One of Thailand's most prominent universities has issued new guidelines for uniforms.

Nothing really new there; Thai universities usually require students to wear an approved uniform.
But the new illustrations published by Bangkok University are for transgender students, showing how either "ladyboys" or "tomboys" can dress according to their chosen gender and still stay within the official dress code.
Transgender people are unusually visible in Thailand, where the annual Miss Tiffany transgender beauty contest is a national event, and people come from all over the world for gender reassignment surgery.
Some high schools have built "third gender" toilets for pupils who do not feel comfortable in either the men's or women's facilities.
However, they are not allowed to change the gender on their national ID cards, leading to awkward scenes at the annual army service draft for young men every year.
Even those who now have women's bodies are required to attend a physical examination for the ID card before being rejected, sometimes on mental health grounds.
So the Bangkok University move has been welcomed as a step towards full acceptance of transgender students.
"I am very glad to hear that this university lets the students choose the uniform which fits their desire and their gender," said Nok Yollada, President of the Transgender Female Association of Thailand.
Poy Treechada, a renowned transgender actress, also welcomed the move, saying she felt transgender students would earn more respect from society if they were seen to be respecting the university's rules.
As for the university, it offers a more prosaic reason for its new guidelines.
In a statement accompanying the illustrations, it said it was simply trying to maintain the dress code.
Too many transgender students, unwilling to don the clothing that matched their official gender, were wearing whatever they liked, it said.
The rules on uniforms at university have often been criticised as enforcing conformity and submissiveness on Thai students.
Two years ago, one transgender student at Thammasat University, which is unusual in that it does not generally require uniforms to be worn, took her protest to a new level by distributing images of herself, in uniform, in sexually provocative poses.
Saran "Aum Neko" Chuichai was later charged with lese majeste, or insulting the monarchy, and fled into exile after last year's military coup.
But her unusual protest reignited the debate over university uniforms.
An opinion poll published shortly afterwards suggested that more than 90% of students believed uniforms were necessary to maintain order.
At Bangkok University, at least, they can now choose which gender of uniform they prefer.


An early 18th Century doll's house, described as "of national importance", has been valued by the BBC's Antiques Roadshow at more than £150,000.

It will feature in Sunday's first episode of the new series of the long-running programme, which was recorded at Tewkesbury Abbey in Gloucestershire.
Expert Fergus Gambon said it was "unique" and "one of the most important English baby houses in existence".
The doll's house was built in 1705 and is extremely well preserved.
In a first for the programme, a camera crew went to film at the home of the object's owner, after just a few dolls were taken to the recording, which took place in May.
Mr Gambon, who is the son of actor Sir Michael Gambon, said: "As soon as I saw the dolls I recognised the importance of it.
"And it is quite a large object, it's extraordinarily fragile, it's not something that you can just shove in the back of the car and bring over.
"So if we wanted to show the viewers what the house was like, this was really our only chance."
The doll's house is well preserved, with the dolls in their original clothes, and was made on the Isle of Dogs for a Miss E Westbrook.
It has been in the owner's family ever since, being passed down the female line for generations.
Mr Gambon said he had known of the existence of the doll's house after having seen photographs of it in a book from the 1950s.
"I saw the dolls first and I recognised them immediately from the pictures," he said.
"The extraordinary thing about the Westbrook is the fact that it's remained in the family since it was made, and it is essentially a little time capsule."
The Antiques Roadshow at Tewkesbury Abbey will be shown on Sunday August 28 at 20:00 BST on BBC One.


The Home Secretary has refused to reimburse Kent Police for additional costs of Operation Stack, the county's police and crime commissioner (PCC) has said.

Ann Barnes said she was surprised and disappointed that Theresa May had refused to pay for "reasonable, additional costs" of nearly £577,000.
The government said police budgets should include plans for contingencies.
Under Stack lorries park on the M20 during cross-Channel disruption.
Stack was used 32 times last summer following strikes by French ferry workers, migrant activity and disruption to cross-Channel rail operations.
Mrs Barnes said a request was submitted to policing minister Mike Penning on 17 November under the Home Office special grant process.
She said the sum of £576,925.59 was applied for but was turned down after the Home Secretary refused to use discretionary powers to cover the costs.
"Operation Stack is acknowledged as a national problem now, and yet policing services in Kent have been put under strain to deal with it," Mrs Barnes said.
"Local taxpayers should not have to pick up the bill."
She said she needed to discuss the way forward with the Home Office as a matter of urgency.
But Mr Penning said: "Police forces should include within their policing and budget plans reasonable contingencies for unexpected events in their areas.
"Special Grant funding is usually only available when the additional costs are more than 1% of the PCC's budget, or where the additional costs might threaten the financial stability of the force.
"At 31 March 2015, the Kent PCC had £34.4m in resource reserves, which increased by more than 10% last year."


A priest accused of sexually abusing boys met up with one of his alleged victims in a pub "as a surprise" while on a visit from America, a court heard.

Richard John James Robinson, 73, denies 22 charges relating to offences against six boys aged under 16 between 1959 and 1983 at churches in the West Midlands.
One of the alleged victim's sister said her brother made allegations about Mr Robinson after the pub meeting.
She said Mr Robinson had been a regular visitor to their Walsall home.
The alleged victim's brother-in-law told the court Mr Robinson had arrived back to the UK from America to visit his sick mother.
The priest told the brother-in-law he would like to meet the alleged victim "as a surprise" and the brother-in-law took him to the pub where he was, the court heard.
The brother-in-law said the alleged victim looked "taken aback" to see him and the two men had chatted for around 45 minutes.
Earlier, the sister had told the court the alleged victim had called family members together within weeks of the meeting and made allegations about him.
The former clergyman, who was known to parishioners as "Father Jim", worked in churches in Staffordshire, Birmingham and Coventry until the mid-1980s, when he moved to California.
He was extradited from the US in August last year.
The trial continues.


A man who murdered his partner and an ex-girlfriend within minutes of each other has been given two life sentences and jailed for at least 32 years.

Alan Bennett, 34, killed Lynne Freeman, 46, before stabbing Jodie Betteridge 132 times in front of their three children in Redcar on 23 March.
Bennett, of Lingholme, Redcar, admitted both murders when he appeared at Teesside Crown Court.
When arrested, he said: "I have done what had to be done."
For live updates on this story click here.
Double killer had history of violence
Bennett and Ms Freeman had been out drinking together in several pubs in Redcar town centre on the day of the attacks.
Witnesses reported them arguing on the bus home with Bennett raising his voice several times.
Bennett was heard telling Ms Freeman: "Wait until I get you home, I'll get your attention."
At about 20:45 Bennett called the police to Ms Freeman's home on Mapleton Crescent where they found her with 13 stab wounds to her neck and chest.
Seven minutes later, Ms Betteridge, 30, who had been in a relationship with Bennett from 2005 to 2014, was attacked at her home on Byland Close, first inside the house then in the garden.
She suffered injuries to her legs, arms, face, neck and torso with the killing witnessed by their three young children.
Thirty of the blows were to her head and, had she survived, she would have been left significantly disfigured.
The knife, which was used for both attacks, snapped during the murder of Ms Betteridge.
Neighbours were shouting and screaming during the attack and described Bennett as being like a "crazed maniac".
Bennett was arrested at the scene and told police: "I have done what had to be done."
Bennett started a relationship in early 2015 with Ms Freeman but had known her before then.
While they did not live with each other, they did spend a lot of time in each other's company, often staying over at their respective addresses.
Cleveland Police said domestic incidents involving Bennett and both women had previously been reported.
Tim Roberts QC, defending, said his client had pleaded guilty to the murders at the first reasonable opportunity.
Bennett had a mental illness, he said, but it was not severe enough to allow him to claim a defence of diminished responsibility.
Mr Roberts added: "He has not had the normal capacity of self-restraint which a healthy individual would possess."
Judge Simon Bourne-Arton said Bennett had sent him a "self-pitying" letter in which he claimed he still loved both women and had made a "monumental mistake".
However, he told Bennett: "There was no mistake about it, it was quite deliberate by you."
He sentenced him to two life sentences and said he must serve a minimum term of 32 years and 233 days before he will be considered eligible for parole.
After the sentencing, Det Sgt Peter Carr from Cleveland Police said: "Without doubt Bennett acted in cold blood as he attacked both Lynne and Jodie, his phone call to police as he walked away from the fatal attack on Lynne is particularly chilling and detached.
"Emergency services arrived to a scene of unprecedented horror."
A statement from Ms Betteridge's family said: "Jodie was kind to everyone; she lived for her children as they were the most important people in her life and now she won't be able to see them grow up. Jodie will never be forgotten and will be greatly missed by all who knew her."
Ms Freeman's family said: "Someone who she loved, trusted and was meant to feel protected by took everything from her, her life, everything she had to look forward to, everyone she selflessly helped and we have been deprived of sharing her life with her.
"The sentencing is a fraction of what he actually deserves; jail will never be good enough for what he has done."
"The person who lit up a room as she walked in, the loving way she helped others and in return expected nothing, her infectious laugh and personality, the amazing person who selflessly volunteered to give back into the community, is the person she should be remembered for-  and not the events that took place that night."


Native American Chief David Bald Eagle, who appeared in the Oscar-winning 1990 film Dances With Wolves, has died aged 97.

