Two prescription gluten-free pizza bases can cost the NHS as much as £34, BBC Newsnight has learned.

The NHS spent £27m on gluten-free prescriptions in 2011, but handling and delivery charges, which can quadruple the cost, are not recorded.
Coeliac disease sufferers can develop serious illnesses if they eat gluten.
Health Secretary Andrew Lansley said prescriptions encouraged sufferers to stick to gluten-free diets but that the area was "under ongoing review".
"The aim of providing gluten-free food products on NHS prescription is to encourage patients with coeliac disease to stick to a gluten-free, nutritious diet so they do not go on to develop more serious illnesses, which can affect their quality of life as well as being much more costly for the NHS," he said in a statement.
"However, we keep this area of prescribing under ongoing review and are currently considering how we might get better value from the prescribing of gluten-free products whilst ensuring patients continue to get the products they need."
Gluten-free bread, cake mixes and bourbon biscuits are also available to people with coeliac disease, an auto-immune disease, which is triggered by eating gluten, which is found in wheat, barley and rye.
In an example from Rotherham, it was discovered that the NHS had been paying four times the original price for pizza bases.
The two pizza bases originally cost £8.95. But by the time manufacturing, handling and delivery fees were added on, the bill for the NHS had been driven up to nearly £34.00.
Another example comes from Dr Fayyaz Choudri, a GP who was responsible for overhauling gluten-free prescriptions in Allerdale, Cumbria.
"We saw there were occasions where there was a bread loaf costing £2.50 and there was a handling fee of £32.00," he says.
Dr Choudri has coeliac disease himself and knows the importance of a gluten-free diet.
Without it, symptoms can range from digestive disorders to very serious illnesses including osteoporosis and bowel cancer.
Geoff Martin is one of a growing number of people in the UK diagnosed with the disease.
"This is a lifetime complaint. When you've got it there is no cure for it," he says.
The condition is triggered by an intolerance to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley and rye - and therefore a common ingredient in many processed foods.
"The only solution to it," Geoff continues, "is eating food that is gluten free."
Living as he does in rural Oxfordshire, this is a problem. In order to guarantee a varied and balanced diet, Geoff relies on his prescriptions for gluten-free food.
Geoff's NHS trust is one of many now reviewing its policy on gluten-free food.
With an estimated one in 100 people affected by gluten intolerance, campaigners want the NHS to continue providing staple foods like bread and pasta.
These are increasingly available in shops, along with a wide range of gluten-free products. But they are often much more expensive than regular foods.
Coeliac UK, which represents sufferers, worries that the hidden costs of prescriptions (which patients pay for, unless they have other conditions which qualify them for free scripts) is giving the whole system a bad name.
Newsnight contacted one of the leading manufacturers of gluten-free food, Juvela. They blamed wholesalers for adding "extra charges, sometimes adding a £20 handling charge to a £3 loaf".
This is questioned by the British Association of Pharmaceutical Wholesalers, which represents some of the biggest companies.
They told us they would be "keen to investigate any relevant cases of alleged poor standards or distribution practice."
To try to safeguard prescriptions, Coeliac UK has drawn up guidelines for NHS trusts on what sort of items should be prescribed - recommending that biscuits and cake mixes should only be given in "exceptional circumstances."
But Newsnight has contacted five trusts which say they have not passed on the guidelines, and that cakes and biscuits are still available on prescription.
With NHS budgets under relentless pressure, these are increasingly being seen as rations the NHS cannot afford.
Watch Liz MacKean's full report on gluten-free prescriptions on Thursday 24 May at 22:30 BST on BBC Two, then afterwards on the BBC iPlayer and Newsnight website.


Netherlands coach Louis van Gaal says Tim Krul's greater height and reach was the reason he sent the Newcastle keeper on for the World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout win over Costa Rica.

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Krul, who is 6ft 4in (1.93m), replaced the 6ft 2in (1.87m) Jasper Cillessen with seconds remaining in the 0-0 draw.
"I like all that gamesmanship from Tim Krul. I like my goalkeeper to do that, to try to put them off, it puts a bit of edge to it. Man United fans will be buzzing and thinking 'What a manager we have got'."
Krul then saved two spot-kicks as the Dutch won the shootout 4-3.
"We all thought Tim was the best keeper to stop penalties," said Van Gaal. "He is taller and has a longer reach."
The Manchester United manager added: "It worked out. That was beautiful. I'm a bit proud of that."
The Netherlands, the only team in the final four not to have won the tournament, will play Argentina in Sao Paulo on Wednesday for a place in the final.
Brazil will face Germany in the first semi-final on Tuesday.
Van Gaal, who will take over at Manchester United after the World Cup, did not tell first-choice keeper Cillessen he might be taken off if the game went to a shootout after extra time.
However, Krul was informed he might be called upon.
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Krul, whose saves from Bryan Ruiz and Michael Umana were his only two touches of the ball, told BBC Sport: "I psyched them out. You try to do everything you can without being too aggressive. I tried to get in their minds.
"It is something I have dreamed about since I was a little boy - to have that moment when you make the crucial save and then all the boys are running towards you."
Despite Krul's match-winning saves he will be back on the bench for the semi-final, with Ajax's Cillessen in goal.
"There is no question about who will start the next game, it will be Cillessen, but we felt Krul was the better choice here," said Van Gaal.
Costa Rica midfielder Celso Borges said of the goalkeeping change: "I never saw something like that. But they were right, he did his job."
Krul tried to speak to the Costa Rica players before they took their penalties, indicating he knew where the ball would go, and the goalkeeper dived the right way for each spot-kick, saving two of the five efforts he faced.
Unheralded Costa Rica, playing in the World Cup finals for only the fourth time, had finished top of a group that included Uruguay, Italy and England before beating Greece on penalties in the last 16 to reach the quarter-finals for the first time.
"I am very proud that we shocked the world," said Ruiz, the Fulham striker who ended last season on loan at PSV Eindhoven. "We did not lose in the World Cup and we go back to Costa Rica with our heads up."


Custody suites in Kent courts are "among the worst" seen by the prison watchdog, a report has said.

Inspectors also found the treatments handed out by custody staff were "unreasonable" and included the handcuffing of women and children.
Cells were found to be daubed with pornographic and racist graffiti.
The care of detainees, including those with ill health or who had been self-harming, was given "very little importance", inspectors found.
HM Inspectorate of Prisons' report said: "The condition of the court custody suites in Kent was among the worst we have seen.
"In many cells, there was scarcely an inch of wall or door that was not covered in graffiti. Much of it was obscene or racist, and some contained allegations against named individuals."
In one cell at Folkestone Magistrates' Court, there was a swastika and graffiti with the phrase "Muslim scum", the report said.
The Inspectors reported they were concerned to hear a custody officer refer to a transgender detainee as "it".
Another officer was found to have called a detainee with a mental illness "nutter".
The inspectors looked at two crown and eight magistrates' courts in Kent.
The report said the introduction of virtual courts, where detainees appear via a video-link, had the potential to reduce long journeys and cut waiting times at court.
Low staff morale stopped many workers from trying to improve the poor conditions for the detainees, the inspectors found.
Nick Hardwick, the Chief Inspector of Prisons, said the various agencies involved in providing court custody facilities in Kent rarely worked together and none had overall responsibility.
He said: "This report contains recommendations that we hope will encourage the various agencies involved in the provision of court custody to work together more effectively.
"Those detained at Kent courts should be held in a safer and more decent environment than is currently in place."
An HM Courts and Tribunals Service spokesman said inter-agency relationships had been strengthened since the inspection "to ensure that operations are run effectively and in accordance with the contract".
He said it would be working closely with the prisoner escort and custody services provider, GeoAmey, and the National Offender Management Service to deliver a joint action plan addressing the inspectorate's recommendations.
"A programme of deep cleaning is already in place and is carried out twice yearly for courts in Kent," he added.


Singer Joni Mitchell is recovering from a stroke and brain aneurysm earlier this year, her friend and fellow singer Judy Collins has said.

In a Facebook posting, Collins claimed "a close mutual friend" said Mitchell "is walking, talking, painting some, doing much rehab every day".
Folk singer Mitchell has been undergoing treatment since she was found unconscious in her home in March.
She is known for songs like Big Yellow Taxi and Case of You.
"I have another friend who went through something similar," Collins' post continued.
"It does take a long time, three years for my friend, who has really totally recovered professionally and personally. I will try my best to see our songbird when I am in LA in the coming weeks."
In June, singer David Crosby - who dated Mitchell in 1967 - said she was not speaking.
He told the Huffington Post: "She took a terrible hit," he said. "She had an aneurysm, and nobody found her for a while. And she's going to have to struggle back from it the way you struggle back from a traumatic brain injury."
However, her lawyer Rebecca J Thyne, who visited Mitchell at her Los Angeles home contradicted that assessment saying: "It was clear that she was happy to be home and that she has made remarkable progress.
"She has physical therapy each day and is expected to make a full recovery."
Mitchell's friend Leslie Morris, has been acting as her temporary conservator.
Tyne has recommended that she remain under a conservatorship until Mitchell fully improves.


When a grey-haired grandmother clutching a smartphone mounted the stage at Montreal's Start-up Festival this summer, young Israeli entrepreneur Guy Rosen knew he had pocketed a very special award.

