On 16 April, 2011, the worlds of Eastleigh FC and Bolton Wanderers were a long way apart.

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While Premier League Bolton were preparing for an FA Cup semi-final, a crowd of 583 watched Eastleigh lose 3-0 at home to Ebbsfleet in the Conference South.
A day later, more than 75,000 fans saw Bolton play Stoke at Wembley - although Wanderers were on the end of a 5-0 thumping.
Just under five years on, the fortunes of the two clubs appear to be going in different directions as they prepare to meet on Saturday.
Eastleigh, now fourth in the National League, are into the third round of the FA Cup for the first time in their 70-year history.
They host a Bolton side rock bottom of the Championship and £172.9m in debt.
A sell-out crowd of more then 5,000 is expected at the Silverlake Stadium, just a short walk from Southampton Airport, to watch the only non-league side left in the competition.
It's all a far cry for the club from being knocked out at the third qualifying round stage by Gloucester City just three seasons ago.
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Plotting this season's course has been the Spitfires' colourful manager Chris Todd.
The former Swansea, Torquay and Exeter defender has taken the semi-professional club to the same round as the teams from the top two divisions while also revealing his skills as a singer, actor and author.
Todd, who was only handed the job permanently back in October, admits a win against Bolton would be "breathtaking".
"It would be everything for what we're trying to achieve as a football club," he said.
"It would be more history and a momentous occasion for everyone involved, who works day-in, day-out to make this club successful."
Bolton's off-field problems surrounding their financial future have been well-documented, alongside their perilous position at the foot of the Championship.
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But midfielder Ben Strevens, who scored the winning penalty in Eastleigh's first-round victory at Crewe, and assisted the decisive second goal against second-round opponents Stourbridge, is expecting a tricky test.
"It doesn't matter that Bolton are down the bottom of the league," the 35-year-old told BBC South Today.
"It's sad what's going on there off the field, but the fans will be fully behind them and wanting to do well in the cup.
"We're under no illusions, it's going to be a tough game."
Perhaps the toughest challenge for Eastleigh will come before a ball is even kicked.
With a record crowd expected, work on an unprecedented scale has been going on to get the ground ready to host temporary broadcasting facilities and equipment as well as additional catering outlets.
Chief executive Mark Jewell will have one eye on the weather and the other on the pitch after having to postpone their National League game against Bromley last Saturday.
"As long as we don't have biblical proportions of rain before Saturday, we should be OK," he said.
"The pitch will hopefully get some drying time and then from Thursday, we'll get the covers on.
"Off the field, it's been quite hectic. We've had crowds of 4,000-plus here before, but a sell-out is a first.
"We're using it as a learning curve for when we hopefully go on to bigger and better things in the future."
Saturday's Football Focus is scheduled to be broadcast live from Eastleigh at 12:10-13:00 on BBC One.


Police in Zimbabwe's capital, Harare, have used tear gas and water cannons to break up a protest by minibus drivers.

The unrest began when drivers erected barricades in a protest against harassment and roadblocks by police demanding bribes.
When security forced stepped in, some local residents joined the protesters and threw stones at police.
Some demonstrators are reported to have been beaten up. Thirty people have been arrested.
Africa Live: More on this and other news stories
Zimbabwe has become increasing volatile in recent weeks with frequent protests against economic hardship and alleged government corruption.
Police say they have reduced the number of roadblocks following complaints.
The economy has struggled since a government programme seized most white-owned farms in 2000, causing exports to tumble.
Robert Mugabe, 92, has been in power since independence in 1980.
Critics accuse him of using violence and rigging during recent elections - allegations he denies.
Official statistics say most citizens live on just one dollar a day.


Boris Johnson says it would be very difficult for the UK to refuse the US if it asked for support in another military strike on Syria.

The foreign secretary also said MPs would not necessarily have a vote on any proposed joint action.
Pressed on his comments, the PM said it was a "hypothetical issue" as there were no plans for further strikes.
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn said if the request was made to him as PM, he would ask the United Nations to intervene.
"I don't see how more bombing would help," he told the BBC.
The US carried out a missile strike against a Syrian air base earlier this month - days after a chemical attack that left 80 people dead and hundreds wounded.
Syria's President Bashar al-Assad denied his forces were responsible.
Mr Johnson claimed the Assad regime had "unleashed murder upon his own citizens with weapons that were banned almost 100 years ago".
And he told BBC Radio 4's Today programme: "I think it would be very difficult if the US has a proposal to have some sort of action in response to a chemical weapons attack.
"And if they come to us and ask for our support - whether it's with submarine-based cruise missiles in the Med... in my view - and I know it's also the view of the prime minister - it would be difficult for us to say 'no'."
Asked if the Commons would need to be consulted ahead of any military strike, Mr Johnson commented:  "I think that needs to be tested."
Pressed on the comments later, Theresa May said it was a "hypothetical issue" as further strikes were not on the table.
She said Mr Johnson had been focussing on "working diplomatically to see if we can find a way now to persuade the backers of President Assad ... to work for a political transition away from President Assad for the future stability of ... Syria".
She added: "Boris is doing a great job as foreign secretary."
In recent years the convention has been that MPs get a vote on military action, but with Parliament about to dissolve ahead of a general election that could be put in doubt if the US launches fresh strikes in the next six weeks.
Mr Corbyn, who was highly critical of the latest US missile strike against Syria, said if there was a US request for the UK to back military action "all parties would have to be consulted".
He said: "We don't need unilateral action, we need to work through the UN, but above all we need to bend ourselves totally to getting a political settlement in Syria and allow the inspectors space to work, allow them to make sure we know who did that terrible chemical weapons attack and also recognise that the inspectors there are already destroying any stocks of chemical weapons that they find."
This is a departure because until now overt UK military action in Syria has been focused on attacking the so-called Islamic State group.
MPs voted to allow this, after a debate in December 2015.
Since then, the Ministry of Defence says, UK warplanes operating out of Cyprus have carried out 90 air strikes against IS targets.
There have been many other sorties over Syria in which UK aircraft and drones have gathered intelligence.
Read James's blog in full
SNP foreign affairs spokesman Alex Salmond said Mr Johnson's comments were "significant" and "also dangerous", arguing that the government needs to seek parliamentary authority for military action.
"Boris Johnson's response to every single international situation is to agree or do whatever the Trump White House does - and I think the vast majority of the people in this country will look askance at having a 'mini-me' policy to President Trump," he told the BBC.
Liberal Democrat leader Tim Farron said: "The idea that the Conservatives are now increasingly beholden to Donald Trump is terrifying," adding that "a unilateral, illegal intervention would be utterly counterproductive."
But sources close to the foreign secretary told the BBC "there is no change in position", saying this is all a hypothetical situation and Mr Johnson was not ruling out a parliamentary vote if the US make a request for support.
In an interview on 7 April after US airstrikes on Syria, Defence Secretary Michael Fallon claimed the UK government was "not committed to military action in Syria".
While the law does not require the government to win a Commons vote before launching military strikes, Sir Michael said since 2003 the government had made it clear it would "go to Parliament to seek the authority" for action involving combat troops or aircraft.
In 2013, then Conservative prime minister David Cameron lost a Commons vote on possible UK military action against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's government to deter the use of chemical weapons.
The government motion was defeated by 285 votes to 272, ruling out joining US-led strikes.


A property firm is to press ahead with a multi-million pound student development in Glasgow after acquiring a prime site in the city's west end.

Select Property Group plans to create 441 self-contained studios at the 2.9-acre site located next to the University of Glasgow.
The total value of the completed development project will be Â£67m.
The site will be developed, let and managed under Select Property Group's Vita Student brand.
Select's chief executive, Mark Stott, said the site purchase was a major milestone for the business.
He added: "Glasgow is Scotland's largest city and houses six universities which attract an international market of more than 80,000 students as one of Europe's most popular places to study.
"The redevelopment of the city's west end presents an outstanding opportunity for us to deliver a legacy of unique and inspirational living environments for the students of Glasgow."
Work on the site is scheduled to start later this month.


A couple found dead at their home in Surrey died from stab wounds, initial post-mortem test results have revealed.

The bodies of Patrick and Gillian Kettyle, both in their 50s, were found in the village of Fetcham, in the early hours of Thursday.
Police were called to the house on The Copse following a report of assault against two people at the location.
Lithuanian Viktoras Bruzas, 38, who was arrested in Oxshott on suspicion of murder, remains in police custody.
Police had been seeking Mr Bruzas, who lives in Walton-on-Thames, and he was detained as he drove a car through the village.
Another man in his 30s, who was arrested in Walton-on-Thames on suspicion of conspiracy to commit murder, has been released with no further action taken against him.
Mr and Mrs Kettyle were found dead in their home by a member of their family.


Scotland's largest health board has voted to close inpatient beds at a Glasgow site which previously operated as the Homeopathic Hospital.

NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde voted to remove seven beds from the Centre for Integrative Care at Gartnavel Hospital.
The move is part of wider measures the health board is considering to save about £69m in the coming year.
It has also agreed to consult on changing birthing services at Inverclyde and Vale of Leven hospitals.
The consultation could result in some birthing units closing but the final decision will have to be made by Health Secretary Shona Robison.
The health board will also begin a consultation on changing services for the elderly at Lightburn hospital in Glasgow.
It is likely to recommend that such services would be better provided in the community.
The closure of birthing services at Inverclyde Royal Hospital in Greenock and the Vale of Leven in Alexandria have been designated as "major service changes" because they could reduce accessibility for patients.
This means a decision has to be made by the Scottish government.
Under the current health board plans, women would give birth at the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Paisley and Glasgow maternity units.
However, the proposals for the Centre for Integrative Care were declared a minor service change, on advice from the Scottish Health Council. So the health secretary will not need to approve the decision.
The NHS Centre for Integrative Care, the only such service in Scotland, offers a range of complementary therapies for people with long term conditions such as chronic pain, low energy or low mood or anxiety issues.
Its website claims: "Integrative is a term which refers to increasing the harmony and coherence of your whole being.
"Integrative care is therefore focused on the person, not on either the disease or a particular therapy."
Scottish ministers previously said they would not approve any plans that "do not properly reflect" local concerns.
The board has claimed that the proposals are motivated by the clinical need for change and would not in themselves save £69m.
The health secretary has pointed out that the government had ended "damaging uncertainty" and secured services at the Vale of Leven back in 2009.
She said it had also rejected proposals to close Lightburn Hospital in 2011 "because both patients and clinicians were of the view that the hospital provided high quality services that were greatly valued by the community".