The grandson of Chief White Bull, who fought in the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, Bald Eagle appeared in more than 40 films.
He went on to become the face of South Dakota's Lakota people.
He died at his home on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation on 22 July, according to a local funeral home.
Born in a tepee in 1919 on the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe Reservation, his native Lakota name translates as Wounded in Winter Beautiful Bald Eagle.
He served in the US Army during World War Two where he fought in the landings at Anzio in Italy and won the silver star.
After being severely wounded by German fire while parachuting into Normandy during D-Day, Bald Eagle pursued a music career as a drummer for Cliff Keyes Big Band.
Following a foray into ballroom dancing, which ended with the tragic death of his dance partner and wife, Penny Rathburn, in a car crash, Bald Eagle established a career in Hollywood.
He trained a range of stars including John Wayne in horse and gun handling, and served as Errol Flynn's stunt double.
In the late 1950s he joined a rodeo display team and while in Belgium met his second wife, Josee.
He continued to work as an actor and became the face of South Dakota's state tourism promotions for decades.
Outside of showbusiness, Bald Eagle's dedication to the Lakota people saw him elected as the first Chief of the United Native Nations in 2001, addressing indigenous people worldwide.
His last film role was in Neither Wolf Nor Dog, which premiered at the Edinburgh Film Festival last month.
The film's director, Steven Lewis Simpson, praised Bald Eagle as "truly unique".
"His life was more extraordinary than of those that most great biographies are written about; the joys and the tragedies," he said.
"He was an astonishingly beautiful man. The sparkle from his eyes when he smiled or was being mischievous was a joy to behold."
Rooks Funeral Home in Eagle Butte said Bald Eagle's funeral is scheduled for 29 July at Black Hills National Cemetery in Sturgis, following a traditional four-day wake.


A group of 40 contemporary artists from a range of backgrounds, cultures and disciplines will come together for a new exhibition in Carmarthenshire.

"Sacred Art" will display paintings, sculptures and prints.
Event co-curator and artist Nick Taylor said it would include ingredients long celebrated in art, such as "transformation, magic, meditation and exuberance".
The exhibition will launch on Friday at Aberglasney Gardens in Llangathen.


On 9 January 2007, one of the most influential entrepreneurs on the planet announced something new - a product that was to become the most profitable in history.

It was, of course, the iPhone. There are many ways in which the iPhone has defined the modern economy.
There is the sheer profitability of the thing, of course: there are only two or three companies in the world that make as much money as Apple does from the iPhone alone.
There is the fact that it created a new product category: the smartphone. The iPhone and its imitators represent a product that did not exist 10 years ago but now is an object of desire for most of humanity. There's the way the iPhone transformed other markets - software, music, and advertising.
But those are just the obvious facts about the iPhone. And when you delve more deeply, the tale is a surprising one. We give credit to Steve Jobs and other leading figures in Apple - his early partner Steve Wozniak, his successor Tim Cook, his visionary designer Sir Jony Ive - but some of the most important actors in this story have been forgotten.
50 Things That Made the Modern Economy highlights the inventions, ideas and innovations which have helped create the economic world we live in.
It is broadcast on the BBC World Service. You can find more information about the programme's sources and listen online or subscribe to the programme podcast.
Ask yourself: what actually makes an iPhone an iPhone? It's partly the cool design, the user interface, the attention to detail in the way the software works and the hardware feels. But underneath the charming surface of the iPhone are some critical elements that made it, and all the other smartphones, possible.
The economist Mariana Mazzucato has made a list of 12 key technologies that make smartphones work: 1) tiny microprocessors, 2) memory chips, 3) solid state hard drives, 4) liquid crystal displays and 5) lithium-based batteries. That's the hardware.
Then there are the networks and the software. So 6) Fast-Fourier-Transform algorithms - clever bits of maths that make it possible to swiftly turn analogue signals such as sound, visible light and radio waves into digital signals that a computer can handle.
At 7) - and you might have heard of this one - the internet. A smartphone isn't a smartphone without the internet.
At 8) HTTP and HTML, the languages and protocols that turned the hard-to-use internet into the easy-to-access World Wide Web. 9) Cellular networks. Otherwise your smartphone not only isn't smart, it's not even a phone. 10) Global Positioning Systems or GPS. 11) The touchscreen. 12) Siri, the voice-activated artificial intelligence agent.
All of these technologies are important components of what makes an iPhone, or any smartphone, actually work. Some of them are not just important, but indispensable. But when Mariana Mazzucato assembled this list of technologies, and reviewed their history, she found something striking.
The foundational figure in the development of the iPhone wasn't Steve Jobs. It was Uncle Sam. Every single one of these 12 key technologies was supported in significant ways by governments - often the American government.
A few of these cases are famous. Many people know, for example, that the World Wide Web owes its existence to the work of Sir Tim Berners-Lee. He was a software engineer employed at Cern, the particle physics research centre in Geneva that is funded by governments across Europe.
And the internet itself started as Arpanet - an unprecedented network of computers funded by the US Department of Defense in the early 1960s. GPS, of course, was a pure military technology, developed during the Cold War and opened up to civilian use only in the 1980s.
Other examples are less famous, though scarcely less important.
The Fast-Fourier-Transform is a family of algorithms that have made it possible to move from a world where the telephone, the television and the gramophone worked on analogue signals, to a world where everything is digitised and can therefore be dealt with by computers such as the iPhone.
The most common such algorithm was developed from a flash of insight from the great American mathematician John Tukey. What was Tukey working on at the time? You've guessed it: a military application.
Specifically, he was on President Kennedy's Scientific Advisory committee in 1963, trying to figure out how to detect when the Soviet Union was testing nuclear weapons.
Smartphones wouldn't be smartphones without their touchscreens - but the inventor of the touchscreen was an engineer named EA Johnson, whose initial research was carried out while Johnson was employed by the Royal Radar Establishment, a stuffily-named agency of the British government.
The work was further developed at Cern - those guys again. Eventually multi-touch technology was commercialised by researchers at the University of Delaware in the United States - Wayne Westerman and John Elias, who sold their company to Apple itself.
Yet even at that late stage in the game, governments played their part: Wayne Westerman's research fellowship was funded by the US National Science Foundation and the CIA.
Then there's the girl with the silicon voice, Siri.
Back in the year 2000, seven years before the first iPhone, the US Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency, Darpa, commissioned the Stanford Research Institute to develop a kind of proto-Siri, a virtual office assistant that might help military personnel to do their jobs.
Twenty universities were brought into the project, furiously working on all the different technologies necessary to make a voice-activated virtual assistant a reality.
Seven years later, the research was commercialised as a start-up, Siri Incorporated- and it was only in 2010 that Apple stepped in to acquire the results for an undisclosed sum.
As for hard drives, lithium-ion batteries, liquid crystal displays and semiconductors themselves - there are similar stories to be told.
In each case, there was scientific brilliance and plenty of private sector entrepreneurship. But there were also wads of cash thrown at the problem by government agencies - usually US government agencies, and for that matter, usually some arm of the US military.
Silicon Valley itself owes a great debt to Fairchild Semiconductor - the company that developed the first commercially practical integrated circuits. And Fairchild Semiconductor, in its early days, depended on military procurement.
Of course, the US military didn't make the iPhone. Cern did not create Facebook or Google. These technologies, that so many people rely on today, were honed and commercialised by the private sector. But it was government funding and government risk-taking that made all these things possible.
That's a thought to hold on to as we ponder the technological challenges ahead in fields such energy and biotechnology.
Steve Jobs was a genius, there's no denying that. One of his remarkable side projects was the animation studio Pixar - which changed the world of film when it released the digitally animated film, Toy Story.
Even without the touchscreen and the internet and the Fast-Fourier-Transform, Steve Jobs might well have created something wonderful.
But it would not have been a world-shaking technology like the iPhone. More likely it would, like Woody and Buzz, have been an utterly charming toy.
Tim Harford is the FT's Undercover Economist. 50 Things That Made the Modern Economy was broadcast on the BBC World Service. You can find more information about the programme's sources and listen online or subscribe to the programme podcast.


A man who spent a decade pretending to be a doctor has again admitted trying to lie his way into NHS jobs.

Conrad de Souza, 57, of Fulham, West London, lied to NHS services about his qualifications, employment and previous convictions while try to get top jobs.
At Croydon Crown Court, he admitted six counts of fraud by false representations.
In 2011, he was convicted for pretending to be a GP to gain a senior managerial role.
The Tasmanian-born British citizen had enrolled at the University of London medical school in 1980 but never graduated.
NHS Protect, which took De Souza to court, said the fake doctor tried to become head of service at a care commissioning group and interim director of development commissioning at a clinical commissioning group.
He also lied about his employment and qualifications in a bid to get work at the Office for Public Management and admitted dishonestly making eight representations to a recruitment agency.
De Souza pleaded not guilty to three further charges of fraud, which were laid on file.
De Souza was previously jailed for two years and three months for falsifying a parental test to avoid paying child maintenance, and for dishonestly purporting to be a doctor.
His deception to the health service led to him working in several clinical strategy roles for Lewisham Primary Care Trust - earning Â£329,000 between 2001 and 2010.
After his conviction, he was ordered to repay Â£270,000 to the NHS.
Richard Rippin, head of operations for NHS Protect, said: "What is obvious is that de Souza sees himself as suitable for top health jobs even if nobody else does.
"Had he succeeded in his latest, deceitful job hunt, de Souza would have regained considerable power, responsibility and financial reward - a frightening prospect."
He will be sentenced on 12 January 2017.


Mexican authorities say they are determined to capture those responsible for the rape of six Spanish women near the holiday resort of Acapulco.

Masked gunmen burst into a rented beach house on Monday, tied up and held at gunpoint six Spanish men as they attacked the women for several hours.
A seventh woman escaped after telling the attackers she was a Mexican.
Acapulco is one of Mexico's most famous beach resorts, but it has recently suffered from drug-related violence.
"The attack will not go unpunished, as we are committed to catching those responsible," said a statement from the government of Guerrero state which includes Acapulco.
"The government is in constant communication with the victims and the Spanish consular authorities to offer help," the statement added.
Most of the Spanish women are reported to be residents of Mexico who had travelled to Acapulco - on the Pacific coast - for a weekend break.
No-one has been arrested in connection with the attack on Playa Bonfil, but officials said they had leads to pursue.
"Fortunately we have strong evidence that will lead us to those responsible for this reprehensible act," Guerrero state Attorney-General Marta Garzon told Mexican radio.
Acapulco Mayor Luis Walton has apologised for causing offence after he said the attack could have happened "anywhere in the world".
The rapes are being seen as a blow to Mexico's attempts to boost its reputation as a tourist destination.
In recent years Guerrero state has been the scene of a bloody feud between rival drug trafficking gangs, but BBC Mexico correspondent Will Grant says Acapulco and its beaches have been considered relatively safe.
In the 1950s and 1960s Acapulco was a world-famous resort that attracted celebrities such as Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley and US President John F Kennedy, who spent his honeymoon there.
These days it mainly attracts Mexican holiday makers


Older children watch half the amount of live television per day than adults, preferring to watch content online, new research suggests.

