A damning report into an ambulance trust has revealed a culture of bullying and harassment with concerns over "toxic" atmospheres, sexual grooming and a fear of speaking out.

When bullying claims at South East Coast Ambulance Service (Secamb) emerged in February the trust commissioned an independent review.
About half the workforce surveyed experienced bullying in the past year.
The trust said the report revealed "unacceptable" behaviour.
In his report, Prof Duncan Lewis from the University of Plymouth said: "Common decency is a right, not a privilege, and harassment or bullying, including sexual harassment must end now."
He pinpointed Coxheath in Kent and Tangmere in West Sussex as areas "plagued by poor practices/behaviours".
In parts of Kent there are "serious questions of sexual harassment and sexual grooming", with newly qualified women often targeted.
42%
of staff reported exposure to bullying
50%  said they had been treated in 'disrespectful or rude way'
30% reported feeling 'threatened and intimidated'
2,000 employees responded to survey
The survey revealed good "peer support" between colleagues, with the reasons for bullying firmly located in manager behaviours and often "militaristic" leadership.
Prof Lewis added: "Whilst it is possible sexual harassment might not have been known to the executive because employees are fearful of speaking out against a macho, boys club culture in Kent and in other parts of Secamb, ignorance is no defence."
Key issues raised in focus groups:
Employees also frequently spoke of a fear of reporting bullying.
Those who voiced concerns had "suffered" for it, with more monitoring, work, and pressure because "managers default to supporting each other".
The frequently changing leadership at Secamb was also said to be contributing factor.
Chief executive Daren Mochrie, who has been in the post since April 2017, said: "I am truly disappointed and upset that so many of our staff have experienced bullying and disrespectful behaviour in the workplace.
"Secamb is full of extremely dedicated and professional people who are concerned about caring for their patients as well as each other.
"However, I was also aware that the trust is facing a number of challenges and areas where vital improvements need to be made.
"The behaviours it describes are completely unacceptable and will not be tolerated, in any sense and at any level, moving forward."
Report recommendations:


A fight between IBF world heavyweight champion Anthony Joshua and Wladimir Klitschko is "very close", promoter Eddie Hearn says.

On Wednesday, Briton Tyson Fury - who had withdrawn from two scheduled rematches with Ukraine's Klitschko - relinquished his WBA and WBO belts.
That leaves Britain's Joshua and Klitschko free to fight for the WBA and IBF titles in a unification bout.
"It is the big favourite to be the next fight for both," Hearn said.
He told BBC Radio 5 live that he thought both men would be "going to the gym now everyday focusing on each other and that fight being next".
He added: "Whether it gets over the line time will tell. It is the biggest heavyweight fight in the last 10 years. I want to get it over the line."
Unbeaten Joshua, 26, was scheduled to defend his title on 26 November in Manchester, but Hearn says a fight with Klitschko, 40, would most likely be held on 10 December, probably in Manchester or London.
Fury beat Klitschko last November to win the WBA, IBF and WBO titles.
Within two weeks the Briton was stripped of the IBF title because he was unable to fight mandatory challenger Vyacheslav Glazkov.
Fury, who has admitted he has been taking cocaine to help him deal with depression, relinquished his remaining two belts on Wednesday.


A former Indian junior diplomat held three months ago on suspicion of spying for Pakistan has been charged under the official secrets act, police said.

Madhuri Gupta was second secretary in the Indian embassy's press and information service in Pakistan's capital Islamabad.
Police arrived at the 53-year-old's home after she was called back to the Indian capital Delhi in April.
It is thought she could face between three and 14 years' jail if convicted.
Deputy Police Commissioner Shibesh Singh told news agency AFP that she had been charged under three sections of the official secrets act.
According to Indian police, she had been under surveillance for six months before her arrest.


A farmer who built a mock Tudor castle without planning permission says he has no choice but to demolish it after losing a seven-year legal battle.

Robert Fidler built the castle at Honeycrock Farm, in Salfords, Surrey, in 2002 and hid it behind hay bales.
Reigate and Banstead Borough Council first ordered it to be knocked down in 2008. The government backed the council after an appeal last year.
Mr Fidler said demolition would be like Rembrandt ripping up a masterpiece.
The four-bedroom property, on green belt land, includes a kitchen, living room, study, a gravelled forecourt and a conservatory.
Mr Fidler, who keeps a herd of Sussex cattle at the farm, submitted a new planning application in February 2014 to retain the house, in Axes Lane, on the basis of agricultural need.
"Obviously it would be quite difficult to demolish something you are very proud of," he said.
"I don't think I have any choice really.
"What they are saying now is if I don't demolish it within 90 days, they can put me in prison."
The Department for Communities and Local Government decision follows a High Court ruling in 2010 that the house must come down.
The council said if the house were allowed to remain, it would set an unacceptable precedent for development in the green belt.
"The construction breached national and local planning rules designed to protect the green belt, which local authorities like ours have a duty to uphold," the authority said in a statement.
"It has been previously established that the house and associated constructions were unlawful and this has been accepted by Mr Fidler.
"The Secretary of State's decision demonstrates that people who ignore planning rules set for the good of everyone, are likely to find themselves in this unfortunate position."


Chocolate bars including famous brands such as Kit Kat, Yorkie and Aero will contain 10% less sugar by next year, manufacturer Nestle has announced.

The sugar will be replaced with higher quantities of existing ingredients or other, non-artificial ingredients, and the amount of calories will be limited.
It means about 7,500 tonnes less sugar will be used to make the confectioner's products by 2018.
Nestle said it could help to have a significant impact on public health.
Fiona Kendrick, chairman and CEO of Nestle UK and Ireland, said: "Our confectionery brands have been enjoyed in the UK for more than a century and we know that if we can improve these products nutritionally, provide more choice and information for the consumer... we can have a significant impact on public health.
"Nestle is at the forefront of efforts to research and develop new technology that makes food products better for our consumers.
"These innovations will help us to reduce sugar in confectionery when they are combined with other, more common methods like reformulating recipes and swapping sugar for other, non-artificial ingredients.
"Making these improvements to our products is key to us delivering better choices for our consumers while retaining the same great taste that they know and love."
Last year, Nestle said its researchers had made a scientific breakthrough by discovering a way to structure sugar differently so 40% less is used.


Hearts are in talks with former Celtic striker Tony Watt over a potential move from Charlton Athletic.

The Tynecastle outfit are looking at bringing the 22-year-old in on a one-year loan deal.
Watt is best known for scoring the winning goal in Celtic's Champions League win over Barcelona in 2012.
He had spells at Belgian clubs Lierse and Standard Liege before signing for Charlton, but was subsequently on loan at Cardiff and Blackburn last season.
Hearts head coach Robbie Neilson has confirmed German defender Marcel Appiah is training with the squad, ahead of the second leg of their Europa League second qualifying round tie against Maltese side Birkirkara on Thursday.
The 28-year-old, who can play at right-back or centre-back, played against Sunderland in a closed-door game at Riccarton on Saturday.
Appiah has previously played for German club Arminia Bielefeld but spent the last two years in the Netherlands with NEC Nijmegen.
"We have had a few defenders in recently," Neilson said. "We had [Northern Ireland international] Liam Donnelly in last week. We have a German in this week. It's an area we need one more in.
"We are still looking to recruit. We are still looking for a striker and we need a wide player as well. I'm really happy with the squad I have at the moment and it's just adding that little bit of quality. If that takes a little bit of time then I'm more than happy to wait."
Hearts drew 0-0 in the searing heat of Malta last week and are favourites to progress to the third qualifying round of the Europa League, where they would meet Krasnodar, who finished fourth in the Russian Premier League last season.
Neilson is banking on an early goal to settle any nerves at Tynecastle.
"That's the hope," he told BBC Scotland. "We almost did it over there when we got a goal chalked off after three minutes. I thought we played really well but just couldn't get the goal."
Birkirkara rarely ventured forward at home to Hearts, content to try and hit the visitors on the break, and Neilson expects similar tactics from the Maltese side in the return leg.
"I think we need to be patient," he explained. "We need to realise the way they play is  very difficult to break down.
"With a good pitch and a good crowd behind, I think we have the quality to score goals."
Thursday's game will be Hearts' fourth European match this season and Neilson believes it is a much better way to prepare for the long campaign ahead rather than playing meaningless friendly matches.
"The key is staying in Europe and continuing to play competitive games," he added.
"The difficult thing about Europe starting so early is if you don't make it through the first round, you are then trying to scramble about for pre-season games. The longer you stay in Europe, the games get more competitive and the fitness levels go up."
Winger Jamie Walker says the players are also happier playing in Europe at this time of year.
"That's been the subject of a lot of talk in the dressing room." said Walker. "You come back early but at least you are not playing pre-season games. It's competitive football and everybody just wants to get through."


The owner of a cosmetic medicine clinic in Weybridge has warned of the dangers of using specialist equipment that was stolen over the weekend.

Items worth hundreds of thousands of pounds were taken from the Light Touch Clinic in Church Street between 21:00 BST on Sunday and 07:30 on Monday.
Dr Natalie Blakely, who founded the clinic, said: "I am completely gutted. All of our machinery is gone.
"The machinery is specialist stuff and in the wrong hands is dangerous."
She said she discovered the burglary when she arrived at the clinic on Monday morning.
"The whole of the retail space was cleared out. TVs were ripped off the walls," she added.
Appealing on Facebook, filmed in the empty clinic, Dr Blakely appealed for anyone who found the stolen equipment to come forward.
Det Con Heather Francis, from Surrey Police, said: "This is a significant loss for a local business - both in terms of the valuable equipment and stock which was stolen and the potential impact on further earnings."


Republic of Ireland midfielder Jeff Hendrick was delighted with his match-winning contribution in the 1-0 win over Georgia on Monday night in Dublin.

