Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr has announced a review into his ministry's handling of the case of an Australian man who reportedly hanged himself in an Israeli jail in 2010.

On Tuesday, Australia's ABC News said the man, known as Prisoner X, was an Australian national called Ben Zygier.
The report said there was evidence to suggest Mr Zygier worked for Israel's Mossad intelligence agency.
The Israeli authorities have not officially commented on the ABC report.
Speculation about the identity of the prisoner, whose existence was not officially acknowledged, had been rife since the story broke more than two years ago.
Mr Carr told ABC's Foreign Correspondent programme that he was troubled by the investigation's findings.
He said Australian diplomats in Israel had only found out about the detention of Mr Zygier - who was also known as Ben Alon and Ben Allen - after his death. He said Mr Zygier's family had not made a complaint, in the absence of which there was little the government could do.
However, the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFAT) admitted on Wednesday that some officials had known earlier than previously thought.
"DFAT has now advised that some officers of the department were made aware of Mr Allen's detention at the time in 2010 by another Australian agency," a spokeswoman said in a statement.
"Minister Carr has asked department secretary, Mr Peter Varghese, to review the handling of this consular case."
By Yolande KnellBBC News, Jerusalem
Two years ago the Israeli news website YNet reported only that an Israeli citizen was being held in Ayalon Prison, and later that he had committed suicide.
But if you asked any Israeli journalists - even informally and off-the-record - what they knew of the case of "Prisoner X", they would get visibly uncomfortable. Gag orders are rarely used in Israel, which likes to celebrate its democratic values, such as freedom of the press.  However, when they are imposed, particularly in cases of national security, they are taken very seriously.
In the end it was the international dimension of this story that made it difficult to keep secret. As ABC prepared to air its report in Australia, the newspaper Haaretz reported on how Israeli media editors had been asked to cooperate with the government and withhold information that was "embarrassing to a certain government agency".
Yet there was nothing to stop Israelis from going online to find out the news from foreign media. Members of parliament here also asked the difficult questions that led to a partial lifting of the gag order.
Bill van Esveld, a Jerusalem-based researcher for Human Rights Watch, said the case raised serious questions about prisoners' rights in Israel.
"If the facts are what we're told they might be, we could be facing an issue of disappearance of a prisoner," he told the Associated Press. "Or there could be an issue of incommunicado detention - taking someone into jail and not letting anyone else see them."
"At the very least, there could be severe due process violations - not allowing someone to see their family, their lawyer, presenting them before a court."
According to ABC, Mr Zygier was from Melbourne and went by the name of Ben Alon in Israel. The Department of Foreign Affairs confirmed that Mr Zygier also carried an Australian passport bearing the name Ben Allen.
The programme said he had moved to Israel 10 years before his death. It said that at the time he died he was 34 years old, married to an Israeli woman and had two children.
The reason for Mr Zygier's arrest and imprisonment in Israel is not known, but ABC said it understood he had been recruited by Mossad.
Mr Zygier was found hanged in a cell in late 2010, months after he "disappeared", and his body was flown to Melbourne for burial the following week, ABC said.
When the story about Prisoner X first emerged, Israeli media said the unidentified man was being held incommunicado at Ayalon high-security prison in Ramle, central Israel.
ABC said he was incarcerated in a wing built to house Yigal Amir, the Israeli who assassinated Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995. It said his cell was fitted with surveillance cameras designed to prevent incidents such as suicide.
The reason for his detention was not disclosed and his identification was so secret that even his guards did not know who he was, the programme said.
Mr Zygier's uncle, the musician Willy Zygier, told ABC local radio in Melbourne that he had "no idea what is true, what isn't true".
"All I know is there's a family tragedy. Every suicide is a tragedy. That's all I've got to say," he added.
Israel never acknowledged the prisoner's existence but issued a gagging order in 2010 to prevent details of the case being published.
Media gagging orders in Israel are rare and issued in special cases concerning national security.
The Israeli prime minister's office called an emergency meeting of Israeli media chiefs after the ABC story was published on Tuesday, urging them not to publish "information pertaining to an incident that is very embarrassing to a certain government agency", Israel's Haaretz newspaper website reported.
An article about the Australian report which appeared in Haaretz on Tuesday was later removed.
However, on Wednesday reporting restrictions were partially lifted after members of the Israeli parliament, the Knesset, asked questions about the case.
Israeli media can now quote foreign media on details of the case, but cannot publish or broadcast any original material.


Michael Bisping has confirmed he will defend his Ultimate Fighting Championship middleweight title against Dan Henderson at UFC 204.

Speaking on his Sirius XM radio show, the 37-year-old said the fight against the American will take place in Manchester on 8 October.
Henderson, 45, defeated Bisping at UFC 100 with a second-round knockout.
Bisping became the first Briton to win a UFC title in June with a first-round knockout of Luke Rockhold at UFC 199.


A Jersey woman has become the first islander to swim the English Channel and back in one go.

Wendy Trehiou spent 39 hours in the water to complete the 42-mile round trip.
She was the 26th person to complete the double swim and set herself the challenge after beating breast cancer.
She told the BBC: "It hasn't sunk in yet. I will never do it again... I'll do a one-way but the double is just too extreme."
Ms Trehiou finished the swim shortly after 22:00 BST on Wednesday.
She said: "Whilst I swum 42 miles I did a huge amount more in travelling distance because of the tides.
"[At the end] it took three or four people to get me back on the boat as my arms were dead."


Belfast City Council has passed a motion calling on the government to hold a full public inquiry into Stormont's 'cash-for-ash' scandal.

The Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) scheme, set up in 2012 by the now First Minister and DUP leader Arlene Foster, is set to run £490m over its budget.
The motion, proposed by former DUP councillor Ruth Patterson, was passed by 23 votes in favour to 12 against.
The UK government has already rejected an Alliance call for a public inquiry.
The Treasury has refused to cover the RHI overspend and it will have to be paid from the block grant that Northern Ireland receives from Westminster.
Mrs Patterson, who was expelled from the DUP in 2015, asked her fellow councillors to note the "serious public concern amongst our constituents in relation to financial squander" over the RHI scheme.
Now an independent councillor, she proposed that Belfast City Council writes to Secretary of State James Brokenshire to request a public inquiry.
"The secretary of state has a public responsibility to initiate an inquiry regarding this," Mrs Patterson said.
"I certainly think he will listen to Belfast City Council - we are elected by the people and we certainly need to have our say in this. We are the closest, on the ground, to the people of Northern Ireland, right across the province, and everyone is talking about the same issue."
A government spokesman said it is up to the Northern Ireland Executive to decide on what form of investigation is carried out.
Mrs Patterson's motion also called on her former party leader Mrs Foster to "step aside" during the inquiry.
DUP councillor Lee Reynolds said the outcome of the vote was "predictable" and accused other parties of playing political "games".
"They're not interested in solving the problems with RHI, which we should be trying to move forward," Mr Reynolds told BBC News NI.
"They're not interested in getting towards an independent investigation, they're just trying to find ways of having a go at the DUP and trying to undermine the First Minister Arlene Foster."
Eighteen councillors abstained from taking part in the vote.
Sinn Féin attempted to amend Mrs Patterson's motion, this time calling not for a full public inquiry, but for an independent investigation led by a judicial figure from outside Northern Ireland, but their amendment did not attract enough support.
"We think the public want the truth, but they also want the truth as quickly as possible," said Sinn Féin councillor Jim McVeigh.
"They don't want to wait a year, or two years, like some of these public inquiries can take, so we think the best way to do this is a robust, transparent investigation that will get to the truth quickly."
The Ulster Unionist Party also proposed an amendment that called on Mrs Foster to resign, but it too failed.
Earlier on Tuesday, it was reported that the UK government has already rejected a request from Alliance Party leader Naomi Long to hold a public inquiry into the RHI scandal.
Mrs Long had written to both Mr Brokenshire and the Chief Secretary to the Treasury David Gauke to ask for their intervention.
A government spokesman said: "The operation of the RHI scheme is a matter for the Northern Ireland Executive. So it is right for the executive and the assembly to decide the form of any investigation or inquiry."
Mrs Foster has resisted calls for a public inquiry and for her to temporarily step aside while the matter is investigated.
The matter has caused a rift at the heart of the Stormont administration, with Sinn Féin threatening to call a fresh election if the first minister does not stand aside for an investigation.


The owners of Bay TV, Liverpool's local television station, have insisted it will survive despite going into administration.

The station, based in Toxteth, was set up as part of a government initiative three years ago and has been supported by money from the BBC licence fee.
Another operator, Made TV, provided further support, but the BBC understands the station has struggled.
Bay TV's chief executive said he hoped it would be sold as a going concern.
Chris Johnson added he was optimistic the channel would continue.
Peter Harold, of Skelmersdale-based adminstrators Refresh Recovery, said a meeting with the station's 20 staff had been held.
He said more than one buyer was interested in taking over the business, "but we have a few more hoops to jump through first".
Bay TV, which was awarded a licence in February 2013, continues to broadcast and can be viewed on Freeview and Virgin.
In addition to news, sport and music, the station also covers arts, culture and religion.


People are still getting cut off by the tide on an island on the Vale of Glamorgan coast, despite a traffic lights warning system and signs.

