Global investment in renewable energy jumped 32% in 2010 to a record $211bn (Â£130bn; 149bn euros), according to the Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011 report.

Published jointly by the UN Environment Programme and the Frankfurt School of Finance, it shows that China has become the largest investor in renewable energy projects.
But the country still faces grave cases of pollution despite progress in cutting down on the number of new coal-burning power stations during the last five years.
According to Zhang Lijun, vice-minister of environmental protection, coal consumption increased by a billion tons between 2006 and 2010.
"And it is likely to see another one-billion-ton rise in the coming five years," he adds.
Yet the Chinese government is spending tens of billions of dollars every year on so-called clean-tech projects - commonly referred to as green energy.
"There is a very clear trend in Asia that people are becoming more and more interested in clean energy and clean-energy investing," says Vivek Tandon of Aloe Private Equity.
"One major reason is the need for energy security, particularly in China, which has an enormous demand for energy," he says.
At current levels of production, China has coal reserves which should last 40 years, although most reserves are located in the north and north-west - and that poses logistical problems for supplying electricity to the heavily populated coastal areas.
Demand for coal is currently outpacing production - a situation made worse by the government's increasing closure of antiquated and unsafe coal mines.
The public's perception of the deteriorating ecology and environment around them has been instrumental in the growth of renewable energy.
Furthermore, it is also seen as a forum for job creation.
"If you create a new industry by bolstering the clean energy sector, you can also create jobs," says Mr Tandon.
Apart from the Chinese government investing in green technology, money is also coming from outside the country.
Some investors are getting a bit nervous about where the global economy is going and whether or not recovery can be sustained.
There is the danger therefore, that investment into green technology in Asia might not remain at current levels if the recovery is derailed
Johanna Klein, who invests in private equity funds on behalf of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), says clean energy is probably past the point of being the "flavour of the month" in terms of being the latest fad where investors want to put their money.
"The trend is fairly robust and fairly long-term at this point," she says.
She does not believe that clean energy is going to be any more volatile or any more affected by the  oscillations of the markets than any other assets, but neither does she think that it will be protected from those phenomena.
The governments of some Asian countries also provide subsidies and backing for some of the green technologies.
"Governments have their own programmes to offer incentives to people to invest in clean energy," says Ms Klein.
"China is probably the most obvious example. They have an enormous programme of giving subsidies at all different levels from the federal to the local, to help the nascent clean energy industry really take off."
India is also trying to develop its clean energy industries but in China there is a very deliberate policy of offering direct support to the industry to help it evolve and mature.
"I feel as if Asia took a long time to get on the bandwagon of supporting clean energy and clean tech, but I feel it has now taken a quantum leap ahead of countries like the US where we are still see a lot of dithering around when trying to decide on policies with regard to the whole industry," Ms Klein maintains.
"What Asia can probably deliver to the world is not just a vision, but an ability to execute," she says.
"China is building a coal plant a week, but is dedicated to having the clean energy sector take off. That is amazingly visionary and inspirational."
The US and Europe, which used to be at the forefront of renewable energy innovation, are going to start looking to countries like China as having forged a path to a greener future.


Welsh language campaigners and small businesses have accused Twitter of discrimination because it does not offer promoted tweets in Welsh.

Promoted tweets are purchased by advertisers and are posted above conversations about relevant brands.
Welsh Language Commissioner Meri Huws confirmed she had received complaints.
On its website, Twitter says it offers promoted tweets in ten European languages and the service will be available in other languages over time.
Craig Edwards, who owns Jonah's Fishmarket in Aberystwyth, said social media was vital to his business and he tweets in English and Welsh every day.
"A lot of our customers come in saying that they have seen our tweets about what is on offer," he said.
"We are trading in Wales so we should be able to advertise in the Welsh language."
Meri Huws said she had contacted TwitterAds to raise the issue and was waiting for a response.
A Welsh government spokesperson said: "We want to see big technology companies using and facilitating Welsh, including advertising in Welsh.
"We've engaged with a number of these companies and would be happy to discuss this issue with Twitter."


The detective hunting a violent rapist who left a woman for dead fears the suspect could strike again.

An 18-year-old was dragged from a bus stop in Leeds and bludgeoned with a stone before being sexually assaulted.
It has now emerged three other women were stalked by the suspect prior to the attack on Beeston Road, on 6 March.
Det Supt Nick Wallen, of West Yorkshire Police, said the others had a "lucky escape" and warned women in the city to be on their guard.
He said: "My fear is that potentially he could strike again. We need to get him off the streets as soon as possible.
"I don't want to cause panic among the young women in Leeds but as rare as these incidents are, they do occur and you can do a lot to help yourselves and avoid becoming a victim."
Police say the first woman was followed from near TGI Fridays, on Kirkstall Road, towards the city centre, where she got on a bus to escape him.
He was then spotted on CCTV walking just inches behind a woman near Wellington Street. It is thought she walked into a bar, not realising she was being followed.
He then stalked a third woman from the city centre to Burley Road, where she hid in Tesco Express.
Detectives have released images and a description of the attacker.
"They had a lucky escape," said Det Supt Wallen.  "This is a mile-and-a-half of concerted walking by the offender, following three different women absolutely with the intention, in my view, of attacking somebody.
"I would ask people to look at these images again. I think if you know him, you will know him from these images."


Two men have been charged after a man was found with gunshot wounds in Lincolnshire.

A 27-year-old Polish man was taken to hospital after he was discovered at a property in Boston on Saturday.
The men, aged 25 and 32, of Larkspur Croft, were charged with grievous bodily harm and false imprisonment. The 32-year-old was also charged with possession of a firearm.
They appeared at Lincoln Magistrates' Court on Wednesday and were remanded.
They will next appear at Lincoln Crown Court on 29 June.
Three other arrested men remain on police bail until August.
The injured man is recovering in hospital.


The European Space Agency is going to build a spacecraft to map the red glow emitted by Earth's plants.

Known as Flex, the mission was approved by member states on Thursday and will likely launch by 2022.
The satellite will carry a spectrometer to catch the subtle but telltale fluorescence that organisms produce when they engage in photosynthesis.
Scientists say this signal can be used to monitor the condition of croplands and forests.
Changes in the light emission, which is detected in the red and far-red part of the electromagnetic spectrum, will reveal, for example, if vegetation is being stressed, perhaps because of overheating, drought or disease.
Given the fundamental role played by photosynthesis in biology, there is arguably no measurement more significant than the one Flex is going to try to capture from orbit.
"We will be monitoring the core of the most important process that sustains all life on Earth," said Uwe Rascher, a leading figure on the mission science team.
Flex is the latest concept in Esa's Earth Explorer series.
These are satellites that are designed to health-check the environment using novel instrument technologies.
Missions already flown have mapped Arctic sea-ice, traced ocean circulation, and quantified the amount of water bound up in soils.
Flex (Fluorescence Explorer) (PDF) was green-lit as the eighth spacecraft in the series by the agency's Earth Observation Programme Board, meeting in Paris.
It won approval following a detailed assessment by scientists and engineers, who put it ahead of a rival proposal called CarbonSat (PDF).
This would have plotted the movements of carbon dioxide and methane through the atmosphere.
Although a loser on this occasion, CarbonSat may yet find support in a European Union-funded space programme.
Certainly, Esa officials would like to continue technology developments on its instrument to try to mature its design.
Plant fluorescence has been detected from orbit before, but not at the level of detail envisaged for Flex.
Leaf photosynthesis – the production of life-sustaining sugars from CO2 and water – dumps some of the energy not required in the biochemical process in the form of light.
This "waste emission" radiates from the vegetation around a couple of peaks in wavelength between 640 and 800 nanometres – on the boundary between the visible and the infrared.
The nature of this signal describes directly the efficiency of the photosynthetic process, and if Flex can characterise it accurately it will be able to discern the physical condition of plants.
"If you have water-limitation in agriculture – at the moment, we can only see it late, when the vegetation starts to wilt: when it gets brownish, yellowish and begins to drop leaves," explained Prof Rascher.
"With a fluorescence signal we see the limitation of photosynthesis because of water stress immediately when it occurs. So, we see the signal before the plant shows visible damage," the Jülich Research Centre scientist told BBC News.
The technique does require some ancillary data - in particular, a measure of the temperature of the vegetation being studied.
To get this information, Flex would fly in close formation with another satellite already dedicated to the purpose.
This would be the EU's Sentinel-3 platform, which will soon start mapping the surface temperature of the entire globe.
Esa will initially invite industry to build only the instrument for Flex. Once it is satisfied this is on track, it will lay a contract for the rest of the spacecraft.
The agency hopes this two-step approach can help avoid the sort of cost overruns that occurred on previous Earth Explorer projects. A few have experienced lengthy delays when unforeseen technical challenges arose in the development of their novel instruments.
As for CarbonSat, there is a desire for Europe to have some kind of space-borne carbon monitoring capability – a tool to check that countries are implementing policies to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
Esa officials are likely to ask member states at the agency's next big ministerial gathering to fund CarbonSat's instrument through to a prototype stage.  Discussions will also be held in parallel with the European Commission about how then to fly the technology, perhaps in the next phase of the EU Sentinel programme – the suite of satellite sensors being launched by Brussels to routinely observe the Earth.
Prof Volker Liebig, the director of Earth observation at Esa, told BBC News: "The difference between the CarbonSat instrument and other measurement systems that have flown is that it wouldn't only measure 'on the point', but it would have a huge swath. So, it would have a kind of imaging capability across a couple of hundred kilometres.
"And this, in combination with its high resolution of 2km by 3km, means that we could really start to distinguish between human CO2 sources and sinks, and natural ones.  And that would allow us, for example, to monitor from space the biggest power stations on Earth."
European Space Agency Earth Explorers
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos


The States of Guernsey planning department has said it is making "steady progress" on visiting and classifying listed buildings.