Ofcom's Children's Digital Day research shows that children aged 11 to 15 are watching one hour and 32 minutes of live TV per day.
Adults watch two hours and 58 minutes per day, the survey revealed.
Older children only consume a fifth of the radio listened to by adults each day - just 15 minutes.
The survey by the media watchdog involved a representative sample of 1,644 UK adults who had to complete seven-day media diaries.
A sample of 186 primary school-aged children (aged six to 11) and 173 secondary school-aged children (aged 11 to 15) completed three-day media diaries.
The study also found that nearly all UK adults reported watching live TV every week over the course of a week (94%).
This compared with just over three-quarters (78%) of children aged 11 to 15 and 90% of six to 11 year olds.
Older children are spending six times longer than adults watching short online video clips on sites such as YouTube and Vimeo (33 minutes versus five minutes).
Children aged between 11 and 16 also spend twice as long communicating via social networking sites than adults each day (52 minutes versus 25 minutes).
Overall, three quarters of children aged six to 15 reported playing games on an electronic device (including games consoles and tablets) during the week. This took up a fifth of children's total time spent on media and communications.
Only 5% of media time was taken up by gaming among the adults surveyed.


Tesla has updated its software after researchers from China hacked into the operating system of its electric cars.

The team from Keen Security Lab remotely manipulated the brake system on a Tesla while it was on the move, from a distance of 12 miles (19km).
Using a laptop, the hackers also managed to open a car door without using a key.
Tesla has updated its software to prevent anyone else from manipulating its cars.
The hack took place after months of research and the team from Keen Security Lab posted a video of their efforts earlier this week on YouTube.
During the experiment a hacker took control of a vehicle from the passenger seat, while someone else was behind the wheel.
Using a laptop, he was able to adjust the rear-view mirror while the driver was changing lanes. The hacker also managed to open the trunk remotely, while the car was on the move.
This hack is notable for two reasons.
One, it was conducted far away - as far as 12 miles, researchers said. And two, the sheer amount of control it can wrest from the driver is remarkable - brakes, windscreen wipers, all sorts.
The good news is the security community is so far rising to the challenge of protecting cars from hackers. This hack was discovered by researchers who, as they should, went straight to Tesla before going public.
Tesla's cars are able to get over-the-air updates, meaning Tesla's engineers can automatically rectify the vulnerability in its cars without drivers needing to visit a dealership.
And that's precisely what the company has done.
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC and on Facebook


Burnley midfielder Scott Arfield says electing to play for Canada rather than Scotland was the "best" decision.

West Lothian-born Arfield, 28, represented Scotland at under-19, under-21 and B level.
However, he was not selected for the senior squad and won the first of his six Canada caps last year.
"I'm happy that I've taken this opportunity," said Arfield, who is in the Canada squad to face Scotland on Wednesday evening.
"You have a dream that you want to play for Scotland. As you get older, your career takes you in different places.
"When the call never came, my mind was made up maybe three years [ago] to the day.
"I just knew that this was going to be the best for me and my family, to take this decision, to progress the career in the latter years, that Canada would be the best place for me.
"Every camp that I've been in since has reiterated that decision's a good one."
Arfield, who qualifies to play for Canada through his father, insists any media clamour to have him in the Scotland squad "never affected" him.
He spoke to Scotland coach Gordon Strachan before switching allegiance, something he "appreciated".
"It wasn't until I became 22, 23 that I realised what a good opportunity I've got here [with Canada]," he said.
"There's no animosity. It wasn't a second choice for myself to do this. I certainly never did it out of spite. I just thought this was the best decision.
"There's no animosity between me and the manager, whatsoever."
And, of Wednesday's match, he said: "It's a unique one, it's a very strange one as well but one I'm certainly looking forward to."
Luca Gasparotto, who plays for Arfield's former club Falkirk, could make his Canada debut at Easter Road on Wednesday and said: "Hopefully, I should get on the pitch at some point, whether it be from the start or off the bench, and make my full debut.
"I've been waiting for it to come for a couple of years now but it would be pretty fitting if I was to make my debut here.
"It would be extra special to do it in Scotland because it's my adopted home now. I think I'm ready for international football now. I've been playing at first-team level now for a few years and been involved with the national team five or six times."
Michael Findlay is in interim charge of the Canucks with Ecuadorian Octavio Zambrano taking over later this year.
Findlay said: "We have to be realistic. This is a Scotland side currently in World Cup qualifying, so they will bring a lot of tempo and commitment to prove to their manager they should be involved on Sunday [in the World Cup qualifier against Slovenia].
"However, we think we have the quality that can get us a result. We're very positive."


In the aftermath of Sunday's shooting at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, tales of heroism are beginning to emerge.

14 June 2016 Last updated at 11:03 BST
Clubber Joshua McGill said he was hiding behind a car in a car park when he saw bartender Rodney Sumter stumble around, bleeding profusely.
Mr McGill used his own shirt to stop the bleeding from wounds in Mr Sumter's arms.
Here he describes how he stopped the bartender from bleeding to death on their journey to hospital.


A memorial statue believed to be the UK's first in honour of a named black woman has been unveiled in London.

Mary Seacole was a Jamaican-born nurse who cared for wounded British soldiers during the Crimean War in the 19th Century.
The statue's completion follows a 12-year campaign which raised Â£500,000 to honour her.
Tottenham MP David Lammy said it was a "seminal moment for Londoners, and for the black community particularly."
Actress and broadcaster Baroness Benjamin unveiled the statue.
Emeritus Professor of Nursing Elizabeth Anionwu said the unveiling was "extremely significant" because it was believed to be the first memorial statue of a named black woman in the UK.
"For somebody like myself, a nurse of mixed heritage - Mary was Jamaican-Scottish, I'm Nigerian-Irish heritage - there's a link there.
"I have an eight-year-old granddaughter, and at last youngsters will be able to see a beautiful monument that they can identify with."
"Too often difference gets written out of history," said Mr Lammy.
"Mary Seacole's pioneering work saved lives and people of all backgrounds can draw inspiration from the fact that her achievements have finally been recognised."
The statue was created by sculptor Martin Jennings and stands opposite the Houses of Parliament in the grounds of St Thomas' Hospital.
It is inscribed with words written in 1857 by The Times' Crimean War correspondent, Sir William Howard Russell: "I trust that England will not forget one who nursed her sick, who sought out her wounded to aid and succour them, and who performed the last offices for some of her illustrious dead."
In November, Chancellor George Osborne announced the Treasury would contribute Â£240,000 to help pay for the installation.
"If you have a statue for Florence Nightingale, you should have one for Mary Seacole," said the historian Dr Ron Ramdin, who wrote her biography.
"She had no privileges. She had to make her own way, which in the 19th Century for a black woman was very difficult.
"The fact that when she met Florence Nightingale and she did not get the job nursing in the Scutari hospital didn't faze her. She continued on her way to the front."


The proportion of household debt is at its highest for five years, according to an analysis by the TUC.

On average, UK homes owed 26.5% of their annual income on loans and credit cards in the third quarter of 2015, the highest rate since 2008.
The figures - based on data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) - include student loans, but exclude mortgages.
The average amount owed by households is now Â£11,800, the highest level yet.
However, debt was proportionately greater in 2008, when it reached more than 30% of household income.
"If people start building up household debt, then at some point they're going to get in trouble," said Frances O'Grady, the TUC's general secretary.
Earlier this week the Bank of England released figures showing unsecured debt in November had reached Â£2,759 per household. However, those figures excluded student loans.
One reason why debt might have increased is the popularity of car loans, which have had low servicing costs.
This week the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) revealed that UK car sales reached a record in 2015.
The TUC said the debt figures were a sign that fundamental problems in the economy had not been fixed.
It also pointed out that increases in earnings have slowed down since last summer, exacerbating household debt.
In July, average weekly earnings rose by 2.9% compared with a year earlier. By October, that had fallen back to 2%, according to the ONS.


A teaching assistant has been charged with using a pupil's email account to make a bomb threat against the school where she worked.

Zoe Gregory, 26, is accused of sending a message claiming an explosive had been left at Ormiston Victory Academy in Costessey, Norfolk, on 9 February.
The 16-year-old girl's home was raided and she was questioned over the threat by police.
Ms Gregory has been bailed to appear before Norwich magistrates on 14 April.
She has been charged with communicating false information and unauthorised computer access.
Ms Gregory, of Blackhill Wood Lane, Costessey, has been dismissed from her role, said a school spokeswoman.


Briton Jazza Dickens' super-bantamweight fight against Guillermo Rigondeaux in Liverpool on Saturday has been cancelled because of visa issues.

Rigondeaux, who has been training in Russia, will "not be arriving in the UK" before the fight, according to Frank Warren's Queensberry Promotions.
A statement added that the 35-year-old Cuban is currently in Miami "for some unexplained reason".
"We are all extremely disappointed by the situation," it read.
Queensberry Promotions says Rigondeaux applied for his UK visa in Moscow on 29 February and that five working days were required for the process to be completed.
It said it was told by the application centre that the visa would be issued by Wednesday at the latest and Rigondeaux "would then arrive in the UK shortly thereafter".
Queensberry Promotions claims that Rigondeaux boarded a flight to Miami on Tuesday.
It added: "We have yet to establish how and why he flew to the USA and, further, how he managed to fly anywhere when the normal practice is, when applying for a visa, that you hand your passport in and get it back when the visa is issued."
WBA and IBF champion Carl Frampton has been ordered to fight Rigondeaux after beating Scott Quigg in February.
WBA bosses said former champion Rigondeaux - a two-time Olympic champion who is unbeaten in 16 professional bouts - must face the Northern Irishman before 27 July.