Vulnerable eastern Europeans were trafficked to Plymouth and ordered to live under the stairs "like some grotesque Harry Potter concept", a court has heard.

The victims, mainly from the Czech Republic, were brought to the UK and forced into compulsory labour by a gang of five based in the city.
Plymouth Crown Court was told they had to sleep on the floor or in a garage, urinate in bottles and eat outside.
The defendants deny all charges.
Malcolm Galloway, prosecuting, said the victims were used as house servants, cleaning the house, car and cutting the lawn.
The defendants are:
Police originally arrested eight people in September but the prosecution offered no evidence for the other three - Lenka Cmejlova, 32, of Union Street, Plymouth, Jiri Sebelik, 37, of Union Street, Plymouth and Sandra Tancosova, 25, of Flora Court, Plymouth - and not guilty verdicts were offered.
Mr Galloway said the defendants would use threats of violence of "a few slaps" if they did not do what they were told, or a "punch to the face" if they were being rude.
He said the victims "would have to sleep on the floor or in a garage, urinate in bottles and eat outside".
The trial continues.


An agreement in principle has been reached on a written offer to resolve a long-running dispute on airport security workers' pay.

Highlands and Islands Airports Limited (Hial) made the offer which was discussed in a meeting with the Prospect union.
More than 120 staff held a 48-hour strike earlier this month which led to the closure of Dundee Airport.
Hial's other 10 sites continued to operate during the action.
Members of Prospect have been in a dispute over their pay and conditions for the past six years.
Hial operates 11 Scottish airports in Dundee, Inverness, Argyll, the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland and Wick.
Inglis Lyon, managing director of Hial, said: "A revised offer was made to Prospect today which we understand will be the subject of a consultative ballot.
"Both parties have compromised and in so doing have secured some long term stability for the business."
He added: "We are pleased at the progress we have made and believe that the agreement reached today delivers a balanced package of improvements to pay and conditions for security staff."
Prospect said it would begin balloting members at the end of this week, with the ballot closing on 5 May. A work to rule action will be suspended.
Alan Denney, Prospect national secretary, said: "We believe this offer provides a realistic opportunity to settle our long-running dispute with Hial over the unequal treatment of our members.
"If agreed, there will be an alignment of terms and conditions over the next 20 months."


Notts County striker Jon Stead has signed a new contract.

The 34-year-old scored 14 goals in 41 appearances last season but was out of contract with the League Two club this summer and was mulling over an offer to play in the USA.
Stead, who has played for 11 clubs during his career, has made 89 appearances and scored 28 goals for Notts since joining in July 2015.
The length of the former Sunderland striker's deal has not been revealed.
Stead told the club website: "It took me a while to make sure it was the right thing for me and the family, but it definitely is and I can't wait to get going.
"I want to be here. It's exciting times - there's a real buzz about the place. You don't want to be looking from the outside and wishing you'd been involved."


A crane hire company which had been working at a wind farm near Derrylin, County Fermanagh, has pulled out after receiving threats.

20 April 2016 Last updated at 19:57 BST
East Cork Crane Hire was working as a contractor at the Slieve Rushen wind farm.
Julian Fowler reports.


To find context ahead of Tuesday's showdown between Apple and Samsung in the US Supreme Court, you need to go back over a century to a row over some rather attractive carpets.

It's 1885, and John and James Dobson stand accused of nicking designs from other carpet makers and selling them off as their own.
A couple of companies, Hartford Carpet and Bigelow Carpet, were so incensed they took the Dobsons all the way to the highest court in the land.
The firms were quite right to be upset, the Supreme Court agreed, but then it got more complicated. The court hit a stumbling block over the amount of money the firms deserved in damages.
The issue was that the judges couldn't determine precisely how valuable design was when compared with everything else that goes into making a nice carpet. A lovely design on a poor quality rug wouldn't sell, after all.
And so it meant the companies got just six cents each. Which, even back then, was pitiful. Nominal damages.
This caught the eye of Connecticut senator Orville Platt who, pressured by worried carpet makers, lobbied Congress to amend the Patent Act to make sure design patents were given more weight. By 1887, those changes were written into law.
Senator Platt was looking to protect the interests of a thriving local industry - and he certainly achieved that.
But he also put in place the framework that means, 129 years on, Samsung and Apple find themselves arguing over the very same principle.
In 2011 Apple accused Samsung of being the Dobson brothers of the smartphone world, pinching three bits of iPhone design and using them in several Samsung devices.
Specifically, Apple argued that Samsung copied the device's round corners, its bezel, and the app grid of icons when the phone is switched on.
Last year a court agreed with Apple, and so the amendment backed by carpet saviour Senator Platt was put into play.
The amendment that said if a company is found to have infringed a design patent, it must pay out all of the profit it made in damages or $250, whichever amount is greater.
It'll come as no surprise that Samsung had to do the former. The profit on the devices was deemed to be $548m (£362m), and in December the court ordered Samsung to pay that amount to Apple in full, which it did. But Samsung now feels it should be given back at least $399m.
Several thousand cases are referred to the Supreme Court of the United States every year, but it actually only hears fewer than 100. The cases are picked carefully and as a last resort - if there is no acceptable precedent in law, that's when the Supreme Court, or SCOTUS, if you will, steps in.
Clearly, the decision over the complexity of carpet won't cut it in today's modern world. It didn't even cut it in 1885.
And so the judges have taken this on to set a new precedent over punishment for infringing a design patent. It's not considering if Samsung is guilty of copying Apple (it did), but rather how much money Apple is entitled to receive.
The question the judges are essentially asking is: why do people buy a certain phone? Is it because of how it looks, or how it functions?
Samsung says it's mostly the latter, and therefore the damages should be a lot lower as there's an awful lot more work that goes into a phone beyond its aesthetics.
Apple takes the opposite view - it's the iconic design of the iPhone that had if flying off the shelves, it argues, and so if Samsung stole that design then that profit money should surely be Apple's.
We won't know the Supreme Court's decision until June 2017. But speculation among those in the know sides with Samsung in that it makes the most sense that Samsung should pay some damages, but not the entirety of its profit on the device sales.
"That would be the understanding the majority of law professors would advocate for," suggested Prof Andrea Matwyshyn from Northwestern University in Boston.
She said while design of, say, a carpet could be considered the be-all-and-end-all of its success, a smartphone is a far more complex device. Design is important, but not the only factor.
Samsung has had support from its technology peers - most notably Facebook and Google parent company Alphabet.
Apple has backing too - Calvin Klein has lent its support, as have Adidas and jewellery maker Tiffany and Co.
The fact that Apple is pushing for full damages is a strategy that suggests extreme confidence in its ability to stay ahead of the curve in technology, Prof Matwyshyn said.
"It is a corporate decision that should be approached with thoughtfulness and caution, because the future of innovation is always uncertain.
"Tomorrow's devices may bring an unanticipated set of legal challenges.
"It's possible they view their own corporate culture so forward looking that they think it's more likely their designs will be used by others, rather than ever being on the defendant side."
Tuesday's hearing will be 90 minutes long - each side will have a chance to put forth its view, and the US Justice Department will also have its say.
It's expected that the Justice Department's view will be that the law should be interpreted with greater flexibility, with more power given to lower courts to determine whether all of the profit should be awarded as damages.
That should be taken on a case-by-case basis that allows regional court judges to consider how integral certain design features are to the product as a whole.
If the Supreme Court accepts Samsung's appeal, the matter will be referred down to a federal court to determine what the damages should be - and potentially how cases like this will be dealt with in future.
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC and on Facebook


Ireland were well beaten in their first game of the Women's World Twenty20 as New Zealand triumphed in Mohali.

White Ferns captain Suzie Bates won the toss and led the way, hitting 82 from 60 balls and adding 104 with Sophie Devine (47 from 34).
The Kiwi total of 177-3 from 20 overs always looked beyond Ireland.
Captain Isobel Joyce top scored with 28, while Leigh Kasperek's four overs only cost 10 runs as the Irish made 84-5, handing New Zealand a 93-run win.
Kasperek, born in Edinburgh, appeared for Scotland against Ireland in the 2007 European Championship aged only 15, but later switched her allegiance to New Zealand and made her one-day and T20 international debuts in 2015.
"We performed poorly and it was never going to be easy chasing 178," said Joyce. "They are a very professional side and I hope our girls have learnt from them."
Meanwhile, champions Australia began their title defence with a six-wicket win over South Africa in Nagpur.
Openers Dane van Niekerk (45) and Trisha Chetty (34) shared an opening stand of 72 for South Africa before they collapsed, posting 102-6 from their 20 overs.
The Southern Stars were then reeling at 9-3, but the experienced Alex Blackwell (42 not out) and skipper Meg Lanning (30 not out from 19 balls) saw them home with nine balls to spare.
Lanning was batting down the order at number six after a spell off the field with illness, which had also prevented her from appearing for the coin toss at the start of play.


