In her first major policy speech one of the people incoming Prime Minister Theresa May name checked raised more than a few eyebrows.

After the customary references to Margaret Thatcher and Robert Peel, she mentioned someone not usually held up in the pantheon of Tory pin-ups - the great Birmingham political figure, Joseph Chamberlain.
Perhaps we shouldn't have been too surprised, her co-chief of staff and most trusted adviser Nick Timothy (a Brummie), is known to be an enormous fan. So much so, he wrote a book about him.
But who was Joseph Chamberlain?
Chamberlain was a maverick, a Victorian chameleon. Arguably he was Britain's first truly modern political figure, an industrialist and businessman who made his way to the cabinet. He was certainly the first major politician to forge his career in local government.
Although not a Brummie by birth, he made the city his adopted home. The son of Unitarian parents, he built a profitable business manufacturing screws in the city but was not impressed by the conditions in which his workers had to live.
After 30 years of rapid industrial expansion, Birmingham was choking on its own filth. The centre was a convoluted warren of factories, slums and grime. Rival water and gas companies competed with each other mercilessly and yet had each singularly failed to provide the population with a reliable water or power supply.
Chamberlain changed all of that. In just three short years as mayor, he transformed the city from an oversized slum to one of the most advanced cities in the world.
He took the gas and water supplies into city ownership and provided its residents with the cleanest and most effective water and power supplies anywhere in the country.
He ploughed the proceeds into new housing, sewers and civic buildings, a new museum and art gallery, a grand boulevard to rival any street in Paris - today's Corporation Street - and a university. He was the man who built Birmingham.
So, an admirable figure for an incoming Tory prime minister to laud? Well, sure, save for the minor detail, that he wasn't a Conservative.
Chamberlain started his political life as a Liberal but split from party over the prime minister William Gladstone's policy of Home Rule in Ireland.
An avowed imperialist, he took a sizeable cohort of his party's MPs with him, forming the Liberal Unionists. Eventually, the Liberal Unionists and the Conservatives merged, forming the Conservative and Unionist Party - the name remains today.
Theresa May referenced this in her speech, reminding the audience of her party's full name.
This was of course a signal of her commitment to the union between the different countries of the United Kingdom, but it was also a nod to something else - the political and intellectual tradition Chamberlain epitomises, the union between Conservatism's upper class base and the working people of Britain.
Chamberlain and the Liberal Unionists changed the Conservative Party. They brought with them a focus on the working class and policies that would appeal to them.
The Tory Party before Chamberlain hadn't just been a party of the aristocracy and shires, Disraeli had been instrumental in extending the right to vote to many more working men, but without Chamberlain, they wouldn't have had that rich seam of municipal conservatism and social reform on which to draw.
Chamberlain was instrumental in persuading Tory prime ministers Lord Salisbury and Arthur Balfour to engage in a number of important social reforms which helped the Conservatives attract new working class support.
The Liberal Unionists gave them access to part of the electorate with whom they otherwise would have had little resonance - the skilled working class. The working class Tory remained an important part of the Conservative coalition which went on to govern Britain for 66 out of 100 years of the 20th Century.
In the 1990s and 2000s, however, that support eroded. Even in the 2010 and 2015 elections, the Conservatives struggled to appeal in urban Britain and to a significant proportion of the population who felt "left behind" by globalisation and free-market economics.
As the recent Brexit vote demonstrated, that part of the electorate is growing and angry. Theresa May and Nick Timothy appear to be stealing some of Chamberlain's clothes and approach in an attempt to win them back.
But this would be quite a shift. Chamberlain does not sit within the tradition of free market, laissez-faire economics and enthusiasm for globalisation to which the Tory party has been committed since the days of Margaret Thatcher.
He was a full-throated economic interventionist, called a "gas and water socialist" by his enemies on the right. He took profit-making private enterprises into public hands, declaring that "profit was irrelevant".
It's difficult to imagine any Conservative politician from the last 40 years saying the same. Moreover, he was a protectionist, arguing for tariffs on goods from all countries outside of the British Empire.
And what would a Chamberlain approach mean in practice? Well we've already seen hints of it from the new PM. An industrial strategy, the government intervening in markets to protect certain industries; workers on company boards; economic protectionism - note her delay of the Hinkley Point project - a reduction in immigration and a greater focus on devolution of powers to cities and local government.
Chamberlain never became prime minister but he and his sons, Austen and Neville dominated politics in Birmingham and the Conservative Party up to the Second World War. He split with the Liberal Party over Ireland, and the Tories over trade, but nonetheless, he seems to be back in vogue.
But if Chamberlain really does prove to be Mrs May's inspiration, then Tories across the country should brace themselves for a bit of a shock. Because he really would represent the biggest intellectual shift the party has made since the mid-1970s. Churchill said of Chamberlain that he was a politician who "made the weather".
If Theresa May is serious about reawakening this strand of Conservative thinking, she may well yet do the same.
Lewis Goodall was reporting for BBC Newsnight. You can watch his report here


A wheelchair user was refused space on a bus because a pushchair was on board, days after the Supreme Court ruled on the issue.

Kirsty Shepherd, from Wakefield, West Yorkshire, said the Arriva driver told her she could not get on, even though there was enough room.
It came five days after the Supreme Court said bus drivers must be more accommodating to wheelchair users.
Arriva Buses said it was investigating "as a matter of urgency".
Ms Shepherd said the woman with the pushchair on the Rothwell to Wakefield bus was happy to move, but the driver still would not let her on.
Live updates on this story and others from Yorkshire
In the case that went to the Supreme Court, wheelchair user Doug Paulley took action against First Bus after he was refused entry to a bus in 2012 when a mother with a pushchair would not move.
The bus had a sign saying: "Please give up this space if needed for a wheelchair user."
The court found the company should do more to persuade non-wheelchair users to move from wheelchair spaces, but did not have the legal power to remove them.
Ms Shepherd said the Arriva driver told the passengers to get off, saying it was her fault the journey could not go on.
"He leant forward and said 'I can't let you on love, I've got a pushchair on'," she said.
"I said 'well please ask her to move'. He said 'I can't do that'.
The woman with the pushchair moved of her own accord but the driver still would not let Ms Shepherd on.
"The people on the bus started shouting saying 'just get the next bus, we've got homes to get to'," she said.
Ms Shepherd added that she spoke to the bus driver's manager, but he was still not willing to let her on board.
The service was then terminated at a bus stop and everyone got off, before the bus was put back into service some time later.
"He let the passengers get off and have a go at me... it was just not fair."
Arriva said: "Our customer service team have had extensive conversations with Ms Shepherd about the incident and we are investigating this as a matter of urgency.
"We are in the process of downloading the CCTV footage and speaking to those involved.
"We have promised to conclude this investigation swiftly."
Commenting on the case, Mr Paulley said he could not see why Ms Shepherd had been denied a bus journey.
He said: "On her bus there was a buggy space, so there were two separate spaces. When that lady [with the pushchair] moved into the buggy space that space was free and available, so I don't know why the driver didn't let her on."
He said he thought the Supreme Court ruling had gone far enough to help wheelchair users.
"I think some people would have liked it if it was more concrete," he said. "But there are always exceptional circumstances, so there has got to be some flexibility.
"I think also the Supreme Court justices went quite a long way to reach the decision that they did, and it has really raised awareness."


Syria has "categorically rejected" an Arab League resolution calling for a joint Arab-UN peacekeeping mission to end the country's 11-month conflict.

Yusuf Ahmed, Syria's envoy in Cairo, said the plan "reflected the hysteria of these governments".
The EU on Monday backed the Arab League's "bold" plan but Russia said violence must end before any peacekeepers could be sent.
Meanwhile the UN General Assembly has started a debate on the Syrian crisis.
UN human rights chief Navi Pillay, who has been sharply critical of the actions of President Bashar al-Assad's government, is later set to address the assembly in New York.
The Arab League said it was ending all diplomatic co-operation with Syria, and promised to give "political and material support" to the opposition.
The League's moves come a week after Russia and China vetoed a UN Security Council resolution on Syria, which would have endorsed a previous Arab League peace initiative.
The EU backed the League's peacekeeping plan on Monday.
Michael Mann, spokesman for EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton, said: "We welcome these bold decisions and the strong and clear commitment and leadership that the Arab League is taking to resolve the crisis in Syria.
By Jim MuirBBC News, Beirut
The Arab League decisions to halt all economic and diplomatic co-operation with the Syrian government may intensify the pressure and isolation for Damascus.
But the call on the UN Security Council to pass a resolution to set up a joint UN-Arab League peacekeeping operation is unlikely to bring swift results.
Any such move needs a ceasefire which does not exist, and which Syria would not accept because it would put rebels and government on the same footing.
It would also require a consensus at the Security Council which is not there. But the league's decisions give its members political cover for backing and financing the Syrian opposition. Syria already accuses some Arab states of paying and arming the rebels.
The appearance on the scene of al-Qaeda further complicates the picture as opposition activists strive to appear as peaceful victims of state oppression.
"The EU's first goal is an immediate cessation of killings and therefore we are very supportive of any initiative that can help achieve this objective, including a stronger Arab presence on the ground in co-operation with the UN to achieve a ceasefire and the end of violence."
He added: "We renew our urgent calls on all members of the Security Council to be constructive and act with responsibility at this crucial moment."
Russia said on Monday that it was studying the plan but that it needed "clarification".
Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said there had to be ceasefire in place before any peacekeepers could be sent.
"But the problem is that the armed groups that are fighting the Syrian regime do not answer to anyone and are not controlled by anyone," he said.
China, meanwhile, said Syria's problems needed to be resolved by diplomatic means.
Foreign ministry spokesman Liu Weimin said: "China hopes all relevant parties can keep dialogue and communication to play a positive and constructive role in politically resolving the Syrian issue and easing the country's tension."
Speaking while on a visit to South Africa, UK Foreign Secretary William Hague said: "I don't see the way forward in Syria as being Western boots on the ground, in any form, including in peacekeeping form, but of course if such a concept could be made viable we will be supporting it in all the usual ways."
The BBC's Jeremy Bowen in Cairo says the new Arab League resolution contains its toughest language on Syria so far and makes it much more likely that the issue will return to the Security Council.
Aiding Syria's rebels
Maps and videos of Homs fighting
In pictures: 'Artillery deployment'
The fact that it is considering these moves shows the extent of the Syrian regime's isolation, our correspondent adds.
He says it remains to be seen whether Moscow will continue to lend its support to its old allies and trading partners.
The League's resolution also formally ends the observer mission it sent to Syria in December. It was suspended in January amid criticism that it was ineffective in the face of continuing violence.
The head of that mission, the controversial Sudanese General Mohammed al-Dabi, had submitted his resignation on Sunday.
Earlier, al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri backed the Syrian uprising in a video message, telling the opposition not to rely on the West or Arab countries for support.
There have been reports that US officials suspect al-Qaeda involvement in two deadly blasts in the second city of Aleppo last week.
Meanwhile, fresh violence in the Syrian city of Homs was reported on Monday.
"Tank shelling has been non-stop on Baba Amr and the bombardment on al-Waer [district] began overnight," activist Mohammad al-Hassan told Reuters.
Activists say more than 400 people have been killed since security forces launched an assault on opposition-held areas on the city this month.
Human rights groups say more than 7,000 have died throughout Syria since last March. The government says at least 2,000 members of the security forces have been killed combating "armed gangs and terrorists".
Syria restricts access to foreign media and it is not possible to verify casualty figures.