His superb run set up Jon Walters for the goal which keeps the Irish in contention for a place at next summer's Euro 2016 finals in France.
Hendrick, 23, said he was unhappy with his display until a dazzling solo run and pass to Walters in the 69th minute.
"I got past and Jonny made a great run and just tapped it in," Hendrick added.
The Derby midfielder produced one of the few moments of genuine quality in the priceless victory, cutting in from the left and slipping the ball through a defender's legs.
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He then danced past two others before picking out striker Walters in front of goal.
"I gave the ball away maybe three times before it, going sideways and backwards and not really being positive with the ball, so in my head, I was saying, 'Next time I get it, I'm just going to go at them and show a bit of positivity'.
"Thankfully it worked and Jonny got the goal.
"The two of them were closing me down, so obviously I had to try to go through them.
"I could have maybe fallen over, the way it was going before, but I got past. Obviously we are all delighted."
Hendrick won his 15th senior cap against the Georgians and is rapidly becoming a fixture in Martin O'Neill's midfield.
The Derby midfielder looks certain to play in next month's showdown against Germany with both Glenn Whelan and James McClean suspended after picking up third bookings of the campaign.
"Obviously I'm happy the manager has shown a bit of faith in me by playing me in the games.
"I have got to work hard not only for the team, but for myself. I don't want to let the players down when I'm out on the pitch."


Japan's Emperor Akihito has strongly indicated he wants to step down, saying he fears his age will make it difficult to fulfil his duties.

The revered 82-year-old emperor's comments came in only his second-ever televised address to the public.
Emperor Akihito did not explicitly say he wanted to abdicate as he is barred from making political statements.
PM Shinzo Abe said the government would take the remarks "seriously" and discuss what could be done.
"Upon reflecting how he handles his official duty and so on, his age and the current situation of how he works, I do respect the heavy responsibility the emperor must be feeling and I believe we need to think hard about what we can do," he said.
Akihito, who has had heart surgery and was treated for prostate cancer, has been on the throne in Japan since the death of his father, Hirohito, in 1989.
In his 10-minute pre-recorded message, he said he had "started to reflect" on his years as as emperor, and contemplate his position in the years to come.
Why can't the emperor abdicate? Abdication is not mentioned under Japan's existing laws, so they would need to be changed for the emperor to be able to stand down. The changes would also have to be approved by parliament.
What do the public think? Most support the emperor's desire to step down - a recent survey by the Kyodo news agency found more than 85% saying abdication should be legalised. But the move is opposed by some more conservative sections of Japanese society.
Is this the first time a revision of the law has been discussed? A debate about whether or not a woman would be able to ascend the throne was triggered in 2006 when the emperor had no grandsons, but was postponed after a boy was born to the imperial family.
What does the emperor do? The emperor has no political powers but has several official duties, such as greeting foreign dignitaries. Japan's monarchy is entwined in the Shinto religion and the emperor still performs religious ceremonies. He also plants and harvests a small rice paddy inside the palace while the empress raises silkworms.
If he were to abdicate, it would be the first time a Japanese emperor has stepped down since Emperor Kokaku in 1817.
The BBC's Rupert Wingfield-Hayes in Tokyo says right wing nationalists who support Mr Abe's government do not want any change to the current law, which insists emperors must serve until they die.
Emperor Akihito said he hoped the duties of the emperor as a symbol of the state could continue steadily without any breaks.
He said one possibility when an emperor could not fulfil his duties because of age or illness was that a regency could be established.
But he suggested this was not the ideal outcome, saying: "I think it is not possible to continue reducing perpetually the emperor's acts in matters of state and his duties as the symbol of the state."
Akihito's eldest son, 56-year-old Crown Prince Naruhito is first in line to the Chrysanthemum throne, followed by his younger brother Prince Akishino.
Women are not allowed to inherit the throne and so Princess Aiko, the daughter of Crown Prince Naruhito, cannot succeed her father.


Jehovah's Witnesses have been severely criticised by the Charity Commission for allowing a convicted sex offender to interrogate his victims.

The commission's report said the women had endured "inappropriate and demeaning questioning".
And Jonathan Rose had challenged them during a meeting with Church elders, after he was released from prison.
A Jehovah's Witness statement said "appropriate restrictions" were imposed on anyone guilty of abuse.
Rose was convicted in 2013 of the historical sexual abuse of two girls, aged five and 10, and sentenced to nine months in prison.
Both he and the girls, at the time of the assaults, were members of the New Moston Kingdom Hall, in Manchester.
At the time of his conviction, Rose was a senior member, or "elder", of the Jehovah's Witnesses.
He appealed against a move to expel him, a process known as "disfellowshipping".
In order to decide his fate, a group of elders had called the two women to a meeting at the Kingdom Hall, along with a third woman who had alleged in the 1990s that Rose had assaulted her, the report said.
Over three hours in April 2014, the women were individually questioned by Rose and a room full of male elders.
In an audio recording made by one of the women and passed to the BBC, Rose is heard saying to one woman: "Give me one reason why I would touch you?"
He is heard challenging the woman, accusing her of making up the allegations and asking her to relive the assault.
"What I am saying to you is this didn't happen," he says.
"What was I supposed to have done to you that night?"
One of the elders asks: "Did you ever egg him on?"
"It was worse than the court case," another of the women told the BBC.
"I felt everyone was on his side. I felt I was in the wrong. I felt very intimidated that it was all men, very, very intimidating. I was shocked he was able to talk to me.
"He kept making out that I was lying. He kept saying why did I make it up, why would I say something like that, and at no point did I feel he was going to admit it.
"I got to the point where I thought, 'He genuinely believes he's not done anything wrong.'"
She added that another of the women had burst out of her meeting in tears, claiming Rose had asked if "she'd enjoyed it".
In 2014, the Charity Commission, which regulates both the New Moston Kingdom Hall and the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Britain - the main UK Jehovah's Witness organisation, opened an investigation into how the trustees of the church had handled the case.
The movement launched several legal actions to stop the inquiry, claiming the commission was acting beyond its remit.
Eventually, the challenges were thrown out by the courts, and the report says: "The trustees of the charity... acting on legal advice, declined to engage with the commission following the opening of its inquiry."
The report also found the charity's trustees had failed to tell the commission about the allegation against Rose from the 1990s, as they should have done.
In a subsequent letter to the regulator, the trustees described the incident as merely "a matter between two teenagers", evidence, says the report, that they did not properly take account of the earlier incident when considering the new allegations.
The report said they also failed to fully enforce the restrictions they had put on Rose's activities, allowing him to continue participating in the Church, and they "did not deal adequately" with the appeal meeting, allowing the questioning to take place, and therefore failing in their duties to protect people from harm.
Taken together, the failures "constitute misconduct or mismanagement in the administration of the charity" by the trustees, the report said.
"This has to be dealt with in a way that is sensitive to the victims who have gone through this terrible ordeal," said Michelle Russell, director of investigations at the Charity Commission.  "In this case, they let the victims down."
A statement from Watch Tower said: "Jehovah's Witnesses abhor child abuse in all of its forms and do not shield wrongdoers from the authorities or from the consequences of their actions. All allegations of abuse are thoroughly investigated and appropriate restrictions are imposed on any person who is guilty of child sexual abuse.
"For years, Jehovah's Witnesses have had a robust child safeguarding policy. The trustees followed the policy by imposing restrictions on the perpetrator and by ensuring that he had no unsupervised contact with children during congregation meetings.
"The trustees will continue to concentrate on doing all that they can to safeguard children and to care for the spiritual needs of the congregation."
Jonathan Rose told the BBC he had no comment to make.
The commission is now undertaking a wider inquiry into how Jehovah's Witnesses across the UK handle allegations of child sexual abuse.
One particular concern is the Church's policy of dismissing an allegation if it fails its two-witness policy, which states two people need to have seen the abuse for the Church to proceed with a full investigation.
There are also calls for the independent child abuse inquiry to examine the Church's policy.


The UK will no longer be under the "direct jurisdiction" of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) after Brexit, a government policy paper will say.

Ministers say they want a "special partnership" with the EU, but it is "neither necessary nor appropriate" for the ECJ to police it.
Critics say the word "direct" leaves room for the ECJ to still play a part.
The pro-EU Open Britain group said the phrase paved the way for a "climbdown" over the jurisdiction of the court.
Speaking on behalf of the group, Labour MP Chuka Umunna said: "Nothing the government says it wants to deliver from Brexit - be it on trade, citizens' rights, or judicial co-operation - can be achieved without a dispute resolution system involving some role for European judges."
But Leave campaigner Bernard Jenkin told the Daily Telegraph the court "should not have any role" post-Brexit.
"No non-EU country will be much interested in talking to us about a free trade agreement if we still look hobbled by our relationship to the EU," added the Conservative MP.
Prime Minister Theresa May has promised to take the UK out of the Luxembourg-based ECJ's jurisdiction after Brexit.
But the question of how future agreements between the UK and the EU will be enforced is proving contentious.
The policy paper will be released later as ministers argue there are plenty of other ways of resolving disputes without the European courts.
The ECJ is in charge of ensuring member states abide by EU law.
Its rulings are binding on all member states, and it also settles disputes between countries and EU institutions.
After the UK voted to leave the EU last year, Mrs May promised to make the UK a "fully independent, sovereign country".
But pro-EU campaigners say the government made an "appalling error" by making leaving the ECJ a "red line" in Brexit negotiations, saying new courts will now be needed in all the areas it extends to, including trade, citizens' rights and security.
Brexit Secretary David Davis, who will resume negotiations with Brussels on 28 August, has spoken of the "arbitration arrangements" that will be needed in areas where the UK and the EU make new arrangements - but insists these will not involve the ECJ.
"If Manchester United goes to play Real Madrid, they don't allow Real Madrid to nominate the referee," he said last month.
Wednesday's publication - the latest in a series of papers setting out the UK government's stance on key issues - will say there are a "variety of precedents for resolving disputes that may arise between the UK and the EU" without the ECJ having direct jurisdiction.
These will need to include the free trade deal the UK hopes to strike with the EU to replace its membership of the single market.
Sir Keir Starmer, Labour's shadow Brexit secretary, said: "The prime minister's ideological insistence that there can be no future role whatsoever for the ECJ or any similar court-like body risks preventing the deal Britain needs."
Liberal Democrat leader Vince Cable said Mrs May's "red lines are becoming more blurred by the day", saying the ECJ had "served Britain's interests well" and should not be "trashed".
The Institute of Directors called for "flexibility and pragmatism" when leaving the ECJ's jurisdiction.
"The emphasis here should be on ending its direct effect, not trying to throw off the influence of the court altogether," it said.
On Monday, the president of the court of the European Free Trade Area (Efta) - which governs Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway's relationship with the single market - suggested his institution could be used.
But this could anger some Eurosceptic Conservative MPs, because the Efta court, also based in Luxembourg, tends to follow closely the ECJ with its rulings.
The ECJ has also emerged as the central stumbling block in reaching a deal on the rights of EU nationals after Brexit.
The EU side believes the ECJ should have a role in enforcing these rights - a proposal rejected by the UK.
The UK government said its paper on Wednesday would offer maximum certainty to businesses and individuals. It will also suggest that dispute resolution mechanisms could be tailored to the issue at stake in each agreement.
"It is in the interests of both the UK and the EU, and of our citizens and businesses, that the rights and obligations agreed between us can be relied upon and enforced in appropriate ways," a spokeswoman said.
"It is also in everyone's interest that, where disputes arise between the UK and the EU on the application or interpretation of these obligations, those disputes can be resolved efficiently and effectively."


