In our series of letters from African journalists, Yousra Elbagir looks at how Sudan's young poets are reviving the nation's tradition of lyrical resistance.

President Omar al-Bashir's government likes to keep a tight rein over Sudan's media and cultural institutions, with state-endorsed competitions and publications trying to replace a once-thriving poetry scene.
A heavy police presence in the capital has discouraged the spontaneous poetic outbursts that were once commonplace on the streets of central Khartoum or the tree-lined pathways of its historic university campus.
But in typical Sudanese fashion, coercion has only spurred resistance. Intimate gatherings and online forums have sprung like roses from the concrete.
NWN is one group that has successfully carved out a space.
Founded five years ago, the spoken-word poetry event has relied on mailing-list invites and donated venues to escape censorship and police intervention.
A platform for free expression, where Arabic and English-speaking poets enjoy what my friend Sara Elhassan describes as an open mic that is actually "open".
A luxury in the heavily guarded city, the event has survived raids, threats and scrutiny from National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS), which reserves the right to disband public gatherings.
It has even resonated around the world when a video of a poetic performance in Arabic and English by Ms Elhassan went viral in 2014.
The poem, a response to a Sudanese professor's comment on television that he was unhappy about the unsatisfying levels of beauty exhibited by his country's women, put fresh air into the stale public arena of discussion and expression.
"Apparently, we're nothing butâ€¦ pretty faces put on display, to be bought and sold, and later stored as after-thoughts. Pretty faces mounted and hung on the wall like deer heads. Prizes prized, till the novelty dies - then later casually thrown into conversations," reads an excerpt from the piece.
Each time these words were shared on Whatsapp, Facebook and Twitter, social commentary, usually monopolised by politicians and academics, was broadened.
Yousra Elbagir:
Sudan's youth now sing along to their own tune to fight censorship and control, with the world as their stage.
The performance not only represented a new era of debate but inadvertently paid homage to Sudan's history of oral poetry as a battle cry and assertion of identity.
In World War Two, famous poet and praise-singer Aisha Al-Falatiya took to the battlefield to support Sudanese soldiers fighting Axis powers under British rule, motivated by the prospect of independence.
The troops were cheered on by her lyrics, which likened the power of fascist leaders Hitler and Mussolini to "a foreign coin with no value in our market".
Once used to provoke national feeling, poetry is now used by contemporary Sudanese poets to wrestle with a conflicted national identity.
The Arabisation campaign under President Bashir has shaped the social landscape, leading popular culture in the East African nation towards the Arab world.
Grappling with African, Arabic and Islamic identities, many poets like Al-Saddig Al-Raddi turn to the nuances of their own heritage in resistance.
His political voice saw him censored and thrown in prison in Sudan. He now lives in London and is considered one of Africa's best contemporary poets.
Award-winning Sudanese-American poet Safia Elhillo tours the US, inviting audience members to ponder her complex concept of "home", weaving images of her grandparent's home in Khartoum with her childhood home in Maryland in both Arabic and English.
In 2015, Darfur-born Yale poet Emitihal Mahmoud won the Individual World Poetry Slam with a poem called "Mama". A tribute to her mother and striking recount of how she led their escape from their burning village in Sudan.
Similar to how olden spoken poetry transformed into folk songs, a whole genre of classic mainstream Sudanese music - known as al-Haqeeba - is rooted in the landmark poems of Wad Al-Rabi, Omar Al-Bana, Khalil Farah and Sayed Abdelaziz.
Spurred on by revolutions against British colonial powers, Al-Haqeeba took off in the 1920s and was the soundtrack for popular uprisings and cultured resistance in the capital.
In what can only be described as a modern renaissance, Haqeeba songs have recently been remixed by young Sudanese producer Sammany.
The collection, called Briefcase, has been played more than 250,000 times on Soundcloud.
It samples classic songs that borrow lyrics from love poems or poems on national pride.
The collection, blends reggae, electro and house beats with Sudanese music in a way that epitomises how many young people in the country feel: connected to their nation's rich culture but also mainstream global trends, sounds and tastes.
Just as its soldiers historically marched to lyrics of resistance, empowerment and heritage against foreign ruling powers, Sudan's youth now sing along to their own tune to fight censorship and control, with the world as their stage.


Some Democrats have a nightmare that takes them back to Florida 16 years ago, and the time of the 'hanging chads'.

It was the presidential election decided in that state by 537 votes after weeks of counting, amid arguments over the ragged fragments of ballots not punched free in the voting machines. Those pesky chads.
The villain of the nightmare is the old consumer and green crusader Ralph Nader.
He persisted in his third party campaign through to November, impervious to Democrat accusations of selfish egocentricity, and got nearly 100,000 votes in Florida.
With less than one per cent of votes for Nader, cast overwhelmingly by liberal-left voters, Al Gore would have won the state for the Democrats, and vote in the state-by-state electoral college.
President George W Bush would never have been.
The figure who hovers in this dream as a white-haired ghost is of course, Bernie Sanders.
Might he be the spoiler for Hillary Clinton which gives Donald Trump the White House?
The fear of senior Democrats is not that he makes a Nader-style independent run - it would make no sense at all - but simply that he poisons the well, and has the same effect in the end.
He's not giving up, although mathematically his chance of the nomination has gone.
He tells his huge rallies that the only way to defeat Trump is to defeat Clinton, and many of his followers believe him. I walked with a few hundred of them through San Diego.
They were a mixture of hardcore liberals, students, cragged hippies (wearing jeans that look as though they have seen service in '68), a man selling socialist pamphlets, and Aztec dancers who were asked to bless the march, which they did to a drumbeat that gave our microphone a few problems.
'Feel the Bern!' they cried.
It's a movement, without doubt. Fired by the spirit of the Occupy Wall Street campaign, and a belief that Hillary Clinton is the child of a rotten establishment, they sing the Sanders songs.
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They are happy because, exactly like the Trump army on the other side, they are an insurgency which has surprised everyone.
But it perplexes Democrats who know how tough it will be when the campaign against Trump is truly joined.
Vice-chair of the California Democrats Eric Bauman told me that on 95% of the important questions, Clinton and Sanders held views that were nearly indistinguishable.
So why fight so hard and in increasingly fractious language?
California Senator and party elder Diane Feinstein has warned that they "can't afford a disruptive convention like 1968" (when anti war protestors were tear gassed in the streets of Chicago).
She was speaking after a state convention in Nevada where there was chair throwing in the course of a row about delegate selection.
I spoke to Stephanie Miller, the liberal talk-show host and comedienne who broadcasts from her home in the Hollywood hills.
She said that Karl Rove, the master Republican strategist had not bothered to turn his attention to Sanders yet.
"Imagine what he would do to a 73-year-old socialist Jew from Vermont!" she tells me, in the midst of a passionate assault on Trump, whom she described as "a racist, bigot and misogynist" and someone who reminded her of Hitler.
Yet Bernie soldiers on. He addresses vast rallies and he is tramping the valleys of California, scene of the last primary, in the hope of inflicting a final, embarrassing (though unlikely) defeat on Clinton, who's having to fight him with millions of dollars that she had hoped to keep for the campaign proper against Trump.
The nomination is all but locked up, but the internal party fight goes on.
Now, let's be clear that most of the Sanders voters in the primaries are bound to vote Democrat in November, whatever their feelings about candidate Clinton.
But how many won't?
And in supporting an increasingly sour Sanders attack on her, how far will they help to fuel the feelings of undecided voters who, for one reason or another stretching back 25 years, have never warmed to her?
His persistence is doing her damage, and some of it will last.
Such concerns seem far away to his supporters on the streets of San Diego. They continue to ask drivers to 'Honk for Bernie.'
Some of them said cheerfully that they could never vote for her. They would stay away on 8 November.
And who knows, the polls may tighten as Republicans rally behind Trump, however reluctantly.
He's already beginning to tailor his message to try to pull in disaffected Democrats.
And if it works as it has done so far this year, some Sanders supporters will find themselves in November with walk-on parts in the Democrats' nightmare.


Tottenham can end 22 years of Arsenal supremacy in this weekend's north London derby - but how many Spurs players would get in your combined team?

The last time Spurs finished higher than the Gunners was in the 1994-95 season.
That could change if Mauricio Pochettino's side beat the Gunners on Sunday (16:30 BST).
So, would more Spurs or Arsenal players make your starting XI?
Select your combined team and then share your XI on social media.
Pick your XI from our list and share with your friends.


A former head teacher has appeared in court accused of 32 sex attacks against 12 children.

Jack Mount is accused of committing the offences in Birmingham, Shropshire and Yorkshire between 1954 and 1979.
The 95-year-old is the former head of privately-run Brookside School near Craven Arms in Shropshire.
Mr Mount, from Paradise Lawn in South Molton, Devon, has Parkinson's disease. He denies the allegations and is due to formally enter a plea in January.
The charges consist of nine counts of rape, six of gross indecency, nine of indecent assault and eight allegations of other sexual offences.
He is alleged to have committed the offences against six girls and six boys.
One offence was allegedly committed in Barnsley and then West Riding in the mid-1950s. Three are said to have occurred in Birmingham between 1957 and 1962.
The remaining 28 charges relate to allegations of sexual abuse against boys and girls in south Shropshire between 1967 and 1979.
Mr Mount appeared at both Birmingham Magistrates' Court and Birmingham Crown Court earlier. He was granted unconditional bail.


League Two side York City have signed Hull City midfielder Matt Dixon on an 18-month deal.

The 21-year-old made his debut for the Tigers in the League Cup first-round tie against Accrington Stanley in August.
Dixon was captain of the Championship club's under-21 side.
He could make his debut for the Minstermen, who are bottom of the Football League, in Saturday's match against Newport.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


South African President Jacob Zuma has announced an inquiry into violence at a mine in the north-east of the country, calling the deaths there "tragic".

