UK surveillance agency GCHQ has been officially censured for not revealing enough about how it shares information with its American counterparts.

The Investigatory Powers Tribunal said GCHQ failed until December 2014 to make clear enough details of how it shared data from mass internet surveillance.
It was the IPT's first ruling against an intelligence agency in its 15-year history.
The Home Office said the government was "committed to transparency".
In December the IPT ruled that the system of UK intelligence collection did not breach the European Convention of Human Rights, following a complaint by campaign groups including Privacy International and Liberty.
But the tribunal has now ruled that the system did "contravene" human rights law - until extra information was made public in December.
In its disclosures in December, GCHQ said UK intelligence services were "permitted" to request information gathered by Prism and Upstream - US surveillance systems which can collect information on "non-US persons".
It said a warrant was usually needed to make such a request, and information would only be sought in "exceptional circumstances" - and this had "not occurred" at the time the statement was made.
Before December, the IPT said: "The regime governing the soliciting, receiving, storing and transmitting by UK authorities of private communications of individuals located in the UK, which have been obtained by US authorities pursuant to Prism and... Upstream, contravened articles 8 or 10 [of the European Convention of Human Rights]."
Article 8 is the right to privacy, article 10 the right to freedom of expression.
The agency is now compliant, the tribunal said.
By Clive Coleman, BBC legal affairs correspondent
Since the revelations from Edward Snowden, the former US National Security Agency analyst and whistle-blower, there has been increased concern about the mass collection of personal communications data.
To be in accordance with the law, rules for intercepting data from private communications between people by way emails, phones, etc, have to be clear, accessible and publicly available.
Up until the hearing before the IPT last year, they weren't.
It was only because the security services disclosed documents about their procedures, which had not previously been publicly available, that interception has become lawful.
Some remain unhappy with the regime for the collection of data, but the public now has access to more information about how the security services go about activities which the tribunal has described as "below the waterline".
James Welch, legal director for Liberty, said: "We now know that, by keeping the public in the dark about their secret dealings with the National Security Agency, GCHQ acted unlawfully and violated our rights.
"That their activities are now deemed lawful is thanks only to the degree of disclosure Liberty and the other claimants were able to force from our secrecy-obsessed government."
He said they disagreed with the ruling that GCHQ was now compliant and would fight it in the European Court of Human Rights.
Eric King, deputy director of Privacy International, said: "We must not allow agencies to continue justifying mass surveillance programs using secret interpretations of secret laws."
He said the ruling was a "vindication" of the actions of Edward Snowden, the former US intelligence analyst who revealed details about UK and US surveillance practices.
Rachel Logan, of Amnesty International - another of the groups which brought the complaint - said the government had been "rumbled" and the IPT ruling was a "historic victory in the age-old battle for the right to privacy and free expression".
"Governments around the world are becoming increasingly greedy and unscrupulous in the way they sweep up and use our personal information," she said.
"This is about showing that the law exists to keep the government spooks in check."
A Home Office spokesman said: "[The government] has made public more detail than ever before about the work of the security and intelligence agencies, including through the publication of statutory codes of practice.
"We have now made public the detail of the safeguards that underpin requests to overseas governments for support on interception."
A Downing Street spokeswoman said the judgment did not require GCHQ to change its operations.
The IPT is a court which investigates complaints of "unlawful use of covert techniques by public authorities" which breach human rights.
Prism is a mass surveillance system launched in 2007 by the US National Security Agency (NSA).
It allows the organisation to "receive" data held by a range of US internet firms, and was designed to overcome earlier "constraints" in counterterrorism data collection, according to a leaked presentation dated April 2013.
That data apparently includes emails, video clips, photos, voice and video calls, social networking details, and logins.
Companies and internet services it mines include Microsoft, Skype, Google, YouTube, Yahoo, and Facebook, the leaked information suggests.
Upstream is the "collection of communications on fibre cables and infrastructure as data flows past",  according to an NSA document.
The implication is that the agency is able to obtain and study communications without having to request the information from internet companies, using its Prism programme.
Surveillance glossary


Police in Greece and the Czech Republic have arrested more than 20 people suspected of forging travel documents for migrants trying to enter Europe.

European police agency Europol said visas and passports were sold for up to Â£2,500 ($3,600) and sent across the EU, Africa, the Middle East and Asia.
Greek police said the criminal networks were also involved in smuggling people across borders.
About 100 people are still wanted in Greece and other countries.
Europol said the network was based in Athens and consisted of two criminal groups, one run by Sudanese people and another by Bangladeshis, and 16 people have been arrested in Greece.
Both groups forged passports, national ID cards, Schengen visas, driving licences, asylum seekers' registration cards and residence permits, police said.
What is a Schengen visa?
Paris to create camp for migrants
Ten suspects were arrested in the Czech Republic, where a separate group would send stolen or lost travel documents to Athens for the Bangladeshi and Sudanese groups to falsify.
A police spokesman in the Czech Republic said seven migrants were also arrested for using forged documents.
The Sudanese-led group helped up to 15 migrants a month enter the EU at a cost of up to nearly Â£4,000 ($5,800, â‚¬5,200) per head, Greek police said.
In other developments in the migrant crisis across Europe on Tuesday:


Somerset have signed experienced former Australia Test opener Chris Rogers for the 2016 County Championship season.

Rogers, 38, who announced his retirement from Test cricket prior to this summer's Ashes series, will be joining his fifth English county.
The Sydney-born left-hander previously played for Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Northants prior to spending four years attached to Middlesex from 2011.
Teenage Kent wicketkeeper Ryan Davies has also signed on a three-year deal.
The England Under-19 international, from Thanet, who joined Kent's Cricket Academy as a 13-year-old, spent this summer on his first professional contract at Canterbury.
Davies, 18, made his first-class debut against Derbyshire in June, going on to play five times, as well as three T20 Blast matches.
"These are great signings," said director of cricket Matt Maynard.
"Chris Rogers is an outstanding batsman with an excellent attitude towards the game. Our young players will learn a lot from him.
"Ryan Davies is a great young talent. I am excited about how we can help him develop in to the cricketer that we all think he can become."
Somerset, who already have an established opening pair in 39-year-old veteran Marcus Trescothick and 21-year-old Tom Abell, have revealed that Rogers will bat at number three.
"As soon as I heard that Somerset were interested I wanted to make it happen," said Rogers. "There have been quite a few Australian players who have done really well down at Taunton."


Hearts winger Billy King has signed a pre-contract deal with Dundee United.

The 22-year-old is currently on loan at Inverness Caledonian Thistle, having spent the second half of last season on loan at Rangers.
King is Dundee United's second signing of the week, with Hibernian's James Keatings having also signed a pre-contract agreement.
"I remain focused on finishing the season strongly with Inverness," King told United's website.
"But I am looking forward to pre-season training and meeting my new team-mates at United and showing United fans what I can do.
"I am delighted to secure my future at a club like Dundee United. The time is right for me to move on from my parent club Hearts and I will leave Tynecastle with some great memories, but I am excited about the future."
King made 95 appearances for Hearts, scoring 14 goals, then 13 for Rangers. This season, he has appeared 32 times for Inverness CT, and scored three goals.
Dundee United lead Greenock Morton 2-1 in the Premiership play-off quarter-final, following the first leg at Cappielow on Tuesday. The sides meet again at Tannadice on Friday and the evenutal winner will face Falkirk in the semi-final.


A killer whale found dead on the Scots island of Tiree has been identified as a member of Britain's only known resident population of the mammals.

The carcass was found on 3 January and later identified by specialists from the Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust as "Lulu", a female member of the pod.
The charity believes there now may be as few as eight individuals remaining in this killer whale group.
Experts hope to examine the carcass to establish the cause of death.
Lulu's identity was confirmed by Dr Andy Foote, an orca specialist, and Dr Conor Ryan of the Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust.
Using photos from the trust's catalogue, they were able to identify Lulu from the distinctive eye and saddle patches which are unique to each whale.
Dr Foote said: "It is very sad to lose a member of this unique group.
"There are lots of potential contributing factors, many of them man-made. It may also be part of a very natural process."
Dr Ryan added: "It is particularly sad to know that another one of these killer whales, unique to the British and Irish Isles, has died.
"There may be as few as eight individuals remaining in this population, which has not produced calves since studies began."
The Scottish Marine Animal Strandings Scheme hopes to conduct an examination of the animal in the next few days.


Samsung Electronics has forecast a 37.4% fall in quarterly operating profit from a year earlier.

In its pre-earnings guidance, the firm forecast an operating profit of 5.2tn Korean won ($4.74bn; Â£3.14bn) for the three months to December.
Analysts had expected an operating profit guidance of about 5tn won.
Shares in the firm, which is the world's largest TV and mobile manufacturer, were up in early morning trade in South Korea on the news.
The firm's final fourth-quarter earnings are expected later this month.
Samsung has been struggling of late against cheaper electronics manufactures, especially in China, which is the world's largest smartphone market.
In particular, its flagship Galaxy smartphone line has been losing market share to cheaper models.
The firm said its quarterly sales would probably come to approximately 52tn won, up from 47tn won in the earlier quarter and in line with most expectations.
Analysts agree competition in the smartphone market, particularly in Asia, has become more intense than ever.
Chinese handset maker Xiaomi, with which Samsung competes on the domestic front in China, said on Monday it had more than doubled its revenue in 2014, just a week after it was named the world's most valuable tech start-up.
"Xiaomi has proven to be very, very successful and is number one in China already," Frost & Sullivan's Andrew Milroy told the BBC.
"More than that, the firm has come from nothing in the last couple of years, so Samsung has to start being more competitive."
Mr Milroy said the South Korean electronics giant  had to focus on innovation in order to get ahead.
"It's not come out with anything spectacularly innovative recently," he said.
"Its new models are basically an improvement of existing products, but they pride themselves on being innovative, so they really have to start focusing on that to stay in the game."