It runs the capital's trains and buses, and it already leases commercial space, but soon Transport for London (TfL) could be renting out flats.

Over the next 10 years, the organisation is looking to radically capitalise on its property portfolio to utilise another revenue stream after its government grant was cut.
It claims it has more developable sites in central London than anyone else and over the next decade will redevelop 50 of those sites, mainly in zones one and two, across 10m sq ft.
TfL said it intends to do this by entering into partnerships with property developers - it will put up the land while the developers will provide the bulk of the money and carry out the work, before both share the proceeds.
This could mean selling off properties, leasing some commercial units and renting out flats.
The land and properties on the list include South Kensington station, Parsons Green depot and Kidbrooke station.
TfL said these developments would provide employment, investment and about 9,000 homes could be developed on the land.
I'm told in the case of South Kensington station, any proceeds would be invested in providing step free access at that station with revenues on top of that reinvested in the transport system.
Transport companies getting involved in property is not new, just look at the creation of Metroland in the 1920s.
And there is no doubt TfL is becoming more and more commercial.
It says it is looking to generate £3.5bn in commercial revenues over the next decade.
This will certainly help the balances on the TfL spreadsheets, but there will be those for whom it will still feel incongruous that TfL is actively becoming a private landlord.


Foreign criminals hiding in the UK are being targeted in a police operation that has seen officers from across Europe travel to Britain.

Officers from Romania, Lithuania and the Netherlands are working alongside British forces to trace offenders who use the UK road network for crimes.
Supt Paul Keasey of West Midlands Police, leading the operation, said: "Borders are no barrier to justice."
Last October's Operation Trivium led to more than 1,000 arrests.
Police Scotland and all 43 police forces in England and Wales are taking part in the operation.
It is estimated there are up to 350,000 foreign-registered vehicles on UK roads at any one time.
European police agency Europol, which also has officers taking part in the investigation, has circulated details of more than 3,000 vehicles that are suspected of being linked to crime, ahead of the week-long operation.
Supt Keasey said the support of European officers, who will also help with language issues, was "invaluable".
He said: "Foreign nationals who commit crime in the UK, and who use the road network to facilitate that criminality, may feel untouchable by UK police - but operations like this demonstrate our commitment to cross-border policing and show that borders are no barrier to justice."
The week of action runs from June 22 to 26, with automatic number plate recognition being used to check foreign-plated vehicles.
Cameras will be able to tell immediately if the car is uninsured or linked to criminality.
"The operation has allowed us to forge strong links with eastern European police counterparts, share information on criminals and any emerging tactics used by offenders," Supt Keasey said.
"It is important to stress that we are targeting criminals, not the communities these offenders are from.  Trivium targets those who try to use borders to cover their criminal tracks through an international show of determination."
This is the fourth Operation Trivium. Last October's investigation saw 7,151 vehicles stopped, with 555 seized and 1,073 people arrested on suspicion of crimes including shoplifting, human trafficking and domestic abuse.
Another 3,458 people were given on-the-spot fines for traffic offences, or were cautioned or summonsed to court.
Chief Constable Suzette Davenport, the National Police Chiefs' Council lead for roads policing, said: "Over the last few years, Trivium has proved invaluable, not only in terms of helping us catch foreign national offenders using our road network as part of their criminal activity, but also as an example of solid, collegial international collaboration with colleagues from a variety of countries helping us out since the operation's inception."


Football Association chairman Greg Clarke says he will quit if the organisation cannot win government support for its reform plans.

A motion of no confidence in the FA is to be debated in the House of Commons on Thursday after five former FA executives said the governing body had failed to "self-reform".
Clarke "strongly disputes" the motion, but accepts FA governance must change.
"I don't believe that the FA is failing football," he said.
Clarke said the FA had a set of proposals "to improve our governance", which it would ratify and then take to sports minister Tracey Crouch for her approval.
"Delivering real change is my responsibility and I firmly believe this is critical for the future of the game," Clarke added.
"If the government is not supportive of the changes when they are presented in the coming months, I will take personal responsibility for that.
"I will have failed. I will be accountable for that failure and would in due course step down from my role."
The Commons Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee will examine whether the FA can "comply fully with its duties".
It will look at whether reform is impossible within the FA's structure, and new laws may be proposed.
But Clarke said the FA was "not sitting idly by", adding: "Change won't be easy, but I am confident it will happen - and it will be substantial."
He says the governing body needs to:
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In July, Crouch said the FA would lose its £30m to £40m of public funding if it did not reform.
Then, in December, she announced the government would bring in legislation to force through reforms if the governing body did not make changes itself.
Select committee chairman Damian Collins MP revealed on Friday that the FA had been given six months to meet the government guidance on best practice for sports governance but had failed to do so.
However, Clarke said he hoped those attending the debate were aware of "the FA's duties and the great work we are actually doing".
"Many people hear talk of an old-fashioned FA, but they don't actually realise how it works or what it does. That's a real shame," he said.
Clarke said the FA was "supporting the game from top to bottom" and:
BBC Radio 5 live sports news correspondent Richard Conway
Whisper it... but could change within the FA's corridors of power finally happen?
The debate around governance reform has been going on for decades. Despite that, not a lot has changed since the FA was founded in the mid-19th Century.
Greg Clarke has upped the stakes though. He will resign as chairman if he fails to deliver.
It's a noble gesture but one which speaks to the confidence he clearly has in achieving some form of modernisation and gaining government approval.
But his statement goes further, and Clarke clearly has the MPs who are staging Thursday's debate in his sights.
As I reflected last week, there's growing indignation within Wembley over continually being called a failing organisation.
There's a recognition that work needs to be done to increase diversity and to change a board structure whose members have been criticised for representing vested interests.
But, as Clarke reflects, the FA's view is that it is very much meeting its role as a governing body.
To that extent the statement is indicative of a leadership team determined to fight back against its critics and an attempt to recalibrate opinion, given their belief in the positive role the FA plays in promoting and protecting football.


Edinburgh edged Harlequins in an 11-try thriller at Murrayfield.

The hosts led 31-14 at the break after running in five tries through Allan Dell, Blair Kinghorn, Nasi Manu, Hamish Watson and Damien Hoyland; Quins responded with a Charlie Walker score and a penalty try.
Then Kyle Sinckler's five-pointer, another penalty try and Mat Luamanu's score looked to have snatched victory.
But Tom Brown crossed late on to seal the win for Edinburgh.
The result means Edinburgh top Challenge Cup Pool 5 after back-to-back bonus-point wins.
For the longest time Edinburgh have been criticised for their prescriptive, forward-dominated - some would say dull - brand of rugby. The poor relations to the swashbuckling stars of Glasgow Warriors.
They look reborn as an attacking force under new acting head coach Duncan Hodge. The creative players have had the straightjackets removed and look emboldened to try and play imaginative, and at times even high-risk, rugby.
Five first-half tries was not an unjust reward for the attacking intent they displayed. Hodge has been hammering home the message that his players must make things happen, as opposed to merely waiting and hoping for mistakes from their opponents.
They certainly made things happen here, with some of the tries - those of Manu and Watson in particular - beautifully crafted.
15 tries in two European Challenge Cup matches means perhaps the 'Boring Edinburgh' tag should be consigned to history.
The wing was terrific. His fleetness of foot and electric pace posed Harlequins all sorts of problems.
His assist for Manu's try was a thing of beauty. Tearing away from the defence up the right touchline, Hoyland kicked ahead, gathered and popped a perfect pass out the tackle for the number eight to simply fall over the line.
The former Melrose man was at it again shortly after, his break leading to Watson notching number four for Edinburgh.
Hoyland grabbed the fifth, pouncing on a loose ball to scamper home under the posts from 70 yards, and when his team desperately needed some inspiration, his lofted kick teed-up Brown to cross for the all-important winner seven minutes from time.
Harlequins made plain their intentions inside five minutes when they passed up a kickable penalty to go to the corner, and were rewarded moments later when Walker dived over for the opening score.
Edinburgh's pack has been at the very heart of their game-plan in recent years, but they were targeted by the English side up-front and when Quins put the squeeze on they often allowed their discipline to lapse.
Two penalty tries conceded tells how the hosts struggled to legally halt the power of the Harlequins' rolling line-out maul.
The visitors pummelled Edinburgh around the fringes, especially after the break, but it speaks volumes for the new-found belief of Hodge's men that they managed to repel last season's beaten finalists.
Edinburgh acting head coach Duncan Hodge: "There was a big crowd today, so hopefully they've been entertained and they've seen what these boys are all about, the character and attitude we showed.
"The first two minutes of the game were a disaster for us. Three or four mistakes in a row, soft try, then to come back and play the way we did for half an hour was unreal. Then the second half, we were all over the place for half an hour with sin-bins and discipline and penalties, and we were getting sucked into drives, then to come back, score another good try and keep them out was just unbelievable.
"The players were magnificent and should be proud of today, but there are still a lot of things to fix."
Edinburgh: Blair Kinghorn, Damien Hoyland, Chris Dean, Phil Burleigh, Tom Brown, Jason Tovey, Sean Kennedy, Rory Sutherland, Ross Ford, WP Nel, Ben Toolis, Grant Gilchrist (captain), Magnus Bradbury, Hamish Watson, Nasi Manu.
Replacements: Stuart McInally. Allan Dell. Felipe Arregui. Fraser McKenzie. Viliame Mata, Sam Hidalgo-Clyne, Michael Allen, Glenn Bryce.
Harlequins: Mike Brown,  Marland Yarde, Joe Marchant, Jamie Roberts, Charlie Walker, Nick Evans, Karl Dickson, Joe Marler, Rob Buchanan, Kyle Sinckler, Sam Twomey, James Horwill (captain), Chris Robshaw, Luke Wallace, James Chisholm.
Replacements: Joe Gray, Mark Lambert, Will Collier, Charlie Matthews, Mat Luamanu, Danny Care, Tim Swiel, Alofa Alofa.


