Abdullah Cangil is a 66-year-old Turkish Cypriot, living in Morphou - a border town on the divided island of Cyprus.

His three-bedroom house is surrounded by orange and lemon trees. The chirping of birds can be heard all around the garden. He says he planted the trees here himself, as he reaches to one of them to grab a few mandarins to offer me.
Mr Cangil moved to this house in 1974, after Turkey invaded Cyprus in response to a coup aiming to unite the island with Greece. This was followed by a population exchange.
Around that time, 165,000 Greek Cypriots were displaced, while about 40,000 Turkish Cypriots were uprooted in total in inter-communal violence in the 1960s and the population transfer in 1975.
Abdullah Cangil was one of those who left his house behind. After 24 years in Paphos, a southern Cyprus town, he was forced to emigrate to the north.
"A Greek Cypriot family lives in our house in Paphos and we live in a Greek Cypriot family's house here," he says. "We all see each other, we became very good friends in time."
But what if he needs to hand his current home to its previous owners?
"I never felt attached to this house. I always knew one day I would need to leave it behind. It is its real owners' right to live here," he replies.
"The future of my grandsons, that is more important than a house. Peace is more important. I don't want my children to live the wars, the troubles that we have gone through. It is much more important to have peace than to move from one house to another."
Morphou, or Guzelyurt as it is called by Turkish Cypriots, is one of the thorny issues at the peace talks under way in the Swiss town of Geneva.
Greek Cypriot leader Nicos Anastasiades has warned that there can be no deal without a full return of the town, while some on the Turkish Cypriot side say that is out of the question.
Although the talks in Geneva are labelled as the most intense effort in more than a decade to reunite the divided island of Cyprus, there is slow progress and the hopes for a breakthrough are already dimming.
But the two sides - for the very first time in the long history of Cyprus negotiations - have presented their respective maps of the future internal boundaries of a federated Cyprus.
The details of the maps are yet unclear, but it is expected that the territory under Turkish Cypriot control could shrink from its current 37% to just under 30%.
The fate of Morphou remains to be seen too, as emotions still run high on both sides of the island over the matters of territorial exchange and compensation for lost property.
But that is not the only hurdle in these negotiations. The foreign ministers of Greece, Turkey and Britain, guarantor powers of Cyprus's independence, are scheduled in Geneva on Thursday to discuss the security concerns within a possible deal - another challenging topic.
Turkey has about 35,000 troops in northern Cyprus. Greece and the Greek Cypriot government strongly contest their presence and demand all of them are pulled out - hardly a demand Turkey would be happy to meet.
In general, Turkish Cypriots, fearful of past experiences of being targeted by Greek Cypriot nationalists, also want Turkish guarantees to continue.
The wounds of the past are hard to heal in both communities and there is a mutual distrust of one another.
One place that stands as a monument to that distrust and how to overcome it lies within the UN-controlled buffer zone that divides Cyprus along ethnic lies.
The Committee on Missing Persons (CMP) located here is a bi-communal body established in 1981 with the participation of the UN.
Its aim is to recover, identify and return the remains of the people who went missing during the atrocities mainly taking place in 1963-64 and 1974.
According to a list agreed by the leaders of Turkish and Greek Cypriot communities, 2,001 people have been identified as missing persons - though it is believed that the number could be much higher.
Around 500 of them are Turkish Cypriots and the rest Greek Cypriots - 1:3 being the exact proportion of the respective communities to each other.
The first missing person was exhumed in 2007 and since then about 750 people have been identified, their remains returned to their families.
Over a thousand sites have been dug until now, and excavations are still being carried out.
Rania Michail is in the team of anthropologists digging at a previously Orthodox cemetery in Morphou.
Since they started searching this place six months ago, they have managed to excavate 25 missing people's remains, she tells me - 12 soldiers, 12 old women and 1 person's general body parts.
"Sometimes it gets difficult emotionally. Especially if we find the remains of a child," Rania says.
"The first time that I saw remains five years ago, it was the most shocking moment of my life. I was really upset. That night I could not sleep. But then I got used to it. I have excavated over 100 bodies - women, soldiers, kids - both in the north and in the south of the island."
At the CMP's headquarters in the UN-controlled buffer zone, the anthropologists study the remains carefully, trying to reconstruct them and to identify those killed.
Skulls and bones are laid on top of tables along with whatever was found lying with the remains - a pair of socks, a piece of underwear, a lighter, or a picture of a loved one.
"What we do here is very important for achieving peace in Cyprus," says Uyum Vehit, an anthropologist.
"Almost every single family has missing persons. If they don't receive the remains, and if they don't have proper graves, they can't have a closure."
At his home on the Greek side of the "Green Line" line in Nicosia, Kyriacos Solomi, 68, still waits for the remains of his younger brother, George, who was killed on the front line 42 years ago.
"He was a very peaceful man. He liked mixing with people, enjoying life, peaceful activities. He was a nice, healthy, good-looking young man, 24 years old," he says while trying to hold back the tears when he looks at his brother's picture in his hand.
"This is a very deep wound. It may close one day but a big scar will stay there forever."
Despite having lost his brother, Mr Solomi still believes in peace - but he doubts whether it can ever be reached in Cyprus.
"There is no other way to survive on this island. We fight for peace. I know the clock cannot go back, the lives will not come back.
"But I don't think peace will come here. Maybe in the next generations, if they can change the textbooks that spread hate instead of love.
"Listen to the TV, listen to the church: they are spreading hate. I don't think we can live peacefully with hatred on this island," he says.


Encouragement from teachers is key to keeping pupils engaged with education after the age of 16, suggests a study of more than 4,000 students in England.

Middle-ability students and those whose parents lack qualifications benefit most from positive feedback, according to the Cambridge University research.
The students were tracked for seven years from the age of 13 onwards.
This is the first study of its kind to quantify the effect of encouragement on pupils, says the university.
"When people speak of a positive school experience, they frequently cite a personal relationship with a teacher and the encouragement they were given," said report author Dr Ben Alcott.
"Our research helps quantify that impact and show its significance, particularly for addressing social mobility."
The 4,300 teenagers, who were all in the same school year and from more than 600 schools across England, completed a detailed questionnaire every year between 2003 and 2010.
In Year 11, the last year of compulsory education at the time, they were asked whether a teacher had encouraged them to stay on in full-time education.
The researchers used mathematical modelling to cross-reference pupils' responses with their subsequent life histories, including whether they did A-levels and whether they went to university.
They were also grouped according to other factors such as level of parental education and household income.
"This approach brings us plausibly close to reading the long-term effect of encouragement from teachers," said Dr Alcott.
Among students who said they had received encouragement, 74% continued with their education after 16, compared with 66% among pupils who did not receive encouragement.
For pupils in the middle third for attainment, the effect of encouragement was even more pronounced - 64% of those who received encouragement did A-levels, compared with 52% among those who did not.
And this difference persisted, with 46% of pupils in this group who said they had received encouragement going to university, compared with 36% of those who did not.
For students whose parents lacked formal qualifications, 64% of those who received encouragement, continued with their studies after 16, compared with 52% of those whose teachers had not encouraged them - and at university level there was still a 10 percentage point gap between the two groups.
Dr Alcott, himself a former teacher, said the results suggested that the relationships that teachers developed with students "are real engines for social mobility".
"Many teachers take the initiative to encourage students," he said.
"It's important that teachers know the effect their efforts have and the children likely to benefit most."
The interviews were carried out as part of the Department for Education's Longitudinal Study of Young People in England, and the study is published in the journal Research in Higher Education.


A public meeting has been called amid concern about services at the Galloway Community Hospital in Stranraer.

It comes after NHS Dumfries and Galloway was forced to suspend admissions for a week.
It also had to downgrade the casualty unit to a minor injuries facility because of a shortage of doctors.
The health board said it was working to minimise any further disruption but councillor Willie Scobie said the situation was unacceptable.
He has arranged the meeting to take place on Saturday morning at the town's Coronation Day Centre.
"It is very serious," said Mr Scobie. "We have had the closure, all of last week, of the Garrick acute ward.
"Then this week, completely out of the blue, A&E is downgraded.
"This is appalling - the people of Stranraer have already got to travel 75 miles to Dumfries, unnecessarily, for appointments and that's a serious concern."
NHS Dumfries and Galloway said the hospital was open and fully staffed but that a challenge remained in securing medical cover on an ongoing basis.
"We continue with our endeavours to recruit to the area," it said.
"The board will continue to keep the public informed about any disruption to the services at the Galloway Community Hospital as a result of these challenges.
"We would like to emphasise that we are working hard to keep any temporary downgrade to a minimum.
"The board's priority is the safety of patients at all times."


Plunging oil prices have been blamed for a sharp rise in the number of UK oil and gas companies going bust.

Last year, 28 oil and gas service firms entered insolvency, up from 18 in 2014, according to research by accountancy firm Moore Stephens.
The company said the increase was "an almost inevitable result" of the drop in the oil price and the consequent cancellation of projects worldwide.
It estimates some $200bn (Â£140bn) worth of projects were cancelled last year.
Moore Stephens said the rise in oil and gas firm insolvencies was in stark contrast to 2010, when just four firms went bust in the 12 months to the end of September.
"Oil and gas service companies expanded their businesses over the last decade based on an oil price well above the current one.
"The pain caused by the oil price fall has translated into a rising tide of financial distress across the sector," said Moore Stephens head of restructuring and insolvency, Jeremy Willmont.
The figures from Moore Stephens come just days after oil services giant Schlumberger said it had cut 10,000 jobs in the past three months amid the plunge in oil prices.
Norwegian company DNV GL, an industry consultant, said its survey of 921 senior industry players showed the majority believed the industry was repeating the same mistakes of previous downturns, with 56% concerned over loss of jobs and experience.
Nearly three quarters of those it surveyed said they were preparing their company for a sustained period of low oil prices.
Law firm Pinsent Masons said its survey showed that many of those in the oilfield services industry were hoping to capitalise on the drop in oil prices by buying up distressed firms.
In total, 70% of the 200 senior executives it surveyed were actively considering an acquisition within the next year, it found.
Oil prices have fallen by 70% in the past 15 months.
The drop in the price of oil has been driven by oversupply, mainly due to US shale oil flooding the market.
At the same time, demand has fallen because of a slowdown in economic growth in China and Europe.
Historically, Opec has cut production to support prices. But led by Saudi Arabia, by far the group's most powerful member, the group has resolutely refused to trim supply this time.
Many analysts have slashed their 2016 oil price forecasts, with Morgan Stanley analysts saying that "oil in the $20s is possible."
Economists at the Royal Bank of Scotland say that oil could fall to $16, while Standard Chartered predicts that prices could hit just $10 a barrel.