Fifty-five people have been killed in the north-east of Nigeria in co-ordinated attacks by the Boko Haram militant group, the Nigerian army says.

It said 105 prisoners were freed in the pre-dawn raid in Bama, Borno state.
Bama's police station, military barracks and government buildings were burned to the ground, said the military and witnesses.
Correspondents say extremist attacks are common in the region but the scale of bloodshed makes this raid stand out.
This strike - coming on the back of other deadly attacks - undermines the suggestion that the military operation against the militants has diminished the threat they pose, says the BBC's Will Ross in Lagos.
President Goodluck Jonathan has set up a committee to agree the terms of an amnesty for the rebels but Boko Haram's leader, Abubakar Shekau, has so far rejected the idea.
Tuesday's raid in the remote town began when some 200 heavily-armed suspected members of Boko Haram arrived in buses and pick-up trucks at about 05:00 (04:00 GMT), said Musa Sagir, a military spokesman based in Maiduguri, some 70km (44 miles) from Bama.
"Some of the gunmen attacked the military barracks but they were repelled. Ten of them were killed and two were arrested," he told AFP news agency.
"But the gunmen broke into the prison, freeing 105 inmates, and killed all prison warders they could see except those who hid in a store where cooking utensils were kept," he said.
Some of the attackers wore army uniforms for the assault, which continued for almost five hours, he added.
By Will RossBBC Nigeria correspondent
In late 2012 you could have argued that the military operation against the Islamist militants had diminished the threat. But not any more.
Coming on the back of other deadly attacks, this is probably the most significant strike against the state apparatus since the Kano bombings in January 2012. The army says it was the work of Boko Haram. If that is true, by targeting the police, army and a prison with such devastating effect, the group appears to be sending out the defiant message that it cannot be defeated by the state security forces. There are reports that the militants have acquired more powerful weapons.
The suggestion that some politicians are fuelling the conflict or even backing the Islamist extremists is not fading.
The current military offensive is not working.  So what is the way forward? President Goodluck Jonathan appears to have put his faith in God and the unlikely prospect of all the Islamist militants accepting an amnesty. His predecessors have faced daunting security challenges but this one is on a different scale.
Twenty-two police officers, 14 prison wardens, two soldiers and four civilians are said to have died along with 13 members of Boko Haram.
Bama police commander Abubakar Sagir was quoted as saying the civilians comprised a woman and three children.
Police and public buildings - reportedly including a magistrate's court - were razed to the ground.
"The call to prayer was just being said at about 05:00 when the Boko Haram started shooting from all directions and we ran for our lives," a witness, Amina Usman, told Reuters.
"One woman who could not run burned to death," Ms Usman added.
Boko Haram, as it is popularly known, has its roots in this region of Nigeria. It is fighting to overthrow the government and set up an Islamic state.
Late last month the military launched a raid to hunt down militants in Baga, also in Borno state, after Boko Haram militants attacked a military patrol.
Nearly 200 people died in the raid, and thousands of buildings were destroyed, leading to claims by rights groups that the military had used excessive force. The army put the number killed at 37.


Five people have died and another five remain in a critical condition after attending a music festival in Argentina's capital, officials say.

The head of the emergency services said the victims - 21 to 25 years of age - were suspected of acute poisoning at the private event in the Costa Salguero area which had gone out of control.
"We'll see what substances they took," said Alberto Crescenti.
The Time Warp festival was being held in Argentina on Friday and Saturday.
Buenos Aires' emergency service was called after it became clear that private ambulances  attending the event were unable to cope.
"We couldn't stay inside, we couldn't breathe," one of the participants told local TV channel TN.
"It was too hot and there were too many people."
Time Warp, launched in Germany in 1994, was in Buenos Aires for the third year in a row.
Among the DJs performing there were Chris Liebing, Barem and Deep Mariano.
The second night has now been cancelled.


A genetic therapy has improved the vision of patients who would otherwise have gone blind.

A clinical study by British scientists has shown that the improvement is long-lasting and so the therapy is suitable to be offered as a treatment.
The researchers will apply for approval to begin trials to treat more common forms of blindness next year.
The therapy involve injecting working copy of the gene into the back of the eyes to help cells regenerate.
The results of the therapy, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, have been tried out on 14 patients in the UK and 18 in the US, Canada and Germany over the past four and a half years.
A team at Oxford University is treating a rare disorder called choroideremia. The disorder affects young men whose light-detecting cells in the backs of their eyes are dying because they have inherited a faulty gene.
Until now, there has been no treatment and they gradually become blind.
The researchers found that not only does the treatment halt the disease, it revives some of the dying cells and improves the patient's vision, in some cases markedly.
A 24-year-old history teacher Joe Pepper, who works at St John's school in Leatherhead in Surrey, is the latest patient to have been treated.
Joe played for Hayes Cricket Club in Kent as a boy, but was forced to give it up at 16 when his vision deteriorated.
But he could see well enough to continue his love of the game as a coach at his school.
Without the gene therapy, he would have had to give that up too within a few years, as he gradually became blind. The prospect terrified him.
"When I was 18, my vision was in a very bad place," he said. "[My sight] was degenerating at quite a speed."
He told me: "I was scared of what would have happened; I was scared of not being able to see or live the life I had.
"And now to have the belief that that's not going to happen is a weight off your shoulders."
Joe is popular with the pupils. He is jovial and laughs a lot. He teaches sport and history with a passion and enthusiasm that are infectious.
But his positive personality belies the fact that the past few years have been challenging for him as his sight worsened.
"It was really quite upsetting, not only for me, but for my family.
"I was never blind but every year there would be something new to compensate for, so my life was never steady and it was the constant changes that affected me the most, particularly when I was 18. Not being able to do what my peers were doing I found quite hard for a while."
Joe had his operation in October and began to notice an improvement soon after.
"After the operation I was looking into our garden and I could see more but I wasn't sure.
"I didn't tell my mum and dad. I didn't want to let anyone get excited until we had done a simple vision test in a week's time."
The test involved reading a sight chart of letters. Each line on the chart had progressively smaller letters.
He read line after line, going four lines beyond where he had ever read before. The medical staff were astounded.
"Everyone in the room just looked at me and I looked at them," he said reliving the moment.
"Anna, the research nurse, was taking me back out of the waiting room and she just looked at me and said it was 'fantastic' - both of us just had tears in our eyes."
Joe met his father in the waiting area. He was alarmed at the sight of his son in tears.
"He thought that it was [bad news] and he just looked at me and we both sat there in each others' arms just realising that actually it had..." [Joe could not finish his sentence].
It was only when he was giving me his account of the joy and relief he felt with his father that the full emotional impact of the moment hit him for the first time.
After a brief pause he continued: "I cannot explain how terrifying and upsetting it was when I was younger," he continued.
"And now to know that there is so much opportunity, there is so much that I can actually do and do the things that I have actually wanted to and continue to do the things I really enjoy."
There are others with similar stories to Joe's.
Wayne Thompson, a 46-year-old IT worker from Staffordshire was delighted to be able to see stars in the night sky for the first time following his operation. Jonathan Wyatt, a 68-year-old former lawyer, says "it has opened a new chapter of my life for me when I thought that the book was about to close".
As the researchers have gained confidence in their treatment, they have tried it out on progressively younger patients who still have reasonably good vision.
Joe is the youngest and the most successful so far. This suggests that the gene therapy may be most effective on younger patients before the disease becomes irreversible.
The study also indicates that the treatment is long-lasting. The first patient received the therapy four and a half years ago and his treated eye has shown no drop-off in vision. Indeed, there are still slight improvements in his vision in that eye.
This is the first indication that the treatment is viable and could be widely used on patients, according to the eye surgeon leading the trial, Prof Robert MacLaren of Oxford University.
"The concept of gene therapy is that it corrects gene defects. Ideally, we should only have to do that once, because once the DNA is corrected and inserted into the correct cell, that cell should be able to continue its function as normal," he told BBC News.
"We seem to have achieved this concept of one single treatment that does not need to be repeated which is unlike traditional medicines."
Prof MacLaren says that if the next phase of larger trials goes as he anticipates, a gene therapy for choroideremia will be licensed in three years.
He has also begun to develop gene therapy trials to treat more common forms of blindness, such as retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration. These could begin as early as next year.
Treating these disorders will be more challenging. Choroideremia is caused by a defect in a single gene, whereas the more common forms of blindness involve several.
But Prof MacLaren believes that the choroideremia trials have laid the ground for the next phase of studies and, crucially, shown that gene therapy for blindness is safe and works.
"When I started my career as an eye surgeon when we had these patients that had inherited diseases, not only did we tell them nothing could be done but we would actually discharge them from the clinics.
"We are now calling them back in to test them, to look at them in great detail because potential treatments are available. To treat a disease at the genetic level is surely the most efficient way of treating a disease, to prevent it from happening in the first place.
"We would like to develop treatments for more common forms of blindness and this may be available in the next five to 10 years," he told BBC News.
The Research is funded by the Health Innovation Challenge Fund which is a partnership between the Wellcome Trust and the Department of Health.
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World number one Andy Murray has pulled out of his first exhibition match at Hurlingham Club with a sore hip.

