African champions Nigeria, Senegal and Mali are hoping to follow in the historic footsteps of Ghana's Black Satellites by winning the Fifa Under-20 World Cup in New Zealand.

The Ghanaians became the first Africans to ever win the tournament in Egypt six years ago and they are the continent's fourth representative this year after finishing in third place at April's African Under-20 Championship.
Nigeria won that tournament after beating hosts Senegal 1-0 in the final.
The Under-20 World Cup has launched the careers of global stars like Argentine duo Diego Maradona and Lionel Messi, Spain's Xavi, Ronaldinho of Brazil and a host of Africans - among them Malian Seydou Keita, Ghana's Michael Essien and Nigeria's John Mikel Obi.
BBC Sport profiles Africa's contenders in New Zealand.
Despite global successes at Under-17 and Under-23/Olympic level, Nigeria have never been crowned under-20 champions despite an African record ten appearances in the finals.
The Flying Eagles have come exceptionally close though - losing the final to Portugal in 1989 and then to Lionel Messi's Argentina in 2005.
Under coach Manu Garba, Nigeria bagged their seventh African youth crown when triumphing in Senegal in March.
Garba, who had previously guided the country to a record fourth U-17 World Cup title in 2013, believes his team can finally deliver under-20 success at the 20th edition of the biennial event.
"We have a strong squad with one football philosophy and if they do what they are told I believe we'll go all the way," he told BBC Sport.
Garba will be hoping for a star performance from highly-rated youngster Kelechi Iheanacho, who plays for Manchester City and was voted Most Valuable Player at the Under-17 World Cup two years ago.
Taiwo Awoniyi is the main goal threat for the Flying Eagles and Musa Yahaya adds considerable steel in midfield.
Moses Simon, who has already made his debut for Nigeria's senior side, will be keen to demonstrate his goalscoring threat as effectively at this World Cup as he has for newly crowned Belgian champions Gent over the past six months.
Nigeria will be making a continental record of eleventh appearance at the tournament. After meeting five-time champions Brazil in their Group E opener, the Flying Eagles will fancy getting a result against North Korea and Hungary.
Senegal's under-20 side surpassed expectations when they bounced back from an opening day defeat to Nigeria to finish as runners-up at the African championship on home soil.
The Young Lions under former Senegal coach Joseph Koto are a blend of tactically astute foreign-based and talented locally-based youngsters.
The Cubs are making their debut at the under-20 tournament and Koto is hoping they can translate their continental form on the world stage.
He said: "We are happy with how we did in the continental finals and showed us that we can be confident going to our first U-20 World Cup."
They will need locally-based duo Ibrahima Wadji and Sidi Sarr to be at their best as they aim to make history in New Zealand.
Senegal will also be counting on France-based trio Roger Gomis, Mamadou Thiam and Pape Abou Cisse to help them navigate their route out of Group C alongside Qatar, Colombia and Portugal.
After conquering the continent in Rwanda in 2009, former Ghana international Sellas Tetteh led the team to the Under-20 World Cup in Egypt later that year, becoming the first and only African team to have won the competition.
Tetteh, who also guided the Black Satellites to third place in 2011, is back on familiar terrain and will be hoping that an impressive seventh appearance in the finals will translate to another success.
"We did not manage to win [in Senegal], but the most important thing is to be at the World Cup, and we want to make Ghana and Africa proud again." said Tetteh.
Ghana have an unquestionable pedigree at this level having finished runners-up in 1993 and 2001 and impressively reached the semi-finals on five occasions.
But Tetteh will need the likes of captain Joseph Owusu Bempah, Clifford Aboagye, who won the Bronze Ball as the third-best player at the Under-20 World Cup in 2013, to be at their best in New Zealand.
Manchester City's Yaw Yeboah, who enjoyed a fine African championship and voted the best player as Ghana finished third in Senegal, is in the squad.
After meeting 2007 semi-finalists Austria in their Group B opener, the Satellites will tackle six-time champions Argentina before the final group fixture against the relatively weaker Panama.
Mali, who qualified after finishing fourth at the African championships this year, will be appearing at their sixth Under-20 World Cup after previous trips in 1989, 1999, 2003, 2011 and 2013.
Their most successful campaign was in 1999 when the West Africans finished third in Nigeria - with current Roma star Seydou Keita being named as the tournament's best player.
That was the only time the Malians, five of whose squad are based in France, have reached the knock-out stages - giving coach Fanyeri Diarra a clear target this time around in a challenging Group D.
Mali face dangerous Mexico in their opening match and Serbia in the second before they take on familiar opponent Uruguay in the final group game. The Young Eagles have beaten the South Americans in the last two meetings between the sides.
Belgium-based Alassane Diallo provides the threat up front but looking to goalkeeper Sory Ibrahim Traore for inspiration will not be enough.
Mali's six goals from five matches in Senegal was the lowest tally of the African qualifiers for New Zealand.
Interestingly, their last victory at the finals dates back to 2003 when they beat Uzbekistan in their opening group game. Since then, they have lost ten matches and drawn four.
Defender Youssouf Kone insists the players are desperate to halt the West Africans embarrassing winless streak.
"We will not be going to New Zealand as tourists. We are going there with the honour and pride of representing our continent. We want to do well." he said.


Belgian prosecutors believe they may have found a bomb factory also used as a hideout by one of the jihadists after the Paris attacks.

Police found traces of explosives, three handmade belts and a fingerprint of fugitive Salah Abdeslam.
The apartment in the Schaerbeek district of Brussels had been rented in a false name that might have been used by a person already in custody.
Islamic State (IS) suicide attackers killed 130 people in the attacks.
Traces of the explosive TATP (acetone peroxide) and the belts, which could have been used to transport explosives, were found in the raid on 10 December in Rue Berge, the Belgian federal prosecutor's office said.
The prosecutor's office told the BBC that Abdeslam's fingerprint was not dated, and it would be very hard to determine the date.
Who were the Paris attackers?
Paris attacks: The investigation so far
Paris attacks: Who were the victims?
Paris attacks: What happened on the night
Prosecutors believe that the Schaerbeek flat was used only by the Belgium-based attackers who went to the apartment, got the explosive belts, and then went to Paris.
However, they believe that Abdeslam, 26, did go back to the flat in Schaerbeek because he probably thought it would be the only place where he could be safe after the attacks.
Their theory is that somebody drove him there, and dropped him not far from that Schaerbeek address, right after the Paris attacks.
French police pulled over the VW Golf car he was travelling in with two others near Belgium, but then let the group continue their journey.
Abdeslam is believed to have rented a VW Polo car in Belgium, which was later found near the Bataclan concert hall in Paris where 89 people were killed. But he also rented a Renault Clio and reserved two hotel rooms outside Paris before the attacks.
His precise role in the attacks themselves is unclear. Although his brother Brahim blew himself up, Salah Abdeslam is thought to have played a logistical role.
The Paris attacks are believed to have been at least partly planned in Brussels. Belgian police have arrested 10 people in the investigation, including one who rented the apartment in Schaerbeek. The district is central, just north of the EU institutions.
Among the 10 held are Mohammed Amri et Hamza Attou, suspected of having brought Salah Abdeslam back to Brussels from Paris.
Immediately after the attacks, the police focused their searches on Molenbeek, in western Brussels, where some of the attackers were known to have lived.
The suspected ringleader was Abdelhamid Abaaoud, a Belgian national. He and his cousin Hasna Aitboulahcen died in a fierce gun battle five days after the attacks, when police raided a flat in Paris where they were hiding, heavily armed.


England prop Alex Corbisiero is set to miss next year's Six Nations because he needs knee surgery.

The 27-year-old has played only once since the end of last season, in England's pre-World Cup game against France when he injured his back.
The Northampton loose-head will undergo an operation on Tuesday.
"Six Nations is a very long way off for him, I think his focus is on getting himself fit and back in the Northampton squad," said Saints boss Jim Mallinder.
"We have to keep positive with him, you don't chuck injured lads over the boat, you do whatever you can to get them fit as quickly as possible."
The procedure is not thought to be major, but will keep the British and Irish Lions forward out until well into the New Year.
"It's an operation which is just a bit of a clean out, nothing major, he just has a bit of a niggle," Mallinder added.
"It's not good for him, he is being positive and we are being positive. The surgeon is pretty positive he can sort him out, so he will go under the knife and hopefully he'll be back sooner rather than later."


The Google Now service is being extended to Apple's iPhones and iPads.

Until now the product - which suggests "answers before you ask" - had been limited to devices running Google's own Android operating system.
Unlike the original version, Google Now only works within the firm's Search app on Apple's iOS platform - potentially limiting its appeal.
One analyst suggested the launch indicated that the firm's priority was securing the widest audience possible.
"Google is going to put its technologies onto other platforms whenever it can draw people into its services," said Brain Blau, consumer technology research director at the consultants Gartner.
"They do want to entice people to buy Android devices, but they know not everybody's going to, and they still want to deliver their services - especially for people who are already using their products on iOS."
iOS powered 29% of smartphones sold in Great Britain between December and February, according to fresh data from market research firm Kantar Worldpanel. It said Android accounted for a further 58% of the market.
Google Now works by offering "cards" filled with information designed to be useful to a smart device user without them needing to type in a search request.
It works by accessing the machine's location data, and analysing the contents of the person's Gmail and Google Calendar records as well as their past Google searches.
Examples of the results given include:
Those worried about privacy issues can restrict which information is stored and used.
The cards are accessed by swiping up the bottom section of the Google Search app's screen, and the user can then scroll through a selection of the various categories generated.
The facility could potentially draw users away from using Apple's own personalised search tool, Siri, which relies on users instigating a request.
However, the fact that it involves more screen presses to access Google's information could discourage some from using it.
"The big difference is that Google Now isn't limited to the search product when used on Android - it's connected to the OS [operating system]," said Mr Blau, referring to the fact that the Android version can be activated by a single button press and be set to bring up high-priority card alerts when the app is not open.
"So there's a big user interface difference and they may have different usage patterns and interaction paradigms because of that."
A comparison chart posted online by Google also shows that the iOS version of Google Now only offers 21 of the 29 types of cards available on Android.
Missing categories include Nearby Events which brings up concerts and other shows; Research Topic which offers web page suggestions based on earlier searches; and Fandango which reminds a user when they need to leave home to arrive at a cinema in time for a pre-booked show and then brings up their electronic ticket when they arrive.
Several tech sites, including Cnet and The Next Web, have reported that the search firm might next bring the Google Now service to its Chrome browser and possibly its search webpage based on analysis of changes to the firm's code.
More will be revealed when the company hosts its annual Google I/O developers conference in San Francisco between 15 and 17 May.