Penarth lifeboat crews have been called to reports of people stuck on Sully Island six times so far this year.
A spokesman for Penarth RNLI said the causeway to the island experiences the "second strongest tide in the world".
"The important message is not to try and make your way back," he said. "If the worst happens, ring 999."
The RNLI installed the traffic lights system in June 2014 to warn visitors when they are likely to be cut off.
New warning signs were also installed in July last year to raise awareness further.
The spokesman said: "The Bristol Channel has the second strongest tide in the world. You don't stand a chance if you try and walk against it.
"In all but the lowest of tides, the force of travel is eight or nine knots (9-10mph) from the moment you get sucked off the causeway.
"We're trying to raise awareness amongst the people considering a visit to the island, to take note of the signage and traffic lights system and make sure they've got enough time to get back to shore."
The spokesman said it was possible some people got the high-tide time mixed up with the time they are going to be cut off.
"The cut-off time is three-and-a-quarter hours before the high tide," he warned.
"We've tried to look for patterns and trends, but it's not uniquely visitors [that get stuck] we also get fishermen who are familiar with the island.
"It looks such a short distance, but the tide is not like running a bath where the water inches up, it's pretty quick and dramatic and people get caught out."
He said the causeway itself is "very rocky" and covered with barnacles and weeds, making it slippery.
"We had an incident where two women were washed off the causeway and received medical aid for cuts and bruises from the rocks," he added.
"Also, there's the temperature of the water - the lifeboat and coastguard crews will have full dry suits on with warm clothing underneath. Even in summer the sea temperature can be really cold around here."
The RNLI urged anyone who sees somebody else in trouble in the water to resist the temptation to try a rescue themselves and to instead call 999.


Lloyds Banking Group has said it is close to offering compensation to 30 customers caught up in a criminal conspiracy involving former bankers at its HBOS subsidiary.

The bank has already missed its own deadline of 30 June for paying redress to all victims. So far, only five have accepted compensation offers.
MPs and victims have criticised the compensation scheme.
The fraud saw small businesses pressed into hiring "turnaround consultants".
Two corrupt HBOS bankers pressured the customers into using consultants Quayside Corporate Services, led by David Mills.
He and his accomplices bribed the bankers with cash, gifts and prostitutes, then used their relationship with the bank to bully the business owners into handing over exorbitant fees and, eventually, control of their companies.
The business customers, in the words of a judge, were left "cheated, defeated and penniless".
After bad publicity following the fraudsters' convictions in February, Lloyds chairman Lord Blackwell said  compensation claims would be handled "within weeks, not months".
On Friday, the bank published an update on its compensation, saying it was "close to" making 30 offers.
Adrian White, chief operating officer for commercial banking and the man leading the review, said: "We are now continuing to make progress in getting offers to victims of the HBOS Reading fraud. We have now either made offers or are in the detailed assessment stage for nearly half the victims in the review. It is important we get the fullest possible information from victims to ensure we can factor in everything that could contribute to their compensation offer."
But so far only 16 compensation offers have been made - and many more were caught up in the fraud.
The banker at the heart of the fraud, Lynden Scourfield, was in charge of supervising accounts for more than 250 small business customers.
Victims of the fraud have criticised the bank for seeking to dictate the terms of its compensation scheme rather than seek their approval.
They were not asked to agree the bank's appointment of Professor Russel Griggs to review its compensation offers.
They have also been unsettled after a senior Lloyds executive claimed the bank had no evidence of criminality until the fraudsters' trial began in 2016.
The small business customers who uncovered the fraud, Paul and Nikki Turner, sent detailed allegations of fraud to the board of HBOS in 2007, attaching documentary evidence later used in the 2016 trial.
They sent further evidence to every member of Lloyds' board in 2009. At the time Lloyds dismissed their evidence and instead spent large sums on lawyers seeking to evict the Turners.
It has also emerged that Lloyds conducted internal reviews into the conduct of Mr Scourfield and others as far back as 2006.
In April, Lloyds Banking Group appointed Dame Linda Dobbs, a former high court judge, to review the bank's handling of the fraud, which took place from 2002-2007, in the years before the trial in 2016.
During this time the bank consistently refused to say anything in public or acknowledge criminality. However, victims of the fraud have not yet been contacted in relation to the review.
MPs say they're concerned the bank's compensation scheme lacks transparency and independence. The bank will not show victims who is deciding their compensation offer, or reveal how it is worked out.
Lord Cromwell, chair of the all party parliamentary group on fair business banking, said: "There appears to be a lack of transparency, and therefore a lack of public confidence, in the processes set up unilaterally by Lloyds for assessment and settlement of claims.
"Inevitably this creates suspicion and we are hoping that Lloyds will now accept our repeated invitations to make the processes - including the nuts and bolts of valuing claims - far more open to assessment by victims and their advisers. Without that it is hard to see how this matter can end other than in bitterness and litigation."
Shadow business minister, Bill Esterson, said: "The victims of the HBOS Reading Fraud deserve to be treated in a fair and transparent manner.  It is clear from the concerns that have been raised with me that this is not happening, and the Bank must be held to account.
"Any process of compensation must be transparent and beyond reproach, yet the details of the scheme as described to me provide no comfort that this is the case.
"Businesses in the UK deserve to have confidence that we are doing everything we can to support them when things go wrong, and it appears to me that there is a massive systemic failure when Banks are allowed to be their own judge, jury and executioner behind closed doors.  This must change."


Two districts of Japan's capital Tokyo have started issuing certificates recognising same-sex partnerships.

They are designed to encourage landlords and hospitals to treat gay couples the same way as married ones.
However, the documents do not provide the same legal status as marriage.
BBC Tokyo correspondent Rupert Wingfield-Hayes says campaigners are welcoming "a small step forward in a deeply conservative country".
Younger people in Japan generally support gay rights but the prime minister has previously urged caution over changing the law.
Hiroko Masuhara, 37, and Koyuki Higashi, 30, were the first to register their partnership in Shibuya district.
Ms Higashi, an actress, told reporters she hoped the measure would spread across Japan and eventually lead to same-sex marriage being legalised.
The certificates are at best a symbolic step forward and have no legal teeth to prevent discrimination.
Nevertheless social attitudes towards gay and lesbian couples are slowly starting to change here.
An opinion survey published by Japan's Mainichi newspaper recently showed 44% of people now support same-sex marriage while 39% are opposed.
Japan does not have any national legislation specifically banning discrimination against gay people. Couples complain of being blocked from tenancies and prevented from visiting loved ones in hospital.
"I hope the day will come soon when there will be equality in society," Ms Higashi said, according to the AFP news agency.
Shibuya district mayor Ken Hasebe, congratulated the couple.
"It took a long time to get to here," he said.
Another wealthy district of the capital, Setagaya, has also started to offer the certificates.
Setagaya's mayor Nobuto Hosaka issued five same-sex couples with the papers on Thursday afternoon, according to the Kyodo news agency.
Mobile phone networks NTT DoCoMo and KDDI have previously said they would offer their family discounts to same-sex couples who provide a certificate.


Rory McIlroy finished strongly with three birdies in his last four holes to lie two shots off the lead at the halfway stage of the BMW Championship.

The Northern Irishman, who shot a 67 for a six-under total, trails European Ryder Cup team-mate Sergio Garcia, who managed an impressive 64 in Denver.
American Ryan Palmer also carded a 64 to sit a shot adrift of Spain's Garcia.
Palmer needs a high finish to get into the FedEx Cup top 30 and reach next week's Tour Championship in Atlanta.
The top 70 players on the FedEx Cup points list after the Deutsche Bank Championship qualified for this week's event, with only the top 30 advancing to the finale, which begins on Thursday.
American Chris Kirk - who holds the overall FedEx Cup lead after two of the four play-off events - is one over after two rounds.
Garcia, who was a shot off the lead after the first round, birdied his second hole but his round came to life with an eagle at the seventh.
Although he followed that with a bogey at the next hole, birdies on 11, 13, 16 and the last, courtesy of a breaking 12-foot putt, saw him come home in 32.
Palmer also eagled the seventh, holing his second shot from 46 yards after birdies on one and three and a bogey on five.
The American also bogeyed 10 but picked up shots on 13, 14, 17 and 18 to be Garcia's nearest challenger and stay on target to play next week.
Graham DeLaet, Bubba Watson and Hideki Matsuyama are a shot behind McIlroy and Billy Horschel, with Rickie Fowler, Henrik Stenson, Jordan Spieth and Adam Scott on three under.


Russia has urged Montenegro to hold a referendum on joining Nato, arguing that less the half of its population backed joining the military alliance.

Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova spoke of "deep divisions" in the Balkan country over the issue.
Protesters joined a rally on Saturday after Nato invited Montenegro to join.
The invitation comes 16 years after the Western alliance bombed Montenegro during the Kosovo war, when it was still allied with Serbia.
It is Nato's first expansion into eastern Europe since Albania and Croatia joined in 2009. Nato Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg described the decision as "historic".
Accession talks are expected to take about a year to complete.
But Russia has strongly warned against the move.
Ms Zakharova pointed to a "deep split" in Montenegrin society. "We are talking about an internal political crisis accompanied by popular protests," she said.
"It is the people of Montenegro that should make their voice heard in a nationwide referendum on the issue. It would be a manifestation of democracy that we have heard so much about."
Russia has previously said Montenegro's accession would result in "retaliatory actions", although it did not specify what these could be.
Montenegrins themselves are divided over joining.
Several thousand supporters of pro-Russian opposition parties took part in a demonstration against membership in the capital, Podgorica, on Saturday, with some carrying banners saying "Nato killers!''
Many people remain angry that Nato bombed Serbia and Montenegro in 1999 as part of a strategy to halt the killing and expulsion of ethnic Albanians in Serbia's then southern province of Kosovo.
Montenegro and Serbia were at the time still part of rump Yugoslavia but Montenegrins voted for independence in 2006. Since then, it has seen an influx of Russian money, homebuyers and tourists.
Milo Djukanovic's government, which is in favour of joining, has resisted calls from some opposition parties for a referendum on the issue.
Mr Djukanovic said he did not think Montenegrin membership of Nato need cause any worsening of relations with Russia, "Is Montenegro Russia's first friend in Nato? We know it isn't," he told Radio Liberty.
Nato diplomats point to polls that suggest public opinion is narrowly in favour of joining.
Apart from Montenegro, the other current candidates for Nato membership are Georgia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia.


Four women and a child have died after their boat capsized off the Greek island of Samos.

