Nice will head into the winter break on top of Ligue 1 but their goalless draw at Bordeaux enabled both Monaco and Paris St-Germain to make up ground.

It was a frustrating night for Nice, who were unable to break down Bordeaux and had Mario Balotelli and Younes Belhanda sent off in injury time.
Radamel Falcao scored again for Monaco as they beat Caen 2-1 to narrow the gap at the top to two points.
PSG hammered Lorient 5-0 and are now five points behind the leaders.
The reigning champions took the lead through Thomas Meunier's lob from inside the box before Zargo Toure deflected Edinson Cavani's cross into his own net to put Unai Emery's side firmly in control.
Thiago Silva headed home Lucas's corner to put the result beyond doubt while Cavani rubbed salt into Lorient's wounds by converting a penalty shortly after the hour for his 18th league goal of the season.
Lucas added a fifth with a lob 20 minutes from the end.
Falcao scored his 13th goal of the season as Monaco put last weekend's home defeat to Olympique Lyonnais behind them with victory at the Stade Louis II.
The Colombian opened the scoring from the spot after being brought down in the box before Tiemoue Bakayoko doubled the tally 14 minutes from full-time with a long-range strike.
Herve Bazile pulled one back in stoppage time for Caen, who had been reduced to 10 men when Damien Da Silva was dismissed in the 51st minute.
At the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux, Nice allowed their frustration to get the better of them as Balotelli was shown red late on for kicking out at Igor Lewczuk after the Polish defender had grappled with him for the ball.
Moroccan international Belhanda was also dismissed minutes later after an opponent was left on the floor following a tussle for the ball.
Elsewhere, fourth-placed Lyon claimed their fourth win in a row as Alexandre Lacazette and Nabil Fekir scored in a 2-0 triumph over Angers and Bafetimbi Gomis netted his 10th goal of the campaign to help Marseille beat Bastia 2-1 and go level on points with fifth-placed Guingamp.


A Met Police detective working in a child abuse investigation unit has been charged with child sex offences.

Det Con Chris Maitland, 40, works in the force's sexual offences, exploitation and child abuse command.
He faces 14 charges in total, including sexual touching of a girl aged under 13 and making indecent images of a child, Scotland Yard said.
The officer, who has been suspended from duty, will appear at Westminster Magistrates' Court on Friday.
Det Con Maitland, who is in custody, was originally arrested in November on suspicion of possession and distribution of indecent images of children.
He was arrested again on Tuesday on suspicion of sexual touching, a Scotland Yard spokesman said.


A geophysical survey has been carried out on the site of a former mother and baby home in County Galway.

It is believed nearly 800 children are buried in the grounds of what was once a mother and baby home run by nuns in Tuam.
A child died nearly every two weeks between the mid-1920s and 1960s.
The Commission of Investigation into Mother and Baby Homes confirmed the survey was taking place.
It was being conducted over the surface of the ground and will be done with the consent of Galway County Council, who are the owners of the Dublin Road housing estate site.
The survey was being carried out to detect any possible sub-surface anomalies.
The Tuam home was one of 10 institutions in which about 35,000 unmarried pregnant women - so-called fallen women - are thought to have been sent.
The children of these women were denied baptism and segregated from others at school. If they died at such facilities, they were also denied a Christian burial.
County Galway death records showed that most of the children buried in the unmarked grave had died of sickness or malnutrition.


Wicketkeeper Niall O'Brien has left Leicestershire after four years with the club.

The 35-year-old Ireland international's contract was due to expire at the end of the season but Leicestershire announced that "both parties feel that now is the right time for him to leave to pursue other opportunities".
O'Brien scored 2,816 first-class runs for the club at an average of 34.76.
He also took 152 catches in 51 appearances in red ball-cricket.
"We'd like to thank Niall for his loyal service over the last four years. He has been an important part of the changing room," said Leicestershire chief executive Wasim Khan.
"His contribution as a batsman, wicketkeeper and as a senior professional has been excellent and we wish him all the very best for the future."
O'Brien previously spent six seasons at Northamptonshire and played for Khulna Royal Bengals in the Bangladesh Premier League.
He also featured for Ireland in the 2007, 2011 and 2015 World Cups.
"The last four years have been challenging and fun," said O'Brien.
"I'm now looking forward to pursuing a new opportunity. I am as hungry as ever to contribute."


Asian shares traded mixed on Thursday, following a lacklustre lead from Wall Street, where stocks fell on renewed concerns about US growth.

Weak retail sales data for April, along with poor earnings from US retailers such as Macy's and JC Penney, weighed on investor sentiment, sending the Dow Jones and S&P 500 lower.
Japan's benchmark Nikkei 225 closed down 1% to 19,570.24, as the dollar weakened against the yen.
The dollar was buying 119.18 yen.
That compares with 119.83 yen in Tokyo on Wednesday.
Shares of car parts maker Takata were down 5.4% after Honda and Daihatsu said it was recalling over five million cars over potentially dangerous airbags made by the company.
It follows a recall 6.5 million more cars from Toyota and Nissan on Wednesday.
Bucking the trend were shares of camera maker Konica Minolta, which soared 12% after it announced a share buyback and dividend rise on solid earnings.
Meanwhile, Japanese electronics maker Sharp agreed a 200bn yen ($1.7bn; Â£1bn) bailout from banks, after announcing further losses and job cuts.
It is Sharp's second bailout in three years.
Chinese shares were lacklustre, with the Shanghai Composite closing up just 0.06% to 4,378.31, while Hong Kong's Hang Seng index closed 0.14% higher at 27,286.55.
Hong Kong-listed shares of property developer China Vanke and Dalian Wanda jumped 1.9% and 3.1% respectively after they said the companies would form a partnership to acquire land and develop real estate projects together.
In Australia, the S&P/ASX 200 index closed down 0.3% to 5,696.60.
Shares of GrainCorp - the country's largest bulk grain handler - fell 2.5% after its half-year profit fell more than 40% because of dry weather.
In South Korea, the benchmark Kospi index closed up 0.3% to to 2,120.33.


MPs have voted in favour of setting new binding targets on public spending.

Despite calling it a "gimmick", Labour backed the Charter for Budget Responsibility, saying it was "fully consistent" with its approach.
But as the parties clashed over spending plans, Chancellor George Osborne said Labour would create "a tax bombshell or a borrowing bombshell".
Earlier, the Institute for Fiscal Studies said voters faced a "stark choice" between the parties.
When the charter was unveiled by the government in December, it prompted a row between the Tories and Labour over their spending plans, with both sides accusing each other of shifting their deficit reduction targets.
It commits the government to a goal of balancing day-to-day spending - the structural current deficit - by 2017-18.
It would also ensure that debt is falling as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2016-17.
The Treasury says that to meet these targets a new government would have to make additional tax rises or spending cuts of around £30bn - more than Labour plans.
But Labour says the targets match its plans to eradicate the current deficit "as soon as possible" in the next parliament.
In the Commons, Mr Osborne said the government had neither gone faster nor slower than it said it would on deficit reduction, and said Labour would borrow more than the Conservatives after 2015.
But Mr Balls said Mr Osborne had "flat lined" the economy and missed his target to balance the books in 2015-16.
Lib Dem Chief Secretary to the Treasury Danny Alexander criticised Labour's record but added that the Conservative Party's plan to eliminate the deficit with spending cuts alone was "grossly unfair".
"Taxes on the wealthy should, and must, play a significant part," he added.
Mr Osborne referred to comments by the IFS that a future Labour government could add £170bn to the national debt by 2030 based on its spending plans.
IFS director Paul Johnson said Labour's plan to ease spending cuts could require borrowing of up to £50bn a year more by 2020 than the Conservatives.
This could hamper the UK's ability to cope with a future recession, he said.
The Conservatives have pledged to balance the government's overall spending, covering current and capital spending, while Labour has promised to balance day-to-day spending but borrow for investment.
In an analysis of the parties' plans for government, Mr Johnson said voters faced a stark choice between the two parties.
He said the Tories planned to scale back public spending by at least £33bn, while Labour planned cuts of £7bn.
"Lest there be any doubt, there is a big difference between £7bn of cuts and £33bn of cuts," he said.
"If you take the plans set out in the autumn statement at face value, spending cuts of more than £50bn could be required after 2015-16."
And the economist sounded a warning about the long-term risks of adding to the nation's debt.
"The problem is that another recession will strike one day. Going into a new recession with debt still high - and it is higher now than at any time since the late 1960s - could leave less room for manoeuvre.
"The sort of additional borrowing that we are able to support as we made our way through the recent period might not be as easily financed."
Mr Johnson said that even if Labour kept cuts to a minimum in the next Parliament, further tax rises or spending cuts "might prove necessary down the line to reduce risks with the long-term state of the public finances further".
Labour dismissed the IFS's prediction as being based on a "ludicrous assumption" about what it would do beyond 2020.
A spokesman said: "Labour will cut the deficit every year and get the current budget into surplus, and national debt as a share of GDP falling, as soon as possible in the next parliament."
Mr Johnson, director of the economic think-tank, also warned that the spending cuts proposed by the Conservatives would be tough to deliver.
David Cameron has committed his party to running an overall budget surplus by the end of the next Parliament through a combination of cutting spending and waste, rather than tax rises.
In a speech on Monday, Mr Cameron warned against passing on a "legacy of debt" to future generations.
Mr Johnson said: "Under the Autumn Statement plans, Conservatives could be cutting unprotected budgets by 26% after 2015-16 - or an extraordinary 41% over the period from 2010.
"Even just to meet their more modest fiscal target, these budgets would need to be cut by more than 15% after 2015/16.
"Labour would need to implement cuts of just 3%."


A series based on the detective novels written by JK Rowling under the name Robert Galbraith is to be made for TV, the BBC has announced.