Two fatalities in the Australian state of Queensland have prompted authorities to approve a controversial cull of feral horses on public land.

A 15-year-old boy was recently killed and his mother critically injured after the car they were travelling in collided with the carcass of a horse.
Back in July, a motorcyclist died when he hit a horse on the same highway at Bluewater, north of Townsville.
Queensland National Parks Minister Steven Miles has confirmed the long-debated cull of the brumbies will go ahead, saying it would be conducted humanely and within strict guidelines.
"We have experimented with a whole range of different options, but they have tended to result in poor animal welfare outcomes," he said.
He also asked motorists to exercise caution on the Bruce Highway, urged local residents to fix fences on their properties, and to avoid feeding feral horses.
The government estimates at least 400,000 wild horses roam the Australian continent, with the biggest populations found in the Northern Territory and Queensland.
About 200 are thought to be roaming in the Northern Beaches area around the Bruce Highway, and are increasingly wandering onto the roads.
Former Queensland National Parks employee and Wildlife Queensland spokesperson Des Boyland said he commended the state government for taking action.
"We've been asking for a number of years," Mr Boyland said. "If there's one horse in there, there's one horse too many."
"National parks are no place for feral animals and horses are feral animals that cause economic and environmental damage."
He said the issue was controversial and politically sensitive because of the majesty and mythology surrounding the horse, immortalised in Banjo Paterson's The Man from Snowy River.
The popular poem details the mission to reclaim a prized colt living amongst the brumbies.
Anne Wilson of the South East Queensland Brumby Association, says Australia "was built on horseback".
She told the BBC the continent was pioneered by settlers on horseback, and this is the reason horses featured prominently in the Sydney Olympics opening ceremony.
But the horses, like many other introduced species, have since damaged native habitats and can threaten native wildlife. They can also reduce biodiversity and devalue crops.
They also compete with cattle for food and water, which the Queensland government has said costs the beef industry an estimated $30-60m Australian dollars ($21m: Â£14m) a year.
The specifics of the Queensland cull, including how and when it will be carried out, are yet to be finalised.
Aerial culling, which involves helicopters and trained marksmen, is a popular method, described by Wildlife Queensland's Des Boyland as the most humane option. But it has also been criticised as ineffective in densely forested areas.
Passive trapping is another way of controlling the populations, which is used in parts of Kosciuszko National Park in New South Wales.  Brumbies are lured into trap-yards with salt and molasses, then euthanised or re-homed.
But Australian Brumby Alliance President Jill Pickering said there were alternatives.
She told the BBC road safety campaigns and signs can help manage the risks, but concedes the horse populations need to be sustainably managed.
"Numbers need to be reduced, not in my view eliminated, because they're a part of that area and many people want them there," Ms Pickering said.
"We would prefer they are then offered to people who know how to handle them, but there are very few people in the Townsville area who can do that."


Campaigners have said it is "appalling" Aberystwyth University is looking to appoint a chancellor who does not have to be fluent in Welsh.

Current chancellor Sir Emyr Jones-Parry is due to end his second term in 2018 and was previously university president and a UK diplomat.
Campaigners believe the job description for his replacement should include fluency in Welsh as a requirement.
The university said it expected the next chancellor to speak Welsh.
"Four of the six-strong selection panel are Welsh speakers and all six members are fully committed to the Welsh language and culture at Aberystwyth University," a spokeswoman said.
She added the job would focus "mainly on ambassadorial and ceremonial duties including graduation".
Hedydd Elias, of the campaign group Ffrindiau Pantycelyn, said: "I think it's utterly appalling that there is no requirement for the next chancellor to be fluent in Welsh and it's very surprising that the university have not included this in the job description.
"As well as being fluent in Welsh, the next chancellor needs to use the Welsh language in everyday work and also respect the Welsh-language community."
The group also hopes one of the next chancellor's priorities would be to re-open Welsh-language halls Pantycelyn by September 2019.
It follows campaigns to instate fluency in Welsh as a requirement for the vice chancellor role, with newly-appointed Elizabeth Treasure agreeing to learn the language.


The number of people being declared insolvent has risen by a fifth on a year ago - but low interest rates mean the total is still comparatively low.

A total of 22,503 people were left with unmanageable debts in the second quarter of the year, official figures from the Insolvency Service show.
That was a 22% rise on the same period last year, the data covering England and Wales show.
But an extensive period of low interest rates is expected to continue.
This is likely to keep a lid on the number of people falling irretrievably behind on loan repayments.
The rise in personal insolvencies were driven by a 15% rise in Individual Voluntary Arrangements - when those in debt come to an agreement on repaying debt with those to whom they owe money.
More traditional bankruptcies, when a debtor's home is at risk, have fallen in number.
Elsewhere in the UK, there was a 50% rise in individual insolvencies in Scotland over the same period, with 2,405 people going insolvent in the second quarter of the year.
There were 755 individual insolvencies in Northern Ireland in the second quarter of the year, an 8.5% rise on the same quarter a year ago.
Bankruptcy: The traditional way of escaping overwhelming debt. Ends after one year, but you are likely to lose all your assets, including your house, to pay something to the creditors
Individual Voluntary Arrangement (IVA): A deal between you and your creditors, overseen by an insolvency practitioner. Less stigma, less chance of losing your home, but involves paying some of your debts in one go.
Debt Relief Orders: Introduced in April 2009, these allow people with debts of less than £15,000 (£20,000 since October 2015) and minimal assets to write off debts without a full-blown bankruptcy


A man whose body was discovered under a canal bridge in Glasgow has been named by police.

Craig Allison was found dead on Sunday morning by a member of the public next to the River Kelvin in Maryhill.
His death is being treated as unexplained, but a post-mortem examination will take place to establish the exact cause, police said.
The 22-year-old, from Ruchill, had been fishing in the area the previous day. Officers have appealed for information.
Mr Allison was found in an area known locally as the "Slushie", close to Cowal Road at Blairbuie Drive.
Det Insp Jim Bradley said: "We know that he had gone fishing on Saturday afternoon with friends who we have since spoken to. However, his friends left him there late Saturday night, early Sunday morning.
"At this time we do not know what happened to Craig and until that is established, I would appeal to anyone who saw him in the area to get in touch.
"Craig, who is white, has light brown hair and was wearing a grey t-shirt with a white collar and white trim on the sleeve, grey jogging bottoms and blue and white Adidas trainers."


Phone hacking by the Mirror Group did not cause "permanent harm" to eight people suing the firm, its lawyer says.

Matthew Nicklin QC told the High Court hacking was "unlawful and wrong" but none of the victims in the case claimed their lives had been "ruined".
The firm has admitted publishing more than 100 stories based on hacking the victims' voicemails from 1999 to 2009.
The court will decide on damages to be paid to victims including ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne and actor Shane Ritchie.
The other six claimants are BBC creative director Alan Yentob, actress Sadie Frost, soap stars Shobna Gulati and Lucy Taggart, TV producer Robert Ashworth and flight attendant Lauren Alcorn.
Mr Nicklin said hacking was an "unwarranted and unacceptable intrusion into people's private lives and it shouldn't have happened".
He did not suggest what damages should be paid, but said none of the claimants had their ability to work impaired or needed psychiatric care as a result.
"While they may be upset and even angry", he said, "not one of them has claimed - nor could they - that their lives have been ruined".
The case was adjourned until Wednesday.
The judge, Mr Justice Mann, is expected to take several weeks to assess the damages.
His decision on damages will influence the outcome of around 100 more hacking cases against the company which have been filed so far.


A rare German military watch which lay in a drawer in a Lanarkshire house for almost 70 years has sold for more than £54,000 at auction.

The Panerai watch, made in Italy using Rolex movements, is believed to be one of only 618 made between 1941 and 1943.
The timepiece was found during a furniture valuation and is believed to have been taken home by a British soldier as a trophy or souvenir.
It was sold through Great Western Auctions in Glasgow for £54,560.
The watch was believed to have been worn for a short time but had spent many years unused in a drawer in a Lanark home.
The watches were used by "Kampfschwimmer" frogmen in the German and Italian navy during World War Two.
Anita Manning, managing director of Great Western Auctions, said: "The bidding was fierce.
"There was interest from Japan, Europe and America on the internet and telephone bidding, as well as from collectors in the room.
"The bidding started at £20,000 and raced upwards, with the winning bid coming from a private European collector."
He added: "The watch was found on a routine furniture valuation in Lanarkshire.
"It had been lying unused in a drawer for nearly 70 years. The vendors, who had no idea of the value, were ecstatic with the result."


Lib Dem membership has passed the 100,000 mark following a surge of new joiners since Theresa May announced a snap general election.

The party said it has signed up 12,500 new members since last week - and is expected to reach its highest total in its history "within days".
Leader Tim Farron said Lib Dems are the only party opposing Mrs May's "hard Brexit agenda".
He insisted the party would not enter a coalition with the Tories or Labour.
The biggest membership number the Lib Dems have had since their formation was 101,768 members in 1994.
The recent flurry of interest means more than 50,000 members have joined since last year's European referendum - and more than 67,500 since the party's electoral low point, at the 2015 general election.
Mr Farron, who pledged to build the membership to 100,000 when he became leader in 2015, said reaching the goal "tells us that there's an appetite for change in British politics and Liberal Democrats are the vehicle for that change".
He said: "People want a strong opposition to Theresa May's hard Brexit agenda and the Liberal Democrats are the only party challenging them up and down the country."
In an appeal to would-be supporters, he said: "This election is your chance to change the direction of our country. If you want to stop a disastrous hard Brexit, if you want to keep Britain in the single market, if you want a strong opposition to fight for an open, tolerant and united Britain - this is your chance."
The Lib Dem leader also repeated his insistence that there are "no circumstances whatsoever" that the party will go in to a coalition with the Conservatives or Labour after the 8 June election, given the current approaches of those two parties.
He also dismissed an informal arrangement to offer his party's support on budget measures and other key votes to help a minority Tory or Labour administration.
On Sunday he told ITV's Peston on Sunday: "What Britain needs in this election is clarity and a contest. Theresa May has called this election because she believes it'll be a coronation.
"The Liberal Democrats are determined to make it a contest with a clear alternative position, and I don't want people thinking a vote for the Liberal Democrats is a proxy for anything else."