The woman who has just been named the first female chief justice of Australia's High Court dropped out of school aged 15 in a bid for financial independence.

Though later regretting the move, it was not long before Susan Kiefel found work as a receptionist in a Brisbane law firm.
She finished her high school certificate part-time, then took a job as a legal clerk while completing a law degree at night.
Arriving at the bar in 1975, the Queenslander embarked on an impressive career which culminated on Tuesday with her being named Australia's 13th chief justice.
Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, in announcing the appointment, described Justice Kiefel's story as "an inspiration".
The Law Council of Australia called it a "landmark moment" for the nation and its legal system.
"Prior to her her appointment, Justice Kiefel was already a trailblazer for women in the legal profession," said Law Council president Stuart Clark.
"She was the first female QC appointed in Queensland in 1987. She was appointed to the Queensland Supreme Court in 1993 and the Federal Court of Australia in 1994."
She also served as Queensland Bar Association president and as a part-time Australian Law Reform commissioner, he said.
In a short statement on Tuesday, Justice Kiefel said the High Court was as relevant now as it was more than a century ago.
"The issues that come before the High Court affect many aspects of the life of the nation," she said.
"It will be a privilege to walk in the footsteps of the eminent jurists who have been appointed chief justices since the court was established in 1903."
Justice Kiefel replaces outgoing chief justice, Robert French, who will retire in January.
Her vacant spot on the High Court bench will be filled by Brisbane-based judge James Edelman.
"He was born on the 9 January 1974 so he is a different generation to most of the other judges of the high court, but he was a professor of law at Oxford at the age of 34," Mr Turnbull said.
The appointments were welcomed by the opposition Labor Party as "both highly deserved".
At the High Court, Justice Kiefel has been involved in high-profile judgements including dismissing the Australian government's Malaysia refugee solution, the overturning of a same-sex marriage law and the collapse of a company owned by billionaire former MP Clive Palmer.
In a speech to graduates at Griffith University in 2009, Justice Kiefel reflected on her "fortunate" career as both barrister and judge.
"With the benefit of considerable hindsight it is quite easy to say how one may have a rewarding working life," she said.
"It does not seem so simple when you are not there. You find that occupation or endeavour that suits your talents and your personality.
"It is what the educator Sir Ken Robinson calls being in your element ... people in their element are doing the thing they love and in doing it they feel like their most authentic self."


A fired-up Novak Djokovic fought back to beat Austria's Dominic Thiem in his opening match at the ATP World Tour Finals in London.

Media playback is not supported on this device
The Serb, who is trying to regain the world number one ranking from Britain's Andy Murray, won 6-7 (10-12) 6-0 6-2.
Djokovic was warned for unsportsmanlike conduct after losing the first set but won 12 of the last 14 games.
If he wins at least two group matches and goes on to lift the trophy he will return to the top of the rankings.
Scot Murray, who replaced Djokovic as number one last week, plays Marin Cilic in his opening match in the John McEnroe Group on Monday.
"I thought I played very well in the second set especially, but the third as well," said Djokovic.
"When I had the great comeback of saving six, seven set points, then I didn't manage to win that first set, of course you're frustrated.
"On the other hand, I think I managed to kind of compose myself and really gather all my attention and concentration to what was coming up after that."
Milos Raonic broke Gael Monfils once in each set to win 6-3 6-4 in the second Ivan Lendl Group match, after Britain's Jamie Murray and Brazilian partner Bruno Soares beat Treat Huey and Max Mirnyi in the doubles.
Big-serving Canadian Raonic will play Djokovic in his next match on Tuesday, while Frenchman Monfils takes on Thiem.
Five-time champion Djokovic went into Sunday's match with doubts surrounding his form after a disappointing second half of the season, but grew stronger as the contest wore on.
Thiem needed seven set points but eventually secured the opener, with Djokovic looking uncertain after getting early treatment on a cut finger.
It could have snowed in O2 Arena, as well, but it didn't
The Serb's frustration boiled over when he lost a gripping tie-break, and he fired a ball in the direction of his player box which narrowly missed coaches Boris Becker and Marian Vajda.
It drew a warning from umpire Carlos Bernardes but appeared to release rather than increase the tension felt by Djokovic, who eased away from debutant Thiem.
After a 67-minute first set, Djokovic needed just 55 minutes to race through sets two and three, roaring with delight after breaking serve in the third.
Asked whether he was concerned that another flash of temper could risk a default, Djokovic said it was "not an issue for me".
When it was suggested that ball he batted away in anger could easily have hit a fan or official, he added: "It could have snowed in O2 Arena, as well, but it didn't."
Andrew Castle, BBC Sport commentator
I still don't think Djokovic is completely right; I don't think he's particularly comfortable in his own skin at the moment. I don't know what's going on but it's not quite the same superb Djokovic that we've come to see.
The standards he has set, the bar is so high, perhaps the only way is down. He's having a bit of a lull at the moment. I know he's won a match and could be number one at the end of this year, but having watched him since he was 14, 15 years of age - I've seen him have more fun than this.


Rail passengers hit by long-running disruption on the Southern network are to be repaid the equivalent of a month's travel, the government and rail operator have announced.

Payments will be made to eligible customers under a new compensation scheme to go live in January.
The Department for Transport (DfT) said it would be a one-off compensation payment to season ticket holders.
Govia Thameslink (GTR) apologised for "many months of disruption and misery".
Annual season ticket holders will receive a payment equivalent to one month's travel with quarterly, monthly and weekly season ticket holders being able to claim an equivalent payment for the ticket type.
Southern refund: What you need to know
The rail operator said it was also introducing a more generous Delay Repay scheme on Southern and Gatwick Express from 11 December, which would compensate passengers for delays of more than 15 minutes rather than the current 30 minutes.
However, it also said Southern and Gatwick Express fares would rise by an average of 1.8% from 2 January, which it said was in line with other train operators' annual increases.
The RMT union, which has staged a series of strikes on the Southern network in a dispute over guards' roles, branded the fares hike "another kick in the teeth for British passengers".
The DfT said more than 84,000 passengers would be compensated following disruption which it said was caused by Network Rail track failures, engineering works, unacceptably poor performance by the operator and the actions of the RMT.
Rail minister Paul Maynard said: "When things do go wrong it is right that we compensate people who have not had the service that they deserve."
Charles Horton, GTR chief executive, said disruption had followed both industrial action and poor performance. He said: "For that I am truly sorry."
However, union chief Mick Cash said passengers were continuing to pay some of the highest fares in Europe to travel on "rammed-out and unreliable trains".
He said: "Once again the rip-off private train companies are laughing all the way to the bank as they whack up fares and axe staff in an all-out dash to maximise their profits."
Louise Ellman MP, chair of the transport select committee, said the enhanced compensation was "long overdue".
She added: "One month's money back is the very least that Southern railway season ticket holders deserve."
Passengers reacted to the fare increase on Twitter with anger.
Natasha Devan tweeted: "This is utterly unacceptable. We cannot be expected to pay more Â£ for this shocking service #southern @ABCommuters"
And TheRailwayInspector wrote: "If the service was IMPROVING then maybe I'd be happy to pay more, but if anything, it's worse #southern  #Southeastern"
Shadow transport secretary Andy McDonald posted that the month's refund was welcome but described it as an admission of government failure and proof that intervention was overdue.
In reply, commuter Nic Davis wrote: "@AndyMcDonaldMP great but the fair [sic] increase is still going ahead. That feels incredibly unfair."
The Southern network is braced for further disruption throughout December with several strikes planned by two unions, the RMT and Aslef.
00:01 Tuesday 6 December to 23:59 Thursday 8 December (RMT)
00:01: Tuesday 13 December to 23:59 Wednesday 14 December (Aslef)
00:01 Friday 16 December to 23:59: Friday 16 December (Aslef)
00:01 Monday 19 December to 23:59 Tuesday 20 December (RMT)
00:01 Saturday 31 December to 23:59 Monday 2 January (RMT)
00:01 Monday 9 January to 23:59: Saturday 14 January (Aslef)
The government said the one-off compensation payment could be paid directly into passengers' bank accounts or claimed as vouchers.
GTR said Southern would contact eligible customers directly and a website was being set up for passengers to apply online if they were not contacted but believed they were eligible.
Customers claiming against quarterly, monthly or weekly tickets must have bought travel for at least 12 weeks between 24 April and 31 December to be qualify for the payment, GTR said.


A 14-year-old girl has been arrested after an 87-year-old woman was punched on a bus in south London.

Police released CCTV showing the alleged assault that happened in Croydon on 16 October on the 166 bus. The pensioner suffered a black eye.
Officers said a girl was arrested on suspicion of causing actual bodily harm.
A second girl involved in the incident has been identified but not arrested, they added.
More on this story and news from London
Police had earlier said the suspect had got on the bus at a stop in Brighton Road, Coulsdon.
Inquiries are ongoing, police said.


Rupert Murdoch and Jerry Hall have marked their marriage with a service of celebration at the "journalists' church" in London.