Thirty-four people were killed when police opened fire on striking platinum miners on Thursday.
At least 78 people were injured in the confrontation.
Mr Zuma, who cut short a visit to Mozambique to visit the scene, said he was "saddened and dismayed" at the "shocking" events.
"I am convinced that the Commission of Inquiry will uncover the truth and facts will emerge," he said in a statement after meeting police and injured workers.
Visibly distraught, he said it was not a time for finger-pointing but he would try to make sure such a loss of life never happened again.
By Martin PlautBBC World Service Africa editor
This strike was sparked by a demand for better wages. And - armed with spears and machetes - strikers were in no mood for compromise.
But it goes much deeper than that. The traditional union in the area, the NUM, is a key ally of the African National Congress. Their backing is critical for President Jacob Zuma in his fight to retain his position in the ANC's party elections this December.
Miners accuse their leaders of abandoning their grassroots concerns, focussing instead on politics. So they turned to an alternative union to fight their corner. But - as so often happens in South Africa - this dispute turned violent. Two police had been killed earlier in the week.
The 3,000 police who surrounded the hilltop on which a similar number of miners had gathered were determined not to join their dead comrades. It is in the culture of the force. As one former police commissioner said, they should "shoot to kill" without worrying about what happened after that.
South African commentators are comparing this tragedy to Sharpeville - when the police fired at a crowd in 1960 - leading to the start of the armed struggle against white minority rule. This comparison seems a step too far. But the country is facing the bleakest moment since the end of apartheid.
The president said it was a "cornerstone of hard-won democracy" to allow for peaceful protests adding that it was now "a day for us to mourn together as a nation - a day to start rebuilding and healing".
The violence took place at a platinum mine in Marikana, owned by Lonmin.
The BBC's Milton Nkosi in Johannesburg says South Africans are shocked and bewildered by what happened - 18 years after the end of the brutal system of apartheid.
Wives of the missing miners have been frantically searching for their loved ones, he says.
Some of them were chanting on Friday an old song from the anti-apartheid struggle in the Xhosa language: "What have we done, what have we done to deserve this?"
They wanted to know why the police used such force against protesters who were mostly carrying machetes, spears and clubs.
A strike at the mine began a week ago and had claimed the lives of 10 people, including two police officers, before the incident on Thursday.
Police were then sent to break up 3,000 miners - some armed with clubs and machetes - who had gathered on a hillside overlooking Marikana to call for a pay rise of about $1,000 (£636) a month.
The circumstances that led police to open fire remain unclear, but reports from eyewitnesses suggest the shooting took place after a group of demonstrators rushed at a line of police officers.
Police, armed with automatic rifles and pistols, fired dozens of shots, witnesses said.
Police chief Riah Phiyega said officers "were forced to use maximum force to defend themselves".
She said 259 people had been arrested on various charges.
The Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (AMCU) accused the police of carrying out a massacre.
"There was no need whatsoever for these people to be killed like that," General Secretary Jeffrey Mphahlele told Reuters news agency.
The miners, who are currently earning between 4,000 and 5,000 rand ($484-$605), say they want their salary increased to 12,500 rand ($1,512).
South Africa is the largest platinum producer in the world and the dispute has already affected production.
Lonmin, the world's third-largest platinum producer, has encountered similar labour disputes at the Marikana mine.
In May 2011, the company sacked some 9,000 employees after what it described at the time as "unprotected industrial action". Lonmin and the NUM said all were later reinstated.


Nigella Lawson's US cookery show The Taste has been axed by TV network ABC after two series, following a dramatic ratings slump.

The cooking competition lost more than half its viewers, falling from highs of seven million to less than three million viewers on New Year's Day.
Channel 4 axed the UK version of The Taste last year after just one series.
Other shows cancelled by ABC include Forever, supernatural drama Resurrection and new sitcom Cristela.
Industry website Deadline had warned earlier this year that the future of The Taste was "up in the air".
Starring alongside Lawson were chefs Anthony Bourdain, Ludo Lefebvre and Marcus Samuelsson. The show saw cooks trying to impress the experts with spoonfuls of food.
Lawson's UK TV cookery career remains intact however - BBC Two recently confirmed she would return for new series Simply Nigella later this year, her first on the channel since 2012's Nigellissima.
Marvel's Agents of Shield, which airs on Channel 4 in the UK, has been renewed for a third season, while Agent Carter - starring British actress Hayley Atwell - will return for a second.
Other hit shows including Grey's Anatomy, Nashville, Scandal and How to Get Away with Murder have all been renewed for another season, according to Variety.
ABC has also re-commissioned Castle, fairytale drama Once Upon A Time, American Crime and Secrets and Lies.
Casualties include Forever - starring Welsh actor Ioan Gruffud as a medical examiner trying to solve the mystery of his own immortality - which only survived one season after ratings dipped from 12 million to just under 7 million for its most recent episode.
The network's cull makes way for six new dramas and three recently ordered comedies, which include a revival of The Muppets and new thriller The Catch, from Grey's Anatomy and Scandal showrunner Shonda Rhimes.
Also commissioned were Biblical saga Of Kings and Prophets, Quantico - from Gossip Girl producer Josh Safran - and 80s crime drama Wicked City.
Modern Family, The Goldbergs, Fresh Off the Boat and The Middle are among the comedies returning for new series, along with reality series The Bachelor and Dancing With the Stars.


Roman Polanski has said he "regrets" having unlawful sex with an under-age girl in his first TV interview since his time in a Swiss prison.

"I have regretted it for 33 years, of course I regret it," said the Oscar-winning film director, in an interview aired on Swiss TV on Sunday.
Polanski pleaded guilty to having unlawful intercourse with 13-year-old Samantha Geimer in the US in 1977.
He fled the US on the eve of sentencing and was re-arrested in Zurich in 2009.
He then spent months in prison and under house arrest but avoided extradition.
Polanski has since apologised to his victim and settled a civil case with her in the 90s.
"She is a double victim - my victim and a victim of the press," the director said in Roman Polanski: A Film Memoir, shot while he was under house arrest.
Polanski was originally charged with six offences including rape and sodomy but in 1978, he pleaded guilty to unlawful sex following a plea bargain and served 42 days in a US prison.
The film-maker, whose work includes Rosemary's Baby and Tess, fled the US after hearing rumours that the judge was about to re-sentence him for a much longer term.
He has never returned to the US and did not collect his best director Oscar for The Pianist at the 2003 Academy Awards.
In the interview with Swiss channel TSR, Polanski also spoke of his traumatic past, including his time spent as a Jewish child in a Polish ghetto during World War II and the murder of his wife, Sharon Tate, in 1969.
He said he was "made of stronger stuff".
"I am used to death a little bit like surgeons are used to seeing a stomach cut open," he said.
Polanski thanked Switzerland, whose courts rejected the US request for his extradition, saying: "Your nation possess values that are disappearing in the rest of the world.
"I cannot abide political correctness, which only hides the ugliness in all of us under a veneer," he added.
"We're all a bit like that, though with a few exceptions like me where the veneer is a bit thinner."
Last week, Polanski received a standing ovation as he accepted a lifetime achievement award at the Zurich Film Festival.


Andy Murray must take heart from the aggressive tactics that troubled Novak Djokovic in their US Open quarter-final, says seven-time Grand Slam champion Mats Wilander.

The British number one lost in four sets over three-and-a-half hours, admitting afterwards that Djokovic had been "physically stronger", but for a period in the second set it was the Murray forehand that dominated.
Huge, flat strikes deep into the corners had even the elastic Djokovic scrambling in vain to recover, and Murray finished the match with 20 forehand winners to eight on his backhand side.
However, the exertion of hauling himself level at one set all, after more than two hours, took its toll as Djokovic won the third and fourth in little over an hour.
Murray's Grand Slam season is over and, three weeks short of a year since he underwent back surgery, he remains without a title anywhere and ranked ninth in the world.
"I think physically he's going to get stronger and stronger," said Wilander.
"I think mentally it's a matter of deciding which way is he going to go.
"Is he going to try and protect what he has and try and get back in the top four, top five in the world, possibly winning another Grand Slam?
"Or is he going to do what he did against Djokovic and play more aggressively, and maybe have to take a loss or two, but also then feel like he can raise his game and threaten the best players.
"He's still playing a little bit like he did before he won his first Grand Slam, which is maybe a little too far back and too defensively. Apart from last night against Djokovic."
Darren Cahill, former coach to Andre Agassi and a regular confidante of Murray's in recent years, also saw signs of the player who won Grand Slam titles and Olympic gold.
"You have to cast your mind back to 14, 15 months ago when he won Wimbledon and he was playing power tennis, he was moving beautifully, it felt like he could play for five hours," said the Australian.
"I thought he was coming to the net extremely well. At the moment he's sort of drifting in and out of that tennis. It's just not sustained for long periods of time like it was 15 months ago.
"It's much better than it was in January, and I'm sure in November it's going to be better than it is now."
Murray's most successful period came under the guidance of Ivan Lendl, but it is Amelie Mauresmo who must now help the Scot find a way back to winning titles.
He spoke earlier in the summer about employing more variety in his game, although on the US hard courts it has often appeared more like the "drifting" that Cahill describes.
A serve that averaged a mighty 125mph proved too much for Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the early stages of their fourth-round match, yet for the tournament as a whole his first serves were at 109mph, and his second serve a very tame 83mph.
"He hits a serve 125mph and suddenly hits a 90-95mph first serve, so it was pretty unpredictable," said Djokovic after Wednesday's match.
Only Roger Federer and Milos Raonic have been to the net more than Murray in New York, and the Briton had a better conversion rate than both of them, but against Djokovic he made fewer moves into the forecourt.
That might have something to do with quality of the Serb's passing shots, but it was notable that Djokovic was prepared to take the initiative and serve-volley on break point at one stage.
"In such a close match, you're not going to win it by staying back and getting balls back in the court," added Djokovic.
"You are going to win it by pressuring your opponent, by hitting angles, by coming to the net."
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To play attacking tennis for any length of time requires the kind of athleticism that seemingly comes naturally to Roger Federer, but is a fragile possession for most athletes.
Murray's work ethic is beyond doubt and he was among the first in tennis to create a team of specialist support staff, with whom he commits to regular punishing training blocks in Florida.
But at the age of 27, and after what former Wimbledon champion Richard Krajicek describes as "really bad surgery", fitness could well be a constant factor for the rest of his career.
"Ideally you should be able to go longer than this without feeling the effects," said John McEnroe on ESPN as Wednesday night's match unfolded.
"I'm disappointed because I'm seeing a guy who has had to battle a lot of different things the last 15 months.
"This is a problem he thought he had solved and now it will be in his head. It might affect him going forward."
For a tantalising half hour or so, Murray managed what few others have as he bullied Djokovic.
However, he went into the match having spent three-and-a-half hours longer on court than the Serb.
To outmuscle the world number one over three or four hours might be unrealistic, but had Murray managed something similar against lesser opponents in the early rounds there might have been more in the tank as he tried to stay with Djokovic.
As the contest headed into the early hours, Murray's service speed dipped, the trips to the net dried up and the number of shorter points he was able to win decreased.
"You need to be patient, you need to practise, you need to stick with pain in those kind of matches," said former Wimbledon champion Goran Ivanisevic.
"You could see after two sets he could not cope any more with Djokovic, he was just slower and slower, and Djokovic was just a better player.
"He needs to practise, work hard and for sure he's going to come back and be the same Andy like last year, two years ago."
Murray has always put his faith in the practice court after significant defeats, and there are likely to be more hard sessions ahead than ever if he is to get back to Grand Slam winning ways.
"You have to go with the evolution of your personality, what you want to do on the tennis court," said Wilander.
"I think for Andy Murray it's probably being more aggressive, but day in and day out."