His company, Tel Aviv-based Onavo, offers an application that shrinks mobile phone data to help users save money - and appeals to any age. That made Onavo the winner of the Grandmother's Award for best start-up, judged by tech-agnostic ladies in the later stages of life.
Standing in his office in Tel Aviv, Mr Rosen recalls the moment: "They went on stage and said: 'We love Onavo and we understand what it does... it is such an easy app to understand' - we just save money, that's it, period, they loved us."
Guy Rosen is one of Israel's many young, enthusiastic entrepreneurs who, fresh out of the army, decided to set up a tech firm.
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Tiny Israel, a country embroiled in conflicts for decades, has managed to transform itself from a stretch of farmland into a high-tech wonder.
Israel currently has almost 4,000 active technology start-ups - more than any other country outside the United States, according to Israel Venture Capital Research Centre.
In 2010 alone the flow of venture capital amounted to $884m (Â£558m).
The result: high-tech exports from Israel are valued at about $18.4bn a year, making up more than 45% of Israel's exports, according to the Central Bureau of Statistics.
Israel is a world leader in terms of research and development spending as a percentage of the economy; it's top in both the number of start-ups and engineers as a proportion of the population; and it's first in per capita venture capital investment.
Not bad for a country of some eight million people - fewer than, say, Moscow or New York.
Serial entrepreneur Yossi Vardi says there is a whole blend of factors responsible for turning Israel into a start-up miracle. He himself has invested in more than 80 Israeli high-tech firms - among them the first web messaging service ICQ. He sold many of them to technology giants such as AOL, Microsoft, Yahoo and Cisco.
"If you look at how this country was created, it was really a start-up on the large scale," says Mr Vardi, who has been dubbed the godfather of Israel's high-tech industry.
"A bunch of crazy people came here, trying to pursue a dream of 2,000 years."
Over just a few decades, Israeli start-ups have developed groundbreaking technologies in areas such as computing, clean technology and life sciences, to name a few.
"Look at... agriculture, at the defence industry, at the universities here," says Mr Vardi.
"The high-tech is a popular story right now, the internet gave it a lot of visibility, but the story of the culture and the spirit is part and parcel from the kinds of the cultural genes of [the Israeli] people."
But there is more to this start-up scene than certain aspects of Israeli culture - the lack of hierarchy, a constant drive for individualism, regular risk taking. The government played a key role in the rapid rise of this start-up nation.
"The government jump-started the industry," explains Koby Simona from Israel Venture Capital Research Centre.
One was the creation of the Yozma programme in 1993, a so-called fund of funds set up to invest in local venture capital funds that would channel money into new technology firms.
Soon numerous start-ups dotted Israel's industry landscape, and venture capital funds mushroomed all over the country - a blooming industry that quickly attracted foreign investors.
Israel's defence forces are also boosting entrepreneurship.
Military service is compulsory, but besides regular military units, the army also has designated hi-tech units, where computer-savvy conscripts are constantly prompted to come up with innovative ideas in disciplines such as computer security, cryptography, communications and electronic warfare.
"The military enables young people in certain units to get technological skills, to run large technological projects at a very young age, where they need to improvise in order to get fast solutions," says Prof Niron Hashai from the Jerusalem School of Business Administration at Hebrew University.
Once back in the real world, many military alumni use the newly acquired experience to launch their own technology start-ups.
And then, of course, there is Jewish immigration - a key driver of the country's economy since its foundation.
The biggest and the most important wave of immigration came from Russia, says Prof Hashai.
"Many were very smart people with technological background," he says.
"Maybe they were not so much entrepreneurs, but when these guys meet Israeli-born guys, many interesting things happen."
The first start-up boom of the 1990s lasted just a few years though. When the global dot.com bubble burst in 2000, the fortunes of Israeli venture capital started to decline.
Today, industry insiders speak of a lost decade.
Still, venture capital continued to flow into the country, and now investors are reaping the rewards.
During the past two or three years, all around Tel Aviv a new generation of start-ups has begun to emerge, ready to prove that Israel's high-tech industry is back in business.
Take Takadu, a company founded in 2008 that offers smart water infrastructure monitoring, remotely detecting leaking pipes in real-time all around the world. One of Takadu's customers is Britain's Thames Water. When a water pipe in London bursts, chances are that it will first be spotted by a computer in Tel Aviv.
Another example is Boxee. The five Israeli founders decided from the get-go to headquarter the company in Delaware in the United States, but locate the company's research and development office in Tel Aviv.
Boxee tries to provide the missing link between content on television and the internet. Once you connect Boxee's small shiny black cube to your TV, it will also link wirelessly to your home network. With a remote control, you can then browse and watch all online content on the big screen - not just your movies, YouTube videos or web TV, but also videos uploaded by your friends to Facebook, Twitter and other social networks.
Shortly after its launch in 2008, Boxee's little box could be found in more than two million homes across the US, Canada and the European Union, says Tom Sella, one of the firm's co-founders.
Then there is Waze - a firm that has developed a free app that turns your smartphone into a web community-based GPS device.
It will guide you through a city's road labyrinth, but combines the map with updates from other users - or "wazers" - from traffic jams to construction works to accidents.
The bright Middle Eastern sun may be setting slowly, painting Tel Aviv's roofs in warm shades of red, but one part of the city will continue to buzz for many hours.
This is Rothschild Boulevard - also known as the Silicon Boulevard, home to the offices of many hot start-ups such as Face.com and Soluto.
Some of them do not mind following in the footsteps of ICQ, 5Min, LabPixies and others, who have been scooped up by international tech giants.
Take the Gifts Project, for instance, set up by a handful of young enthusiastic employees sharing a tiny office with a balcony that looks out to Rothschild Boulevard and sports a huge logo of a pink pig. They've just been bought by the world's biggest online store eBay.
Others want to strike out on their own. One of them is Soluto, a firm that aims to make computers more user-friendly and crowdsources technical support that helps computer users anywhere in the world, for free.
Whatever their strategy, it seems that they are here to make an impact.
"These entrepreneurs are thinking big, they're using the latest web technologies, they are trying to build global businesses - they're not satisfied by building something small, they're really trying to create something huge," says Saul Klein, a Tel Aviv-based investor working for British venture capital fund Index Ventures.
"I think the new Israeli technology scene is almost rebelling against the last 10 years, where Israel for many years has underdelivered.
"This is Rothschild Boulevard - and I believe this is the place to watch."


A police officer has been suspended from duty after being arrested by his own force on suspicion of child grooming.

The officer serves with Essex Police and was arrested in a Braintree supermarket car park over arranging to meet a child under the age of 16.
He was held on Wednesday after a third party passed information to the force.
Essex Police said the officer has been suspended "pending the outcome of the investigation".
It added he had been released while inquiries continue.
A separate and independent unit to where the officer worked undertook the initial investigation, the force said.
The matter has been referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission.


Undercover reporter Mazher Mahmood, known as the "fake sheikh", has been charged with conspiring to pervert the course of justice over the collapsed trial of singer Tulisa Contostavlos.

He is alleged to have "misled the court" during the drugs trial, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) said.
Mr Mahmood said in a statement that he denied the offence and would "vigorously contest it at court".
He has been charged alongside Alan Smith, who was his driver.
Former News of the World reporter Mr Mahmood, who often posed as a sheikh during his investigations, claims to have helped put more than 100 criminals behind bars during his 25-year career.
Nick Vamos, of the CPS, said: "After carefully considering all of the evidence the CPS has decided that there is sufficient evidence for a realistic prospect of conviction and it is in the public interest to charge both men.
"This decision comes after it was alleged that Mr Smith agreed with Mr Mahmood to change his statement to police as part of a trial in July 2014, and that Mr Mahmood then misled the court."
Former N-Dubz singer Miss Contostavlos, 27, had gone on trial at Southwark Crown Court charged with supplying a class A drug, which she denied, after it was alleged she had brokered a cocaine deal.
It had featured in a Sun on Sunday story in June 2013, following an investigation by Mr Mahmood.
A judge threw out the case last July and also cleared Miss Contostavlos's friend Michael Coombs, known as Mike GLC.
Following the collapse of the trial, she said she had "never dealt drugs" and "never been involved in taking or dealing cocaine".
In a statement issued by his lawyers, Mr Mahmood said: "I am deeply disappointed that, after a totally unjustified delay, the Crown Prosecution Service have today informed me that they have decided to charge me with conspiracy to pervert the course of justice.
"I deny the offence. I will vigorously contest it at court. In the meantime I have nothing further to say."
Mr Mahmood and Mr Smith will appear at Westminster Magistrates' Court on 30 October.


Fuel duty will be frozen for the sixth year in a row, Chancellor George Osborne has said.

Presenting the Budget, the chancellor said consumers should be able to benefit from the recent slide in oil prices.
Fuel duty has been held at 57.95p per litre since the March 2011 Budget, when it was cut by a penny.
Mr Osborne also froze duty on beer, cider and spirits, but raised taxes on tobacco products.
Fuel duty remains the biggest component of the price of diesel and petrol. Motorists also pay 20% value added tax on those fuels.
As of 14 March, the average price of petrol in the UK was 102.72p a litre and the price of diesel was 102.91p, according to the RAC Foundation.
The duty was last increased in January 2011 from 58.19p to 58.95p a litre.
In the July 2015 summer Budget, Mr Osborne scrapped a planned fuel duty increase for 1 September.
A barrel of Brent crude oil changed hands for $39.52 a barrel on Wednesday, up from prices of below $28 in January, but way below a peak of $115 a barrel in June 2014.
While beer, cider and spirits' duty will stay unchanged, the duty rates on most wine and higher-strength sparkling cider will increase at the same rate as the Retail Prices Index (RPI) from 21 March. RPI currently stands at 1.3%.
Duty rates on most tobacco products, such as cigarettes, will increase by 2% above RPI. Duty on hand-rolling tobacco will increase to 5% above RPI. These changes will come into effect from 6pm on Wednesday.


On the far side of the Moon lies the Maunder crater, named after two British astronomers - Annie and Walter Maunder.

