An anonymous punter stands to win £182,000 if his bets on Labour winning June's general election come off.

Bookmaker Betfred said the 24-year-old graduate from Norwich, who does not want to be named, placed a series of wagers amounting to £10,000.
He put £6,000 on Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn becoming the next prime minister at odds of 12/1 and £3,000 at 20/1 on Labour winning the most seats.
A further £1,000 at 40/1 odds was put on the party achieving a majority.
Live: More on this and other stories from Norfolk
"He is absolutely convinced that Jeremy Corbyn is going to win," a spokesman said.
"He always does quirky bets, such as on X Factor and Britain's Got Talent but this is his first political bet."
All three of the latest bets were made on Thursday at the London Street branch.
The firm said its odds are worked out by expert traders who study the polls, what is in the news and other political betting going on around the country.
The amount of the bet equals one in Mr Corbyn's own Islington North constituency where £10,000 has been placed on Labour winning most seats and achieving an overall majority.
Betfred said it had seen an "upsurge in political betting especially amongst young people".
"We are well on target for there to be £2m-plus bets on this general election, which would be a record for a single political event beating the Brexit referendum and Donald Trump unexpectedly beating Hillary Clinton to become US president," the spokesman added.
Bookmakers William Hill said that political betting "used to be seen as niche" but it's "pretty big these days" and it was the 2015 General Election that "really kicked it off".
Joe Crilly from the company said: "We took over £1m for the French election.
"Most of the money we are seeing now is on the Tories and they are large amounts... for every £1 bet on Labour were are getting £16.52 on the Conservatives."
The company has so far taken £900,000 in bets on the upcoming election with the largest bet taken so far being £70,000 on the Conservatives to win.
It said the biggest single liability racked up is £175,000 with a North London man who has put £1,000 on UKIP to win.


It is a scene that would not look out of place in any Scottish town.

Children playing football on an astroturf pitch: tackles flying in, appeals for handball, goals celebrated.
But this is Mufraq, a small town in Northern Jordan, and local boys are playing with teenage Syrians who have come to live here.
The pitch and the community centre it lies in have been paid for by the Scottish-based charity Mercy Corps.
Along with other NGOs it is funding community projects like this in Jordan to resolve some of the tensions the huge influx of Syrian refugees into the country has caused.
Khaled Holany is watching the game.
The 48-year-old volunteers at the community centre to help out.
Three years ago he fled some of the heaviest fighting in the Syrian town of Homs along with his wife, three sons and a daughter.
A judge by profession he found himself on the wrong side of the Assad regime.
He says: "The military wanted to interrogate me, and everyone knows once you go in you don't come out."
Mufraq, which lies a close to the Syrian border, was already poor before the crisis began.
The arrival of the refugees has seen its population treble.
The UNHCR estimates close to a million refugees have fled to Jordan. Less than 200,000 are in refugee camps. The rest have merged into local communities like this.
Many of the refugees in Mufraq come from the south of Syria which has strong tribal links with the area.
"Jordanians are very tolerant people," says Jeff Tudor, the UK's head of development in Jordan.
"But like any visitors, after four to five years when resources are scarce you have the opportunity for more tension."
Jordanians have less access to decent health care because Syrians are going into the health system.
The Jordanian government have taken 130,000 Syrian children into their schools. There is enormous added pressure on almost every local resource.
Heba Asad works as a community outreach leader at Mercy Corps.
She says the ideas for the project come from the local community and the Syrian refugees.
By establishing joint projects like the community centre and football pitch the hope is inevitable tensions can be reduced and managed.
Steve Gordon, from Mercy Corps, says most people have the idea refugees are in camps and confined spaces, but most go into the wider community.
He says: "In a camp you know where they are and can assist them because they are in a focused area."
Reaching the refugees who aren't in the camps is harder.
Many aren't registered as refugees and so may not want to come forward and identify themselves.
Khaled, the former judge, is a registered refugee.
He receives some aid but registration also means he can't work to support himself and his family.
Refugees caught working illegally can find themselves deported back to Syria.
For that reason refugee children are often the ones who are sent to work.
They are too young to be deported, so it is safer and can bring vital income to desperately poor families.
For the aid agencies it raises a whole range of issues, not least the danger of a lost generation.
Kids who miss an education, and become mired in poverty and hopelessness.
That mixture, the history of the Middle East has taught, creates a breeding ground for radicalisation.
Jeff Tudor from DFID says: "The problem we are facing now is if the war in Syria continues for four, five, six years what will people do after they leave education. There has to be some hope for the future for them."
For most of the refugees their hope would be to simply return to the homes they fled from.
But while the fighting continues across the border there is no hope of that.
For governments, for aid agencies the challenge is to create a better life for them now, here in Jordan, or in Scotland and elsewhere in Europe.
Khaled Holany has applied to come to Britain.
His application is pending, and poignantly he asks if talking to the BBC might help. He says if he can go to Britain he will feel human again.


A Nicaraguan man who was scheduled to be executed on Wednesday has been given a reprieve.

Bernardo Tercero was sentenced to death in 2000 for the 1997 murder of a school teacher in Texas.
A Texas court ruled on Tuesday that the execution be postponed until an appeal is resolved.
Lawyers for Tercero said that a witness for the prosecution had come forward to say she gave false testimony. A court will now review the claim.
Tercero, 39, was found guilty of shooting dead 38-year-old teacher Robert Berger in Houston, Texas.
Mr Berger was in a dry cleaning shop when Tercero came in to rob it and shot the teacher dead in front of his three-year old daughter.
Tercero said that the gun had gone off accidentally as he struggled with Mr Berger, who tried to thwart the robbery.
But an acquaintance of Tercero's told the court that he had given her various reasons for killing Mr Berger, including that he had seen his face and would be able to identify him.
Tercero denied saying this.
According to Tercero's lawyers the witness has signed a sworn statement saying that part of her evidence was false.
They argue that Tercero was denied his rights to a fair trial and due process when the prosecution unknowingly used the false testimony to secure his conviction.
They also say that he was denied his right to speak to the Nicaraguan consulate after his arrest.
Tercero has been on death row in Texas for the past 15 years.
He was scheduled to be put to death by lethal injection on Wednesday at 23:00 GMT.
Nicaraguan Cardinal Leopoldo Brenes wrote to Texas Governor Greg Abbott asking for clemency for Tercero.
A spokesman for the governor said that "when anyone commits a crime in Texas, they are subject to Texas law".
Ten people have been executed in Texas so far this year.


Celtic's Leigh Griffiths has been given a suspended two-match ban and fined £2,500 after admitting singing an offensive song about Rudi Skacel.

A Scottish FA disciplinary tribunal found that the striker was guilty of "not acting in the best interests of association football".
The 25-year-old was last week admonished by a sheriff after confessing to the incident in court.
The singing about the former Hearts player took place in March 2014.
The incident happened as fans gathered before a Hearts-Hibs derby game at Tynecastle and led to Celtic fining the player four weeks' wages.
Following his brief court appearance in Edinburgh, Griffiths released a statement, saying: "I made a mistake, I wrongly became involved in this incident and did not fully consider my actions.
"I apologise unreservedly for this."
The SFA says the fine is payable within 30 days and that the suspension will be triggered if there is a further breach of disciplinary rule 77 before the end of the season.


Around 700 migrants have stormed a six-metre (20 ft) security fence that separates Morocco from Ceuta, a Spanish territory in North Africa.

Police said security cameras showed the migrants breaking through one of the gates, some wielding shears and clubs.
The Ceuta regional government said almost 500 made it across the razor wire barrier.
Ceuta and Melilla, another Spanish territory in North Africa, have the EU's only land borders with Africa.
As a result, they are popular crossing points for migrants hoping to reach a new life in Europe.
Ceuta is separated from the rest of Spain by the Strait of Gibraltar.
A Ceuta government official told The Associated Press that 498 migrants had forced their way into Spanish territory.
He said two were hospitalised due to injuries sustained in the assault, and that 11 Spanish police were also hurt.
Many of those who tried to break through the fence were pushed back by Moroccan security forces.
Dozens who made it across celebrated in the streets in the early hours of the day, shouting "freedom" and draping themselves in European flags.
The methods often used by migrants to enter Ceuta include climbing the border fence, swimming along the coast, or hiding in vehicles.
But most migrants are intercepted and returned to Morocco, and those who do make it over the fences are eventually repatriated or released.
The last mass attempt to climb the fence happened on New Year's Day, and involved about 1,100 migrants.
Only two were successful, and both required hospital treatment. One guard lost an eye in the violence, officials said.
A note on terminology: The BBC uses the term migrant to refer to all people on the move who have yet to complete the legal process of claiming asylum. This group includes people fleeing war-torn countries such as Syria, who are likely to be granted refugee status, as well as people who are seeking jobs and better lives, who governments are likely to rule are economic migrants.


Lawyers for former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi are to appeal against his jail sentence for tax fraud, media reports say.

The appeal will be lodged by 10 November, reports said, and could take several years.
Mr Berlusconi and others were convicted of inflating the price of distribution rights bought by his Mediaset group to avoid paying taxes.
On Friday a Milan court sentenced him to four years but later cut it to one.
The media mogul was also barred from holding office for five years.
A furious Mr Berlusconi later went on national television to condemn the sentence as "intolerable judicial harassment".
He has long complained that he is being persecuted by left-leaning judges in Milan.
"It is a political, incredible and intolerable judgement," Mr Berlusconi said on Italia 1 - one of the TV stations he owns.
"It is without any doubt a political verdict just as all the cases invented against me are political."
Q&A: Silvio Berlusconi on trial
Mr Berlusconi has faced a number of trials but it is the first time he has been sentenced for any crime concerning his business activities.
He has in the past either been cleared, or cases have run beyond the judicial time limit.
In 1997 he received a suspended sentence for false book-keeping but that conviction was reversed on appeal.
In the latest case, prosecutors said that part of the money declared for the purchase of US film rights was skimmed off to create illegal slush funds, reducing tax liabilities for Mr Berlusconi's Mediaset group.
The court handed Mr Berlusconi a longer sentence than the three years and eight months requested by prosecutors. However, it later announced that the sentence would be cut to one year due to a 2006 amnesty law aimed at reducing prison overcrowding.
It ordered him and his co-defendants to pay 10m euros (Â£8m) in damages.
Both the jail term and the ban from holding office will only take effect if the sentence is upheld by a higher court.
The BBC's David Willey in Rome says Mr Berlusconi is unlikely ever to serve his sentence as the conviction first has to be confirmed by two successive courts of appeal.
Those appeals could take years, he adds.
In February a court threw out a corruption case against him after the statute of limitations had expired.
He is also currently on trial charged with paying for sex with an underage girl and trying to cover it up. He denies any wrongdoing.
Mr Berlusconi, 76, was forced to resign as prime minister of a centre-right coalition last November, and recently said he had no plans to stand again in elections due next year.