They are thought to be the first deaths in the area since a new deal with Turkey came in to force on Monday with the aim of deterring migrants.
Five other people were saved and a search is under way for four more.
This week, dozens of migrants were returned to Turkey under the new deal with the EU, which has been criticised by human rights groups.
Survivors from the latest drowning told officials that they were travelling on a 3.5-metre (11.5ft) vessel made of plastic.
On Friday, two ferries carrying more than 120 people, mostly Pakistanis, arrived in western Turkey from the Greek island of Lesbos.
More than 200 people were sent back on Monday, but returns have been stalled by a surge of asylum applications in Greece.
The EU-Turkey deal aims to ease the uncontrolled mass movement of people into Europe.
Under the new agreement, migrants who have arrived illegally in Greece since 20 March are expected to be sent back to Turkey if they do not apply for asylum or if their claim is rejected.
For each Syrian migrant returned to Turkey, the EU is due to take in another Syrian who has made a legitimate request.
Human rights organisations have attacked the scheme as badly flawed, warning that Turkey is not a safe place to return people.
Amnesty International reported that there was just one official who was processing applications on the island of Chios, and out of 833 claims that had been filed, he had processed only 10.
152,461
in 2016, up to 7 April
37% of 2016 arrivals are children
53% arrive on Lesbos
366 died on Turkey-Greece route
853,650 arrivals in 2015
There are meanwhile worries in Italy that migrants deterred from trying to reach Greece might try to enter the EU from North Africa instead, using the sea route from Libya to Italy.
"We are concerned because it's predictable that this summer, maybe hundreds of thousands of people  will arrive from Syria and African countries through Italy going to Europe,"  Giorgia De Acutis of the Italian Red Cross told Reuters news agency.
A note on terminology: The BBC uses the term migrant to refer to all people on the move who have yet to complete the legal process of claiming asylum. This group includes people fleeing war-torn countries such as Syria, who are likely to be granted refugee status, as well as people who are seeking jobs and better lives, who governments are likely to rule are economic migrants.


Renovations have started on a railway station and a signal box dating from the 1800s.

Knaresborough station, in North Yorkshire, is being made watertight and the chimney stack on the signal box is being removed and rebuilt.
Work on the platform canopy is to be carried out at night to minimise disruption, said Network Rail.
Paul Barnfield, for train operators Northern, said: " Knaresborough is a beautiful station, steeped in history."


A deal to take a multi-million pound stake in the company behind the proposed £1bn Swansea Bay tidal lagoon has been signed, BBC Wales can confirm.

The Gupta family, who own Liberty Steel and the Simec energy company, has made the investment into Tidal Lagoon Power, which also has proposed projects in Cardiff and Newport.
The family seeks to invest in renewable energy projects around the world.
Tidal Lagoon Power is still negotiating a strike price with the UK government.
A spokesman for the Department of Energy and Climate Change said: "We are carefully considering the Swansea Bay project to see whether it is in the best interest of bill payers.
"At this point it would be inappropriate to comment further."
The Gupta family's investment in Tidal Lagoon Power is understood to be an eight-figure sum.
They are also working with Simec on a tidal lagoon in Gujarat, India.
It comes amid uncertainty in the nuclear sector with concerns about the cost of new reactors at Wylfa Newydd, on Anglesey, and Hinkley Point, Somerset.


Nobel laureate Sir Tim Hunt has resigned from his position as honorary professor at University College London (UCL) after he made controversial comments about the "trouble with girls" in science.

But what is it like for women who study and work in the field? We asked women from UCL to tell us about their experiences, why they chose science and whether women really do cry in labs.
I was hugely influenced by my teachers to study science at GCSE and A-Level. I liked biology and chemistry and so a degree in biochemistry seemed a perfect option.
I really believe that any positions in science should be based on ability rather than anything else and, from my experience, biosciences have a fairly even gender balance, especially when compared to other areas like engineering for example.
I haven't faced any specific discrimination but I do think it can be harder for women if they have to take time off for maternity leave. It can slow your career progression and make it harder to move up.
And no, women don't go around crying in the lab. I've seen more men getting angry and frustrated than I have women crying over a stressful job.
I've never been told that I don't belong in science but I do think women are treated differently within the sector. There are so few women at the very top and I think progression is really hard.
Women's competencies are often described differently. You hear a lot of "proficient" and "good at experiments" rather then "highly intelligent and insightful", which men get and suggest someone is more professor-level.
I once worked on some programming and a male professor suggested "you could make it pink".
I also went to a conference that had encouraged more women to attend but many men saw it that we were only there because we were women and not because we were as good as them. I was just quite shocked about how blatant they were about saying those things to us.
I also think women have a hard time challenging what their seniors say about them, as the industry is so dependent on recommendations and I don't think women feel comfortable challenging them.
It can make women's aspirations more limited if they see that it is going to be much tougher for them.
I went to a school that specialised in maths and science and when I started the line of boys was much longer than the line of girls. But by the time I left six years later it was much more even, so changes have happened even in a short time.
There are so many career opportunities for women in science and I don't feel at this stage that anything is off limits.
I've personally always enjoyed labs where there is more of a balance of men and women, as they can be much more productive and nicer environments but really I think it's much more down to personality than it is to gender.
I always wanted to be an astronaut when I grew up and was really into science from a young age.
My parents were both civil engineers, and growing up in Sri Lanka studying physics and maths was never seen as a boys thing to do.
But since then I've had very different experiences. I see girls in my groups who are much less confident than boys, even though often they are much better students. I think it's from decades of these attitudes being reinforced.
It's not from outright incidences of sexism but 1,000 small cuts that all add up.
After I made an appearance on the BBC's Newsnight talking about astronomy a newspaper columnist suggested I was only on the programme because I was a woman. It hadn't even crossed my mind that anyone would think that and it was so upsetting.
At the moment a few exceptional and hardy women make it to the top of my field of research but a lot of women leak out of the pipeline along the way.
I really believe that equality will only be reached when average women get the same opportunities that average men do.
I always knew I wanted to do a maths degree. My school was pretty good at encouraging me and I never felt it was something I was being persuaded against, but then I've also never really felt the need to conform, so maybe that's why I just stuck with what I was determined to do.
I did notice the gender difference when I got to university though. About a quarter of the people on my undergraduate degree course were female and the proportions went down and down after that, which makes you more aware you are in the minority.
There are just as many career opportunities for women in this area but I wonder if the perception is very different or whether it comes down to a confidence issue among some women.
I have two young children but I've always found it to be a very family friendly career. I am in a research job, so my hours are more flexible, but I know this isn't the case for women who work in lab science where it isn't always that easy.
I didn't take off a huge amount of time when I had my children. Research can move on quite quickly and I was aware of that and it wasn't always easy getting back into work.


An 18-year-old man has suffered "multiple internal injuries" after his car struck a tree and overturned in the Vale of Glamorgan.

The crash happened along Penarth Road, Penarth, at 03:00 GMT on Sunday.
He is being treated at the University Hospital of Wales (UHW), Cardiff. His injuries are described as "critical".
Meanwhile, police are investigating a collision between a car and a tractor at Bonvilston, in which a man, 26, sustained "serious head injuries".
The crash occurred just off the A48 on Sycamore Cross lanes at about 15:25 GMT on Saturday.
The injured car driver was taken to the UHW.


A ban on chemicals which some people think are harmful to bees has come into effect across the European Union today.

The chemicals are mostly used on farms to keep bugs away from plants.
There are still big worries that number of bees is falling and nobody is quite sure why.
The UK government opposed the ban, which will last for two years, because it says there is not enough evidence that the chemicals harm bees.


The government plans to keep visa-free travel to the UK for EU visitors after Brexit, the BBC understands.

But if visitors from EU countries wanted to work, study or settle in the UK they would have to apply for permission under the proposals.
EU citizens are currently free to live and work in the UK without a permit.
The Home Office says managing migration is about access to work and benefits as much as the ability to control entry at a physical border.
But ministers are likely to face questions about whether there will be a "back door" into Britain and how the Home Office would stop visitors staying longer and getting jobs without a visa or a work permit.
Labour MP Ben Bradshaw, a member of the Open Britain campaign against a "hard Brexit", said: "Nobody who voted to leave the European Union expected Brexit to mean Britain losing control of immigration, yet that is exactly what the government proposes.
"Restricting the right to come and work in Britain while leaving an open door for everyone else seems to be opposite of a common sense immigration system.
"It will not restrict anybody coming here from Europe who does not intend to work and may push other EU nationals into the black economy."
He said the proposed new system "offers little control while burdening British businesses with yet more red tape" and the government should "put single market membership back on the table" instead.
The Migration Watch pressure group said it was a "sensible, proportionate" proposal but the government would need to spend more money on immigration enforcement to deal with overstayers.
The Home Office said: "Proposals for the future immigration system for EU citizens will be published in due course."
Prime Minister Theresa May said free movement "as we've seen as members of the European Union" will end and there will be immigration rules "for people coming from inside EU - as today we have rules for people coming from outside the EU".
The UK already grants visa-free travel to nationals from 56 countries - ranging from the United States to the Maldives.
Passports are stamped on entry, and people are allowed to stay for a maximum of six months.
But they are not allowed to work, study or settle. It's hardly surprising that a similar scheme is being considered for nationals from EU countries after Brexit - not least because future arrangements are likely to be reciprocal.
In other words, if EU citizens needed visas to come to the UK in the future, UK citizens would need visas to travel to the EU.
So it may be that the government's immigration plans will be to add several hundred million Europeans to a scheme that already exists.
And the main burden for policing it, and checking whether people are here legitimately, would not fall on a beefed up border guard or immigration service.
Rather, it would rest with employers - everyone from the NHS to a small high street cafe - as well as landlords, banks and local government agencies.
According to The Times, the new system for EU visitors will be phased in after Britain officially leaves the EU in March 2019, with those coming to work in the UK initially having to register with the Home Office without work restrictions.
It would be up to the EU to decide whether the offer of visa-free travel - if it is formally proposed by the UK Brexit negotiating team - would be reciprocated.
The EU is working on a travel authorisation scheme for visitors to the EU, similar to the US ESTA visa-waiver scheme. Sources in Brussels said it would be a matter for the negotiations whether UK travellers will have to apply to it after Brexit.
Former UKIP leader Nigel Farage has accused the government of caving in to EU demands.
But Brexit-backing Conservative MP Andrew Bridgen said: "I don't think anybody ever intended we were just going to pull the shutters down and become a Little England.
"The same restrictions will apply to UK citizens who wish to visit the Continent.
"I mean, did you really think we were going to have a visa system just to go for a weekend to Paris?"
Lord Green of Deddington, chairman of Migration Watch UK, said: "The point is that a work permit system for EU workers would lead, in due course, to a massive decrease in net migration from the EU as low-paid workers are squeezed out.
"The reduction could, by our calculation, be about 100,000 a year."
He said enforcement could be done through employers but the government would have to spend more money on a "crackdown" on illegal immigration, something he said was "increasingly necessary" in any case.
Migration Watch says 80% of EU migrant workers are currently "low-paid", although their definition is people who would not qualify for a Tier 2 non-EU visa, which has a minimum salary requirement of Â£35,000.
The government says it wants to progress to negotiations with the EU about the future operation of its border controls as quickly as possible.
On Wednesday, the government said there should be no hard border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland after Brexit.
A paper detailing its proposals stressed there should be no physical infrastructure - such as customs posts - at the border, which has almost 300 crossing points.
Critics said the proposals lacked credible detail, with Labour deriding the plans for the border as a "fantasy frontier".