Floyd Mayweather will fight Manny Pacquiao in Las Vegas on 2 May in what promises to be the richest bout in the history of boxing.

American Mayweather, 37, and Filipino Pacquiao, 36, are considered to be the best two fighters of their generation.
Mayweather's WBC and WBA welterweight titles and Pacquiao's WBO belt will be on the line at the MGM Grand.
Mayweather is unbeaten in 47 professional fights; Pacquiao has 57 wins and five losses from 64 contests.
The fight is expected to generate as much as £162m ($250m). The most lucrative fight in history is thought to be Mayweather's bout against Saul Alvarez in 2013, which made an estimated £97m.
Mayweather-Pacquiao is also expected to break the record for pay-per-view buys in the United States. The current record of 2.4 million was set when Mayweather fought fellow American Oscar de la Hoya in 2007.
Mayweather wrote on his webpage: "What the world has been waiting for has arrived. Mayweather vs Pacquiao on May 2, 2015 is a done deal.
"This will be the biggest event in the history of the sport. Boxing fans and sports fans around the world will witness greatness on May 2."
Pacquiao said: "I am very happy that Floyd Mayweather and I can give the fans the fight they have wanted for so many years.
"They have waited long enough and they deserve it. It is an honour to be part of this historic event.
"I dedicate this fight to all the fans who willed this fight to happen and, as always, to bring glory to the Philippines and my fellow Filipinos around the world."
Mayweather said "giving the fans what they want is always my main focus".
He added: "I am the best ever and this fight will be another opportunity to showcase my skills and do what I do best, which is win.
"Manny is going to try to do what 47 before him failed to do, but he won't be successful. He will be number 48."
Pacquiao's trainer Freddie Roach, said: "Floyd should enjoy being the A-side while he can. Because on May 2, Manny is going to put him on his backside."
Mayweather and Pacquiao met for the first time at a basketball game in Miami in January, when they exchanged telephone numbers.
Mayweather is regarded by many as the finest technician and tactician in boxing, while Pacquiao has built his career on a more aggressive style.
Pacquiao beat Chris Algieri on a unanimous points decision in his most recent fight in November, but lost twice in 2013 - to Timothy Bradley and Juan Manuel Marquez.
Mayweather, whose unbeaten record stretches back to 1996, has won his past five bouts on points, most recently a rematch with Marcos Maidana in September.
British welterweight Amir Khan, who wants to fights Mayweather and also held talks with Pacquiao in January, said before the bout was announced that it is "not going to be what people expect".
He told the Daily Mail on Thursday: "Four years ago it would have been a massive fight because both of them were at their peak. It might have gone past that now.
"It will be a good fight for a couple of rounds. I think it will go the distance but that Mayweather will win by unanimous decision."
The fight also marks a rare joint agreement between Showtime Sports and HBO, the two American media companies, who traditionally work in opposition.
They have worked together before, teaming up in 2002 for the fight between then heavyweight champion Lennox Lewis, who was with HBO, and former champion Mike Tyson, who was with Showtime.
This time Showtime hold the rights to Mayweather while HBO have Pacquiao.
"This fight took about five or six years of negotiations, arguing, egos getting in the way before it finally came to fruition," explained Bob Arum, Pacquiao's promoter.
"It's the biggest fight by far in years in the sport of boxing, so I equate this to five or six years of Super Bowls all wrapped into one fight. It'll be the biggest boxing event of all time."
Negotiations for the fight first came to a halt five years ago but Stephen Espinoza, the executive vice-president of Showtime Sports, does not believe the advancing years of the two boxers will damage the event as a showpiece.
"Part of the myth and legend of this entire event is that is took so long to come to fruition," he said.
"Maybe a boxer that is just slightly past his prime provides a more entertaining, a more memorable fight than the guy whose reflexes are at their peak."


GPs in the UK are slower to refer patients who might have cancer than in other countries, a study suggests.

Interviews with 2,795 doctors around the world, in the journal BMJ Open, suggested British doctors did not have enough access to CT and MRI scans to check for tumours.
Cancer Research UK suggested this could contribute to the UK lagging behind on cancer survival.
Early detection of tumours is vital for effective treatment.
The study involved giving doctors in the England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Australia and Canada a series of hypothetical scenarios during a phone interview.
This included a 53-year-old woman who had her last period six months ago and had suffered abdominal pain for the last three weeks.
These are potential symptoms for ovarian cancer, but could also be many other diseases.
In the UK, 38% of doctors said they would refer the patient for cancer testing while the figure was 61% in the other countries.
Cancer Research UK said the percentage of ovarian cancer patients surviving one year or more after diagnosis was 65% in the UK and 73% in the rest of the world.
It was a consistent theme throughout all the scenarios.
Sara Hiom, the director of early diagnosis at Cancer Research UK, said: "This work adds important detail to the complex problem of why the UK's cancer survival lags behind other comparable countries.
"GPs have a difficult job to do. They have to ensure those who need specialist tests get them, without overloading a health system that's already strained.
"But their role as gatekeepers to further investigation and specialist care does need to be reviewed in the current context.
"If the UK system means that patients are not being referred for tests, or GPs aren't able to get a specialist opinion as necessary, then this can contribute to cancers being diagnosed and treated at a later stage and we urgently need to address this."
Dr Richard Roope, a representative of the Royal College of GPs, said most doctors in the UK did not have direct access to CT and MRI scans, which meant they were likely to try other tests first.
Another issue he identified was that doctors tested for one condition at a time, while other countries tested for all possibilities at once.
But he told the BBC News website the NHS was doing well despite less funding that other countries: "What we deliver for what we spend is impressive, but the outcomes are not as good."


It is little over a month since one of the world's richest drug lords, Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman escaped through an impressively built mile-long tunnel.

He is an elusive character, even to people in his home state of Sinaloa, the cradle of Mexico's drug-trafficking area. But while Sinaloans cannot hope to rival his riches, they have not wasted time cashing in on his fame either.
Isaiah Rodriguez has several stalls inside the labyrinthine Garmendia market in the historic centre of Culiacan. He mostly sells souvenirs and trinkets printed with "I LOVE CULIACAN" or "SINALOA".
But Isaiah has a new range out - a line of baseball caps branded with "El Chapo" - the word "billionaire" stamped on the front, along with a golden-threaded image of the kingpin and the number 701, referring to El Chapo's position the first time he entered the Forbes Rich List.
Isaiah says wholesalers started offering them to him shortly after El Chapo escaped.
"As a shop-seller, it's good business," he says. As an individual he has a very different view - "I wouldn't let my kids wear one of these hats."
Not far away from the market is a little chapel dedicated to another of Sinaloa's famous bandits, Jesus Malverde. The chapel is dimly lit by candles and the walls are covered in plaques from families thanking Malverde for his work.
Legend has it that he robbed from the rich and gave to the poor, for which many people are still very grateful. He is known as the "angel of the poor" but he has another nickname too: the "narco-saint" - because of his following among the cartels.
Malverde is the original benevolent bandit, but he is has increasing competition.
"El Chapo has helped lots of people so it would be good to have a monument or a chapel in his honour too," says Rodolfo, who maintains Malverde's chapel. "He is also a generous man."
The idea that El Chapo, the leader of one of the most powerful and violent drug cartels in the world, can be seen as a good guy is not uncommon here.
"There are parts of society that are proud," says Javier Valdez, a columnist on narco (drug dealer) culture for the weekly paper Rio Doce. "They talk of narcos as being awesome people, an idol or God or demi-God."
El Chapo is also seen as somebody who can offer more security to people than the government.
"He gives them work and money but more than that, he challenges the government, makes fun of the government, escapes from prison. He's a modern-day Robin Hood," says Mr Valdez.
But, he adds, it often means that El Chapo's darker side goes unacknowledged.
"People don't want to know anything about the kingpin they adore also being an assassin," he says. "They don't want to have anything to do with the painful side."
Travel an hour into the Sierra Madre mountains and you get to the municipality of Badiraguato. Not far from here was where El Chapo grew up and where his mother still lives.
This is one of the biggest areas in Mexico for opium and marijuana production. It is also where many think El Chapo is hiding.
"El Chapo's the best," says Simona, who runs a restaurant in town. Her father used to cook for Rafael Caro Quintero, another of Badiraguato's famous drug-traffickers.
She is happy for what El Chapo has achieved in a poor part of Mexico where there are few job opportunities apart from agriculture. "Drugs traffickers are real men," she laughs.
But in the town hall, Mayor Mario Valenzuela is a little more measured. He knows El Chapo's mother and while not exactly proud of his crimes, Mr Valenzuela says the production of drugs in this part of Mexico is reality.
"He's a person who, in his line of business, is very intelligent," he says. He jokes that, with his escapes, El Chapo could be in line to win a Guinness World Record.
"It's complicated but at the end of the day it generates jobs in the country, it moves money - and a lot of it," he says. "We don't want to face up to the fact that our economies to a large extent depend on that. Sadly that's how it is."
Mr Valenzuela says rumours that El Chapo has ploughed money back into his community are untrue. There are no bridges, roads or buildings here that can be attributed to the drugs lord, he says.
Guadalupe, 15, who is sitting in the square outside the town hall, disagrees with the mayor.
"I know it's true, he does help lots of people," she says, adding that she thinks he is a good man.
Back in Culiacan, I head to the Jardines del Humaya private cemetery, where many cartel members are buried.
The tombs are not your typical gravestones, they are actual houses. It is like a leafy neighbourhood where nobody is home. There are colonial-style buildings with two floors and gardens, more modern constructions too with marble staircases and alarm systems. Some even have air conditioning.
The builders are busy working on the next mini-mansion. They do not ask questions about their clients but say that even if they are building for drug dealers, everyone deserves to rest in peace.
And whether he returns to prison or remains on the run, a drug dealer of El Chapo's stature can be assured of a very luxurious resting place indeed.