Friends and family of the media mogul and the former supermodel gathered at St Bride's near Fleet Street a day after their civil ceremony.
The church has a long association with newspapers and writers.
Around 100 guests attended, including the couple's 10 children from previous relationships.
It is Mr Murdoch's fourth marriage and the first for Miss Hall, 59, after her 1992 Bali wedding to Sir Mick Jagger was later deemed legally void.
Australian-born Mr Murdoch 84, whose News UK company publishes The Times and The Sun newspapers, tweeted he was "the luckiest and happiest man in world".
St Bride's says it offers "a spiritual home to all who work in the media" lying in the heart of an area which was once the home of most UK national newspapers.
But Mr Murdoch's decision to dispense with his Fleet Street newsroom in the late 1980s marked a key stage in the abandonment of the area by the media industry.
By Richard Lister, BBC News correspondent
A cold drizzle fell on St Brides and on the noisy scrum of photographers and camera crews penned into the narrow entrances to the churchyard trying to get a glimpse of the celebrity guest list.
Every now and then a shout went up as a famous face appeared at the church gates. "Bob! Bob! This way" shouted the snappers as Sir Bob Geldof paused silently in front of the church for a few seconds.
Sir Michael Caine was immune to their shouts and went straight in. One less well-known face outstayed the snappers' welcome as she preened for the cameras. "You can go in now" said one of the paparazzi, to general laughter.
There was irritation when we learned that Jerry Hall had gone in by another entrance. There is little that this couple need to learn about how to manage the press.
Playwright Tom Stoppard, musician Bob Geldof and former Rolling Stone Bill Wyman were at the service along with newspaper editors and media executives.
Justice secretary Michael Gove was also in attendance along with actor Michael Caine, artist Tracey Emin and composer Andrew Lloyd Webber.


Christian Walton proved Luton's hero as his brilliant penalty save earned them a draw at Notts County.

The Hatters stopper produced a fingertip stop to thwart Vadaine Oliver from 12 yards after Haydn Hollis was held in the box.
Then from the resulting corner, Carl Dickinson hit the crossbar as County pushed hard for a victory that would have cemented their position in the top seven.
Dickinson's miss followed that of Aaron Collins, who clipped the post with a header in the first half as County tried desperately to make home advantage count.
But in truth it was a game in which defences were largely on top, with Hollis having an outstanding game in the heart of the hosts' defence.
It meant Luton's threat was limited but in the time he was on the pitch, Jack Marriott looked Luton's best hope of a goal. Twice in the first half he had shots, both of which were just off target as honours ended even at Meadow Lane.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Notts County 0, Luton Town 0.
Second Half ends, Notts County 0, Luton Town 0.
Scott Cuthbert (Luton Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Vadaine Oliver (Notts County).
Substitution, Luton Town. Isaac Vassell replaces Cameron McGeehan.
Jordan Richards (Notts County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Cameron McGeehan (Luton Town).
Robert Milsom (Notts County) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Olly Lee (Luton Town) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Robert Milsom (Notts County).
(Luton Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Vadaine Oliver (Notts County).
Corner,  Notts County. Conceded by John Mullins.
Substitution, Luton Town. Pelly Ruddock replaces Alex Gilliead.
Foul by Jonathan Forte (Notts County).
Scott Cuthbert (Luton Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Carl Dickinson (Notts County) hits the bar with a header from the right side of the six yard box.
Corner,  Notts County. Conceded by Christian Walton.
Penalty saved! Vadaine Oliver (Notts County) fails to capitalise on this great opportunity,  right footed shot saved  in the bottom left corner.
Penalty conceded by Stephen O'Donnell (Luton Town) after a foul in the penalty area.
Penalty Notts County. Haydn Hollis draws a foul in the penalty area.
Corner,  Notts County. Conceded by Glen Rea.
Corner,  Notts County. Conceded by Olly Lee.
Corner,  Notts County. Conceded by Olly Lee.
Attempt blocked. Jonathan Forte (Notts County) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Attempt saved. Jonathan Forte (Notts County) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Attempt blocked. Cameron McGeehan (Luton Town) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Danny Hylton (Luton Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Haydn Hollis (Notts County).
Substitution, Luton Town. Olly Lee replaces Jack Marriott.
Attempt saved. Jonathan Forte (Notts County) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Foul by Carl Dickinson (Notts County).
Jack Marriott (Luton Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Alan Sheehan (Luton Town) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Vadaine Oliver (Notts County).
Attempt missed. Glen Rea (Luton Town) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the right.
Stephen O'Donnell (Luton Town) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Jonathan Forte (Notts County).
Attempt missed. Jack Marriott (Luton Town) right footed shot from the left side of the box is high and wide to the right.
Attempt missed. Jonathan Forte (Notts County) left footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left.


Transport for London (TfL) has offered to pay for the funerals of the seven victims of the Croydon tram crash.

Six men and one woman died, and more than 50 people were injured, when a tram overturned on 9 November.
TfL has pledged to do "everything we can to support the families and all those affected".
An interim report into the crash is due to be published on Wednesday, but it could take "many months" to produce a final report, investigators warned.
Announcing the offer of assistance to victims' families, London's Transport Commissioner Mike Brown said: "The TfL Sarah Hope line is available 24 hours a day to provide advice on a whole range of matters and immediate financial and other support.
"This includes covering funeral costs and travel expenses for relatives."
Meanwhile, the Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) has conducted preliminary analysis and downloaded information from the tram's "black box" data recorder.
Previously it said the vehicle had exceeded the speed limit on the bend.
The RAIB said last week the two-carriage tram had been travelling "significantly" faster than the permitted 12mph (19km/h) as it entered a tight bend near the Sandilands stop.
Trade body UK Tram said tram accidents were incredibly rare and has cautioned against hastily imposed precautions as a knee-jerk reaction.
Simon French, head of the RAIB, appeared before MPs at the Commons Transport Select Committee on Monday and said a full investigation would involve a large number of interviews, as well as detailed analysis and examination of the evidence.
He said: "If there's information of immediate safety importance that needs to be communicated of course we will do so as is normal in our investigations by issuing urgent safety advices."
BBC London's transport correspondent Tom Edwards said: "We already know the tram was going too fast on the bend, the crucial question we're all trying to find out is why.
"We might get the speed of the tram, we might get some urgent safety recommendations but the full investigation is going to take many, many months."
At the scene: BBC London reporter Jason Rosam
New Addington is still in shock, you can sense it in the air. People are trying to go about their normal daily lives but there's constant reminders of what happened seven days ago.
Here at the parade of shops where I'm standing there's a makeshift memorial to the victims - it's got flowers, cards, photos, candles and messages for those lost.
One message hung onto a tree really says what the mood is perfectly: "It's so sad that you started your day from here only to lose your lives 20 minutes later. You will never be forgotten."
Doing this job I regularly stop people in the street who are rushing to work and a lot of people ignore me or brush me past. But here, every person I've spoken to has taken the time to stop and talk to me and that's unusual.
A police investigation has also been launched and the tram's 42-year-old driver, Alfred Dorris, from Beckenham, south-east London, has been arrested on suspicion of manslaughter and released on bail until May.
The Office of Rail and Road is carrying out its own investigation into whether safety rules were being followed.


Residents in Pembrokeshire will have to buy their own black bags as the council looks to save more than £80,000 a year.

The council had issued a roll of 52 black bags to each household free of charge each year.
But councillors have now voted to stop the supply from 2016 onwards, with an estimated annual saving of £83,000.
Two years ago, the council reduced the size and quality of black bin bags, saving £130,000 a year.
The council report said it expected that "some residents who do not currently participate in the recycling scheme would be encouraged to do so".


A website which aims to bring government services together under a single web address has been launched as a public trial.

Thegov.ukproject, which is expected to launch in full later this year, has a budget of Â£1.7m.
Currently, online government services are spread across multiple domains and managed by different teams.
The government claimed that bringing services together in this way could save up to Â£50m per year.
This saving is said to come from making operational savings by "removing the costs associated with software licences and infrastructure investment".
However, when contacted by the BBC, the Cabinet Office could not give specific details over where those savings would be made.
The site uses a simple search engine-like interface to tie the government's vast portfolio of websites together.
Users have beeninvited to test the new website and report any bugs or usability issues.
The website advises that while gov.uk is fully-functional, some aspects may be "inaccurate or misleading" while still in the beta stage.
The Cabinet Office told the BBC that the full public release of gov.uk was planned for some time later this year once extensive user testing and feedback had been gathered.
A decision over what will happen to the government's existing portal -directgov- has not yet been made.
"Digital public services should be easy to find and simple to use," said Francis Maude, Minister for the Cabinet Office, in a press release.
"The beta release of a single domain takes us one step closer to this goal.
"Our approach is changing. IT needs to be commissioned or rented, rather than procured in huge, expensive contracts of long duration.
"We are embracing new, cloud-based start-ups and enterprise companies - this will bring benefits for small- and medium-sized enterprises here in the UK and so contribute to growth."
The UK's "digital champion", Martha Lane Fox - who has been asked to find ways to get more people online - welcomed the revamp.
"The beta release of gov.uk is a fantastic milestone in this government's ambition to become a digital world leader and dramatically change the focus of public service delivery onto the end user," she said.
However, Geoff McCormick, director of the UK-based design company TheAlloy, said the revamp did little to solve existing problems.
"The new gov.uk site is an improvement on the direct.gov site, but the bar wasn't set too high in the first place," he told the BBC.
"Once you have navigated away from the front page, it is back to business as usual - the same information architecture, but with a 'pretty looking icon' next to it.
"They do not make it easier to navigate in any way."


Italy's tomatoes and Thailand's potent chillies, although closely associated with these nations, originate from elsewhere, a study shows.