Police in Austria have arrested two people suspected of having links to the Paris attacks at a refugee shelter in Salzburg, prosecutors say.

Robert Holzleitner, from the state prosecutor's office, told the BBC the pair had arrived from the Middle East.
They were arrested on suspicion of belonging to a terrorist organisation.
An unconfirmed report said the men had travelled with members of the terror cell that carried out the 13 November attacks that killed 130 people.
The mass-circulation Kronen Zeitung (KZ) claimed the suspects were French. It said they had entered Europe via Greece with Islamic State (IS) militants who later carried out the Paris attacks, using forged Syrian passports.
The detained men were said to have been awaiting orders for new attacks, when they were arrested at a migrants' shelter in Salzburg over the weekend.
The Kronen Zeitung's report has not been independently verified but other reports said the threat was being taken very seriously.
Two other men were said to have been arrested at the same camp two weeks ago on suspicion of being IS militants.
Justice ministry official Christian Pilnacek played down suggestions that two men, who were detained at the weekend, had been planning an attack. "Terror is too strong a word for that," he told Austrian radio.
"We are investigating possible membership of a terrorist organisation. Like so often, it is a puzzle that has to be put together piece by piece."
Mr Pilnacek also warned against conflating the terror threat in Europe with the migrant crisis.
"Refugees shouldn't come under general suspicion - that would not be appropriate," he stressed, adding that because of the heated nature of debate, the judiciary would only make firm information public.
The Kronen-Zeitung said the two men arrested men had Algerian and Pakistani roots. It did not give details of its sources.
The news of the Austrian arrests came as Belgium's justice minister revealed that police may have missed opportunities to arrest fugitive suspect Salah Abdeslam two days after the Paris attacks.
In comments to be broadcast by television station VTM, Koen Geens said security forces had information that Abdeslam was possibly staying in a house in Molenbeek on 15 November. The Brussels neighbourhood has come under the spotlight over its links to a number of jihadist suspects.
However, police could not raid the building until the morning of 16 November due to laws banning such searches between 21:00 and 05:00, Mr Geens was quoted as saying by Dutch language daily Het Laatste Nieuws.
He also described the fact Abdeslam had not been picked up at the border crossing between France and Belgium the day after the attacks, despite being on a list of suspects, as "bad luck" due to the timing.
Investigators say Abdeslam may have driven the suicide bombers at the Stade de France to their target on the night of the Paris attacks.
But his precise role remains unclear. There are suggestions he was meant to carry out a suicide attack but decided against it.
The assaults left 130 people dead and more than 350 wounded.


South African Olympic and Paralympic athlete Oscar Pistorius has been released under house arrest nearly one year after he was jailed for killing his girlfriend, prison officials say.

He is expected to spend the remainder of a five-year prison sentence at his uncle's home in Pretoria.
He shot Reeva Steenkamp through a locked bathroom door in 2013 but said he thought she was an intruder.
Ms Steenkamp's relatives say they think Pistorius is "getting off lightly".
Oscar Pistorius, 28, was found guilty of culpable homicide, or manslaughter, of his 29-year-old girlfriend at a trial in October last year.
A case lodged by the prosecution appealing against that decision is due to be heard by the Supreme Court of Appeal on 3 November. State prosecutors say Pistorius should have instead been convicted of murder.
The athlete was released on Monday evening, a day earlier than expected, according to a spokesman from the Kgosi Mampuru II prison, where Pistorius was being held.
"Oscar Pistorius was placed under correctional supervision tonight," Manelisi Wolela confirmed in a statement.
"The handling of the actual placement is an operational matter of the local management, and how they handle it is their prerogative that is carried out in the best interest of all parties concerned, the victims, the offender and the Department of Correctional Services," he added.
Oscar Pistorius was driven under cover of darkness to his uncle's house 20 minutes away, a premature departure designed presumably to avoid the media glare, says the BBC's Karen Allen in Pretoria.
Oscar Pistorius case by numbers
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It is understood he will not be electronically tagged but he will have restrictions on his movement, she adds.
His parole conditions include gun ownership restrictions and continued psychotherapy sessions. The disabled sportsman is also expected to do a period of community service.
South Africa's justice minister blocked an earlier attempt to get the Olympic athlete's release in August in a surprise move.
Speaking earlier to the BBC, Reeva Steenkamp's cousin Kim Martin said the family might consider visiting Pistorius when the time is "right". But she also said she felt he was "getting off lightly".
Her parents have previously said that the time served by Pistorius was "not enough for taking a life".
Under South African law, the double amputee was eligible for release under "correctional supervision" having served a sixth of his sentence.
Meanwhile, a close family friend of the athlete said he was in poor physical shape, adding that his return to athletics would be unlikely.
Pistorius competed in the 400 metres at the London 2012 Olympics, wearing carbon-fibre blades to run against able-bodied athletes.
If the prosecution is successful with its appeal next month, Pistorius could face a lengthy sentence back in prison.


Last season 28 Premier League footballers suffered serious knee ligament injuries - that's the highest number in the past five campaigns.

And there were 17 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries - the most serious kind - which was again more than any of the previous Premier League seasons.
BBC Sport pundit and former Chelsea winger Pat Nevin says "knee problems appear to be at epidemic proportions in the game at the top level" and has called for further research.
A Radio 5 live Monday Night Club discussion will delve into the issue, and BBC Sport has looked at the available data and examined what the possible causes could be.
The knee joint has several ligaments. The medial (inside) and lateral (outside) collateral ligaments connect the upper and lower leg and help keep the outside of the knee joint stable.
The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are in the middle of the knee. The main role of these is to stabilise the knee when a player is turning, twisting, pivoting or pushing off.
As football is such a high-intensity sport for the lower limbs, if cruciate knee ligaments are ruptured, the earliest a player can hope to return to match fitness is nine months.
Various theories include players' changing physiologies, the amount of football played, footwear, and modern, harder pitches.
Dr Bilal Barkatali, a consultant orthopaedic surgeon specialising in sports knee injuries, suggests overplaying and fatigue is the key reason, particularly in high-level footballers.
"In the case of Zlatan Ibrahimovic - he's 35 and has kept himself in very good condition. Despite that, the weight of Zlatan coming down from jumping to head the ball and landing safely requires all his muscles to be firing at the correct time to support his joint.
"So if he is fatigued and is landing and one specific set of muscles haven't fired in time then all that force will be going through the middle of the knee joint, resulting in this rotation-type force around the knee causing an ACL rupture. So fatigue and overplaying is a really strong factor in how these injuries come about.
"In the past 15 years there has been an increase in knee ligament ruptures - that's throughout leagues and amateur competition."
Colin Martin, a footwear expert for a company that has worked with several sports clubs, says "softer, less supportive boots" are a factor, as is the pace of the game "increasing vastly".
"The two combined probably plays a big role in increased injury rates," adds Martin, who designs inserts that give "more stability to foot and ankle, which in turn means the player has a more solid foundation to work from".
In modern turf construction, long deep artificial grass blades are sewn throughout the pitch, which firms up the ground and prevents slipping.
Leicester City's grounds manager John Ledwidge said: "We know that those working within the game - namely managers, players, physios and sports scientists - perceive that there are links with pitches and injuries. But they need to establish why that is the case.
"I'm not a closed book and arguing that it's not a contributing factor because everything is a contributing factor when it comes to players.
"On any one weekend, with the ridiculous transfer fees that are flying around at the minute, we could have upwards of £300m-£400m worth of assets playing on our pitch.
"Certainly at Leicester City we work exceptionally to hard to make sure the pitches are kept within certain parameters of firmness, there's an adequate level of moisture, the grass coverage is there for pretty much most of the year, to ensure the players don't get injured and the players have the best possible playing facilities that they can have.
"Taking Ibrahimovic as an example - on that day, on that pitch, on that particular square inch that he landed on, the pitch could've been a contributing factor. But so could his boots, the way he warmed up and how tired he was. All these are contributing factors.'
Nevin said that when he was the chief executive of Scottish club Motherwell in the early 2000s, he was so concerned about the effect of modern pitches on his players that he looked into reverting to an "old-fashioned" turf pitch, but was told it "wasn't considered financially viable".
"We need further statistical work obviously but I have heard many complaints from Premier League managers that the modern ultra-hard pitches seem to be exacerbating the problem," said the former Scotland international.
"On top of this remember the players are training on precisely the same style of pitches every day as well. I know for a fact that some managers are concerned about this and have to accept it limits the time some players are able to train.
"Yes the game continues to get faster, but the lack of 'give' in the modern pitches certainly has an effect. I did my ACL while at Everton but that was an impact injury, due to a tackle. There appear to be more of these that are not player on player impact and that has to be researched.
"In the simplest terms, modern pitches look fantastic, they are beautifully flat and can cope with huge wear and tear. The groundsmen make them look beautiful for the TV, but when the changeover was happening did anyone ever ask the players, the managers or the medics what was needed?
"Having played on many types of pitch I see the problems of each, I just hope that 20 years down the line there aren't a group of players whose knees, ankles and hips have been irreparably damaged."
According to research from SportingIntelligence.com and insurance and risk specialists JLT, Premier League clubs paid a total of £177m in wages to injured players last season.
The estimate is calculated from fixed salaries paid to players and the length of time spent on the sidelines.
The research also showed:
JLT's head of sport Duncan Fraser said: "We seem to be seeing a case of injury-flation this year. Over the last six seasons there has been a steady increase in the cost of injuries as players become more and more expensive and the Premier League becomes more and more competitive.
"Injuries don't just make it harder to manage a team, there is also a direct cost associated with it, in the form of salaries paid to players who can't take part in matches."
Listen to BBC Radio 5 live's Monday Night Club on 24 July, from 19:30 BST.