The 25 April 2015 marks the 100th anniversary of the Gallipoli landings.

In early 1915 the British authorised an attack on the peninsula in an effort to capture Constantinople in Turkey.  But the Ottoman empire was victorious and Gallipoli is now considered a major Allied failure.
Troops from Australia and New Zealand also took part and the date of the landing, 25 April, is known as Anzac Day. It remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand.
To commemorate the centenary we spoke to relatives of some of those who fought.


The Afghan president has hailed Donald Trump's decision to commit US troops to the country to fight against the resurgent Taliban.

Ashraf Ghani thanked the US for supporting "the joint struggle against the threat of terrorism".
Donald Trump has committed the US Army to the open-ended conflict, despite previously advocating its withdrawal.
The Taliban responded by saying it would make Afghanistan a "graveyard" for US forces.
Mr Trump offered few details on the plan, but singled out Pakistan for criticism for offering "safe havens" to extremists.
Pakistani officials reject claims the country uses some militants as a tool of state policy.
President Trump warned a hasty US withdrawal from Afghanistan would leave a vacuum for terrorists to fill and said he had decided to keep troops there to "fight to win" to avoid the mistakes made in Iraq.
He said his new approach would be more pragmatic and based on conditions on the ground rather than idealistic and time-based, and would switch from nation building to "killing terrorists".
But he refused to get drawn on how many extra troops, if any, would be deployed and gave no timeline for ending the US presence in the country.
Washington is expected to send up to 4,000 additional troops, but Mr Trump did not comment on this.
In June, he told the Department of Defense to decide on troop levels.
Visiting Baghdad on Tuesday, Defence Secretary Jim Mattis said he would wait for a plan from the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff based on the president's South Asia strategy before deciding.
"It may or may not be the number that is bandied about," he told reporters.
Mr Trump also, for the first time, left the door open for an eventual peace deal with the Taliban, saying: "Someday, after an effective military effort, perhaps it will be possible to have a political settlement that includes elements of the Taliban in Afghanistan."
However, Mr Trump said there would be an escalation in the battle against groups like al-Qaeda and so-called Islamic State.
Meanwhile, Mr Trump made it clear he expects his existing allies - including India - to support him in his new strategy, and urged them to raise their countries' contributions "in line with our own".
Read more on Trump's presidency:
By Secunder Kermani, BBC correspondent in Kabul
Even with a few thousand extra US soldiers in Afghanistan - deployment levels would remain far lower than their peak in 2010/11 when there were around 100,000 US personnel in the country. So what is different this time?
Firstly, that there is no deadline by which the US will begin to scale operations back. Critics of President Obama's surge say that because he made it clear it was temporary - the Taliban were encouraged to wait the Americans out.
The second difference is that the US will put more pressure on Pakistan to end "safe havens" for the Taliban, according to President Trump.
One analyst told me that the key to solving the conflict lies in Islamabad not in Afghanistan. But it is not clear how much leverage the US still has over Pakistan - or how Pakistan will respond to the accusations, given its consistent denial that it operates a "good terrorist, bad terrorist" policy.
Pakistan has grown increasingly close to China, and has already had millions of dollars of US aid withheld for allegedly not taking enough action against the Taliban-allied Haqqani network.
Before his presidency, Mr Trump was not shy about criticising his predecessors on their Afghanistan policy. He previously supported pulling US troops out of the conflict, which began under President George W Bush in 2001 after the 9/11 attacks.
End of Twitter post  by @realDonaldTrump
Early on in his presidential campaign, however, he did acknowledge that US troops would have to stay in order to avoid the total collapse of the Afghan government.
And this long-awaited announcement came after a months-long review, with the president himself acknowledging that his original instinct to pull-out had been reversed after discussions with national security advisers.
BBC correspondent Aleem Maqbool in Washington says the people who might object to Mr Trump's strategy are the very ones who voted for him on his "America First" platform.
Welcoming the plan, Afghan President Ashraf Ghani said Mr Trump's comments showed America was "with us, without any time limit".
"I am grateful to President Trump and the American people for this affirmation of support... for our joint struggle to rid the region from the threat of terrorism," he said in a statement on Tuesday.
The new strategy, he said, would enhance the training of Afghan security forces.
Nato chief Jens Stoltenberg praised the move and said the alliance, which has about 12,000 troops in Afghanistan, would not allow the country to become "a safe haven for terrorists who would attack our own countries".
India's foreign ministry said it shared Mr Trump's concerns over safe havens and "other forms of cross-border support enjoyed by terrorists".
But Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid dismissed Mr Trump's strategy as "nothing new", telling the US to think of an exit strategy "instead of continuing the war".
Pakistan's foreign minister met the US ambassador in Islamabad on Wednesday and highlighted "Pakistan's immense sacrifices in the enduring fight against terrorism", a statement said, as well as a desire to continue working with the international community "to eliminate the menace of terrorism".
US combat operations against the Taliban officially ended in 2014, but more than 8,000 special forces continue to provide support to Afghan troops.
The Afghan government continues to battle insurgency groups and controls just half of the country.
Retired UK General Sir Simon Mayall, who was responsible for Afghan operational policy from 2009 to 2012, told the BBC's World at One that even small numbers of troops would make a "big difference to the confidence and competence of the Afghan security forces".
"The high levels of ISAF troops were very helpful in giving the Afghans time to develop their own security forces, but then announcing we were going to leave in 2014 and running down very quickly... was very bad for competence and confidence.
"I hope that what President Trump has announced will serve to redress a number of those weaknesses."


The US space agency Nasa has issued a "selfie" portrait from its Curiosity rover on Mars.

The latest picture was taken by the rover at "Buckskin", which is the seventh rock target on its mission.
Curiosity does this planetary photography in the same way we would take a selfie - by holding a camera at arm's length and framing itself.
The pictures must then be stitched together to make this final scene.
Nasa is trying to take one at every location where the robot drills into the surface of the red planet.
The robot has now been on Mars for three Earth years.  It is in what's known as Gale Crater.
Curiosity is currently climbing through what's known as Mount Sharp, examining the rocks as it goes.
Scientists want to understand when and how Mars became so barren.


Germany's Angelique Kerber will replace Serena Williams as world number one if she wins the final of the Cincinnati Open on Sunday.

Second seed Kerber, 28, beat Romanian Simona Halep 6-3 6-4 in Saturday's semi-final to set up a meeting with Czech Karolina Pliskova.
American Williams, 34, has been top of the world rankings for 183 consecutive weeks, and 306 in total in her career.
She withdrew from the tournament with a shoulder injury on Monday.
Kerber beat Williams to win the Australian Open in January, but Williams came out on top in the Wimbledon final last month.
World number 17 Pliskova, 24, upset fourth seed Garbine Muguruza of Spain 6-1 6-3 on Saturday to reach the final in Cincinnati.


Complaining about the nice weather certainly isn't something you'll hear British people doing often.

But there's one group of people who would actively welcome rain and cold: TV producers.
Ratings tend to drop off a cliff whenever the weather hits scorching proportions, as viewers head to the park or have a BBQ in their garden.
This weekend was no exception - and some of the major TV shows lost out as a result.
On Saturday night, all the major networks were punting their big shows, with a few newcomers on the block.
BBC One launched its latest music show, Pitch Battle, which saw Kelis and Gareth Malone on the judging panel of the new talent contest which pits choirs and a capella groups against each other.
But the show, which aired at 19:30 BST, only attracted an average audience of two million viewers, around 800,000 fewer than watched quiz show Who Dares Wins in the same timeslot last week.
Channel 5 also aired the first episode of the reincarnated Blind Date at 19:00 BST, which saw Paul O'Grady taking over the presenting reins from Cilla Black, who fronted the original series.
The show performed extremely well for the channel, with an average of 1.5m viewers watching it live and peaking at 1.9m, according to overnight figures.
A Channel 5 spokeswoman said Blind Date more than doubled their average number of viewers for its primetime Saturday night slot.
There was lots of love for O'Grady on social media:
Adam Salkie tweeted: "Never an easy job taking over a TV classic from an incredible hostess. However, Paul O'Grady is brilliant. Enjoyable show #BlindDate."
But not everyone was a fan.
Pitch Battle also had a mixed response.
But some viewers loved it.
The BBC showed a different instalment of Pitch Battle than the one originally scheduled due to the recent Grenfell fire tragedy.
"Due to song lyrics and themes, the decision has been taken to replace the original opening episode," the corporation said in a statement.
The top show of the night was ITV's talent show The Voice Kids, which aired at the same time as Pitch Battle.
The singing contest, judged by Will.i.am, Pixie Lott and Danny Jones, averaged 2.9m live viewers and peaked at 3.5m.
But it was down on last week's episode, which saw four million tune in live, peaking at 4.3m.
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Police believe a man arrested over a £1.5m drugs haul belongs to a Dublin crime gang with links to Northern Ireland and Holland, a court has heard.

