So-called Islamic State group (IS) has shifted its propaganda distribution to the secure mobile messaging app Telegram from Twitter, where its accounts have been repeatedly shut down over the past year.

IS and other jihadist groups appear to be exploiting new functionality introduced by the app last month, which allows users to broadcast their messages to an unlimited number of members via their own Telegram "channel".
On 26 September, just four days after Telegram trumpeted the launch of its new "Channels" tool, IS media operatives on Twitter started advertising the group's own channel dubbed Nashir, which translates as "Distributor" in English.
It has already amassed more than 4,500 subscribers.
Since then, IS propaganda has started appearing first via Telegram, often several minutes before being posted to Twitter.
The group's claim for an attack on Saudi and Emirati forces at a hotel in the Yemeni city of Aden on Tuesday was posted first on Telegram, for example, although Twitter remains a key platform for IS to spread its message.
IS appears to be hoping the Berlin-based Telegram will offer it a more stable and resilient platform for its propaganda, faced with a sustained clampdown on its Twitter presence.
But Telegram itself suggests it will take down illegal material that is made publicly available via the app - including posts related to IS, according to its website.
IS has not had an official presence on Twitter since July 2014, when its last branded accounts were shut down.
It then experimented with a series of less well-known social media platforms, such as the privacy-focused Diaspora as well as VKontakte, Russia's largest social network, whose co-founders the Durov brothers went on to set up Telegram in 2013.
But IS was soon kicked off those platforms too.
Since then, Twitter has remained the group's preferred platform. But it has been caught up in a cat-and-mouse game with the Twitter administration, which has also led to its quasi-official, non-branded accounts routinely suspended.
Even before IS launched its latest propaganda channel via Telegram, there had been evidence that the group and its members were using the app.
Earlier in September, IS had advertised an Iraqi mobile phone number, which people could use to get in touch with the group via the Telegram app in order to pay a ransom for two hostages being held by the group.
And jihadists inspired by IS, including a British teenager convicted recently, have used the app's secure encrypted messaging to conduct attack planning.
Jihadists have been drawn by Telegram's boast to provide a "secret chat" facility, which heavily encrypts messages user-to-user with a unique key to avoid interception by hackers or government agencies.
Telegram is so confident of its security that it twice offered a $300,000 reward to the first person who could crack its encryption.
But it is the app's new public broadcast function that jihadists have been quick to latch on to and it is not just IS that has started exploiting it.
Al-Qaeda's Yemen branch (AQAP) launched its own Telegram "channel" on 25 September, although its material is still coming out first via Twitter, where the group has its own official accounts. And the Libyan Ansar al-Shari'ah group created its channel the following day.
A raft of other pro-IS and pro-al-Qaeda media groups have also set up shop there.
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.


Swansea City chairman Huw Jenkins has met former United States coach Bob Bradley with pressure mounting on incumbent Francesco Guidolin.

Bradley joins former Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs in being linked with the Swansea managerial role.
Bradley met Jenkins at Bristol Airport but it is understood no decision has yet been made to replace Guidolin.
The Swans' American owners have become concerned, with the club currently 17th in the Premier League table.
The Welsh club have not won in the league since the opening day of the season, have collected one point from their past five games and are one place above the relegation zone.
Bradley, 58, spent five years in charge of the US national side, leading them to the 2009 Confederations Cup final in South Africa, where they were beaten by Brazil.
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Comoros Islands have taken a big step towards playing in the group stages of 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying by beating Mauritius 2-0 on Friday.

They will defend their advantage in the second leg in Mauritius on Tuesday, with the aggregate winner progressing to play in Group B for a place at the Cameroon finals.
Mauritius were dealt an early blow in Friday's first-leg match when Emmanuel Vincent was sent off after only 12 minutes for elbowing Comoros' Ben El Fardou.
And although it took until the second half to make the breakthrough, Comoros capitalised through goals by Youssouf Ben Jaloud, who was put through by Mohamed Mchangama on 69 minutes, and Chaker El Hadhu, who struck eight minutes later.
Morocco, Malawi and reigning champions Cameroon will also play in Group B with the Indomitable Lions qualifying automatically as hosts no matter where they finish in the final standings.
Only the pool winners earn a place at the tournament.


Championship side Jersey Reds have signed Saracens hooker Jared Saunders, with flankers Seb Nagle-Taylor and Conor Joyce also joining next season.

Saunders, 26, has played 23 times for Sarries across the Premiership, Anglo-Welsh Cup and European competitions.
Joyce, 23, joins from Pro12 side Ulster, while Nagle-Taylor, 22, will arrive from Ealing.
Jersey hookers Jack Macfarlane, 24, and Nick Selway, 27, have also signed new contracts to keep them at St Peter.
"Jared's had Jamie George and Schalk Brits ahead of him in the queue, but I expect hooker to be a competitive position in Jersey next season as well," said Reds head coach Harvey Biljon.
"Seb is a great athlete and we are looking to realise his rugby potential, and Conor has showed in the British & Irish Cup games that he has the ability to be a stand-out Championship player."
The length of the deals have not been disclosed by the club.
Jersey are rebuilding their squad for the 2017-18 campaign, with five of their forwards leaving to join sides currently in the Premiership.
For the latest rugby union news follow @bbcrugbyunion on Twitter.


England full-back Sam Tomkins will return to England after being released from his New Zealand Warriors contract because of homesickness.

His three-year deal runs until 2016, but he will return home after the 2015 season with Wigan, his old Super League club, having first option to sign him.
Tomkins, England's leading try-scorer, joined NRL side NZ Warriors in 2013 for a world-record fee of about £700,000.
"I miss home in ways I never thought I would," said the 26-year-old.
"I never imagined it would reach this point.
"This is a great club and I can't say enough about the coaching staff. I love being with the lads and it's a brilliant country to live in."
Tomkins, who is recovering from a knee injury, added: "I'm truly grateful to the Warriors for agreeing to give me an early release and I am so determined to repay them for their consideration.
"All I want now is to get back out on the field to help us have a great season."
Voted Super League's Man of Steel in 2012, Tomkins scored 144 tries in 152 appearances for Wigan before moving to the NRL.


The Polish ambassador has called for action to be taken on hate crime in Northern Ireland, following an upsurge in attacks.

Witold Sobkow was speaking during a two-day visit to Northern Ireland, during which he will meet the first and deputy first ministers.
Nearly 150 crimes were recorded against the Polish community in a 12-month period up to March 2015.
That is an increase of 39 on the previous year.
In April, three attacks were recorded in one weekend in an area of north Belfast.
Mr Sobkow said between 20,000 and 30,000 Poles had settled in Northern Ireland.
He called for a more co-ordinated response to the attacks and more integration for the Polish community.
"In general they feel at home, they find Northern Ireland an hospitable place. From time to time we have the attacks on the representatives of the communities," he said.
"This is bad for the community, but it is also bad for Northern Ireland because it creates the wrong image of the community that is, in general, hospitable.
"But I'm very grateful for the acts of solidarity of people who live here, for all the efforts of the city council and the executive, of the police.
"We hope the perpetrators of those attacks will be detained."


Imagine you had to start paying to view content on all your favourite websites.

Would you give up on the internet completely or happily stump up for good journalism and entertainment?
These are the choices we could be facing if ad blocking programs go mainstream.
This is because advertising revenue underpins about 90% of everything we see online - it's the internet's fundamental economic model.
Yet Apple's decision to allow its iPhone and iPad Safari browser to block ads through the use of third-party software extensions could seriously undermine this model, analysts believe.
"Ad blocking is a threat to the whole advertising industry," says David Frew, senior programmes manager for the Internet Advertising Bureau trade body.
"It's possibly heralding the end of online advertising in its current form," he says. "It's essential people understand that online content isn't free - there's a value exchange. Facebook is monetising you - your data is valuable."
Internet browsers have given users the ability to block pop-ups - and therefore pop-up ads - for years, and there are a number of ad blocking programmes already on the market, such as AdBlock, Adblock Plus, uBlock and Adguard, already used by tens of millions of people around the world.
But now that a global brand like Apple has weighed in, the practice could become much more popular, particularly on mobile, some in the publishing and advertising industries believe.
Brian O'Kelley, chief executive of AppNexus, a digital advertising technology firm, believes that websites only have themselves to blame for this ad backlash.
"A lot of websites have gotten greedy - on some home pages about 50% of the screen area is taken up with ads. A lot of junk is thrown on there," he says.
"Ads are supposed to be attention getting but they shouldn't be intrusive or annoying."
Daniel Knapp, senior director of advertising research at consultancy IHS, agrees, saying: "Consumers are fed up with interruptions and ads that affect the viewer experience. Ads also increase data usage and reduce battery life on mobile."
But there is a paradox in our feelings towards ads, believes Mark Pinsent, managing director of digital marketing agency Metia.
"People say they don't like ads and as soon as you give them the ability to avoid advertising, they will.
"But we often like to chat about our favourite ads. The problem is there's a lot of bad ads out there."
So if consumers begin blocking ads en masse, how will online publishers cope with the inevitable cut in revenue, and how will advertisers reach their audiences?
"There'll be fewer ad transactions and less money, but it's not going to zero. It just makes the pie smaller for everyone," says Mr O'Kelley.
In his view, publishers and content producers will have to have a "hard conversation" with consumers and persuade them not to use ad blockers.
"Consumers should have a choice over what kinds of ads they want to see, how fast they want them to load, and how much personal information they are happy to share," he says.
"When you visit a site with an ad blocker on there should be no option where you can get the content for free."
But how realistic is such an approach in a world where free internet content has been taken for granted and the subscription-based paywall model has succeeded only for specialist publications?
Darren Goldsby, chief technology officer for Hearst Magazines UK, publisher of well-known titles such as Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping and Esquire, admits that ad blocking is "as big a disruptor for us as the internet was when it came along".
Ad blocking is as big a disruptor for us as the internet was when it came along
"Ad blocking is a threat and the number of ad blockers is likely to increase. But that means we have to work harder to provide content in a commercially successful way that people want to read," he says.
This is likely to mean more so-called "native advertising" - sponsored content, advertorials, branded micro-sites, and so on - that can't be blocked by ad blockers, says Mr Goldsby.
And advertisers are already learning to use social media as a way of engaging with consumers, presenting content that is entertaining and shareable, says Mr Pinsent.
For example, Jaguar recently videoed its new F-Pace four-wheel drive car performing the world's biggest ever loop-the-loop. It made newspaper headlines.
"They then used targeted paid-for social media to get that video in front of people who would find it interesting," he says. "They did that without going through any traditional publisher.
"Brands will increasingly become their own content producers."
But as publishers resort to more of this native advertising and branded content to recoup lost digital ad revenue, what does this mean for independent journalism?
"As soon as you start blurring those lines between journalism and brand sponsored content it becomes very dangerous because consumers may be influenced without being aware of it," warns Mr Pinsent.
Once consumers understand that they may have to pay for an ad free online experience, ad blockers may wane in popularity, particularly if the other alternative is a website full of commercially biased editorial.
But some observers believe the rise of ad blockers provides an opportunity for consumers to strike a new deal with publishers and advertisers.
"A new model is to put users of the internet in control of their own data. Let them decide who they trade it with and for what reward," says StJohn Deakins, chief executive of CitizenMe, a group helping consumers take control of their own data and monetise it.
Others believe this shift in internet economics will simply put more power in the hands of Facebook, Google and, increasingly, Amazon.
"By 2020, 70% of European online advertising will be controlled by Facebook and Google," says IHS's Daniel Knapp.
"They're building closed ecosystems to lock in content and advertising. They control the audiences."
Is it time for those audiences to wrestle free from such control?
You can follow Matthew on Twitter: @matthew_wall