Scotland coach Vern Cotter insists there is "a lot more to come" from his team despite an eighth straight Six Nations defeat since 2014.

"We created opportunities but we didn't finish them off," he told BBC Sport after Scotland's 15-9 loss to England.
"We can do better than that, we know we can, if we cut down some basic errors and become more accurate.
"That game was there to be won, that is the cold, hard fact. If we get in a similar situation, we have to nail it."
Cotter refused to be downbeat after suffering a sixth consecutive defeat in the tournament since taking over as head coach.
He urged his players to swiftly put a seventh straight loss against England - who they have not beaten since 2008 - behind them and focus on next Saturday's match against Wales in Cardiff.
"We weren't accurate enough, but there is a lot more to come from this team," he added.
"The players are disappointed the way they let those opportunities pass, from lost balls and bits and pieces.
"But those will be quickly identified and we need to put the frustration behind us.  We can't do much about this one but we can certainly look forward to the next one."
Captain Greig Laidlaw lamented his side's failure to hold onto the ball at crucial moments, extending a try drought against England at Murrayfield stretching back to 2004.
"I don't think there was much between the teams but in the second half there was probably a momentum shift," he said.
"We coughed up a few high balls, that was a poor area for us, and I think we lost three of our line-outs as well.
"When we held onto the ball in the first half, we were causing England problems and were right in it.
"It is disappointing because we have been working on our concentration for 80 minutes. I don't know if it was that but we certainly made it easy for England in the second half.
"We created opportunities in the first half - we cut them almost clean open with Tommy Seymour and if he holds the ball there, we would probably have scored in the next phase, but we coughed it up.
"It is a simple game but if you lose the ball, you make it hard for yourselves."


It is early days and they are still undefeated, so some Arsenal fans might find it unfair that their team's title credentials are already being questioned.

But following a summer in which Arsene Wenger has already done some serious spending, the evidence is that the Gunners boss has not yet strengthened enough.
There are some positives: as with their last-gasp win over Crystal Palace last week, Saturday's fight-back from 2-0 down to draw against Everton was an indication that Arsenal now have the backbone they lacked when the going got tough last season.
But the fact they found themselves in so much trouble in the first place suggests some of their other old shortcomings have not been eradicated yet.
Wenger had vowed before kick-off at Goodison Park that his side would show they were not soft touches any more but they again found it difficult to cope when they faced a player with genuine physical power.
Everton's Romelu Lukaku destroyed the Gunners in April and they could not live with him this time either, despite claims from his manager Roberto Martinez after the game that he was not fully fit.
Lukaku again stayed wide right to target and torment Arsenal left-back Nacho Monreal, and all three of Everton's front players - the big Belgian, his compatriot Kevin Mirallas on the right and Steven Naismith in the centre - looked dangerous running at the visitors.
In mitigation, this was a makeshift Gunners defence - their first-choice centre-back pairing of Per Mertesacker and Laurent Koscielny are yet to play together this season, and Monreal is only playing because Kieran Gibbs is injured.
Calum Chambers, who has started the season at centre-back, is a promising prospect but he is still learning his trade, as has been seen this week.
Chambers almost cost Arsenal a goal in the first leg of their Champions League play-off against Besiktas, diving in to try to clear and letting Demba Ba in on goal. He did not get away with it when he repeated that error in the build-up to Everton's second goal, after Mertesacker had been muscled off the ball.
But Arsenal's lack of strength in depth in that department is their own fault. Wenger sold their usual back-up centre-back - and occasional left-back - Thomas Vermaelen to Barcelona the week before the season started, and he has not been replaced.
The Frenchman still has time to put that right before the transfer window shuts on 1 September, but the signs are he will choose to rely on the versatile but raw Chambers.
Filling in when and where he is needed will be great for the 19-year-old's development, but not so good for Arsenal if further mistakes prove as costly.
Last season, Arsenal's problems at the back started further up the pitch.
There was little protection given to their back-line in the damaging defeats they suffered at the homes of their rivals in the top five, including Everton.
Worryingly for Wenger, the same was true on Saturday, when Mathieu Flamini was the only truly defensively minded man in their midfield.
In the first half, when the Toffees took the game to the Gunners, they found little resistance in that area, with their first goal a good example.
Gareth Barry was given time to pick out the perfect ball for the unmarked Seamus Coleman to open the scoring.
"I could not work out what Arsenal were doing defensively - it was poor," BBC football pundit Alan Shearer said on Match of the Day.
"It was a very good ball by Barry but Mesut Ozil should have stayed with Coleman, who was his man.
"That is not the only mistake, though. There was no pressure on Barry, and you cannot play offside when there is no pressure on the ball."
The Gunners have been linked with Real Madrid's Sami Khedira or Sporting's William Carvalho if they get past Besiktas on Wednesday and secure a place in the Champions League group stage.
Either would make a big difference to plugging gaps of that sort.
Wenger spent £35m this summer to sign Alexis Sanchez, who was seen as a step-up from their existing first-choice frontman Olivier Giroud.
Sanchez might well still prove a striking superstar, but against Everton, on his own in attack and leading the line for the first time, he looked lightweight and lost.
"Arsenal had no presence up front," added Shearer. "They had nobody to attack balls in the box. In the 45 minutes he played, Sanchez did not have one touch in the Everton area.
"That all changed, to be fair to Wenger, at half-time when he brought on Giroud. He did have a presence and Arsenal then had somebody who they could see in the box."
But what happens when there is no Giroud? Arsenal could find out again as soon as Wednesday in the second leg against Besiktas because the Frenchman injured his ankle in the closing minutes.
Joel Campbell, who is unproven in the Premier League, and Yaya Sanogo, like Chambers a relative rookie, are their only other options.
And, when you compare Arsenal's firepower to that of the teams who finished above them last season, it appears another definite weak link.
A perfect fit would be a striker with the pace and mobility Giroud lacks, but also the sort of physical presence Sanchez does not possess.
The question is, with Wenger talking after the Everton game about having "more strikers than before", is he even looking for another one? He should be.
In each of their three games in the Premier League and Champions League so far this season, Arsenal have been unimpressive. Crucially, though, they have also been unbeaten.
"Very much like last week against Palace, Arsenal did not play well for the vast majority of the game against Everton, but they kept on going until the end and got the three points," said Shearer.
"This week they kept on going until the end and got one point. It was not a very good performance but it is a good sign."
Understandably, after his side had scored two goals in the last seven minutes to get an unlikely draw, Wenger also pointed to their "fantastic spirit" and "complete desire".
"When we got beaten here 3-0 last season, it could have been many more," Wenger explained. "Three was quite flattering on the day.
"For us to come back from 2-0 down this time against a team as good on the counter-attack shows the belief and the resilience was there."
In truth, 'resilience' was what Arsenal had been noticeably short of when they were under the cosh in the first half.
Yes, Everton's second goal was offside, but the Toffees were completely dominant and but for a bad miss by Kevin Mirallas, could have been out of sight by half-time.
What Arsenal actually had, as well as belief, was the ability to rescue something from a game that looked lost, but turned as Everton tired.
Wenger is right to take encouragement from their comeback, and also correct that they probably would not have managed to dig themselves out of a similar-sized hole in the past.
But there is a danger that, in weighing up whether to strengthen his squad in the next few days, he ignores the longstanding problems that mean they needed to.
Perhaps he should remember that not every top team will offer them a second chance.


League One side Gillingham have received a suspended £4,000 fine for fielding an ineligible player on the opening day of the season.

Midfielder Emmanuel Osadebe played 89 minutes as Gillingham beat Sheffield United 4-0 on 8 August.
The 19-year-old had been registered with the Football League and the Football Association but there was an error in his documentation.
However, Justin Edinburgh's Gills will not receive a points deduction.
Osadebe moved to Priestfield Stadium last August after a spell in Tottenham's youth development programme.
When Gillingham registered the player with the Football League and the FA, they indicated his previous affiliation had been with Spurs.
The League registered him on 22 July but the FA did not process his registration ahead of the 2015-16 season.
However, Osadebe's previous registration had been with Irish side Dundalk and he required international clearance before playing for Gillingham.
A football disciplinary commission decided to issue a fine, which will only be enforced if Gillingham field another ineligible player in the next 12 months.
"Gillingham have admitted that Emmanuel Osadebe should not have been selected without all of the necessary confirmations being in place," a Football League statement said.
"It is also fair to say that the FA should have identified this issue earlier. Had it done so, this breach of regulations would never have occurred.
"Given the exceptional circumstances of this case, the commission has ruled that the club should not find itself subject to a points deduction."
Gillingham are third in the League One table, one point off the automatic promotion places.


