More English managers have got their hands on the World Cup than the Premier League title.

To mark 25 years since the last English manager won the top flight, a BBC Radio 5 live special asks if an English manager will ever win the Premier League.
The media can be more guilty than most of thinking that football began with the Premier League's inaugural campaign in 1992-93, but, in this instance, it was the end of an era.
This season's 25th instalment also marks a quarter of a century since Howard Wilkinson became the last Englishman to guide a club to become champions of England. His Leeds side pipped Alex Ferguson's Manchester United to win the title only two years after being promoted from the second tier.
Since then, glory has been tasted by two Scots, a Frenchman, a Portuguese, a Chilean and, when Antonio Conte completes the job with Chelsea, four Italians.
English managers are getting further away, too. In the first edition of the Premier League, 16 of the 22 bosses were from England. Now there are six. Last season, the top flight ended with only four clubs managed by Englishmen, and that includes Everton's caretakers.
In 1993, Englishman Ron Atkinson was second with Aston Villa. The only other native to reach the top two is Kevin Keegan, and that was in 1996 (Brian Kidd's two-game spell in charge of second-placed Manchester City in 2013 hardly counts).
Englishmen gradually vacated the top three, then the top four, five, six and seven. Last season was the first Premier League without an English boss finishing in the top half.
To what extent have English managers been affected by the foreign money, owners and players that characterise the top flight? Should homegrown bosses look abroad in order to grow their knowledge and reputation? Can a manager find a way from the lower leagues to the summit of the domestic game?
Most importantly, will an English manager ever win the Premier League?
If the 2017 Premier League belongs to the world - backed by money from across Europe, Asia and America, managed by bosses from 11 different countries, populated by players from countless others and supported by fans across the globe - then the 1992-93 version was as English as fish and chips on a wet day in Southport, albeit with a few tourists from the rest of the UK and Ireland.
Of the 22 managers that ended the season, the six that weren't English were made up of four Scots, a Welshman and an Irishman. Bar Ossie Ardiles' spell in charge of Spurs, the Premier League remained entirely managed by Britons and Irishmen until 1996.
Arsene Wenger's arrival at Arsenal in that year has long been described as a Frenchman bringing a revolution to English football - new attitudes to diet, training, alcohol and professionalism.
Wenger did the Double in 1998, 12 months after Chelsea lifted the FA Cup to make Ruud Gullit the first manager from outside of the UK and Ireland to win one of English football's major trophies.
Their success piqued attention throughout the Premier League - former Liverpool chief executive Rick Parry said Wenger caused clubs to "rethink the approach" -  but that was not the only reason that eyes began to glance abroad.
An expanded Champions League - England got two places in 1997 and three in 1999 - was one of the factors that contributed to Liverpool recruiting Gerard Houllier to work alongside existing manager Roy Evans in 1998.
"We wanted to bring someone in from overseas, we wanted to add that European dimension. That was a very deliberate decision," said Parry. "We felt the game was internationalising and that you couldn't just survive with an island league.
"You had to be aware of what was happening across borders and be able to compete with the top European clubs. We felt we needed that European experience to add to a successful base."
When the time came to replace Houllier in 2004, sights were set higher. To win the Premier League, the Reds felt they needed a manager with championship-winning experience.
By that time, though, the only managers in the English top flight to have won it were Wenger and Ferguson, neither of whom were ever likely to be available.
Liverpool's appointment of Rafael Benitez, a man who won two Spanish titles with Valencia, would be replicated by the arrivals of serial winners Jose Mourinho at Chelsea, Roberto Mancini at Manchester City and, much later, Louis van Gaal at Manchester United.
"We had a very specific criteria that narrowed the selection," added Parry. "Rafa seemed like a perfect fit."
"It was nothing to do with a sexy image, it was how he and the world-class Spanish players he brought in could add value to the holy grail of winning the Premier League."
The arrival of managers from outside of the UK and Ireland began as a trickle, but is now a steady and self-replenishing stream. At the end of 2004-05 there were five bosses from overseas, seven by 2009-10 and 10 by '13-14. Earlier this season, that number peaked at 13.
If the touchline is increasingly multi-national, it is nothing compared to the boardroom.
What began with Norwegian investment at Wimbledon and Mohamed Al Fayed taking his Fulham to the top flight was followed by a mid-2000s avalanche of cash brought by the likes of Roman Abramovich and the Glazer family. Now, there are only four Premier League clubs that are not influenced by foreign money.
"The biggest single reason why there are more foreign managers is foreign ownership," said former England defender Phil Neville.
"A lot of these owners attach themselves to a particular agent who has foreign managers on their books and that agent will promote their own.
"In Europe, Spain and Italy in particular, they like to give opportunities to their own managers, rather than bringing someone in from outside."
To illustrate that point, there are eight non-German bosses in the Bundesliga, seven non-Spanish coaches in La Liga, seven non-French managers in Ligue 1 and only four non-Italians in charge of Serie A clubs.
Barring a Leicester-style shock (delivered by an Italian), Premier League winners for the foreseeable future are likely to come from six clubs - Manchester United, Manchester City, Liverpool, Arsenal, Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur. Therefore, for an English manager to lift the title, he would have to be in charge of one of those clubs.
And therein lies a problem. Neither United or Arsenal have had an English boss since 1986. Chelsea's last full-time English manager was in 1996, while City haven't looked at home since the Abu Dhabi United group took over. Liverpool's only English stewardship since Roy Evans left in 1998 was Roy Hodgson's six months at Anfield.
These clubs have had plenty of success with bosses from the rest of UK and Ireland - Ferguson, George Graham, Kenny Dalglish - and taken chances on others - David Moyes and Brendan Rodgers. However, last season was the first that overseas bosses in the top flight outnumbered Britons and Irishmen.
Of that top six, Spurs have had the most recent success with an English manager, with Harry Redknapp the last Englishman to finish inside the Premier League's top four in 2012.
"It's about getting the opportunity, but the lads don't get the chance," said Redknapp. "They work their socks off to get their coaching badges, but when the top jobs come up they are never mentioned."
Still, it can be strongly argued that a Premier League owner, chairman or chief executive wanting the best for their club is right to look abroad.
Parry's explanation of Liverpool's recruitment of Houllier and Benitez is logical - it is only natural that a club signing the very best players from all over the world would want to do the same when it comes to the manager.
Can, then, English managers be considered to be among the best on the planet?
"The perception is that foreign coaches are better educated and it's harder to qualify overseas than it has been in England," said Parry.
"That perception has been a reality. Going back a decade or two, when English football had no requirements to be a manager, it was a fact of life that in Germany, Spain and Italy you had to have the qualifications or you couldn't coach. We were the last bastion of complete freedom - we were behind the curve in that sense.
"That was probably a setback, but I'd love to feel that we were catching up."
Redknapp, though, feels English bosses are not lacking in quality, but are up against it when it comes to image.
Sam Allardyce may have had his tongue planted in his cheek when he said that he would be managing a top-four club if his name was "Allardici", but the point still stands.
Is the designer suit and manicured stubble of a continental boss more appealing than the duvet coat of his English counterpart?
"It's sexy to have a foreign manager," said Redknapp. "Owners think he was so and so, or he played for him, he managed this club when, in reality, they are no better than what our lads are.
"It's my honest belief that if you put Sean Dyche in charge of a top six club, they will still be in the top six. If you put any of the top six managers down at Burnley, they won't do any better than what he's done."
And so English bosses face multiple barriers to obtaining managerial jobs at the biggest clubs in the land.
Foreign managers are more attractive to foreign owners, are perceived to have greater knowledge of the European game and have often built a reputation through winning trophies in the biggest leagues on the continent.
An English manager could (and maybe even should) come to the conclusion that the best way to make himself appealing to the biggest clubs in the Premier League is to leave these shores to manage, learn and, hopefully, win in Europe.
But if English bosses are maligned at home, why should they be taken seriously abroad?
"I don't think English coaches are held in that high esteem abroad," said Neville. "There's a stigma attached to the coaches that leave England to work abroad and there are not many opportunities."
Neville speaks from the bruising experience of assisting brother Gary in an unsuccessful spell in charge of Valencia, but he insists he will see the benefits if he decides to return to coaching.
"There's a different world out there," added the former Manchester United and Everton man. "I have learned so much in the past 18 months, not just on the training field, but about the culture and myself.
"Watching, coaching, little things that will hopefully stand me in good stead for the rest of my coaching career."
The reality, though, is that a new English manager who does not have the benefit of 50 international caps is likely to begin his career in League One or League Two - if he is lucky.
And Redknapp makes a strong point when he says that the only way for an English manager to reach the top flight is to win promotion from the Championship.
The last manager of any nationality to be appointed to a Premier League club from a job in the Football League (not unemployed, promoted from within or taken from abroad) was Chris Hughton, who moved from Birmingham to Norwich in the summer of 2012. More than 50 bosses have been recruited by top-flight clubs since then.
"We need to make sure we promote and market the CVs of up-and-coming coaches," said League Managers' Association chief executive Richard Bevan. "We need to make sure that the agents who are advising foreign owners are aware of our members."
One option open to those ending the most stellar playing careers is to take a job coaching in an academy and work upwards.
Steven Gerrard, the new Liverpool Under-18s coach, may have come to the conclusion that he is much more likely to get a chance with the Reds first team by being taken from the Anfield system, rather than gambling on success in the lower leagues.
"If you asked Steven Gerrard to become MK Dons manager, he doesn't know anything about League One football, or even the Championship," said Neville. "He never played in it and maybe never watched a game. He'd be setting himself up for a fall.
"When I finished my career I wanted to go into management. I was an assistant for a couple of years, but wanted my own job. I thought I'd struggle to get a club, so wondered what another path could be, maybe at a youth team or an under-18 team.
"You see it a lot in Spain - we have Curro Torres, a former Spain international, at Valencia. He's had four seasons as the B team manager and now he's ready to go out on his own."
But for those who do not have the option of an academy job at a mega-club, the route to the top must start much further down the pyramid.
Historically that has been no barrier to success - World Cup winner Sir Alf Ramsey's first job was with third-tier Ipswich Town, the same level at which Redknapp inherited Bournemouth.
Eddie Howe famously kept the same club in the Football League despite a 17-point deduction, while Allardyce began as player-manager of Irish club Limerick.
For David Artell, a 36-year-old who has guided Crewe to League Two safety since being given his first managerial gig in January, Howe gives inspiration that the mountain can still be scaled.
"Why should I think there's anything stopping me from making it to the top?" he said. "Maybe that's naivety, but I truly believe I will go as far as my work ethic, desire and commitment will take me.
"I don't think that will stop at a chairman's door because a Portuguese fella or a French fella is better than me.
"You can say opportunity is limited because of all the foreign managers in the Premier League, but don't blame them. You have to look at yourself first. Excellence can't just be picked up, you have go and seek it."
His optimism, ambition and bullishness is laudable, but tempered by the bleak words of Redknapp.
"I don't see a top-six club appointing an Englishman for a long time to come," he said.
"It's a long way down the line before an Englishman wins the Premier League. The top six from this season will be the top six again next year. They all have foreign managers.
"Hopefully it will change, but not in the near future."