The Cuckoo's Calling and The Silkworm will form the basis of the serial, which will be made with the assistance of the Harry Potter author.
The BBC said it was a "coup" to secure the books, which feature private detective Cormoran Strike.
Filming details for the series have yet to be determined.
The number of episodes for the series are still in discussion, and it is not yet clear when it will be broadcast.
The BBC - together with US broadcaster HBO - has already made a small screen version of Rowling's A Casual Vacancy, which is due to be aired in February.
Production company Bronte Films, which made the mini-series, will also be responsible for the new crime drama.
BBC director of television Danny Cohen said: "It's a wonderful coup for BBC TV to be bringing JK Rowling's latest books to the screen.
"With the rich character of Cormoran Strike at their heart, these dramas will be event television across the world."
It emerged Rowling had written The Cuckoo's Calling under a male pseudonym last year, which immediately propelled the book into the bestsellers' list, three months after publication.
She said it had been a "liberating experience" writing under an unknown identity and had hoped to "keep this secret a little longer".
It later transpired a legal firm was the source of the leak of information to The Sunday Times, which revealed the news.
At the Harrogate Crime Writing Festival earlier this year, Rowling revealed the series of books were open-ended and she would produce more than her seven Harry Potter books.
"It's not seven. It's more. It's pretty open ended," she said, adding she could keep giving more cases to Strike.
At the event in July, the author said she had begun work on plotting the fourth book.


Former Wales and British and Irish Lions scrum-half Mike Phillips makes his final appearance for Sale Sharks before his retirement this summer.

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The Sharks make six changes, with 23-year-old prop James Flynn starting for the first time this season.
Bath, who need a bonus-point win and fourth-placed Leicester to get nothing at Worcester in order to reach the play-off spots, make four changes..
Luke Charteris, Anthony Watson and Nathan Catt are all absent.
They miss out along with Semesa Rokoduguni, so Matt Banahan, Beno Obano, Dave Attwood and Tom Ellis come in.
With Flynn starting at loose-head prop for Sale, Ross Harrison switches to tight-head.
Andrei Ostrikov returns in the second row with Ben Curry coming in at flanker and captain Josh Beaumont starting.
In the backs, Bryon McGuigan starts on the wing in place of Josh Charnley and Johnny Leota replaces Mark Jennings at inside centre.
Phillips, 34, - who announced his retirement in April - makes his final appearance at scrum-half while Magnus Lund and Peter Stringer are on the bench ahead of their departure from the club at the end of the season.
Bath director of rugby Todd Blackadder told BBC Radio Bristol:
"It would be really nice to make the play-offs but we are relying on someone else. You want your destiny in your own hands.
"But there's a lot of pride at stake for us. Sale are going to want to win too. We are playing for the club and personal pride.
"We have got to raise the bar this summer and set better standards for ourselves."
Sale: Haley, Solomona, James, Leota, McGuigan, MacGinty, Phillips, Flynn, Webber, Harrison, Evans, Ostrikov, B Curry, T Curry, Beaumont (capt).
Replacements: Neild, Pope, Ferreira, Nott, Lund, Stringer, Jennings, Charnley.
Bath: Homer; Banahan, Clark, Tapuai, Brew; Priestland (co-capt), Fotuali'i; Obano, Brooker, Knight, Stooke, Attwood, Ellis, Louw (co-capt), Faletau.
Replacements: Batty, Marfo, Palma-Newport, Garvey, Grant, Cook, Ford, Fruean.
For the latest rugby union news follow @bbcrugbyunion on Twitter.


The International Tennis Federation says it is "greatly concerned" by the Belgian government's decision to raise the terror alert for Brussels, just six days before the Davis Cup final.

Great Britain are due to take on Belgium in Ghent, which is 35 miles to the north west of Brussels.
ITF president David Haggerty told the BBC in a statement that preparations for the final are continuing.
He added that safety remains the ITF's "highest priority".
"Over the last week, the ITF has been in constant contact with the relevant authorities, the Royal Belgian Tennis Federation, the Lawn Tennis Association and our risk assessment company and this dialogue continues today.
"We are aware that Belgium has raised the terror alert level for Brussels. This greatly concerns us but, at the present time, we are still continuing with preparations.
"What I said last weekend is true today: the security of players, fans, media and working staff remains our highest priority."
Anderlecht's game at Lokeren in the Belgian top division was cancelled but all other matches in the Pro League went ahead on Saturday.
Lower-league football, basketball and hockey matches in the Brussels region have been postponed, but the Ghent indoor Six-Days cycling event will continue over the weekend amid heightened security.
The British Foreign Office has updated its advice for citizens travelling to Belgium.
"People should avoid places where there is a high concentration of people, particularly in the Brussels region, including concerts, large events, stations and airports, public transport, and busy shopping centres," their website reads.
It is understood Great Britain captain Leon Smith has been canvassing the opinions of his players but, at the moment, the team are still expecting to travel as planned on Sunday.
The final will be played at the 13,000 capacity Flanders Expo from Friday, 27 November to Sunday, 29 November.
There is a precedent for the ITF to switch the venue of Davis Cup ties for security reasons.
Last September's World Group play-off between Ukraine and Belgium was moved to the neutral venue of Tallinn, in Estonia, because of the conflict in eastern Ukraine.
And Israel's tie with Argentina, which was played the same week, was moved from Tel Aviv to Florida due to concerns arising from the conflict between Israel and Hamas.
Those decisions were taken a month in advance, but followed advice from the ITF's independent risk assessment company and the lead taken by other sports in the region.


Nicola Sturgeon has welcomed as "hugely significant" a court ruling that parliament must vote before the UK can start the process of leaving the EU.

Ms Sturgeon also said the Scottish government was considering become an active participant in the case.
The ruling means the UK government cannot trigger Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty - beginning formal exit negotiations with the EU - on its own.
It is appealing to the Supreme Court, with a further hearing due next month.
The case, which was heard by three judges, is widely regarded as being one of the most important constitutional rulings in generations.
The Scottish government had instructed legal representatives to observe the proceedings, but was not directly involved.
International Trade Secretary Liam Fox told the House of Commons the government was "disappointed" but remained "determined to respect the result" of the EU referendum.
Speaking at first minister's questions at Holyrood, Ms Sturgeon said the ruling would not have come as a huge surprise to anyone who had been following the case.
She added: "We will be looking at the judgement very carefully, and yes we will actively consider whether or not there is a case for the Scottish government to become participants in that case."
The first minister also said the ruling was "hugely significant and underlines the total chaos and confusion at the heart of the UK government".
She claimed the UK government had attempted to avoid a vote by MPs because "they don't have a coherent position and they know that if they take their case to the House of Commons that will be exposed."
Ms Sturgeon also reiterated that she was determined to protect Scotland's place in Europe and in the single market "as far as I possibly can".
She added: "SNP MPs in the House of Commons will certainly not vote for anything that undermines the will or the interests of the Scottish people."
Responding to the ruling, Scottish Labour Europe spokesman Lewis Macdonald said: "This ruling shows that the Tories can't get away with "Brexit means Brexit" any more.
"Theresa May must put her negotiating objectives in front of parliament as soon as possible, and respect both the judgement of the court and the vital role of parliament in a democratic country."
BBC assistant political editor Norman Smith said, if the court's decision was not overturned, there could be delays with potentially "months and months" of parliamentary hurdles.
But there was not yet "clarity" - if the judgement was not overturned - on whether there would be a "short, sharp" vote or whether parliament would have to consider complex legislation, he added.
He predicted that, although a majority of MPs had backed the Remain campaign, most would ultimately be likely to vote for Article 50, as Brexit had been supported in the referendum.
UKIP leader Nigel Farage has said he fears a "betrayal" of the 51.9% of voters who backed leaving the EU in June's referendum and voiced concern at the prospect of a "half Brexit".


Leyton Orient president Francesco Becchetti faces the possibility of extradition to Albania after being arrested by the Metropolitan Police.

The 49-year-old was bailed on 26 October after handing over his travel documents to the police.
In June, the Albanian government issued an arrest warrant for the Italian on charges of fraud and money-laundering.
Becchetti denies all the charges and says they will have "no impact" on his responsibilities at Orient.
He described the charges, which relate to a failed hydroelectric scheme which allegedly cost the Albanian government tens of millions of euros, as "demonstrably groundless, improperly motivated and unsupported by any evidence".
The Italian had assets in the Balkan country seized by the Albanian government in the summer, including shares in the Agon Channel, his television station.
Becchetti, who bought the east London club from Barry Hearn in summer 2014, is due to appear in court again on 7 December, when a procedural hearing will take place to look into Albania's extradition request.
A statement issued on behalf of Becchetti said his lawyers "believe his case is extremely robust" and that he "continues to work very hard to reinvigorate Leyton Orient".
The Football League told BBC Sport they were monitoring the situation.


The owner of a shop in Zurich where US talk show host Oprah Winfrey says she encountered racism has called the incident a "misunderstanding".

Winfrey, one of the world's richest women, claimed an assistant refused to serve her in an upmarket handbag shop.
She was apparently told one of the bags on display was "too expensive" for her.
Shop owner Trudie Gotz told the BBC that Winfrey was "absolutely allowed" to look at the $35,000 (Â£22,500) bag, which was kept behind a screen.
"My salesperson wanted to give her the handbag in her hand. But she didn't want to take the bag," claimed Gotz.
She said her assistant had worked in the Trois Pommes store "for a few years and takes care of the most spoilt customers from all over the world", adding, "she is really a correct sales person".
Winfrey, who stars in Lee Daniels' new film The Butler, visited Zurich last month to attend singer Tina Turner's wedding. Her programme The Oprah Winfrey Show is not shown in Switzerland.
Speaking to US TV show Entertainment Tonight, she said: "I go into a store and I say to the woman, 'Excuse me, may I see the bag right above your head?' and she says to me, 'No. It's too expensive.'"
When Winfrey insisted, the shop assistant allegedly replied: "No, no you don't want to see that one, you want to see this one because that one will cost too much. You will not be able to afford that."
The star said she left the shop calmly without arguing, but that the experience was proof that racism continues to be a problem.
"There's two different ways to handle it," she said.
"I could've had the whole blow-up thing... but it still exists, of course it does."
Ms Gotz did not call into question Winfrey's perception of the events.
"I didn't take care of [Winfrey]. I'm sure she felt like this - but my salesgirl promised me she took care of [her] really the best she could. So it must have been a misunderstanding," she said.
Ms Gotz said her assistant spoke both Italian and English, "but her English isn't as good".
"She tried to show Mrs Oprah the same style in other qualities, because maybe she didn't understand what she wanted."
Winfrey's claims come amid a political row over plans by some Swiss towns to ban asylum-seekers from some public places.
The BBC's Imogen Foulkes in Berne says human rights groups have likened the plans - which include banning asylum-seekers from swimming pools, playing fields and libraries - to apartheid.
Officials say the curbs, which will also see asylum-seekers housed in special centres, are aimed at preventing tensions with residents.
About 48,000 people are currently seeking asylum in Switzerland. It has twice as many asylum seekers as the European average.
Winfrey's interview is a public relations disaster for Switzerland, our correspondent says.


