Nicola Sturgeon has accused Ruth Davidson of being a "one-trick pony" as she faced fresh calls to drop her plans for a second independence referendum.

Ms Sturgeon has said she will take time to reflect on the result of last week's general election.
She refused to be drawn on her plans as she faced opposition leaders at first minister's questions.
But she claimed Ms Davidson was "left floundering" when she had to talk about any issue other than a referendum.
The first minister came under pressure to set out whether she would ditch another vote on the issue following the SNP's loss of 21 seats in last week's snap general election.
Ms Davidson's Scottish Conservatives won 13 seats in Scotland, with Labour winning seven and the Liberal Democrats four.
In the first FMQs since the vote, Ms Davidson accused Ms Sturgeon of "double standards" for failing to act quickly to rule out another referendum.
She pointed out that the SNP leader had "pounced" to put the issue on the table within hours of the UK's vote to leave the European Union last June.
And she highlighted a new Survation poll for the Daily Record that suggested 60% of Scots - including nearly a third of SNP voters - believe Ms Sturgeon should drop her demand for a referendum, as well as calls from some SNP figures to take a step back.
Ms Davidson said: "Let's cut to the chase today. This has got nothing to do with listening to the people, it's all about how she can find a way to re-float or re-brand her sinking dream of independence and the people of Scotland just want to put it behind us.
"She says she's listening to the folk of Scotland and so she should. Her referendum isn't wanted so will she ditch it now?"
There has been speculation that the SNP will seek to "rebrand" its offer of a referendum to make it a choice between a so-called hard Brexit and independence.
But Ms Sturgeon branded much of the speculation as "nonsense" in a series of tweets sent early on Wednesday morning.
The SNP's new leader at Westminster, Ian Blackford, told the BBC's Good Morning Scotland programme on Thursday that the election result made it "more likely we can achieve compromise on protecting the people of Scotland being dragged out of the single market against our will."
He added: "The government always made it clear that any possibility of a referendum would only take place if there were a change in circumstances. The first priority is to protect the interests of the people of Scotland."
And Mr Blackford stressed: "Any referendum, if it does take place, would take place after the Brexit deal has been negotiated."
Responding to Ms Davidson at FMQs, Ms Sturgeon repeated her position that she would proceed with "calm reflection in the national interest" before making any decision about a referendum.
She said: "I think what Ruth Davidson has just demonstrated there today, and what she is increasingly demonstrating to the Scottish people, is that she is nothing more than a one-trick pony, having to confront any issue other than an independence referendum, she is left floundering."
Ms Sturgeon called on Ms Davidson to set out her position on Brexit, asking "or is her position exactly what her position has been over the past year that she will do exactly what Theresa May tells her to do regardless of what is in the best interest of the country?"
She claimed the "grubby deal" between the Conservatives and the Democratic Unionist Party was not in the national interest, saying she was concerned by the "disregard" shown for the Northern Irish peace process and called for full details of any deal to be made public.
And she described the Conservatives as a "shower of charlatans" who risk making the UK a "laughing stock internationally".
Nicola Sturgeon does not want to answer questions about whether she will shelve indyref2. That is because she wants, literally, to keep her options open.
She wonders whether a referendum on independence, currently discounted by her rivals, might perhaps revive as a serious prospect if and when the present miasma clears. If, to be precise, the Brexit talks are under way and are not seen, generally, to be protecting Scotland's interests, however defined.
So she wants to consult. She wants to listen. Both laudable and understandable aims. Under pressure to pronounce, she says - with some evident, calendrical justice - that the more immediate challenge is to bring a Scottish dimension to the Brexit negotiations.
And after the consultation? Things might change but it still seems most likely that Ms Sturgeon will not want to shut down entirely the option of indyref2. Perhaps she might want to stretch the time frame although, to be frank, that was always linked to the conclusion of Brexit talks anyway.
So, the strategy for now is to say as little as possible about independence - and to depict her rivals as obsessing about an issue which has been and remains a fundamental principle for the SNP.
Read more from Brian
Ms Sturgeon said it was a "dereliction of duty" for the Scottish Tory leader not to focus on the beginning of the Brexit negotiations next week.
She said: "On Monday the UK government is about to start a formal negotiation with the EU with no mandate for its hard Brexit position, no consensus even within its own ranks about what it is trying to achieve, let alone in the country more widely.
"In short, in just four days' time we are going to be led off the cliff edge by a Tory government devoid of legitimacy and credibility and utterly clueless about what it is trying to achieve. That is the real and present danger to Scottish jobs, investment and living standards.
"So any politician with the national interest rather than just party interest at heart will be focused on trying to protect Scotland from a disaster that the Tories are in the process of leading us into, and that is what I am focused on doing."
Labour's Lewis Macdonald later called on the first minister to stop working on a second independence referendum.
He said: "She lost a heap of seats, her flagship policy cost her votes and yet she seemed to think she had won the election. That was Theresa May last week - but Nicola Sturgeon this week seems to be equally in denial.
"Given that the First Minister has said that she wants to be involved in negotiating Brexit on behalf of the UK, will she not now recognise that she cannot be sitting at the top table and heading for the exit at one and the same time?"
Ms Sturgeon said she thought all parties would agree Scotland should be represented in the Brexit negotiations and was "astounded" by the Labour intervention.


New footage has been released of robot that's being developed by Google, and it's very clever!

25 February 2016 Last updated at 12:33 GMT
It uses sensors in its body and legs to balance, and even has sensors in its head that helps it work out its surroundings and avoid obstacles that could trip it up.
It walks a lot like a human does, and can even get back up quickly when it's pushed over.
The robot has been developed by Boston Dynamics, which is part of Google, to be used by the armed forces.
The 175 centimetre tall robot is designed to operate both outdoors and inside buildings.


Fallen trees and other debris blocked roads on the Isle of Man as 80mph (130km/h) winds battered the island on Thursday night and early on Friday.

The emergency services and staff from the Department of Infrastructure worked to clear the roads of fallen trees and other debris on Friday.
Flights and ferry crossings were cancelled to and from the Isle of Man due to windy conditions.
The Isle of Man Steam Packet Company cancelled all sea crossings.
Most of the roads shut by the bad weather had reopened by Friday morning but the promenade at Port Erin remained closed due to collapsed fencing protecting an area of missing wall.
Michael Street in Peel was also closed due to falling slates from properties.
The Emergency Services Joint Control Room managed about 33,000 calls from 1500 GMT on Thursday to 0800 GMT on Friday.
The police dealt with 80 incidents in the same period and 102 incidents in the 24-hour period.
Police praised islanders who took "the sensible option of cancelling events and, where possible, keeping indoors".


One of four Americans held by Houthi rebels in civil war-torn Yemen has been released, the US State Department says.

Casey Coombs, a freelance journalist, was flown to Oman where he was met by the US ambassador.
Last week, the Washington Post reported that at least four Americans were being held by Houthi rebels.
Meanwhile, a video of a Frenchwoman kidnapped in February has been posted, in which she appeals for efforts to be made to secure her release.
Isabelle Prime, who worked as a consultant on a World Bank-funded project, was seized with her translator, who was later freed, as they were driving to work in the capital, Sanaa.
She called for French President Francois Hollande and Yemeni President Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi to help secure her release, saying: "Please bring me to France fast because I am really, really tired."
A French official has confirmed the authenticity of the video, but the identity of her captors remains unclear.
Mr Coombs, who wrote for the news website the Intercept, was captured in Yemen several weeks ago.
In April he reported that he was having difficulty leaving the country, "like hundreds - and possibly thousands - of other American citizens".
US State Department spokeswoman Marie Harf said Mr Coombs had arrived safely in Oman following his release and was in a "stable condition".
"We are grateful to the government of Oman and personally to Sultan Qaboos for assisting with the safe passage of a US citizen to Oman," she added.
She declined to provide any further details, but said the US was doing everything possible to secure the freedom of the other American citizens being held in Sanaa.
Mr Coombs' mother, Jill Hammill, told the Washington Post she was "overjoyed" by her son's release.
The Oman News Agency said a Singaporean citizen was also evacuated from Yemen on Monday and taken to the Omani capital Muscat.
Oman has been brokering talks between the Houthis and the United States to put an end to Yemen's civil war.
The Houthis and army units loyal to Yemen's former leader, Ali Abdullah Saleh, overran Sanaa in September last year and are now in control of several other cities.
In December, US journalist Luke Somers and South African teacher Pierre Korkie died during a failed attempt by US commandos to rescue them from an al-Qaeda hideout in south-eastern Yemen.
The UN says two months of fighting and air strikes have left at least 1,037 civilians dead, including 130 women and 234 children, and displaced half a million others.
There has also been massive destruction of civilian infrastructure, and a sea and air blockade has caused severe shortages of food, water, medicine and fuel.


The chief executive of a charity whose government funding has been withheld over concerns about its ability to manage itself is to step down.