So far, more than 3,500 have been assessed and as a result more homes removed from the list and others added.
Historian John McCormack said planners must be "flexible" with owners with regards what warranted listing.
Last year he labelled the planning backlog for protected or listed buildings as "outrageous".
Mr McCormack said: "I'm whole heartedly behind the listing idea but that doesn't mean everything inside is worthy of listing.
"You've got to do it with humanity, courtesy and flexibility and you have to say to people why you want their home to be listed and get their interest going.
"They will be the best preservers of what is inside, they after all live there and it's their homes, and they want them to be the best as possible."
In 2012 Guernsey's Environment Department held a questionnaire asking how important it was to protect Guernsey's historic buildings.
The results showed a majority felt it was important but views were divided on the buildings that should qualify.


A Russian court has ruled that the Moscow branch of the Church of Scientology should be dissolved.

The Moscow city court accepted the arguments of Russia's justice ministry that as the term "Scientology" is a registered US trademark, the Church cannot be considered a religious organisation.
The organisation plans to appeal, reports said.
The court set a six-month timescale for the Church to close, the ministry said.
Created by science fiction writer L Ron Hubbard in 1954 and based in Los Angeles, California, the Church of Scientology has generated controversy around the world.
Critics say that it is a cult and that it scams its members, while supporters maintain that it provides spiritual support to its followers.


Most of the victims of the bombing of a Kurdish wedding party in the Turkish city of Gaziantep on Saturday were children, media reports say.

Twenty-nine victims were under the age of 18, reports said, with one official saying 22 were under the age of 14. The death toll rose to 54 on Monday.
The suicide bomber himself was a child aged 12-14, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has said.
Mr Erdogan has blamed so-called Islamic State (IS) for the attack.
Gaziantep, near the Syrian border, is known to contain several IS cells.
One woman lost four children in the attack, the Haberturk newspaper reported. Emine Arhan told the title "if it wasn't for my only surviving child, I would have killed myself".
Another victim was a nine-year-old girl who had stayed on at the party to see the bride after her parents had left, according to the Vatan newspaper.
A disproportionately large number of women and children were killed in the attack because it targeted henna night, a part of the celebration attended mainly by women and children, says BBC Monitoring's Turkey analyst Pinar Sevinclidir.
On Monday, Turkish officials were awaiting the results of DNA tests as they tried to identify the suicide attacker, the Hurriyet newspaper said.
It added that the type of bomb, which contained scraps of metal, was similar to those used in previous attacks on pro-Kurdish gatherings.
Kurdish fighters, backed by the US-led coalition, have been at the forefront of the fight against IS in Syria.
We don't yet know the nationality of the attacker - Syrian, Turkish or other - but his generation has grown up formed by the Syrian conflict which tore away his childhood innocence and instilled in him the desire to kill.
There is still no official claim of responsibility for the attack but the group calling itself Islamic State remains the prime suspect.
The group is facing the loss of territory close to the Turkish border at the hands of Kurdish forces in Manbij and also a potential operation in Jarablus by the Free Syria Army - this could be an attempt to hit back.
It's also a reminder that their cells are still active in Turkey and they can strike with devastating impact.
Prosecutors said a search was also under way for two people believed to have accompanied the suspected attacker to the wedding party but who left before the blast.
In a defiant speech on Monday, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu said IS should be "completely cleansed" from the border area with Turkey.
He was speaking amid reports that Turkish-backed Syrian rebels were preparing to try to seize the IS-held border town of Jarablus.
The death toll from the bombing rose to 54 after three critically injured people died in hospital early on Monday. Thirteen of those killed were women, Turkish media said. Sixty-six people are still in hospital, 14 of them in a serious condition, Dogan news agency reported.
There were emotional scenes as dozens of funerals for victims took place on Sunday. Some distraught relatives threw themselves on to the coffins.
The explosion happened as wedding guests danced in the street on Saturday evening in a predominantly Kurdish district of Gaziantep.
The pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), said the wedding had been for one of its members.
The bride and bridegroom, from the mainly Kurdish region of Siirt in the south-east, survived the blast but were among the injured.
Witness Veli Can, 25, said that the celebrations were coming to an end when the explosion ripped through a crowd of people dancing.
"There was blood and body parts everywhere," he said.
Mr Erdogan said IS had been trying to "position itself" in Gaziantep, which is a major hub for Syrian refugees.
In a written statement, he said there was "no difference" between IS, the Kurdish militants of the PKK, and followers of US-based cleric Fethullah Gulen, whom he blames for the coup attempt last month.


People over 75 taking daily aspirin after a stroke or heart attack are at higher risk of major - and sometimes fatal - stomach bleeds than previously thought, research in the Lancet shows.

Scientists say that, to reduce these risks, older people should also take stomach-protecting PPI pills.
But they insist aspirin has important benefits - such as preventing heart attacks - that outweigh the risks.
And they warn that stopping aspirin suddenly can be harmful.
Anyone with concerns should speak to a doctor before considering changing medication, they say.
Doctors in the UK generally prescribe daily aspirin (75mg) for life after a person has a stroke or heart attack to help prevent more attacks.
But researchers have known for some time that aspirin can increase the risk of stomach bleeds.
Until now, most research involved people under 75, showing that the risk of serious bleeds was low in this group.
But with around half the people on lifelong aspirin in the UK now over 75, researchers at Oxford University decided to find out whether the benefits still outweigh the risks in this group.
Their study followed 3,166 patients who had previously had a stroke or heart attack and were prescribed aspirin or similar blood-thinning drugs.
They found that, for patients aged under 65, the annual rate of disabling or fatal bleeds was less than 0.5% (around one person in every 200 people taking the medication).
Meanwhile, for people aged 75 to 84, this rose to three people having major bleeds in every 200.
And the risks of fatal or disabling bleeds continued to increase with age.
Lead researcher Prof Peter Rothwell said: "Our new study gives us a much clearer understanding of the size of the increased risk and the severity and consequences of bleeds in over-75s.
"Our findings raise questions about the balance of risk and benefit of long-term daily aspirin use in people aged 75 or over if a PPI drug is not co-prescribed."
Dr Tim Chico, heart specialist at the University of Sheffield, described the work as a well-conducted study.
He said: "Although bleeding is a well-recognised side-effect of aspirin, this drug is still seen by many people as harmless, perhaps because of how easily it can be bought over the counter."
Meanwhile, GP leader Prof Helen Stokes-Lampard, said: "The study does reassure us that, in most cases, aspirin is still the most appropriate course of treatment for patients, but highlights the importance of managing its use carefully and effectively and that some patients may require additional medication to protect them."
But she added: "It is helpful that the researchers suggest action to mitigate this risk - the prescription of a PPI as a secondary drug - but this does raise a number of health implications.
"It will continue to be necessary to make decisions on a case-by-case basis, considering the patient's unique circumstances and medical history."
Current guidelines in the UK recommend people at "high risk" are given a PPI (proton pump inhibitor) drug which protects the stomach, along with aspirin therapy.
But who exactly is at high risk is not specified. And Prof Rothwell says the majority of over-75s are not prescribed the drug.
Prof Helen Stokes-Lampard, head of the Royal College of GPs, says: "Patients who regularly take aspirin either as prescribed by their doctor or self-medicated, should not panic as a result of this research.
"But if they are concerned about taking the drug regularly, over a long period of time, they should make a non-urgent appointment with their GP, or discuss this with their local pharmacist."
Stopping aspirin suddenly has been shown to have a rebound effect - increasing the chance of heart attack, TIA and stroke for weeks after the pill is stopped.
Anyone who is concerned must discuss it with their doctor. If stopping is advised, doctors will discuss cutting down pills gradually.
For this group a number of previous studies show that the risk of major bleeding is low. Prof Rothwell says he would not recommend a stomach-protecting drug for people of this age.
But researchers recommend anyone taking the drug should review the decision with their doctor every three to five years, to make sure individual circumstances are taken into account.
Researchers say the decision for a healthy individual to take aspirin must be considered very carefully and the benefits and risks to the individual must be discussed with a doctor.
Dr Tim Chico added: "I would strongly recommend that people who are considering taking aspirin to prevent potential future problems such as cancer or heart attack (but who have not had a stroke or heart attack) should discuss this with their doctor."
All drugs have risks and benefits and the decision to take them must be made after weighing these up for the individual. When it comes to PPIs the side-effects can include flatulence, bloating and sometimes stomach infections.


Giant vegetable grower Peter Glazebrook from Halam in Nottinghamshire is a world-record holder for the heaviest potato and onion.

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10 September 2013 Last updated at 20:56 BST
He is aiming for even more records at shows across England this autumn.
But what are the secrets of his success?


Lewis Hamilton wants to stay with Mercedes beyond his current contract, which expires at the end of 2015.

"We've both shown interest in sitting down and talking," said the Briton.
"The team know I would like to push to continue and they've made it clear they would like to do the same."
Hamilton joined Mercedes from McLaren, who also use the company's engines, on a three-year contract in 2013 and said he felt a strong bond with the company.
"I've been with Mercedes since I was 13," he said. "I very much feel like I have Mercedes imprinted on my chest. It's very much a family for me."
He added that he "can't see myself anywhere else".
Earlier this year Mercedes extended the contract of Hamilton's team-mate Nico Rosberg at least until the end of 2016.
Hamilton's contract expires at the same time as Red Bull's Sebastian Vettel, although the German is believed to have an option in his deal to stay for 2016 as well.
Asked about reports in the German media that Mercedes were interested in signing the four-time world champion, Hamilton said: "If they happen to want someone else that's the way it is. I'm not going to whinge about it. There are places for everyone."
He added: "I'm not worried about it. But another German driver? I'm not sure if it's something Mercedes would like.
"But at the moment I'm here until the end of next year so it's not going to be any time soon. But it's normal. Mercedes is the best and so everyone is going to want to drive a Mercedes."
Hamilton heads into the Hungarian Grand Prix this weekend determined to reduce Rosberg's 14-point lead in the championship.
He has won at the Hungaroring four times in the last seven years, and if he does so this year would break Michael Schumacher's record of wins at the track.
"I don't come here with an ambition to beat Michael's record," Hamilton said.
"I feel very privileged to have grown up and seen his success and now to be here and to be an F1 driver, but also to have had the same amount of wins here as he has.
"It's one of the coolest things to be able to put my name in the same sentence as his.
"I don't really have an answer as to why things have gone so well here. It's a great circuit.  I enjoy driving it. Maybe it suits my driving style more than others."
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Rosberg has never qualified or finished the race in the top three in Hungary but said he believed he could beat Hamilton.
"I'm very confident if I do a good job I'll be first and win the race," he said.
Red Bull are expected to be Mercedes' closest challengers around the twisty track, where the performance deficit of the world champions' Renault engine makes less of a difference.
Vettel said: "I always think there is a chance to win. It would be quite sad not to.
"Obviously Mercedes are very strong. Their drivers could probably go to the water park just outside the track on Saturday and still win the race.
"But they are not invincible, we have seen them have problems and then you need to put yourself in the best position to benefit so there is always a chance."
Hungarian Grand Prix coverage details


Control of a Dorset jail was "all but lost", with gangs operating openly, the prison watchdog has found.