Neil Davidson, 28,  of no fixed address, was remanded in custody after he appeared in court on Monday.
He is charged with importing and possessing cocaine and heroin with intent to supply.
Mr Davidson was arrested in a car at West Bank Road in the city's docks area on Friday evening.
The court in Belfast heard that cocaine worth £960,000, heroin worth £500,000 and cannabis worth £2,000 was seized.
A detective said he believed Mr Davidson was a member of an organised crime gang based in Dublin with connections to Northern Ireland and Holland.
Opposing bail, he said he was concerned that Mr Davidson would abscond, commit further offences or that there could be a threat to his personal well being.
The detective said he believed Mr Davidson did not act alone, however, he refused to identify others involved.
A defence lawyer told the court that Mr Davidson had serious health problems. He does not have a criminal record.
Bail was refused and he was remanded in custody until 24 October.


One of Jeremy Corbyn's key allies, Unite boss Len McCluskey, has said he cannot see Labour winning the election.

The union leader told Politico that a Labour victory on 8 June would be "extraordinary" given the state of the party and criticism of it in the media.
He suggested winning 200 seats - nearly 30 fewer than in 2015 - would be a "successful" result for Mr Corbyn.
It comes as the Tories said there was a £58bn "black hole" in Labour's plans to nationalise two key industries.
Labour's manifesto - published on Tuesday - did not set out how plans to nationalise the national grid and the water industry would be funded.
The Conservatives said bringing them back into public ownership, which would require a future Labour government to compensate existing shareholders, would add £14bn to the national debt in one year alone.
But Labour, which has also pledged to nationalise the railways and Royal Mail, said it could be done at no net expense to the public purse and that consumers would see their bills come down by as much as £220 a year.
In other election developments:
Mr McCluskey's intervention came hours after Mr Corbyn launched his party's manifesto, which the Labour leader described as a "programme of hope" and which included billions for schools and the NHS and an expansion of free childcare.
The leader of the UK's biggest union said he was supportive of the manifesto but was not "optimistic" about Labour's chance on 8 June, given the hostility which he claimed it faced in large sections of the media.
"In terms of the imagery of Jeremy, that's a huge task," Politico quoted him as saying.
"He's got now just under four weeks to try to see if you can break through that image and it's going to be a very, very difficult task...whether that breakthrough can happen, we'll wait and see.
"I'm not optimistic, but we'll wait and see."
He added: "People like me are always optimistic… things can happen. But I don't see Labour winning."
He went on to suggest that if Labour emerged with 200 seats - which would be about 30 fewer than Ed Miliband secured in 2015 - it would represent a "successful campaign" given the circumstances it found itself in. Should than happen, it would be Labour's worst result since 1935.
"I believe that if Labour can hold on to 200 seats or so it will be a successful campaign," he said.
"It will mean that Theresa May will have had an election, will have increased her majority but not dramatically."
Mr Corbyn was quoted as saying earlier in the campaign that he would stay on whatever the result of the election, citing the mandate he has from his leadership victories in 2015 and 2016.
Both Gordon Brown and Ed Miliband resigned after leading Labour to defeats in 2010 and 2015 but, amid speculation that jockeying for position has already begun, there have been suggestions that Mr Corbyn could stay on if he equals the 30.4% vote share that Ed Miliband got in 2015.
Labour is defending its plans to exert state control over key utilities amid uncertainty over what the final price tag will be and how it will be paid for.
It said it would not put an "arbitrary figure" on how much it would cost to nationalise England's nine water companies and the National Grid, saying the compensation due to existing shareholders would depend on a range of factors and would ultimately be decided by Parliament.
But it said it would be achieved by exchanging government bonds for shares in the relevant companies, and since profits currently used to pay dividends would be used instead to pay interest on those bonds, they would be "no net cost" to the exchequer.
The Conservatives criticised "the premise that nationalising the water market and energy grid don't add to borrowing", saying the result would inevitably be higher taxes or rising bills.
"Jeremy Corbyn can't deliver any of this," a Tory spokesman said.
"These are made up numbers, based on a shambolic manifesto with a £58bn black hole at its heart. While his figures are a fantasy, it is ordinary working families who will pay."
Labour, which has said it would return the railways to public ownership as franchises expire, has also made a series of multi billion-pound spending commitments on health, education
It insists they are fully costed and will be fully covered by tax rises, including increasing corporation tax from 19% to 26% and raising the top rate of tax for earnings above £80,000 to 45p and to 50p for income over £123,000.
But the Institute for Fiscal Studies has said it was "genuinely uncertain" whether increases to income tax would raise the £6.4bn Labour has earmarked, adding that they represented a "big increase" for high earners.
Labour has also said it would return the railways to public ownership as franchises expire, or in some cases using franchise reviews or break clauses.


Surrey boosted their Division One survival hopes after beating rivals Hampshire by an innings and 13 runs.

Hants were bowled out for 423, in reply to Surrey's 637-7 declared, after Lewis McManus (132*) and Brad Wheal took their 10th-wicket stand to 96 runs.
The hosts, forced to follow-on, lost regular wickets but looked comfortable on 198-6 with 10 overs left in the day.
But Gareth Batty (6-51) and Stuart Meaker (4-40) took the last four wickets for three runs to seal victory.
McManus and Wheal added 25 to Hampshire's overnight total of 398-9 at the Ageas Bowl before Wheal was run out before lunch, leaving Hampshire 214 runs behind.
With only Ryan McLaren (59) offering real resistance with the bat in the follow-on, Hampshire slumped to 121-6.
McManus and Gareth Berg looked to have steadied the ship but Surrey skipper Batty trapped the former lbw for 35 and had Gareth Andrew caught in the slips three balls later.
Meaker then finished off the innings, removing Berg (38) lbw before Mason Crane was caught behind for a duck.
Surrey's second County Championship win of the season moves them up to seventh in the table, 10 points ahead of Nottinghamshire and 23 ahead of bottom side Hampshire, who have a game in hand.
Hampshire acting captain Will Smith told BBC Radio Solent:
"The story of four-day cricket is you've got to get over the line, whether you're fighting to win or draw the game.
"It's been shown here over the last couple of years that you've got to go hard right to the very end.
"That's the sign of a good game of cricket that you have four days of hard fought cricket and it goes right down to the last session.
"We're obviously bitterly disappointed that we couldn't get over the line and get those extra five points. They're obviously crucial in our situation."
Surrey skipper Gareth Batty told BBC Radio London:
"It was a flat wicket and the young fella, McManus, for Hampshire made it incredibly hard.
"He's one for the future, obviously, but for us to get over the line was a monumental effort from the fast bowlers, from the fielders, everybody - it was very hard graft for the 200-odd overs we fielded for.
"The boys were brilliant, they looked after each other throughout. Everybody, to a man, was magnificent, doing the little things that go unnoticed.
"We've got a wonderful coach, some wonderful people behind us and I think we've got some good cricketers. We'll got from strength to strength with this."


Ciara Mageean hopes of a medal at the European Indoor Athletics Championships ended when she failed to finish the 1500m final because of injury.

The athlete from Portaferry in County Down suffered a recurrence of a problem she has had with her right Achilles.
The 24-year-old said afterwards she felt she had to get off track immediately to see the Irish physio.
The race in Belgrade was won by Laura Muir of Great Britain who broke away from Germany's Konstanze Klosterhalfen.
It was a hugely disappointing end for Mageean, a bronze medallist outdoors at last year's European Athletics Championships.
"Going around there I just felt like I was losing power out of my right Achilles. I just wanted to get off and get to my physio," Mageean told RTE.
"Something is uncomfortable. Training had been going so well, something's up."
Ireland's John Travers was disappointed with his 11th place in the men's 1500m final in 3:53.11.
"Unfortunately I didn't put in the performance I wanted to put in," said Travers after the race which was won by Poland's Marcin Lewandowski.


Laura Robson's recent holiday in Italy lasted all of six hours.