Kids Company had been told by government officials it would not get £3m of funding unless its leader Camila Batmanghelidjh was replaced.
The charity said it will appoint a new chief executive because of "unprecedented financial strain".
Ms Batmanghelidjh will take up a new advocacy and clinical role.
She denied claims the charity had been mismanaged and that this had led to government pressure for a restructure, insisting such claims were a "red herring" to distract from the government's child protection failings.
Downing Street denied claims it had briefed against Ms Batmanghelidjh and said David Cameron believed the charity still had a role to play helping to "give every child the best start in life".
But the prime minister's spokesman said the Cabinet Office had requested changes to the Kids Company management structure "to ensure that their work is put on a sustainable footing".
It follows a joint investigation between BBC Newsnight and Buzzfeed, which learned the Cabinet Office had concerns about the charity's ability to run itself.
Ms Batmanghelidjh told BBC Radio 4's Today programme she had always planned to step down in her 20th year in 2016.
The charity, which started in south London and supports deprived young people and their families, is one of the most high-profile in Britain and regularly hosts leading politicians.
It is synonymous with its charismatic leader and founder Ms Batmanghelidjh.
It relies heavily on public funding; in the last set of published accounts, for 2013, the government provided £4m, about one fifth of its annual £20m funding.
Officials reported that Justice Secretary Michael Gove and Oliver Letwin, minister without portfolio, supported a tougher approach to the charity.
Who is Camila Batmanghelidjh?
But Ms Batmanghelidjh said the government was trying to "discredit" her to distract attention from the fact that it was not protecting children "robustly" enough.
She said the charity had been audited during the last 19 years, and evaluated by the London School of Economics, and had always been "absolutely impeccable and clear".
She told the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme the charity had held "uncomfortable discussions" with the government about child protection, adding "they can get rid of me but it doesn't get rid of the problem".
Asked about claims she handed cash out to children, she said young people needed money for bus fares and the school canteen.
"Middle class parents give their children pocket money, why does it become a problem when it's a poor child that's being given money?" she added.
Labour's acting leader Harriet Harman said the government needed to maintain its pre-election funding promise to Kids Company, which is based in her Camberwell and Peckham constituency, and angrily defended Ms Batmanghelidjh, saying she was a "charismatic, inspirational leader".
Speaking on the BBC Radio 4's World at One programme, Ms Harman said: "They're doing a very good job. It's not lavish down there. It's not spa treatments, it's not like as if the staff are lavishly well paid.
"It's a pretty hand-to-mouth organisation dealing with very needy children and it just... What I find so exasperating is the idea of people whose lives are very well ordered, who get good salaries can judge and say 'oh well they need to stop growing'. The demand is out there."
Asked if it was the government's duty to ensure public money was being properly spent, she pointed out that the Charity Commission looked at a complaint but decided it did not warrant a full investigation.
Ms Harman last month wrote a letter to Chancellor George Osborne asking "urgent financial assistance" for the charity.
In a statement, the charity said: "In partnership with a City-based group of philanthropists, the charity is being supported by the new government to create a more sustainable organisation and funding structure that will be better able to tolerate unpredictable income streams in the future.
"Camila Batmanghelidjh, the founder and chief executive of Kids Company will not be leaving the organisation and will assume an advocacy and clinical role after the appointment of a new chief executive."
It added "core services" would still be delivered though it would be "reducing its staff levels".
The government has repeatedly resisted attempts by Newsnight and BuzzFeed to use the Freedom of Information Act to obtain correspondence between the prime minister and either Ms Batmanghelidjh or the charity's chairman, Alan Yentob, the BBC broadcaster and executive.
A Cabinet Office spokeswoman said: "Making sure that every child has the best start in life is our top priority, so we will continue to work with Kids Company to ensure its important work is sustainable."


Mae dyn yr honnir iddo orchymyn lladd dyn yng Nghaerdydd - arweiniodd at farwolaeth myfyriwr - wedi dianc o ofal yr heddlu yn India.

Honnir i Mohammed Ali Ege, 41 oed, orchymyn dau ddyn i ladd dyn oherwydd ffrae am arian, ond aeth y ddau i'r cyfeiriad anghywir a llofruddio llanc 17 oed.
Cafodd Ben Hope a Jason Richards eu carcharu am oes am drywanu Aamir Siddiqi i farwolaeth wrth iddo agor y drws i'r ddau yng Nghaerdydd yn 2010.
Wedi'r llofruddiaeth fe wnaeth Ege ddianc i India ond cafodd ei arestio flwyddyn yn ddiweddarach.
Ers hynny mae e wedi bod yn ddalfa yn disgwyl am wrandawiad i'w estraddodi, ond fe wnaeth ddianc o orsaf heddlu wrth gael ei gludo o un gwrandawiad.
Dywedodd Comander Mahendra Kumar Rathod: "Roedd y dyn yn cael ei gludo yn ôl i Hyderabad ar drên a gofynnodd i gael mynd i'r tŷ bach, a llwyddodd i ddianc oddi yno drwy dynnu'r bariau o ffenest yno."
Doedd Heddlu'r De ddim am wneud sylw am ddihangfa Ege o ofal yr heddlu yn India, ond dywedodd llefarydd:
"Mae ein swyddogion yn parhau i siarad gyda'r awdurdodau am yr estraddodi ac fe fyddwn yn parhau i siarad gyda theulu Aamir Siddiqi er mwyn rhoi'r wybodaeth berthnasol iddyn nhw."
Fe gafodd Hope a Richards eu talu £1,000 yr un i ladd dyn arall yn ardal y Rhath, Caerdydd, ond aeth y ddau i'r stryd anghywir a thrywanu Aamir Siddiqi mewn camgymeriad.
Fe gafodd rhieni Aamir hefyd eu trywanu wrth iddyn nhw geisio achub eu mab.
Cafodd y ddau eu carcharu am oes gyda lleiafswm o 40 mlynedd dan glo am lofruddio a cheisio llofruddio.


Welsh sailor Alex Thomson is claiming a world record after again narrowing the gap on leader Armel le Cleac'h in the Vendee Globe race.

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The race is in its final stages and Thomson has reduced the distance he trails race leader Armel Le Cleac'h to 73 nautical miles.
Thomson and his team say he has set a solo 24-hour world mark of 536.81 miles in the process.
The leaders have passed the Azores with under 1,300 miles left.
"This new record awaits ratification by the World Sailing Speed Record Council," said Thomson's team of his efforts in the 24 hours between 06:00 GMT on Sunday to the same time on Monday.
The record is held by Frechman Francois Gabart, who set it during the race's 2012-13 edition.
Le Cleac'h and Thomson are now heading towards an expected Thursday finish at Sable D'Olonne on France's Atlantic coast.
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Thomson is competing in the Vendee Globe for the fourth time and is aiming to become the first Briton to win it.
Thomson had led the race for much of the early stages and broke two race records prior to being overtaken, as he reached the Cape of Good Hope in record time, but Le Cleac'h stole the lead in early December and has not relinquished his hold on the race ahead of the sprint finish.
Thomson was nearly 1,000 miles behind Le Cleac'h at Christmas after his boat's hydrofoil was ripped off in mid-November, but has increased his speed since rounding Cape Horn.


The mother of a British military policeman murdered with five others by a mob in Iraq nearly nine years ago is calling for an inquiry into the deaths.

Cpl Paul Long, 24, of Hebburn, South Tyneside, died with his colleagues at a police station in Majar al-Kabir, Maysan, southern Iraq, in 2003.
A number of inquiries have been held into what happened.
But Cpl Long's mother Pat said they were "inadequate" and is asking for a Ministry of Defence (MOD) inquiry.
In October last year, two Iraqi men were cleared by Baghdad's criminal court of murdering the Red Caps due to lack of evidence.
The Red Caps who died alongside Cpl Long were L/Cpl Benjamin Hyde, of Northallerton, North Yorkshire; Sgt Simon Hamilton-Jewell, 41, of Chessington, Surrey; Cpl Russell Aston, 30 of Swadlincote, Derbyshire; L/Cpl Tom Keys, 20, from Bala, North Wales; and Cpl Simon Miller, 21, of Washington in Tyne and Wear.
Mrs Long's legal team, from the Birmingham-based Public Interest Lawyers, has written to Defence Secretary Philip Hammond calling for a fresh inquiry.
The 25-page letter states: "At present, Mrs Long feels a strong sense of injustice, that the questions she has about her son's death have not been properly answered and that, importantly, the lack of any accountability for the situation in which her son was placed does not do justice for her son.
"The circumstances of the deaths in this case reveal obvious defects in the systems which ought reasonably be expected to be in place to protect the lives of British soldiers."
The men had been training local Iraqi officers when the police station came under attack.
An inquest in March 2006 heard that some of their bodies were found riddled with bullets, while others had marks that suggested they had been dragged, tied up or beaten with rifles.
The hearing was told that the Red Caps were not equipped with Iridium satellite telephones to call for help, despite a direct order from their commanding officer that all units leaving base must carry one.
This was due to a shortage of supplies, the hearing heard.
Oxfordshire Coroner Nicholas Gardiner recorded a narrative verdict of unlawful killing, saying the six soldiers should have been better equipped but their deaths could not have been avoided.
An MoD spokeswoman said: "We can confirm that we have received a pre-action protocol letter from Public Interest Lawyers.
"We will consider the letter carefully and respond in due course. Our thoughts remain with the families of the six soldiers who lost their lives."


The Archbishops of Canterbury and York have raised concerns about housing, the NHS and poverty in a general election letter to Anglican churchgoers.

The three-page message urges voters to consider their Christian heritage and "obligations to future generations".
It also calls on politicians to "renew and re-imagine" the UK's shared values amid divisions of recent years.
There needs to be "serious solutions" to home-building and a "flourishing" health service, the letter says.
In the pastoral letter to parishes and chaplaincies, the Church of England's most senior clergymen -the Most Reverend Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Most Reverend John Sentamu, the Archbishop of York - allude to the UK's negotiations with the EU over Brexit.
The letter says the election "is being contested against the backdrop of deep and profound questions of identity.
"Opportunities to renew and re-imagine our shared values as a country and a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland only come around every few generations...
"If our shared British values are to carry the weight of where we now stand and the challenges ahead of us, they must have at their core, cohesion, courage and stability."
The letter refers to the benefits of "education for all, the need for urgent and serious solutions to our housing challenges, the importance of creating communities as well as buildings, and a confident and flourishing health service that gives support to all - especially the vulnerable - not least at the beginning and end of life".
The archbishops go on to call for a "just economy" - one not over-reliant on debt that "risks crushing those who take on too much".
They add: "Courage also demands a radical approach to education, so that the historic failures of technical training and the over-emphasis on purely academic subjects are rebalanced."
The Church leaders also say that refugees and migrants should be given a "generous and hospitable" welcome but politicians should not be "deaf to the legitimate concerns" of communities.
And they say the religious faith of election candidates "should not be treated by opponents as a vulnerability to be exploited".
A letter to parishioners published in the run-up to the 2015 general electionattracted criticism and claims of pro-Labour bias after it called for a review of the UK's nuclear weapons.


A painting by one of the legendary figures of surrealist art has finally been bought after the effects of Brexit put the sale at risk.