The Briton, who was knocked out in the first round at Queen's last week, was due to play France's Lucas Pouille at the Aspall Tennis Classic.
Murray is still expected to play on Friday before he begins the defence of his Wimbledon title on 3 July.
The 30-year-old last played at Hurlingham in 2014 after he lost in the last 16 at Queen's.
Elsewhere, world number two Novak Djokovic managed just nine minutes of play against Canadian Vasek Pospisil at Eastbourne before rain led to play being cancelled for the day.
The Serb, appearing in his first pre-Wimbledon tournament for seven years, was forced to save two break points in his opening service game.
Elsewhere, Britons Katie Swan and Tara Moore were knocked out of Wimbledon qualifying.
BBC tennis correspondent Russell Fuller
This is an "ultra-cautious" decision according to Murray's team, and it's expected he will play his other scheduled match at the Hurlingham Club on Friday.
Murray has been practising at Wimbledon in recent days - with young Canadian Denis Shapovalov amongst others - but the disruption is far from ideal given his first-round exit at Queen's Club last week.
It means Murray will have a maximum of two matches on grass before he begins the defence of his Wimbledon title.
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Wales players will now be the focus of bartering and haggling at school playgrounds (and plenty of workplaces) across the country.

Panini has announced the launch of its Wales sticker collection after Chris Coleman's side qualified for their first major tournament in 57 years.
The album went on sale on Thursday.
Ian Davis, of the Football Association of Wales, said: "The collection is a fantastic reflection of this historic campaign."


A court in India has overturned a ban on women entering the inner sanctum of Mumbai's Haji Ali mosque.

The high court in Mumbai said the ban "violated the constitution" and was discriminatory to women, lawyers said.
The ban was imposed in 2012 when the trust that runs the Sufi shrine said it was a "sin" to allow women to touch the tombs of male saints.
In recent months, India has seen a number of campaigns to allow women into religious shrines that bar their entry.
India women fight to enter temples
Activists - both Hindu and Muslim - have dragged patriarchal managements of shrines to courts all across India.
Friday's order is being seen as a big boost for other campaigns to allow women entry into other places of worship.
The Mumbai court ruling, however, does not mean that women will be able to entre the Haji Ali shrine immediately as the high court has put its order on hold for six weeks to allow the shrine authorities to appeal in the Supreme Court.
Zakia Soman of the rights group Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan (BMMA), which had challenged the ban on women entering the 15th Century shrine in the high court, has praised the "landmark" ruling, describing it as a "huge victory for us" .
"The shrine management is challenging the high court order in the Supreme Court and we are fine with that. It's a democratic country and they have the right to do that. But I'm confident of a win there too," she told the BBC.
"This is nothing but patriarchy in the name of religion. And it's high time their bluff is called," she added.
Mrs Soman said Sufi shrines across the country, and globally, allow women into the sanctum and that until the ban, they were allowed to touch the tomb of the saint at Haji Ali.
Many Islamic mosques, belonging to the Shia and Sunni sects, also allow women, though many keep them in clearly demarcated areas.
But, Mrs Soman says, Sufi Islam is "a humanist Islam which stands for peace, brotherhood, harmony and love" and that shrines of Sufi saints have "much larger appeal" and are visited by people from all religions and genders.
"And any attempt to keep people out has to be challenged and fought," she adds.


Concerns that changes to AS-levels will harm university admissions are unfounded, the schools minister David Laws has argued in a letter to Labour.

Government analysis has shown that GCSEs are slightly better predictors than AS-levels of whether a student will get a good degree, writes Mr Laws.
Labour says it will reverse many of the coalition's planned A-level changes in England if it wins the next election.
From 2015 the government says AS-levels will not count towards full A-levels.
Under the changes new A-level courses to be taught from September that year will depend on linear exams taken after two years in the sixth form.
AS-levels will still exist, but as stand-alone exams.
Many universities base their offers of places to students on the results of AS-levels which are taken in the first year of sixth form study. Students also use the results to decide which subjects to take as full A-levels.
Decoupling the two sets of exams would reduce the importance of AS-levels and the plans have drawn criticism from many teachers and universities, including Cambridge, which argues that they will "jeopardise over a decade's progress towards fairer access".
Earlier this month, Labour's Shadow Schools Minister Kevin Brennan pledged that Labour would not support a "policy that undermines both rigour and equity".
The government has argued that A-levels and AS-levels in their current form do not help students develop a deeper understanding of their subjects.
Now government statisticians have cross referenced GCSE and AS-level results with degree results, looking specifically if top school exam results are accurate predictors of a degree at 2:1 or above.
"The analysis showed that knowing GCSE results alone allows a university to correctly predict whether a student will receive a 2:1 in 69.5% of cases," writes Mr Laws in a letter to Mr Brennan.
He added that AS-levels alone correctly predicted the outcome slightly less frequently in 68.4% of cases.
"Knowing AS-levels as well as GCSEs does not add significantly to an admission officer's ability to predict outcomes. Knowing both increases the prediction accuracy only slightly from 69.5% to 70.1%", concludes Mr Laws.
He argues that GCSE and AS grades both "record essentially the same information about the student: their general academic intelligence and willingness to work hard."
"Once you know a student's exam results in one set of these exams, you learn little by knowing the results in the other set of exams," he argues.
He says that this is why he government has decided to prioritise additional teaching and learning over additional time devoted to exam preparation.
He argues that the government's plans will "help move us away from the current state of affairs in which English students are subjected to constant streams of exams".
A spokesman for the University of Cambridge said the government analysis did not reflect its own research where AS scores were found to be a better predictor of success than GCSEs.
"But this is about more than just the admissions process, loss of AS- impacts on student choice, flexibility and deprives them of the chance to apply to university with confidence.
The spokesman added that some 10% of Cambridge entrants do very well at AS-level despite poor GCSE performance.
"If offers were to be based on GCSE results these students would not present a true picture of their ability, nor of their positive progress in sixth form.  Around 75% of this group come from state schools and colleges."
Mr  Brennan said: "The minister's response to my letter falls short of the mark.
"His plans will undermine widening access to university. They will narrow choices for young people. A linear exam at the end of a two year course is not always the best way to assess learning.
"In pursing these socially regressive plans, he is damaging the learning opportunities for young people."


A Polish windsurfer who won bronze at the London Olympics is to auction her medal to help the seriously ill daughter of her neighbours.

Zofia Noceti-Klepacka, who took part in the Women's RS-X race, says the money will be used to pay for the treatment of five-year-old Zuzanna Bobinska, who has cystic fibrosis.
Before the games, Ms Noceti-Klepacka vowed to win a medal for "Zuzia".
She also promised the girl a bouncy castle and holidays.
"I promise you I'll get this medal for you. And when we have it, we'll sell it and buy a large bouncy castle. With a slide," she wrote on a social networking site in January, according to Polish media.
"We'll spend every autumn in warm countries. So you'll no longer be sick."
"Zuzia is my most faithful fan, and probably the youngest. She is also fighting, but with a disease. Zuzia, I'll blow away these games for you!"
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited condition which affects the functioning of organs including the lungs. The average life expectancy of someone with CF is between thirty and forty years.
Writing on Facebook on Tuesday, Ms Noceti-Klepacka said the auction of her medal would be held "soon", and urged others to donate money for Zuzia in the meantime.
She says that at one point during the race, she had a moment of doubt when she lost points for taking a wrong turn.
"Zuzia called me and said I had to fight on - for honour!" she told Polish broadcaster TVN24.
"But look, Zuzia, I do have a medal and will sell it, and the money will be for you!"


The government has approved an agreement for the Humber region aimed at boosting development and jobs.

Under the  City Deal scheme, certain powers are devolved from central government to local authorities.
The agreement will see £10m of funding provided to develop training courses for the renewable energy sector.
Minister for Cities Greg Clark described the deal as a "great breakthrough for the area".
Other initiatives include bringing business support services together in one place and simplifying and speeding up the planning process for major developments around the Humber Estuary.
Mr Clark said training workers was the key to attracting new businesses to the area.
He said: "What this City Deal is about is the businesses around the Humber, the councils around the Humber planning for the long term.
"What they're saying is that we now are are confident of attracting some pretty important employers to the area."
"But what we need to make sure is that they're going to have the workforce with the skills to be able to employ."
The region is awaiting final decisions on two multimillion pound renewable energy developments on both banks of the Humber Estuary.
Able UK is planning to spend £450m in Immingham building an international centre for renewable energy industries.
In Hull, plans have been approved for a £210m "Green Port" in the city's docks to manufacture and install offshore wind turbines.


Jeremy Corbyn has said he is "ready to reach out" to Labour MPs who oppose his leadership.