Sheffield United have appointed former Southampton and Reading boss Nigel Adkins as their new manager on a three-year deal.

Adkins, 50, has been out of work since being sacked by Reading in December.
He succeeds Nigel Clough, who was sacked by the Bramall Lane side last month after losing to Swindon in the play-off semi-finals.
"We know League One is a massive challenge but we will be looking to get promoted," Adkins said.
"They narrowly missed out in the play-offs and we've been given the opportunity to build on that.
"It is a slog and a grind and you have to get through it by working hard and being united."
Adkins has won promotion from the third tier three times as a manager, twice with Scunthorpe and once with Southampton.
The former Tranmere and Wigan goalkeeper led Saints to back-to-back promotions to the Premier League before being sacked in January 2013.
The Blades, who had an approach for Bradford City boss Phil Parkinson turned down last week, finished fifth in League One in 2014-15 and reached the League Cup semi-finals.
Adkins, who is joined by assistant manager Andy Crosby and first team coach Dean Wilkins, will be tasked with taking the club back to the Championship at the fifth time of asking.
They were relegated to League One in 2011 and have had three unsuccessful play-off campaigns in four seasons.


Manager Nigel Clough said celebrations after Burton's rise to the Championship were made extra special as his son's 18th birthday fell on the same day.

Clough, who returned for a second spell in charge in December, first managed Burton in the sixth tier in 1998.
He led the club to the brink of the Football League in 2009 and they have now secured back-to-back promotions.
"When we came 17 and a half years ago we had a five-month old baby. He is 18 today," Clough told BBC Radio Derby.
Burton drew 0-0 at Doncaster on Sunday to finish second in League One and clinch automatic promotion to the second tier for the first time in the club's history.
Clough added: "It's an emotional time for everybody to get to this point, 17 and a half years on from where we started, it is truly, truly remarkable.
"It's my son's 18th - we're going to have one of the biggest parties Burton's seen.
"To come from where we've come from in that time I think is incredible in football terms."
Clough, son of legendary Nottingham Forest boss Brian, will lead Burton into the second tier next season, where they will face Forest and another former European Cup winner, Aston Villa.


The third Smurfs film will be a wholly computer-animated affair that will take the popular cartoon characters in "a completely new fresh direction".

"We're not making a Smurfs 3 film," said its director Kelly Asbury.
"Our story will explore the beginnings of the beloved little blue creatures in a fun full CG-animated comedy-adventure for every generation to enjoy."
The August 2015 release will follow two live action/CGI "hybrids" in which the Smurfs interacted with human actors.
The new film, Asbury added, "will be stylistically closer to the original artwork created by Peyo".
Peyo was the pen name of Pierre Culliford, the Belgian comic book artist who in 1958 created Les Schtroumpfs, as they are known in their home country.
Asbury's previous films include 2011's Gnomeo & Juliet and 2004's Shrek 2, which he co-directed with Andrew Adamson and Conrad Vernon.
Released in 2011, the first Smurfs film made $142.6m (£85.6m) in the US and Canada and more than $563.7m (£338.4m) worldwide, according to the Box Office Mojo website.
Yet its 2013 follow-up did not perform as strongly, making just $71m (£42.6m) in North America and £347.5m (£208.6m) in total.
It is not known whether US singer Katy Perry will return to provide the voice for Smurfette, the only female in the fantasy village where her mischievous species reside.
Sony Pictures Animation has also announced plans for a fully computer-generated return of spinach-eating sailor Popeye, to be directed by Genndy Tartakovsky of Hotel Transylvania fame.


Actor Rupert Grint has failed in an attempt to shield some of his Harry Potter income from a higher tax rate.

If successful, the bid could have saved the 27-year-old about £1m.
A tax tribunal judge rejected Grint's appeal against an HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) block on him using a change in accounting dates to avoid the 50% tax rate introduced in 2010-11.
His accountants had tried to move eight months of income into the 2009-2010 tax year, when the top rate of tax was 40%.
The tax authorities agreed that Grint had the right to change his accounting date, but denied he had actually done so.
On Tuesday, Judge Barbara Mosedale described how Grint had followed advice from tax advisers Clay & Associates to change his accounting date so that an extra eighth months of income would be taxed in 2009-10, rather than the following year when the top rate of tax rose from 40% to 50%.
The new rate was brought in by the last Labour government in a bid to safeguard public finances in the wake of the banking crisis, but was abolished two years later.
Dismissing Grint's appeal, the judge ruled the actor had failed to meet the conditions on which the law would recognise a valid change in accounting dates.
The judge stressed it was not part of HMRC's case that Grint - who admitted in June his knowledge of his financial affairs was "quite limited" - was involved in tax avoidance as the tax had already been paid.
"HMRC accepted that he had the right to change his accounting date. The dispute solely concerned whether he had done so within the meaning of the legislation," she said.
In her ruling, she said Grint had made it clear "that he placed his faith in his father and accountants to deal with his financial affairs".
The actor, who played Ron Weasley in the eight-film Harry Potter cycle, was said to have generated a turnover of £28m and £15m in net profits in the 20 months up to 5 April 2010.
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram, or email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


Accrington Stanley chairman Andy Holt has criticised Premier League clubs over the amount of money they spend - prompting a robust response.

Holt told BBC Radio Lancashire the Premier League's actions filter down to adversely affect clubs in the Football League, which he said was "like a starving peasant begging for scraps".
The Premier League responded: "We will be writing to Mr Holt to ask him if he wishes the Premier League to continue the support we currently provide for his and other clubs in the EFL."
Holt saw the Premier League reaction as a threat, posting on Twitter: "WOW! After all the trouble we have gone to in rescuing @ASFCofficial is the @premierleague really threatening to close us down?"
He had earlier posted a series of messages on Twitter after the Daily Mail revealed reported figures of wages and agent fees paid by Manchester United.
In them, he accused the Premier League of "destroying" the game.
Accrington finished 13th in League Two this season with an average gate of 1,699 - the smallest in the Football League.
Holt told BBC Radio Lancashire the club usually has an annual turnover of about £2.2m and would expect losses of about £500,000 most seasons, but that should be less for 2016-17 because of their cup runs.
"It is all very well for the Premier League to take an isolated view that what they're doing doesn't affect anybody else, but my argument is that it does," he added.
"When you do things for the game, you've got to look at the entire game - you can't just deal with them in isolation.
"They generate all the cash and they need get some of it spread about."
The Premier League statement added: "The Premier League supports all clubs in the EFL with solidarity payments and provides significant funding for their community projects and youth development schemes - all things that Accrington Stanley benefit from.
"It is only because of the interest in our competition and in Premier League clubs that we can support Accrington, the wider football pyramid, and communities and schools across the country."
BBC sports editor Dan Roan
Ever since the Premier League broke away 25 years ago, there has been intense debate about how much it should redistribute; to the grassroots, to fans via cheaper tickets, to community projects, and also to lower-league clubs.
Buoyed by their latest record-breaking £8bn broadcast deal, Premier League clubs will pay Football League teams the following in 'solidarity payments' this year; £4.3m to each Championship side, and £650,000 and £430,000 respectively to clubs in League One and Two.
These payments have risen, and are now linked to TV income. But given the financial challenges and debts many Football League clubs face, and the vast sums their Premier League counterparts give to players and agents, some believe they should be more generous.
Mr Holt has effectively 'bitten the hand that feeds' his club, hence the Premier League's thinly-veiled threat to withdraw funding.
But supporters of the Accrington chairman will view such a warning as unnecessarily aggressive towards an administrator raising valid concerns about excessive agent fees."


Thailand's 88-year-old king, the world's longest-reigning monarch, has undergone heart surgery, the Thai Royal Household Bureau said.

King Bhumibol Adulyadej has had a lengthy spell in hospital in Bangkok and has not been seen in public for months.
The king is widely revered and seen as an arbiter in the country's divided political arena.
Thailand is preparing to celebrate 70 years of his reign on Thursday.
The monarch was treated for narrowing of the arteries with "satisfactory results", the palace said in a statement.
Doctors performed a procedure known as balloon surgery to widen the arteries on Tuesday after tests had shown insufficient blood in the heart muscles, the statement said.
In the past month, the king has also been treated for a build up of fluid surrounding the brain and a swollen lung.
An X-ray on Saturday showed less fluid around the brain, the statement said.
The monarch's health is closely watched in Thailand as he is seen as a unifying symbol and pillar of stability in a society that has suffered increased political divisions and violence.


Bronze medallist Paul Chelimo has defended his cut-throat gesture at the start of the World Championships 5,000m in London.

The 26-year-old American made the sign before finishing third behind Britain's Mo Farah and Ethiopia's gold medallist Muktar Edris.
"I meant [by the gesture] Mo has to have a hard time. We have to make sure he goes down," Chelimo told BBC Sport.
"If we work really hard and try to beat Mo - it makes it fun."
Farah, who won 10,000m gold at the London event, missed out on a fifth global championships distance double in a row before he switches his focus to marathons.
Kenya-born Chelimo, who described himself as "the future of distance running", added: "I really wanted to beat Mo but I didn't have enough in me but just a medal is enough.
"Mo Farah is a great guy. All these years I have been working hard to beat Mo and if there is always someone like that then that makes you work really hard. It tells you that Mo is a really strong guy."
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Race winner Edris, 23, did the 'mobot' - a move made famous by Farah - after crossing the finishing line.
Farah, who will make his final track appearance at the 5,000m Diamond League final in Zurich on 24 August, played down suggestions Edris was directing a taunt his way.
"These guys all respect me and the reason why he did that is they respect me for what I've done for the sport," said the 34-year-old.
Edris, who had lost his five previous races against Farah, said:  "Mo has many victories but now I have one. I am the new champion for Ethiopia. That's why I did the mobot. I am the next champion.
"I have won the gold in front of his home crowd. I didn't have much support but we did it. I did the mobot out of respect as well for him."
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Most people who've endured a terrible PowerPoint presentation will have experienced boredom, followed by frustration, then anger that it took up an hour - or possibly even more - of their lives that they will never get back.