Uruguay has started registering cannabis growers' clubs as part of the government's plan to legalise the drug.

Licensed clubs of up to 45 members will be allowed to grow a maximum of 99 plants each year.
In August, growing up to six plants of cannabis at home became legal.
Uruguay legalised the production and sale of cannabis last December and the government hopes to sell it from pharmacies in the new year.
Under the legislation, each club member can produce no more than 480g of cannabis home each year and the club's growing fields cannot be within 150m of a school, college or a drug rehabilitation centre.
Legalising cannabis has been a sensitive issue in Uruguay, where voters will be going to the polls in a second round of presidential elections on 30 November.
Both presidential candidates have said they will tinker with the new laws if elected.
The legislation has been the brainchild of the outgoing and outspoken President Jose Mujica, who has argued that if the state controls the growth and sale of cannabis production, it can weaken and disarm an illegal drug trade which damages lives across Latin America.
The government estimates there are 150,000 frequent users of cannabis in Uruguay.


Runners in last year's Great Scottish Run half-marathon - which was found to be too short - will be eligible for a 50% discount this year.

Organisers of the run made the announcement on Twitter, but said all 2016 finishers will receive an email this week with more details.
The course, beginning in George Square and ending at Glasgow Green, was 149.7m short of the full 13.1 miles.
It was measured on Sunday following concern the route was too short.
This finding invalidated the record set by winner Callum Hawkins and the personal best times recorded by a number of runners on the day.
The Great Scottish Run said the discount would also apply to 2016 finishers who had already entered the 2017 event.
About 9,500 competitors took part in the Bank of Scotland Great Scottish Run half-marathon on Sunday 2 October last year.
The Newcastle-based Great Run Company has apologised to all runners and winner Callum Hawkins.


A poll of Northern Ireland business leaders by the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) has delivered a gloomy assessment of the future implications of Brexit.

The organisation had been pro-remain in June's UK referendum on EU membership.
On Tuesday, it conducted an electronic poll of 100 business representatives attending a post-Brexit seminar.
Following the survey, the CBI said that none of the participants identified "a positive impact" from a UK exit.
It suggested 92% of those polled "believed the impact of Brexit will be negative on the Northern Ireland economy over the next five years".
The businesspeople also felt the downside would be worse in Northern Ireland than in other parts of the UK.
CBI's Northern Ireland chairman, David Gavaghan, said: "Whatever the actual outcome of the negotiations over the next period, our members recognise the fundamental need to get on with it.
"We need to work together to identify key economic priorities and ensure that we do everything we can, within our power, to make this a great place to invest and do business."


To become a tunnel-hunter in South Korea, you need a pump, a generator and a bit of imagination.

Lee Chang-gun and his band of investigators have all three.
They spend their free time searching for North Korean infiltration tunnels here in the mountains near their country's northern frontier.
A motley crew of priests, believers and ex-soldiers, their mission on the day I meet them is to explore a mountain-side hole spotted by a local citizen.
"I'm not jumping to any conclusions," Mr Lee says, as he dons his hardhat and rubber boots.
"But it's definitely a man-made tunnel. There's evidence of explosives, several bore-holes in the walls, and evidence of activity, so we need to find out more."
Inside the tunnel, the air quickly becomes cold and clammy. Water drips from the ceiling, onto the rocky floor. But the tunnel is large and regular, and has gripped the tunnel-hunters' attentions.
Mr Lee and his crew believe that North Korean agents dug this tunnel as part of a vast secret network stretching under South Korean territory.
They point out what they say is evidence of explosives and man-made holes in the walls.
Today they are hoping to drain a pool of water from the end of the tunnel to find out where it leads. But as they lug the pump and generator up the slippery path to the entrance, an army vehicle cruises to a stop at the roadside.
A lively debate ensues before the officer moves them on. Not everyone has faith in the tunnel-hunters' theories.
Several of the group are left very annoyed, including Pastor Kim Jin-chol.
"The military says this isn't a North Korean tunnel," he says. "But a local civilian came to us because he was concerned about it. The military are so passive in responding to these findings, that people have no choice but to come to us."
The military deny that they are passive, saying that they devote specialist resources to finding infiltration tunnels.
Four tunnels have already been found here - most in the 1970s - and the army admits there may be many more.
But it has been 20 years since a new find and these days, the tunnels verified as genuine North Korean networks are seen more as tourist attractions than military threats.
Self-belief
Lee Chung-min, professor of international relations at Yonsei University, says the tunnels are much less significant to North Korea's military strategy than they were before, for a number of reasons.
"One, because the North Koreans have over 900 missiles targeted against the South, so they can hit almost any target in South Korea.
"Two, they have long-range artillery which can reach Seoul in minutes, so the net asset of the tunnels today in 2012 is much smaller than it was in 1975 or even in 1990."
And as the importance of the tunnels has declined, so have the fortunes of the tunnel-hunters themselves.
There was a time, a decade ago, when money was no object and men like Pastor Kim could count on the public's support for major digging projects in their community.
Since then, Pastor Kim says he has spent over $100,000 (Â£63,700) and lost a large proportion of his congregation into the bargain.
These days, the pews stand largely empty at his regular Sunday service - most of the flock having fled from his weekly tirade against the Northern threat.
Many tunnel-hunters have lost even more, he says: their families and their savings.
But belief in the worth of their unusual hobby has not wavered yet.


Nick Kyrgios put on another petulant performance at Wimbledon during his fourth-round defeat by Richard Gasquet.

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The 20-year-old Australian was booed when he appeared to stop trying in the second set after being given a code violation for bad language.
Kyrgios clashed repeatedly with British umpire James Keothavong as he lost 7-5 6-1 6-7 (7-9) 7-6 (8-6) on court two.
The pair also argued when the 26th seed took too long to change his socks between games.
"I've taken one pair off," Kyrgios explained to Keothavong at the changeover. "I've got two on and I'm taking one pair off."
After Keothavong responded, Kyrgios said: "I'm staying on the court. If you're going to get angry with me for that, that's another level.
"Mate, Rafa (Rafael Nadal) and stuff play 30 seconds in between points every time and all I'm doing is putting my sock back on."
Kyrgios was a potential semi-final opponent for Djokovic but instead his campaign at SW19 ended with a defeat where his behaviour was again the talking point, rather than his tennis.
The 6ft 4in right-hander had already had an altercation with an umpire during his first-round win over Diego Schwartzman.
He did not produce any on-court antics as Gasquet took a tight first set thanks to some trademark swooping backhands, but Kyrgios imploded when he was broken at the start of the second set.
After his first run-in with Keothavong, who is the brother of former British number one Anne, Kyrgios seemed to deliberately concede the next game by swatting Gasquet's serve straight into the net or not bothering to attempt to return it at all. He ended the game by sarcastically applauding the umpire.
Kyrgios also hugged a ball boy and threw his racquet into the crowd during the third set - although he escaped another code violation for that offence.
Gasquet was not so lucky when he obliterated his racquet in front of the umpire after squandering two match points to lose the third set on a tie-break.
Kyrgios, who saved nine match points as he fought back from two sets down to beat the Frenchman on his way to the quarter-finals at Wimbledon last year, clearly scented another comeback.
After hitting some stunning winners, he served for the fourth set at 6-4 in another tie-break but Gasquet recovered and completed his victory in two hours and 53 minutes thanks to a Kyrgios double fault.
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"He was a little bit angry, a little bit frustrated, I saw that," said Gasquet, who reached the semi-finals at Wimbledon in 2007.
"Sometimes it happens. He's not the only one to do it. Even the best player in the world did it in the past.
"It's good when the opponent is not playing good, is doing some mistakes. It's good for me. I have nothing to complain about it."


A new record has been set in one of the world's largest yacht races, taking place around the Isle of Wight.

Organisers of the 85th Round the Island Race said "stronger than expected" offshore winds had led to the cancellation of some classes.
However, Lloyd Thornburg's MOD70 trimaran, Phaedo 3, finished the 50-nautical mile race in two hours, 23 minutes and 23 seconds.
The previous record was set by Olympic champion Sir Ben Ainslie in 2013.
He completed the course in two hours and 52 minutes - dedicating his achievement to fellow Olympic sailor Andrew Simpson who died in 2013.
The one-day race is believed to be the fourth largest participation sporting event in the UK after the London Marathon and the Great North and South Runs.
According to BBC Weather, a force 4-6 westerly breeze was forecast for Saturday's race.
The coastguard said several boats were unable to take part due to the conditions, others had to pull out during the event due to "lost rigging and rudders" and one boat sank.
Meanwhile,  a number of ships lost their masts and several people were injured or rescued, including a 38-year-old man who suffered minor head injuries after being hit by the boom of a vessel.
"Regrettably, what appear to be near perfect conditions on land are not as favourable offshore, especially for smaller, less stable boats," JP Morgan Asset Management Round the Island Race said in an earlier statement.
More than 1,500 boats were registered to take part in the race, which started and ended at Cowes and attracted about 16,000 sailors from across the UK, Europe and the US.
Seven people were rescued during last year's race and 70 boats pulled out in 2012 due to strong winds.
The first race took place in 1931 with 25 entries.


Dashcam footage has shown an impatient driver mounting the kerb to jump the lights at a Suffolk railway crossing.

5 August 2016 Last updated at 14:18 BST
As the red warning lights started flashing at the Oulton Broad crossing, the driver carried on across the railway line - narrowly missing the descending barriers.
The driver, who was caught on camera on Thursday, also nearly struck a woman pushing a buggy and another woman with a young child on the footpath.
Suffolk's Police and Crime Commissioner Tim Passmore described the driver's antics as "dangerous, reckless and completely unacceptable".