Writing in the Sunday Mirror, the Labour leader said he was willing to "work with the whole party to provide the alternative the country needs".
He said MPs opposed to his leadership needed to "respect" the views of the party members who had elected him.
Mr Corbyn also said he would stand again for the party leadership if his opponents triggered a new contest.
His comments come days after dozens of resignations from his front-bench team and a motion of no confidence in him that was passed by 172 to 40 Labour MPs on Thursday.
MPs and senior figures in the party have called for Mr Corbyn to resign, citing concerns about his performance during the UK's EU referendum campaign - which resulted in the UK voting to leave - and his ability to win a general election.
But Mr Corbyn has refused to resign, saying the motion of no confidence has "no constitutional legitimacy".
Despite speculation, no Labour MP has yet confirmed they will stand against him in a leadership contest.
Writing in the Sunday Mirror, Mr Corbyn said: "I am ready to reach out to Labour MPs who didn't accept my election and oppose my leadership - and work with the whole party to provide the alternative the country needs.
"But they also need to respect the democracy of our party and the views of Labour's membership, which has increased by more than 60,000 in the past week alone.
"Our priority must be to mobilise this incredible force to oppose the Tories, and ensure people in Britain have a real political alternative.
"That is my priority and always will be as leader of our party.
"Those who want to challenge my leadership are free to do so in a democratic contest, in which I will be a candidate."
Mr Corbyn also ruled out the possibility of a second EU referendum in the article, saying "we must respect the democratic Âdecision of the British people - and negotiate a new relationship with the EU".
"That has to be one that's based on fair immigration rules, that protects jobs, living standards and workers' rights and ensures we have the freedom to shape our own economy for the future," he added.
On Saturday Angela Eagle, who along with former shadow work and pensions secretary Owen Smith is considering a leadership challenge, renewed calls for Mr Corbyn to resign for the good of the "party and the country".
Former Labour leader Lord Kinnock also backed attempts to remove Mr Corbyn, saying MPs were "fundamentally alarmed" by the party's prospects.
Ms Eagle, who quit last week as shadow business secretary, said: "He's lost the confidence of the parliamentary party.
"He's losing confidence in the party. And let's face it the country's in a crisis and we need strong opposition."
BBC Newsnight understands that shadow cabinet members have been drawing up plans to encourage Mr Corbyn to resign.
However, the programme has learned that a delegation of MPs were unsuccessful in their attempts to meet Mr Corbyn on Thursday and put forward their plan.
Under the proposals, potential leadership contenders would agree to pursue some of Mr Corbyn's key policies on issues including tackling inequality and making the party more democratic.
Mr Corbyn has previously said he will not "betray" party members who elected him last year by standing down, while James Schneider, from grassroots movement Momentum, said he still had "enormous support".
Events were held on Saturday in support of the Labour leader, including in Leeds and Liverpool - where more than 1,000 demonstrators attended.


Webcasting of council meetings could become compulsory under Welsh Government proposals.

A grant of Â£1.25m was provided in 2013 to encourage authorities to install equipment in council chambers to allow them to broadcast meetings online.
But not all councils stream meetings and the latest Welsh Government move has been backed by all parties.
Conwy council said ministers will need to provide funding if the practice is to become mandatory.
Mark Drakeford, cabinet secretary for local government, said in a written answer to a question about the one-off funding in 2013 from Conservative AM Janet Finch-Saunder, "18 out of 22 local authorities are broadcasting their council meetings to some extent".
He has now proposed to make broadcasting of the meetings a "statutory requirement" as part of a package of proposals on local government reform, on which ministers are consulting.
Ms Finch-Saunders said she was concerned not all councils provided streaming, adding: "I welcome proposals to make broadcasting of council meetings a statutory requirement."
Rhondda Cynon Taf ran an initial pilot of broadcasts, but chose to end the practice.
A spokesman for the authority said the council had used Welsh Government grant funding, but did not extend its pilot as the costs "were considered excessive at a time when the council faced significant financial challenges".
"The council does tweet decisions made live from both cabinet and council meetings," he added.
Conwy council has decided to investigate audio broadcasting rather than running video of meetings after its contract with an external provider came to an end. It has aired a limited number of meetings since last September.
A spokeswoman said the council had considered whether it could fund webcasting "given the high costs involved compared to the relatively-low viewing figures" but said it felt the Welsh Government should provide funding if it is to become mandatory.
Figures for live broadcasts can be "minimal" but increases for archived videos, with viewer numbers ranging between 142 and 1,540, according to a paper seen at a council cabinet meeting.
The Welsh Local Government Association warned that longer-term IT and administrative costs for web-casting "will be considerable" and will need to be balanced against "prioritising front-line services".
A spokesman said the WLGA had been "supportive" of the roll-out of webcasting but added the costs of a mandatory requirement "will need to be set out alongside any legislation".
A Welsh Government spokesman said: "Progress has been made with the help of a single grant payment provided to local authorities but we now need to take this a step further."
UKIP's Gareth Bennett said: "Local residents in Wales will be rightly wondering why some councils appear to have closed the door on local democracy".
Sian Gwenllian of Plaid Cymru added the broadcasting of public meetings "would enable more people to be engaged in local politics".


The absence of top players from the Olympics "isn't going to help" golf's case for staying at future Games, the president of the International Golf Federation has said.

Peter Dawson said he was also surprised to hear Rory McIlroy say he "probably won't watch the golf" from Rio on TV.
"Rory is entitled to his opinion but I found it disappointing," he said.
McIlroy is one of a string of players who have pulled out of the Rio Games, citing concerns over the Zika virus.
The world's top four - Jason Day, Jordan Spieth, Dustin Johnson and Northern Ireland's McIlroy - will all be missing after raising fears over the mosquito-borne virus, which has been linked to brain defects in newborn babies.
International Olympic Committee president Thomas Bach has said the withdrawals will be one of the factors taken into account when the roster of sports for the 2020 Games is confirmed next year.
The Rio Games will see golf return to the Olympics after a 112-year absence.
"We have a great competition, the players are going to have a wonderful experience and the withdrawals are restricted to players from only four countries," Dawson said.
"I am very confident golf has a place in the Olympic programme and we will do everything we can to keep it there."
The Olympics take place from 5 to 21 August, with the men's golf tournament running from 11 to 14 August.


Singer and debut novelist Morrissey has won this year's Bad Sex in Fiction award for his debut book, titled List of the Lost.

The judges said they were swayed by an "ecstatic scene" involving two of the lead characters.
The book contains the lines: "Eliza and Ezra rolled together into one giggling snowball of full-figured copulation, shouting and screaming."
Morrissey was unable to attend the ceremony due to touring commitments.
The former Smiths frontman was also unavailable for comment but 400 guests did show up to toast him in his absence at the aptly named In & Out (Naval & Military) Club in London on Tuesday.
List of the Lost, which was panned by critics when it was published earlier this year, follows four Boston relay runners who are cursed by an old man in the woods.
Other lines include: "(They) pulled at each other in a dangerous and clamorous rollercoaster coil."
Morrissey's work triumphed over a varied shortlist, which included George Pelecanos's The Martini Shot, Joshua Cohen's Book of Numbers and Erica Jong's Fear of Dying, which included the line: "You raised the kundalini... like an electric snake in your spine."
Previous winners of the prize, established by The Literary Review in 1993, include Melvyn Bragg, Norman Mailer and AA Gill.
Last year the award was won by Ben Okri for Age of Magic (Head of Zeus).
The award's aim is to draw attention to poorly written passages of sexual description in modern fiction, and to discourage them. It doesn't cover pornographic or erotic literature.


Firefighters are tackling a large fire involving about 1,000 tyres in the Rhondda Valley after a mountain blaze spread to farmland.

Smoke from the fire at Ynyshir stretches over 10 miles and can be seen from as far away as Cardiff Bay.
South Wales Fire and Rescue Service were called out at 13:31 BST. The blaze spread to the tyres at about 1720 BST.
Eighteen fire engines have been fighting deliberate grass fires across the region on Wednesday evening.
Arsonists have been accused of starting more than 350 grass fires in south Wales between 1-13 April, compared with about 250 in the same period last year.
They have cost South Wales Fire and Rescue Service about Â£795,000 and have left crews "stretched", say bosses.
The worst affected areas are Rhondda Cynon Taff with 123 fires and Caerphilly with 54.
In north Wales, there was a spate of deliberate fires near Blaenau Ffestiniog over two nights last week.
"The crews are pushed to breaking point," said Richard Hassett, fire station commander for Treorchy and Tonypandy in Rhondda Cynon Taff.
"This obviously impacts then on us responding to more serious fires. But, as a service, we manage," he said.


A pilot has told a "near miss" inquiry into an incident in Buckinghamshire involving a Robinson R22 helicopter he believed the collision risk was "high".

He was doing training circuits with a student in a Cessna 152 at Wycombe Air Park, on 22 May, at the time.
The UK Airprox Board heard the helicopter pilot was "unfamiliar" with the airfield and air traffic control should have passed on more information.
Investigators concluded the helicopter "was not at the correct height".
Their report found the Cessna was travelling at 1,000ft (304m) when the pilot saw the helicopter "at the same height as his aircraft".
The helicopter ought to have been approaching the Buckinghamshire airfield at 750ft (228m) at the time.
Its pilot had already had to ask air traffic control to repeat the landing instructions four times before he heard them correctly.
The report concluded the aircraft's "close proximity meant safety was much reduced below the norm".
It also found a lack of specific instructions from air traffic control was a contributory factor to the incident.


The United States Treasury has designated a violent gang set up by El Salvador immigrants in the Los Angeles area as a "transnational criminal organisation".

The move allows the authorities to seize assets from the MS-13 gang.
The group makes millions of dollars in profits from drug-trafficking and other criminal activities.
MS-13 has thousands of members across the US, Canada, Mexico and Central America.
The US authorities say the sanction makes it illegal for American citizens and banks to do any business with them.
Much of the money generated by the gang is sent back to El Salvador, where its leadership is based.
"This designation allows us to strike at the heart of MS-13," Immigration and Customs Enforcement Director John Morton told the AP news agency.
MS-13 is "one of the most dangerous and rapidly expanding criminal gangs in the world today," says a US treasury statement.
According to the US treasury, the gang has 30,000 members involved in murder, racketeering, drug- and sex-trafficking from Alaska and Canada in the north all the way down to Central America.
"MS-13's criminal nature can be seen in one of its mottos, 'Mata, roba, viola, controla', or 'kill, steal, rape, control'," the statement says.
In one of the most gruesome murders carried out by the gang on American soil, a pregnant Virginia teenager was stabbed to death in 2003 after she became a police informant.
Thousands of MS-13 members have been arrested in the US this year.
MS-13, or Mara Salvatrucha, was created in the 1980s in Los Angeles by poor mostly illegal immigrants who had escaped from the civil war in El Salvador.
When the conflict ended, with a peace treaty signed in 1992, many of those who were already in jail were expelled and deported to their country - or their parents' country in many cases.
They took LA's gang culture back to Central America.
MS-13's main rivals are the Barrio 18 gang, also founded by Salvadorean immigrants in Los Angeles.
In March they agreed to a cease-fire, mediated by the Catholic Church, which has sharply reduced the number of murders in El Salvador.
Salvadorean gangs are also involved in drug trafficking, rivalling Mexico's powerful drug cartels such as the Zetas and the Sinaloa Cartel.
In common with other Latin American gangs, MS-13 members, known as "maras" or "mareros", cover their bodies with tattoos and use hand signs to identify each other.
Gang members are also in control of most Salvadorean prisons.