A mother of two who stabbed her partner to death in "a flash of temper" as they kissed and cuddled has been jailed for at least 13 years.

Michelle Spencer, 48, drove a four inch (11cm) kitchen knife into David Butterfield, 43, at their home in Gomersal, West Yorkshire in January.
She initially claimed not to know the attacker's identity but later accepted responsibility for the killing.
Spencer, who admitted murder, was sentenced to life at Leeds Crown Court.
More stories from across Yorkshire
Mr Justice Michael Soole said the stabbing had taken place in "a flash of temper with fatal consequences".
"This was an utterly unprovoked assault with a knife on your innocent partner," he said.
"In a sudden outburst of unreasoned anger you deliberately stabbed him once and with very considerable force, causing him almost immediate death."
Prosecutor Simon Waley told the court the couple had been together for about 16 months at the time of the killing.
He said witnesses claimed they had a "close relationship" but had seen injuries to Mr Butterfield on more than one occasion.
West Yorkshire Police said they had also uncovered evidence "of unreported violence which Spencer had inflicted on Mr Butterfield and her previous partners".ã€€
On the night of the murder Mr Butterfield had come back from the shops at about 18:25 GMT to find Spencer preparing a meal.
When Mr Butterfield entered the room, Spencer had asked him whether he was going to cheer up, the court heard.
"She described him coming towards her for a kiss and a cuddle," Mr Waley told the court.
"She said that after they had come together she saw an injury to his chest and she called for an ambulance.
"During that call she said 'He's been stabbed in the chest'."
"She was asked 'By whom?' and at that stage she said she didn't know and was indicating that it had happened when he was out."
The court heard Spencer later told police she accepted stabbing Mr Butterfield but it had been an accident.
Michelle Colborne QC defending said her client had struggled to come to terms with "the fact she could have done this to the person she loved most in the world".
"This momentary loss of temper, fatal action, is not something that would ever have been pre-meditated or even contemplated in the mind of the defendant, she said.
"It's clear that the meal had been prepared, the knife was being used to cut potatoes, and, within a matter of moments a minor disturbance resulted in this shocking act.
"She is deeply remorseful and has never tried to suggest that there was any underlying motive."
Det Insp Ben McDonald said: "As a result of diligent and meticulous inquiries by the Police investigation team, a violent woman has been brought to justice.
"Having originally lied to the police regarding the circumstances, the team have been able to uncover the facts, which has resulted in a guilty plea. ã€€
"Mr Butterfield had suffered domestic abuse at the hands of his partner and ultimately paid the price for the fact that these incidents were never reported to the police."


Huddersfield Giants full-back Jake Mamo has been ruled out for the rest of the season after having surgery on a foot injury.

Mamo, 23, scored 12 tries in just nine Super League appearances this year after joining from Newcastle Knights.
The Australian had been expected to be out for a maximum of six weeks.
"The initial scans were a bit clouded because of the swelling. It's a 16-20 week injury," coach Rick Stone told BBC Radio Leeds.


About 40 jobs are expected to be created when a gym, which closed suddenly in 2011, reopens after a £1m refit.

Total Fitness bosses say they were sorry difficulties over a lease caused them to leave the building on Stansty Road.
But now they are working on reopening the facilities in April, complete with new equipment.
Facilities include three pools, a family workout area and a cafe.


The prime minister has pledged to bring the United Kingdom "closer together" as her government unveiled its proposed new laws in the Queen's Speech.

The government said 19 of the 24 bills outlined in the speech will apply in whole or in part to Scotland.
And the Scottish secretary said there will "undoubtedly" be more powers devolved to Edinburgh after Brexit.
But opposition parties said the general election result meant the Conservatives have no mandate to govern.
The SNP claimed that Theresa May was a "lame duck prime minister leading a lame duck government".
And Scottish Labour said the speech had set out a "weak, vague and mean-spirited programme from a government in meltdown".
Ms May - who lost her majority in the snap election earlier this month - has been forced to either axe or delay a number of key manifesto plans.
Much of what remained in the Queen's Speech related to Brexit, including the so-called Repeal Bill - which will copy all existing EU laws into UK law, with parliament then deciding which bits to retain.
The bill would give the UK Parliament temporary authority to amend laws that do not "operate appropriately" after Brexit.
And existing decision-making powers devolved to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland will be maintained pending further discussion on "lasting common frameworks".
Scottish Secretary David Mundell said the powers will be returned from Brussels "in a way that works best for Scotland and the rest of the UK".
He added: "There will undoubtedly be more decision-making powers coming to Holyrood, and I look forward to working closely with the Scottish government on this."
The Scottish government has repeatedly claimed that the prime minister is planning a "power grab" because she has not confirmed that all of the powers associated with devolved areas, such as fishing and agriculture, will be handed to Holyrood once they return from Brussels.
Ahead of what was a relatively low-key State Opening of Parliament, the prime minister promised to work with "humility and resolve" after failing to win the general election outright.
In an apparent sign of recognition that she must seek a broad consensus for any Brexit deal, Mrs May said getting EU withdrawal right will mean securing "a deal which delivers the result of last year's referendum and does so in a way that commands maximum public support".
The government used the Queen's Speech to stress that one of its priorities was to "build a more united country, strengthening the social, economic and cultural bonds between England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales".
And Mrs May said her programme for government would include measures to support the aerospace industry in Wales, protect access to British waters that are "so important to Scottish fishermen", and open new markets for key exporting industries in Northern Ireland.
She said: "So this is a government with purpose. Determined to deliver the best Brexit deal, committed to keeping our country safe, enhancing our standing in the wider world and bringing our United Kingdom closer together."
The Queen had earlier been accompanied by the Prince of Wales, rather than the Duke of Edinburgh, for the ceremony.
Prince Philip was admitted to hospital on Tuesday night as a "precautionary measure" for treatment of an infection arising from a pre-existing condition.
Conservative ministers are still attempting to secure a deal with the DUP, which would see the Northern Irish party support Mrs May's minority government.
As well as the bill to convert EU rules into UK law, the government unveiled measures on trade, customs, immigration, fisheries, agriculture, nuclear and sanctions.
On immigration, a bill will legislate for the end of free movement from the EU and make the status of EU nationals and family members subject to UK law.
Although there are no specific details about a new system, ministers say they will be able to "control" numbers while attracting the "brightest and the best".
A Fisheries bill will allow the UK to take on responsibility for "access to fisheries and management of its waters".
And an Agriculture Bill will "provide stability" for farmers and ensure an "effective system" of support to replace the Common Agricultural Policy.
Ian Blackford, the SNP's new leader at Westminster, said there was "nothing in the programme to try and turn around the faltering economy, or how to support our under-pressure public services".
He added: "No one can have any confidence in this Tory government's ability to speak on Scotland's behalf in the vital Brexit negotiations - this makes it all the more vital that Scotland is given a seat at the negotiating table."
Shadow Scottish Secretary Lesley Laird said the government's proposals failed to reflect the message that voters sent to Mrs May in the general election.
She said: "Theresa May has no political authority, and while she struggles to stitch together a deal with the DUP to stay in office, she has been forced to ditch policies from her wildly unpopular manifesto."
The Liberal Democrats said the Queen's Speech was "bereft" of ideas to support public services.


The announcement of his departure left Ronny Deila with nowhere to hide.

Addressing the media for the first time since it was revealed that he would be leaving in the summer, the Celtic manager was bluntly honest.
"More people here today..." he remarked dryly as he walked into the press room at the club's Lennoxtown training ground. On his arrival almost two years ago, he was flanked by the chief executive Peter Lawwell and other senior staff at Celtic Park, but it was fitting in a sense that he sat alone in front of the media.
Deila was adamant that the decision to leave was his, that he took it because he saw that he was failing in his tasks as manager, and that the responsibility was his. Managerial departures can take many forms, but this was measured, as honest as might be expected, and admirable for it.
There might have been an element of pragmatism in assuming sole responsibility for Celtic's current state. Even so, Deila's willingness to accept blame was to be admired.
"I've been thinking of this for a little while, because I haven't felt the team has been getting the results it should have, and most importantly the performances or the improvement," Deila said.
"At the start when I came into this job, I talked about improvement in the team, I talked about playing attractive football and in the last six months we haven't had that improvement.
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"When you don't get improvement, it kills me inside. I lose energy over that. That's why you are a teacher, you are a manager, because you want to improve individuals and the team."
Even if Celtic had defeated Rangers in the Scottish Cup semi-final penalty shoot-out last Sunday, Deila insisted that the performance was too bereft to have changed his mindset.
The loss to their Old Firm rivals was unbearable to Celtic fans, though, and it brought matters to a head.
When Deila was appointed, it was on the basis that he would fit seamlessly into the club's football philosophy, that he would develop players' potential, improve fitness while the team played at a high-tempo, attacking aggressively.
Instead, this season the team has regressed, leaving Deila exposed and vulnerable. A qualified teacher, with a modest playing career and a title success with Stromsgodset that was considered remarkable in Norway but would have carried little impact on the British game, Deila had an opportunity to impose himself.
Instead, he ended up having to admit to falling short.
"I'm the first one to put up my hand and say I have the responsibility, and that's why I'm leaving," he said.
"I know there is a lot of speculation. One, I signed the players. Don't think about that. There's not one player come in that door that I didn't say yes to.
"Two, I knew what I went into when I took the job. This club wanted to be [run] in a positive way and have a positive economy. I'm not a bitter man. I felt I was given a chance, and I felt lately that we haven't had the development that we wanted in the team.
"The players have been unbelievably good attitude-wise. I don't have any problems with the players, I can look anybody in the eyes. It's easy for a manager to say, this player's bad, this player's bad, but the responsibility is the manager's, wherever you are.
"Players here are good, and if you don't get the best out of them then you have to look yourself in the mirror. I've done that. Some players have had a lot of development under me and are much better, some haven't developed. That can be their fault, that can be my fault. But it's my responsibility."
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He admitted to sadness having made the decision, but also the certainty that he would take the opportunity to move to Celtic "100 times again". It was clear, too, that he will leave with an emotional attachment to the club.
Perhaps, also, there will be a sense of relief. In remarking that the "pressure to get into the next Champions League will be unbelievable and that will be tough for the whole club", he offered an insight into the challenge his successor will face.
"You can never, ever make yourself ready to be Celtic manager," he said. "It's something you have to learn. The intensity here is very tough, but I've coped with that, it's been no problem for me.
"The thing that is different is also to have the freedom to be a normal person, it's quite different from what I'm used to in Norway. That's been the negative about it, but handling [the football media] has not been a problem.
"Whatever people may say, I have given everything and I will always have my head high and be very motivated to keep on going in this crazy football world. I have learned even more now and I'm looking forward to the future."