The assessment of more that 150 key food crops shows how agriculture and diets rely on crops from other regions.
The authors say the results highlight the interdependence of food systems and the need for a united effort to ensure its resilience to future threats.
The findings appear in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
The research by an international team of scientists assessed the diet and crop production of 177 counties, which accounted for 98% of the world's population.
"For probably a hundred years or so, scientists have been bringing together information to know where crops came from, where they were domesticated by diverse agricultural cultures," said co-author Colin Khoury, a crop diversity specialist from the Colombia-based International Center for Tropical Agriculture.
"It has taken a lot of information to come together, including linguistics, genetics and archaeological data, in order to reach this level of understanding."
Dr Khoury said a major figure in the understanding of where our food came from was a Russian scientist called Nikolai Vavilov, "a character that would make Indiana Jones look like a bit of a wimp". He was jailed on numerous occasions by warlords during his expeditions across five continents.
The information Vavilov gathered during his travels allowed him to record the diversity of a wide range of crops, and where the plants were growing alongside their wild relatives.
This led to him proposing "centres of origin" for food crops, which included Central America, South America, the Mediterranean and the Near East, explained Dr Khoury.
Since then, scientists have debated and built upon this body of work, with "centres of diversity" replacing Vavilov's "centres of origin" hypothesis.
"A century later, people are still arguing about where exactly the crops come from but we know pretty well the regions where the diversity is richest," he added.
"This is important now for agriculture because that diversity is still used to breed pest and disease resistance, climate change tolerance and all kinds of other things."
Dr Khoury said his team's study was the first to look at where all the crops came from and to ask which areas where important in terms of modern food systems.
The team identified 23 food-producing regions, all of which were deemed to be important, highlighting the global interdependence of the food crops.
"The connections between where people grow and eat food and where they come from are incredibly extensive, nations generally connect to so many different regions around the world."
Dr Khoury said the findings - as well as confirming the importance of regions, such as the Near East, which were long believed to be key hubs for the origins of food crops - also highlighted that other regions were equally important, such as North America and West Africa.
Another main finding was that no country's diet consisted wholly of native food crops.
As the global food system is projected to come under increasing pressure from a rising human population and climate change, the findings also pointed to the need for an interconnected effort to ensure food production's resilience to future threats.
"It is very clear in science that genetic diversity is the biological base for being able to survive and adapt," Dr Khoury observed.
"So if I am a plant breeder and I want potatoes to be resistant to a new pest in Europe, where do I find that diversity? The quick answer is where the diversity is most diverse, where there is the most variation.
"The argument is that where the potatoes have been the longest, where they have spent hundreds or thousands of years being in contact with different pests, diseases and climates - they are going to be the most diverse.
"These are areas we call primary regions of diversity. It is not just the crops; it is also their wild and weedy cousins.
"The reality is that the diversity is out there in the wild but it is not very well collected, especially when it comes to the wild relatives."
As for the origins of Italy's tomatoes and Thailand's chilli's?
"Both of those crops are from the new world, from the Americas. It was only after what is called the Columbian exchange," Dr Khoury explained.
This was the period following Christopher Columbus's 1492 arrival in South America that saw the transfer of animals, plants, culture and technology between Europe and southern America.
"They saw these crops and brought them back to Europe. It is surprising how quickly new foods were accepted and adopted as their own by cultures."
Follow Mark on Twitter: @Mark_Kinver


New Zealand fly-half Aaron Cruden will join French club Montpellier on a three-year contract at the end of the Super Rugby season in August.

Cruden, who plays for the Waikato Chiefs, will still be eligible for All Blacks selection for the British and Irish Lions tour in the summer.
The 28-year-old has played in 47 Tests for his country.
"It is with great sadness but great excitement that this will be my last year playing in New Zealand," he said.
"I have signed a three-year deal with Montpellier in France, which is a beautiful part of the world, a fantastic rugby club and a real opportunity for me to go out there and experience something different."
Scotland's New Zealand-born coach Vern Cotter will take over at Montpellier following this year's Six Nations.


Maurice Johnston believes new Rangers manager Pedro Caixinha "needs investment" to close the gap on rivals and Premiership leaders Celtic.

The Portuguese, 46, has taken over at Ibrox after signing a three-year contract.
"They need to spend some money to bring in better players to try to bridge the gap," said Johnston, who played for both Celtic and Rangers.
"It's a huge gap, how many points is it at the top of the championship, 33?"
Defending champions Celtic are within two wins of a sixth straight top-flight title while Rangers, who won promotion last season, trail second-placed Aberdeen by eight points with 10 games to play.
While Johnston, 53, says Caixinha's appointment is a risk, the former Scotland striker believes the manager's three-year spell in Mexico with Santos Laguna will help him as he adjusts to the demands of Scottish football.
"It's a big gamble, [Caixinha] doesn't really know much about Scottish football," said Johnston, who lives in the United States and previously managed New York Red Bulls and Toronto.
"I don't think you can prepare yourself for the Old Firm.
"He was in Mexico - which is very similar to Major League Soccer - for three years, [and] he won three trophies.
"I don't think you can compare the MLS and Mexico to the Premiership [because the] MLS is a little bit better.
"He's a good coach, but he needs investment, that's all he needs."
Johnston expected Rangers to lose on their visit to Celtic Park on Sunday and says the Ibrox side will take plenty of belief from their hard-fought performance for when the two sides meet again in April's William Hill Scottish Cup semi-final.
"It was a great draw, because they're so far behind in the Premiership," Johnston added. "They'll take a lot [of confidence from it].
"When I was coming back [to the UK], you're thinking Celtic are going to run away with it, but the game was a little bit different. Rangers played well in the last 20 and deserved the draw.
"You need a strong Rangers for Scottish football to survive. Celtic are running away with it right now."


Graduates in England have seen a fall in their median salary of more than £1,000 in the past five years, according to official statistics.

But more are in work than at any time since 2007, suggests Department for Business, Innovation and Skills data.
And graduates still earn almost £10,000 a year more than people without degrees - though the highest earners are those with postgraduate qualifications.
The figures showed a degree was "an excellent option", said the government.
The figures suggest that in the first three months of this year, graduates typically earned £31,200, while non-graduates were paid £22,100, a gap of £9,100.
But in the same period of 2010, graduates typically earned £32,396, some £1,196 more than they do now.
There was better news for those with postgraduate qualifications, whose median salaries rose from £37,180 to £39,000 during the past five years, as well as for non-graduates, whose median salaries went up from £20,800 to £22,100, according to the figures.
Some 87.5% of working-age graduates were employed during the three months to March - the highest proportion since the end of 2007, when the rate was 88.3%.
This compares with an employment rate of 69.3% for non-graduates.
The figures also suggest an improving employment market for graduates aged between 21 and 30, with only 3.9% unemployed, again the lowest for this time of year since 2007, when it was 3.5%.
"Making the leap from university to the 'real world' of work is becoming easier, and graduate employment has now recovered to 2007 levels," said Andrew Hunter, of recruitment company Adzuna.
"In the last year alone, the unemployment rate among young grads has ticked down 1% year-on-year, with fewer university leavers stuck in limbo between education and work.
"After years of stalemate, with fewer employees moving up or moving out of their positions, the labour market is now much more liquid, which has opened up opportunities for those new to the workforce."
However, TUC general secretary Frances O'Grady said the overall prospects of young graduates were worsening.
"While university leavers are still better paid and more likely to have a job than non-graduates of the same age, today's figures show their prospects are worsening, just as their debts are soaring," she said.
"Many graduates are now finding themselves doing lower-skilled, lower-paid jobs.
"This is in turn pushing young people who don't have a degree out of work altogether."
A spokeswoman for the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills described the figures as "great news for the UK economy".
"These results demonstrate how higher education is an excellent option for people of all ages seeking to gain employment and a rewarding career," she said.
"Working-age graduates still benefit from a significant earnings premium of, on average, £9,000 per year over non-graduates."
The spokeswoman said higher education was not for everyone, but there were thousands of apprenticeships and courses in further education also leading to "many exciting careers prospects".
Maddalaine Ansell, chief executive of the University Alliance group of business-oriented universities, said the figures showed "degrees continue to be vital for supplying graduates to meet the hi-tech skills needs of the UK's knowledge economy".


Two men have been mugged in Carrickfergus, County Antrim.

It happened in Carnhill Place at about 00:10 BST on Sunday morning.
The men were confronted by two masked men, both of whom were carrying suspected firearms.
They threatened the men and forced them to hand over money before making off in the direction of Oakfield Drive. The two men, one aged in his 40's and one aged in his 50's, were not injured but left shaken by their ordeal.


A woman has admitted playing a "significant role" in the events leading to the death of her partner but denied intending to kill him.

Leonie Mason, 23, is accused of murdering Craig Preston, 34, together with her lover Shiraz Bashir, 42, and three teenage boys in August.
Prosecutors claim Mr Preston was attacked by the group in a lay-by in Rotherham and then dumped close to the Woodhead Tunnel.
All five defendants deny murder.
More stories from across Yorkshire
Sheffield Crown Court was previously told Ms Mason and Mr Bashir plotted to kill Mr Preston, also known as Craig Nelson, because he was an "annoyance".
Jurors heard Ms Mason was in relationships with both men at the time of Mr Preston's death.
Defence barrister Jason Pitter QC asked Ms Mason: "Do you accept that you played a significant role in the events that lead to the death of Craig Preston?"
She answered: "Yes".
Mr Pitter then asked: "Do you accept that you were wrong to play that part?", to which she replied: "Yes, definitely."
She went on to deny intending for Mr Preston to be killed or for him to be seriously harmed.
The court heard Ms Mason had been with Mr Preston for about six years after meeting him while working at a hostel.
She described their relationship as "volatile" and said they would often argue after drinking and taking drugs but that she "loved him to bits".
The defendant told the court she met Mr Bashir when she was about 20 and had started seeing him while still with Mr Preston.
She claimed Mr Bashir had been "fine" towards her initially but had later shown his "true colours", becoming violent and controlling.
Mr Pitter said: "The suggestion is that by August 2016 you so disliked Mr Preston and were so unhappy with him that you wanted him out of the way. Is that true?"
"No," said Ms Mason.
The trial of Mr Bashir and Ms Mason, both of Holme Park Court, Huddersfield, and the three teenagers, who cannot be named due to their age, continues.