The Irish women's hockey team were beaten 3-1 by USA in the first of their three-match series at the Spooky Nook Sports Complex in Pennsylvania.

Emily Beatty gave Ireland the lead in the first quarter against the side ranked sixth in the world.
However goals from Michelle Vittese, Jill Witmer and Julia Young saw the United States win the opening game.
The sides meet again at 23:30 BST on Friday 26 May as they prepare for World League 3 in Johannesburg in July.
Ireland made a positive start to the game and took the lead when Beatty, who plays her club hockey for KHC Dragons in Belgium, pounced on a rebound to give Graham Shaw's side the early advantage.
Early in the second quarter USA equalised from a penalty stroke that was confidently dispatched by Vitesse and minutes later they went ahead ahead when Witmer defected the ball past Ayeisha McFerran.
The Irish goalkeeper made a number of excellent saves while at the other end Nikki Evans saw her effort cleared off the line.
USA extended their lead in the 53rd from a penalty corner converted by Julia Young.
After the game Irish Coach Shaw said, "We are pleased with our performance but disappointed with the result. We played very well in phases and created many good goal scoring opportunities."
"We must concentrate in turning these chances into goals.  USA were just better in the circle.  We are really looking forward to the challenge in the next game."
Ireland Starting XI: A McFerran, K Mullan, S McCay, L Tice, G PInder, S Loughran, R Upton, N Daly, H Matthews, E Russell, A O'Flanagan Subs: Y O'Byrne, N Evans, E Beatty, C Watkins, Z Wilson, D Duke


Rotherham United have made an approach to Charlton Athletic to speak to assistant manager Richie Barker.

Barker, 41, had three spells with the Millers as a player, scoring 13 goals in 153 league games and is expected to work alongside boss Paul Warne.
He joined the Addicks in December 2016 to join up with Karl Robinson, who he assisted when the pair were at MK Dons.
Charlton have confirmed that Barker and coach Simon Clark will leave The Valley at the end of the season.
Rotherham will join Charlton in League One next season after their relegation from the Championship was confirmed earlier this month.


Creating an "internet coast" in south west Wales to drive the digital future of energy, technology and healthcare is at the heart of a £500m city deal plan.

Swansea Bay City Region's chairman Sir Terry Matthews aims to transform these sectors in the same way the internet changed telecom.
The blueprint is to create up to 33,000 jobs over the next 20 years.
A fibre-optic transatlantic cable from New York to Oxwich Bay would be a "game changer" to bring ultrafast broadband.
The city region has decided to go for something distinctive and ambitious in its vision - not based on physical infrastructure or huge transport projects.
It concedes that south west Wales is underachieving economically and also needs to be resilient, particularly with the difficulties being faced by big employers like Tata Steel at Port Talbot.
Those behind it say they want to "punch above our weight" and offer something of importance to the UK, as well as developing something different to what other city deals are offering.
South west Wales would in essence become a giant test bed for internet and digital innovation.
The bid has been analysed by Cardiff University and it is estimated the economic potential could see 33,000 jobs created over 20 years - worth £3.3bn in output.
The four local councils in the city region are looking at a £100m commitment over 20 years, with contributions from the private sector, higher education and European Union.
The negotiations for the fibre-optic link from north America is understood to be at an advanced stage and would bring the ultra-fast broadband speeds to west Wales first, enabling towns along the coast to benefit.
Sir Terry, speaking from Canada, said it was important to realise the main transmission communication channel from New York to London was via the south west Wales region.
"It speaks very loudly to the importance of building up a technology sector on those communication channels.
"There's an opportunity of creating a significant industry which is in software. Coding should become the name of the game for the people in this region."
In a letter to Chancellor George Osborne, Sir Terry - who made his millions in internet developments of the telecom industry - said the vision addressed global challenges and was of a sufficient scale to attract international investors.
"The prosperity gap between Swansea Bay and the rest of Wales and the UK remains stubbornly and unacceptably high.
"Real transformation will not be achieved by simply doing more of the same."
Swansea council recently unveiled its own regeneration proposals and leader Rob Stewart called the city deal proposal "an enormously exciting bid".


The emergency ambulance carrying Nelson Mandela to hospital two weeks ago broke down, the South African presidential spokesman says.

Mac Maharaj confirmed that the vehicle had engine trouble and that the former president was transferred to another ambulance.
But he said there was no threat to Mr Mandela as he was surrounded by intensive care nurses the whole time.
American network CBS quotes sources as saying he had to wait for 40 minutes.
The CBS report says the transfer to another ambulance took place in freezing winter temperatures.
Mr Mandela, 94, was being transported from Johannesburg to hospital in Pretoria in the early hours of 8 June.
He was admitted in a serious condition with a recurrence of long-standing lung problems and has been in intensive care since. It is his third stay in hospital this year.
By Mike WooldridgeBBC News, Johannesburg
The embarrassment for the South African government of the breakdown of the military ambulance taking Nelson Mandela to hospital is obvious - how much it could have affected his condition during the emergency is likely to be argued over intensely here now that the story has emerged.
The presidency - controlling the information about Mr Mandela's health and hospital admissions of this kind - insists that his condition was not "compromised" and says the fact that intensive care nurses were with him throughout should be further reassurance.
But already many here want to know what the word "serious" in the government's statements about Mr Mandela's health really means before they will take much encouragement from the talk of improvement.
The need to respect Mr Mandela's dignity is widely recognised. But the government knows public trust is at stake too.
There has been little information about his condition for some days. President Jacob Zuma said on 13 June that his health continued to improve but his condition remained serious.
More recently, one of Mr Mandela's grandsons, Ndaba Mandela, said his grandfather was getting better and he hoped he would be home soon.
Mr Maharaj confirmed the ambulance breakdown in an interview with local TV station, ENCA.
"I appreciate the concern caused by this," he said.
"I want to assure the public that from the presidency side we are assured by the doctors that all care was taken to ensure that former President Nelson Mandela's medical condition was not compromised by this incident."
Mr Maharaj said Mr Mandela was in a convoy with a full complement of medical staff and no-one could have predicted the engine problem. "It happens in life," he said.
The presidential spokesman dismissed speculation surrounding Mr Mandela's medical condition, calling for things to be done "in a dignified way" and urging the media to rely on updates from the presidential office.
After leading the struggle against white minority rule under the apartheid system, Mr Mandela became South Africa's first black president in 1994.
He was jailed for 27 years for his role in the fight against apartheid and is believed to have suffered damage to his lungs while working in a prison quarry.
He contracted tuberculosis in the 1980s while being held in prison on the windswept Robben Island.


A man has admitted raping a woman during an alleyway attack in Kent.

Edison Mulaj, 19, of New Road, Gravesend, admitted carried out the attack off Parrock Street, Gravesend in the early hours of 22 March.
At Maidstone Crown Court. he also pleaded guilty to sexual assault and robbery in connection with another attack on a woman in the town on 16 February.
Mulaj, who admitted two further rapes, will be sentenced in June.
He also denied a charge of attempted rape in relation to the February attack.


Kelechi Iheanacho scored a hat-trick as Manchester City eased into the fifth round of the FA Cup by thrashing beleaguered Aston Villa.

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City went ahead within the first four minutes as the home side failed to clear a corner and Iheanacho swept in a finish from close range.
The visitors doubled their lead from Iheanacho's cool penalty after Raheem Sterling was brought down in the box.
Iheanacho ran clear for his third goal and Sterling poked in a fourth.
Striker Iheanacho could even have had four but failed to connect with a shot after making a run into the opposition box and Fernandinho's long-range drive was pushed over by goalkeeper Brad Guzan.
This was potentially a tricky tie for City, against a Villa side who were unbeaten in their last five games in all competitions. But the away side took control by scoring twice within the first 24 minutes.
City's progress into the fifth round keeps alive their hopes of an unprecedented quadruple as they lie second in the Premier League, in the knockout stages of the Champions League and face Liverpool in the final of the League Cup.
Ahead of the match, boss Manuel Pellegrini played down talk of winning all four trophies this season, but on this form City will take some stopping, even with the likes of Yaya Toure, David Silva and Kevin de Bruyne missing.
And having left Sergio Aguero on the bench, 19-year-old Nigerian Iheanacho stepped up to show his potential with a calmly taken treble and has now scored eight times in his debut campaign.
No. Bottom of the league and the lowest scorers in the division, Villa were outclassed and rarely threatened to make a breakthrough in the match.
Idrissa Gana forced Willy Caballero into a sprawling save from long range and Carles Gil's free-kick was well saved by the City goalkeeper, but that was the closest they came. Striker Jordan Ayew was anonymous in the match.
Swathes of empty seats were visible inside Villa Park, with thousands of home supporters deciding not to attend the match. Only 23,636 turned up for the competition in which their team reached the final last year.
Have they accepted their fate of relegation to the Championship? Villa have won more cup matches this season (3) than league (2), and they are 10 points off safety with 15 games to go. They will need a huge turnaround to preserve their status in the top flight. On this dismal showing, it looks highly unlikely.
Hat-trick hero Kelechi Iheanacho: "I am so happy to score today. It is my first hat-trick and I am hopeful of more to come. I took my time to score the third goal. I waited for the goalkeeper to see where he went. It is a great feeling when the fans chant my name and I am grateful they came to support us."
Manchester City manager Manuel Pellegrini: "I'm very happy. Kelechi is a very good young player. We let Stevan Jovetic and Edin Dzeko go because I see Kelechi every day and know what he can do.
"Bacary Sagna played well at centre-back, he didn't make any mistakes, and Willy Caballero was solid in goal."
Aston Villa boss Remi Garde: "When you start the game so poorly, it is difficult. After the first two goals, they played quietly and we did not have much danger to cope with.
"The penalty was a bit harsh but it is done. I don't want to blame the team too much and we have important games coming up."
Villa travel to West Ham in the Premier League on Tuesday, while City go to Sunderland on the same day. Both matches kick-off at 19:45 GMT.


