The PSNI has posted a warning to parents about texting 'codes' that some teenagers use to disguise their phone or online messages.

Referencing a list published by a US technology show, the post encourages parents to understand 'text talk'.
Some of the abbreviations are relatively bland, such as 'HAK', meaning 'hugs and kisses' or 'WYCM' for 'Will you call me?'.
Others refer to sexual acts, drugs and suicide.
The warning has been treated with scepticism by many of the Facebook users who shared or commented on it.
Some pointed out that it was not an exhaustive list and included American phrases that are unlikely to be used by young people in Northern Ireland.
Others welcomed the post, saying it was a useful resource for parents.
Det Supt George Clarke told the BBC's Good Morning Ulster that some of the more obscene messages were a "reality".
"Parents must be involved in their children's lives online and well as offline.
"You wouldn't allow children to go off in a car with people you don't know, so let's be careful about who they're interacting with online," he said.
Margaret Gallagher of the NSPCC said it was impossible to publish a definitive list of texting phrases young people use as they tend to change frequently.
However, she said anything that promoted an "open and honest discussion" about keeping safe online was to be welcomed.
"Teenagers will always want to create coded language that can't be understood by their parents - it's natural and not necessarily something to get overly concerned about," said Ms Gallagher.
"Communication and building trust with your child is the most important thing.
"At the end of the day, you want them to feel comfortable coming to you if they're worried about something that's happened online, like an unsolicited approach or someone putting them in a vulnerable position.
"They (children) just need reassurance that, if things do go badly wrong, they have someone they can turn to."
Ms Gallagher also pointed out that children who have no behavioural issues were equally as vulnerable to online predators as those who do.
But she stressed that older teenagers, in particular, were entitled to privacy.
"It's not always easy for parents to get the balance right - we know that - but if there's trust and openness there, the risk of things going badly wrong is definitely reduced," she said.
If you want more information on keeping children safe online, you can visit the NSPCC website or call the charity free on 0808 800 5000.


The developers behind a planned £2bn Paramount theme park are holding a series of consultation events.

Exhibitions will be held across the Kent boroughs of Dartford and Gravesham at 10 locations in April and May.
London Paramount said this fourth round of consultation would help the project team to hear the views of the public before plans went to the government.
More than 50 companies on the Swanscombe Peninsula have said they fear compulsory purchase orders (CPO).
The developers have said the entertainment resort will bring up to 27,000 jobs to the area and more than 50 rides and attractions based on film and TV programmes.
Key features include a water park, a creative commercial hub, up to 5,000 hotel rooms, improvements to transport infrastructure, an events space, service buildings and staff training facilities.
Exhibitions to be held from 29 April to 14 May will include an emerging masterplan, a range of proposed transport options, and a scaled model of the resort.
Plans will be submitted to the government later this year.


An ex-BBC radio presenter accused of child sex offences told police she had sexual contact with one of her accusers when "he was 17", a court heard.

Julie Wadsworth, 60, told officers "a fumble" had led to masturbation but she had "no reason to believe he was under-age", Warwick Crown Court heard.
In a transcript read in court, she said she had "sex in the woods" with husband Tony to "spice up" their sex life.
The couple deny assaulting seven boys in the 1990s.
The Wadsworths, from Broughton Astley, Leicestershire, who have worked for BBC Radio Leicester and BBC WM, are accused of encouraging boys to take part in sexual activity in wooded areas of Warwickshire between 1992 and 1996. They deny five counts of outraging public decency.
Mrs Wadsworth has pleaded not guilty to 12 charges of indecent assault and Mr Wadsworth, 69, denies 10 counts of the same offence.
After her arrest, Mrs Wadsworth described sexual contact with one of the accusers, now in his 30s, as "just a bit of fun", the jury heard.
She said it ended when her husband became suspicious and both parties "decided it ought to stop".
Mrs Wadsworth told officers she would never sunbathe topless, as was alleged, as she was "not confident in my body" but did sometimes have sex in woodland with her husband.
"We'd nip into the woods and if we heard anybody coming we'd stop - we wouldn't openly display ourselves," she said.
"We just went down and had sex in the woods from time to time, it's so embarrassing.
"We like to spice up the sex life, but those boys? I don't recognise any of their names."
Earlier, the man Mrs Wadsworth accepted masturbating told the court he sent messages to her years after the alleged abuse.
He said in cross-examination by her barrister he had become "obsessed" with her and sent her messages when he was "drunk, depressed, or down".
The trial was adjourned until Wednesday.


UKIP's leader in Wales has denied his party is obsessed with immigration, saying the issue is raised by voters on the doorstep.

Nathan Gill said the UK and Welsh manifestos, out later this week, would be comprehensive, "full" documents on "every single topic you could imagine".
Immigration would merit "just a few paragraphs", he added.
But Mr Gill said voters possibly felt they would not be "vilified" by UKIP for bringing up the issue with them.


Gareth O'Brien kicked a drop-goal in golden-point extra time as Salford won the 'Million Pound Game' 19-18 to relegate Hull KR from Super League.

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The Red Devils looked down and out as they trailed 18-10 with two minutes left at the Lightstream Stadium.
But a second try from Niall Evalds and Greg Johnson's score with the last play of normal time levelled the scores.
O'Brien's missed conversion forced extra-time but he responded with a drop-goal from near halfway to win it.
It was a dramatic end to an enthralling game and resulted in Hull KR dropping out of Super League after a 10-year spell in the top flight.
It was also the second time in a week that Hull KR, who did not touch the ball in extra-time, suffered defeat to a late drop-goal.
Danny Brough's controversial effort last Saturday gave Huddersfield a 23-22 win to condemn the Robins to a place in the Million Pound Game.
Fighting broke out after the final whistle as Salford fans invaded the pitch to celebrate their side's stunning comeback.
There was little sign of the drama to come as Hull KR dominated the opening 20 minutes and led 10-0 through tries by Adam Walker and Josh Mantellato.
Ben Murdoch-Masila touched down from Salford's first real attack and they were remarkably level when Evalds went over in the left corner.
Mantellato's penalty just before half-time and Thomas Minns' second-half try seemed to have done enough to secure Rovers' place in Super League next season, only to be stunned by Salford's late fightback.
While Hull KR will play in the Championship next season, Salford's victory means a turbulent year at the AJ Bell Stadium ends on a high.
They were deducted six points in April for breaching salary cap regulations and had to settle for a place in the Qualifiers after losing their appeal.
That decision left owner Marwan Koukash considering his future at the club, which he bought in 2013 and has seen finish no higher than 10th.
But he intimated in the immediate aftermath of the win that he will now stay on.
Salford coach Ian Watson:
"Today was glammed up like a Grand Final, but it's a real serious game. I do believe in promotion and relegation, I just don't believe you should play off to decide relegation, you play off to win things.
"There's a big sense of relief because we felt harshly done to by losing six points. I feel for Hull KR and what they are going to go through in the next couple of weeks.
"I feel pleased and proud of the boys. It will be a real sense of achievement when they look back.
"I've seen last-minute drop-goals before but never one like that. It was a massive play by Gaz O'Brien. He's a tremendous kicker of the ball, but I don't think he'll ever kick one like that again."
Hull KR interim head coach James Webster:
"Congratulations to Salford, they came up with three really good plays to win the game. They're a team that could strike from distance, we knew that.
"I'm proud of the boys, they put every single thing into it and that was a real high-quality game. It was one of the better games you'll see this year.
"The changing room is not a great place to be.
"I find it hard that a working-class sport can glorify something like this. This game has been glorified as a final. How is it a final? I can't fathom it all. If we'd won, I'd have said the same."
Hull KR: Cockayne, Sio, Minns, Thornley, Mantellato, Campese, Marsh, Tilse, Lunt, Walker, Blair, Clarkson, Donaldson.
Replacements: Horne, Peacock, Allgood, Jubb.
Salford: O'Brien, Johnson, Jones, Sa'u, J. Griffin, Lui, Dobson, Burgess, Tomkins, G. Griffin, Murdoch-Masila, Hauraki, Flanagan.
Replacements: Kopczak, Krasniqi, Evalds, Kenny.
Attendance: 6,562
Referee: Phil Bentham (RFL)


A British war veteran who dodged enemy bullets to help secure a French beach on D-Day has received the country's highest honour.

Ted Turner was 18 when he sailed a tiny landing craft from Portsmouth to join Canadian troops at Normandy.
The 89-year-old former Royal Marine, from Waterlooville, said it was a "great honour" to receive the Legion d'Honneur at a ceremony earlier.
He is among the first UK veterans to be awarded the medal.
Recalling the landings in 1944, Mr Turner said: "It was very quiet, no one spoke. Then when we got close to the beach, the Germans started firing and it was pretty noisy.
"I wasn't frightened. I was only young, so it felt a bit like an adventure to me, even at that stage."
Mr Turner helped secure a beachhead on Juno beach while under fire from German soldiers and aircraft.
He was presented with the French medal at the Royal Marines Museum in Southsea.
"I know that I'll be thinking of those who didn't make it, my friends who didn't come back from the Normandy beaches after D-Day," he said.
After the war Mr Turner served in Germany, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong and Japan.


Britain added four medals on the final day of the Cancun Grand Prix to finish with nine - more than any other nation.

Ben Fletcher took silver in the -100kg category, with a bronze for team-mate Philip Awiti-Alcaraz.
In the -78kg category, Natalie Powell gained her 15th Grand Prix medal with silver, and Sarah Adlington won bronze.
Brazil were top of the medal table with five golds, and eight in total. Britain's nine medals consisted of four silvers and five bronzes.
Kate Howey, Britain's elite performance coach, said the team were preparing well for the World Championships in Hungary.
"Overall we have had a good tournament and have come away with nine medals, which is pretty impressive from a Grand Prix," she said.
"We now have to get back into training and finish preparation for the World Championships at the end of August."


Broadcaster Andrew Marr is returning to his Sunday politics show in September, nine months after suffering a stroke.