The price of Message of the Forest, painted by Czech artist Toyen in 1936, kept fluctuating as a result of a weakening pound against the dollar.
The Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art bought it from American collectors.
The cost rose from £420,000 to £486,448 after the Brexit vote.
When the Art Fund, the national fundraising charity for art, heard the price had risen, it increased its funding from £100,000 to £150,000 so the painting could be bought.
The Walton Fund gave £266,449.
It is the first Toyen work to enter a British collection.
It went on display at the gallery in Edinburgh on Tuesday.
Patrick Elliott, the gallery's senior curator, told BBC Scotland he was "very thrilled" to have secured the work.
He said: "The quality is an absolute knockout so I'm very thrilled.
"It was quite a battle that started about a year ago.
"On the day of the Brexit vote all the papers were saying no exit and I saw the pound started to rise as I was keeping an eye on it.
"Then the next day it just plummeted and so the price of the painting for us with the exchange rate went from £420,000 to £460,000 and then it just kept going up and and up and up.
"I contacted Art Fund to tell them what had happened and they very generously gave us the difference to cover the extra costs because they said it would be a shame to lose it because of a fluctuating pound."
Stephen Deuchar, Art Fund director, added: 'This haunting work is an excellent addition to the SNGMA's exceptional collection of surrealist art.
"There are no other paintings by Toyen or the Czech Surrealists in any other UK public collection, so we are very pleased to be supporting such an important acquisition, for both the museum and its visitors.


Dozens of passengers were unable to travel from Belfast to the US on Saturday after Norwegian cancelled their flight.

Some passengers learned of the cancellation after they had checked in at Belfast International Airport.
The low-cost airline apologised, saying it was due to staff sickness.
The service has only been running since the start of July and it now offers the only direct transatlantic flights from Belfast.
Patrick Murphy, from north Belfast, was booked on the flight to Providence, in Rhode Island state.
"Our cases were checked in and we got texts from the airline to say it was cancelled," he said.
"Desk staff knew nothing about it and said it must be an administrative error. We've been told some of us may be transferred to the flight to Newark.
"When asked how will you decide who goes, we were told to form a line."
A Norwegian spokesman said: "Passengers are able to rebook free of charge on to another Norwegian flight or if they no longer wish to travel will be given a full refund.
"We would like to sincerely apologise again to passengers for the inconvenience caused."


US sanctions imposed against Russia over its annexation of Crimea are to remain, President Donald Trump says.

Mr Trump tweeted that it would be premature to consider any relaxation "until the Ukrainian and Syrian problems are solved".
The president also said he would work "constructively" with Russia after meeting President Putin last week.
Russia meanwhile has insisted that it will not change its policies in Ukraine and Syria because of the sanctions.
"Our policy on Syria and on Ukraine has never been and will never be determined by the pressure of sanctions applied by the USA," parliamentary international affairs spokesman Konstantin Kosachev said.
He said that US policy towards Russia was not determined by the requirements of international relations but by "the zigzags of US domestic policy and [the] confrontation between [President] Trump and Congress".
US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, who is visiting Ukraine, on Sunday called on Russia to take the "first step" to bring an end to the separatist conflict in the east of the country.
He said the sanctions against Russia would remain "until Moscow reverses their actions".
The secretary of state said it was incumbent on Russia to make sure the Minsk peace agreement, which  for Ukraine was fully implemented.
The war in Ukraine, along with Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 and its military backing of Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad, have strained ties between the two countries.
US Senators last month voted overwhelmingly to impose fresh sanctions on Russia over its alleged interference in last year's US election.
The senators also agreed to set up a process by which Congress could block any attempt by President Trump to scale back the sanctions.


The new EU-US data-sharing agreement will be able to run for at least a year, European regulators have announced.

The Privacy Shield allows companies to transfer personal data from the EU to the United States.
EU governments approved the pact earlier this month, but 28 data protection authorities had yet to comment.
They have now said they will not challenge the deal for at least a year.
This means that no legal objection to the framework will be launched until it has had time to go through its first annual review next summer.
The Privacy Shield replaces an arrangement known as Safe Harbour, which was struck down in October 2015 after leaks showed data was subject to US surveillance.
The legality of existing data sharing agreements used in the interim could be affected by the review, said Isabelle Falque-Pierrotin, who chairs the  French data protection authority,
"If the situation is considered as OK at the first annual review, on the public security side, it is going to have an impact also on the other transfer tools by reaffirming their legal robustness," she told the Reuters news agency.
Regulators were still seeking proof that the US was committed to avoiding indiscriminate surveillance, she added.
Ms Falque-Pierrotin also said that any complaints about how the Privacy Shield was functioning would be dealt with on a "case-by-case" basis.
In February 2016, the EU and US agreed a new pact to make it easy for organisations to transfer data across the Atlantic.
Key points of the agreement are:
Businesses would probably welcome the data watchdogs' decision, said Paul Bernal, a law lecturer and privacy advocate at the University of East Anglia.
"Everyone wants to find a solution," he told the BBC.
However, he said, in his view, the Privacy Shield was "almost certainly inadequate".
Its effectiveness, therefore, would probably be a matter of continuing assessment, he said.
For example, Dr Bernal noted the regulators' requirement that they be provided with sufficient evidence to show that the US was not spying indiscriminately on Europeans' data.
"They could effectively come out against the Privacy Shield either because it's inadequate - or because they're not being given enough information," he said.
The move was welcomed by industry body Digital Europe.
"We agree that the annual review will be a vital point to determine whether the safeguards are effective and make tweaks if necessary," said director general John Higgins.
"We have full confidence that the Privacy Shield will be a success."


The number of lone child asylum-seekers has risen 22-fold in Cambridgeshire, leaving local authorities struggling to cope, it has emerged.

Three years ago Cambridgeshire County and Peterborough City councils were looking after just six children.
They are now responsible for 138 and are having to house them as far away as Nottingham. It is one of the biggest increases in the country.
Peterborough council said the rise was putting a "strain" on its services.
And both Peterborough and Cambridgeshire warn the numbers will rise to help ease pressures in Kent, where about 900 unaccompanied child migrants are currently housed.
Cathy Smith, first response and emergency duty officer at Cambridgeshire County Council, said the county council was only coping with the influx by using out-of-county placements more than 100 miles (160km) away.
"Social workers are often scouring the country trying to find placements for  these young people."
Wali, now 18, arrived on his own in the UK on the back of a lorry from Iran aged 17.
"I was living in Iran and I left because I was having some problems with smugglers who wanted me to work with them.
"I went to Turkey, Bulgaria, Serbia, Austria, Italy and then to France and then to England. There was no-one here for me.
"They gave us clothes and accommodation and I have gone to college. If they did not help we would be homeless people living in the street."
He said he was very grateful for the support he had been given by the authorities since arriving and said without it he would not have been able to cope.
Nicola Curly, assistant director of children's services at Peterborough City Council, said about one in 11 of its children in care was now a migrant.
"These are very traumatised young children," she said. "They have had long and difficult journeys and they need a lot of support when they arrive."
She added: "We have no option when a young person arrives.
"If they need accommodation and support then we have to provide that. It is starting to place a strain on our placement capacity. We are anticipating more children and young people. We have no idea how many."


An heir to the Fiat fortune stands accused of falsely claiming he had been kidnapped by a transgender prostitute.

Lapo Elkann called his family from New York to demand a $10,000 (£8,000) ransom "to guarantee his safety", a US official told the Associated Press.
But having found him in Manhattan, investigators now believe he concocted the story after he ran out of money following a drink and drugs binge.
The grandson of Fiat's Gianni Agnelli is now due in court in January.
Mr Elkann, who was arrested on a misdemeanour charge of falsely reporting an incident, had only arrived in the US last week.
The Italian had told his Instagram followers he was going abroad to pursue "a lot of projects in development... a lot of new ideas" in a rambling video posted on Thursday.
Mr Elkann, dressed in a bright red suit, also said the business trip would bring him into contact with "many very interesting characters".
Instead, media reports in the US and Italy say the 39-year-old spent two days with the woman, before calling his family in order to get more money.
He claimed he had been held in a Manhattan flat from about 17:00 local time on Friday, until police arrested him outside a public housing complex at about 02:00 local time on Sunday.
Mr Elkann - who made headlines in Italy in 2005 after he was hospitalized for a drug overdose in Turin - runs a company called Italia Independent.
He has not yet returned a message seeking comment from AP. His publicist, Alessia Margiotta Broglio, declined to comment.
Lapo Elkann is the great-great-grandson of Giovanni Agnelli, who funded Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, or Fiat, in Turin, Italy, in 1899.
His mother is Countess Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen, daughter of the late Gianni Agnelli, said to have been the richest Italian businessman in recent history.
The Agnelli family not only own Fiat, but also Turin newspaper La Stampa and football club Juventus.
But despite being part of the shareholding family, Mr Elkann - whose father Alain is an American-born author - is not involved in the family business. Instead, his brother John Elkann was chosen as heir to his grandfather on Mr Agnelli's death in 2003.
However, the family wealth has made them the equivalent of royalty in Italy, and Mr Elkann is regularly pictured at social events, including the wedding of Pierre Casiraghi, son of Princess Caroline of Monaco, in 2015.


In the summer of 1978, at the tender age of 10, Lisa Fagan packed her bags along with 170 other youngsters and headed to the mid-western state of Minnesota.