She found time to visit Mount Vesuvius and the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, she took her friends to the villa they had hired... and then she received an email from her agent with news of a wildcard into the US Open qualifying draw, and promptly headed back to the airport.
Forty-eight hours earlier, Robson had won her first tournament since the age of 14 - capturing the ITF title in Landisville, Pennsylvania. It was by far and away her biggest triumph since first feeling the effects of a wrist injury in the late summer of 2013.
She played only two events in the whole of 2014, and in April of that year underwent surgery on her dominant left wrist in Minnesota. Her recovery was a slow, painful and very frustrating process. She next played competitively at the Eastbourne qualifying event of June 2015.
By this time Robson had forfeited her WTA ranking. She was playing on a 12 month long protected ranking of 58 (the position she held at her last event before injury: the 2014 Australian Open) and the comeback was a very stilted affair. Other minor injuries held her back as she hit the practice courts hard and it is only since the start of this year that she has been totally free of pain in the wrist.
Robson's progress in the first six months of this year was unspectacular.
At the back of your mind you're not quite sure if your body is going to break down or if it's properly healed
She has won only one tour level match since her return - and that came against an unranked Moroccan teenager in the first round of the WTA event in Rabat; she was soundly beaten by Andrea Petkovic at the French Open, and Angelique Kerber at Wimbledon.
But then, after dispiriting trips to minor tournaments in Fort Worth, Lexington and Sacramento in which she collected five ranking points and earned barely one thousand dollars, Robson won five matches in a row in Landisville - including the final without dropping a game.
The $3,919 in prize money was irrelevant, but the 50 ranking points helped her climb back into the world's top 250, and did wonders for her confidence.
"I definitely put a lot of pressure on myself when I had my protected ranking," Robson told BBC Sport after qualifying for the main draw at the US Open.
"You know you are on a limited amount of time so I wasn't playing as freely as maybe I should have - especially at the Slams.
"But I knew I was putting in all the right things on the practice court and in the gym. It was waiting for that one moment where it all came together. I was prepared for it - I knew that I had this long season of training behind me."
Her reward for overcoming a nasty bout of conjunctivitis to win three qualifying matches at Flushing Meadows is a first round match on Tuesday with fellow British player Naomi Broady.
Robson is now being coached by the former British number one Lucie Ahl and Colin Beecher, and being watched here in New York by the LTA's lead women's coach Jeremy Bates.
"You see it a lot with athletes when they've had a long term injury," Bates explained, after Robson's early Saturday morning practice session.
"Mentally it's very difficult to fully commit yourself again to the physicality of the sport. At the back of your mind you're not quite sure if your body is going to break down or if it's properly healed.
"You can't shortcut it. At Wimbledon she was playing, but now when you see her play she's completely uninhibited, she's very mobile, she's chasing every ball. She's able to recover and compete as she used to. And you can see that she has no negative thoughts in her mind at all.
"It's completely mental - you've just got to get your brain around it."
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Robson has lost virtually three years of her career - but yet she is only 22, and is still armed with a devastating forehand. She says she is working harder than ever on the practice court, and has proved in the past she has the temperament for the big occasion.
In the first eight months of 2013 alone, Robson beat Petra Kvitova en route to the third round of the Australian Open; had clay court wins over Agnieszka Radwanska and Venus Williams; reached the fourth round of Wimbledon and then the third round of the US Open. As a result, she reached a career high ranking of 27.
Her involvement in the final Grand Slam of this year has, though, come as a lovely surprise.
After winning in Landisville, Robson's agent Max Eisenbud told her there was virtually no chance of her being awarded a wildcard into qualifying. Hence the flight back home to the UK, and then on to Italy for that girls' holiday.
Find out how to get into tennis in our special guide.
She was soon gone. But not forgotten.
"I've had so many pictures of their sunset cruises and they have been tagging me in their Instagram as if I'm still part of the group," Robson said.
"We had squad necklaces and everything - it was a full on girls' trip.
"But they're very happy that I came here instead."


A surge in gang violence has prompted education officials in South Africa's Western Cape Province to close 16 schools for two days.

At least 50 people are reported to have been wounded or killed after being shot in areas of Cape Town's Manenberg suburb in recent weeks.
Provincial Premier Helen Zille has asked the national government to send in the army to help overwhelmed police.
A caretaker at one of the schools died after being shot a number of weeks ago.
A stray bullet from gang violence hit a primary school at about that time as well.
The decision to close the schools was made after teachers said they fear for their safety, Western Cape Province Education Ministry spokeswoman Bronagh Casey told the Associated Press news agency.
Aysha Ismail, mother of one of the victims, called for a greater police presence in Manenberg, to try to bring down the levels of violence.
Ms Ismail said her son was shot in an area where children play every day. Fellow members said he was a part of the gang called the Americans.


Real Madrid and Barcelona are being stopped from negotiating their own lucrative television rights deals under a new Spanish law.

New rules, coming into force in 2016, will see rights to show La Liga pooled and sold collectively, bringing it more in line with the Premier League.
The deal, which could see broadcasters pay far more, will still benefit the bigger clubs but to a lesser extent.
A ministry spokesman said the changes allow Spain to "adapt to modern times".
The ruling will regulate the rights to transmit games in the Spanish first and second divisions as well as the Copa del Rey and Super Cup competitions.
Of total revenues from the sale of the rights, 90% will go to all of the clubs in La Liga - half of that money will be shared equally between the 20 clubs, with the other half divided up according to criteria including recent performance and size.
The other 10% will go to second division clubs, with 70% of that money being divided equally.
Sport ministry spokesman Miguel Cardenal added: "You just have to see that last year the club that came last in the Premier League earned more than [current Spanish champions] Atletico Madrid," Cardenal said.
In February, the Premier League sold television rights to its games for three seasons from 2016-17 for a record £5.136bn.


An attempted attack by a heavily armed man on a train in France last week was premeditated and well prepared, according to a French prosecutor.

Ayoub El-Khazzani, 25, was carrying 270 bullets for his assault rifle and a bottle of petrol, prosecutor Francois Molins told reporters on Tuesday.
The Moroccan's phone showed that he had watched a jihadist video shortly before launching the attack, Mr Molins added.
Prosecutors have now filed formal charges against him.
Mr Khazzani is accused of carrying out a "targeted and premeditated" jihadist attack.
He is also accused of firearms offences and "participation in a terrorist association with a view to organising one or several damaging crimes," according to prosecutors' documents quoted by the AFP news agency.
He was overpowered by passengers on the Thalys express train from Amsterdam to Paris on Friday. No-one died.
Three Americans and one Briton who overpowered the gunman were awarded medals for their bravery.
A US-born Frenchman, Mark Magoolian, and another unnamed Frenchman will also be given awards later for trying to tackle the gunman.
Profile: Ayoub El-Khazzani
France train shooting: What we know
"Ayoub El-Khazzani had watched YouTube audio files whilst already on the Thalys train in which an individual called on the faithful to fight and take up arms in the name of the Prophet [Muhammad]," Mr Molins told a news conference.
He said a formal terrorism investigation had been opened, adding that other European authorities had passed on information about the suspect's travels and links to radical Islam.
Mr Molins said Mr Khazzani was "known for his radicalism" and had recently travelled to Turkey - "a possible route to Syria".
The suspect is said to have denied plotting a terrorist attack, saying he found a bag of weapons the night before and planned to use them to rob passengers.
But the prosecutor said Mr Khazzani's explanation became less and less clear during questioning and eventually he stopped talking to investigators altogether.
The most important thing we learned from the Paris prosecutor's news conference was that Ayoub El-Khazzani fired himself up for his attack with a jihadist propaganda video.
This is a crucial piece of evidence that convinced the prosecutor's office to proceed with terrorist-related charges.
El-Khazzani has tried to argue that his motivations were purely criminal, but his interrogators do not believe a word of it.
The other evidence includes his known past extremist links in Spain; the size of his arsenal; and his unlikely explanations given under questioning about finding the weapons in a park.
Mr Khazzani's phone, which was found in a bag on the train, had been activated on the day of the attack, Mr Molins said.
He boarded the Amsterdam-Paris train in Brussels and ticket sellers at the station said he paid for a first-class ticket in cash and turned down an earlier train.
Mr Molins said this was an indication the target had been carefully chosen in advance.
As well as the Kalashnikov assault rifle, ammunition, and petrol, he was also carrying a Luger pistol and a box-cutter, according to the prosecutor.
Officials say Mr Khazzani is originally from Tetouan in northern Morocco.
He reportedly moved to Spain in 2007 and lived there for seven years, in Madrid and Algeciras, before relocating to France then Belgium.
In Spain, he is said to have come to the attention of authorities for making comments defending jihadists and attending a radical mosque in Algeciras. He was also reportedly involved in drug trafficking.
Mr Khazzani told police he had been living rough in Belgium before the attack, but investigators believe he was staying with his sister in Brussels.
Police in the city searched two buildings in the Molenbeek-Saint-Jean neighbourhood on Monday where Mr Khazzani may have stayed.
A statement from the Belgian Federal Prosecutor's Office said no-one had been detained but "some objects" had been seized for further examination. No further detail was given.


Norwegian midfielder Kristoffer Ajer has agreed to join Celtic in June on a four-year contract.

The 17-year-old is currently with Start in his homeland and had a trial with the reigning Scottish Premiership champions in January.
He returned to Glasgow for signing talks on Tuesday.
Ajer has made more than 40 senior appearances at club level, scoring 13 goals, and has played and scored for Norway Under-17s.
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The teenager is the youngest player to captain a team in the Tippeligaen, which is presently in its close season.
He flew to Scotland from Alicante, where he had been at a pre-season training camp in La Manga.
And speaking after arriving at Glasgow Airport on Tuesday, Ajer said: "I'm really happy. I enjoyed it last time."
Celtic bolstered their first-team squad during the winter transfer window by signing Denmark defender Erik Sviatchenko and Turkey forward Colin Kazim-Richards and also brought in Manchester City's English winger Patrick Roberts.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


A woman was raped after getting into a car she thought was a taxi, police have said.

The woman, in her 20s, got into the silver/grey hatchback in Derwent Road in Sunderland in the early hours of Sunday.
She was then driven to an area near the junction of Hendon Valley Road and Mowbray Road, where she was raped inside the vehicle, police said.
A force spokesman said two men may have been in the vehicle at the time.
Police are appealing for witnesses.


Home Secretary Theresa May has said the government "should look at further reform" of free movement of people, if the UK stays in the EU.