In the 21st Century, no economy is an island, entire of itself.

But as Russia looks likely to enter a deep recession - fuelled by plummeting oil prices and the plunging rouble - the West has remained sanguine about the potential impact on global finances.
Heavyweights like the US and UK would argue they have little to worry about, for despite its political importance, Russia accounts for just 3% of global economic output, and an even smaller portion of world trade.
However there are several individual companies, and even countries, for whom Russia's decline is very bad news indeed.
Major banks in Austria, France and Italy have much of their value tied up in the country. Global brands such as Carlsberg, Adidas and Pepsi sell a lot to Russian consumers. And some former Soviet states, such as Lithuania and Latvia, rely heavily on exports to Russia, while others benefit from money sent back home from citizens working in the country.
France's Societe Generale has 62% of its tangible equity (the funds of its core operations) tied up in Russia, according to research by Citigroup, while Italy's UniCredit has 40%.
Austria's Raiffeisen bank, one of the largest lenders operating in Eastern Europe, announced on Thursday that its capital ratio, a measure of a bank's financial strength, had already declined because of the rouble crisis.
Away from the financial sector, it is not just oil companies with interests in Russia, such as BP, who are feeling the pinch.
Companies that sell food, alcohol, cigarettes and beauty products to Russians are increasingly feeling the effects of the country's decline.
Danish brewing firm Carlsberg, which sells almost four out of every 10 beers in Russia, saw its share price fall by almost 20% in the past few weeks due to concerns about its exposure to eastern Europe.
Drinks maker Pepsi, beauty company Avon and French firm Danone - of yoghurt and baby food fame - all export considerable amounts to Russia too.
Meanwhile US tobacco firm Philip Morris, which sells almost a quarter of all cigarettes in Russia, has seen its shares decimated in the past month.
Carmakers around the world are also beginning to worry.
US auto firm General Motors has temporarily suspended sales in Russia, following in the tracks of Audi and Jaguar Land Rover. The volatility of the rouble has made pricing increasingly difficult.
And German firm BMW may lose as much as â‚¬100m because of the rouble's decline, according to Bloomberg, while several other European firms, including Renault, Volkswagen and Daimler, could face similar fates.
Additionally, if Russia reacts to the crisis by imposing restrictions on imports to the country, the manufacturers of car components, such as tyre-maker Nokian Renkaat, would be heavily hit.
Indeed, investors have been betting against the Finnish firm, with up to a fifth of all its shares handed over to short sellers, according to Reuters.
Short sellers borrow shares in order to sell them, expecting to buy them back at a lower price.
Closer to home, many former Soviet countries are watching Russia's misfortunes nervously.
Back in August, three IMF officials warned that while most of Europe would not suffer too much from a downturn in Russia's economy, "for many of Russia's immediate neighbours such as Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, and the Baltics, whose exports to Russia exceed 5 percent of their respective GDP, the impact could be substantial".
Moldova - one of the poorest countries in Europe - relies on money sent back by citizens working in Russia for almost a quarter of its GDP. The decline of the rouble will mean the funds flowing back into the country are greatly diminished.
But however badly individual countries or companies may fare, the leaders of the world's largest economies can sleep quite easily.
"The negative effects of the Russia crisis will be concentrated on a small number of countries and companies with direct exposure to Russia," says Andrew Kenningham, senior global economist at Capital Economics.
"If you think about the future of the UK economy, for example, the impact of events in Russia is likely to be of negligible importance".


UK retail sales posted a 1.4% rise in February from the previous month, but there are signs that higher fuel prices have begun to hit shoppers' pockets.

In the three months to February, sales volumes fell by 1.4%, a sharper slide than the 0.5% decline for the three months to January.
That was the biggest three-month fall recorded by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) since March 2010.
Fuel prices in February were 18.7% higher than a year earlier.
"February's retail sales figures show fairly strong growth, though the underlying three-month picture shows falling sales as February's figures follow two consecutive months of decline in December and January," said ONS statistician Kate Davies.
"The underlying trend suggests that rising petrol prices in particular have had a negative effect on the overall quantity of goods bought over the last three months."
Petrol cost an average of 120p a litre in February, with diesel 3p more, according to ONS figures.
However, the 1.4% rise in retail sales in February was higher than the 0.4% increase expected by economists.
News of the month-on-month increase sent the pound higher above $1.25.
Paul Hollingsworth at Capital Economics said the figures would give some reassurance that higher inflation had not brought growth in consumer spending to a halt.
Inflation as measured by the Consumer Prices Index jumped to 2.3% in February - up from 1.8% in January, the ONS said on Tuesday.
However, Howard Archer at IHS Markit said consumers were becoming more cautious as higher inflation squeezed their purchasing power.
"The economy's persistent resilience since last June's Brexit vote has been largely built on consumers keeping on spending," he said.
"With consumers now seemingly moderating their spending, the long-anticipated slowdown in the economy looks set to materialise unless other sectors can make significantly increased contributions."
Fashion retailer Next said on Thursday it was "extremely cautious" about trading for the coming year as it reported lower annual profits.
Martin Beck, senior economic adviser to the EY ITEM Club, said annual shop price inflation increased from 1.9% in January to 2.8% in February - a 60-month high.
"How the year pans out will depend heavily upon consumers' willingness to draw on savings or take on more debt," he said. "Last year's retail boom looks set to become an increasingly distant memory."


A man has been arrested on suspicion of rape after a woman was assaulted in her home.

The woman was confronted in her bedroom in Colne, Lancashire, by a man who had got into the house through a window, police said.
The offender grabbed the victim by the face and tried to remove her clothes before committing a serious sexual assault early on Sunday morning.
A 25-year-old man from Nelson has been arrested on suspicion of rape.


The RBS department set up to help companies in trouble mistreated many of its clients, a leaked report for the Financial Conduct Authority says.

It found some "inappropriate action" - such as interest charges being raised or unnecessary fees added - was experienced by 92% of viable firms seen by RBS's Global Restructuring Group.
GRG operated from 2005 to 2013 and at its peak handled 16,000 companies.
The banking giant denies systematic abuse of its customers.
GRG would step in when businesses had skipped a loan repayment, or seen their sales and profits dip notably and was marketed as an expert service that would turn around a business.
But the report, seen by the BBC, commissioned for the City watchdog, the FCA, found struggling companies that were placed in the recovery group had a slim chance of emerging from it.
It said just 10% returned intact to the main RBS bank.
As of the end of 2014, 69% of firms, were still in the successor to GRG, which was supposed to return them to health.
Many of those businesses remained tied into complex loans with the bank in the form of derivatives linked to interest rates, from which it is often too expensive to leave.
Others ended up in administration, liquidation or a trade sale.  According to one BBC source, instead of getting firms back on their feet, GRG was more like their "undertaker".
The 361 page leaked report also says the bank provided only "narrow compliance" to investigators.
Sources told the BBC investigators would regularly ask for details from the bank on certain matters and RBS would only provide the absolute minimum information.
RBS disputes this though. It says it provided investigators with "circa 323 gigabytes of data, comprising more than 15 million physical pages and 270,000 emails."
Tracy Standish ran a chain of 18 bowling complexes nationwide and banked with RBS for decades.
When sales dipped during the recession from 2008, his business was placed into the hands of GRG.
It applied a default charge of £100,000 to be paid immediately and raised the interest rate on some of his existing loans to 15% - greatly exacerbating Mr Standish's financial burden.
Mr Standish and his family had to surrender 80% of their company to the bank. He's now suing RBS.
He said he was "devastated" by the actions of the bank.
"It was to suddenly not know where to go, to be completely lost. It was like an out of body experience. I just really didn't know what had happened to my world, and where to go next." said Mr Standish, from Poole.
"I must have been in shock maybe for a month... That just descended into full blown depression.
"I had to be referred to a counsellor for treatment, I was prescribed anti-depressants. And I became suicidal, and was so, for some period."
RBS says that the Standish case was currently the subject of litigation and that the bank would be "vigorously defending these claims".
The FCA provided a summary of the main findings last November.
The full report calls for a fundamental review by RBS of how it handles its SME customers in financial distress' and RBS has already set up a £400m fund to compensate those customers mistreated by GRG.
The bank, which is 73% owned by the government, said it had apologised for previous mistreatment of some customers and had taken steps - agreed with the FCA- to put things right. That included a new complaints process overseen by a retired High Court Judge - and an automatic refund of complex fees paid by these customers.
The City watchdog also admitted that it may in fact lack the powers to take action when SMEs face mistreatment: "The activities carried out by GRG are largely unregulated; therefore, the FCA's powers are limited in this area.
"However, we are investigating issues raised by the Report which fall within our remit."
The issue of RBS's treatment of business customers was first raised in 2013 by Lawrence Tomlinson, the 'Enterprise Czar' for the then Business Secretary Vince Cable.
Sir Vince, now the leader of the Liberal Democrats, said: "The story of GRG and RBS is a dreadful legacy.
"This happened a decade ago but the banks continued refusal to accept copious evidence that good firms were driven out of business to boost the profits of the bank by acquiring their property is to its great discredit."
At its peak in 2011 and 2012, it handled 16,000 companies, with total assets worth £65bn.
RBS set up a £400m compensation fund to make redress. But some campaigners have suggested that the final figure could be closer to £2bn.
A separate BBC investigation last year found that that GRG earned profits of £1.2bn in 2011 and was a major contributor to RBS profits while its investment banking division was posting record losses.
RBS was and still is the UK's biggest business bank.  It lends to more companies than any other financial institution and this report adds to the reputational and financial issues already in play at RBS.
Only last month, it agreed to pay £3.7bn in fines for misselling mortgage-backed assets in the run up to the financial crisis in 2007-08.
The bank itself expects to have to pay further multi billion pound fines over the coming year.
Now, it faces a number of private lawsuits from current and former business customers who may feel they were mistreated by their own bank.