Marr, 53, spent two months in hospital, which was followed by months of physiotherapy to help him walk again.
BBC One's The Andrew Marr Show has since been presented by a series of guest presenters, including Jeremy Vine and Sophie Raworth.
Marr will also be returning to  present Radio 4's Start the Week later in the year.
As the Andrew Marr Show prepared to take its summer break, Vine said: "We're back on the first Sunday in September which this year is September the first. And I'm delighted to say that Andrew will be back in the hot seat presenting the show himself."
In a statement, Marr said: "I'm hugely looking forward to coming back and want to give it my all but recovering from a stroke does take time.
"We've taken the decision to start with the Sunday show in the autumn and I'm delighted to be returning to present Start the Week on Radio 4 later on in the year."
Economics editor Stephanie Flanders will continue to present Start the Week, along with other guest presenters, until Marr returns.
Three months after his stroke, Marr gave an interview to his own programme, in which he said: "I'm frankly lucky to be alive."
He blamed the stroke on overworking and intense periods of exercise.
He said his voice and memory had been unaffected by the illness but the left side of his body was weakened.


England head coach Eddie Jones has called for a change in the way foul play is refereed in rugby union.

Wing Elliot Daly was sent off in the 27-14 win against Argentina on Saturday for a tackle on number eight Leonardo Senatore who landed on his neck.
Argentine wing Juan-Pablo Estelles escaped sanction for a similar offence on Jonny May because the England and Gloucester man landed on his side.
"I argue against [it being judged on] the outcome," Jones said.
He added on BBC Radio 5 live: "I think it should be based on the action."
Daly became just the fifth England player in history to be sent off in a Test match.
Jones continued: "Elliot was reckless, there is no doubt about that, and deserved a red card. But Jonny May gets knocked over and he gets straight back on his feet, and it's a penalty.
"That's something to look at in the future. All we want is consistency."
England won their 13th match in a row by beating Argentina on Saturday despite the red card after less than five minutes at Twickenham.
A penalty try and three Owen Farrell penalties opened up a 16-0 lead. Tries from Facundo Isa and Santiago Cordero cut the gap to two points but a  Jonny May score pulled England clear.
Meanwhile, England captain Dylan Hartley says he could empathise with Daly after his red card.
Hartley told BBC Radio 5 live: "I've been in a similar situation. You can't dwell on it, it's done. You have got to move on, adapt, and look at how you can regain a foothold in the game."
Hartley feels going a man down for almost the whole match provided the side with the perfect challenge.
The hooker added: "My overall gut feeling is that it was a really hearty performance, I'm really proud of the guys, the way they dug in.
"[The red card] galvanised us, and we were able to put some good points on the board against a good team."
Find out how to get into rugby union with our special guide.
For the latest rugby union news follow @bbcrugbyunion on Twitter.


US stocks finished lower on Thursday after Deutsche Bank shares tumbled in New York following a report that some funds had withdrawn money.

The German lender fell nearly 7% after Bloomberg reported some hedge funds had taken out cash and withdrawn positions held with Deutsche's investment bank.
It added that the majority of Deutsche Bank's trading clients made no changes.
The report still unsettled other bank stocks, sending Goldman Sachs down 2.8% and JP Morgan 1.6% lower.
Deutsche Bank said in a statement: "Our trading clients are among the world's most sophisticated investors."
The bank added: "We are confident that the vast majority of them have a full understanding of our stable financial position, the current macro-economic environment, the litigation process in the US and the progress we are making with our strategy."
There has been speculation that Deutsche Bank may struggle to pay a $14bn US fine for mis-selling mortgage-backed bonds during the financial crisis.
The fall in Deutsche Bank and other finance stocks helped to push the Dow Jones Industrial Average index down 200 points, or 1.1%, to finish at 18,143 points.
The more tech-heavy Nasdaq was down 1% to 5,269 and the broader S&P 500 index was also 1% lower at 2,151 after making tentative gains in early trading.
Oil firms Chevron and Exxon Mobil fell 0.9% and 0.5% respectively as traders questioned whether an output cut agreed by the Opec oil cartel would be binding.
On Wednesday, they benefited from a surge in the oil price after reports emerged that Opec nations had agreed to the first production cut in eight years.


One of the last three deep coal mines in the UK is to be closed by the end of the week, with the loss of 430 jobs.

Hatfield Colliery, near Doncaster, South Yorkshire, was due to shut in the summer of 2016 but the move has been brought forward unexpectedly.
Micheal O'Sullivan, spokesman for the colliery, said: "We can't find a market for the coal, so there is no point in producing it."
The pit has been run by an employee-owned trust since 2013.
Hatfield along with Kellingley in North Yorkshire and Thoresby in Nottinghamshire was the last of the UK's deep seam mines.
Mr O'Sullivan said workers were told the news as they came on shift at the mine on Monday evening and there was sufficient money to pay all "contractual undertakings" for the workers.
He said the closure was "in no way due to failings of the workforce or management".
External factors such as low coal prices, a switch to renewable energy and large coal stocks have made a set of "almost unprecedented circumstances", he added.
An official winding-up petition is to be issued on Tuesday.
The BBC understands work to backfill the mine shafts is set to begin on Friday.
In May, a government grant of £20m was aimed to provide Hatfield Colliery Partnership with support until its planned closure in August 2016.
Last year the colliery also secured a £4m loan from the National Union of Mineworkers


Formula 1 world champion Lewis Hamilton says Mercedes team-mate and title rival Nico Rosberg helped push him to new levels but admits it was tough to make their relationship work.

He also had a turbulent time at McLaren in 2007 with team-mate Fernando Alonso.
But Hamilton says his 2014 experience with Rosberg was "maybe tougher" after the pair clashed on and off the track.
He added: "But you always want to have a fierce competitor, a tough team-mate, because they help you raise your game."
Hamilton, 29, beat Rosberg to the title after months of tension between the Mercedes team-mates following several controversial incidents.
Rosberg and Hamilton have had a fractious relationship after Hamilton's brake failure in Canada, Rosberg taking a controversial pole in Monaco, the German clipping Hamilton in Belgium, and Hamilton's "slap in the face" overtake of Rosberg in the USA.
But Hamilton says the year ended on a "really respectful note" in Abu Dhabi.
In a series of interviews with the BBC, Hamilton said:
A third world championship win in 2015 would take Hamilton level on titles with Ayrton Senna, who won in 1988, 1990 and 1991.
Hamilton has maintained the Brazilian driver has been his inspiration in the sport from a young age.
"Naturally I always wanted to emulate Ayrton," Hamilton said.
"Right now, I'm really humbled by the whole experience, I was grateful just to get the first win, to get the second is just an unreal feeling.
"This is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. But I'll be back at the factory next week, we're going to be working on the next car, and a new seat fit - a big engineering meet to understand what's entailed for next year."
On Jenson Button, who is still without a team for the 2015 season, Hamilton added McLaren would be "smart" to keep him.
"Developing, building a team, stabilising a team, you need strong drivers to lead the team, and he's the full package," Hamilton said.
Hamilton was also questioned on the financial problems faced by Formula 1's smaller teams towards the end of the 2014 season, with British manufacturers Caterham and Marussia entering administration within a week.
"We need those two teams, because they really make the sport, we need more teams and we need more competitive teams.
"Seeing people lose their jobs is not a good thing at all. Of course these guys they want to be racing, they want to get to races and see their car competing even if it's not winning.
"My heart goes and my best wishes go out to those guys."


Award-winning novelist and essayist Andrew O'Hagan grew up on a council estate in Ayrshire where he delighted in being the oddball.

Since the publication 20 years ago of The Missing, his ground-breaking amalgamation of memoir, social history and forensic journalism, O'Hagan has been twice nominated for the Booker prize for fiction and been the recipient of some of the most prestigious literary prizes on both sides of the Atlantic.
It is a far-cry from the working class housing estate in Kilwinning in which he grew up.
But his readers know that his family life in the bones of his writing and the author's voice has lost none of his Ayrshire accent despite him decamping to London as soon as he finished university.
O'Hagan, who latest novel Illuminations is set in Saltcoats, tells BBC Scotland's Stark Talk programme: "There are writers who, from an early age, drop their anchors locally.
"Then there are other writers like Robert Louis Stevenson, who was never more Scottish than when he was in Samoa. I'd certainly be in that category."
Born in 1968, O'Hagan says his childhood was not unhappy but there were periods of "confusion and uncertainty".
He says his father had a "difficult experience" of being a dad and his split from O'Hagan's mother led to her having to work hard to look after her four sons, of which Andrew was the youngest.
The young O'Hagan was a voracious reader who was always pestering the teachers for more books.
He says his late father once told him off for telling an interviewer there were no books in the house when he was growing up.
"He said. 'There was a book. It was green. It was on top of the fridge for ages'.
"I said 'that was the Kilmarnock telephone directory, that does not count'."
From an early age O'Hagan was always open to looking to do things differently.
"I never refused experience," he says.
"I was an annoying wee pest but within that was a growing instinct to absorb experience and to cross the line."
Instead of playing football, he would make daisy chains and play skipping ropes with the girls, not the done thing in the west of Scotland in the 1970s.
And at the age of 10 he took up ballet, much to the annoyance of his father.
"I scanned the horizon and thought what would most wind my dad up?" he says.
"He was duly horrified. But then again it says something for them because they got used to it."
His teenage years saw his love of literature harnessed by the teachers at his "giant" comprehensive in the middle of a housing estate where Mrs McNeil kept him behind to take him through the poetry of WB Yeats and Thomas Hardy's novels in preparation for passing exams.
When he was nominated for the Booker prize for his first novel Our Fathers, he told an interviewer that on the way to the ceremony he had been thinking back to Mrs McNeil, the English teacher who helped him get in to Strathclyde University, the first in his family to go into higher education.
"She really saved me," he says.
"I don't know where I would have gone if I had not had that chance to find my voice."
After graduation he headed for London, working first on a magazine for blind veterans before becoming editorial assistant at the London Review of Books, at the time a new radical literary journal.
The job gave him access to the greatest writers of the time.
"It was an open arena for literary talent," O'Hagan says.
"Some of the writers that came to be great friends - Christopher Hitchens, Colm Toibin, Hillary Mantel - a lot of those writers I met on the London Review.
"It was an old-fashioned apprenticeship in that way. They were very thorough. We studied a semi-colon as if our lives depended on it."
And in 1995, when he was 27, he published The Missing, which was an instant success.
"I thought it would be treated as a minor curiosity and people would quickly move on to something else," he says.
"The fact that people took it up as an argument against the society we were living in, that really surprised me."
Despite his stellar literary achievements since, he says his daughter, who was born a genetic disorder which causes speech problems, has taught him about pride in ways he had never known.
"She is a startling example to everybody," he says.
"She has a lovely life and lovely character and she absolutely copes in a mainstream school with her peers."
He's no longer with her mother, writer India Knight, but he explains that their separation is infinitely easier than the chasm he witnessed in his own parents.
"She's had a very loving and very modern and open upbringing.
"Her mother and I are great friends we live very close together and we all see each other in happy circumstances every day.
"That's been a great upgrade from the kinds of separations I grew up with."