Trees including a bicycle-eating sycamore and an oak that inspired a famous fiddler are on the shortlist of Scotland's favourite trees.

Twenty-eight of the UK's finest trees have been unveiled by the Woodland Trust to compete in the European tree of the year contest.
There were almost 200 nominations from England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
The winner will be chosen in a public vote.
And it will go on to compete in the European tree of the year contest.
The Birnam Oak in Perthshire is thought to be the last survivor of the ancient medieval oakwood mentioned in Macbeth.
It is believed Shakespeare was inspired when he visited the area in 1599 as part of a troupe of travelling players.
The oak had to endure flooding after Storm Desmond, and had some branches removed earlier this year, but needs more work.
The Craigends Yew in Houston, Renfrewshire, is one of the largest and oldest in Scotland.
It is thought to be up to 700 years old. The circumference of the tree's crown is 100m (328ft).
The Bicycle Tree at Brig o' Turk, in the Trossachs, is a sycamore which self-seeded in the late 1800s.
It sprouted up near a blacksmith's workshop and has devoured a number of items including an anchor and a horse's bridle.
It gets its name from the bicycle embedded in it, which legend has it was left hanging over a branch by a local man who went off to serve in the First World War, never to return.
Local people have succeeded in getting a preservation order on the tree.
The Morinda Spruce is in Hopetoun near Edinburgh.
This tree was planted in 1824 from a seed collected in the Himalayas which was then grown into seedlings and grafted on to Norway Spruce roots by the Earl of Hopetoun's head gardener James Smith.
The "Ding Dong" Tree is found at Prestonpans Primary School in East Lothian.
It is a copper beech which the school's head teacher said was so woven into the life of the school it was almost like having a member of staff.
Its name comes from a tig game invented by pupils which involves the tree. Its canopy makes it an outdoor classroom and it is the subject of many science and art projects.
Niel Gow's Oak in Dunkeld, is a tree that inspired the famous fiddler.
According to legend, he wrote many of his strathspeys and reels, while his patron the Duke of Atholl would stand on the other side of the River Tay listening to the music.


Ann Emery, the veteran actress who played Ethel Meaker in children's show Rentaghost, has died at the age of 86.

Emery, half-sister of comedian Dick, also played Grandma in the original cast of the Billy Elliot stage musical.
Its director, Stephen Daldry, paid tribute to her "zest for life", saying she had been "at the heart of the Billy Elliot family for over a decade".
Born in London in 1930, her other roles included Mrs Rocket in the BBC's Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde.
Emery appeared with her half-brother in eight episodes of The Dick Emery Show before landing her Rentaghost role in 1976.
Together with her opportunistic husband Harold, her character rented out ghosts to members of the public in need of spectral assistance.
Emery played Billy's grandmother at London's Victoria Palace theatre from 2005 to 2010, going on to appear in the Cameron Mackintosh musical Betty Blue Eyes.
When that show closed, she returned to the Palace - a theatre she first performed in as a child - before announcing her retirement in 2015.
In 2010 she received a lifetime achievement award from the British Music Hall Society.
In his tribute, Daldry described her as "a child of the theatre... who never seemed old and never took the profession for granted."
"What a treat it was to have known her," he went on, saying the actress would be "remembered fondly" and "deeply missed".
Reece Shearsmith, with whom Emery appeared in Betty Blue Eyes, also paid tribute on Twitter, remembering her as being "tireless, funny and with boundless energy".
Similar sentiments were expressed by the choreographer Sir Matthew Bourne, who said she had been "beloved by everyone who knew her and had the joy of working with her".
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram at bbcnewsents, or if you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


Pinewood film studios - home to the James Bond movies - are set to be sold for £323.3m.

Pinewood Group's two biggest shareholders have tentatively agreed to sell the famous film and television studios to a property investor.
The deal depends on Aermont, which runs property investment funds, securing financing in the next four weeks.
Pinewood's 007 stage is one of the world's largest and was used to film parts of Spectre and Skyfall.
Some of Star Wars: The Force Awakens was also filmed at Pinewood in Buckinghamshire. However, Harrison Ford, the actor who plays Han Solo, was injured when the door of the Millennium Falcon closed on him and broke his leg.
Goodweather Investment Management, which is owned by property investors Peel Holdings, and Warren James Holdings, owner of the eponymous jewellery chain, together control 65% of Pinewood Group and have agreed to the cash sale providing the buyer secures financing.
The prospective new owner intends to keep the existing management in place, led by chief executive Ivan Dunleavy.  The company has film and TV studios all over the world including in the US, Canada, Malaysia and the Dominican Republic.
Earlier this year, Pinewood Group retained investment bank Rothschild to examine its strategic options. In the past, it had been constrained from raising additional funding for investment via the stock exchange.
Shares in Pinewood were down 4.8% at 552.1p in afternoon trading.


US police have clashed with protesters in Missouri after an officer shot dead a black teenager close to where another black youth, Michael Brown, was killed in August sparking national protests.

A crowd of about 100 gathered at the scene in St Louis early on Wednesday after scuffles the night before.
Police said the man who was shot, Antonio Martin, 18, had pointed a gun at the police officer.
For weeks there have been widespread protests over alleged police brutality.
Berkeley is about two miles (3km) from the St Louis suburb of Ferguson, where 18-year-old Michael Brown was shot dead by a white officer.
St Louis County police chief Jon Belmar said a police officer was responding to a call about a theft when he saw Mr Martin and another man at a petrol station in North Hanley Road and approached them.
He said that Mr Martin pointed a handgun at the officer, and the officer responded by firing three shots. One of the shots hit Mr Martin, he said.
The officer "responded with what he thought was commensurate force at the time", Col Belmar said, adding that "most of us would feel in imminent danger of losing our lives at that point".
Col Belmar described the incident as "a tragedy for everybody", and said a prosecutor had been assigned to investigate the case.
"Our hearts certainly go out to the family, but bad choices were made," he added.
"This individual [Mr Martin] could have complied with the officer; he could have run away; he could have dropped the gun. Things did not have to end with him approaching an officer with a 9mm pistol in his hand."
Berkeley Mayor Theodore Hoskins said that both the city and St Louis County would hold independent investigations.
The incident could not be compared with the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mr Hoskins said, adding: "The video shows that the deceased pointed a gun... at the officer."
Between 200 and 300 people gathered at the scene after the incident, Col Belmar said, adding that bricks were thrown at police officers, and three explosive devices set off.
Four people had been arrested for assaulting police officers, he said.
Police are releasing video footage of the run-up to the shooting, and an image of the second man, who fled the scene.
The handgun said to belong to Mr Martin has been recovered by police.
Some protesters remained near the petrol station on Wednesday.
One, Orlando Brown, told AP news agency: "I understand police officers have a job... but do you have to treat every situation with lethal force?
"It's not a racial issue, or black or white. It's wrong or right."
Recent police killings in the US
Read more: Police killings across the US
Relations between police and local communities have become increasingly taut in recent months.
In August, Michael Brown, who was unarmed, was killed by a white police officer who said he opened fire after a struggle in a patrol car in Canfield Drive, Ferguson.
His death sparked protests, sometimes violent, and further unrest followed a grand jury's decision not to charge the officer.
There were further demonstrations after the death of Eric Garner, 43, a black man who died while being held down by a white police officer in July in New York. Again, a grand jury decided against charging the officer.
On Saturday, New York police officers Wenjian Liu and Rafael Ramos were shot dead by gunman Ismaaiyl Brinsley, who then killed himself.
Brinsley, who had a history of violence and mental instability, had posted anti-police messages online, referring to the deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner, before the shooting.


Transport for London (TfL) says Labour's costing of its fares freeze is wrong and doesn't take into account the impact Crossrail will have on passenger numbers.