She was going to stay with the Kaphingst family - Pat, her husband Harry, and daughter Amy, who was also 10.
It was the beginning of what Pat described and an "everlasting friendship" between the two, a friendship that began 39 years ago in the US and came full circle on Tuesday when the pair reunited in Belfast.
Lisa came to their meeting prepared with a very treasured possession - a yellowing, sellotaped scrapbook that contained every detailed accounts and mementoes of the 50 days she spent in the United States.
She had meticulously kept airplane tickets, zoo brochures, hotel stationary and postcards from her trip, before painstakingly handwriting accounts to go alongside each one.
In her neatest 10-year-old's handwriting, she told of how she'd learnt to swim, gone to the movies for the first time, water fights and barbeques on the lake.
In her words: "Something exciting happened every day."
Now, in a Belfast hotel foyer with Lisa's seven-year-old twin girls looking on, she and Pat, now 77, began to slowly make their way through the scrapbook.
They came across a page with a description of Lisa's host family, under the title My Opinion of Pat.
Lisa described her foster mother as "kind, generous and very pretty, with shoulder-length brown hair". The house was "beautiful with very expensive furnishings".
Pat listened intently to the description. The verdict? "It's pretty accurate!" she said.
Laughing throughout their time together, Pat said the young girl from Ballynahinch was in no way homesick and had no problems speaking her mind.
Pat recalled that when the young Lisa asked to go places, she had explained that their family were not that rich - to which the 10-year-old replied: "Well, what are you?"
Both women said those seven weeks they spend together had a long-lasting impact on their lives.
Lisa described it as a "life-changing experience" that gave her "so much confidence". No-one in her family had ever been to the United States a fact that, Lisa said, made her "unbearable" when she returned home.
She travelled along with 170 others as part of the Sarah Hughes American Holiday of Irish Children Foundation.
During the 1970s and 1980s, thousands of youngsters from across Northern Ireland travelled on similar sponsored holidays to the US as a way of getting away from the Troubles.
As Tuesday's reunion showed, that trip turned into a friendship for Lisa and Pat that has endured across distance and time.


More than £10,000 was taken in a raid on an ATM at a Co-op store on the outskirts of Aberdeen, it has emerged.

Police were called to the Kingswells store in the early hours of Monday morning.
The incident left the ATM badly damaged.
Police Scotland said a low five-figure sum had been taken.


Reading have made their first signing ahead of the 2017-18 season after agreeing a three-year deal with midfielder Pelle Clement from Ajax.

The Dutchman, 21, joins last season's beaten Championship play-off finalists for an undisclosed fee.
Clement is a graduate from the Ajax academy and made his senior debut for the club last season in the Dutch Cup.
"He is a young, very promising player with a good personality," Reading manager Jaap Stam said.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Ian Bell found some form ahead of the new domestic season as his 66 helped the MCC to a four-wicket win over Yorkshire in the Champion County match.

The new Warwickshire captain, who has said he wants his place back in England's Test side, struck 10 fours in his 134-ball innings as the MCC chased down a target of 256 in Abu Dhabi.
Earlier, Yorkshire, who resumed on 239-7, were bowled out for 299.
Essex batsman Tom Westley also made 58 as the MCC reached 257-6.
Bell, who has 118 Test caps, was dropped by England for their winter tour of South Africa before being named Warwickshire skipper in January.
The 33-year-old, captaining the MCC side, looked in fine touch before he was dismissed by teenage spinner Karl Carver for the second time in the match when he skied him to Alex Lees at mid-off.
Bell's wicket left the MCC 199-5, still needing 57 for victory, but Warwickshire team-mate Rikki Clarke (33) and Ben Foakes (32 not out) helped them home.
The 2016 County Championship campaign gets under way on Sunday, 10 April, with Yorkshire's first game against Hampshire at Headingley starting on 17 April.
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The Chief Crown Prosecutor for North West England is to step down as part of a savings push, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) said.

Nazir Afzal has led several high-profile prosecutions, including ex-broadcaster Stuart Hall's trial.
The Manchester Evening News reported Mr Afzal was recently cleared of an allegation he sent a text message to a defendant in a court case.
He told the paper the decision to leave was a "long-planned move".
A CPS spokesman said: "We are continuing to reduce the number of staff employed across the organisation and Nazir Afzal is leaving the service as part of this on-going drive for efficiency.
"This is entirely unrelated to any issue of conduct and we are satisfied that there has been no impropriety on the part of Mr Afzal."


Firefighters were called to the headquarters of Durham Police following an explosion in the building.

Staff at the force's control centre at Aykley Heads, on the outskirts of Durham City, reported a "small explosion" in the early hours.
Nobody was injured in the blast, which was believed to have been caused by a lithium battery overheating.
A spokesman for the force said that fire crews were able to quickly contain the blaze.


More than 40 men have been arrested in Nigeria over the weekend for performing homosexual acts, police say.

They are due to appear in court later.
Nigerian newspaper Punch reports that the police raided a hotel in Lagos State on Saturday afternoon and says the hotel was cordoned off while the investigation was carried out.
Homosexual acts are punishable by up to 14 years in jail in Nigeria, while gay marriage and displays of same-sex affection are also banned.
Chris Ewokor, BBC Africa, Abuja
Nigeria has an influential Christian evangelical movement in the south and strong support for Islamic law in the north, both of which oppose homosexuality.
Since Nigeria passed a law criminalising same sex marriage and gay organisations in 2013, law enforcement agents have cracked down on people suspected of homosexuality. However, arrests are infrequent as homosexual people live in hiding.
Gay people live in fear and cannot openly express their sexual orientation. They are not protected by any law so they face discrimination.
Northern states under Sharia - Islamic religious law - have the death penalty for people convicted of same-sex offences which in other states carry a 14-year jail term.
This is not the first arrest for engaging in acts of homosexuality but so far prosecutions have never ended in prison.
Same-sex relations are explicitly banned in 72 countries, according to the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA).
The number of states that criminalise same-sex relations is decreasing annually, though, with Belize and the Seychelles repealing such laws last year.
Nigeria is one of a small number of countries which has gone against a global trend.
The country has had a ban on gay relationships since 1901, and in 2013 also outlawed same-sex marriages, gay groups and shows of same-sex public affection.


A mental health crisis line in Norfolk, threatened with closure, has won a reprieve.

The support line, run by staff from the charity Mind, received more than 6,000 calls in its first six months.
It was due to close this month after the local NHS clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) failed to agree to a way of funding it.
Now the Norfolk and Suffolk Foundation Trust (NSFT) is to pay for the service, until at least the end of the year.
The helpline offers support to existing NSFT service users over the age of 18 or those who were discharged up to 12 months ago, to avoid a mental health crisis occurring or escalating.
About 90% of callers to NSFT's crisis team are from people who know they need support but are not in crisis - so many can be helped before their issues become too serious.
Michael Scott, chief executive at NSFT, said: "The helpline has been a great benefit to our service users and we know that local feeling ran very high when it looked like it may close."
Amanda Hedley, chief executive at Norwich and Central Norfolk Mind, said: "This is really, really great news for Mind, the trust and above all those who have found the helpline to be an invaluable lifeline."
Mind will be looking at ways to raise additional funds to further enhance the helpline, she added.
The pilot project was launched by former health minister, North Norfolk Lib Dem MP Norman Lamb, in January this year.
Earlier in the month a new mental health telephone helpline for patients in west Norfolk was announced.
It was developed jointly by West Norfolk CCG, West Norfolk Mind and NSFT.
The service in King's Lynn, which goes live in September, will provide west Norfolk patients with help and support closer to home from Monday to Friday between 08:00 and 20:00.


A man who attempted to rape a girl and raped three women has had his minimum jail term reduced by appeal judges.

John MacIntosh, of Dingwall, challenged the discretionary life sentence he was given in 2014 which ordered that he serve at least 10 years.
Judges at the Court of Criminal Appeal in Edinburgh have imposed an Order for Lifelong Restriction (OLR) on him.
They ordered that he must serve at least seven years in jail before he becomes eligible to apply for parole.
MacIntosh's counsel Claire Mitchell argued that judges at the Court of Criminal Appeal in Edinburgh could deal with him by imposing an extended sentence - involving a determinate jail sentence and a further period of supervision - and that it was not necessary for the court to impose an OLR on him.
Under an OLR the court imposes a minimum term to be served, known as a punishment part, but the offender would only be released when the parole board considers he no longer poses a threat to the community.
The Lord Justice Clerk, Lady Dorrian, sitting with Lord Menzies and Lord Drummond Young, said they could not agree with the submission that MacIntosh's risk could be adequately managed through an extended sentence.
The judges imposed an OLR on him, but ordered that he must serve a seven-year minimum period in jail before he becomes eligible to apply for parole.
Lady Dorrian said they would give reasons in detail in writing for their decision in due course.
MacIntosh was found guilty at the High Court in Aberdeen of raping three women and sexually assaulting and attempting to rape a nine-year-old girl.
The offences happened in the Inverness and Dingwall areas between 1996 and 2004.
He had previously been jailed for having sex with girls aged 13 and 14.


Wales will lose more than a quarter of its MPs under a review of boundaries.

The number will fall from 40 to 29 at the next general election as the UK total is cut from 650 to 600.
Rules require broadly equal numbers of voters in each constituency, with seats in Wales currently having fewer voters on average than those in England.
Changes which would have cut the number of Welsh MPs from 40 to 30 were blocked by the Lib Dems in 2013 after an outcry from Labour.
The revised proposals released on Wednesday are based on new figures on the electoral register.
The Boundary Commission for Wales said it would publish "initial proposals" for Welsh constituencies later in 2016, to be followed by a period of consultation.
The average size of the electorate per constituency across the UK is 74,769, with the electorate of each constituency having to be within 5% of that - meaning each must have between 71,031 and 78,507 voters.
Under the proposals, England will lose 32 MPs, Northern Ireland one and Scotland six to create a smaller House of Commons.
Labour's Shadow Welsh Secretary Nia Griffith said the "substantial cut" in the number of Welsh MPs would "lessen Wales' voice in Westminster at exactly the same time that government policies are hitting the communities we represent".
"If the Conservatives were serious about cutting the cost of politics they would cut the number of unelected peers in the House of Lords, which has ballooned in size with 236 new peers appointed since David Cameron became prime minister," she said.
Plaid Cymru MP Jonathan Edwards MP said: "Westminster will still be responsible for major areas of policy affecting Wales, and our nation will have less of a voice if these proposals go through.
"Unless those major policy areas are devolved, it is a disgrace that our nation should have its voice at Westminster muted in this way."
Scotland previously saw a cut from 72 MPs to 59 at the 2005 general election in response to the shift of powers since devolution.


A former police officer is one of five people who have been convicted of massive mortgage fraud worth £20m.