The Conservative leader of a Lincolnshire council said he has not ruled out working with UKIP after both parties won the same number of seats.

Both parties won 13 seats on Boston Borough Council, with Labour and the Independents getting two each.
The parliamentary seat of Boston and Skegness was one of UKIP's targets in the General Election, but the Conservatives held it.
Boston's Tory leader Peter Bedford said it would be wrong to rule anything out.
Mr Bedford said: "We have delivered on all our promises in the last four years and hopefully the existing councillors who aren't UKIP, will support us accordingly."
On whether a deal was possible with UKIP, he said: "It would depend who their leader is and on their thoughts."
He said."It would be wrong to say one way or the other,"
In the parliamentary seat there was a Conservative swing to UKIP of 15%.
UKIP's Robin Hunter-Clarke took 14,645 votes, but Tory Matt Warman held with a 4,336 majority.


Work to produce a detailed three-dimensional survey of a 12th Century cathedral in Orkney is under way.

The Romano-Gothic St Magnus Cathedral, built from red and yellow sandstone, is of international significance.
The foundations were placed in 1137, and the building - dedicated to Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney - took about 300 years to build.
A team from York-based IIC Technologies has been brought in to carry out the work in Kirkwall.
It will not only produce a detailed image of the building inside and out, but also help in future monitoring of its condition.
And 3D models of the cathedral will also be used as part of a major new exhibition within the Orkney Museum.


A crucial step in the procedure for publishing the long-delayed report of the Chilcot Inquiry into the Iraq War has yet to start, the BBC understands.

The inquiry, which has cost more than Â£7m, interviewed its last witness three years ago but has yet to be published.
Whitehall sources said the process of allowing some people to respond to the inquiry's findings had not begun.
Prime Minister David Cameron said on Friday he "very much hoped" the report would be ready by the end of the year.
But Mr Cameron has also conceded that this timetable was not in his gift.
BBC News understands there are still significant obstacles to overcome.
Before publication, those facing criticism have to be given an opportunity to respond privately.
Sir John Chilcot had intended to begin this process last year but Whitehall sources said this was yet to get under way.
BBC political correspondent Iain Watson says the prime minister is hopeful this will happen soon.
But Sir John first wants the Cabinet Office to agree to publish more of the notes and conversations about Iraq between former Prime Minister Tony Blair and ex-US President George W Bush.
The Cabinet Office is said to be close to deciding which documents will be made public but if that list does not satisfy Sir John then the report could be still further delayed.
The independent inquiry into the Iraq War was set up before the last election by the then Prime Minister Gordon Brown.
Public Administration Committee chairman Bernard Jenkin has said delays to the publication of the report have become "very serious".
Mr Jenkin said the report was "at least four years overdue" and an explanation was needed.
He urged ministers to "sort this out". The government said it had been in talks with the inquiry and the process would end as soon as possible.
The inquiry started in 2009 but two years later it was still taking evidence from key witnesses.


An 18-year-old man has been shot dead in a pub car park in Llanbedrog, near Pwllheli, Gwynedd.

North Wales Police said the teenager was in a vehicle at the Ship Inn in the village when officers were called just after midnight on Sunday.
Officers said that the victim was local to the area.
Four people have been arrested, and forensic investigations are ongoing. Police said the family of the young man had been told.
The small village on the LlÅ·n Peninsula sits between Pwllheli and Abersoch, with a population of about 1,000 people, attracting many more visitors as a north Wales holiday destination in the summer months.
"We heard the sirens just after 12 midnight," said Catrin Hughes, who lives a few doors away from the pub.
"We thought is was an RTC because the roads here are so narrow. We didn't hear anything more after that.
"You don't expect this kind of thing to happen. People are talking, but we don't expect this kind of thing in this part of the world.
"It's usually a quiet pub - there are five to eight people drinking in the top bar, and everybody knows everybody - especially at this time of year."
A police spokesman said: "Four men have been arrested and will be interviewed by detectives.
"The man's family has been informed and are being supported by the police."
A post-mortem examination is expected to be carried out later, and the coroner for north west Wales has also been informed of the death.


Premature babies and their families generally miss out on celebrating holidays and big events like everyone else because the focus is just on getting big enough and well enough to go home.

So staff and volunteers at St Luke's Hospital in Kansas City, Missouri, decided this year to find a way for their smallest patients to mark their first Halloween.
They decided to get their sewing kits out and made pint-sized outfits for each of the 35 babies in their care at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).
The mini dressing-up box includes outfits for Superman, Captain America, Batman, Wonder Woman, butterflies and the local baseball team, the Kansas City Royals.
Parents go to pick a costume which they feel suits their baby best and for Jennifer Behnke and her husband Fritz, Captain America was the only choice for their son William.
"He's our superhero and we call him Warrior William because he's such a little fighter," said Mrs Behnke.
William was born on 15 August at 25 weeks weighing just 1lb 1oz (481g). Ten weeks on and he has grown to a much healthier 4lb 11oz (2.1kg).
"You're in your own world for 12-16 hours a day when you're in the NICU and you don't know what's happening outside," said Mrs Behnke. "So it's great with Halloween coming up to be able to celebrate even though we're still in St Luke's."
Michelle Manuel, a spokesman for the hospital, said US charity March of Dimes had come up with the idea of the Halloween costumes.
The charity focuses on raising awareness about premature babies and its local volunteers joined forces with the NICU nurses to make the little outfits out of felt.
"It's so positive to be able to mark Halloween which is their first milestone," said Ms Manuel.
"Being in the NICU can be a stressful and emotional time so to be able to provide the families with something normal and a way to make a good memory is great."
As well as the costumes each baby received a gift pack with a "Trick or Treat, smell my feet" card featuring their baby's footprints, a hand-crocheted pumpkin filled with sweets and a Halloween book.
By Annie Flury, UGC and Social News Team


A man has been charged with murder following the death of his elderly wife near Reading.

Josephine Williamson, 83, was treated for injuries at a property in Elm Lane, Lower Earley, in November, but died at the scene.
Retired vet Philip Williamson, aged 88, of Elm Lane, Lower Earley, has been charged with one count of murder.
At Reading Magistrates Court, he was remanded in custody to appear before the town's crown court on Thursday.


An elderly man has died in a single-vehicle crash on the A75 in Dumfries and Galloway.

Emergency services were sent to the accident near Gatehouse of Fleet at about 11:50.
Police said a 76-year-old man driving a Renault Scenic died at the scene of the crash.
The road was closed for several hours while collision investigation work continued and a lengthy diversion route put in place.
Drivers were advised to avoid the area if at all possible.
Anyone with information about the crash has been asked to contact police.


A house near a lake in New York in America became covered in ice.

14 March 2017 Last updated at 07:26 GMT
The strong winds and low temperatures caused water from Lake Ontario to blow over the house and then freeze.
It is part of a winter storm that is expected to bring blizzard-like conditions from New York City to Boston this week.
More than half a metre of snow is expected in some areas.
The mayor of New York has called on people to stay indoors to stay safe.


Scotland were comfortably beaten by Italy, with the only saving grace that the margin of defeat could have been greater.

