the third Test against Pakistan.
"You can't keep chopping and changing," said Vaughan.
"Bairstow didn't keep and then got thrown the gloves in the last Test. Buttler will get another opportunity, but he needs time out to work on his game."
The spin bowling department was where England were most outclassed in the UAE.
In the third and final Test, where conditions were most helpful, Pakistan's slow bowlers took a combined 17 wickets, while England's served up an abundance of long hops and full tosses for combined match figures of 7-423 from 115.2 overs.
There were mitigating factors; Moeen was burdened with the extra responsibility of opening the batting, Adil Rashid was playing in his first series and Samit Patel was recalled after a three-year absence. In the case of Moeen and Patel, bowling is not the strongest part of their game; they are all-rounders at best.
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Moeen is likely to move back down the order and start the South Africa series as the sole spinner.
He can take comfort from a curious statistic. In English conditions, which are similar to those in South Africa, he averages 36.25 with the ball - respectable for what is essentially a fifth bowler.
Only when he has played abroad and been asked to do a job in more helpful conditions, like in the UAE and the West Indies, does that average climb to 43. That must be improved upon when England go to India and Bangladesh next winter.
"He's a better bowler when he's got four seamers alongside him," said ex-England spinner Phil Tufnell. "When he has to bowl a side out in sub-continental conditions, he's not quite up to the mark yet."
Vaughan added: "Moeen has now had a year in international cricket and teams have seen him. They know they can wait for him to bowl a bad ball. He's got to be smarter."
The doubts paint a picture of a team in turmoil, but this is not the case.
Three years ago, an England outfit ranked number one in the world were humbled 3-0 in the UAE. In 2015, a developing side competed for long periods and would have won the first Test had the light held for another 20 minutes.
Batsmen Cook and Joe Root, along with new-ball bowlers James Anderson and Stuart Broad, had outstanding tours. All four would have a decent claim to be included in a current World XI.
The back-up pace bowling is in good hands with Mark Wood and Steven Finn, while Ben Stokes has cemented his place as an all-rounder. England will be desperate for him to recover from a shoulder injury in time for South Africa.
"England have four world-class players - two wonderful seam bowlers and two top-class batsmen," said Boycott.
"But England have to address the batting collapses and not only win Test matches when Broad and Anderson take five or six wickets each.
"That's why the backroom are paid - they are there to solve these problems."
Michael Vaughan, Phil Tufnell and Geoffrey Boycott were speaking on Radio 5 live and Radio 5 live Sports Extra.


An installation made up of artificial dung, intended to pay tribute to a seminal work seized by the Nazis in 1937, has gone on display in Berlin.

Martin Gostner's work, The Oriel of the Blue Horses, features four piles of fake blue manure.
Each pile corresponds to one of the horses in Franz Marc's seminal work The Tower of Blue Horses.
The expressionist masterpiece was branded "un-German" by the Nazis and has never been found.
The aim of the piece, according to Berlin's New National Gallery, is to make it seem as though the horses are alive and trotting around the museum.
"What would happen if the painting still lived, if there were a sign of it, and the horses were to come by here?" said Dieter Scholz, the gallery's curator.
Marc's painting was bought in 1919 by Ludwig Justi, the director of the New National Gallery, and was part of the museum's collection until its confiscation.
Like many works that went missing during the period, it is not known if The Tower of Blue Horses still exists or has been destroyed.
Prior to 1949 there were various sightings in Germany and there were unconfirmed reports it had been stored in a Swiss bank safe.


In Latvia this place is known as the House on the Corner - and for much of the 20th Century, as home to the KGB, it was the most feared building in the country.

Now, as Latvia marks 25 years since it declared independence from the Soviet Union, pressure is growing to publish the names of KGB agents who spied on their fellow citizens.
A stooped elderly man slowly opens the heavy metal door which half a century ago imprisoned him.
"It was deadly silent," he remembers with a sad smile. "And if you were brought out into the corridor and another prisoner came, you had to turn round to the wall, with your face to the floor, so that you didn't know who else was here."
In a beret, and with a distinguished white beard, Knuts Skujenieks, 78, is exactly how you would imagine a dissident poet from the former Soviet Union.
In 1962 he spent six months here, before being sent to a Soviet labour camp near the Ural mountains in Russia for more than six years.
His crime was writing poetry.
He believes his imprisonment was a warning to other Latvian writers not to agitate for independence from Moscow.
From the outside, the House on the Corner is an ornate Art Deco building, originally built as a chic apartment block for Riga's wealthy bourgeois elite.
After the Soviet occupation of Latvia during World War Two, it became the KGB's headquarters.
In the 1940s, prisoners were tortured and even killed here.
On one courtyard wall you can still see the hooks where inmates were hung up by chains, their feet dangling metres from the ground.
On the street, near the entrance, there used to be a small letterbox where Latvians could post requests for information about people who had been detained here; or, more chilling still, slip in notes informing the secret services of the suspected anti-Soviet activities of their neighbours, work colleagues or even friends.
It is this unsettling aspect of Latvian history which is today more explosive than ever.
Between the end of World War Two and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 around 30,000 KGB agents and informers worked in Latvia - many of them Latvian.
Details of the victims can be found in hundreds of thousands of KGB files held in a cavernous former radio factory on the outskirts of town.
Here we find the files which list Mr Skujenieks' "crimes" - 16 thick handwritten volumes, stuffed with photographs and battered 50-year-old school textbooks containing Latvian poems written in faded pencil.
But what these files do not tell you is who did the spying.
The names of the KGB agents are in code. Their real identities are listed on 4,300 cards, stored in sacks and guarded by Latvia's authorities.
Every time the Latvian parliament is about to open these files, the move is blocked by certain senior politicians who want to hide their own past collaboration with the KGB, says historian Karlis Kangeris.
"Former KGB agents must admit to their past. Society can't forgive if we don't know what we're supposed to be forgiving."
But in the seaside resort of Jurmala, I meet the man whom some would hold responsible for some of the repression: the last boss of the KGB in Latvia, Edmunds Johansons.
A genial, chatty man, he is convalescing in a former Soviet sanatorium - a funky building from the 1960s hidden away deep in a forest and reminiscent of a baddy's lair in a James Bond film.
Mr Johansons will not me give any names, but he confirms that some leading figures in Latvian politics and society used to work for the KGB.
Opening up the files, he believes, would tear Latvian society apart.
"We'll just antagonise people. We should aim for consensus and harmony in society. We have to build a future for an independent Latvia. And not do the opposite, and look backwards. It's a very dangerous question."
Back in the prison, I am surprised when Mr Skujenieks tells me that he agrees.
Key data was taken back to Moscow when the Russians left, he explains, so the documents left behind in Riga are incomplete and misleading. And much of it cannot be trusted anyway, Mr Skujenieks says, citing dates and facts about himself in his files which he knows are lies.
"If Moscow would give us all the files it would make sense to open them up. But given the present political situation, it's 100% clear, that's not going to happen."
Mr Skujenieks suspects that the Kremlin is hanging on to the files in order to threaten Latvians and potentially destabilise society.
Two-and-a-half decades after declaring independence, Latvia is still under threat - not from the KGB, but from the files they left behind.


Scotland's Russell Knox finished three shots off the lead to come third at the OHL Classic at Mayakoba, Mexico.

Pat Perez shot a four-under par 67 in Sunday's final round to finish 21 under to win, with overnight leader American Gary Woodland two strokes back.
Knox, 31, carded a final-day five-under-par 66 on the Greg Norman-designed El Camaleon course.
"I wasn't all that comfortable out there. This course kind of makes you put the steer on sometimes," he said.
"But I made seven birdies. A couple of mistakes, but overall starting the day I would have taken 66."
Compatriot Martin Laird tied for 13th at 13 under par, while Northern Ireland's Graeme McDowell finished two shots further back in tied 24th.
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A seal sanctuary in Cornwall has seen a huge rise in the number of injured pups in the wake of Storm Gertrude.

The Cornish Seal Sanctuary in Gweek usually rescues between 50 and 60 pups over a whole winter but it has already rescued 52.
Staff also expect the influx to continue to the end of March, with Storm Henry preparing to sweep in.
The stormy conditions are preventing staff from releasing seals back into the wild.
Read more on this story as it develops throughout the day on our Local Live pages
Sanctuary curator Tamara Cooper said many pups were underweight and had been injured by being dashed on rocks.
"They have come in thick and fast over the stormy period and we are expecting more over the coming months," she said.
"Some are only a few months old and they come ashore to rest.
"They are very skinny and need feeding up. We have six ready to go so we are just waiting for a clear spell of weather."
Storm Henry is predicted to bring treacherous conditions and high winds of up to 90mph to the north of Britain today.
Storm Gertrude brought gusts of more than 100mph in places as well as heavy rain and snow.
Wildlife experts said an "extraordinary" number of dead dolphins have also washed up on Cornwall's shores this month due to recent weather systems.
Abby Crosby, Marine Conservation Officer at Cornwall Wildlife Trust, said: "We've had 19 different cetaceans, that's dolphins porpoises or whales, recorded when the last ten yearly average is 11. So we're looking at almost double the January average."
"It's a really sad situation, however it's an invaluable opportunity for us to examine these carcasses further to try and work out how they died and find out more about the biology and ecology of these amazing creatures."


Manchester United is the world's most valuable football brand, replacing Bayern Munich, according to a report from consultancy Brand Finance.