People in Wales know "more than most the damage Labour can do", David Cameron will say today.

The Tory leader is in Wales as the party prepares to launch its Welsh manifesto for the general election.
Mr Cameron has made Labour's record in office in Cardiff Bay a big part of the general election campaign, with references to the NHS's performance.
"The dragon on our flag may be red, but our country will always be better off blue," he will say.
"The people of Wales already know more than most the damage Labour can do.
"Cutting health spending and taking their eye off the ball on education.
"This is the way Labour treats the nation of Nye Bevan and Dylan Thomas.
"Seriously, where is it written that Wales votes Labour?"
Mr Cameron will say that jobs and the economy are the issues that matter most to voters at the election.
And he will use the growing aerospace industry as an example of Wales's economic success over the past few years.
In the next parliament, the Conservatives are pledging to increase the tax free personal allowance to Â£12,500, benefitting 1.4m tax payers.
Secretary of State for Wales Stephen Crabb said this shows a Tory government will "get things done for Wales."
There is also a commitment to make people working 30 hours on the minimum wage exempt from paying income tax.
As part of the launch, the Tories will highlight their record in Wales during the last five years of government.
This includes 52,000 new jobs and 22,400 businesses created since 2010, as well as 1.2m people getting a tax cut.
Welsh Conservatives have also said that the Â£8bn extra pledged to fund the NHS in England will result in more money for the Welsh government.
Mr Crabb said: "By rolling up our sleeves and facing Wales' challenges head on, our ambitious programme for the next five years will create new and better jobs for Wales."
UKIP will also launch its Welsh manifesto on Friday.


A British Canoeing coach who has been suspended since December amid abuse allegations has resigned.

After an initial investigation, further allegations emerged in April, leading British Canoeing to approach UK Sport to help commission a second probe.
That was completed and a disciplinary hearing had begun, but it has now been abandoned.
British Canoeing said the resignation of the performance team coach "brings the disciplinary process to an end".
The British team enjoyed its most successful Olympic Games in Rio last year, with competitors winning two gold medals and two silvers.
ParalympicsGB then claimed three gold and two bronze medals at the Rio Paralympics, where they topped the medal table.
April's revelations came amid mounting concern over the culture of high-performance programmes at British sports, and whether medal success has come at the expense of athlete welfare.
And on Thursday, British Olympic bobsleigh athlete Rebekah Wilson told BBC Sport she would secretly cut and try to concuss herself as the "intense pressure" of training took its toll.
Earlier this year, BBC Sport revealed British Swimming is conducting an investigation after bullying complaints were made by a number of Paralympians about a coach.
And British Cycling apologised for various "failings" after an independent review into allegations of bullying and sexism.


Eight anti-fracking campaigners have gone on trial charged in connection with a protest at a test drilling site in Cheshire.

Bailiffs and police moved to evict protesters from the site in Upton, near Chester, in January.
Campaigners had built an elaborate series of fortifications, including a network of tunnels, walls and a moat.
Councillor Matthew Bryan is among those on trial, charged with obstructing a police officer.
The Cheshire West and Chester councillor is accused of climbing on to a cherry picker after being directed to leave the site.
His defence claims he was trying to prevent it from moving into the field, where some campaigners had retreated into underground tunnels, as he was worried the weight of it would cause the land to collapse.
Appearing at Chester Magistrates Court, all defendants denied various charges.
A ninth defendant has had her trial postponed amid health problems.
Campaigners set up camp at the site in April 2014 in the hope of preventing drilling by energy company IGas.
In November 2015 they were served with a court order compelling them to leave the site, before the authorities moved in.
IGas later said it had "decided not to progress" plans for commercial drilling in the area.
The trial is expected to last a week.


Bydd Llywodraeth Cymru yn gwario £4 miliwn mewn ymdrech i wella safonau dysgu gwyddoniaeth mewn ysgolion.

Fe ddaw'r cyhoeddiad fis yn unig ers cyhoeddi canlyniadau profion rhyngwladol PISA, sydd yn awgrymu bod disgyblion 15 oed yng Nghymru ar ei hôl hi mewn pynciau gwyddonol.
Bydd yr arian yn cael ei wario ar gynlluniau i wella sgiliau athrawon sydd yn dysgu gwyddoniaeth a thechnoleg.
Y nôd, yn ôl y llywodraeth, fydd helpu athrawon i fanteisio ar arferion da mewn ysgolion yng Nghymru ac yn rhyngwladol.
Bydd ymgais hefyd i wella cysylltiadau rhwng ysgolion ag adrannau gwyddoniaeth a thechnoleg mewn prifysgolion.
Yn ôl yr Ysgrifennydd Addysg Kirsty Williams mae'r profion PISA wedi tanlinellu'r angen i godi safonau.
Dywedodd: "Mae dealltwriaeth o wyddoniaeth yn hanfodol i'n pobl ifanc, o'r dechnoleg maent yn ei defnyddio a'r ffordd maent yn cyfathrebu i'r ynni maent yn ei ddefnyddio mewn byd sy'n newid yn gyflym.
"Mae hefyd yn hanfodol i Gymru a sut rydyn ni'n datblygu ein heconomi.
"Mae ein nod mewn gwyddoniaeth yn fwy na'r gallu i ymgymryd ag arbrofion syml neu gofio cysyniadau sylfaenol.
"Yn hytrach rydyn ni am weld ein pobl ifanc yn gallu rhesymu'n wyddonol a deall gwerth dulliau gwyddonol o weithredu.
"Mae hyn yn allweddol yn yr unfed ganrif ar hugain a hefyd yn destun profion PISA."
Dywedodd Kirsty Williams hefyd y bydd y cwricwlwm newydd "yn integreiddio'n well y dulliau hyn o fynd ati i addysgu a dysgu".


Global emissions of carbon dioxide are likely to stall and even decline slightly this year, new data suggests.

Researchers say it is the first time this has happened while the global economy has continued to grow.
The fall-off is due to reduced coal use in China, as well as faster uptake of renewables, the scientists involved in the assessment add.
But they expect the stall to be temporary and for emissions to grow again as emerging economies develop.
According to the study, published in the journal Nature Climate Change and presented here at COP21 in Paris, emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and industry are likely to have fallen 0.6% in 2015.
They increased by around the same amount in 2014.
Since 2000, global emissions have grown annually by 2-3%. The slowdown has occurred while the global economy has grown by 3% in both 2014 and 2015.
"We're expecting a stalling in emissions, possibly even a little decrease," said Prof Corinne Le Quere from the University of East Anglia, UK, who led the data analysis.
"The main cause is from decreased coal use in China. It's restructuring its economy, but there is also a contribution from the very fast growth in renewable energy worldwide, and this is the most interesting part: can we actually grow renewable energy enough to offset the coal use elsewhere?"
China continued to be the world leader in emissions, according to the report, responsible for 27% of the global total. With its economy slowing, coal use has declined just as concerns have grown over air pollution issues in urban areas. There has also been a rapid take-up in renewables.
However, Prof Le Quere said that despite this year's figures, the global peak of emissions use was not yet in sight.
"As the emerging economies are mostly based on coal, as they grow we are expecting a restart in the emissions," she told BBC News.
"And in the industrial economies like in the UK, where emissions are going down, the decrease is relatively modest, mostly 1-2%. We would be looking for a much faster decrease than that to offset the growth in the developing countries."
India was the fourth largest emitter overall in in 2014, with its emissions now matching those of China's in 1990.
India's growth in 2014 was offset by a similar decline in the European Union, which experienced an unusually warm winter combined with a sustained long-term decline in carbon output.
But the rapid growth in Indian emissions is causing some concern for researchers.
"The learning curve took China about 20 years to achieve this current level of efficiency," said Prof Dabo Guan, also from the University of East Anglia.
"If everything moves to India without significant energy structure improvements then emissions will significantly grow. We have already seen the Indian emissions take off in the last couple of years."
The study has been published in the journal Nature Climate Change.
The scientists involved believe that while the slowdown in emissions is welcome, albeit temporary, it could be a snapshot of the future if a deal can be done here in Paris.
Prof Le Quere told the BBC: "To deal with climate change we need emissions to go to zero - and we are now talking about zero growth and not zero emissions - so we are still a long, long way from that."
"It could begin to look like a peak in emissions after Paris if the agreement is very strong."
Follow Matt on Twitter @mattmcgrathbbc.
COP 21 - the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties - will see more than 190 nations gather in Paris to discuss a possible new global agreement on climate change, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to avoid the threat of dangerous warming due to human activities.
Explained: What is climate change?
In video: Why does the Paris conference matter?
Analysis: Latest from BBC environment correspondent Matt McGrath
In graphics: Climate change in six charts
More: BBC News climate change special report


The search for a woman who disappeared after her husband was stabbed to death has become a murder inquiry, police confirmed.

Sylvia and Peter Stuart, aged 69 and 75, were reported missing on 3 June.
Mr Stuart's body was found near their home in Weybread, Suffolk, later that day.
Police said Mrs Stuart's disappearance was "now being treated as a murder enquiry".
Live: Latest on the Weybread double murder inquiry
Officers are carrying out searches between the Stuarts' home and Tilbury, Essex, where suspect Ali Qazimaj lived.
Officers previously said there was "very little hope" Mrs Stuart would be found alive. It has now been more than two weeks since she was last seen.
Det Ch Supt Simon Parkes said: "While search officers in Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Cambridgeshire have been working together in the UK, we're also continuing to work with international law enforcement on the hunt for Ali Qazimaj,"
Mr Qazimaj, a Kosovan immigrant, went on the run around 24 hours after Mr Stuart's body was discovered.
The 42-year-old, who goes by the name Marco Costa, caught a ferry from Dover to Calais, at around 18:30 on 4 June. He was unaccompanied on the journey.
Mr Parkes said: "He is a suspect in a murder investigation in which someone was repeatedly stabbed - we have to assume he may be dangerous. We have no way of knowing if he is armed."
Mr and Mrs Stuart were captured on CCTV walking into Goodies Farm Shop in Wood Lane in Pulham Market, at around 10:20 on 29 May.