So why, in the age of the internet and millions of digital images, do slide presentations seem to belong to an older, duller decade?
And what can the businesspeople of the future do to jazz up their presentations and leave their audiences feeling a little less like zombies?
Swedish crowd-sourcing photo database, Pickit, recently teamed up with professional PowerPoint designers Eyeful Presentations to pick out the top 10 images to avoid in presentations.
Their findings are summarised best with the use of bullet points - that stalwart of PowerPoint presentations.
Things to avoid:
These days, there are plenty of alternatives to PowerPoint - Keynote, Slides, Prezi, SlideRocket, Easel.ly, Emaze, Slidedog, to name but a few - many of which are freely available online.
But Microsoft's software, launched in 1990, still dominates the market - with an estimated 1.2 billion users worldwide and millions of presentations made each day using the software.
Unfortunately, the phrase "Death by PowerPoint" has also become part of our lexicon.
In an attempt to change that, Microsoft offered new tools last month that will allow people to make presentations look better.
Morph allows users to create animations by moving objects around slides, while its Designer feature makes it easier to add photos to slides.
Microsoft worked with professional graphic designers to create more than 12,000 possible options with variables such as picture placement, framing and transparency.
To help users out, Microsoft is using machine learning so that, when a user uploads an image, Designer will analyse it and suggest design options for it.
It can also zoom, crop and frame it.
Aaron Weyenberg who makes slide decks for the slick Ted (Technology, Entertainment and Design) conference, says people making presentations need to think differently about photos.
"Frequently in good presentations, photos serve well in a metaphorical or conceptual sense, or to set a backdrop tone for what the audience is hearing from the presenter, and not necessarily to communicate actual content," he told the BBC.
He offered some words of advice - let's go with bullet points again.
Perhaps most radically, he also asked: "Do you need slides at all?"
"Ted's most viewed talk of all time hasn't a single slide, and many of Ted's most successful talks have a focus on what's said, not seen," he said.
For those traditionalists who rely on slides to help them get through a presentation, there is no excuse for not finding a great picture these days.
In March 2014, Getty Images, the world's largest photo agency, made vast swathes of its library free to use, in what some regarded as acknowledgement that pictures were going to be stolen without attempt to pay for them.
Most people looking for images to illustrate their presentations headed straight to Google Images, said Robert Dysell, chief marketing officer at Pickit.
"We estimate that 85% of the photos used in presentations are stolen from Google Images or similar," he told the BBC.
As well as hoping to change this and reward photographers for their work, Pickit is looking to offer more unusual imagery for presentations.
"So many people rely on stereotyped photos that have been used so many times that they don't say anything new, it doesn't add to a story or teach you anything," said Mr Dysell.
"A really good visual presentation needs photos that are unique."
"If you are illustrating a new partnership, rather than using a handshake, why not a picture of bacon and eggs sizzling in a pan?" said Mr Dysell.
It would, if nothing else, stimulate the audience's taste buds and hopefully keep them awake.
Follow Technology of Business editor @matthew_wall on Twitter


A man has been arrested after drugs with an estimated street value of £16,000 were seized in Shetland.

Policed said the cannabis was recovered in Lerwick by officers working with local charity Dogs Against Drugs.
A 24-year-old man was arrested and a report sent to the procurator fiscal.
Ch Insp Lindsay Tulloch, the Shetland area commander, said: "This seizure demonstrates our commitment to dedicate police resources to work hand in hand with the drugs dogs."


Pembrokeshire's Murco oil refinery site has been bought four months after a separate sale collapsed, leading to hundreds of job losses.

Puma Energy said it had acquired the Milford Haven facility along with three English inland terminals at Westerleigh, Theale and Bedworth.
Murco retained about 60 refinery staff at Milford Haven out of 400 when another deal to sell the plant failed.
Puma Energy said it will convert the site into a storage facility.
The company, which is is part-owned by Swiss-based commodity trading giant Trafigura and Angola's national oil company, said there are around 100 jobs at Milford Haven and 40 at the other three depots which will be kept.
A Welsh government spokesman said: "This is good news for all the staff who will remain and for Pembrokeshire and south Wales as a whole.
"However, over 400 employees and contractors have lost their jobs, plus more in the wider supply chain."


All-rounder Samit Patel has been called up to the England squad for the Test series against Pakistan in the UAE, replacing the injured Zafar Ansari.

Twenty-three-year-old Surrey left-arm spinner Ansari, uncapped in Tests, has been ruled out after dislocating a thumb playing against Lancashire.
Nottinghamshire's Patel, 30, made the last of his five Test appearances in December 2012 against India.
England face Pakistan in the first of three Tests on 13 October in Abu Dhabi.
Ansari, who suffered his injury on the same day his inclusion in the England squad was announced, saw a hand specialist and had an MRI scan on Tuesday.
His thumb will be reassessed by England and Surrey in about three weeks' time before a decision is made on whether he will join the England Performance Programme and Lions squads for the winter tour schedule.
"The timing of this injury was particularly cruel for Zafar and he is naturally extremely disappointed to have to pull out of the tour," said England and Wales Cricket Board national selector James Whitaker.
Patel, who also bowls left-arm spin, has a 15.57 batting average in Tests and has taken four wickets at an average of 64.25.
He was part of the England squad in 2012 that won a Test series in India for the first time since 1984-85, but has not featured for his country in any format since the Twenty20 series in New Zealand in early 2013.
"As a left-arm spinner and a middle-order batsman, Samit is a similar type of player to Zafar and his previous international experience and, in particular, experience of performing for England in sub-continental conditions will be an extremely useful asset to the squad in the UAE," said Whitaker.


Northern Ireland's World Cup qualifier against holders Germany on 11 October will be played in Hannover.

The World Cup qualifier will come less than five months after their Euro 2016 Group C meeting in Paris.
Northern Ireland will face the Germans in the return World Cup qualifier in Belfast on 5 October, 2017.
The Northern Irish start their World Cup campaign in the Czech Republic on 4 September before hosting San Marino three days before the Hannover game.
Germany were scheduled to face the Netherlands in Hannover two months ago but the game was called off shortly before the kick-off because of a security threat in the wake of the Paris attacks four days earlier.
The last meeting between Northern Ireland and Germany saw the Germans earning a 4-1 win in a Belfast friendly in 2005.
In addition to Germany and the Czech Republic, Azerbaijan and Norway are also in Northern Ireland's World Cup qualifying group.


Wales' Manon Carpenter finished as runner-up overall in the downhill mountain bike World Cup series after claiming third place in the final race.

Rachel Atherton, who had already clinched the title, secured her sixth successive race win in Italy.
The English rider beat France's Myriam Nicole into second to claim the 26th World Cup win of her career.
Carpenter needed a strong end to the season after disqualification and crashes had ruined her title hopes.
The 2014 World Cup champion will now join Atherton, and third-placed Tahnee Seagrave, in the Great Britain team at the World Championships are held in Andorra in September.


Rio-bound triathlete Helen Jenkins won bronze at the sixth World Triathlon Series event in Stockholm, but fellow Briton Non Stanford crashed out.

Bermuda's Flora Duffy won in two hours, three minutes and 38 seconds, with Jenkins third and Vicky Holland fourth.
Welsh athlete Stanford fell off her bike and hurt her wrist, but British Triathlon hopes she "will be fine".
Alistair Brownlee won the men's event, finishing ahead of his brother Jonny in second place.
The winner finished in a time of one hour, 50 minutes and 33 seconds, just 10 seconds ahead of his brother.
He said: "I need to run about a minute faster, which I think I can do in the next six weeks.
"If I can move my running on it will be my best chance of winning another Olympic medal."
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Along with Gordon Benson, the Leeds brothers will represent Great Britain at the Rio Olympics, while Jenkins, Stanford and Holland are the three female athletes for the Games in Brazil.
Having finished fifth at London 2012, Wales' Jenkins qualified for Rio after victory at the Gold Coast World Series event in April.
"I am really happy to get on the podium today," said the 32-year-old. "I made life hard for myself, I had a terrible swim, but I felt good on the bike and on the run I just kind of hung in there.
"Flora is so strong at the moment. I am actually really happy for her to get the win, I mean obviously I would like to, but she deserves it the way she raced today."
New Zealand's Andrea Hewitt was second in the women's event, 20 seconds behind Duffy.
1 Flora Duffy (Ber) 2:03:38
2 Andrea Hewitt (NZ) 2:03:58
3 Helen Jenkins (GB) 2:04:06
4 Vicky Holland (GB) 2:04:43
5 Ai Ueda (Jpn) 2:04:56
Selected others:
DNF Jodie Stimpson
DNF Non Stanford
1 Alistair Brownlee (GB) 1:50:33
2 Jonny Brownlee (GB) 1:50:43
3 Pierre Le Corre (Fra) 1:51:30
4 Andreas Schilling (Den) 1:51:47
5 Fernando Alarza (Spa) 1:51:48
Selected others:
10 Adam Bowden (GB) 1:53:05
DNF Gordon Benson (GB)


Gennady Golovkin has dismissed the idea that Floyd Mayweather's comeback fight against UFC champion Conor McGregor will overshadow his highly anticipated bout with Saul 'Canelo' Alvarez.