A leading critic of Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte, Senator Leila de Lima, has been arrested on drug trafficking charges.

Senator Leila de Lima is accused of receiving money from detained drug lords.
She has insisted on her innocence and says the charges are an attempt to silence her criticism of Mr Duterte's war against drugs.
She had spent the night in the Senate in Manila to evade arrest on Thursday.
But on Friday morning she surrendered to police, telling reporters: "It is my honour to be imprisoned for the things I am fighting for.
"They will not be able to silence me and stop me from fighting for the truth and justice and against the daily killings and repression by the Duterte regime."
Ms de Lima's charges stem from when she was a justice minister between 2010 and 2016.
She is accused of abetting the drug trade by extorting money from inmates in the notorious New Bilibid Prison, who in turn raised money by trafficking drugs within the jail.
Ms de Lima has been one of the most vocal critics of Mr Duterte and his brutal nationwide drug war, launched in July last year. More than 7,000 people have been killed.
Critics say the president has encouraged police, vigilantes and mercenaries to shoot suspected drug dealers and users on sight, but the president continues to enjoy a high level of support among Filipinos.
Mr Duterte has defiantly defended the crackdown, saying the country is plagued by drugs and that police were only authorised to open fire when threatened by suspects
President Duterte has had Senator Leila de Lima in his sights for a long time.
As head of the human rights commission she launched an inquiry against Mr Duterte's alleged involvement in death squads in Davao, where he was mayor. She also led the Senate hearings into extra-judicial killings after the president started his war on drugs last year.
In August, Mr Duterte called her "an immoral woman", and accused her of involvement in the drug trade, using her driver, with whom she had been having an affair.
Eight prison inmates were brought to the House of Representatives to testify against her - she said they were coerced or induced, and has accused Mr Duterte of being a serial killer.
The long-standing animosity between the president and the senator has inevitably prompted suspicion that her arrest is driven by personal and political factors. Human Rights Watch has condemned the arrest as an act of "political vindictiveness that debases the rule of law in the Philippines".
How her case is handled now will be a test of the much-criticised criminal justice system in the Philippines. Senator de Lima's high profile will ensure there is close international scrutiny.
There will also be heightened interest in how Mr Duterte deals with his few remaining critics inside the political system. He has now been forced to suspend his brutal drug war, and he faces allegations of past involvement in death squads that just won't go away.
Senator de Lima isn't the only one under pressure.


Bath coach Neil Hatley wants to keep number eight Leroy Houston despite reports Australia coach Michael Cheika wants him to play in Super Rugby.

Hosuton has made 56 Premiership appearances for Bath since joining from French side Colomiers in February 2013.
The 29-year-old former Warratahs and Queensland Reds player has never been capped by Australia.
"You can see exactly why somebody like Michael Cheika would be interested in trying to get him back," Hatley said.
"But Leroy's contracted for this year and he's got another year to go.
"He's been an unbelievable addition to our squad and to the club and, like I said, he's got this year and another year to run and we'd like him to stay beyond that."


Four towns and cities have been named on the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) shortlist to host the Great Exhibition of the North.

Blackpool, Bradford, Newcastle-Gateshead and Sheffield will vie to host the two-month exhibition in 2018.
A DCMS spokeswoman said the event, which will receive Â£20m in funding, would showcase the "creative, cultural and design sectors of the North".
The winning bid will be announced in the autumn.
Five further towns - Halifax, Harrogate, Scunthorpe, St. Helens and Whitehaven - submitted "strong" bids to the DCMS but were unsuccessful, the spokeswoman said.
She added that the department would work with those locations to "ensure as many people enjoy and benefit from the exhibition as possible".
The winning bidder will receive Â£5m from central government, with a further Â£15m being contributed to a legacy fund to attract further cultural investment in the North.
Digital and Culture Minister Matt Hancock said the event would be "a unique opportunity to celebrate the creativity of northern England" and that he was "thrilled" to have received "so many innovative bids".
"Whichever is successful, this exhibition will leave an important legacy to benefit the whole country," he added.
The Great Exhibition of the North board will now examine the shortlist before a final selection is made by ministers later in the year.
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram at bbcnewsents, or email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


This US-trained economist beat the incumbent Abdirahman Muhammad Mahmud "Farole" by one vote in parliament to become the president of the Puntland autonomous region in January 2014.
Mr Gas, who was born in north-central Somalia in 1965 and holds US and Somali joint citizenship, served as prime minister of Somalia in 2011-2012, and oversaw steady progress to drive back the Al-Shabab Islamist militia and to strengthen the central government's remit.
He stood unsuccessfully for the presidency of Somalia in 2012.
In 2013 be began canvassing Puntland opposition groups, and secured their support for his successful bid for the region's presidency on a platform of cooperation with the central government and a greater emphasis on boosting education and welfare.
Mr Gas's predecessor, Mr Farole, had presided over a dramatic decline in piracy during his five-year term, although this was largely achieved by firmer international policing of Somali waters rather than any initiative by Puntland itself.
Puntland is governed by a 66-member House of Representatives and a traditional council of elders.
The territory's first leader, Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf, served a three-year term until 2001, when his attempt to extend his mandate triggered fierce fighting.
Col Yusuf reclaimed the leadership in 2002 and led Puntland until his election as Somalia's transitional president in October 2004. He was known for his authoritarian approach.
His successor, Mohamed Adde Muse, launched an ambitious programme of economic development with loans from the United Arab Emirates, but was defeated by Mr Farole in elections in 2009, setting a precedent for the smooth transfer of power in 2014.


They meet at his shop every week, buy his kit and drink his coffee, but most of the guys who have rolled up for the oldest group ride in Austin do not want to utter his name.

We are in the Juan Pelota Cafe, which is at one end of Mellow Johnny's bike shop. That is "Mellow Johnny" as in the French for yellow jersey, "maillot jaune"; and "Juan Pelota" as in "one" and the Spanish for "ball". Guess who?
"Have you read 'Seven Deadly Sins'?" Andrew, a member of the Violet Crown cycling crew, asks me, referring to the Irish journalist David Walsh's most recent Lance Armstrong expose.
"For me, he went from being complicated to evil."
I am tempted to ask if Andrew has read New York Times writer Juliet Macur's 'Cycle of Lies', too, as that has Armstrong starting evil and ending up deeper in hell than Satan, but we have got plenty of time to talk about the man who owns the shop we are standing in, what's the rush?
Minutes later, as advertised, our Sunday saunter has clipped in and we are pedalling off to somewhere approximately 25 miles away, the unseasonable sunshine warming our backs.
And then a funny thing happens. It turns out everybody does want to talk about 'Lance' after all.
A couple of the guys used to race against him as a junior - "he was cocky but he could back it up" - and most of them had seen him out training on these roads - "he'd ride along for a while, chatting, and then say 'thanks for the tow' and shoot off".
They did not seem that upset about the doping - "they all did it…America loves a winner…who can say they wouldn't have done the same?" - but the "other stuff" was a problem.
Perhaps not an irredeemable one, though.
A week before, Austin had staged the US National Cyclo-cross Championships. It should have been a celebration of the self-confident city's vibrant cycling culture, but when the final Sunday was nearly cancelled amid a row over possible damage to some old oak trees it ended up like an episode of Parks and Recreation.
Armstrong was not present - he has not touched a bike since early November and tends to avoid gatherings these days, he can do without the "Hey, it's Lance! Wait, is that cool?" expressions on people's faces - but he knew this was important to the city he moved to as an ambitious teen, the city whose rise to national prominence he had once been synonymous with. So he made some calls.
Within hours the race was back on (his was not the only call), but on Monday. This meant a lot of people needed a room. Thankfully, Hotel Lance was open and within minutes of the tweet going out, half a dozen competitors and their families were sorted for the night, free of charge.
It was a small gesture but it resonated with Violet Crown's members, and over the next three and-a-half hours a more nuanced picture of Armstrong emerged.
Nobody in the group, some of whom have been doing this for 30 years, tried to tell me he is a misunderstood saint, stitched up by jealous foreigners and sanctimonious officials, but then nobody told me he is an out-and-out bounder, either.
So when Armstrong agreed to meet the BBC to discuss a first television interview since Oprah Winfrey two years ago, I wondered which version of the paradoxical pedaller I would get.
Come on over, he said; there are direct flights between London and Austin, he pointed out; but "for everybody's sakes this isn't an interview", he warned.
The flight was interesting. Alex Gibney's "The Armstrong Lie" on one channel; on another, the episode of "Veep" when Julia Louis-Dreyfus's vice-president almost signs her name next to Lance Armstrong's on an IT company's graffiti wall ("we're having that one chemically expunged").
But when my taxi pulled up outside his house at 8am he was stood in the doorway, bare feet, in short-sleeved shirt and shorts, big smile, mug of coffee in his hand, Halloween decorations framing the door. Deflectors up, I went in.
Two hours later, we were outside his house in the road, him still barefoot, planning the rest of my day in Austin. A few neighbours strolled by, greeting him as they did. It was a very nice neighbourhood.
We had both got what we wanted: the Beeb had its interview (without conditions) and he had shown me he was not a black hole of malignant energy.
Had I been played? Seduced by his famous charm, disarmed by his children, thrown off balance by his ability to laugh at himself?
Probably, but that went both ways. Did I really believe this interview could be a step towards rehabilitation? Maybe, but most of all I thought it would be a blockbuster.
The trail went cold after that meeting. As others have discovered, he compartmentalises his life better than a Boxtroll, so we were put aside until the right time.
For weeks we were left like his loyal band of followers, tracking his runs on Strava, deciphering his tweets.
Interviews with Golf Digest and Rouleur came out (was he stringing us along?), and then an email arrived on Christmas Day: Le Boss says let's do it.
Most of you will have seen or heard bits of our sports editor Dan Roan's interview with Armstrong now, and it seems most of you have had your views of him (Lance, not Dan) reconfirmed.
Inevitably, most of the reaction has focused on the headline "I would do it again". He knew that would happen (he had market-tested it recently in audiences with students at Harvard and property developers in Switzerland), so do not feel sorry for a misquoted victim of the nasty media.
But should we admit he has a point?
Everybody likes to think they are noble enough to find their way out of moral mazes, which is a surprise when you consider the evidence. As Armstrong put it, he does not know many who decided to forego the dream and keep their integrity.
Sure, there were some; but as French rider Christophe Bassons, one of the few good men, pointed out this week, he cannot remember many either.
These might be uncomfortable truths but Armstrong did not invent doping, they really were almost all at it, it did not stop after he quit, and the United States Anti-Doping Agency probably was guilty of hyperbole when it called US Postal's doping antics the "most sophisticated and professionalised" in history. They were undoubtedly "successful", though.
He is also on firm ground when he highlights the inconsistency of stripping his titles, whilst umpteen other dopers keep theirs, some of whom have lied just as hard and long as him.
Does this mean they should be returned? Well, he believes "history" will sort that out, and in the meantime he still has his "memories".
I suspect history will decide it has better things to do. Whether he has the titles, nobody has them, or a queue is formed behind the only podium-finisher from his era not to be caught cheating, Spain's Fernando Escartin, it does not matter. They are all tainted.
But what should Armstrong do with the rest of his life? Some want to put him in prison. House arrest will suffice for others.
This is where I believe he makes another reasonable point.
As you will see if you watch our documentary "Lance Armstrong: The Road Ahead" over the coming days on BBC News and World News, or BBC1 on Sunday, we visited the cancer charity formerly known as the Lance Armstrong Foundation.
When its founder went toxic two years ago, it dropped his name, sent his framed jerseys back and told him to stay away, something he describes as "the deepest cut".
Livestrong, like its erstwhile patron, is not doing too badly on the face of it. It has lovely headquarters, in a cool part of town, and has just handed the University of Texas £30m to develop better cancer care.
But its revenues have fallen dramatically, Armstrong's corporate sponsors have slipped away and it is currently without a chief executive.
It seems to have lost its confidence and identity. Our requests for interviews were politely but firmly declined, as was the idea that we might film links in Livestrong's reception.
Armstrong, meanwhile, is on the other side of town desperate to help.
As outlined in Esquire's Armstrong profile last summer, the chastened campaigner continues to do good work in the cancer community.
I do not know if that work was accidentally-on-purpose leaked but I can say he was trying to persuade a frightened teenager to go ahead with treatment on the morning of our interview, and we would not have known that unless we directly asked his agent about it.
There will be some of you screaming now that Livestrong, the chugging with politicians and celebrities, and the entire cancer-survivor backstory was part of the con, a shield to justify the fraud in France.
But Armstrong really did survive life-threatening cancer and decide to do something positive afterwards. The result was £300m raised for a foundation that has helped three million people. That happened.
Is it possible that some good can still come of the failed enterprise that was Lance: The Great American Hero?
His days of winning elite bike or triathlon races are almost certainly gone, and there should be no Hope Rides/Runs/Whatever Again hoopla in his future. But who benefits by stopping him from running "a slow marathon" or perhaps even helping cycling's move to the mainstream again?
Clearly, there needs to be some quid pro quo. Armstrong is quick to highlight the apologies that have been accepted, but less forthcoming on those he still has not tried hard enough to appease.
One idea might be to actually help the fight against doping today, instead of rationalising the dilemmas of yesterday.
Armstrong was the villain of a piece in USA Today last week about the Taylor Hooton Foundation, a Texas-based organisation set up by a father who lost a teenage son to suicide after he got caught up in steroids at school.
The foundation now uses Armstrong's story to warn children about the perils of performance-enhancing drugs.
"Everyone we talk to knows Lance," Don Hooton told the paper. "There's never, ever, a positive reaction to him."
But what if Armstrong gave those talks? Might the reaction change and the impact be greater?
He will never again be the face of a major sponsor, be talked of as a future senator, or jet around the world performing miracles with the likes of Bill Clinton and Bono, but there are enough people on Sunday morning rides and cancer wards still willing to give him another chance.
Perhaps the best of the library of books that Armstrong's modern morality tale inspired is "Wheelmen" by Wall Street Journal reporters Reed Albergotti and Vanessa O'Connell.
The 43-year-old does not read books (he prefers newspapers), which is a shame because Wheelmen's final paragraph sums his situation up perfectly:
"He really does hold the keys to his own redemption. Whether he will use them, for the sake of both his soul and the soul of the sport he once loved so much, remains to be seen," they wrote.
"He is a man of great strength, determination, and resilience, and we truly hope that he will use those qualities to make a moral comeback as complete as the physical comeback he effected from the cancer that nearly killed him. Time will tell."
Watch Lance Armstrong: The Road Ahead on the BBC iPlayer