Ulster ran in six tries as they moved to within five points of fourth-placed Scarlets in the Pro12 by securing a bonus-point win over Zebre in Parma.

Chris Henry and Ruan Pienaar crossed for Ulster but Guglielmo Palazzani touched down for a resurgent Zebre, who went in trailing 14-10 at the interval.
Stuart Olding, Jacob Stockdale, Robbie Diack and David Busby ran in second-half tries, Mattia Bellini for Zebre.
Ulster have now earned bonus-point wins from their last three Pro12 matches.
It was a patchy performance from the Irish province, who will hope to secure further five-point victories in their next two fixtures at home to Treviso on 3 March and Zebre on 11 March as they aim to clinch the top-four spot which would see them compete in the end-of-season semi-final play-offs.
Ulster have a match in hand over their rivals in the upper reaches of the table, namely that Kingspan Stadium encounter with Zebre, which was rearranged after being postponed because of a frozen pitch on 25 November.
The northern province face a tough run-in to their campaign however, as they face Welsh sides Dragons, Cardiff and Ospreys, plus inter-provincial derby contests with Munster and Leinster.
Les Kiss's side came into the game on the back of triumphs over Scottish sides Edinburgh and Glasgow, but suffered a setback on Saturday when South African flanker Marcell Coetzee was forced to withdraw from the visiting line-up because of illness, Sean Reidy his replacement.
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The hosts, who had conceded 152 points in losing their last three fixtures, were without 11 players who formed part of the Italy squad which travelled to Twickenham to face England, nine of those ultimately being included in the 23-man matchday squad for the Six Nations game.
Ulster's hopes of making the top four took a dent when the Scarlets beat Munster 30-21 away from home on Friday night and Darren Cave and Louis Ludik were both missing because of concussion, as Kiss made 10 changes from the team which overcame Glasgow in Belfast last week.
On the plus side, Charles Piutau and Stuart Olding were restored to the Ulster side, Tommy Bowe was available to make his 150th appearance for the province and Jared Payne was named among the replacements, having not played since sustaining a fractured kidney while playing for Ireland against Australia in November.
Henry rumbled over for an early try after a strong driving maul, then Pienaar dotted down under the posts after a pacy counter-attack which saw Piutau race down the wing and execute a fine inside pass to his scrum-half.
Ulster appeared to lose concentration and focus for the remainder of the half as Zebre fought their way back, Palazzani converting his own try, after Luke Marshall spilled the ball inside his own 22, to reduce the deficit to seven points by the 16th minute.
Palazzani's penalty before the break further reduced the arrears, but when Olding and Stockdale completed fine Ulster moves by touching down, the visitors had the bonus point in the bag after 51 minutes.
Bellini's try gave spirited Zebre some hope but Diack went over in the corner after some fancy footwork by Piutau to put Ulster in control again.
Busby marked his debut by adding a sixth try, getting on the end of a clever left-footed grubber-kick by Payne, who had been introduced as a second-half substitute. Pienaar missed the conversion after successfully slotting over his previous five attempts.
Ulster Director of Rugby Les Kiss: "It was a bit frustrating at times without a doubt but, in the end, it was mission accomplished.
"We put ourselves under pressure and half-time couldn't come quickly enough for me. There were a few choice words said at half-time but we responded well and improved in the second half, even though we took our foot off the pedal for a while."
Zebre: D Berryman; M Bellini, T Boni, M Pratichetti, L Greeff; S Bordoli, G Palazzani; B Postiglioni, O Fabiana, G Roan; G Koegelenberg, V Bernabo (capt); D Bergamin, J Meyer, F Ruzza.
Replacements: S Tobias for Fabiani (73), A De Marchi for Postiglioni (63), B Le Roux for Roan (48), J Furno for Bernabo (61), D Fragnito for Bergamin (67), C Engelbrecht for Berryman (58), T Castello for Pratichetti (50), S Balocchi for Greef (60)
Ulster: J Stockdale; T Bowe, L Marshall, S Olding, C Piutau; P Nelson, R Pienaar; A Warwick, R Herring (capt), W Herbst; R Diack, A O'Connor; C Ross, C Henry, M Coetzee
Replacements: J Andrew for Herring (56), C Black for Warwick (64), R Lutton for Herbst (33), K Treadwell for O'Connor (73), R Wilson for Henry (60), P Marshall for Nelson (73), J Payne for L Marshall (60), D Busby for Piutau (76).
Referee: Sean Gallagher (IRFU)


A retail bank in Kenya has been placed under receivership after running into financial difficulties.

Panic withdrawals on Wednesday, caused by "inaccurate" rumours on social media, led to a run on Chase Bank, said the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK).
Its branches were shut on Thursday. The bank is the third to be placed under the CBK's control in the past year.
Chase had recently released two conflicting financial statements, a BBC reporter says.
A subsequent audit showed it had hidden loans to its directors, adds the BBC's Ferdinand Omondi in the capital, Nairobi.
In a statement, the CBK said it would appoint a team to run the bank.
The team would be given 12 months to come up with an "appropriate resolution strategy", said a CBK statement.
One depositor told the BBC that he had $100,000 (Â£70,000) at Chase, and he had no idea whether he would get the money back.
Hundreds of customers flocked to Chase branches and ATM machines countrywide to withdraw their cash on Thursday, only to find them closed, our reporter says.
All 62 of its branches would remain closed until new management was put in place, said CBK chief Patrick Ngugi Njoroge.
He insisted that the banking sector in Kenya, East Africa's biggest economy, was stable, despite the banks going into receivership.
Chase is a mid-sized bank with a mixture of low- and middle-income customers, as well as wealthy businessmen who trade with firms in the Middle East.
It also has a unit which specialises in Islamic finance.
On Wednesday, Chase dismissed its chairman and group managing director following the release of two conflicting financial statements.
One of them had downplayed the bank's internal loans, says our correspondent.
An audit later showed the bank had loaned its directors $80m, and its bad debts had skyrocketed to $100m.
The bank posted a profit of $23m in 2014, only to record a loss of $7m the following year.
The African Development Bank, which last week agreed to lend Chase $50m for onward lending but had not disbursed the funds, said the receivership would not stop it from supporting the sector.
"The African Development Bank remains confident about the stability of the financial sector in Kenya," its regional boss for East Africa, Gabriel Negatu, told Reuters news agency.


It was a familiar story for England as they lost on penalties to Germany - again.

This time it was in the semi-finals of the European Under-21 Championship.
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Plans for one of two retail parks on the outskirts of Leighton Buzzard have been approved by the council, despite a campaign against it.

Central Bedfordshire councillors have backed proposals for the smaller of two schemes suggested for Grovebury Road, south of the town.
They said the plan for a DIY unit, four other shops and a restaurant could "bring benefits" to the town.
Protesters said councillors had "betrayed" the town centre.
Environmental campaigner Victoria Harvey said she was "incredibly disappointed".
She said: "Shops are likely to move out to the out-of-town retail park, and then why would other shops want to move into Leighton Buzzard [High Street]?"
The Claymore Group said: "Our guiding principle from the outset of this project has been to offer real retail choice which complements the town centre rather than competes with it."


At a time when news has been a dark canvas of conflicts and calamities worldwide, the announcement beamed a bright light through the gloom.

News of the Nobel Peace Prize did seem noble in its spirit, and symmetry.
An Indian and a Pakistani, a Hindu and a Muslim, a relatively unsung hero and a global star.
Nearly half a century separates two activists but their causes are now joined - their fight for children's rights.
Even the timing seemed perfectly placed.
Seventeen-year-old Malala Yousafzai, who defied Taliban threats to fight for every girl's right to be educated, heard the news in her own field of battle - a school.
Her chemistry class in the English city of Birmingham was briefly interrupted.
But the life-changing accolade did not stop physics and English lessons from going ahead on schedule.
Sixty-year-old Kailash Satyarthi, who's waged a decades long war against child labour and exploitation, was at his desk in his modest office set in the cacophony of crowded South Delhi.
For a moment, there was an unusually uplifting buzz across the breathless timeline that is Twitter.
Hashtags of #India and #Pakistan had, in recent days, focused on new shelling, more suffering, across the Line of Control (LoC) in disputed Kashmir and the wound that has festered since the founding of two states.
Suddenly words like hope and pride took pride of place in 140 characters.
Congratulations whizzed back and forth across the borderless land of cyberspace.
But of course, no moment is pure or perfect, or lasts very long. And, on Twitter, no timeline is the same, as these Pakistani tweeters discovered.
Not so for @homakhaleeli:
Prizes, even as great as the Nobel Peace Prize, are only symbols that send signals.
But history is slowly made through both symbols and substance and Malala immediately seized the opportunity to create what would be another such moment.
She called on Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and India's Narendra Modi to travel to Oslo for the award ceremony on 10 December.
In her live televised speech, she informed the world that she had asked Mr Satyarthi to extend the invitation to his prime minister and she would do the same with hers.
The two leaders' first meeting in May during Mr Modi's inauguration had been analysed - down to every last detail - by the press, pundits and politicians.
An Oslo appearance would be much the same.
The politics of the prize is already unfolding in earnest.
Prominent journalist Jawed Naqvi, writing from New Delhi in Pakistan's Dawn newspaper, highlighted that by awarding this prize "at a time when their militaries were locked in a volatile spiral on the borders," many analysts were saying "the Nobel Committee has shone the torch on a more real enemy the countries jointly confront - jeopardized future for millions of their children."
In 2006, when Muhammad Yunus of Bangladesh, the "world's banker to the poor" received the Nobel Peace Prize for founding Grameen Bank, it provoked a wave of discussion, and criticism, about what it takes to make peace.
The Nobel Committee sent a signal that year that fighting poverty, and empowering the poor, also played its part along with the traditional peacemakers and trouble shooters.
So too does empowering and enlightening the next generation.
The Nobel committee remarked that it is "a prerequisite for peaceful global development that the rights of children and young people be respected."
At a time when wars of our time, from Syria to Somalia, are highlighting the terrible price paid by the youngest and most innocent, two new Nobel laureates remind us there are ways to fight back - peacefully.
"I had a phone call from Kailash and we both spoke about how important it is for children to go to school" said Malala in the impressive impromptu address of a young woman who is already a global campaigner only two years after she narrowly survived a Taliban attack.
"We both decided to work together and also decided to try to build strong relations between both countries".
Mr Satyarthi was interviewed almost immediately on the BBC World Service and spoke of how he would work with Malala to "give voice to children who are never heard".
In more than three decades of dedicated activism against child labour, Mr Satyarthi has freed tens of thousands of Indian children from the medieval bondage perpetuated by many vested interests.
A blog published in the Times of India asked why so few Indians "had any clue about who he was."
Now they do. We all do.
I also won't forget the moment when Muhammad Yunus took to the stage in Oslo in 2006.
A cold dark winter's day was brightened by the brilliant yellow and orange dress of Bangladeshi dancers, the warm proud smiles, and by his optimistic message that the war against poverty could be won.
The euphoria of the day quickly faded when a campaign was stirred against him when he returned home to Bangladesh.
But his determination and message still make a difference.
This year's ceremony is also certain to be another day of celebration and hope.
It may only last a moment. But in a world of dark threats, every bright moment matters.