The Labour mayoral candidate, Sadiq Khan, says keeping fares increases at 0% will cost £450m over four years, but TfL says the real cost will be £1.9bn, because Crossrail will bring in more passengers - and freezing fares means it won't benefit from inflation-linked fare rises.
In a briefing document, seen by BBC London, TfL says its £1.9bn figure "takes into account increasing ridership over the Business Plan (passenger numbers are rising by 5 per cent every year) and there will be new fares revenue from Crossrail when it opens in 2018/19".
An official said the Labour calculation did not include those factors.
TfL has an annual turnover of £11.5bn. It will lose £2.8bn in government revenue by 2020/21.
It is planning to raise £3.4bn by 2020/21 through being more commercial - that means selling and renting property and having more advertising.
And on top of that, it's planning to find £16bn in efficiencies by 2020/21. £4bn has been earmarked so far.
So as a would-be mayor who wants to freeze fares, your options are limited.
You can make efficiency savings, raise more commercial revenue, or opt for the far more politically unsavoury options of reducing the services TfL is running. Or you could reduce the investment in new infrastructure. Or you could go to central government and ask for money.
On top of that, TfL always lobbies extremely hard to keep control of its budget and its autonomy.
Fares policy isn't just about how much it'll cost commuters to get to work.
It suggests to voters how you'll handle finance.
It sets the tone on how you'll deal with TfL, and arguably it gives voters an insight into how you will run the administration.
To pay for the freeze, Sadiq Khan says that as mayor he would:
Speaking on the Sunday Politics, Sadiq Khan said: "Unlike any other candidate, I've actually got experience of being a minister in transport, and was the minister for Crossrail.
"My fares freeze is fully funded. We're going to make sure we make the savings this mayor hasn't made, but we're also going to increase revenue streams."
Tony Travers from the London School of Economics said: "The truth is that TfL has never felt austerity like much of the public sector - certainly nothing like the London boroughs. They have very substantial reserves that have been very substantial for years now.
"So if you ask the simple question 'could they stand a fares freeze?', the answer is yes. Would that mean, on the other hand, there was less money going into the system against which TfL could have borrowed in order for example to build the Bakerloo line extension? Well, that money wouldn't be there. So there will be less money in the system. And of course more crowding if fares don't go up."
The Conservative candidate Zac Goldsmith has not yet said what he intends to do with fares.


A huge fire has broken out at at an industrial estate in Merseyside, prompting a warning for residents to stay indoors.

Plumes of smoke could be seen across the area after the blaze started at the site in Kelvin Road, Wallasey, shortly after 16:30 GMT.
The fire started in a garage and was believed to have spread to a second unit, firefighters said.
People living in nearby Birkenhead Road were urged to stay in their homes.
Motorists were also advised to avoid the area, and road closures were in place along part of Birkenhead Road, New Street, Alfred Road and Kelvin Road up to Wheatland Lane.
There were no reports of any injuries, and a spokesman for Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service said the cause of the fire was not yet clear.


Defending champion Lewis Hamilton says the technical problems afflicting him are making him fear for his hopes of winning a fourth world title.

The Englishman is 24 points adrift of Mercedes team-mate Nico Rosberg after finishing fifth in the Grand Prix of Europe, which the German won.
"I am definitely not feeling confident for the future, but I have a lot of races ahead," said Hamilton.
"It's looking like a good year for Nico, but I never give up."
Hamilton arrived in Baku having cut Rosberg's lead from 43 points to nine with two victories.
But he made life difficult for himself on F1's newest track with a mistake-ridden performance in qualifying, which left him 10th on the grid.
His race was then hampered by a problem with the car's engine settings, which the team could not tell him how to change because of restrictions on help drivers can be given over team radio.
"I am just glad I got some points and am hoping from now on I will have some better races," said Hamilton.
"But I have been hoping that for some time and still have these engine problems here and there so we have work to do."
The team said they had programmed one of the engine's modes incorrectly, so it was giving less power when it was intended to give more.
The same problem afflicted Rosberg in the race, but he was able to change out of it faster than Hamilton.
That's because he had changed the setting himself during the race.
When that change subsequently caused a drop in power, it was a relatively simple leap of understanding to change it back again.
By contrast, Hamilton had been in the mode from the start of the race because he was going to have to pass people.
When he noticed a problem first occur on lap four, it took a while for the team to work out what it was and it was not obvious to Hamilton what to do.
He said he felt the team radio rules should be revisited.
"It was dangerous," he said. "Just looking at my steering wheel a large proportion of the lap, all the way down the straight just looking at my wheel and all they can tell me is it's a wrong switch position.
"So I am looking at every single switch thinking: 'Am I being an idiot here? Have I done something wrong?' And I hadn't.
"The radio ban was supposed to stop driver aids and this wasn't a driver aid it was a technical issue.
"F1 is so technical that it is far too technical almost.
"To have that many switch positions it is something you should be able to rectify because everyone can see it in the garage.
"It would have added to the spectacle if I had had full power. I would have been more in the race."
Asked if he felt F1 should be "less computer and more man", he said: "Definitely. But it isn't and it won't be so there is no point talking about it.
"It is what it is. Maybe the rule needs to be looked at again."
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Scientists say they have made a significant leap towards mass-producing red blood cells suitable for donation.

Red blood cells can already be made in the lab, but the problem is scale.
A team at the University of Bristol and NHS Blood and Transplant have developed a method to produce an unlimited supply.
The artificial blood will be far more expensive than conventional donation. So it is likely to be used for people with very rare blood types.
The old technique involved taking a type of stem cell that manufactures red blood cells in the body and coaxing it to do so in the lab.
However, each cell eventually burns out and produces no more than 50,000 red blood cells.
The trick developed by the Bristol team was to trap the stem cells at an early stage where they grow in number indefinitely.
It is known as making them immortal.
Once the researchers have this group of cells, they can just trigger them to become red blood cells.
Dr Jan Frayne, one of the researchers, said: "We have demonstrated a feasible way to sustainably manufacture red cells for clinical use.
"We've grown litres of it."
The work is far from over.
The researchers now have the biological resource to mass produce red blood cells, but they still need the manufacturing technology for mass production.
It is like the difference between home-brewing beer and a large brewery.
A bag of blood contains about a trillion red blood cells.
Prof David Anstee, another of the researchers, told the BBC: "There is a bioengineering challenge.
"To produce that much at scale is quite a challenge, and really the next phase of our work is to look at methods of expanding the yield."
The cost will be a massive barrier to wide-scale use of manufactured blood.
NHS Blood and Transplant says it has no plans "in any way at all" to move away from traditionally donated blood.
However, it can be almost impossible to match some people's blood - often from minority ethnicities - with a donor.
Prof Anstee added: "The first therapeutic use of a cultured red cell product is likely to be for patients with rare blood groups, because suitable conventional red blood cell donations can be difficult to source."
Safety trials of lab-made blood are already planned for later this year.
The study was published in Nature Communications.
Follow James on Twitter.


A tutor who sent indecent images of children to his lover has been jailed for three years.

Philip Riddiford-Bell, 32, admitted three sex offence charges at a Hull Crown Court hearing on 7 March.
He was also made the subject of an indefinite Sexual Harm Prevention Order when he was sentenced earlier at the same court.
Co-defendant Aimee Esnee, 30, of Cedars, Weeton, was handed a six-month jail term suspended for two years.
Riddiford-Bell, of Skerne Road, Driffield, pleaded guilty to possessing extreme pornography, and possessing and distributing indecent images of children.
He was ordered to sign the sex offenders register for life.
Esnee admitted to one charge of possessing indecent images of children at a court hearing on 11 May.
She was also told she must register as a sex offender for seven years, was fined Â£1,000 and a seven-year sexual harm prevention order was made.


Syria's president Bashar al-Assad says Russia's involvement in his country's war has led to significant changes, including the "shrinking" of the Islamic State (IS) group.

Russia launched air strikes in late September in support of Mr Assad, Moscow's ally.
Mr Assad told Czech television that US air strikes on Syria had not slowed IS, but that Russian bombing was doing so.
He also condemned the recent shooting down of a Russian warplane by Turkey.
Russia has been bombing rebel positions in Syria, but said on launching the air strikes that its main target was IS.
The US said last month that most of the air strikes were against "moderate Syrian opposition forces" opposed to Syria's government.
Mr Assad said that since US air strikes on Syria began in September last year, IS "has expanded and the recruiting from around the world has increased".
He added: "Since the participation of Russia in the same fight (...) Isis has been shrinking - and al-Nusra Front of course and the other terrorist groups. The facts are telling."
However, in September, before Russia began its sorties, the US defence department said IS had already lost up to 10% of its territory in Syria in a year.
On Wednesday, US Secretary of State John Kerry said Russia's role in Syria was welcome, as long as Moscow was focused only on IS.
"They can be an extremely constructive and important player in reaching a solution," he said after talks between Nato members in Brussels.
Nato members were ready to step up their role against IS, Mr Kerry said.
Also in the Czech television interview, Mr Assad also criticised the government of Syria's neighbour, Turkey, after its shot down a Russian warplane inside Syria on 24 November.
In the interview, Mr Assad said the incident showed that his Turkish counterpart, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, had "lost his nerve" because Russia's involvement had altered what was at stake.
"The failure of Erdogan in Syria, the failure of his terrorist groups, means his political demise," he said.


A £5.2m project claimed to be the UK's largest lung cancer screening trial is set to test 7,000 people for the disease.

Yorkshire Cancer Research is behind the investment which will visit communities in Leeds using mobile screening vans.
The charity said it hoped the programme would identify almost 300 cases over two years.
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer in Yorkshire, with about 4,500 people diagnosed each year.
The trial, which is due to start in 2018, will focus on smokers and ex-smokers aged 55-80.
130
cases diagnosed compared to the England average of 78
93
deaths compared to the England average of 61
Project leader Dr Matthew Callister, Consultant in Respiratory Medicine at Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, said: "If lung cancer screening was introduced across Yorkshire, hundreds of lives could be saved every year."
The charity said more than half of lung cancer patients in Yorkshire are diagnosed when their cancer is very advanced, which can limit treatment options and reduce the chance of survival.
It added the average cost of treating a patient with lung cancer ranges from £7,952 if diagnosed at Stage 1 to £13,078 if diagnosed at Stage 4.
Kathryn Scott, interim chief executive of the charity, said: "This is a unique opportunity to bring the very latest technology in lung cancer diagnosis to Yorkshire so it can be used for the people who need it most."
The charity is investing a further £1.8m in four other projects:


A Labour councillor's son, held in Turkey on suspicion of trying to enter Syria illegally is expected to return to the UK.