Plans have been published for a hydro-electricity turbine on the River Severn in Shrewsbury.

The scheme, led by community interest group Shrewsbury Hydro, has already attracted funding of more than £100,000 to carry out studies.
It hopes to generate about 1.7 million kilowatt hours of electricity from the site next to the weir.
A public consultation opened on Wednesday and is expected to run until the end of the month.
Shropshire Council is expected to make a decision on the planning application by the end of May.
Details have also been submitted to the Environment Agency.
Shrewsbury Hydro believe the electricity generated would be enough to power more than 350 homes and save the equivalent of 900 tonnes of CO2 a year.
The project is expected to cost £3m-£3.5m and be funded by selling community shares.


The Northern Ireland peace process is likely to be "sacrificed to save Theresa May's skin", former Northern Ireland secretary Lord Murphy warns.

Mrs May is seeking a deal with the Democratic Unionist Party after losing her majority in Thursday's election.
Lord Murphy said such a deal could undermine decades of efforts to bring stability to Northern Ireland.
The former Labour MP for Torfaen, Northern Ireland Secretary from 2002 to 2005, was speaking to BBC Radio Wales.
The Northern Ireland peace process is based on an assurance by the British government that it has "no selfish or strategic or economic interest in Northern Ireland".
Lord Murphy told the Sunday Supplement programme that a government depending on the DUP for its majority could not make such a pledge.
"No it can't, and I think the problem now is that the peace process is likely to be sacrificed in order to save Theresa May's skin," he said.
"And that's a terrible business, because we've gone through 20 years now of bringing peace and stability and prosperity to Northern Ireland.
"All that, in my view, is now being jeopardised by this deal."
Lord Murphy said he could understand the DUP wanting to help the prime minister and "their view about being a United Kingdom party and all those things" but "we're right in the middle of negotiations to set up the assembly and executive in Belfast, it all collapsed before the general election".
He added: "Sinn Fein is now the other very big party in Northern Ireland - they now obviously are very unhappy with the situation where the DUP is seen as the partner with the British government, and therefore in a very, very different position."
Another former Labour Northern Ireland secretary, ex-Neath MP Peter Hain, said he also had great concerns over the impact any Conservative-DUP pact could have.
"You've got to be neutral," he said.
"If the government, if the prime minister is dependent on the DUP then all sorts of back-room deals will be done which could impact on the Good Friday process - could put it in jeopardy and could destroy confidence amongst other parties."
"I don't just mean Sinn Fein - the SDLP, the Ulster Unionists, the Alliance party - they are crucial to keeping the Northern Ireland peace process going forward."
He added the DUP were "very good negotiators" who would be likely to push for more investment in Northern Ireland, which could see demands follow from the other devolved nations.
"I think she [Theresa May] is going to find it very tough to strike a deal that doesn't involve handing extra money to Northern Ireland and then, if that happens, Wales is going to say 'what about us', Scotland is going to say 'what about us', and so I think this has got huge consequences for the government's policies under Theresa May," he said.


An optometrist who failed to spot an eye condition in a boy who later died has been given a suspended jail term.

Vincent Barker, eight, known as Vinnie, died in July 2012 after fluid built up on his brain.
Honey Rose, 35, from Newham, east London, performed a routine eye test on the child five months earlier. She said she had "done her best" for him.
But jurors at Ipswich Crown Court found her guilty of gross negligence manslaughter.
Rose, a mother of three, was handed a two-year jail sentence, suspended for two years.
Live updates on this and other stories from Suffolk
Sentencing her, Judge Jeremy Stuart-Smith said it was the first case of its type.
He ordered Rose to complete 200 hours of unpaid work and gave her a 24-month supervision order.
Rose is to apply for permission to appeal, according to the Association of Optometrists.
A spokesman declined to comment further on the case due to a fitness to practise hearing she faces before the General Optical Council.
During her trial, Rose told the court she conducted all the required tests during Vinnie's eye examination at the Ipswich branch of Boots on 15 February 2012.
But the prosecution alleged her conduct had been so far below the expected standard it was "criminal".
The jury heard there were "obvious abnormalities" in both of Vinnie's eyes visible during the examination.
Photographs taken by another staff member of the back of his eyes, shortly before he was examined by Rose, suggested he had bilateral papilloedema - a condition in which optic discs at the back of each eye become swollen because of raised pressure within the skull.
Jonathan Rees QC, prosecuting, said this "would have been obvious to any competent optometrist" and should have led to an urgent referral to treat "a life-threatening condition".
A build-up of fluid on the brain increased pressure in Vinnie's skull and ultimately led to his death.
Rose had claimed her examination of Vinnie was tricky because he had closed his eyes to the light and looked away during the test.
"For whatever reason, she did not look at the back of the eye," said Rose's barrister Ian Stern QC. "She had no foreseeability as to the consequences."
He described Rose's failure to examine the back of Vincent's eyes as an "inexplicable lack of action" and a "one-off".
Sentencing, Judge Stuart-Smith accepted Rose's lack of diagnosis had been a "one-off", but said she had tried to "cover up" her actions when she found out Vinnie had died.
He said Rose had tried to show the boy had not co-operated and demonstrated signs of photophobia when being assessed.
A written statement from Vinnie's mother, Joanne Barker, said: "The knowledge our loss should have been prevented and Vinnie should have been saved is intolerable to live with."
Det Supt Tonya Antonis, of Suffolk Police, said the force and the family were "satisfied" with the suspended sentence, adding charges were brought to make sure the profession was held to account and that it "doesn't happen to anyone else".


(Close): Vodafone was the top riser on the FTSE 100 on Friday after results showed improvements in its major UK and German markets.

Shares in the mobile operator closed up 2.8% at 238.45p after it reported a 0.8% rise in first-quarter service revenue, up from 0.1% last time.
Pearson lost gains earlier in the day to close down 0.6% at Â£12.26 following news of its FT sale.
The FTSE 100 index ended the week down 1.1% at 6,579.8 points.
The biggest faller was copper miner Antofagasta, whose shares dropped 6.3% to 589p.
Shares in drinks behemoth Diageo shed 2.1% after the US watchdog, the SEC, said it was investigating the company over allegations it had appeared to boost sales by shipping more orders than had actually been placed.
Shares in plant hire business Ashstead fell a further 3.5%, meaning it has lost more than 13% this week. It fell after investors sold out of rival hire business United Rentals following disappointing figures.
Meanwhile, shares in FTSE 250 miner Lonmin crashed 17.4% after it announced a thorough restructuring and 6,000 job cuts.
Electricity generator rental firm Aggreko also fell 12% after issuing a profits warning.
On the currency markets, the pound was flat against the dollar to $1.5509 but rose 0.1% against the euro to â‚¬1.4138.


Britain's Lizzie Armitstead missed out on an Olympic medal in a women's road race marred by a horrific crash.

The world champion, who faced being banned for the Games after missing three drugs tests, finished fifth.
Dutch rider Annemiek van Vleuten went to hospital with severe concussion and three small fractures in her lower back after crashing as she led the race.
Team-mate Anna van der Breggen won gold, ahead of Sweden's Emma Johansson and Italy's Elisa Longo Borghini.
Van Vleuten later tweeted to say she was "fine" but "super disappointed after best race of my career".
Watch: Follow the winding descent of the women's road race
London 2012 silver medallist Armitstead, 27, was cleared to compete at Rio after a successful appeal and was in contention until the final stages.
Van der Breggen won the 141km race in a time of three hours 51 minutes 27 seconds, ahead of Johansson and Longo Borghini, who took bronze.
However, the race was marred by Van Vleuten's crash.
The 33-year-old had sped off from the pack when she came off her bike on the descent of the steep Vista Chinesa, where several men - including Britain's Geraint Thomas - crashed on Saturday.
Van Vleuten was taken to hospital where Dutch cycling officials later said she would spend the next 24 hours in intensive care.
British former Olympic champion Chris Boardman, working as an expert analyst for BBC Sport, believes the Rio course was "too dangerous".
"I'm actually quite angry because I looked at the road furniture and thought nobody can crash here and get up," he said.
"This was way past technical, this was dangerous."
Cycling's governing body, the UCI, defended the course, saying it "was carefully designed and extensively tested.
It added: "We do our utmost to design safe, challenging courses but unfortunately crashes do sometimes occur due to a combination of factors."
Van der Breggen, 26, said Van Vleuten's crash made her more determined to win gold for the Dutch.
She won the sprint to the line along the Copacabana, holding off Johansson and Longo Borghini as the trio overtook American Mara Abbott on the straight.
"I was pretty shocked about it, I think she crashed hard," said Van der Breggen. "I realised I was first in the team and had to chase. We knew we had to do it."
Armitstead, the world and Commonwealth champion, was one of the pre-race favourites.
But the Yorkshire rider's preparations were hampered by the possibility of a ban for missing three drugs tests - and the increased scrutiny she faced when the news emerged.
She avoided a suspension of up to two years by winning a Court of Arbitration for Sport (Cas) appeal.
Not only did Armitstead face questions about her mental focus as she lined up, many wondered whether she had the physical capability to cope with the mountainous course in Rio.
She responded with a gutsy performance on a course she described as "brutal", but ultimately missing out on a second Olympic medal.
Armitstead was part of a group that wiped out a gap of over a minute between themselves and the breakaway as they climbed Vista Chinesa.
"I felt a little bit like a zombie going into it - not much sleep in the past few weeks," she said. "But when I'm on my bike I'm doing what I know and what I am in control of and my brain soon switches once I have got a number on.
"There are no excuses. I simply wasn't able to climb fast enough."
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Nine-time Olympic champion Usain Bolt has won the IAAF male Athlete of the Year award for a record sixth time.