Annie worked alongside her husband at the end of the 19th Century, recording the dark spots that pepper the Sun.
The name Maunder is still known in scientific circles, yet Annie has somehow slipped from history.
"I think the name Maunder is there and we have all rather forgotten that that's two people," says Dr Sue Bowler, editor of the Royal Astronomical Society magazine, Astronomy and Geophysics.
"She was acknowledged on papers, she published in her own name as well as with her husband, she wrote books, she was clearly doing a lot of work but she also clearly kept to the conventions of the day, I think."
Annie Scott Dill Russell was born in 1868 in Strabane, the daughter of a Reverend.
Clearly of fierce intelligence, she won a scholarship to Girton College, Cambridge, and became one of the first female scientists to work at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
In the courtyard of the observatory, looking over the park, curator Dr Louise Devoy, tells me what little they know about her work.
"She was one of what we now call the 'lady computers' employed in the early 1890s by the then Astronomer Royal, William Christie," she explains.
"I believe she came from Northern Ireland and she worked here for several years on very low pay just like many of the computers here, both male and female.
"In terms of what she actually did here, we have very little concrete record or photographs.'"
Female scientists were hindered because of their gender until the 1920s and 30s, despite superb skills and experience, says Dr Devoy.
At Greenwich, employing women with a university education in mathematics was an audacious experiment.
Women were only considered because the Astronomer Royal needed skilled assistants but could afford only lowly computers -  historically, schoolboys on a wage of Â£4 per month.
Maunder was offered a post as a lady computer, which meant a huge drop in pay for someone who had been working, briefly, as a school teacher.
Letters show that she appealed for more money but was turned down.
The lady computers would carry out routine calculations to turn raw observations into usable data. They were also trained to use telescopes.
At times, this meant walking through Greenwich Park at night without a chaperone, an activity that was frowned on at the time.
"In an age when many middle-class women were still chaperoned, the grit and devotion of these young women astronomers, clad in their clumsy long gowns as they worked at their telescopes or in the laboratories, were surely remarkable," wrote the science historian and astronomer Mary T BrÃ¼ck.
More on Annie Maunder and other female pioneers of science:
In 1892, the names of Annie Russell and fellow Greenwich astronomer Alice Everett were put forward to become fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society.
However, they failed to gain enough of the popular vote in a secret ballot and were rejected.
The RAS had long argued that since the pronoun "he" was used in the charter, women could not be admitted alongside men.
Instead, Annie Russell and Alice Everett, who had studied together at Cambridge, joined the amateur British Astronomical Association (BAA).
Alice Everett grew tired of the low pay and left Greenwich, eventually developing an interest in the new field of television. Annie Russell stayed on.
"She was clearly very tough and wanted to follow her science," says Dr Bowler.
"She sat the [difficult] mathematical Tripos at a time when women couldn't actually be awarded a degree and there were even protests at Cambridge against the whole idea of giving women degrees.
"So she was clearly tough enough to do that and to do it well and to succeed then in getting employment as a scientist, which was fairly rare anyway - astronomy was still very much a gentleman's pursuit."
Annie Russell married her colleague Edward Walter Maunder in 1895.
Under civil service rules, as a married woman, she was forced to give up her paid position, bringing the age of lady computers to an end.
"She did come back as a volunteer during the First World War and then she was taken on as a paid employee later in the 1920s,'' says Dr Devoy.
Annie worked alongside Walter taking photographs of the Sun, laying the groundwork for a modern understanding of solar activity.
"They would take photographs of the Sun every clear day just to note where the sunspots were and to sketch where they were," says Dr Bowler. "But she also, as a trained mathematician, put quite a bit of effort into analysis. She wasn't just writing things down; she wasn't just Walter's assistant."
Annie Maunder went on many scientific expeditions to observe eclipses around the turn of the century, often as the only woman. She travelled to Lapland, India, Algiers, Mauritius and Labrador.
She even designed her own camera to take spectacular pictures of the Sun, including the first photograph ever of streamers from the Sun's outer layer, or corona.
"She particularly caught an extremely long ray - a streak of the corona - coming out from the Sun, while it was eclipsed, that nobody had ever seen before - a feature of the corona that people just didn't know about," says Dr Bowler.
"I've seen photos of her adjusting the instruments. She's taking her photographs. She's not at all a passenger.
"It may have been only socially acceptable for her to go because she's travelling with her husband but she was on official scientific expeditions and her photographs were acknowledged as among the best."
The conventions of the time meant that Annie's photographs were published under her husband's name and she could not speak at scientific meetings.
However, she was eventually made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1916, 24 years after first being proposed.
She was involved with promoting astronomy to a general audience as vice president of the BAA and edited the in-house journal.
In 1908, the Maunders published the book, The Heavens and Their Story, which was aimed at popular science.
The book was released under both their names, but her husband acknowledged in the preface that it was almost all her work.
The Maunders are also well known for the butterfly diagram, which shows how the number of sunspots varies with time, and the Maunder Minimum, a period in the 17th Century when sunspots all but disappeared.
Much of their work still holds true today.
This year, Annie's name is being remembered through the inaugural Annie Maunder Medal, to recognise public engagement in science.
"She is an ideal person for that medal to be named after," says Dr Bowler. "That's largely what she was doing, certainly later in her career."
Annie Maunder died in 1947, long after her husband.
On a leafy street near Clapham Common I find the Victorian terraced house where she spent her final years.
From the outside there is nothing to speak of the pioneering scientist.
Yet, despite perhaps not getting the recognition she deserved in her lifetime, she clearly left her mark on science.
"From her letters which are in the Royal Astronomical Society archives she was a very strong-minded, very decided personality," says Sue Bowler.
"She didn't mince her words. She's really quite amusingly rude in some of her letters and very precise.
"I really admire her - she's one of the people I would definitely have at my dream dinner party - I think she would be extraordinarily interesting.
"And her thoughts, her opinions about the paper based on her observations are very modern and form the basis for solar physics through a lot of the years following."
Follow Helen on Twitter @hbriggs.


The Taliban have opened their first official overseas office in the Qatari capital, Doha, saying that one of their main aims was to "meet Afghans".

The group has long refused to meet Afghan President Hamid Karzai or his government, branding them puppets of the US.
This office is the first step for expected peace talks which many hope will take place despite the many obstacles, as the BBC World Service's Dawood Azami explains.
Who is involved and where?
The main parties are the Afghan government and its High Peace Council, the US and the Taliban. There have been meetings between Taliban representatives and US officials over the past two years.
The Taliban have also sent their representatives to conferences on Afghanistan in Germany, Japan, and France but if talks proceed this would be the first time the group has met Afghan government representatives for direct talks.
From now on, the Taliban will have a known address and authorised representatives who can openly talk, meet and travel. The Qatar office means the Taliban are no longer only a fighting group, but have a political arm too.
Why do the Taliban need a Qatar office?
Taliban representatives have been in Qatar for more than a year and are said to number more than 20.
For years, the Afghan government and its Western backers were trying to contact the Taliban who didn't have a known address.
Meetings aimed at resolving the Afghan conflict peacefully took in hotels or similar venues in various countries. But as a confidence-building measure, and as a way of providing security for Taliban leaders to participate in talks, finding them a permanent address became a priority.
Allowing the Taliban to open an office in Turkey, Qatar, UAE or Saudi Arabia were possible measures. The Taliban's preferred venue was Qatar because they considered it to be neutral. The US was also happy with the Qatar option.
What are the main obstacles?
Within hours of the Taliban office opening Mr Karzai raised his concerns about the peace process not being Afghan-led. He suspended plans for Afghan officials to meet the Taliban in Qatar, underlining how fraught the process will be.
His concerns were so great that US Secretary of State John Kerry had to promise that the Taliban flag and their sign reading The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan would be removed. The flag remains, albeit on a shorter flagpole.
There are other obstacles.
The first is that the Taliban insist on the complete withdrawal of foreign forces as a pre-condition to becoming part of a political settlement.
Nato's combat troops are due to leave the country by the end of 2014, but the US plans to station forces after that as part of a bilateral security agreement. Details are still to be agreed by Kabul and Washington.
The shape of the future Afghan government is another issue over which the parties disagree.
Another possible obstacle comes from civil groups and women's rights activists who fear a political settlement resulting in the Taliban's inclusion in the Afghan government would mean limitations on their freedoms.
The official opening of the Taliban's office was delayed because President Karzai was concerned it could be used for recruitment, fundraising and making contacts with other countries. He was looking for guarantees the office would only be used for peace talks.
Mr Karzai visited Qatar twice this year and on his latest trip Qatar reportedly accepted his demands for guarantees.  These included that:
What are the main aims of the three parties?
The White House set two conditions: that the Taliban make a statement supporting a peace process and they also want to prohibit the use of Afghan soil to threaten other countries.
Taliban leaders, most of whom have been subject to UN sanctions, see this as an opportunity to come in from the cold and present their case to the world.
Apart from the withdrawal of foreign forces, the Taliban also want the release of at least some prisoners from Guantanamo and Afghan jails, as well as the removal of the remaining leaders on the sanction list.
The Afghan government hopes it will be able to meet the Taliban directly without the involvement of a third party, such as Pakistan.
US and Afghan leaders want the Taliban to join the Afghan government as a result of the peace process, without losing the achievements of the past decade.
The peace talks will succeed, the Americans say, when the Taliban finally sever all ties with al-Qaeda, end violence and accept the Afghan constitution, including its protections for women and minorities.
Have there been previous attempts at negotiation?
President Karzai has long called on the Taliban to join the peace process. In late 2008 he even offered to provide security for the Taliban supreme leader, Mullah Omar, if he agreed to peace talks - this was not incentive enough.
But while the government's efforts were focused on re-integrating Taliban fighters, they did not have a reconciliation strategy.
The High Peace Council was established in 2010 and tasked with contacting the Taliban and convincing them to join the peace process.
Sporadic contacts were made with a number of Taliban leaders but it did not have the desired outcome of provoking large-scale desertions.
In turn, the Taliban did not trust the Afghan government and considered it a "puppet" of the US.
The  idea of engaging with the Taliban was initially controversial in the West but the idea of seriously engaging with the militants was explored at a 2011 peace conference.
Are the Taliban now happy to talk to Afghan leaders?
The Taliban have for years refused to speak to the Afghan government or members of the High Peace Council. They insisted that they wanted to talk to the US - which they called "the main party in the conflict".
But the Taliban's statement as they opened their office says one of the main aims of the Doha office is "to meet Afghans".
Although there was no recognition of President Karzai or his government and just a vague promise to talk to Afghans, "if necessary", that is still being read as an important shift.
Does Pakistan have a role?
Pakistan was one of the Taliban's main supporters from when it was launched in Kandahar in 1994 until the fall of the regime in 2001. Most of the Taliban's leaders reportedly then fled to Pakistan.
Taliban representatives reportedly went to Qatar from Pakistan and the group is still considered to be heavily dependent on the support of certain elements in the country - although this has its limits.
Pakistan's co-operation will probably prove critical to convince or pressurise the Taliban to reach a political settlement.
So, talks are as much between Afghanistan and Pakistan as they are between the Afghan government and the Taliban.
President Karzai has reached out to Islamabad and Pakistan has been involved in background talks over the office in Qatar.
Pakistani officials generally say Islamabad wants a "friendly, peaceful and sovereign" Afghanistan. But they are adamant that Pakistan's "legitimate interests" in Afghanistan must be recognised after the withdrawal of Nato troops.