The average full-time pay gap between men and women is at its narrowest since comparative records began in 1997, official figures show.

The difference stood at 9.4% in April compared with 10% a year earlier, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) said, a gap of about £100 a week.
However, the change was the result of men's wages dropping faster than women's in real terms.
Allowing for inflation, weekly earnings for all fell by 1.6% compared to 2013.
Before taking inflation into account, the £1 rise in full-time median gross pay for men and women to £518 a week was the slowest rise since records began in this form in 1997.
The 9.4% gender pay gap compares with the gap of 17.4% that was recorded in 1997.
Hourly earnings figures reveal that, in April 2014, women working for more than 30 hours a week were actually paid 1.1% more than men in the 22 to 29 age bracket and, for the first time were also paid more in the 30 to 39 age bracket.
Although weekly earnings suggest men are paid more in all age groups, the hourly earnings level is the preferred measure used by the ONS to judge the pay gap.
Chancellor George Osborne said the figures were "another sign of progress in the fight for equal pay".
The gender pay gap for all employees, full-time and part-time, was also the lowest on record at 19.1%, down from 19.8% in 2013.
The TUC said the gap could be cut further with better paid, flexible, part-time work opportunities, and better paid leave for fathers to encourage more equal parenting.
The government said that, from next year, it was extending the rights for shared parental leave. It had also invested in training and mentoring for women to move into higher skilled, higher paid jobs, and guidance to women looking to compare their salaries with male counterparts.
The ONS figures also showed that the growth in wages was the slowest since records began in 1997.
Full-time median gross pay totalled £518 a week in April, up 0.1% - or £1 - on a year earlier. That is the equivalent of nearly £27,000 a year. The median average is the mid-point of all wages top to bottom.
The figures reflect the squeeze faced by workers who have seen wages rise, but prices rising faster.
When the rising cost of living is taken into account, real earnings fell over the same period.
Those who are unable to secure full-time, continuous employment have been at the sharp end of this situation.
Wages for the 70% of people who have been continuously in their job for more than a year have gone up by 4.1% in the past year - more than three times the rate of inflation. However, those in more sporadic employment - generally lower skilled jobs - have pulled the average wage down.
Frances O'Grady, general secretary of the TUC, said: "Ordinary households are not sharing in the recovery and the recession in their wages continues despite the economy's return to growth."
Median gross weekly earnings for full-time employees increased by 1% in the public sector and by 0.7% in the private sector, the ONS said. Gross median pay for all private sector staff was £21,259 and for public sector staff it was £24,302.
However, the ONS warns that comparing private and public sector wages can only reflect part of the picture. This is because the figures do not show differences in the rates of pay for the same type of job.
For example, many of the lowest-paid occupations, such as bar and restaurant staff, hairdressers, and cashiers, are mainly private sector jobs, while there are a larger proportion of graduate-level and professional occupations in the public sector.
At the highest level of pay, it is likely that private sector wages are higher than those in the public sector.
The figures show that people in the bottom 10% of the pay scale earned less than £288 per week, or nearly £15,000 a year. The top 10% of full-time employees earned more than £1,024, or £53,248.
Since 1997, the gap has been relatively consistent, the ONS said.
There were 236,000 jobs with pay less than the national minimum wage in April, representing 0.9% of all jobs. About 9,000 of those were held by 16 and 17-year-olds, and 31,000 by 18 to 20-year-olds, new ONS figures also showed.
Employers can pay someone below the minimum wage legitimately, for example by providing accommodation tied to the job, as is the case for many hotel workers.
The survey is based on a sample of tax returns, so excludes self-employed workers.
How much do people earn? The UK median wage is £22,044 for all workers, full-time and part-time. Men in full-time work earn on average £29,441 and women in full-time jobs earn £23,889.
Where is pay the highest? Whitehaven in Cumbria comes out top, home to the Sellafield nuclear complex and a new marina. Employees there have a median salary of £37,910.
It is followed by London where the median wage across all workers is £29,696. That is followed by Basingstoke (£27,760), Newbury (£27,287), and Reading and Bracknell (£27,430) - all in the Thames Valley area.
Where in Scotland are median earnings the highest? The Shetland Islands, at an average of £24,752, just beats Aberdeen (£24,510) and Edinburgh (£24,738).
Where are the lowest paid people working? Ludlow in Shropshire at £14,033.
What do different jobs pay? Train drivers' full-time median pay was £47,956. For printers, it was £25,922. For taxation experts it was £44,641. Bank and post office clerks received £20,873. Solicitors were paid £41,178. Air traffic controllers received £78,874, computer programmers and software developers were paid £40,007 and nurses were paid £31,641.


A man bit off part of a rugby fan's ear on Halloween while dressed as Colonel Gaddafi, a trial has heard.

Swansea Crown Court heard Geraint Evan Jones carried out a "cowardly and unprovoked" attack after being in an Aberystwyth bar for just six minutes.
The prosecution said he approached Gwynant Lewis Jones from behind before sinking his teeth into his left ear.
Mr Jones, 25, admits biting him - but insists he did not mean for the victim's ear to be torn off.
It is the defence's case that Mr Jones' ear lobe was accidentally torn off when a friend stepped in and tried to "pull" him away from the defendant.
But prosecutor Ian Wright argued he intended to carry out the attack - with jurors told the defendant was seen giving "high fives" in the street afterwards.
Mr Wright said: "The victim....was stood at the bar minding his own business when this cowardly and unprovoked attack took place.
"This defendant approached Mr Jones from behind and placed his hands on his shoulder before biting his left ear - ripping the lower section off."
Jurors heard that the attack took place at The Academy bar on 31 October, 2015.
Before the incident the complainant, from Machynlleth, had been watching the Rugby World Cup final before going to The Academy.
Giving evidence, he said: "All I can remember is being at the bar and then suddenly feeling a lot of pain.
"I leaned forward... and I think that's when my ear must have ripped off and I saw lots of blood."
The court heard the severed ear lobe was later recovered from the floor by a barman, but it was not possible to reattach it.
Mr Jones said he has since had an operation at Morriston Hospital and needs further reconstructive surgery.
He added that he had not spoken nor argued with the defendant prior to being attacked.
William Skinner, a friend of the complainant, told the court that he had stepped in to separate the two after seeing the incident unfold.
During cross-examination by defence counsel James Hartson, Mr Skinner was asked whether his intervention could have caused Mr Jones' ear to tear off.
He replied: "No....the damage had already been done by that time."
Jones, of Queen's Avenue, Aberystwyth, has pleaded guilty to inflicting grievous bodily harm. He denies causing grievous bodily harm with intent.
The trial continues.


Virtual reality (VR) was supposed to get less virtual and more real at E3 this year.