Ethiopia's Almaz Ayana, who broke the 10,000m world record by over 14 seconds in winning Olympic gold in Rio this summer, won the female award.
Bolt, 30, sealed the 'triple triple' in Rio, winning his third Olympic title in each of the 100m, 200m and 4x100m.
"It's definitely a big deal," said the Jamaican of the award he also won in 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2013.
Bolt will retire next year, following the 2017 World Athletics Championships in London.
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He added: "When you get to be athlete of the year it means that all the hard work has paid off, so if I can win it for a sixth year means as much as the first one."
Ayana, meanwhile, broke a record set 23 years earlier when she clocked 29 minutes 17.45 seconds in Rio.
The 25-year-old also won 5,000m bronze, and won the Diamond Race.
Canada's Andre de Grasse, the 22-year-old who won 200m silver and 100m bronze in Rio, was named male rising star, while Olympic heptathlon champion Nafissatou Thiam, 22, won the female award.
Harry Marra won the IAAF Coaching Achievement Award after guiding Ashton Eaton to a second Olympic decathlon gold and Brianne Theisen Eaton to heptathlon bronze.


Nicky Brett and Claire Johnston beat Paul Foster and Rebecca Field to win the World Indoor Bowls Championship mixed pairs final at Hopton-on-Sea.

England's Brett, the world number one singles player, and Scottish partner Johnston won the first set 7-6 against another English-Scottish pairing.
Troon's Foster and Field, from Norwich, then took the second set 9-7 to force a best-of-three decider in Norfolk.
But Brett and Johnston settled a two-and-a-half-hour epic with a 2-1 win.
"We matched each other bowl for bowl, and it was great just to be a part of it all," said Brett.
"It was just the biggest buzz, everyone was on top of their game and you had to play under pressure all the time - there was just no leeway."


Nick Dempsey's lead was cut to just one point in the men's Olympic RS:X windsurfing on Tuesday, as Giles Scott got started in the men's Finn class.

Dempsey, 35, won his first race of the day but then finished fourth and 14th to allow defending champion Dorian van Rijsselberghe to close the gap.
However the 2012 silver medallist has won an appeal against the 14th place after being knocked into the water.
Scott, 29, sits 10th after two races, with Slovenia's Vasilij Zbogar first.
Although Dempsey said he was happy to be "leading from the front", his 14th place conceded some of the advantage he had gained from a blistering start that saw him win three of the first four races.
He entered the water following an altercation with Lithuania's Juozas Bernotas at the start of the day's sixth race.
The successful protest means the 14th place will be discounted and Dempsey will be awarded a score taken as the average of his first nine race finishes.
"When the wind does that, everything gets clustered and I thought they were going to call the race off," he said.
"I'm leading at the Olympics so I'm happy about that. It's good to race from the front."
Scott, a four-time world champion, missed out on competing at London 2012 to Sir Ben Ainslie despite winning his first world title in 2011.
He was caught out by changing winds in his opening race to finish 17th but recovered to finish third in the second race and be within striking distance of the leaders.
Nick Thompson finished ninth and 15th in his men's Laser races on Tuesday to move to 12th overall. Julio Alsogaray of Argentina leads.
Bryony Shaw is 10th after six races of the women's RS:X windsurfing, with Flavia Tartaglini of Italy leading the way.
Alison Young has 43 points after a 26th-placed finish in her fourth race in the women's Laser Radial, leaving her 36 points adrift of China's Xu Lijia.


I am not surprised that Tottenham are doing so much better than they were at this stage last season, because I always thought what happened to their players when Leicester went on to win the league would help them go on to the next level this year.

You can see highlights of Manchester City v Tottenham on Match of the Day at 22:30 GMT on Saturday on BBC One and the BBC Sport website.
Spurs face another big test at Manchester City on Saturday but they will be full of confidence after putting in one of their best performances of this campaign when City came to White Hart Lane at the start of October.
Back then, City had a 100% record in the league under Pep Guardiola but I still thought Spurs would beat them, and make a statement of intent. They did.
I also said then that I thought Mauricio Pochettino's side would go the distance in the title race this time, and part of the reason I felt that was because the experience of being in one, and losing it, builds strength of character.
Their younger players like Dele Alli and Harry Kane have developed in other ways too. They have both taken a step up, in fact the whole team has.
Spurs have had some criticism over some of their summer signings, but you do not need to go and buy lots of players when the ones you have already got are dramatically improving year on year.
I still think their squad is stronger now, though, especially in the central midfield which is key.
Last season, when Eric Dier and Mousa Dembele played together there, Spurs looked solid - they only lost one out of 26 league games with them both in the team.
In the games I saw, it was not the same whenever Pochettino switched things round in that department. The tempo dropped and it seemed some of the team's belief disappeared too. They lost five of the 12 league games they played without at least one of them.
So the addition of Victor Wanyama, who joined from Southampton for £11m in the summer, was massive.
Having Wanyama there means Pochettino can play Dier at centre-half without losing anything in the middle of the park.
Far from it, in fact, because Wanyama and Dembele have formed the most powerful central midfield partnership in the Premier League.
The other reason I think Spurs have progressed is their manager. Pochettino has gone up a level too.
Antonio Conte has rightly been given a lot of praise for his results in his first season at Chelsea after switching formation in September to play with three at the back.
But he has used that system throughout the majority of his coaching career, and he knows how it works.
It would have been more of a surprise if Conte had come to England and played with a 4-4-2 or 4-2-3-1 and cracked the Premier League that way.
Nobody expected Pochettino to play with three centre-halves - before the start of this season he had only done it on one occasion since he arrived in English football with Southampton in January 2013.
But he has now used it five times since the start of November, starting with the derby against Arsenal at Emirates Stadium, when Spurs were struggling in the Champions League and missing several key players.
Everyone said it was a good time to play them, but Pochettino switched things round, got an unbelievable point and almost won the game right at the end.
Since then, Pochettino seems to be able to switch between a four and a three whenever he likes and be as successful. That has allowed him to adapt his side as the season goes along, reacting to where they were struggling.
The loss of Jan Vertonghen for a few weeks with an ankle injury is big because of the stability he brings to the team, but I am sure Kevin Wimmer will slot in pretty smoothly if they continue with a three.
Pochettino's sides are always solid at the back but a few weeks ago he felt as if he wasn't getting as much out of his attacking players as he could, and that is not the case now with that formation.
While Tottenham don't have the strongest squad in the Premier League, I can understand why some people think they have got the best team.
When everyone is fit, they do not have a weak link in their strongest XI - everyone fits perfectly together into their style of play.
Spurs clearly have some outstanding individuals too of course. Hugo Lloris is arguably the best goalkeeper in the top flight - I don't think you can split him, Thibaut Courtois or David de Gea.
For me, Danny Rose and Kyle Walker are by far the best full-backs in the league and I said last season that I saw Vertonghen and Toby Alderweireld as the two best centre-halves.
They are definitely the best defensive pairing in the Premier League anyway, but I am still confident Spurs will be able to cope while Vertonghen is injured.
As I have already said the midfield unit is extremely strong, and you could make a great case for Harry Kane being the best striker too.
Kane won the golden boot last season and is on fire at the moment too, but if I were to dissect every single position then there would be players from other clubs that, on paper, are better than what Spurs have got.
Having them instead might weaken Tottenham as a team, though. For example I would have Eden Hazard ahead of Christian Eriksen but without Eriksen you might lose some of the things that make the whole team tick.
Eriksen does not give you everything that Hazard would but he and Dele Alli have just started to get their almost telepathic understanding with Harry Kane going again.
The way those three link up is a good example of why Spurs are doing so well, and all over the pitch they have units or partnerships that have the same sort of understanding.
The biggest contrast between City and Tottenham at the moment is at the back. I think that is because unlike Pochettino, City boss Pep Guardiola does not have the players to play the way he wants to.
Guardiola has also tried playing with three centre-halves but it did not work because he used Raheem Sterling and Leroy Sane as his wing-backs when they do not suit that role.
In the centre of defence, City have not found a partnership that is anything like the one Vertonghen and Alderweireld have either, and it does not help that they constantly chop and change their backline.
Guardiola has been tweaking things in attack too and, again, I am not sure it has helped some of their players.
Kevin de Bruyne was playing brilliantly at the start of the season, creating chances, scoring lots of goals and also winning the ball, but that was when he was playing centrally and he did not have the same impact when he was pushed wide.
I don't get why Guardiola did that. In September he was talking about De Bruyne being second only to Messi in terms of players he has coached. Well, you don't move Messi, do you?
Sergio Aguero has not been his usual deadly self in front of goal recently either, and I think he has been up and down all season.
Aguero has been sent off twice, including the retrospective red card he got against West Ham, and both incidents came through frustration.
You would not want to take that will to win out of his game because it is part of what makes him so brilliant but he does not look like a happy player at the moment.
That might be down to the system, but he is so good that at some point he will find form again and really take it out on the opposition - I just hope it is not Tottenham who take the hit.
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Tottenham are flying at the moment - on a six-game winning run in the league, scoring goals for fun and probably playing better than ever under Pochettino.
They will have seen the way Manchester City have been defending recently and it will fill them with confidence ahead of their trip to Etihad Stadium on Saturday, as will the results of their recent meetings - Spurs have won the last three.
When they met at White Hart Lane in September, I knew Pochettino would look to press high up the pitch, and I looked at the way City were playing and thought it would play into Tottenham's hands. It did.
On form alone, I should probably be even more certain of a Spurs win this time, but the thing that keeps sticking in my mind is Guardiola's pride.
It has taken a massive hit in the last few weeks, especially in last week's 4-0 thumping at Everton which was his heaviest domestic defeat in more than nine years as a manager.
People like Pep are seriously dangerous when that happens, because they are born winners.
Just when you think things are going to get really hard for them, they dig deeper and find something within themselves to make their situation drastically different.
City have got lots of world-class players who can win games on their own. They are not playing particularly well at the moment, but it only takes one of them to perform on Saturday, and Spurs could be in trouble.
Jermaine Jenas was speaking to BBC Sport's Chris Bevan.