Dramatic CCTV footage has emerged of a jewellery shop raid in Kent.

23 July 2016 Last updated at 17:31 BST
A man is seen smashing the window of a shop on Hythe High Sreet and running off with Â£14,000 of jewellery.
But shop manager and former Folkestone rugby player Stefan Marco can be seen chasing the man and using his sporting skills to bring him down.
The antique jewellery is now back on sale and Mr Marco has been hailed a hero.
Kent Police said a 74-year-old man from Hythe had been arrested on suspicion of theft and released on bail pending enquiries.


Kalawati Devi Rawat is known as the woman who brought electricity to her remote village in the hills of the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, writes BBC Hindi's Salman Ravi.

It was the early 1980s and she had just been married and moved to Bacher village to live with her husband.
The village had no electricity and she found life tough once it got dark in the hills.
One day, she led a group of village women to meet government officials at the district headquarters in Gopeshwar to demand that their village be electrified. But the authorities were unmoved.
This is the eighth article in a BBC series Unsung Indians, profiling people who are working to improve the lives of others.
More from the series:
The doctor who delivers girls for free
Cancer survivor bringing joy to destitute children
A messiah for India's abandoned sick
The woman whose daughter's death led her to save others
The man saving Mumbai water one tap at a time
The man who chases fires
Nurturing slum children's passion for cricket
While trekking back to the village, the women came across some electricity poles by the foothills, apparently to be used to provide light for an official programme.
Mrs Rawat persuaded the women to carry the electricity poles and wires to their village, situated at a height of some 500 metres, on their shoulders.
The officials were furious and threatened to lodge a criminal case against the women.
But more and more women came forward, asking the police to send them to jail.
Taken aback, the officials decided to connect the village to the power grid.
That was Mrs Rawat's first victory.
But she did not rest on her laurels and over the past three decades, has taken on the timber mafia in the nearby forests and also campaigned against alcoholism among the men in her village.
"Many men in and around my husband's village were alcoholics and they were being exploited by the timber mafia gangs that operated in the area. One morning, I went into the forest along with the other women to fetch cattle fodder when I saw that all the trees were marked with a chalk to be felled later.
"We felt that something needed to be done to save the trees and the Taantri forest - the only source of sustenance for the hill villages," Mrs Rawat told the BBC.
She mobilised the women and drawing inspiration from the "chipko movement" of the 1970s - the green movement where protesters hugged trees in the hills of Uttarakhand to stop them from being cut - they clung to the trees to prevent them from being felled.
"They first tried to bribe us and when that failed, they threatened us. We also protested before the district authorities, held sit-in demonstrations and finally the officials passed an order not to fell the trees," she says.
Soon, Mrs Rawat formed small groups of village women - known as the Mahila Mangal Dal (Women Welfare Group) - that patrolled the woods on foot to check the movement of the timber mafia. The groups also demolished local illicit breweries.
For preserving the trees and the forest, the women decided to contest elections to the male-dominated local panchayat (the village council).
"But this was not an easy task," says Mrs Rawat.
"We faced stiff resistance from the society as well as the administration. They wanted women to stay indoors and look after household chores. Even my husband opposed me. He asked me one day as to why I was doing all this. I tried to convince him that whatever we were doing was for the benefit of our own people.
"But he was not convinced. We had reached a point when we decided to even part ways," she says.
It was not long before women had a sizeable representation in panchayats and Mrs Rawat's struggle to empower rural women won her the Indian government's Indira Priyadarshini Award in 1986. Over the years, she's won other awards too.
But for her, the biggest reward is the recognition she gets from her fellow villagers.
"Now we take decisions that are accepted by everyone," says Radha Devi, a member of the village council.
"We've managed to get rid of alcoholism and many families have been saved. No one fells the trees now and people living in the forest have access to plenty of produce from the woods like spices and fruits."
For a woman who's had no formal education, Mrs Rawat has become a role model for many women in her village and over the years, she has also won respect from men.
"Today we are benefiting from the forest produce. It has also become a major source of income for many living on the hills," says Gautam Panwar.
"Had it not been for her efforts, the society here would have disintegrated with forests depleted and men falling prey to alcohol," says Vinod Kaparwan.


(Close): London's leading shares finished lower on Wednesday, with Dixons Carphone bearing the brunt.

The retailer saw its share price fall 6.6%, despite a rise in half-yearly pre-tax profits, as it warned that "more uncertain times" lay ahead.
The FTSE 100 index dropped 19 points or 0.3% at 6,949.
British Airways owner IAG also finished as one of the heaviest fallers after 2,000 cabin crew voted to take strike action in a dispute over pay.
One of the FTSE's biggest risers was software firm Micro Focus International, up 4.2% after reporting a jump in underlying first half-profit.
The company is in the process of buying Hewlett Packard Enterprise's software business for $8.8bn.
On the currency markets, the pound rose by 0.4% against the dollar to $1.2704 and edged up 0.1% against the euro to â‚¬1.1924.


Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos says formal peace talks will begin next month in Ecuador with the country's second-largest rebel group, the ELN.

Mr Santos said the ELN had agreed to hand over an ex-congressman, Odin Sanchez, the rebel group had been holding since April 2016. The government was to pardon two rebels.
Mr Santos last year agreed a peace accord with the main rebels, the Farc.
More than 220,000 people have been killed in decades of civil conflict.
Peace talks with the ELN had been due to begin last March.
Exploratory talks have taken place for years but stalled when the ELN refused to hand over all their hostages.
A joint statement said the formal peace talks would start on 7 February in Quito, the Ecuadorian capital.
On 2 February, the ELN will release Mr Sanchez. On the same date the government will grant a pardon to two ELN members.
The ELN has freed several other hostages in the past few months. Mr Sanchez handed himself to the rebels in April last year in exchange for the release of his brother, Patrocinio.
The former governor of north-western Choco province, Patrocinio Sanchez, was held by the rebels for almost three years and had fallen ill when his brother suggested the swap.
The agreement with the larger Farc, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, was sealed despite an earlier deal being rejected in a referendum in October.
While it might be easy to think that Colombia is practically at peace after the peace agreement signed with the Farc in late 2016, that is not the case in the areas where the ELN is strong.
A few weeks ago I visited the town of Saravena in Arauca, a province on the border with Venezuela.
Thee were people selling food and drinks in the main square, as well as locals hanging out, all crowding up one end of the square.
The other end was deserted. There was a police station there which had been targeted by ELN snipers and makeshift bombs.
Two days before I arrived, ELN men had ambushed a police patrol, killing two officers and injuring one.
The roads in rural areas were lined in places with soldiers and armoured vehicles.
Saravena's mayor has to take a security detail of some 50 men when venturing outside the urban area.
This is not the description of a peaceful region. But it could become one, if the negotiations between the government and the ELN prove successful.
How significant is Colombia's ELN rebel group?


"You think he puts tape on his feet the way the ball sticks to his foot."

Media playback is not supported on this device
That was an early assessment of 2016 BBC African Footballer of the Year nominee Riyad Mahrez's skills by his childhood friend Madjid.
"We used to fight with one another so Riyad could play on our team," he adds, recalling France-born Mahrez's summer visits to his father's hometown of El Khemis in Algeria - where members of his family still live.
Now the whole world is aware of Mahrez's astonishing ability to seemingly manipulate a football at will - and it is the sport's biggest clubs, not children, who fight to have him on their team.
After inspiring Leicester City to the Premier League title in 2016 in what was probably the biggest shock in English football history, Mahrez was the subject of a large bid from Arsenal and also linked with Chelsea and Barcelona.
The Algeria international had just been voted Professional Footballers' Association Player of the Year - the first African to win the award - after he lit up the campaign with his wonderful wing wizardry, 17 goals, 11 assists and multiple moments of magic in 34 league games.
It was the season when Mahrez, who joined Leicester from Le Havre for a meagre £400,000 in 2014, came of age and both he and the Foxes reaped benefits beyond their wildest dreams.
Perhaps one of the most memorable 'pinch yourself' moments came on 6 February at the home of reigning champions Manchester City, when Mahrez clipped the ball past Nicolas Otamendi, sold Martin Demichelis an outrageous step-over and lashed home a fierce shot to put Leicester 2-0 up.
Leicester won the match 3-1 and, with Mahrez contributing another three league goals after that, it undoubtedly spurred them on to a truly stunning success.
Hardly surprising, then, that he was much in demand.
Teams were queuing up to sign the slenderly built Mahrez, a player whose creativity, directness and end product breathed new life into a style of wing play that both excites fans and is a dream for his team-mates.
But the 25-year-old resisted their advances and has since said he was motivated to stay at Leicester to prove himself again.
There can be little questioning of his determination and resilience, with France-born Mahrez having grown up in the tough Parisian suburb of Sarcelles and coped, aged 15, with the death of his father, Ahmed, to a heart attack.
He has scored four goals for Leicester this season - including three in the Champions League - and he has played a huge role in Algeria qualifying for next year's Africa Cup of Nations in Gabon.
"Riyad makes the team bigger. Everybody now knows Algeria because of Riyad," says Algeria team-mate Mehdi Abied.
"In Algeria we are really proud of Riyad. It's not easy to be the best player of the Premier League. It's something big.
"Everyone in Africa likes Riyad. I remember we went to Ethiopia with Algeria, and they were supporting Riyad more than their team."


This week could mark the last rites for the Anglican communion as a truly global Church.

The Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby has called the 38 Primates or leaders from the global communion to a make-or-break meeting in Canterbury, where the bitter divides over gay rights and same-sex marriage are expected to dominate discussions.
The main question ahead of the meeting is not whether but when church leaders from up to six African countries may choose to leave the summit.
The communion itself has been likened to a lengthy marriage that is now coming to an end, with many wondering whether this is the time to move into separate bedrooms, and tell the children, or to decide to file for a divorce - and whether that split can be managed amicably.
One Church of England source has termed it 80% likely that some will walk out of the meeting after the agenda has been agreed, as those who - on Biblical grounds - are firmly against accepting homosexuality want an apology and repentance from the liberals within the US Church for appointing openly gay priests and bishops.
After years of sniping and sometimes open warfare, the Most Reverend Justin Welby is keen to move the Anglican Church - and the more than 80 million followers that it claims around the world - beyond the issue of sexuality to focus on what he and others see as the real challenges - global violence in the name of religion, climate change and poverty.
In the face of such intractable differences over Christians who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or trans, Lambeth Palace may well suggest that the communion reshapes itself into a loose confederation of churches, which can be joined by those who wish to do so, rather than trying to shoehorn radically different world views into one grouping led by Canterbury.
The current disagreement boiled over into open hostilities when the Episcopal Church in the US consecrated the openly gay (and non-celibate) priest Gene Robinson as Bishop of New Hampshire in 2003.
That split the Church openly in the US, with the breaking away of the traditionalist Anglican Church of North America (ACNA).
Its Archbishop, Foley Beach, who termed that consecration "open depravity" and "sin", has also been invited to parts of the meeting in Canterbury, although ACNA is not an official part of the Anglican communion, to the dismay of some liberals.
Archbishop Beach's views are likely to find an ally in Archbishop Stanley Ntagali - the leader of the Anglican church in Uganda - where active homosexuality is a criminal offence.
Last week, Archbishop Ntagali warned on his website that he would walk out of the meeting of Primates if "discipline and Godly order" were not restored to the communion.
Likewise, Archbishop Eliud Wabukala of Kenya has warned against the global "ambitions of a secular culture", calling for a return to Gospel beliefs.
Both are members of the group of conservative Anglican churches known as GAFCON (Global Anglican Future), whose General Secretary Peter Jensen has said that "truth matters even more than institutional unity".
GAFCON's members see themselves as "authentic" Anglicans who follow Gospel values, and the group could ultimately form the leadership of those conservative churches if this meeting leads to a formal schism - although that would be a lengthy bureaucratic process, needing agreement from church members in the relevant Anglican province.
Given the fractious Primates' meetings of the past, the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby has done well simply in persuading all 38 Primates to meet around one table this week, using much of the personal capital he built up during his visits to every single Anglican province around the globe.
Whatever happens at the meeting itself, he has done all he can to make the relationship work, although it is increasingly clear that the current institutional arrangement is no longer fit for purpose, given such deep disagreements over a fundamental issue.
The more liberal provinces that are open to changing Church doctrine on marriage in order to allow for same-sex unions include Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Scotland, South India, South Africa, the US and Wales.
However, England is one of the countries where that bitter divide over sexuality is already at the heart of much anguished discussion and debate.
With equal marriage now part of civil law in England, the Church's insistence that it should not form part of Canon law is increasingly contested by some of its own clergy and members of its congregation.
The strength of feeling over the issue in England was made clear in a heartfelt open letter to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York on Sunday, which called on the Church to repent over its treatment of lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans Christians as "second class citizens" over issues of sexuality.


Ruaridh Jackson insists Scotland cannot let Saturday's heroic win over Australia "turn into nothing" by failing to beat Fiji.

Gregor Townsend's men conclude their June tour in Suva this weekend, having beating Italy and the Wallabies.
The Harlequins back, who can play at fly-half or full-back, is adamant the Scots must maintain their momentum.
"We're in a good place and we want to finish the tour on a high," Jackson, 29, told BBC Scotland.
"We don't want to let a memorable moment last week turn into nothing; we've got to kick on again by winning this game.
"They've got guys from one to 23 that can do pretty special things. We need to be on it for 80 minutes, certainly defensively, because they can score from anywhere, from five metres out to 100 metres out."
Jackson is bidding to win his 31st cap against the islanders, having made just seven international appearances since 2013, three of them from the bench.
The versatile Aberdonian has found his path to a Test jersey blocked at fly-half by Finn Russell and at full-back by Stuart Hogg.
His most recent outings came on last June's tour of Japan, and the versatile Aberdonian admits watching Scotland record their most successful Six Nations in 11 years from afar was challenging.
"Credit to Finn [Russell], he's been outstanding and I think he's where he deserves to be with the Lions in New Zealand right now," Jackson added.
"I think he should probably have been there from the start personally, and then Hoggy as well, two world-class operators. It's been frustrating looking on, especially when they've been successful, you always want to be part of that.
"It is a mental rollercoaster and I've just had to keep grafting and pushing on. It is tough - as soon as you get a taste of it, and you've been in and around squads for so long, you want to be there playing, and when the team's been so successful as well it makes it a bit harder.
"You want to be there enjoying that success, but it just gives you that motivation. You've got to keep driving your standards and know that your chances will come, injuries will happen, and you've got to be ready to take those chances. If you're letting your standards slip, it's going to be a struggle to get back in and stay there."
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Winger and Quins team-mate Tim Visser, who made his Test debut in Fiji five years ago, is excited by the strength in depth the national team now boasts.
The prolific former Edinburgh back sat out the triumph in Sydney, with Scotland's back-three of Greig Tonks, Rory Hughes and Lee Jones possessing a combined total of 13 caps, and eight starts.
"We're missing some big stars with the Lions and we've got some new names in the squad and we're still managing to put in defensive displays like that," Visser, 30, said of Saturday's win.
"It's a really big testament to the strength in depth, but also the unity of the coaching between both the pro-teams (Edinburgh and Glasgow Warriors) and Scotland, and I think that's putting us in a much better stead going forward. We can now compete with some of the best teams in the world, and that's really moving Scotland forward and I love being part of that.
"It's easy to feel threatened by [new players coming in], but people are going to start moving on at some point. You saw Sean Lamont retiring last season and I'm now 30 and can't see myself playing past 34, if my body keeps out that long.
"And it's important the young players start stepping up and I think that's what's been happening, especially on this tour so far. I saw Damien Hoyland on only his third international cap and putting a great performance together against Italy.
"Lee Jones not being with the international side for a number of years, coming back up after some amazing Glasgow performances and really holding his own at international level. That's what will push this team forward in the next couple of years."


Former manager Craig Brown is warning Scotland that spirit and determination will not be enough against England.

Brown, 76, was in charge when the rivals last met competitively, losing a play-off for Euro 2000 over two legs.
He expects the Scots to feed off the noise of the Tartan Army in Friday's World Cup qualifier at Wembley.
"The passion you take for granted, but we've got to be able to play," said Brown.
"The ability is there, but not always, at the moment.
"Gordon [Strachan] is the man for the job, but he doesn't have the quality of player, they're not playing at clubs that are competing in Europe.
"When I went to England to look for players, I could get three from the champions of England - Blackburn Rovers - or Gary McAllister, captain of Liverpool.
"It's a different quality of players that Gordon has. I'm not being disrespectful, but they don't have the European experience that my boys had."
England's interim manager Southgate intends to emphasise how committed Scotland will be, given the long-standing rivalry between the nations.
Like Brown, he believes his team's display will need to match the passion of the Scots but also deliver enough quality to prove decisive.
"The history of the occasion is something I will speak to the players about because I think it's important they understand what to expect," said Southgate.
"We also have to have emotional control going into the game, so we've got to pitch that at the right level.
"It's the oldest international fixture and it's important for our players that they understand that, which I'm sure they do.
"I stood pitch-side at the last game at Wembley [a 3-2 friendly win for England in August 2013], which was a fantastic atmosphere and there's something special about those fixtures."
Brown, Scotland boss from 1993-2001, believes that with England yet to commit to appointing Southgate as the permanent successor to Sam Allardyce, they remain in a "state of indecision" that presents "a great chance" for the visitors.
On the 1999 play-off, Brown recalls how Scotland were written off after losing 2-0 at Hampden, only to win 1-0 at Wembley.
"The chemistry in the team was always very good, but it was particularly good because there was this persecution complex," said Brown, who was speaking at the launch of the North Lanarkshire Sporting Hall of Fame at Ravenscraig.
"The feeling was that it would be the end of the road for Craig [Brown] and Scotland had we not done something. We didn't manage to qualify, but we emerged with credit from the game.
"We were being slaughtered by the media - but never by the fans. The Tartan Army support was exceptional.
"We had far fewer fans than England yet made more noise. I would always say in my team meeting that it's cost these guys a fortune, not only in travel and hotels but in drink, to support this team and we must reward them with wholehearted endeavour and a result if possible.
"It was just a reminder and I would even find out from one or two guys what it cost them to go to the game."


Champions Crusaders ended Linfield's 100% start to the Premiership campaign with a dominant win over the leaders.

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Linfield were second best throughout at Seaview and the Crues were full value for their lead when Jordan Owens put them ahead on 39 minutes.
Paul Heatley doubled the Crusaders advantage on 49 and Owens completed the scoring with a 73rd-minute header after a brilliant Billy Joe Burns cross.
Crusaders's win reduces Linfield's lead at the top to two points.
Reece Glendinning did head an early Linfield chance wide but the Crues were largely dominant as the Blues struggled to contain the home team's greater urgency and physicality.
Billy Joe Burns, Richard Clarke and Colin Coates all went close for the defending league champions before Owens did nod them into the lead on 39 minutes.
After a poor attempted clearance by Sean Ward, Linfield centre-back Mark Haughey badly misjudged the flight of Burns's cross and Owens powered his header pass Ross Glendinning.
Heatley wasted a chance to double the Crusaders lead before the break as he over-ran the ball but the winger made no mistake on 49 minutes when he blasted to the net after a nod-down by the impressive Owens.
Gavin Whyte and Owens missed further chances to extend the Crusaders lead before the big striker glanced in his second goal of the day on 73 after a superb Burns delivery.
Andy Waterworth tested Sean O'Neill late on but it was an afternoon that Warren Feeney and his players will want to forget.


A village church has had £50,000 worth of lead stripped from its roof by thieves.