A British tourist who disappeared in Peru nearly two weeks ago has been found dead by search teams.

Harry Greaves' body was found in a 40-metre crevice in the Andes mountains.
Mr Greaves, originally from Shropshire, was last seen leaving the village of Pisac for a solo walk on 7 April, two days before his 29th birthday.
His friends and family, assisted by the Lucie Blackman Trust charity and police, scoured the area around the village, using a helicopter and drones.
Tributes and reaction to Harry Greaves' death
Mr Greaves, who lived in Wrexham but was from Bronygarth near Oswestry, had been expected to return home on 10 April.
He was "one of the most loveliest men you could ever wish to meet" and an "extremely genuine and caring person", his family said.
"Our dearest Harry has been found," they said in a statement.
"It is with great sadness that we announce that his smile will no longer give such light, he will no longer give calm through his touch, and wisdom through his words.
"Thank you to everyone who has helped us find our beloved Harry. His spirit will always be with us. From his loving family."
Mr Greaves, a furniture maker, arrived in Peru on 20 February, and attended a permaculture course before visiting friends.
The British Embassy had also been assisting in the search for him.
In the bid to find him, relatives had set up a fundraising page, which raised more than Â£31,000, exceeding its original Â£25,000 target.


From two-time reigning champions to Six Nations strugglers.

Ireland began this campaign bidding for an unprecedented third consecutive Six Nations triumph but Saturday's defeat in France leaves them winless after two matches.
Having seen their World Cup hopes comprehensively dashed at the quarter-final stages by Argentina it has been a tough few months for the men in green, so what is going wrong with Joe Schmidt's side?
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I am not so certain that Ireland are trying to do anything different after the World Cup to be brutally honest, although it's been difficult for the past two weekends because it has rained on both occasions.
Ireland did some things well against France but I was a little bit annoyed they didn't take a kick at goal early on.
They should have, they didn't, and you need to take your chances when you are inside the opposition 22. Ireland spent a lot of time there in the first half and didn't take their opportunities.
France spent 15 minutes in Ireland's 22 in the second half and got away with a converted try. That won the game.
I don't know whether it was intentional or not, and you could say anything retrospectively, but France having their two normal starting props - Rabah Slimani and Eddy Ben Arous - on the bench to come on with 35 minutes to go was a game-changer.
Whether that becomes a trend you don't know.
I think in part Guy Noves was trying to give them a bit of a rocket because they were a bit lazy last week against Italy at the scrummage. But this week it was different - the scrummage was the reason France won the game.
There was a mad statistic from the first weekend that France had 20 offloads against Italy, and Ireland only had two against Wales.
This week it was similar - France had 17 to Ireland's one. I think that is actually too many for France - they are kind of pointless offloads with no benefit to them. For Ireland, that is too few. When is a good offload a good offload? Well, you need to calculate the risk.
My belief is that Ireland don't have enough players running for the positive break. When a player gets in around the back of a side or gets over the gain line and looks to pop a pass, there should be a guy ready to run at 100 miles an hour on his shoulder.
There also needs to be a guy to run and make the ruck if he doesn't offload it. Ireland are putting the guy into the ruck but not the supporting runner looking for the offload.
You do two of those a game and that could be two tries, although that is a very simplistic way of looking at it.
In the World Cup one of the favourite things I analysed was New Zealand scrum-half Aaron Smith. When he passed the ball off the scrum he immediately set off running in front of the backline from one side of the field to the other.
He - and their other scrum-halves - do it on the chance that one of their wingers on the far side of the field gets tackled and they are there for the inside pass for the offload.
New Zealand score so many tries under the posts from their scrum-half and it just comes from running a positive line.
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If we have our full team on the field we will be very close and that's the truth of it. But Ireland have a ludicrous injury list - it's too many. A lot of our guys are a little bit over 30 and we are in a point of transition. Do you say, let's transition some younger guys?
It's much easier to bring a young guy in when you have got a settled senior team and it's very hard to bring five guys in at once.
We suffered against France because the scrum didn't hold up under pressure. But I think we would be having this conversation even if the scrum had held up because you want to see a bit more from the team.
I think Ireland still tend to be a little bit slow bringing guys through at provincial level. That then makes it harder to bring people through at international level.
In some ways it may be a simple case of having the right players on the field. The right players for me are the likes of Simon Zebo and Keith Earls because of their gas - their pure gas.
They may never get the ball on the support lines that I would like to see but if they do it should be a try.
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Ireland are a team in transition with a very tough year ahead of us. We have got a three-match summer tour to South Africa, and then Australia and New Zealand in the autumn - all following on from a World Cup year.
We are still in a spot of World Cup fatigue. That, and the six-day turnaround from the Wales game, one less than France, makes it difficult.
Am I totally despondent about where Ireland are? No, I am not. I think I am being realistic.
I don't think Ireland overachieved last season in winning the Six Nations title. Ireland are used to winning now and want to do well all the time.
I think circumstances, from injuries to the weather, have dictated that our game plan sometimes can be put under pressure if one facet of our game doesn't work.
Keith Wood was talking to BBC Sport's Tom Reynolds.


The number of people out of work in the UK fell by 125,000 to 2.34 million in the three months to December, according to the latest estimates.

The unemployment rate now stands at 7.2%, but the Office for National Statistics said the improvement in the labour market could be slowing.
Meanwhile, more women are in work than at any time since records began, at just over 14 million.
Average earnings have also increased, by 1.1% in the year to December.
Another positive set of unemployment data has underlined the strength of the jobs market.
Youth unemployment has fallen to the lowest level since the spring of 2011, just over 900,000.  Long-term unemployment has come down as well.
But the ONS has pointed out that the fall in the jobless total is slower than it was. There was a rise of just 0.2% in the number of employed workers over the quarter, the self-employed total grew by 4.1%.
While inflation has fallen below the 2% target, average earnings (including bonuses) crept up, with an annual increase 1.1%, compared with the 0.9% reported the previous month.  The wage squeeze is easing, but only gradually.
Latest estimates show that 193,000 more people were in work between October and December, compared to the previous three months.
That means overall employment now stands at more than 30 million, a rate of 72.1%, which is an increase of 0.6% on a year ago.
The number of people claiming jobseeker's allowance fell by 27,600 in January to 1.22 million, its 15th consecutive monthly drop.
By Anthony ReubenHead of statistics, BBC News
This time last month, we made a big fuss about the rate of unemployment falling to 7.1%. This month we're saying it's fallen again, but now it's 7.2%. How does that work?
The unemployment rate compares a three-month period to the previous three months. That is to avoid giving too much prominence to a single month's figures. So, the rate has fallen to 7.2% in the three months from October to December, from 7.6% for the previous three months.
Comparing the 7.2% with the 7.1% would be relying too much on a single month's figures. The ONS says what we can read into this apparent anomaly is that the pace at which unemployment is falling has probably slowed.
ONS figures released last month put the unemployment rate at 7.1%, slightly less than this month's estimate of 7.2%.
However, the ONS insists the latest statistics show a fall in the unemployment rate, because the most meaningful comparisons are made quarterly in order not to rely too much on a single month's figure.
On that basis, the rate of unemployment in the three months to December fell by 0.4% on the previous quarter, when it stood at 7.6%.
Nick Palmer, the ONS's senior labour market statistician, said: "The main conclusion that should be drawn from these latest figures is that the rate at which unemployment has been falling is likely to have slowed down."
Youth and long-term unemployment have also fallen, but there has been little change in the number of people classed as economically inactive, which has remained just under nine million.
Employment Minister Esther McVey said the figures were more evidence the government's economic plans were working.
"Record numbers of women are in work and youth unemployment continues to fall, which means more people have the security of a regular wage and can plan for their future," she added.
However, Shadow Work and Pensions Secretary Rachel Reeves said jobless levels were still too high.
"While today's fall in overall unemployment is welcome, the government must not be complacent," she added.
"More than 900,000 young people are still unemployed and over 250,000 young people have been unemployed for over a year."
The number of people in part-time jobs now stands at 1.4 million, a fall of 29,000 over the latest quarter, but 46,000 higher than a year ago.
According to the ONS figures, the number of self-employed workers increased by 172,000 to 4.37 million.
The unemployment rate remains a key focus for the Bank of England, but it is no longer linked to governor Mark Carney's pledge to keep interest rates at record lows.
The Bank had pledged not to consider a rate rise until unemployment fell to 7%, but with that target set to be reached much earlier than expected, the guidance has been replaced.
Policy will now be determined not just by unemployment, but by a wider range of indicators, including wage growth and productivity.
Mr Carney also warned the recovery was not secure and that when rates rose, they would do so only "gradually".
Analysts say that despite the latest jobs estimates being less buoyant than in previous months, they could hint at some more positive signs for the UK economy, bearing in mind recent increases in economic growth.
Howard Archer, chief UK economist at IHS Global Insight, said: "It could be an early sign that productivity is finally starting to pick up with more companies making increasing use of their existing workers rather than taking on new workers.
"This would be highly welcome news for the economy's longer-term growth prospects."