The world's oldest-known living cancer dates back 11,000 years, according to UK scientists.

It arose in a single dog and has survived in canines ever since, with the cancer cells passing between animals when they mate.
A team led by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute near Cambridge decoded the DNA of the cancer.
It revealed the "genetic identikit" of an ancient husky-like dog, which first developed the disease.
The animal was of a medium size with a short, straight coat that was coloured grey-brown or black.
"We do not know why this particular individual gave rise to a transmissible cancer," said lead researcher Dr Elizabeth Murchison.
"But it is fascinating to look back in time and reconstruct the identity of this ancient dog, whose genome is still alive today in the cells of the cancer that it spawned."
The cancer studied is extremely rare - one of only two known types of the disease, both in animals, that is sexually transmissible. Known as dog-transmissible cancer, it causes genital tumours.
By decoding the genome of the cancer, and looking at a type of mutation that acts like a "molecular clock", researchers were able to pinpoint its origin to 11,000 years ago.
Remarkably, the cancer has survived, despite accumulating millions of genetic changes.
Rather than dying out with its first host, the cancer spread by "jumping into other dogs", Dr Murchison added.
"It is the oldest and most common cancer lineage that we know of."
The research, published in the journal Science, shows the cancer existed in an isolated population of dogs for much of its history.
Then it spread around the world in the last 500 years, perhaps carried by dogs accompanying explorers on sea voyages.
Apart from this one, the only other known transmissible cancer is facial cancer in Tasmanian devils, spread by biting.
"The genome of the transmissible dog cancer will help us to understand the processes that allow cancers to become transmissible," said Prof Sir Mike Stratton, Director of the Sanger Institute.
Most cancers arise when a single cell in the body gains mutations that cause it to divide out of control.
Cancer cells often spread to different parts of the body in a process known as metastasis, but it is very rare for cancer cells to leave the bodies of their original hosts and spread to other individuals.


Manager Pep Guardiola said £52m signing Benjamin Mendy will be missing for "two or three weeks" after Manchester City beat Real Madrid 4-1 in Los Angeles.

Mendy, who joined from Monaco, was not involved and will miss the start of the season with a muscle problem.
"We don't want to take a risk because he is so explosive," said Guardiola.
A crowd of 93,000 saw City earn their first win of pre-season with goals by Nicolas Otamendi, Raheem Sterling, John Stones and 17-year-old Brahim Diaz.
In Mendy's absence, Danilo made his debut at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the 26-year-old Brazilian starting at left-back against his former club, having signed for £26.5m.
"Today we saw how good he can play," Guardiola said. "He is a competitor. Him and Kyle helped organise our back four. They communicated with each other. We are very pleased about that side."
City have spent in excess of £200m this summer - England international Kyle Walker (£45m), Portugal midfielder Bernardo Silva (£43m) and Brazilian goalkeeper Ederson Moraes (£35m) joining French full-back Mendy (£52m) and Brazilian Danilo in Guardiola's ranks.
But despite that influx of defenders, it was City's attacking play that saw them to an easy victory as Belgian playmaker Kevin de Bruyne set up three goals.
After Otamendi's second-half opener, De Bruyne flicked a deft pass through for Sterling, before picking out Stones for his goal, and then linking with Spanish teenager Diaz, who scored with a superb strike.
"It is not easy to find a player like him anywhere in the world," said Guardiola of De Bruyne. "Hopefully he can be stable in his mood. When his mood is positive, he can do whatever he wants."
Madrid pulled one back with the last effort of the game - a stunning goal from Oscar Rodriguez - but City were dominant.
"If we play with this intensity, we can compete with everyone. That is our dream," added Guardiola, who confirmed playmaker David Silva will be fit for the Premier League opener at Brighton on 12 August.
Manchester United ended their pre-season tour of the United States with defeat by Barcelona - a game that manager Jose Mourinho said "was important to lose".
Neymar, who has been linked heavily with a move to Paris St-Germain, scored the only goal of the International Champions Cup contest in Washington to consign United to their first pre-season defeat.
The French club have reportedly met the Brazilian's 222m euro (£199m) release clause but the 25-year-old played 45 minutes, capitalising on a mistake by Antonio Valencia to score in the 31st minute.
Barcelona would have been out of sight in the first half but for a string of fine saves from United goalkeeper David de Gea.
"I think it would be very bad for us to leave the US without a defeat," said Mourinho. "Playing against teams like Real Madrid, Barcelona, Manchester City - it would be very bad to go home with just victories."
Manchester United now face Norwegian side Valerenga on Sunday before playing Italians Sampdoria in their final pre-season match in Dublin on Wednesday.
They meet Real Madrid in the Uefa Super Cup on 8 August.


England second row Courtney Lawes has been declared fit to face South Africa at Twickenham on Saturday.

Northampton's Lawes, 27, missed training last week because of a knee injury but has recovered to take a full part in the preparations for the match against the Springboks.
His return to fitness means he is in line to start alongside Joe Launchbury, with Bath's Dave Attwood on the bench.
"Courtney is good to go," defence coach Paul Gustard told BBC Sport.
England's 34-man squad gathered at their Bagshot base on Sunday evening, and Gustard reported no fresh injury concerns.
He also welcomed the arrival of Melbourne Storm defence coach Jason Ryles, who has been recruited on a short-term basis.
"It's brilliant for me," Gustard said. "If I don't develop then I am standing still, and if I am standing still then I am going backwards."
Gustard says fresh voices from outside the camp are of benefit to both coaches and players.
World Cup winner Jonny Wilkinson and former Australia players Glen Ella and George Smith are among those to have worked with England since Eddie Jones' arrival as head coach.
"We are trying to give a world-class environment for the players to learn," said Gustard.
"I went over to New Zealand Warriors, went to Wigan and went to Warrington to try and see what they do in their sport that is slightly different to what we do traditionally."
Gustard says Saturday's game will give another indicator as to how England are developing as a team.
"We want to win the World Cup in 2019, and along the way we have to play teams like this and we have to beat them," he said.
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A seven-year-old boy has died in hospital five days after he was hit by a car in Stoke-on-Trent.

The collision took place on Repington Road, near its junction with Bagot Grove, in the Sneyd Green area of the city at about 17:00 BST on 14 April.
The boy, who was from the area, died in Birmingham Children's Hospital on Tuesday.
Staffordshire Police confirmed it was investigating the incident and appealed for any witnesses to come forward.
More on this and other stories from Stoke and Staffordshire


Work to repair flood defences on the Dorset coast damaged in winter storms has been completed.

The Environment Agency (EA) and Weymouth and Portland Borough Council carried out a Â£1m scheme to restore barriers and shift shingle.
The agency said about 150,000 cubic metres of shingle was lost from the beach during the storms.
Local residents said the building up of shingle banks was "unnecessary".
The sea wall and gabions - large mesh parcels of stones  - were repaired as part of the work to protect buildings at Chiswell.
Stuart Morris, a civil engineer who worked with the local authority on planning sea defences in the 1960s, described the shifting of thousands of tonnes of shingle from the waterline to bolster the crest of the beach as a "waste of money".
He welcomed the work to restore the gabions, but said moving the shingle was motivated by "panic and gut reaction".
"It happens after every major storm, as it did 25 years ago, but the sea always restores it eventually.
"At worst it is distorting the natural processes of the beach," he said.
Other residents took to Facebook to cast doubt on how long the new banks of shingle would remain in position.
EA spokesman Paul Gainey insisted the work would "help the natural beach rebuilding process" after the height of the beach was reduced by up to 3m (10ft).
"With the beach and crest in a depleted state, there is an increased risk of waves running up the beach and overtopping beach defences.
"This recovery of shingle using excavators and bulldozers is part of an approved Beach Management Plan and is triggered from time to time when the cross-section of the beach is narrowed."
Councillor Ian Roebuck said: "We must recognise that it is very likely that we will have more frequent occasions of severe weather to test the defences in the future."
The agency also tested its flood warning siren earlier, as part of preparations for any future winter storms.


Police have recovered cannabis plants estimated to be worth about £500,000 in County Armagh.

The discovery was made during a search at a house in Church Street, Portadown, on Wednesday.
Det Ch Insp Stephen Wright said officers had "uncovered a very sophisticated cannabis factory".
Two men have been arrested on suspicion of a range of drugs offences. Plants and cultivation equipment were removed from the house for further testing.
Meanwhile in Limavady, County Londonderry, police uncovered cannabis during a search at Roe Valley Country Park on Wednesday.
Sgt Ian McCluskey said: "The search, in an area known as O'Cahan's Rock, uncovered a large amount of herbal cannabis, thought to be worth somewhere in the region of £40,000."


A chartered flight to return 59 asylum seekers to Afghanistan had to be aborted after a last-minute Court of Appeal order blocked their deportation.

The Home Office flight was cancelled on Tuesday night after lawyers for some of the men successfully argued the country was no longer safe.
The men would be at risk of "serious harm" if forcibly deported, they said.
Toufique Hossain, a lawyer in the case, said Home Office deportation policies for Afghanistan were now "untenable".
The BBC understands some of the men had planned to board the flight voluntarily - but the flight still had to be cancelled because there were too few men willing to return.
In another hearing - held at the upper chamber of the Immigration and Asylum Court - lawyers for the men argued that they could not be "reasonably or safely" reintegrated back into Afghan society.
The security situation in parts of Afghanistan - even in the capital Kabul - had deteriorated to such an extent it would be unlawful to return the men against their will, they said.
Many provinces - including Helmand and Kandahar - had seen "dramatic increases in levels of violence", lawyers added.
The lawyers cited one case where a 22-year-old man who had lived in the UK since he was 14 was due to deported despite his poor mental health and being a known suicide risk.
The Home Office said it was unable to comment on the ruling due to election campaign rules.
The case was adjourned until 8 May.