Waheed Ahmed has been detained along with eight other Britons in Hatay near the Syrian border since Wednesday, 1 April.
Footage released on Sunday shows him being put on a coach to Antalya, which is 509 miles west of Hatay.
The group of nine from Rochdale included five adults and four children.
His father, Rochdale Labour councillor Shakil Ahmed, said he "wanted his son to come home as soon as possible".
Simon Danczuk, the MP for Rochdale in the last Parliament, has confirmed after speaking to the Foreign Office that Mr Ahmed is being deported back to Britain.
In footage released by Reuters, Mr Ahmed is seen  leaving a police station in Hatay.
He is then filmed getting on a coach to Antalya from where it is believed he will fly to the UK.
Greater Manchester Police and the North West Counter Terrorism Unit have launched an investigation to establish why the group apparently tried to enter Syria.
All nine would be sent back to the UK "in due course", police said.
Assistant Chief Constable Ian Wiggett has said that the primary concern was the "safety and welfare" of the children, and efforts were being made to ensure a "full safeguarding strategy" was in place upon their return.
Police have been searching his family home in Rochdale.
His father said he had thought his son was on holiday.
In a statement Councillor Shakil Ahmed said:  "My son is a good Muslim and his loyalties belong to Britain, so I don't understand what he's doing there.
"If I thought for a second that he was in danger of being radicalised, I would have reported him to the authorities.
"He's studying a degree in politics and sociology at Manchester University and has a good future ahead of him."


British Cycling will retain £43m in public funding after its national council approved governance reforms in an extraordinary general meeting.

A 75% majority was required to pass the changes, demanded by sports minister Tracey Crouch to make governing bodies more independent and diverse.
As part of the deal, a board place will be created for the 10 English regions.
"The vote is the start of an exciting new chapter," said British Cycling's chief executive Julie Harrington.
"Securing funding will enable us to inspire more people onto two wheels."
Funding agency Sport England had allocated £17m to British Cycling to boost grassroots participation, while UK Sport is set to invest £26m for its Olympic and Paralympic teams' preparations for Tokyo 2020.
However, the government deemed that, from November, boards of governing bodies must be "the ultimate decision-making body and exercise all of the powers of the organisation" - something that former chief executive Peter King thought would be rejected by more than 25% of British Cycling's 130,000 members.
British Cycling executives - including president Bob Howden and chairman Jonathan Browning - attended a series of regional meetings in a bid to convince members to support the reforms.
The reforms included an increase in the number of openly recruited independent board members from three to four and an independent chair. They also included a limit for directors of three three-year terms, with six of the eight elected members on the current board being forced to stand down.
British six-time Olympic champion Sir Chris Hoy had written to urge them to accept the proposals.
And Howden warned that cycling "could be lost to an entire generation" if their Sport England funding was withdrawn.
British Cycling said the reforms were voted through by 94% of its members and the result was welcomed in a joint statement from Sport England and UK Sport.
"We are very pleased to see that British Cycling members voted in favour of proposed governance reforms," the organisations said.
"National governing bodies of sport in receipt of public funding have a huge responsibility to invest it wisely and with transparency, and the code was launched to ensure those organisations have the highest standards of leadership.
"Some of the proposed reforms will involve significant changes, so today's vote from the members is a strong demonstration of British Cycling's commitment to continuous improvement to benefit everyone involved in the sport."
Julian Knight MP, who sits on the Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee, said British Cycling has "stared into the abyss and decided not to jump".
He added: "I trust this will provide a wake-up call to the sport that success doesn't give it a free pass. It must strive for the highest standards in governance and how athletes are treated."
To date, the government has had mixed results persuading sports to adopt its Code for Sports Governance, designed to improve governance standards across sport.
In May, the Football Association's council finally approved reforms, having been threatened with a £15m funding cut.
But earlier this month, the national governing body for table tennis became the first to reject the government's standards and had its full £9m Sport England funding award suspended as a result.


Shelved plans to build a gallery "the size of the Tate Modern" in Birmingham could be resurrected if funding is found, the BBC has been told.

Proposals for a centre on the former Curzon Street train station site were scrapped in favour of a HS2 terminal.
Jonathan Watkins, director of the city's Ikon gallery, said the idea was "hibernating and waiting to be woken up".
He said financial support from the council was needed for it to go ahead.
Bosses of the Ikon, based in Birmingham's Brindley Place, want a new multi-million pound gallery built in Southside between the Hippodrome theatre and Digbeth.
In December, the council announced it planned to cut arts and heritage funding and focus on encouraging donations from visitors and supporters.
But Mr Watkins said a new gallery was essential if Birmingham was to keep pace with other big cities.
"Birmingham needs more to offer in terms of visual arts if it's going to maintain its status as the second city," he said.
Mr Watkins said he hoped the current Ikon gallery would be retained as a separate annex if the project went ahead.
But because Ikon is a charity, they would need support from a developer as well as council backing, he said.
"Ikon has moved five times already so there's no reason why this has to be the resting place," he ag.
He was speaking ahead of the launch of Ikon's 2015 exhibition programme.
The programme includes a project to move the contents of Handsworth photographer Vanley Burke to the gallery and an exhibition of drawings, sculptures and films by Fiona Banner.
The gallery, currently celebrating its 50th anniversary, will also exhibit a number of pieces donated by contemporary artists ahead of an auction in the summer.
The city council said it would support the gallery's ambitions where possible.
Councillor Penny Holbrook said: "Birmingham is rightly known for its great cultural scene and, as with all our cultural venues, we will continue to support the Ikon in its ambitions where we can; however, this has to be set in the context of the severe financial challenge faced by the city council."


Australia all-rounder James Faulkner has been refused permission to play for Lancashire this summer by his country because of an ongoing knee injury.

The 26-year-old had re-signed for the Red Rose club for the 2017 T20 Blast, which he helped them win in 2015.
But Lancashire have not received the necessary paperwork from Cricket Australia to allow him to rejoin.
"The decision has been taken for me to rest up in July and August," said Faulkner.
"This will undoubtedly be in my best interests but I am sorry to be missing out on more playing time with Lancashire."
Faulkner, who has played one Test, 67 one-day internationals and 24 T20 matches for his country, has a central contract with Australia.
Cricket Australia believe his knee injury requires ongoing management and have refused to issue the No Objection Certificate (NOC) required for him to play in the English county game.
Lancashire head coach Glen Chapple added: "It's disappointing that James won't be re-joining us, but we understand the reasoning from Cricket Australia.
"We'd had some indications of Faulkner's position and so we worked hard on bringing Junaid Khan as his replacement. We are also confident of securing another addition to the squad in the coming weeks."


Plans to overhaul Sunday trading laws in England and Wales have been dropped after they were rejected by MPs.

The Commons opposed proposals to allow councils to extend opening hours by 317 votes to 286, as 27 Tories rebelled.
Ministers had sought to limit the rebellion by promising to trial the changes in 12 areas but said afterwards they would respect MPs' views.
Critics of the plans said they would "chip away" at Sunday's special status and put undue pressure on workers.
It is the Conservative government's second defeat in the House of Commons since it was elected last May.
The government had hoped to relax existing restrictions on Sunday trading, which limit large shops to opening for a maximum of six hours, by devolving responsibility to local councils. But their plans were thwarted by an unlikely alliance of Labour, the SNP and Conservative backbenchers.
List of Conservative MPs who voted against the government
Before the vote, ministers indicated they would seek to amend their proposals in the House of Lords if MPs approved them in principle. But while blaming the SNP for the defeat, ministers conceded afterwards the plans would not be resurrected.
"We respect the view of the House of Parliament. The Commons has spoken and given a very clear view - we have to absolutely respect that," said the planning minister Brandon Lewis.
In the biggest proposed shake-up for 20 years, ministers wanted to give the 353 councils in England and 22 in Wales the freedom to determine opening hours for large shops in their area.
During a three-hour debate, a succession of Conservative MPs spoke out against the changes - first announced by Mr Osborne in last year's Budget - and the way they were being introduced.
Analysis by the BBC's political editor Laura Kuenssberg
The reason the government lost by such a margin was not just because of staunch opposition from the Labour Party with its 'Keep Sunday Special' campaign, or the principled opposition from many Tory MPs who believe fervently that Sundays are indeed special and should be protected.
The government also lost because the SNP objected to their plans, even though in Scotland shops have opened for longer on Sundays for many years.
It is an embarrassing defeat for the government and particularly George Osborne, who must deliver the Budget a week today. But the SNP's involvement could have a longer term impact. Read more from Laura
Sir Gerald Howarth said the late offer of concessions had been "shambolic" and looked like they had been "delivered by lastminute.com" while Stewart Jackson said the "dead hand" of the Treasury was responsible for an "egregious and unnecessary confrontation" with Tory backbenchers.
Conservative MP David Burrowes, who tabled the successful rebel amendment, said the government had not made the economic case for such sweeping changes, which he said were opposed by businesses of all sizes, shop workers and faith groups.
Speaking after the vote, he told BBC News of his "relief", adding: "The main thing out there is relief for shop workers, families and businesses who will really be pleased today."
Labour said the government's approach had been "tawdry" and the House of Commons had spoken clearly on the "contentious issue".
The Federation of Small Businesses said the outcome was a "major win" for its members.
"Our members have been unconvinced of the economic case for relaxing Sunday trading rules and there has been no impact assessment to support the proposals," said the group's policy director, Mike Cherry.
"The current system can be seen as a great British compromise which allows families to spend time together, employees to work if they wish to, and provides much needed support for smaller retailers within their communities."
The proposed changes were not covered by new English Votes for English Laws provisions, which require the explicit consent of English and Welsh MPs for measures exclusively affecting them, because other parts of the Enterprise Bill apply to Scotland.


BBC Sport's football expert Mark Lawrenson is pitting his wits against a different guest each week this season.