Before the gaming expo got going, experts and analysts said they expected VR to feature heavily and for there to be demos of pioneering games that made great use of the technology. Those demos would be essential, they said, to convince people to buy what is likely to be an expensive chunk of hardware.
But it did not turn out like that.
In fact, VR hardly featured at all during the big news conferences. Sony talked about Project Morpheus for a couple of minutes during a presentation that lasted an hour.
There were passing mentions in other press events but VR was conspicuous by its absence. While it is true that some VR announcements came just before E3 got under way, there was little from the big game publishers and studios to show what they were planning.
"VR failed to stand out during the press conferences," said Wesley Yin-Poole, deputy editor at Eurogamer. "I put this down to the tech being a tough sell on a big screen. VR is better understood when used, rather than seen."
The lack of mentions seems odd given that E3 is all about previews and preparing expectations for games many of which will be launched at the same time as those headsets are due to get in to the shops.
The one demo that did get people talking was Microsoft HoloLens system but that does not have a release date yet and is still firmly experimental.
So, where were those jaw-dropping videos that left people reaching for their wallets?
On the stands at E3, many firms were letting attendees try out demos and "experiences" to get a flavour of what the technology can do. Sony has 18 separate VR tasters on its booth and Microsoft's Halo Experience on its stand gives people a virtual guided tour of a dropship from the game but even these, said Mr Yin-Poole, do not convey its potential very well.
He said: "VR is a tough sell, and I haven't seen a VR game on the show floor that makes that issue all of a sudden go away."
"There are impressive demos that clearly benefit from the ever-improving hardware, but Oculus and Morpheus are still looking for their killer apps," he said.
Piers Harding-Rolls, head of games research at analysts IHS, has tried out lots of the demos at the show and said he had noticed a shift in what people got to see when they slipped on the headset.
"The content is becoming more robust and commercial as we move towards the launch of the major high-end headsets during the next 12 months or so," he told the BBC.
The debate had moved on from simply impressing people to more in-depth talk about what counts as good VR content, how to interact with it and what the take-up rate is going to be. There was less hype and more realism, he said.
And, he added, just because there were not many VR games on show at E3, that said little about what would eventually be released.
"The traditional big publishers are generally taking a wait-and-see attitude, although all are experimenting in-house," he said. "There is little benefit for them being first to market when there is a broad expectation that adoption of the technology will slowly ramp up over time."
In addition, he said, it was not straightforward to just transfer a flat-screen game to a VR setting. Games will work much better when made specifically for VR. Studios will take time to develop the skills needed to make good VR games.
"However, he added, "a lack of big-budget content may also apply a handbrake effect to adoption. In this respect first-party content will be important in establishing the market."
For some though, the reluctance of the publishers and the cost of developing for VR do not spell delay, they spell disaster.
"It's doomed. Sorry about that," wrote John Walker from PC games news site Rock, Paper, Shotgun. "There just won't be the games to make it worth owning one," he said.
Few publishers are going to be willing to put down huge amounts of cash to develop a version of a game that few people would play. The technical demands VR makes on PCs and consoles and the extra development required to make games work in all-round 3D will scare them off.
Given the audience, developers might try it, he said. But, so far, there is little evidence that people were signing up in large numbers.
"I believe the rule that people won't adopt a technology that's more inconvenient than what already exists will prevail, especially when there won't be the big-name games to encourage them to do so," he said. At the moment, flat screens have the edge and were likely to retain that advantage.
In addition, he said, the isolating effect of putting on a headset that literally cuts people off from those around them will put people off.
"Sadly, it's hopeless," he said. "No-one will acknowledge it when it happens of course - these things happen too slowly.
"Until it can work without a giant headset, making you look like a lost robot tourist, people will always prefer to sit at their screens."
You can follow all of the BBC's coverage from E3 2015 via the hashtag, #e3bbc


Comments due to be made by London's mayor about cycling protesters "scaring" people away from using bikes were withdrawn.

In an early draft speech, Boris Johnson was set to say: "Of course I accept that people want to create pressure for action to get more Londoners cycling.
"But the risk is that the association of cycling with death... may be scaring people away."
At a City Hall event, he instead announced improvements to junctions.
Mr Johnson was due to make the speech at a cycling and haulage event, according to information circulated to the media.
Instead he said: "There is now a growing chorus of voices who say that the cycling revolution has been going too fast and that we should somehow get all these cyclists off the roads, and people look at me in an accusing way.
"This analysis grossly exaggerates my messianic abilities. I am a passionate cyclist, but I am not some kind of Pied Pedaller.
"People go by bike because they love to go by bike.
"We must make cycling even safer and wherever accidents take place, we must respond.
"We must see what could have been done to prevent them, we must immediately work out what we can do to stop them happening again, and we must address people's fears, well-founded or otherwise."
2010: 10 deaths, four involving HGVs
2011: 16 deaths, 12 involving HGVs
2012: 14 deaths, five involving HGVs
2013 so far: 14 deaths, nine involving HGVs
Source: TfL
He also announced 33 London junctions would be improved and he reaffirmed his Â£913m commitment to improving cycle safety.
Mr Johnson said the police's Operation Safeway, set up to improve road awareness, had in the past few weeks led to 755 cyclists and 1,392 motorists being fined for offences such jumping lights in London.
He also pointed out the number of cyclist deaths is the same as at this point last year, and lower than the year before.
But London Assembly Green Party member Darren Johnson said: "Over two years ago, the mayor promised to urgently overhaul 500 of the capital's most treacherous junctions, but what we are now seeing is the mayor's ambition shrinking as cycle casualties are rising."


UKIP leader Nigel Farage has said his party is not his priority as he dedicates its annual conference to the campaign to leave the EU.

Party members and activists are gathering in Doncaster, with Mr Farage delivering his speech at noon.
He said there would be a "surprise" coming together of all anti-EU groups in the country in a "show of unity".
It was also revealed strategist Lynton Crosby's firm had rejected an offer to help one of the No campaigns.
UKIP, which is committed to Britain withdrawing from the European Union, had launched its own No campaign for the referendum, which the government has pledged to hold by 2018.
Now it is officially joining forces with millionaire party donor Arron Banks, who is behind The Know campaign - their relaunched campaign will be called "Leave.eu"
But BBC political correspondent Robin Brant says it is not the full team they wanted.
"I understand the man who helped get the Conservatives elected - Lynton Crosby - was approached and his firm offered Â£2m to work for them," he says.
The Australian was also approached by people on the Yes side, but he turned both down believing it was too early to commit to either ahead of the government's renegotiation of the UK's EU membership, he adds.
The UKIP leader believes events on the beaches of Greece and the border of Hungary have vindicated his predictions of "biblical" migration to an EU which cannot control who comes in.
He also believes his claim that so-called Islamic State would use the mass movement as cover for exporting terrorists to Europe is something that mainstream politicians are now repeating.
He thinks it has been "proven" that his party was "utterly right" on migration.
Most of all he - and the vast majority of the audience I suspect - will be relieved and very glad that it is him, once again, at the rostrum giving the leader's speech.
But there will be some in the room, and more beyond, who increasingly worry that Nigel Farage as the prominent face of the campaign to leave the EU could be holding UKIP back from achieving its ultimate aim.
Full analysis: Is the party coming to an end?
UK business vote on EU 'up for grabs'
The Eurosceptic Business for Britain group said it wished the campaign group "the best of luck in their endeavours" but would not be able to attend the conference "for scheduling reasons".
UKIP's annual conference comes after it won a 13% vote share - almost four million votes - in the general election in May, putting it in third place behind the Conservatives and Labour.
However, the increase in support did not result in any more seats in Parliament.
The theme of the opening day of the conference, which will run over the weekend, is the EU and Britain's place in the world.
It includes sessions that focus on the current difficulties facing the EU and the opportunities open to the UK if it votes to leave.
Mr Farage told the BBC: "Our conference will not be about me, it will not be about UKIP.
"It will be about the fact we're celebrating we've got a national referendum on our membership of the union - something that UKIP has striven for, for over two decades."
And he indicated there would be a "coming together of all the people in Britain who want to leave the EU".
"I've been told before that the Eurosceptics all hate each other, there are too many egos. Well, we're going to surprise you at Doncaster with a show of unity that has not been seen before."
The UKIP leader said winning the referendum and getting Britain's "freedom and independence" back mattered to him more than anything else.
"UKIP is not my priority at the moment. I might be leader of it but my priority is fighting this national referendum and winning."
Mr Farage said the ongoing migrant crisis and the "chaos" in the Eurozone had spurred a feeling among many that it was now "riskier to stay" in the union than to leave.
"So let's put aside our differences with people in the Labour party who feel as we do, people in the Tory party who feel as we do. Let's get together, let's unite. This referendum is now winnable," he said.
Speaking on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, UKIP deputy leader Paul Nuttall said the party would offer the "ground troops" for the campaign.
UKIP would be "going hell for leather" in next year's local elections, he said, but added the party did not want to wait for David Cameron's attempts to reform the UK's relationship with the EU to be completed.
"We believe that we should be setting the bar," he said.
"It's a bit like a high jumper - we put the bar up and we say to the prime minister 'attempt to get over that'."


French authorities are searching for a tiger reportedly on the loose near Paris.

Firefighters and police armed with tranquiliser guns are searching for the big cat, according to AP.
Authorities are following its paw prints in the Seine-et-Marne district, 34 miles from the French capital. Seine et Marne is trending on Twitter in France.
While social networks might be talking of the 'tigre', photos are scarce.
Media outlets have improvised in the best way they can.
Rather less excitingly, this seems to be an actual picture of the tiger.  It was near a supermarket car park.
"My wife saw it," said Jean-Baptiste Berdeaux, who manages the  Intermarche supermarket. He told AFP she took a photo. "She didn't get out of the car and called me to say: 'I think I saw a lynx.'"


A Chinese rights lawyer has been jailed for 12 years - in a move his supporters say is designed to silence him.

Xia Lin, whose clients include artist Ai Weiwei, was found guilty of fraudulently obtaining $700,000 (£550,000) to pay off gambling debts.
But supporters say he is innocent and that the move is designed to intimidate human rights lawyers.
Last year, China detained hundreds of rights lawyers, in what critics described as an organised crackdown.
Many lawyers have since been released - but several remain in detention, with their wives and families denied access to them.
China show trials: Win for politics of fear?
Maya Wang, Asia researcher at Human Rights Watch, said the 12 year jail term was likely to send a "chill" through the human rights community.
She told AFP: "The sentence is shocking, not only because of its length, but also because it was handed down to a rights lawyer who has tried to protect himself by deliberately taking a low-profile, technical approach to his work."
Xia Lin is known for defending Chinese dissident artist Ai Weiwei.
He also represented fellow human rights lawyer Pu Zhiqiang, who was detained after a private seminar discussing the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, while in 2009 he successfully defended a hotel worker who killed a local government official who had tried to rape her.
Xia Lin was arrested in November 2014, as he was preparing to defend Guo Yushan, a rights activist and head of a Chinese think tank.
'History will not forgive this': Media roundup by Kerry Allen, BBC Monitoring
Chinese state media have not reported on the 12-year sentence for Xia Lin, so social media users have mainly been learning of the news via independent publications, or word of mouth.
Luo Changping, a journalist at the independent Caijing magazine, posted a picture of Lin Ru, Xia Lin's wife, crying in someone's arms.
The image has been shared widely, with hundreds of sympathetic, yet resigned comments.
Many social media users refused to accept the verdict - but also acknowledged that the likelihood of a successful appeal was low.
User Zhanzhan080808 wrote: "Xia Lin is innocent", while user Liu Suli said: "I curse this court, and those behind it and their strength. History will not forgive this trial."
The trial against Mr Xia opened in June this year.
He was originally charged with fraudulently obtaining 10m yuan ($1.5m; £1.1m), but his lawyer Dong Xikui said the court eventually accepted a lower figure of 4.8m yuan.
However, friends say they loaned the lawyer the money willingly.
Mr Xia's wife, Lin Ru, said: "I firmly believe that my husband is innocent. So we need to appeal."
The Chinese Human Rights Defenders group called the sentence a "severe retaliation against a human rights advocate who defended the rule of law".
There was no immediate comment from the court.