A HM Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP) report at HMP Guys Marsh near Shaftesbury recorded high levels of violence and a drugs and gang culture.
The Howard League for Penal Reform described the findings as "deeply concerning".
The National Offender Management Service insisted Guys Marsh is now "stable".
The unannounced inspection in November indicated prisoners deliberately caused disruption so they could be placed in segregation where they would be safer.
"We found a prison that was in crisis, where managers and staff had all but lost control," the report said.
"Drugs availability, particularly new psychoactive substances, was high and fuelled debt and associated violence.
"Some of this was related to gangs and organised crime activity outside the prison."
Guys Marsh is a training prison but inspectors discovered only 16% of prisoners were in education.
Nick Hardwick, chief inspector of prisons said the findings "posed unacceptable risks to the public, staff and prisoners and this cannot be allowed to continue."
Michael Spurr, Chief Executive Officer of the National Offender Management Service, insisted the prison was "not out of control" but accepted "the situation wasn't acceptable".
"It is now stable, operating safely, and providing a consistent and decent regime for prisoners," he said.
Andrew Neilson, of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said the government was taking "a huge gamble with public safety" by cutting prison budgets.
"When prisoners are spending most of their days locked up in overcrowded cells with nothing to do, while violence and drug abuse are commonplace, we should not be surprised if they do not turn out to be safer citizens when they are released," he added.
Prison Officers' Association chairman Peter McParlin said: "They've had a policy where they've decided to close prisons, where they've reduced staff greatly.
"If you just take 30 out of a prison staffing population of Guys Marsh of 130, that's bound to have significant effects."


A rare 40ft (12m) fin whale has been found dead on a Norfolk beach.

The whale was discovered by wardens at the Holkham National Nature Reserve on the north Norfolk coast.
The Holkham Estate said it believed the animal was a fin whale and the Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme (CSIP) would be carrying out a post-mortem to establish the cause of its death.
Plans were under way to remove the whale from the beach.
For more on the whale and other stories, visit the BBC Norfolk Live page
A spokeswoman said the area remained open "but we advise the public not to venture close to the carcass and to keep dogs on leads".
Images of the whale were taken by bird photographer Penny Clarke, from King's Lynn, who was out walking on the beach when she came across the animal.
"It's really sad. It looked really fresh like it had only just washed up. It's an amazing creature, just so sad to see it like this," said Miss Clarke.
A total of 30 sperm whales have died in the North Sea this year.
Six of the sperm whales and a minke were found dead on beaches in Norfolk and Lincolnshire. The others were found beached in France, Germany and the Netherlands.
Dr Peter Evans, director of the Sea Watch Foundation, said they had probably died due to them straying into shallow waters while hunting squid.
Dr Ben Garrod, of Anglia Ruskin University said: "If is is a fin that's very, very surprising.
"Fin whales are rarely, if ever, seen in the North Sea and are instead found more regularly, but still not commonly, off the western British Isles.
"Without any more information right now, it's impossible to say why it might have been there or why it died."


The government has abandoned plans to launch a major retail share offer of the 9% of Lloyds Bank it still owns.

The chancellor said market volatility meant it was not sensible to attempt to sell the multi-billion pound stake it still owns to members of the public.
The shares will now be sold via a "trading plan" - small tranches of shares sold to institutional investors.
Philip Hammond said the private sale would ensure the taxpayer recovered the "full investment" made in the bank.
He said that Â£17bn of the Â£20bn invested by the government, when it bailed out the bank during the financial crisis, had already been sold back to the market.
"We need to recover the taxpayers' money," Mr Hammond said, saying that he wanted Lloyds to be fully back in the private sector.
"The proceeds of the Lloyds bank sale - the priority is to turn those assets into cash and use those to reduce debt," Mr Hammond said.
He said that the sale of the government's stake in the Royal Bank of Scotland was "not practical at the moment" whilst the bank was under the threat of fines from the Department of Justice in America and was struggling to sell its Williams and Glyn branch network.


A tooth unearthed near Stonehenge shows dogs were man's best friend even in prehistoric times, it has been claimed.

The tooth, dug up at Blick Mead in Wiltshire, is believed to be evidence of the earliest journey in British history.
It is thought to be from a pet Alsatian-type dog that travelled 250 miles from York with its owner.
Archaeologist David Jacques said it was significant as it was not known people travelled so far 7,000 years ago.
The shape and size show the tooth was from a domestic dog, he said.
It also suggests people were visiting Stonehenge 2,000 years before the monument was built.
"The fact that a dog and a group of people were coming to the area from such a long distance away further underlines just how important the place was four millennia before the circle was built," Mr Jacques said.
"Discoveries like this give us a completely new understanding of the establishment of the ritual landscape and make Stonehenge even more special than we thought we knew it was."
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Bones found near the tooth suggest the dog would have feasted on salmon, trout, pike, wild pig and red deer.
Researchers at Durham University used carbon dating to discover the age of the tooth and isotope analysis on the enamel.
Mr Jacques, a senior research fellow at the University of Buckingham, said: "We know it was probably born in the area of York.
"It was drinking from the area when it was young, it went on a journey of about 250 miles to the Stonehenge area with people and it ate what the people were eating on this site at Blick Mead.
"You would not get a wolf travelling 250 miles but you're much more likely to get a dog doing that because it's travelling with its people."
Previous excavations have uncovered tools from Wales and the Midlands and evidence people lived near Stonehenge for long periods of time, near the natural springs used hollowed out tree trunks for shelter.


The body of a baby has been found in the drain of a garden at a house in Grimsby.

The body was discovered after a plumber was called by a couple who live in the property, Humberside Police said.
Officers were called to the house in Scartho Road at about 12:50 GMT.
Detectives are trying to establish the age of the baby and how long the body had been in the drain. A post-mortem examination is to take place on Monday.
Det Insp Christine Calvert said both the plumber and occupants of the house were in "extreme shock" following the discovery.
"The occupants of the house had problems with the drains and have been having some drainage work done, which required a plumber to go into the garden and clear some drains," she said.
"Whilst clearing those drains they've found what we believe to be the body of a baby."
Ms Calvert said neither the occupants nor the plumber initially realised the blockage in the drain was a baby.
"It's an extreme shock to the occupants, they don't know anything about it," the detective said.
"We've done some house to house inquiries, we're trying to identify where the baby's come from [and] if we can identify the mother. But it's very early stages to identify that child."
Officers remain at the scene.


Japanese firm SoftBank will team up with Taiwan's Foxconn and India's Bharti Enterprises to invest $20bn (Â£12bn) in solar projects in India.

The Tokyo-based mobile giant said the project aimed to generate 20GW (gigawatts) of energy through solar and wind power plants.
India relies on highly pollutant coal for 60% of its energy needs.
But prime minister Narendra Modi wants clean energy to help bring electricity to 300 million people without power.
SoftBank's founder, Masayoshi Son, made the latest announcement in Delhi, flanked by Sunil Bharti Mittal, chairman of Bharti Enterprises, India's biggest wireless provider.
"With this partnership, our goal is to create a market-leading clean energy company, to fuel India's growth with clean and renewable sources of energy," Mr Son said in a press release.
Mr Son said his company would help manufacture solar equipment in India, adding that SoftBank has invested $1bn in the country in the last nine months.
"The sunshine in India is twice that of Japan. Cost of land and labour and maintenance is also half that of Japan. So then, the efficiency of solar power generation is likely to be four times compared to that in Japan," he told the CNBC TV18 channel.
Mr Modi has insisted that his commitment to increase India's renewable energy supplies is not aimed at "impressing the world" following international pressure to cut greenhouse gas emissions.


Kenya's announcement that Dadaab, the world's largest refugee camp, would close at the end of this month has encouraged thousands of people to leave already, but without further preparation, it seems unlikely the government will be able to meet its own deadline, which has been condemned by human rights groups.