Italian prosecutors are investigating whether the wrong man was extradited to Italy in a major operation against people-smuggling.

Mered Medhanie is thought to be at the heart of a ring trafficking migrants from Africa to Europe.
A 35-year-old Eritrean man said to be the suspect was detained in Sudan last month and flown to Rome on Tuesday.
People said to be friends and family of the detainee have told the BBC he is actually Mered Tesfamariam, 27.
Investigators say Medhanie - dubbed The General - was responsible for the death of 359 migrants who drowned when their boat sank off the Italian coast in October 2013.
The man who was extradited was arrested by Sudanese police with the help of the British and Italian authorities, the UK's National Crime Agency (NCA) said.
He's not Mered Medhanie. He's my younger brother. His name is Medhanie Tesfarmariam Berhe. We have been living here for one year together in Khartoum.
He is not a human trafficker. He is my brother.
I called the [Sudanese] police but they said there is no person with that name. I have been searching for him for two weeks. They told me there is nobody with that name in prison. All of a sudden I see him in Italy.
I have been worried sick. I have been crying the whole two weeks. I did not know if he was alive or dead. His photoâ€¦ he looks awful. I feel sad to see him like that.
But Francesco Lo Voi, the chief prosecutor in the Italian city of Palermo, now says "we are carrying out the necessary checks".
"The identification of the suspect, his arrest, his handing over and his extradition to Italy were communicated to us in an official manner by the NCA and the Sudanese authorities through Interpol," he told Italy's Ansa news agency.
The NCA said it was "too soon to speculate" about the claims but added it was "confident in its intelligence-gathering process".
A woman who identifies herself as an older sister, Seghen Tesfarmariam Berhe, told the BBC's Newsnight programme from Khartoum that she had been living with her brother Mered Tesfamariam in the Sudanese capital for a year before he vanished two weeks ago.
Mered, she said, had come illegally to Sudan in March 2015 as a refugee after fleeing Eritrea via Ethiopia.
He had been hoping, she said, to join another sister living in the US and to study and work there.
A woman living in Norway who identified herself as another sister told Newsnight her brother was "completely innocent".
Hiwet Tesfamariam Berhe Kidane said she had last spoken to him about three weeks ago and had first learned of his arrest when she saw pictures of him on television and social media.
Hermon Berhe, who lives in Ethiopia, said he had grown up in Eritrea with the man shown in pictures handed out by Italian police.
"I don't think he has any bone in his body which can involve such kind of things," he said. "He is a loving, friendly and kind person."
And Meron Estefanos, a Swedish-Eritrean journalist who interviewed the real Mered Medhanie in a phone call last year, said: "I called refugees who know the real smuggler and I showed them the picture of what the Italians published and then everybody said, 'No, that's not the smuggler that smuggled us into Europe'.
"I believe they have the wrong person. This is a refugee who happened to be in [the Sudanese capital] Khartoum at the wrong place at the wrong time."
She added that rumours were going around Khartoum that the real Medhanie had been arrested in Sudan but had managed to bribe himself out of jail.


It was always going to be a big year for privatisations, with assets such as bits of Lloyds, RBS and Royal Mail being sold.

But analysis of House of Commons Library figures last week by the Press Association suggests it could be the biggest 12-month period we've had.
In the financial year 2015-16, the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) reckons the government could raise about £32bn from selling public assets, the biggest chunk of which would be about £13bn from the sale of the government's stake in Lloyds Banking Group, followed closely by about £12bn from the sale of UK Asset Resolution, which owns the remaining bits of Northern Rock and Bradford and Bingley.
Other big price-tag sales include more of the government's stake in RBS, Royal Mail and the Student Loan book.
PA adjusted previous years of privatisations to current money and found that 2015-16 would be the biggest year for privatisations by far.
The previous high-water marks had been 1987 when chunks of BA, BAA, BP and Rolls-Royce raised about £22.7bn in today's money, and 1991 when the sale of parts of BT, National Power, PowerGen and regional electricity companies in Scotland raised about £22.6bn.
Now, these figures are not perfect - for starters we are comparing a financial year, 2015-16, with previous calendar years.
Also, IFS director Paul Johnson's recent review of inflation statistics warned against the use of RPI for anything whatsoever as a result of its statistical flaws. Even so, the difference between 2015-16 and any year since the start of the Thatcher era in 1979 is startling.
The OBR suggests that we won't be seeing another year like it any time soon, predicting total proceeds of £32bn from the rest of the remaining four years of the parliament put together.
But that figure is only made up of continuing sales of the RBS stake and the Student Loans book.
The Conservatives' manifesto this year was very clear that the party planned to continue selling stakes in bailed-out banks and building societies and also that it would continue to sell unneeded government property.
But there was no mention of any of the other rumoured sales such as the Royal Mint or the Met Office.
The sale of the government's stake in Eurostar has been announced, but there are still difficulties in the sale of the stake in Urenco, which is a supplier of nuclear fuel.
It's important to remember what the sale of public assets does for the public finances. It does not reduce the deficit, which is the amount the government needs to borrow in a year.
It does reduce the country's overall debt, which also reduces the amount of interest that has to be paid each year.
On the other hand, while the government gets cash upfront when it privatises something, it loses its share of any profits that might have been made in the future.


Oxford United have signed striker Jonathan Obika on a two-year deal following his release by Swindon Town.

The 26-year-old scored 25 league goals in his three seasons at Swindon, including six in League One last term.
He is new Oxford United manager Pep Clotet's first signing at the club.
"There was a lot of interest early on," Obika told BBC Radio Oxford. "As soon as I spoke to the management team and saw their desire about the project at this club, that was the big pull."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


The co-founder of South Korea's most popular chat app has resigned after being accused of failing to prevent child abuse imagery being spread via the service.

Kakao Corp announced Lee Seok-Woo's departure a week after he was charged, but not detained, by prosecutors.
Mr Lee had been in charge of the KakaoTalk app until August, when he moved to an advisory role.
The company says that its chat app has more than 100 million users.
"Lee said he would like to take on new challenges," Kakao Corp said in a statement provided to the Korea Herald newspaper, adding that he was scheduled to formally step down on Saturday.
Last week's indictment was the first time the South Korean authorities had charged an internet industry insider with violating the country's Protection of Children and Juveniles from Sexual Abuse Act.
The law says mobile service operators must take adequate steps to stop child abuse photos and videos circulating on their platforms, but does not set out specific measures they must take.
KakaoTalk allows users to hold both one-to-one and group conversations and to send multimedia content to each other, and thus hosts a huge amount of data.
The company had indicated it had taken steps to tackle illegal material.
"We are making a genuine effort, by scanning for keywords, looking for malicious links, and allowing users to report objectionable material," the company told the Hankyoreh news site last week.
"But requiring us to filter out even more obscene material on a private service necessarily implies a degree of censorship that would infringe on the privacy of users."
The indictment will likely raise concerns at other chat apps, which have also had problems tackling youngsters swapping sexually explicit images of themselves and others.
KakaoTalk has previously been criticised for not doing enough to protect its members' information.
Last year, it faced a user backlash after it emerged that it was handing over communications logs to local authorities on a regular basis.
That led to a U-turn, and in October the firm said it would stop complying with wiretapping warrants.


The Football League warned its clubs about a former Southampton youth coach who has since been accused of abusing boys as far back as 1989.

A letter advised them not to work with Bob Higgins's youth football academy. It did not provide any reasons.
Six former Southampton youth players have made allegations that Mr Higgins abused them. He denies any wrongdoing.
In 1992 he faced charges of sexual abuse but was cleared on the direction of the judge.
Southampton FC has offered police its support to any investigation. Hampshire Constabulary has confirmed it is investigating allegations of historical abuse in the football community.
The Football League has confirmed it sent the letter in April 1989 but it is unclear exactly what prompted the warning.
The letter, revealed by The Guardian newspaper, states the Football League, the Football Association and English Schools Football Association were "opposed to the activities" of the Bob Higgins Soccer Academy.
Bob Higgins left Southampton FC the same year.
In 1997, five years after he was cleared in court, a letter was sent to schools and youth groups from Hampshire Police and social services in which they raised concerns that Mr Higgins posed a risk to children.
Mr Higgins joined Peterborough United as a coach in the mid-90s.
A statement released by the Cambridgeshire club said: "Mr Higgins was employed by the football club by previous owners and a past management team. The club are holding an internal investigation into this matter and will take any allegations seriously. We will co-operate with all of the governing bodies and the police during this time."
He also went on to work with Winchester City in 2001.
In a statement, Winchester City confirmed Mr Higgins joined the club in an "advisory role" but after a warning to the club's chairman from social services, he was told his position was "untenable".
"We would stress that Mr Higgins was only ever involved with the senior team at WCFC. He had no contact whatsoever with the junior section, or children under the age of 17. We have no reason to believe that Mr Higgins was involved in any inappropriate behaviour whilst in the employ of the club," it added.
Mr Higgins has most recently worked with Fleet Town FC - a semi professional team in Hampshire. On Sunday, the club said he was no longer involved with them and had worked on an "informal unpaid basis".
It said Mr Higgins was not police checked in 2012 as his role did not involve working with children.
The BBC has tried to contact Bob Higgins about the allegations of abuse which have emerged in recent days - he has not responded.
He has always denied any wrongdoing.
Hampshire's police and crime commissioner, Michael Lane, said: "A lot of people need to examine their consciences about whether they took the right action years ago; I hope they do.
"I'm certain that the constabulary would work with people who felt that they were at risk or abused in any way. My chief constable and her team are absolutely determined to treat people in a sensitive and professional way."
Around the country, a total of 450 people have alleged they were victims and 55 football clubs are linked to allegations of abuse.
Some 20 police forces have announced investigations into claims of sexual abuse in football.