The US Department of Justice has charged 15 Chinese nationals with developing a scheme to have imposters take university entrance exams.

Prosecutors said suspects used fake passports to trick administrators into allowing people other than legitimate test takers to sit the exams.
The scheme took place between 2011 and 2015 mostly in western Pennsylvania, authorities said.
Those charged could face up to 20 years in prison if convicted.
The defendants, both male and female, range in age from 19 to 26, and are currently living in several cities - including Blacksburg, Virginia, and Boston, Massachusetts - where major universities are located, the Reuters news agency reported.
The counterfeit test takers sat for the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) - a major university entrance exam in the US - as well as the Test of English as a Foreign Language (Toefl) and the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), the Justice Department said.
The scheme's beneficiaries "fraudulently obtained admissions to American institutions of higher education," said US Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania David Hickton.
The prosecutor said that the students also cheated student visa requirements by using counterfeit Chinese passports.
The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reported that 24-year-old Siyuan Zhao, who resides in Massachusetts, has been detained. Han Tong, 24, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who is considered the primary defendant, and 10 others will receive an order to appear in court.
The newspaper reports that three others are currently in China, and their names have been redacted from court documents.
Special Agent in Charge John Kelleghan for Homeland Security Investigations of Philadelphia said: "These students were not only cheating their way into the university, they were also cheating their way through our nation's immigration system".
The defendants could face up to 20 years in prison, a fine of $250,000 (Â£163,000) or both for each of the wire and mail fraud counts they face.  Additionally, they face five years on top that for the conspiracy charges.


This year, the number of migrants reaching Europe has reached unprecedented levels.

It is a crisis with roots in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, with many people heading from sub-Saharan Africa, Eritrea, Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan to European shores.
Here, we took a look at some of the key moments since September 2014 that have shaped the situation facing Europe today.
Just four days after Islamic State militants entered the Syrian town of Kobane, on the Turkish border, the UN said some 130,000 people had fled.
It was, they said, the largest single movement of people during the Syrian conflict.
The BBC's Rami Ruhayem reported on the dangers facing the town's residents:
Among those fleeing was the family of Alan Kurdi, a young Syrian boy whose death - and that of his relatives - would spur Europe to action a year later.
Kobane eventually fell into Kurdish hands in January 2015, but only after bitter fighting that left the town in ruins.
Read more: Key dates in the battle for Kobane
On 12 April, at least 400 people drowned after their boat capsized off the Libyan coast.
A week later, an even bigger tragedy struck - at least 800 people die in another capsizing nearby. Many were below deck as the boat sank, and it was the single largest loss of life recorded.
The BBC's James Reynolds was there as a small group of survivors arrived in Sicily:
Read more: What happened on board the sinking boat?
The EU had been criticised for ending its maritime rescue operation, Mare Nostrum, in 2014, and the sinkings created sudden pressure for a reassessment.
But EU member states have long been deeply divided on migration policy. Southern countries have complained that they have not been given enough assistance in dealing with new arrivals, while states that have been more generous towards asylum seekers have called on others to follow their lead.
Following April's disasters, EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini made one of many calls for unity:
After much argument, EU leaders agreed to triple the funding of Frontex - the EU's external border force - to some â‚¬120m (Â£86m, $134m).
Read more: What can Europe do?
During a televised panel, a Palestinian girl, Reem Sahwil, cried and explained how she wanted to stay in Germany - but the Chancellor, Angela Merkel, replied that the country could not feasibly accept every refugee.
The moment spurred debate about the role of European countries in accepting refugees, as well as what some saw as Mrs Merkel's cold response. Reem Sahwil's stay in Germany was later extended.
Read more: Merkel attacked over crying girl
Germany, like all other EU countries, is bound by the Dublin Regulation, which means that anyone seeking asylum in the EU has to lodge their application in the first EU country they enter.
On 21 August, Germany suspended this for Syrians, making it easier for people from them to seek asylum. But the move led to confusion elsewhere in Europe.
219,000
in 2014
300,000
in 2015, up to August
Read more: EU migrant crisis in graphics
When police sealed off a railway station in Budapest to stop migrants travelling north to Germany, Hungary said it was following EU rules.
As numbers built up in Budapest the station doors were reoponed, but international rail services were suspended.
Many decided to walk towards Austria in order to get out of Hungary - including a group that resisted efforts to make them disembark near a migrant reception camp not far from Budapest.
Read more: The long walk out of Hungary
Listen: Powerful interview with Syrian mother in Hungary
Alan, 3, and his family left Turkey to try and reach the Greek island of Kos. Their boat overturned and Alan, his five-year-old brother Ghalib and his mother Rehanna, died, along with nine others.
An image of Alan's body on a Turkish beach led to impassioned debates in the press and on social media, with many appealing for European states to take in more migrants.
The BBC's Fergal Keane spoke to Alan Kurdi's father:
Read more: A Syrian family forced to flee
To help ease the build-up of people in Hungary, Austria and Germany agreed to open their borders.
Thousands headed for Munich, where they received a warm welcome at the station:
The new arrivals are among 800,000 people expected to claim asylum in Germany this year, but Berlin has asked other EU countries to do more to share the burden.
Read more: What next for Germany's migrants?


The daughter of one of four British sailors missing since they apparently capsized in the Atlantic Ocean has made an appeal to the US Coastguard.

Yachtsman Paul Goslin's daughter Claire called on rescuers not to give up.
Contact with the 40ft Cheeki Rafiki yacht was lost on Friday after it got into difficulties 620 miles (1,000km) east of Cape Cod in Massachusetts.
The search for Mr Goslin and three other men was called off in the early hours of Sunday morning local time.
Miss Goslin, a second-year nursing student at Plymouth University, thanked the coastguard for their "fantastic" work so far.
"But I know what dad's like," she added. "He will be doing anything in his power to make sure he and his fellow three crew mates are safe.
"Don't give up, they need your help."
She said she had been told by the yacht's owners Stormforce Coaching the life raft was designed for 12 people so would have had plenty of space and provisions for her father and the three other men.
The four crew members are Mr Goslin, 56, from West Camel, Somerset; Andrew Bridge, 22, from Farnham, Surrey, the yacht's skipper; Steve Warren, 52, also from Somerset, and 23-year-old James Male, from Southampton.
The men were sailing back from a regatta in Antigua when the boat began taking on water and diverted to the Azores.
Their families believe they escaped into an on-board life raft.
The coastguard said locator beacons activated by the crew indicated they were in a position 1,000 miles east of Massachusetts on Friday morning.
"Those beacons don't work if they're wet so we've got reasons to believe they're in the life raft because they're dry and they're together," Miss Goslin added.
Mr Male's father told ITV Meridian: "They waited until the first beacon had run out before they actually set the second beacon - that's rational-thinking people."
A spokeswoman for the coastguard said on Monday morning that unless there were "new developments about the case" the search would not be resumed.
The mother of skipper Andrew Bridge, Mary Bridge, said: "I'm a bit numb actually. We wanted him back.
"We know they've worked hard for two days but my husband and I and my other son and the other families all wish them to resume the search for these four men."
Mr Goslin's wife Cressida said the search should be resumed for a couple of days, adding: "We just feel that they're not being given a chance.
"If we don't try to rescue them we're just going to leave them to starve to death."
The RYA said typical supplies on a life raft would include survival suits, water, food, flares and a first aid kit.
Three US and Canadian aircraft and three merchant vessels looked for the men on Friday and Saturday but called off the search on Sunday at 5am local time.
The yacht was facing 15ft waves, 50mph winds and sea and air temperatures of 15C (60F), the US Coastguard said.
The rescuers say they consider "weather conditions, emergency equipment, and the anticipated condition of the people for whom we are searching".
Calling off the hunt on Sunday, Capt Anthony Popiel said: "Based on the extreme conditions at sea, but assuming best-case emergency equipment, the estimated survival time past the time of distress was approximately 20 hours. Crews searched for 53 hours."
On Saturday, a cargo vessel which was helping with the search spotted and photographed an overturned hull which matched the description of the Cheeki Rafiki.
But Petty Officer Rob Simpson, from the US Coastguard, said the ship had "lacked the manoeuvrability, capacity and ability to help".
"It has a fairly limited possibility of picking anything up," he added.
"It is not designed for search and rescue capabilities or anything like that or trained to do anything like that."
Meanwhile the yachtsman and four-time Olympic gold medallist Sir Ben Ainslie joined calls for the US coastguard to continue the search, while an online petition has gathered more than 37,000 signatures.
Television presenter Ben Fogle also added his support, adding: "We've heard too many stories over the years of shipwrecked sailors found in tiny rafts.
"If they don't have a beacon that's emitting, that doesn't mean they've perished."
The 12-person life raft they are believed to have had on board would typically be 1.66m high and 3.3m across.
Alistair Hackett from suppliers Ocean Safety said it would have likely had one litre of water per person on board, as well as survival equipment like flares and thermal protective suits.
Kay Coombes, sister of missing Mr Warren, said: "They are four strong-minded, physically strong sailors, they knew they were in difficulties and had every opportunity to get into the life raft which would have had provisions for several days.
"But if no-one is looking for them, they won't be found."
Sir Robin Knox-Johnston, the first man to sail single-handedly around the world, said: "Knowing the US Coastguard, I do feel one's got to listen to them.
A typical 12-person life raft, similar to that believed to have been on board Cheeki Rafiki, would have been equipped to the international standard ISO 9650, says Alistair Hackett from suppliers Ocean Safety.
That standard specifies everything from the type of fabric and glue used to make the raft to the emergency contents it must have on board.
The raft and its emergency pack would have included one litre of water per person, Mr Hackett says, as well as flares, thermal protective aids, paddles, pumps and a 30m line to tow a drogue to steady the craft.
"They know more about this than anyone else."
But he added: "Isn't it just worth just one more check, just to make sure?"
However oceanographer Simon Boxall from University of Southampton said: "It is highly unlikely, beyond reasonable doubt, that they would have missed a life raft; they are bright red or bright orange.
"And if the people were in a life raft and were aware there were rescue aircraft they would have had distress flares and beacons on board and they would have deployed them."
The coastguard has said it extends its "deepest condolences to the family and friends" of the men.
A spokeswoman for the Foreign Office said it was aware of the missing yacht: "We are in continual contact with the US Coastguard and are providing consular assistance to the families."