Small shacks of wood, corrugated iron and scraps of tarpaulin cling to the sand dunes on the outskirts of Somalia's southern port city of Kismayo.
Tens of thousands of people displaced by drought and decades of civil war live in 86 camps around Kismayo alone.
And thousands more have been arriving in Somalia in the months since Kenya said it would close down Dadaab, the world's largest refugee camp.
At the height of the fighting and the famine in Somalia, Dadaab, with its sprawling stretch of refugee camps in the flat, dusty desert scrubland of north-eastern Kenya, was home to half a million people.
Today 280,000 receive help with food and shelter, healthcare and education, but Kenya says 25 years is long enough, and the camp must close by the end of this month.
Some have been flown back by the United Nations refugee agency (UNHCR), others have been brought by bus through Somali countryside still controlled by the Islamist militant group al-Shabab.
But the place they are returning to is a work in progress.
Somalia is still riven by clan divisions and regional political rivalries, and is only slowly stuttering towards becoming a functioning federal state.
"We need our people to come back, but the problem is how they can stay here, get a livelihood and how we can support them," said General Mohamed Warsmae Darwish, interior minister for the southern state of Jubaland which has Kismayo as its capital.
"People have no toilets, no shelter, no water, no education, no medicine - how can they cope?" he said.
There are already tens of thousands of people living in camps for the displaced in Somalia, where aid agencies struggle to provide help and the new arrivals are increasing the pressure.
Mariam Ibrahim Mohammed arrived just a few weeks ago from Dadaab with her four children.
"Given the choice between here and Dadaab, I'd rather have stayed in Dadaab," she said.
"Since I came back, I have not been given anything. The money they gave us when we left has already been spent. Life is very difficult here, but I can't go back."
Some call Dadaab a desert city, others an open prison, but pulling down a place where many of its inhabitants were born and have never left takes time and must be done within the bounds of international humanitarian law.
"The closure of Dadaab is the decision that the refugees themselves will reach if and when they want to return," said Mohamad Abdi Affey, the new United Nations special envoy for Somali refugees.
"If people want to come back to their country and need help, it is our mandate to help them, but we are not an advocate of return by any means."
But the UN has been criticised for not doing enough to tell people they have the right to stay - whatever the Kenyan government says about closing Dadaab.
There is a small, sparsely furnished office in a UNHCR compound where refugees come to find out more about voluntary returns.
Falahas Mahila and her six children listen to what's on offer: $200 (Â£160) per family member when they leave, the same again when they get home, plus other grants to buy housing materials, healthcare or to pay towards education.
This amount has recently been increased, and it's a lot of money for people who have lived as refugees for so long, surviving on aid and assistance.
She is convinced Kenya is going to close the camp, and there are many rumours that if they don't take the money now, they may be forced to leave anyway with nothing.
The UN says around 25,000 people have signed up to go home, but the uncertainty over their future is further complicated by Jubaland's decision to close its border to returnees until it has the facilities to cope.
The returns have been suspended. Some refugees have sent their possessions on ahead and sold off their makeshift homes, leaving them in limbo.
Duh Ali Hanshi has a fence of thorn branches surrounding her little patch of land and small wood and tarpaulin home.
She fled the fighting in Somalia six years ago and says she doesn't want to leave because it's not safe, and at least here there is health care and education.
"We were told there's an instruction coming from the Kenya government that we have to go back," she said.
"I have children in school and I want them to continue with their education here, but right now we are living in fear.  We don't know whether to go back to Somalia or to stay here. We will have to go back if we must go back."
Twenty-five years is a long time for any country to host hundreds of thousands of refugees, but with an election next year and fears of al-Shabab infiltration, there is a large dose of politics surrounding Kenya's decision to close the camp.
But there are fears that it could encourage the very thing Kenya is most afraid of - radicalisation.
Back in Kismayo, a group of young apprentice mechanics are learning how to repair an engine.
Most of them are recent returnees from Dadaab, sharing work and training programmes with those who have lived in camps around the city for years.
Mohamed Ali Abdi, 28, came back eight months ago.
"When I left Dadaab it was my decision - there was a little bit of pushing - but I always wanted to come back to my country," he said.
But he understands the dangers of not providing young people with work.
"It's very possible that if the young men coming back from Dadaab are not given help by the government or aid agencies they could be recruited into al-Shabab."
It's complicated - people can't remain as refugees forever, but how will a camp ever close if it offers people more than they would get at home?
How can they return when security is still a major concern and when increasing the number of poor and dependent people jeopardises Somalia's fragile recovery - the long-term answer to the problem.
It seems the only way to close Dadaab is slowly, and that means Kenya will almost certainly have to backtrack on its plan to close Dadaab by the end of this month.
Somalia's rocky road to democracy
Who are Somalia's al-Shabab?
Somalia profile
Uganda: 'One of the best places to be a refugee'


Russian President Vladimir Putin has said Russia's border "doesn't end anywhere", addressing a televised awards ceremony for geography students.

"That was a joke," Mr Putin said amid applause and laughter from the audience at the glitzy ceremony.
He was asking a nine-year-old boy: "Where does Russia's border end?" The boy had said "at the Bering Strait". Mr Putin then provided his own answer.
Mr Putin has pledged to defend ethnic Russians wherever they live.
In July 2014, three months after Russian troops annexed Ukraine's Crimea peninsula, he spelled out his doctrine to Russian ambassadors.
"I would like to make it clear to all: our country will continue to actively defend the rights of Russians, our compatriots abroad, using the entire range of available means - from political and economic to operations under international humanitarian law and the right of self-defence."
Nato and Western leaders accuse the Kremlin of sending regular troops and heavy weapons to pro-Russian rebels in eastern Ukraine. The Kremlin has repeatedly denied that, insisting that any Russian troops there are "volunteers".
Just before his comment about Russia's border, President Putin asked five-year-old Timofey Tsoi to name the country whose capital is Ouagadougou.
Timofey correctly answered "Burkina Faso", but struggled when asked what the country's old name was. Mr Putin helped him out, saying: "Upper Volta! Good lad!"
In its dying days, the Soviet Union was sardonically described as "Upper Volta with rockets".
Both boys had distinguished themselves in televised geography quizzes. The ceremony was staged by the Russian Geographical Society.


A £300m super-hospital for south Wales appears to have been "kicked into the long grass", according to a Tory MP.

Plans for the Specialist and Critical Care Centre near Cwmbran were put on hold in 2009, before being put back on the agenda a year later.
Monmouth MP David Davies called on Health Secretary Vaughan Gething for clarity but said he had "failed to provide answers".
A Welsh Government spokesperson said further work and advice was needed.
In his letter, Mr Gething said given the "size and the significance" of the investment, the proposal "needs to evidence a robust case" to meet the Welsh Government's investment criteria, which includes affordability and value for money.
A Welsh Government spokesperson said: "The final business case has been reviewed independently, however further work and advice is needed.
"We expect this work to be completed before the end of the calendar year."
Mr Davies said the plans were given the green light by then Health Minister Edwina Hart in "a blaze of publicity" just before the 2011 Welsh Assembly elections.
"Nothing much has happened since," he said.
"We are none the wiser as to whether the new hospital will ever be built.
"This ongoing secrecy and complete lack of transparency is a real cause for concern."
Mr Davies now plans to make a Freedom of Information request to find out what is delaying the approval of Aneurin Bevan University Health Board's final business case, which was submitted last October.


The so-called troika of lenders has returned to Athens for its latest audit of the Greek economy.

The visit will determine whether twice bailed-out Greece will get its latest instalment of cash.
Representatives from the European Commission, the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank will take stock of how effective tough austerity measures have been.
Fresh strikes are planned by public sector workers in response.
Sunday's talks will decide on the continued conditions for Greece's financial aid, and a 1bn euro (Â£844m) instalment which Greece expected to get in October.
The EU is calling for the liquidation of Greece's defence industry, a further reduction in civil servant posts, and the health of the key privatisation programme.
The main public sector union Adedy said that it would carry out a two day strike on Tuesday and Wednesday, while other unions are following suit.
"We will continue our struggle against the destructive policies of the government and the troika," Adedy said in a statement.
This latest round of protests against austerity comes days after the Greek Finance Minister Yannis Stournaras said his country's economy is heading "slowly towards recovery" after it saw growth in the second quarter of the year.
Mr Stournaras said available evidence suggested Greece will see quarter-on-quarter growth for the first time since its economic crisis began.
Greece also reported slightly improved jobless figures for the summer period, as tourism saw a modest boost compared to the year before.


Sale Sharks recorded their sixth win in a row to beat Premiership high-flyers Exeter Chiefs at the AJ Bell Stadium.

Johnny Leota, Nev Edwards and Mike Haley all ran in tries during a stunning opening 40 minutes for the hosts, who led 17-0 at half-time.
Converted scores from Jack Yeandle and Dave Lewis after the break threatened an unlikely Chiefs comeback.
But Danny Cipriani landed two penalties to secure victory and preserve Sale's unbeaten home record in 2015-16.
Relive Saturday's Premiership rugby
Steve Diamond's Sharks, who are already into April's European Challenge Cup quarter-finals, have now moved up into the Premiership's top six thanks to their recent good form in both competitions.
But Exeter, who won eight of their opening nine league matches, have lost back-to-back Premiership games for the first time in more than 12 months.
After an even opening 15 minutes which saw both sides have players yellow-carded - Ross Harrison for Sale and James Short for Exeter - Leota, Edwards and Haley all crossed in the space of 23 minutes to put the home side in complete control.
Their lead would have been greater had Cipriani not failed from the tee four times during the half, but his penalty with nine minutes to go allowed the hosts to see the game out.
Sale Sharks director of rugby Steve Diamond:
"I thought it was an equal contest, even though the scoreline didn't suggest it was.
"In the second half, they had 80% possession and we defended well.
"Exeter are a top-four side on merit, so we were delighted to get the win. But we've got to understand that we should have been 25 points up at half-time, so we've got to work on converting all the opportunities.
"We're a reasonable team, we know we're good at home and it will be a daunting task to go to Worcester next week."
Exeter Chiefs head coach Rob Baxter:
"We're disappointed to lose but at the same time you've got to give a lot of credit to Sale, who stood strong in front of a lot of concerted attacks and have worked extremely hard not to break.
"We worked extremely hard and I can't fault the lads for the energy they put out on the pitch because we've carried the ball for miles.
"Ultimately, we've come up a little bit short by being a little bit too error-strewn in the early part of the game, when we did have concerted pressure.
"Not scoring anything in that first half has cost us. We had to work extremely hard for our moments and ultimately that's why we've come up a little bit short."
Sale Sharks: Haley; Addison, James, Leota, Edwards; Cipriani, Stringer; Harrison, Taylor, Cobilas, Evans, Ostrikov, Neild, Seymour (capt), Easter.
Replacements: Briggs, Lewis-Roberts, Mujati, Mills, Lund, Cusiter, Ford, Arscott
Exeter Chiefs: Dollman; Woodburn, Whitten, S Hill, Short; Steenson, Chudley; Moon, Yeandle (capt), Low, J Hill, Parling, Armand, Salvi, Waldrom
Replacements: Cowan-Dickie, Hepburn, Williams, Atkins, Horstmann, Lewis, Hooley, Bodilly
For the latest rugby union news follow @bbcrugbyunion on Twitter.