Despite winning no trophies again last season the Old Trafford club's brand is estimated to be worth $1.2bn (Â£789m).
Six of the top 10 most valuable club brands were English.
Barcelona, who won the Champions League final on Saturday, slipped two places from last year to sixth most valuable club, worth $773m.
A recent report in Spanish newspaper Sport had suggested that Man Utd's global fan base had fallen because of its couple of barren seasons.
But the Brand Finance report said: "Even if recent reports of fan losses are to be believed, United retains legions of followers in India, South East Asia and China, contributing to a total of over half a billion individuals and the news certainly does not appear to have deterred sponsors."
They point to the club's lucrative shirt sponsorship deal with Chevrolet and "record breaking" kit supply deal with Adidas, which was signed in 2014 and is worth Â£750m to United over 10 years.
They added that "the huge windfalls that Man Utd can expect, will see both revenues and brand value continue to increase in the coming years".
They also say that the club's brand value has increased by 63% since 2014.
"The most critical success factor in the Manchester United brand's renewed financial potency has been this year's record-breaking, Â£5.1bn deal for the UK broadcast rights of the Premier League."
Bayern slipped to second in the football brand table, with Real Madrid third, and Paris St-Germain in ninth.  There were no Italian clubs in the top 10.


Former Tory chancellor Lord Lamont has said it is the "duty" of Remain supporters not to undermine the government over Brexit.

Lord Lamont urged peers not to attempt to add conditions to the government's Brexit bill as it passed through the Lords.
But another ex-chancellor, Labour's Lord Darling, said the government should not get a "blank cheque".
Peers gave an unopposed second reading to the draft legislation.
More than 180 members spoke over the course of the two day debate, which lasted nearly 20 hours.
Urging peers to leave the bill unamended, Lord Lamont, who backed a Leave vote in June's referendum, said the views of the Remain side should be taken into account - and added: "But equally I believe that those who voted to Remain have a duty not to undermine the government's negotiating position."
But Lord Darling told peers: "I do not accept this argument that from now on those of us on the Remain side should sit back and say nothing and simply give the government a blank cheque to proceed."
He said this was impossible with so many "unanswered questions".
Liberal Democrat Baroness Kramer said voters should have "the final word" on the Brexit deal in a referendum.
MPs have already backed the proposed law, authorising Mrs May to inform the EU of the UK's intention to leave.
Although there was no formal vote on Tuesday, opposition peers are seeking to amend the bill at a later date to guarantee the rights of EU citizens in Britain and the role of Parliament in scrutinising the process.
As the government does not have a majority in the Lords, it is vulnerable to being outvoted if opposition peers - including Labour's 202 and the 102 Lib Dems - join forces. Much will hinge of the actions of the 178 crossbenchers - who are not aligned to any party.
Mrs May has said she wants to invoke Article 50 of the 2009 Lisbon Treaty - the formal two-year mechanism by which a state must leave the EU - by the end of March, and the government has warned the House of Lords not to frustrate the process.
Among other contributors to the debate, former Labour foreign secretary Lord Owen, who sits as an Independent Social Democrat, said: "You cannot face this issue and ignore the decision of the referendum.
"But equally well, you cannot talk about a United Kingdom without being aware of the fact that a substantial number of people did not vote for it. We have to take account of those divisions as we approach this next and most crucial stage."
And former ambassador to the EU Lord Kerr of Kinlochard, who drew up the Article 50 procedure, said it was not irrevocable and Parliament could invite the government or the country to think again.
The UK would remain a full member of the EU throughout the negotiating period and, "if having looked into the abyss we were to change our minds about withdrawal, we certainly could and no-one in Brussels could stop us", he added.
Winding up the debate, Brexit minister Lord Bridges said the bill should be passed as quickly as possible to allow negotiations with the rest of the EU to start.
A clear majority had voted to leave the EU and there could be "no attempts to remain inside and no attempts to rejoin", he told peers. He also suggested giving unilateral guarantees over the future of EU nationals living in the UK would not help British expats based in other member states.
"They could end up facing two years of uncertainty if any urgency of resolving their status was removed by the UK making a one-sided guarantee," he said.
Detailed scrutiny of the bill at committee stage is due to take place on 27 February and 1 March. If the bill is not amended, then it could theoretically be approved by the Lords at Third Reading on 7 March, becoming law shortly afterwards.
If peers do make changes to the bill, it would put them on a collision course with MPs - who overwhelmingly passed the bill unaltered and would be expected to overturn any Lords amendments.


Artificial intelligence (AI) is the science of making smart machines, and it has come a long way since the term was coined in the 1950s.

Nowadays, robots work alongside humans in hotels and factories, while driverless cars are being test driven on the roads.
Behind the scenes, AI engines in the form of smart algorithms "work" on stock exchanges, offer up suggestions for books and films on Amazon and Netflix and even write the odd article.
But AI does not have the greatest public image - often due to sci-fi films that display dystopian visions of robots taking over the world.
Over the next week, the BBC will be looking into all aspects of artificial intelligence - from how to build a thinking machine, to the ethics of doing so, to questions about whether an AI can ever be creative. Read more in our Intelligent Machines special report.
For many, the only reference point they have for AI comes from films. So what is the reality of where we are with the technology, and is it anything like the fictional future we have created?
Hal is perhaps the most famous AI turned bad. Created by Arthur C Clarke for the book and film 2001: A Space Odyssey, Hal stands for Heuristically Programmed Algorithmic Computer.
Designed to control the systems of the Discovery One spacecraft, on which much of the film is set, as well as interact with the crew, it quickly starts taking its own course - one that does not involve humans.
Perhaps the closest we currently have to Hal is Watson, IBM's supercomputer, which can understand natural language and read millions of documents in seconds.
In 2011, it beat the world's two best players of the Jeopardy quiz show.
Unlike Hal, it is currently working in harmony with humans, in diverse fields such as the research and development departments of big companies such as Proctor and Gamble and Coca-Cola - helping them find new products.
It is also being used in a dozen US hospitals, helping oncologists find treatments for cancer.
It has even been incorporated into a toy dinosaur, allowing children their first taste of communication with an AI. They can ask the dinosaur questions and Watson will help it answer them.
T-800, the Terminator robot from the films of the same name, has living tissue over a metal endoskeleton and is programmed to kill on behalf of Skynet, an artificially intelligent system that has taken over the world's computers in order to destroy the human race.
No AIs yet being developed have self-awareness and all are programmed to help humankind. The exception to this is military robots, which are increasingly being developed for deployment on battlefields, where their role could be more contentious.
The US military unit Darpa is developing lots of robotic kit, such as exoskeletons to give soldiers superhuman strength and access to visual displays that will help their decision making.
It is also using Atlas robots, developed by Boston Dynamics, intended for search and rescue.
Although there are currently no killer robots, there is a campaign to stop them ever being produced, and the UN has said that no weapon should be operated without human control.
C-3PO is a humanoid robot from the Star Wars films. He is designed to serve human beings and boasts of being fluent in over six million forms of communication.
His main job is to assist etiquette, customs and translation so that meetings of different cultures run smoothly.
In the real world, companion robots are really starting to take off.
Pepper is a humanoid robot, developed by technology firm SoftBank, that went on sale in Japan this summer and sold out almost immediately.
Its big selling point is that it can supposedly recognise human emotions. So if you look sad when you get home from work, it will suggest that you play some music.
It has learnt about human emotions by watching videos showing facial expressions.
Intelligent Machines - a BBC News series looking at AI and robotics
Wall-E is a little robot from the Disney film of the same name, left to tidy up after humanity leaves the planet in a mess.
Short for Waste Allocation Loader Lift Earth-Class, Wall-E is the ultimate in loveable machines.
Although not as cute as Wall-E, vacuums programmed to clean up are probably the first example of domestic learning robots.
The company iRobot makes the best-known brand, the Roomba, which, as of February 2014, had sold more than 10 million units. It automatically guides itself around home via onboard sensors which also detect obstacles. At the end of cleaning it takes itself back to its docking station to charge.
Anecdotal evidence suggests some people become as attached to them as pets and take them on holiday.
Ava - the lifelike android from 2015 science fiction film Ex-Machina, is the ultimate in AIs.
Able to conduct a conversation on any topic, show empathy with humans and look entirely human herself, she also has her own agenda, and it is one that does not involve humans.
This type of AI is the one that people fear the most, and while the cleverness of Ava is very far from being achieved, a few people have experimenting with creating robots that look entirely human.
Robotic engineer Hiroshi Ishiguro made a robotic copy of himself, dubbed Geminoid, to study human-robot interaction.
He used silicon rubber to represent skin - but cosmetic company L'Oreal recently teamed up with bio-engineering start-up Organovo to 3D print human skin, potentially making even more lifelike androids possible.
Prof Chetan Dube, chief executive of software firm IPsoft, has developed a virtual assistant called Amelia, and he firmly believes robotics and AI are about to come together.
He believes Amelia will be given human form indistinguishable from the real thing at some point this decade.


Lindsey Vonn secured a record-equalling seventh Alpine Skiing World Cup downhill season title.

The American's win in Meribel brought her an 18th crystal globe - awarded for winning a World Cup discipline.
It also leaves the 30-year-old with 66 career World Cup wins and third in the overall World Cup standings.
"It's incredible," said Vonn. "To come back this year to get the downhill title again and to have an amazing season means so much."
She now shares the record for the most downhill titles with Austrian Annemarie Moser-Proell.
Vonn is already the most successful female World Cup Alpine skier of all time, despite suffering two serious knee injuries.
Earlier this year, she overtook Moser-Proell's 35-year record of 62 career World Cup wins in a super-G race in Italy.
Anna Fenninger of Austria and Slovenia's Tina Maze remain ahead of Vonn in the overall World Cup standings with three disciplines to go.
Meribel is the final World Cup meeting of the season.


Fungus-like life forms have been found in rocks dating back 2.4 billion years.