Nottingham Forest captain Chris Cohen says the club's impending takeover, off-field distractions and "small issues" with late payments and unpaid bonuses are no excuse for poor form.

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Forest have slipped to 17th in the table, having won just once in eight Championship matches.
Cohen, 29, told BBC Nottingham Sport bad results were not down to "a couple of little mix-ups with payments".
"That is not any kind of reason why we are not getting results," Cohen said.
"Anyone that says that is lying and using it as an excuse to hide the fact they are not doing well enough."
Reds owner and chairman Fawaz Al Hasawi is close to selling up to a United States consortium, but has denied reports he is demanding a large annual salary and huge bonuses as part of any takeover deal.
The Guardian article also claimed the players had to be placated over late payments and unpaid bonuses.
But Cohen, Forest's longest-serving player having joined in 2007, added: "There have been issues over the years and everything has always been resolved, but because results are not going well and the media have got involved it has magnified the situation.
"They always get sorted out, as they will be this time, and then we move on.
"You don't want it to happen and would rather everything just ran completely smoothly but they are small issues. Talk of players' revolt - if that was going to happen then I missed it.
"It's not as big an issue as everyone is saying but you want to iron out the small details.
"There is a good relationship and always has been between the chairman and players and that hasn't changed over the last few weeks. I would be surprised if the same story had come if we had won the last five games."


Celtic manager Brendan Rodgers has defended the standard of Scottish football as his unbeaten side close in on the Premiership title.

The leaders, who have won 26 of their 27 top-flight games, are 27 points clear of second-placed Aberdeen and require seven points to win the title.
Responding to criticism of Scottish football, Rodgers said: "It's ignorance really.
"The footballing world is more than the (English) Premier League."
Celtic's 4-0 victory at Inverness CT in midweek left them three games away from a sixth consecutive league title.
"With all due respect, it's a lack of knowledge of football," Rodgers said of criticism of Scotland's top flight.
"We all love to see the Premier League and I was part of it but football is global and Celtic is one of the biggest clubs in the world.
"But if your eyes are only on one league then of course you tend to ignore what's around that.
"It (Scottish Premiership) is not as prestigious as some of the other leagues and that's purely on the basis of finance. Financially, Scottish football doesn't have the same rewards or the same propaganda that surrounds some of the other leagues, but it's still a very very competitive league."
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Celtic midfielder Nir Bitton echoed his manager's view and said the Premiership was a "competitive league".
"For us it is not as easy as it looks on the table. It's a very competitive league," said the Israel international.
Bitton, who featured in the win in the Highlands, believes critics of the Scottish Premiership are wide of the mark.
"I think every game is difficult and the other team are going to defend and try to get something out of the game," he said.
"A lot of people look at the table and think Celtic are far better team [than others] in the Scottish league and they have no competition. It's far from being true.
"I think you can see that players who have played in the Premier League like Joey Barton or Niko Kranjcar that came to Scotland and thought it was going to be easy.
"But no, it's not easy. It's a very competitive league, it's a very difficult league, it's very tough. Some places you go to play like Inverness on Wednesday night, believe me it's not easy."


Nigel Pearson, Paul Lambert and former England boss Sam Allardyce are among the candidates being considered by Wolves for the vacant manager's job.

The Championship club are looking to appoint an experienced, British replacement for Italian Walter Zenga, who was sacked after just 87 days.
BBC Sport understands Pearson, 53, has already been interviewed, having parted company with Derby on 8 October.
Allardyce, 62, left his job as England boss on 27 September after one match.
His departure followed a newspaper investigation claiming he offered advice on how to "get around" rules on player transfers.
Lambert, 47, left Blackburn Rovers at the end of last season having previously been in charge of Wolves' rivals Aston Villa.
With the trio all currently out of work, they are attractive to Wolves in terms of a lack of compensation - but it is a moot point whether Allardyce would go from the England job to a club near the bottom of the Championship table in the space of a month, when other Premier League options may soon be attracting him.
Wolves are 18th having won only four of their opening 14 matches this season, losing four of their last five.
The recruitment drive this time at Wolves will be headed by sporting director Kevin Thelwell, who was instrumental in bringing Kenny Jackett to Molineux three years ago.
Thelwell played little or no part in the hasty appointment of Zenga in July, but this time he appears to favour a British candidate with practical knowledge of the Championship.
Representatives of the Chinese owners, the Fosun Group, are in Wolverhampton on Friday checking progress with Thelwell, but the process is unlikely to be swift.
The interim manager Rob Edwards has impressed this week - with the players very supportive - but, at the age of 33, the current first-team coach may be seen as lacking the experience to satisfy the ambitions of the owners to get promoted quickly.
Pearson, Allardyce and Lambert all have promotion to the Premier League on their managerial CVs - Pearson with Leicester, Allardyce with Bolton and West Ham and Lambert with Norwich.


A toy panda which flew on World War Two Dambusters raids has been described as "priceless".

Flt Sgt William Gordon Radcliffe also took the mascot on 60 operational flights over Germany, his daughter Dorothy Bailey said.
She took the mascot, which she said "kept my father safe throughout the war", to a special Antiques Roadshow held at RAF Coningsby in Lincolnshire.
Militaria expert Mark Smith said the panda "belonged to the nation".
Ms Bailey said the panda flew on the Dambuster raids tucked into her father's boot, "which is why one ear is not as good as the other, all worn down".
"The pilot knew about him [panda] as well, so he was a mascot for everybody I think," she said.
"He kept them all safe... he's priceless to me and my family.
"He's been everywhere where I haven't been, and now I get to keep him safe."
Mr Smith, who also looked at photographs and items of Sgt Radcliffe's RAF uniform, said: "He is priceless."
He added: "He was priceless to your dad, he is priceless to you, he is priceless to the RAF as a member of the Dams crews."
Other items belonging to Flt Sgt Radcliffe included his RAF tunic, featuring his Distinguished Flying Cross.
The BBC Antiques Roadshow was held at the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, based at RAF Coningsby, to mark the 75th anniversary of the battle.
Also featured in the programme are an American Civil War coat found in a skip and a pair of earrings bought in an Australian charity shop.
BBC Antiques Roadshow at RAF Coningsby, Lincolnshire can be seen on Sunday at 20:00 BST on BBC One.


Wigan went top of Super League despite being held to a draw by Huddersfield Giants at the DW Stadium.

Jermaine McGillvary set up Lee Gaskell for Giants' first try, but Morgan Escare went over to level the scores.
Darnell McIntosh's try restored the visitors' lead, with Escare missing his kick after Tom Davies crossed on debut.
Danny Brough's two penalties and two conversions kept Giants ahead despite Anthony Gelling's try, but Escare's late penalty rescued the hosts a point.
The result ended Wigan's perfect start to the season, but Castleford's defeat by Salford means the World Series champions are now a point clear at the top of the table.
Giants move up to eighth in the table, with Brough's kicking taking him to ninth in the all-time Super League points chart.
The visitors had looked set to claim a third win of the season, but their hopes were dented when Kruise Leeming was sent to the sin-bin, with Escare kicking the final points of the game moments later.
Wigan head coach Shaun Wane told BBC Radio Manchester:
"I thought we were lucky to get away with it to be honest.
"What the players need to understand is when we have a bit of adversity like that not much changes with the way we attack, but we just felt a little bit sorry for ourselves.
"It was a dour game on a Sunday afternoon and the weather was poor. I think we fell into the trap and didn't lift ourselves."
Huddersfield head coach Rick Stone told BBC Radio Leeds:
"I think if we could have held our composure at the end we could have managed it.
"Obviously with Kruise getting sent to the sin-bin that didn't help our cause, but there was probably a few scenarios before that we could have managed a bit better.
"Hopefully we'll learn from it. We defended pretty well, scrambled hard for each other in the last 10 or 15 minutes, so hopefully we take some positives out of that."
Wigan Warriors: Escare; Davies, Gelling, Isa, Marshall; Williams, Leuluai; Nuuausala, Powell, Flower, Tomkins, Wells, O'Loughlin.
Replacements: Clubb, Tautai, Navarette, Forsyth.
Huddersfield Giants: McIntosh; McGillvary, Cudjoe, Mellor, Murphy; Brough, Gaskell; Rapira, Leeming, Ikahihifo, Roberts, Ta'ai, Clough.
Replacements: Smith, Dickinson, Hinchcliffe, Wakeman.


National League Macclesfield Town have signed Oldham Athletic forward Rhys Turner on loan until 30 January.

The 20-year-old has made 25 appearances for League One Oldham, scoring three goals, since arriving at Boundary Park in January 2014.
He was on loan at York City earlier this season where he scored once in nine games.
Turner goes into the Silkmen's squad for the visit of FC Halifax Town on Saturday.


The violent tendencies of a man who fatally stabbed a schoolgirl were predictable, a report into authorities' handling of the disturbed killer says.

Christina Edkins was 16 when she was killed by Phillip Simelane on a rush-hour bus in Birmingham in 2013.
The report found his history of "escalating" mental health problems and violence pointed to the "significant risk" he posed.
Despite a catalogue of episodes, he was able to lash out and kill.
More stories from Birmingham
In 2013, Simelane, from Walsall, West Midlands, who had been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, admitted manslaughter over Ms Edkin's death and was detained indefinitely under the Mental Health Act.
The report, published on Wednesday, found on one occasion Simelane's mother made six calls to police in two days saying she was afraid he would kill her.
In 2014, a report found the teenager's death could have been prevented if her killer had been given mental health treatment.
The latest investigation - commissioned by NHS England - echoed the earlier report's conclusion that Ms Edkins' death was not itself predictable, nor was an attack on the public.
But the panel said it was clear Simelane would "continue to deteriorate" and was likely to reoffend - and violently so.
He had served time in prison for the assault and battery of his mother, killing Ms Edkins within three months of release from his second spell in jail.
In a statement, Ms Edkins' family said the report had "reopened old wounds" and rejected the view that death or serious harm to the public was not predictable, saying the facts - his violent history - did not "credibly" support it.
The family said it continued "to believe that failings within the NHS and Prison Service led directly to her death, which was both predictable and preventable".
NHS England has shared multiple episodes that mental health services and police were aware of, listing his "multiple risk factors" as a history of violence, threats to kill, and community release without access to mental health care.
Among those were Simelane throwing an electric fire at his mother's head and threatening to stab her.
Chairman of the investigative panel Koran Bhogal said: "The fact that there remains a risk that these vulnerable prisoners continue to be released from prison without adequate support and supervision leaving, them and the general public at risk, is of extreme concern."