Southampton's Graziano Pelle  scored the only goal of the match, which Italy dominated from start to finish.
Scotland offered little as an attacking force and struggled to keep possession on an unforgiving surface in Malta.
The Italians adapted to that much better as they continued their preparations for Euro 2016.
While Antonio Conte's side would have been expected to control the game - played in Malta because the Italians are holding a week-long training camp there ahead of Euro 2016 - the ease with which they brushed their Scottish counterparts aside should be of concern to Gordon Strachan.
Pelle's goal was scant reward for their dominance but highlighted the Italians' superior quality.
Daniele De Rossi sliced through the Scots team with a typically precise pass for Eder and when the ball broke off the striker to Pelle, he curled a shot inside the left-hand post of David Marshall from 19 yards.
It was a deadly strike and Scotland were fortunate Italy had failed to capitalise on a string of earlier chances to bury their opponents.
Indeed, Marshall was scarcely called into action after an excellent double-save as early as the seventh minute.
Having pushed away an Antonio Candreva free-kick, which bounced nastily in front of him, he reacted brilliantly to keep out Emanuele Giaccherini's close-range rebound.
Giaccherini was the main culprit in terms of passing up chances as he skied one shot when picked out unmarked 12 yards out and then stabbed wide after getting on the end of another pinpoint De Rossi pass.
Incredibly, the Scots failed to hit the target over the entire 90 minutes, but could have had an ill-deserved equaliser with 12 minutes remaining.
A slack clearance from Federico Bernardeschi fell kindly for Steven Naismith and although he was able to find Matt Ritchie, the Bournemouth forward could not wrap his left foot around the ball sufficiently and only managed to hit the side-netting.
Strachan had been certain before the match his players would be motivated to play a team of Italy's quality, but for the most part the gulf in class made for a tough learning experience for Scotland.
Match ends, Italy 1, Scotland 0.
Second Half ends, Italy 1, Scotland 0.
Giorgio Chiellini (Italy) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Oliver Burke (Scotland).
Foul by Simone Zaza (Italy).
Christophe Berra (Scotland) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Simone Zaza (Italy).
Charlie Mulgrew (Scotland) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Simone Zaza (Italy).
Charlie Mulgrew (Scotland) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Scotland. Craig Bryson replaces James McArthur.
Substitution, Italy. Giacomo Bonaventura replaces Emanuele Giaccherini.
Foul by Simone Zaza (Italy).
Grant Hanley (Scotland) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Matt Ritchie (Scotland) left footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Steven Naismith.
Simone Zaza (Italy) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Charlie Mulgrew (Scotland).
Andrea Barzagli (Italy) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Christophe Berra (Scotland).
Substitution, Scotland. Oliver Burke replaces Matthew Phillips.
Substitution, Scotland. Steven Naismith replaces Ikechi Anya.
Corner,  Scotland. Conceded by Andrea Barzagli.
Offside, Italy. Lorenzo Insigne tries a through ball, but Federico Bernardeschi is caught offside.
Offside, Italy. Giorgio Chiellini tries a through ball, but Federico Bernardeschi is caught offside.
Emanuele Giaccherini (Italy) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by James McArthur (Scotland).
Substitution, Italy. Simone Zaza replaces Graziano Pellè.
Substitution, Italy. Jorginho replaces Daniele De Rossi.
Foul by Marco Parolo (Italy).
Darren Fletcher (Scotland) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Offside, Scotland. Matt Ritchie tries a through ball, but Ikechi Anya is caught offside.
Substitution, Italy. Marco Parolo replaces Antonio Candreva.
Hand ball by Graziano Pellè (Italy).
Substitution, Italy. Federico Bernardeschi replaces Matteo Darmian.
Substitution, Italy. Lorenzo Insigne replaces Éder.
Goal!  Italy 1, Scotland 0. Graziano Pellè (Italy) right footed shot from outside the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Éder.
Foul by Graziano Pellè (Italy).
Christophe Berra (Scotland) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Italy. Conceded by Charlie Mulgrew.
Hand ball by Matthew Phillips (Scotland).


The maiden flight of the world's longest aircraft has been postponed at the last minute because of a "technical issue".

The Airlander 10 - part plane, part airship - was due to take off from Cardington Airfield in Bedfordshire on Sunday.
The aircraft measures 302ft (92m) long and is about 50ft (15m) longer than the biggest passenger jets.
It is not known when another attempt at a test flight will be made.
Christened the Martha Gwyn, the Â£25m aircraft can only fly in daylight for a test flight and it was feared the flight would not have been completed before dark by the time the issue was resolved, an organiser said.
It was first developed for the US government as a surveillance aircraft but the project was shelved amid defence cutbacks.
British firm Hybrid Air Vehicles (HAV) launched a campaign to return the Airlander 10 to the skies in May 2015.
The huge aircraft will be able to stay airborne for around five days during manned flights.
HAV claims it could be used for a variety of functions such as surveillance, communications, delivering aid and even passenger travel.


A woman has been arrested on suspicion of manslaughter after a woman's body was found in Bristol.

Emergency services were called to Rodway Road, Patchway at about 13:00 BST on Monday. Officers are treating the death as unexplained.
The property is currently cordoned off to allow for an examination to be carried out by a forensic team.
Avon and Somerset Police said a 42-year-old woman has been arrested and remains in custody.


A Moray polling station has had to be changed due to flooding.

The village hall for the twin villages of Garmouth and Kingston is believed to have suffered under-floor flooding due to the recent heavy rainfall.
Moray Council said Thursday's polling place would now be set up in the lounge of the Garmouth Hotel.
Polling will take place from 07:00 to 22:00 and signage will be in place at the village hall redirecting voters to the hotel.


Dozens of people have walked through Southampton in silence, holding books, in a protest at library closure plans.

An estimated 150 supporters of the five libraries earmarked for closure by Southampton City Council walked from Bargate to the Civic Centre.
When they reached the Civic Centre they sat on the steps and read library books as councillors arrived for a full council meeting at 14:00 GMT.
The council is due to make a final decision on the closures in July.
Under the plans Bitterne Library, Central Library, Portswood Library, Woolston Library, Shirley Library and Lordshill Library would remain.
Burgess Road, Cobbett Road, Millbrook, Thornhill and Weston libraries would no longer be managed by the council, although it says there is a possibility volunteers could run them.
The mobile library service would also be closed.
Pat Morton, who used to work at Cobbett Road Library, said: "I feel the library is very important to the community there.
"There are five schools in the vicinity and it's so important for the children.
"It's an asset that will be lost if we are not careful."


Shares in Japan fell to their lowest level since October 2014 on Wednesday as investor sentiment continued to be rattled by oil prices and concerns over growth in China.

West Texas Intermediate fell below $28 a barrel for the first time since September 2003.
Brent Crude prices made a slight recovery, but that did little to boost investor sentiment.
The Nikkei 225 closed down 3.71% at 16,416.19 points.
The index had not seen a one-day drop as sharp since late September.
One of the biggest losers was Sony, which fell 8%. Softbank Group fell 7%.
The International Energy Agency said on Tuesday that with the return of Iranian oil, the market "could drown" in oversupply.
Prices of oil have fallen by more than 70% in the last 18 months.
In China, markets were also down after a positive day on Tuesday.
Markets in Hong Kong and on the mainland had welcomed China's latest growth numbers - which were in line with expectations.
The world's second-biggest economy grew by 6.9% in 2015, compared with 7.3% a year earlier, marking the country's slowest growth in a quarter of a century.
However, on Wednesday, Hong Kong's Hang Seng index was down 3.44% at 18,960.99 points in afternoon trade, while the mainland's Shanghai Composite was down  1.21% at 2,971.56.
In Australia, the S&P/ASX 200 closed down 1.26% at 4,841.50, dragged lower by energy-related shares.
In South Korea, the benchmark Kospi index closed down 2.34% at 1,845.45 in line with the rest of the region.


The number of complaints about the conduct of Assembly members has fallen to its lowest level in five years.

The standards commissioner received nine complaints in the past year, down from 14 in 2015-16 and 53 in 2014-15.
But Douglas Bain said the drop was "due in a very large part to lack of public confidence in the complaints process and in the Assembly".
"No right-minded person could seriously believe" it was because politicians were "behaving better", he added.
Mr Bain, the first Northern Ireland Assembly Commissioner for Standards, told the BBC there were a number of a problems with the complaints process at Stormont.
He said the system was not transparent and he was forbidden by law from revealing details of the complaints, even if admissible.
The dominance of party politics was also an issue at Stormont when it came to complaints, he said.
"In every other jurisdiction in the UK which have equivalent processes, they leave their party politics at the door of the committee room," he said.
"That simply doesn't happen here".
The commissioner's main function is to investigate complaints that Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) have broken the code of conduct and to report his findings to the committee on standards and privileges.
Mr Bain said the controversial petition of concern - a Stormont mechanism intended to protect one community from legislation that would favour another but which has been used as an effective veto - had "been used in relation to conduct matters".
"Even when they (the committee) agree a finding by me that the MLA has breached the provisions of the code of the conduct, it is up to the Assembly to decide on any sanctions," said Mr Bain.
"On two occasions, a petition of concern has been put down, which has prevented the imposition of any sanction on someone who has been found by an independent investigation and the committee to have breached the provisions of the code.
"The public simply cannot have confidence in a system that operates like that."
He said little or no action had been taken on last year's recommendations and he called for urgent action on these main issues:
The latest figures are contained in the standards watchdog's annual report - Mr Bain's fifth and final review of his work. The Office of Commissioner was established in 2012 and his five-year term in office ends in September.
When asked if he would recommend his job to anyone, he said it was "interesting" and "challenging".
"But it is frustrating when the public are prevented from getting the system they are entitled to by the way some parties react to the issues," he added.


The RMT is to ballot its members who work for ferry operator Caledonian MacBrayne about industrial action.

The union said CalMac had failed to give assurances to the staff over job security, pensions and the continuity of lifeline ferry routes.
The company said it would welcome discussions on the issues, adding that this week had been the first time the RMT had raised the bulk of them.
CalMac said if a strike happened it would seek to minimise the disruption.
RMT general secretary Mick Cash said: "The clock is ticking and the union has no alternative but to ballot CalMac members for strike action and industrial action short of strike action, in order to secure our members' rights during this period of increasing uncertainty and insecurity."
A spokesman for CalMac said: "We are disappointed that the RMT has outlined its intention to ballot for industrial action given the bulk of these issues were only raised with us on Monday.
"Discussions on pensions are due to commence next week but the RMT have chosen to act before we have had an opportunity to finalise pension reform proposals and consult fully with our employees."


I am surprised Sunderland manager David Moyes warned fans to expect a relegation battle after his side's defeat by Middlesbrough - but I can understand why.