The NHS in England has announced it will finally give people a drug to dramatically reduce the risk of being infected with HIV, from next month.

The health service had previously fought against paying for Prep and even took the issue to court, unsuccessfully, last year.
The drug will be given to 10,000 people in a Â£10m trial lasting three years.
The Terrence Higgins Trust said it was "crucial" the NHS delivered plans to offer the protection routinely.
Prep (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is a daily pill that disables HIV before it gets a stranglehold in the body.
Trials suggest it can cut the risk of being infected by up to 86%.
People buying the drug privately has been linked to the first fall in new infections in gay men.
Scotland has already announced it will make Prep available on the NHS to people at risk of HIV. And in Wales, the government is also trialling the drug.
Sexual health clinics in London, Brighton, Manchester, Liverpool and Sheffield are expected to be the first to offer Prep to high-risk people, starting September.
The rest of the country will take part by April 2018.
Simon Stevens, the chief executive of NHS England, said: "This major new intervention should complement and supercharge the wide-ranging and increasingly successful effort to prevent HIV.
"It's another milestone in more than three decades' worth of progress in tackling one of humanity's major health challenges."
NHS England had fought not to offer the drug, arguing responsibility for paying for it should fall to local authorities not the NHS.
The trial will aim to answer questions about how Prep should be offered on a wide scale across England.
Harry Dodd, 25, is one of about 500 gay men in England who are taking Prep as part of a trial called Proud.
He says: "I've seen the panic on the face of previous boyfriends when they are awaiting their [HIV test] results - it's a huge fear, and it affects everything you do.
"To be able to have sex without having that fear hanging over you all the time is huge."
Harry says taking Prep has still not become socially acceptable.
"Too many people seem to think it will encourage a hedonistic lifestyle, but for me this is about saving lives," he says.
"People reacted with cynicism when the contraceptive pill for women was first introduced.
"For me, taking Prep has helped me to trust again, have relationships and build bridges, and that shouldn't be taken away."
Read more on Harry's story
Ian Green, chief executive of the Terrence Higgins Trust, said: "The priority must now be to make sure that the trial reaches everyone at risk of HIV, and that it is rolled out speedily across the whole country, by the end of this year at the very latest - spring 2018 is not soon enough.
"To make sure no-one at risk of HIV is left behind, it is crucial that at the end of this trial, a clear process for routinely commissioning Prep on the NHS is agreed."
Deborah Gold, the chief executive at the National Aids Trust, said: "This is a pivotal moment in the fight against HIV.
"Prep, if targeted properly at those in need and at high risk of HIV, offers the possibility of transforming the English HIV epidemic.
"We warmly welcome this announcement."
Follow James on Twitter.


A judge has written a personal letter to a 14-year-old boy explaining why he has rejected his request to move with his father to Scandinavia.

Mr Justice Jackson said he felt the teenager had brought the case to the High Court "as a way of showing your dad how much you love him".
He told the boy he was "doing well in life" and did not believe that the move abroad would work.
He said: "I am confident that it is the right order for you in the long run."
Mr Justice Jackson, who is based in the Family Division of the High Court in London, wrote the letter to the teenager which laid down his ruling after a hearing in July.
Sam, not his real name, had applied for permission to live with his father in a Scandinavian country, which his mother and step-father opposed.
The application was later taken over by his dad.
In the letter, the judge told the boy he believed "that your feelings are that you love everyone in your family very much, just as they love you".
However, he noted that Sam's parents had "very different personalities" and the fact they found it hard to agree was "stressful for you".
In the letter, the judge said he found Sam's dad to be someone who was "troubled" and had a "lot of influence over you".
"All fathers influence their sons, but your father goes a lot further than that. I'm quite clear that if he was happy with the present arrangements, you probably would be too. Because he isn't, you aren't."
He questioned whether the idea for the proceedings came from Sam or his dad and said he believed the teenager had "brought the proceedings mainly as a way of showing your dad how much you love him".
He told the teenager: "Also, I may be wrong, but when you gave your evidence I didn't get the feeling that you actually see your future in Scandinavia at all.
"Instead, what I saw was you doing your duty by your dad while trying not to be too unfair to your mum. But you still felt you had to boost your dad wherever you could.
"That's how subtle and not-so-subtle pressure works. So I respect your views, but I don't take them at face value because I think they are significantly formed by your loyalty to your father."
The judge said Sam's dad had a "manipulative side" and has "in some ways lost sight of what was best" for his son.
He told the boy he had no confidence that a move to Scandinavia would work and hoped his dad would decide to stay in England "for your sake".
The judge said the evidence showed Sam was doing well in life in England and that he "should make the most of the many opportunities that life here has to offer you".
He went on:  "If, when you finish your A-levels, you want to move to Scandinavia, you will be 18 and an adult - it will be up to you."
Mr Justice Jackson dismissed his dad's application to take Sam to live in Scandinavia and for Sam to apply for citizenship there.
He ruled that Sam would have contact with his dad on alternate weekends and any arrangement after he moved to Scandinavia alone would have to be agreed between both parents.
In the letter, he added: "Whatever each of your parents might think about it, I hope they have the dignity not to impose their views on you, so that you can work things out for yourself."
The judge finished by saying he and Sam's dad had enjoyed finding out they loved the film My Cousin Vinny - but for different reasons.
"He mentioned it as an example of a miscarriage of justice, while I remember it for the best courtroom scenes in any film, and the fact that justice was done in the end."


Following the revelations that children's heart surgery will stop at Leicester's Glenfield Hospital, BBC News has spoken to parents of children who will be affected.

Danielle Westerman's two-year-old son Declan has had two open-heart operations and is due to have another next year.
Ms Westerman, from Ilkeston, Derbyshire, says she already has trouble getting to Leicester as neither she or her partner can drive and rely on a lift from her elderly grandfather.
She said: "Where would we have to go now? How would we even get there?
"Glenfield is only an hour away from me, this is going to be so difficult. We struggled as it was."
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NHS England has told three units - in Leicester, Manchester and London - to stop complex surgery on patients born with congenital heart problems by April 2017.
The announcement comes after attempts to reorganise services had to be abandoned three years ago following legal challenges by local campaigners and the hospitals themselves.
Ashleigh Woods' six-year-old son Jack has had open-heart surgery four times at Glenfield.
Ms Woods, from Melton Mowbray, said: "We nearly lost him two years ago and he will need a heart transplant eventually.
"This has come as a massive shock. Where do we go? Birmingham is such a long way to go, it's risking your child's life.
"Will they pay travel costs? At Glenfield you can stay over.
"It's daunting to think what will happen. It will have a massive impact on us."
Sylv Hogan's son 12-year-old son Alex was was born with a congenital heart defect.
She said Alex had "infection after infection" from birth and in March 2005 he took a turn for the worse and was admitted to the Leicester Royal Infirmary.
"He was too poorly to be moved to Glenfield so we held our breath and waited," she said.
"Doctors from the heart unit came over every day to check on Alex until he was stable enough to move.
"I'm 100% sure that he would not be here today [without their help].
"[Stopping children's heart surgery at Glenfield] is not sad, it's criminal."
Card Ward, from Leicestershire, said his one-year-old son George has undergone two open-heart surgeries at Glenfield and is fortunate to be alive.
He said: "We feel absolutely mortified about the recent news, I feel sick to the stomach.
"Glenfield became a second home for us. Me and my partner were so fortunate to be able to commute the 20-minute drive, change shifts to stay with George and the other look after our other son at home after school.
"I feel so sad for Leicestershire and surrounding areas, in fact the whole country, as we met children who had been airlifted from hundreds of miles away to receive the special care and expertise."
Ranjit Singh Nagra, from Leicester, said on Facebook: "What a disgrace, my daughter had a heart surgery at Glenfield hospital and I feel sorry for the children and parents who will have to travel miles for surgery."
Hayley Spencer told the BBC the NHS England decision was "terrible news".
"My little boy River had open-heart surgery in October for tetralogy of Fallot [heart defect]," she said.
"What happens if he needs more surgery? Where will we go? Glenfield is so handy for us living in Derby."
Sharon Virgin, from Leicester, said: "My daughter needs open-heart surgery in a few months and she is devastated.
"They are not thinking how this will affect the children who basically live at the hospital. They should be ashamed of themselves."
Giles Peek, now a professor of paediatric heart surgery in New York but who used to be in charge at Glenfield, said the unit supported every hospital in the East Midlands and its closure could mark the "death of paediatric services" in the region.


Almost 1,000 local authority schools and more than 100 academy trusts in England are now in debt, ministers have revealed in an answer to a parliamentary question.