Jamaica's defending champion Usain Bolt made it through the 100m heats without alarm to reach the Olympic semi-finals.

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Bolt cruised through in Rio in 10.07 seconds, as American rival Justin Gatlin qualified fastest in 10.01.
Britain's CJ Ujah (10.13) and James Dasaolu (10.18) went through as the eighth and 19th fastest qualifiers, but James Ellington (10.29) is out.
The semi-finals take place on Monday from 01:00 BST, with the final scheduled for 02:25 BST.
"I'm happy to get the first one out, it felt OK," said Bolt. "It wasn't the best start. Hopefully tomorrow I can go much smoother, I'm feeling good, I'm happy.
"Now it's all about execution and getting it right when it comes to the final."
Christine Ohuruogu booked her place in the semi-finals of the women's 400m.
The 32-year-old, champion in Beijing in 2008 and silver medallist in London four years ago, looked smooth as she clocked 51.40 seconds to finish second in her heat to American Natasha Hastings.
British champion Emily Diamond clocked 51.76 to finish fourth and go through as a fastest loser, but Serena Bundy-Davies finished last in her heat.


Kevin Pietersen "bottles it" when required to play innings of patience and concentration, according to former England batsman Geoffrey Boycott.

Pietersen faced 59 balls for 19 on the second day of the third Ashes Test before pulling Peter Siddle to mid on.
"When it comes to batting with patience and concentration against disciplined bowling, he just can't do it," said Boycott. "He bottles it."
"We have been here before with Pietersen, and there seems little point in lambasting him once more. It is just the way he plays. That is not said as a compliment, but what else are we seriously expecting from him?"
Read more from Jonathan Agnew
England ended the day on 180-4 in Perth, 205 behind Australia.
During the course of his innings, Pietersen became only the fifth England batsman to pass 8,000 Test runs. With 102 caps and at the age of 33, he is both the youngest and fastest England player to the landmark.
Boycott, who himself scored 8,114 runs in 108 Tests, told Test Match Special: "Pietersen is a guy who does some spectacular things for England.
"He is such a fantastic batsman, who plays innings that many of us couldn't play, me included.
"But when it comes to this type of innings, you just know he's going to do something daft."
Poor batting was a contributing factor in England's heavy defeats in the opening two matches of the series and, after the second-Test loss in Adelaide, Pietersen tweeted: "When we win we're quick to take a lot of plaudits. So when we lose, we gotta accept the criticism and I'm totally cool with that!"
In Perth, he took 15 balls to get off the mark - more than any other innings in his Test career - and looked controlled before he fell to Siddle for the 10th time.
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"All the time Australia try to get Siddle against him," added Boycott. "His ego, his hubris, his talent, his mental attitude, dictates to him that 'I'm not going to let this guy tie me down'.
"I can only think he needs a player at the other end - whoever it is - to keep going down to him and telling him he's got to stay in, because if we bat until tea time tomorrow, we'll be in the game. But he just cannot do it."
In five innings in this series down under, Pietersen has scored 120 runs at an average of 24. Four of his five dismissals have been as a result of catches on the leg side.
Asked if Pietersen warranted criticism, former England captain Michael Vaughan said: "He deserves it.
"He is a senior player, he has played over 100 Test matches and his five dismissals in this series have not been good enough.
"He will know that, with the level of performance we have seen from him over the years, especially with this side that has inexperience within it, he is too good a player to be playing shots like he has been playing in this series."
Australia bowling coach Craig McDermott said Australia will continue to employ Siddle against Pietersen, exploiting the pace bowler's accuracy.
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"Sids has tied him down time and time again, and then the release valve comes - and he cracks him open," said McDermott, who took 291 wickets in 71 matches.
"It's working for us at the moment. So we'll carry on, unless he changes his way of batting."
However, England opener Michael Carberry, who made 43, backed Pietersen to continue playing his natural game.
"It's a shot I think many of us have seen him play time and time again, and hit it out of the ground," said Carberry.
"It's disappointing for him, and us. But we want people to play naturally, and I wouldn't want to see Kevin put that shot in the locker."
Listen to Jonathan Agnew and Geoffrey Boycott's review of the day on the TMS podcast page.
Catch up with a two-minute summary of Test Match Special commentary with Pint-sized Ashes.
For a gallery of images from day two, go to the BBC Sport Facebook page.


Relatives and fans of the author Virginia Woolf are trying to block development plans that would "destroy" a famous literary view.

One of the modernist writer's most famous novels, To The Lighthouse, was inspired by the view from a family holiday home in St Ives, Talland House.
Developers have put in plans to build six apartments opposite the house where Woolf spent her childhood summers.
Opponents say the development would block the view to Godrevy lighthouse.
To The Lighthouse, published in 1927, is set on the Isle of Skye but is widely acknowledged to have been inspired by Woolf's childhood summer holidays.
In an objection to Cornwall Council the writer's great-niece, Virginia Nicholson, said "legions" of admirers made the "pilgrimage" to St Ives to see the view, which "should remain unobscured for generations to come".
She said: "This would be an ill-advised, grasping and philistine act that would have made my famous ancestor turn in her grave."
Cecil Woolf, nephew of Woolf's husband, Leonard, said he was "appalled" by the proposals.
He said: "This is sheer vandalism and should be stopped now."
The Virginia Woolf Society Of Great Britain said granting planning consent would be an act of "irreparable folly".
Porthminster Beach View Ltd has submitted a planning application to Cornwall Council to build six self-contained apartments on Albert Road.
Planning documents submitted by the developer state the project will "ensure that there will be no harm to any protected areas and that the design of the development will respect local character and distinctiveness".
The developer was unavailable for comment.
The decision on whether to approve or reject the plans will be made by Cornwall Council on a date to be decided.


Their brains might smaller than the head of pin but scientists have discovered that ants can use the sun and their memory to work out how to get home.

20 January 2017 Last updated at 08:00 GMT
It's believed ants can work how to go in the right direction by looking at where the sun is in the sky and remembering their surroundings.
Ants can lift 20 times their own body weight and when foraging for food they travel up to 200m away from their home which is called a colony.
Researchers now hope to make mini robots that can find their way around like ants do.


The boss of Minecraft-maker Mojang has reassured fans worried about what will happen when Microsoft takes over.

A $2.5bn (Â£1.5bn) deal that will see Microsoft acquire Mojang was announced in mid-September.
But Vu Bui, chief operating officer of Mojang, said there were no plans in the offing to change the game or what people can do with it.
Feedback from players would still be crucial in helping to develop the game, he said.
"Nothing's really changing," said Mr Bui. " We have no plans on anything changing and, of course, I can't talk about the deal and I don't know everything but we're still here, the game's still here and it's business as usual."
Mojang had always sought to preserve the original impetus that helped to make the game so popular, he said.
"Maintaining that original culture is really difficult," he said. "It's a culture which respects the community and allows that community to do what they want with the game and make it theirs.
"It is absolutely our intention, as it always has been, to continue with that," he told the BBC in an interview at London's Olympia exhibition centre where he was giving a keynote speech at the Brand Licensing Europe trade show.
Mr Bui acknowledged that the deal was "still in the works" but said Mojang's intention was to keep working closely with its huge community of players.
Many fans of the block-building game have expressed fears about what will happen once Microsoft is in ultimate control.
Minecraft inventor Markus Persson, aka Notch, has written about his reasons for approaching Microsoft and said he was handing it over as it had become a burden for him to run.
"I can't be responsible for something this big," he wrote soon after details of the deal were announced.
"It's not about the money," he added. "It's about my sanity."
Mr Bui said there would undoubtedly be some changes in the future, but these would still be done with the input, comments and feedback of fans.
The current system, in which Minecraft developers share what they are working on long before it is added to the game, would continue.
"We don't keep features secret," he said.
This openness would also operate as Mojang started to show off the new titles developers were working on, even though the studio was not yet ready to talk specifics, he said.
When they were ready, said Mr Bui, Mojang would let players try early versions of a game and help the title's creators refine it and help it become a commercial property.
A similar approach was used with Minecraft, and Mojang wanted to repeat the process because it was proven to help developers as they worked on a project.
It was not about trying to replicate what happened with Minecraft to make another title that proved just as popular. It was more about faith in the overall approach, said Mr Bui.
"We believe in that model," he said. "Regardless of your art form people should definitely put their energy into what they believe in, regardless of whether it will be successful.
"That's a noble effort," he added.
In the same way, he said, Mojang believed that it was a mistake for anyone to try to manage or manipulate the Minecraft community and dictate what can and cannot be done with the game.
Far better, he said, was to just get out of the way.
"People are at their most creative sometimes when you just let them do what they want," said Mr Bui. "You have to give them guidelines, but for the most part if you let people be creative they will come up with cooler stuff than we ever could ourselves."


The Welsh Conservative leader has said his AMs have backed him to stay in the role, despite the party's disappointing election result.

Andrew RT Davies was speaking to BBC Wales, following a meeting of the 11 Conservative AMs on Monday.
He said it was the "unanimous view of the group" that he should stay, and he had the backing of MPs and activists.
Tory sources had raised concerns about the leadership, after the party lost three AMs in Cardiff Bay on 5 May.
The Conservatives made gains in every previous assembly poll and enjoyed a successful general election in 2015.
Mr Davies said the decision had been "made for me".
"The unanimous view of the group is for me to continue, the MPs have given their view that I should continue, the activists have given their view that I should continue," he said.
"The party chairman has given his view that I should continue.
"I shall continue in the role as long as I feel that there is a role for me to play, but don't be under any illusions if I believe that there is a better alternative who can take can take us forward into other areas, I will hand the baton on."
A former challenger to Mr Davies has said he would have resigned after the party's election result if he had been in charge.
Nick Ramsay said he was happy to back Mr Davies as leader, but if it had been him he would have acted differently.
First Minister Carwyn Jones has said Labour is likely to seek to form a minority Welsh Government, after winning 29 of the 60 seats in the Senedd.
The new assembly is meeting for the first time on Wednesday.