Like everyone else who watched that game, he could see the Black Cats are going to struggle massively with the squad they have got.
I know all about Moyes' strengths in man-management, coaching and tactics from playing under him at Preston and Everton, but I also know the kind of players he needs to build a team that can do what he demands.
At the moment, his squad looks a long way off that.
What happens - or doesn't happen - to change that before the transfer window closes on 31 August holds the key to how Sunderland's season is going to turn out.
I think he needs to sign six or seven players who can have an instant impact otherwise I fear for the Black Cats, even with a manager as good as Moyes in charge.
People have compared Moyes' task at the Stadium of Light to the one he faced when he arrived at Everton in 2002 and quickly stabilised them, but this is a much bigger job.
When he took over the Toffees, they were a much better side than Sunderland are now, with miles more experience in their squad.
Moyes had players with character such as Duncan Ferguson, David Weir, Alan Stubbs and Lee Carsley, who were still the backbone of the team when I joined in 2003. They were vocal in the dressing room and organised us on the pitch.
Compare that with the lack of experience that Moyes had to call upon for Sunday's game, when Jermain Defoe and John O'Shea were the only members of his starting line-up to have started more than 100 top-flight games.
O'Shea was the only talker in that team that faced Boro and they lost that when he went off injured after 37 minutes.
I realise that Lee Cattermole, who is exactly the kind of on-pitch leader Sunderland were missing, is out injured at the moment.
It is the same for Jan Kirchhoff, another key performer last season.
But I still think the first two games of the season will have been an eye-opener for Moyes, particularly with the lack of experience in the players he had left to choose from.
With their lack of significant signings so far this summer since Moyes took charge, you might accuse Sunderland of standing still. In many respects, however, they have gone backwards from the position they were in at the end of last season.
The centre-back pairing of Lamine Kone and Younes Kaboul, which helped them stay up under Sam Allardyce, is no more. Kaboul has joined Watford and Kone seems intent on leaving too.
On top of that, they are without two loan players - right-back DeAndre Yedlin and midfielder Yann M'Vila - who also played a big part in their run to safety.
Those four players all featured in 10 of Sunderland's final 11 games, when Sunderland's only defeat came at the hands of champions Leicester. Kaboul only missed the last match of the season because Premier League safety was assured.
After that run, everyone expected them to kick on this season, but the uncertainty around the club following Allardyce's exit means that has not happened.
So, Moyes has come into a situation where he is pretty much starting from scratch with his defence and is also short of fit midfielders, especially creative ones.
He has always been willing to give young players a chance when they are good enough, but at his previous clubs they have fitted in around an established core in his team.
At Sunderland, he has been forced into playing inexperienced players such as Donald Love, 21, and Lynden Gooch, 20, when ideally he would introduce them at different times into a settled team.
What makes things worse is that there is no continuity anywhere in the Black Cats side.
Sunderland played the same team in seven consecutive matches during that 11-match run at the end of last season but, out of those 11 players, only three - Vito Mannone, Patrick van Aanholt and Defoe - started against Boro.
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Sunderland have lost their first two games of the season but there is still a week and a half until the transfer window shuts and I am convinced Moyes will act to plug some of the gaps in his squad.
He has been linked with a couple of promising Championship defenders - Brighton's Lewis Dunk and Barnsley's Alfie Mawson - which does not surprise me, because he always looks to bring in players for further down the line.
But I am not sure either are the short-term answer. Right now he needs people with Premier League knowhow who can go straight into the team and make an instant impact.
That is not guaranteed with any new signing, whatever their background, but Sunderland simply have to take a chance.
If there is no major recruitment and the Black Cats stick with the limited squad they have got, then Moyes will be right - and they will be in for another season of struggle.
Kevin Kilbane was speaking to BBC Sport's Chris Bevan.


Nigeria's Ugo Njoku has been given a three-match ban for elbowing Australia's Sam Kerr during Friday's Women's World Cup Group D match.

The offence by Njoku, who came on as a substitute, went unpunished during the game, which Nigeria lost 2-0.
However Fifa's disciplinary committee later examined the video footage and handed the 20-year-old the ban.
With Nigeria unlikely to progress, she will miss the final game against the US plus their next two official matches.
Earlier in the tournament France striker Camille Abily escaped punishment for a similar incident with England defender Laura Bassett.
But the referee did not penalise Abily, Fifa did not review the incident and the Football Association did not contest Fifa's decision.


League One side Rochdale have signed Stoke City full-back Joel Taylor on loan for the rest of the season.

The 20-year-old, who can also play as a winger, has come through the academy at the Premier League club and played for the under-23 side in the EFL Trophy.
"I'm very excited to be playing under Keith Hill, who is a great manager," he told the Dale website.
"I know that he puts his trust in young players, so I feel like he'll put his trust in me and I will repay him."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page or visit our Premier League tracker here.


Danny Swanson's double and a thumping Brad McKay header saw St Johnstone reach the League Cup quarter-finals in a sensational encounter in Perth.

Swanson ran onto a squared free-kick to superbly side-foot home the opener from 20 yards into the top corner.
Callum Paterson headed home from close range before the right-back was bundled over by Tam Scobbie in the box and Jamie Walker dispatched the penalty.
But Swanson converted another spot-kick before Brad McKay's header won it.
Their reward is a trip to Pittodrie to face Aberdeen in the last eight next month.
Hearts opened fairly brightly with Connor Sammon striking the post, but a wonderful moment of technique broke the deadlock.
It seemed a free-kick would be fired into the box but it was cut back to Swanson instead, who finished sweetly from the edge of the box.
Hearts battled back without creating too many chances but the equaliser arrived when Robbie Muirhead's free-kick was parried, the ball was sent back into the area and Paterson showed great determination to head home.
Two minutes later Paterson was rashly bundled to the ground by Scobbie and Walker made no mistake from the spot for the second game running .
Liam Craig saw a first-time shot tipped over as Saints tried to get back on level terms, with Hearts looking dangerous going forward.
But it was Swanson who took advantage of a kind bounce when he broke into the box, only for Alim Ozturk to catch him and concede a penalty. Swanson sent Hearts keeper Jack Hamilton the wrong way.
The winner, 10 minutes from time, was emphatic with McKay showing real determination to get his head to Swanson's corner and it flashed past Hamilton for the winner.
St Johnstone manager Tommy Wright: "We showed a lot of spirit and character.  I think we deserved it - we had more chances, and their goalkeeper had to make more saves then ours.
"In the second half it was about who wanted it more, and I think we did.
"We work hard on set-plays and when they come off it's brilliant. We have quality and maybe we don't produce it consistently enough, but when we don't we grind out results and that's the sign of a good side."
Hearts head coach Robbie Neilson: "We should have seen it out. With 20 minutes to go we're in total control. We didn't deal with a long ball, that was the turning point in the game.
"It's not acceptable; we have to deal with that, but we're still a very young team. We were hunting another goal and left ourselves open. The experience will come, but it's a tough one to take tonight."
Match ends, St. Johnstone 3, Heart of Midlothian 2.
Second Half ends, St. Johnstone 3, Heart of Midlothian 2.
Blair Alston (St. Johnstone) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Conor Sammon (Heart of Midlothian).
Corner,  St. Johnstone. Conceded by Igor Rossi.
Corner,  St. Johnstone. Conceded by John Souttar.
Attempt blocked. Christopher Kane (St. Johnstone) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Christopher Kane (St. Johnstone) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Arnaud Djoum (Heart of Midlothian).
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Steven Anderson.
Christopher Kane (St. Johnstone) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Don Cowie (Heart of Midlothian).
Corner,  St. Johnstone. Conceded by Igor Rossi.
Substitution, Heart of Midlothian. Liam Smith replaces Prince Buaben.
Igor Rossi (Heart of Midlothian) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Christopher Kane (St. Johnstone) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Igor Rossi (Heart of Midlothian).
Goal!  St. Johnstone 3, Heart of Midlothian 2. Brad McKay (St. Johnstone) header from the centre of the box to the high centre of the goal. Assisted by Danny Swanson with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  St. Johnstone. Conceded by Sam Nicholson.
Blair Alston (St. Johnstone) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Blair Alston (St. Johnstone).
Igor Rossi (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Goal!  St. Johnstone 2, Heart of Midlothian 2. Danny Swanson (St. Johnstone) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom right corner.
Alim Ozturk (Heart of Midlothian) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Penalty St. Johnstone. Danny Swanson draws a foul in the penalty area.
Penalty conceded by Alim Ozturk (Heart of Midlothian) after a foul in the penalty area.
Steven MacLean (St. Johnstone) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Alim Ozturk (Heart of Midlothian).
Danny Swanson (St. Johnstone) is shown the yellow card.
Foul by Danny Swanson (St. Johnstone).
Callum Paterson (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Attempt blocked. Tony Watt (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Attempt saved. Blair Alston (St. Johnstone) right footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Substitution, St. Johnstone. Steven MacLean replaces Liam Craig.
Attempt missed. Danny Swanson (St. Johnstone) right footed shot from the left side of the box is too high.
Steven Anderson (St. Johnstone) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Alim Ozturk (Heart of Midlothian).
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Brian Easton.
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Liam Craig.
Substitution, Heart of Midlothian. Sam Nicholson replaces Robbie Muirhead.


The CIA tortured terror suspects in its programme of "enhanced interrogation", the agency's former executive director, Buzzy Krongard, has admitted to the BBC's Panorama programme.