Nine military officers have been sacked over last month's attack by militants on the military hospital in Kabul, the Afghan defence ministry says.

Those dismissed include a general and a colonel. All face prosecution for negligence, the ministry said.
The attack was one of the worst in the conflict-hit nation in recent months.
About 50 people are said to have died as militants armed with guns, grenades and knives targeted patients and staff at the hospital.
The brutal assault caused shock and anger among the public. Many people are still demanding to know why a building that was meant to be secure was so vulnerable to attack.
The hospital is heavily guarded and the government says the attackers got inside after exploding a car bomb at the gate.
But other reports suggest some attackers were already inside the hospital when the violence began, meaning militants had infiltrated the high-security site.
There is also a lack of clarity over how many people died. Some hospital workers quoted in local media said the toll was much higher than the figure of about 50 reported by the government.
The so-called Islamic State group said it carried out the attack, but some eyewitnesses later told media the assailants shouted slogans in support of the Taliban.
The deputy interior minister was sacked in the immediate aftermath of the attack.


He was in his own private world on that opening day of the French championship of 1998, Gregor Townsend composing his thoughts in the Brive changing room as his new team prepared to play Colomiers.

For Brive, it was a home game, therefore the Stade Municipal des Sports was both packed and expectant. Brive didn't lose home games. They weren't allowed. That was the law. Townsend had just moved to France from Northampton. It was the summer after the magnificent Lions series win in South Africa and everything in his world was right.
Then his karma was interrupted by fighting.
"Five minutes before we went on the field, I looked up and a fight broke out on my right and on my left. I can still picture it," remembers Townsend.
"Our coach was Laurent Seigne (a former prop from the old school) and he was pushing the forwards against the wall and the experienced ones were pushing him back and it was head-on-head and shirts ripped and blood.
"I was sitting there thinking, 'Right, OK, that's what the forwards do, fair enough.' Before our next home game, Seigne talks to myself and my partner in the centre, the Argentine, Lisandro Arbizu. Seigne says, 'Today, you are forwards'.
"He shouts for both of us to get on the floor and for our pack to run over the top of us so we knew what it felt like to be at the bottom of a ruck. This was minutes before we played a game. I was lying there, not knowing whether to laugh or cry."
Laughter is what he does a lot of as he recalls his years in France. He's sitting in a hotel across from Murrayfield, where on Sunday the nation he represented 82 times will host the country he played in for five seasons at three different clubs - Brive, Castres and Montpellier.
He talks about how it all began, this "exit from the comfort zone" as he calls it. Three clubs were interested in signing him - Brive, Bourgoin and Toulouse. His favourite was Toulouse, the club of Guy Noves, the current French coach, and one of the great bastions of world rugby.
Toulouse had two stand-offs - Christophe Deylaud and Yann Delaigue. The idea, as pitched to Townsend, was that they were going to ship out Deylaud and Delaigue to make room for the marquee Scot. Townsend would be Toulouse's 10.
"I always get upset by the Toulouse thing, because not only did they not offer me a contract in the end but they also said they needed to see footage of me," says Townsend.
"That was a time when you didn't have much footage. All I had was a VHS of me playing for the Lions which our analyst had put together. On that tape was every one of my touches of the ball from South Africa. I said to Toulouse, 'I must get this back because it's a cherished memory', but they lost it."
He went to Brive. It was the summer of 1998 and France was top of the football world. The country was buzzing - a thrilling place to be. Thrilling and very, very different.
Townsend hadn't been in Brive for long when Frenchmen started asking about ghosts. "You're Scottish, Gregor," they'd say. "Many castles. And ghosts? You've seen ghosts?"
He dipped into the deepest recesses of his memory and recalled a visit to Dalhousie Castle, a 13th century pile near Edinburgh said to be haunted by the spirit of a lovelorn teenager. "Oh aye," he replied. "Ghosts. Loads of 'em."
Brive was an education. He learned the language, he embraced the culture, he appreciated the welcome he got in the town - and still does. People would invite him in for coffee when seeing him walking down the street.
"It was a proper rugby town," he says. "A quarter of the population would come and watch us play."
He remembers, on days off, driving the two hours to Toulouse with his wife, Claire, where they could watch a non-dubbed movie in the cinema and where a Marks and Spencer's sold Irn Bru.
"We didn't go especially for the Irn Bru, but we'd stock up all the same," he laughs.
The only problem was the rugby. Brive had become European champions that summer but the free-flowing stuff they showed in beating Leicester in the final was the exception rather than the norm. They had the backline to play expansively, but Seigne chose not to. For him, it was all about the combat, which translated as the emotion or, more precisely, the fighting.
Townsend remembers: "Before one match, I saw Pascal Bomati, our winger, with blood pouring from his head - white as a sheet.
"I asked him what happened. He said the coach (Seigne) headbutted him. I said to the senior players, 'Guys, this is not normal' and they said, 'No, no, this isn't half as bad as other clubs.'
"They told me that at Stade Francais they used to do a thing where the coach would put the showers on full blast, switch the lights off and then the players would start punching each other in the dark while getting soaked. That's all stuff from a bygone age, but it was the way it was done."
Soon, there was a changing room referendum on Seigne. The president of the club polled the players about their coach, giving them three options - to vote to keep him, to vote to sack him immediately, to vote to sack him at the end of the season, which was three games away. He lasted the three games (lost all three) and exited. To say the atmosphere in those weeks wasn't great would be to put it mildly.
Townsend moved on to Castres, where things were more settled and more successful. At Brive he had Christophe Lamaison, Philippe Carbonneau and Oliver Magne. At Castres he had Raphael Ibanez, Mauricio Reggiardo, Ignacio Fernandez Lobbe and a name from a little closer to home, Shaun Longstaff.
"We came so close to doing something really special," he says.
"We got to the semi-final of the French championship but the way the draw worked out we had to play Toulouse in Toulouse and so they had 32,000 and we had 8,000 and they beat us. Had we got them at a neutral venue, you never know. I would have loved to have played in a French final. The history of it was incredible. It meant everything to people.
"In my second season we made the semi-final of the Heineken Cup, but got beaten by Munster. I was captain for the European games, which was an honour. Those years in Castres were fantastic.
"I went away from France and then went back again in 2004, to Montpellier. A really good club, really good people. It was an idyllic lifestyle. A house overlooking a vineyard. One of our sons was born while we were there."
Townsend's ties with France continue now that he is a coach and a student of their game.
"French club rugby is transformed," he asserts. "The money and the popularity - they now say that French rugby is more popular than French football, on TV figures and attendances. All the big cities always had a football team, but now they have a rugby team.
"It looks great on TV when you have full stadiums, but a lot of times it doesn't result in a quality game. Part of that is because of a trend towards size. Big guys running against big guys.
"I think we see the best of French club rugby in Europe, where they play a bit more. The international team? Very physical, very good defence, maybe they're building towards a more attacking game. I just hope they don't unleash it on Sunday."
He talks about Richie Gray and in Gray's story he sees a little of himself. Not the hulking size or the mop of blond hair, of course, but in the journey home from Castres, Townsend's former home which is now home to the big second row.
Townsend understands that journey. "The trips back home were really long," he says.
"I'm not sure if people realise it, but for Richie, there's no direct flight. There's a one-hour drive to Toulouse, then a flight to Paris or London and a two or three-hour wait and then a flight to Edinburgh.
"So he's doing eight, nine or 10 hours of travel every time he comes home - and that's actually quite special because the distance makes you appreciate Scotland all the more. Being selected for Scotland was your only way of getting home during the season. That's the way it'll be for Richie. That trip is long, but it's one you can't wait for."
What Scotland would give for some of Townsend's old genius on Sunday.


A UN proposal to end heavy fighting in the city of Aleppo has been rejected by the Syrian government.