MSPs on a key Holyrood committee will begin later studying plans to ban circuses from using wild animals.

The Environment Committee will examine legislation to ban circuses from using any non-domesticated animal.
Following a government consultation, the committee will scrutinise the Wild Animals in Travelling Circuses (Scotland) Bill.
The bill would make it an offence to use wild animals in travelling circuses.
The Scottish government announced the crackdown last September as part of its legislative programme following a public consultation which overwhelmingly supported a ban.
The government consultation in 2014 showed 98% respondents thought the use of wild animals for performance in travelling circuses should be banned and 96.4% thought the use of wild animals for exhibition (without performing) should be banned.
Both aspects are covered in the bill, which makes Scotland the first country in the UK to introduce legislation outlawing wild-animal circuses.
Last week Environment Secretary Roseanna Cunningham unveiled the bill, which as well as prohibiting the use of any wild animal in a travelling circus on ethical grounds, also includes the power to enter premises and vehicles in order to search for and examine animals.
Convener of the Environment, Climate Change and Land Reform Committee Graeme Dey MSP said: "We know that people feel very strongly about protecting wild animals in travelling circuses.
"In Scotland, the use of animals in circuses as a form of entertainment is somewhat of a rarity. In fact, such a travelling circus hasn't visited Scotland for many years.
"However, if this bill is passed, it will make it an offence for circus operators to use wild animals in travelling circuses in Scotland."


A charity is being set up in the name of Merseyside toddler James Bulger, who was abducted and murdered in 1993.

James's mother Denise Fergus is launching the charity in the year that he would have turned 21.
The charity will support young people who have become the victims of crime, hatred or bullying.
The James Bulger Memorial Trust (JBMT), which will operate under the name For James, is in the process of being registered with the Charity Commission.
A number of fund-raising events have already been planned, with the first being a Race For James, to be held in the grounds of Knowsley Hall on 20 March.
The JBMT aims to establish a holiday and respite facility, for the use of deserving children and their families, in the North West of England.
Ms Fergus is also working to raise money to build James Bulger House, part of a network of Red Balloon Learner Centres to support victims of bullying throughout the UK.
She said: "I want to see good things done in James's name. I have already worked with another charity that recovers bullied schoolchildren and we achieved a great deal.
"Now I want to broaden out that work to help bullied children and their families, and young victims of crime.
"But we also want to be able to reward children for good behaviour - those who have made positive contributions to society in all kinds of ways. Too often the victims and simply the good kids are forgotten and we want to help change that."
Mrs Fergus added: "One of the first things that we aim to do in James's name is to fulfil the promise I made to create a tangible memorial to my beautiful son. That will be a holiday home that will be called James Bulger House.
"I know times are hard at the moment, but I'm appealing for people to be as generous as they can to help us make this a fitting memorial to James."
James was abducted at the New Strand Shopping Centre in Bootle on 12 February 1993.
John Venables and Robert Thompson, who were both 10 at the time, approached and befriended him while his mother was in a shop.
James's body was found by children playing on a freight railway line near Walton Lane police station.
He had been beaten to death with bricks and an iron bar.
The 10-year-old killers were arrested days later and became the youngest to be charged with murder in the 20th Century.
Eight months later they were convicted and ordered to be detained at Her Majesty's pleasure.
Two years later the parole board recommended their release as they "were no longer a danger to society".
The pair were given new identities, and an order prohibiting the publication of details which could reveal their whereabouts remains in place.


Burnley midfielder Robbie Brady will captain the Republic of Ireland in Tuesday's international friendly against Iceland in Dublin.

The Republic's regular skipper Seamus Coleman sustained a broken leg against Wales on Friday and faces a lengthy rehabilitation process.
On Monday, manager Martin O'Neill said Coleman was "still pretty down" about the injury.
"The operation went well and it's just a matter of coming to terms with it."
The 28-year-old Everton full-back has had surgery to pin the tibia and fibula in his right leg which were broken in a challenge by Wales' Neil Taylor during the 0-0 World Cup qualifying draw at the Aviva Stadium.
The Republic of Ireland are in a promising position in their World Cup qualifying group, having taken 11 points from five fixtures.
They trail Group D leaders Serbia on goal difference with Wales and Austria four points adrift.
Ireland host the Austrians on 11 June as the Welsh head for Belgrade on a night which could have a huge bearing on the eventual placings.
O'Neill will give some of his fringe players the opportunity to impress in the friendly fixture against Iceland.
John O'Shea, Jonathan Walters, Glenn Whelan and James McCarthy have returned to their clubs, and O'Neill said: "There will probably be a few players who will get their first taste of international football.
"They will have the opportunity to press a claim for future appearances."
Preston pair Daryl Horgan and Andy Boyle and John Egan of Brentford are among those hoping to get senior international game time.
Burnley's record buy Brady will lead the Irish, having missed the Wales clash because of suspension.
Iceland 2-4 Republic of Ireland (6 September 1997)
Roy Keane scored twice with David Connolly and Mark Kennedy also netting for Mick McCarthy's team in a World Cup qualifying win in Reykjavik.


Police have appealed for help to trace a woman from east Belfast who has gone missing in County Antrim.

Catherine Johnston, 39, was reported missing on Tuesday. Her car, a white Seat Leon, was later found at Ballintoy Harbour.
A major air and sea search, involving the coastguard and PSNI, is continuing along the north coast.
Coleraine police have now asked for anyone who was in the area and took pictures, to come forward.
"We are appealing to any visitors that attended Ballintoy Harbour on Tuesday 13 December and took pictures of the scenery," Insp David Burns said.
"We would like to review your photographs to try and establish the movements of missing person Catherine Johnston."
Ms Johnston is described as being approximately 5'9" tall, of average build and with light brown shoulder length hair.
Her family said on Wednesday that they were becoming increasingly concerned for her safety.


British number two Aljaz Bedene reached the second round of the Abierto Mexicano Telcel in Acapulco after Ivo Karlovic was forced to retire.

The world number 54 progressed against Karlovic with the score at 6-4 1-2 when the big-serving Croatian withdrew.
Bedene, 26, has exited in the first round of the last three tournaments in Brazil, Australia and New Zealand
He will face Dutchman Robin Haase - ranked world number 62 - in the next round on Wednesday at 23:00 GMT.


The Division Two match between Durham and Worcestershire ended as a draw, with no play possible on the final two days because of bad weather.

Persistent rain prevented any action on day three at the Riverside.
And, with more rain on Thursday, the game was abandoned at 14:15 BST - 15 minutes after the scheduled start time.
Worcestershire, who had a first-innings lead of 170 before the weather intervened, took 12 points from the match, while Durham collected eight.


Mobile phone operator EE is to create 138 new jobs at its call centre in Merthyr Tydfil.

The firm will hold a recruitment fair for customer service and sales staff, who would start work between March and September.
More than 750 people already work at its Rhyd-y-Car Business Park site.
Merthyr Tydfil MP Gerald Jones said the jobs would give people in an area with one of Wales' lowest employment rates a foot on the career ladder.


They've been hidden away in an attic for years, but newly discovered documents shed further light on a Scotswoman who died in Auschwitz.

Jane Haining is the only Scot to be officially honoured for giving her life to help Jews in the Holocaust. She died in the Nazi concentration camp in 1944.
The items discovered include her will, more than 70 photographs of the Jewish girls she risked her life for and a letter outlining efforts to release her.
They were all found in the attic space of the Church of Scotland's head office in George Street in Edinburgh and will now be placed in the National Library of Scotland.
Her handwritten will, dated July 1942, meticulously lists what is to happen to her belongings in the event of her death - her fur coat, her wireless, her typewriter and her watches.
The collection also includes several documents outlining efforts to try to secure her release.
It's a rare glimpse into the life of this remarkable Church of Scotland missionary.
Rev Ian Alexander, secretary of the World Mission Council of the Church of Scotland, said it was "vitally important" to remember Ms Haining as she embodied so much of the "internationalist's spirit".
"She is a Scottish woman who offers herself to go to work elsewhere in the world, to work with those who are deprived and disadvantaged in that area," he said.
"She learns German and she learns Hungarian to be able to go and work in the Scottish mission.
"That international lesson has been part and parcel of the Church of Scotland and it's great that we still have this link with the reformed church in Hungary and are working together on contemporary church issues, so she's got a great legacy."
This weekend the Church of Scotland marks 175 years of working in Hungary.
In 1932, Ms Haining saw an advert for a job as matron to the Scottish Mission to the Jews in Budapest. She left her home in Dunscore in Dumfriesshire to work there.
But as the Nazis swept through Europe, this work became increasingly dangerous. The Kirk urged her to come home but she refused and wrote: "If these children needed me in days of sunshine, how much more do they need me in these days of darkness?"
In 1944, Ms Haining was arrested on suspicion of espionage. She was taken first to a local prison before being transferred to Auschwitz.
A letter discovered in this collection sheds more light on her final months.
Rev Alexander said: "We discovered a typed-up report from the Reformed Church in Hungary where the Bishop, Laszlo Ravasz, is writing in 1945 about how he tried to intervene with the Hungarian authorities... to try and get Jane Haining out of prison after her arrest before she was moved out to Auschwitz."
The document is the bishop's report to the Synod in Hungary in 1945, but it is unclear which month it refers to.
"In the document he remembers that she was so committed to being in Hungary that she declared that she 'would stick to my post no matter what'," he said.
In his address to the Synod, the bishop said: "Her superiors three times ordered her home, but she always replied that the Hungarian people were so true-hearted, honourable, and chivalrous that among them not a hair on her head would be touched.
"'I shall continue to do my duty,' she declared, 'and stick to my post'."
Ms Haining died in Auschwitz in 1944 aged 47.
Today, work continues in Hungary.
David Bradwell is the refugee co-ordinator for Scottish Faiths Action for Refugees.
He told the BBC: "Jane Haining was working to support Jewish refugees and Jewish people needing protection. The connection between what is happening today is really very real.
"We've seen over the last 12 months particularly alarming numbers of migrants and refugees crossing into Hungary and the response of the church locally, especially St Columba's Church of Scotland in Budapest, to offer accommodation, educational support and friendship to some of the refugees.
"It really connects with some of the work that Jane Haining did all those years ago."