The agency's position has always been that the "enhanced interrogation" techniques it used under George W Bush, did not amount to torture, because they were legally approved by the White House at the time.
President Obama closed the CIA's programme down when he came to power in 2009.
Torture is illegal under American law, but President Obama has been reluctant to prosecute high level officials.
Under the CIA's programme at least 119 detainees were held in a network of secret prisons scattered around the world. In one of the black sites codenamed COBALT, the windows were blacked out so that it was utterly dark, and some detainees were chained to the walls of their cells for months on end.
I asked Buzzy Krongard, the CIA's former executive director, if he thought waterboarding and painful stress positions were torture:
"Well, let's put it this way, it is meant to make him as uncomfortable as possible. So I assume for, without getting into semantics, that's torture. I'm comfortable with saying that," he explained.
The position of senior CIA officials involved has always been that the "enhanced interrogation" techniques used under President George W Bush were not torture, as they were legally approved by the White House at the time.
And, on 29 April 2007, George Tenet, at that time the CIA's director, told the US television programme 60 Minutes: "We don't torture people. Let me say that again to you. We don't torture people. We don't torture people. We don't torture people. I do not talk about techniques, and we do not torture people."
"You know that the sun will rise once a day, but not if you're at the hands of the CIA," said Glenn Carle, a former CIA interrogator. "We will control whether you sleep or not and when you sleep or not and where in the universe you are."
The enhanced interrogation techniques used by the CIA included waterboarding, slamming prisoners against a flexible wall, prolonged sleep deprivation, and cramming detainees into small boxes.
One detainee, Abu Zubaydah, was described by the White House as a key terrorist recruiter connected with Al Qaeda. Captured in Pakistan in 2002, he is currently in US detention in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
Abu Zubayadah was held in a box measuring less than three feet by three feet, for 29 hours over a 20-day period in 2002. The box, which soon becomes stiflingly hot, is too small to do anything but crouch, with an arched back.
He was also held in a larger upright box, the shape of a coffin, for a total of 266 hours, or more than 11 days.
The CIA took its interrogation techniques from the United States military programme known as SERE - Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape - which teaches soldiers how to resist torture techniques used in the conflicts in Vietnam, Korea and Nazi Germany.
Malcolm Nance, former military instructor for the SERE programme, recreated the techniques the CIA adopted, for the BBC.
"These close confinement boxes were used by the SS," Nance explained. "They would stuff these British and American agents into them and drive them mad."
The use of close confinement was banned by the Geneva Conventions after World War Two.
Nance conducted the waterboarding procedure for the BBC, the first accurate recreation of the technique in public. His assistant endured 18 seconds of the procedure under strict medical supervision, his body violently convulsing as the water entered his nose. Waterboarding puts the subject into the initial stage of drowning.
A report by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence released last December highlights a number of unauthorised interrogation techniques that were also used on detainees in the CIA's secret prisons, including excessive beatings, and ice water dousing and baths.
In a public rebuttal to the Senate committee's report, the CIA has admitted to significant lapses in the monitoring and development of its initial interrogation activities, including instances of using unauthorized techniques.
Another detainee is Khaled Sheikh Mohammed, who is said to have admitted to organising the 9/11 attacks on the United States. He was arrested in Pakistan in 2003 and is also currently being held at Guantanamo Bay,
The most severe part of his interrogation at the hands of the CIA went on for more than two weeks in March 2003. He was subjected to walling, waterboarding, sleep deprivation and other techniques around the clock.
The BBC was told that Britain shared in intelligence directly from his interrogation.
"Anything that we thought the Brits would be interested in and particularly represented a threat, I guarantee you was shipped out." said Mr Krongard,
"I can't think of two intelligence services working in a more harmonious or closer matter and that I think, had a lot to do with the relationship at the top," he added.
Asked if British intelligence knew that "enhanced interrogation" techniques were going to be used in interrogations, Mr Krongard replied: "It's hard for me to think that they didn't, they're professional intelligence people, I mean obviously,"
And, asked to respond to the allegation that intelligence was shared from torture sessions, the Foreign Office said "We stand firmly against torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment. We do not condone it, nor do we ask others to do it on our behalf."
Panorama: Fighting Terror With Torture is on BBC World News on Saturday 22 August at 03:30 and 18:30 GMT and on Sunday 23 August at 00:30 and 11:30 GMT.  Check times for your region.  The programme was first broadcast in the UK on BBC One at 20:30 BST on Monday 3 August 2015 and is available via BBC iPlayer.


Warrenpoint Town are targeting victory over Glentoran on Saturday to chalk up a third straight win and boost hopes of avoiding Premiership relegation.

The Milltown team remain bottom but have closed the gap on 11th-placed Carrick Rangers to just three points.
"We feel we can stay up but it's a matter of small steps," said Town manager Barry Gray.
"It's another tough game. Glentoran have been hot and cold - you do not know what to expect from them."
Warrenpoint secured just their second league win of the season by beating Coleraine last Saturday and followed it up with a 2-0 victory over Portadown on Tuesday night.
Gray added: "We have to recover from the two games close together. There are no injuries of note so we want to be able to field a consistent team.
"It is good to see the bounce in the players after the recent results. They have waited a long time to get some wins and it has pulled us close to the teams above us.
"It is nice but we cannot get carried away."
Carrick's defeat by Ballymena United in midweek left them with just one win in their last 14 league outings.
However, Gary Haveron's side have played three fewer games than Warrenpoint as they prepare to host Coleraine.
Ballinamallard United are only a point ahead of Carrick and the Fermanagh side face Cliftonville at Solitude.
There will added spice to the clash between Portadown and leaders Crusaders at Shamrock Park.
Ports midfielder Michael Gault has agreed a summer move to the champions and he is expected to play against his future club.
Stephen Fallon could make his Linfield debut against Ballymena after his loan signing from Swansea City.
Blues pair Paul Smyth and Jamie Mulgrew have signed new deals with the Windsor Park club and they are likely to feature at the Showgrounds.
Glenavon fought back from two goal down to draw 3-3 with Cliftonville last Saturday and the Lurgan Blues make the trip to Dungannon Swifts.


Ireland coach Craig Fulton has named a strong 20-man squad for this week's Hamburg Masters which will see his team take on Spain, Austria and Germany.

The tournament forms part of the Irish build-up to the World Cup qualifier in Johannesburg next month.
Peter Caruth, Michael Robson, Ronan Gormley, Conor Harte, Kyle Good, John Jermyn and Kirk Shimmins are all notable absentees for various reasons.
Ireland begin their campaign against Spain on Thursday (15:45 BST).
The Spanish are ranked 10th in the world rankings, one place below Ireland.
Next up for Fulton's squad will be Austria on Friday (15:45), a team which Ireland needed a penalty shoot-out to overcome on their way to the World League 2 title at Stormont in March.
Spain and Austria are in the other pool in the World League 3 series in South Africa, but Olympic bronze medallists and world number three Germany, who Ireland face at 11:30 on Sunday are in the same pool.
Fulton's squad to travel to Germany on Wednesday includes 10 Ulstermen, five of whom play their club hockey for Lisnagarvey - Jonathan Bell, Paul Gleghorne, Neal Glassey, Sean Murray and Matthew Nelson.
Banbridge are represented by Matthew Bell, Eugene Magee and Johnny McKee, while English-based duo John Jackson and Chris Cargo complete the Ulster contingent.
Meanwhile Ireland women's head coach Graham Shaw has not included any new faces in his squad of 18 players to take part in the World League semi-finals from 8-23 July.
The World League offers the side the chance to qualify for the 2018 World Cup in London and in doing so they would become the first Irish women's team to play at a World Cup since the 2002 Perth tournament.
Qualifying for the 2018 event has been expanded to 16 teams.
Ireland will open against world number 11 ranked Japan, world number seven Germany, and Poland, before a three-day break which sees them round out their pool games against world number two England.
David Harte, Jamie Carr, John Jackson, Jonathan Bell, Paul Gleghorne, Matthew Bell, Lee Cole, Stuart Loughrey, Stephen Cole, Chris Cargo, Neal Glassey, Shane O'Donoghue, Sean Murray, Darragh Walsh, Matthew Nelson, Alan Sothern, Eugene Magee, Johnny McKee, Jeremy Duncan.
Grace O'Flanagan, Hannah Matthews, Zoe Wilson, Shirley McCay, Elizabeth Colvin, Elena Tice, Chloe Watkins, Katie Mullan, Gillian Pinder, Anna O'Flangan, Sinead Loughran, Nicola Evans, Nicola Daly, Deirdre Duke, Emily Beatty, Roisin Upton, Yvonne O'Byrne, Ayeisha McFerran.


The FTSE 100 has closed lower after falling commodities prices hit mining and oil stocks.

By the end of day the index had shed 51 points or 0.68% to 7,473.
Mining companies saw some of the biggest falls after copper and iron ore prices slipped. Antofagasta dived 4.7% and Glencore fell 3.9%.
BP and Royal Dutch Shell both lost more than 2% as oil prices fell on fresh fears of oversupply in the worldwide oil industry.
Brent crude fell to a seven-month low and was last trading down 2.6% at $45.70 per barrel.
Shares in plumbing services firm Wolseley pared early losses to end flat, after the company reported an increase in third-quarter profits.
The firm - which owns Plumb Center - reported a 9.5% rise in trading profits to Â£254m in the three months to 30 April.
On the currency markets the pound fell sharply after the Bank of England governor said he did not favour an interest rate rise at the moment.
Sterling was down almost 1% against the dollar at $1.26, having slid after Mark Carney made the comments in his Mansion House speech in London.
Last week, the Bank of England held interest rates at 0.25%, though three of the eight policymakers on the bank's Monetary Policy Committee voted for a rate rise.
However, Mr Carney said he thought a rise now would be premature.
He said uncertainty over the direction of the economy and "anaemic" wage growth meant that "now is not yet the time to begin" increasing rates.
The pound also fell against the euro, dropping 0.7% to 1.13 euros.


Players who pulled out of this week's Turkish Airlines Open because of security concerns may have over-reacted, says three-time major winner Padraig Harrington.

World number three Rory McIlroy withdrew following last month's missile attacks in the Antalya region, which hosts the tournament.
It will feature only three of the top 10 players in the Race to Dubai.
"There's a lot of scaremongering," said 45-year-old Irishman Harrington.
That was a big factor cited in not going to Rio, safety reasons, and how wrong were they there?
"They have to put more security in and pay attention, but is it more dangerous here than anywhere else? I'm not sure."
The leading 70 players in the Race to Dubai were eligible for the Turkish Airlines Open starting on Thursday, but the withdrawals mean the field goes down as far as Sweden's Pelle Edberg, who is ranked 102nd.
Harrington, who is 43rd in the standings, said he encountered no problems when he played at the 2016 Rio Olympics, amid fears of the Zika virus, and in Northern Ireland, during the Troubles.
"That was a big factor cited in not going to Rio, safety reasons, and how wrong were they there?" he said.
"I've tended to travel and play around the world because I did it in the late 80s and early 90s in Ireland and we had our troubles in Ireland.
"I played a lot of golf in Northern Ireland during that period and I remember other golfers from down south saying 'you're mad going up there'.
"You couldn't convince people who hadn't gone there and experienced it for themselves that it was a great place to go."
Englishmen Danny Willett, Tyrrell Hatton and Lee Westwood are the only players in the top 10 who will play at the Regnum Carya Resort.
Second-placed Willett, the Masters champion, will regain top spot from Sweden's Henrik Stenson by finishing outright fifth or higher.


The Scottish government is to set up a new agency to deliver social security payments when new powers are devolved.