Famous landmarks around the world have been switching off their lights as part of Earth Hour.

29 March 2015 Last updated at 12:48 BST
The annual event organised by the World Wildlife Fund aims to raise awareness over the way we create and use energy.
Yesterday at 8:30pm, people around the world in seven thousand cities and towns joined in, including Paris' Eiffel Tower.
It was lights out for skyscrapers on the Frankfurt skyline, to highlight awareness about saving energy.
The famous colonial aqueduct Arcos da Lapa. WWF said that Earth Hour 2015 was the biggest one to date.
The Opera House in Oslo as 1200 monuments' lights, in 170 countries, are switched off.
The London Eye before Earth Hour begins...
The London Eye as it disappears.
Performers covered in lights dance during Earth Hour.


Downton Abbey actor Hugh Bonneville has said it would have been "a misstep" for the period drama to have gone on beyond its forthcoming sixth series.

Although the show could have been "squeezed out" for another few series, the star said he thought creator Julian Fellowes "would have run out of ideas".
He was speaking at a Bafta event, where the ITV drama was being given a special honour for its global success.
The series will return this autumn and also air a final Christmas special.
"We've been blessed by having a writer who's got a fund of stories to play with, and these characters that have been fully-formed over the last six years," Bonneville said.
"To have extended it would have been, I think, a bit of a misstep."
Lord Fellowes told the BBC he made the right decision to end the drama now.
"I think you want to finish when people are still a little bit sorry that its over," he told entertainment correspondent Colin Paterson.
"You don't want to wait until it's a huge relief all round, so we decided at [series] six people would be sorry there wasn't a [series] seven and that seemed right."
However, the writer said he would not be against the prospect of a Downton Abbey film.
"I'd like the idea of a film because with a film budget you could do things you can't do on television," he said.
"You could open the whole thing up in a way that rather appeals to me. But we'll have to see."
Bonneville said he had filmed his final scenes on Monday and joked that he was now looking forward to growing a beard.
"I filmed my last scene with Michelle Dockery - Lady Mary - and we were recalling the very first scene we'd done in 2010. Who'd have thought six years later we'd still be mates?" he said.
Jim Carter, who plays butler Charles Carson in the drama, revealed co-star Laura Carmichael "gets to do the last shot" of the series as Lady Edith Crawley.
Lily James, who stars as Lady Rose Aldridge, said she was "100%" sure fans would not be disappointed with how the show ends.
"Julian Fellowes has really done well," she said. "Reading the final episode I cried a lot - in a good way - happy tears."
The special Bafta tribute, hosted by Jonathan Ross, will air on ITV later this year.


Labour's deputy leader Tom Watson has dismissed Momentum, a pressure group accused of targeting opponents of Jeremy Corbyn, as a "bit of a rabble".

The organisation - the successor group to Mr Corbyn's leadership campaign - had little impact on Labour, he said.
Mr Corbyn has been urged to distance himself from the group by MPs who say they have been victims of abuse since voting for military action in Syria.
But Ken Livingstone, a Corbyn ally, said it had a valuable role to play.
Momentum was established to give a continued voice to the thousands of people who helped elect Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader after becoming registered supporters of the party and to ensure Mr Corbyn's anti-austerity policy platform is maintained.
Critics have warned it risks becoming a "party within the party" and that some of its supporters are not members of Labour and do not share its values.
It has come under fresh scrutiny in recent days amid claims MPs who voted to bomb so-called Islamic State in Syria have been subject to online intimidation - or threats to oust them as Labour candidates.
The group has defended its right to lobby MPs but insisted it "strongly disapproves" of anyone engaging in threatening behaviour or de-selection threats.
In the run-up to the Syria vote, it helped 30,000 people send emails urging them not to back military action.
Asked about Momentum's role in the Labour movement, Mr Watson said he was not unduly concerned about its activities.
"They look like a bit of a rabble to me, but I don't think they are a problem for the Labour Party," he told Radio 4's Today programme.
"I don't think they are effective. I think they are a bit of an irrelevance in the debate."
Momentum has denied it is pushing for MPs who disagree with Mr Corbyn on Syria and other issues to be deselected in the run-up to the next election although Mr Livingstone, who is a Momentum member, has said some MPs could find themselves being ousted for undermining the leadership.
Mr Watson told the BBC that these remarks were "not particularly helpful" at a time when the party should be trying to present a more united face after the infighting and recriminations over Syria.
"As the nearest we have to a Labour elder - he is getting on a bit, Ken - he should probably know that this is the week when we should be trying to bring people back together."
Asked if Mr Livingstone, whose role as co-convenor of Labour's defence review has caused controversy, should adopt a lower profile, Mr Watson replied: "I think that would be an impossible dream. But I think he should calm down a bit."
Mr Livingstone said he had been "quite angry" about the criticism directed at Mr Corbyn but that, in the wake of Labour's victory in the Oldham West and Royton by-election, the recent "tensions" in the party should ease a little.
He hit back at claims Momentum was the new Militant - saying it had nothing in common with that "nasty" organisation, that attempted to infiltrate Labour from the hard left in the 1980s.
"What we have in Momentum is a campaigning organisation," he told Radio 4's World at One.
"There are no doubt a lot of people there who are mildly eccentric but what we need is boots on the ground, getting voters who have been kicked off the voting list back and getting onto campaigning on exorbitant rents and all that."
It comes as Labour MPs who backed military action continued to report online abuse - despite a joint call by Mr Watson and Mr Corbyn for it to cease.
Barrow-in Furness MP John Woodcock said he had "reported to police a Facebook purportedly from Barrow inciting criminal behaviour to give me a "wake up call" after Syria vote".
Another Labour MP, Neil Coyle, has been given added police security after receiving a threatening Twitter message after he voted for military action.
The message is not thought to be linked to Momentum, but the MP for Southwark and Bermondsey South nevertheless called on Mr Corbyn to distance himself from the group to protect Labour MPs and councillors.
"Jeremy Corbyn's elected representatives are coming under pressure from people who think they are operating in the leader's name and only the leader and his team can take action to distance themselves from people who are not Labour representatives."


The parents of a 13-year-old girl who has been missing for nearly three days have pleaded with her to get in touch.

Amber Peat was last seen at home in Mansfield in Nottinghamshire at 17:30 BST on Saturday.
At a press conference, her mother and stepfather said Amber's disappearance, from her home in Bosworth Street, was "completely out of character".
Fighting back tears, Kelly and Danny Peat said: "We just want to know she is okay."
Up to 300 people were involved in a search for Amber on Monday, with posters being placed in many houses and shops.
"We just want her, or someone who knows where she is, to get in touch," Mr and Mrs Peat added.
Supt Matthew McFarlane, of Nottinghamshire Police, said they had had few leads in the inquiry, but a "full-scale effort" to find her was under way.
He went on: "In the past, she's a young girl, she's been out of the house perhaps for a few hours but never anything like this."
Supt McFarlane confirmed they were liaising with colleagues in Scotland, where Amber's natural father lived, but had "no specific information to suggest she had travelled".
He also denied online rumours of a 72-hour dare, where children deliberately hid, saying they had "no evidence whatsoever" that was happening in this case.
Mr Peat said: "We had just all had a brilliant holiday. It's just not right.
"She had a fantastic time, never stopped laughing with all of us together."
Mrs Peat said "nothing else happened" that would lead to Amber leaving, apart from a disagreement over chores.
She added: "I was upstairs and I heard a door bang.
"I went downstairs and she wasn't around, so I looked outside and she was nowhere."
They confirmed Amber had left without her mobile phone or any money.
Supt McFarlane said: "We've been involved in searching the area, and friends and family have also assisted with that.
"We've been speaking to all of her friends, all the inquiries through the school, through family, through anybody who may possibly know or have heard from her over the last three days.
"Unfortunately, we're here today because we have not had any confirmed sightings of her."


Tour operator Tui has confirmed it is looking at reinstating holidays from the UK to Tunisia, but will make a final decision based on demand.

TUI is already flying tourists from Belgium to the whole of Tunisia and Germans to some parts.
The Foreign Office relaxed its travel advice for Tunisia at the end of July after two years of restrictions.
TUI said sales rose by 12.6% in the third quarter to 4.78bn (Â£4.3bn) while profits rose by 37.7% to 221.6m euros.
The firm also said the rebranding of Thomson in the UK to TUI would be completed by the autumn.
Last month , the government revised its travel advice for Tunisia where 31 Britons were killed in a terror attack at a resort in Sousse in 2015.
For two years, travellers were told to stay away from the country for all but essential travel.
The Foreign Office has now lifted the advice for the capital Tunis and major tourist resorts.
Britons are still being warned to avoid parts of the south and interior, and the Algerian and Libyan borders.
The US, France, Italy and Germany had already relaxed their travel advice before the British government's announcement.
Fritz Joussen, Tui Group chief executive said a decision on UK sales had not yet been made: "Whether we put up a programme is not decided."
Announcing its third quarter results he said he now expected a "strong year" with full year sales expected to growth by more than the 3% previously forecast.
At the time of the Foreign Office announcement rival tour operator Thomas Cook said: "We're pleased that the Foreign Office has taken this decision to open Tunisia back up to Brits. It's great for Tunisia, which used to welcome many thousands of British holidaymakers.
"We'll take a bit of time to look at how and when we put this once-popular destination back on sale and we will update our customers when have any further news."