Cliftonville moved into second place in the Premiership by ending Coleraine's unbeaten home league record.

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Stephen Garrett scored the game's only goal with a low left-foot shot into the bottom corner in the 39th minute.
Andy Mitchell grabbed an 89th-minute winner as Dungannon Swifts defeated Glenavon 1-0 at Mourneview Park.
Adam Lecky claimed a hat-trick as Ballinamallard United drew 3-3 at Ards, with all six goals coming in a frantic 20-minute period in the second half.
Ards had coach John Bailie in charge for the game as manager Niall Currie watched from the side of the pitch, having been heavily linked with the managerial vacancy at Portadown.
Lecky blasted a right-foot shot past Aaron Hogg three minutes after the interval but Craig McMillen levelled three minutes later after his initial effort was palmed out by James McGrath.
Lecky's neat finish restored the Mallards' lead but Emmett Friars equalised again with a free header from a McMillen corner.
There was a hint of an own goal as the Fermanagh side took the lead for a third time but Lecky indicated that he scrambled the ball home to complete his treble.
Michael Ruddy restored parity with a 68th-minute penalty after Joe McKinney had been fouled by Ross Taheny to earn his side a point.
Gavin Dykes's outfit, who had failed to pick up a point in their previous six league outings, move above Carrick Rangers on goal difference into 10th spot in the table.
Garrett's seventh goal of the season proved enough to make it four league victories in a row for Cliftonville, taking advantage of some poor defending by the home side.
The Bannsiders had the better of the early openings but Jordan Allan squandered a good opportunity and then the same player headed against the woodwork.
The Reds wasted a gilt-edged chance to extend their lead before half-time, but Chris Johns dived to push away James Knowles' penalty after Steven Douglas had brought down David McDaid from behind inside the area.
It was a second successive league defeat for Coleraine, whose manager left out James McLaughlin, Neil McCafferty and Lyndon Kane because they are one booking away from missing the League Cup semi-final with Ballymena United on 13 December.
Cliftonville manager Gerard Lyttle: "I thought we were very solid defensively and if we keep clean sheets, we have players who can score goals.
"If we had been a wee bit more clinical with our chances in the second half, we could have been two or three to the good, but I am absolutely delighted with the effort, commitment and workrate from the boys."
Coleraine manager Oran Kearney: "Games are judged on goals scored and we weren't in top gear tonight.
"There were parts of our game that weren't quite there and I hoped we would have created a bit more. At times we were toothless to be fair."
Glenavon had lost just once in their last 13 games in all competitions before entertaining a Dungannon side who boasted just one win in their last eight matches.
In the first half, Greg Moorhouse saw his header well saved by Andy Coleman and Andy Hall's half volley from inside the area was deflected behind for a corner.
Jamie Glackin had a shot well saved by Jonny Tuffey, while the Lurgan Blues keeper also denied Mitchell, turning his close range effort behind for a corner.
Mitchell tucked home the winner at the back post from four yards out after meeting a right-wing Cormac Burke cross.
The win saw the Stangmore Park club move ahead of Glentoran into seventh position prior to Saturday's top-flight fixtures.
"I thought we deserved a point but credit to Dungannon - they kept going until the last minute and they got their goal. We got hit with a sucker punch near the end," said Glenavon manager Gary Hamilton.


Kent earned a third straight Division Two win as they finished off Derbyshire with a day to spare at Canterbury, despite Gary Wilson's valiant 97.

Resuming with a 242-run lead on 142-7, Kent made 308 as Darren Stevens hit 90 and Adam Rouse made an unbeaten 95.
Needing 409 to win, Derbyshire lost their first five wickets for just 78.
With Stevens (3-63) and James Harris (4-56) in form, and only Wayne Madsen (32) and Wilson managing more than 17 for Derbyshire, Kent made victory safe.
Wilson did his best to take the match to a fourth day before falling to Harris lbw just three runs short of a century.
Earlier on day three, Kent wicketkeeper Rouse went close to his first-ever senior ton, but ran out of partners as Will Davis (3-48) bowled well for the visitors.


A driver escaped unhurt when her car erupted into flames on the M27 in Hampshire.

14 December 2015 Last updated at 10:18 GMT
Fire crews were called to the blaze on the eastbound hard shoulder, between junction 1 at Cadnam and junction 2 for Ower, just after 08:00 GMT.
Two lanes were closed for a short time.
An eyewitness said the driver of the Seat Leon managed to get out of the car before it was engulfed in flames.


A parliamentary committee in Japan has approved two major bills for debate, paving the way for an expanded role for the military.

The move sparked protests from opposition lawmakers in parliament and activists outside the building.
If the bills are passed, Japan would be able to fight overseas in a doctrine called collective self-defence.
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe says it is necessary for the country's protection, but polls show many Japanese oppose it.
On Wednesday, a special committee set up in Japan's lower house to decide on the two security bills gave its approval.
The bills, will now be presented before Japan's full lower house on Thursday for another round of debate and approval. They still have to clear the upper house as well before they can be passed.
Many expect the bills to be passed as both the lower and upper houses of Japan's parliament, known as the Diet, are dominated by Mr Abe's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
Japan's post-World War Two constitution bars it from using force to resolve conflicts except in cases of self-defence.
The cabinet has pushed for a change that would revise the laws such that Japan's military would be able to mobilise overseas when these three conditions are met:
Tensions ran high inside the Diet building on Tuesday when the special committee, which is also dominated by the LDP, moved to halt a long-running debate on the bills.
Opposition lawmakers shouted their disapproval and mobbed committee chairman, Yasukazu Hamada, as he began the voting process. AP news agency reported that some began slapping and grabbing him.
Hundreds of activists opposing the bills also gathered outside the Diet to protest the move.
Several recent polls showed that more than half of Japanese voters were opposed to passing the bills, reported The Asahi Shimbun.
Mr Abe addressed the committee on Wednesday, saying: "Unfortunately, the Japanese people still don't have a substantial understanding... I will work harder so public understanding would deepen further."
The change was put in motion more than a year ago when Mr Abe sought to reinterpret Japan's pacifist constitution - put in place following WW2- to allow the change.
Neighbours such as China and South Korea have decried the move and accuse Japan of re-militarisation.


Real Madrid boss Zinedine Zidane says they are a better side when injured forward Gareth Bale plays.

Bale, 27, came off with a calf injury after 39 minutes in Real's 3-2 El Clasico defeat by Barcelona in April.
Real beat city rivals Atletico Madrid on aggregate on Wednesday to reach the Champions League final for a second successive season.
"He's recovering and there's time for him to be ready for the final," Zidane told the Real Madrid website.
"I hope he's ready before and I hope he can be with us more than anything. We're a better team when he plays."
It is the second injury Bale has sustained this season after he was ruled out for four months when he hurt his ankle in Real's 2-1 Champions League win at Sporting Lisbon in November.
Swansea City boss Paul Clement says Real will be desperate for Bale to be fit for the final.
Clement was Carlo Ancelotti's assistant when Real Madrid won the Champions League in 2014, with Bale scoring the decisive second goal in a 4-1 final win over city rivals Atletico Madrid.
"I know he's fighting to be fit for that and I hope he is," Clement said.
"It would be great for him to come back, he's one of their best players.
"He's done fantastically well over the last couple of years. He's won it twice already,
"It would be an amazing achievement to be at a club for four years and win three Champions Leagues.  That would be outstanding.
"It's great for Wales. You've got two great teams and a great event coming to this country."


The Bank of England's financial stability director, Alex Brazier, has been warning about the dangers of rising personal loans.

He said that High Street banks were at risk of entering "a spiral of complacency" about mounting consumer debt levels.
"Household debt - like most things that are good in moderation - can be dangerous in excess," he said.
The Bank of England's own figures put total debt to individuals at about £1.5 trillion, which is an average of £28,000 for everyone over 16 in the UK.
Most of that - about £1.3tn - is made up of mortgages. The rest is for credit cards, overdrafts and loans to buy things like cars, bikes or kitchens.
If you look at what's been happening to lending to individuals, you can see from the chart above that it was rising sharply in the years leading up to the financial crisis, then it flattened out. But in the last couple of years it's started rising again.
Mr Brazier talked about the risk to banks from the £200bn of non-mortgage debt, which has been growing much faster than household incomes.
The credit-card element is £68bn, which is up 18% in the last three years.
Of the remaining £130bn, the big growth area has been car loans, with four-fifths of new cars last year bought using Personal Contract Purchase (PCP) deals, which tend to come from finance companies linked to car manufacturers. The Financial Conduct Authority is already concerned about the amount we're borrowing to buy cars.
Can we afford all this? Household debt including mortgages as a proportion of household income rose from 95% in 1997 to 160% before the financial crisis. It then fell back to about 140% but has now started ticking back up. The Office for Budget Responsibility predicts that it will reach 153% in 2022.
And all of these Bank of England statistics exclude student loans - currently about £89bn of outstanding student debt, which has more than doubled in the last five years.
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Scotland's unemployment rate has fallen to its lowest rate since the recession, according to official figures.