Holyrood is to be given control over 11 benefits under the Scotland Bill - including support for carers and those with disabilities.
It will also be given the ability to top-up existing payments and create new benefits.
Social Justice Secretary Alex Neil has led a Holyrood debate on the new welfare powers.
The new devolved benefits, which are said to be worth about £2.7bn every year, include the Carer's Allowance and benefits for the disabled such as the Disability Living Allowance.
Mr Neil said the devolved benefits would be run by a new Scottish welfare agency, and has promised that payments will be made in full and on time.
He said he wants to remove the stigma attached to claiming benefits, and to show that social security can be "fairer, tackle inequalities, and protect and support the vulnerable in our society."
Mr Neil said the new powers represented a "real opportunity to transform the service people receive".
He said: "Our new Scottish social security agency will be the flagship organisation that oversees the delivery of benefits in Scotland.
"It will be underpinned by our commitment to principles that will treat people with dignity and respect. We want to take a fairer approach to social security that tackles inequalities.
"Our immediate priority is to make sure there is a smooth transfer of these benefits and that households continue to receive them on time and in the right amount."
The Scottish government has already confirmed it will increase Carer's Allowance to the same rate as Jobseeker's Allowance once it receives the powers, and that the so-called Bedroom Tax will be scrapped in Scotland.
On Monday, Scottish Labour unveiled its own welfare proposals, with party leader Kezia Dugdale pledging to "grasp with both hands" the possibilities provided by the new powers.
Her proposals included:
Ms Dugdale said that the Scottish Parliament's new powers meant the election on 5 May would be about "tax and spend" issues rather than the constitution.
Leading for Labour in the chamber, Neil Findlay said the Scottish government should see addressing child poverty as their number one priority of the new agency.
He argued that this could only be delivered by using new financial powers to increase the revenues available to Holyrood.
The Scottish Conservatives have warned against creating a "benefits stampede" when the new powers come into effect.
During the Holyrood debate, Tory MSP John Lamont said the future delivery of social security should "always encourage the benefits of the workplace", albeit with an emphasis on dignity and respect.
He said welfare policy choices should be made with fairness to Scotland's taxpayers in mind, calling for a low-welfare, high-work society with measures to prevent people abusing the system.
Party leader Ruth Davidson - who supports increasing the Carers' Allowance - said the welfare system should provide a safety net, but one which also helps people back into work, which she said was always the best route out of poverty.
And she said all political parties need to be sure there is a fair balance between helping people who support, as well as the taxpayers who fund it.
Scottish Lib Dem leader Willie Rennie told his party's spring conference on Friday that he would put forward a "big, bold agenda" for change in the run-up to the election on 5 May.
During the debate he said he agreed with the government's priorities and stressed the importance of getting the "foundations" of the new system right.
He said both he and his wife had relied on the social security system in the past, noting that anyone may need it at any time, but said there would not be any "stampede" into Scotland for these benefits.


Kell Brook's audacious bid to dethrone middleweight king Gennady Golovkin came to nothing as the Briton was stopped in the fifth round at London's O2.

Brook, 30, the reigning IBF welterweight champion, jumped two divisions to challenge Golovkin.
He showed tremendous bravery and got plenty of shots through the Kazakh's defences, but was finally ground down.
And with shots raining down on Brook in the fifth round, his trainer Dominic Ingle threw in the towel.
It was Brook's first defeat in his 37th professional fight, while the undefeated Golovkin now has 33 knockouts from 36 fights, including 23 in a row.
He was taken to hospital as a precaution after revealing he suffered a broken eye socket in the second round and had blurred vision.
"I was frustrating him. I was starting to settle into it but when you see three, four, five of them it's difficult," he said.
Golovkin backed Ingle's decision, saying: "I think he's smart, I respect his corner. Seriously, the last round he couldn't breathe or move."
Only a select few boxers have successfully jumped straight from welterweight to land a middleweight world title, the last being Emile Griffith in 1966.
As such the 30-year-old Brook, despite his recent struggles to make the 147lb welterweight limit, was a huge underdog against a man who had 375 amateur contests, had never fought lower than 160lb and never been off his feet.
Golovkin came out with evil intentions, snapping Brook's head back with a couple of ramrod jabs before staggering the challenger with a couple of hurtful left hooks. However, Brook recovered well and was firing back at the end of the opening round.
Golovkin continued to stalk Brook relentlessly in the second but the challenger finished the round with the upper hand, firing left hooks and uppercuts through his rival's tight guard and working the 18,000 fans into a tremendous lather.
Brook's right eye began to close in the third but he still managed to get through with some solid combinations, the speed of which seemed to befuddle the champion.
And it was more of the same in the fourth, Golovkin marching Brook down but having to take plenty of shots in order to get off his own.
But the fifth was a more one-sided affair which started badly for Brook and escalated quickly. And with the Englishman taking shot after shot while reeling on the ropes and blood spraying everywhere, Ingle decided he had seen enough.
Canadian referee Marlon Wright initially failed to see Ingle waving the white towel but called a halt to proceedings as soon as he did. And while Brook looked dismayed at the decision, Ingle was completely justified.
Despite the outcome, Brook can be tremendously proud of his display against one of the most avoided boxers in the world and a man who has laid waste to the middleweight division since winning his first world title in 2010.
In victory, Golovkin, cemented his reputation as one of the most destructive middleweights in history, especially in the final round, when his punches bouncing off the challenger's body sounded like the beating of a bass drum.
Brook still has plenty of options. If he chooses to drop back down to 147lb, the obvious fight would be the IBF's mandatory challenger Errol Spence Jr.
However, Brook might decide his future lies at 154lb instead. If Liverpool's Liam Smith successfully defends his WBO light-middleweight title against Mexico's Saul Alvarez in Texas next Saturday, Smith-Brook would make sense.
If Alvarez wins, he might finally fight Golovkin. Having defended the WBC middleweight belt against Amir Khan in May (Khan also attempted to jump straight from welterweight to middleweight but was knocked out in six rounds), Alvarez vacated the title rather than face Golovkin, to widespread criticism.
Virgin Islander Griffith dethroned Nigeria's Dick Tiger in his first fight at 160lb. Sugar Ray Leonard emerged from a three-year retirement to upset middleweight great Marvin Hagler in 1987. But Leonard, despite making his name at 147lb, had previously won a world title at light-middleweight.
Ex-world heavyweight champion David Haye on BBC 5 live:
"I was so happy Kell Brook's corner took a compassionate stance. I was in the same position once and seven fights later, I was world champion.
"Us boxers are the last people to know. You don't know when you're in there that you can't win."


Patients in Dumbarton have been protesting about the removal of their local GP and the closure of their practice.

NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde (NHSGGC) wants to put the running of Dumbarton Health Centre out to bids from other GPs in the area.
But almost 500 people have signed a petition in just four days, urging the health board to scrap that plan.
NHSGGC said there were no change to services at present.
The health board said patients should should continue to make appointments at the practice in the usual way.
The case comes against the backdrop of a recruitment "crisis" for GPs.
A BMA Scotland survey recently revealed nearly 16% of GP practices in the Greater Glasgow and Clyde area had at least one vacancy for a doctor.
Dr David Neilson has been a GP at Dumbarton Health Centre for 12 years and serves 2,000 patients.
He recently withdrew from his partnership with another GP.
Dr Neilson said he took the advice of the British Medical Association before doing so, but there was a mix-up over the procedures required for this.
NHSGGC has now told Dr Neilson that his contract will expire early in July and he will not be allowed to bid to take over his own practice.
Former Conservative councillor Euan Gear, who is one of Dr Neilson's patients, said: "It is quite unbelievable that the health board, through the Health and Social Care Partnership with West Dunbartonshire Council, want to go down this road.
"GP out-of-hours services being provided at present at Vale of Leven Hospital are being cut and moved away to Paisley.
"How then can it possibly be helpful to terminate one doctor's contract and spread out his work to other practices?
"I know that Dr Neilson has experienced some difficulties in the past with the health board over the arrangements for health service delivery in this area, but that is no excuse to effectively fire him from his job."
Campaigners said that if Dr Neilson was forced out of his practice and had to leave the area, one night in seven would be inadequately covered and one weekend in two would be inadequately covered at Vale of Leven.
NHSGGC said the Health and Social Care Partnership (HSCP) had to step in to take over the running of the practice "in order to safeguard patient care, in circumstances where the former partners of the practice could not resolve their differences".
A spokesman said: "Drs Neilson and McGonagle were offered employment in the practice on a temporary basis at that time to ensure continued GP cover in the practice.
"Both GPs were aware that, following dissolution of the partnership, long-term alternative arrangements would need to put in place.
"West Dunbartonshire HSCP is now seeking to make sustainable arrangements with new GPs to ensure services can continue to be provided to the patients registered at the practice."
Jackie Baillie, Labour MSP for Dumbarton, has contacted Jane Grant, the new chief executive of NHSGGC, and chairman John Brown about Dr Neilson's removal.
Ms Baillie said: "My hope is that we can persuade the health board to think again about this. I want them to investigate this further and to reconsider their position in the matter."


Brazilian police have arrested a man who they say has confessed to at least 39 murders over a three-year period.

Police said the 26-year-old security guard targeted homeless people, women and homosexuals.
They said Thiago Henrique Gomes da Rocha - who approached his alleged victims on a motorbike with his face hidden - was cold but driven by rage.
He was arrested in the central Brazilian city of Goiania by a special police team investigating the murders.
Police said he often demanded valuables from his victims before shooting them and leaving without their possessions.
A police official who had been present at the interrogations told a Brazilian TV channel the killer called his victims by the numbers 1 to 39.
"We have been shocked by his coldness," the official said.
He never knew those he targeted, police said, and acted out of an inner "fury" that he felt "against everything", which only subsided when he committed murder.
He would feel remorse after killings, police said, which only fuelled his anger more.
The alleged suspect had also described accurately the locations of each murder and the emotions he had felt at the time, and police said he fired on his victims while cruising the streets.
Investigators said they were sifting through evidence, including closed-circuit TV footage, and had seized weapons and stolen license plates from his grandmother's home.
He is also being investigated  over 90 robberies of shops, pharmacies and lottery outlets.


Glamorgan chief Hugh Morris says the club must increase the size of the squad for next season, after cutbacks partly for financial reasons in 2015.