Speaking exclusively to the BBC's Laura Kuenssberg, she said she understood concerns over immigration but leaving the EU was not a "silver bullet".
Mrs May, who backs Remain, denied she had "been quiet" during the campaign.
She listed the economy and jobs, security, and Britain's "place in the world" as reasons to stay in the EU.
In other referendum news:
Speaking on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, Chancellor George Osborne ruled out any further immediate changes to freedom of movement rules, amid speculation the government could offer further concessions ahead of next Thursday's EU referendum.
Mrs May has previously suggested reform of the free movement rules, saying in April the UK needed to be "smarter" about trying to change them in the future.
She told the BBC's political editor: "There are some changes coming up in free movement rules, to make it easier for us to deal with illegal immigrants and I think again as I've said that we should look at further reform in the future.
"But when we look at the question of membership I understand people have concerns over immigration, but this is about our economy, our security it's about our future place in the world and I  think it's important that people look at all these issues."
She added:  "What I've learned over six years is there's no single answer, silver bullet, there's no one thing you can do that can suddenly deal with all the problems and concerns over immigration and that includes leaving the EU, that's not the single answer to this."
Explaining her reasons for joining the Remain campaign, she said there were "plenty of voices suggesting what I should do on this, quite a lot of voices suggesting I go down the Leave route"  - but she had come to her own judgment by looking at "the facts" and "used my own experience as home secretary and what I've seen over the last six years and I'm in no doubt that we should Remain".
She added: "When I put that all together and I think about the potential risks to jobs, the uncertainties for our economy if we are to leave the EU, and I think about security, the discussions I've had within the EU, I do believe we are more secure in the EU, and this issue of our place in the worldâ€¦I believe we should stand up and stand tall and lead in Europe"
On security, she said "as home secretary that's a key issue for me and I genuinely believe that everything I've seen over the last six years that we would be more secure and safer inside the EU".
Mrs May did not rule out standing in any future Conservative leadership race but maintained there was "no vacancy" at the moment and she hoped David Cameron would remain as PM until 2020.
She said she thought Mr Cameron would remain in place whatever the result of the referendum as he had been elected last year and "we need to ensure we carry on with that job after the referendum".
She said it was understandable that other Conservatives "who've held very strongly-held views for a long time on this issue" would campaign "very passionately" to leave the EU, but said that party unity would return after the referendum. She said it was a  "genuine desire of most people in the party that we do come back together again".


An Edinburgh solicitor has gone on trial accused of causing the deaths of his wife, seven-year-old daughter and a doctor in a car crash.

Andrew Houston, 48, denies driving carelessly on the A9 between Newtonmore and Kingussie on 9 July 2013.
His wife Abigail, daughter Mia and GP Dr Mohammed Ali Hayajneh died in the crash near Ralia.
Mr Houston's 10-year-old daughter and her sister were seriously injured.
Mr Houston, who lived in Trinity with his family, went on trial at Inverness Sheriff Court on Monday.
Ursula Hayajneh, a German tourist, told the court of the split second decision she had to make before the car crash, which killed her husband.
Ursula Hayajneh, 59, a housewife from Duisburg, said she had the choice of hitting a small Peugeot car in front of her or try and avoid the oncoming Audi.
Both cars hit head on and were propelled into the air.
"Maybe if I had gone left and hit the small car, my husband would be alive today." Mrs Hayajneh said.
Mr Houston denies driving carelessly by crossing on to the opposite carriageway, into the path of a car driven by a Polish tourist, Zbigniew Suski, who had to take evasive action.
The charge states Mr Houston's car then hit Mrs Hayajneh's vehicle, causing the three deaths.
In agreed evidence between prosecutor Roderick Urquhart and Mr Houston's QC, Frances McMenamin, the jury heard Mr Houston was not on a mobile phone at the time.
Mr Houston is a senior partner at McSporrans defence Solicitors in Edinburgh.
The trial, which is expected to conclude on Thursday, continues.


Well over a million spectators turned out to see the 2016 Tour de Yorkshire cycle race, organisers have said.

About 100,000 saw just the start of the final day of the race in Middlesbrough. The 136km route finished in Scarborough.
Welcome to Yorkshire said a million saw the second stage on Saturday, in which male and female cyclists were riding the same route for the first time.
Chief Executive Sir Gary Verity said: "Crowds were once again phenomenal".
The race is split into three stages and covers 515 km (320 miles) across the Yorkshire landscape.
Frenchman Thomas Voeckler sped to the finishing line in Scarborough stealing an electric win in the last leg of the race.
On Saturday, Team Sky's Danny van Poppel snatched victory in the men's stage while Dutch rider Kirsten Wild won the women's.
Fellow Dutch cyclist Dylan Groenewegen won the first stage between Beverley and Settle on Friday.
Otley rider and Olympian Lizzie Armitstead, 27, who finished in the chasing pack, said the start of the second leg was "brilliant".
The road race world champion said she had "a goose-pimple moment at the beginning to be supported by my community".
"It's not something I ever thought would happen to me - to start a race in my hometown and as world champion - both are a surprise and a bonus."
Wild said she would share the Â£15,000 prize money with her fellow Team Hitec Products' mates.
"It was a great opportunity for women's cycling and it has been really good to race here, in front of enthusiastic crowds," she said.
British Olympic champion Sir Bradley Wiggins pulled out of the first day of the race towards the end of the stage.
Despite the heavy rain, many children from local schools cheered the riders on as they made their way through villages in the Yorkshire Wolds and headed into North Yorkshire.
A number of riders were involved in a crash soon after the start of the race as they cycled over open fields outside of Beverley.
As well as the professional race, there is a mass-participation "sportive" for amateur cyclists along the same roads as the Tour de Yorkshire.
The idea for the event was launched after Yorkshire hosted the Tour de France Grand Depart in 2014.
Starting in Beverley, the race weaves through the Wolds, crossing the A64 at Tadcaster before heading north past Wetherby and into the Yorkshire Dales.
Once the cyclists leave Pateley Bridge and after a tough climb at Greenhow Hill, riders travel downhill from Grassington to Gargrave and along the A65 before a finish in Settle.
The second leg, which begins in the hometown of Olympic cyclist and 2014's Otley Grand Prix winner, Lizzie Armitstead, sees male and female cyclists ride the same route for the first time.
Past Harewood, the start of last year's Grand Depart, the route loops to the east of Leeds, then heads south towards Pontefract and into South Yorkshire for a finish in Doncaster.
The final day starts in Middlesbrough, which forms part of the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, before riders take a tour of market towns including Stokesley and Northallerton.
From Thirsk they will head on to Sutton Bank and through the national park before going over the moors to Whitby and finishing along Marine Drive in Scarborough.
The ceremonial start takes place at 11:10 BST with the race proper getting under way at 11:35 BST. It is expected the riders will finish the route at approximately 16:30 BST.


Fifa's new anti-racism taskforce wants extra observers at games to specifically monitor racist or discriminatory behaviour.

The taskforce, meeting for the first time, has also proposed tougher penalties for clubs whose players, officials or fans are guilty of racism.
They include points deductions and elimination from competitions.
Ghana's AC Milan midfielder Kevin-Prince Boateng, who led his team from the field in protest at racism from supporters at a friendly game, is a taskforce member.
Member associations will vote on the measures at Fifa's annual congress in Mauritius at the end of May.
The new taskforce, formed by football's world governing body in a bid to combat discrimination in the game, is led by Jeffrey Webb, a Fifa vice-president from the Cayman Islands.
Penalties for racism would start with stronger fines or games played behind closed doors.
They would be followed by points deductions for offending teams or even elimination from competitions.
The proposals would apply only to Fifa-mandated competitions but sources close to the discussions have told the BBC they expect Fifa to encourage other confederations to adopt the same or similar measures.
European football's governing body Uefa already adopts a monitoring system in co-operation with Football Against Racism in Europe (Fare). It is expected that Fifa's proposal would be administered along similar lines.
A second taskforce meeting is planned for the autumn to look at plans for an education programme across football.


A Greek left-wing extremist recaptured after a year on the run had been planning an armed assault to free inmates from a maximum security prison in Athens, police say.

Christodoulos Xiros, 56, of the Marxist militant group November 17, was arrested on Saturday in Anavyssos.
He went missing after being allowed out of jail in January to visit his family.
Police found a cache of arms and ammunition in his house in Anavyssos, including a grenade launcher.
The cache also had eight Kalashnikov rifles, three handguns, a silencer and explosives.
Police said they also found drawings of the planned attack.
Police chief Dimitris Tsaknakis said: "The findings point to a big hit on the Korydallos prison, aiming to free prisoners. Based on notes we found, the attack would have taken place in the next days."
Public Safety Minister Vassilis Kikilias said: "Greek police prevented a major attack against the heart of the Greek prison system."
Xiros, who was sentenced in 2003 to multiple life terms for his role in November 17, appeared in court on Sunday to face charges of running a terrorist group and possessing weapons.
While on the loose, Xiros had appeared in a video threatening armed action over austerity measures undertaken under Greece's international bailout.
Photos released by Greek police show him with a beard and his hair grown long and dyed blonde.
The now defunct November 17 emerged in the mid-1970s and claimed a series of deadly attacks against foreign diplomats and Greek politicians and businessmen over nearly three decades, killing at least 23 people.
Greece, which has a huge foreign debt, has gone through years of austerity programmes mandated by the IMF-EU bailout.
The country is due to hold a snap election on 25 January. The left-wing Syriza party - which wants the terms of the EU-IMF bailout renegotiated - is leading in opinion polls.


A big explosion in the Turkish city of Diyarbakir which originally appeared to be an accident was actually the result of a terror attack, the interior minister has said.

Suleyman Soylu told Turkish TV that explosives had been planted in a tunnel dug beneath the police headquarters.
Three people died in Tuesday's blast in the mainly Kurdish south-eastern city.
The outlawed militant group the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) later claimed responsibility for the attack.
In a statement, the PKK was quoted as saying the attack was to avenge the treatment of Kurds, particularly those in jail, by the authorities.
It said its militants had planted the explosives and then returned safely to base afterwards.
Diyarbakir has repeatedly been hit by militants targeting security services, but nonetheless Tuesday's blast was spectacular - leaving a large crater and drawing crowds of onlookers on to the streets.
It ratcheted up tensions four days before a key referendum on granting President Recep Tayyip Erdogan sweeping new powers.
Why is Turkey holding a referendum?
"It turned out that the explosion was the result of a terrorist attack," Mr Soylu was quoted as telling Haberturk television.
"The attack was carried out through a tunnel dug from the outside. They dug a tunnel and placed the explosives in the ground."
He said the surroundings of police buildings were inspected about once a month, so the tunnel must have been dug quickly.
Pictures on Hurriyet news website appeared to show bags of soil stacked atop one another inside the police headquarters.
In a statement, the governor's office said the tunnel was 30m (100 feet) long and its entrance had been in an adjacent building. It said one tonne of explosives was planted.
It said five suspects were detained on Tuesday and a further 172 on Wednesday.
On Tuesday, Mr Soylu said the blast occurred from a vehicle under repair, and appeared to be an accident.
South-eastern Turkey has seen frequent clashes between the PKK and Turkish security forces since a fragile truce collapsed in the summer of 2015.
There have also been bloody attacks in Turkey blamed on so-called Islamic State (IS). The jihadists are hostile to both the Turkish state and the Kurdish rebels, who are battling for territory and influence inside Syria.
Who are Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels?
Why is Islamic State group attacking Turkey?