The Office for National Statistics (ONS) said the jobless total fell by 17,000, or 0.6%, over the three months to April to stand at 109,000.
The Scottish unemployment rate now stands at 4%, which equals the figure recorded between March and May in 2008.
The UK rate is 4.6%, with a total of 1.53 million unemployed people recorded in the latest quarter.
Meanwhile, employment in Scotland rose by 14,000 over the same period to stand at 74.1%.
But the ONS also reported a fall in UK average earnings, which grew by 2.1% in the year to April - down by 0.2% on the previous month.
The fall was greater when measured over a three-month period, confirming that wages are falling behind the 2.9% inflation rate.
Employability and Training Minister Jamie Hepburn said: "Scotland's unemployment rate is at its lowest rate since the recession and matches the lowest on record for Scotland since the series began.
"With the employment rate rising, it's clear this is hugely positive news for our economy and the jobs market."
The UK government's Scottish Secretary David Mundell said: "Today's figures show that Scotland's labour market continues to improve and I am pleased that the unemployment rate has fallen to the lowest rate on record.
"But a number of significant challenges remain and I want to see Scotland's economic performance improve, catching up with the rest of the UK.
"This is why it is more important than ever that Scotland's two governments work together to help ensure Scotland's prosperity."
Dr Stuart McIntyre, from the Fraser of Allander economic research institute, said: "At a time when the Scottish economy is struggling, at first glance the labour market appears to be holding up rather well.
"However, almost all of the growth in employment over the year to the latest quarter is accounted for by growth in self-employment rather than in traditional employee jobs.
"Not nearly enough is known about the nature and composition of this recent growth in self-employment to judge whether this is a positive development."
Scottish Chambers of Commerce welcomed the figures but said there were still "some areas of concern", with average earnings continuing to lag behind inflation.
Chief executive Liz Cameron said: "Low productivity rates dictate that earnings growth may be unlikely to improve significantly over the short term and, with inflation having risen by more than expectations, the pressures on consumer demand, business margins and future business investment continue."
She added: "Scotland has also experienced a significant rise in the number of people dropping out of the labour market altogether over the past year.
"Coupled with continued reports of hard to fill vacancies amongst Scottish businesses, this underlines the need for government to increase investment in training opportunities, not only for young people but also for older workers, to enable people to upskill and reskill and get back into the workforce."


A key policy to drive up standards in numeracy and literacy in Wales has made "modest" progress, partly due to a lack of support from the Welsh government.

In a report on literacy standards of 11 to 14-year-olds, education watchdog Estyn blamed a lack of time and support for schools.
The provision to develop pupils' literacy skills in a majority of schools was only "adequate".
Education Minister Huw Lewis said the policy was having an impact.
The Literacy and Numeracy Framework (LNF) was introduced in 2013 for pupils aged five to 14 following concerns they were falling behind.
It aimed to improve how pupils read, write and express themselves in all subjects.
The LNF includes annual tests to see how they are progressing.
But two years after its introduction, the report said the LNF was not producing results.
Standards in general were judged excellent in about one in nine secondary schools, inspectors found.
They were good in close to two in five, which is similar to the previous two years.
"The LNF was introduced quickly, but progress in implementing the framework has been slower than expected," Estyn said.
The watchdog noted:
Inspectors have said the Welsh government should "provide guidance and support" for teachers to help them implement the LNF and "develop literacy skills across the curriculum".
Last week, a study conducted by the Association of Teachers and Lecturers Cymru found almost two-thirds of teachers in Wales think the national reading and numeracy tests are "not fit for purpose".
Fewer than half (49.2%) of those questioned said all their pupils were able to access the tests and only 37% said they were fit for purpose.
Amid concerns blanket test papers are not suitable for younger children, the union said "disadvantaged learners" were among those finding them most difficult to use.
The Welsh government said developing the literacy skills of young people remained "a critical issue for Welsh education and a key government priority" and there was "still much to do".
Mr Lewis told BBC Wales it was a "profound shift" and he said he would not apologise for reform taking place with a sense of urgency.
"Estyn is talking about events 12 months ago and a very great deal has happened since then," he said.
"I'm confident we've moved a great distance."


History, they say, is written by the victors.

Standing under the shade of a towering windmill at what was once one of the most productive sugar plantations in the West Indies, it is not hard to imagine the legion of imperious Englishmen at its helm.
But while an abundance of documentation scrupulously records the details of the industry which helped build the British Empire, precious little is known about the lives of the African slaves upon whom it hinged.
Researchers probing an 18th-Century slave village amid a major excavation project at Betty's Hope plantation in Antigua hope to change that.
One of just a handful ever unearthed in the Caribbean, the discovery of the site and recent artefacts is set to shine a light into a grim past.
Dr Georgia Fox, heading the project, describes the initial finding of the village in 2013, which had eluded archaeologists for decades, as a "eureka moment".
Aligning high-tech electronic surveying equipment with maps dating back to 1710 enabled one of her team of students from California State University, Chico, to pinpoint its location.
"It felt like a miracle," she told the BBC. "We'd seen all these dots on the maps and we now realised they signified the slave village. It was an amazing discovery."
Subsequent excavation works have turned up a wealth of fascinating relics which, for the first time, offer a glimpse into the daily lives and culture of the plantation's 400 slaves.
"First we found what appeared to be a very specific type of rough pottery, called Afro-Antiguan ware, made by slaves. Pots were created by coiling pieces of local clay and would have been used for cooking stews," Dr Fox explains.
"Recently we were able to go really deep into the heart of the village and we found some remarkable things like cowrie shells from East Africa which were used as currency, for games or good luck charms."
This in itself raises interesting questions as slaves in Antigua tended to be from West rather than East Africa.
"Then we found Dutch delftware which was probably bartered for, traded or given to the slaves as hand-offs, followed by two corners of a beautifully made limestone wall which was tantalising as most slave homes were standard wattle and daub," Dr Fox continues.
Excavation by Dr Fox's team began in 2007 at the plantation's Great House, followed by the Still House where rum, then sugar's most important by-product, was made.
The once 700-acre site dates back to around 1650 and comprised a largely self-sustainable living complex accommodating everyone from field workers, servants and overseers to tradesmen, a blacksmith and a doctor.
At its height, each of the plantation's twin windmills could have produced 12 tonnes of sugar crystals a day.
Less than 5% of the sprawling site has been investigated so far.
Items uncovered at the Great House include children's toys, musket balls, buttons, cutlery, a door knocker, clay tobacco pipes and a cod liver oil bottle.
The organic materials used to build slave houses, such as palm fronds, sticks and mud, made the adjacent village's identification difficult.
Local historian and Unesco representative Reg Murphy, who oversees all of Antigua's archaeology projects, said the work was vital to piece together a complete history of the island where most of the population are slave descendants.
"Everything we learn is about the glory of sugar and the industrial colonial legacy," he says.
"You never hear about the day-to-day lives of the workers, the other side of the coin.
"This is a way of learning about their daily routine, what they ate, how they lived, seeing it from their perspective. There were over 400 slaves at Betty's Hope at one time - their stories have never been told."
For Dr Fox, the significance goes further still. "There were sugar plantations throughout the world but the Caribbean was the gateway to the New World and had a tremendous impact on the development of America.
"This was the beginning of capitalism and it all started in the Caribbean. It's important to remember how the New World was created - this is everybody's history."
Although slavery was abolished in 1834, Antigua's sugar production remained an economic mainstay until the 1960s when it was replaced by tourism.
Dr Fox adds: "Sugar changed the world. Every time you bite into a chocolate bar or add sugar to your tea or coffee, you are taking part in a long history and reaching into the past."


Manchester United manager Jose Mourinho faces his former club Chelsea in the FA Cup on Monday.

But did you know his first game managing in the Premier League was against the Red Devils in 2004?
Despite both clubs boasting many star players over the years, some faces from that game will be less recognisable than others.
Can you identify some of the players who featured that day?
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Liam Pitchford is relishing the chance to play at an Olympics where he "deserves" to be there.

The Chesterfield player's selection for the table tennis singles in Rio was confirmed on Thursday.
Five-time Commonwealth medallist Pitchford, 22, competed at London 2012, but only qualified because of Great Britain's home-nation status.
"After experiencing London, I told myself when Rio came around I wanted to qualify in my own right," he said.
"To finally make it is absolutely amazing. In London, I was thinking 'do I deserve to be here?', but now I'm going by qualification and I'll give it my best shot."
Pitchford, who has been supported in his preparations by the Derbyshire Institute of Sport (DIS) gold programme and was formerly on the county's talented athlete scheme (ICON), reached a career-best world ranking of 39 this year.
That put him well inside the qualification cut-off point for the Olympics with his position at 51 in May.
Pitchford added: "In London it was absolutely incredible, everyone got behind it, there was a buzz around the whole country. It's probably not going to be as big in Rio, but I think it will be special in its own way.
"Anything past the quarter-finals would be absolutely out of this world, but nothing is impossible. Anything can happen. I'm really grateful for all the support I've been given and hopefully I can do everyone proud."
Joining him in Brazil will be Paul Drinkhall, ranked 60th, with whom he helped England claim a bronze medal in March's World Team Championships in Kuala Lumpur.


Michelle Marie began the week looking forward to curating the @ireland Twitter account - but soon after she started, she was inundated with racist abuse.