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WBA, WBC and IBF middleweight champion Golovkin faces WBO light-middleweight belt holder Alvarez on 16 September.
Mayweather fights McGregor three weeks earlier in the same city, Las Vegas.
Golovkin insists his contest is the "true boxing fight" as opposed to the "circus show" of Mayweather-McGregor.
"This [Mayweather-McGregor] is not for fighters, but business," said the 35-year-old Kazakh, who has won all 37 of his fights with 33 by knockout.
"I think people understand what is a true fight, a boxing fight, like mine with Canelo or a big show, maybe sometimes for people a funny show, like a circus show.
"Everybody knows. Conor is not a boxer, just a show. If you want to watch a show please watch them, if you want to watch a true fight, a true boxing fight and you respect boxing, watch my fight with Canelo.
"This is business. Conor with Floyd is not a boxing fight because Conor is not a boxer. Money fight OK, show fight OK."
Golovkin-Alvarez is one of the most eagerly awaited boxing match-ups in recent memory that will decide the world's best middleweight.
Golovkin has made 18 consecutive world middleweight title defences and was taken to points for the first time since 2008 by American Daniel Jacobs in March.
Alvarez, 26, has won world titles in two weight divisions with one blemish during a 51-fight career - by a majority points decision to Mayweather in 2013.
The light-middleweight fight between American Mayweather, 40, and Ireland's McGregor, 28, has been described as a "farce" but could earn both men as much as $100m (£78.4m).
Mayweather, a former five-weight world champion and widely considered the best boxer of his generation, retired unbeaten in 2015 after 49 bouts.
That followed a successful defence of his WBC and WBA welterweight titles, a victory that meant he equalled Rocky Marciano's career record of 49-0.
McGregor, who has never boxed professionally, became the UFC's first dual-division champion in November 2016 and has previously challenged Mayweather to a fight under mixed martial arts rules.
His boxing licence was granted by the California State Athletic Commission in December, allowing him to box in the US state.


Four men wearing balaclavas and armed with machetes and axes have raided a jewellery shop in Greater Manchester.

Police said the gang snatched jewellery from David M Robinson on Railway Street, Altrincham, at about 12:30 BST.
They escaped in a black Land Rover which was later found abandoned on Ashworth Close in nearby Bowdon.
Greater Manchester Police said no-one was injured in the robbery and have appealed for anybody with information to contact them.


An Australian child abuse survivor has called on the Catholic Church to reform its laws on confession to ensure crimes are reported to police.

Peter Gogarty said perpetrators knew anything disclosed in confession would not be revealed to authorities.
He told the BBC it was effectively a "get-out-of-jail-free card".
It follows the final public hearings in an Australian inquiry, which has heard evidence of abusers confessing knowing their actions would not be divulged.
The issue of mandatory reporting has split Australia's Catholic Church, with archbishops differing on whether information given by a child victim during confession should be relayed to police.
"What they are doing is saying we are more prepared to protect an offender than we are to take care of this child," said Mr Gogarty, who was 12 when he was abused by a priest in New South Wales.
"If the royal commission [inquiry] has shown us one thing, it is that a paedophile does not stop until they die or are physically incapable of molesting any more."
The inquiry, established in 2013, gathered evidence from 4,440 people who said they were victims of abuse at Catholic institutions in Australia.
Mr Gogarty said the church had been slow to respond to the claims.
"The church in Australia has treated this like a nasty public relations disaster," he told the BBC.
"I don't think they understand the depth of the disaster they have created and the work they need to do to fix it."
Francis Sullivan, head of the church's Truth, Justice and Healing Council, said the institution had recognised its "shameful" role in enabling and covering up abuse in the past.
He admitted that evidence at the inquiry had "corroded the credibility of the church", and said it had already paid hundreds of millions of dollars in compensation to victims.
However, Mr Sullivan said confession should not be altered to make priests report abuse to the police.
"I think it would be a tragedy if the privileged communication in the confessional is abolished," he said.
"The Catholic Church says that when it involves the seal of confession then that information is sacrosanct - that the priest is bound by that."
Mr Sullivan said he favoured a system where a perpetrator confessing abuse was advised to report the crime themselves.
"I think its incumbent on the priest to say to the person - if you are sincere about this, if you want to absolved - then going to the authorities is part of the exercise," he said.
Mandatory reporting of abuse has been one of the key issues under consideration by the royal commission, which has heard allegations of abuse at more than 4,000 public organisations in Australia.
The commissioners are due to submit their final report and recommendations in December.


Mae'r Prif Weinidog wedi galw ar bobl i bwyllo yn y ffrae chwerw dros y penderfyniad i newid statws iaith ysgol gynradd yn Sir Gaerfyrddin.

Ym mis Ionawr, fe bleidleisiodd y cyngor sir i ollwng y ffrwd Saesneg yn Ysgol Llangennech ger Llanelli.
Yn ystod y ddadl honno fe gyfeiriodd un cynghorydd Llafur at y penderfyniad fel "arwahanu" ac fel "apartheid ar ei waethaf", tra bod un ymgyrchydd blaenllaw wedi awgrymu y gallai pobl sy'n anhapus "groesi'r ffin".
Yn ystod sesiwn holi'r Prif Weinidog yn y Senedd, fe gyhuddodd arweinydd Plaid Cymru, Leanne Wood rhai aelodau Llafur o weithio gydag UKIP mewn ymgyrch yn erbyn y newidiadau.
Dywedodd Mr Jones: "Mae yna rai sylwadau sydd wedi cael eu gwneud gan wleidyddion nad wyf yn cytuno â nhw.
"Rwyf wedi gweld y sylwadau hynny ac yr wyf yn credu ei fod yn hynod o bwysig nawr bod pobl yn tawelu, a bod y gwenwyndra rydym wedi ei brofi yn lleihau."
"Lle Cyngor Sir Gaerfyrddin ydy hi i egluro'r penderfyniadau a wnaed ganddynt yn Llangennech."
Ychwanegodd Mr Jones fod Llywodraeth Cymru wedi ymrwymo i gyrraedd targed o 1m o siaradwyr Cymraeg.


Manchester City have completed the signing of Shakhtar Donetsk midfielder Fernandinho for a fee of about £30m.

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The 28-year-old, capped five times by Brazil, has signed a four-year deal, ending an eight-year stay in Ukraine.
Fernandinho is City's first summer signing while the club have also struck a deal for Sevilla winger Jesus Navas.
It is understood that Fernandinho waived about £4m owed to him by Shakhtar under the terms of his contract in order to complete the deal.
The Blues, who are still without a manager after Roberto Mancini left the club, are expected to appoint Malaga boss Manuel Pellegrini next week.
"My ambition here is to win the title. The team here is strong, and so is the greatness of the club and the supporters," said Fernandinho.
"Playing for a huge club in a huge league makes me so happy. I hope I will be able to repay City for what they have done for me.
"I know a lot about City. Ever since they expressed an interest in me, I have been learning more.
"I know I will face challenges but I am prepared for them. Every player at a high level faces pressure and must respond and I am ready for that too."
Fernandinho has Champions League experience and scored against Chelsea in the group stages of last season's competition.
If you thought the days of big-money transfers were over with the arrival of Uefa's Financial Fair Play regulations, the signing of Fernandinho might make you reconsider. FFP is all about sustainable business models: what that looks like varies from club to club. It's about balancing the books, not restricting spending levels per se. As long as Man City, or any other club that's signed up to Uefa's rules can earn enough from gate receipts, TV revenue, advertising, merchandising, player sales and prize money to cover wages and transfers, they're OK.  That's a simple view of the system but in City's case, it's expected they'll sell on a number of players who'll bring in substantial transfer fees, including Edin Dzeko. Of course, the unexpectedly large uplift in the latest Premier League TV deal has opened up a fair few chairmen's wallets too....
The Ukrainian champions were eliminated in the last 16, losing 5-2 on aggregate to eventual runners-up Borussia Dortmund.
Fernandinho has tasted European success with Shakhtar however, as part of the team that won the Uefa Cup in 2009.
He previously played for Brazilian side Clube Atletico Paranaense, moving to Europe in 2005.
City's previous business with Shakhtar includes signing Fernandinho's compatriot Elano, who arrived at the Etihad Stadium from Ukraine in 2007, and Mexican forward Nery Castillo, who joined on loan in 2008.
City chairman Khaldoon Al Mubarak signalled last week that fresh investment was forthcoming as City attempt to regain the Premier League title that they lost to city rivals Manchester United last season.
"Will there be new signings? Absolutely. This is going to be a very important year for us," he said.
Former manager Mancini criticised the club's hierarchy last summer for failing to secure his first-choice transfer targets.


The Ulster Orchestra has told Stormont's culture committee it cannot cut more staff to save money, while it tackles a £500,000 gap in funding.

It has already reduced administrative staff from 23 to 18 and employs 63 musicians.
The orchestra said it is negotiating with musicians to get rid of what it calls "restrictive practices".
The orchestra assured MLAs it is trying to become less Belfast-centred.
Sir George Bain, the executive chairman, told the committee it could send smaller groups of musicians out to towns that could not accommodate the full orchestra.
He also added that musicians were paid full salaries even when not giving performances, but their contracts mean they could not be used for other projects, without extra payment.
Earlier this month, Sir George revealed the orchestra would be forced to close by the end of the year unless it received £500,000 in emergency funding.
Sir George Bain's warning came as he revealed the details behind a rescue plea to Belfast City Council that could mean a name change for the orchestra.
It costs about £4.5m a year to run the Ulster Orchestra.
It said it had lost 28% of funding from public sources - the equivalent of £1m - in the past four years.
In a bid to survive, it has asked Belfast City Council to back a rescue plan that includes a £500,000 funding guarantee to keep it solvent until March next year when it would be restructured.
It is also asking for the free use for the next five years of the Ulster Hall, which costs about £160,000 a year.
According to Sir George, the orchestra could end up changing its name to something like the Belfast Symphony if the rescue plan was accepted.
If the money is not forthcoming, the orchestra is warning it could go into administration before Christmas and close not long afterwards.
It is the only full-time professional orchestra in Northern Ireland, and plays the majority of its concerts in Belfast's Ulster Hall and the Waterfront Hall.
The BBC gives financial support of £639,000 a year to the orchestra.
Belfast City Council has yet to respond to the orchestra's request for additional funding.


Mexico's foreign minister has visited six survivors of an Egyptian army attack in which eight Mexican tourists were killed after being mistaken for militants.