France will impose border controls for one month from 30 November for the UN Conference on Climate Change in Paris.

French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve said it was a precaution "because of the terrorist threat or risk of public disorder".
"It is by no means a suspension of Schengen," he stressed, referring to the EU free travel zone where passport checks are minimal or non-existent.
Schengen rules allow countries to restore border controls temporarily.
France reinstated border controls in 2011 for a G20 summit in Cannes, attended by many world leaders.
Anti-globalisation protests are a feature of the G20 summits and similar gatherings of leading industrialised nations.
France is especially conscious of the terrorist threat after January's jihadist attacks in Paris. Seventeen people died when gunmen targeted Charlie Hebdo magazine staff, police officers and a Jewish supermarket.
In December 2009 Denmark - a member of Schengen - imposed temporary border checks when it hosted the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.
Schengen: EU free movement deal explained
The Schengen zone has 26 members - that is, most EU countries plus four non-EU members.
The Paris climate change talks will be held from 30 November to 11 December at Le Bourget, in the city's north-eastern suburbs.
The aim is to agree on new targets to reduce carbon emissions and prevent global warming, amid fears that increasing volumes of greenhouse gases could irreversibly harm the planet.
US President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping will be among more than 80 world leaders attending the opening.
Speaking on Friday, France's interior minister insisted that the decision to reimpose border controls was not linked to Europe's current migrant crisis.
The EU is struggling with an unprecedented influx of migrants - many of them Syrian refugees - seeking asylum in northern Europe. Greece and Italy are the main entry points, and their reception centres are overwhelmed with the numbers.


My day with Monty - and 200 other people - began with the words: "Game number 10, on the tee from Royal Troon, Colin Montgomerie."

The starter at the Gailes course was calling Monty to arms for his second round of the day.
His first went well, exceptionally well. The eight-time European number one rolling back the years to card a five-under-par 66.
As the Scot limbered, former BBC commentator David Begg, who was on marshalling duty, informed me that: "Monty is putting beautifully." He added: "Ten putts on the back nine."
More of the same and Monty would be a shoe-in for one last Open hurrah on his home course of Royal Troon, surely. After all, he ended his first round a shot off the lead and there are three qualifying places up for grabs.
No wonder Monty is, as one mature observer informs me, "all sweetness and light".
Will it last?
Only one way to find out. To set out in the footsteps of Monty, or at least follow him round the course.
The former Ryder Cup captain is joined in game 10 by Sam Robinson, from Market Raisen, and John Henry, from Clydebank. But, apart from a coterie of family and friends of the two younger men, the punters are here to see if Monty can do it.
There must be at least 150 ready to follow the big man round.
"It doesn't get much better than this," a young golf enthusiast tells me. "You can walk right behind him on the fairways, no ropes or anything like that, and the players even talk to you."
That said, there's a sort of 10-yard de facto exclusion zone around Monty as he stalks the fairways with loping strides. After all, you don't want to get too close, just in case.
Monty starts well, finding the green with his second shot and leaving him a 12-foot putt for birdie. It's in! Today, it seems, he has the magic touch.
"He's in great form, chatting away," an elderly gent informs me before another observer, also of mature years, chips in: "No he's not."
You couldn't say there's a lot of love in the air for Monty. More like deep admiration and respect for one of our greatest-ever golfers and, yes, a little fear.
"Stand still please," he rebukes a couple of golf fans who stray into his eyeline as he prepares to tee off. They freeze, mildly embarrassed, until the moment passes.
Alas, Monty's second round is not the same sort of birdie fest as his morning session.
The putts just aren't dropping like they did before lunch, but he's fighting for every stroke. This means more to him he says than anyone else in the field - one last chance to qualify for an Open on his home course.
Mind you, if he misses out here, he will still get in with a top-four finish at the Scottish Open!
Monty only manages one more birdie in his second round and a couple of bogeys, both at par threes, mean he finishes on level par.
However, there are flashes of brilliance, particularly at the 15th, where he overcomes a horrible lie to save par. And there is none of the "unravelling" predicted by one doom monger.
By the time Monty gets to the 18th green, there are a couple of hundred spectators looking on. When he taps out for par, there is no ovation. His followers are too anxious for that.
"Will five under be enough? Is the young Swede still 10 under? What about the closing pack."
You see, judging by the demographic of my fellow travellers round 18 holes at Gailes, they don't want this journey to end.
They've been following Monty's triumphs and travails for years and, to a degree, shared in them - haven't we all.
As Monty lopes into the recorder's office, a small crowd gathers outside. Media men and onlookers.
When he emerges, he signs autographs for a couple of young fans and speaks to reporters, telling them: "I hope and pray I've done enough. We'll just have to wait and see."
Ending with this promise: "If I make it, I'll come back and talk to you."
Indeed, he did make it, just, edging out compatriot Jack Doherty (not the television comic) by a stroke to finish third behind Oskar Arvidsson of Sweden and Scott Fernandez of Spain.


A charity is to invest £5m to improve cancer research in Yorkshire and tackle what it claims is a "north-south divide" in cancer survival rates.

Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) said government figures showed the county had higher-than-average death rates for the most common cancers.
The money will also be used to improve diagnostic and screening services.
High levels of smoking and alcohol consumption in the region are two of the reasons for higher cancer levels.
Others causes include rising obesity rates, socio-economic factors, the area's industrial past and inequalities in terms of accessing treatment and care, the charity said.
The Office for National Statistics figures also show the region has the third highest cancer incidence rates in England.
YCR chief executive Charles Rowett said Yorkshire received "disproportionally low" research funding and said the divide in cancer incidence and mortality rates was "extremely alarming".
Yorkshire accounts for 8.3% of the UK population but receives just 4.2% of the total amount of charity money spent on cancer research, according to the Association of Medical Research Charities.
"Nearly three-quarters of the national funding goes into the South East and in particular London, Oxford and Cambridge, despite the fact the cancer outcomes in those regions are amongst the best in the country," Mr Rowett said.
"There is a really well-proven link between the amounts of research that goes on in a particular region and cancer outcomes."
The new initiative is a partnership between YCR, the University of Leeds and Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, which runs the Leeds Cancer Centre at St James's University Hospital.
It is hoped the money will enable them to attract leading scientists and clinicians to expand the range of cancer research.


A custody officer died after being kicked in the head by a prisoner she was escorting to court, a jury has concluded.

The Old Bailey jury decided unanimously that Humphrey Burke, 23, caused "catastrophic" brain injuries to Lorraine Barwell.
Burke had been assessed as unfit to plead to murder due to mental illness.
Mr Justice Singh imposed a hospital order and said Burke should remain at Broadmoor secure hospital.
Following a trial of the facts, the jury deliberated for just 20 minutes before deciding Burke did kick Mrs Barwell in the head at Blackfriars Crown Court in June last year.
Gia Sofokli was on her first day in the job and was "shadowing" the 54-year-old, who had worked at security firm Serco for more than 10 years.
She said: "He just literally pulled his leg back and kicked her... she screamed quite loud and then it was about two seconds before he swung again with his foot but this time it got her in the face.... her head went back but it did not smack the floor. It just snapped back."
Prosecutor Duncan Penny QC said Burke had been "unpredictable" at previous Blackfriars hearings where he had pretended to faint, collapse and go limp.
At the time of the attack a psychiatric report had been prepared but no definitive diagnosis of mental illness had been made.
Mr Justice Singh imposed a hospital order with a restriction order under the Mental Health Act.
He formally adjourned the Blackfriars case as well as the murder charge, saying Burke could still face trial if he becomes fit to plead in the future.
The judge said Mrs Barwell had been "clearly close to her family who loved her".
Referring to a victim impact statement by her daughter Louise Grennan, he said: "She described in very clear detail the devastating impact that there has been to members of Lorraine Barwell's family over her death."
Det Ch Insp David Reid from the Metropolitan Police said: "Lorraine Barwell was not a threat to Humphrey Burke; she was merely doing her job - the same job that she had carried out with dedication and professionalism for many years."


A woman in her 80s has died after being hit by a lorry in Denbighshire.

The main A5 route through Corwen was closed for several hours after the incident.
The woman was pronounced dead at the scene and her family have been informed, North Wales Police said.
Anyone who witnessed the incident around the square in the town just before 11:00 GMT on Friday has been asked to call 101. Officers said investigations are ongoing.


A match between French Ligue 1 sides Bastia and Lyon was abandoned after home fans invaded the pitch in Corsica.