New Zealand's Lydia Ko has reclaimed the world number one spot after winning the LPGA Taiwan Championship.

Ko hit a final round seven-under 65 as she eased to victory by nine shots to overtake South Korean Inbee Park, who was not playing in the tournament.
It was the 18-year-old's fourth round of under 70 as she became the youngest to earn 10 wins on the LPGA Tour.
England's Charley Hull (70) was fourth on 10 under, while Scotland's Catriona Matthew (75) finished on three under.


Scottish soldiers have celebrated St Andrew's Day in Afghanistan with a bagpipe salute outside their base.

Piper Kevin Glover, of The Royal Highland Fusiliers, 2nd Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Scotland (2 SCOTS), marked the day near Camp Qargha.
Cpl Glover, from Palnackie, in Dumfries and Galloway, is on his third tour of Afghanistan.
2 SCOTS deployed to Kabul in July in support of Nato operations to advise Afghan security institutions.
The deployment is part of the UK's commitment to provide training to help the government and its own police service defend itself.


It is trite - but nevertheless true - to say that politicians are not crucially important in this referendum.

They are not up for election. In any case, the future prospects of individual politicians and their parties matter far, far less than the key question.
Leaders come and leaders go. Parties wax and wane in popularity. There is a much, much bigger issue here.
Which is, of course, the choice facing the people a week today. Many people will listen to arguments and information advanced by political leaders.
But, more than ever before, it seems likely that they will make their own minds up, based upon a composite series of impressions, thoughts, conversations, prejudices and projections.
Think of it this way. If political guidance were to be regarded as the determining factor, then Remain would be winning out of the park.
They have on their side, among others: the Prime Minister and most members of the UK Cabinet; the leaders of the principal opposition parties at Westminster; the First Minister and the leaders of every party at Holyrood.
And the Leave side? They have UKIP; Boris Johnson, Michael Gove and other senior Tories; a few Labour MPs and MSPs; sundry other politicos.
Scarcely an even balance. Yet Leave currently appears to be winning. Why so? Some will have been swayed by the strength and volume of the Leave campaign.
Others will have been predisposed to dismiss the EU, requiring only a little encouragement and a sense of momentum. Others may dislike David Cameron.
I think I have mentioned previously a reference to the earlier European referendum, that of 1975, in Roy Hattersley's splendid memoirs, Who Goes Home?
The author quotes Roy Jenkins to the effect that the Yes side were bound to win because they had all the big political names in their camp while the No side relied upon a handful from the Labour Left and the Tory Right.
That disparity may well have had an impact in 1975. That disparity is still present today. The UK and Scottish political leadership en masse still favours EU membership. Yet it would seem that the impact of that disparity is less salient.
Again, a range of factors may be at play here. Firstly, developments in the EU may have increased the underlying unease of the populace, which has now been brought to the surface. Secondly, the issue of immigration may have become completely intertwined with the EU, to the disadvantage of the Remain camp.
And, thirdly, there may simply be less fundamental respect for the guidance offered by political leaders. Folk may be less inclined to heed the advice of the powerful - and more disposed to ignore it.
To return to Holyrood. All the political leaders there back Remain. The parties - all the parties - demonstrated that fact by mustering for a joint photocall and sending speakers to a European Movement Remain event.
Partly, that reflects Scotland's apparent relative support for Remain - although, as I have noted earlier, I do not discern any exceptional zeal or enthusiasm for the EU among the Scottish people. Rather, it is, if anything, a caveated acceptance, on balance.
That disparity between Remain and Leave generated controversy at Holyrood today. Not over the substance - but over the issue of the EU being raised at all.
Like other public bodies, Parliament is in purdah. That means there should be no use of public funds in pursuit of either side in the EU referendum campaign.
It is up to the Presiding Officer to rule on such matters. To inform debate, he issued guidance in advance to all parties.
Among other points, that guidance notes: "In exercising judgement on whether to intervene, the Presiding Officer's main considerations will be whether the contribution could be considered to be an attempt to influence the voters in the referendum or could give rise to the perception that the proceedings were not fair or impartial as regards the referendum."
In questioning the First Minister today, it is my impression that Labour's Kezia Dugdale, frustrated at purdah, sought deliberately and carefully to push these constraints to the limit.
She invited the FM to expatiate on the proclaimed advantages of the EU, including the single market. I understand she had signalled her intentions in advance to the FM's office.
It was possible, of course, that Ms Dugdale's comments and question would be ruled out of order. But, prepared for the prospect, Nicola Sturgeon responded by stressing the benefits, economic and otherwise, of Scotland's present involvement within the EU.
Neither mentioned the referendum explicitly, neither referred directly to the question in said plebiscite, neither directly advocated a particular choice in that vote.
So that's OK then. Certainly, Ken Macintosh, in the chair, thought so. The PO looked and sounded a little nervous as the brief exchange proceeded.
But he ruled later that his guidance had not been breached. The exchange had been in order. This was in response to a challenge from Margaret Mitchell, a Conservative MSP who advocates a Leave vote.
She took the chance to add a few choice comments of her own anent the disadvantages of EU membership, thus neatly providing balance. Just.
It might be thought germane for me to add that Ms Sturgeon sat smiling gently on the front bench as she was exonerated.
Certainly, she did not miss the opportunity afforded. As well as supporting the current advantages of the EU, she confirmed that her government was making contingency plans for a potential Leave vote.
And she said that every eventuality would require to be examined in the light of a Leave choice. Including, it was implied, a further independence referendum.
In search of clarity, I asked a Team Sturgeon staffer later whether the FM was indeed floating the prospect of indyref2. The reply? "You bet."
Does that mean that such a prospect would inevitably follow a Leave vote? It does not. In practice, Ms Sturgeon is saying no more than she has said previously - that the prospect would be on the table.
However, it is intriguing that she chose to emphasise it.


A teenager found dead in Flintshire in 1976 was killed quickly while being sexually assaulted, a court has heard.

Stephen Hough, 58, is on trial at Mold Crown Court for the rape and murder of 15-year-old Janet Commins in Flint.
Consultant forensic pathologist Dr Brian Rodgers said he thought Janet died "of the effects of restraint".
The late Dr Reuben Woodcock, who conducted the post mortem examination in 1976, concluded she suffocated, probably while being sexually attacked.
He said internal pinpoint haemorrhages were due to asphyxia and a lack of severe injuries to her body suggested she had not struggled violently.
Consultant forensic Home Office pathologist Dr Rodgers agreed with Dr Woodcock's conclusion that Janet's body had probably been dragged to the location where it was found.
But he said he could not agree that internal petechial haemorrhages - tiny spots of blood - meant she was definitely asphyxiated.
He said these were also found when people were suffocated and if a person had been strangled, he would have expected to see similar haemorrhages on their face.
"I don't know whether they were there and not noticed or whether they were not there," he said.
Asked his opinion on the cause of death, he replied: "I think it's a combination of things. I think this girl has essentially died of the effects of restraint.
"In situations of high physical stress... if you are in a face-down position... it compromises your breathing."
Cross-examined by Patrick Harrington QC for the defence, Dr Rodgers agreed the evidence suggested Janet probably died quickly.
Mr Hough also denies sexual assault and manslaughter and the trial continues.


Organising a Paralympic-style sporting competition for injured members of the armed forces has been a "real struggle", Prince Harry has said.

He told the BBC Radio 2 breakfast show that launching the Invictus Games was a full-time job but a "great" experience.
Wheelchair basketball and indoor rowing will be among the sports servicemen and women from across the globe compete in at the Games in September.
Prince Harry said he "stole" the idea from a similar event in the US.
The Games will take place at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in east London between 10 and 14 September.
The point of them is to use the "power of sport" to help injured military members through rehabilitation, Prince Harry said.
He said they would also be a "pathway back into employment" for many in helping them rebuild their lives.
"These guys are a credit to the country," he said.
The prince has been working to bring the event to the UK after seeing something similar in the US - the Warrior Games.
"We decided it was such a wonderful concept, we should steal it, make it bigger, make it better and bring it back home," he said.
Sir Keith Mills, former deputy chairman of the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, has helped the prince to organise the Invictus Games.
"This is basically my full-time job at the moment, making sure that we pull this off," Prince Harry said.
"It's been a real struggle actually. Anyone listening out there, I would say if you're going to try and plan something this big in under a year, make sure you've either got Sir Keith Mills with you or don't bother doing it at all. It's been great."
Sports to be featured in the Games include wheelchair basketball, archery, indoor rowing, powerlifting, wheelchair rugby, swimming and sitting volleyball.
There will also be a competitive driving challenge organised by presenting partner Jaguar Land Rover.
Teams from Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Georgia, Iraq, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, the UK and the US have been invited to take part.
Prince Harry pledged to make the Games a regular event.
"We're still trying to work out whether we do it next year or the year after and whether it's going to be within the UK or whether it's going to be abroad," he added.
"But the legacy has already started and if we can use it as a stepping stone for some of these individuals to move on to the Paralympics, great.
"If some of them want to use it as a one-off to get themselves back on the road and then as a stepping stone to employment, then just as good. We will use the Invictus Games for as long as it's needed."
Some 55,000 general tickets have gone on sale for the Games.
There will be further tickets for the closing concert on 14 September with headline act Foo Fighters, Kaiser Chiefs, Ellie Goulding, The Vamps and Rizzle Kicks.


Scunthorpe United have signed Bradford City defender Rory McArdle on a three-year deal.

The 30-year-old spent the last five years with the Bantams but turned down a new contract.
He made 183 league appearances for the Valley Parade side, helping them win promotion to League One and reach the League Cup final in 2013.
McArdle told the club website: "I've met the manager for a chat and his objectives are similar to mine."
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