Morris hopes to announce the recruitment of a top-order batsman "in the not too distant future."
Captain Jacques Rudolph and coach Toby Radford both pointed to the small numbers in the senior squad as a reason for their decline in the Championship.
"It stretched us in the second half of the season," Morris said.
"Quite understandably a number of players didn't have a lot of petrol in the tank at the end of the summer."
Glamorgan won four and drew four in the first half of their four-day campaign, but lost four and drew four in the second half.
"We want to create competition within the squad, we've got some good young players coming through, though some of them are very young," said Morris in his end-of-season review for BBC Wales Sport.
"We want to try and strengthen our seam bowling department, we are actively speaking to people,  and we need to create more competition at the top of our batting order.
"we hope to make an announcement in the not-too-distant future."
Fast-bowling all-rounder Craig Meschede is now back on Somerset's books after a year on loan at the SSE Swalec Stadium.
Glamorgan went up from eighth to fourth in the Championship, but missed out on the knockout stages of both T20 and One-Day Cup cricket, the latter campaign being wrecked by a second points deduction for pitch problems.
Morris summed up; "We've made encouraging strides forward. We're not the finished article by a long way. As far as white-ball cricket is concerned I thought we were a bit unlucky, I thought we played really well away from home in Twenty20 cricket but not so well at home."
Captain Jacques Rudolph has spoken of the need to improve the Cardiff pitch for batting, with head groundsman Keith Exton leaving the county after the abandonment of the Hampshire game.
"It's important to try to get the right balance between bat and ball and that's what we always try to produce" was Morris's response.
"It's a good opportunity for Robin Saxton who's been announced as our head groundsman for the next 12 months, he's a very enthusiastic and committed man and he'll be working with the groundstaff to produce the best pitches we can."
Morris says the county is "really pleased" with the staging of England's Test and T20 matches against Australia in 2015.
The men's and women's double-header was sold out, where only 70% sales had been budgeted for.
Cardiff will not host an Ashes Test during the next Australian tour in 2019, while the allocation of games from 2020 onwards has been put on hold.
But with games in the 2017 Champions Trophy and the 2019 World Cup heading to Wales, Morris believes there will be enough high-profile games to boost the county's coffers.
"We've got two global events which we're hosting in Cardiff, which will create a huge international audience which will be great for the club, for Cardiff and for Wales," the former England batsman said.


South Africa's treasury has recommended President Jacob Zuma pay back $509,000 (Â£385,000) to the government for upgrades made to his private home.

This comes after the country's highest court ruled earlier this year that Mr Zuma repay some of the $23m of public funds spent on his house in 2009.
The upgrades included an amphitheatre, pool, chicken run and cattle enclosure.
Mr Zuma must now repay the money - about 3% of the total spent - within 45 days.
An anti-corruption body, known as the public protector, ruled in 2014 that Mr Zuma had "unduly benefited" from the non-security renovations to his rural home in Nkandla in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province.
In March, the Constitutional Court then ruled that he had violated the constitution when he failed to repay some of the money.
It gave the treasury two months to come up with a figure for Mr Zuma to repay.
The treasury says it hired two independent quantity surveyors to conduct separate investigations to come up with the figure.
The main opposition Democratic Alliance (DA), one of the parties which brought the case, welcomed the treasury's report but said it had hoped the figure would be higher.
"This sends out a clear message to those involved in corruption, especially those in the ANC, that you will be held accountable for your actions, even if you are the president," the AFP news agency quotes DA spokesman Mabine Seabe as saying.
What has been a long and drawn out fight between President Zuma and opposition parties seems to be coming to an end, reports the BBC's Pumza Fihlani in Johannesburg.
The Nkandla scandal has been a hotly debated subject in parliament for almost three years and has damaged the president's reputation, she says.
In April, President Zuma apologised for the controversy and said he would abide by the Constitutional Court's ruling.
A few days later he survived an impeachment vote in parliament, showing his opponents that he is a true political survivor, our correspondent says.
What Mr Zuma's money will go towards
How Zuma's Nkandla home has grown
Profile: Jacob Zuma


A senior Aberdeen councillor at the centre of a probe into a repair order involving land owned by his father has lost his seat.

Labour councillor Willie Young, who was the council's finance convener, denied any wrongdoing.
The council admitted a "serious failing" after repairs worth Â£200,000 were ordered without proper approval.
Mr Young said he was disappointed, and that he believed coverage of the incident impacted the result.
It involved cycle path and wall repairs.
He said: "I wasn't helped by the 'wallgate'. You've got to accept you can lose. That's politics for you."
Elected in Bridge of Don were Brett Hunt (Conservative), Alison Alphonse (SNP), John Reynolds (independent) and Sandy Stuart (SNP).
Work at the cycle path, involving a boundary wall on Wellington Brae in the Ferryhill area, has been suspended while an investigation takes place.
The project was to be fully funded by cycling charity Sustrans, which awarded just over Â£21,000 for preliminary work, with the full funding to be paid when the work was completed.


A hiker in the US has avoided criminal charges after rescuing what appeared to be an abandoned black bear cub from an Oregon trail.

Corey Hancock, 41, spotted the bear lying on his back alone when returning from a hike on Monday evening.
He said he believes the malnourished bear cub's mother had purposefully left him or been shot by hunters.
It was initially suggested he could face charges for removing the cub from his habitat.
"I hid behind a tree and made sure there wasn't a Momma bear anywhere," he said.
After the cub stopped moving entirely, he took the decision to "pack him up and make a run for the car" - wrapping the cub up in his flannel shirt.
"He was totally unresponsive: I tried tickling his feet, messing with his ears and he didn't move at all."
Mr Hancock says he gave the cub CPR then drove 20 minutes to get mobile phone signal on the highway - all with the bear struggling to breathe in his arms.
"I just kept talking to him and wiggling him - every time I thought he was going to die, he took another breath."
As soon as he got signal, he desperately asked his Facebook friends for advice on where to take him for medical help.
Eventually Turtle Ridge Wildlife Shelter agreed to take the "malnourished, lethargic" bear in. They managed to stabilise the cub and regulate his hydration and temperature levels.
Within 12 hours he showed significant signs of improvement and was transferred to the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW).
Mr Hancock named the cub Elkhorn, after the location he found him.
The bear is expected to make a full recovery, and will be transferred to a full-time rehabilitation centre.
A spokeswoman for ODFW told Oregon Live: "We advise people to never assume a young animal is orphaned unless they saw the mother die. It is quite common for young to temporarily be left alone in the wild."
The latest incident comes less than a year after tourists at the famous Yellowstone National Park sparked anger by placing a newborn bison in the boot of their car - an action that led to the animal being put down.
But Mr Hancock says he does not regret his decision.
"I've spent my entire life surrounded by nature - you know you're not supposed to pick up wildlife but this wasn't a typical situation," he said.
"He was extremely emaciated - it was pretty easy to determine he hadn't had food for several days.
"He'd been left for dead."
Mr Hancock says he is thankful to ODFW for updating him on the cub's progress in recovery.
"He's doing really well - he's running around and acting like a normal baby bear!"
Oregon State Police confirmed on Wednesday that Mr Hancock would not face criminal charges for taking wildlife outside of its habitat, due to the circumstances.
Asked whether he would do the same again, he told the BBC: "Without a doubt - I'm a father, I have three kids of my own.
"I don't think anyone who was a parent or a good-natured human being could walk away from another mammal taking his last breath."


BBC Cymru Wales has announced a major reorganisation aimed at saving £9m by 2022.

A shake-up of senior management and commissioning will see six senior posts scrapped and three new ones created.
Director Rhodri Talfan Davies told staff the changes should "simplify the way we work" and were "designed to make BBC Wales more creative, more collaborative and more open".
The National Union of Journalists said it wanted job losses kept to a minimum.
The changes come against the background of the BBC's "cash-flat" licence fee agreement, set in 2015.
Mr Davies said the target was a saving of 2% a year, although he hoped there would be a significant announcement on investment in new content by Christmas.
The way TV, radio and online content is commissioned will be brought together, he said, with the aim of boosting digital content and reaching younger audiences.
"Our audiences are changing fast and we must too," said Mr Davies.
"I believe these changes will simplify the way we work, speed up decision-making and give our commissioners the freedom to place even bigger bets and to explore new ways of serving all our audiences."
He added that BBC Wales' move to a new home in Cardiff city centre in 2019 was expected to deliver up to £3m worth of savings.
Mr Davies told staff he hoped to limit savings in content areas to around £3m over the five years, with any new investment secured likely to be spent on English-language TV programmes and news services.
"In the public sector, our efficiency record is second to none," he said.
"Across the BBC, our savings in this current charter period stand at about £1.6bn.
"Our principle, as always, will be to protect our services as far as possible, and minimise the impact on audiences. So, of course, we will push even harder on efficiency."
Responding to the news, the National Union of Journalists said: "Today's announcement comes at the end of more than a decade of severe cuts at BBC Wales.
"Our staff are being asked to take on more duties every year; the fact that programmes and services continue to be produced to such a high standard is a tribute to their efforts.
"We will be looking for assurances that any job losses will be kept to a minimum, so that the staff that remain can continue to serve the people of Wales."
The announcement came as UK Culture Secretary Karen Bradley published a proposed new BBC Royal Charter.
A new unitary BBC Board - replacing its current board of management and the BBC Trust - would include a member for Wales, with the Welsh Government to be consulted over their appointment.
The corporation will also now be regulated by Ofcom, which will place obligations on it to reflect Wales in its output.
Welsh Secretary Alun Cairns said audiences in Wales would be "better served" by the new charter, saying: "Our nation's voice will be heard at the highest level of the BBC."
However, Plaid Cymru MP Jonathan Edwards said if Ofcom was now regulating the BBC it too should have a board member for Wales.
"Our unique position within this group of nations as a fully bilingual country brings its own challenges, as does our increasingly divergent political picture," he said.
"If Ofcom is to be charged with performing the role of external auditor, the UK Government needs to commit in the very least that there should be a permanent member on the Board representing Welsh interests."
The draft charter also requires the BBC to name all employees and presenters paid more than £150,000 a year.
Ms Bradley told MPs it would bring the corporation "in line with the civil service" on transparency.
It also sets out the BBC's agreement with S4C, whose funding from the licence fee will be pegged at £74.5m a year until 2021/22, when a review of the Welsh channel will have been completed.