Swansea City head coach Francesco Guidolin believes the 1-0 win against Aston Villa was their "most important" of the season.

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Despite an unimpressive display, the Swans' third victory in four matches took them 11 points clear of the Premier League relegation zone.
Guidolin missed the last three games with a chest infection and was pleased to make a winning return.
"It has been a long time and it is my first home win," he said.
"I was happy to be back. Maybe this is the most important victory of the season so I am very happy."
A listless Swansea performance saw Villa dominate the first half at the Liberty Stadium, though the visitors failed to really trouble Swans goalkeeper Lukasz Fabianski.
There was a marginal improvement from the hosts after the break as Federico Fernandez bundled in the game's only goal, though Guidolin knows his side have much work to do before their Premier League survival is assured.
"The result and victory was all important. I know the performance was not very good but this is the match I was waiting for," he said.
"I know the situation and I saw my players nerves come across in their performance. I thought that would be the case for this game - they [Villa] could play with freedom and we did not.
"But in the future for the club, the fans and everyone involved we need to make sure we are not in this situation again. It has been an up and down season, it is nearly finished but not quite."
Victory against Villa means Swansea are 11 points clear of the relegation zone, though that could change on Sunday when 18th-placed Sunderland take on local rivals Newcastle, who are one place below them in the table.
"Norwich won so we are not safe. It is not certain but what I liked here was the attitude they showed," Guidolin added.
"We had the attitude of a cup final, and they are never pretty games but the result is what matters.
"We need to play with this character but with more freedom. I want to see this. If we can play this way we have the chance to have good results and finish the season well."


Volunteers are being urged to work and live on a tiny Scottish island in the Firth of Forth to monitor its bird population.

The "chance of a lifetime opportunity" on the Isle of May would begin mid-April and run for about four months.
Birds on the island include Arctic Terns, Kittiwakes and Razorbills. Throughout the year, grey seals can also be spotted on the island.
The work is unpaid. Accommodation and some travel costs are provided.


Majid Haq and Matt Machan seem poles apart.

Haq celebrates his 32nd birthday on Wednesday and is the oldest and most capped player in Scotland's team.
Machan, who turns 24 on Sunday, is the third youngest in Grant Bradburn's national side at the 2015 World Cup.
Haq was born and bred in Paisley by Pakistani parents, obtaining an honours degree in accountancy from the town's university.
Machan entered this world at one of the most southerly points of England and has lived in the Brighton area all his life.
Haq has never played English county cricket despite a brief trial period with Warwickshire in 2008.
Machan is already steeped in England's domestic scene, having played at Sussex since 2010.
Haq's reputation has been built on solid bowling, while Machan increasingly shows he has a way with the bat.
But, when cricket's showpiece in Australia and New Zealand starts on Friday, Haq and Machan will unquestionably have the same, identical goal.
Machan told BBC Scotland: "Winning one game will be creating history.
"Whether we can go further than that, you never know. We've done quite well in the associate world for the last six to 18 months.
"It's a real chance to put ourselves on the world stage and try and become a side like Ireland and Afghanistan have over the last four or five years."
Machan, who is eligible to play for Scotland because of his Glasgow-born mother, highlights the aim each squad member and Scotland fan has probably expressed tens of times over recent months.
Despite Scotland's presence at the 1999 and 2007 World Cup tournaments, all they experienced were defeats, so a single victory this time around would represent decent progress.
In Pool A with them are New Zealand, England, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Australia.
Six opportunities. And Haq said: "We're very confident against every team.
"A lot of the guys are playing at a high level down south. It's quite a young squad, but a lot of the young guys have already played a lot of cricket.
"They're mature as players, so I think it's time to show the world how good the Scotland cricket team is.
"There's no reason why we can't get points on the board in the first game against New Zealand. A lot of pressure is going to be on them."
Haq is partly referring to New Zealand being co-hosts, but something else too.
In October, Scotland performed admirably against a strong New Zealand XI, losing by a solitary run when really, had it not been for a couple of misfields, victory was in their grasp.
The highlight of that contest for Haq was ending the Kiwi captain's spell at the crease.
"It would be nice to get Brendan McCullum again," said Haq, who has also dismissed ex-England skippers Kevin Pietersen and Andrew Strauss in his career.
"He's very tough to bowl at and one of their best batsmen. I need one more wicket to become the highest wicket taker, so hopefully it can happen pretty soon.
"It's important for me as a senior player, and as someone who's been there and played for a long time, to take the lead role when it comes to the matches."
Machan hopes the fact he posted an excellent 86 in that autumn contest versus New Zealand will give the hosts the jitters at Dunedin's University Oval.
"I think it will play some part," said Machan, a former England Under-18 team-mate of England wicketkeeper Jos Buttler.
"I know it's already sold out. I've got friends in Dunedin and they say the build-up for the World Cup and Scotland coming over to Dunedin is incredible.
"We'll have a lot of home support over there, so it will be an interesting game and one we can definitely challenge to try to win."
When that opening match is done and dusted, there is no respite for the Scots.
Next up is a face-off with England in Christchurch on 22 February in what will be an interesting occasion for Machan, who may have Sussex team-mate Chris Jordan as an opponent.
"I play against a lot of the guys on the county scene and know quite a few of them from growing up," he said.
"It's going to be a nice experience and to see where you are in comparison to them. Anything can happen."
Key to Scotland's chances against the English could be having one of their own in the camp.
Former England limited-overs skipper Paul Collingwood has been drafted in as a specialist coach for the Scots. Collingwood's former Test captain Michael Vaughan has already commented that current England coach Peter Moores should have enlisted the Durham all-rounder's help.
"It's always good to have Collingwood with us," said Haq. "I'm sure he'll know most of the English guys.
"With England, you know what you're going to get. They're all top-class players and they perform when it comes to the big tournaments. They will be targeting the semi-finals."
Perhaps the subsequent two matches, against Afghanistan and Bangladesh, will be the crucial contests in Scotland acquiring the one World Cup win they crave.
While Machan agrees that double-header could "define their tournament", he is reluctant to put a lid on their aspirations.
"You never know what's going to happen in fixtures, with a 'no result' or another associate team winning a game, so we might find ourselves in the mix," he said.
Wait a minute, Scotland qualifying for the latter stages?
"I've thought about it," he added.


Nigel Farage has hit out at "fashionable" charities that have "money thrown at them" but are not subject to proper financial scrutiny.

The UKIP leader told LBC Radio that he supported charitable giving but believed there were "quite a few charlatans" in the sector.
It comes as questions are asked about the collapse of Kids Company, which received millions in public funding.
Mr Farage claimed "something didn't ring true" about the organisation.
The charity collapsed in August days after receiving a Â£3m grant from the Cabinet Office and in the midst of a Scotland Yard investigation into allegations of historical sexual abuse.
The closure came after ministers said they wanted to recover the grant - with officials saying they believed conditions attached to the use of the money had not been met.
Appearing before MPs on Thursday, the founder of Kids Company Camila Batmanghelidjh and its chairman, BBC executive Alan Yentob, denied the charity had been badly run and rejected claims of financial mismanagement.
But speaking on his regular monthly phone-in, Mr Farage said he had been "suspicious" about the activities of the charity, which was championed by David Cameron, Gordon Brown and Tony Blair, for a "very long time" and claimed 73% of its income went towards paying "inflated" staff salaries.
Its appeal to politicians and subsequent demise was symptomatic of a wider problem in the charitable sector, he claimed.
"There are lots and lots of people in what we could call fashionable charities," he said. "If the prime minister's wife thinks they are good they are fashionable charities.
"Everybody throws money at them and no-one asks any questions. When questions were being asked about the legitimacy of Kids Company, the government chucked another Â£3m in four days before the whole thing went bankrupt.
"The whole thing stinks. I am afraid, and this is true, that within the charity sector there are quite a few charlatans...I am not against charity, I give to charity but I am selective about the charities I give to."
Asked during the phone-in about his public profile and what impact it would have on the forthcoming EU referendum, Mr Farage claimed he had become the "most demonised person in Britain since Oswald Mosley" - the British fascist leader who was imprisoned during World War Two.
He said he had been subject to "appalling and untrue" attacks in sections of the media but he suggested the criticism of him was motivated less by personal feelings than fear of UKIP's policies and their resonance.
"What is really interesting is the percentage of the population that really don't like me is not particularly big and it tends to be linked to my genuine policy positions rather than my persona."
There have been calls for Mr Farage to adopt a lower profile during the referendum campaign amid claims that he is a polarising figure among the electorate and could damage the fight to leave the EU.
The MEP, who failed to win a Westminster seat in May's election, said the Leave campaign must be a "team effort", appealing to both the left and right of the political spectrum, and should not be "dominated" by any one individual or party.
"I may not be everyone's cup of the tea but what I have done is that I have taken a political party that was virtually unheard of to winning a national election... and I, with my colleagues, have managed to force a referendum and a change of national debate about Europe, immigration, grammar schools and many other areas.
"I believe the net effect of what I am doing is good for our side of the argument."


The Scottish government claims the Budget could leave Scottish families £700m worse off a year.