Scientists from Durham University are looking at the possibility of using naturally hot water from Teesdale to heat homes.

Geologists believe the Butterknowle Fault, a 50 mile-long seam previously mined for coal, could hold geothermal energy.
They hope to find naturally heated water about 1.4 miles (2km) beneath the ground.
Dr Charlotte Adams said it would reduce the use of fossil fuels.
She said: "We would be looking for water within rocks, we would bring that to the surface, take the heat out of it and send the water back underground.
"We'd expect temperatures of up to 70C (158F) which is hot enough for domestic use, a third of our energy demand in the UK is used up to make heat."


A video of a baby panda in China trying to roll over has gone viral online.

15 September 2016 Last updated at 09:23 BST
The five week old cub tries for more than a minute to turn herself over but she doesn't manage to do it.
She probably won't be able to roll over for a little bit longer and her eyes won't open all the way until she's around two months old.
The baby cub doesn't have a name yet but many call her "Xidou's baby" in reference to her Mum, whose name translation is "Little Bean."


Elections for police and crime commissioners will be held in the 41 police force areas of England and Wales on 5 May 2016.

Candidates standing in Humberside Constabulary are listed below.
Candidates are listed alphabetically by surname. BBC News App users: tap here to see the candidates.
More information is available on the Choose my PCC website.


Manager Jose Mourinho says he will revert to a "normal team" at Watford on Sunday after Manchester United's Europa League defeat at Feyenoord.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Mourinho made eight changes for Thursday's game, and a lacklustre display saw his side beaten 1-0.
Captain Wayne Rooney and full-backs Antonio Valencia and Luke Shaw were left at home to rest for Sunday's Premier League match (12:00 BST).
Mourinho said: "We go back to a normal team without so many changes."
Tonny Vilhena scored Feyenoord's winner late on, though Nicolai Jorgensen, who delivered the cross, was offside.
Defeat was United's fourth in a row in European away games, and came five days after a 2-1 home defeat by Manchester City.
Right-back Valencia and left-back Shaw were replaced by Matteo Darmian and Marcos Rojo respectively at De Kuip.
Ander Herrera, Anthony Martial, Juan Mata, Marcus Rashford, Morgan Schneiderlin and Chris Smalling were the other to come in.
Midfielder Paul Pogba kept his place - but the world record £89m signing from Juventus struggled to make an impact.
"I don't like to individualise too much," Mourinho said. "It's something I don't like.
"I think he was like the team. In the first half they were in control but were playing half pace.
"The second half was when they increased intensity and that was when they conceded the goal."
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Yemen's President Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi has arrived in the Saudi capital of Riyadh, according to officials, as Saudi Arabia continues to launch air strikes against Shia Houthi rebels.

It is the first confirmation of his whereabouts since Wednesday, when he fled rebel forces in the city of Aden.
Officials say he will now travel to Egypt for a two-day Arab league summit.
Saudi authorities began air strikes in Yemen on Wednesday night, a step Iran called "dangerous".
The jets targeted Houthi positions in the capital Sanaa, along with missile batteries and warplanes.
Saudi Arabia says it is "defending the legitimate government" of President Hadi.
Mr Hadi took refuge in Aden last month after fleeing Sanaa, where he had been under house arrest since the Houthis took full control of the capital in January.
On Thursday a Saudi official said he had travelled to Riyadh, but would attend the Arab summit in Egypt as the "legitimate" Yemeni president.
The Saudi ambassador to the US Adel al-Jubair said the Saudi operation would begin with air strikes, and vowed: "We will do whatever it takes in order to protect the legitimate government of Yemen from falling."
Saudi-owned Al-Arabiya TV reported that the UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Jordan, Morocco and Sudan were also sending aircraft, while Egypt, Jordan, Sudan and Pakistan were ready to take part in any ground offensive targeting the Houthis.
The US said it was providing "logistical and intelligence support".
However, a Houthi official warned the coalition that it risked provoking a wider war.
Following the air strikes, people rushed to the military sites which had been targeted to check the level of destruction.
Dozens of families meanwhile have fled Sanaa to safe places outside the city, fearing new air strikes.
There are long queues of cars at petrol stations amid fears of fuel shortages, and many shops and firms have shut. School and university classes in Sanaa have been suspended for the time being.
Some Sanaa residents see the air strikes as a way of ending the crisis, which they blame on the Houthis for taking over their city.
However angry Houthi followers and supporters of the former president called for protests against the attacks.
On social media, Houthi supporters have been urging them to keep advancing to the border and storm Saudi Arabia, and to blockade the strategic Bab al-Mandab Strait in the Red Sea.
Shia power Iran, which Sunni-ruled Saudi Arabia accuses of backing the rebels, also demanded an immediate halt to the strikes, which it said violated Yemen's sovereignty.
But Turkey has accused Iran of trying to dominate the region.
President Tayyip Erdogan said he supported the operation against the Houthis, adding Iran's stance had begun "annoying us, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf countries".
"This is really not tolerable and Iran has to see this," he said.
A conflict that pulls in regional powers could disrupt global oil supplies, and the price of Brent crude rose almost 6% after the strikes began.
There were reports of explosions and airstrikes in the capital Sanaa, in the Houthis' northern heartland of Saada province, in Aden, and in the third city, Taiz.
Media reports said at least 13 civilians were killed in Sanaa, and 18 people were killed in clashes between rebel fighters and soldiers and militiamen loyal to Mr Hadi in southern Yemen.
Yemen's foreign minister, Riad Yassin, told the Saudi TV channel al-Hadath that the air strikes were welcome, adding: "I hope the Houthis listen to the sound of reason. With what is happening, they forced us into this."
The Houthis have said their aim is to replace Mr Hadi's government, which they accuse of being corrupt, and to implement the outcomes of the National Dialogue that was convened when Mr Saleh was forced to hand over power in 2011 following mass protests.
Yemen - who is fighting whom?
The Houthis: Zaidi Shia-led rebels from the north, who seized control of Sanaa last year and have since been expanding their control
President Hadi: Backed by military and police loyalists, and by militia known as Popular Resistance Committees, he is trying to fight back against the rebels from his stronghold in the south
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Seen by the US as the most dangerous offshoot of al-Qaeda, AQAP opposes both the Houthis and President Hadi.
Islamic State: A Yemeni affiliate of IS has recently emerged, which seeks to eclipse AQAP
Yemen crisis: An Iranian-Saudi battleground?
Yemen: Waiting for the war
Meeting the Houthis - and their enemies
The rise of Yemen's Houthi rebels
What are the differences between Sunnis and Shia?