Heads and teachers have been complaining about deepening problems with funding shortages - with warnings they might have to cut school hours.
The ministerial response shows 5% of council schools have budget deficits.
Lib Dem leader Tim Farron said funding gaps had become a "national scandal".
"Over 1,000 schools are in the red. This should be worrying to every parent," said Mr Farron.
His party had asked ministers how many schools and academy trusts, which run chains of schools, were in debt.
There have been growing warnings from schools about problems with funding.
The heads of every state school in West Sussex recently sent a letter to Downing Street, warning that they would have to consider cutting school hours or making teachers redundant if they did not receive emergency funding.
They warned that schools faced a "dire financial position".
In a debate this week on school funding in West Sussex, MPs backed their concerns.
Sir Nicholas Soames, Conservative MP for Mid-Sussex, said funding arrangements were "unsatisfactory and unfair" and budget shortages would have a "damaging effect" on schools.
Tim Loughton, Conservative MP for East Worthing, said there was "nothing left in the tank" for many schools and that head teachers were telling him that school finances were at "breaking point".
Head teachers say that budgets have not kept up with rising costs.
There are also particular regional shortfalls, with the government postponing plans to introduce a national funding formula aimed at addressing local anomalies in funding levels.
Education Minister Nick Gibb's reply to the question on schools in debt showed that in 2014-15 there were 113 academy trusts with a revenue deficit, representing 4% of trusts.
There were 944 local authority schools in deficit, representing 5.3% of such schools.
The National Association of Head Teachers said problems with school funding were "very serious".
A spokesman said a survey showed that two-thirds of schools were "dipping into reserves to stave off deficits" - and there were fears that rising costs would make this worse.
"I worry that in order for schools to bring their budgets in line to repay their debt, they will have to look at cutting staff, which makes up for 80% of the school expenditure," said Mr Farron.
"There will be less extracurricular activities, IT equipment or even books as cash is funnelled into clearing the debt."
Kevin Courtney, general secretary of the National Union of Teachers, called on the government to provide "immediate additional funding".
"School budgets are being cut to the bone, and many more could find themselves in debt as the funding crisis worsens.
"We estimate that 92% of schools in England could face real terms budget cuts over the next four years."
But Department for Education spokeswoman said: "All academy trusts must balance their budget from each academic financial year to the next.
"We continue to monitor the tiny number of trusts which reported a deficit at the end of the academic year 2014-15."


International charity Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) has demanded an independent international investigation into the US bombing of its hospital in the city of Kunduz in northern Afghanistan.

At least 30 people, including MSF staff, were killed in the early morning attack of 3 October. MSF says dozens were injured and the hospital severely damaged.
The US in November 2015 said that the crew of a warplane that attacked the hospital misidentified it - believing it to be a government compound taken over by the Taliban.
In the early morning of 3 October, a US AC-130 gunship conducted an air strike on what crew members thought was a Taliban compound.
US officials have blamed malfunctioning electronics and human error for the targeting mistake.
An investigation by the US in November 2015 said that the crew of the AC-130 gunship relied on a physical description of the compound provided by Afghan forces. It was this which led the crew to attack the wrong hospital, which was about 410m (1345ft) away from the intended target.
The US military and MSF have differing accounts of the barrage, including the duration and the attempts made to stop it.
The military claims that the strike lasted for approximately 29 minutes, and ended before commanders realised a mistake had been made - despite a call from MSF urging an end to the firing 12 minutes into the attack.
The charity says that the firing lasted for nearly an hour, and desperate phone calls asking the military to stop firing were still being made about 20 minutes after the military says the assault ended.
MSF says the warring sides were well aware of the hospital's location in Kunduz, and have described the attack as a war crime and a black day in its history.
In a review released in early November, the charity said there were no weapons or fighting inside the compound in Kunduz before the bombing started.
The report said hospital staff were shot at from the air while fleeing the premises.
The US investigators said they found no evidence that the aircraft crew or US Special Forces on the ground knew the targeted compound was a hospital at the time of the attack.
The Afghan defence ministry said "armed terrorists" were using the hospital "as a position to target Afghan forces and civilians".
But MSF has denied this: "Not a single member of our staff reported any fighting inside the hospital compound prior to the US air strike on Saturday morning."
The US military's explanation for the incident has been muddied because it has changed its account of how the air strike came about.
Statements initially said US forces had come under fire, but then said air strikes were requested by Afghan forces under Taliban fire.
The US military chief in Afghanistan Gen John Campbell admitted in October 2015 that "the decision to provide aerial fires was a US decision, made within the US chain of command".
In November, he said that the US had "learned from this terrible incident," and that officials would be taking "administrative and disciplinary action through a process that is fair and thorough (and) considers the available evidence."
MSF says that statements from the Afghan and US forces imply they worked together to deliberately target the hospital - and amount to an admission of a war crime.
The organisation's president Joanne Liu said they "cannot rely on internal military investigations by the US, Nato and Afghan forces".
She has called on the International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission (IHFFC) - a never-used body established in 1991 under the Geneva Conventions - to investigate.
The IHFFC is "the only permanent body set up specifically to investigate violations of international humanitarian law", Ms Liu said, and she called on the commission's signatory states to activate an inquiry.
However, according to the IHFFC provisions, an inquiry needs the specific endorsement of the parties to the conflict.
Neither the US nor Afghanistan is a signatory, and therefore they would have to issue separate declarations of consent to the investigation of the Kunduz bombing.
After details of the November 2015 US military investigation were released, MSF reiterated its calls for "an independent and impartial investigation into the attack," and said the errors detailed in the investigation illustrate "gross negligence on the part of US forces and violations of the rules of war".
War crimes are acts that constitute a grave breach of the laws of war. At the heart of the concept is the idea that an individual can be held responsible for the actions of a country or that nation's soldiers.
According to the International Criminal Court (ICC), war crimes can include:
International humanitarian law bans any attack on patients and medical personnel - indeed, any attack on medical facilities, which are zones that must be respected under the rules of war.
Even if combatants, such as the Taliban, take refuge in them, they should not be attacked.
In the case of Kunduz, US investigators say that the attacking plane fired 211 shells at the compound over a 25-minute period before commanders realised their mistake and ordered a halt.
Under rules established by the ICC, any such incident would probably result in too high a number of civilian casualties - what is called the rule of proportionality.
According to Human Rights Watch, "given the hospital's protected status and the large numbers of civilians and medical personnel in the facility, attacking the hospital would still likely have been an unlawfully disproportionate attack, causing greater harm to civilians and civilian structures than any immediate military gain.
"The laws of war require that even if military forces misuse a hospital to deploy able-bodied combatants or weapons, the attacking force must issue a warning to cease this misuse, setting a reasonable time limit for it to end, and attacking only after such a warning has gone unheeded," the group said in a statement.
Under international humanitarian law "constant care must be taken to spare the civilian population, civilians and civilian objects".
Medical units, the rules say, "must be respected and protected in all circumstances", although "they lose their protection if they are being used, outside their humanitarian function, to commit acts harmful to the enemy".
In February 2009, nine people were killed by shells which hit a hospital in a rebel-held area of north-east Sri Lanka.
The hospital, in the town of Puthukkudiyiruppu, Mullaitivu district, was hit three times in 24 hours, and shells were said to have hit a crowded paediatric unit.
Sri Lanka's army denied it was behind the shelling. It accused separatist Tamil Tiger rebels of using civilians as human shields.
The International Committee of the Red Cross at the time called the strikes "significant breaches of international humanitarian law".
Last year, at least five people were killed and 70 injured by an Israeli strike on a hospital in Gaza.
Doctors at the al-Aqsa Hospital in Deir al-Balah in the central Gaza Strip say several Israeli tank shells hit the hospital's reception, intensive care unit and operating theatres.
The Israeli military said it had targeted a cache of anti-tank missiles in the hospital's "immediate vicinity".
"Civilian casualties are a tragic inevitability of [Hamas'] brutal and systematic exploitation of homes, hospitals and mosques in Gaza," it said in a statement.
Experts point out that this is not the first time international humanitarian law may have been violated in Afghanistan's current conflict.
At least 18,000 civilians have died in 14 years of war. Hundreds of people have been killed in coalition raids and bombings - although many more have been killed in militant attacks.
At times, foreign and local troops have entered medical facilities to arrest people.
But because of its long-term implications on medical assistance, the Kunduz incident, in the words of one ICRC official, ranks as an especially serious one.


Sexual transmission of the Zika virus is more common than previously thought, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

After an emergency committee meeting on Tuesday, the UN health agency also said there was increasing evidence of links between Zika and various birth defects.
Zika is most commonly spread by mosquitoes but several countries have reported cases of sexual transmission.
The WHO last month said the outbreak constitutes a global emergency.
WHO Director General Dr Margaret Chan said "reports and investigations in several countries strongly suggest that sexual transmission of the virus is more common than previously assumed".
She called the development "alarming".
Dr Chan also said that microcephaly - a birth defect strongly linked to the Zika outbreak in Brazil - was just one of several conditions that the WHO had linked to the virus.
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Another is Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). Nine countries have now reported an increase in cases of GBS, a rare condition that can cause temporary paralysis and death.
Dr Chan said problems linked to Zika were now being seen not just in women of child-bearing age, but children, teenagers and older adults.
She said public health officials should not wait for definitive scientific proof of links between the virus and various health conditions before issuing guidance.
The WHO has advised pregnant women to avoid travelling to areas with ongoing Zika outbreaks, and to practice safe sex with anyone who has or abstain from sex for the duration of their pregnancy.
"Women who are pregnant in affected countries or travel to these countries are understandably deeply worried," Dr Chan said.
The US is investigating more than a dozen possible cases of Zika in people who may have been infected through sex.
A vaccine for the Zika virus could be ready for human trials later this year, Dr Anthony Fauci, who is leading the US government's research programme, said last week.
Dr Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said he hopes to start testing a DNA vaccine by September.


Forward Jon Parkin has left National League side Forest Green Rovers after terminating his contract by mutual consent.

The 34-year-old joined from Fleetwood Town in 2014 and scored 44 goals in 96 appearances for the club.
"I think he understands [that his exit] is just football, we need to evolve and change things," boss Mark Cooper said.
"He's been great with the younger players and will continue to train with us for the rest of the week."


The sperm of all 18-year-olds should be frozen for use in later life because of the risks attached with being an older father, a UK bioethicist has argued.