Social Justice Secretary Alex Neil criticised what he called "inexcusable" plans to overhaul the tax credits system.
Scottish Secretary David Mundell challenged the SNP to start working on new devolved welfare policies and stop looking for "contrived complaints".
The comments come ahead of a key joint ministerial meeting at Westminster.
Mr Neil said Scottish government analysis had found that households with the least money would face the biggest losses.
He said: "By cutting tax credits, households across Scotland will be faced with nearly £700m cuts and additional worries and stress about caring for their families.
"At Monday's meeting of the Joint Ministerial Working Group on Welfare, I will urge the Secretary of State for Scotland to call a halt to the UK government's inexcusable attack on low-paid families."
Martin Crewe, director of Barnardo's Scotland, said: "The UK government's plans to cut tax credits to working people will make it an even greater struggle for those who rely on them."
But the Scotland Office said welfare provision in Scotland was about to become a "shared space" where both governments "must work together".
Mr Mundell said: "If we are to provide the best possible service for people then Holyrood ministers need to start sharing their plans instead of looking for contrived complaints on the process.
"What new benefits are you planning? Which existing benefits do you want to top up? How are you going to pay for it?"
The Joint Ministerial Working Group on Welfare is jointly chaired by Mr Mundell and Mr Neil.
It was created to oversee social security and work programme powers being transferred to Holyrood.


Egypt's Al Ahly managed a goalless draw in Mali against Stade Malien despite being without seven key players in the Confederation Cup on Sunday.

Holders Ahly remain second in Group A with four points after a convincing 3-0 over Tunisia's Esperance in their opening match.
Etoile du Sahel top Group A with a second win in a row as they overcame Esperance 1-0 in a Tunisian derby watched by a Rades crowd restricted to 30,000 because of security concerns.
An Ammar Jemal goal on 50 minutes proved decisive after Etoile had Brazilian Diogo Da Costa red-carded during the opening half.
Esperance are bottom of the group, having lost both their matches so far.
Egyptian club Zamalek came from behind to beat South African hosts Orlando Pirates 2-1 in Saturday's African Confederation Cup match in the north-eastern city Nelspruit.
Substitute Mustapha Fathi scored the winner seven minutes from time to make it two victories out of two for Zamalek in Group B.
Lehlohonolo Majoro had given the Pirates the lead on 68 minutes with Nigerian Maroof Yusuf equalising four minutes later.
The result puts Zamalek top of Group B.
On Friday in Group B, three-time Confederation Cup winners CS Sfaxien came from behind to draw 1-1 with AC Leopards.
Leopards made the long trip north as underdogs, but they went into the fixture having stunned hosts Sfaxien 2-0 three years ago en route to winning the competition.
Captain Ali Maaloul hit an equaliser after Cesair Gandze's first half opener to earn three-time winners Sfaxien their first point of the campaign.


Sheffield Wednesday have signed CSKA Sofia striker Sergiu Bus and Manchester United defender Marnick Vermijl for undisclosed fees and re-signed Watford midfielder Lewis McGugan on loan.

Bus and Vermijl have signed three-and-a-half-year deals, while McGugan will stay until the end of the season.
Filipe Joaquim Melo Silva has joined from Moreirenses for an undisclosed fee, subject to clearance.
The 25-year-old has signed a three-and-a-half-year contract at Hillsborough.
Bus, 22, has played six games for Romania's Under-21 team and scored 10 goals in 19 games this season.
The transfer of Bus, who has also had loan spells at four other Romanian sides, is also subject to international clearance.
Vermijl, 23, made one appearance for Manchester United this season.
The Belgium Under-21 international played the full 90 minutes of the Old Trafford side's 4-0 defeat by MK Dons in the League Cup.
McGugan, 26, made seven appearances during a loan at Hillsborough earlier in the season.
Meanwhile, Wednesday's Slovenian defender Dejan Kelhar has signed a deal to stay at Hillsborough until the end of the season.
The 30-year-old joined arrived on a short-term contract in August after leaving Red Star Belgrade in the summer.
He ruptured an anterior cruciate ligament soon after joining Wednesday and has yet to play for the club.
Kelhar has six international caps and has also played for Turkish side Samsunspor and Cercle Bruges in Belgium.


Jose Giraldo earns his living on the streets of Medellin selling humorous road signs and stickers with iconic images.

It is an eclectic offering, which includes the likes of Hello Kitty, Jesus Christ and Che Guevara.
But according to Mr Giraldo, stickers boasting the image of Colombia's infamous drug lord Pablo Escobar are by far the most popular.
"The best seller is Pablito," Mr Giraldo says of the crime boss, who was shot dead in Medellin while trying to escape from police 20 years ago.
Mr Giraldo is by no means the only one cashing in on the image of the man many consider the greatest outlaw of the 20th Century.
At the height of his power, Pablo Escobar was said to be the seventh richest man in the world, with his Medellin drugs cartel thought to be behind up to 80% of all the cocaine shipped to the United States.
His cartel not only trafficked drugs, it terrorised Colombia in the 1980s and early 1990s, bribing, kidnapping or killing all those who stood in its way.
Such was his ruthlessness he is widely held responsible for some 4,000 deaths. Others say the real number is closer to 5,000.
And yet, here in Medellin, some people still affectionately refer to Escobar as Pablito, and in the commercial district of Junin T-shirts and wristwatches emblazoned with his face as well as books and DVDs telling his story are on display.
Last year, Colombian TV network Caracol released a 63-episode series called Escobar: The Boss of Evil.
The series has already been sold to 66 countries, including North Korea.
Pirated copies of the series are immensely popular in Medellin's markets even as Caracol airs the series for a second time.
David Bustamante is one of those selling the DVDs. He says he has no qualms about making money out of the drug lord's story.
"I don't mind selling it. Maybe because his was a war that didn't affect me," says Mr Bustamante, who was just a baby when Escobar was killed.
Caracol has not released figures of the profits it has made on the series, but it seems to be on its way to becoming one of the biggest commercial successes in the history of Colombian television.
But not everybody in Colombia is happy about the commercial success of all things Escobar.
"In a way it is an example of the triumph of culture embodied by Pablo Escobar, in which profit, making three bucks, is more important than anything else," says Rodrigo Lara Restrepo, whose father, Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, was shot dead on Escobar's orders in 1984.
Federica Arellano agrees with Mr Lara. He lost his father in the 1989 bombing of a commercial plane ordered by Escobar in an attempt to kill presidential candidate Cesar Gaviria.
Mr Gaviria was not on board the plane - having cancelled his plans for security reasons - but all 107 passengers and crew, and three people on the ground, died in the attack.
"Personally, coming back home and seeing his [Escobar's] face on the TV screen is an insult, a slap in the face," Mr Arellano says.
"It is also sending quite a damaging message. It is saying: 'Go and become a criminal, because that way you can make money fast and lift your family out of poverty,'" Mr Arellano, who chairs a foundation for Escobar's victims, argues.
"Thankfully there are still some sensible people who rejected the idea of having the Pablo Escobar trademark registered," he adds, referring to a recent move by the drug baron's family to cash in on his continued popularity.
Escobar's son, Santiago Marroquin, recently launched a clothing range with images of his father.
Mr Marroquin, who lives in Argentina, says he does not sell the garments in Colombia out of respect for his father's victims.
But, at least in Medellin, it is not difficult to find T-shirts bearing Escobar's face, or Colombians who still see the founder of the Medellin cartel as a sort of hero willing to buy them.
"People really like them because it's like wearing a [picture] of a Saint you have faith in," explains Jenny Zapata, who sells Escobar-themed T-shirts at Pasaje Junin in Medellin.
"The thing is, some people see Pablo Escobar as a bad guy and others see him as a hero, as someone who was able to do the things that no-one else was able to do here in Medellin. And a good example is the barrio [neighbourhood] he built," she adds.
The neighbourhood, nicknamed by its inhabitants Pablo Escobar, sits atop one of the many hills that surround Medellin's city centre.
It is one of the many "gifts" Escobar gave to the city's poorest inhabitants in an attempt to secure their loyalty.
It is this sort of generosity which explains why, two decades after his death, he remains a cult figure among some.
A big flag with the drug baron's face clearly marks the neighbourhood's entrance.
"We respect the pain of his victims, but we ask people to understand our joy and gratitude, what it means to move out from a garbage dump to a decent house," Ubernez Zavala, a local community leader, tells the BBC.
According to Mr Zavala, Barrio Pablo Escobar has become a popular stop for tourists, with several companies in town offering Escobar-themed tours.
He says residents do not mind the commercialisation of Escobar's image, but he acknowledges that there is unlikely to be any agreement between those who see Escobar as a monster and those who still worship him as a saint.
"The only consensus is that Pablo Escobar is part of our history," he concludes.


There's been a famine in the world's newest country, South Sudan, since February this year.