Claudia Ruiz Massieu met the survivors in hospital in Cairo, and said they were doing well.
She called for a thorough investigation into the incident, which happened on Sunday in Egypt's western desert.
The exact circumstances of the attack remain unclear.
A Egyptian prosecutor has issued an order banning journalists from reporting details of the investigation now taking place.
Egypt says its forces had been pursuing Islamic militants in the Western Desert and mistook the Mexican tourists for the militants.
It has apologised, but has insisted the group were in a restricted area. Local sources deny the claim.
Egypt has been battling Islamist militants for years, with attacks escalating since the 2013 ousting of Islamist President Mohammed Morsi.
Until recently, most of the fighting has taken place in the Sinai Peninsula with occasional attacks taking place in Cairo and other cities.
The tour group had been travelling in a convoy of four 4x4s near the Bahariya oasis, a popular tourist location. The organisers said they had stopped for a picnic when the group was attacked.
The interior ministry said an Apache helicopter targeted the tourists "by mistake".
Egypt's ambassador to Mexico City, Yasser Shaban, said the tourists' 4x4 vehicles resembled those used by the militants the security forces were chasing.
Ms Ruiz Massieu said she hoped to be able to return home both the injured, their families and the bodies of those who had died in the next few days.


Astronomer Vera Rubin, whose pioneering work on galaxy rotation rates led to the theory of dark matter, has died at the age of 88, her son says.

Allan Rubin said she died on Sunday of natural causes, AP reported. She was living in Princeton, New Jersey.
Her studies earned her numerous honours, including being the second female astronomer to be elected to the US National Academy of Sciences.
But many questioned why she was never awarded a Nobel Prize.
In 1974, Rubin discovered that the stars at the edges of galaxies moved faster than expected.
Gravity calculations using only visible matter in galaxies showed that the outer stars should have been moving more slowly.
To reconcile her observations with the law of gravity, scientists proposed there was matter we cannot see and called it dark matter.
Dark matter is an unidentified type of matter comprising approximately 27% of the mass and energy in the observable universe.
Vera Rubin's interest in astronomy began as a young girl and grew with the involvement of her father, who helped her build a telescope and took her to meetings of amateur astronomers, according to a profile of the American Museum of Natural History.
She was the only astronomy major to graduate from the prestigious women's college Vassar in 1948. When she sought to enrol as a graduate student at Princeton, she was told that women were not allowed in the university's graduate astronomy programme, a policy that was not abandoned until 1975.
So she applied to Cornell University, where she studied physics. She then went on to Georgetown University, where she earned her doctorate in 1954.
Later she moved on to work at the Carnegie Institute of Washington. In 1993 she was awarded the US National Medal of Science.


Worcestershire batsman Alex Gidman has been forced to retire from cricket at the age of 34, because of injury.

The former Gloucestershire captain fractured his left index finger during fielding practice prior to Worcestershire's game against Durham at Chester-le-Street last September.
It was expected that the injury would heal without any need for an operation.
A later x-ray revealed slight damage to the cartilage in the joint, forcing him to undergo delayed surgery in December.
But the finger failed to respond to the insertion of a plastic joint replacement and, following consultation with a specialist, Gidman has been forced to retire, with a year remaining on the two-year contract he signed when he arrived at New Road from Gloucestershire in September 2014.
"It is with great sadness that I have no choice but to retire from the sport that has given me so much," said Gidman, who made 11,622 first-class runs, as well as nearly 6,000 in limited-over cricket.
"I have been really lucky to have played for so long and I have so many great memories. Obviously my many years with Gloucestershire included the majority of my success but I've really enjoyed the last 18 months, meeting some fantastic people at Worcester."
Worcestershire director of cricket Steve Rhodes added: "It's a very sad day. We're extremely disappointed for Alex. It was a freak injury."
High Wycombe-born Alex Gidman made the vast majority (187) of his 204 first-class appearances with Gloucestershire, with whom he spent 13 seasons.
He played in both their two successive Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy Lord's final victories (both over Worcestershire) in 2003 and 2004.
He was Gloucestershire captain from 2009 to 2012, which was also his benefit year. But he struggled when he came to New Road last season, making just 440 runs in 13 games at 24.44.


The former mayor of New York City has said there were "pockets" of people celebrating when the World Trade Center towers fell on 11 September 2001.

But Rudy Giuliani, who was mayor at the time, disputed claims by Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump that thousands of people were involved.
Mr Trump's comments have been refuted by local political leaders because of a lack of evidence.
New Jersey Governor Chris Christie simply said "it didn't happen".
Mr Giuliani, who ran unsuccessfully for the 2008 Republican nomination himself, said: "We did have some [reports of] celebrations, there were pockets of celebration, some in Queens, some in Brooklyn."
He said in one specific report which was later proved to be true, owners of a sweet shop were celebrating and children from a nearby housing development "beat them up".
But he said Mr Trump was wilfully exaggerating the numbers and he himself "would've been thrown out of the race" had he made such an inflated claim during his 2008 campaign.
Former New York City Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik later backed up Mr Giuliani's comments, saying "10-50" people were reported to be celebrating in different areas throughout the city.
Businessman Mr Trump, who comes from New York and runs his billionaire property empire from the city, has come under constant attack for days, ever since he made his controversial 9/11 remarks at a rally in Alabama.
The mayor of Jersey City, which Mr Trump named, said no such thing happened and accused the Republican of "shameful politicising".
And New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, his Republican rival in the race for the White House, said it was not true.
"It didn't happen and the fact is, people can say anything, but the facts are the facts, and that didn't happen in New Jersey that day and hasn't happened since."
Mr Trump leads the Republican race to be presidential nominee, two months before voting begins in the primary contests.
He has also urged increased surveillance of Muslims in the US, in light of the Paris terror attacks that killed 130 people.


The bodies of a man and a woman have been recovered from the River Shannon in County Leitrim.

They were found at the marina in Carrick-on-Shannon.
The couple, who were in their 30s, were reported missing on Friday morning.
The pair, who lived in Germany, were on holiday in the area. GardaÃ (police) said that at this stage the deaths are being treated as accidental.


A Royal Marine from Northern Ireland has pleaded guilty to offences related to dissident republican terrorism, including bomb-making and storing stolen military weapons.

Ciarán Maxwell, 31, appeared via video link at the Old Bailey in London.
He was arrested in Somerset last August after the discovery of two dissident republican arms dumps near Larne, County Antrim.
He also pleaded guilty to drugs and fraud charges.
Maxwell admitted assisting another to commit acts of terrorism between 2011 and 2016.
He appeared via videolink from Woodhill Prison near Milton Keynes; he spoke only to confirm his name and enter guilty pleas to all the charges.
The marine was remanded in custody, and is to be sentenced at a later date.
Ciarán Maxwell was brought up in Larne's Seacourt estate - he began the rigorous training to become a Royal Marine in 2010.
His Facebook page featured pictures of exercises in Britain and abroad.
But the charge suggests he was involved in terrorism from 2011, before he'd even finished that training.
The 31-year-old has a partner and child. What influenced him to turn terrorist may never be known but his case could prompt a review of vetting procedures.
It also raises questions over how he was able to take anti-personnel mines from his base in Somerset to Northern Ireland.
It is understood Ciarán Maxwell has cooperated with police since his arrest and this along with his guilty plea will be taken into account when it comes to sentencing.
The defendant had no previous criminal record but he had made the headlines before.
In 2002 republican paper An Phoblacht reported that he had been the subject of an unprovoked attack by a group of loyalists near his home in Larne.
Maxwell, who is originally from Larne, County Antrim, was based with 40 Commando in Somerset.
According to the charge details, he had a stash of explosives in purpose-built hides in England and Northern Ireland.
He compiled a library of terrorism documents, including instructions on how to make explosives and tactics used by terrorist organisations.
He also had maps, plans and lists of potential targets for a terrorist, as well as images of an adapted Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) pass card and a PSNI uniform.
He bought chemicals and components and went on to manufacture explosives and devices, the court heard.
Last March, police said bomb-making parts had been found in barrels hidden in a wooded area in Carnfunnock County Park in County Antrim.
Two months later another "terrorist hide" was found in Capanagh Forest, also near Larne.
Police described it as one of the most significant arms finds in recent years.
Of particular concern to security chiefs was the discovery of military grade anti-personnel mines.
Their serial numbers revealed they had been taken from the Royal Marines base in Somerset where Ciarán Maxwell was based.
Court papers revealed that 12 hides were discovered in total.
Ciarán Maxwell: Full list of charges
Cdr Dean Haydon of the Metropolitan Police's Counter Terrorism Command said the investigation had resulted in a "significant disruption and protected public safety by removing a large quantity of dangerous material from circulation."
PSNI Assistant Chief Constable Stephen Martin said the case highlighted the benefits of "excellent collaborative working" between the PSNI, the Metropolitan Police and other agencies.
"Working together, we have disrupted the activity of a dangerous individual and removed a very significant threat," he added.


Twelve-year-old Tom McKibbin from Northern Ireland has won his age group category at the Junior Honda Classic tournament in Florida.

He finished on two under par to win by two strokes at Palm Beach Gardens.
Rory McIlroy, who won the main Honda Classic in 2012, sent a message on Twitter, saying: "Well done Tom. Great to see all your hard work paying off."
In August, McKibbin from Newtownabbey won the World Kids Championship at Pinehust, North Carolina.


Engineers in the US say they have invented a hydrogen-powered robot that moves through water like a jellyfish.

Development of the robot, nicknamed Robojelly, is in the early stages but researchers hope it could eventually be used in underwater rescue operations.
Writing inSmart Materials and Structures, Yonas Tadesse said the jellyfish's simple swimming action made it an ideal model for a vehicle.
The fuel that the robot uses makes it unique, its inventors say.
Lead author Dr Tadesse, from the University of Texas at Dallas, said: "To our knowledge, this is the first successful powering of an underwater robot using external hydrogen as a fuel source."
A jellyfish moves using circular muscles in the inside of its umbrella-like bell.
As they contract, the bell closes in on itself and ejects water to propel itself forward. When the muscles relax, the bell regains its original shape.
To replicate this, the vehicle uses shape memory alloys - materials that "remember" their original shape.
These are wrapped in carbon nanotubes - tiny "straws" of pure carbon that are renowned for their electrical properties - and coated with a platinum black powder.
The robot is powered by heat-producing chemical reactions between the oxygen and hydrogen in water and the platinum on its surface.
The heat from the reactions is transferred to the artificial muscles of the robot, and reshapes them.
Currently, the jellyfish flexes its eight bell segments at the same time but there are plans to look at how to control each segment individually.
This would mean the robot could be more closely controlled and move in different directions.
The study was sponsored by the US Office of Naval Research, which invests in projects to benefit the US Navy and Marine Corps.