Under the plan, rebel-held eastern Aleppo would remain under opposition control if rebel fighters withdrew.
Foreign Minister Walid al-Muallem, who met the UN envoy to Syria on Sunday,  called the idea a violation of "national sovereignty".
Earlier, eight children died in government-held western Aleppo after rebels hit a school, state media say.
In a rebel-held area, a barrel bomb killed a family of six, activists say.
Local medics say the victims in the al-Sakhour district suffocated to death because the bomb was laced with chlorine gas.
The UK-based Syrian Observatory of Human Rights, which monitors all the latest developments in Syria, reported the bombing but could not confirm the gas was used.
In Sunday's rebel shelling of the school in the government-controlled Furqan area, a teacher was also killed and at least 32 people were injured, Syria's state-run Sana news agency reports.
Mr Muallem rejected the truce plan during Sunday's meeting in Damascus with UN envoy Staffan De Mistura.
Mr De Mistura suggested the government grant autonomy and recognise the local administration in rebel-held areas of Aleppo if jihadist fighters left the city.
But Mr Muallem said the state's institutions must be restored across the whole city because it was a matter of "national sovereignty".
"It is not acceptable at all to leave some 275,000 of our people as hostages to 6,000 or 7,000 gunmen. There is no government in the world that would accept that," the Syrian minister said.
Mr De Mistura warned earlier this week that the government was chasing a "pyrrhic victory" in Aleppo if it does not arrive at a political settlement with the opposition.
Mr De Mistura arrived in the country amid growing concern for the residents of east Aleppo. The World Health Organization says they are almost entirely without hospital facilities following the government's latest assault.
According to the UK-based Syrian Observatory of Human Rights, at least 103 people have died in rebel-controlled areas since the bombardment began on Tuesday, following a three-week moratorium.
Syria Civil Defence, a volunteer rescue service also known as the White Helmets, said there were 180 air strikes on east Aleppo on Saturday alone.


The Australian government has released pictures showing the riot at Christmas Island migrant detention centre earlier this week and its aftermath.

Police used tear gas on Tuesday to end three days of unrest sparked by the death of an Iranian asylum seeker.
CCTV images appear to show two detainees, one armed with a machete, lighting and throwing a petrol bomb.
Photos of the aftermath show broken windows, ransacked offices and smashed equipment.
The unrest began on Sunday after an escaped detainee was found dead. Inmates started fires and barricaded themselves inside a compound with weapons.
Meanwhile, a Border Force spokesperson confirmed that seven detainees who allegedly participated in the unrest were being transferred from Christmas Island to Australia's mainland.
"The detainees are travelling on a charter flight accompanied by security officers. Restraints are used where appropriate for the safety and security of detainees, staff and the aircraft," a statement provided to the BBC said.
Christmas Island is a remote Australian territory in the Indian Ocean, 2,650km (1,650 miles) north-west of Perth.
The facility houses asylum seekers alongside people, including New Zealand citizens, whose Australian visas have been cancelled after they committed crimes.
Australia's immigration minister Peter Dutton earlier defended housing asylum seekers with "serious criminals" at the detention centre.
Mr Dutton told the ABC that the asylum seekers held at the compound with the convicted criminals - including the New Zealand nationals - were only sent there after risk assessments.
"Some [asylum seekers] have had an extreme threat assessment worked up and that's as a result of their own behaviour," he said during a radio interview.
"That is the basis on which the [Australian] Border Force officers make a decision about whether somebody is at a high security facility or whether they are at a low-security arrangement."
He blamed the unrest on "a hardened criminal population that occupies the immigration detention centre".
He also rejected suggestions that some of the New Zealanders held at the camp had only been convicted of minor crimes such as shoplifting and traffic offences.
Under controversial policies, Australia sends all intercepted asylum seekers to Christmas Island as well as Manus Island in Papua New Guinea and Nauru in the South Pacific.


A rabbit from Dorset has had hydrotherapy for arthritis, a treatment more commonly given to dogs and horses.

Heidi, a four-year-old continental giant rabbit, has had sessions in a heated pool while wearing a lifejacket.
Hydrotherapy pool owner Linda Prove admitted she was sceptical when a vet referred the rabbit, but the treatment was "working incredibly well".
Heidi's owner Amanda Williams, from Christchurch, said her pet took to it like a "duck to water".
Heidi, who weighs about 7kg, had been diagnosed with arthritis in her hips and knees and spondylosis in her neck.
Ms Prove, owner of the pool in Milford-on-Sea, Hampshire, said: "We've had lots of success with dogs - it's good for the joints as it gets them moving and means they don't stiffen up."
While rabbits can swim in the wild, Heidi wears a buoyancy jacket during the sessions and is carefully dried afterwards to prevent hypothermia.
Ms Williams said: "None of us thought she would tolerate even one minute in water.
"She is certainly a lot more lively and is obviously benefiting from this treatment."


Police are hunting for a man who was wearing a "giant penis" costume at the time of a serious street assault.

A 26-year-old was left with a shattered shin bone, torn ligaments and a dislocated knee after he was set upon by a group of 10 men in Leeds City Centre, police said.
He required surgery for his injuries.
West Yorkshire Police said one member of the group - thought to have been a stag party - was wearing the "distinctive fancy dress outfit".
More on this and other Yorkshire stories
The force issued a stock photo of a costume like the one being worn in a bid to get witnesses to contact them.
Appealing for information, Det Con Gaynor Burt said the assault happened at the junction of Albion Street and Boar Lane at 03:00 BST on 2 April.
"The victim was very badly injured in this attack and will still require further surgery," she said.
"While the nature of costume worn by one of the group might be amusing to some, we are hoping that mentioning it will jog someone's memory and assist in tracing those responsible for what was a serious assault that has left the victim with long-term consequences."
The man's attacker was described as white, about 6ft (183cm) tall, with a shaved head, police said. He was wearing a beige or white top.
Another member of the group was described as shorter and of stocky build with black hair. He was wearing red and white T-shirt.ã€€


A fire that destroyed a disused hotel in Shropshire earlier this month is being treated as arson, police say.

The Mill at Alveley, near Bridgnorth, closed six months ago following financial difficulties.
The fire, on 18 May, tore through the building, causing the roof to collapse. Smoke was visible from several miles away.
Police have now confirmed it was arson and want people seen walking in the area before the fire to come forward.
"Investigations are ongoing and we once again ask anyone with information to come forward directly or anonymously," a West Mercia Police spokesman said.
"The site still remains extremely dangerous and should not be entered."
The 41-bedroom hotel had previously been a popular wedding venue.


Plans to build a retail park which would create up to 260 full-time jobs in Carmarthenshire have been deferred.

Conygar wants to develop land at Cross Hands West which was previously earmarked for a Sainsbury's store.
The scheme is made up of 10 units, including a food store, a variety of shops, a pub and restaurant.
The application was recommended for approval, but a decision was delayed due to a late legal challenge on a nearby application.
Conygar said its development would create the equivalent of 260 full-time jobs and more than 100 jobs during the construction phase. It had hoped to start construction this year.
A separate planning application from Leekes was also deferred at Thursday's meeting.
The department store wanted permission to build a retail unit on the site of a nearby overflow car park, but Conygar challenged a report prepared for Leekes on alternative sites for development.
Carmarthenshire council's head of planning, Llinos Quelch, said the challenge required "further assessment" as it was based on "recent case law".


Troubled doorstep lender Provident Financial has gone from being Tuesday's biggest stock market loser to Wednesday's biggest winner.

However, Wednesday's gain of 12.1% paled by comparison with its 66% plunge on Tuesday.
At the other end of the scale, advertising giant WPP's shares sank 11% after it reported slowing sales.
At the close, the FTSE 100 was just in positive territory, up 0.91 points or 0.01% at 7,382.65.
On the currency markets, the pound was down 0.3% against the dollar at $1.2786 and down 0.63% against the euro at 1.031 euros.


Four Syrian refugees who had been living in the migrant camp known as the "Jungle" near Calais have arrived in the UK after a legal ruling.

An immigration judge ruled on Wednesday that the three teenagers and a mentally ill man were entitled to come to the UK to join relatives already living here.
One of the group urged refugees waiting to enter Britain to "have faith".
He said they should see his case as proof there was a way to reach the UK "legally and safely".
The group of three teenagers, and a 26-year-old man with severe mental health issues, were told at the Immigration and Asylum Tribunal that they could enter the UK and stay while their asylum applications were processed.
Syrian teenagers win UK asylum ruling
The refugees, who all fled the Syrian civil war and had been living in the camp for at least two months, will live with their relatives in the UK while their claims are considered.
One of the boys in the group, a 17-year-old who cannot be named for legal reasons, was reunited at London's St Pancras station with his older brother, whom he last saw in war-torn Syria and who was smuggled into the UK in a tomato lorry.
Describing the moment, he said: "I feel so thankful because I would never have imagined I would be reunited with my brother."
The teen also thanked his legal team, who used human rights legislation to argue the group should be immediately taken out of the "intolerable" conditions of the "Jungle".
He said: "I thank every person who was part of this process - they have saved lives. They have saved people from death... I thank Britain as a whole."
The refugees' legal team successfully argued that bureaucratic delays in France meant their cases should be handed over to the UK, where they all have relatives legally living.
At least one of the group is expected to join relatives in Scotland.
Under European rules, known as Dublin III, asylum seekers must claim asylum in the first country they reach.
Those who have a relative living legally in another European country do have a legal entitlement to then apply to seek asylum there, but only if they have already been processed by the first country.
It is thought the case could pave the way for many other refugees in the Calais camp to be brought to Britain.


A US judge has issued a temporary halt to the deportation of visa holders or refugees stranded at airports after President Donald Trump issued an order barring entry to them for 90 days.