Around 100,000 people in the African country, which was formed in 2011, are now facing starvation - according to the United Nations (UN).
This was the first time that a famine has been declared in any part of the world for six years.
Find out more about what a famine is here.
The main reason that South Sudan is facing this food crisis is because of fighting there.
But what is the conflict about?
South Sudan is a country in central Africa.
It used to be part of the country of Sudan (which is just above it), but it became a country in its own right in 2011, because people living in the the south voted to be an independent country.
A civil war is when two sides within the same country start fighting each other.
This split happened after an agreement that was made in 2005, which ended an extremely long civil war in Sudan. In fact, it was Africa's longest-running civil war.
The population of South Sudan is split up into lots of different ethnic groups.
BBC expert on South Sudan James Copnall says: "At independence, the new nation was very fragile. The army was divided and there was lots of tension."
So fighting has not stopped since it became a new country and it has had a devastating impact on people living there.
Salva Kiir Mayardit was leader of the south of Sudan before it became an independent country
Ever since South Sudan was born, different ethnic groups in the country have fought against each other for power and resources, like cattle.
This continued after disagreements between the president of South Sudan - a man called Salva Kiir Mayardit - and his vice-president called Riek Machar.
In July 2013, President Salva Kiir sacked his vice-president and other important members of the government.
In December 2013, he accused Mr Machar of wanting to take power off him - and what started as a political row became a civil war affecting the whole country, with different ethnic groups fighting each other.
Some groups supported President Salva Kiir, while others were loyal to Mr Machar.
In just a couple of years, many thousands of people died and over 2 million were forced to flee from their homes.
In 2014, both sides agreed to talk with each other to try to sort out their problems.
In August 2015, they signed a deal with each other, after the UN said they would be punished if they didn't try to sort things out.
The sacked vice-president, who had fled, came back to the capital of South Sudan called Juba in April 2016, in order to become vice-president again.
But it didn't last long. In July 2016, Mr Machar's bodyguards and President Kiir's guards started fighting, and there were several days of more violence.
Hundreds of people died and more than 100,000 people fled across the border.
Mr Machar was fired again and he fled the country.
James Copnall says: "The main politicians, President Salva Kiir and the rebel leader Riek Machar aren't able to work together and many of the soldiers still want to fight, often to take revenge for friends or family members who have died in the war.
"The nation is divided. Lots of new anti-governments groups have been formed and the battles have spread to new areas."
It has had a devastating impact on ordinary people living in South Sudan - especially children.
Firstly, many have been caught up in the violence. Some children have even been forced to become soldiers.
Secondly, a huge number of people have had to flee from their homes. This means that children don't have somewhere safe to live and aren't able to go to school.
"Since the war began, more than 3.5 million people have now fled, leaving behind their homes and most of what they own. They now need help just to survive," James Copnall says.
Thirdly, there isn't enough food - which is why the famine has been declared - meaning many children are starving.
Prices for basic food have become extremely high, meaning families cannot afford to get what they need to eat.
Aid agencies are also currently unable to reach all of the people who need their help.
UN assistant secretary general Justin Forsyth said: "Nobody should be dying of starvation in 2017. There is enough food in the world."
But until the conflict in South Sudan stops, it is likely that life for ordinary people living there will continue to be a struggle.
If you're upset by this story, or anything in the news, you can find advice here.


Wales scrum-half Rhys Webb came through his pre-Six Nations run-out for Ospreys in their 20-14 Anglo-Welsh Cup win over Bristol.

Webb was made available to gain match fitness following his recovery from an ankle injury.
He was replaced at the break by Matthew Aubrey and will rejoin Wales' preparations to face Italy in their Six Nations start in Rome on 5 February.
Ospreys rose to second in Pool Two, on 10 points apiece with leaders Exeter.
But the focus of Wales fans was on Webb who again expressed confidence in his conditioning with the Six Nations in mind before rejoining the Wales squad on Monday
"I'm not just going in there to make up the numbers," said Webb.
"I'll be going in there to fight for that jersey back. I feel fit, ready and raring to go."
The 28-year-old, who has 23 Wales caps, scored on his 60-minute return from an ankle injury in the 26-21 European Challenge Cup win at Newcastle last weekend.
"I'm 100% fit. I feel good. I didn't  want to come off last week, but was just sticking to the guidelines with the physios and conditioning coaches and same again in this game," added Webb.
"They know best, they know my body.
"I don't want to come off after 60. I don't want to come off after 40.
"I feel I can go on for a lot longer. I've had a good block of rehab and fitness training to get me back where I need to be and I'm loving it at the moment."
Against Bristol, full-back Dafydd Howells went over for a try converted by Luke Price and Max Crumpton hit back for the visitors before the break.
Replacement Welsh hooker Marc Jones' try put Bristol ahead going into the latter stages, but Bath-bound open-side Sam Underhill's late score and Price's conversion ensured Ospreys' win.
Ospreys: Dafydd Howells, Jay Baker, Joe Thomas, Jonathan Spratt, Ben John, Luke Price, Rhys Webb (capt); Gareth Thomas, Scott Otten, Rhodri Jones, James Ratti, Adam Beard, Joe Bearman, Sam Underhill, Rob McCusker.
Replacements: Ifan Phillips, Rowan Jenkins, Daniel Suter, Tyler Ardron, Will Jones, Matthew Aubrey, Phil Jones, Tom O'Flaherty.
Bristol: Jack Wallace; David Lemi, Will Hurrell, Tusi Pisi, Tom Varndell; Billy Searle, Alby Mathewson; Jack O'Connell, Max Crumpton, Gaston Cortes, Dan Tuohy, Ben Glynn, Nick Fenton-Wells, Jack Lam (capt), Mitch Eadie.
Replacements: Marc Jones, Jamal Ford-Robinson, James Hall, Mark Sorenson, Giorgi Nemsadze, Rhodri Williams, Thretton Palamo, Jack Tovey.


Cricket matches at Headingley Stadium will be floodlit from 2015 after plans to install permanent lights were given the go-ahead.

Leeds City Council granted Yorkshire County Cricket Club (YCCC) planning permission at a meeting earlier.
Four 184ft-high (56m) pylons will be built at the stadium at a cost of Â£1.8m and used up to 20 times a season.
YCCC chief executive Mark Arthur said it was a "major step forward for the club".
"We want to create a stadium that is amongst the finest in the world and enable Yorkshire to continue to stage major international fixtures over the long term," he said.
"It will also enable us to promote day/night fixtures, which will become an integral part of our limited overs schedule in the various domestic competitions."
The club has been given a Â£700,000 grant towards the cost of the lighting by the England and Wales Cricket Board.
Mr Arthur said "work will continue" to secure the remaining Â£1.1m.


Canadian grandmother Christine McMillan does not include killing mutants among her hobbies, neither does she play the games that would allow her to do so.

So when she received a letter accusing her of illegally downloading first-person shooter Metro 2033, she was surprised.
She had never heard of the game and did not understand why she faced a fine of thousands of dollars.
The firm that sent the letter said the incident was "an unfortunate anomaly".
It is now mandatory for Canadian ISPs to forward copyright infringement notices to customers whose IP address has been identified by content owners as being the source of illegal downloads.
It is part of the Canadian government's Notice and Notice regulations, introduced under last year's Copyright Modernisation Act.
The regulation requires that infringement notices issued by content owners are forwarded to users.
"I found it quite shocking. I'm 86, no-one has access to my computer but me, why would I download a war game?" Mrs McMillan told Go Public - an investigative news team from Canada's CBC TV network.
Metro 2033 was released in 2010 and is based in the ruins of Moscow, following a nuclear war. Players must defeat an evil mutant race, which some gamers refer to as zombies.
At first, she thought it was a scam but after calling her internet service provider Cogeco, she realised that the notices are perfectly legal.
Mrs McMillan told Go Public: "It seems to be a very foolish piece of legislation."
Thousands of Canadians are likely to have received similar notices, which warn them that they have been identified as having downloaded content without paying for it and offer a one-off payment to avoid the case going to court.
Copyright holders such as game developers and film studios are typically hiring third-party firms to collect money from the alleged pirates.
In this case, the private firm Canadian Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement (CANIPRE) sent the letter.
It read: "In the event that this matter remains unresolved and/or you continue to engage in the unauthorised copying and distribution of copyrighted works, you could be in violation of the Acceptable Use policy you may be party to with your ISP."
In response to a BBC enquiry, the firm said that what it described as the "McMillan notice" was "simply one of multiple of thousands of notices that we handle monthly".
It accused ISP Cogeco of being "unreliable" in the way it "reconciles the IP... to the appropriate subscriber".
It went on to offer a one-off payment of 5,000 Canadian dollars ($3,700, Â£3,000) to settle the case. Mrs McMillan said she has no intention of paying.
There is no legal obligation to pay the fines, according to experts, who point out that an IP address is not proof of guilt because the connection could have been used by someone other than the bill payer.
Allowing others to use your internet connection does not make you responsible for copyright infringement, according to the UK's Citizens Advice.
Similar cases have arisen in the UK in recent years.
Last year, thousands of customers of O2 and Sky received letters demanding cash for illegally downloading pornographic films. While Sky stopped short of telling users not to pay, it advised them to "carefully read the letter".
According to copyright news website TorrentFreak, such schemes rely on fear.
"The power of the settlement scheme lies in the uncertainty people face. Most recipients are unaware of the notice-and-notice system and fear that a lawsuit is looming. However, thus far not a single lawsuit has followed in these cases," it said.
CANIPRE told the BBC that it would take a case to court in Canada soon.
"We will establish a precedent case here in Canada concerning copyright infringement. We have many substantive case files to choose from and will establish a legal precedent here in due course."


The director of a Russian museum at a Stalin-era prison camp says local officials have taken over the site and removed references to the Soviet dictator's crimes.

"Of course it's a political move," Viktor Shmyrov told the BBC.
Perm-36, in Russia's Ural mountains, is the only surviving camp with buildings dating back to the Stalinist terror.
A non-governmental group has been managing the museum, but is disbanding after arguments with Perm officials.
Millions of Soviet citizens were sent to labour camps in the notorious Gulag system, or shot, during Joseph Stalin's hardline communist rule. The worst repressions took place in the 1930s.
Portraits of Stalin - taboo after the scale of his crimes was revealed - have become more common since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Surveys indicate that many Russians now regard Stalin as a hero.
Speaking to the BBC by phone, Mr Shmyrov said the local authorities had decided to put their people in place at the camp.
"The memorial won't disappear, but the museum has been taken over by other people appointed by the new authorities, who have totally changed the content. Now it's a museum about the camp system, but not about political prisoners. They don't talk about the repressions or about Stalin."
Last year the Perm authorities cut off the site's water and electricity, complaining of unpaid bills.
Mr Shmyrov said the takeover started in 2013 and triggered protests by thousands of people.
He said Perm-36 covered 14,000 sq m (150,000 sq ft), with more than 20 buildings.
"It will lose its significance," he said, complaining that now "the museum will be quite different".
Up to 3,000 political prisoners were housed there under Stalin, and about 1,000 when Leonid Brezhnev was Soviet leader in the 1970s, he said.
The prisoners included nationalists from Ukraine and the Baltic republics, and such nationalists are vilified in Russian state media today.
The camp was closed in 1988 and became a museum in 1996.
Mr Shmyrov said the takeover by the Perm authorities was less about a rehabilitation of Stalin than "connected with the political situation in the country".
"We are already seeing the creation of a Stalinist-type state - enormous power is concentrated in the hands of one man," he said.
Under President Vladimir Putin "there is no need now for repressions - the people have become obedient", he said.
"The political system is returning to totalitarianism."