The UK government is to donate £5m to help restore Glasgow School of Art's (GSA) fire-damaged Mackintosh building.

The cash will go to the Mackintosh Appeal, which aims to raise £20m, following the fire on 23 May which severely damaged the building.
The Scottish government has previously pledged £5m towards the fund, which has Hollywood star Brad Pitt and Dr Who actor Peter Capaldi among its trustees.
GSA estimates the cost of restoring the building to be between £20m and £35m.
Firefighters managed to save 90% of the iconic structure and 70% of its contents during a lengthy operation.
GSA believes eventual restoration work could take up to four years.
Chief Secretary to the Treasury Danny Alexander said he was "delighted" that the UK government would support efforts to return the Mackintosh building to its former glory.
He said: "The Glasgow School of Art is one of Glasgow's great institutions. The response to the fire from people across the world has been phenomenal.
"It is a beautiful building of international importance so it is right that the UK government should make a contribution to its restoration.
"We will work with The Glasgow School of Art to ensure that the funding is provided at the most appropriate time to meet their needs."
Professor Tom Inns, director of GSA, said the funding pledge from the UK government was "a huge boost" to the appeal.
"We are determined to restore the building to its former glory, as the inspirational home for the GSA's creative talent and for the delight of visitors from across the UK and the world," he said.
"The UK government's support will help us enormously in our efforts to rebuild, and to ensure we can continue to operate at the highest level internationally, bringing the UK's creative talent to the world and allowing the world to understand the unique contribution of Mackintosh."


Birmingham City Ladies earned their first win of 2016 as they came from behind to beat Doncaster Rovers Belles.

Natasha Dowie put the Belles ahead from close range early on but Freda Ayisi's header drew the hosts level.
Birmingham were in front before half-time thanks to Melissa Lawley's deflected strike and they held on for victory in a scrappy second half.
Defeat leaves Doncaster bottom of the table and without any points from their first three league games of 2016.
The Belles' best chance for an equaliser came when Dowie fired across the box but Katrin Omarsdottir could not quite get a touch to turn the ball goalwards.
Birmingham are up to fifth in the table, six points behind leaders Chelsea and second-placed Manchester City.
Chelsea Ladies maintain 100% winning start
Arsenal Ladies go third with win at Reading
Birmingham midfielder Jo Potter: "We needed that result after losing our first two league games - we didn't play badly in either of them, but tonight was a must-win for us.
"We had to stamp our authority on this game, and after going behind that's exactly what we did.
"We didn't panic after conceding, we kept our heads, kept believing and once we'd got the equaliser I always felt we would go on to win the game.
Doncaster Rovers Belles goal scorer Dowie: "We gave away two sloppy goals. If teams open you up and score good goals against you that's one thing, but both of those were preventable.
"We can't carry on conceding goals like that, we have to keep them out and take our chances at the other end.
"We came back into the game in the second half and in the end I think a draw would have been a fair result, but we just couldn't get an equaliser.
"We'll learn from this, though. We're a new team in the top flight and we're going to be the underdogs in games, but we'll improve and we'll be competitive."


The Green Party of England and Wales is calling for the minimum wage to rise to £10 an hour by 2020.

In an address to Greens' autumn conference, party leader Natalie Bennett said Britain was a low-wage economy and people deserved "a decent return on their labour".
Under the plans, wages would rise by £1.15 to £7.65 an hour next year before increasing each year until 2020.
The party also proposes a "wealth tax" on those with assets of more than £3m.
The party, which currently has one MP, is promising a "progressive alternative" to the austerity agenda which it says the other Westminster parties have all embraced.
Under its plans, everyone over the age of 16 would earn a minimum of £10 an hour by 2020 and the current age-based differential rates would be abolished.
The minimum wage for workers over 21 is set to rise to £6.50 next month, the first real-terms cash increase since 2008. Rates for 18-20 year olds, under-18s and apprentices are set to go up to £5.13 an hour, £3.79 an hour and £2.73 an hour respectively at the same time.
MPs from all parties have called for the UK to move towards a "living wage", which campaigners have calculated to be £7.65 an hour outside London and £8.80 an hour in the capital.
Ms Bennett, an Australian-born former journalist who was recently re-elected as leader, told delegates in Birmingham that the policy showed the Greens were "the party of real change, the party with plans and policies for how to transform our economy so that it works for the common good".
Earlier, she told the BBC that the "gradual, plannable increase" her party was proposing would benefit 5.2 million people and rejected claims the move would cost jobs.
"We are not talking about a sudden increase," she told the BBC News channel.
"What we really have to do is rebalance our economy. At the moment, wealthy individuals and particularly big multinational companies aren't paying their taxes and aren't paying adequate wages.
"Britain is a low-wage economy. We have to allow people to get a decent return on their labour."
Ms Bennett also outlined plans to ask those with more than £3m in assets to pay an annual levy of between 1% and 2%, saying they should put back more into the economy.
"This means £30,000 to £60,000 [a year]. To most of us, that sounds like a lot of money. To the wealthy, it is not very much money.
"We do not regard it as stinging. People have made their wealth from the whole of society and if they pay back some of that wealth they get a better society instead of the dreadful austerity cuts we have seen to public services which have done such terrible damage."
The Greens have sought to position themselves to the left of Labour and the Lib Dems by adopting policies such as the renationalisation of the railways, curbing private NHS work.
She said such policies had "massive support" and the party was offering a "complete package" to voters who believed the UK's current economic model was "broken and unsustainable".
Ms Bennett dismissed suggestions it was downplaying its core environmental message, saying the party was in the front line of opposition to fracking and confronting climate change.
She challenged David Cameron to personally attend the UN climate summit in New York at the end of the month. It has been reported that the leaders of China and India will both skip the event.
At their four-day conference, the party will also debate plans to toughen up the rules on tax avoidance and change media ownership laws.
The Greens won almost 8% of the UK vote in May's European elections, gaining a third MEP.
The party also says it is confident of holding the parliamentary seat it won in Brighton in 2010, when former leader Caroline Lucas became its first elected representative in Westminster, and had a realistic chance of winning seats in Norwich and Bristol.
Ms Bennett said the party intended to put up candidates in 75% of parliamentary seats.


A Swansea MP has written to the Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson demanding immediate action in the case of Amina Al-Jeffery.

Ms Al-Jeffery, 21, who has dual British and Saudi Arabian nationality, claims her father Mohammed Al-Jeffery locked her up and kept her against her will after she "kissed a guy".
He said he took her from Swansea to Jeddah in 2012 to "save her life".
Last week at the High Court in London, Mr Al-Jeffery denied the allegations.
A judgement on the case has been reserved until Wednesday.
In a letter to Mr Johnson, Swansea West MP Geraint Davies, said: "If Ms Al-Jeffery is being held against her will, she must be released immediately.
"Ms Al-Jeffery is 21 years old and no one, whatever their relationship to her, has the right to deprive her of her liberty.
"If these allegations are proven to be correct, the court must order her release and the government must take all the necessary measures to ensure her safe return.
"This is now a matter of urgency, so if she is being held against her will, I would ask that you take immediate action to ensure her release and uphold her human rights."
A friend of Ms Al-Jeffery in the UK - who wished to remain anonymous - told BBC Wales Today they have had contact with her whilst she has been in Saudi Arabia.
They said during a series of messages between October and December 2015, Ms Al-Jeffery had asked them to contact the British Embassy to inform them of her situation.
Ms Al-Jeffery also sent a picture of what she claimed to be the cage she had been kept in and said that she had been "under constant surveillance".
The friend also said Ms Al-Jeffery had described how she was "clinging on to sanity".
Mr Al-Jeffery claimed he took daughter to Jeddah in Saudi Arabia in order "save her life."
He said his daughter was not doing well at school, had been taking drugs and "going to clubs and spending time with older men".
In a statement the Foreign Office said: "We are providing assistance to a woman in Saudi Arabia.
"This has included visiting her and assisting her to speak to her lawyers in the UK as part of an ongoing legal process."
It said it would respond to Geraint Davies' letter in due course, once it has been received.


A 21-year-old man is due to appear in court in Dungannon later, charged with the manslaughter of County Monaghan teenager Jason McGovern.

Mr McGovern, 19, of Tydavnet, was attacked in Omagh, County Tyrone, on New Year's Eve. He was found dead at a friend's house.
An 18-year-old man, also arrested on Tuesday, was released unconditionally.
Five people have previously been charged with affray in connection with the death.


Eden Hazard scored twice in his first pre-season appearance as Chelsea lost 3-2 to Real Madrid in front of 105,826 fans in the United States.

European champions Madrid led when Marcelo's 20-yard shot deflected off Oscar and wrong-footed Asmir Begovic.
Marcelo doubled the lead with a superb solo goal, then Mariano Diaz added a 30-yard strike just before half-time.
Chelsea improved considerably after the break, rewarded by Hazard twice slotting in after rounding the keeper.
The Belgium attacking midfielder did not play in Wednesday's friendly against Liverpool, having been given extra recovery time following Euro 2016.
But he provided some much-needed spark for the Blues, who fielded a mixture of experience and youth against an under-strength Madrid side.
In the absence of the injured Cristiano Ronaldo, Brazil left-back Marcelo took centre stage as the Spanish giants dominated the first half.
Following the 65th-minute introduction of Hazard, along with a number of Madrid changes, Chelsea clawed their way back into the game - but left it too late to find an equaliser.
Antonio Conte's side face Italian side AC Milan in the final game of their US tour on Wednesday before wrapping up their pre-season schedule against German team Werder Bremen next weekend.
The Blues open the new Premier League season with a home game against London rivals West Ham on Monday, 15 August.
Chelsea: Begovic (Courtois 46), Aina, Cahill, Terry, Azpilicueta, Oscar (Chalobah 46), Matic, Willian (Cuadrado 46), Traore, Loftus-Cheek (Batshuayi 46), Pedro (Hazard 65).
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Leyton Orient manager Alberto Cavasin believes his side are better than their recent results in League Two suggest.