A black dormouse has been discovered in the UK for the first time.

The mammal, previously only seen in small numbers in northern Germany, was found in the Blackdown Hills on the border of Devon and Somerset.
Britain has only one native species of dormouse - which has hazel fur. The black colour is thought to be caused by a recessive gene.
The animal was discovered in a nest box used to monitor the species, which is threatened with extinction in the UK.
More on the black dormouse, plus more Devon and Cornwall news
Claire Groom from the Blackdown Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty said: "This is the very first time a black dormouse has been recorded in the UK.
"The black colouration is likely to be due to a recessive gene, so rather than being a new species it is probably an interesting and extremely unusual quirk of nature."
It is believed the black dormouse was born in the UK and a sample of its fur has been taken for DNA analysis.
Five black dormice were seen in Germany in 1972 and, after many years of searching, two more were discovered last month.
They were found in a nest containing a normal golden-coloured mother, with four juveniles, two of them hazel coloured and two of them black with a white throat - identical to the Devon specimen.
Britain's native dormouse has declined by more than a third since the year 2000, wildlife charity the People's Trust for Endangered Species said last month. A report showed that hazel dormice are extinct in 17 English counties.
Ian White from The People's Trust for Endangered Species said: "The National Dormouse Monitoring Programme has been running for more than 25 years, with volunteers collecting data on thousands of dormice.
"Not once has anyone come across a black dormouse."


If Wales get to the Sunday's European Championship final in Paris, I'm going to fly from America to France to watch the game.

My plan is to get on a flight after Seattle Reign's game against Western NY Flash on Saturday.
When your nation does something like what we're doing right now, at some point you want to be a part of it.
I'll be going to the George and Dragon pub after training on Wednesday to watch the semi-final against Portugal - it will be noon here when the game kicks off.
Portugal are in the semi-final for a reason. They didn't just fall into that.
They might not have won a game in 90 minutes, but they haven't lost a game either.
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They're going to be difficult to play against and will pose a threat with individual players, including Cristiano Ronaldo.
It's not going to be an easy game, but I trust that Chris Coleman and the boys know what they are going to do and are going to come through it.
I think they are going to win, I really do.
The team's performances and results have caught the Welsh public's imagination over the last few weeks.
I think people in Wales now realise that football and the national team is something we should proud of and support hugely.
It's taken a while, but to see what's happening now has probably been worth the wait.
Everyone is behind this team.
What the Together Stronger campaign has shown is that as a nation, if we want to get anywhere we have to be together and on the same page.
It does bring you closer together. We have to be there for each other.
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They're doing something incredible, but at the same time they're enjoying it as if were having a game of five-a-side in the park with their mates.
We've got a great team who really want to do well for each other.
The quarter-final win over Belgium emphasised what we're all about as a nation. The character they had, after going a goal down, was incredible.
When you put everything together it has to be one of the best ever performances from a Welsh team.
Before the Belgium game I was training with Seattle and I quickly ran to the locker room as soon as it was over.
The game was on the big screen and I sat unmoved for about two hours.
I ended up being the last one in the changing rooms, sat by myself looking at this blank screen trying to understand what was happening.
It was quite phenomenal.
Jess Fishlock was talking to BBC Wales Sport's Aled Williams.


IAAF council member Frankie Fredericks has been provisionally suspended from athletics pending an investigation into a potential ethics violation, the sport's governing body said on Monday.

The Namibian is being investigated by the Athletics Integrity Unit (AIU) over payments he received from Papa Massata Diack, the son of ex-IAAF president Lamine Diack.
In March, French newspaper Le Monde claimed former sprinter Fredericks received a payment days before voting on the 2016 Olympics host city.
The four-time Olympic silver medallist says the payment was legitimate and related to his role in the promoting of several athletics events.
He told told Le Monde the payment had "nothing whatsoever to do with the Olympic games".
Fredericks stepped down from two key administrative roles in March following the accusations.
He quit as head of the evaluation commission for the 2024 Olympics, and left a taskforce helping Russia return to international competition.
As head of the IOC evaluation commission, Fredericks was to lead an inspection visit to 2024 candidate cities Los Angeles and Paris.
In his written judgement, the chairman of the IAAF Disciplinary Tribunal, Michael J Beloff, said Fredericks' suspension was not a presumption of guilt.


A book dealer who was allegedly stabbed for a rare copy of Wind in the Willows had a temper and once held a washing machine engineer hostage, a court has heard.

Adrian Greenwood, 42, was found dead at his four-storey Oxford house in April.
Ex-girlfriend Evelyn Altemeyer said Mr Greenwood had also been "blacklisted" by a post office for attacking a postman.
Michael Danaher, 50, of Hadrians Court, Peterborough, denies murdering him.
Ms Altemeyer was the stabbed book dealer's partner between 2001 and 2012 and said he was "often in fights" and "could be really aggressive".
In her statement she said: "He was very antagonistic and was blacklisted by the post office after attacking a postman.
"He had a short fuse, was a heavy drinker but was never physically violent [to me].
"He was on anti-depressants in 2011 and held a man hostage who was installing a washing machine because of a problem with its door."
She also described him as a "functioning alcoholic" who could be "vitriolic, snappy and sneering".
A friend called Martha Stewart, who Mr Greenwood went to Christ Church College with in 1991, said he could be "defensive and aggressive, like a cross little boy".
Mr Danaher's estranged wife Elaine Danaher also gave evidence.
They were married for 12 years and split in 2012 - they have two sons, aged 15 and nine, he would see on weekends.
She said he admitted to having a temper when he was younger.
The jury also heard from Michael Gillnagh, who said he had known Mr Danaher since they were children, and who visited him in prison after he was arrested.
He said Mr Danaher told him "it's not as bad as it sounds" and that he "knew the other fella [Mr Greenwood] and had had dealings with him in the past".
Mr Gillnagh said he was told they had been in the house arguing and the "fella came at him with a knife, so he grabbed the knife and started punching him".
Mr Danaher then became "tearful", according to the witness.
Previously the court was told a spreadsheet on the defendant's computer had names of "people of means" who he intended to steal from or kidnap, including Kate Moss and Jeffrey Archer.
The prosecution alleges Mr Greenwood's stabbing centred around a plan to steal a first edition of Wind in the Willows worth Â£50,000, which turned up on eBay for Â£2,000.
The trial continues.


The European Commission says the UK, Ireland and Denmark are not obliged to join any EU quota scheme for housing migrants, despite the migration crisis.

EU law says the UK and Ireland can "opt in" to such a scheme, within three months of it being proposed. But the EU cannot compel them to join in.
Denmark negotiated a blanket "opt-out" from the relevant treaty clause.
The Commission is planning quotas to help distribute migrants EU-wide, amid a surge in Mediterranean migrants.
On Wednesday the Commission will announce a "European Agenda on Migration" - policy guidelines to beef up the EU's laws for handling migrants.
France, Germany, Italy and some other countries back the quota proposal. A majority of EU governments would have to agree for it to become law.
The UK Home Office opposes it, urging the EU instead to focus on combating people traffickers.
EU Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker has said: "I will argue for the introduction of a system of quotas... we will propose a system of relocation throughout the European Union - solidarity must be shared."
The Commission draft envisages "a mandatory and automatically-triggered relocation system to distribute those in clear need of international protection within the EU when a mass influx emerges".
Will EU quota plan for migrants work?
For months Italy has been struggling to cope with thousands of migrants heading for its shores aboard rickety boats from Libya.
EU states can come to the aid of a member state in a migration emergency, under a treaty clause called Article 78(3) TFEU, which says:
"In the event of one or more member states being confronted by an emergency situation characterised by a sudden inflow of nationals of third countries, the Council, on a proposal from the Commission, may adopt provisional measures for the benefit of the member state(s) concerned. It shall act after consulting the European Parliament."
The Commission spokesperson told journalists on Tuesday that "the United Kingdom and Ireland will only be bound if they so choose" and "Denmark will not be bound by the rules and laws adopted under the European Agenda on Migration".
The UK Home Office said it was already supporting the EU's efforts to pick up migrants in the Mediterranean Sea, led by the Frontex border agency.
The UK has deployed a warship - HMS Bulwark - and search and rescue helicopters to the waters between Libya and Italy.


Nottingham Forest's academy manager Gary Brazil believes the EFL Trophy is a good bridge to first-team football for younger players.

The Reds are not involved in the competition as they are a Category Two academy, but Brazil is in favour.
"I think it's a good idea and bridges the gap to first-team football," he told BBC Radio Nottingham.
"The EFL Trophy gives the young players the opportunity to play against league teams and to get a taste of it."
EFL Trophy round-up: Oxford lose longest shoot-out - but qualify
With Forest not being a Category One academy, they were not invited to enter the competition, but Brazil admits they would have been interested in taking part.
"Absolutely. It is frustrating that we couldn't play in it and we'd love to play in it. I am sure in the future we will be looking at the opportunity of becoming a Category One academy.
"We are seeing boys coming through and sold for a considerable amount of money and boys that are coming through into the first team.
"We may be a Category Two academy in name, but with the quality of players and staff we are a Category One academy - and we are performing at that level.