Wales centre Jonathan Davies says he hopes Liam Williams' late try attempt against Italy does not come back to haunt them.

Scarlets wing Williams almost claimed the first-ever bonus point try in the Six Nations, but just failed to touch down in the dying moments of the game.
"I didn't think [Williams went over], but you can hope," Davies said.
"It is a game of inches, as they say, and hopefully that doesn't come back to bite us."
In Cardiff on Saturday Wales face an England side who have won their last 15 consecutive games and Davies knows they face a difficult challenge.
"It's a massive game. It's the game you play for in your career and the boys are excited already," he told BBC Radio Wales.
"We watched the England game in the hotel and it was a bit scrappy. To be fair to France, they fronted up well. We'll have a look at the game through the week and look forward to them.
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"I think it's going to be a very difficult tournament this year and we have to concentrate on the next match now.
"We know the task at hand. They've been unbeaten for a long time now and for us it's making sure that we defend our home patch and keep our decent record at home going."
Wales struggled to make their mark in the first half in Italy and trailed 7-3 at the break, but a better 40 minutes followed as they took control of the game courtesy of tries from Davies, Liam Williams and George North.
"We weren't looking at it initially, but once we had a sniff of it I thought we showed a good instinct and I thought we played well in the second half. Maybe we deserved it, but that's the way it is," Davies added.
"Against South Africa we had a lot of pressure in the first half and we didn't get many points. Maybe we'll look at that this week and we've got to turn pressure into points.
"It was slightly frustrating, but it didn't set us back. Italy came back and we put them to bed in the second half."


The Syrian government has agreed to allow aid into the besieged rebel-held village of Madaya, the UN says, amid reports of residents starving to death.

The UN's World Food Programme (WFP) said that if access were secured, trucks could begin to arrive by Monday.
Aid agencies say conditions in Madaya, near Damascus, are "extremely dire".
The UN said it also had government permission for access to Kefraya and Foah in the north but, unlike Madaya, these are besieged by rebel forces.
Up to 4.5 million people in Syria live in hard-to-reach areas, including nearly 400,000 people in 15 besieged locations who do not have access to the life-saving aid they urgently need.
Madaya: 'People have started eating earth'
Syria: The story of the conflict
Battle for Syria and Iraq - in maps
Madaya, which is about 25km (15 miles) north-west of Damascus and 11km from the border with Lebanon, has been besieged since early July by government forces and their allies in Lebanon's Shia Islamist Hezbollah movement.
WFP spokesman Greg Barrow told the BBC that 72 hours was the "best case scenario" for trucks reaching Madaya.
He said: "I think we have to accept that this situation that they would be moving into is incredibly tense. We're moving across front lines, we need to ensure that that access is there, that there's no risk."
Although there are no complete figures on deaths in Madaya, Medecins Sans Frontieres said 23 patients in a health centre it supported had died of starvation since 1 December.
The UN humanitarian co-ordinator said it had also received credible reports of people dying from starvation and being killed while trying to leave.
Save the Children also warned on Thursday that "more children will die in the coming days and weeks unless food, medicine, fuel and other vital aid is immediately allowed into... Madaya".
Aid lorries delivered medical and humanitarian supplies to the village in October, and medical evacuations took place in December, but it has been inaccessible since then, despite numerous requests for access.
The government's decision to allow in aid does not mean the end of the ordeal for Syrians under siege.
It's not clear why Madaya shot to such prominence, given that other rebel-held areas, such as some of the Damascus suburbs, have been besieged for much longer. Perhaps Madaya was easier to seal off completely. Some blockades are quite porous.
But wounded pro-government fighters recently evacuated from rebel-besieged villages in the north also described people desperately eating grass to survive.
The Lebanese Hezbollah, which is active on the ground besieging Madaya, dismissed the furore over it as a cynical campaign of distortion by the opposition.
In the run-up to the proposed peace talks in Geneva on 25 January, the fate of the besieged communities is certainly a hot political potato. Without access, it's impossible to know the full truth. But some of the images emerging give a very grim picture.
Conditions have worsened with the onset of winter.
"People here have started eating earth because there's nothing left to eat," Madaya resident Abdel Wahab Ahmed, told the BBC on Thursday. "Grass and leaves have died because of the mounting snow."
He described the lack of medical facilities for the sick and vulnerable as "terrifying".
The cost of basic goods has reportedly also surged, with 1kg (2.2lb) of crushed wheat selling for as much as $250 (Â£171) and 900g of powdered formula for babies going for about $300.
Ammar Ghanem, a Syrian American doctor who grew up in the Madaya area and has been in touch with family there, told the BBC that "lately people are going after cats and dogs, to catch them and eat them".
Activists said the siege of Madaya had been stepped up by the government and Hezbollah in retaliation for the rebel siege of Foah and Kefraya, which has lasted even longer.
The situation in the predominantly Shia villages, about 7km (5 miles) to the north of the city of Idlib, is also reported to have worsened.
Some of the estimated 30,000 people trapped in the villages have been forced to eat grass and undergo surgery without anaesthesia, according to evacuated pro-government fighters.
The UN has warned that international humanitarian law prohibits the targeting of civilians, and also the starvation of civilians as a tactic of war.
What's happening in Syria?
More than 250,000 Syrians have lost their lives in almost five years of conflict, which began with anti-government protests before escalating into a brutal civil war. More than 11 million others have been forced from their homes as forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad and rebels opposed to his rule battle each other - as well as jihadist militants from Islamic State.
Why are civilians under siege?
All parties to the conflict are using siege warfare, encircling populated areas, preventing civilians from leaving and blocking humanitarian access in an attempt to force opponents to surrender. Shortages of food, water, medicine, electricity and fuel have led to malnutrition and deaths among vulnerable groups.
Where are the sieges?
Government forces are besieging various locations in the eastern Ghouta area, outside Damascus, as well as the capital's western suburb of Darayya and the nearby mountain towns of Zabadani and Madaya. Rebel forces have encircled the villages of Foah and Kefraya in the northern province of Idlib, while IS militants are besieging government-held areas in the eastern city of Deir al-Zour.


Lewis Morgan's second-half strike against Raith Rovers was enough to give bottom side St Mirren their second Scottish Championship win in a row.

Together with Tuesday's win over Queen of the South, the Paisley side move to within four points of Dumbarton.
Morgan fired into the bottom corner two minutes after the break against the side sitting fifth in the table.
Both sides had chances before and after the goal and Saints' Kyle McAllister sent a header against the crossbar.
Match ends, St. Mirren 1, Raith Rovers 0.
Second Half ends, St. Mirren 1, Raith Rovers 0.
Attempt missed. Rudi Skacel (Raith Rovers) header from the centre of the box is too high.
Foul by Kyle McAllister (St. Mirren).
Bobby Barr (Raith Rovers) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Rudi Skacel (Raith Rovers) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Corner,  St. Mirren. Conceded by Ross Callachan.
Lewis Morgan (St. Mirren) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Chris Johnston (Raith Rovers).
Attempt saved. Ryan Hardie (St. Mirren) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  St. Mirren. Conceded by Kevin McHattie.
Attempt saved. Bobby Barr (Raith Rovers) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Foul by Ryan Hardie (St. Mirren).
Jean-Yves Mvoto (Raith Rovers) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Corner,  Raith Rovers. Conceded by Gary Irvine.
Gary Mackenzie (St. Mirren) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Iain Davidson (Raith Rovers) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Declan McManus (Raith Rovers).
Attempt blocked. Rudi Skacel (Raith Rovers) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Foul by Kyle McAllister (St. Mirren).
Iain Davidson (Raith Rovers) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Substitution, St. Mirren. Ryan Hardie replaces John Sutton.
Substitution, Raith Rovers. Lewis Vaughan replaces Mark Stewart.
Substitution, Raith Rovers. Rudi Skacel replaces Ross Matthews.
Attempt missed. Jason Naismith (St. Mirren) right footed shot from the right side of the box is high and wide to the right.
Attempt saved. Mark Stewart (Raith Rovers) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Kyle McAllister (St. Mirren) hits the bar with a header from the right side of the six yard box.
Attempt saved. Ross Callachan (Raith Rovers) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Lawrence Shankland (St. Mirren) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jean-Yves Mvoto (Raith Rovers).
Foul by John Sutton (St. Mirren).
Iain Davidson (Raith Rovers) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Declan McManus (Raith Rovers) left footed shot from the right side of the six yard box is high and wide to the left.
Attempt saved. Bobby Barr (Raith Rovers) left footed shot from the left side of the six yard box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Attempt missed. John Sutton (St. Mirren) header from the centre of the box is too high.
Substitution, St. Mirren. Lewis Mclear replaces Rocco Quinn.
Lawrence Shankland (St. Mirren) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Jean-Yves Mvoto (Raith Rovers).
Foul by John Sutton (St. Mirren).
Iain Davidson (Raith Rovers) wins a free kick on the right wing.


Barack Obama has said Israel has "no greater friend" than the US, as he makes his first visit to the country as president.