The US Treasury Secretary has urged eurozone countries to "boost demand" in order to reduce unemployment and avoid deflation.

Jack Lew was speaking at a meeting of the G20 group, which includes several of the world's largest economies.
Earlier this month, the European Central Bank introduced new measures to stimulate the area's flagging economy.
However it has stopped short of adopting the policies favoured by its US counterpart, the Federal Reserve.
As well as launching an asset purchase programme, through which it will buy debt products from banks, the ECB cut its benchmark interest rate to 0.05%.
The bank has been under pressure to kick-start the eurozone economy, as manufacturing output has slowed and inflation has fallen to just 0.3%.
"Europe is going to need to solve its problems and resolve differences it has internally," Mr Lew told reporters at the meeting in Australia, "but what's clear from the US experience is that the combination of taking action to boost demand in the short run and make structural changes for the long run is an important combination, and it shouldn't become a choice between the two.
"You really need to pursue both."
Mr Lew also expressed concern about the political tensions between European countries, and the effect this may have on pushing through urgent policies.
"The concern that I have is that if the efforts to boost demand are deferred for too long, there is a risk that the headwinds get stronger, and what I think Europe needs is more tailwinds in the economy," he cautioned.


Growth in the Philippine economy slowed in the first quarter of the year to its weakest annual pace since 2011, official figures showed.

The economy expanded 5.2% in the first three months from a year ago, which is the slowest rate since the last quarter of 2011, when growth was 3.8%.
The figure was also well below market forecasts for 6.6% growth.
The economy was hit by weak growth in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors, the government said.
Growth on a quarterly basis was the lowest in six years. The economy grew by just 0.3% in the quarter on a seasonally-adjusted basis, compared with 2.5% growth in the October to December period.
Weak demand from its major trading partners has had a bigger than expected impact on the export-driven South East Asian economy, analysts said.
Earlier this month, data showed that exports grew 2.1% in March, compared with more than 12% in the same period a year ago.
"External demand has been challenging across a lot of the Philippines' major trade partners such as Japan and China and I think that showed in the GDP (gross domestic product) print," Jeff Ng, economist at Standard Chartered, told Reuters.
"This poses downside risks to our forecast of 6% for full-year GDP growth."
Despite the disappointing data, the government said it was not abandoning its growth target of 7-8%.
Arsenio Balisacan, the economic planning chief, said government spending and exports were expected to pick up in the coming quarters.
The country's central bank has kept the overnight lending rate steady at 4% since October last year as inflation remains within its target of 2 to 4%.


The Guatemalan government has accused Belize's army of using excessive force following the injury of a Guatemalan man arrested for illegal mining.

The man was one of three suspected illegal gold miners detained on Friday on Belizean territory.
Belize says its troops acted in self-defence when the Guatemalan tried to attack an army patrol with a machete, but Guatemala contests that.
The two Central American neighbours have a long-standing border dispute.
Last month, Guatemala deployed 3,000 troops along the frontier following a shooting incident in which a Guatemalan teenager was killed.
Belize said the presence of large numbers of Guatemalan troops along the border had increased tensions between the two countries.
In a statement, the government of Belize said one of the three detainees had acted "aggressively" and ignored a warning shot before being shot and wounded in the elbow.
Guatemala's foreign ministry rejected Belize's version of events.
It said that one person with a machete could not attack a "properly equipped and armed" patrol.
The territorial dispute between the two nations dates back more than 150 years.
Belize became independent from Britain in 1981. However Guatemala did not recognise it for another decade because of the land dispute.


Derbyshire wicketkeeper Harvey Hosein has signed a new contract to stay with the County Championship Division Two side until the end of the 2019 season.

Hosein has scored 713 runs in 18 first-class games at an average of 32.4.
The 20-year-old set a club record for most dismissals in a match by a keeper when he took 11 catches in his first-class debut against Surrey in 2014.
"He made some impressive contributions last year when given the opportunity," director of cricket Kim Barnett said.


Andrew Robertson says Scotland's Euro 2016 qualifier against Georgia in Tiblisi has a "must-win" feel about it.

The Hull City defender flew out with the rest of the squad from Glasgow ahead of the Group D match on Friday.
"It's a tough one to say because the gaffer's said all along we've never known what game was the must win game," said Robertson.
"But, one of them definitely will be and we'll only know that by the end of the group."
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Scotland go into the match sitting third in the group behind Poland and Germany as they bid to qualify for their first major tournament since 1998.
Georgia are fifth with just three points from six games, with Gordon Strachan's men having defeated them 1-0 at Ibrox last October.
However, fans still remember how the Euro 2008 qualifying campaign was derailed by a 2-0 defeat in Georgia.
"Every game from now on is important," said Robertson.
"It does have the must win feel about it, but just because we're getting to the end of the group every game's got that feeling about it. I think it will be like that for the next four games that we've got."
Assistant coach Stuart McCall says they have no fresh injury concerns and the management have made their minds up on eight or nine starting positions.
He believes a draw would not be a bad result for Scotland ahead of Monday's visit of world champions Germany, before the remaining double-header in October against Poland (home) and Gibraltar (away).
"If we do get a point it could be a good point if we go on to beat Poland," said McCall. "It's a game we're looking to win, all our rivals have been there and won. It's certainly the intention we go there and be positive.
"Everyone will look at the 4-0 with Poland, but it wasn't until the 89th minute Poland got their second. They could quite easily have got a draw in the last 10 minutes.
"They're improving and even though we played well against them at Ibrox we only managed to win 1-0 with an own goal.
"It'll be tight, I don't think there'll be many goals in it. As long as we get more than them I'll be happy."
McCall is also confident the long trip to Georgia will not prove a problem for a side, who have become adept at producing results away from home.
He said: "We won in Croatia, we won in Poland in a friendly then got a draw there, played well in Germany, didn't play fantastic over in Dublin but got the result we were after, and a decent performance at Wembley.
"So I don't think there's a fear we're not at home. Results and performances since Gordon's come in has shown that we do well on the road."


Bromley have signed striker Brett Williams on a free transfer from National League rivals Torquay United.

The 29-year-old former Aldershot player scored 10 league goals for Torquay last season but was not offered a new deal by the Devon side.
Bromley will become Williams' fourth permanent club since leaving the Shots in June 2015.
"I think myself and Bromley will do well for each other. I want to get back to 20-plus goals a season," he said.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


The route has been announced for the 2014 Tour de France, which will start in Yorkshire.

The roads of Yorkshire will host the first stage of the 101st tour, which starts in Leeds and finishes in Harrogate on 5 July.
It will be the first of two stages in Yorkshire before the riders race from Cambridge to London prior to the French stages.
The race was last in the UK in 2007 when it started in London.
The second, slightly longer stage will leave from York and finish in Sheffield.
The county beat off rival bids from Florence and Edinburgh to host the two stages of the race next July.
Meanwhile, new road signs to permanently mark the route of the Tour de France in North Yorkshire have been unveiled.
Tourist organisation Welcome to Yorkshire said 50 signs would be installed along stage one of the route by North Yorkshire County Council.
Welcome to Yorkshire said the signs would allow people to follow the stage one route for "years to come".
The announcement of the signs along the stage one route in North Yorkshire came as the full itinerary of the three English stages of the race were released.
The race is to start on the Headrow in Leeds and head out of the city north towards Harewood. It is also to visit Ilkley, Otley, Ripon, Skipton and Hawes before finishing after 118 miles (190km) in Harrogate.
See map
The race is to start in York and go through Knaresborough, Keighley, over Holme Moss into the Peak District National Park before finishing after 124 miles (200km) at Sheffield Arena.
See map


A man caught exercising in a gym while wrongly claiming disability benefits has been ordered to pay back nearly £20,000.

Paramjit Randhawa, of Honor Avenue in Wolverhampton, was filmed by undercover inspectors from the Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) in July 2013.
The 72-year-old was granted benefits in 1995, but failed to inform the DWP after his health improved in 2011.
At Wolverhampton Crown Court, he got an eight-month suspended jail term.
The video, recorded at Wolverhampton Swimming and Fitness Centre in Wednesfield, shows the defendant walking on a treadmill and lifting weights.
Judge John Wait ordered Randhawa - who has stepped down as a treasurer of Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara in Wolverhampton as a result of the case - to pay back £19,782.
"You have lost your good character because you are a dishonest man," he told the defendant.
Randhawa's lawyer said his client "bitterly regrets" what he did and feels "ashamed".
A spokesman for DWP said the footage showed how investigators are "rooting out the unscrupulous minority" exploiting the system.


Civilian casualties in Afghanistan have hit a new high, including a ten-fold increase in casualties from attacks linked to Islamic State (IS) militants.