Sperm becomes more prone to errors with age, increasing the risk of autism, schizophrenia and other disorders.
Dr Kevin Smith, from Abertay University in Dundee, says sperm-banking on the NHS should "become the norm".
The British Fertility Society said such a move would "provide a very artificial approach to procreation".
It called for a greater focus in the UK on supporting young couples to have work and have children.
Men are having children later - the average age of fatherhood in England and Wales has increased from 31 in the early 1990s to 33 now.
But while it remains possible to have children well into old age, there are consequences.
Making his case in the Journal of Medical Ethics, Dr Smith said even small increases in the risk of disease could have a big effect when scaled up across a whole nation.
He told the BBC News website: "I think on a society-wide basis, we do need to worry about it - it is a very real and pronounced effect.
"It's time we took seriously the issue of paternal age and its effect on the next generation of children."
His solution is sperm banking for everyone on the NHS so that in older age men can turn to the sperm from their younger selves.
He said there was no fixed age when someone could become an "older dad" but that people in their 40s might want to return the sperm bank freezer.
He said sperm should be banked ideally around the age of 18.
It costs Â£150-200 per year to keep sperm privately, although an NHS equivalent should be cheaper to run.
Allan Pacey, a professor of andrology at the University of Sheffield, said: "This is one of the most ridiculous suggestions I have heard in a long time."
He said the risks from fathering children later in life were "really quite small".
"We know that the sperm from the majority of men won't freeze very well, which is one of the reasons why sperm donors are in short supply," he added.
"Therefore, men who froze their sperm at 18, and returned to use it later in life, would essentially be asking their wives to undergo one or more IVF procedures in order to start a family."
Professor Adam Balen, chairman of the British Fertility Society, disagreed with the need for a universal sperm bank.
He said: "Not only does it provide a very artificial approach to procreation, but also a false sense of security as the technology does not guarantee a baby."
He warned that frozen sperm were less fertile than fresh ones and couples would be likely to have to depend on IVF.
Prof Balen argued: "I don't think we should be advising all women and men to freeze eggs and sperm for an uncertain future, but support young couples to have work and have children - that may require a societal shift in philosophy."
He said other countries, particularly in Scandinavia, were better than the UK at providing childcare and maternity and paternity leave.
Sheena Lewis, the chair of the British Andrology Society, said: "Men should think about their families much earlier in their lives.
"We need to get the message across that it's really a much better idea for men as well as women to have their children in their 20s and 30s."


Seven prisoners have been killed and 59 others have escaped after a riot at a jail in northern Mexico near the US border, officials say.

Five guards are also missing and are believed to have aided the mass prison breakout in Nuevo Laredo town.
Mexican police say the majority of those on the run are drug traffickers and members of armed gangs.
The prison system is struggling to cope with an influx of offenders arrested in a campaign against drugs cartels.
Correspondents say prison breakouts are not uncommon in northern Mexico, where more than 400 inmates have escaped since January 2010.
Nuevo Laredo, in Tamaulipas state, lies just across the border from Laredo, Texas.
The largest jail break so far was last December when more than 140 prisoners escaped from the same prison.
According to a statement from the Tamaulipas state government, the riot began on Friday morning in Nuevo Laredo's Sanctions Enforcement Centre, which houses an estimated 1,200 prisoners.
After the breakout, soldiers surrounded the jail and calm was restored, the authorities said.
The northern border region is the scene of rising lawlessness as the cartels fight the security forces and each other for control of smuggling routes into the US.
The main battle in Tamaulipas is between the Zetas and the Gulf cartels, the AFP news agency reports.
Their capacity for violence and ability to pay huge bribes gives them considerable power to subvert the prison system and get their people out.
President Felipe Calderon came to power in 2006 promising a war on drugs.
More than 35,000 people have died in drug violence since he began his campaign, which has involved launching an army assault on drug gangs.


A 30-year-old man is "fighting for his life" after he was felled by one punch in Manchester.

Greater Manchester Police said he was attacked by a man who started arguing with him on Santiago Street, Rusholme, at about 16:00 GMT on Saturday.
The victim tried to back away but was punched by the other man who was driven off in a dark-coloured saloon car.
Det Ch Insp Terry Crompton said: "We believe this is a targeted attack which has left a man fighting for his life."
The man was found collapsed on the street and is being treated in Hope Hospital, Salford for serious head injuries.
The attack happened in a street of terraced houses about five minutes' walk away from Manchester's "Curry Mile" of restaurants and take-aways.
Det Ch Insp Crompton said: "From what we know, the victim was walking on Santiago Street when he was approached by a man who started arguing with him.
"The victim tried to back away but the man punched him, knocking him to the ground."
"I believe there would have been a number of witnesses in the area who saw what happened and I would urge them to call us."


Ronny Deila is now left with only his reflections.

There are five league games remaining and although retaining the Premiership title cannot be taken for granted, Celtic's eight-point lead over Aberdeen ought to be enough to see them over the line.
The feeling within the club is that securing a fifth consecutive championship is the priority and that Deila should be afforded some respect, but the announcement the Norwegian is leaving in the summer is a reflection of the strength of feeling amongst the supporters.
The temptation, particularly after a painful loss to Rangers in the Scottish Cup on Sunday, is to crave sweeping changes.
Yet Celtic are well-run financially, stable, and focused on making the most out of their resources. Where the approach has fallen short in recent times is in its implementation.
When Deila was appointed two years ago, his background was pored over. There was promise in the notion of a coach who focused on players' individual development and a manager whose Stromsgodset side upset the odds in winning the Norwegian title playing a high-tempo, high-pressing, modern brand of football.
For both Deila and Celtic, the question is why that work in Norway was not reflected in the Celtic teams he presided over. He might come to reflect that he was not assertive or authoritative enough to impose his ideas fully.
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An element of compromise is necessary in management, but too much becomes a weakness. Deila had a reputation for being focused on fitness and a high energy approach; his Celtic teams did not match that promise. Deila never seemed to fill the role with his own personality or strength of will, instead it seemed to constrict him.
Kris Commons was a case in point. It was clear the midfielder, for all his creative and influential gifts, did not fit into Deila's preferred style. A stronger manager would have dispensed with the player, and so enforced his authority. Instead, Commons was offered a new deal by the club.
Scott Brown, too, was pictured in a newspaper slumped on the pavement during a night out, eating fast food, but Deila took the compromise stance and backed the player, who is club captain, long-serving and hugely influential.
One of those decisions might be considered shrewdly pragmatic, but too many becomes a diminishment of your standards. It is then a short journey to incidents like Commons shouting at the management team after being substituted, and Leigh Griffiths - a player who improved markedly under the Norwegian - hollering at Deila as he ran off at half-time during the semi-final defeat by Rangers at Hampden.
Having started to compromise his tactical approach, in part because the squad did not provide enough players with the right attributes to play that way, Deila should have learned to go further and become more pragmatic at times. Yet he remained committed to an attacking outlook, one that cost him regularly in Europe. He seemed a manager at odds with himself.
The theory behind Celtic's football strategy is sound. Sign players of potential, develop them alongside a core of tried and trusted performers, and sell them for a profit while the team continues to achieve its goals. It worked when the likes of Fraser Forster, Victor Wanyama and Virgil van Dijk were being sold for significant profits.
Yet Celtic have at times trawled the market, and signed too many players who did not develop sufficiently. Some, like Stefan Scepovic (£2.3m), Teemu Pukki (£3m), Derk Boerrigter (£3m) and Amido Balde (£1.5m) made little or no impact on the team. There will always be an element of risk to the approach, but during Deila's reign there seemed to be a lack of focus.
Signings ranged from players on loan from Manchester City like Jason Denayer, John Guidetti and Patrick Roberts, to players from rival clubs like Scott Allan, Stuart Armstrong, Gary Mackay-Steven, Nadir Ciftci and Ryan Christie, to wildcards like Carlton Cole and Colin Kazim-Richards. The result has been a diminishment of the team and an imbalanced squad that requires much work. Allan, for instance, is a player with fine potential, but he is wasted on the periphery.
Recruitment at Celtic has been a collaborative effort, between the manager, the football development manager John Park and the chief executive Peter Lawwell.
That approach can work, since the 'groupthink' should challenge all decisions made and ensure that all recruitment choices are fully sourced and stress-tested, but the process has seemed to lose its way during Deila's tenure.
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The club does not have reserves of cash to radically alter its approach, unless the major shareholder Dermot Desmond is willing to underwrite a bolder strategy.
Otherwise, Celtic need to review and refine, but effectively implement their philosophy better, under a manager better able to command and inspire the dressing room and impose his ideas.
Davie Moyes is a leading candidate - albeit the same applies to other clubs with vacancies, such as Aston Villa - while the likes of Roy Keane and Michael O'Neill will come under consideration.
A return for Neil Lennon is highly unlikely, but the same attributes will be sought this summer as two years ago, since player development, a strong philosophy and a firm grasp of man-management will all be required.
Deila promised those skills, but was unable to fully deliver them. He should be better for the experience, and Celtic need to learn, too.


Swiss voters have rejected a proposal that would have limited executive pay to 12 times that of the lowest paid.

The referendum saw 65.3% vote against the plan with 34.7% in favour.
The country is home to a range of giant businesses, including pharmaceutical companies Novartis and Roche, the insurance groups Zurich and Swiss Re and the banks UBS and Credit Suisse.
The rules would have given Switzerland the world's toughest pay rules and some of the lowest executive salaries.
Business leaders said that would limit foreign investment and the government was also opposed to the proposal.
The Young Socialists, who proposed the measure, admitted defeat.
By Imogen FoulkesSwitzerland correspondent, BBC News
The one to 12 initiative was clearly just too radical for many Swiss voters. The big business cantons of Zurich and St Gallen have rejected it outright.
Despite widespread public anger that some Swiss executives are earning hundreds of times the wages of their employees, the government's arguments that such severe salary restrictions would undermine the Swiss economy and deter foreign investment clearly carried weight with voters.
It is the second time this year that Swiss voters have been balloted on the issue.
In March they did back strict limits on bonuses and golden handshakes.
There has been widespread public anger at revelations that some of Switzerland's chief executives are earning more than 200 times what their employees take home.
Some Swiss have been further irritated that these high levels of pay are being given to executives whose firms have been cutting jobs.
Although this proposal has been defeated, the issue of high salaries and a widening wage gap has not gone away.
Early next year, Switzerland will hold another referendum on a guaranteed minimum wage.
Switzerland's system of democracy means citizens can call nationwide votes on issues that concern them.