A woman has said she is "overwhelmed" after a petition calling for a ban on forcing women to wear high heels at work reached 100,000 signatories.

Nicola Thorp set up the petition after being sent home from her temp job as a secretary after refusing to wear shoes with a "2in to 4in heel".
Outsourcing firm Portico said "with immediate effect all our female colleagues can wear plain flat shoes".
Ms Thorpe said the reaction was "testament to how big the issue is".
The 27-year-old from Hackney, was asked to wear high heels by Portico which provides reception staff for finance company PwC in London.
She set up a petition on Tuesday evening which will now be considered for a debate in Parliament after receiving more than 100,000 signatures.
"I'm so overwhelmed," she said. "It shows it is an important matter and it is a step in the right direction.
"It has opened up a dialogue for women to talk about how they feel at work and how they're dressed."
Work dress code woes: Your stories
Is it legal to force women to wear high heels at work?
More on this story and other news from London
Ms Thorp said she had received sexist abuse on social media following the story, but it has made her realise "we don't live in a society where women are equal".
"I hope it makes women aware that they don't have to sit and take something just because they are a woman," she said. "Every message just makes a little more determined."
"I'm really glad that so many men signed the petition even though this doesn't directly affect them, it really means a lot."
PwC said the dress code issue involving Ms Thorp at its Embankment offices last December was "not a PwC policy".
Portico managing director Simon Pratt confirmed the change in policy: "All our female colleagues can wear plain flat shoes or plain court shoes as they prefer."


Robert Haldane Smith was born in 1944 in Glasgow - Scotland's biggest city to vote "Yes" in the Scottish independence referendum.

When his home city was selected to host the Commonwealth Games, the Scottish government asked him to be chairman of the organising company.
First Minister Alex Salmond said at the time that Lord Smith had a "proven track record" and "tremendous" experience.
He attended the all-boys Allan Glen's School in Glasgow and after leaving education he entered accountancy, qualifying as a chartered accountant in 1968.
Lord Smith worked at the Royal Bank of Scotland and held senior positions at Charterhouse Development Capital; Morgan Grenfell Private Equity and Deutsche Asset Management.
For more than a decade he was chairman of global engineering company the Weir Group until stepping down in 2013.
The businessman has also held numerous non-executive directorships at MFI, Stakis and Network Rail. He also chairs energy giant SSE.
Two years ago he made the headlines when he was appointed the first chairman of the UK's Green Investment Bank, based in Edinburgh.
In 1999, Lord Smith was knighted and then in 2008 he was given a peerage, becoming an independent cross-bencher in the House of Lords.
He has been chairman of National Museums Scotland and described the opening of the new Museum of Scotland as one of the proudest days of his life.
Lord Smith is also a former BBC governor, head of the Broadcasting Council for Scotland and chairman of the BBC's Children in Need.
In 2003, he was invested as chancellor of Paisley University, which became the University of the West of Scotland, and held the role until September last year.
He was installed as chancellor of the University of Strathclyde in October 2013.
The 70-year-old is married with two daughters.
Lord Smith owns Inchmarnock, a small uninhabited island off the west coast of Scotland where he breeds Highland cattle.
He bought it in March 1999 and partnered with Headland Archaeology to carry out a seven-year investigation into the island, covering pre-history, early Christian, medieval and modern times.
At the end of the process, Lord Smith said: "The discoveries have exceeded all my expectations, as has the quality of this scholarly work.
"I have learned a very great deal about the history of Inchmarnock, and grown to love it and respect it and its former inhabitants even more, if that is possible."


Emmanuel Adebayor ended his self-imposed international exile but failed to fire Togo past Tunisia in their 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier.

The Crystal Place striker had not played for his country since June and rejected a call-up for Friday's match away to Tunisia, which Togo lost 1-0.
He returned for Tuesday's match in Lome but his side were held 0-0 by their Group A rivals.
Tunisia and Togo have seven points, Liberia have six and a game in hand.
Only the 13 group winners are guaranteed passage to the finals in Gabon next year, with the two best runners-up joining them.


The main steelworkers' union has backed plans for fracking in the UK.

The Community union says the fracking industry will need significant volumes of steel, which will help to protect jobs in the sector.
It has signed an agreement with the body that represents the UK onshore oil and gas industry to promote domestic production and protect jobs.
Community, which has around 30,000 members, is one of the few trade unions backing fracking.
The UK's third biggest union, the GMB union, also intends to organise in the sector.
But a number of other main unions, including PCS and UCU, are opposed to the industry on environmental grounds.
"The future development of home-grown oil and gas has the potential to support thousands of jobs through its supply chain, including in the steel industry," says Roy Rickhuss, the general secretary of Community.
The fracking industry will need to drill hundreds, perhaps thousands of wells, to produce significant volumes of gas. That represents a huge opportunity for the struggling steel industry, which will want to supply the steel casings used in oil and gas wells.
Plans for fracking have been approved in two locations in the north of England, potentially creating up to 64,500 jobs, according to a recent industry report.
But while the Community union is affiliated to Labour, its endorsement of fracking is at odds with Labour Party policy.
At the party's conference in September, the shadow energy secretary Barry Gardiner said Labour would ban fracking outright if elected.
The GMB union described the policy as "madness", saying it would leave the UK reliant on "henchman, hangmen and headchoppers" for imported gas.


Bydd blas o ddiwylliant Gwlad y Basg yn dod i'r canolbarth yn ystod yr wythnos nesa, wrth i ŵyl arbennig gael ei chynnal.

Yn ystod wythnos Euskara, bydd nifer o gyngherddau'n cael eu cynnal gan artistiaid Basgaidd a Chymreig mewn gwahanol leoliadau ym Machynlleth a Thal-y-bont ger Aberystwyth.
Ddydd Sadwrn, bydd siopau a chaffis yn y dre yn cynnig prisiau gostyngedig i drigolion sy'n mentro cyflwyno'u hunain ac archebu drwy Euskara, iaith Gwlad y Basg.
Mae staff a disgyblion Ysgol Bro Hyddgen wedi paratoi canllaw cyfieithu i'w cynorthwyo.
Mae dwy arddangosfa'n cael eu cynnal fel rhan o'r wŷl.
Bydd gwaith yr artist Juan Gorriti i'w weld yng nghanolfan MoMa Machynlleth, ac arteffactau a lluniau o ffermydd a phentrefi Nafarroa i'w gweld yn Senedd-dy Owain Glyndŵr.


Wall Street closed higher on Tuesday but surge needed to break through the 20,000 mark remained elusive.

The Dow Jones industrial average ended 11.23 points ahead at 19,945.
Investment bank Goldman Sachs led the risers, up 0.24%. The sportswear giant Nike led the fallers, down 1.2%.
The technology-heavy Nasdaq jumped 24.75 points to 5,487 while the S&P 500 added 5.09 points to 2,268.
Oil prices increased ahead of a deal to cut production.
Brent crude gained 1.7% to $56.09 per barrel while US crude also rose 1.7% to $53.90 a barrel.
The Opec cartel of oil producing nations have agreed to reduce output from 1 January 2017 by 1.2m barrels a day to a daily 32.5m barrels for at least six months.


Scarlets head coach Wayne Pivac says his team have been left "licking their wounds" after a 43-6 defeat in Glasgow put them out of European Champions Cup contention.

Pivac's side have now lost three games in Pool 3.
Wing Taqele Naiyaravoro ran in a second half hat-trick of tries to earn the man-of-match award.
"He's just big, and on the day guys fell off the tackles, simple as that," said Pivac.
"They'll go away and have a look at that. We're going to have to make sure we go low and put him on the deck."
The two teams meet again at Parc y Scarlets on Saturday, 19 December.
Powerhouse wing Naiyaravoro, who weighs in at nearly 19 stone, made 231 metres with the ball at Scotstoun, nearly three times more than any other player.
The Scarlets missed 31 tackles, many of them on the Fijian-born Wallaby wing.
"After a performance like that, sometimes you have to wait 12 months to rectify it but we've got seven days and we play the same opponents" Pivac told BBC Wales Sport.
"We've got to go away and lick our wounds, I'm not happy with that performance and we need to turn it round pretty quickly."
The Scarlets may be able to field a stronger side in the return, with several players rested or nursing minor knocks.
But centre Michael Collins and flanker Tom Phillips, who was making his first start, will be assessed for concussion.
"It's the nature of the beast, it's a long season. We've got to make sure we're there fighting to the end," said Pivac of his selection.
But the Pro12 leaders now have no chance of progressing in the Champions Cup.
"It's really disappointing with the league form going so well, we're disappointed we've fallen off in Europe," said acting captain Emyr Phillips.
"We've got to play Glasgow again in a short turn-around, so hopefully we can put that right before getting into a big Christmas campaign."
"Everything's going to be about the league now, so hopefully less pressure in Europe and we can rebuild some of that form going back into the league campaign."
The Scarlets have eight wins from nine in the Pro12, going into the Boxing Day derby against the Ospreys in Llanelli.


A collection of paintings by LS Lowry has sold at auction, for a total price of more than £15m.