In its annual report, the UN said 3,498 civilians were killed and 7,920 wounded in 2016, a 3% rise on 2015.
The number of children killed or injured jumped by a quarter to its highest level to date.
Ground fighting between militants and troops in civilian areas was the main cause of civilian casualties, it said.
Overall, the report attributed almost two thirds of civilian casualties to what it called anti-government elements, mainly the Taliban, and a quarter to pro-government forces.
UN Special Representative for Afghanistan Tadamichi Yamamoto described the civilian deaths as "deeply harrowing and largely preventable".
"The escalation in ground fighting and overall insecurity, compounded by a lack of respect for human rights and international humanitarian law by parties to the conflict, particularly anti-government elements, led to an overall deterioration in civilian protection," the report said.
The UN began documenting civilian casualties in Afghanistan in 2009.
The UN attributed a total of 6,994 civilian casualties (2,131 deaths and 4,863 injured) to anti-government elements.
It blamed most of these on the Taliban.
The UN listed leading causes of deaths and injuries as IEDs, suicide and co-ordinated attacks, and ground fighting where casualties were attributed solely to militants.
But the report found that the steepest proportional rise came from attacks attributed to Islamic State (IS) militants. It said the group was behind 899 deaths and injuries, up from 82 in 2015.
To date IS has been a relatively minor faction in Afghanistan. The group, which announced it was expanding into Afghanistan in January 2015, has secured footholds in at least four districts in mountainous Nangarhar province, east of Kabul on the border with Pakistan.
But in the face of armed opposition from Afghan troops and the Taliban, it has not managed to move permanently beyond that.
Since mid-2016, however, it appears to have changed tactics, demonstrating what the UN called an "increased ability to conduct large, deadly attacks against civilian targets in Kabul".
The UN said that before mid-2016, all IS-related civilian casualties had been in Nangarhar. But in July IS carried out the first of four attacks on civilians in Kabul, when twin blasts targeting a protest march by members of the Shia Muslim minority group killed at least 80 people.
Two other IS attacks in Kabul, at a shrine and a mosque, also targeted Shia Muslims. A fourth struck staff members of the Presidential Protection Service. These four attacks combined led to a total of 152 civilians dead and 560 injured.
Afghanistan has not experienced levels of sectarian violence seen in Pakistan and Iraq, but analysts say IS attacks on Shia Muslims appear to be a concerted new attempt to fracture national unity.
Tadamichi Yamamoto highlighted the "alarming increase" in child casualties in 2016, as the UN documented 3,512 child casualties (923 deaths and 2,589 injured), a 24% increase compared with 2015.
Most child casualties were caused by ground fighting in civilian-populated areas.
The report emphasised a 65% increase in child casualties from the detonation of explosive remnants of war, saying it was "extremely concerned by the persistent failure of [parties to the conflict] to mark and clear unexploded ordnance from the battlefield following ground fighting in civilian-populated areas".
The report described one incident that occurred on 16 July in Pul-i-Khumri district, in Baghlan province which killed a girl and three boys.
"I saw our neighbour, a boy who later died, holding something made of metal. I knew that it was something explosive. He told all of us 'I'm going to detonate it'," the report quoted a 13-year-old girl as saying.
"He began hitting the object with a stone. It exploded. I fell unconscious and I don't know what happened next."
Almost a quarter of the civilian casualties were attributed to pro-government forces, the majority to Afghan security forces. Many of these were caused by troops' use of mortars and artillery during ground operations in populated areas.
The number of deaths and injuries caused by air strikes also rose by 99% to levels last seen in 2009. The UN said 250 people were killed and 340 injured in air strikes in 2016, with responsibility relatively evenly split between Afghan and international aircraft.
Meanwhile, a report released earlier this month by an official US watchdog said the death rate amongst Afghan troops was soaring.
The report by the US government's Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) said 6,785 Afghan soldiers and police officers were killed between 1 January and 12 November - an increase of about 35% on the whole of 2015 - as they struggled to retain control of parts of the country.


Rock star David Bowie left an estate valued at about $100m (Â£70m), according to his will which has been filed in New York.

Half will go to his widow, Iman, along with the home they shared in New York. The rest is shared between his son and daughter.
It was also revealed that Bowie had requested that his ashes be scattered in Bali in a Buddhist ritual.
The singer died of cancer on 10 January, aged 69.
The will was filed in a Manhattan court on Friday under Bowie's legal name, David Robert Jones.
The star's personal assistant, Corinne Schwab, was left $2m and another $1m went to a former nanny, Marion Skene.
Bowie's son, Duncan Jones, and daughter, Alexandria Zahra Jones, both received 25% of the estate. Alexandria was also left a home in upstate New York.
In the will, written in 2004, Bowie asked that he be cremated in Bali but if that was "not practical", then his ashes be scattered there anyway "in accordance with the Buddhist rituals".
Bowie's body was cremated on 12 January in New Jersey, according to a death certificate filed with the will.
Source: Buddha Dharma Education Association
At the time it was reported that no family or friends were present at the ceremony, in accordance with his wishes.
It is not known whether his ashes have been scattered.
Bowie had released a new album, Blackstar, just two days before his death, which has been retrospectively interpreted as his epitaph. The album is in the number one spot in the UK charts for the third week.


A British woman jailed in Malaysia for stripping off on a sacred mountain has apologised for causing offence.

Eleanor Hawkins, 23, from Derbyshire, was one of 10 people who stripped before taking photographs at the peak of Mount Kinabalu on 30 May.
Four of them - including Ms Hawkins - got three-day prison sentences for "committing an obscene act in public".
She said in a statement outside her home in Draycott that she had been "foolish" and was "truly sorry".
Ms Hawkins arrived at Heathrow this morning after being deported by the Malaysian authorities.
She said: "I know my behaviour was foolish and I know how much offence we all caused to the local people of Sabah.
"For that, I am truly sorry."
Her prison sentence was back-dated to reflect time already served and she was also fined 5,000 Malaysian ringgit (Â£860/$1,330) on Friday.
Prosecutors said the 10 tourists climbed the peak on the island of Borneo to enjoy the sunrise and then challenged each other to take off their clothes and pose for photographs.
It caused widespread offence in the region, and Sabah state deputy chief minister Joseph Pairin Kitingan said their "disrespect to the sacred mountain" caused an earthquake.
The magnitude 5.9 earthquake, on June 5, killed 18 people and left hundreds more stranded.
The trio who were jailed alongside Ms Hawkins - Dutch national Dylan Snel, 23, and Canadian siblings Lindsey, 23, and Danielle Peterson, 22 - have all left Borneo.


One of the two pilots of the Germanwings plane that crashed in the French Alps was locked out of the cockpit, according to reports.

Early findings from the cockpit voice recorder suggest the pilot made desperate efforts to get back in, sources close to the investigation say.
A German state prosecutor confirmed the reports, Reuters reported, but he did not know which pilot was locked out.
The Airbus 320 from Barcelona to Duesseldorf crashed on Tuesday.
Relatives of the 150 passengers and crew who died are due to visit the area on Thursday.
Lufthansa, which owns Germanwings, arranged two special flights for families and friends on Thursday - one from Barcelona and one from Duesseldorf - to Marseille, and both groups will travel on by road. Separately, some relatives who did not want to fly are travelling by bus from Barcelona.
Germanwings chief Thomas Winkelmann said 72 passengers on flight 4U 9525 were German citizens, including 16 pupils returning from an exchange trip. Spain's government said 51 of the dead were Spanish.
Other victims were from Australia, Argentina, Britain, Iran, Venezuela, the US, the Netherlands, Colombia, Mexico, Japan, Denmark and Israel.
On Wednesday, French officials said usable data had been extracted from the cockpit voice recorder but that it was too early to draw any conclusions.
Remi Jouty, director of the French aviation investigative agency, said he hoped investigators would have the "first rough ideas in a matter of days" but the full analysis could take weeks or even months.
However, the New York Times quoted an unnamed investigator as saying that one of the pilots - it is not clear if it is the captain or the first officer - left the cockpit and had been unable to get back in.
"The guy outside is knocking lightly on the door, and there is no answer," the investigator said, describing audio from the recorder.
"And then he hits the door stronger, and no answer. There is never an answer. You can hear he is trying to smash the door down."
A source close to the investigation gave a similar account to the AFP news agency.
An alarm indicating proximity to the ground can be heard before the moment of impact, the source adds.
Lufthansa has not named the pilots but it said the co-pilot joined Germanwings in September 2013, directly after training, and had flown 630 hours.
This latest revelation, if true, begins to paint a dramatic picture of the last moments in the cockpit. But there are still plenty of questions to answer.
Why did the plane dive? Locked doors don't make planes crash. Why couldn't the pilot open the door? There is an emergency procedure that should allow them to get back in. Who was flying? We now know the co-pilot was relatively inexperienced. Was he trying to cope with an emergency on his own?
If there really was banging on the door, it might also suggest there was at least air in the cabin, because someone was clearly able to breathe. There had been talk of a depressurisation knocking everyone out.
It is surprising that such sensitive information has leaked out - again, it's still not officially confirmed. The rules governing who listens to black boxes are very tight. Only a handful of people are normally allowed into the room when they play the recording back.
How pilots operate the cockpit door
It said the captain had more than 6,000 hours of flying experience and had been with Germanwings since May 2014, having flown previously for Lufthansa and Condor.
Lufthansa has not commented on the reports surrounding the cockpit door, but said its cockpit protocols are in line with rules established by the German aviation safety authority.
These stipulate that when there are two crew, one can leave the cockpit but only for the absolute minimum time.
BBC business reporter Theo Leggett says some airlines have a "rule of two" where if a pilot leaves the cockpit for any length of time another crew member must replace them. However, this is not the case with Lufthansa or some other major airlines.
David Kaminski-Morrow, air transport editor of Flightglobal, said that normally a locked cockpit door could be opened with a code.
"But inside there is a simple switch on the control panel the pilot would turn to lock the door," he said.
He cited the crash of a Mozambican Airlines flight in Namibia in 2013 in which the pilot is believed to have locked himself in the cockpit and put the plane into a nose dive.
Mr Jouty said the second "black box" - the flight data recorder - had not been found and he could not confirm an earlier statement by President Francois Hollande that its casing had been recovered.


A man has been remanded in custody after being charged with the murder of a 28-year-old woman in Pembrokeshire.

Natasha Bradbury was found dead in a property at Haverfordwest's High Street on Monday.
Luke Jones, 33, also from the town, was remanded in custody by magistrates in Llanelli. He will appear before Swansea Crown Court at later date.
Dyfed Powys Police said officers were providing support to Ms Bradbury's family.