The @ireland account aims to represent a range of voices in the Republic of Ireland.
Ms Marie, originally from the UK, moved to Ireland three years ago and lives there with her two-year-old daughter.
She told the BBC why she decided to apply to curate the Twitter account.
"I wanted to share my positive experiences," she said.
"I wanted to share the work I'm doing around body positivity.
"Ireland has a really strong culture of shame, and I wanted to change that.
"I've followed @ireland for a few years, and I know it has a high percentage of trolling.
"I was expecting a bit of racism, comments on my size and for being English but not a non-stop barrage."
After logging on to the @ireland account on Monday morning at 08:30, Ms Marie quickly began to receive racist tweets.
"I was shocked more than anything," she said.
"It was an eye-opener that a lot of people have hateful and extreme views - it was pure hatred.
"A lot of people saw an image of a black woman and made a lot of assumptions, saying, 'Go back to Africa,' and telling me to go back to my own country, when I was born in Norwich.
"I was getting 500 notifications an hour.
"The vast majority of them were abusive comments and retweets of those comments."
Ms Marie said the abuse had predominantly come from outside Ireland.
"It was mostly anonymous accounts and largely based in America," she said.
"I suppose people feel safer saying these things online."
Ms Marie's offline experience in Ireland has been very different.
"I've only been welcomed in Ireland so far," she said.
"I've generally been lucky that I haven't had many bad experiences of racism in my life."
Ms Marie criticised the racist posts, in her own tweets.
"I expected trolls, and backlash, and criticism," she wrote.
"But today I have experienced racism, sexism, fat-phobia and homophobia to a degree I have never known.
"I have had eight hours of non-stop hate thrown at me.
"I am hurt, shocked and appalled."
She tweeted about her ethnicity and background.
"I applied to curate the account to share my experiences living here, my personal interests/experiences, and the body positivity work that I do," she wrote.
"Many non-natives, non-residents, and persons of colour have gone before me, so I felt welcome to apply."
James Hendicott, another Briton who previously ran the @ireland account, pointed out he had received a different response.
Ms Marie still has up to the end of the week to curate the account.
"I've spoken to the guy that runs @ireland, and he wants me to see it through," she said.
"The abuse has largely stopped, so hopefully I can get on with it.
"I hope it's opened people's eyes and shown that racism is something we still all need to work together to change.
"It's time for all prejudice to stop."
By Patrick Evans, BBC social news and user-generated content hub


Two 13-year-old girls accused of stabbing a classmate to please the online horror character Slender Man will be tried in an adult court, a US judge has ruled.

Morgan Geyser and Anissa Weier are charged with attempted first-degree intentional murder over the attack.
The ruling means they may face decades in jail. Their lawyers failed to get the case heard by a juvenile court.
If tried as juveniles, the pair only face a five-year term.
The victim, 12 at the time, was stabbed 19 times but survived.
She was found by a cyclist crawling from the woods where she was attacked with stab wounds to her arms, legs and torso, after the attack in May 2014.
Wisconsin Judge Michael Bohren decided the pair, now both 13, should remain in adult court after four days of hearings in May and June.
They told investigators they had stabbed their victim in "dedication" to Slender Man, a fictional horror website character.
They spoke of their desire to become the paranormal figure's "proxies" by killing to demonstrate their loyalty, police said.
Following the attack, both suspects were found walking near a local highway, and a knife was found in one of their backpacks, police said.
They said the girls planned to stab the classmate during a sleepover but instead decided to commit the crime the next morning in a nearby park.
After the murder, they reportedly intended to walk to Slender Man's mansion, which they believed was situated in Wisconsin's Nicolet National Forest.
The victim has recovered and since returned to school.


Nottingham Forest have signed versatile Tendayi Darikwa from Burnley for an undisclosed fee.

The Nottingham-born 25-year-old, who can fill a variety of positions on the right flank, has agreed a four-year deal at the City Ground.
He joined the Clarets from Chesterfield for £550,000 in July 2015 and made 29 appearances, five of them last season.
Forest start the new Championship campaign with a home game against promoted Millwall on Friday, 4 August.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Leeds's restaurant scene was reportedly criticised earlier this year for its lack of Michelin stars, but chefs in the city are shrugging off any negativity by serving up its first independent food festival.

It's 1pm and popular Leeds lunch spot Cafe 164 is buzzing with hungry office workers snapping up sandwiches and fancy cans of pop.
Two of those people are Matt Dix and Simon Fogal, who are recovering from the opening weekend of Leeds Indie Food Festival (LIF), which launched at Belgrave Music Hall.
The pair spent the last year organising the inaugural event and over the last few days have celebrated its fledgling success by indulging in one of their favourite pastimes - eating and drinking like kings.
They weren't alone - about 3,000 like-minded foodies joined them at events across the city, which included a Victorian candlelit banquet, a street food festival and a night market.
"I was surprised at the numbers that turned up," says Matt over his coffee. "You're never quite sure when you start something like this how enthusiastically people will embrace it.
"It was nice to see the range of people - knowing that someone picked up a programme at Halifax swimming pool and came over for our event."
Leeds has in recent years experienced a surge in independent restaurants, cafes and bars popping up in pockets of the city previously neglected, feeding an appetite for the quirky and home-grown that only a handful of people foresaw needed satiating.
Sandinista - a stalwart of the Leeds drinking scene - has been a solid but largely solitary presence on Cross Belgrave Street since 2002, occupying the corner unit of an otherwise dingy street overlooking the inner ring road.
But it has recently welcomed a stream of new neighbours, including cocktail den, Blind Tyger, real ale house, The Social, and canteen-slash-gig space, Belgrave Music Hall.
Meanwhile Holbeck, which is trying to shake off its reputation as the city's red light district, has seen a surge in regeneration, including the opening of Northern Monk Brewery around the corner from gastro pubs The Cross Keys and The Midnight Bell.
The city has come a long way from North Bar opening its doors on New Briggate in 1997, says Matt.
"When it opened, North claimed to be the first craft beer bar in England, in that it imported beer from around the world and cared how it was kept and promoted it as an independently minded product," he says.
"Now it owns The Cross Keys and four other bars in and around Leeds. They're a good example of how the scene has evolved."
Even with the success of bars like North, there is still a risk to opening an independent business. When Belgrave moved in to a derelict nursery school building in 2013 people were sceptical, recalls Simon.
"People were saying, 'why are you opening there?' They couldn't see what that space could become. And having two kitchens that sell different things, people just didn't get it at first," he says.
"But the rise of casual dining, especially street food, really helped and it's something Leeds has done really well in the last five years."
Street food as a concept is hardly new - it's a common trade in places like Thailand and India and one that's been successfully monetised by Mexican chain Wahaca, which has a string of restaurants across London and beyond.
But in Leeds, the appetite for the quick and cheap style of eating is a relatively recent addition to the scene.
Trinity Kitchen in the city's new shopping centre boasts an ever-changing line-up of guests, serving up everything from Punjabi dishes to fresh baked goods and salt beef sandwiches.
Others like Bundobust, Grub & Grog and Patty Smith's have all made their mark either in permanent venues or by temporarily setting up shop somewhere.
The days of buying a dodgy burger from a van at a football match are as long gone as lingering over a starter, main and dessert, says Matt.
"Increasingly, people aren't going out for four course meals and that's partly to do with street food," he explains. "People like going out for something easy and cheap."
LIF aims not only to celebrate and reflect the change in the city's cuisine culture, but to cultivate it too.
The light bulb moment for Matt and Simon came when they realised the city's official, annual food festival couldn't cater to the "little guys" who struggled to afford the cost of taking part.
"It wasn't representative of the independent scene so we decided to do something about it," says Matt.
"We asked a few of our friends whether they wanted to be involved and ended up with more than 100 events and 100 businesses on board.
"We were bowled over by the appetite for it, people were so excited."
The original six co-founders launched a fundraising campaign which raised more than Â£9,000 in four weeks, making the festival a community effort from the get-go.
The idea of collaboration is at the heart of the festival's ethos. As well as promoting food and drink, the two-week event also includes cookery classes, film screenings and art exhibitions.
"It's about promoting Leeds as an independent city and it works much better when it's all inter-connected," says Simon. "It's a culture that's self-supporting.
"The more they work together, the more they benefit, and if we all do well, it brings more people and tourism into the city."
Despite recent claims that Leeds's lack of Michelin star restaurants diminishes its standing as an eating destination, Simon and Matt hope LIF will put the city's food scene on the map.
"No-one in Leeds really cares we don't have a Michelin star. I would much rather have five really interesting, independent places to go eat at.
"That reflects how people eat and that's what we are trying to do. We're not trying to achieve nationwide greatness, we just want people in Leeds to have a nice, affordable tea."
Leeds Indie Food Festival runs until 24 May.


Hot on the heels of the APEC conference in Manila, regional and global heads of government are now heading to Malaysia for a summit of the ten member Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

20 November 2015 Last updated at 02:06 GMT
They'll be joined by the leaders of the US, China and India.
One of the key topics for discussion is the ASEAN Economic Community, or AEC, which aims for regional economic integration by the end of the year.
So just how close is the AEC in reality? Jonathan Head reports.


Andrew Getty, the grandson of J Paul Getty and one of the heirs to the family fortune, has been found dead at home, his parents have confirmed.

Mr Getty, 47, was found dead in the bathroom of his Hollywood Hills residence on Tuesday afternoon.
The Los Angeles coroner's office said initial reports suggested natural causes or an accident was to blame.
A statement from Ann and Gordon Getty confirmed that Andrew, one of their four sons, had died.
His oil baron grandfather died in 1976. Industrialist J Paul Getty founded the Getty Oil Company and was once named the richest living American by Fortune magazine.
Jack Richter of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) told reporters that officers went to the home shortly after 14:15 local time (22:15 GMT) on Tuesday.
They found the body in the bathroom and interviewed a woman who was present.
The woman, who has not been identified and is not under arrest, had called officers to report that someone had died at the gated home on Montcalm Avenue.
Los Angeles County coroner's assistant chief Ed Winter told local media that medication had been found at the scene.
"The tentative information that we do have is that he was not feeling good for the last couple of months and he supposedly had an appointment tomorrow with a personal physician," Mr Winter said.
"He had some medication that we recovered and don't know if he had taken the medication or what his medical history is. We do have a doctor's name that we're also going to follow up."
He said toxicology tests could take a number of weeks.
The LA Times quoted one law enforcement source as saying Mr Getty had suffered a blunt-force trauma but it was unclear how the injury had been caused.
LAPD spokesman Commander Andrew Smith said: "At first glance, it does not appear to be a criminal type of act. But that could change."