St Peter's Church in Swepstone, Leicestershire, was targeted some time between Sunday evening and Monday morning.
Canon Vivien Elphick said everyone felt "gutted" as they had recently raised £25,000 for general repairs to the church.
A spokeswoman for Leicestershire Police said they were investigating.
The theft was discovered by builders who turned up to work on repairs to stonework at the church.
Canon Elphick said: "We just feel gutted in a sense.
"We have just spent £25,000 on the building and we now have to get a load more to pay for this.
"Fortunately we already had builders on site who have put sheeting over the roof otherwise rain would be going into the building right now."


A County Antrim lifeboat crew had some unexpected sea mammal assistance when they went to the aid of a stricken yacht on Wednesday.

As the Larne-based RNLI craft towed the yacht to port it was joined by a pod of dolphins, who were captured on camera.
The 30-ft yacht was sailing from Bangor to Scotland when its propeller became tangled in fishing nets.
Weather conditions were good but there was not enough wind to sail without the help of an engine.
A fisheries protection vessel was first to reach the vessel, which had two people on board, and it alerted the lifeboat crew.
Speaking following the call-out, Roy McMullan of Larne RNLI reminded anyone taking to the sea this summer to respect the water.
"Sailing and motor-boating are popular pastimes particularly at this time of year," he said.
"We would encourage sailors to always wear a lifejacket and always have a means for calling or signalling for help and ensure everyone onboard knows how to use it."


Ipswich Town have signed winger Grant Ward from Tottenham Hotspur for an undisclosed fee on a three-year deal, with the option of another 12 months.

The 21-year-old never made a first-team appearance for Spurs but had loan spells at MLS side Chicago Fire, Coventry City and Rotherham United.
Ward scored twice in 40 Championship matches for the Millers last term.
He is Ipswich's third summer signing, following the arrivals of defenders Adam Webster and Paul Digby.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Liverpool forward Philippe Coutinho has signed a new five-year contract worth about £150,000 a week, making him the highest-paid player at the club.

The 24-year-old Brazil international joined the Reds from Inter Milan for £8.5m in January 2013, and his new deal will take him through to 2022.
Coutinho has scored 34 goals in 163 appearances for Liverpool.
"It is a club that I am very grateful to and this shows my happiness here," he told the club's website.
There is no release clause in Coutinho's new contract, the terms of which come into effect from 1 July.
Coutinho, who had been linked with a move to Spanish champions Barcelona, added: "I signed this new contract to stay here for a few more years because it's a great honour for me.
"It gives me great happiness because I was welcomed here with open arms by everyone at the club and the supporters right from my first day."
Coutinho was brought to Anfield by former manager Brendan Rodgers, with Southampton also interested in signing him at the time.
He has established himself as one of the Reds' key players during his four years at Anfield.
Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp believes his decision to sign a new long-term contract sends out a "big statement".
"This is wonderful news," said Klopp, whose side are fourth in the Premier League, 10 points behind leaders Chelsea.
"He is truly world class - in that very top bracket. He knows he can fulfil his dreams and ambitions here at Liverpool."
Coutinho has recently returned from an ankle injury, prior to which he had scored six goals in 14 appearances this season.
Analysis by BBC Sport chief football writer Phil McNulty
Coutinho's ability to create and score goals has not only brought him adulation at Anfield and more recognition at international level with Brazil, it also brought him to the attention of the likes of Barcelona.
Liverpool's move to secure Coutinho is not only a coup for Klopp and the club, but is also a contract without an exit clause, which is a vital component of the deal.
It is a strategy designed to avoid the sort of scenario they faced in 2014 when Luis Suarez signed a new deal at Liverpool in December 2013 that was ultimately only security for when he made a £75m move to Barcelona that summer.
Coutinho has expressed his complete satisfaction at Liverpool and is accompanied by none of the controversies that made Suarez even more likely to leave Liverpool and the Premier League.
Liverpool believe this is one deal that has been signed by a player who is in it for the long haul at Anfield.


Tamzin Outhwaite is to join the cast of BBC crime drama New Tricks following the departure of Amanda Redman.

The former EastEnders star will play DCI Sacha Millard, the new boss of the Unsolved Crime and Open Case Squad (UCOS).
Outhwaite will appear in the final two episodes of the 10th series, following Redman's departure in episode eight.
The drama, which has been running since 2003, will return to BBC One later this year.
Outhwaite will appear alongside regular cast members Dennis Waterman and Denis Lawson in the popular crime series.
"I'm delighted to be joining the cast at such an exciting time," said the actress, who made a guest appearance in another role on the show's ninth series.
"I've been a huge fan of the show for years and can't wait to be working with the amazing cast and crew."
Only Fools and Horses star Nicholas Lyndhurst will also join the show when it begins its latest run.


(Close): UK shares built on Monday's gains but the pound slid as traders waited for the outcome of central bank meetings in Japan and the US.

The benchmark FTSE 100 share index was up 17.24 points at 6,830.79.
On the foreign exchanges, the pound fell back below $1.30 against the dollar, dropping 0.4% to $1.2974.
The US Federal Reserve will announce its decision on interest rates on Wednesday, although the chances of rate rise appear to have diminished.
Against the euro, the pound fell 0.44% to €1.161.
"The pound seems to be a victim of some skittishness ahead the major central bank meetings this week in Japan and the US," said Neil Wilson, an analyst at ETX Capital.
"Markets anticipate the Fed will keep rates on hold but a hike is not being ruled out, which may be rattling traders."
Shares in the drugs giant GlaxoSmithKline were little changed at £16.45p as it named Emma Walmsley, its current head of consumer healthcare, as its new chief executive.
The biggest gainers among FTSE 100 shares were Burberry, up 48p or 3.6% at £13.79; Shire, up 132p or 2.6% at £53.15; and Johnson Matthey, up 62p or 1.9% at £32.72.


Randy Quaid and his wife have been released from custody in Vermont, after a judge dismissed fugitive from justice charges against the couple.

Quaid, 65, and his wife, Evi, were taken into custody last Friday night by Vermont police while trying to enter the US from Canada.
They fled to Canada in 2010 after being charged with vandalism and squatting in a Santa Barbara property.
The couple denied the charges, claiming the property still belonged to them.
Judge Alison Arms had initially reduced bail for the couple from $500,000 (Â£323,743) each to $50,000 (Â£32,374), saying she could not find probable cause to support the vandalism accusations.
But after a break decided to release them because of a discrepancy in dates in paperwork from California.
After they left the courthouse the Quaids said they will stay in Lincoln, Vermont, to care for Evi Quaid's sick father and address the California charges.
"I never worried about being found guilty or any of that for any of these charges because I know the truth, and I know the facts are going to come out at some point, and today was a good sign of that,'' Randy Quaid said.
Speaking outside court, he told reporters he spent his time in jail playing cribbage and Sudoko with three other older inmates.
His wife's lawyer told the court that she had been threatened by another inmate who had left faeces in her cell.
The Quaids were charged in 2010 with illegal occupation and vandalism of their former home in California. It was alleged the Quaids caused more than $5,000 (Â£3,158) in damages.
But they claimed the Santa Barbara property still belonged to them.
They failed to appear in court and an arrest warrant for the couple was issued.
The couple headed to Canada where Quaid requested refugee status, saying his life was in danger from Hollywood "star whackers".
Evi Quaid, who has dual Canadian and US citizenship, told an immigration hearing how Randy had "known eight close friends murdered in odd, strange manners", mentioning Heath Ledger and David Carradine.
But his request was denied and he was ordered to leave last week.
Randy Quaid is best known for his roles in Brokeback Mountain, The Last Picture Show, Independence Day and National Lampoon's Vacation, and for being the older brother of actor Dennis.


The late William Roberts was described as a man of sturdy independence, a prolific artist who interpreted British families' working lives and leisure pursuits in paint and on paper.