The oil paintings belonged to Cambridgeshire businessman Tony Thompson, who had collected Lowry's work since 1982, and died last year.
A painting of Piccadilly Circus in London, for which Mr Thompson paid £5.6m in 2011, was the biggest draw of the night - selling for £5.1m.
Thirteen paintings were sold, but two failed to meet their reserve price.
Mr Thompson was born in 1945 in Trumpington, on the outskirts of Cambridge, and lived in the surrounding area all of his life.
He started his recycling business when he was 14 and went on to become a millionaire.
He began collecting paintings by Lowry in his late thirties, when he made his first purchase at auction.
Entitled Street Musicians, the work portrays a scene in Thurso, Scotland, and was painted in 1938. It cost £17,600 32 years ago, but sold for £842,500 at Sotheby's.
The auction house said Mr Thompson had become the first person to bid more than £500,000 for a Lowry painting, when he bought the smaller of two pictures of Piccadilly Circus in 1998.
Source: Sotheby's
He secured the larger version in 2011, when he broke the record for a Lowry.
His sister Dawn Saddler, said his love of the Manchester artist's work began in childhood.
"He just loved Lowry - the man and the paintings," she said. "As the obsession grew he collected and collected.
"He was a simple man, just like Lowry."
Frances Christie, Sotheby's head of modern and post-war British art department, said Mr Thompson was a "collector who truly understood Lowry's vision".
"He had a real instinct to hone in on the very best examples of the artist's work," she said.
"When it came to Lowry, he knew everything."


Britain's Tom Daley said he was "heartbroken" after a shock semi-final elimination in the Olympic 10m platform diving competition.

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In an error-strewn display, the 2012 bronze medallist needed 102 points from his closing dive to reach the final.
However, he managed only 50.40 to finish in last place with 403.25 - well short of the personal best of 571.85 he set in Friday's preliminary round.
"It's really hard to accept. I've worked so hard," said Daley, 22.
"Yesterday I scored the highest score ever in an Olympic Games. Today it wasn't meant to be. That's what diving does sometimes.
"I truly am heartbroken because I feel like I am in the peak physical condition and I could have won."
British Diving performance director Alexei Evangulov had said Daley was "in the best shape and best form of his career" before the Olympics.
Daley, who won a bronze medal in the 10m synchronised platform with Dan Goodfellow, suggested he would compete again in Tokyo in 2020.
"I'm so happy with how GB have done, so proud to be part of it and I wanted to be able to stand on top of that podium, so it will be another four years' hard work," he said.
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China's Chen Aisen, 20, claimed his second gold of the Games by winning the final, which took place later on Saturday.
Chen, who also won the 10m synchro alongside Lin Yue, scored 585.30 points to finish ahead of Mexico's German Sanchez (532.70) and defending champion David Boudia of the United States (525.25).
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Wigan go into Saturday's Challenge Cup final against Hull FC with hopes of winning the famous trophy for a record 19th time.

England international Matty Smith is in his first full season with the Warriors and is set to appear in his first Wembley final.
The 26-year-old scrum-half gives BBC Sport an alternative insight into the Wigan Warriors squad of 2013:
1. Sam Tomkins: Full-back
Nicknamed 'Hollywood' because he is always talking about his A-list celebrity mates and the white Porsche he has got.
A massive player for us and one of our stand-out players. If he is fit and on form, we are going to have a good chance of winning the cup.
2. Josh Charnley: Wing
Absolutely terrible dress sense. Will try and tell you it is the best at Wigan, but it definitely is not, so gets a bit of stick for that.
Another big player for us and another one who can change the game on his day. Can create a try out of nothing.
3. Darrell Goulding: Centre
The quiet man at the club and keeps himself to himself. Really steady. Never at the front in fitness drills and does not really like training.
Someone who is really underestimated and should be in the international set-up. A big part of what Wigan do well.
4. Jack Hughes: Centre/second row
Another one who is fairly quiet, but a very funny guy once you get to know him. Comes out with lots of sly comments.
One of the young lads who has come through the system at Wigan and has done really well.
5. Pat Richards: Wing
The Aussie Irishman. Very sarcastic and always cracking jokes.
Will be missed when he goes back to Australia at the end of the season and will be difficult to replace. His goal-kicking is second to none. In close games, you can rely on him to slot over the two points.
6. Blake Green: Stand-off
Nicknamed 'The Snake' because he bites a lot.
Came in from Hull KR at the start of the year to form a new half-back partnership with myself. We have played really well together and we are good mates off the park. Hope he has a great game at Wembley.
7. Matty Smith: Scrum-half
Once described as a poor man's Paul Deacon. Not done too badly since then.
Really enjoying my rugby at Wigan and hungry to improve. Very proud to be playing with such a great bunch of blokes and coaching staff.
9. Michael McIlorum: Hooker
The tough bloke of the group.
One of those who is great to have playing with you, but you do not want to be playing against him. Lifts the boys in games and is a great player. Will be wanting a big game on Saturday.
10. Lee Mossop: Prop
Gets a bit of stick for his receding hairline.
Another England international. Will be a massive miss when he leaves for Australia at the end of the year and another who will be hard to replace. Will want to finish on a high, starting by winning on Saturday.
11. Harrison Hansen: Second row
My second-rower and I think there is no bigger player at the club than him. Got loads of respect for him.
One of the people that goes under the radar and is a real workhorse for the team. A pleasure to play alongside.
12. Liam Farrell: Second row
Nicknamed 'The Ginger Pearl'. Pretty quiet lad, but always mentions he is related to [Wigan legend] Andy Farrell.
Has had an awesome season and will be up there for the Man of Steel award. As long as he does not kick the ball, we will be alright.
13. Sean O'Loughlin (captain): Loose forward
Mr Reliable. Every time he puts that Wigan shirt on, he gives 100%. Never seen him have a bad game since I have been playing.
Will be massive for us on Saturday. Hope I will be seeing him lift the trophy at the end of the game because it is what we all want.
15. Ben Flower: Prop
He and [Wales international team-mate] Gil Dudson are always trying to crack jokes and get one over on each other.
Has come of age this year. Has got better and better since he joined Wigan. Like myself, is looking to win his first trophy on Saturday.
16. Chris Tuson: Prop
Leaving Wigan to join Wakefield at the end of the season. Has had a really good year for us and it will be sad to see him go because you need people like him in your side.
A real workhorse, great in defence and great in attack. Will be missed.
17. Iain Thornley: Centre
A bit of a worrier. Always coming into training worrying about whether it is fitness work we will be doing and how hard it is going to be.
Another one who has stepped up for us. Only a young lad still learning the game, but if he gets his chance on Saturday, he will take it.
20. Gil Dudson: Prop
Ben Flower's partner in crime.
Has added to the competition in the props and has done really well when he has played. If he gets the nod, he will be firing and will put in a big performance for us.
21. Scott Taylor: Prop
Another one of our new recruits from Hull KR, along with Blake Green.
Has been in and out of the squad and he would probably admit he has had a mixed first year with the club, but has done fantastically well in recent weeks and has become a big player for us.
23. Logan Tomkins: Hooker
Sam's younger brother, although he does not like being called that. A great player in his own right.
Has picked up the pace in games when he has come on and is getting better and better. Will be a great player for the future for Wigan.
26. Dom Crosby: Prop
Another of the young lads that has come in and keeps the senior guys on their toes. For me, he is up there for a starting place on Saturday.
Missed out on the squad that went to Catalans but I am sure he is in Shaun Wane's thoughts. Has made a massive impact this year.


At least 14 gang members have been killed in a prison in the north of El Salvador, authorities have said.

Officials said the bodies of the men, who were all members of the country's notorious Barrio 18 gang, were discovered in two separate locations during a routine inspection of the prison in Quezaltepeque.
The deaths are believed to be the result of an internal feud.
The prison authorities and police have launched an investigation.
El Salvador has one of the highest murder rates in the world, largely as a result of bitter fighting between rival gangs.
On Wednesday, police said there were at least 125 murders in just three days in the country.
The Directorate General of Prisons said on Twitter that the latest violence was "presumed to be an act of purification among gang members".
Last month, Barrio 18 ordered a bus strike and seven bus drivers were killed when they defied the gang.
The group was demanding to be included in a commission examining ways of stemming urban violence - which they are largely responsible for.
President Sanchez Ceren has focused on tackling crime since he took office but the country has faced a sharp increase in violence since 2014.


A 62-year-old man was arrested after allegedly filling a lubricant dispenser with hydrochloric acid at a sex club in Australia.

No serious injuries were reported in the incident at "gay and bi social club" Aarows in northwest Sydney.
Items in the room had been fitted with anti-tampering alarms after they had been interfered with in the past.
The suspect was charged with offences including administering a poison with intent to injure or cause pain.
A police spokesman told  Australia's Daily Telegraph newspaper that detectives had not established a motive but there was "no indication of hate motivation to date".
The suspect was granted conditional bail and is due to appear in court on 20 September.
Aarows openly markets itself as "Sydney's premier health, recreation and social centre, where safe sex is permitted regardless of gender".
One club-goer, who chose not to be identified, told the Australian Broadcasting Corp. it was a "sick" thing to do.
"Hydrochloric acid is not the best sort of thing to be playing with," he said.
When asked what may have motivated the suspect, the man said: "It could be anything really. People are perverted."


Violent extremist prisoners could be held in separate special units inside jails under government plans to stop other inmates being radicalised.

Justice Secretary Liz Truss will reveal the new measures on Monday, following a review into extremism in prisons led by former prison governor Ian Acheson.
One of his key recommendations was to "incapacitate" violent extremists by keeping them away from other prisoners.
His report will only be published in summary for security reasons.
But it is understood to be critical of the current system in which extremist inmates are dispersed across eight high-security prisons.
Last month, Mr Acheson told the Commons justice select committee there was a small of number of prisoners who needed to be kept apart from other inmates because their "pernicious ideology" could be "magnified inside prison, particularly when you have a supply of young, impulsive and often highly violent men".
The publication of the report by the senior civil servant comes only a few days after it was revealed that radical cleric Anjem Choudary had been convicted of inviting others to support the so-called Islamic State.
Fears have been voiced that Choudary, who is due to be sentenced in September, would be able to influence other inmates with his views.
'Extremist' books remained in prisons despite warning
Warning over Islamic radicalisation in England's prisons
Ms Truss is expected to accept the separation proposal and BBC home affairs correspondent Daniel Sandford told the News Channel: "This is the policy that pre-dates the Islamist extremist era before 9/11 when we had IRA prisoners in British prisons.
"They were allowed to be mixed in the general population of the high security estate. No-one has really changed that policy in the light of the massive numbers of convictions there have been in the last 15 years since 9/11.
"It's clearly going to be more expensive. There are eight high-security prisons in England and Wales and if you are going to need to have a unit in all or at least some of those, that's going to be an extra cost.
"You're going to have to have separate feeding systems, separate exercising regimes, separate ways of working, separate education systems so it's not that easy."
Ms Truss is likely to announce other measures to clamp down on radicalisation inside prisons.
She said: "The rise of Islamist extremism poses an existential threat to our society. I am committed to confronting and countering the spread of this poisonous ideology behind bars.
"Preventing the most dangerous extremists from radicalising other prisoners is essential to the safe running of our prisons and fundamental to public protection."
The idea of having a separate prison within a prison is not new - similar recent changes have been made in France, while prisoners were also separated in Northern Ireland's Maze prison in the 1980s.