Arriving in Tel Aviv, Mr Obama told PM Benjamin Netanyahu the US was proud to be Israel's "strongest ally", and that "peace must come to the Holy Land".
On Thursday, Mr Obama will travel to the West Bank city of Ramallah to meet Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas.
Peace talks, Syria and Iran's nuclear plans are expected to dominate talks.
But US officials have tried to lower expectations of any significant headway on restarting the Israeli-Palestinian peace process.
Correspondents say Israelis are more preoccupied with instability in the wider Middle East region than with breathing new life into the peace process, which broke down in 2010 amid a dispute over continued Israeli settlement construction.
By Mark MardellNorth America editor
Obama starts rebuilding bridges
Settlement supporters are a big force in Israel's new coalition government.
Mr Obama was welcomed by Mr Netanyahu and Israeli President Shimon Peres at Ben Gurion airport, where he was shown a missile battery that forms part of Israel's Iron Dome defence system against rocket attacks.
"Even as we are clear eyed about the difficulties, we will never lose sight of the vision of an Israel at peace with its neighbours," he said in brief comments.
He added: "The United States stands with Israel because it is in our fundamental security interests to stand with Israel. Our alliance is eternal. It is forever."
Mr Netanyahu thanked Mr Obama for "unequivocally affirming Israel's sovereign right to defend itself by itself against any threat".
Mr Obama later visited Mr Peres at his official residence where, in a joint news conference, the Israeli president said the two nations were united by a common vision - to confront dangers and bring peace.
Jerusalem voices: Obama's visit
Strong allies despite the tensions
Doubts over Israel's Iron Dome
Mr Peres said he trusted the US in its policy of preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons.
President Obama said he had reassured Mr Peres "that in this work Israel will have no greater friend than the United States".
Mr Obama then went on to talks with Mr Netanyahu, with whom he has had a notoriously frosty relationship.
The main purpose of this trip is rebuild bridges and improving relationships which could give him more leverage over the new Israeli government, the BBC North America editor Mark Mardell reports.
The leaders' initial warm, if scripted, exchanges were a step towards doing that, our correspondent adds.
At home, Mr Obama has been criticised for not having visited Israel in his first term as president, with some saying it shows he is not close enough to the country. And one recent Israeli opinion poll suggested a mere 10% of the public had a favourable opinion of the US president.
On Thursday, Mr Obama will make a speech to Israeli university students, and travel to the West Bank to meet Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas.
Security for the visit is tight, with thousands of Israeli and Palestinian security officers on duty in Jerusalem and the Palestinians' de facto capital in the West Bank city of Ramallah.
In pictures: Obama in Israel
Obama limo halted by 'fuel mix-up'
Both Israeli and Palestinian groups have staged protests in the run-up to Mr Obama's visit.
Some 200 activists pitched tents in the area known as E1, a stretch of land in East Jerusalem on which Israel controversially plans to build new houses. The Israeli move has been widely criticised, including by the US.
Abdullah Abu Rahma, a protest organiser, said they wanted to send a message to Mr Obama: "Enough with bias and support for Israel."
In the West Bank city of Hebron, protesters wearing masks of Mr Obama and civil rights leader Martin Luther King called for an end to "apartheid".
There were clashes between the pro-Palestinian protesters and some of the settlers living in the divided city, and a number of Palestinians were arrested.
In Gaza City, protesters burned US flags outside UN offices, the Associated Press reports.
Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri said the visit was "ominous" and unwelcome, and that its consequences would be negative.
"It gives legitimacy to the occupation and confirms the political support of the United States [to Israel]," AP quoted him as saying.
Meanwhile, Israelis have been staging protests in Jerusalem demanding Mr Obama free Jonathan Pollard, imprisoned in the US in 1987 for spying for Israel.


An inquiry into the sinking of a Chinese cruise ship with the loss of nearly 450 lives on the Yangtze River in June has concluded that it happened because of highly unusual weather.

It also recommended the captain be investigated for possible charges.
The sinking was caused by "freak" strong winds and heavy rain, it said.
One relative of victims told the BBC she could not accept the report, saying it treated the captain too leniently and did not offer an apology.
"The captain... should have already been sentenced," the Shanghai-based woman - who lost both parents in the disaster - said.
She said that she had not been contacted by the authorities before the publication of the report on Wednesday and was unhappy that she had not received any help from the authorities in getting insurance compensation.
"The authorities should at least give us the truth and an apology," she said, "my parents died in vain."
The inquiry named 43 junior officials as being partially responsible for the sinking of the Eastern Star, calling for them to be sacked or disciplined.
The vessel capsized with mostly elderly holidaymakers on board in one of China's worst shipping disasters in more than six decades - generating much public anger. Only 12 people survived.
Yangtze River tragedy on trip of a lifetime
Could Mei-yu weather front be behind disaster?
The Eastern Star was hit by a sudden squall during a journey from Nanjing to Chongqing on the night of 1 June. Strong winds that accompanied the downpour overturned the vessel, the report said.
It took just a minute or so to flip over.
The inquiry accused the captain and other staff of an "inadequate response" to the dangerous circumstances, including a failure to send a distress signal. He was unaware of the risks associated with the extreme weather, it said, and should have his ship captaining qualifications cancelled.
In addition, legal bodies should assess whether he is suspected of any crime, it said.
Investigators say that while the ship was not overloaded and had enough life vests on board, the company running it did not properly monitor its condition.


The family of a young man who died after a night out in Belfast say they believe his death was caused by taking ecstasy and have warned others about the dangers of drugs.

21 November 2016 Last updated at 18:27 GMT
Jamie Burns' sister, Gemma, told the BBC that he died after making one "stupid mistake".


Accrington Stanley manager John Coleman has criticised the Football League for allowing Carlisle United to move their home games because of flooding.

Following flooding at Brunton Park, Carlisle have three 'home' fixtures at neutral grounds and beat Notts County at Preston's Deepdale on Saturday.
Stanley's last two home games were postponed because of waterlogging.
"I'm really upset about how the league's handled the Carlisle affair," Coleman told BBC Radio Lancashire.
"We are now games behind Carlisle. We've had two postponements and they've been allowed to play elsewhere and I don't think it's right or fair.
"I don't think it's fair on the rest of the 23 teams who have to go to Carlisle when some teams won't have to go there.
"I just don't think it's anywhere near any shape or form fair.
"I've got nothing against Carlisle, I wish them all the best in their ventures and what they do, but it's shifting the rules.
"I've got every sympathy for the people that have lost belongings and homes, I'm not decrying any of that - I'm just saying strictly from a football point of view it's an unfair advantage to play at another ground."
The Cumbrians will also play upcoming matches at Blackburn's Ewood Park and Blackpool's Bloomfield Road.


A detailed record of German warships scuttled in Scapa Flow has been created in preparation for the centenary of their sinking.

Interactive maps have been created by a team of scuba divers from the British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC).
The maps will be used during efforts to clean up and protect the Orkney site.
The seven wrecks covered by the project have been mapped by illustrator Steve Jakeaway, a BSAC member from Gloucester.
He said: "The Scapa Flow wrecks are all in between 12 and 45 metres of water, but the visibility is not always great. Often even experienced divers are not sure precisely what they are looking at, especially if a wreck has capsized and everything is upside-down.
"The divers took it in turns to go down and photograph each of the wrecks. In order to get as accurate a picture as possible, we also got them to make their own sketches, and describe to me exactly what they had seen, including any nets or other debris."
The wrecks of the SMS CÃ¶ln, SMS Kronprinz Wilhelm, SMS Brummer, SMS Karlsruhe, SMS KÃ¶nig, SMS Markgraf and SMS Dresden are off the coast of Orkney where they went down on 21 June, 1919.
They were among 74 ships of the German High Seas Fleet deliberately scuttled by their crews.
Scuba diver Richard Booth, from Tyneside, helped coordinate the team for the expedition.
He said: "The Karlsrhue is very broken up, but the CÃ¶ln is still intact. On the Kronprinz you can see a 12-inch gun that was fired at Jutland. Thirty six  metres down the gun barrels are still there.
"The only other place you can see such guns is outside the British War Museum. If you just dropped in it would be difficult to see the guns but with these maps it will guide people to see these historic features.
"The fact that we are coming up to the centenary of the scuttling in 1919 means historically, that generations of people who took part in the First World War are all gone now, but it was a momentous event when the German battleships scuttled and sank themselves."
BSAC chief executive Mary Tetley said: "Preserving our underwater heritage and protecting the marine environment are both high on the agenda for BSAC and our members throughout the UK and we are pleased to be able to support this initiative.
"This is a fascinating project in the run up to the 2019 centenary of the scuttling of the German High Seas fleet, in the greatest loss of shipping ever recorded in a single day.
"Scapa Flow is one of Britain's most important marine heritage sites and it is important that these wrecks are preserved and their stories told to highlight the history of for future generations."
The interactive maps are being published on the Big Scapa Clean Up project website.


Fantasy sequel Insurgent has debuted at the top of the US box office, earning $54m (£36m) in its opening weekend.

Starring Shailene Woodley and Theo James, it took slightly less than the first instalment, Divergent, which opened last year to $54.6m (£36.7m).
Film company Lionsgate said it was "pleased" with the result, and noted there was little competition for the film's teen audience over Easter.
Elsewhere, Sean Penn's action movie The Gunman fired a blank with US audiences.
The star could only muster $5m (£3.3m) for the tough tale of Congo mercenaries, which he co-wrote and co-produced.
It had been hoped the film would capitalise on the audience for the "geriaction" genre - popularised by Liam Neeson's Taken series, with which The Gunman shares a director, Pierre Morel.
However, reviews were resoundingly negative. The Atlantic's Christopher Orr called it "a dull, generic retread, made far worse by Penn's self-seriousness as an actor, by the banal political pieties he's grafted on as producer and co-writer, and by the presence of a pitifully retrograde female lead role."
Thanks to a slow weekend at the cinema, The Gunman managed a number four chart position, beaten by Insurgent, Cinderella and Liam Neeson's own action thriller Run All Night.
Cinderella, which had been last week's chart topper, had a strong second week, taking a further $34.5m (£23.2m), bringing its total earnings to $122m (£82m).
Rounding out the top five was Kingsman: The Secret Service, starring Colin Firth, which dropped a couple of places but still made $4.6m (£3m).
"Over the past couple of weeks, films driven by the female audience have done much better than films driven by the male audience," said box office analyst Paul Dergarabedian.
"But that's all going to change because Furious 7 is on the way."
The seventh film in the street racing franchise, The Fast and the Furious, is due out on 3 April. It has been dedicated to the memory of Paul Walker, who died in a car accident while the film was in production.
His scenes were completed using a mixture of CGI and body doubles - some of whom included Walker's own brothers.


Teachers could be set to strike if they fail to get a "satisfactory outcome" in talks over pay, union leaders have warned.