Much of this work sits in storage in the Tate, in legal limbo, owing to one simple omission.
William's son, John, was found dead at his home in 1995. In the house was a letter from his lawyer encouraging him to make a will. He never did.
With no known blood relatives, John's estate - including hundreds of works by his father - is one of thousands which have landed on the desks of the Bona Vacantia division, part of the Government Legal Department.
It seems likely that no heirs will be found. Under the rules, the art should eventually be sold for the best price and the proceeds handed to the Treasury. The chancellor, George Osborne, might recognise the work - his parents once had a Roberts painting hanging over their fireplace.
Yet, the benefit for taxpayers is likely to be cultural, rather than financial, as the art is on loan to the Tate.
As for more than 15,000 other estates on the Bona Vacantia division's unclaimed estate list, their fate depends on whether anyone can prove they have a genuine inheritance claim.
Step into the 1910 room at Tate Britain in London, and the eighth work of art on the right is The Cinema by William Roberts.
It is the only work by Roberts that is on display in the free galleries of the Tate, but others are on show in galleries around the UK.
The story of his life's work is more accurately told in the unseen Tate collection.
A founder of the Vorticist art movement, he died in 1980 and his wife Sarah died in 1992. Her death led to an inheritance tax bill which was settled when 117 works were eventually allocated to the Tate collection in lieu of the tax.
When their only child John died, friends organised for about 550 of William's works, which had been in John's possession, to be stored at the Tate.
"John and his mother had hoped to set up a house museum [including these works], but they never managed to get the funding," said Michael Mitzman, a consultant at legal firm Mishcon de Reya.
"I nagged him [John] to write a will."
But he did not and 430 of these works form part of the estate which is being overseen by Bona Vacantia.
It will be held for another 10 years - some 30 years after John's death - to give any surviving members of the family the chance to make an inheritance claim.
In this case it is highly unlikely. Mr Mitzman could find no eligible relatives. The BBC's Heir Hunters programme drew a blank when searching for direct descendants.
Enter the William Roberts Society which foresaw the threat of these works being sold and the money ending up in the Treasury coffers.
It argued that the artwork that the Roberts family owned should be kept together for the benefit of the public and students. The government eventually agreed. One minister said the intention was to give this work to the Tate should no relatives come forward.
The risks of failing to write a will
Why do people disinherit their children?
The who's who of battles for wills, bodies and legacies
Artwork by an English cubist is not the only unusual asset on the books of estates being dealt with by the Bona Vacantia division.
One actor's estate includes royalties still being paid for re-runs of The Benny Hill Show and Hancock's Half Hour. The office was also asked, but declined, to get involved in one case from 1896, with an estate including shillings and a horse.
About 2,000 new unclaimed estates are referred to the division each year.
"The average estate is worth less than £4,000. These are not life-changing sums of money. But they are almost like a little lottery win [for eligible relatives]," says Melanie Hooper, head of the estates group in the Bona Vacantia division.
"Whether the size of the estate is £500 or £500,000 does not matter to us. It is the entitlement, not the amount, that matters."
The little-known Bona Vacantia division has a staff of 50, of whom 18 deal with estates.
Bona Vacantia means vacant goods and is the name given to ownerless property, which by law passes to the Crown.
The Treasury Solicitor acts for the Crown to administer the estates of people who die intestate (without a will) and without known kin (entitled blood relatives) and collect the assets of dissolved companies and other various ownerless goods in England and Wales.
Unclaimed estates are dealt with separately in two areas of England - the Duchy of Cornwall and the Duchy of Lancaster - by lawyers for Prince Charles and the Queen respectively.
In Scotland, unclaimed estates are dealt with by the Office of Queen's and Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer.
In Northern Ireland, the responsibility for dealing with them is that of the Crown Solicitor for Northern Ireland.
The division handled 4,332 estates in England and Wales in the year to the end of March 2015, accounts show. It collected income of £18.4m, and paid out £6.1m - most of which would have gone to relatives with claims on estates.
In an intriguing twist of law in England, cases in Cornwall and around the North West of England are administered by solicitors for Prince Charles and the Queen. Any funds that remain after an allowance for future claims and costs go to charity.
In the Duchy of Cornwall in 2014-15, some £215,000 was given to the Duke of Cornwall's Benevolent Fund which primarily supports environmental, conservation, wildlife and community projects.
Some £2.47m was given to the Duchy of Lancaster Jubilee Trust to fund charitable causes, particularly the maintenance of historic buildings on Duchy estates. This covers Lancashire, Merseyside, parts of Greater Manchester, parts of Cheshire and parts of Cumbria.
In the vast majority of cases, eligible descendants come forward to claim an estate, so how do they know they have an entitlement?
It used to be the case that estates were advertised in The Times and the local newspaper where the individual was born.
Now unclaimed estates in England and Wales are being added to an online list. This process is expected to be completed in September when it will include all unclaimed estates which have been recently referred, but not yet administered, and historic cases which have not yet been claimed by entitled relatives.
The list in Scotland includes the value of the unclaimed estates.
Relatives ranging from a husband, wife and civil partner to half uncles, aunts and cousins may have an entitlement claim when somebody dies without having made a will.
A touch of detective work by these individuals or solicitors can unearth their eligibility.
Others may receive a call out of the blue from a private genealogist, or heir hunter. This industry has grown from a dozen or so private firms to more than 100 now.
They tend to alert people that they might have a claim, and organise the paperwork involved before taking a cut of any successful payout.
The advantage for customers is that genealogists might have found a link to an estate of somebody whose name they do not recognise. It is their choice whether or not they want to use the private firm's services. They can look at the Bona Vacantia website for information before making a decision.
Various rules are involved in making a claim including:
In England and Wales, the value of an estate is only revealed to a successful claimant. It might only be £500. It might be much more.
Very occasionally, it might it include art worthy of hanging on the walls of the Tate.


Dundalk shocked Maccabi Tel-Aviv in the Europa League with a deserved 1-0 win to become the first Irish team to earn a European group stage victory.

The semi-professionals bossed the first half but squandered numerous chances against the Israeli visitors.
The breakthrough came on 72 minutes when substitute Ciaran Kilduff volleyed in from Daryl Horgan's cross.
Dundalk drew their opening Group D game with AZ Alkmaar and sit second, two points behind Zenit St Petersburg.
The League of Ireland minnows again showed that they can compete at this elevated level with a display of power and pace which finally overcame a sluggish Maccabi side.
It could so easily have been a night of frustration for Dundalk as they failed to convert a series of first-half openings.
Patrick McEleney burst clear after just two minutes but sent his weak shot straight at keeper Pedrag Rajkovic.
Rajkovic saved Ronan Finn's low strike with his legs before Dundalk penalty appeals were turned down for a challenge on Robbie Benson.
Daryl Horgan was also guilty of shooting straight at Rajkovic, while McEleney summed up Dundalk's opening 45 minutes by scooping over when well placed.
Maccabi, who were beaten 4-3 by Zenit after leading 3-0 with 13 minutes left a fortnight ago, improved after the break but without potency in attack.
The historic goal, scored by Kilduff just eight minutes after he replaced David McMillan, sparked raucous celebrations in a sell-out 5,543 crowd in Tallaght Stadium.
Republic of Ireland boss Martin O'Neill was present to cast an eye over Dundalk winger Daryl Horgan, who has shone for the Lilywhites this season.
Maccabi targeted the 24-year-old for attention, often double marking the quick and skilful wideman who represented the Republic at youth level.
Horgan is tipped to a get a first senior international call-up and while this was not his finest display, he showed his class with a pinpoint cross for the only goal.
Dundalk will celebrate a memorable game before resuming domestic duties as they close in on a third straight Premier Division title.
Next up in the Europa League is a home encounter against group leaders Zenit on 20 October.
Match ends, Dundalk 1, Maccabi Tel Aviv 0.
Second Half ends, Dundalk 1, Maccabi Tel Aviv 0.
Tal Ben Haim (Maccabi Tel Aviv) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Tal Ben Haim (Maccabi Tel Aviv).
Dean Shiels (Dundalk) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Maccabi Tel Aviv. Conceded by John Mountney.
Attempt blocked. Haris Medunjanin (Maccabi Tel Aviv) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Chris Shields (Dundalk) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Barak Itzhaki (Maccabi Tel Aviv) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Chris Shields (Dundalk).
Offside, Maccabi Tel Aviv. Eytan Tibi tries a through ball, but Vidar Orn Kjartansson is caught offside.
Omri Ben Harush (Maccabi Tel Aviv) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Andrew Boyle (Dundalk).
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Predrag Rajkovic (Maccabi Tel Aviv) because of an injury.
Corner,  Dundalk. Conceded by Omri Ben Harush.
Substitution, Dundalk. Dean Shiels replaces Robbie Benson.
Foul by Barak Itzhaki (Maccabi Tel Aviv).
Dane Massey (Dundalk) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt blocked. Barak Itzhaki (Maccabi Tel Aviv) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Haris Medunjanin.
Dor Micha (Maccabi Tel Aviv) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Dane Massey (Dundalk).
Ezequiel Scarione (Maccabi Tel Aviv) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Chris Shields (Dundalk).
Substitution, Maccabi Tel Aviv. Yossi Benayoun replaces Tal Ben Haim II.
Tal Ben Haim II (Maccabi Tel Aviv) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Tal Ben Haim II (Maccabi Tel Aviv).
John Mountney (Dundalk) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Ronan Finn (Dundalk) right footed shot from a difficult angle on the left is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Daryl Horgan.
Substitution, Maccabi Tel Aviv. Barak Itzhaki replaces Gal Alberman.
Substitution, Dundalk. John Mountney replaces Patrick McEleney.
Goal!  Dundalk 1, Maccabi Tel Aviv 0. Ciarán Kilduff (Dundalk) right footed shot from very close range to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Daryl Horgan with a cross.
Corner,  Maccabi Tel Aviv. Conceded by Andrew Boyle.
Attempt blocked. Vidar Orn Kjartansson (Maccabi Tel Aviv) left footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Dor Micha.
Attempt blocked. Ronan Finn (Dundalk) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Robbie Benson.
Foul by Ezequiel Scarione (Maccabi Tel Aviv).
Chris Shields (Dundalk) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Vidar Orn Kjartansson (Maccabi Tel Aviv) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high. Assisted by Haris Medunjanin.
Attempt missed. Ciarán Kilduff (Dundalk) header from the centre of the box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Ronan Finn with a cross.
Substitution, Dundalk. Ciarán Kilduff replaces David McMillan.


The Peruvian capital, Lima, finally has an elected mayor after nearly a month of recounts.

Leftist Susana Villaran defeated her conservative opponent, Lourdes Flores, by less than one point to become the capital's first elected female leader.
The election itself was held on 3 October but, amid challenges, more than a million votes were re-examined.
Ms Villaran, a human rights activist, has vowed to tackle corruption in Lima, which is home to a third of Peruvians.
It was always clear that the Peruvian capital would have its first elected woman mayor since it was founded in 1535, but with the race tight from beginning to end, the only doubt was who it would be.
A quarter of the ballots were challenged and had to be recounted.
In the end - with 97% of the votes counted - Ms Flores, on 37.57%, conceded victory to Ms Villaran, who had 38.39%.
Ms Villaran, a 61-year-old human rights advocate, is also Lima's first elected left-wing mayor since the early 1980s.


People logging on to messaging services Chat Roulette, Omegle and Skype got a surprise at the weekend when confronted with a "real life" zombie computer game to play live.

21 August 2015 Last updated at 12:57 BST
A video of their reactions to the first person shooter-style game, played out by actors in response to their commands, had over 1 million views on YouTube in just 12 hours.
South Devon film maker David Reynolds made the game in his back garden.
All the sound effects, including gun shots, were mixed in live when the unsuspecting players told the actor under their control to fire his gun.
The lead actor wore a bike helmet kitted out with a Go-Pro on the top of it and a Teradek Cube device to relay the data back to the production office set up in Mr Reynolds' house.
He was originally tethered by a long ethernet cable but kept getting tangled up, Mr Reynolds told the BBC.
One Go-Pro was harmed during the making of the film when Mr Reynolds connected the power supply to the HDMI socket by accident.
"I was wearing the helmet at the time and I could see smoke rising off it on my shadow," he said.
The action camera firm has now offered to send a replacement.


Former European 400m hurdles champion Rhys Williams has announced his retirement due to an Achilles injury.