A group of primary school children were injured on a trip to a farm when the trailer they were in became detached from the tractor pulling it.

One of the 11 children described how the trailer went "really fast down the hill" at the farm in Nottinghamshire before it "launched us off".
Two members of teaching staff from Halam Primary and a farmer were also injured in the accident on 11 March.
The acting head teacher of the school has apologised.
One of the children, Ben, said he was frightened and the other children were crying.
"The trailer gone like really fast down the hill and it gone sideways and it launched us off," said Ben.
When asked how it made him feel, Ben said: "It feels like sad."
Ben's mother, Sheree Cockayne, said he has been struggling to sleep since it happened and has been having nightmares and flashbacks.
Mrs Cockayne, who was told about the accident by a school nurse, said: "I rushed to the QMC (Queen's Medical Centre) and Ben was brought in. He had blood all over his face.
"He just laid there really shocked. He had to stay in [hospital] overnight for observation every four hours because he had concussion and felt really sick.
"He's still got bruises to his head, his ribs and his chest, so he still has a few pains."
Nottinghamshire County Council said another child was discharged from hospital after a check-up and one was brought into hospital later in the day for a scan, then released.
A teaching assistant sustained a broken wrist, a teaching student sustained a head wound requiring stitches and the farmer, who was also in the trailer, dislocated his shoulder.
The assistant will be off work for four weeks.
The children were on a trip at Hills Farm in Edingley and the accident happened on Carver's Hollow.
Nottinghamshire Police is investigating the incident, rather then the Health and Safety Executive, because the area where it happened is a highway.
The force has asked anyone with information to contact them.
Hills Farm in Edingley, where it happened, said it would not comment while an investigation is ongoing.
The school's acting head teacher, Paul Nolan, said: "We are very sorry this unfortunate incident happened and we wish the children and adults who were injured a speedy recovery.
"This incident has affected the whole community and everyone is supporting each other as a result."
Marion Clay, the council's acting service director for education standards, said: "This is an established trip for reception pupils and as far as we know at this time all the appropriate procedures were carried out."


Arlene Foster has been elected as the first female leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).

17 December 2015 Last updated at 23:08 GMT
In her first speech as leader, she denied there was an old DUP and a new DUP saying there was only one party.
Gareth Gordon reports.


US President Barack Obama is to widen background checks on buyers of firearms, in a series of measures to address gun violence.

The plans will be announced on Tuesday by the president, despite opposition from Congress to new gun laws.
All sellers who operate online or at gun shows will be forced to conduct background checks on potential buyers.
Republican presidential candidate Rand Paul said he would fight the executive actions "tooth and nail".
And several of his Republican rivals said they would erase the measures "on day one" if they win the White House.
Why Obama is powerless - the roadblock at Congress
Are you mad or criminal? - the question a gun seller asks
Texas women and their firearms - a photographer taught to shoot at an early age
Do tighter gun laws work? - a state where guns are a way of life
Guns at home - the question parents hate to ask before a playdate
But Mr Obama says his new measures will be within his legal authority and consistent with the Second Amendment, which grants Americans the right to bear arms.
And while they will not solve every violent crime in the US, he said, they will potentially "save lives and spare families the pain" of loss.
Under the plan announced on Monday evening by the White House:
Earlier on Monday, the president heard recommendations from Attorney General Loretta Lynch, FBI Director James Comey and other top law enforcement officials.
He told the BBC last year his failure to pass effective gun laws was his biggest regret.
The Republican speaker of the House of Representatives, Paul Ryan, accused President Obama of "dismissiveness" towards Americans who value the right to bear arms.
"This is a dangerous level of executive overreach, and the country will not stand for it," he said in a statement.
One charming man I spoke to had a stall of fine old pieces, including a Remington rifle from the 1970s. Because he wasn't registered, all I had to do was show him a driver's licence - and answer this question: am I a felon or mad?
Say no to that, and all I had to do was hand over the cash and the gun was mine with as much ammunition as I could carry. And as he pointed out to me, if I lied, how would he know?
There were also individuals walking around the show carrying rifles and revolvers, with flags coming out of the muzzle saying "for sale" - again no restrictions at all for people who just wanted to flog their old firearm.
These are some of the issues that the president wants to address with his executive action.
Read Jon's piece in full


As the new £189m Library of Birmingham prepares to open, hundreds of people have been testing the building to check it can cope with the hordes waiting to see it.

When it opens, the building will be the biggest regional library in Europe.
But from the wood-panelled Shakespeare room at the top of the library to "spinney" seats and even the escalators, what were the first visitors' favourite features?
Did they find any downsides to the new building - and was it worth the cost?
"Seeing the new library makes me feel so proud to live in Birmingham.
"I'm a writer and photographer and virtually lived in the old library - it was like my office - and I can imagine I'll be in here even more because it's such an inspiring place to be.
"I heard somewhere once that the old library was the third most-used library in the country and if people used that with all its concrete and lack of natural daylight, imagine how many other people would use this.
"A lot of money has been spent on it but we need something like this. People will travel especially to Birmingham to see it and it'll put our city on the map for years to come."
"I work in the building next door and I've seen the library go up from when they built the foundations three years ago so it's really nice to actually look inside.
"The whole thing's fantastic - and out here on the terrace, they've thought of everything - they've got bird boxes, sculptures and other ways to attract wildlife - it's not a bad view from the office window either.
"I've been able to wave at my workmates from out here on the terrace garden, which is brilliant. I might have to do that on all my days off.
"My 13-year-old daughter Georgia has been a fan of everything too."
"Everything is just amazing.
"I loved the roof garden - but there were too many bees around, which were a bit scary.
"I also loved the spinney chairs, they were really fun, and there were lots of them so everyone should find somewhere to sit down.
"I think lots of people will like it and will help make reading fun."
"I used to work as a library assistant in the Central Library - and I even worked in the Victorian library before that too. Out of the three libraries I have to say this is my favourite.
"There were lots of lovely parts of the Victorian library and I think that's why my favourite part of this one is the Shakespeare room - I'd recommend that to anyone - and it feels just like walking into a piece of history.
"But overall this just has so much more space than a traditional library - there's a cafe and you can imagine a real atmosphere in here when it's busier. You can't imagine someone coming up and shushing you - they want people to talk, to enjoy themselves.
"The only problem I've come across is the lifts - quite a few people have mentioned those. They seem to go very slowly and people could be waiting a while, but hopefully they can sort that out."
"I do like it, but I guess I expected it to be a bit more inspirational.
"You want a library to be somewhere where people will be creative, develop new ideas.
"I love the amazing curved bookshelves in the upper floors of the building but on the lower floors it feels a bit like too much of an old-fashioned library and they haven't really done much to present the books in an innovative way.
"All these things sound a bit petty, but I guess it's the Brummie way to find fault in everything - that's how we get things perfect."
"It's absolutely awesome. It's really good to have such big open spaces in a library like this - to me it tops the British Library in its design and what it has to offer people.
"The amphitheatre reminds me of The Scoop venue on London's South Bank and it shows we can compete with anything the capital's got to offer.
"I never used the old library much but I can see lots of people like me coming over in their lunch breaks.
"It's more than just about books - it's a place to gather your thoughts and see Birmingham from a whole different perspective."
"It's just fabulous.
"Not only is the library itself very modern, the ideas that have gone into it are also very forward-thinking too.
"Although they've got a cafe, they want people to bring their own food, which is fantastic for families and they have the only adult-sized changing rooms for people who need them.
"That's not too much of an issue for my disabled son, I have friends with children with much more severe disabilities to which that will just be indispensible.
"My only gripe is the lifts being slow, like other people, but 98% of it is brilliant.
"Maybe the rest of Britain will stop seeing us as thick Brummies now and actually be jealous of all the culture we've got to offer here."
"Wow - I just absolutely love it, I think it's fabulous. I feel so proud to be a Brummie right now.
"I used to be a member of the Central Library but I just stopped going after a while.
"This will be right up there on people's lists of things they have to do in the city centre, which is all being improved right now.
"You'll have to go to Selfridges, the new John Lewis and definitely the new library."


More than half of the foundation piles needed for supporting turbines for a massive offshore wind farm in the Moray Firth have been installed.
Energy firm SSE, which is involved in the Beatrice Offshore Windfarm project, said a total of 86 clusters of four piles would eventually be installed.
They will provide support for 84 turbines and two offshore transformer modules.
The piles are being installed on the seabed by a large crane ship.
The Stanislav Yudin has a 2,500-tonne, 110m (360ft) revolving crane.
A number of support vessels are also involved in the work.
The remainder of the piles are expected to be installed by the end of October.
The Beatrice Offshore Windfarm is being constructed in the Outer Moray Firth at a cost of Â£2.6bn.
Energy firm SSE is among the scheme's investors.


Police are looking for a Glasgow taxi driver who attempted to murder a man by driving his cab at him.