Two policemen who stopped for cups of tea at a McDonald's before attending an emergency call for a suicidal woman will face a misconduct hearing.

Fahima Begum, 22, was found hanged after a friend called 999 saying she had sent him a suicidal text message.
The call to the ambulance service was referred to police.
An investigation found Met officers Tony Stephenson and Gavin Bateman bought hot drinks then waited 24 minutes before contacting the friend.
The police watchdog said the PCs' delay in attending her home in Poplar, east London, was "significant".
An inquest in November 2015 found Ms Begum was dead before the 999 call was made.
The Independent Police Complaints Commission said it was given the second-highest grading by call-handlers, meaning officers must get to the scene within 60 minutes.
Regulations state however they should attend as soon as possible, the watchdog added.
It referred the matter for a two-day hearing on 27 and 28 February. There were no cases to answer in relation to the call-handlers.
Colin Dewar, who led the IPCC investigation, said: "It will now be a matter for a panel to determine whether or not the response of the officers breached the standards of professional behaviour."


Energy firm IGas has announced plans to shed more than a quarter of its workforce and close an office in Stirling.

The company, which employs about 200 people, said it was taking the step in response to the lower price of oil.
IGas is based in London but runs operations at a number of onshore locations in the UK, including Lybster in Caithness.
The company has not specified how many jobs will go north of the border.
In a statement, IGas said: "In light of the prevailing oil price environment, IGas has undertaken a review of its cost base.
"We have been working with suppliers to make meaningful savings across the business.
"We have also had to make the difficult, but necessary, decision to reduce the size of our workforce and number of consultants employed.
"Overall, there will be headcount reductions of more than 25%, including the closure of the former Dart (Energy) office in Stirling, Scotland.
"The implementation of the cost reduction exercise is already showing significant benefits."
In March, IGas signed a Â£30m gas deal with Ineos in a tie-up designed to expand the energy firm's exploration efforts.
As part of the deal, Ineos bought IGas's stake in the shale licence around the Grangemouth petrochemical plant, giving the Swiss firm full ownership of the site.
The deal also gives Ineos access to sites beyond the ones it currently operates in Scotland.


Marks and Spencer has named six stores which will close as part of chief executive Steve Rowe's plans to improve the business.

The company said 380 staff would be affected but they would be guaranteed redeployment at a nearby store.
M&S will also open 36 new stores over the next six months, creating more than 1,400 jobs.
Mr Rowe explained the six closures by saying that M&S was adapting to its customers' changing shopping habits.
"We are committed to adapting our business so that we stay in tune with our customers," he said.
The stores earmarked for closure are in Portsmouth, Slough, Warrington, and Wokingham, along with Simply Food stores in Monks Cross near York and Worksop.
In November, M&S said that following a "forensic review" of its store estate it was embarking on a five-year programme of store closures and openings.
The plans involve opening 200 new food-only stores, while selling clothing and homeware from 60 fewer stores.
Mr Rowe said on Thursday: "We will open new stores, some will reduce in size, some will move, some will close and others will convert to food-only."
M&S currently has 959 UK stores: 304 sell the full range of clothing, homewares and food; 615 are food only; and 40 are outlet stores which sell stock at a discount.
Like many other retailers, the High Street chain is grappling with changing shopping habits.
Richard Hyman, a leading retail analyst, said there would be many more store closures to come on the UK High Street, as retailers were getting diminishing returns from their conventional shops.
"When you look at the massive expansion of online sales in the past 10-15 years, alongside the same number of physical stores, something has to give," he said.
In September, M&S announced it would cut hundreds of jobs at its head office in London.


A young girl and her parents were found dead after the man suspected of their murders sent a friend a "concerning" text message, an inquest has heard.

Janet Jordon, 48, her daughter Derrin Jordon, six, and partner Phillip Howard, 44, were found at their home in Vicarage Road, Didcot, on 23 May.
The body of Ms Jordon's son, Jed Allen, was discovered in woodland in Oxford on 25 May following a 30-hour manhunt.
Oxfordshire Coroner's Court heard it was likely he died days earlier.
The identities of the four were officially confirmed during the opening of the inquests at County Hall in Oxford.
Coroner Darren Salter described the deaths as "a sad and shocking case".
Det Sgt Ali Driver, of Thames Valley Police, told the hearing the bodies were discovered at Vicarage Road after a friend of Mr Allen called police at 20:22 BST on the Saturday night.
"He had received a concerning text message from Jed and had gone to Jed's house to try and find him," he said.
"Instead of finding Jed, he found the body of Phillip Howard and called the police.
"Phillip Howard was found downstairs. He had suffered multiple stab wounds.
"Janet Jordon and Derrin Jordon were both found upstairs and had also suffered multiple stab wounds."
Two dog walkers found the hanged body of Mr Allen, 21, in woodland close to Marston Ferry Road, Oxford at 16:40 on 25 May.
"It is still under some investigation," Det Sgt Driver added.
"However, it would seem quite likely that it occurred on 23 May as well."
Police are now studying the movements of all the victims before they died and the reasons for their deaths.
The investigation is likely to take another two months.
The inquests were adjourned and are expected to resume in the autumn, at a date yet to be fixed.


Pop star Justin Bieber will bring his Purpose world tour to the BST festival in Hyde Park, it has been announced.

The singer will play to 65,000 fans at the open-air venue on 2 July, 2017. He has also announced a date for Cardiff's Principality Stadium on 30 June.
It comes a day after the star's single, Sorry, was revealed as the most-streamed video of 2016.
According to video site Vevo, the video was seen 1.8 billion times worldwide, and 87 million times in the UK.
Bieber is up for album of the year at the Grammy Awards, where he received seven nominations earlier this week.
The BST festival has gained a reputation for booking some of music's biggest stars for one-off, exclusive performances.
Last summer's festival saw Carole King play her first UK show for more than 25 years and Stevie Wonder recreating his magnum opus, Songs in the Key of Life, in full.
Bieber is not quite as elusive as those stars, having played 18 dates in the UK this year - including two headline sets at the V Festival in Chelmsford and Staffordshire.
He has gained a reputation for petulant stage behaviour - calling Instagram "the devil" and demanding his fans remain quiet in between songs.
"The screaming in these breaks has got to stop. Please and thank you," he said on stage in Manchester.
"I don't think it's necessary when I'm trying to say something and you guys are screaming."
He addressed the outburst on Twitter, in a string of tweets that have since been deleted.
"There's times when I get upset," he said.
"Times when I get angry, there's time's when I'm going to be frustrated. But I'm always going to be myself on stage."
Support for his BST shows comes from pop acts Tove Lo, Anne-Marie and Martin Garrix.
The 2017 BST festival has previously announced headline slots from Green Day, Kings of Leon and Phil Collins.
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Asian stocks fell, dragged down by energy-related shares as oil prices hit their lowest levels since 2009.

The price of West Texas crude dropped 5.8% to $37.65 a barrel, while Brent Crude fell 5.3% to $40.73.
Oil prices have been hit after Opec - the oil producers' cartel - failed to cut production last week.
Japan's Nikkei 225 closed down 1% at 19,492.6, despite figures showing that Japan's economy avoided a technical recession in the third quarter.
Shares in troubled Japanese tech giant Toshiba ended 3% lower following the news that the firm could face a record fine of 7.37bn yen ($60m; Â£39m) for its multi-billion dollar accounting scandal.
Fifty individual Toshiba shareholders are also seeking $2.45m in damages from the firm after its stock plunged following the accounting scandal.
Fresh data from China showed the country's exports fell 3.7% in yuan-denominated terms in November from a year earlier, while imports fell 5.6%.
The latest figures leave the country with an overall trade surplus of 343bn yuan ($53.4bn) and did little for investor sentiment.
The Shanghai Composite index closed down 1.9% at 3,470.07, while Hong Kong's Hang Seng index dropped 1.3% to 21,905.13.
Shares in China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC Group) - a major oil firm in China - finished 3.6% lower.
In Australia, Sydney's S&P/ASX 200 closed down 0.91% at 5,108.60 points, with energy stocks weighing on the index.
Shares in BHP Billiton, which has substantial interests in conventional and unconventional oil and gas, closed down 5% in Sydney trade.
Meanwhile, Sydney-listed shares of oil and gas provider Santos closed down 12.6%.
Analysts warned investors to steer clear of shares related to the oil and gas sector.
"With conditions expected to remain volatile, investors would be wise to avoid the sector altogether and focus on other opportunities instead," said the Motley Fool's Ryan Newman.
On a brighter note, shares of South Korea's Samsung Engineering - part of the huge family-run Samsung conglomerate - jumped by nearly 24% in early trade after the group's heir, Lee Jae-yong, said he would back the construction arm's 1.2 trillion won ($1.02bn) rights issue.
Samsung Engineering posted a record quarterly loss in the three months to September, prompting plans for the rights issue. The firm's shares finished the trading day up 14%.
However, the good news did little to help the benchmark Kospi index, which finished the day down 0.75% at 1,949.04.


An inquest jury has retired to consider whether a Taser fired by police contributed to an unarmed man's death.