Williams, 33, won 2012 European gold, silver in 2010 when he also claimed Commonwealth Games bronze.
The London 2012 Olympian had hoped to compete in the Commonwealths on the Gold Coast in April 2018.
Williams was ruled out of Glasgow 2014 after failing a doping test and given a four-month ban for inadvertently taking a banned supplement.
Williams won Commonwealth bronze in Delhi in 2010 behind Welsh rival Dai Greene but injury put paid to his bid to win another medal in Australia next year.
"As a patriotic Welshman, nothing has given me more pride than putting on a Welsh vest and competing for my country," said Williams.
"Unfortunately, injury has prematurely ended my hopes of competing one last time at the Commonwealth Games next year.
"I would like to thank Welsh Athletics and Sport Wales for all their help and support during my athletics career.
"I would also like to thank all my support team who have supported me faithfully over the years; my family, coaches, sponsors and all my training partners."
Williams, son of Welsh and Lions rugby legend JJ, was European champion from every level from Under-18 to senior level where he also won silver and bronze in 2006 and 2010 to go with his 2012 triumph.
He competed for Wales at two Commonwealth Games, finishing fourth in Melbourne in 2006 with his bronze in Delhi coming four years later.
Williams competed for Team GB at the London 2012 Olympics where he reached the semi-final, the same level he also achieved at the 2005 and 2013 World Championships.
Welsh Athletics head of coaching and performance Scott Simpson said: "Rhys' decision to retire from the sport is one that has clearly been given a great deal of thought and one that we have met with the utmost respect and support.
"It is never an easy decision to make.  He achieved so much on the international stage.
"Winning medals at European and Commonwealth level as well as representing Great Britain on the world stage and at a home Olympic Games makes him an icon within the sport in Wales."


Rwanda's community courts, known as gacaca, have finished their work, after 10 years of trying those accused of involvement in the 1994 genocide.

The courts were set up to speed up the prosecution of hundreds of thousands of genocide suspects awaiting trial.
Human rights group say the gacaca fell well short of international legal standards.
About 65% of the close to two million people tried have been found guilty, according to latest government figures.
Rwanda's legal system was left in ruins after the massacres by ethnic Hutu militia and soldiers of some 800,000 minority Tutsis and politically moderate Hutus in 100 days between April and June 1994.
The UN's International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was set up in neighbouring Tanzania to try the ringleaders of the genocide - it has convicted 54 people and acquitted eight so far. It is due to be closed down at the end of the year.
But this left hundreds of thousands of people accused of involvement in the killings, leading to an enormous backlog of cases in Rwanda.
Correspondents say up to 10,000 people died in prison before they could be brought to justice.
Community courts were set up to clear the backlog - and once a week the so-called gacaca met in villages across the country, often outdoors in a marketplace or under a tree.
The BBC's Prudent Nsengiyumva in the Rwandan capital, Kigali, says one of the main aims of the gacaca was to achieve truth, justice and reconciliation among Rwandans. Gacaca means to sit down and discuss an issue.
The hearings gave communities a chance to face the accused and give evidence about what really happened and how it happened.
Our correspondent says many people in Rwanda say this process have helped to mend the wounds of the past.
But the use of traditional grassroots courts to try complex genocide cases was also controversial - previously the gacaca had only been used to settle local disputes.
More than 160,000 judges were elected from among communities - but they lacked legal qualifications.
The Rwandan government says about two million people went through the gacaca system - final official figures about how many were found guilty are yet to be released, but data from two years ago points to a conviction rate of about 65%.
Some of those found guilty have been sentenced to long jail sentences, with hard labour.
Others have been released and sent back to help rebuild communities  - and this has brought its own problems, legal experts say.
"Survivors are worried about their security because they are living side by side with those who had wanted to previously exterminate them," Albert Gasake, the Legal Advocacy Project Coordinator at the Survivors' Fund Organisation told the BBC's Network Africa programme.
"Suspicion is very high," Mr Gasake said.
He also says failure to compensate survivors for the loss of their properties poses another threat to genuine reconciliation.
Our reporter says most Rwandans do not openly criticise the gacaca system.
But local and international human rights groups have expressed concern about its fairness because trials were held without defendants having access to qualified lawyers.
The courts' closure leaves many unanswered questions, our correspondent says.
Human rights groups are asking why some members of the ruling RPF party never had to face the gacaca courts.


The World Health Organisation says that general bans on international travel or trade are not recommended.

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23 October 2014 Last updated at 18:59 BST
It also says it is "reasonably confident" that the affected countries' neighbours are not experiencing widespread transmission of Ebola across their borders.
Guinea's government says it has started paying compensation to the families of health workers who have died of the virus.
Here is the latest Ebola news for Wednesday 23 October - in 15 seconds.


Derry have appointed 1993 All-Ireland winner Damian Barton as the new Oak Leaf manager on a two-year term.

Barton takes over from Brian McIver, who quit the post after the All-Ireland qualifier defeat by Galway in July.
He said: "I'm honoured to accept the responsibility that goes with this role. I regard it as a privilege and a challenge which I look forward to."
Barton was ratified as manager by the county committee on Tuesday night with his backroom team yet to be confirmed.
The 53-year-old has managed a number of club sides including Ballinderry and Slaughtneil.
"Damian Barton brings a wealth of playing and coaching experience to the position, as well as an in-depth knowledge of Derry football," said the county.
"On behalf of all members, supporters and patrons of Derry GAA, we warmly welcome Damian and wish him every success in his future endeavours."
The county hurling and minor football manager positions are unchanged.
An announcement regarding the U21 football manager will be made at a later date.


Five-time champion Venus Williams won in her 100th singles match at Wimbledon to knock out French Open winner Jelena Ostapenko and reach the semi-finals.

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Williams earned a 6-3 7-5 victory against the 20-year-old Latvian in one hour and 13 minutes on Centre Court.
She will play Britain's sixth seed Johanna Konta in the last four on Thursday after Konta knocked out second seed Simona Halep.
Garbine Muguruza will play Magdalena Rybarikova in the other semi-final.
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American Williams, 37, is the oldest player to reach the last four since Martina Navratilova in 1994, but says she doesn't think about her age.
"I feel quite capable, to be honest, and powerful," she said.
"So whatever age that is, as long as I feel like that, then I know that I can contend for titles every time."
Williams, competing at her 20th Wimbledon, is just one victory away from her ninth final at SW19 - eight years after her last appearance.
She has not won a Grand Slam title since Wimbledon in 2008.
Williams dominated Wimbledon for almost a decade between 2000 and 2009, winning five titles and finishing runner-up in another three finals.
But the seven-time Grand Slam champion had become a peripheral figure after being diagnosed with Sjogren's syndrome, an illness that causes fatigue and joint pain, in 2011.
She says she refused to consider retirement, despite her world ranking plummeting to 103 by the end of 2011.
The American returned to the top 10 last year and then reached her first Grand Slam final since 2009 when she lost to sister Serena at the Australian Open final in January.
Now she is just one more victory away from another major final after beating an opponent who was only born a couple of weeks before she made her SW19 debut in 1997.
Ostapenko confirmed her status as one of the rising stars of the women's game when she earned a surprise victory at Roland Garros last month.
But her aggressive, risk and reward game came unstuck against the powerful Williams serve.
A single break point taken in Ostapenko's first service game was enough to swing the opening set in Williams' favour, before the hard-hitting Latvian finally began to match her opponent's power in the second.
Ostapenko wiped out a break for 3-3, only to see Williams ramp up the pressure to break for 6-5, holding out to love for her 86th singles victory at Wimbledon.
"She was serving really well. It was very tough to break. Because of that I had more pressure because I had to keep my serve," said Ostapenko.
"I was not feeling nervous. I just couldn't really play my best."
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Martina Navratilova, nine-time Wimbledon singles champion
Venus is the only one who's done it before and that really pays off.
Ostapenko has done well to get into the last week.
Until you win it the first time you don't know if you can and that doubt can add to you on court.
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Spaniard Muguruza, who reached the final at SW19 in 2015, beat Svetlana Kuznetsova 6-3 6-4 in one hour and 15 minutes on Court One.
The 14th seed is coached by Conchita Martinez, the only Spanish player to have claimed the women's singles title at Wimbledon when she won in 1994.
Muguruza will now play Rybarikova on Thursday after the Slovak overpowered a wayward Coco Vandeweghe in a match which was switched to Centre Court after rain halted play at 2-2 in the second set.
Unseeded Rybarikova was ranked outside of the top 400 in the world as recently as March after knee and wrist injuries and was appearing in her first Grand Slam quarter-final.
She is the eighth‐lowest‐ranked Grand Slam semi-finalist in history.
She said: "I really cannot believe it. I would never believe I could reach the semi-final before this tournament. I am so happy and grateful.
"It was a very difficult time over the last year with my injuries but now everything has paid off. It is incredible, I am speechless.
"I was afraid of how I was going to play here. This is Wimbledon."
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The Irish Department of Foreign Affairs has confirmed it is providing consular assistance to the family of a Newry man who has died in Qatar.

He was Eamonn Morgan, who was in his early 20s.
Both Qatar GAA club and Bosco club in Newry have paid tribute to Eamonn and his partner Charlotte Sant, from Manchester, who also died.
It is believed they were on a sand buggy that crashed.
In a statement on the Qatar GAA Facebook page, the club's chairman Peter Crowe said: "It's with a heavy heart that we mourn the loss of two of our members, two of our friends, two of our family.
"I had the privilege of playing with Eamonn for the past year, an absolute gent, never to be seen without a smile on his face and the definition of a 'character' as we'd say back home.
"I also had the pleasure of training Charlotte for the past year, a sweet girl, who took to a new sport with more enthusiasm than you could ever ask for.
"Eamonn and Charlotte were very much central to the community that is Qatar GAA, and it will be hard to imagine it without them."
Mr Morgan had recently moved to Qatar from Boldon, South Tyneside in England, where he was a PE teacher.
Sinn FÃ©in MP Micky Brady said "a dark shadow hangs over the city" of Newry.
"Our prayers are at this time with both sets of families and friends of the deceased as they try to come to terms with this terrible news," he said.


The Republic of Ireland women's team have reached an agreement with their national association after a threat to strike over poor treatment.