The inventors of digital cameras have won the highest international engineering prize.

This year's £1m Queen Elizabeth Prize recognises the development of the technologies that turn light into digital signals.
The Royal Academy of Engineering judging panel said the inventors' work had "revolutionised" the world.
Although one of the winners told the BBC he was "frustrated" to see people taking selfies with his invention.
The award is inspired by and modelled on the Nobel Prizes for science.
This year it is shared by British-born Dr Michael Tompsett, Prof Nobukazu Teranishi from Japan, and Prof Eric Fossum and George Smith from the US.
Their engineering achievements span three decades and have helped to transform medical treatments, science and entertainment. Without their work Skyping, selfies, computer games and streamed digital films would not be possible.
The imaging technologies have also helped capture stunning views of planets and distant stars and galaxies.
The revolution began with the charge-coupled device (CCD) at Bell Labs in New Jersey.
George Smith and Willard Boyle (now deceased) first had the idea for this sensor in 1969 - but for use as a computer memory circuit. It was their colleague, Dr Tompsett,  who saw its potential for taking pictures.
Up until that point, images were captured on film and people had to wait several days to see them while they were processed in laboratories.
The first ever colour digital photograph was of Dr Tompsett's wife, Margaret, and appeared on the cover of Electronics magazine. It became the face that launched a trillion digital images.
"We had no idea that she would be the first digital cover girl," he joked.
Asked if he was proud that his development gave rise to a technology that is so ubiquitous, Dr Tompsett told BBC News he had some mixed feelings. Yes, he felt some pride, but he "also felt the opposite".
"I feel frustrated by all these people who have cameras, taking pictures of everything in sight - and selfies. You are walking along and a selfie stick suddenly appears."
And he added wryly: "I sometimes think whoever invented this technology should be dealt with."
Prof Teranishi invented the pinned photodiode, or PPD, while at the NEC Corporation in Japan in 1980. A PPD is a more efficient photodiode which produces much crisper images.
"I'm incredibly happy and proud to have won the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering," he said.
"Even though I am now called a professor, I always consider myself a practising engineer first. Given how many technologies and engineering disciplines there are in the world, I feel very fortunate that image sensors have been recognised by the Queen Elizabeth Prize."
The baton was then passed to Prof Fossum, who in the 1990s was working with the US space agency's Jet Propulsion Lab. His aim was to miniaturise digital cameras so the space agency could reduce the payload of its spacecraft. He succeeded and his CMOS device, also known as "camera on a chip" technology, has now become the basis of modern digital cameras.
A study of industry data by Prof Fossum suggests that 100 digital cameras are made every second and a billion photos are uploaded each day.
"I had no idea of the impact it would have," he told BBC News. "I thought it would be useful for many things, but the impact is just amazing an it astonishes me on a daily basis."
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The front pages are dominated by the two big deals that the world is watching.

Not the Â£175m Cristiano Ronaldo and De Gea Manchester United deal, but the "will they or won't they" between the DUP and the Tory party on the one hand; and the DUP and the political parties in Northern Ireland on the other.
So, Arlene Foster has said she's ready to tango but will her party be dancing and, if so, with whom?
The Irish News looks at the situation with a sceptical eye.
It reports that hope of a Stormont deal is fading as Sinn FÃ©in says the DUP is living in a "fools paradise" if it wants to re-establish the institutions "without adherence to equality and rights".
The paper says there were encouraging sounds from northern leader Michelle O'Neill last week, who said a deal between her party and the DUP was "doable".
However the party's chairman has now said that the political process in Northern Ireland remains "overshadowed by financial scandals".
Declan Kearney's comments came after a confidential briefing document laying out plans for devolution was leaked.
It's all about the money in the News Letter, which focuses on the DUP-Tory deal.
It reports that the chancellor, Philip Hammond, has been urged to publish the costs of any deal.
Labour has raised concerns over "reports the DUP want to end airport tax on visitors to Northern Ireland", which generated about Â£90m in 2015/16.
The duty has been abolished in the Republic of Ireland.
Labour's shadow chancellor, John McDonnell, wants to know "any financial measures that have been discussed with the DUP".
Keeping its front page slightly more parochial, the Belfast Telegraph leads with an SDLP in-party "bust-up".
It reports that three councillors have resigned from the party feeling they have been "treated with disrespect".
Former Lord Mayor Pat Convery and councillors Declan Boyle and Kate Mullan were suspended by the SDLP in April after abstaining from a vote condemning the harassment of people outside reproductive healthcare facilities.
The trio have now quit the party, citing leader Colum Eastwood's "lack of leadership".
Calling all those descended from the landed gentry of Donegal (don't all rush at once).  Donegal County Museum plans to hold an exhibition focusing on the big houses of the county.
The exhibition will focus on the time after the famine until partition. The museum already has artefacts but is keen to obtain more.
It is looking for items as a well as pictures of interiors and stories from ancestors of those who lived or worked there.
So if your ancestry is more Downton Abbey than Stig of the dump, get in touch.
Spare a thought for staff in the Irish Passport office. The Belfast Telegraph reports that the rush for Irish citizenship from people in Northern Ireland is not slowing down.
The figure reached 833 Irish passport applications on 23 March.
Some 8,292 passports applications were received during the month. However, considering there are 6.7m people eligible to apple for one, it doesn't look like it will get any better for the passport office any time soon.
Finally, it was a lovely weekend, but in typical Norn Iron fashion, the papers are eager to burst our bubble, reporting that normal service is to return soon because rain is coming.
It was good while it lasted.


Sunderland has announced its intention to run for UK City of Culture in 2021.

A programme of performances and events is marking the launch of the bid, which is being driven by the MAC Trust, a music, art and culture charity.
Organisers hope venues such as the Glass Centre, the Museum and Winter Gardens, and the Empire Theatre will help it bag the title.
The status, awarded by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, provides a substantial boost to the economy.
It was held by Derry-Londonderry, Northern Ireland, in 2013, and Hull is the next one in 2017.


The Northern Ireland Assembly has sold Ormiston House for just over £1.5m, a building it bought for £9m in 2001.

The assembly bought the 19th century property in east Belfast to provide extra office accommodation.
However, it was later deemed unfit for that purpose and was costing an estimated £400 a day to secure and maintain.
The grade B listed building is understood to have been bought by a local businessman.
It was previously owned by the shipbuilder Sir Edward Harland, who lived there until 1887.
It was then acquired by his business partner William Pirrie, who later became the chairman of Harland & Wolff.
Shortly after Lord Pirrie's death in 1924, Harland and Wolff came into sole ownership of the property, selling it in 1928 to Campbell College, which held it until the mid-1970s.
In 2001, the assembly bought it from the Police Authority, the predecessor of the Northern Ireland Policing Board.


Stalking has become a specific criminal offence in England and Wales in a move to improve victims' safety.

The government has introduced two offences, stalking and stalking involving a fear of violence.
Campaigners had long claimed dealing with stalking under existing harassment laws was inadequate. In Scotland stalking was made an offence in 2010.
A parliamentary inquiry earlier this year found  that about 120,000 victims, mostly women, were stalked every year.
However only 53,000 incidents are recorded as crimes by police - and only one in 50 of these reports leads to an offender being jailed.
The inquiry called for a new offence to be introduced at once, saying harassment and intimidation could often turn into murder.
After meeting victims and campaigners at Downing Street earlier this year, the prime minister described stalking as "an abhorrent crime" which "makes life a living hell for the victims".
The new law of stalking carries a maximum six-month sentence and stalking involving a fear of violence or serious distress carries a maximum five years in prison.
BBC legal correspondent Clive Coleman said the government hoped that adding specific offences of stalking would provide greater clarity around the offence for the police and others looking to improve the safety of victims and bring perpetrators to justice.
The calls for reform came after a series of cases involving stalkers who went on to kill, including Clifford Mills, 49, who stalked his ex-girlfriend Lorna Smith on Facebook before stabbing her to death at his flat in Brixton, south London, in February last year.
He was jailed in February  for life, with a minimum term of 21 years, after being found guilty of murder.


A 61-year-old company director has appeared at Londonderry Magistrates Court charged in connection with the murder of Paul McCauley.

Charles Buckingham from Nash Court Gardens in Margate, Kent, is charged with three offences of withholding information.
Mr McCauley, from Londonderry, was attacked and left in a vegetative state while at a friends barbeque in 2006.
He died nine years later in a care facility in June 2015.
At the time, Police believed up to 15 people were involved in the attack.
Mr Buckingham is accused of withholding information about Mr McCauley's murder, withholding information about an attempted murder and withholding information about a police investigation into an incident of causing grievous bodily harm (GBH) with intent.
The defendant, who made no reply to the three charges, is alleged to have committed the three offences on 16 December 2015.
The district judge ordered Charles Buckingham to have no contact with anyone involved in the case.
Last year, Piper John McClements, previously known as Daryl Proctor, was charged with Paul McCauley's murder.
In April, 28-year-old Matthew Brian Gillen from Kennedy Place in the Fountain area of the city was charged with murder.
Mr Gillen is also charged with GBH and attempted GBH.
A defence barrister for Mr Buckingham said there was a slight issue to the connection of the charges which would require a further hearing.
Mc Buckingham was released on bail until 8 June.


Atletico Madrid goalkeeper David de Gea has said he would not feel the pressure of a high transfer fee if he were to join Manchester United.