The fossils, drilled from rocks that were once beneath the seafloor, resemble living fungi.
Scientists say the discovery could push back the date for the oldest fungi by one to two billion years.
The find suggests that fungi arose not on land but in the deep sea. If not a fungus, the organism could be from an extinct branch of life that has not been described before.
Prof Stefan Bengtson of the Swedish Museum of Natural History led the research team.
He said, in the past, scientists may have been looking in the wrong place for the oldest fossil fungi - on land or in shallow seas rather than in the deep sea.
"The deep biosphere (where the fossils were found) represents a significant portion of the Earth, but we know very little about its biology and even less about its evolutionary history," Prof Bengtson told BBC News.
The fossils are almost indistinguishable from those found in similar environments on land, although they are much older.
They are made up of jumbles of tangled threads some hundredths of a millimetre thick.
Scientists have already discovered such structures - known as mycelia - in similar rocks of a much younger age and identified them as fungi.
There is a "clear possibility" that they are the world's oldest fossil fungi - twice as old as generally accepted in the fossil record, Prof Bengtson said.
If they are not fungi, they are probably an extinct branch of eukaryotes "or even giant prokaryotes", he added.
Eukaryotes are any cell or organism with a clearly defined nucleus, while prokaryotes have no nucleus.
The fossils were collected by drilling into ancient rock formed from bubbly lava that was once beneath the sea bed in what is now the Northern Cape Province of South Africa.
Known as the Ongeluk Formation, the location was underwater at the time the organisms would have been alive.
The fungi may have colonised cavities of rock deep beneath the sea floor.
Co-researcher, Magnus Ivarsson, said it would have been an extreme environment far away from sunlight.
"Fungi in this environment most probably lived in symbiosis with microbes utilising chemically stored energy for their metabolism," he said. "They may not even have needed free oxygen."
The research is published in Nature Ecology & Evolution.
Writing in the journal, Nicola McLoughlin of Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa, who is not connected with the study, said the fossil challenges current thinking on when and where eukaryotes evolved.
It "raises the question of whether we have been looking in the wrong place for the earliest eukaryotes and fossil fungi in particular", she said.
Follow Helen on Twitter.


One of the most contentious parading disputes in Northern Ireland in recent years has ended.

Three Ligoniel Orange Order lodges marched past the Ardoyne shops in north Belfast early on Saturday morning.
Loyalists have now dismantled their protest camp at Twaddell Avenue. It was set up in July 2013 after the Parades Commission ruled that Orangemen could not walk along the route.
600 police officers were involved in Saturday's security operation.
The Orange Order was allowed to march along the route after an agreement between Orangemen and nationalist residents' association,  the Crumlin Ardoyne Residents Association (CARA).
The Secretary of State, James Brokenshire, said Saturday's parade sent a "strong signal that dialogue can work".
"It provides a platform of co-operation on which all involved will be able to build," he added.
Several dozen protesters from the Greater Ardoyne Residents Collective (GARC), who reject the deal, gathered at the Ardoyne shops as the parade got underway.
At one point, Belfast priest, Fr Gary Donegan, who backed the deal that led to the parade taking place, was confronted by a small crowd of angry protesters.
They accused him of taking sides with Sinn FÃ©in and the Orange Order against a majority of  residents.
In response, Fr Donegan said: "The reality is, if I have to take a bit of stick for standing up for what I believe is the right decision, then I have always taken it in the neck.
"This was never going to be a situation where everybody was going to be happy or content, but if it means that the people who were actually parading got by and it's over, and we have a new beginning, then it's well and good."
"Nobody has cowered me before and nobody will do it again," added Fr Donegan.
The protesters also chanted "walk of shame", but dispersed peacefully after the march passed.
GARC also held protest against the parade on Friday evening which passed off without incident. More than 200 people took part.


A Church of Ireland cathedral in Belfast has appointed a Catholic priest to serve alongside its clergy for the first time in its history.

Fr Edward O'Donnell said it was a "significant, perhaps even historic step" that he would serve on the chapter at St Anne's Cathedral.
The Belfast priest becomes one of the cathedral's three ecumenical canons, each from a different Christian church.
In his role at St Anne's he can preach, lead prayers and read scripture.
He can also assist at the cathedral's traditional Black Santa Christmas collection for charity.
Ecumenical canons are elected by churches wanting to acknowledge a fellowship with another church.
The dean of Belfast, the Very Rev John Mann, and the chapter of St Anne's Cathedral elected Fr O'Donnell to the position.
Fr O'Donnell, the parish priest of St Brigid's in Belfast, said he wanted to work with St Anne's to make "a contribution to the Christian life of our city".
"While this is a personal privilege for me, the honour is shared with all those who work quietly but persistently to improve and strengthen inter-church relationships," he said.
"I recognise that for St Anne's Cathedral community and for the Catholic community of Belfast, that this is a significant step, perhaps even historic.
"But more so, I recognise the generosity of the dean and chapter in inviting me as a representative of the Roman Catholic Church to be an ecumenical canon."
Dean Mann said Fr O'Donnell, who has been a priest for 40 years, is "a priest for whom I have great admiration".
"His presence in St Anne's will be source of strengthening the already important ecumenical bonds that we have," he added.
"Our unity in Christ is important to us both."


Hull City took a big step towards the Championship play-off final with a convincing victory at Derby County in the first leg of their semi-final.

Abel Hernandez scored from 25 yards and Moses Odubajo's effort deflected in off Derby's Jason Shackell as the Tigers took control before half-time.
Andy Robertson added a third on the counter-attack in second-half stoppage time.
The second leg will take place at Hull's KCOM Stadium on Tuesday.
Derby were the only team to win a Championship game at Hull during the regular season, and must be victorious there again to stand any chance of reaching the play-off final at Wembley on 28 May.
The Rams lost in the last minute of the 2014 Wembley final and missed out on a top-six spot on the final day of the season a year later.
A tepid display in the home leg of their semi-final, against a Hull team over whom they completed a league double in 2015-16, left them with little chance of reaching the final.
For all of their early pressure, Derby were unable to test Hull goalkeeper Eldin Jakupovic - a late addition to the starting line-up after Allan McGregor suffered a back injury in training on Thursday.
Bradley Johnson gave away possession in the build-up to Hull's first goal, while the second came with a degree of poor fortune as goalkeeper Scott Carson was powerless to keep out Odubajo's hugely deflected shot five minutes before half-time.
Jacob Butterfield's tame shot from distance was Derby's first effort on target - with 10 minutes remaining - and was greeted by ironic cheers from the home supporters, who booed loudly as Robertson's excellent finish almost put the outcome of the semi-final beyond doubt.
Hull's top scorer Hernandez scored his 22nd goal of the season to put his side ahead in their semi-final first leg.
The Uruguay international went through a lean spell, going nine appearances without a goal between February and April, but has returned to form in recent weeks.
Four goals in his last five outings of the regular season helped Hull finish fourth in the table, and the 25-year-old striker netted for his fourth game in succession to take the Tigers closer to an immediate return to the Premier League following relegation last term.
Steve Claridge, ex-Leicester striker, on BBC Radio 5 live:
"I am absolutely stunned. I thought this was going to be a close tie. Everything Hull have done has worked perfectly; everything Derby have done has just not worked.
"Hull are the team that have looked the more dangerous going forward. At 3-0 you fear for Derby in the second leg; there is nothing for them to play for."
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Derby head coach Darren Wassall: "It's not the result we wanted and certainly not the result we expected, considering how well we've played at home over the last few weeks.
"We've got two choices - we can either throw the towel in now, which is not what we're going to do, or we can regroup, show some character and resilience and dust ourselves down and go again on Tuesday.
"That is what we're going to do because we can't end the season on a performance like that."
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Hull manager Steve Bruce: "In big games you want your big players to turn up and I thought today our experience certainly showed.
"It was a really, really good performance from start to finish - which in a big game is great to see.
"We know we're capable of that but what we have got in our locker is complacency, and we've got to guard against that on Tuesday."
Match ends, Derby County 0, Hull City 3.
Second Half ends, Derby County 0, Hull City 3.
Goal!  Derby County 0, Hull City 3. Andrew Robertson (Hull City) left footed shot from outside the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Moses Odubajo following a fast break.
Corner,  Derby County. Conceded by Michael Dawson.
Hand ball by Tom Huddlestone (Hull City).
Attempt blocked. Nick Blackman (Derby County) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Chris Martin with a headed pass.
Substitution, Hull City. Alex Bruce replaces Mohamed Diamé.
Attempt missed. Chuba Akpom (Hull City) right footed shot from the right side of the box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Mohamed Diamé.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Eldin Jakupovic (Hull City) because of an injury.
Foul by Cyrus Christie (Derby County).
Chuba Akpom (Hull City) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Richard Keogh (Derby County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Mohamed Diamé (Hull City).
Attempt missed. Ahmed Elmohamady (Hull City) right footed shot from a difficult angle on the right is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Chuba Akpom.
Offside, Derby County. Richard Keogh tries a through ball, but Darren Bent is caught offside.
Substitution, Derby County. Darren Bent replaces Will Hughes.
Substitution, Hull City. Sam Clucas replaces Robert Snodgrass.
Tom Ince (Derby County) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Jake Livermore (Hull City).
Substitution, Hull City. Chuba Akpom replaces Abel Hernández.
Attempt missed. Tom Ince (Derby County) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the right. Assisted by Jason Shackell.
Attempt saved. Jacob Butterfield (Derby County) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Tom Ince.
Richard Keogh (Derby County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Abel Hernández (Hull City).
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Craig Bryson (Derby County) because of an injury.
Offside, Derby County. Chris Martin tries a through ball, but Cyrus Christie is caught offside.
Tom Ince (Derby County) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Moses Odubajo (Hull City).
Attempt missed. Andrew Robertson (Hull City) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the right. Assisted by Abel Hernández.
Moses Odubajo (Hull City) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Derby County. Nick Blackman replaces Johnny Russell.
Attempt missed. Craig Bryson (Derby County) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the right. Assisted by Jacob Butterfield.
Attempt saved. Mohamed Diamé (Hull City) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Abel Hernández.
Corner,  Derby County. Conceded by Tom Huddlestone.
Foul by Will Hughes (Derby County).
Jake Livermore (Hull City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Will Hughes (Derby County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Robert Snodgrass (Hull City).