Antony Lowry-Huws, 63, from Kinmel Bay near Rhyl, was described as the driving force behind the scams which took five years to bring to court.
He was found guilty of conspiracy to defraud, alongside his wife, a Conwy business partner, a Flintshire solicitor and a Lancashire surveyor.
The five will be sentenced in September.
The convictions follow a five-month trial in which the jury had to consider 50,000 items of evidence.
The court was told that Lowry-Huws, along with his four co-defendants, had duped mortgage lenders into handing over thousands of pounds on properties across north Wales.
Co-conspirator Frank Edward Darlington, from Barnoldswick in Lancashire, acted as the surveyor in the transactions, providing false property valuations and rental income figures.
Solicitor Nicholas John Jones, 53, based in Flint at the time, carried out the conveyancing work and submitted the fraudulent mortgage applications.
The scams were backed by Lowry-Huws' business partner, property speculator Sheila Rose Whalley from Llanfairtalhaiarn in the Conwy Valley, and also by Lowry-Huws' wife Susan.
In total, 189 mortgage applications were made between May 2003 and June 2008.
The prosecution said the deceit was achieved by inflating the actual value of the property used as security, hiding the fact that in some cases no deposit was put down, or inflating the rental income potential to make the mortgage rate more acceptable.
In some cases the apartments on which mortgages were advanced simply did not exist.
Judge Rhys Rowlands told Antony Lowry-Huws, Darlington and Whalley that they had acted out of "pure greed and nothing more", and warned them to expect "fairly significant" prison sentences.
He said he accepted that Susan Lowry-Huws had been acting under the influence of her husband, and that would be taken in to account during sentencing.
But he told solicitor Nicholas Jones: "Sadly, the same cannot be said for you.
"You plainly knew what was going on.
"An additional feature in your case is that it is a very clear breach of trust that you owed to the lenders, which you breached."
All five were granted bail to await sentencing, under the condition that they surrender their passports and are subject to a curfew monitored by electronic tagging.
The judge thanked the jurors for their diligence in considering the case and said he would excuse them from ever serving on a jury again.
Responding to the convictions, a spokesperson for North Wales Police said: "North Wales Police welcome the verdicts of guilty on individuals convicted of this substantial mortgage fraud, one of the largest investigations of this nature ever to be conducted in England and Wales.
"The investigation took almost five years to complete and get through trial.
"It is inappropriate at this stage to say more save to say thank you to all members of the investigative and prosecution team for their dedication and hard work on a very challenging inquiry."
A second surveyor - George Walker, 58, of Colwyn Bay - was found not guilty of any involvement by the jury.
All defendants denied conspiring to defraud and conspiring to falsify documents between May 2003 and June 2008 to induce false finance and mortgage payments.


A cyclist has set a new world record for female riders by covering 32,326 miles (52,025 km) in 12 months.

Kajsa Tylen, 40, from Nottingham, broke Billie Fleming's 1938 record of 29,604 miles (47,642 km) on 24 November, but continued cycling until the end of the year.
She has cycled every day since 1 January riding across England and parts of mainland Europe.
She says she took on the challenge to inspire people to do more exercise.
Ms Tylen has built up the miles by riding from her home in Nottingham as well as taking part in events across the country.
For the last day, she left home and finished at Leisure Lakes Bikes in Breaston, Derbyshire.
The business analyst, originally from Sweden, battled through illness, bad weather and muscular pain to surpass Ms Fleming's record.
Find out how to get into cycling with our special guide.
Ms Tylen, who took a year off work, said: "It's not sunk in yet and I don't think it ever will it's a such a ridiculously big number to have ridden.
"I always knew I'd finish it unless I got injured or ill, but sometimes I wanted to pack it all in.
"I had to write event logs and I've got notes on the back on them and on some I've just written "why am I doing this?".
She cycled across Europe, battling through strong headwinds and heavy rain.
In Scandinavia, in the summer, she rode through the night while the sun was still visible, an experience she described as "spectacular".
Her achievement is expected to be verified with Guinness World Records at a later date.
US cyclist Amanda Coker also claims to have broken Billie Fleming's record, but has been riding to a different set of rules.
She is allowed to slipstream other riders and use a different bicycle if she wishes, while Ms Tylen cannot.
Who was Billie Fleming?
Source: Cycling Weekly


It's strange to go to the cinema and come out feeling like you've seen an utterly brilliant film and a truly awful film at the same time - but the new Baywatch really does tick both boxes.

There's no getting away from it - the big-screen adaptation of the 1990s TV series is simply two hours of pure entertainment.
The action sequences are huge, the soundtrack is awesome, and the people are ludicrously good looking.
But it's also just totally ridiculous, which may not surprise those who have seen the trailer. Or read the somewhat less-than-kind reviews.
Dwayne Johnson - the highest paid (and most annoyingly likeable) movie star in the world - takes the lead in the reboot as Mitch alongside Zac Efron, who plays Brody.
Kelly Rohrbach, Alexandra Daddario and Priyanka Chopra also star, and there are, most importantly, cameo appearances from David Hasselhoff and Pamela Anderson.
(I would've thought they'd want to keep those as a surprise, personally, but their names appear in giant letters at the beginning alongside the rest of the cast.)
But this incarnation of Baywatch is much more knowing and tongue-in-cheek than it was in Hasselhoff and Anderson's day.
The film itself is long - presumably to allow for the slow-motion button to be used to its full potential when any character is running down the shoreline.
Those who lived through the TV show will remember the appeal of such bouncy scenes, which were a key part of helping the series become a worldwide phenomenon.
And a phenomenon it was. Baywatch became the most-watched television show in the world at the time and represented a huge cultural shift.
Anderson was the embodiment of a look which rose to prominence in the 90s - skinny, blonde, and enhanced by plastic surgery.
But strangely, the show arguably also had a moral compass, which may help explain why it got its early evening slot on TV.
The lifeguards were portrayed as something of a family, working as a cohesive team and looking out for each other while saving lives.
A lot of the storylines felt wholesome and saw characters doing the "right thing" - an odd juxtaposition with the highly sexualised elements of the series.
Mitch's relationship with his son is a good example - Hasselhoff's character is seen as a model single father to Hobie, doing his best to raise him with good morals and life skills despite the absence of the boy's mother.
But in many other ways, Baywatch is rather problematic.
It goes without saying that, in real life, very few of us indeed look as good as the Baywatch lifeguards as they dash down the beach in their orange swimsuits.
The male characters played by Johnson and Efron are muscular to a borderline unhealthy degree, while the women are tanned, big-chested and and impossibly skinny.
Nearly 30 years on from the show's TV premiere, you'd like to think we've come further than still accepting these as beauty ideals.
Stars such as Lena Dunham and Sarah Hyland have started to hit back at "body shaming" in recent years - a term which barely existed when the TV show aired.
Social media has helped drive a movement of being proud of who you are and how you look, and there's now a bigger fightback against the concept of the "perfect" body than there ever was in the 90s.
But you get the impression that everyone involved in the project totally gets and even embraces how unrealistic some elements of Baywatch are.
And at least the film knows how to make fun of itself.
Mitch mocks Brody's boyband-level good looks throughout the film, referring to him invariably as "One Direction", "Bieber", and "High School Musical" instead of by his actual name.
And at one point, Brody tells Mitch that the concept of lifeguards investigating crimes "sounds like an entertaining but far-fetched TV show".
But does such a show still have a place in 2017? Realistically, it probably shouldn't.
We arguably should be over beautiful people running along a shoreline making immature jokes and getting involved in such obviously contrived storylines.
Since the TV series, life has happened. The internet has happened. Our tastes should have become more refined as the amount of choice available to consumers has exploded.
But Baywatch remains stupidly entertaining, one of those junk food films which is perfectly enjoyable provided you aren't going in expecting to see the next best picture winner.
You might feel guilty watching it, but the 2017 incarnation of Baywatch is, quite simply, unfiltered escapism - and there are far worse things in the world than that.
Baywatch is released in UK cinemas on 29 May.
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A "predatory" paedophile who kidnapped and sexually assaulted a 10-year-old boy he held prisoner in a cupboard has been jailed indefinitely.

Michael Jackson, who had tied up the boy, was arrested last November after the child was found at his flat in Oldbury, West Midlands.
The abduction and abuse sparked mass street protests across Oldbury.
Wolverhampton Crown Court heard Jackson, 50, also abducted a girl, 11, in the West Midlands in September 2011.
Det Ch Insp Gary Booth said the cases had left the victims and their families "traumatised" and they were still recovering a year on.
He said: "This time last year we had two normal children. They are now introverted and they don't like going out alone."
Judge Martin Walsh ordered Jackson to serve at least seven years before being eligible to apply for parole.
Jackson, from Bristnall Hall Road, pleaded guilty in May to abducting the girl. He admitted charges including sexual assault, false imprisonment and kidnap relating to the boy's disappearance.
Hundreds of people held demonstrations in the local area after his arrest, calling for action to protect local children from paedophiles.
The judge told Jackson: "I am satisfied that had [the boy] not escaped, he would have been subjected to further serious sexual abuse or worse.
"He was, fortuitously, able to escape from the cupboard. When he entered the bedroom, he saw a knife, pliers and a hammer - articles he believed would be used to kill him.
"It is simply impossible to imagine the sheer terror experienced by that young child as a result of your actions."
West Midlands Police said the boy had failed to return home after walking to a shop. His mother then called police and a search started.
The force said neighbours also helped with the hunt and less than two hours later police broke into the flat and found the boy.
His hands had been bound but he had managed to escape from a cupboard and moved towards a window in the flat, where he was spotted by a woman looking for him.
Jackson repeatedly threatened to kill the boy, who was abducted in an alleyway, and held him prisoner in the cupboard during a three-hour ordeal.
The Sandwell United Parents group said it was "delighted" with the sentence.
The group was formed almost 12 months ago in response to the kidnappings and its members included family of the victims.
Secretary Sue Cadman said she hoped the sentence would allow the family and friends of the victims to move on with their lives, which had been "on hold" during the case.
Ms Cadman said the group would continue to work with the police to promote safety, both online and on the streets for youngsters in the Sandwell area.
Police chiefs praised the group's work to improve communications between residents and officers.
Ms Cadman said the sentence was all about offering the families involved a chance to "rebuild their lives knowing he [Jackson] can't hurt a child again".
He gagged and bound the victim with tape and a rope, placed a craft knife near him and warned him his father would be murdered, the court heard.
Debi Gould, prosecuting, said the boy had been found after Jackson had left the flat in an attempt to construct an alibi.
Miss Gould told the court: "The defendant said [to the boy], 'Don't bother screaming or you are dead - it's time to die if you make a noise'."
She said Jackson had put a pillowcase over the boy's head and had also told him he would never see his mother again.
The two children were now struggling to sleep and socialise, the court heard.
Det Ch Insp Booth said the case had been "totally shocking" and "horrific" and described Jackson as a "serial predator who preys on young children".
Jackson, who was originally called Albert English, was convicted of two indecent assaults in the early 1980s and jailed for 30 months.
Defence lawyer John Attwood said Jackson, who was unemployed and claiming disability benefits, had been receiving treatment under the Mental Health Act.
Judge Walsh stressed it was likely to be "very many years, if ever" before Jackson was judged safe to be freed from prison.