Head teachers in England should be given powers to fine parents who fail to support their children's education, the chief inspector of schools says.

Sir Michael Wilshaw told the Times parents who allow homework to be left, miss parents' evenings or fail to read with their children should be fined.
Currently parents receive a Â£60 penalty notice if their child plays truant.
But Education Secretary Michael Gove wants tougher penalties for those whose children are not "ready to learn".
In a speech earlier this month, Mr Gove pledged "stronger sanctions" - if the Conservatives won next year's general election - for parents who did not "play their full part in guaranteeing good behaviour".
Now in an interview with the Times newspaper, the Ofsted boss said parents who fail to do a good job in supporting their children's education should be penalised.
Speaking about his own experiences as a head teacher in London's inner-city schools, Sir Michael said: "I was absolutely clear with parents - if they weren't doing a good job I would tell them so.
"It's up to head teachers to say quite clearly, 'You're a poor parent.'
"If parents didn't come into school, didn't come to parents' evening, didn't read with their children, didn't ensure they did their homework, I would tell them they were bad parents.
"I think head teachers should have the power to fine them. It's sending the message that you are responsible for your children no matter how poor you are."
Sir Michael praised some schools in inner-city areas as among the best-performing, saying: "London is showing that all children can do well, including poor children, and what we need to do is replicate what's happening here elsewhere.
"There's too much variability and inconsistency across the country."
Sir Michael said it was striking that white British children were now doing worst of all.
He said the gap between white British children from poorer families and those from other ethnic groups needed to be closed for England to catch up with the world's leading nations.
"Immigrant communities are doing very well educationally and it should be recognised that they've added value to this country's performance."
Sir Michael said poverty was all too often used as an excuse for failure by white working-class families.
"It's not about income or poverty.  Where families believe in education they do well. If they love their children they should support them in schools."
Sir Michael also said he agreed with the government's reforms to GCSE and A-level exams and called for the return of textbooks.
He backed Mr Gove's plans for changes, calling them "absolutely necessary", and urged heads to embrace their increased autonomy and "get on with it".
"Stop moaning, that's my message to head teachers."
Head teachers said they welcomed the  autonomy that was being offered, but said all too often this was taken away.
Malcolm Trobe, deputy general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, said: "We're told head teachers have autonomy and then we're told what we should be doing.
"We're getting repeated messages from government and Ofsted telling us what we should be doing.
"Perhaps we should say to Sir Michael, if he believes in autonomy, then let us get on with the job."
As for confronting "bad" parents, Mr Trobe said engaging with parents was always the better option.
"It's very important that schools engage with their community and with the parent body and they are very aware of the need to do this.
"It's reasonable to challenge parents, but confrontation rarely leads to a positive outcome."


For almost three months after Capt Hamish Weir Samson led his men "over the top" in the Battle of Arras, in northern France, he was presumed dead.

His family were warned to expect the worst and they soon took delivery of official confirmation of his death from the War Office.
But Capt Samson's father, John, never gave up hope that his son had survived the bloody conflict.
And almost 12 weeks after his apparent "death", the family received a letter from their son confirming that he was very much alive.
The remarkable document reveals that he had been shot in the arm and the side and was being treated in a German prisoner of war hospital.
Now, exactly 100 years since that battle, the legacy of Capt Samson and his father's unfailing hope stands in a church in Dumfriesshire.
The chancel at St Bride's Church in Sanquhar celebrates the astonishing survival of the soldier who fought in a battle which claimed 18,000 Scottish lives.
Capt Samson, who served with the King's Own Scottish Borderers, led C company "over the top" on the morning of 3 May, 1917.
It was not a success and he failed to return to the British lines with the remnants of the 6th Battalion, many of whom fell that day.
An eyewitness reported seeing the brave soldier fall to the ground beside Oppy Wood not long after beginning his mission.
Capt Samson's body was never recovered and his family were warned that he was likely to have died.
However, his father John Samson, who was managing partner of Sanquhar and Kirkconnel Collieries, never gave up hope that his son was alive.
The family repeatedly pressed the War Office and Spanish Consul, which represented British interests in the war, for news.
Letters and telegrams were exchanged for three agonising months
One signed by Major A Innes Browne, who commanded the 6th Battalion of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, stated: "There is just a remote chance that your son might be a prisoner and wounded, but so remote we do not believe it is so".
The family were informed on 22 July, 1917 that Capt Samson had been killed.
But a few weeks later they finally received the news they had all been praying for.
Capt Samson, who was known to his Army mates as "Sammy", had been captured and was being held in a PoW hospital in south-west Germany.
The family received a letter from the soldier himself, dated 27 July, 1917, in which he informed them that he was being treated well in the circumstances.
Capt Samson wrote: "I hope you have received my letter and postcard sent from this camp, so you will know now that I am alive still.
"The camp itself is quite a nice one, though necessarily confined so that we do not get much exercise.
"I am living in a room with two other English captains and we endeavour to make it as comfortable as possible during our stay here.
"Though we are at the disadvantage of not knowing when we may be ordered to move."
Capt Samson, who also served with the Cameronians, The Scottish Rifles, spent the rest of the war in a variety of PoW camps.
He eventually returned to Scotland in December 1918 and took up residence at the family home, Glaisnock House in Cumnock, East Ayrshire.
To celebrate his son's survival, John Samson made a large donation to the church in Sanquhar, to extend the building.
The oak-panelled chancel was constructed in 1929-30 and has a stunning stained glass window.
It features a plaque on the wall which gives thanks for the "preservation" of the decorated soldier's life.
Capt Samson's name adorns a roll of honour of all the men from the Sanquhar area who fought in the Great War, which hangs on a wall at the front of the church.
Rev Bill Hogg, minister at St Bride's Church, said: "The chancel was built as a sign of thanksgiving, endurance and love.
"It's an inspiring story of family loyalty and hope coming to a joyful conclusion."
Duncan Close, session clerk of St Bride's Church, added: "The link between our chancel and the dreadful struggles of WW1 has never been stronger.
"We are fortunate that we know so much of Capt Samson's involvement during the war, and his survival and return home indicates a very brave and resolute soldier.
"From the terrible scenes from the trenches and Arras, the new chancel took shape.
"Today, 100 years after Capt Samson's miraculous escape from death, we have a truly magnificent memorial to one soldier's survival, and the family faith that refused to believe he had been lost".
It is understood that Capt Samson worked for a spell in his father's mining company before training as a stockbroker.
He was married and had two children.
During the World War Two he served with the Home Guard in Inverness.
He moved south of the border in later life and died in Hove, Sussex, in 1971 at the age of 76.


Serena Williams beat Madison Keys in straight sets to win the Italian Open - her first WTA title in nine months.

The world number one beat her fellow American 7-6 (7-5) 6-3 to triumph in Rome for the fourth time since 2002.
Williams, 34, last won a title in Cincinnati in August, and has since lost finals at the US Open, Australian Open and Indian Wells.
She will begin the defence of her French Open title when the tournament gets under way next Sunday.
"I have tried to defend there once, twice, three times before," Williams said of the Paris Grand Slam.
"It didn't quite work so well. But this year is different. I'm going to definitely go in there and I feel more calm and I don't feel stress to have to win.
"I feel like I just am happy to be out here."
Williams showed the value of experience as she claimed her 70th career title in her 89th final - with Keys playing only her second.
Keys, 21, broke serve in the opening game and matched Williams for power throughout, but a loose service game allowed the top seed to level at 3-3.
Williams edged the tie-break, sealing it with a heavy serve, and raced into a 3-0 lead in the second.
Two poor games followed, suggesting the 21-time Grand Slam champion is still some way from her best, but she saw out the set and the match after one hour and 24 minutes.
"It feels great," Williams said of finally winning her 70th career title.
"I have played, let's see, US Open, Australian, Miami, Indian Wells. So it's only four tournaments. So it's not like I was playing every week.
"So that's kind of how I look at it. But it feels great to win a title, especially on clay."


National League side Macclesfield Town have re-signed goalkeeper Shwan Jalal from Wrexham on a one-year contract.

The 33-year-old Iraq-born stopper spent the 2015-16 season with the Silkmen and made 38 appearances, but moved to the Dragons last summer.
Since a spell at Tottenham's academy he has played for nine different clubs including Bournemouth, Peterborough, Morecambe and Bury.
He joins recent signings Jared Hodgkiss and Scott Wilson at Moss Rose.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Apple reported a 13% drop in its second quarter revenue on Tuesday as sales of iPhones slipped.

The technology giant reported quarterly sales of $50.56bn (Â£34.39bn) down from $58bn last year - the first fall in sales for the company since 2003.
Apple sold 51.2 million iPhones during the quarter, down from 61.2 million in the same quarter of 2015.
China was a particular weak spot - sales there fell 26%. Results were also hit by the impact of a stronger dollar.
Apple shares fell 8% in after hours trading. Its shares have fallen close to 20% over the last twelve months.
Apple's chief executive Tim Cook said the company performed well "in the face of strong macroeconomic headwinds".
Slowing sales in established markets hasn't been too much of a problem for Apple, as China has always been there to prop up its earnings and keep it posting quarter after quarter of record breaking profits.
But with revenues in China taking a hit, the whole company suffers.
The iPhone - the most successful technology product in history - is now officially in decline. The company had warned as much three months ago, but to see the numbers for real will give investors cause for concern.
Some have been calling recent events a sign that we're coming to the end of a golden age for hardware makers.  The smartphone boom is past its extraordinary peak.
Apple, perhaps more than any other company, needs the next blockbuster category to come along. The Apple Watch is bringing in an estimated $1bn each quarter, but that's not enough. It needs another smash like the iPhone. But there's no sign of one coming any time soon.
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Apple's quarterly profit slipped to $10.5bn from $13.5bn.
Nevertheless, it announced it would return $50bn to shareholders through an increase in share buybacks and a 10% increase in quarterly dividends.
Back in January the company warned that it was experiencing its slowest-ever increase in orders for iPhones and that this would cut into second quarter earnings.
Declining growth in smartphone sales has had an impact on the entire industry and companies are struggling to find the next area of innovation.
"The industry is in a lull between the mobile boom and what comes next in automotive, the connected home, health and industrial applications of the internet of things," said Geoff Blaber, from CCS Insight.
One bright spot for Apple was its services unit, which includes App Store downloads, Apple Pay and Apple Music. The division experienced a 20% growth compared with the same quarter in 2015.
However, growth at that unit could be threatened by a new law in China passed in March. It requires all content shown to Chinese people to be stored on servers based on the Chinese mainland.
As a result Apple's iBooks and iTunes movies service were shut down in the country.
Apple said it hoped access to the services would be restored soon.
Apple was recently in a standoff with the US government over whether the company should help the FBI unlock an iPhone.
The FBI wanted Apple to build a program to unlock the iPhone of San Bernardino shooter Syed Rizwan Farook.
Apple refused, calling the government's order a violation of its rights. The FBI eventually turned to outside hackers to break into the phone.