Jordon Begley, 23, died in hospital after being Tasered at his home during a row with neighbours on 10 July 2013.
The jury at Manchester Civil Justice Centre will have to decide whether the use of the Taser and him then being restrained were factors in his death.
Up to 11 officers went to Mr Begley's house in Gorton after his mother called 999 to report he he had a knife.
Dorothy Begley, 47, said she feared her son may get into a fight.
The jury was told Mr Begley, who worked in an ice-cream factory, had thrown the knife down and was unarmed when he was shot in his dining room from a distance of 70cm (27in).
PC Terence Donnelly, who pulled the trigger, PC Dave Graham, PC Christopher Mills, PC Peter Fox and PC Andrew Wright - all officers serving with Greater Manchester Police (GMP) - have all given evidence.
Coroner Nigel Meadows told the jury "it has been a long case with a lot of evidence" which had been "different and inconsistent".
Mr Begley, who was a heavy drinker and used cocaine, was hit with the Taser and then, as he resisted arrest, was dealt two distraction strikes as officers struggled to cuff him.
Mrs Begley said she had seen the "fear in his face" moments before being hit, adding that her son's arms were by his side.
The jury heard PC Donnelly opened fire because he was worried Mr Begley might have a concealed knife on him and the suspect took "one step too far" towards him.
The officer told the hearing he pulled the trigger after Mr Begley put his hands into the pockets of his jogging pants.
Despite orders to stand back, he said, Mr Begley walked towards him in a "fighting stance".
Seconds after being Tasered he became unresponsive with abnormal breathing and another officer noticed a "golf ball-sized" bump over his right eye and the imprint of the carpet on his face.
He died two hours later at Manchester Royal Infirmary.
Medical experts said the Taser did not or was "unlikely" to have contributed to or caused the heart attack Mr Begley suffered, but the alcohol he had consumed and the struggle with officers as they cuffed him may have been "contributing factors" to his cardiac arrest.
The circumstances of his death were reported to the Independent Police Complaints Commission which decided it was appropriate to carry out an independent investigation.


A Tea Party Republican has beaten an establishment rival in a closely fought, expensive US Senate run-off election in Texas.

In the final vote, Ted Cruz led Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst 57% to 43%.
The candidates fought for the seat of outgoing Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison.
The Republicans secured a majority in the US House of Representatives in 2010 and are seeking control of the Senate in November's election.
The Texas Senate seat is considered a safe one for Republicans, but correspondents say it is noteworthy that Mr Cruz, who is backed by the Tea Party, has been successful in the primary process.
His victory comes on the heels of victories for other Tea Party-backed candidates competing against veteran Republicans in state primaries in Indiana and Nebraska.
"Tonight is a victory for the grassroots," Mr Cruz said in his acceptance speech. "It is a testament to Republican women, to Tea Party leaders and to grassroots conservatives."
He also thanked former Republican vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin for her support.
Mr Cruz, 41, is a lawyer from Houston and was formerly the state's solicitor general. He has never held elected office, but his campaign was endorsed by conservative figures such as Sarah Palin and South Carolina Senator Jim DeMint.
He faced Mr Dewhurst, 66, a wealthy businessman who presided over the Texas state Senate and has served in the US Air Force and CIA.
His campaign had the support of much of the Republican mainstream, including an endorsement from Texas Governor Rick Perry.
It was reported that Mr Dewhurst spent $19m (Â£12m) of personal funds on the race.
Mr Cruz was born in Cuba and would become the first Hispanic Senator from Texas if - as expected - he defeats the Democratic nominee in November's elections.


A farewell ceremony is taking place in Moscow for the Russian ambassador assassinated as he gave a speech in the Turkish capital, Ankara.

The body of Andrei Karlov, shot by off-duty Turkish policeman Mevlut Mert Altintas, was flown home on Tuesday.
President Vladimir Putin took part in the ceremony at the foreign ministry before a state funeral.
After the shooting, the killer shouted the murder was in revenge for Russian involvement in Aleppo.
There had been fears the shooting could derail relations between the two countries, however both have stressed their alliance, BBC Moscow correspondent Sarah Rainsford reports.
Teams from Russia and Turkey are working together on the murder investigation.
The sombre ceremony began with mourners including Mr Putin, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev and Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov laying flowers beside the late ambassador's open casket in the foreign ministry.
Andrei Karlov's coffin was returned to Russia after a ceremony at Esenboga airport, attended by senior officials and an honour guard of six Turkish soldiers.
In highly unusual scenes for a Muslim country, a Russian Orthodox priest said prayers and swung incense over the coffin, while a Turkish soldier stood holding a picture of the murdered diplomat.
Andrei Karlov's widow Marina wept at the ceremony in Turkey. She was present when Altintas, 22, opened fire on her husband, who took up his posting in Ankara in 2013.
It was not clear if Altintas, an Ankara riot police member who was later shot dead in a gun fight with Turkish officers, had links to any militant group.
Karlov, 62, was a veteran diplomat who had served as Soviet ambassador to North Korea for much of the 1980s.
During his time in Ankara he had to grapple with a major crisis when a Turkish plane shot down a Russian jet close to the Syrian border.
Demanding a Turkish apology, Moscow imposed damaging sanctions - notably a freeze on charter flights by Russian tourists - and the two countries only recently mended ties.


Birdwatchers have rushed to a village to catch a glimpse of a rare Asian bird.

The dusky thrush was seen at the Dukes Barn activity centre in Beeley, Derbyshire, on Monday by resident Rachel Jones whose subsequent social media post was spotted by twitchers.
Experts believe the bird, which breeds in central Siberia, was blown to Britain by "strong easterly winds".
Hundreds more people are expected to flock to the centre on Tuesday.
Updates on this story and more from Derbyshire
Colin Higginson, who is the manager of the centre - which is a charity that helps children with disabilities - said he has "never seen anything like it" and claimed one person had flown from Belgium to see the bird.
Birdwatcher Philip Garnett drove to the centre on Tuesday morning from Bolton to catch a glimpse of the bird.
He said: "I've been to Asia about 20 times and have never seen one. It's so rare."
Nick Brown, wildlife enquiries officer at the Derbyshire Wildlife Trust, said this is the 12th time the dusky thrush has been seen in Britain - though some twitchers claimed it is the 13th time the bird has been seen on these shores.
Mr Brown said: "There were a lot of easterly winds in October that blew a lot of birds that should have flown south, westward.
"Normally migration is in October and finishes in November, so this bird has probably been here for a while.
"The bird breeds in Siberia and they look like a redwing. It is about the size of a blackbird.
"It tends to eat berries. Once the berries dry up it'll probably just disappear after a while. It may try to go south as it has this instinct to go south in the autumn."


A well known gay entertainment venue in London has been given Grade II listed status.

The Royal Vauxhall Tavern in Lambeth has been listed for its architectural interest and its historic and cultural significance as an "enduring symbol of the confidence of the gay community".
The group that campaigned for it said it was a "fantastic milestone".
But the pub's chief executive said the status could signal its "death as an entertainment venue".
First built in 1860, the Royal Vauxhall Tavern (RVT) hosts alternative, transgender and drag performances and saw Paul O'Grady perform as Lily Savage.
The listing is the first of its kind for a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) venue and means its owners must apply for consent before making changes that might affect its special interest.
But the RVT's chief executive, James Lindsay, said he had lost about Â£60,000 of his own money running the venue and the decision to list it was "disappointing" as the RVT in its current form was "not commercially viable".
He said plans to increase the current 380-capacity and modernise the venue would now have to be put on hold.
"I'll do what I can to continue to trade. What is potentially at risk is the whole history of what it was all about - the fringe culture and people coming through and getting their breaks. We have to question whether that will continue," he said.
But the listing has been welcomed elsewhere.
Heritage Minister Tracey Crouch said: "Not only of architectural interest, the venue has a long-standing historic role as a symbol of tolerance and alternative entertainment... I hope that it continues to be filled with laughter and joy."
Amy Lame, chairwoman of the RVT Future group that campaigned for the listing, said: "The listing is a fantastic milestone for our community and a victory against the odds for our beloved pub.
"We look forward to continuing our work to ensure the RVT remains a vibrant space."
Campaign manager Rob Holley added that he hoped the listed status would stop any potential plans to redevelop the site for housing, a growing trend in London.


A 45-year-old man from Pembrokeshire has been been jailed for historical sex offences against a child.

Brian Buckle of Fishguard was convicted of child sex abuse in the 1990s, when his victim was aged between eight and 10-years-old.
Swansea Crown Court sentenced him to a combined 33 years in prison, to be served over a 15 year period.
He was found guilty of 16 counts of non-recent sexual abuse against a child.
Dyfed-Powys Police Det Insp Richard Yelland said the sentence recognised "long-lasting harm" to the victim.
He added: "This is the second case for the force, in recent weeks, where a significant custodial sentence has been passed down to a perpetrator of non-recent sexual offending."


What links William Shakespeare, the fall of the Berlin Wall, coups in Soviet Russia and eight schools in west Wales?