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed a case in response to the order issued on Friday.
The White House said 109 people were detained, and around two dozen travellers are still being held.
Thousands of people gathered at US airports to protest against the move.
Mr Trump's executive order halted the entire US refugee programme and also instituted a 90-day travel ban for nationals from Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen.
Those who were already mid-flight were detained on arrival - even if they held valid US visas or other immigration permits.
Defending his move, Mr Trump early on Sunday tweeted: "Our country needs strong borders and extreme vetting, NOW." He told reporters on Saturday that the executive order was "working out very nicely. You see it at the airports, you see it all over".
His Chief of Staff Reince Priebus denied that the introduction of the ban had been chaotic. He said that, of the 325,000 people entering the US on Saturday, 109 were detained.
"Most of those people were moved out," he told NBC's Meet the Press programme. "We've got a couple of dozen more than remain and I would suspect that as long as they're not awful people that they will move through before another half a day today."
The ruling from federal Judge Ann Donnelly, in New York, prevented the removal from the US of people with approved refugee applications, valid visas, and "other individuals... legally authorised to enter the United States".
The emergency ruling also said there was a risk of "substantial and irreparable injury" to those affected.
Her ruling is not on the constitutionality of Mr Trump's executive order.
The department of homeland security said it would continue to enforce the measures.
Ali worked for three years as an interpreter for the US Army and gained admittance to the US through a Special Immigrant Visa, reserved for Iraqi and Afghan nationals who face threats of violence for working for Americans during the conflicts there.
He now has a green card, and returned to Iraq for his father's funeral, only to be delayed for hours for questioning at Dulles.
"We are not terrorists. We are not bad people," said Ali. "It's so hard. I hope they will change their minds on this position."
Read more from the BBC's Jessica Lussenhop on the night at Dulles airport, near Washington in Virginia
The court case was brought early on Saturday on behalf of two Iraqi men detained at JFK Airport in New York. One worked for the US military in Iraq, while the other is married to a former US military contract employee.
Both have now been released. Another court hearing is set for February.
Lee Gelernt, deputy legal director of the Immigrants Rights Project, who argued the case in court said that some people had been threatened with being "put back on a plane" later on Saturday.
Mr Gelernt also said the judge had ordered the government to provide a list of names of those detained under the order.
Judges elsewhere in the US have also ruled on the issue:
Criticism of Mr Trump's decision has been growing louder outside the US.
Iran and Iraq are threatening a reciprocal ban on US citizens entering the country.
Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany said "even the necessary, determined fight against terrorism does not justify placing people of a certain origin or belief under general suspicion".
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau tweeted that his government remained committed to welcoming "those fleeing persecution, terror and war".
A spokesperson for UK PM Theresa May said she "did not agree" with the restrictions, and French independent presidential candidate Emmanuel Macron tweeted: "I stand with the people fleeing war and persecution".


Tens of thousands of visitors have gathered in Brighton and Hove for the city's 20th Pride festival.

A community interest company appointed by the city council in March is running the parade and ticketed festival.
The parade started at 11:00 BST from Madeira Drive and takes in King's Road, West Street and North Street before travelling up the A23 to Preston Park.
Sussex Police said 28,000 tickets had been sold with delays of up to two hours for entry to the park.
Jason Simons, 42, from London, who wore a pair of high heels and skimpy shorts, said: "Pride in Brighton always puts on a good show.
"Everyone gets into the spirit of it, and it has got something for everyone. I absolutely love it."
Alexandra Burke, the Freemasons and Fatboy Slim will headline the festival in the park.
The event was free until 2010, but Pride events were dogged by money problems and complaints about overcrowding and litter.
Trevor Edwards, the director of Pride Brighton and Hove, described the event as the "highlight in the city's cultural calendar for LGBT residents, friends and visitors alike".
One man was taken to hospital "after dancing out of a window", Sussex Police said.
Drag entertainer Stephen Richards, who performs as Lola Lasagne, said this year's Brighton and Hove Pride was going back to its roots.
"Pride is a celebration of everything we have here," he said.
The festival is usually held in August but was delayed this year to avoid a clash with the London Olympics.
"Pride is a great showcase for the city and one of the biggest events in the calendar," said Sussex Police Chief Supt Graham Bartlett.
"It will be business as usual in the city centre, although we do expect some temporary disruption to traffic."
Police have warned that anyone holding unlicensed events, including on the beach, could face prosecution.


Roger Federer won his 18th Grand Slam title and first for five years with a thrilling five-set victory over Rafael Nadal in the Australian Open final.

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The 35-year-old Swiss won 6-4 3-6 6-1 3-6 6-3 to claim his fifth Melbourne title and extend his lead at the top of the all-time men's major winners' list.
Nadal, 30, remains tied in second with Pete Sampras on 14 Grand Slams following his first final since 2014.
Federer's previous major title came at Wimbledon in 2012.
"I've been coming here for almost 20 years now," he said. "I've always enjoyed it and now my family does too.
"Thanks again for everything, to everybody. I hope to see you next year. If not, this was a wonderful run here and I can't be more happy to win."
Federer's achievement in ending his drought is all the more remarkable given this was his first tournament since Wimbledon last July, after which he took the second half of the season off to recover from a knee injury.
He becomes the first man in history to win five or more titles at three different Grand Slam events - five Australian Opens, five US Opens and seven Wimbledons.
Nadal was also on the way back from injuries that curtailed his 2016 season, but the Spaniard could not improve his winning record against Federer - the Swiss has now won 12 of their 35 matches and three of nine major finals.
"I worked very hard to get where I am," said Nadal. "I fight a lot, probably Roger deserved it a little bit more than me.
"I'm just going to keep trying. I feel I am back at a very high level."
The return of one of the great tennis rivalries to the Grand Slam final stage led to huge anticipation, and it lived up to the billing over three hours and 37 minutes.
A match of wild momentum swings ended with a purple patch from Federer that saw him win the last five games, and clinch the title thanks to confirmation from a Hawk-Eye challenge.
Federer leapt in the air in celebration and, after consoling close friend Nadal, broke down in tears as his wife Mirka and his team celebrated in the stands.
"Tennis is a tough sport," said Federer. "There are no draws. If there were I would have been happy to accept one and share it with Rafa.
"Everybody says they work very hard - I do the same - but I try not to shout about it. I'd like to thank my team. It's been a different last six months. I didn't think I'd make it but here I am."
The injury lay-offs meant Federer was seeded 17th in Melbourne and Nadal ninth, but the Swiss will now return to the world's top 10 and Nadal will move up to sixth.
There were moments of genius from both players - a stunning forehand angled winner from Nadal as he dominated the fourth set, a breathtaking 26-stroke rally in the fifth that ended with a crushing Federer forehand - but in the end the attacking instincts of Federer held sway.
He dropped just four points on serve in the first set, breaking serve after a brilliant drive volley in game seven, only for Nadal to race 4-0 clear in the second.
Federer recovered one of the breaks but it was not enough as Nadal served out to love to level the match, and then heaped on the pressure early in the third.
With the momentum slipping away, Federer came up with three aces on break points to nudge ahead in the first game - and it proved to be a decisive moment.
A magical half-volley forehand helped Federer get the break in the next game and he rolled through the set for the loss of just one game.
Neither had been able to produce their very best consistently and it was Federer's turn to leak forehand errors as he fell behind in the fourth set, and Nadal appeared the stronger as they headed into a decider.
Federer needed an off-court medical time-out, just as he had before the fifth set of his semi-final against Stan Wawrinka, and he had treatment to his thigh on the changeover as he fell 3-1 behind.
Despite his physical issues, Federer continued to press on the Nadal serve, earning break points in each game until he finally converted a sixth to level at 3-3.
The Rod Laver Arena crowd roared as the Swiss swept through a service game and then broke again in a dramatic game, winning a 26-stroke rally that will rank among the best ever.
Closing out a Grand Slam final was never going to be easy after five years, and Federer had to recover from 15-40 before firing a forehand onto the line and waiting for Hawk-Eye to confirm it was a historic winner.
2006: French Open - Nadal won 1-6 6-1 6-4 7-6 (7-4)
2006: Wimbledon - Federer won 6-0 7-6 (7-5) 6-7 (2-7) 6-3
2007: French Open - Nadal won 6-3 4-6 6-3 6-4
2007: Wimbledon - Federer won 7-6 (9-7) 4-6 7-6 (7-3) 2-6 6-2
2008: French Open - Nadal won 6-1 6-3 6-0
2008: Wimbledon - Nadal won 6-4 6-4 6-7 (5-7) 6-7 (8-10) 9-7
2009: Australian Open - Nadal won 7-5 3-6 7-6 (7-3) 3-6 6-2
2011: French Open - Nadal won 7-5 7-6 (7-3) 5-7 6-1
2017: Australian Open - Federer won 6-4 3-6 6-1 3-6 6-3


MSPs have launched an inquiry into the impact of the 2008 recession on the quality of jobs in Scotland's labour market.

Holyrood's economy committee is examining whether working conditions have improved or declined since the recession and subsequent recovery.
MSPs will look at how that has affected the health and wellbeing of workers.
They will also explore the impact of low wages and temporary or insecure jobs on the Scottish economy.
The committee will look at what the Scottish government and public policy makers can do to improve job quality and wellbeing.
Workers will be able to air their views through a survey which is being issued as part of the committee's call for evidence.
Committee convener Murdo Fraser said: "The Scottish economy is clearly on the road to recovery but it's important that as politicians we reflect on whether the 2008 recession has had a long-lasting impact on the quality of jobs in the labour market."
The Tory MSP said: "An increase of people in employment is always to be welcomed. However, this inquiry will delve into the issues behind the headlines and determine if job quality has improved.
"Issues such as low pay and zero hour contracts are high on the political agenda, but this inquiry wants to get to the bottom of their impact on the wider Scottish economy."
Deputy convener Dennis Robertson said: "Part of this inquiry is about hearing directly from people across Scotland who work in different sectors of the economy about what they value from an employer and if their working conditions have improved."
The SNP MSP said: "Along with other evidence, this will help us as a committee to determine the impact of employment practices on the Scottish economy.
"The health and social impact of employment practices is one the committee is particularly interested in hearing more about, particularly the impact of low pay."