The Football Association has banned Manchester United's Jonny Evans for six games and Newcastle's Papiss Cisse for seven matches for spitting.

Defender Evans, 27, had denied the charge which related to an incident with striker Cisse in the Red Devils' 1-0 win over the Magpies on Wednesday.
Cisse, 29, is suspended for an extra game as he was banned in December for elbowing Everton's Seamus Coleman.
There is no right of appeal and the bans will take immediate effect.
As a result, Northern Ireland international Evans will miss Monday's FA Cup quarter-final against Arsenal.
"Mr Evans denied the charge but it was found proven," said an FA statement.
The flashpoint between the two was not seen by referee Anthony Taylor or his assistants, but was caught on video.
A three-man panel of former referees reviewed the footage on Thursday and agreed the players should have been sent off, prompting the FA to bring a charge.
Evans' statement on Thursday said: "I would like to make it clear that I did not spit at Papiss Cisse. Having woken up this morning, I am shocked to have seen the media coverage from last night's match."
Manchester United manager Louis van Gaal said: "I don't think Jonny Evans is a spitter. He was not aware he was spitting. He has said that also. I believe him. For me, the matter is done."
After accepting the charge for his role in the altercation, Senegalese Cisse issued an apology, adding: "I reacted to something I found very unpleasant."
An independent regulatory commission heard the charge and decided both players should be banned.


Ethiopia's information minister says groups in Eritrea and Egypt are contributing to the unrest, which has led to a six-month state of emergency.

Getachew Reda said the foreign elements are arming and financing opposition groups, but not necessarily with the formal backing of their governments.
Under the state of emergency troops will be deployed to quell protests.
It follows months of anti-government demonstrations by members of the country's two largest ethnic groups.
Violence has intensified since the beginning of the month when at least 55 people were killed during a protests at an Oromo religious festival.
The state of emergency, which was announced on Sunday, will last for six months.
Mr Getachew told journalists in the Ethiopian, capital, Addis Ababa, that "all kinds of elements in the Egyptian political establishment" are involved but they were "not necessarily directly linked with the Egyptian government", the AP news agency quotes him as saying.
The minister also pointed the finger at Eritrea, with which Ethiopia has a long-standing border dispute.
There has also been a long-running row with Egypt over Ethiopia's decision to build a dam on the Nile, one of the river's sources of which flows from Ethiopia to Egypt.
Mr Getachew earlier told the BBC that the state of emergency could involve banning protests.
"For the sake of maintaining public order the government believes that [the] temporary suspension of certain expression rights is warranted," he explained.
"Armed violence that has been perpetrated by those organised gangs has been targeting civilians, has been targeting government installations, critical infrastructure.
"We have ample evidence that it is orchestrated by people who are in the business of not [just] dismantling the Ethiopian government but also dismantling the Ethiopian state in its entirety," he said.
Mr Getachew also promised that the Ethiopian authorities would investigate claims that "off-grid" police officers had killed civilians.
BBC World Service Africa editor Mary Harper says the violent protests are the most serious threat to Ethiopian stability in a quarter of a century.
The protests in recent months have been over a series of frustrations including attempts by the governments to reallocate land in the Oromo region.
Rights groups say that more than 500 people have died following clashes between police and protesters.
Activists among the Oromo and Amhara communities complain that they are being politically excluded.
The Oromo and the Amhara make up about 60% of the population. They complain power is held by a small Tigrayan elite.


Wales' all-time top scorer Ian Rush says the national side must have a "plan B" in the absence of Gareth Bale in Serbia.

Chris Coleman's men face the group D leaders without the Real Madrid forward after Bale was booked in March's 0-0 draw with the Republic of Ireland.
Rush, who scored 28 international goals, said another Welsh hero was now needed.
"It's a massive game, but we can't rely on Gareth all the time," said Rush.
Wales, who face Serbia in Belgrade on Sunday, 11 June, are currently four points behind their next opponents and second-placed Ireland.
Coleman knows a positive result is needed if his side's hopes of qualifying for the finals in Russia next year are to remain feasible.
Bale, 27, won his third Champions League winners' medal after coming off the bench in Real's 4-1 win over Juventus in the final in Cardiff.
Former Liverpool and Juventus striker Rush admitted it was going to be a tough test for Wales, particularly without Bale.
"We are really looking at plan B. It gives the players something to aim for, that we can go without Gareth Bale for the odd game," said Rush.
"(Aaron) Ramsey scored the winner in the FA Cup final recently, he's something special as well.
"It won't be easy, but you've got the likes of Joe Allen too, the unsung players, they might become the hero.
"That's what we are looking for, people will work hard, but we need an unsung hero to come up and if we can do that we are still in play when the next qualifiers come up."
Wales' next qualifier after facing Serbia will be at home to Austria in Cardiff on 2 September.
Rush says the Wales players had to make one last effort on Sunday if they were to still be in contention when the Austria match came around.
"It's probably the hardest game we have got, Serbia away," added Rush.
"To get anything out of the game, Wales will have done well. It's a difficult one, but you have to believe in yourselves. We are good enough to beat Serbia.
"The players are going to put the work rate in, we know that. But we need that little bit more. A draw is not great for us, but I would not be too disappointed, it keeps you in there.
"The players are going to have to give one last effort, it's the last game, you've got a break after that."


A mother with leukaemia is urging more black and ethnic minority people to register as stem cell donors as she waits for a transplant.