De Gea, 20, will reportedly cost £18m and become the second most expensive keeper behind Gianluigi Buffon, who cost Juventus £32.6m in 2001.
"That does not interest me. The value that really counts is what you do on the pitch," De Gea said.
"I feel very motivated that Manchester United are thinking about me."
De Gea, who is on duty with the Spain Under-21 side at the 2011 European Championship in Denmark, made 45 appearances for Atletico Madrid this season and kept an impressive 24 clean sheets in the process.
He is widely thought to be the goalkeeper that United boss Sir Alex Ferguson has pinpointed to replace the recently retired Edwin van der Sar.
"I like the fact that they are considering me as a replacement for a goalkeeper of Edwin van der Sar's calibre," De Gea added.
"I will need to keep on striving and working hard, as I am still in the outset of my career, and I still have much to do at this level.
"I hope I will still be playing when I am his age. It is hard to look so far ahead but it is something I want to do."
De Gea came through Atletico Madrid's youth system and made his first team debut at the age of 18 in a Champions League match against Porto in 2009.
He also won the Europa League in his first season as he helped Atletico to a 2-1 win over Fulham in the 2010 final in Hamburg.
With his current deal set to expire in 2013, Atletico have previously stated their desire to convince De Gea to sign a new contract.
Should their attempts prove unsuccessful, a buy-out clause reportedly in the region of 25m euros (£22m) is in place.


Once again the name of the Chechen leader - Ramzan Kadyrov - has cropped up in connection with a high-profile murder in Russia.

The authoritarian head of Chechnya has spoken out about the assassination of opposition leader Boris Nemtsov, defending one of the Chechens now charged over the shooting.
Zaur Dadayev was a Russian Interior Ministry officer who served with distinction, Mr Kadyrov wrote on Instagram.
He was "sincerely devoted to Russia, ready to give his life for the motherland," Mr Kadyrov said, vowing to find out why Mr Dadayev had been dismissed from the ministry forces.
The suspect was also a devout Muslim who had been angered by the Charlie Hebdo cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad, he said.
Mr Nemtsov was among the many liberals who defended Charlie Hebdo's cartoons, following an attack on the magazine's offices by Islamist gunmen in Paris in January which left 12 people dead.
A day after Mr Kadyrov's praise for Zaur Dadayev, the Chechen leader was given a top award by Russian President Vladimir Putin.
Mr Kadyrov got the Order of Honour on Monday for "work achievements, strenuous social activities and long conscientious service".
The award could help to quash any rumours of a split between Mr Putin and Mr Kadyrov after the brazen murder of Mr Nemtsov, says the BBC's Murad Batal Shishani, a Chechen political analyst.
Mr Nemtsov was killed on 27 February near the Kremlin walls. In the swirl of conspiracy theories some speculate that it was a bold attempt to show Mr Putin that he can no longer control Russian ultra-nationalists who hate his liberal opponents.
Mr Kadyrov has voiced strong support for the pro-Putin rebels in eastern Ukraine and for Russia's annexation of Crimea. He is on the EU sanctions list.
His alliance with Mr Putin goes back a long way.
In 2007, Mr Putin appointed him Chechen president. His father, Akhmad, had been assassinated in a bomb blast.
Ramzan Kadyrov already had a powerful, much-feared private militia called the "Kadyrovtsy". Human rights groups accuse them of torture, kidnappings and assassinations in Chechnya, a mainly Muslim republic in the North Caucasus left devastated by war in the 1990s.
So why did Mr Kadyrov become a protege of the Kremlin?
His ruthless methods against armed Islamists were useful for Russia as it tried to pacify the whole North Caucasus region, Shishani argues.
Islamist militancy became more acute in republics near Chechnya just as Mr Putin was trying to consolidate his presidency in Moscow.
Anna Munster, an expert on the troubled region, says the "Caucasus Emirate" declared by North Caucasus militants "tops the threat list for the Russian government".
It has spread its influence beyond the region to Tatarstan and other parts of Russia, and carried out bombings in Moscow in 2010 and 2011, she wrote in a research paper.
Ramzan Kadyrov also continued his father's successful work in co-opting Chechnya's main Sufi Muslim brotherhood, the Qadiriya.
"The brotherhood had always been hostile to Russia, but for the first time in history it had been turned into an ally against Islamists," according to Shishani.
Mr Kadyrov developed a direct relationship with the Kremlin, bypassing Russia's bureaucratic state institutions - another convenient arrangement for both sides.
It paid off for Mr Kadyrov, as Russia funded the reconstruction of infrastructure in Chechnya, including new roads and a giant mosque in the republic's capital, Grozny.
Such projects are good public relations for Mr Kadyrov, but do little to create much-needed local jobs, Shishani says.
Cerwyn Moore, a North Caucasus expert at the UK's Birmingham University, says Mr Kadyrov's links to the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) go back at least to 2000, when Mr Putin became president.
Critics have linked Ramzan Kadyrov to several assassinations - but he strenuously denies involvement.
A top investigative journalist who condemned his methods - Anna Politkovskaya - was shot dead outside her Moscow apartment in 2006. Two men were jailed for life, though investigators failed to determine who had ordered the killing.
In 2009, Russian human rights campaigner Natalia Estemirova was shot dead in the North Caucasus - another prominent critic of Mr Kadyrov's harsh crackdown.
In Chechnya, Mr Kadyrov "has become a sort of cult leader - like some other post-Soviet leaders in Central Asia", Mr Moore told the BBC.
"The outcome is you get ex-servicemen affiliated to him who do things that benefit him, much of which is very murky."
There have also been killings abroad of former Kadyrov associates who fell foul of him, such as former bodyguard Umar Israilov in Vienna and Sulim Yamadayev in Dubai.
Such assassinations are nothing new in Chechen politics.
Russia's war against Chechen separatists killed thousands of civilians and soldiers, and rebel leaders were removed in targeted killings, including Dzhokhar Dudayev, Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev and Shamil Basayev.


The number of people being declared insolvent was at is lowest level for a decade in 2015, but debt problems started to pick-up late in the year.

A total of 79,965 people were left with unmanageable debts last year, down 19% on 2014, official figures from the Insolvency Service show.
This was the fifth successive decrease in the annual total.
Despite the annual fall, the figures show a rise in personal insolvencies in the final three months of the year.
The total grew to 20,404, a 3.6% increase on the previous quarter, and the second quarter-on-quarter rise in a row. However, this was 10.5% lower than the same quarter in 2014.
Bankruptcy: The traditional way of escaping overwhelming debt. Ends after one year, but you are likely to lose all your assets, including your house, to pay something to the creditors
Individual Voluntary Arrangement (IVA): A deal between you and your creditors, overseen by an insolvency practitioner. Less stigma, less chance of losing your home, but involves paying some of your debts in one go.
Debt Relief Orders: Introduced in April 2009, these allow people with debts of less than Â£15,000 (Â£20,000 since October 2015) and minimal assets to write off debts without a full-blown bankruptcy
An estimated total of 14,629 companies entered into insolvency in 2015, which was 10% lower than the total in 2014 and the lowest annual total since 1989.
The number of companies that faced a compulsory winding up order in 2015 was at its lowest level for 34 years.
Analysts say companies are dealing with debt earlier and banks are seeing little value in shutting them down for unpaid debts.
Andrew Tate, vice-president of insolvency professionals trade body R3, said: "There has been a general trend of companies looking to turn things around before reaching a position where they need to enter a formal insolvency process.
"Creditor forbearance is playing a part too: banks, in particular, are much more willing to work with companies in financial trouble than they were in the early 90s.
"Compulsory liquidation is often seen as less dynamic process, which is less likely to lead to a rescue of the business than other insolvency procedures.  It is generally used by creditors as a last resort when a company doesn't pay.
"Finally, the 'zombie business' phenomenon could play a role. 'Zombie businesses' are those that can service the interest on their debts but not the debt itself; they can keep going but have little short-term prospect of turning things around. Numbers of companies in this position have fallen recently, but they have acted as a drag on insolvency numbers since the recession."
Ian Gould, business restructuring partner at BDO, said: "We see creditors increasingly viewing compulsory liquidation as a risky tool for recovery, given the additional costs it incurs and the fact that the process typically ends with a liquidation which, historically, offers little returns for creditors."


Ireland captain Rory Best says his side's second-half errors proved decisive in Saturday's second Test defeat by South Africa in Johannesburg.

The Springboks mounted a dramatic second-half comeback to win 32-26 at Ellis Park and level the series at 1-1.
"We put ourselves in a great position to win the game and the series, but we'll look back on a lot of mistakes in the second half," said Best.
"We gave South Africa momentum and they showed the quality side they are."
Ireland's bid to become the first of the four home nations to win a series in South Africa looked to be on course as a Devin Toner try and 14 points from the boot of fly-half Paddy Jackson helped the tourists to a 19-3 half-time lead.
Four tries from the hosts in the second half, to one from Jamie Heaslip for the Irish, ensured that the series would be decided in Port Elizabeth next Saturday.
"We were very physical for the first 50 or 60 minutes and did everything we had talked about doing," continued the Ireland hooker.
"Even when we were conceding tries, we went up and scored again and that showed a lot of mental resolve from our boys.
"We are disappointed with the result but will take a few positives. It's 1-1 in the series and we'll back ourselves to go to Port Elizabeth and try to get the win. It will be another really tough Test match."
Triumphant South Africa skipper Adriaan Strauss said he was "proud of every single player in that team" after his side recorded just their third victory in their past eight encounters against Ireland.
The win was the first under new Springbok coach Allister Coetzee and maintained his nation's hopes of safeguarding an enviable record of not having lost a Test series at home in the past 19 years.
"The boys really stood up and were counted and showed their character," said Strauss.
"There were a lot of opportunities we didn't take and we need to have a more ruthless mindset to get points on the board.
"We still have a lot to work on and we need to take a hard look at ourselves and come back stronger next weekend."