Songwriter Bob Montgomery, who performed with Buddy Holly while at school and later wrote some of his hits, has died at the age of 77.

Montgomery and Holly teamed up at Hutchinson Junior High School in Lubbock, Texas in 1949, performing at school concerts and radio contests.
But it was Holly who was spotted as a potential star, leaving Montgomery to concentrate on songwriting.
Among the hits he wrote for his friend were Heartbeat and Wishing.
Heartbeat was a bigger hit in the UK than in the US, where it only reached number 82 on its initial release. It has been covered by a number of artists including Cilla Black, Hank Marvin and Nick Berry.
He also wrote the country music standard Misty Blue, which was originally performed by Wilma Burgess and later by Eddy Arnold, who made it a crossover hit.
In the late 1960s, Montgomery set up the House of Gold Music publishing company in Nashville, which helped the careers of Dolly Parton, Kenny Rogers and The Judds.
His publicist, Greg Matusky, said he died on 4 December in Lee's Summit, Missouri, after suffering from Parkinson's Disease.


Police have been given more time to question two men arrested under the Terrorism Act in Huddersfield and Sheffield.

Three men were detained following a series of raids in Yorkshire on Thursday.
A 23-year-old from Sheffield arrested on suspicion of assisting an offender was later released under investigation.
Two men, aged 24 and 29, arrested on suspicion of terror offences can now be held by police until Thursday.
The raids took place at the Daisy Spring Works apartment block in Kelham Island, Sheffield and in Rudding Street in Crosland Moor, Huddersfield.
Police said the arrests were not linked to the recent Manchester Arena attack.


Mass graves found in York contained the skeletons of English Civil War soldiers, according to a new investigation.

Mass graves containing 113 male skeletons were unearthed just outside the city walls in 2008.
It is thought the men had fought for the Parliamentarians during the siege of York in 1644.
An investigation for the BBC series History Cold Case has concluded the men probably died from typhus fever.
The programme features a team from the Centre of Anatomy and Human Identification at the University of Dundee.
Their examination of the bodies showed clear signs of broken bones and serious infections, but no signs of an obvious cause of death.
The location the graves were discovered in pointed to a burial at some point during the 17th Century.
As a result, the team believe the bodies were buried during the war between King Charles I and the supporters of Parliament in the 1640s.
York was the key to controlling the north of England during the war and the city was besieged by Parliamentarian forces under Lord Fairfax during the spring of 1644.
The mass graves were found on the side of the city walls where Lord Fairfax's forces were camped.
Further tests revealed the men would have had a diet that was high in seafood.
Civil War experts confirmed that a large proportion of the Parliamentarian army besieging York came from Hull.
A large merchant fleet operated out of the Yorkshire port and many of the seamen volunteered to fight for Parliament.
These men did not die in battle though.
Team leader, forensic anthropologist Professor Sue Black, said: "It is reasonable to expect these were fighting men but we don't find trauma giving us evidence of how these men died.
"What we do know is that more people died in this conflict because of disease."
The team believe typhus fever, which was common, highly contagious and would have caused no long-lasting trauma to the bones, was the likeliest cause of death.
Among the skeletons were two sets of remains which showed signs of severe disfigurement.
The hand bones of one were fused together while the second had more severe bone fusions in an arm and leg.
This rare disability is a genetically linked abnormality but the DNA was not of high enough quality to determine whether they were related.
Professor Sue Black said: "It is possible that they could still be related, we just can't show it.
"I think the chances of having this condition in individuals who are not related and are in pretty much the same grave at the same time would be stretching it a bit far."
Graham Bruce, the local archaeologist who supervised the initial excavation, said: "This investigation really fleshes out those people that we're dealing with during that quite tumultuous period of English history."
History Cold Case: The York 113 will be shown on BBC Two at 2100 BST on Thursday 7 July 2011 and later in the UK on BBC iPlayer.


Three senior officials are to leave their roles at Aberdeen City Council.

The local authority said Richard Ellis was leaving on Friday at the end of his contract.
Ciaran Monaghan and Ewan Sutherland are both going under a voluntary redundancy and early retirement scheme.
Stephen Flynn, the leader of the opposition SNP group, said the departures were indicative of the council's inability to hold on to senior staff.
He said he expected further departures in the coming months.
Mr Ellis is the council's former interim director of corporate governance, and has also been acting as deputy chief executive for several months.
Mr Monaghan is head of the chief executive's office, while Mr Sutherland is head of human resources and customer services.
Council chief executive Angela Scott thanked the trio for their "dedication and professionalism".


Five men have been charged with a series of historical sex offences in Buckinghamshire.

The charges relate to alleged incidents in High Wycombe, Aylesbury and Wendover between 1998 and 2002.
Mohammed Kayani, 64, from High Wycombe, Berkley John, 75, and Mohammed Aslam, 59, both from Aylesbury, and Saeed Aham, 50, from Luton, are in police custody.
Tariq Hussain, 45, from High Wycombe, has been released on bail.
Mr Kayani, Mr John, Mr Ahmad and Mr Aslam have been charged with a number of sexual offences including conspiracy to rape or indecently assault girls under 16 and women, false imprisonment and allowing premises to be used for unlawful sexual intercourse.
Mr Hussain has been charged with one count of procuring a woman to become a prostitute.


An 83-year-old man accused of shooting dead his partner and her daughter in Surrey told police the pair "had to be put down", jurors have heard.

John Lowe made the comments in a police van and cell after shooting Christine Lee, 66, and Lucy Lee, 40, at his dog breeding farm in February, Guildford Crown Court was told.
He has denied two counts of murder and a firearms charge.
Prosecuting, Mark Dennis QC said Mr Lowe also told police he was not sorry.
Mr Dennis said Mr Lowe told police he had intended to put down his four dogs but instead turned his weapon on the women before going on to kill the dogs as well.
PC Richard McEwan, who took over responsibility for detaining Mr Lowe after his arrest, told the court Mr Lowe said: "They had to be put down, there was nothing else I could do.
"I have had terrible problems with Christine. They wouldn't let me eat."
He told the court the pensioner made further comments in a holding cell at Guildford police station, including: "I only got the gun this morning to put the dogs down.
"Came in and Lucy shouted 'What are you doing? You are not going to put my mother down'.
"They barracked me and I pulled the trigger. I do not even know if I meant to."
PC Christopher Fairclough said he heard Mr Lowe say: "I am not sorry. I am out of the problem. They are causing me problems every day."
Lucy Lee's sister, Stacey Banner, who spent part of 2013 living in a caravan with her partner in the grounds of Mr Lowe's farm, left the court in tears after Det Con David Jones gave an account of comments he said Mr Lowe made about her.
He told the court Mr Lowe said: "She had two young kids otherwise I would have sorted her out."
And Mr Jones repeated another comment allegedly made by Mr Lowe in which he said: "I know it's a terrible thing to say but I am glad those two people are out of my life. They have been giving me a terrible time."
A fourth officer, PC Philip Potter, said Mr Lowe told him he would rather have put the women down than the dogs.
He told the court the defendant said: "It was funny how she got shot. I had loaded the gun to put down four dogs. The gun went off completely by accident."
He added Mr Lowe told him he had never had an accident with a shotgun before, and if one of the women had not pushed through the door it would not have happened.
"I have been around shotguns all my life and that's the first mistake I have made. I was carrying the gun and must have cocked it," the officer said Mr Lowe told him.
Jurors saw video from the holding cell Mr Lowe was in and heard him asking the custody sergeant to contact the RSPCA about four killed dogs, as well as four chihuahuas, and a number of tame cats that remained in the house.
The trial continues.


The family of a couple killed in the mass shootings at a Tunisian beach resort say their lives have been "torn apart".

Pensioners Denis and Elaine Thwaites, from Blackpool, were among 30 British tourists killed by Islamist gunman Seifeddine Rezgui in June 2015.
The couple's son-in-law Daniel Clifford told an inquest their lives had been taken by an "evil, twisted" ideology.
Mr Thwaites, a former Birmingham City footballer, was "the best", he said.
Mr Thwaites, 70, was shot in the chest and Mrs Thwaites, 69, was shot in the chest and pelvis when Rezgui opened fire at the five-star Rui Imperial Marhaba Hotel, near Sousse.
Their daughter, Lindsey, sat quietly beside her husband as he read a statement on her behalf at London's Royal Courts of Justice.
"I idolised my dad, looked up to him and loved him unconditionally. He was my shining light, my star," he read.
"I will never get over this horrendous tragedy of losing both parents in this vicious and callous attack. We will find a new normal with them both in our hearts and minds forever."
Relatives of other British victims sat at the back of the court and wiped away tears as Mr Clifford spoke.
Paying tribute to the Thwaites, Mr Clifford said his mother-in-law was like a "second mum and a great friend" to him.
He added: "She was beautiful inside and out, elegant and looked her best without even trying."
Mr Clifford said: "Lindsey, myself and our family's lives have been torn apart due to an ideology that is both evil and twisted.
"They may have taken the best but they will never break the love we shared as a family."
Describing his father-in-law as "just the best", he said: "Lindsey and Elaine were his world and he would do everything to keep them safe."
The family had booked a surprise birthday holiday to the Dominican Republic in November 2015 to celebrate Mrs Thwaites's 70th birthday and Mr Clifford's 40th birthday, which were two days apart.
Mr Thwaites broke into the Birmingham City first team at the age of 16 in 1961, and turned professional the following year.
The winger played several games in the First Division at the start of the 1962-63 season.
His last appearance came in the 1971-72 season, and he retired from professional football in 1972 and went on to work at a local hospital.
Mr Clifford recalled a tribute from friend and team-mate Malcolm Page who said Mr Thwaites once played football with George Best on a beach in Majorca and "ran him ragged".
In Mr Page's words, the court was told: "George Best was an admirer of Denis's skills.
"Denis was much more than that, he was the best friend and colleague anyone could have."