Barclays has put aside another £800m, largely to cover potential further legal action and penalties for alleged foreign exchange manipulation.

The figure was released as Barclays reported a 26% drop in quarterly statutory profits to £1.34bn.
However, excluding one-off items, including another £150m for mis-selling of payment protection insurance (PPI), adjusted profit rose 9% to £1.85bn.
Barclays' chief executive said he was pleased with the start to the year.
Barclays has now put aside £2.05bn to cover foreign exchange settlements. Last year, six leading banks reached a settlement with US and UK regulators over allegations they were trying to rig the foreign exchange market, but Barclays has yet to reach a deal for its alleged malpractice.
The bank's finance director, Tushar Morzaria, said the new provision reflected "the further discussions that we've been having with a number of regulators and agencies around the world across multiple jurisdictions and it really reflects our best estimate of the full cost of these related matters".
He said Barclays was trying to resolve the matter, but the timing was out of its hands: "We don't control the timetable, but we're working as hard as we can to resolve these matters."
In November, HSBC, Royal Bank of Scotland, Swiss bank UBS and US banks JP Morgan Chase, Citibank and Bank of America were all fined for colluding to interfere with the market-set price of various currencies.
The fines were issued by the UK's Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and two US regulators.
PPI mis-selling has now cost Barclays £5.4bn. In total, UK banks have paid out more than £26bn for this type of mis-selling.
Last year, Barclays began a thorough overhaul of its business under boss Antony Jenkins.
Barclays has scaled back its once-mighty investment banking division and is placing a greater emphasis on retail banking.
It is in the process of cutting 19,000 jobs, cutting costs and selling off unwanted assets.
Barclays said so far it had cut costs by 7% and reduced investment risk.
Mr Jenkins said: "While we still have much to do, I am pleased with how we've begun 2015."
The bank's statement also said that resolving legacy conduct issues (such as mis-selling and market rigging) was an important part of its plan to transform Barclays.
Richard Hunter, at Hargreaves Lansdown Stockbrokers, said that resolving these issues was proving troublesome: "The clear fly in the ointment is the additional provisions undertaken for the forex investigation and litigation, as well as the seemingly perennial PPI situation.
"The fact that these are being made are further proof if it were needed that the bank is still some way from distancing itself from the legacy conduct issues prevalent in the sector."
Shares in Barclays closed down 1.7% to 256.95p.
Separately, High Street rival TSB Banking Group reported first quarter profits of £34.2m.
The bank, spun off from the Lloyds Banking Group last June, said its share of people switching bank accounts had risen to 7.9%, above its target of 6%.
TSB is the UK's seventh biggest bank. Although it has been independent of Lloyds for less than a year, it has already agreed to be taken over by the Spanish bank Sabadell.
Its chief executive, Paul Pester, said: "TSB is starting to fire on all cylinders as we take on the big banks in our mission to bring more competition to UK banking."


A prominent land rights activist has been shot dead by five gunmen at a hospital in Brazil where he was recovering from a previous assassination attempt.

Waldomiro Costa Pereira was killed after the men burst into the building in the state of Para and surrounded guards, campaigners said.
Mr Costa Pereira was an activist with the Landless Workers Movement (MST).
He frequently demonstrated in support of land reform in Brazil.
The MST wrote in a statement that it was "with immense sadness that we mourn his death" adding that the group stood "in solidarity with his wife, children and all his family in this moment of pain".
Mr Costa Pereira had been a member of the MST since 1996, participating in protests organised in favour of the redistribution of agricultural land.
The MST supports labourers in disputes with landowners by staging protests and land invasions demanding better conditions for farmers.
Violent disputes over land are common in Brazil.
According to the Pastoral Land Commission, a non-governmental organisation in Brazil, 61 land rights activists were killed last year, the highest level since 2003.
Remote rural communities frequently complain to the authorities that Brazil's security forces are rarely present to intervene in rows between powerful land owners and landless farmers.


A Belfast man whose bail was once relaxed so he could go to a Madness concert has admitted involvement in a 2010 paramilitary shooting.

Patrick Joseph O'Neill, 41, whose address was given as no fixed abode, had been due to go on trial at Belfast Crown Court.
He had been charged over a November 2010 gun attack in north Belfast's Brompton Park.
The victim was shot several times in the groin and abdomen.
On Tuesday, O'Neill's defence lawyer asked that he be rearraigned.
He admitted possessing a Glock pistol with intent and unlawfully and maliciously causing grievous bodily harm.
A prosecution lawyer said that in light of O'Neill's guilty pleas, he would apply for another count of wounding to be "left on the books".
O'Neill's lawyer asked for him to be released on continuing bail, "not withstanding the serious nature of the charges" he had now admitted.
However, the prosecution said that O'Neill had admitted involvement in a shooting in which five shots were discharged, leaving the victim with "life changing injuries".
A judge remanded O'Neill into custody and said he would face a substantial custodial sentence.


Facebook has stopped using Adobe's Flash technology to show video across the entire social network.

Instead Facebook has developed a video player built around the widely used HTML5 technology.
Games on Facebook would still use Flash, it said, but it was looking into ways to change those too.
The site is one among many that have turned away from Flash. Many see it as a security problem because bugs in it are often exploited by cyber thieves.
Daniel Baulig, a front-end developer at Facebook, said the switch to HTML5 had helped the firm speed up the development of its video-handling system. HTML is the basic computer language underpinning the web.
In addition, he said, the HTML5 video player worked much better with accessibility tools such as screen readers that are used by people who do not see well.
Mr Baulig said it introduced the HTML5 player a while ago for a small number of Facebook members who kept their web browsers up-to-date. It did not launch all at once with HTML5 because testing revealed problems with the new player.
"We noticed that a lot of the older browsers would simply perform worse using the HTML5 player than they had with the old Flash player," he said. "We saw more errors, longer loading times, and a generally worse experience."
Facebook ran HTML5 and a Flash-based video player in parallel while it ironed out bugs. Now, the stability of the new video player has persuaded the social network to roll it out by default.
YouTube switched to a HTML5 based player in January 2015 and in September the BBC released an HTML5 version of its iPlayer catch-up TV service. Many other sites now offer alternatives to Adobe's technology.


World number one Novak Djokovic beat Andy Murray in straight sets to win his sixth Australian Open title, beating the Brit in the final for the fifth time.

The Serb, 28, won 6-1 7-5 7-6 (7-3) to claim his sixth Melbourne title, tying the record of Australia's Roy Emerson.
Djokovic also draws level with tennis greats Bjorn Borg and Rod Laver on 11 Grand Slam titles.
Second seed Murray, 28, has now lost all five Australian Open finals he has played, four of them against Djokovic.
The Scot becomes only the second man - behind his former coach Ivan Lendl at the US Open - to lose five finals at the same Grand Slam since the open era began in 1968.
He was expected to head straight to the airport after the final to return to London and his wife Kim, who is due to give birth to their first child in the next two weeks.
Djokovic has now won four of the past five major tournaments, including three in a row, and will try to complete his career Grand Slam with a first French Open title in June.
Murray: "I feel like I've been here before. Congrats Novak. Six Australian Opens is an incredible feat. The last year has been incredible. Good job.
"I'd like to thank my team for getting me to this position. Sorry I couldn't get it done. Thanks for all your support during a tough few weeks off court.
"And finally to Kim, my wife, who is going to be watching at home. You've been a legend. I'll be on the next flight home."
Djokovic: "I need to pay respect to Andy for having another great tournament. Tough luck tonight.
"He's a great champion, great friend and a great professional who I'm sure will have many more chances to win this trophy.
"I also wish you and Kim good luck for the birth of your child and I hope you will experience a feeling like no other before - that's what happened to me and my wife. I wish you all the best."


So-called Islamic State has said it was behind an attack on a protest march in the Afghan capital, Kabul, that killed 80 people and wounded 230.

The IS-linked Amaq news agency said two fighters "detonated explosive belts at a gathering of Shia" in Kabul.
The attack in Deh Mazang square targeted thousands from the Shia Hazara minority who were protesting over a new power line, saying its route bypasses provinces where many of them live.
The Taliban have condemned the attack.
Spokesperson Zabiullah Mujaheed sent an e-mail to the media saying they were not behind it.
Self-styled IS has a presence in eastern Afghanistan but has not previously admitted carrying out assaults in the capital.
An Afghan intelligence source told the BBC that an IS commander named Abo Ali had sent three jihadists from the Achen district of Nangarhar province to carry out the Kabul attack.
The interior ministry said only one attacker had successfully detonated an explosives belt. The belt of the second failed to explode and the third attacker was killed by security forces.
Afghan President Ashraf Ghani addressed the nation on TV, declaring Sunday a day of national mourning.
"I promise you I will take revenge against the culprits," he said.
He had earlier issued a statement saying: "Peaceful protest is the right of every citizen, but opportunist terrorists infiltrated the crowds and carried out the attack."
What is behind the power line protest?
Islamic State group: The full story
A freelance journalist working for BBC Afghan said blood and body parts were everywhere, with debris strewn around.
A large part of Kabul's city centre had been sealed off for the protest march.
The demonstrators had waved banners and chanted "death to discrimination", angry that the 500kV power transmission line from Turkmenistan to Kabul would not pass through Bamyan and Wardak provinces, which have large Hazara populations.
The Hazaras - mostly Shia Muslims - live mainly in the centre of the country.
They complain of persistent discrimination, especially during Taliban rule in the late 1990s, when many of them fled to Pakistan, Iran and Tajikistan.
The Taliban and Islamic State have been locked in frequent battles in Afghanistan since January 2015.
The Taliban's dominance in a region home to numerous local and foreign militant groups is facing a serious challenge from IS, which has been gaining some support.
There has also been evidence that IS is trying to recruit Taliban fighters, with several Taliban commanders declaring allegiance to IS.
Why Taliban special forces are fighting Islamic State
Afghanistan fighters 'linked to Islamic State in Syria'
Islamic State 'recruiting Afghan fighters'


Braving the choppy waters of the South Atlantic four days a week, fisherman David Shoshola says a mobile phone app is helping him worry less about the risk of not being able to support his family.