Lawro's opponent for this weekend's Premier League fixtures is two-time world darts champion Adrian 'Jackpot' Lewis.
Lewis, who won the PDC title in 2011 and 2012, will be taking part in the new Champions League of Darts competition, which will be shown on BBC Sport in September.
He is a Stoke City fan, and went to his first game at the age of six at the Potters' former home, the Victoria Ground.
"My granddad took me and he told me we were going conker picking," Lewis said. "I just remember walking there and seeing everyone wearing the same shirt.
"My favourite Stoke player when I was growing up was Paul Peschisolido - I named my goldfish 'Peschi' after him. Now we've got the likes of Bojan Krkic and Xherdan Shaqiri, which shows how far we have come as a club.
"If you asked me about how this season has gone for us a month ago, I would have said 'brilliant' but the last four games have not gone to plan. Hopefully we can do a bit better this week."
You can hear more of Lewis' tales of following the Potters on Football Focus at 12:10 BST on Saturday on BBC One and the BBC Sport website.
A correct result (picking a win, draw or defeat) is worth 10 points. The exact score earns 40 points.
Last weekend, Lawro got seven correct results, including three perfect scores from 10 Premier League matches, to give him a total of 160 points - his joint-highest of the season.
He still only drew with comedian Nathan Caton, who also got seven results correct, with three perfect scores.
Make your own predictions now, compare them to Lawro and other fans and try to take your team to the top of the leaderboard by playing the BBC Sport Predictor game.
All kick-offs 15:00 BST unless otherwise stated
Lawro's prediction: 0-2
Lewis' prediction: 1-2
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 1-2
Lewis' prediction: Newcastle still have a fighting chance of staying up. 0-1
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 1-1
Lewis' prediction: 1-1
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 0-1
Lewis' prediction: I am hoping Stoke can get the job done here. 1-2
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 1-1
Lewis' prediction: Chelsea will want to finish the season on a high. 0-2
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 2-0
Lewis' prediction: 2-1
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 1-1
Lewis' prediction: Leicester will still be on a high and I can see Everton nicking it. 0-1
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 1-1
Lewis's prediction: With Tottenham's disappointment at missing out on the title I can see a draw. 1-1
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 2-0
Lewis' prediction: This will be comfortable for Liverpool. 3-0
Match report
Lawro's prediction: 2-1
Lewis' prediction: 2-2
Match report
Lawro was speaking to BBC Sport's Chris Bevan.
Lawro's best score: 160 points (week 19 v Guy Mowbray and week 36 v Nathan Caton)
Lawro's worst score: 20 points (week one v Graeme Swann & week 23 v Ice Cube and Kevin Hart)


Canada is pushing back over US President Donald Trump's criticism that its protectionist dairy policies are hurting US farmers.

Mr Trump targeted Canada's dairy sector as "unfair" in a recent speech in Wisconsin.
Dozens of the state's dairy farms face being dropped by their milk buyer after new Canadian pricing put a dent in US milk protein exports.
Canada's ambassador says that Canada is being unfairly maligned.
"Canada does not accept the contention that Canada's dairy policies are the cause of financial loss for dairy farmers in the United States," Canada's envoy to Washington, David MacNaughton, said in a letter to the governors of New York and Wisconsin.
"The facts do not bear this out."
Mr MacNaughton instead laid the blame at the feet of "US and global overproduction" and the difficult "global situation" of low world dairy prices, which is a problem faced by farmers on both sides of the border.
The ambassador also noted that the current dairy trade balance favours the US five to one - a point he underscored again during a news conference on Wednesday.
Canada protects its dairy sector by putting high tariffs on imported products in order to keep prices high for its farmers.
This has been a source of irritation for other dairy-producing countries.
Lawmakers from dairy producing states like Wisconsin and New York, as well as American dairy organisations, have been lobbying the president for months to take on the Canadian dairy industry for practices they say are in violation of trade commitments.
At issue is a new pricing agreement struck last spring by Canada's dairy farmers and processors that industry groups in Australia, New Zealand, the European Union, Mexico and the United States say would price domestic milk ingredients, used for making cheese and yoghurt, below cost.
American groups say that agreement means US exports of these high-protein milk products are being elbowed out of the Canadian market for a domestic supply, costing US farm jobs.
Canada's cheesemakers have been importing a growing amount of what is called "diafiltered milk" or "ultra-filtered milk", a commodity that can cross the border tariff-free unlike other dairy products.
Those exports increased from US$33m (Â£25m) in 2011 to US$98m (Â£76m)in 2016.
The US dairy industry says that agreement led to Wisconsin and New York companies losing millions of dollars in ultra-filtered milk exports due to a drop in demand for the ingredients from Canada.
This is not the first time Canada's dairy industry has been criticised for being overly protectionist.
Ottawa operates a supply-managed system that tightly controls production and imports to support prices.
Canada has also fiercely protected its dairy industry in recent trade deals, from the Trans-Pacific Partnership to Ceta, the Canada-European Union deal.
On Wednesday,  Australia and New Zealand dairy industry leaders said they would support any moves by Washington to draw the World Trade Organization into a trade dispute with Canada.
University of Toronto political scientist Grace Skogstad says that while the Canadian dairy sector is "vulnerable" to external trade pressures, it has weathered disputes before, including under the North American Free Trade Agreement.
"This has been an issue for a very long time, Trump or no Trump," she said.


Diamond jewellery belonging to the Queen will be on display for the first time to mark the Jubilee year.

29 June 2012 Last updated at 08:35 BST
Ten thousand of the precious stones will be on show for the public to see at Buckingham Palace from 30 June.
The collection includes tiaras, necklaces and even the crown the queen is wearing in the picture on stamps.
Some of the pieces have never been on show before.


The family of Kayleigh Haywood said they are "devastated" and "heartbroken" after a body believed to be the missing teenager's was found.

The 15-year-old has not been seen since Friday evening when she was dropped off outside Ibstock Community College in Leicestershire.
Police found a body at a lake north Ibstock late on Wednesday evening.
Two men, aged 27 and 28, have been arrested on suspicion of murder and remain in police custody.
In a statement, Kayleigh's family said they were "heartbroken" and "grief-stricken".
"There are no words to express the way we are feeling," they said.
"We cannot even begin to thank the local communities and wider public for their messages of support which have helped us through the last week.
"We are also grateful for the publicity the media have given to Kayleigh's disappearance and the desperate search to find her.
"We would now ask that everyone respects our need for privacy at this harrowing time."
Residents of Kayleigh's home village of Measham say they have been left "numb" by news of the find.
The body was removed from where it was found on Thursday, but has not yet been formally identified as Kayleigh, although her family were informed.
A post-mortem examination will be carried out to determine the cause of death.
Police were given a final 24 hours to question the arrested men on Thursday morning, which means they will have to bring charges or release the suspects on Friday.
Det Ch Supt David Sandall said: "From the evidence available to us, we believe that the body found is Kayleigh.
"Understanding the events leading up to her death, and precisely how she died, is clearly our focus, as is providing whatever support we can to Kayleigh's parents, brothers and sister at this desperately bleak time for them."
Kayleigh's family were among hundreds of people who attended a special vigil at St Laurence Church in Measham tonight.
There were emotional scenes as the teenager's grief-stricken relatives hugged and kissed each other.
The family told the vicar they were overwhelmed by how many people had come out to show their support - so many they were queuing outside the church, all the way down the drive.
Flowers were placed outside and purple balloons - Kayleigh's favourite colour - were released into the air.
It was incredible to see how many people turned out this evening, and to see the community coming together after such an awful tragedy.
Kayleigh is a student at Ashby School but previously attended Ibstock Community College, where she was dropped off on Friday evening.
In a statement, Ashby School head teacher Eddie Green, said: "Kayleigh was a lively and fun-loving girl in her final GCSE year who had started Year 11 with a real determination to be successful.
"It would appear that this opportunity has sadly been taken away from her."
Police said the previous discovery of Kayleigh's mobile phone and belongings, alongside other information, made them believe she had been killed.
Det Ch Supt Sandall has urged anyone who was in the Diseworth or Belton areas between Saturday afternoon and Monday morning to contact the force.
Friday 13 November
Kayleigh is dropped off at 18:00 GMT by her family outside Ibstock Community College to spend an evening with friends.
Saturday 14 November
Kayleigh contacts her family on Saturday morning, according to police.
Det Ch Supt David Sandall says: "We have been trying to piece together her last movements and we believe she may have been in the Sence Valley Forest Park area on Saturday afternoon."
Monday 16 November
Two men, aged 27 and 28, are arrested in connection with Kayleigh's disappearance on suspicion of kidnap. Police made the arrests in the early hours.
Police cordon off a house in Baker's Croft and make an urgent appeal for witnesses as they grow increasingly concerned over Kayleigh's disappearance.
Tuesday 17 November
The entrance to Sence Valley Forest Park is cordoned off. A forensic tent is erected and a tactical support team is brought in.
Police say Kayleigh's phone has been found by a member of the public.
Kayleigh's parents, Stephanie Haywood and Martin Whitby, make an appeal in the hope of finding their daughter.
Police are given a further 36 hours to hold and question the two arrested men.
Wednesday 18 November
The search of Sence Valley Forest Park resumes.
Police activity moves to the Belton area, less than 10 miles away from the park, where a tent is erected.
At 13:00, police announce they are treating Kayleigh's disappearance as murder, and the two men have been rearrested on suspicion of murder.
Cordons remain in place at the park and the search is widened to other areas including Belton and Diseworth.
A body is discovered in a field north of Ibstock at about 22:00.
Thursday 19 November
Police say they believe the body is that of Kayleigh.
The body is removed from undergrowth next to a lake near Ibstock.
An application is granted by magistrates to hold the men arrested for a further and final 24 hours.


The family of a student murdered on a Thai island have collected their son's posthumous first class degree from the university where he studied.

David Miller, 24, from Jersey, attended the University of Leeds and had been travelling with Hannah Witheridge, 23, from Norfolk.
Their bodies were found on a beach on Koh Tao in September 2014.
The university awarded Mr Miller a degree in civil and structural engineering.
He had just completed the third year of his degree and was about to start the fourth year of the master of engineering course.
His mother Sue Miller and girlfriend Jessy Howorth collected the degree on his behalf.
The trial of two Burmese men - Zaw Lin and Wai Phyo - accused of murdering the pair continues. Both deny the charges.