The man suspected of murdering a grandfather and posting the video on Facebook was a self-described "monster" who blames others for his problems.

Steve Stephens, who worked as a case manager for a children's mental healthcare facility in Ohio, said in another video posted online that he had "just snapped".
The 37-year-old, who police said had no criminal history, spoke of having "messed up" and also complained about gambling debts.
He had faced evictions from two separate flats, according to court records obtained by Cleveland.com, and was sued by a property manager for failing to pay rent.
A court ordered last month that he begin having his wages deducted in order to repay the $1,800 (£1,400) debt.
"I lost everything I ever had due to gambling at the Cleveland Jack Casino and Erie Casino," he wrote in a post on his now-deleted Facebook page.
Mr Stephens had said it was the fault of his ex-girlfriend, Joy Lane, that he had carried out Sunday's apparently random shooting of a 74-year-old grandfather, Robert Godwin.
His eviction issues arose less than two years after he emerged from personal bankruptcy, in which he had claimed to owe $35,000 for car and student loans as well as credit card debt.
During the process, he had claimed to own about $1,500 in household items, including his clothing, and had only $350 in his bank account.
In a Facebook video broadcast from his car after the killing, the alleged gunman said: "You see, the thing is, man, I'm 37 and all my [expletive] life, man, I've always been a [expletive] monster, man.
"Always had to prove myself, always had to take the butts of people's jokes. Just killing [expletive], man, and all because of this [expletive] called Joy Lane.
"She put me at my pushing point, man. You know, I was living over there with her, just woke up Friday, I just couldn't take it no more, man.
"I just left, and yeah, here I am, massacring [expletive]." He laughs.
Ms Lane was placed in protective custody.
Stephens claimed to have killed more than a dozen other people, but police have so far been unable to verify his claims.
In the same video, broadcast from his car, Stephens filmed himself on a phone telling an unidentified person that he feels "built-in anger and frustration".
In another Facebook video rant shortly before the shooting, Stephens also blamed his mother.
He said he had told her beforehand that he was feeling "suicidal" and planning "to kill some people".
"Didn't care," he said of his mother's reaction.
He said she was "the one who created this [expletive] monster that I am".
"I'm beat," he adds, "I'm tired."
His mother, Maggie Green, told CNN she last saw her eldest child a day before the shooting.
He had told her, "if you see me again, it'll be a miracle", according to Ms Green.


Prime Minister Theresa May faces a battle to get Brexit through Parliament - but votes from non-Conservative MPs who support leaving the EU should help her swing it.

When Mrs May took over as prime minister last summer she inherited a Commons majority of 12. That was the Conservatives' margin of victory in the 2015 general election.
When you factor in Sinn Fein MPs, who don't take up their seats, deputy speakers who as a rule don't vote, and changes to the make-up of the Commons over the past 18 months after by-elections it adds up to a working majority of 17.
This is the smallest majority a government has faced a year into office since Labour's Harold Wilson was prime minister in the 1960s.
It should take just nine rebels to overturn it. But this doesn't explain the whole situation when it comes to Brexit.
It's not just Conservative MPs who will support the government on Article 50. Joining them are the DUP, the only party in the Commons, aside from UKIP who officially backed Brexit.
Labour has a splinter group of 10 MPs who advocated a leave vote. Six of them - Frank Field, Kelvin Hopkins, Kate Hoey, John Mann, Graham Stringer and Gisela Stuart - generally support the government in votes on Brexit.
They are also joined by the UUP, who are closely aligned to the Conservatives, and UKIP's sole MP Douglas Carswell.
This inflates Theresa May's majority to around 50 and gives her a "Brexit firewall" with much greater room for manoeuvre in the event of a rebellion within her own party.
If all the pro-Brexit MPs back the government in the crucial vote on the Article 50 bill later, it would take a much bigger rebellion of 26 Conservatives to block Brexit legislation.
The number of rebels at earlier stages of the bill was much smaller than that. So Mrs May looks likely to get the bill formally triggering Brexit into law unamended with the support of MPs from outside the ranks of her own party, giving her the free hand to negotiate Britain's exit from the EU.


A journalist at the Sun newspaper paid a government press officer £750 to leak secrets from the Budget, a jury at the Old Bailey has been told.

Clodagh Hartley is accused of paying Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC) official Jonathan Hall around £17,000 for tip-offs over three years.
One involved a tip that allowed the paper to run a story on Alistair Darling's Budget in 2010 before he delivered it, prosecutors claimed.
Miss Hartley denies all charges.
Prosecutor Zoe Johnson QC said: "As you would expect, the details of the Budget are a closely-guarded secret.
"You would expect the details would be announced to Parliament and not broadcast in advance in the newspapers and certainly not for money, for personal gain."
She said a financial trail revealed Mr Hall was paid £750 for the story at the request of Miss Hartley.
Prosecutors said Mr Hall gave Miss Hartley, the Sun's Whitehall editor, information that led to the double-page story that was printed before Mr Darling stood to deliver the Budget.
Prosecutors also said Mr Hall was paid £500 for another story about celebrities being paid to publicise a government website.
The court was told more than £4,000 was paid to Mr Hall by News International between April 2008 and May 2010.
More than £13,000 was also transferred to his girlfriend Marta Bukarewicz's account between June 2010 and July 2011 after Miss Hartley suggested it would "cover his tracks", the court heard.
Ms Bukarewicz kept £845 for her role and transferred the rest to Mr Hall, the court was told.
The jury was told Mr Hall accepts he supplied Miss Hartley with stories for which he was paid.
The prosecutor also told jurors: "This is not a trial involving whistle-blowing in a noble cause.
"It is a case in which Mr Hall, the HMRC press officer, was motivated by greed and Miss Hartley, the journalist, was motivated by acquiring the next big scoop or exclusive.
"Many of you will have sympathy for journalists who expose mismanagement and inefficiency in government departments but that is not what this case is about."
Ms Bukarewicz and Miss Hartley both deny conspiracy to commit misconduct in public office.


A woman is in a critical condition in hospital following a crash on the A1.

The road is closed in both directions between Dromore and Hillsborough following the one vehicle crash.
Police said the road would remain closed on Sunday morning as an electricity pole was damaged in the collision.
Diversions are in place.


China's central bank is to cut its bank reserve requirement ratio by one percentage point.

The People's Bank of China said that the new reserve requirement would take effect from Monday.
The aim is to stimulate more lending into the nation's slowing economy.
The move allows banks to lend out more money, with Chinese state media saying the cut will release 1.2 trillion yuan ($194bn; Â£130bn) into the world's second-largest economy.
China's economy grew by 7% in the first quarter of the year, a large figure by Western standards, but the lowest for the country since the financial crisis of 2009.
Last year its growth slowed to its weakest in 24 years, expanding 7.4% in 2014 from 7.7% in 2013.
It meant growth in the nation's economy missed its official annual growth target of 7.5% for the first time in 15 years.
As part of the new measures the Central Bank has also said it will provide various further cuts to reserve requirements for banks providing agricultural financing.
The bank had previously cut its reserve requirement two months ago.


Half of Scotland's heat, transport and electricity energy needs will be met by renewables by 2030 under plans published by the Scottish government.

The draft Scottish Energy Strategy sets out a vision for the transition away from oil and gas dependency and towards a low-carbon economy by 2050.
Only 13% of Scotland's total final energy consumption came from renewable sources in 2013.
Environmental groups had been campaigning for the 50% target.
A public consultation on the proposals will run until the end of May.
Last week, the Scottish government set a new target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 66% by 2032.
Its energy strategy, which was unveiled by Energy Minister Paul Wheelhouse at Holyrood, includes exploring the "re-powering" of existing power stations, which could see Longannet reopen as a coal-fired station with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).
It also sets out an ambition for Scotland to be the first place in the UK where onshore wind energy schemes thrive without subsidy.
And it proposes the establishment of a Scottish government-owned energy company, with responsibility for helping the growth of local and community energy projects.
But the strategy says that "most important of all" is helping to end "fuel poverty misery", partly by greatly improving the energy efficiency of existing homes.
In his foreword to the report, Mr Wheelhouse stressed that exploration and production of oil and gas in Scottish waters "will continue to provide high-value employment and a stable energy supply for decades to come".
He added: "Our ambition is that these strengths should also provide the engineering and technical bedrock for the transformational change in Scotland's energy system over the coming decades."
The strategy suggests Scotland could take advantage of emerging ways of using hydrocarbons, for example in powering fuel cells in cars, and says the government will work with industry to look at opportunities for small-scale carbon capture and storage projects.
The strategy sets out a "renewed focus" on energy efficiency, pledging to make Scotland's buildings near zero carbon by 2050.
Views are also sought on the role of "green bonds" and alternative financial models for supporting low carbon technologies and services.
The government said it would announce details of up to Â£50m in funding for 13 projects across Scotland which would demonstrate low carbon or renewable electricity, heating or storage solutions.
Data published last year showed that Scotland had exceeded a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 42% six years early.
Mr Wheelhouse told MSPs in the Holyrood chamber on Tuesday afternoon that the country could take pride in its achievements.
But he said more progress was needed, particularly in the supply of low-carbon heat and transport, if the country was to remain on track to meet its ambitious climate change goals.
Mr Wheelhouse added: "To maintain momentum, a new 2030 all energy renewables target is proposed in our energy strategy, setting an ambitious challenge to deliver the equivalent of half of Scotland's energy requirements for heat, transport and electricity from renewable energy sources.
"I hope that members will welcome this landmark proposal given the support shown for such an ambition last month in this chamber during the debate on support for Scotland's renewables sector."
Environmental group WWF Scotland welcomed the 50% target, which it said sent a "strong message to business and industry, both here and globally, that Scotland plans to build on its amazing progress on renewable electricity in the heat and transport sectors".
The target was unanimously welcomed by opposition parties, but they called for more detail on how it would be achieved.
Conservative MSP Alexander Burnett said considerable investment was needed in renewable heat and energy-efficiency measures.
Labour's Jackie Baillie said the target was rightly ambitious but added that the challenge would be in implementation.
And Mark Ruskell of the Scottish Greens said the government must match its new target with a commitment to "keep Scotland frack-free".
He also called for more detail on how almost two million homes could be switched to low-carbon heating by 2032 in order to meet the target of 80% of domestic heat coming from low-carbon sources.