The 50-year-old and three colleagues fish from two small, open-deck boats based in the seaside town of Lambert's Bay, on South Africa's windswept west coast.
Fishing using lines rather than nets, they typically catch just 20 fish a day per vessel, with the main species being snoek (a type of mackerel), and sea bream.
It's a tough life, and like anyone in his trade, Mr Shoshola has two main concerns - finding the fish in the first place, and then being able to sell his catch.
A new app called Abalobi is helping him to do both more easily.
The app, which is being piloted by the University of Cape Town, utilises GPS so Mr Shoshola can record for future reference exactly where he had a good haul. And he can now sell the fish via Abalobi before he has returned to shore, easily finding out the best possible price.
"It has removed a lot of the worry," he says. "I have a wife and three kids to support, and it gives me much more security."
With the help of a growing number of apps and digital services such as Abalobi, it has never been easier to pinpoint the exact spot where the prized fish await, and then sell them after you have caught them.
But with ever increasing concerns about depleting global fish stocks - the United Nations claims that 90% of the world's stocks are either full-fished or over-fished - is that a good thing?
Many of the digital fish trackers, including Abalobi, claim to have conservation at their heart, but not everybody is convinced.
"The problem is that in practice all that happens is unscrupulous people use apps to target the fish and wipe them out even quicker," says UK fishing expert Matt Hayes, who runs an Atlantic salmon fishery in Norway.
He is also worried that small-scale fishermen could ultimately become unemployed.
"You don't want to deprive someone of a living, but you don't want to bestow upon them the tech that means they will fish themselves out of existence.
"I wrestle with it a lot. It concerns me."
However, Dr Clive Trueman, associate professor of marine ecology at the UK's National Oceanography Centre, is more positive about apps like Abalobi.
"It's nothing that commercial fishermen haven't been doing by word of mouth for centuries," he says.
"Some of these apps may also end up being very effective for scientists and managers to work out where the fish are, and where they are going.
"We can use them to catch more fish, but also to direct conservation."
Serge Raemaekers, a fisheries researcher at Abalobi, says that conservation is at the very centre of their scheme.
Using Google's cloud platform technology, data collected by the fishermen is to be shared with students at the University of Cape Town who are monitoring the sustainability of South Africa's fish stocks.
The fishermen can also use the technology to monitor stocks, and stay away from any areas where they themselves think the fish population should be left to recover.
Technology is also being used on a worldwide scale to protect fish stocks.
In September last year, Google joined with ocean conservation group Oceana to launch Global Fishing Watch (GFW), a free platform that tracks the location of the world's commercial fishing boats.
It does this by utilising the fact that more than 200,000 sea vessels constantly transmit their position, speed and direction via the global automatic identification system (AIS).
GFW, which also uses Google's cloud computing services, already has more than 25,000 registered users, and more using the website without logging in.
"Anyone who is interested in a vessel, and wants to know where it is today, can go to a variety of sources that provide real-time data, and see where it is at that moment," says Jackie Savitz, senior vice president at Oceana.
"Authorities find out suspicious activity and then track vessels down."
Suspicious activity includes ships that switch off AIS or don't use it at all.
"It's possible the bad guys turn off AIS," says Ms Savitz. "But we can see when they turn it off, and we see it when it comes back on."
GFW has already notched up some success stories - using its data, a vessel was caught fishing in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area in the Central Pacific and forced to pay a $2m (Â£1.6m) fine to the Republic of Kiribati, one of the poorest countries in the world.
In Italy, the University of Bari has partnered with US technology group IBM since 2012 to pilot a similar cloud-based fishing app to Abalobi.
The organisations say it has resulted in more targeted fishing, with the fishermen only catching as many fish as the market demands.
Back at Abalobi - which means "traditional fisher" in the isiXhosa language - the project has secured grants from the South African government. It has also been helped by mobile phone network Vodacom allowing the app to be used data-free.
More than 100 South African fishermen are now signed up, and Mr Raemaekers says Abalobi is receiving interest from groups in the Seychelles and the UK.
Mr Shoshola adds that using the service is helping him and his three friends expand the business, because for the first time they have recorded data that they can take to the bank and use as evidence to help them hook some loans to grow their fishing operation.
"I have got the numbers of every daily catch," says Mr Shoshola.


Glamorgan may rest South African fast bowler Marchant de Lange from Friday's One-Day Cup match away to Hampshire.

Teenager Lukas Carey could be in line to replace him after a fourth defeat, this time at the hands of Middlesex, put them out of contention.
But Glamorgan will choose from an unchanged 13 at the Ageas Bowl as they look to steady the ship.
Hampshire are currently in fourth, one point off the qualifying places with a game in hand
"One common theme (in the competition) is the form of Colin Ingram," said Glamorgan coach Robert Croft.
"Jacques Rudolph showing some form at the top of the order, that's been good, and we've been very good with the new ball.
"But it's been inconsistent, and when you are that inconsistent, results catch up with you.
"Marchant has played in every game so far, and Lukas Carey is chomping at the bit, so we'll weigh up some options."
Glamorgan's Colin Ingram has risen to the top of the Professional Cricketers' Association most valuable player ratings for the competition, after taking 4-39 and hitting 83 in the defeat against Middlesex.
"It's nice to get a few wickets, I always enjoy being part of the game and contributing" said Ingram.
"In patches we've played really nicely and found ways to lose our way, but some young guys are learning a lot at the moment.
"Every game is an opportunity for someone to put their hand up and start something good, a few guys are looking for time in the middle and to get into good form."
Rilee Rossouw hit 156 to steer Hampshire to a four-wicket win at Somerset in their most recent game.
Rossouw is one of eight players with senior international experience in Hampshire's 14-man squad, alongside fellow South African Kyle Abbott.
James Vince, Liam Dawson and Reece Topley (England), George Bailey (Australia), Sean Ervine (Zimbabwe) and Fidel Edwards (West Indies) are all included, while Aussie all-rounder Ian Holland is added to the previous squad.
Hampshire (from): Tom Alsop, Rilee Rossouw, James Vince (capt), George Bailey, Liam Dawson, Sean Ervine, Lewis McManus, Gareth Berg, Kyle Abbott, Mason Crane, Fidel Edwards, Jimmy Adams, Ian Holland, Reece Topley.
Glamorgan (from): Jacques Rudolph (capt), David Lloyd, Will Bragg, Colin Ingram, Kiran Carlson, Chris Cooke (wk), Aneurin Donald, Craig Meschede, Marchant de Lange, Timm van der Gugten, Michael Hogan, Andrew Salter, Lukas Carey.


Sir Bradley Wiggins' legacy could suffer because of the controversy over his use of therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs), rider Marcel Kittel says.

Britain's most decorated Olympian, an asthma sufferer, had TUEs for a banned steroid before major cycling races.
"The bigger the story gets, the more it will also fall back on his career and on himself," German Kittel, 28, said.
The sprinter, who rides for Quick-Step Floors, added that TUEs have "no space in our sport anymore".
In October 2016, Kittel said that athletes with severe asthma have "no place in competitive sport" if they need otherwise banned medication to treat it.
Wiggins, who retired in December, has come under scrutiny after the his confidential medical information was leaked by hackers 'Fancy Bears' in September 2016.
TUEs let athletes take prohibited substances if there is a medical need and 36-year-old Wiggins was granted a TUE to take anti-inflammatory drug triamcinolone before the 2011 Tour de France, his 2012 Tour win and the 2013 Giro d'Italia.
Wiggins' TUEs were approved by British authorities and cycling's world governing body the UCI, and there is no suggestion either he or Team Sky have broken any rules.
"I don't think that anyone who is seriously sick should use those TUEs or, if he has to use them because he needs to recover from an injury or whatever, then he should also take time and really recover from it and then come back afterwards," added Kittel, who has won stages in each of the three Grand Tours.
There are also questions over a medical package Wiggins received in 2011.
UK Anti-Doping (Ukad) has been investigating allegations of doping in cycling after it emerged a mystery medical package was delivered to a Team Sky doctor for Wiggins on the final day of the 2011 Criterium du Dauphine, which the Briton won.
Brailsford, the former performance director of British Cycling, last month told a parliamentary select committee he understood the package contained a legal decongestant, Fluimucil.
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A 26-year-old man has appeared in court charged with the murder of 22-year-old Alexandra Stuart from Peebles.

Nicholas Rodgers, of Innerleithen, appeared in private and also faced charges of assault and police assault.
He made no plea at Jedburgh Sheriff Court and the case was continued for further examination.
Mr Rodgers was remanded in custody by Sheriff Peter Peterson and is expected to appear in court again at some time next week.
If followed an incident in the Cuddyside area of Peebles on Sunday after which Ms Stuart died in hospital.
Det Insp Stevie Bertram said: "Our thoughts very much remain with Alex's loved ones, who have respectfully requested privacy at this incredibly difficult time."
He said inquiries were continuing and urged anyone with information relevant to the investigation to get in touch.


Guyana-born poet John Agard has been named as the recipient of The Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry for 2012.