Members of the EIS union will raise the prospect of industrial action at their annual general meeting this week.
Teachers will also consider action if workload issues remain unresolved after a survey claimed the average teacher worked 46.5 hours a week.
EIS general secretary Larry Flanagan, said: "These issues must be tackled."
A Scottish government spokesman said they were working with teachers' representatives, local authorities and other partners "to address concerns around workload".
EIS members in Dundee have said that the union's council must "campaign for a restorative pay deal for teachers which does not link an increased salary with detrimental changes to conditions of service".
Their motion adds: "If no satisfactory outcome is forthcoming, members are to be balloted for industrial action up to and including strike action."
Other motions to be debated at the conference, which will take place in Perth from Thursday to Saturday, could lead to industrial action as a result of changes to the exam system.
The East Ayrshire local association has put forward a motion calling for a "ballot for a boycott of all SQA-related work unless SQA assessment can be managed within the 35-hour working week."
Mr Flanagan said: "Despite the fine words of politicians on the need to support schools and teachers, the evidence from both the recent EIS workload survey - which highlighted an average teacher working week of 46.5 hours - and the range of motions to this year's AGM indicate that excessive workload remains a huge issue for teachers and, therefore, for our schools and our pupils."
He insisted: "The message to the Scottish government, to local authorities and national education bodies could not be clearer - you must take action, now, to lighten the load on our schools and our teachers."
A call for the EIS to "investigate and report on the impact of teacher shortages" will also be discussed at the conference, along with a motion condemning "budget cuts which have been inflicted on Scottish education in recent years".
A Scottish government spokesman said: "We are committed to making sure councils have the right number and highest quality of teachers in our schools, which is why we have offered councils Â£51m, including an additional Â£10m over and above last year's settlements to support teacher numbers.
"Education and closing the gap in attainment between children from the most and least deprived communities is a top priority for this government."


Thousands of children in England are missing out on an education, the National Children's Bureau says.

The charity's research suggests many lose out as they have no school place or are unknown to the authorities.
The findings, based on Freedom of Information requests to councils, show that across 79 authorities 7,701 children on any day are down as missing class.
The Department for Education says the findings are misleading and unhelpful.
The NCB said that if 7,701 young people are missing school every day in the authorities that provided information, this would suggest more than 14,800 children are not in education at any time across the country.
A further analysis, based on detailed Freedom of Information responses from 45 councils, suggests that, on any given day, of those who are missing education, there are an estimated 3,000 youngsters in England whose whereabouts are unknown.
The study claims almost 5,000 children are losing out because they are waiting for a school place.
Other reasons given by local authorities for children being classed as "missing education" included being excluded from school; having special educational needs; being pregnant or a teenage mother; not enrolled in school or moving between schools; or because they have moved or are believed to have moved overseas.
Children are considered to be missing education if they are not on a school roll and not receiving suitable education other than at school, according to government guidance.
The NCB said it was calling for the government to conduct a national review of children missing education.
The charity's chief executive, Dr Hilary Emery, said: "Children who miss out on education are at significant risk of failing academically, and may end up as Neets [not in education, employment or training] in later life because their school life has been disrupted.
"There is also the real possibility that some of these children will suffer physical and emotional harm, particularly if they are taken off the school roll and their whereabouts become unknown.
"Recent high-profile cases of child sexual exploitation have involved children missing from education, and there is also a correlation between missing education and becoming a victim of forced marriage."
Dr Emery said the NCB was calling on the government to conduct a national review of children missing education and to improve the way data is collected both locally and nationally.
"The review should consider how local authorities, schools, social services and their partners can work with children and their families to ensure they and their families receive the best support possible, so they can get back into education."
But a Department for Education spokesman said: "These findings are misleading and unhelpful.
"Missing education is defined as a child not being registered at school when they should be or not being otherwise educated.
"This report inappropriately includes children who have missed one or two days of school, for anything from moving between schools to being sent home for having behavioural problems."
The report wrongly assumed these children were all automatically vulnerable or had slipped off the radar, the spokesman added.
"Local authorities and schools are best placed to keep accurate records of children in education and our recently revised guidance makes clear there is no excuse for them not to meet their responsibilities in this area."
Parents had a legal responsibility to ensure their children were receiving a proper education, he added.


Twenty-four men are to stand trial accused of involvement in 12 July rioting in Belfast last year, a judge has ruled.

They face charges in connection with trouble surrounding a disputed Orange Order parade in the north of the city.
Nearly all of the suspects are accused of riotous assembly in the Ardoyne area.
Three of the defendants have been charged with similar offences in the Oldpark district.
Some of the accused face further allegations of having petrol bombs and damage to a police land rover.
One of them is also charged with hijacking a car during the disturbances.
Vehicles were seized and burnt out, and police attacked with petrol bombs, paint bombs and fireworks during three nights of violence last July.
During a preliminary enquiry hearing at Belfast Magistrates' Court on Friday, one of the accused repeatedly demanded to know whether any charges had been brought over trouble in other parts of the city.
At one stage he shouted out: "The PSNI have been putting us down for years.
"Has anybody been charged from east Belfast, their riots?"
District Judge George Conner warned the accused that he had the power to hold him in contempt of court.
Mr Conner ruled there was a prima facie case against all 24 defendants.
He granted a prosecution application to have the men returned for trial at Belfast Crown Court on a date to be fixed.
Twenty of them were released on continuing bail, while the other four were remanded in custody.


New London Irish director of rugby Nick Kennedy says the club and players are "under no illusions" as they plot an immediate return to the Premiership.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Irish were relegated last season after a campaign which saw just four wins.
"It was a terrible year for us, there's no hiding behind that," Kennedy told BBC Sport. "The rebuilding starts now, we've got a huge challenge next year."
Former Exiles and England lock Kennedy will work under new technical director Brendan Venter in the coming season.
Kennedy's appointment follows the departure of Tom Coventry as head coach in June as Irish dropped out of English rugby union's top flight for the first time since 1994.
"There's no point rolling out a load of excuses now," the 34-year-old added. "Ultimately, we weren't good enough and we're taking our medicine now.
"We were the worst team in the Premiership and now we're a Championship team."
Kennedy played seven times for England in a career which went on to include a European Cup win with Toulon and a season at Harlequins.
During his time at the Madejski Stadium, he formed a formidable second-row partnership with the club's now chief executive Bob Casey and made his debut alongside Venter.
Kennedy said his working relationship with the former South Africa centre and London Irish player-coach will see the pair speak on the phone daily.
Venter is expected to travel over from South Africa once a month to assist Kennedy, as well as fellow coaches and former Irish players Declan Danaher, Paul Hodgson and George Skivington.
"The Championship is a tough league," Kennedy added. "I've watched a lot of it and we're going to have to be on our mettle every single game.
"There will be lots of teams down there that will have the same goal and we're desperate to be playing Premiership rugby again."


The UK is to expel all Iranian diplomats following the storming of its embassy in Tehran, Foreign Secretary William Hague has announced.

He said he had ordered the immediate closure of the Iranian embassy in London.
Tuesday's attack by hundreds of protesters followed Britain's decision to impose further sanctions on Iran over its nuclear programme.
The sanctions led to Iran's parliament reducing diplomatic ties with the UK.
Mr Hague said he was demanding the immediate closure of the Iranian embassy in London, with all its staff to leave the UK within 48 hours.
"If any country makes it impossible for us to operate on their soil they cannot expect to have a functioning embassy here," Mr Hague told MPs.
He said there had been "some degree of regime consent" in the attacks on the embassy and on another UK diplomatic compound in Tehran.
He said all UK diplomatic staff in Tehran had been evacuated and the embassy closed.
Mr Hague said relations between the UK and Iran were now at their lowest level, but the UK was not severing relations with Tehran entirely.
By James ReynoldsBBC Iran correspondent
In Iran's iconography of villainy, Britain holds a special place. The UK is seen as the mastermind behind the overthrow of previous Iranian governments. Conservative hardliners believe Britain has in its blood the desire to decide who rules Iran.
But, somehow, Britain and Iran have usually managed to keep their diplomatic relations going. Among ordinary Iranians there is a degree of affection for British people.
During the administration of President Mohammad Khatami, which began in 1997, diplomatic ties produced a reasonable degree of understanding. But in recent years, under President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, those ties grew much more strained.
Now the drawbridge has been pulled up. The empty embassies in London and Tehran won't bother conservative hardliners in Iran's establishment. They feel little need for dialogue. These are the same people who have led Iran's pursuit of a nuclear programme.
Addressing parliament, Mr Hague said he was due to raise the matter at a meeting of the EU Foreign Affairs Council in Brussels.
"We will discuss these events and further action which needs to be taken in the light of Iran's continued pursuit of a nuclear weapons programme," he said.
Iran's foreign ministry called the British move "hasty", state TV reported, according to Reuters.
It said Iran would take "further appropriate action".
Also on Wednesday, Germany, France and the Netherlands announced they were recalling their ambassadors to Tehran for consultation and Norway said it was temporarily closing its embassy there as a precaution.
Italian Foreign Minister Giulio Terzi said the Iranian ambassador to Rome was being summoned to give guarantees of security for Italy's mission in Tehran.
Hundreds of protesters - whom Iran described as "students" - massed outside the embassy compound on Tuesday afternoon before scaling the walls and the gates, burning British flags and a car.
Another UK diplomatic compound in northern Tehran, known locally as Qolhak Garden, was also overrun and damaged.
Iran said it regretted the incident, which it described as "unacceptable behaviour by a small number of protesters".
Mr Hague said the majority of those taking part had been members of a regime-backed Basij militia group.
He said the private quarters of staff and the ambassador had been ransacked, the main embassy office set on fire and personal possessions belonging to UK diplomats stolen.
The US, EU and UN Security Council also condemned the attacks.
Relations between the UK and the Islamic Republic of Iran have been fraught since the Iranian revolution in 1979.
Wednesday's move brings bilateral relations to their lowest level since 1989 when ties were broken over Iran's declaration of a "fatwa" (edict) to kill the author Salman Rushdie.
Analysts have compared Tuesday's scenes in Tehran to the 1979 storming of the US embassy there. That ended with more than 50 US diplomats and staff being held hostage for more than 400 days.
The US and Iran have had no diplomatic ties since then - the Swiss embassy in Tehran serves as the protecting power for US interests in the country.
Last week the US, Canada and the UK announced new sanctions against Iran, including measures to restrict the activities of the Iranian central bank.
The UK said then it was severing all financial ties with Iran.
The move followed a report by the UN's nuclear watchdog (IAEA) that said Iran had carried out tests "relevant to the development of a nuclear device".
Iran denies the accusations, saying its nuclear programme is solely for peaceful purposes.
On Sunday, Iran's parliament voted by a large majority to downgrade diplomatic relations with the UK in response to the recent action.