Planned strike action by paediatric nurses at the Antrim Area Hospital on Thursday has been called off.

Unison, the health service union, said the walkout was suspended to allow more talks with the Northern Health Trust.
The dispute is over the rotation of nurses from the paediatric ward to the hospital's emergency department.
Unison's Brian Ferguson said the suspension would "allow for urgent meaningful negotiations to take place to try and resolve this trade dispute".


Cotswold Airport could be shut to make way for up to 2,000 houses.

A proposal has been put forward for a "sustainable village" with shops and leisure facilities to be built on the 420-acre ex-RAF base, near Cirencester.
The airport's directors, with developer Commercial Estates Group, have offered the idea to Cotswold District Council for planners to consider.
The site once housed the Red Arrows and dates back to the 1930s when it was created for training and maintenance.
Matthew Tunley, from the developer, said: "If the site was to be developed for housing, it is likely the airport would close.
"But in terms of timescales we're obviously at an early stage in the planning process and would need to understand what those implications were."
The proposals for the airport site - on the Gloucestershire-Wiltshire border - are expected to lead to further consultation later this year.
"Cotswold Airport is a huge site of circa 420 acres and this is now an opportunity to explore a thoroughly mixed-use development including retained and enhanced employment, housing, leisure and community facilities," said an airport spokesperson.


The authorities in Singapore say they have seized a large number of bank accounts as part of an investigation into possible money-laundering linked to a fund owned by the Malaysian state.

The fund is called 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB).
It was established in 2009 to pay for major new economic and social developments in Malaysia.
Singapore said it would not tolerate being used as a refuge for illicit funds.
In a joint statement by its central bank and the police's anti-fraud agency it said: "In connection with these investigations, we have sought and are continuing to seek information from several financial institutions, are interviewing various individuals, and have seized a large number of bank accounts.
"Singapore is also cooperating closely with relevant authorities, including those in Malaysia, Switzerland and the United States."
Last year, officials in Singapore froze two bank accounts as part of its investigation.
The announcement follows news that around $4bn (Â£2.8bn), earmarked for investment in economic and social development projects in Malaysia, may have been misappropriated from state-owned companies.
Switzerland's attorney general said on Friday there were "serious indications that funds have been misappropriated from Malaysian state companies".
The full background to the 1MDB scandal
Malaysia PM in the clear?
Some of the money, the office of Michael Lauber said, had been transferred to Swiss accounts held by Malaysian former public officials and current and former public officials from the United Arab Emirates.
"To date, however, the Malaysian companies concerned have made no comment on the losses they are believed to have incurred," the attorney general's statement said (in German).
Mr Lauber called on Malaysian authorities to give full judicial assistance to their Swiss counterparts.
Last year, Swiss authorities opened an investigation into 1MDB after it amassed more than $11bn (Â£7bn) of debt.
In a statement on Saturday, 1MDB said it "remains committed to fully co-operating with any lawful authority and investigation", but had not yet heard from any foreign legal authorities.
Regulators in the US and Hong Kong are also reported to be investigating 1MDB.
The fund's advisory board is chaired by Prime Minister Najib Razak, who launched 1MDB soon after taking office in 2009.
Last July, Malaysia's then-Attorney General Abdul Gani Patail linked a donation of $681m (Â£478m) made to Mr Najib's account with companies and bodies which had ties to 1MDB.
Mr Patail was replaced, and, after an investigation, his successor last week cleared Mr Najib of corruption saying that the money was a personal donation by the Saudi royal family to the prime minister's private bank account.
"I am satisfied that there is no evidence to show that the donation was a form of gratification given corruptly," said Attorney-General Mohamed Apandi Ali.
Most of the money was later returned, he said.
Malaysia's anti-corruption commission said it would seek a review of the attorney-general's decision.


The Scottish energy minister has complained to his UK counterpart that Scotland is being frozen out of key decisions on green energy.

The Conservative UK government plans to stop subsidies to onshore wind power - and policy details are expected soon.
Prime Minister David Cameron has pledged to consult with Scotland before any change but that has not happened.
Scottish Energy Minister Fergus Ewing said he was concerned because onshore wind is so important to the economy.
In a letter to the UK Energy Secretary Amber Rudd, Mr Ewing said: "It is disappointing that I have not had the opportunity to engage with you on this ahead of it being a matter for speculation in the press.
"We have not received any information from your department on the possible options you are considering or what analysis has been done to assess the impact on projects in Scotland."
Mr Ewing warned that changing previously-agreed subsidies would cause a crisis of confidence with business.
His letter said: "Any lack of clarity on the UK government's intentions has the potential to stall a very substantial pipeline of investment in the UK and Scotland and dent (our) reputation with developers and inward investors."
Mr Cameron may be planning a strategy in which he appeases his own backbenchers by stopping subsidies in England and Wales - but then allowing them in Scotland, where the majority of wind farms are being planned anyway.
Mr Ewing wants to know whether this is the case. He believes it is irrational to end support for the UK's cheapest form of clean energy.
Experts have warned that choking off onshore wind energy would lead to higher bills as clean electricity is obtained from more expensive sources such as offshore wind.
Businesses are furious to hear rumours that a subsidy scheme known as the Renewables Obligation might be scrapped earlier than its planned end date of 2017.
They say it is unfair on firms which have invested in design, connectors and planning permission.
The row follows a previous dispute in which the UK government scrapped solar power subsidies early, while continuing support for nuclear power which has been subsidised for more than 60 years.
Ian Marchant, from the British Wind partnership, said: "The proposed approach contradicts the government's manifesto commitment to "meet our climate change commitments, cutting carbon emissions as cheaply as possible, to save you money" - as the cost of substituting more expensive technologies in place of onshore wind would add several hundred million pounds every year to bills.
"It surely cannot be the government's intention to deny local communities the chance to host onshore wind projects if that is what they want to do.
"Energy policy needs to honestly reflect the views of voters:  the government's own polls show onshore wind is backed by 65% of the public -  more than supported any political party at the election."
One possibility mooted in a recent report is that the government has run out of cash it allocated for renewables.
The decision on when to withdraw subsidies is a delicate one. If they are stopped too late, consumers will get needlessly charged; if stopped too early then the industry will fail to fulfil its potential - in the short term at least.
Some energy experts say onshore wind will be competitive with new-build gas power by 2020.
The energy and climate department (Decc) said no decisions on the subsidies had been made, but that an announcement should be made soon.
A UK government spokesman told BBC News that Scotland would be consulted but could not say when.


Nigeria's military has killed a top commander of militant Islamist group Boko Haram in the north-eastern city of Maiduguri, an army spokesman has said.

Ibn Saleh Ibrahim was killed in an exchange of fire with six of his lieutenants, the spokesman added.
An unknown number of civilians are said to have been killed in the crossfire, says a BBC reporter in Nigeria.
Boko Haram, which has killed hundreds of people since 2009, has not commented on Mr Ibrahim's reported death.
The group's founding leader, Mohammed Yusuf, was killed by security forces in July 2009.
Boko Haram is now said to be led by Abubakar Shekau.
Army spokesman Lt Col Sagir Musa told the BBC that Mr Ibrahim was "very close" to Mr Shekau and had a reputation of being "invincible".
"Yesterday [Thursday], we learned he was in town and we were able to track him in a special operation," he said.
"There was an exchange of fire and in the process he was killed with six of his lieutenants."
There has been no independent confirmation of Mr Ibrahim's role in Boko Haram.
Lt Col Musa said Mr Ibrahim had been responsible for last month's assassination of retired General Mohammed Shuwa following an order from Mr Shekau.
Gen Shuwa was shot dead at his home in Maiduguri - no group has said it carried out the attack.
He is regarded by the Nigerian military as a war hero, and played a key role in crushing Biafran separatists during Nigeria's brutal civil war in the 1960s.
In a statement, Lt Col Musa said the operation in Maiduguri, supported by armoured personnel carriers and helicopters, was on-going.
Weapons and explosive devices have been recovered, he added.
The BBC's Abdullahi Kaura in the northern city of Kaduna says residents in Maiduguri told him that the security forces have sealed off four areas within the city - Ngarnam, Bulabulin, Bayan Quarters and Flatari.
This has made it impossible for people to move in and out of the areas, though some managed to flee on Thursday when fighting broke out, he adds.
Military helicopters were circling the suspected Boko Haram strongholds, but no shooting was heard on Friday, our reporter quotes residents as saying.
Residents also told our reporter that during Thursday's clashes, civilians, including women and children, were killed after being caught in the crossfire.
The number of casualties is not known.
Earlier this month, rights group Amnesty International accused Nigeria's security forces of carrying out widespread abuses in their campaign against Boko Haram, including extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances and torture.
The group is campaigning to impose Islamic law across Nigeria.
It has carried out a wave of bombings and assassinations since 2009.


Jenson Button has pledged £15,000 to a fundraising page set up to support a British Formula 4 driver who had both legs amputated following a crash.