Casualties have been confirmed following an incident involving a tank at a military training base in Pembrokeshire.

The Welsh Ambulance Service and Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service are in attendance at the Castlemartin firing range.
A Ministry of Defence (MoD) spokeswoman said: "My understanding is that there are casualties. As I understand it people have been injured."
The MoD are investigating the incident.
The ambulance service said it was alerted to the incident just before 15:30 BST on Wednesday and an air ambulance was seen leaving the area.
Live firing was due to take place at the range from Monday to Friday.
Castlemartin is the only UK Army range normally available for direct-fire live gunnery exercises and is used by Army, Army reserves and cadets.
It is also used by civilian organisations and research establishments.
The range, opened by the War Office in 1938, covers 5,900 acres on the south Pembrokeshire coast.


From the crowds to the parties and the overwhelming sense of relief, everyone who experienced VE Day on 8 May 1945 will undoubtedly have their own special memories.

But for 87-year-old Mike Powell, from Miskin, he'll look back on the day 70 years ago, when he went out to deliver eggs, and ended up flying to Germany.
Teenage Mike was the son of a farmer who had moved to Suffolk from Llansawel in Carmarthenshire.
Each day between 1943 and 1945 he would deliver eggs to the nearby USAF airbase at Seething and soon befriended the crews of 448th Bomb Group.
From time to time he was allowed to fly with them when their B24 Liberators were "flipped" between the various bases on the east coast, but then came VE Day.
"I know it was a day when everyone should have been happy, but I was feeling a bit down at the news really," Mike said.
"I knew that now the war in Europe was over they'd all be off to the Far East or back home to America.
"I think they could see that, and so they offered to take me for one last flip.
"What I didn't know then was that we wouldn't just be hopping up the coast, they were planning on taking the ground crew on a trip to see the areas the Liberators had been bombing."
In fact Mike was taken on a four hour round trip, flying over the devastation left by Allied bombing raids on Cologne.
While Mike himself was told to remain in the cockpit, he recalls that many of the ground crew who accompanied them sat on bulkheads over the bomb bay, leaning over the open bomb hatch to take photos.
He says that while the flight was the most exciting thing to have happened to him in his 87 years, he could not help but be moved by the scene below.
"It shocked me of course; there was absolutely nothing left but the cathedral sticking up out of this completely flattened landscape," he said..
"It made me think about the people there, but as the lads pointed out, if it wasn't them, it would have been us."
However, once Mike made it back to Seething Aerodrome, he realised that something had slipped his mind.
"They called their Liberator 'Bomb Baby'.  They'd painted the name on the side, and after every mission they made it back from they painted another little bomb next to the name.
"Once we got back that day we added the very last bomb, and it was only then that I remembered that after delivering the eggs I was meant to have gone straight back home to do the milking.
"Well of course my dad asked me where I'd disappeared to for the last six hours, and when I told him I'd been to Germany and back I didn't half get a hiding for my cheek!"
Mike explained how it took one of the aircrew coming to the farm to corroborate his story before his father would believe it.
But then he let slip that on one of their previous flips an engine had caught fire and Mike had been forced to jump out with the rest of the crew.
"They'd joked when they were showing me how to use the parachute, that if it didn't open I'd have to go back to the base and get another one; I never dreamt that I'd have to use it for real.
"Because I was quite small for my age, even on the tightest fitting the straps were still quite loose.  When it opened and yanked me up, I was singing soprano for a week."
Tragically, having survived more than 20 raids on Germany, 'Bomb Baby' crashed on its approach back to New York later that year, and the pilot was killed.
Even though Mike never got to fulfil his ambition of joining the RAF, he says the influence of his American friends helped him develop his subsequent career in engineering.


Anglesey has overtaken Merthyr Tydfil as the area with the highest proportion of overweight or obese children, according to Public Health Wales.

The proportion for Wales (26%) is still worse than the worst region for child obesity in England (24%).
A total of 32.4% of four and five-year-olds are overweight or obese on Anglesey. Merthyr (16.4%) is still top for obesity.
More than 30,000 children were weighed for the annual survey.
The study found the figure for Wales compared to 23% in England.
The gap between the most and least deprived areas is narrowing but Public Health Wales (PHW) admitted there was still "much to do".
Merthyr Tydfil (32%) still had the second highest proportion of overweight or obese four and five year-olds, while Cardiff had one of the lowest, with 22.6%.
The report compared for the first time problems in rural and urban areas but found little difference.
A pilot study of children in the Cwm Taf health board area found that more than a fifth of healthy four and five-year-olds went on to become overweight or obese by the time they were aged eight or nine.
It also found 82.5% of children classed as obese at that age were still the same as they got older.
Dr Julie Bishop, director of health improvement for PHW, said healthy lifestyles for pre-school children should be promoted across Wales.
"There are no specific figures, but certainly a trend we're concerned about is the relationship between the amount of screen time - on tablets, phones, game and computers - and obesity," she said.
"We need to see children out playing more and we know there are always parents concerns about safety but they need to be running around more. Projects run by the likes of Communities First and mother and toddler groups can be supportive in helping parents."
Chief medical officer for Wales, Dr Ruth Hussey, said it was good to see obesity levels had levelled off, but there was still much to do and young people were eating too much sugar.
"The NHS alone cannot tackle childhood obesity," she said. "There is much that parents can do to ensure their children have the best possible start in life.
"Research suggests that breastfeeding is linked to a reduced risk of obesity in children, and parents can access information and support on this from health visitors."
The latest figures for Scotland for 2013 found 26.5% of two to six-year-old children were at risk of being overweight or obese.


Voting in the Sudanese elections has ended, with only a third of the electorate casting their ballots, according to African Union observers.

The head of the AU team overseeing the poll, Olusegun Obasanjo, said turnout stood at between 30-35%.
He said some voters may have felt the result was a forgone conclusion and so abstained from casting a ballot.
President Omar al-Bashir is expected to extend his 25 years in power, after opposition parties boycotted the poll.
Voting in the presidential and parliamentary elections started on Monday and was extended until Thursday in a bid to boost turnout and enhance the legitimacy of President Bashir and his National Congress party.
The 71-year-old, who is wanted by the International Criminal Court on genocide charges, was virtually unopposed in the race.
He faced 13 minor challengers, after the main opposition parties pulled out, claiming the vote would not be free or fair.
Polling centres in the capital Khartoum were largely deserted, according to the Associated Press.
However, the party's vice president Ibrahim Ghandour said the government was "quite satisfied" with the turnout.
Election results are expected on 27 April.


Skipper Sergio Ramos scored twice as Real Madrid recovered from back-to-back defeats by edging past mid-table La Liga rivals Malaga at the Bernabeu.

Cristiano Ronaldo and Karim Benzema both missed clear chances, while Malaga's Chory Castro hit the post, before centre-back Ramos planted in a free header from Luka Modric's corner.
Ramos netted again shortly before half-time when he slid in another set-piece - despite appearing to stray offside following Toni Kroos' delivery.
Malaga replied through Juanpi's thumping 15-yard drive, but it was not enough to avoid a fifth straight defeat.
The 13th-placed visitors, who have now not won in eight, failed to build on their foothold in the game and rarely looked like stunning the home crowd with an equaliser.
Madrid looked likelier to kill the game off in the closing stages, Ronaldo hitting the base of the post with an angled drive.
However, they more than deserved to move four points clear of second-placed Sevilla, despite not adding a third.
Sevilla travel to bottom club Osasuna on Sunday (11:00 GMT) while Barcelona, a point further back in third place, go to ninth-placed Eibar (19:45).
Zinedine Zidane's side were looking to avoid a third straight defeat after seeing their 40-match unbeaten run ended by successive losses at Sevilla and Celta Vigo.
And they produced a functional, if far from vintage, display against a struggling away side expected to offer little resistance.
A nervy atmosphere engulfed the Bernabeu at various stages of Saturday's match, with home fans heard jeering their players - notably Ronaldo and Benzema - as they failed to hit their usual high standards.
Club legend Zidane, who has lost just two of 38 league games since replacing Rafa Benitez last January, urged supporters to show more understanding with his players.
"Our fans are always very demanding, but sometimes the players and coaches need more affection," said the Frenchman.
"When we have difficulties, we need the fans to be calm and support the team."
Ballon d'Or winner Ronaldo has struggled to make an impact in the past three matches, in which France striker Benzema has failed to score.
Zidane also saw left-back Marcelo limp off in the first half, joining a growing injury list that also includes Wales forward Gareth Bale, centre-back Pepe and right-back Dani Carvajal.
"Karim and Cristiano might not have scored in recent games, but I'm not worried," he added.
"It's not the form of the attackers which worries me at the moment, it's the injuries."
Match ends, Real Madrid 2, Málaga 1.
Second Half ends, Real Madrid 2, Málaga 1.
Attempt blocked. Pablo Fornals (Málaga) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Foul by Casemiro (Real Madrid).
Juanpi (Málaga) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Álvaro Morata (Real Madrid).
Roberto Rosales (Málaga) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Real Madrid. Conceded by Martín Demichelis.
Attempt blocked. Álvaro Morata (Real Madrid) header from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Toni Kroos with a cross.
Álvaro Morata (Real Madrid) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Roberto Rosales (Málaga).
Lucas Vázquez (Real Madrid) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Jony (Málaga).
Mateo Kovacic (Real Madrid) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Luis Muñoz (Málaga).
Casemiro (Real Madrid) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Pablo Fornals (Málaga).
Foul by Álvaro Morata (Real Madrid).
Juanpi (Málaga) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Offside, Real Madrid. Toni Kroos tries a through ball, but Cristiano Ronaldo is caught offside.
Corner,  Real Madrid. Conceded by Luis Muñoz.
Lucas Vázquez (Real Madrid) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Michael Santos (Málaga) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Nacho (Real Madrid) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Michael Santos (Málaga).
Substitution, Real Madrid. Álvaro Morata replaces Karim Benzema.
Attempt saved. Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid) left footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Toni Kroos.
Attempt missed. Raphael Varane (Real Madrid) header from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Toni Kroos with a cross following a set piece situation.
Substitution, Málaga. Michael Santos replaces Adalberto Peñaranda.
Substitution, Real Madrid. Mateo Kovacic replaces Luka Modric.
Ignacio Camacho (Málaga) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Casemiro (Real Madrid) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Ignacio Camacho (Málaga).
Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid) hits the left post with a right footed shot from the right side of the box. Assisted by Isco.
Offside, Real Madrid. Luka Modric tries a through ball, but Sergio Ramos is caught offside.
Attempt saved. Luka Modric (Real Madrid) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Corner,  Real Madrid. Conceded by Carlos Kameni.
Attempt saved. Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Substitution, Málaga. Martín Demichelis replaces Juankar because of an injury.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.