The incident took place at about 00:10 on Dalmellington Road in the Crookston area of the city.
The taxi driver's victim, a 24-year-old man, is in a critical condition in the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital.
The driver did not stop after the incident and drove off along Dalmellington Road towards Crookston Road.
The driver of the taxi has been described by police as of Asian appearance, aged 30-40, medium build, with short dark hair and wearing a pink top.
Det Insp Greig Wilkie said: "From our investigations so far, it would appear that the two men had left a party nearby and had asked the taxi driver to get a lift home, however, the driver, for whatever reason, refused to take them. It then appears that the injured man went on to the road which is when the taxi deliberately drove at him.
"The taxi didn't stop and drove off along Dalmellington Road, towards Crookston Road at Raeswood Road.
"On hearing a commotion outside, people from nearby houses came to assist the man until the ambulance arrived arrival of the ambulance. We are in the process of tracing them and others who were in the area, including the occupants of another black Hackney taxi who had been dropped off nearby just at the time of the incident, however, we have yet to trace the driver of that taxi and indeed another Hackney taxi driver who we know, were also in the area at the time."
He added: "This was a shocking incident, which has left a young man very seriously injured.
"I would appeal to the taxi driver who involved to come forward to police himself as soon as possible."


Gregor Townsend hopes Saturday's "emotional" Champions Cup clash between Munster and Glasgow Warriors will bring out the best in both sides.

The match in Limerick comes less than a week after the sudden death of Munster head coach Anthony Foley.
"It'll be a great occasion," said Townsend. "There will be a lot of emotion at the game.
"It's a game to remember all of what Anthony did and helped create at Munster."
Townsend admits it's been tough to lift his players in training this week after the news broke of Foley's passing.
"It's been a tough week for world rugby," he explained. "You saw the reaction from all over the world, not just in rugby but in sport, it's such a loss for our game.
"A huge loss for Munster Rugby and our thoughts go with them and Anthony's family.
"It's been different. It's certainly been much more subdued around the place, just the shock that everybody felt over the weekend.
"The players have gone about their jobs and worked hard. Beginning of the week we didn't know if the game would be on but we prepared as if it would be played.
"Our players appreciate the enormity of what's happened and being involved in the game will hopefully bring out the best in both teams."
Having opened their Champions Cup campaign with a memorable thrashing of Leicester Tigers at Scotstoun last weekend, Warriors have a chance to take another step towards making the quarter-finals for the first time.
"We always knew going into this game it was going to be a huge occasion," said Townsend. "Munster in the Champions Cup are a different team.
"Thomond Park is full of people, they play at a much more intense level, so I'd imagine this will be a huge game now in terms of crowd support."


At least seven people have been killed and several more injured in two separate suicide attacks in north-western Pakistan.

In the first, five people died when two suicide bombers targeted a government compound in the Mohmand tribal region.
Three of the dead belonged to a tribal police force, while two were said to be civilians.
A faction of the Pakistani Taliban, Jamaat-ur-Ahrar, said it was behind the bloodshed.
In the second attack on Wednesday, a bomber on a motorbike rammed a government van carrying four judges in the city of Peshawar.
The driver and a pedestrian bystander were killed, and the four judges were injured. They have been transferred to a nearby hospital.
Peshawar police chief Tahir Khan told media at the scene that the judges appeared to be the bomber's target.
Pakistan has seen an upswing in militant attacks of late, after a period of relative calm.
On Monday, a suicide bombing in the eastern city of Lahore killed at least 13 people and wounded more than 100, most of whom are still being treated in hospitals.
The blast occurred when owners of medical shops were demonstrating against amendments to a law governing drug sales in Punjab province.
Jamaat-ur-Ahrar said it had carried out the attack, as well as two gun assaults in Karachi on 12 February.


The threat posed by the development of rice and palm oil plantations to mangroves in South-East Asia has been underestimated, a study has suggested.

Rice and oil plantations accounted for 38% of mangrove deforestation between 2000 and 2012, the research showed.
As well as being important carbon sinks and rich in biodiversity, mangrove forests provide fuel and food for coastal communities.
The findings appear in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"Aquaculture has largely been held responsible for causing mangrove deforestation, particularly in countries like Thailand and the Philippines," explained co-author Daniel Richards from the National University of Singapore.
He told BBC News that a study of eight countries around the world between the 1970s and the early 2000s found that 54% of deforested mangroves were replaced with aquaculture ponds used for fish or shrimp/prawn production.
"Our study found that aquaculture was still important but we were surprised that in South-East Asia between 2000 and 2012, just 30% of deforested mangroves were replaced with aquaculture.
"The impact of other drivers, like rice and oil palm agriculture, was greater than we expected."
Mangroves - natural defences
â€¢Mangroves  are salt-tolerant evergreens that grow along coastlines, rivers and deltas
â€¢Found in more than 120 tropical and subtropical nations
â€¢The plants' root systems have been shown to dissipate wave energy
Dr Richards observed: "Almost 25,000 hectares of Myanmar's mangroves were converted to rice paddy between 2000 and 2012."
He added that while there had been a few previous studies that had highlighted the role of oil palm production as a cause for mangrove loss, they had no idea of the scale of the deforestation.
"Sixteen percent of all deforested mangroves in Southeast Asia were replaced with oil palm plantations during our study period," he said.
"We usually think of oil palm as an issue which affects tropical forests on land but our study shows that demand for oil palm is also driving deforestation in coastal mangrove forests."
Dr Richards and his colleague, Daniel Friess, used Google Earth to monitor how land was used once mangrove forests had been felled.
"We viewed [more than] 3,000 deforested mangrove patches, and recorded the land-use that they were replaced with," Dr Richards said.
"This study also builds on some great existing data sets that were provided by scientists at the University of Maryland and the US Geological Survey."
He warned that mangrove forests in the region were "very threatened":
"Our study focused on quite a recent period of time but mangroves in South-East Asia have experienced widespread deforestation for decades.
"Previous research suggests that around 90% of Singapore's original mangrove forests have been lost."
The region is home to about one third of the world's mangroves, including some of the most biodiverse.
The researchers said mangroves were important to people because they provide fish and crabs, wood and charcoal, and can help protect coastlines from erosion.
Mangrove forests also stored very high densities of carbon so had a role in regulating carbon in the atmosphere, they added.
In other regions, such as Sri Lanka, the value of intact mangrove forests has been recognised by authorities and measures have been put in place to protect them.
Dr Richards said that the importance of mangrove forests is becoming better understood, but it was a slow process.
"It is encouraging that our study found low rates of mangrove deforestation in Vietnam, the Philippines, and Brunei, and this is partly due to stronger protection of mangroves in these countries.
"There are initiatives to restore mangroves in some countries: the Mangrove Action Project in Thailand, and Blue Forests in Indonesia, are working with governments and local communities to protect and restore mangrove forests."
But he warned that more needed to be done: "Indonesia has more mangrove forests than any country in the world, and the mangroves in the more remote parts of the country, such as Indonesian Papua, are almost intact.
"However, these mangroves may be at risk of deforestation [as a result of] recent plans to grant concessions and develop the agriculture industry in this region.
"If we want to protect Indonesia's remaining mangroves then we need to act quickly."


South African opposition figure Julius Malema is challenging an apartheid-era law used to prosecute him over calls to occupy white-owned land.

He is accused of urging his supporters to occupy white-owned land in a speech he gave in June, in contravention to the 1956 Riotous Assemblies Act.
A judge has agreed to postpone his trial while he challenges the act in the Constitutional Court.
Land reform is still a highly sensitive issue in South Africa.
Twenty-two years after the end of white-minority rule, most of the country's best farmland is owned by a few thousand white farmers.
Outside the court Mr Malema told supporters: "What we are calling for is peaceful occupation of the land and we don't owe anyone an apology for that," reports Reuters news agency.
"The land must be expropriated without compensation."
European colonisers "found peaceful Africans here. They killed them. They slaughtered them like animals," he said.
"We are not calling for the slaughter of white people, at least for now."
Mr Malema, who is the leader of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), told supporters in Newcastle in June that white people can't claim to own land because it belongs to the country's black majority.
Mr Malema is trying to exploit the vacuum left by the governing African National Congress (ANC), which has been paralysed by infighting and renewed pressure on President Jacob Zuma to resign over alleged corruption.
But the applause that Mr Mamela's receives at rallies can be misleading - in this year's municipal elections, his Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) won only 8% of the vote, compared with the 54% and 24% of the ANC and Democratic Alliance respectively.
So not too much emphasis should be placed on Mr Malema's land grab call.
The judge told a packed court in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal, that Mr Malema's lawyers must return to court on 7 December and provide proof that he has filed his case to overturn the law with the Constitutional Court.
Back in 2014, Mr Malema told his supporters they should go and occupy vacant land in a speech at a party conference in Bloemfontein, south-west of Johannesburg.
On Monday Mr Malema is due in court in Bloemfontein for that case.


(Close): Wall Street ended the week higher after rebounding from falls on Thursday.

The Dow Jones rose 1% to 18,024 points, while the S&P 500 added 1.1% to 2,108 points.
The technology-focused Nasdaq index gained 1.3% to 5,005 points.
LinkedIn was the big faller, sinking 18.6% to $205.21 after losses widened for the first quarter and the company cut revenue projections for the second quarter.
Western Union shares ended up 4.8% to $21.25 as investors responded positively to higher-than-expected first-quarter profits.
Among other winners, Expedia closed up 7.9% at $101.69 after also reporting first-quarter profits that exceeded analysts' expectations.
The travel website made more money from bookings despite the rise the US dollar.
Shares in Voltari, a mobile advertising company backed by activist investor Carl Icahn, had been up more than 12% but ended down 2% at $10.45.
The stock has soared more than 300% since Mr Icahn declared a substantial stake in the company in April.
Meanwhile, Accuray fell more than 16% to $6.82 after the cancer radiation device maker reported lower-than-expected revenue for its third quarter.