The award is presented for excellence in poetry, with previous recipients including WH Auden, John Betjeman and Philip Larkin.
Agard, who writes for both adults and children, moved to the UK from Guyana in 1977.
He said he was "touched" to be the winner of an award which had been won by such illustrious names in the past.
He has been recognised for his most recent work Alternative Anthem: Selected Poems, as well as his book of children's poems, Goldilocks on CCTV.
"When told the news out of the blue by the poet laureate, Carol Ann Duffy, I couldn't believe my ears and it took a little time to sink in," he said.
"I am delighted, as well as touched, to be in the company of such names as Charles Causley, Norman MacCaig, Gillian Clark, Stevie Smith, Derek Walcott."
The Medal was first presented in 1933 by King George V. Recommendations are put forward by the poet laureate and chosen by a committee.
Duffy said: "John Agard has always made people sit up and listen. He has done this with intelligence, humour and generosity.
"He has the ability to temper anger with wit, and difficult truths with kindness."
She added: "In performance he is electrifying - compelling, funny, moving and thought-provoking. His work in education over the years has changed the way that readers, writers and teachers think about poetry,"
Agard was born in Georgetown, Guyana, moving to the UK in the '70s where he worked in London as a touring speaker for the Commonwealth Institute, and for the National Maritime Museum. He now lives in Lewes, East Sussex.


A woman kept prisoner in a Northern Ireland house and repeatedly raped and assaulted for eight years was too afraid to leave when police came to rescue her.

The woman, who has severe learning difficulties, was held by Keith Baker and his wife Caroline at their County Armagh home.
She was found in a squalid room in the so-called house of horrors in 2012.
When she was rescued, she was severely malnourished and had lost almost all her teeth.
Police believe the woman was trafficked into Northern Ireland by Baker in 2004.
It is understood her husband reported her missing to police in Suffolk where they had been living.
A senior police officer said the repeated attacks on the vulnerable woman was the "most depraved and awful crime" he had ever come across.
The woman's torment was reported to police in 2012 by Mandy Highfield, mother of four of Baker's eight children.
Speaking exclusively to the BBC, Ms Highfield said she had to coax the Bakers' victim to leave when the police and social workers came to rescue her because the woman was too frightened to go.
Ms Highfield had lived with Baker, effectively as a second wife, and was the mother of four of his eight children: Caroline Baker was the mother of the other four.
Ms Highfield said Baker exerted complete control over everyone in his household.
"If we'd go out, he'd be as nice as pie and then, when we were on our own, he'd hit me because I'd been talking to people," she said.
"I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody or have friends or even talk to my family."
A tiny room in the house had been turned into a prison cell for the vulnerable woman, she said.
"Keith took the handle off the door. There was no light bulb in the light, no carpet on the floor, no curtains up against the window. It was like a little prison."
Talking about the sex abuse, she said: "How could they treat somebody like that - with a disability like she had?"
"It wasn't fair and I just couldn't handle it so I went to the police and told them. Then the police came down and they took me out of the house and talked to me.
"I told them everything. Then the social worker and the police went upstairs and saw the other woman in the bedroom.
"They took her out, but she didn't want to go because she was scared.
"I said to her: 'You've got to go; you can't live like this anymore.' Then she left with the police and the social worker."
Det Ch Sup George Clarke, head of the Police Service of Northern Ireland's Public Protection Unit, said his officers were shocked by what they uncovered at the Bakers' home.
"It became very clear to the detectives that it wasn't just a case of physical abuse but that there was a very depraved sexual element to this," he said.
"This woman was raped repeatedly by Baker who was aided and abetted by his wife.
"It would also appear that these assaults were on occasions recorded and we can only assume that was for the sexual gratification of Baker."
He said it was "almost impossible to estimate or imagine the suffering that she's gone through".
"The abuse and the fear that she was living with must have reached a stage where the grotesque, grotesque treatment and abuse became just her normal life.
"I think that in my time in the police I've never come across a crime that is quite so depraved and awful."


A man accused of poisoning another man's hot chocolate in Carmarthenshire has appeared in court.

Kevin Alexander Johnstone, 41, is charged with unlawfully and maliciously causing amphetamines to be administered to Anthony Paul Jones's hot drink in Llanelli in November 2014.
Mr Johnstone, of Caersalem Terrace, Llanelli is yet to enter a plea.
He was granted bail until 6 July at Swansea Crown Court on Friday.


A family-run egg farm has installed a vending machine because so many people were abusing its honesty box system.

Cavick House Farm in Wymondham, Norfolk, had been relying on the good will of customers to pay the correct amount for their eggs.
David and Julie Barber keep 16,000 hens and decided to sell eggs direct to the public to boost the income they get from supplying supermarkets.
But they were losing about Â£150 a week in stolen eggs.
Mrs Barber said it was "a shame" so many people were choosing not to pay.
She said: "We ran the honesty box for about seven years in our little egg shed but in the last couple of years the figures haven't been adding up.
"We were seriously thinking about stopping the sales altogether but we decided to keep selling to our loyal customers."
Previously, customers were invited to help themselves to eggs and leave the appropriate amount of money in the box, but an estimated 40% of the produce was not being paid for.
Packs of eggs are now kept in individual vending machine boxes which are only unlocked after payment.


Mickey Mellon saw Tranmere win the first game of his reign with a bizarre own goal by Wrexham goalkeeper Shwan Jalal helping their cause.

Curtis Tilt collided with Jalal as the keeper gathered a cross and the latter lost control for the ball to bounce over the line.
Andy Cook fired in from just inside the box three minutes into added time.
It was Tranmere's eighth league win of the season and Wrexham's sixth defeat under Gary Mills.
Wrexham boss Gary Mills told BBC Radio Wales: "I thought the lads did well. We had a good shape and we worked hard, but we are struggling up-front. We didn't look like scoring again.
"It took a mistake for them to maybe go on and win the game because, forget the second goal, that doesn't happen if it's 0-0.  It's our defender and goalkeeper who have made the mistake unfortunately, but these things happen.  We are not pointing fingers at them, we stick together."
Match ends, Tranmere Rovers 2, Wrexham 0.
Second Half ends, Tranmere Rovers 2, Wrexham 0.
Goal!  Tranmere Rovers 2, Wrexham 0. Andy Cook (Tranmere Rovers).
Substitution, Tranmere Rovers. Elliot Osborne replaces Ben Tollitt.
Jay Harris (Tranmere Rovers) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Wrexham. Antony Barry replaces Paul Rutherford.
Substitution, Wrexham. Callum Powell replaces John Rooney.
Substitution, Wrexham. Gerry McDonagh replaces Rob Evans.
Own Goal by Shwan Jalal, Wrexham.  Tranmere Rovers 1, Wrexham 0.
Substitution, Tranmere Rovers. Darren Stephenson replaces Jake Kirby.
Second Half begins Tranmere Rovers 0, Wrexham 0.
First Half ends, Tranmere Rovers 0, Wrexham 0.
First Half begins.
Lineups are announced and players are warming up.


Smartphone owners' appetite for pixelated confectionery seems to be insatiable: Candy Crush Saga is about to unveil its 2,000th level and there's more to come.

The match-the-sweets puzzle game launched in 2012.
In app terms, it's ancient. Yet the four-year-old remains one of the top grossing games on Google Play, the Apple App Store and Facebook.
"We didn't expect it to be such a long-lasting title," admits Sebastian Knutsson, chief creative head of its developer King.
For a time King was prince of the indies, having mastered how to convince sizeable numbers of players to pay for extra moves and other in-game items within its "free" titles.
These days, however, it's a division of Activision Blizzard following a $5.9bn (£4.5bn) takeover.
The US giant splashed out in large part because of the otherwise hard-to-reach audiences that Candy Crush and the other Saga puzzlers offered.
"Our core players are very much women, aged 25-plus," Mr Knutsson says.
"And the people who do pay, spend about $25 [£19.20] a month. That's not a huge number per player, but our revenue comes from a huge number of players."
Bug fears
The 2,000th level is intended to be a tempting treat that attracts back those who had set the game aside.
It features a story inspired by the fears computer systems would fall foul of a "millennium bug" at the end of 1999, and will be available to anyone who has reached level 10.
That's just as well, as King has struggled to replicate its success in genres beyond the match-puzzler and some are concerned about how long their appeal can endure.
"King reported it had 409 million monthly active users at the end of June 2016," notes Jack Kent from the research firm IHS Markit.
"That's its lowest level since 2013 and a drop from a peak of 550 million users in early 2015.
"It still has a huge audience to monetise… but it needs new intellectual property or a revamp of its existing titles to achieve significant growth."
Mr Knutsson counters that King's titles are prone to "seasonality" and typically do better in the "winter dark months".
But he acknowledges that it's been "hard or even impossible" to replicate the success of the match puzzle titles.
"We have a lot of games in development - but the bar of launching a game is increasing all the time," he says.
"We start with prototypes, we'd expect half of those never to get to production with a bigger team.
"And when you do go to production, the game may not be as good as you think or player reception is not what we expect, so at least half are culled again.
"So, the majority of the game ideas that we start never make it to market."
Hero - a fantasy-themed role playing game - and Paradise Bay - a tropical island-set simulator - prove the developer is trying to stretch itself, but neither has made much impact to date.
Mr Knutsson confirms King is also working on a shooter, but declines to reveal more.
So, for now, King's fortunes depend on the Saga series, and a forthcoming feature could prove as lucrative as it is divisive: the introduction of adverts.
"The vast majority [of players] never pay anything within our games," Mr Knutsson says.
"We could offer them more features if we could use advertising to create funds."
King's plan is to offer in-game bonuses if players agree to pause their play to watch short videos - a tactic already employed within Angry Birds and elsewhere.
Mr Knutsson says it will be a "win-win" for all involved. But the risk is that the interruptions will undermine the addictive spell the games cast over players, weakening their hold.
From the outside, it might look like Activision is trying to exploit King's assets before interest in them wanes.
But Mr Knutsson denies being pressured into making the move.
"We did ads within our Facebook web games three years ago," he recalls.
"When we moved to mobile we didn't have enough time to focus on that business model.
"I think it's a signal of the maturity of the mobile industry and our games that now is the time to start to explore that area again."
Pokemon Go proves a new type of game can still capture the public's attention.
In July, the monster-hunting app overtook Candy Crush Saga's record for having the highest number of US players active on the same day.
There are doubts about whether Pokemon Go will have the same staying power, but King isn't ignoring the competition.
"To me, it's not the augmented reality that makes it interesting, it's more the physical aspect of walking around and the social aspects it has created, where you interact with strangers that you meet about town," Mr Knutsson says.
"We don't look at trying to be the first on new technology - whether that's virtual reality or augmented reality.
"But anything that has mass market appeal is quite interesting to us as that's our audience, essentially.
"Having games with a physical connection to the real world is definitely something we will explore at some point."
He adds that King will also keep a close eye on Nintendo's launch of its first Mario title smartphone later this year.
"It's going to be a threat for stealing time from our players - it's going to be interesting to see what audience they appeal to."
What Mario, Pokemon and, indeed, the Saga games all have in common is the power of strong brands.
A few years back - when King and other indies rose to prominence - it seemed like app stores might act as a kind of primordial soup, allowing new ideas from small studios to prosper, in contrast to the console sector where big publishers and their sequels dominate.
But Mr Knutsson suggests it is unlikely many of today's indies will be able to replicate King's success.
"Very few new entrants have made the top 10 lists in the past 24 months," he comments.
"The demands on your skills at marketing a game, the demands of working with data, the investment you have to make in a team - these are continuously going up.
"So, it's harder and harder for a small indie team to achieve this than was possible.
"Today you need a certain experience level and size to make something that cracks into the top 10."