Rangers have agreed loans totalling £1.5m from shareholders Douglas Park, George Letham and George Taylor.

The Glasgow club decided against utilising a second £5m loan agreed with fellow shareholder Mike Ashley's Sports Direct retail company.
The Newcastle United owner loaned an initial £5m to the club in January.
Rangers say the new loans will be used as working capital and run until 31 December to give them "time to deliver a longer-term funding solution".
Scottish businessmen Park, Letham and Taylor, known collectively as the Three Bears, had a £5m investment plan rejected by the Scottish Championship club in December.
Rangers, who at the time had Ashley's former business colleague, Derek Llambias, as chief executive, instead agreed a deal with the Englishman to keep the club from going out of business in an arrangement that gave them the facility to draw a further £5m.
But South Africa-based businessman Dave King this month won a vote among shareholders at an extraordinary meeting he called to replace the Glasgow club's board.
And his successful group have since appointed Park to the board.
Paul Murray is filling in as interim chairman while King waits to see if his appointment meets with approval from the Scottish football authorities.
"We can and we will rebuild the club and this £1.5m investment is stage one of the process," said Murray, who also revealed King would be "invited to invest" once the Scottish FA complete their review of his status.
Murray was also critical of the previous regime, with a club statement making reference to "years of gross mismanagement".
"Many of the people who have occupied the Ibrox boardroom during that period should be ashamed of themselves for the parts they played in dragging this great institution towards near financial ruin," he said.
"It is actually difficult to look closely at the club's finances and understand the rationale behind some of the decisions taken."


A 28-day limit on police bail has come into force in England and Wales.

The move follows criticism of the use of police bail during Operation Yewtree - into historical sexual abuse - and other high-profile investigations.
The then Home Secretary Theresa May ordered a review of its use in 2014.
But professional body the College of Policing has criticised the change - saying it could lead to suspects being under investigation by one force without others knowing.
Police use pre-charge bail when they have questioned a suspect, but need time to continue their investigations before determining whether to charge them.
A suspect is released from custody, sometimes with conditions attached, and told to report back to a police station at a later date.
Previously, there was no legal limit on how long someone could be bailed for.
The 28-day limit is one of several measures taking effect on Monday through the Policing and Crime Act 2017.
The limit is designed to reduce the amount of time people spend on police bail and strengthen safeguards for suspects.
In a number of high-profile cases suspects were kept waiting for long periods of time before being told whether they would be charged.
In 2015, broadcaster Paul Gambaccini - who was once held on police bail for a year - backed the 28-day limit.
In 2013, Mr Gambaccini was arrested on suspicion of historical sexual abuse but the case against him was dropped.
The Home Office said the change "brings an end to the injustice of people being left to languish on very lengthy periods of pre-charge bail".
Home Secretary Amber Rudd said: "Pre-charge bail is a useful and necessary tool but in many cases it is being imposed on people for many months, or even years, without any judicial oversight - and that cannot be right.
"These important reforms will mean fewer people are placed on bail and for shorter periods.
"They will bring about much-needed safeguards - public accountability and independent scrutiny - while ensuring the police can continue to do their vital work."
Police bail can still be extended for up to three months more in complex cases with the authorisation of a senior police officer, or even further by applying to a magistrate.
David Tucker, crime lead at the College of Policing, said: "The new legislation is a significant change for policing and has sought to strike a balance between the need for police to manage investigations and not leaving a person suspected of a crime on bail for an unacceptably long period.
"We recognise this is a major change for policing and we are supporting our members by providing high-quality training materials to help them continue to manage investigations to bring criminals to justice and protect the public."


Actor Robert Vaughn, best known as the secret agent Napoleon Solo in The Man from UNCLE, has died aged 83.

Vaughn was also famous for his role as Lee in the Magnificent Seven, and television roles in Hustle and Coronation Street.
The actor died after a battle with acute leukaemia, his manager, Matthew Sullivan, told the BBC.
Vaughn died in New York on Friday morning surrounded by his family, he said.
David McCallum, from the hit TV show NCIS, who as Illya Kuryakin starred alongside Vaughn in The Man From UNCLE, told TVLine.com he was "utterly devastated" by the news.
"Robert and I worked together for many years and losing him is like losing a part of me. My deepest sympathies go out to Linda and the Vaughn family," he said.
Vaughn, who was "a few months shy of 84" had been seeking treatment for his leukaemia, Mr Sullivan said.
"He was a great human being. I enjoyed every day of working with him," he said.
Vaughn had only recently finished two projects - an appearance on Law and Order: SVU, and a starring role in the upcoming film Gold Star, about a young woman caring for her dying father.
Famous films Vaughn worked on included Bullitt and Towering Inferno, both with Steve McQueen, and he took the role of the villain in Superman III.
He was also well-known in Britain for his 1970s appearance as Harry Rule in the ITV series, The Protectors.
The plot featured three wealthy individuals getting together each week, usually in exotic locations, to solve crimes and protect the innocent.
Though extremely popular, it was later described by Vaughn in his autobiography as "tasteless junk".
Decades later, he would have another hit UK series with Hustle, a BBC series in which he played elderly con man Albert Stroller, responsible for setting up potential targets for a younger generation of grifters.
He is survived by his wife Linda and two children, Cassidy and Caitlin Vaughn.
On social media, fans paid tribute to his work.
"Robert Vaughn, such a fine actor, one of the best Columbo villains (no higher praise than that) and an utterly charming man," tweeted Stephen Fry.
Actor Jon Donahue said: "As an 80s kid, I grew up with Superman III... Robert Vaughn was a badass!" referencing Vaughn's role as Superman's nemesis.
Gavin Free, creator of the YouTube series The Slow Mo Guys paid tribute to Vaughn's work ethic. "I got to work with him on Hustle five years ago. He did his own slow mo stunts that day while in his late 70s," he wrote.
Fellow fictional secret agent, Sir Roger Moore, whose incarnation of James Bond came several years after The Man From UNCLE, said he was sorry to hear the news.
The video in this story has been removed because of rights issues.


Nearly one million people aged over 75 live in poverty and need more help from the government, a report suggests.

The charity Independent Age says ministers should do more to make older pensioners aware they can top up their pensions with other benefits.
It also suggests the income of those aged over 75 is, on average, Â£3,000 a year less than younger pensioners.
Pensions minister Baroness Ros Altmann said the government had run campaigns to encourage pension credit claims.
Independent Age's chief executive Janet Morrison said the UK's 11.8m pensioners could not be considered as "one group".
She added: "It would be foolish to assume that inequality simply ceases to exist at retirement age, but that is exactly what some of the recent rhetoric around 'intergenerational unfairness' does.
"The 'silent generation' of older pensioners, renters and single women have missed out on many of the gains of recent years."
These, the charity says, include pension credit, a benefit that tops up low income.
An estimated 750,000 over-75s are entitled to pension credit but are failing to claim.
There are 11.8 million pensioners living in private households in the UK, of whom 4.8 million are aged 75 and over, it adds.
According to the charity's report, an estimated 950,000 pensioners in this older age bracket live in poverty. The current poverty threshold for a single pensioner is an income of Â£182 a week.
The report is based on analysis of the Family Resource Survey for the financial year 2013-14, published by the government and National Statistics.
It includes private households, but not those living in non-residential settings such as care or nursing homes.
Baroness Altmann said the government wanted pensioners to have the money they are entitled to.
"I am concerned if older people feel uncomfortable about claiming and we have tried to make the process easier. We're committed to protecting people's incomes in later life," she said.
She also said the government had increased the value of the state pension and pension credit "significantly in recent years" along with offering such benefits as free insulation for homes and protecting winter fuel and cold weather payments for pensioners.
BBC social affairs correspondent, Michael Buchanan, says welfare cuts since 2010 have targeted people of working age while protecting the income of older people.
For example, the state pension has been subjected to a triple lock since 2010, ensuring it rises each year by the higher of inflation, average earnings or a minimum of 2.5%.
Independent Age is also calling for pension credit - which unlike the state pension, increases only in line with average earnings - to be subject to its own triple lock.


Two men who supplied over 100 tonnes of turkey mince they claimed was halal lamb have been found guilty of conspiracy to commit fraud.

Mahmudur Rohman, 46, of Rothbart Way, Peterborough and Kamal Rahman, 54, of Derby Drive, Peterborough sold the meat to butchers and restaurants.
The 21-month deception was uncovered by Leicester council's trading standards.
Rohman and Rahman were convicted at Leicester Crown Court. They will be sentenced on 11 April.
The investigation began after the Leicestershire Food Safety team started a programme of testing in 2013, in the wake of the horsemeat scandal.
This revealed meat being supplied to businesses as lamb was in fact turkey.
Leicester City Council's trading standards traced the "lamb" to Peterborough-based Dutch Bangla Ltd, whose director was Mahmudar Rohman.
The meat was being sold to butchers, wholesalers and restaurants in and around Leicestershire and as far as Middlesbrough and Portsmouth.
Trading standards officers also seized a forged certificate which said the meat had been certified as halal - meaning it had been slaughtered according to Islamic ritual and was suitable for consumption by Muslims.
They estimated Dutch Bangla Ltd made a profit of between Â£300,000 and Â£400,000 between January 2013 and October 2014.
Rohman was also found guilty of three counts of selling food not of the nature, quality and substance demanded, three counts of giving or displaying food exposed for sale but labelled wrongly, and making a false instrument and possessing an article used in fraud.
Rahman was also found guilty of perverting the course of justice.
Mohammed Anwarul Hoque, 56, and Mohammed Zunaid Hoque, 35, both of Uplands Road in Leicester, were cleared of fraud.