Orient lost to fellow strugglers Exeter on Tuesday, with only goal difference keeping them above the bottom two.
Asked by BBC Radio London if the O's are in a relegation battle, Cavasin replied: "Certainly, the table says so.
"We have to realise the fact that things aren't going well and understand the reasons to give more potential to the team and allow it to win."
Orient have become just the second side in Football League history to lose nine of their first 10 home league games in a season, matching Newport's run in 1970-71.
Italian Cavasin, who had been out of work for five years and had never previously worked in England before his appointment at the Matchroom Stadium, has won just two of his 10 games in all competitions since taking charge.
"Results on the pitch have not demonstrated the quality of the group," the 60-year-old said.
"I take responsibility for my role and my job is shared with all the group."


Autism affects the way you communicate with people and make sense of the world around you.

It's not a disease or an illness, but a condition you're born with.
People are affected in different ways.
Some people don't need a lot of help but others might need special support all their lives.
For someone with autism everyday life can be confusing and chaotic.
Their brain works differently so just communicating with people is hard. Simple things like talking to other people, reading people's body language and expressions can be difficult.
Some people will be able to speak normally while others won't be able to speak at all.
They might seem like they're not interested in people and find it hard to make friends and meet new people, preferring to spend time on their own.
It's sometimes difficult to tell people what they need, and how they feel. It's also hard to understand what other people think, and how they feel.
It can also make them over- or under-sensitive to sounds, touch, tastes, smells, light or colours.
People who are unable to speak might use sign language to communicate.
It's quite common to want to repeat things, so doing the same things every day, playing the same games and so on. Some people become really attached to their routine and don't like to change it.
They might not take part in games or activities with other people as they find it hard to use their imagination or be creative.
But they can be really good at remembering things so might have a lot of knowledge about one particular subject. A lot of people with autism have the potential to do really well at school, college and later on at work.
They might have tantrums but it's not because they're naughty, they're just trying to express themselves and it can be frustrating that they can't do this.
Nearly three in every four children with autism feel unhappy or anxious about things. It's not because they're autistic, but because they're not getting the help and support they need.
Another form of autism is called Asperger syndrome. People with Asperger do not have learning difficulties but still find the same things difficult as people with autism.
It's hard to express themselves and how they feel. They're likely to want to make friends and socialise with people, but they find it very difficult.
They don't have as many problems with talking but might still find it difficult to understand language, so seeing how other people think and feel is hard.
There are over half a million people in Britain with autism, that's one in every 100 people. When you include those people's families, over two million British lives are affected by autism every day.
No one knows why people are born with autism but there's lots of research going on into what causes it. We know boys are more likely to have the condition than girls and it can run in families.
There's no cure, people who are born with autism have it all their lives. Only one in every six people with autism end up with a full time paid job when they're older but they can still do a lot of things and learn a lot of skills.


At an artists' studio in a run-down part of Brussels, the next chapter in Belgium's rich comic-book history is being sketched out.

For the country that gave the world Tintin and the Smurfs, comic art - or "bande dessinee", to give it its French name - is a serious business.
But like the music industry and other kinds of publishing, the comics world is undergoing rapid technological change that has turned its old certainties upside down.
And at small start-up firm L'Employe Du Moi, the challenge is to take the "ninth art" into the 21st Century.
A handful of artists work at the firm's premises in the north of the Belgian capital, literally just across the tracks from the red-light district.
Max de Radigues and Sacha Goerg are part of the editorial board of L'Employe Du Moi, which they started with friends in 2000 after leaving art school. Since then, it has published more than 70 hardback comic books, most of them in the graphic novel category.
They are proud that their comics come in different sizes and styles, something that sets them apart from the mainstream.
"With Tintin books, they're all 62 pages and they're all in colour," says Mr de Radigues. "We try to make the perfect fit for each book - what size should it be, what kind of paper."
None of the artists is paid a salary, but they receive part of the proceeds from the sales of their comic books.
"We try to make enough money back to make new books," says Mr Goerg. "We're a small company and right now, I think we want to stay that way. It's really difficult to get up the ladder and to produce more money, we would have to be much bigger."
While new generations of artists are fighting to make their mark, Belgium's comic art heritage is part of the country's cultural mainstream.
But strangely enough, the best-known Belgian comic-book character, Tintin, is now in the hands of a Swiss-based Englishman, Nick Rodwell.
Mr Rodwell became the head of Moulinsart, the company that manages the Tintin empire, when he married the widow of the boy reporter's creator, Herge.
His tight control over the Tintin legacy has proved controversial with some fans. But it has spawned a popular tourist attraction in the shape of the Herge Museum, an hour out of Brussels in the town of Louvain-La-Neuve.
Museum administrator Robert Vangeneberg says the museum is visited by 80,000 people a year. Visitor numbers surged by 20% after Steven Spielberg's Tintin film came out in 2011, but the effect was short-lived.
"In budgetary terms, it ought to be 150,000 a year, but fortunately, we have other sources of revenue," he says.
These include sales from the gift shop, on-site restaurant Le Petit Vingtieme and various business events. The museum can be hired by companies for private visits, conferences, dinners and cocktail parties, while comic art symposiums are organised in conjunction with the neighbouring university.
For Mr Vangeneberg, the museum bears witness not only to Herge's talents as a creator of comic books, but also as "a powerful observer of his era".
He sees Herge's work as reflecting the man's insights into human behaviour, as well as the environmental and socio-economic context of the age in which it was produced.
But the Herge Museum is not the only place to appreciate the depth of Belgium's comic-strip culture. The genre has its own dedicated centre in the heart of Brussels, the Comics Art Museum, which celebrated its 25th anniversary earlier this month.
The museum's communications director, Willem De Graeve, says the comics business has seen great changes in the past quarter-century since the museum opened, originally as the Belgian Comic Strip Centre.
"It's a huge difference," he says. "In 1989, there were 500 new comic books. Last year, there were 5,000."
At the same time, the museum's own audience has changed. "When we opened, almost 80% of people coming here were Belgians. Now it's the other way round. Belgians are a minority, only 17%."
Part of the reason for that is the advent of low-cost airlines and high-speed rail services, including the Eurostar, that have made Brussels more easily accessible for tourists.
At the same time, rather than being the preserve of a cult audience, the comics museum has become part of that mass-market tourist trail, an essential part of Belgium's international image.
"Twenty-five years ago, people coming here were comics fans or people who knew comics," says Mr De Graeve. "Now the majority don't know anything about comics. We're some kind of exotic museum to them.
"It's like when you go to Scotland, you go to a whisky distillery. Does that mean that you're a whisky fan?"
As part of the anniversary celebrations, the museum has added two new permanent exhibitions: one devoted to the Smurfs and one to a newer star of Belgian comics, Pieter De Poortere, who began publishing the adventures of his character Boerke in 2001.
According to Mr De Poortere, the internet has had the same disruptive effect on his art form as on the record industry: the hardback comic books known in the trade as "albums" sell only about a fifth as many copies as they did in the 1980s.
"Back then, if you had a big publisher, you were set for life," he says. "Now everybody expects everything for free.
"But I think that's mainly a problem for the editors. As an artist, I think it's a much more interesting time.
"I have an agent that searches for clients and they come from everywhere. I get to do exhibitions in Toulouse or Moscow or Spain.
"There are computer games, children's books. If you're a bit open-minded, it's a lot of fun. I'm glad I'm doing this now and not 25 years ago."


Fleetwood sub Bobby Grant scored directly from a corner to help his side beat Millwall in League One.

Grant only came on the pitch in the 85th minute but his set-piece just four minutes later caught the wind to give the Cod Army all three points.
Eggert Jonsson had given the hosts the lead just after the hour mark when he headed home Tariq Fosu's cross.
Byron Webster scored from a Millwall corner in the final minute but the Lions drop down to 11th.


Cold War nuclear bunkers are the latest attempt to safeguard US bat populations under attack from white-nose syndrome.