Cameroon's Sebastien Siani believes video assistant referees (VAR) will improve football after seeing them in action at the Confederations Cup.

The African champions lost 2-0 to Chile in their opening match on Sunday in Russia but only after their opponents had a goal ruled out by the VAR.
The Belgium-based midfielder says players want to see new systems that make the game fairer.
"If we can make it a little bit faster it will be good for football," he said.
"It's the future. Sometimes we need technology and this can help."
Chile ultimately took the points with two late goals and the second strike was only confirmed after a video review.
However some of the crowd were left confused after the scoreboard at the Spartak Stadium in Moscow flashed up a message saying "incident under review" even thought the referee had validated the goal.
"It was a little bit confusing but we have to accept it," Siani added.
Portugal's Pepe saw a goal ruled out earlier in the day following a VAR review, with the European Champions going on to concede a last minute equaliser to Mexico.
Last December's Club World Cup was the first tournament where video assistants were able to help referees with decisions on goals, penalties, red cards and cases of mistaken identity.
Fifa confirmed in April they will be using the technology at next year's World Cup in Russia.


Keith Vaz was Labour's youngest MP when he was elected in 1987, and he has become one of Britain's best-known politicians.

As chairman of the influential Home Affairs Select Committee, he regularly questions senior figures and leads inquiries on issues including immigration, policing and counter-terrorism.
He has a high profile in the UK media, regularly commenting on stories ranging from Brexit and drug laws to refugees and the ongoing inquiry into child sexual abuse.
But he is also controversial, with critics branding him a self-publicist and calling him a "Teflon" politician for his perceived ability to emerge unscathed from scandals.
Mr Vaz's parents were from Goa in India, but he was born in Aden, a British colony which is now part of Yemen, in 1956.
He moved to Britain in 1965 and later studied law at Cambridge University before becoming a lawyer.
When he became an MP at the age of 30, his website says, he was the first person of Asian origin elected to the House of Commons since 1922.
He has represented Leicester East ever since, and his parliamentary roles have included serving as minister for Europe under Tony Blair.
Mr Vaz, who is married and has two children, was elected Home Affairs Select Committee chairman in 2007 and has attracted both praise and criticism for his work in this role.
The Independent has called him an "accomplished political operator", though it also said he has been "vilified as a chronic self-publicist".
"No matter how much judicious chairmanship he can boast of at the Home Affairs Select Committee, he is best known for inviting Russell Brand along to talk about drugs and call him 'mate'," it added.
Mr Vaz has been referred to in the media as the "Teflon" politician and "Vazeline" - because, in the words of the Telegraph, "nothing sticks".
The paper said he was "seemingly able to brush aside scandals that would have quickly ended careers for others".
In 2001, he was accused of wrongdoing over his dealings with the billionaire Hinduja brothers.
Some of the claims against him were dismissed, but he was suspended from the House of Commons for a month for "serious breaches of the MPs' code of conduct".
In 2009, Mr Vaz repaid Â£18,949 in expenses amid the scandal over claims made by MPs.
He was criticised for claiming more than Â£75,000 to fund a second home in Westminster, despite having a family home just 12 miles away in Stanmore.
In a statement about his repaid claims, Mr Vaz said he had stopped all claims for food and, after feedback from his constituents, had decided only to claim when Parliament was in session.
Despite the negative headlines, his media touch is undeniable.
Few politicians would be comfortable dancing Gangnam Style for the cameras, or telling Parliament that Gary Lineker should keep his promise to present Match of the Day in his pants.
Mr Vaz, who is diabetic, is a long-standing campaigner on a variety of issues including obesity.
In his home affairs role, he is a frequent critic of the government and other authorities.
He has criticised the "shocking" lack of diversity in the police, said the UK Border Agency was "not fit for purpose" and said files on child sexual abuse had been lost "on an industrial scale".
In 2014, he said the UK's immigration system was in "intensive care".
Mr Vaz said the UK's vote to leave the EU was a "crushing decision" which would have catastrophic consequences for the country and the European bloc.


Human remains found in the wreck of the Costa Concordia are believed to be the last victim of the cruise ship's 2012 capsize, Italian officials have said.

Workers for the salvage firm recovered the body from a cabin and handed it to the authorities to be identified.
They believe it is Indian waiter Russel Rebello, the last of 32 victims to be recovered from the wreck.
The cruise ship partially sank in January 2012 after it hit a reef off the Italian island of Giglio.
The Concordia was finally raised from the sea in July and towed to Genoa to be scrapped.
The captain, Francesco Schettino, is on trial for manslaughter and abandoning ship, charges he denies.
This is the third time local officials have said Mr Rebello's remains might have been found.
Tests on the other two occasions determined that the remains were not his.
This time, his brother Kevin said on Facebook he believed Russel was now coming home to India.
"I promised my family that I would bring back home my brother some day. When was the biggest question," he said.
"Finally, my younger brother's body has been found.
"Thanks to everyone who prayed and believed that one day he would be found."


Swindon Town have signed Norwich City keeper Jake Kean on an initial seven-day emergency loan after receiving special Football League dispensation.

Both the League One club's senior stoppers, Lawrence Vigouroux and Tyrell Belford, are sidelined with injuries.
Kean, 25, made five appearances on loan at Colchester earlier this season.
Meanwhile, head coach Luke Williams has confirmed forwards Jonathan Obika and Nicky Ajose and midfielder Yaser Kasim are all close to returns from injury.
"I think it would be a big boost to see some of those boys involved or even just in the changing rooms," Williams told BBC Wiltshire.
"We were in very good form and we've had the stuffing knocked out of us, losing some key players."
Swindon are without a win in seven games since boss Williams signed a five-year deal as the club's boss in March.
He also confirmed that six of the club's players have been given time off from training since last weekend, to recover from their recent schedule.
"If you look at the schedule recently, some of the players that have been off, they needed that," Williams said.
"A few players had been carrying the burden heavily. I'm hoping they come back and feel a little fitter, stronger and more prepared."
Swindon, who are six points above the relegation zone, host Bury on Saturday before travelling to Walsall on 19 April.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Chris Powell hopes Derby County can emulate his ex-club Leicester City's achievements as the East Midlands duo prepare for Friday's FA Cup meeting.

Shock 2015-16 Premier League winners City also have a Champions League last-16 tie with Sevilla on the horizon.
Rams assistant boss Powell told BBC Radio Derby: "The season they had was quite unique, it won't happen again.
"They're now having their Champions League excursion and that's something we aspire to."
Powell, who reached the quarter-finals of the FA Cup as a Derby player in 1997, ended his career with Leicester in 2010, before briefly being part of the Foxes' coaching staff.
He is excited by the prospect of facing the Foxes on Friday and said their current struggles, coupled with Derby's home advantage and impressive form in the Championship, made the televised tie a tight one.
The Rams have lost just three of their matches since Steve McClaren became boss in October, while Leicester have lost 11 of their 22 Premier League matches this season.
"It's going to be some game," Powell added. "People may say Leicester are the favourites. But with home advantage, and what Leicester are going through, it's an opportunity for us to take advantage."
After stints in charge of Charlton and Huddersfield, Powell returned to Derby in May as number two to Nigel Pearson and retained that role when McClaren took over.
Having been a player, coach and caretaker-manager of both East Midlands rivals, Powell said he could see parallels between the clubs.
"For passion, and for supporting your team, they are very similar," he said prior to the fourth-round tie at Pride Park. "Up until quite recently, their history was kind of similar as well.
"But of course Leicester have surpassed what most clubs, apart from the traditionally big clubs, have done."


Ulster's director of rugby Les Kiss says Ireland can still mount a strong defence of their Six Nations title despite the struggles of the country's provincial teams in Europe this season.

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No Irish province has reached the knockout stages of the European Cup for the first time since 1997-98.
However, Kiss believes the Irish can still challenge strongly to win a third straight Six Nations title.
"I think you will see some good (Irish) performances," added the Ulster boss.
Kiss has extensive knowledge of the Joe Schmidt's current Ireland set-up having worked as his assistant before moving to take the Ulster role after the World Cup three months ago.
"When you pull on the Irish jersey, you become part of a good collective like we've been.
"I think we've got some great players in the country and without a doubt, we will see that in the Six Nations."
Kiss acknowledges that Ireland will face a "difficult opener" against Wales in Dublin on 7 February but he remains optimistic about the prospects for Schmidt's side with players such as Jared Payne and Robbie Henshaw coming back to fitness after missing much of the recent provincial campaigns.
"I know the boys and how they will be building up to the Six Nations.
"I expect it will be a tough campaign but there are a lot of positives to take into the season with some players coming back into form."
Kiss' Ulster side rounded off the European Champions Cup Pool 4 campaign with a 56-3 win over Oyonnax on Saturday but it didn't prove enough to earn them one of the best three runners-up spots which would have secured a quarter-final place.
Ultimately, Ulster's failure to notch a losing bonus point in the two defeats by Saracens cost them a last-eight spot even though they managed impressive home and away wins over Toulouse.
"We missed a point here or there during the campaign and we had to rely and wait on other people doing a job for us at the weekend and that wasn't ideal," said Kiss.
"We're disappointed but by the same token, there is a lot to like about what we did in the campaign which we will take some positives from."
Kiss now wants his team to build on Saturday's impressive eight-try victory over the Top 14 side when they take on Treviso in Italy this weekend.
Ulster will go into Saturday's contest sixth in the table and hoping to push their way upwards in order to make absolutely certain of a European Champions Cup spot for next season.
As it stands, Ulster are in a qualifying position - but only just - as the seven qualifiers from the Pro12 for next year's European competition must also include the leading Italian outfit, who currently are 10th-place Zebre.
"The next six games are very important in the context of the Pro12," added Kiss.
"To position ourselves, we have to start well against Treviso. The intensity we brought out the other day against Oyonnax has to be replicated."