A 16-year-old girl Scout pictured standing up to a far-right skinhead has told the BBC she was not afraid of neo-Nazis and wanted more young people to stand up to fascism.

Lucie Myslikova, a film and animation student from the Czech city of Brno, was captured in her uniform confronting a shaven-headed demonstrator.
The rally was held on May Day by the neo-Nazi Workers Party of Social Justice.
The photo has since gone viral.
"I wasn't afraid," Lucie told the BBC by telephone from her school.
"I went to the counter-demonstration as someone who was determined to change things. To me it makes sense to try and change the world around me," she went on.
"I think young people should get involved in such things. They should be aware of what's going on.
"You ask me if standing up to skinheads should be left to older people - well us, younger people, are going to be living here a lot longer than the older generation."
Lucie explained the argument with the unnamed man had been over refugees and migrants. She said she had told him that countries had a duty to help those fleeing war and conflict, and that in such cases borders did not exist.
He told her she would be raped by the very people she was trying to save.
"The main thing that's struck me is that some people are now calling me an 'extremist', that being anti-fascist is somehow 'extremist'," she told the BBC.
"That seems to be me the height of absurdity."
Saffiyah Khan (left) was snapped smiling at an English Defence League (EDL) protester in the British city of Birmingham in April.
This Black Lives Matter protest photo of Ieshia Evans standing up to US police in July 2016 has been hailed as "legendary".
In Sweden, activist Tess Asplund was photographed with her fist raised to defy a uniformed march of neo-Nazis in May 2016.
Hijab-wearing Zakia Belkhiri took a cheeky selfie with anti-Islam group protesters in Antwerp, Belgium, also in May 2016.
A series of images of a woman in a red dress tear-gassed by riot police in Istanbul in 2013 became a potent symbol of the anti-government demonstrations in Turkey.
Vladimir Cicmanec, the fellow demonstrator who snapped the image, said he had been inspired by recent viral photos of people standing up to fascism.
"I didn't see the argument from the beginning - I was looking in another direction and a friend patted me on the shoulder - but I was just a few metres away from them," said Vladimir, who described himself as a computer programmer and amateur photographer.
"I immediately thought of that photo of the girl from Birmingham and said to myself - this could be an interesting image too. So I starting snapping away."
Vladimir pointed out the neo-Nazi rally was outnumbered about two-to-one by anti-fascist demonstrators.
Lucie, meanwhile, said she was not concerned about her physical safety.
"Even if something had happened to me, physical wounds always heal in the end," she told the BBC.
"But if I'd kept silent or if I'd decided not to get involved, it would have left a wound inside me that would never have healed."


Claims a hospital's waiting time figures were 'fiddled' to meet targets have been passed to police.

It follows a BBC investigation into alleged misconduct at Kettering General Hospital which left thousands waiting over a year for treatment.
The trust which runs the hospital denied manipulating data but apologised for losing track of patients.
Northamptonshire Police said it had not yet launched a full investigation but was evaluating evidence.
A hospital review found that 138 patients were harmed by the delays, including one patient who has lost their sight.
The hospital is still trying to clear the backlog with 260 patients waiting for their operations after more than a year.
In a statement, a police spokesman said: "An allegation of potential misconduct at Kettering General Hospital has been made to Northamptonshire Police and we are in the process of scoping that allegation.
"It would therefore be inappropriate for us to comment further at this time."
Last week, David Phelan, a hospital trust governor, claimed patients were removed from waiting lists because national targets were being missed.
Mr Phelan, who raised concerns under whistleblowing procedures, was working as associate general manager in the trauma and orthopaedics department when he discovered discrepancies in the data in October 2015.
Since then another whistle blower has contacted the BBC claiming similar concerns about the waiting lists were not properly handled.
The hospital has defended its whistleblower policy.
Kettering General Hospital Medical Director Professor Andrew Chilton said: "I categorically deny at any time has data ever been manipulated to try and make us look as if we were in a better position.
"When the problem started to emerge around 2015 we immediately dealt with the problem. We worked very openly and transparently with both our commissioners and GPs and regulators."


An intruder got on to an Easyjet flight at Gatwick Airport with no passport or boarding pass before the departure gate had opened.

Police were called when a 51-year-old woman boarded the plane to Tenerife just after 07:00 BST without a ticket or identification documents.
They arrested the German national on suspicion of entering a security restricted area without permission.
The flight was delayed for about an hour while passengers were rescreened.
A spokesman for Sussex Police said: "Police were called to the North Terminal departure gate 111 in Gatwick airport... to a report a woman had boarded an Easyjet flight to Tenerife before boarding had actually started.
"Airport staff found that she had no ID, no passport and no boarding pass.
"The plane was rescreened for security purposes and all the passengers were allowed to board and continue with their journey."
In a statement on its website, Easyjet said the flight was delayed for about an hour because of "additional security checks in Gatwick".
A Gatwick Airport spokeswoman said "there was no risk to passenger security" and it was investigating the matter "with all relevant parties".
"As a precautionary measure, all passengers on flight EZY8703 disembarked the plane to be rechecked through security," she added.


The Northern Ireland Ambulance Service (NIAS) has said it had to operate a reduced level of cover on Saturday night due to a shortage of staff.

The service said it had a shortage of 24 staff - the equivalent of 12 ambulance crews - that could have led to delays for "less serious calls".
It said support was sought from voluntary and private ambulance crews.
The shortage was due to a factors including rostered leave, sickness, vacant shifts and cancelled overtime.
John McPoland from the NIAS said the shortage left the service about 20% down on the usual 60 crews it expected to have in place for a Saturday night shift.
He added that the staff shortage was an ongoing issue.
"We are experiencing difficulty at the weekend and we have been relying on the voluntary crews and on the private ambulances," he said.
"We also rely on our staff coming in and doing overtime.
"We have been dealing with situations like this for quite a while now.
"We're absolutely not happy about it but we will take steps to try to address it."
He added that the reduced service would mostly be felt by patients "whose situation is not immediately or potentially life-threatening".


Olympic great Michael Phelps swam a third 2015 world-best time in as many days in the 200m individual medley at the USA National Championships.

The 30-year-old, excluded from the World Championships by USA Swimming after a drink-drive conviction, won in one minute 54.75 seconds in Texas.
Phelps, an 18-time Olympic champion, also recorded the year's fastest times to win the 100m and 200m butterfly.
Ryan Lochte won world 200m individual medley gold in 1:55.81 on Thursday.
American Lochte, 31, also holds the world record for the event of 1:54.00, which he swam in 2011.
"Ryan and I have been pretty dominant in that race since we started racing back in 2004," said Phelps.
"I'm looking forward to getting back in and competing with him.
"I've been away from the sport for a while and I feel like I'm kind of back where I used to be. It's good to be here."
On Saturday, Phelps won the 100m butterfly in 50.45 seconds, faster than the 50.56 South African Chad Le Clos swam to win world gold on the same day.
A day earlier, Phelps won the American 200m butterfly title in one minute 52.94 seconds in San Antonio - 0.54secs faster than Hungary's Laszlo Cseh swam in winning the world title in Kazan, Russia.
Phelps, who was convicted of drink-driving in December and served a six-month ban from competition, now has a record 55 national titles.


Passengers will be as safe on London's Night Tube as they are on the daytime service, police have said.