Borussia Dortmund boss Thomas Tuchel says his side were in an "awkward mindset" when their team bus was delayed before Wednesday's Champions League second leg at Monaco.

Dortmund said the bus was stopped by police for 20 minutes, with kick-off then delayed by five minutes.
The incident happened a week after three bombs exploded close to their bus before the first leg in Dortmund.
"Everyone went quiet and it felt not so good," said Tuchel, 43.
Uefa said the kick-off had been moved back because of "late team arrival" at Stade Louis II, where Monaco went on to win 3-1 and progressed to the semi-finals.
Tuchel said the German club's bus was scheduled to leave one-and-a-half hours before kick-off and "everyone was there ready to go".
"The police did not drive, police were everywhere around the bus, the street was free. We did not move one centimetre," he added.
"If you don't want to have a situation like last week you don't want this situation - the same team in the bus. We stood there for 16, 17 minutes.
"I had the feeling we were focused and full of joy and happiness to play this game. Then suddenly there were awkward mindsets going around."
The German said the delay did not have an impact on him throughout the game, but that he was "not sure" how it affected the players.
Defender Marc Bartra was injured in last week's attack and was taken to hospital after breaking a bone in his wrist. The game was played 24 hours later.


Wales fell silent on Friday as the country remembered its war dead.

Armistice Day marked the end of World War One, at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, back in 1918.
Two minutes of silence was observed by people around the nation, including at Swansea's cenotaph, Queen's Square in Wrexham and the field of remembrance in Cardiff.
Faces of 11,000 Royal Welch Fusiliers who died in World War One were displayed in Caernarfon, Gwynedd.
They appeared on a large screen at the town's Maes as part of a project to illustrate the extent of the losses suffered by just one regiment in the 1914-18 conflict.
First Minister Carwyn Jones visited the Poppies: Weeping Window installation at Caernarfon Castle.
He said: "The Royal Welch Fusiliers, who fought throughout the First World War, including the Battle of the Somme, have a special link with the castle.
"The thousands of people who have already visited the sculpture have had the opportunity to reflect and learn about how the momentous events of the First World War impacted on our communities in Wales and influenced the world we live in today."
Meanwhile, the National Poet of Wales (Bardd Cenedlaethol Cymru), Ifor ap Glyn, has written a poem titled Terasau, which was inspired by a visit to war cemeteries in France.
It will be projected on to the Elizabeth Tower in London from dusk on Remembrance Sunday, alongside a background of falling poppies.
He said: "Terasau was inspired by a visit to the military cemeteries of the Somme, the humbling scale of loss and the near impossibility of 'knowing' the men who lie there.
"My family have lived in London since the 1880s, a small Welsh thread in the international tapestry of the city, and for me, the inclusion of this poem also acknowledges the rich contribution to London culture of the hundreds and thousands of us whose first language is not English.
"And as we commemorate the fallen once again, it is fitting that we remember that men of many cultures were numbered in their midst."


On a field in Brussels, and eight years after last representing England, Jack Cobden prepared to make his senior international debut to the sound of a foreign national anthem.

In 2009, the winger wore the Red Rose on his chest in the Under-20 World Cup final alongside Ben Youngs, Courtney Lawes and Jamie George.
But on the same day that trio helped England retain their Six Nations title with victory over Scotland, Cobden switched allegiances as he made his debut for adopted country Romania in the Rugby Europe Championship.
"I feel privileged to have played with all those boys when I was younger. They are nice memories for me now," 28-year-old Cobden told BBC Sport.
"I appreciate every opportunity I got to play for England as a junior, they were all great experiences and helped me get my opportunity to play in Romania. I'm grateful for that.
"Right now, I'm focused on playing for Romania and doing as well as I can for my new country."
So how did a player raised in Lichfield, Staffordshire, nurtured at the Leicester Tigers academy and who starred in the Championship for Nottingham end up playing for the country which is perhaps best known to non-Romanians as the home of Count Dracula.
After an injury-plagued season, Cobden was released by Nottingham in 2013 and left to contemplate his options.
And so, he went on a soul-searching trip to South America, and later ended up pouring pints.
"I did think that was me done," Cobden said.
"I went travelling around South America, and thought I'd come back to England and maybe play for another team.
"I was basically working in a bar when the opportunity to play in Romania came up."
While contemplating his options in the game, he had sent his CV and a highlights package of his career to Bucharest, and it was there he was given the chance to resurrect his career.
He was offered a 10-month contract, but has so far remained with SuperLiga side CSM Bucharest for three years - long enough to qualify to play for Romania on residency grounds.
And with a World Cup in Japan in 2019, he has a major target to work towards.
"I have loved every minute," said Cobden, who is now also an expectant father with his girlfriend four months pregnant.
"It is one of those places that when you first arrive it does seem very different because you see the communist bloc flats still here. But it has its beautiful parts, Romania is lovely, raw and bit untouched.
"There have been ups and downs, but it suits me here. It has been the best decision I ever made and, if anything, wish I had done it earlier.
"I never came out here thinking of international rugby - it has been a pretty incredible journey for me."
As the oldest of three Cobden siblings, Jack has set somewhat of a trend in the family.
He was the first to win international sporting honours, with his brother Joe following suit on the rugby pitch at England Under-16 and U18 levels, and sister Beth playing for the senior England netball team.
Joe, now 25 and playing professionally with Nottingham, made the trip to Brussels to watch his older brother make his Romania debut - a moment which evoked the same sense of pride he had whenever he pulled on an England shirt in the past.
"It is nice to know that if you put in the hard work, you never know where it will take you. For me, that is a real motivation," Joe said.
"He stopped playing for a while and I didn't know if he would come back. then he was off to Romania, which seemed strange.
"But that sums him up as you never really know what he is going to do, and he has not looked back since."
Beth, a versatile player with Loughborough Lightning in the Superleague, says Jack has been a sporting role model for her from an early age.
"He is a great inspiration," said Beth. "He did really well and we all followed really.
"To go to Romania where the language and culture is different in a big step, and he went anyone. He just takes things in his stride.
"He does think he is the coolest Cobden in the family."
As a family of professional sports people, they also provide a strong support network for one another.
"It is good to be able to talk to one another because we area all in the same boat and know what we are each going through," Beth said.
"The boys understand what I go through and it is great to have that. "
A decade after featuring for England in the Under-20 World Cup in Japan, Cobden now has the chance of a return to the Land of the Rising Sun for the 2019 World Cup.
Romania have played in every tournament since 1987, and after beating Georgia in the final match of the Rugby Europe Championship - denying their opponents a seventh successive title - they remain on course to qualify again.
Cobden made a strong case in what has been his only appearance so far for The Oaks, scoring tries with his first two touches in a 33-17 triumph over Belgium.
"Japan is a long way away, a lot can happen between now and then," he said.
The past eight years is testament to that statement, as he admits he "lost his way a little bit" after being released by Leicester Tigers without making a Premiership appearance.
"I'd been in a professional set up from the age of 16, there is a lot of pressure at that age," he explained. "You want to make something of yourself and when the plan doesn't come together I needed time to readjust.
"I trained so hard for years in the academy and hoped to play in the Premiership. When it ended abruptly for me it really did take a few years to come back around and realise that I have such a good life playing rugby, a game I love.
"I'm glad I have come around full circle now."
At a time when Georgia's place at the Six Nations has been debated, and promotion and relegation from the tournament has been discussed, Cobden says the game in Romania is steadily improving.
In a different era, the Oaks could have rightly considered themselves a force in the game, having won away from home against Wales and France, and beaten Scotland's Grand Slam-winning side of 1984.
"They are still really proud of their rugby culture here in Romania," Cobden said.
"The team is really strong these days, a number of big, strong forwards play abroad in France.
"There are also a lot of big old boys in the league here as well. It might not be the fastest, but it is definitely physical and you know you have played a game of rugby afterwards.
"Every year the standard is getting better and with more foreign coaches coming over helping the youth, they are giving the game a boost.
"It was nice to get my opportunity with the national team, and with my family there to watch, it was the highlight of my career so far."
But when it comes to Jack Cobden, you can only wonder what is yet to come?