Butterflies in the UK are facing "a vital" period following a worrying decline in their numbers, naturalist Sir David Attenborough has warned.

The TV broadcaster said some of the UK's most common species have suffered "significant declines" in recent years.
Many have experienced "several poor years", he added, due to cold weather and with their habitats under threat.
Warm weather this year has given some species, such as the meadow brown and red admiral "a good start", he said.
More than three quarters of the UK's butterflies have declined in the last 40 years, with numbers falling quicker in towns and cities, experts say.
Sir David, president of Butterfly Conservation, said that despite a warm summer last year, species like the small tortoiseshell, peacock, meadow brown and gatekeeper had seen numbers fall due to a warm winter and a subsequent cold spring.
"Worryingly, we are now seeing the fortunes of some of our once common butterflies mirror those of our rarest species and they too are now also suffering significant declines with butterflies declining more rapidly in urban areas than in the countryside," Sir David added.
"In the last decade our butterflies have experienced several poor years and although resilient, they simply cannot sustain repeated losses, especially if the habitats they need in order to rebuild their populations are also under threat."
He said 2017 has been a good year for species so far, but added: "Butterflies really need this to continue."
Sir David urged members of the public to take part in the annual Big Butterfly Count to see if common species can bounce back this year.


The US car industry is booming once more, and here in Detroit, the gloom - and then brittle optimism - that once permeated North America's biggest car show has faded into a more relaxed confidence.

Sales at the so-called Detroit big three - that's Ford, General Motors and Chrysler (now owned by the Italian firm Fiat) - have rebounded as the US economy has recovered, and 2015 looks to be even better.
"There is an exuberance back in the industry - happy days are here again," says industry analyst Michelle Krebs, director of automotive relations at the AutoTrader Group.
But with opportunity has once more come, if not hubris, than at least the possibility of it.
Plunging oil prices have made US car buyers flock once more to large trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) - and away from the hybrid and electrical vehicles that car makers from General Motors to Toyota have peddled in recent years as economical alternatives.
"Looking at history, you see that when gas prices have gone up historically that's really hurt the car industry, particularly the American car industry," says University of Michigan professor Don Grimes.
"[The big three] have all suffered disproportionately during high prices and have benefitted disproportionately from lower gas prices."
So the question for carmakers in 2015 is, to borrow a sports term, whether to go big once again - or face the possibility of going home.
Sometimes cliches exist for a reason, and this is one of the more powerfully true ones - Americans like big cars.
Sure, while petrol prices were high, they could be reluctantly convinced into buying energy-efficient small cars and hybrids.
But as oil prices have plunged over the past few months, pick-up trucks and SUV sales have grabbed greater market share once more.
This shift has created a strange situation here on the floor of the Cobo Center, where Volkswagen unveiled its latest SUV - the company's first to be made in the US - just as General Motors was preparing to show off its rumoured Chevrolet Bolt, a compact electrical car that can go 200 miles on a single charge.
Nowhere was this split more apparent than on Sunday night at a glitzy Mercedes event at a hotel nearby.
The German car maker unveiled its latest C-350 plug-in hybrid, as well as the 2015 GLE Coupe - one of a slew of so-called "CUVs" (crossover utility vehicles), which are built on a car platform but combine elements of SUVs, and have been particularly popular in the US market.
"The timing couldn't be better - the market for SUVs is only getting stronger," said Mercedes boss Dieter Zetsche, when introducing the vehicles.
GM's Mary Barra best articulated the paradox when she touted the company's commitment to fuel-efficient vehicles, only to acknowledge a few minutes later in response to a BBC question that GM was hoping to boost sales by peddling its midsize pick-up truck to younger buyers.
"The new midsize truck has great value and frankly there's a lot of feedback we're getting that it's pretty darn cool," she said.
So is it feast or famine? A little bit of both, say experts.
"They're responding to political and advertising needs to say that they're going towards fuel-efficient vehicles," explains Prof Grimes.
"They'll sell these cars at an enormous loss and then they'll have their fingers crossed behind their backs and hope to sell a lot of big trucks because they know that's where they get their profits."
As easy as it may be to mock the efforts of US car makers - and, of course, their European counterparts - to have their cake and eat it too, the industry does seem to have genuinely learned from the mistakes of the past.
Nowhere is this more evident than at the Walter P Chrysler Museum, a short drive north of Detroit in Auburn Hills, Michigan.
Brant Rosenbusch, a third-generation Chrysler employee, and the museum's chief curator, met the BBC in the museum's eerily deserted parking lot.
He occupies a strange role, presiding over a vast space that houses more than 300 classic Chrysler cars, but that is no longer open to the public, having been forced to close in the wake of Chrysler's bankruptcy filing and eventual sale to Fiat.
He says that the inability of US car makers to respond to oil shocks, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s, "was a harder lesson here than anywhere".
Chrysler was brought to the brink of bankruptcy in 1979, and was forced to ask for loan guarantees from the US government.
Gesturing to the so-called "K cars" made in the wake of that decision - practical, but boxy and certainly not sexy like the Dodge Challenger muscle car that came before it - Mr Rosenbusch says that US car firms have learned not to move too quickly to indulge in US tastes.
"In the 1950s and the 1960s there was an arrogance that 'we'll tell the public what they want'," he says.
"The industry globally has levelled out more and we are a global company, which really helps - we're on the same playing field as everybody else."
And even if the good-time feeling is once more permeating Detroit, the US government is keen to ensure that hubris will not be able to lead the industry to the brink of destruction once more.
"In the US, automakers have to meet new, more stringent fuel economy standards in 2016 and then even more stringent ones in 2025," points out AutoTrader Group's Ms Krebs.
"That will keep them on course."


Perhaps there was a bit of 'beef' between this cow and policeman in Texas, America.

25 March 2017 Last updated at 11:47 GMT
After following it into a pen, the policeman got out to close the gate hoping the cow would stay inside.
No such luck! The policeman was forced to moooove out the way as the cow stormed out.
Luckily the officer managed to get away in time and no one was hurt.
Footage from Temple Police Department


Former Ghana international Kevin-Prince Boateng has signed a two-year deal with German side Eintracht Frankfurt.

The move comes two days after the 30-year-old ended his contract with Spain's Las Palmas by mutual consent.
Boateng, who was born in Germany, played for Hertha Berlin, Borussia Dormtmund and Schalke in the past.
"We know Kevin's strengths in midfield and are convinced that he can play a key role in our team," Frankfurt sports director Fredi Bobic said.
"Kevin is a winner with endless will."
The season kicks off on Friday with champions Bayern Munich taking on Bayer Leverkusen. Eintracht are in action in Freiburg on


UK Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson has been accused of being "provocative" and "arrogant" after telling Turkey he supports its bid to join the EU.

Senior German member of the European Parliament Manfred Weber said Mr Johnson's comments were "unbelievable" given his warnings about Turkish migrants during the UK's EU referendum.
"I cannot respect him any more, what he is doing in this regard," he added.
Meanwhile, Mr Johnson told MPs UK-EU relations were "excellent".
Mr Weber - head of the centre-right EPP grouping in the European Parliament - was speaking to reporters in Strasbourg about Brexit talks when he turned to Mr Johnson's offer to help Turkey join the EU, an offer made during his September visit to Ankara.
Mr Weber said: "He himself did, in the Brexit campaign, leaflets where he showed Turkey, Syria and Iraq as possible members of the European Union, making people afraid of possible EU migration waves.
"He used it himself, and then, a few weeks afterwards, he is travelling to [Turkish President Recep Tayyip] Erdogan and he is offering support for becoming a member of the European Union - it is unbelievable, it is a provocation and it is arrogant what we hear from him.
"I cannot respect this any more, what he is doing in this regard."
Mr Weber said: "Please step back. It is a question of fairness, of respect. When you want to leave a club, you have no say any more in the long-term future of this club."
Mr Johnson has also faced criticism from other EU member states for comments last week that have been interpreted by some as wanting the UK to stay in the single market while also being able to curb the free movement right of all EU citizens to live and work in the UK.
Asked about the state of Brexit talks, at Foreign Office questions on Tuesday, Mr Johnson said Theresa May had set out very clearly "what we hope to achieve" and that the plan was "eminently achievable".
He said: "More and more of our friends and partners around the EU are seeing the merits of what is being proposed. More and more are excited. And relations, I can tell you, relations are excellent and are getting warmer. Not just in the EU but around the world."
On Tuesday, Mr Weber also met the UK's Brexit Secretary David Davis, for an introductory meeting ahead of the formal negotiations set to begin when Theresa May triggers the two-year UK  exit process in March.
Mr Davis described his meeting with Mr Weber and the European Parliament's lead negotiator on Brexit, Guy Verhofstadt, as a "good start" and spoke of his hope of a Brexit deal that suited the EU, the UK and also met the referendum "requirements", which was taken as meaning curbs on immigration.
But Mr Weber was less enthusiastic, saying that free movement of people was not negotiable, adding: "Today, in my talk with David Davis, unfortunately I haven't really heard anything new. I haven't really heard how the British government want to tackle Brexit or what Brexit really means."
Mr Verhofstadt also tweeted a warning that the EU's values were being threatened from within by "cronies" of President Erdogan, Russian President Vladimir Putin and US President-elect Donald Trump.
"Let's not allow this happen. Let's fight back," he said.
It appeared to be a reference, in part, to UK Independence Party interim leader Nigel Farage, who has spoken admiringly about Mr Putin. Mr Farage is also close to Mr Trump and his entourage.
On Monday, Mr Trump controversially suggested that Mr Farage - a leading Brexiteer - should be appointed UK ambassador to the US. The UK government has dismissed the suggestion.