Hearts have signed James Keatings on a two-year contract after the striker rejected a new deal with promoted Hamilton Academical.

Keatings, 22, scored 15 goals in 35 appearances as Accies finished Championship runners-up and eventually won promotion via the play-offs.
He started his career at Celtic and was sent on loan to St Johnstone and Hamilton before joining the latter.
He could have stayed and played in the Premiership with Hamilton but he recognises that there's an opportunity here for him to progress
"I'm pleased to get him," head coach Robbie Neilson told the Hearts website.
"He's a good character and a top development prospect for us.
"I've known him for a number of years and watched him at Celtic where he scored a lot of goals in the youth teams and U20s.
"The pleasing thing with James is that he had the opportunity to stay at Celtic, but because he didn't see a pathway for himself he decided to take the opportunity to leave and go to Hamilton.
"He dropped down to try to forge a career and to see that desire is great. He had the ambition to go out and take a chance and try to prove himself in a first-team environment. He did fantastically well for Hamilton at the start of last season but then picked up a wee injury.
"He could have stayed and played in the Premiership with Hamilton but he recognises that there's an opportunity here for him to progress.
Hearts, who signed former Dundee United midfielder Morgaro Gomis on Thursday, were relegated to the Championship after finishing bottom of the Premiership.
A 15-point deduction for suffering an insolvency event was the main catalyst for their demotion but the club exited administration on Wednesday.


The mother of a seven-year-old girl who battled cancer is being prosecuted for not sending her to school.

Kerry Capper said she wanted to keep an eye on Libby Bennett, from Erdington, Birmingham, when her daughter was ill.
The mother has been summoned to court after failing to pay a Â£60 fine for keeping the girl, who has had a tumour on her kidneys, off school.
Birmingham Council said no reason was given for the absences and Miss Capper did not attend a subsequent meeting.
Libby, who attends Paget primary school and was diagnosed with cancer five years ago, is still under the care of Birmingham Children's Hospital.
Her cancer has not returned but she still needs regular check-ups.
Miss Capper said: "Libby woke up... saying that she's got a sore stomach and I get scared... I want to keep my eye on her."
The mother's legal team, Glaisyers, said the council was being "heavy handed and inflexible".
But the authority said it took a "robust stance" on unexplained absences from school.
The school "contacted the parent inviting her to a meeting to talk through any issues and concerns", the council said.
A council spokesman said: "When there was still no response a penalty notice was issued and when this was not paid the matter was sent to magistrates."
Miss Capper is accused of keeping her child off school for seven days between January and March.
Miss Capper, who said she was unemployed and on benefits, admitted not always phoning the school when Libby was off, claiming her mobile phone did not always have credit.
She said after being invited to a meeting, she went in on the wrong day and missed a second date which was "accidental".
"I said 'apologies I've missed that appointment'.
"The teacher just said 'I'm sorry mum, it's getting sent to court now'. Then I got a penalty notice... (of) Â£60.
"But I couldn't afford to pay that at that time."
Miss Capper said she was due at Birmingham Magistrates' Court on 5 September.


A girl whose leg was amputated after a rollercoaster crash at Alton Towers is recovering well and has stood up for the first time, her brother said.

Leah Washington, 17, from Barnsley, South Yorkshire, was one of five people who suffered severe injuries on the Smiler ride on 2 June.
Her brother Luke said she had initially been put in intensive care and relied on machines to help her breathe.
He said the effects of the crash had "not been easy on the family".
Miss Washington's leg was amputated above the left knee and she also suffered a fractured left hand.
Her older brother said her "health and spirits had improved dramatically".
"Yesterday, I walked into the room and she was standing up. It was great," Mr Washington told BBC WM 95.6.
He said that compared to last week, when Ms Washington was taken to hospital for the first time, "it's a world of difference".
"She was heavily sedated. She was in intensive care and the machines were keeping her going," he said.
Miss Washington and three other people were on the front row of a carriage on the ride which hit an empty one, trapping 16 passengers for up to four-and-a-half hours.
All four on the front row suffered severe leg injuries.
Mr Washington said a day after the crash his sister was breathing on her own and had made a "rapid recovery".
"Each day has gone by and she's improved and improved.
"I don't know where she's got this strength from," he said.
One Direction has filmed a video message and offered to meet Miss Washington, who is a big fan.
A campaign to persuade the band to contact her attracted thousands of retweets.
Mr Washington said the band had given his sister "something to look forward to".
"I got to tell Leah and she was over the moon," he said.
"There was a smile on her face and that's all we wanted."
Miss Washington's friend Sara Stuart, one of those who behind the campaign, said the support from people across the country had been "overwhelming".
"It made me so happy that so many people were supporting one of my closest friends," she said.
Ms Stuart described her friend as a "total fan" of One Direction and said staff at the Royal Stoke University Hospital had been "amazing" by putting up posters of the band to help her recover.
Miss Washington's boyfriend Joe Pugh is also at the hospital and being treated for two broken knees and "extensive" hand injuries.
Vicky Balch, 20, from Leyland in Lancashire, has undergone surgery at the same hospital and is in a "serious but stable" condition, according to her family.
Daniel Thorpe, 27, from Buxton, Derbyshire, was treated at University Hospital Coventry for a collapsed lung and a fractured leg. His condition is described as "stable".
Chanda Chauhan, 49, from Wednesbury in the Black Country, who was sitting in the second row of the Smiler, was admitted to Walsall Manor Hospital with internal injuries.
A Health and Safety Executive investigation into the crash is continuing.
Alton Towers reopened to visitors on Monday, although the Smiler ride itself remains closed.
Merlin Entertainments Group, which owns the theme park, said it was the first accident in the company's history and said anyone injured would be compensated.


The Greek prime minister has said sanctions imposed on Russia over its actions in Ukraine are not productive.

The EU is expected to renew sanctions in a matter of weeks.
Alexis Tsipras was speaking at a joint news conference in Athens with the Russian President Vladimir Putin.
Mr Putin said there would be "no discussions" about Crimea, the Ukrainian peninsula that was seized by Kremlin-backed forces in 2014, leading to sanctions from the EU and US.
The territory, which has an ethnic Russian majority, later voted to join Russia in a referendum that Ukraine and Western countries deem illegal.
How Russia's relationship with Europe has evolved
Mr Tsipras told reporters: "We have repeatedly said that the vicious circle of militarisation, of Cold War rhetoric and of sanctions is not productive. The solution is dialogue."
Mr Putin said: "As far as Crimea is concerned, we consider this question is closed forever. Russia will not conduct any discussions with anyone on this subject."
Mr Putin's visit to Greece is an attempt to reinforce a relationship with one of Russia's friends in Europe at a time when diplomatic tensions continue between Russia and the EU and US, the BBC's Thomas Fessy in Athens says.
Mr Putin also said that Russia would be forced to respond to US moves in Europe, warning that Washington's missile shield bases in Romania and Poland were a direct threat to his country's security.
"If yesterday in those areas of Romania people simply did not know what it means to be in the cross-hairs, then today we will be forced to carry out certain measures to ensure our security."
Earlier this month, the US activated the anti-missile base in southern Romania. The base in Poland is expected to be operational in 2018.
The US says its shield is to protect Nato countries from short- and medium-range missiles, particularly from the Middle East.


Stressed teachers are being reduced to tears and not being helped with their workload, a teachers' leader says.

Mary Bousted, general secretary of the ATL teaching union, says she has been told of one teacher crying every night at home and another being ordered not to burst into tears in the staffroom.
She added that teachers are often expected to work extra hours at home.
And she called on head teachers to back their staff, while ministers have pledged to reduce unnecessary workload.
Dr Bousted, writing in the Times Educational Supplement, said how she was "silenced" by a young man who told her how worried he was about his primary school teacher partner.
"Increasingly, when he came home from work, he found her crying on the kitchen floor," Dr Bousted said.
She told how she had heard from another teacher who had been given a performance objective that she must not cry in the staffroom.
"She did not know what to be more mortified about - that she had cried in the staffroom, or that her line manager could propose such an objective without any thought about what might cause her to cry in the first place," Dr Bousted said.
She added: "Tales like these are told to me just too often. It seems that teacher stress is increasingly being regarded as par for the course and part of the job.
"A newly qualified teacher, asking for help to deal with an impossible workload which took up every evening until 11pm and all of the weekend, was told by her line manager 'that's the way it is in teaching'.
"Teachers, as professionals, expect to work hard but should not be expected to devote every minute of their lives to their work. Teachers need time to relax, to pursue hobbies, to talk to their families and friends. They need time to be human."
Brian Lightman, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, said there was no doubt the whole teaching profession, from the newly qualified teacher to the senior leader, was under considerable pressure.
"It's essential that we all pay attention to the well-being of staff. That's a shared responsibility between colleagues of the same level, middle leaders, senior leaders and governors, who ultimately carry the duty of care.
"Clearly, if a member of staff is in tears in the staff room, it would be incumbent on the school, someone in the school, to look at what the problem was and discuss it with them, so they can give them the appropriate support they need."
Dr Bousted also pointed out that the education system cannot afford to be so "profligate with its teachers".
"At the moment England is in a perfect storm of rising pupil numbers, falling teacher recruitment and poor teacher retention.
"Official figures show that the country will need nearly 160,000 additional teachers over the next three years to cope with a projected 582,000 rise in primary and secondary age pupils by 2020.
"If our education system is to meet this immense challenge, it needs to value its teachers as its most precious resource and treat them accordingly," she added.
A Department for Education spokesman said teaching remained a hugely popular profession, with the highest numbers of people joining since 2008.
"But we want to ensure teachers can focus on what they do best - teaching and inspiring young people - not needless bureaucracy and paperwork.
"That's why are driving forward a package of measures including looking at how we can reduce teacher workload by tackling three of their biggest concerns - marking, planning and data management.
"It is vital schools have systems in place to help limit stress for staff, and provide appropriate support if needed."