Scientists have converted two of the 43 bunkers at the former Loring Air Force Base, Maine, which has been a wildlife reserve since the mid-1990s.
The artificial hibernacula are designed to safeguard bats from the disease that was first recorded in the US in 2006.
White-nose syndrome (WNS) has killed up to an estimated 6.7 million bats so far and is continuing to spread.
(Source: US Fish & Wildlife Service)
Bats videos, news and facts from BBC Nature
The disease, first described in a cave system in the state of New York, affects hibernating species is now found in 22 US states and five Canadian provinces.
The once secretive site in Maine, which was the closest US-based airbase to Moscow and a key asset for the US Strategic Air Command during the Cold War, was closed in 1994 before being reborn as the Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge.
Steve Agius, the refuge's assistant manager, said that staff felt the derelict grass-roofed bunkers had more potential ecologically than just offering nesting sites for sandpipers and sparrows.
"The bunkers remained a curiosity for years and biological staff speculated that perhaps the structures could provide overwintering hibernacula for bats," he said.
The devastating impact of WNS on a growing number of US bat species led to the bunkers being assessed as potential winter homes for hibernating bats.
As a result, one of the bunkers was modified by US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) staff, and 30 male little-brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) arrived at their new winter home in December 2012.
The bunker's conversion included installing roosting places for the bats and CCTV to monitor the hibernating mammals.
Ann Froschauer, the USFWS WNS spokeswoman, explained the merits of using these artificial caves in the battle against the killer disease.
"One of the problems about WNS is that the fungus persists in the environment for an unknown amount of time and does not require bats as a host," she explained.
"If there are no bats then the fungus goes back to doing its normal soil function, such as degrading organic matter. Then, if any new bats come into the area, they are exposed to it."
Highlighting a fundamental barrier in curbing the transmission of the disease, Ms Froschauer added: "We cannot go into a natural cave or mine that has a lot of diversity - a lot of naturally occurring fungi - and then spray some sort of chemical.
The US has 45 recorded species of bat living in the country. More than half hibernate in order to survive the winter months.
To date, experts have said that 11 species have either been directly affected by WNS or the disease poses a risk to their long-term survival.
Species with recorded WNS cases:
(The gray bat and Indiana bat are federally listed as endangered species)
Species that have tested positive for the fungus (Geomyces destructans) but have not developed WNS:
(Source: Whitenosesyndrome.org)
"But in a human-made structure, like a bunker, we can go into a site like that [after the bats have left] and we can actually scrub a place down."
However, she said that even if the vast resources - financial and technical - needed to build a network of refuges for bats were available, the process of hibernation still held secrets waiting to be unlocked by science.
"Hibernation is something we are getting a lot better handle on but we do not really understand all of the things that are going on," she told BBC News.
"It is tough to hibernate bats and make sure we have all the right conditions - there are a lot of challenges."
The challenges facing attempts to extend this possible solution across the country were highlighted when biologists found that only nine bats - less than a third of the artificial colony - survived the winter.
Steve Agius observed: "While some of the bats survived the capture, transportation, and hibernation, it is clear that increasing the overwinter survival rate is essential when considering the value of further developing artificial hibernacula."
WNS has been described by some biologists as the worst wildlife health crisis in the US in living memory.
It is named after a white fungal infection that appears on the muzzle and/or wings of infected animals.
Researchers say the fungus (Geomyces destructans) thrives in the dark, damp conditions - such as caves and mines.
Studies suggest the fungus arrived in the US after it was somehow transported (probably via humans) from Europe or possibly Asia.
No turning back
Ms Froschauer said frontline efforts were focused on biosecurity in the guise of decontamination and restricting access to places where the disease was known to be present.
She explained US Geological Survey scientists had been able to cultivate viable fungal spores from tiny samples of soil, raising fears of a nightmare scenario of WNS being transported by humans or freight to western US states.
"A tiny chuck of soil - smaller than a US Dime - could easily be stuck in the tread of your shoe could easily be moved, especially if you were to jump on an aeroplane and not even be aware of it," she observed.
In order to minimise the risk of the disease being transported to unaffected areas, the USFWS and other agencies have produce decontamination documents for cavers, researchers and other groups that could come into contact with the fungus.
Even though efforts are being made to stop the disease spreading rapidly, WNS is still extending its range. In its recent update, the US FWS said the disease had been confirmed in Quebec, Canada - the most northerly case to date.
This suggests that the pathogen has not yet reached its limits in terms of how far it can spread geographically, meaning that bat experts and conservationists in these areas have to be on alert for signs of the disease.
Ms Froschauer said experts were resigned to the notion that strategies would have to focus on how to manage the disease, rather than eradicate it from the landscape.
"I expect to see over the next few years the spread continuing in those areas that are just getting the disease," she observed.
"We appear to be observing some sort of timeline between when the disease arrives to when we start to see these population level effects.
"To date, it is not slowing down, it is not stopping its spread."
She said evidence seemed to suggest that there was about a two to three year period between the disease first arriving in an area and signs that it was having an impact at a population level.
"We are getting a lot better at detecting the presence of the fungus earlier, we are finding the fungus in advance of seeing the disease manifest itself.
"A couple of years ago, the only way we knew there were affected bats was because we saw bats with the visible fungus growing on them and observing the behavioural changes."
Ms Froschauer explained that the scientific consensus was that this disease was here to stay and it was not going to be possible to "unpick what had been done".
"We will never see bat populations in the eastern US and Canada at pre-WNS levels in our lifetimes, or for generations afterwards," she warned.
"Our best bet now is to work towards how we can contain the disease while we are working on the science side of things and the other things that could interrupt the cycle of the disease and allow us to work towards the conservation of bats."


An Army medic who travelled to Africa to help tackle the Ebola outbreak has returned home.

Pte Charlene Bevilacqua worked as a health care assistant in an Ebola treatment centre in Sierra Leone as part of the UK's aid effort.
The 25-year-old was responsible for monitoring and assessing patients when they were admitted.
When in the UK, Pte Bevilacqua, works at the Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit in Frimley Park, Surrey.
"I would like to thank everybody who sent me parcels and I love my husband and all of my family," Pte Bevilacqua, of Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, said.


An Air France passenger jet was forced to make an emergency landing in Kenya after a fake bomb was found in a toilet, the airline says.

The Boeing 777, on its way from Mauritius to Paris, was evacuated at Mombasa airport and the suspicious device taken away for examination.
Air France chief Frederic Gagey later said it was made of a cardboard box, paper and a timer.
He described it as an "extremely aggressive act".
The plane, carrying 459 passengers and 14 crew, had left Mauritius at 01:00 GMT and had been due to fly directly to Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris.
Several passengers from the flight have been questioned by Kenyan police.
Mr Gagey told a news conference that the airline would press charges against those responsible and an inquiry would be held.
But he denied there had been any problem with security checks in Mauritius, saying the device contained no explosives, so would not have been detected.
He said the device appeared to be made of a cardboard, sheets of paper and some kind of kitchen timer, and had been placed in a cupboard behind a mirror in the toilet.
Mr Gagey said he did not know exactly when it had been placed there, but that the cupboard had been checked before the flight so it was assumed that it was put there during the flight.
He said the object was made of material not usually found on the plane.
Mr Gagey thanked the crew and the Kenyan authorities for the way they had handled the incident.
Earlier, a police official quoted by AP news agency said a passenger had noticed an object in the toilet that looked like "a stopwatch mounted on a box".
Mr Gagey said the crew was alerted, and the pilots decided to land at the nearest airport. Both the aircraft and Moi International Airport in Mombasa were evacuated while the device was removed.
Joseph Nkaissery, cabinet secretary at Kenya's ministry of interior, said authorities from France and Mauritius had been helping with the investigation.
One of those on board the aircraft, Benoit Lucchini, said passengers were calm and were told by the crew that the plane was being diverted because of a technical problem.
"The plane just went down, slowly, slowly, slowly, so we just realised probably, something was wrong," he said.
"But the personnel of Air France were just great, just wonderful. So they keep everybody calm and really quiet."
France is still on high alert following bomb attacks and shootings in Paris.
So-called Islamic State (IS) said it carried out the attacks in response to France's military action in Syria.


Two men have been charged after being recorded driving at 118mph and 101mph on a Moray road with a 60mph limit.

Police Scotland said the incidents happened on the B9040 Hopeman to Lossiemouth road on Saturday afternoon.
A 22-year-old man was stopped travelling at 118mph, and a 35-year-old man was recorded at 101mph.
Insp Jon Barron said the B9040 was typical of a rural road with dangers such as access roads, bends, and restricted sightlines.


The Libyan government has said it is open to political reform, but Muammar Gaddafi must stay in power to avoid a Somalia- or Iraq-style power vacuum.

Spokesman Moussa Ibrahim described Colonel Gaddafi as a "unifying figure", and insisted his forces only targeted armed rebels, not civilians.
Libyan state TV has showed video of Col Gaddafi rallying supporters in Tripoli.
Meanwhile, his son told the BBC that Foreign Minister Moussa Koussa had not betrayed Libya by leaving for the UK.
Saif al-Islam Gaddafi told the BBC's world affairs editor John Simpson that Mr Koussa had travelled to Britain for health reasons and was being pressured into making allegations about Libya's government in an effort to secure immunity from prosecution.
Mr Gaddafi said Moussa Koussa was allowed to leave Libya, and denied that he knew incriminating details about the Lockerbie bombing or other atrocities.
"The British and the Americans they know about Lockerbie, they know everything about Lockerbie so there are no secrets anymore," Mr Gaddafi said.
"Come on. The British government say this: you have no immunity unless you co-operate. He [Moussa Koussa] is sick, he is sick and old so if you put it this way, no immunity of course... [he] will come out with the funny stories."
In pictures: Battle for Misrata
Koussa Lockerbie meeting 'in days'
Libya rebels to export first oil
On the ground in Libya, the Associated Press reports that rebel fighters have resumed their efforts to retake the eastern oil hub of Brega, pushing halfway into the town. They have won and lost control of the town several times in recent weeks.
The oil-rich country's vital coastal belt is effectively split between rebel forces in the east and government loyalists in Tripoli and the west, nearly two months after the start of a revolt against Col Gaddafi's rule.
A tanker carrying Libyan oil is expected to be loaded up near Tobruk in rebel-held territory on Tuesday, the first export of oil from rebel areas since the uprising began.
Speaking in Tripoli, government spokesman Moussa Ibrahim said Col Gaddafi was "a safety valve for the country to remain together".
"The leader provides Libyan tribes and Libyan population of a unifying figure, as a unifying figure," he said.
"Many Libyans, many Libyans want him to lead the process forward because they are scared if he is not there for any reason we will have what happened in Iraq, we will have what happened in Somalia, we will have what happened in Afghanistan."
Libya, Mr Ibrahim said, was open to political reform - "elections, referenda, anything" - but "the leader has to lead this forward".
Mr Ibrahim said it was not for the West to tell Libya "you have to lose your leader or your system or your regime".
Denying government attacks on civilians, he challenged the outside world to investigate any alleged crimes.
"We are fighting armed militias," he said. "You are not a civilian if you take up arms."
Late on Monday Libyan state TV showed what appeared to be live footage of Col Gaddafi saluting supporters from a jeep outside his fortified compound at Bab al-Aziziya in Tripoli.
As fighting continued in eastern Libya, evacuees from the besieged city of Misrata, in the west, have accused pro-Gaddafi forces of atrocities against civilians.
On Sunday, a Turkish humanitarian ship carrying more than 250 injured people from Misrata, the only major city in western Libya still under rebel control, arrived in the rebel capital Benghazi.
Speaking from Tunisia, other evacuees told Reuters that Gaddafi forces there had been "massacring" civilians.
"You have to visit Misrata to see the massacre by Gaddafi," said Omar Boubaker, a 40-year-old engineer with a bullet wound to the leg, brought to the Tunisian port of Sfax by a French aid group.
"Corpses are in the street. Hospitals are overflowing."