Foreign-owned shops in South Africa have been attacked and looted in east Johannesburg, the latest in a series of xenophobic attacks.

A standoff developed in the city, with police forming a barrier between an angry crowd and foreign-owned shops.
The violence comes despite Thursday's rally against xenophobia in the coastal city of Durban, and condemnation from President Jacob Zuma.
At least five people have died in anti-foreigner attacks in recent weeks.
Migrants, mostly from other African states and Asia, have moved to South Africa in large numbers since white-minority rule ended in 1994.
Many South Africans accuse them of taking jobs in a country where the unemployment rate is 24%.
A crowd began looting foreign-owned shops in east Johannesburg on Thursday night. About about 200 foreigners took refuge at a police station.
Police fired tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse the looters and arrested 12 people.
A new standoff began in the eastern suburb of Jeppestown on Friday, as police sought to prevent people from attacking more shops.
Police used rubber bullets to disperse a group of migrants in Johannesburg who had armed themselves with machetes for protection.
What I saw when I was going to the shops on Thursday evening, it was so terrible.
A group of men were dropped from a mini bus, and all of them were armed with pangas, a [type of] very big knife.
They started chasing people, throwing stones at them. Some were even knifed.
We had to run for cover. We ended up in the shops, and the owners closed the shops while we were still inside until the police were called.
What I saw was terrifying, and if it continues like this by the time the government wakes up many people will be dead. It is very, very bad.
Africans call for South Africa boycott
The acting Premier of the Gauteng province around Johannesburg, Qedani Mahlangu, called on "each and every South African who's a peace-loving South African to stand up and condemn this."
On Thursday President Zuma condemned the recent xenophobic attacks as "shocking".
"No amount of frustration or anger can justify the attacks on foreign nationals and the looting of their shops," he told parliament on Thursday.
Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini has been accused of fuelling the attacks by saying that foreigners should "go back to their countries". However, he said that his comments had been distorted.
The police have established 24-hour centres to clamp down on attacks on foreign nationals, the BBC's Milton Nkosi in Johannesburg reports.
Several African states have said they are prepared to help their nationals return home.
Amid fears of reprisal attacks, energy and chemical giant Sasol said it would repatriate more than 300 South Africans working in Mozambique.
Official data suggests there are about about two million foreign nationals in South Africa, about 4% of the total population. But some estimates put the number of immigrants at five million.
Many South Africans are against the violence, but are also unhappy with the level of immigration and feel they are being undercut by immigrants from poorer countries, our correspondent adds.
At least 62 people died in xenophobic attacks in South Africa in 2008.
Regional reaction:
"Zimbabwe has to have its economy working again so that its citizens are not hunted like animals in foreign lands. The xenophobia is not only a shame for South Africa, but for the continent at large." - Zimbabwe's Newsday
"As Malawians, let us collectively take a stand to show our anger. For starters, let us boycott South African business empires." - Malawi's Nyasa Times
"The most worrying thing is that all of this in happened South Africa amidst the quasi-indifference from the authorities. It took a dozen days of deadly violence in Durban for the president to be roused to action." - Burkina Faso's L'Observateur
Are you in South Africa? Have you been affected by the recent attacks and protests? You can share your experiences by emailing haveyoursay@bbc.co.uk. If you are available to talk to a BBC journalist please include a telephone number.


Rory McIlroy moved to within a shot of joint leaders Victor Dubuisson and Jaco van Zyl after the third round of the Turkish Airlines Open.

France's Dubuisson carded a 67 to tie with overnight leader Van Zyl of South Africa on 16 under par.
McIlroy carded a third straight five under-par 67 to move to 15 under par with Thailand's Kiradech Aphibarnrat.
The world number three's round included an eagle on the 12th as he bids to win his first title since May.
"The 67s I've shot this week have all been a little different and I feel like I've played within myself for all of them, " said four-time major winner McIlroy of Northern Ireland. "I feel there's a low round out there for me and hopefully it's tomorrow."
McIlroy was level par for the day after 10 holes, dropping his first shots of the week by three-putting the third and 10th, the latter mistake prompting the 26-year-old to throw his putter at his bag.
But he hit back with a birdie on the par-five 11th and a towering four iron from 229 yards on the 13th set up an eagle from just four feet.
The former world number one ruptured a ligament in his left ankle during a game of football with friends in July, ruling him out of several tournaments.
But he returned in time to unsuccessfully defend his US PGA title at Whistling Straits in August and played in three of the FedEx Cup play-off events before starting the new PGA Tour season with a tie for 26th in the Frys.com Open in California.
He is targeting a third Race to Dubai title in four years and leads England's Danny Willett by 271, 214 points with three events remaining after the Turkish Open.
English pair Chris Wood (-13) and Richard Bland (-12) who were tied for second overnight are fifth and seventh respectively.


A 26-year-old man has been seriously sexually assaulted by a group of men.

He was with another 25-year-old man in Greyfriars Road, Reading, when they got into an argument with eight or nine men at about 01:45 BST.
Police said the second victim was punched and a knife was brandished by the group.
The 26-year-old was then chased to Thames Path where he was seriously sexually assaulted.
A Thames Valley Police spokesman said it started when the victims spoke to two men outside the Metro Bank in Broad Street Mall.
Both were white and about 5ft 10ins tall. One was of medium build, in his 20s, and had a thin moustache. The other had very short hair and was wearing a grey tracksuit jumper with a hood.
The victims then walked together along West Street and onto Greyfriars Road, where they were stopped by the two men plus six to seven others.
An argument ensued between the victims and the gang, with one man brandishing a knife.
The 25-year-old victim was then punched by a mixed-race man while the 26-year-old was chased by four white men to Vastern Road where they demanded money.
They walked him to Caversham Road where he made several failed attempts to withdraw money from a cash point before running away and being chased to Thames Path.
Det Insp David Turton said: "These are two extremely serious offences which are being thoroughly investigated."


Preparations for the refloat of the 17,000-tonne grounded rig Transocean Winner have been continuing.

The drilling rig came ashore at Dalmore, near Carloway on Lewis, during a storm almost two weeks ago. It was being towed from Norway to Malta.
Those involved in the operation to salvage the rig suggested the structure might be refloated over the weekend.
However, they stressed that this would only happen if it was deemed safe to do so.
Over the past few days equipment to improve the buoyancy and stability of Transocean Winner has been brought on board the structure.
More than 12,000 gallons (56,000 litres) of diesel oil were lost from two tanks on the Transocean Winner after it came ashore. The fuel is said to have evaporated and not caused a pollution incident.
Tens of thousands of gallons of the fuel remain in other tanks on the decommissioned rig.
Once refloated Transocean Winner would be towed to a nearby location at sea for further checks for damage.


A 31-year-old man has been arrested in connection with threats to kidnap and kill a serving police officer.

West Midlands Police said officers from its counter-terrorism unit arrested the man on Tuesday afternoon.
The arrest was made at property in the West Midlands, the force said.
The force had issued an alert to officers and staff after receiving an "anonymous but credible" tip-off and said it was taking the threat "extremely seriously".
Officers have been urged to take extra precautions, including not wearing uniform during journeys to and from work.
Staff were first told on Monday night after the force received the call.
Senior officers clearly chose to make this threat public - perhaps to get the message out there to anybody planning such a plot that the police knew what was going on.
The officers I have spoken to have said it is business as usual.
If the force is being called out to, say, a burglary, senior officers are having to say to themselves, "Is this a burglary or is it an attempt to ambush our officers?"
Officers were held on duty to be given the security reminder while others were told as they started their shifts.
Assistant Chief Constable Garry Forsyth said the information received related "to the safety of West Midlands Police officers and police staff".
"We have taken the opportunity to remind all employees of the need to be vigilant. Our priority remains serving our communities and protecting them from harm," he said.
"Officers remain on patrol and our staff continue to respond to calls for service as usual."
The force remains on a "severe" level of terror alert.
"The status hasn't changed," a representative said.
In October, the threat level to police officers across Britain was raised to substantial.
The national security level remains at severe, signifying a terrorist attack is highly likely.
Threat levels indicate the likelihood of a terrorist attack in the UK and are split into five categories:


The Scottish government has thrown out plans for a 13-turbine wind farm in Glenurquhart near Loch Ness on the recommendation of a planning official.

Highland councillors refused permission for the Cnoc an Eas scheme last May
Developers Force 9 Energy and EDF Energy Renewables appealed against that decision.
But a planning reporter appointed by the government to consider the project has said the scheme would have a "significant visual impact".


The trial of three police staff accused of killing a man in custody has been halted for legal reasons.

Thomas Orchard, 32, had schizophrenia and died in October 2012 after being arrested in Exeter.
Custody sergeant Jan Kingshott, 44, and civilian detention officers Simon Tansley, 38, and Michael Marsden, 55 were on trial for manslaughter.
The judge at Bristol Crown Court told the jury the 11-week trial "cannot continue".
Mr Orchard suffered a heart attack at Heavitree Road Police Station and died later in hospital.
The judge, Mr Justice King, told the jury of seven men and four women: "I have decided this trial cannot continue.
"I appreciate this may be a disappointment to you given the number of weeks you have sat.
"Given there may be a re-trial we cannot say anymore."
Julian Evans, for the Crown, told the court it was the intention for there to be a re-trial.
The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) said it would wait for a decision regarding a retrial before dealing with "disciplinary matters".
Tom Milsom, associate commissioner of the IPCC, added: "I appreciate the trial has been a difficult experience for everybody involved, in particular Mr Orchard's family who have listened with dignity and strength to painful details about his tragic and untimely death.
"The IPCC carried out a thorough investigation which led to the Crown Prosecution Service conducting these prosecutions."