The Shakespeare Schools Festival - an initiative which inspires schoolchildren to perform abridged versions of the playwright's famous work.
From small beginnings, the initiative has grown into the UK's largest youth drama festival.
And as the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's death is marked on 23 April, we take a look back at its inception.
"It all started with the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989," co-founder Chris Grace explained.
As S4C's co-founder and director of animation, he had already made a name for himself kickstarting the Welsh animation industry with SuperTed and Fireman Sam.
But as eastern Europe opened up, he was inspired by innovative Soviet techniques which used models, drawings and oil on glass.
"I knew there was a Soviet tradition of animation which was totally different to Disney and it opened my eyes to new ways of making content accessible," he said.
"I saw that Shakespeare could be a bridge between east and west; between Soviet tradition and western tradition."
Working in Moscow, he helped to create 12 half-hour abridged versions of Shakespeare's plays  - not an easy task when trying to maintain the original dialogue - with each one costing £500,000 to make.
It was a turbulent time, with production surviving two attempted presidential coups - against Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991 and Boris Yeltsin in 1993.
On one occasion, filming had to be stopped as tanks rumbled by outside, shaking the studio.
On another, the studio came under fire from rebels, with bullet holes peppering the walls.
"It was very exciting on one level because it was a new Europe," he said.
"But it was also fearful. You didn't know the price of bread let alone what the cost of production was.
"Despite this, we established a really strong production and international friendship between Wales and Russia."
The 12 films, known as S4C's Shakespeare: The Animated Tales, were created in Welsh and English. Initially launched at the Royal Academy in London and City Hall in Cardiff, they went on to be released in 70 countries and won three Emmy awards.
By the late-1990s, the films had a "huge up-take" in schools, introducing pupils to Shakespeare "for the very first time".
"Everybody wants something new, especially critics, and animation had never been seen in this way before," Mr Grace said.
"Part one was making Shakespeare accessible through a contemporary medium and part two was to take those films being used by schools and make Shakespeare accessible to young people through performance.
"I thought, 'if they're watching them, why can they not perform them?'"
And so, in 2000, the festival was officially launched.
Living in Pembrokeshire, he arranged for eight schools to perform at the Torch Theatre in Milford Haven.
Each performed a half-hour play to sell-out audiences over two nights.
"It's not often we get things first in Pembrokeshire, so being the venue for a national debut felt like a major honour.
"Our director was a bit individual, not to mention notorious in my family for constantly giving me detentions, and she decided to set a Japanese theme around this classic love story from Verona.
"When not on stage, all the cast had to stand rigidly around the edge of the stage and even in an abridged version this was pretty uncomfortable.
"Despite the strains of performing I remember the cast getting along very well. One of the twins playing Juliet had a brief romance with an actor other than Romeo, while I quietly held a candle for Lady Capulet until she moved to a different school years later - parting is such sweet sorrow, as someone once wrote.
"There was a palpable sense of achievement on the final night as the applause rang out.
"Seeing it carry on and spread across the country should be a point of pride for all the pupils involved."
"The theatre had seen a lot of Shakespeare already but this was something completely different; eight schools performing eight Shakespeare plays.
"I thought it was a bold idea but what appealed to me was this idea of schoolchildren learning and really engaging with Shakespeare.
"It was quite difficult because you have to tell a story within half an hour but that's part of its success. It has to be told in a very short and simple way.
"The theatre was filled with mums, dads, aunts, uncles and grandparents. There was a real buzz around the place.
"It proved just how well it could work."
"One play I remember in particular was Romeo and Juliet in which they wore Japanese costumes," Mr Grace recalled.
"They used the technique of kneeling down and drumming the floor with their hands to create the atmosphere of fighting.
"Then, when Juliet committed suicide, the young girl ripped a huge tear in her kimono.
"The quality of each performance was outstanding."
The idea of children performing Shakespeare grew from there - by 2001 it had expanded to London, a year later to the whole of Wales and by 2007 right across the UK.
The festival even spread its roots to South Africa in 2011 and has since expanded to schools in five cities.
Fast forward to 2016 and 30,000 pupils from more than 1,000 primary, secondary and special schools are set to perform in 130 theatres all over the UK, including 15 in Wales.
Its success has won the support of high-profile patrons, including Oscar winner Dame Judi Dench, dramatist Sir Tom Stoppard and author Philip Pullman.
"Children feel clever for having learnt the language and cracked it, while teachers say they are amazed to see children who are shy and mute come alive on stage," Mr Grace said.
"I think it's important because Shakespeare is a part of our legacy and our cultural heritage. His stories are as relevant now as when they were first written.
"The themes, the characterisation, the humour, the drama; it's all as alive now as it was all those years ago."


A prison officer has been jailed after admitting smuggling drugs and psychoactive substances into a jail.

Richard Stack, from Kingstanding, "abused his position" at HMP Birmingham, West Midlands Police said.
The 35-year-old pleaded guilty to possessing cannabis, steroids and a psychoactive substance with intent to supply and conveying mobile phone memory sticks into prison.
He was jailed at Birmingham Crown Court for 21 months.
Stack, of Kingstanding Road, was detained at the prison in Winson Green on 21 June after avoiding a search of all staff returning from their lunch breaks, police had previously said.


Actor Sir Ian McKellen has said uncertainty over next year's Pride event in Cardiff is "alarming".

The city council said there were "challenges" over the date next year, as the field would be used as a Champions League final fan zone.
Sir Ian said he hoped this did not mean a "serious change of attitude from the elected officials and the people they employ to service the city".
The council said it had not cancelled the event, which celebrates equality.
Sir Ian, who is appearing at Cardiff's New Theatre, said he had recently arrived back from India and China where he was visiting LGBT people who had had a difficult time with the authorities.
He said he was saddened to "come back to the United Kingdom and Wales and get a slight whiff of what I won't put any stronger than 'negativity'".
He said Pride "obviously belongs in the capital" and he hoped it would go ahead.
A Cardiff council spokesman said it had supported Pride Cymru since it began in 1999.
"The council is not looking to move Pride from Cooper's Field, but there will be some flexibility with events dates in next year's diary," he added.
"We are currently assessing all alternative possibilities and will continue to work closely with the organisers to support the event."


There may have been five candidates on the Democratic debate stage, but all eyes were on Hillary Clinton and her surprising challenger Bernie Sanders on Tuesday night.

The former secretary of state, a veteran of dozens of Democratic debates in 2008, was clearly the more polished of the two - and she had plenty of set-piece lines at the ready.
"I'm a progressive, but I'm a progressive who likes to get things done," she said early on, in a quote seemed tailor-made to deflect any attacks by a man who has found widespread support among the populist left.
For Mr Sanders, the impassioned rhetoric that plays well during his hour-long speeches to tens of thousands of cheering fans seemed somewhat out of place at times in the debate format. His strongest moment may have come in his opening statement, when he laid out the case against Wall Street and the "billionaire class".
As the debate ground on, a few key defining exchanges stood out for both candidates:
Mr Sanders' righteous opening condemnations of income inequality and stagnant worker wages made his conciliatory position on gun control all the more apparent.
"We can raise our voices, but I come from a rural state, and the views on gun control in rural states are different than in urban states, whether we like it or not," he said.
It's the one area where Mrs Clinton is decisively running to the Vermont senator's left, and she was quick to argue the Vermont senator was "not at all" tough enough on guns and taking on the National Rifle Association.
"This has gone on too long, and it's time the entire country stood up against the NRA," she said to cheers.
Take-away: Mr Sanders stuck up for rural states, but will it fly with the majority of Democratic voters who live in urban areas?
Mrs Clinton's Republican opponents have hammered again and again on her perceived responsibility for the 2012 attack on the US consulate in Benghazi in which four Americans died, so one of the looming questions during the debate was how she would respond.
After a long discourse on the US military involvement in Libya, she answered with one line: "Unless you believe the United States should not send diplomats to any place that is dangerous, which I do not, then when we send them forth, there is always the potential for danger and risk."
Mr Sanders and the other candidates didn't press her, but it was an answer that could - and likely will - be characterised by a Republican opponent as indifference to the loss of American life.
Take-away: As a former secretary of state, foreign policy should be a strength for Mrs Clinton, but her answers reveal a continued vulnerability.
As expected, Mrs Clinton was also asked about the ongoing controversy over her use of a private email server during her time as secretary of state. While she admitted, once again, that she made a mistake, she was quick to pivot to an attack on Republicans and their congressional investigation, which she said was a "partisan vehicle" aimed at taking down her poll ratings.
"I am still standing," she said. "I am happy to be part of this debate."
Mr Sanders then chimed in with the line of the night - not to attack, but to come to Mrs Clinton's defence.
"The American people are sick and tired of hearing about your damn emails," he said, as Mrs Clinton reached over to shake his hand.
Mrs Clinton was flying so high at that point that, when asked whether she wanted to respond to Lincoln Chafee's questioning of her credibility, she offered a curt "no".
Take-away: Mrs Clinton couldn't have scripted it any better than that.
The threat of big business has been the central motivating issue for Mr Sanders' presidential campaign. Could Mrs Clinton steal a march on the Vermont senator and position herself as the candidate to take on corporate titans?
She certainly tried, and spoke about how, as a New York senator in 2007, she confronted Wall Street on their risky business practices and told them to "cut it out".
At that point, Mr Sanders, who describes himself as a democratic socialist, saw his opening and waited, with finger raised, to deliver his sharpest attack.
"In my view, Secretary Clinton, Congress does not regulate Wall Street, Wall Street regulates Congress," he said. "We have got to break off these banks. Going to them and saying, 'please do the right thing' is kind of naive."
Take-away: When it comes to populist economics in today's Democratic Party, Mr Sanders is sitting on the political high ground.
"I never took a position on Keystone until I took a position on Keystone," Mrs Clinton said at one point when defending herself against the charge that she has changed positions on issues based on political expediency.
The clunkiness of the line was typical of Mrs Clinton's difficulty, at times, in dealing with charges that her views are based on politics and not principle.
Again and again, within the give and take of the debate, Mrs Clinton left herself vulnerable to attack. Her opponents were either unwilling (Mr Sanders and Martin O'Malley) or incapable (Jim Webb and Lincoln Chafee) of seizing the advantage.
Take-away: Mrs Clinton is a skilled debater, but she had her flaws. Whether it's rust or ongoing weakness, it's probably not enough to make Vice-President Joe Biden leap into the race.


League Two side Luton Town have signed former AFC Wimbledon goalkeeper James Shea on a one-year deal.

The 26-year-old left the Dons at the end of last season after making more than 100 appearances and helping them win promotion to League One in 2015-16.
He will provide competition for Czech Republic international Marek Stech at Kenilworth Road.
"They are both of real good ages that they can still develop and still get better," said Luton boss Nathan Jones.
"James has the experience of being promoted from this division with Wimbledon and, although Marek initially comes in as our number one, we do feel that we've got two first-choice goalkeepers that can compete."
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