A court in India has found 24 people guilty of involvement in one of the most notorious massacres during the 2002 anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat.

The special court acquitted 36 others in the so-called Gulbarg Society killings in Ahmedabad city.
Activists and riot survivors have expressed "disappointment" and said they would challenge the verdict.
A mob attacked the Gulbarg Society complex, hacking and burning 69 people to death.
The riots were among the worst since Indian independence. More than 1,000 people, mostly Muslims, died after a train fire killed 60 Hindu pilgrims.
Muslims were blamed for starting the train fire, and Hindu mobs eager for revenge went on the rampage through Muslim neighbourhoods in towns and villages across Gujarat during three days of violence that followed.
Critics of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who was the state chief minister at the time, say he did little to stop the riots.
In pictures: Inside Gulbarg Society
The Gulbarg residential complex in Ahmedabad was one of the targets where many Muslims were burnt to death and their properties set on fire.
On Thursday, 11 people were convicted of murder in connection with the attack, while the others were found guilty of lesser charges.
Among those convicted is a local leader of the hardline Hindu group Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP).
Sentencing is scheduled for Monday.
Judge PB Desai said there was no evidence that the attack was planned and dropped charges of criminal conspiracy against the accused.
Ehsan Jafri, a prominent Muslim politician and a former Congress party MP, was among those killed.
Survivors of the Gulbarg massacre say he fired his gun in self-defence as the mob attacked the complex.
Zakia Jafri, the MP's widow, says her husband called Mr Modi for help but it never came.
After the verdict, Mrs Jafri said she was "disappointed" with the outcome, calling it an instance of "half justice".
Activist Teesta Setalvad, who was one of those who filed the case, said they would appeal the verdict in the high court and Supreme Court if necessary and would not give up their "struggle".
Mr Modi has always denied any wrongdoing and has not apologised for the riots. A Supreme Court panel also refused to prosecute him in 2013, citing insufficient evidence.
The violence was initially investigated by the Gujarat police and subsequently by an independent Special Investigation Team (SIT) appointed by the Supreme Court in 2008.
The Gulbarg massacre was among 10 key incidents in the riots being investigated by the SIT.
Some of these cases have brought convictions.


As victories go, there have been more obvious triumphs.

Eleven Supreme Court judges unanimously rejected the Welsh Government's argument for AMs to be consulted before the UK government triggers Article 50 and formal divorce talks with the European Union.
The judges said the Sewel convention, although important for harmonious relationships between Westminster and devolved governments, is not a matter for the judiciary.
And it said that relations with the EU are a matter for the UK government.
But the Welsh Counsel General Mick Antoniw was clear as he emerged from the court:
"It's certainly a victory because it does two things. Firstly it upholds the sovereignty of parliament in terms of the government having now to bring a Bill to parliament on Brexit, which opens an opportunity to engage through the Sewel convention.
"We've never argued for a veto and the court made that point in terms of Sewel but what it did do was stress the importance of the Sewel convention as a process of engagement and I think that gives us strong comfort in terms of the arguments we made in the court being accepted by the Supreme Court today."
Under the Sewel convention, Westminster doesn't normally legislate in devolved areas without the consent of AMs. But if the judges have ruled that relations with the EU are reserved to the UK government, will the convention apply?
Although they may be no legal compulsion to consult AMs, MSPs or MLAs, politically they will be consulted, even if there is frustration in Cardiff, Belfast and Edinburgh at the nature of that consultation.
Brexit Secretary David Davis told MPs: "The Supreme Court has ruled clearly in the government's favour on the roles of the devolved legislatures in invoking Article 50.
"But while this provides welcome clarity, it in no way diminishes our commitment to work closely with the people and administrations of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland as we move forward with our withdrawal from the European Union."


David Cameron has announced that he is to step down as MP for Witney and leave frontline politics, less than two months after quitting as prime minister.

Mr Cameron said he did not believe he could continue as a backbencher without being an "enormous distraction and diversion" to his successor Theresa May.
The 49-year old, who was first elected to Parliament in 2001 and was PM for six years, has said he wants to continue in public service and campaign on the domestic and international causes that he championed in Downing Street.
But what can he learn from his predecessors and what they did after leaving office?
After being forced to resign following the 2010 election, Mr Brown remained in the Commons for the next five years as MP for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath.
His appearances in the Chamber were relatively rare, generally confined to non-controversial constituency matters.
However, he did make memorable, emotional speeches during a debate on phone-hacking and the Commons tribute to Nelson Mandela.
But it was outside Parliament that he really made his influence felt, proving a pivotal figure during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum.
With the polls suggesting Scotland could vote to leave the UK, it was his intervention that led to a promise of further devolution to Holyrood by David Cameron - the famous "vow" of new powers which is credited by many for securing a No vote.
But his attempt to repeat the trick two years later and turn around the faltering pro-EU campaign - he appeared alongside Mr Cameron at his final rally - proved unsuccessful.
Beyond these shores, Mr Brown has travelled widely as the UN's special envoy for global education and taken on roles with the World Economic Forum and New York University, while he and his wife have supported a number of causes in the developing world.
Tony Blair
Mr Blair quit as MP for Sedgefield on the day that he stood down as prime minister in 2007 and has seldom been seen in Westminster over the past decade.
That is not say that the Labour politician has been out of the public eye, of course.
His two appearances before the Chilcot inquiry into the Iraq War in 2010 and 2011, in which he defended his decision to take the country to war, were among the most dramatic moments in recent political history.
Like Mr Cameron, Mr Blair was - at 54 - relatively young when leaving No 10 and his post-prime ministerial career has been more controversial than most.
Although the extent of the lobbying, lecturing and consultancy work he has been involved in through umbrella group Tony Blair Associates has never been totally clear, it has certainly been highly lucrative.
It has been reported that he has made millions advising a variety of foreign governments and was said to have been paid Â£2m a year to advise JP Morgan.
For nearly eight years, he served as the Quartet's Special Envoy to the Middle East where, despite enjoying the support of the US, EU, Russia and the UN, limited progress was made and his own involvement in the Iraq War remained a constant thorn in his side.
Mr Blair has used the goodwill and respect he enjoys in the US and elsewhere to pursue issues close to his heart - notably the fight against Islamist extremism and pleas for tolerance - through his Faith Foundation and the Centre of Religion and Geopolitics.
Sir John Major
The former Conservative prime minister famously went to The Oval on the day that he left Downing Street to watch cricket - a passion that he has kept up ever since.
He has kept a low profile politically over the intervening years, focusing instead on business - he was European chair of private equity firm Carlyle Group - and writing.
Aside from his memoirs, he has written a number of books on cricket and a well-received reflection on his father's life as a music hall artist.
He remained as an MP for four years after leaving office in 1997 but, despite being knighted, did not follow his predecessor Margaret Thatcher and other ex-PMs such as James Callaghan and Harold Wilson into the House of Lords.
While it was always rumoured that his occasional interventions in domestic politics were at the behest of Conservative leaders when they were in trouble, his appearance alongside David Cameron during the EU referendum did little to help his cause.
Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Thatcher was the longest-serving prime minister since World War Two but her life after Downing Street was, it is widely accepted, not a particularly happy one.
After towering over domestic politics for the best part of a decade, the Conservative prime minister struggled to come to terms with her abrupt removal from office and in her later years suffered increasingly from ill health prior to her death in 2013.
Despite leaving the Commons at the 1992 election and accepting a peerage, she had a testy relationship with her successor John Major.
Her claim at one point that she made a "very good backseat driver" seemed to symbolise her difficulty in letting go and Sir John's struggle to break free from her legacy.
After the Conservatives lost power in 1997, Mrs Thatcher had a better relationship with future Tory leaders who drew on her for advice and she was warmly welcomed to Downing Street by Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, who also turned to her on occasions.
During her retirement, Mrs Thatcher - who was 65 when she left office - also travelled widely and supported a number of charitable causes.
Edward Heath
Ted Heath's life after Downing Street was perhaps the most remarkable of any prime minister in the past 50 years.
The Tory politician set a record by remaining in the House of Commons for 27 years after losing power, becoming the Father of the House before retiring in 2001.
But he was often a glowering presence during the Thatcher years, seemingly unreconciled to the direction in which his successor was taking the party.
He famously reacted to her downfall in 1990 by repeating the words "rejoice, rejoice, rejoice" she had used herself outside Downing Street during the Falklands conflict.
Outside of politics, he immersed himself in his twin loves of music and sailing and developed strong - if at times controversial - business links with China.
He also maintained a profile on the international stage, although his meeting with Saddam Hussein in 1990 - when he tried to persuade the Iraqi dictator to release British hostages in the run-up to the Gulf War - was criticised.


A senior manager in the manufacturing company responsible for a huge diesel spill off the coast of County Antrim has apologised for the incident.

On Saturday, 40,000 litres of diesel got into a storm drain at Caterpillar's Larne plant.
That pipe, which runs into the sea, created a huge slick that spread across several miles.
Caterpillar said it had reported the incident when it was discovered.
Operations director Robert Kennedy said the company regretted the mistake and had been working to address the consequences.
It has employed environmental contractors who have been using a biodegradable detergent in bays along the coast.
It is hoped that this action, and the fact that it is a light oil, means the action of wind and waves will disperse the spill.
The Northern Ireland Environment Agency is investigating the incident.
The agency described it as one of the most serious in recent years.
It is likely to prove an expensive mistake for Caterpillar.
As well as any fine the company incurs, it will have to pay for the contractors.
The environment agency will also bill the company for a survey being carried out to monitor the situation.
It could also be liable for costs incurred by any company or individual affected by the spill.