The all-night service begins on the Victoria and Central lines on Friday. It will spread to the Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines this autumn.
Supt Chris Horton, of British Transport Police (BTP), said about 100 officers would be on patrol.
He added: "There should be no reason why people can't be as safe at night as they are in the day."
The service will run on Friday and Saturday evenings. Tube services usually end at about 00:30 on many lines.
London Mayor Sadiq Khan has given Â£3.4m towards the cost of providing a visible police presence.
Ch Supt Horton said policing the Night Tube would be no different to tackling the weekend rush and the main policing challenge would be dealing with people who were "a bit worse for wear" after drinking alcohol.
He said: "Making sure that we look after people, which is our main purpose, but also making sure that people behave themselves and don't cause other people to fear crime.
"That is the main challenge for us but it's the same issue we have on a Friday and Saturday at the moment."
BTP officers are "determined to make sure it's a safe environment" and will focus on known "hotspots" in central London and at the far ends of the network.
Eight new 24-hour buses will also start service this Friday, the mayor said.
Mr Khan said: "The routes will go hand-in-hand with the Night Tube to help Londoners get to and from their front door throughout the night.
"It's another key step in helping everyone travel quickly and safely at night, and another boost to unlocking the full potential of our night-time economy."


Signed football shirts, shorts and balls - a must purchase for any die-hard fan.

But what about the hard-up players selling them?
With earnings of up to £35,000 per week you wouldn't think any Premier League star would need to auction off their memorabilia.
But some do. As items owned by ex-England goalkeeper David James are up for sale we look at footballers who've played, earned and lost.
He declared himself bankrupt in May 2014 despite earning an estimated £20m from his footballing career, owning several properties and having a lucrative modelling contract.
Six months on and the man appointed by the courts to oversee his bankruptcy has been instructed to sell off a whole host of David's sports memorabilia and other personal items including exercise machines, DJ equipment and even a Vauxhall Astra van.
He has more than 50 caps for England and also made more than 800 senior appearances at prestigious clubs such as Liverpool, Manchester City, Aston Villa, West Ham, Portsmouth, Watford, Bournemouth and Bristol City, winning the League and FA Cup.
Aged 44 (which is considered old to play football) he's currently player-manager at Kerala Blasters FC in the Indian Super League.
He earned £30,000-plus a week at the height of his career, playing much of it for Aston Villa and earning a cap for England.
But in January 2012 facing spiralling debts and repossessions he was declared bankrupt after twice trying to take his own life.
"If I was to say I wasted my money gambling or that I just didn't care about my money, that wouldn't be true," said Hendrie in an interview with BBC Radio 4's You and Yours.
"My intentions were to look after my family and put my money into investments.
"But along the way I had a divorce which hit me hard in the pocket and then I bought houses which turned out to be bad investments and I couldn't sell them."
He's now the director of Footie Bugs, a football-based activity programme for children aged from three to nine years. He's also an ambassador for Young Minds.
When he started his career Keith Gillespie rubbed shoulders with the likes of Ryan Giggs, David Beckham and Paul Scholes, and was part of Manchester United's "golden generation" which won the Youth Cup in 1992.
He went on to help Newcastle United reach the Champions League and he's also one of Northern Ireland's most celebrated players with more than 80 caps for his country.
At the age of 35 in 2010 he was declared bankrupt.
He calculated he lost £7,215,875 during his professional career. How? "I lost an awful lot of money through gambling over the years, but I also lost money on property and got involved in a film scheme like a lot of footballers did," he told The Guardian.
Unlike David James he hasn't got much memorabilia to sell off though. He says he's probably only got two shirts left because he gave them away to charity.
But he has got his story and he's turned that into a book. How Not to be a Football Millionaire was published in May.
Another player who called the likes of Giggs and Scholes his teammates, Eric Djemba-Djemba was signed by Alex Ferguson at Old Trafford in 2003.
The Cameroon international was declared bankrupt just four years later after his move to Aston Villa.
He doesn't seem to have tried to auction off anything, but a quick look on eBay and there's a Djemba-Djemba Manchester United away shirt for £99.
After a brief stint with St Mirren earlier this year the 32-year-old is now playing in the Indian Super League for Chennaiyin FC.
There's no doubt playing in the Premier League is an extremely lucrative job, but it's short-lived.
While a chosen few stay in the game, in a coaching or management capacity, the vast majority of players will probably have to earn their living elsewhere.
The Professional Footballers' Association runs a series of education and qualification courses.
On its website Pat Lally, head of PFA education, says: "It's a fact that the playing career of a professional footballer is on average eight years, which makes it all the more important for players of all ages to weigh up their options and consider an alternative career path."
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David Cameron has told a UN meeting in Liberia that "eradicating extreme poverty" should be the focus of a new set of international development goals.

The British PM was co-chair of the panel, which met on Friday to discuss new targets to replace the millennium development goals which expire in 2015.
Mr Cameron said the UN must focus on ending poverty factors, including "corruption [and] lack of justice".
If agreed later this year, the new pledges will run until 2030.
Mr Cameron - who chaired the high-level panel jointly with Liberian president Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf and Indonesia's Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono - said the north African country had been "absolutely devastated by conflict and civil war".
But he insisted more than just financial aid was required to lift countries in a similar situation out of poverty.
Speaking to reporters after the meeting, Mr Cameron said: "[Liberia] is now recovering but there is still desperate poverty... one in 10 children do not make it to the age of five.
"It is important we look at those things that keep countries poor.  Conflict, corruption, lack of justice, lack of the rule of law. These things matter as well as money."
During the press conference, the Prime Minister was also forced to defend his commitment to dedicate 0.7% of British gross domestic product to foreign aid.
Mr Cameron has pledged to protect the international development budget but conceded on Thursday that the UK defence budget could be cut further in 2015-16.
He said: "I am proud of the fact that Britain has kept its promises. We will achieve 0.7% of our gross national income in aid as promised. And I am proud to be the PM who has helped deliver that."
The GDP commitment has yet to be enshrined in law.
The millennium development goals, designed to be completed by 2015, are pledges by UN member countries to increase living standards in poorer parts of the world.
The first of the targets - halving poverty among some of the very poorest - has been achieved, due largely to big increases in income in recent years in China and India. But attempts to reach other goals have been less successful.
Mr Cameron was selected by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon as joint chair the meeting. The next set of UN goals will be drafted with input from charities and advocacy groups.
More than 60 groups were in the Liberian capital Monrovia - where the meeting took place - to air their views.
Earlier, Mr Cameron visited the Anna F Whisnant elementary school with President Sirleaf.
He said many of the children he spoke to in the playground "wanted to be doctors, lawyers and even government ministers.
"If you ask children in the UK, all they want to be is pop stars and footballers," he joked.
The next meeting will be in Indonesia. followed by a final gathering in New York in May - where the findings will be presented to Ban Ki Moon.


US President Donald Trump has infuriated environmentalists by signing executive orders that support two controversial oil pipelines.

The new Republican president backed the Keystone XL and Dakota Access projects, provided American steel is used.
The Obama administration in late 2015 halted Keystone, which would carry crude from Canada to Texas.
The Army decided last year to explore other routes for the Dakota pipeline amid huge protests by Native Americans.
In the White House on Tuesday morning, Mr Trump said both projects would be subject to renegotiated terms and conditions.
As he signed the Keystone XL measure the president said it would create a "lot of jobs, 28,000 jobs, great construction jobs".
Over the course of the Obama presidency, the Keystone XL Pipeline became more than just another energy industry construction project. It grew into a high-profile proxy fight between environmentalists and oil-and-gas advocates; liberals and conservatives; pro-regulation activists and small-government true believers.
On the campaign trail Donald Trump often cited the Obama administration's reluctance to green-light the project as prima facie evidence of the Democratic Party's anti-business attitudes. Now, with the swipe of a pen, he's set make it much easier for the project to be completed - assuming the involved company still wants it.
Perhaps of more immediate concern is Mr Trump's move to fast-track approval of the Dakota Access Pipeline, which was the focus of vigorous protests from Native American tribes in 2016. Unlike Keystone, that project has not been held in limbo for years.
Mr Trump's actions do not mean the end of the fight over US pipeline construction, however. Opponents will continue to argue that they jeopardise sensitive environmental areas and violate private property rights. Now, however, instead of appealing to a potentially friendly Democratic administration, they will take the battle to the courts.
Campaigners have said the project will leave only a handful of long-term positions after it is built.
Signing another order calling for US steel to be used, Mr Trump said: "From now on we're going to start making pipelines in the United States... like we used to do in the old days."
Environmental groups reacted with outrage.
Greenpeace director Annie Leonard said that "instead of pushing bogus claims about the potential of pipelines to create jobs, Trump should focus his efforts on the clean energy sector where America's future lives".
Sierra Club director Michael Brune said: "Donald Trump has been in office for four days and he's already proving to be the dangerous threat to our climate we feared he would be."
But oil industry groups applauded the move.
And the second-ranking Republican in the Senate, John Cornyn of Texas, said: "Today's news is a breath of fresh air, and proof that President Trump won't let radical special-interest groups stand in the way of doing what's best for American workers."
In other developments:
The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, whose land abuts the proposed route of the Dakota Access pipeline, called Mr Trump's decision a violation of "law and tribal treaties", and vowed to take legal action.
"Americans know this pipeline was unfairly rerouted towards our nation and without our consent," Tribal Chairman Dave Archambault II said in a statement.
President Trump, who took office on Friday, promised during his White House campaign to support Keystone XL and fossil fuels, including the flagging US coal industry.
But during a Tuesday morning meeting with automobile executives at the White House, Mr Trump described himself as an environmentalist.
On Monday, he made similar comments to other business leaders, saying: "I'm a very big person when it comes to the environment. I have received awards on the environment."
Canada lobbied hard for years for the approval of the Keystone XL pipeline under former Prime Minister Stephen Harper, who once said that authorising the new oil sands pipeline was a "complete no-brainer".
His successor, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, also supports the project and has said he intends to work with President Trump to approve the pipeline, proposed by Calgary-based energy infrastructure giant TransCanada.
On Tuesday, Canada's natural resources minister praised Mr Trump's step.
TransCanada has said it will resubmit its proposal for a construction permit.