Players said the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) treated them "like dirt on its shoe" and they would refuse to train if conditions did not improve.
The FAI invited them to a meeting on Wednesday, and on Thursday morning said a "successful conclusion" was reached.
The players will now return to training for Monday's home game with Slovakia.
At 04:18 BST on Thursday, captain and goalkeeper Emma Byrne tweeted: "Long night, tough going, finally both sides came to an agreement! Victory! Thank you for all your support. It proves unity is a powerful force."
Striker Stephanie Roche wrote: "Happy to have finally come to an agreement after a long night. Big thanks to everyone who showed their support on all this."
The players had been fighting for improved resources, and compensation from the FAI for lost earnings while on international duty.
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There were also calls for match fees of 300 euros, bonuses of 150 euros for a win and 75 euros for a draw, gym membership for the squad and the provision of team clothing.
They had indicated that they would refuse to train on Wednesday if talks were not held.
The Professional Footballers' Association of Ireland, speaking on behalf of the players, said "a comprehensive agreement has been reached which addresses all of the issues raised".
"What we want is for the FAI to empower and enable our players to commit to training camps and international games without having to worry about taking unpaid leave from work or being forced to use up all of their holidays," said Byrne on Tuesday.
"We are fighting for the future of women's international football. This isn't just about us," she added at a news conference in Dublin.


Independent councillors at Highland Council expect to formally set up a new ruling administration on Thursday.

Last month, the Lib Dems walked out of the SNP-led coalition that had run the local authority since 2012.
Following days of talks, the council's Independent group has taken steps to form a new administration.
The matter will be debated by councillors and be the subject of a vote at a special meeting in Inverness.


A few years ago, Chile's leading newspaper El Mercurio published a big article on the 10 biggest problems facing Easter Island, the remote Chilean outpost in the South Pacific.

They included dengue fever, the lack of a decent hospital, a steady accumulation of garbage, over-fishing, the arrival of thousands of tourists each year and damage to the moai, the giant stone statues that have made the island famous across the world.
Easter Island, it seemed, was far from the South Sea paradise of popular imagination.
Fast forward to 2014 and the island is tackling some of these issues. It has a new hospital and a recycling plant.
But even so, it is a problematic place.
Like the Galapagos, the Maldives and scores of other tiny islands across the world, it faces tough questions that go to the heart of 21st Century life.
How do you develop a sustainable tourist industry when, each year, more people want to visit? Do you limit visitor numbers? How do you ensure local people do not feel crowded out? How do you provide basic services in such a remote outpost?
How, in short, do you manage an island like this?
Until you visit Easter Island, it is difficult to grasp just how remote it is. By some measures, it is the most isolated permanently inhabited place on earth.
The next-door neighbours live on Pitcairn, over 2,000km (1,250 miles) to the west. The South American mainland is 3,600km away - a five-hour flight.
And Easter Island is tiny - just 25km from one end to the other. Just under twice the size of Manhattan and less than half the size of Britain's Isle of Wight.
It has a population of about 6,000 and yet receives 80,000 tourists a year, bringing in cash but putting a tremendous strain on services.
It produces 20 tonnes of rubbish a day. The recycling plant, opened in 2011, processes 40,000 plastic bottles a month.
But much of the island's garbage cannot be recycled.
"We put it into landfills and they only thing we can do is flatten it," says Easter Island Mayor Pedro Edmunds.
"We can't burn it and we have no more land to dump it in. It attracts rats, mosquitoes and stray dogs."
In recent years, the islanders have sent scrap metal and cardboard to the Chilean mainland for recycling but it is prohibitively expensive.
Because of the risk of dengue, it has to be fumigated before arrival at Chilean ports.
"There are companies in Chile which buy cardboard, aluminium and plastic but the cost of shipping is so high that you end up paying them rather than them paying you," Mr Edmunds says.
The long-term plan is to incinerate waste to generate electricity, but that is still some years off.
The Chilean government opened a new hospital on the island in 2012 but the mayor says it is poorly financed and has not done much to improve healthcare.
"It's a spectacular building, like an eight-star hotel, but the service? It's not just bad, it's atrocious," he says. "They've put a tuxedo and a bow-tie on a pig, but it's still a pig."
Leo Pakarati, director of the island's online newspaper, El Correo del Moai, says doctors and dentists will not come to the island to work in the public hospital because they can earn more in the private sector elsewhere.
"You have to wait a couple of months for a hospital appointment," he says.
As Easter Island's tourist industry has taken off, Chileans have moved from the mainland to live here, opening hotels, bars and restaurants.
They now outnumber the Rapa Nui - the original Easter Islanders of Polynesian descent.
That has created tensions. Mr Pakarati describes the islanders as "victims of indiscriminate immigration" from Chile which, culturally, has little in common with the island.
"There isn't enough space for everyone, enough drinking water, enough fuel," he says. "This is about sustainability and quality of life."
Like other Rapa Nui, Mr Pakarati says the number of immigrant residents should be restricted and the locals should have more say in how the island is run.
"Our conflict is not with the Chileans, it's with the inefficient Chilean state," he says. "The Rapa Nui are one big tribe, and our territory should belong to us."
Mr Pakarati cites the Galapagos Islands as an example that Easter Island might follow.
There, foreign tourists pay an entry tax of $100 (£60) to visit protected areas, and the Ecuadorean government has made some efforts to curb population growth and manage tourist numbers.
"We currently receive around 80,000 tourists a year," Mr Pakarati says. "Studies suggest that if that figure rises above 100,000 the consequences could be disastrous."
Overfishing is also a problem. The island's tuna and lobster are highly prized in the restaurants of Santiago.
Mr Edmunds blames foreign fishing fleets for plundering the island's waters, describing the southern ocean as "full of pirates".
Easter Island is a stunning place. The moai, standing on their stone plinths and gazing over the rolling, green landscape, are an unforgettable sight.
But it is clear this is an island with issues.
If unaddressed, they could eventually threaten the future of one of the most unique places on the planet.


Thousands of yellow-shirted protesters have gathered in Malaysia's capital, Kuala Lumpur, to demand the resignation of Prime Minister Najib Razak.

The demonstrators want Mr Najib to face charges over allegations that billions were looted from his brainchild investment fund, 1MDB.
They were undeterred by a police ban and the arrest of a number of activists ahead of the planned action.
Mr Najib has denied any wrongdoing and says he will not be cowed by protests.
In a statement on his blog, Mr Najib called Bersih - the electoral reformist group which organised the protest - "deceitful". He said the group had become a tool for opposition parties to unseat a democratically elected government.
But his accusations were dismissed by Bersih deputy chair Shahrul Aman Shaari, who told the crowds gathered at the National Mosque: "We are not here to bring down the country. We love this country. We are not here to tear down the government, we're here to strengthen it."
This is the second rally organised by Bersih, which means "clean" in the Malay language, to demand Mr Najib's resignation in 15 months, and comes after weeks of rising tension between the "yellow shirts" and pro-government "red shirts".
The leaders of both sides, as well as a number of other Bersih activists, were arrested in the hours leading up to the rally - a move which was immediately condemned by human rights group Amnesty.
It demanded their immediate release, describing the activists as prisoners of conscience.
The arrests did not deter the protesters, however, some of whom chanted "save democracy" and "Bersih, Bersih".
"We want a clean government. We want fair elections," Derek Wong, 38, a real estate agent, told AFP.
A small group of red shirts gathered for an opposition protest.


Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers has admitted his team are a "little bit broken" after three defeats in their first five Premier League matches.

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Rodgers, whose side are 11th in the table, said the introduction of new players had disrupted his philosophy.
"We're reintroducing the principles that brought us the win ratio we've had over the last 18 months," he said.
"Our game was based on high intensity but, apart from that Tottenham game, we've moved away from that."
Liverpool beat Tottenham 3-0 at White Hart Lane on 31 August, but have since lost two successive league games, to Aston Villa and West Ham.
They were also unconvincing in recent victories over Champions League opponents Ludogorets Razgrad and Middlesbrough in the Capital One Cup on Tuesday.
"We put in a lot of hard work in the first six months to a year we were here, and a lot of those processes became natural," added the Northern Irishman, who joined the club in 2012. "The consequence of that was winning.
"But we introduced a raft of new players - you lose the core of players who were important, and that's obviously a factor and then it becomes a bit broken.
"That's how our game has looked for a big part of the season, but I have a group of players here who identify with that.
"We need to get back and refocus on what has allowed us win games consistently over the last 18 months to two years."
Liverpool finished second last season, two points adrift of eventual champions Manchester City, but over the summer sold top scorer Luis Suarez and brought in nine players.
Rodgers also said injuries, notably to striker Daniel Sturridge, had not helped the team's cause.
The 41-year-old said he would continue to assess Sturridge's fitness before deciding whether to include the England striker in the squad for Saturday's Merseyside derby at Anfield.
"He's someone who responds well to treatment," said Rodgers of the 25-year-old, who strained his thigh while on international duty.
"He's out on the field but there's still a couple of days to go before the game. He certainly won't be match fit but it'll be great to have him back because he's a wonderful player for us.
"We'll be very happy to have him back and we're hoping that can be this weekend, but we'll assess over the next couple of days."
On speculation linking England teenager Raheem Sterling with Real Madrid, Rodgers said he was unconcerned.
"It shows that he's obviously playing exceptionally well," he said of the 19-year-old.
"I think you could link Raheem with every club in the world at the moment, He's a fantastic young talent. I sit easy with it."


Ireland's men guaranteed themselves a spot at the final World Cup qualifying tournament in the summer by beating Wales 3-1 at Stormont on Saturday.

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The victory means the Irish will face France in Sunday's final at the World League 2 tournament.
Wales will also make the final qualifiers in Johannesburg if they beat Scotland in the third place play-off.
Gareth Furlong put Wales ahead before Shane O'Donoghue, Ben Walker and Neal Glassey netted for the Irish.
Ireland, 10th in the world rankings, were strong favourites to account for the 34th-ranked Welsh but the visitors produced a strong challenge.
Furlong's early goal from a penalty corner left Wales ahead after the opening quarter but O'Donoghue and Walker struck in quick succession in the second quarter to give the hosts a half-time lead.
Wales had a couple of chances in the third quarter - including a missed penalty corner - before Glassey sealed Ireland's win by netting early in the final quarter.
France earned a 2-0 win over the Scots in Saturday's second semi-final.