Billy Monger, 17, drove at high speed into the back of a car which seemed to have stopped on the track during Sunday's race at Donington Park.
Lewis Hamilton has also offered support, tweeting: "Thoughts and prayers are with you and your family."
More than £500,000 had been raised by 13:00 BST on Thursday.
Monger, who has been described as "an extremely talented young driver" had to be extracted from his vehicle at the Leicestershire track and airlifted to hospital.
Button, the 2009 world champion who retired last year but will make a one-off outing for McLaren at next month's Monaco Grand Prix, was among the first to voice his support for Monger.
"This guy needs our help. I will be doing as much as I can to help this dude out," he wrote on Instagram.
Red Bull's Max Verstappen also appeared to make a pledge on the page, tweeting: "Really shocked about Billy Monger's terrible accident. If you can, please join me in helping him out."
Donations also appeared to be made by former F1 drivers Max Chilton, Karl Wendlinger and Andre Lotterer, as well as touring car driver Jason Plato and American Nascar racer AJ Allmendinger.
Williams' Brazilian driver Felipe Massa showed his support on Twitter, writing: "Let's help him. I'll do my best."
Ex-F1 driver Mark Webber wrote "keep boxing mate", while the Mercedes, Force India and McLaren teams have also showed their support on social media.
Steven Hunter, head of the team JHR Developments that Monger has been with for the past four years, said it had been a "heart-wrenching" time.
"We saw the crash and our fears were as low as they could be," he said. "But everything has been in the right direction since.
"Yesterday we lined everyone up and just took some time to wish him well. The pipes are out of his mouth and he spoke. He was hoarse but he just about spoke."


US President Barack Obama has called for a national campaign to improve opportunities for black and Hispanic boys and young men.

Called My Brother's Keeper, his new initiative aims to overcome the socioeconomic conditions keeping such youth from thriving.
The White House said businesses had pledged $150m (Â£89m) to promote it.
The president said it was an "outrage" that black and Hispanic men in the US fared so much worse than white men.
"I believe the continuing struggles of so many boys and young men - the fact that too many of them are falling by the wayside, dropping out, unemployed, involved in negative behaviour, going to jail, being profiled - this is a moral issue for our country," Mr Obama said at the White House on Thursday, with more than a dozen black and Hispanic young men and boys standing behind him.
"It's also an economic issue for our country."
In a memorandum released on Thursday, the White House said the task force would focus on issues facing boys and young minority men under the age of 25.
America's first black president has generally avoided policies defined by race, the BBC's Beth McLeod reports from Washington DC, but in an emotional speech Mr Obama said it was an outrage that young Hispanic and African-American men have the odds stacked against them in US society.
President Obama said young men from this group were more likely to have no father in the house, end up behind bars, or become victims of violent crime.
The White House has cited the relatively high unemployment rate for black and Hispanic men over the age of 20 and a higher-than-national-average poverty rate for minority households.
"We've become numb to these statistics, we're not surprised by them, we take them as the norm," Mr Obama said.
"We just assume this is an inevitable part of American life, instead of the outrage that it is.
"But these statistics should break our hearts. And they should compel us to act."
He spoke of visiting a school near his home in Chicago and sharing with the boys there his own experience of growing up without a father, acknowledging to them that he had been angry about that and had made "bad choices" and "got high without always thinking about the harm that it could do".
"I could see myself in these young men," Mr Obama told the audience at the White House. "And the only difference is that I grew up in an environment that was a little bit more forgiving, so when I made a mistake the consequences were not as severe."
Mr Obama's new initiative calls for foundations and community groups to co-ordinate investment in support programmes to keep young Hispanic and black men in school and away from crime.
A public online portal called What Works will provide access to data about such programmes.
To start the programme, a new federal task force will look at several issues affecting young men.
These include access to childhood support, grade school literacy, pathways to university and careers, as well as interactions with the criminal justice system and violent crime.
President Obama earlier met with foundation and business leaders and senior government officials to discuss the initiative and to thank them for their support.
According to the White House, business leaders have already invested $150m and plan to invest another $200m in the project over the next five years.
Senior White House adviser Valerie Jarrett described the effort earlier on Thursday as the beginning of a life-long endeavour for Mr Obama and his wife Michelle.
Ms Jarrett told US media it was a "moral, social responsibility that they feel will transcend the time that he's president".


The Chinese government is investing tens of billions of dollars as part of an ambitious economic plan to rebuild ports, roads and rail networks.

China's President Xi Jinping has pledged $124bn (Â£96bn) for the scheme, known as the Belt and Road initiative.
"Trade is the important engine of economic development," Mr Xi said at a summit of world leaders in Beijing.
The plan, which aims to expand trade links between Asia, Africa, Europe and beyond, was first unveiled in 2013.
Part of the massive funding boost, which is aimed at strengthening China's links with its trading partners, includes 60bn yuan ($9bn; Â£7bn) in aid to developing countries and international institutions that form part of the Belt and Road project.
Mr Xi used his speech to assure Western diplomats that the plan, described as the new Silk Road, was not simply an attempt to promote Chinese influence globally.
"In advancing the Belt and Road, we will not re-tread the old path of games between foes. Instead we will create a new model of co-operation and mutual benefit," Mr Xi said at the opening of the two-day summit.
"We should build an open platform of co-operation and uphold and grow an open world economy," he added.
A Chinese idea but for everyone's benefit. That's how Mr Xi presented his Belt and Road vision to drive trade and prosperity through Chinese built infrastructure.
President Putin of Russia and President Erdogan of Turkey were among those applauding from the front row as the Chinese leader talked of a big family of harmonious co-existence and pledged billions of dollars in loans and investment.
But neighbours Japan and India have stayed away from the summit, suspicious that China's development agenda masks a bid for strategic assets and geopolitical ambitions. And some economists are cautious about the viability of projects in areas of political instability and poor governance.
In his keynote address on Sunday, Mr Xi ignored the doubters. He talked of a new model of win-win co-operation, an implicit bid for Chinese global leadership at a time when other big economic powers like the United States and the European Union are preoccupied with internal problems.
Read more: China's big push for its global trade narrative
Mr Xi said that it was time for the world to promote open development and encourage the building of systems of "fair, reasonable and transparent global trade and investment rules".
"China is willing to share its development experience with all countries. We will not interfere in other countries' internal affairs," he said.
"No matter if they are from Asia and Europe, or Africa or the Americas, they are all co-operative partners in building the Belt and Road."
What is China's new Silk Road?
Mr Xi did not give a timeframe for the distribution of funds pledged for the projects outlined on Sunday.
Leaders from 29 countries are attending the Belt and Road forum, which ends on Monday, including Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recep Tayep Erdogan.
Several other European leaders, including the prime ministers of Spain, Italy, Greece and Hungary, are also attending the summit.


More than a dozen states in the US have passed or considered "religious liberty" laws, sparking controversy and protest.

Many of the laws directly affect the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community.
Supporters argue that the bills protect religious beliefs but critics say they are discriminatory.
Tennessee is the latest state to consider a bill, involving therapists and counsellors.
Under Senate Bill 1556, they would be exempt from serving clients based on sincerely held religious beliefs or principles.
Such laws, say critics, are an attempt to discriminate in the face of gay marriage becoming legal last year.
Here is a round up of what has been passed or blocked, from "bathroom bills" to laws ensuring wedding planners can refuse service at gay weddings.
Governor Asa Hutchison passed SB 975 last year, which aims to keep religious exercise from being "substantially burdened by government". Opponents to the bill say it enables discrimination against gay people.
On 1 July, House Bill 43 will go into effect, which will allow clergy and religious organisations to refuse to marry people if it violates a "sincerely held religious belief".
Governor Nathan Deal vetoed a bill that would keep the government from penalising organisations that refuse to employ, provide services or allow for use of facilities because of a "sincerely held religious belief", and protect clergy who would not perform same-sex marriages. Mr Deal was under a great deal of pressure from major US companies like Coca-Cola, the NFL and Disney, who threatened to pull business from the state over the law.
Governor Mike Pence signed a bill that would keep the government from "substantially burdening" religious exercise for individuals, organisations and businesses, but later amended it to say the law cannot be used to deny services, housing or employment, based on race, religion, age, sexual orientation or gender identity. He changed the law, Senate Bill 50, after pressure from businesses.
Thanks to Senate Bill 175, signed by Governor Sam Brownback, colleges and universities cannot deny student groups funding because they require their members to follow certain religious beliefs or conduct.
The governor of Mississippi, Phil Bryant, signed a sweeping bill, HB1523, that allows businesses to refuse service to gay couples based on religious beliefs, amid opposition from equal rights groups and businesses.
He said the bill "protects sincerely held religious beliefs and moral convictions". Protesters say the bill would allow for lawful discrimination of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people.
Churches, religious charities and private business can use the law to legally not serve people whose lifestyles they disagree with, including 13 different categories of wedding-related business. Governments must still provide services, but individual government employees can use the law to opt out.
The bill also ensures that anyone who wishes to establish "sex-specific standards" for restrooms and dressing rooms is free to do so, and that sex-specific dress codes can be set.
The state is considering a bill that would exempt wedding-related vendors from refusing to serve couples based on religious beliefs.
North Carolina enacted a law, HB2, that bars its cities and counties from having their own anti-discrimination rules. Legislators pushed for the bill after Charlotte passed an ordinance allowing transgender people to use restrooms according to gender identity. The state is the subject of much backlash from major companies, including PayPal, which pulled plans for an office in the state that would have employed 400 people.
Clergy and other officials do not have to perform same-sex marriages or offer marriage counselling in the state to those who violate their religious beliefs, thanks to House Bill 1007, signed by Governor May Fallin.
Just prior to the US Supreme Court ruling legalising same-sex marriage, Texas Governor Greg Abbott passed a similar bill to Oklahoma's regarding clergy and facilities and same-sex marriage, Senate Bill 2065.


A 6.5-magnitude earthquake struck Aceh province in Indonesia on Wednesday, killing at least 97 people.

Many more are feared trapped under rubble after hundreds of buildings collapsed.
Thousands of people have been forced to take refuge in temporary shelters and mosques.
Some have been left homeless after their houses were destroyed, others have fled their homes amid fears of aftershocks and a possible tsunami.
Rescue workers used diggers to remove rubble in their search efforts overnight on Wednesday.
Others used their bare hands and shovels to find people.
A few survivors were pulled out alive on Wednesday.
More than 200 buildings were either seriously damaged or toppled in the earthquake.
The Pidie Jaya region, on the north Aceh coast, was the hardest hit.
The tremor hit just offshore early on Wednesday morning.
Many of the homes in the area have corrugated tin roofs which collapsed.
Hundreds have also been rushed to the sole functioning hospital, which has been overwhelmed by patients.
Banda Aceh, the provincial capital, was one of the worst hit areas by the 2004 tsunami, caused by a massive earthquake.