Kick-off was delayed by 55 minutes, as Bastia fans tried to attack visiting Lyon players during their warm-up.
Stewards held off fans while players were rushed down the tunnel and a gate closed behind them.
Lyon were then persuaded to start the match - having initially refused - before further incident caused the abandonment at half-time.
The Ligue de Football Professionnel (LFP), which governs France's professional leagues, will meet on Thursday to decide what action to take.
It called on Bastia to issue stadium bans to the fans responsible, adding: "The LFP condemns with the greatest firmness the incidents which took place before the game and at half-time of the Bastia-Lyon game."
Trouble began before the match as Lyon's players, including former Manchester United forward Memphis Depay, came out on the pitch to warm up.
Their goalkeeper Mathieu Gorgelin found himself caught in the middle of a group of pitch invaders before the players were directed back to the dressing room.
Lyon defender Jeremy Berthod said: "Bastia fans kicked balls into Gorgelin's goal. He and Memphis tried to move them out of the way before being attacked by many SC Bastia fans.
"The players then huddled together. They and the staff are very shocked. The moment it happened, none of them wanted to come out of the dressing room and play this match."
It has been a difficult week for Lyon, with crowd trouble before their Europa League game with Besiktas on Thursday.
Fans clashed before their quarter-final first leg in France, with kick-off delayed by 45 minutes as a result. Lyon went on to win 2-1.
Lyon face four Uefa charges from that game, for the setting-off of fireworks, blocking stairways, insufficient organisation and a pitch invasion after a late winning goal.
Bastia were made to close part of their stadium for three matches after a group of supporters shouted racist insults at Nice striker Mario Balotelli during a 1-1 draw in January.
Match abandoned due to crowd trouble, Bastia 0, Lyon 0.
ends, Bastia 0, Lyon 0.
Enzo Crivelli (Bastia) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Nicolas Nkoulou (Lyon) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Enzo Crivelli (Bastia).
Foul by Houssem Aouar (Lyon).
Gilles Cioni (Bastia) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Jordan Ferri (Lyon).
Mehdi Mostefa (Bastia) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Mapou Yanga-Mbiwa (Lyon) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Enzo Crivelli (Bastia).
Mehdi Mostefa (Bastia) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Memphis Depay (Lyon) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Mehdi Mostefa (Bastia).
Attempt missed. Sergi Darder (Lyon) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Rachid Ghezzal.
Nicolas Nkoulou (Lyon) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Yannick Cahuzac (Bastia).
Foul by Memphis Depay (Lyon).
Abdelhamid El Kaoutari (Bastia) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Bastia. Conceded by Nicolas Nkoulou.
Maciej Rybus (Lyon) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Lassana Coulibaly (Bastia).
Attempt missed. Rachid Ghezzal (Lyon) left footed shot from outside the box is too high. Assisted by Houssem Aouar.
Memphis Depay (Lyon) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Abdelhamid El Kaoutari (Bastia).
Rachid Ghezzal (Lyon) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Pierre Bengtsson (Bastia).
Corner,  Lyon. Conceded by Alexander Djiku.
Corner,  Bastia. Conceded by Anthony Lopes.
Attempt saved. Allan Saint-Maximin (Bastia) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top centre of the goal. Assisted by Yannick Cahuzac.
Foul by Jordan Ferri (Lyon).
Mehdi Mostefa (Bastia) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Jordan Ferri (Lyon) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right following a corner.
Corner,  Lyon. Conceded by Alexander Djiku.
Offside, Lyon. Maciej Rybus tries a through ball, but Memphis Depay is caught offside.
Attempt missed. Rafael (Lyon) header from the centre of the box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Rachid Ghezzal following a set piece situation.
Rachid Ghezzal (Lyon) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Mehdi Mostefa (Bastia).
Attempt blocked. Axel Ngando (Bastia) left footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Rafael (Lyon) wins a free kick in the defensive half.


The Bishop of Truro has said the Church of England has only "five or six years" to save itself.

The Right Reverend Tim Thornton said "radical changes" were needed to halt a "steady decline".
Bishop Thornton previously said the Church of England would struggle to exist in 10 years.
Speaking on Radio Cornwall, he said: "I'd been saying that for a while now so I think we have to come down and say it's five or six years."
Bishop Thornton said analysis of attendance figures was "all showing one thing".
He said: "I fear that we are on a steady decline at the moment."
The Diocese of Truro voted on 8 November 2014 for a 28% increase in the amount of money it needs from local churchgoers to reduce a £1.2m deficit over the next year.


Singer Craig David has said he will support an event set up in memory of a road crash victim after a social media campaign.

Friends of 20-year-old Macauley Campbell, known as Mac, have raised Â£14,000 for the cause in 24 hours.
David, who is from Southampton, said: "My heart goes out to Macauley's family. I sincerely hope I can be part of any tribute put together."
Candlelit vigils have been held at the site of the accident near Romsey.
The campaign to host MacFest in memory of Mr Campbell has been discussed using #MacFest.
Rob da Bank, who set up Bestival, has said he will support the event, as well as BBC Radio 1 and 1Xtra DJ Charlie Sloth.
Mr Campbell was driving a Volkswagen Lupo which collided with a BMW on the A3057 between Nursling and Romsey. He was pronounced dead the scene.
Fleur Gollogly, Mr Campbell's girlfriend, said they loved going to festivals together.
She said: "We were really looking forward to seeing Craig David in May.
"We thought we would tweet him and we never thought we would get the response we have had. It's unbelievable.
"To see the support makes it that little bit easier.
"Just like everyone else, I adored him.
"It does give me comfort to be at the flowers and be around his friends and family."
Flowers have been laid at the scene of the accident, as people visit for the vigils.
A family statement said he was "a truly loving and active young man in the prime of his life."
He worked as an apprentice fitter with Sparkes of Totton and he loved sport, especially rugby, his family said.
His brother Luke said: "The support from his friends has been amazing, just goes to show what a much-loved young lad he was."


A judge in Brazil has issued an order preventing US swimmers Ryan Lochte and James Feigen from leaving the country after police queried their evidence in a robbery case.

Lochte, Feigen and two other members of the US swimming team said they had been robbed at gunpoint in a taxi in Rio.
But police say their account of when they arrived at the Olympic village does not square with CCTV recordings.
Local media report that Lochte left Brazil before the order was issued.
His Twitter account shows footage of him arriving back in the United States on Monday,
Lochte swam in two events at the Rio Games, winning gold in the 4x200m freestyle relay.
Feigen, who is still believed to be in Brazil, won gold in the 4x100m freestyle relay.
Accounts of what happened to the swimmers have been confusing from the beginning.
Lochte first told US TV network NBC about it but International Olympic Committee spokesman Mark Adams said reports of the robbery were "absolutely not true".
The US Olympic Committee (USOC) later confirmed the swimmers' accounts.
Lochte himself told police that he and team mates James Feigen, Gunnar Bentz and Jack Conger had all attended a party in the French Olympic team's hospitality house on Saturday evening.
He said that during their return drive to the Olympic village, their cab was stopped by men posing as police officers.
One of the men held a gun to his head, Lochte said, and robbed him of his money and personal belongings.
But police investigating the case say they have found no evidence of the robbery.
They also point to "inconsistencies" in the swimmers' accounts.
Lochte and Feigen told police they and their fellow swimmers had returned to the Olympic village at 04:00 local time (08:00 GMT).
But CCTV recordings appear to show the swimmers returning to the Olympic village at 07:00 local time.
They can be seen putting their belongings through a metal detector at the entrance to the village in what appears to be a calm manner.
Police say they have not been able to track down the driver who the swimmers said drove them back to the village.
They also said that Feigen and Lochte gave different accounts of how many men robbed them.
Investigators have requested a search warrant for the rooms the swimmers stayed in with a view to examining Feigen's mobile phone.
They said they wanted to trace the swimmers' whereabouts on Saturday night and Sunday morning.
The US Olympic Committee (USOC) confirmed that Brazilian police had sought the passports and further testimony from Lochte and Feigen.
In a statement the committee said: "The swim team moved out of the village after their competition ended, so we were not able to make the athletes available."
The statement said that USOC "do not make athlete travel plans public and therefore cannot confirm the athletes' current location" but that they would co-operate with the Brazilian authorities.


Two days on from a brazen attack on Europe's third busiest airport, there has been no claim of responsibility.

But then the so-called Islamic State (IS) group has never claimed any of the attacks in Turkey that it is believed to have committed.
The Turkish government and the CIA both say the assault on Istanbul's Ataturk airport bears all the signs of the jihadist group.
Over the past year, Turkey has been gripped by a wave of bombings across the country.
Those claimed by Kurdish militants have tended to hit organs of the Turkish state - police vehicles or military buildings - with which the PKK is fighting a renewed conflict.
But a high-profile international target is more the style of IS.
In a recent message, a supposed spokesman for the group called for specific attacks during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, which is now. And Tuesday - the day the airport was hit - marks exactly two years since IS declared its "caliphate".
It's conceivable that this was an anniversary show of strength: the jihadists may have lost Falluja but they're certainly still in business.
Six big IS attacks in Turkey in the space of 12 months. What on earth is happening to the once stable corner of the Middle East?
As ever in Turkey, the answer depends on which side of the deep political divide you find yourself.
For the diehard supporters of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Turkey's polarising president, this is revenge for the country's fight against terrorism.
"[The West] left us alone in fighting Daesh that attacked Turkey," said Mr Erdogan last month, using another acronym for IS.
"None of those who said they're fighting Daesh have either made them suffer the losses or pay the price Turkey has done."
He and his government have even repeatedly suggested that IS and the PKK are working in cahoots to destabilise Turkey: a seemingly absurd suggestion, given the hatred between the two.
But for the arch critics of Turkey's president, the past 12 months show a litany of intelligence lapses and policy failures.
Known IS cells in Turkey, notably in the southern city of Adiyaman, were left to plot successive attacks in a murky tea-house before striking in Diyarbakir last June and Ankara in October - attacks that killed more than 100 people.
"We have the list of possible suicide bombers in Turkey - but cannot arrest them until they act", said the then Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu.
And, goes the argument, it proves the widely-held view that Turkey was too slow to wake up to the threat of IS.
Many believe that some elements within Turkey's Islamist-leaning government stomached, or even fostered, jihadist groups in Syria that tallied with their beliefs, creating an environment in which IS could grow.
For the first few years of the Syrian war, Turkey's border with Syria was somewhat porous, allowing jihadists and weapons to cross in both directions - until pressure from the US and others grew and Turkey tightened controls.
Ankara has always vehemently denied the allegations, claiming there is no proof of sinister cross-border movement and that the media and Western governments are attempting to besmirch Turkey while ignoring the fact that it has taken in almost three million Syrian refugees.
But what is clear is that as Turkey has become a more active part of the US-led coalition against Islamic State, it is considerably more vulnerable.
Any sympathies that the group thought it might have had in Turkey have been largely obliterated by successive attacks, making this country much more of a target.
Turkey's southern US airbase at Incirlik is used for nightly bombings of IS positions. Revenge is now a key reason why Turkey keeps getting hit.
And, as the attacks in Paris, Brussels and elsewhere have shown, IS remains a formidable force, albeit a depleted one.
Its militants have the ability to circumvent powerful governments with strong intelligence agencies. And in a country like Turkey, with a 500-mile-long (800km) border with Syria and 200 miles (320km) with Iraq, it has easier passage - and fertile ground.
Turkey is reeling from yet another devastating attack. Security across the country has been stepped up. But it's increasingly clear that the government is trying to close the stable door after the horse has bolted.
And the reality, for this nervous nation, is that more strikes will come.