May Brown was diagnosed with leukaemia in June last year and has had trouble finding a suitable donor.
Ethnic minority sufferers have a 20% chance of finding a match, whereas white patients have a 60% chance, according to blood cancer charity Anthony Nolan.
It said raising awareness was "vital".
The 22-year-old lives in Weymouth and was told she needed a stem cell transplant after a cycle of chemotherapy did not cure her leukaemia.
Originally from Nigeria, Mrs Brown was told a matching donor had been found last December, but they had then "become unavailable".
She said: "I was devastated, I was shocked because it gave me hope and was snatched away from me."
Anthony Nolan head of register development Ann O'Leary, said: "Growing and diversifying the bone marrow register will mean that people like May can have a second chance at life."
Mrs Brown's plea comes a month after mixed-race blood cancer sufferer Lara Casalotti made a similar appeal for ethnic minority stem cell donors last month.
Mrs Brown added: "I want to do whatever it takes to help raise awareness of the stem cell register.
"Please sign up as a donor and save someone's life."


Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn has hailed a "vote of confidence" in his party after it comfortably won the Oldham West and Royton by-election.

Its candidate Jim McMahon secured a 10,835 majority from UKIP's John Bickley and a 62% vote share that was higher than at the general election.
The Conservatives came third in the poll, triggered by the death of long-serving Labour MP Michael Meacher.
Mr McMahon said he had "delivered a result that Michael would be proud of".
Labour was defending a 14,738 majority from the general election. While its total majority was lower this time around, it ended up with a higher vote share as the turnout - just over 40% - was lower than at May's poll.
The by-election - the first of this Parliament - was also the first major electoral test for Mr Corbyn, who was elected leader by more than half the party's membership in September.
He has faced criticism from some within his party, with few of his MPs having backed his leadership campaign while senior figures warned he would damage Labour's electoral chances.
Mr Corbyn said: "By-elections can be difficult for the party holding the seat, and turnouts are often low.
"But to increase our share of the vote since the general election is a vote of confidence in our party.
"It's a clear demonstration that Labour is the party working people trust."
Arif Ansari, BBC North West political editor
This was a surprise result for Labour, but an unexpectedly good one.
Not only was it almost 11,000 votes ahead of UKIP, the party also increased its vote share. Only a fortnight ago some were predicting a shock defeat.
Nobody anticipated a victory on this scale. Undoubtedly a large part of it must be down to the candidate Jim McMahon, the former council leader.
He was recognised as the local candidate. But UKIP tried to turn this into a referendum on Jeremy Corbyn, even branding him a "security risk". Clearly it failed and suggests he's not as politically toxic as his opponents wish.
UKIP blames the postal vote and the number of Asian voters who use it. But that's the system the party is up against.
UKIP's result was far worse than Heywood and Middleton and much more disappointing than it expected. And it leaves them struggling with a strategy to win seats from Labour in the north of England.
Mr McMahon, 35, is the leader of Oldham Council and Labour's most senior representative in the Local Government Association. He is regarded as being a centrist within the Labour Party.
He said it was a "staggering" result for his party.
He added: "My sole focus has always been on what is best for Oldham. I want to make our town a better place for my sons to grow up in and make it somewhere they can be proud of. My priority will always be Oldham."
The Conservatives came third, with their vote share down by almost 10%.
UKIP, which has been targeting Labour's vote in its northern strongholds, had hoped to make the by-election a close-fought contest.
But the outcome was clear early in the evening and Labour activists cheered their candidate when he arrived at Oldham's Queen Elizabeth Hall for the count.
Mr Bickley, nearly overturned an 11,000 Labour majority at the Heywood and Middleton by-election in October 2014, losing by just 600 votes.
He said Oldham West and Royton was a "different type of constituency with different demographics" in what he said was a "very strong Labour heartland".
UKIP also complained about the number of postal votes cast in the by-election.


Authorities in China have over the past 24 hours silenced social media users who have criticised the coverage of the Tianjin explosions.

Posts condemning "disgraceful" local TV coverage of the two blasts on 12 August have been removed from Sina Weibo, China's Twitter-like micro-blogging platform, as have posts suggesting that local authorities restricted international media reporting on the incident.
So far, at least 50 people have been confirmed dead, and more than 500 injured, following the blasts in the port city.
The blasts have become one of the biggest talking points on Chinese social media in the last 24 hours, with Weibo posts on the explosion being viewed more than 590 million times.
More than a million users have also been actively posting about the blast.
However, according to Free Weibo, a website that captures deleted social media posts, messages that include the words "Tianjin" and "explosion" have also become the most censored. The website collected more than 50 posts from individual users.
Most posts that were censored were critical of the local broadcaster, Tianjin TV, and how it had refrained from reporting on the incident.
According to the Taiwanese newspaper Want Daily, Tianjin local television "only showed soap operas" after the incident. "Netizens were censored."
One user complained that Tianjin TV was showing a South Korean drama after the blast.
"I was watching Tianjin TV at 8am and they were still showing 'First Wives' Club' - I could barely breathe! I feel as though this country's mediaâ€¦ shows an inhumane response to emergencies," posted "Xing zhi a fei" on Weibo.
"Media pharaoh", a user with more than one million followers, was similarly critical.
"Tianjin TV, why are you still reading the newspaper headlines?" he wrote, posting a screenshot of a newsreader talking about an unrelated story.
User "Guilin's Xu Chunsheng" commented that the story "should be constantly updated, not grinding to a halt. What is the media doing?"
Another Weibo user, "Ying Tian Lan" called the TV station "disgraceful".
Netizen "Xinjing Ziran Hao" said it was as though the explosion had "shaken the world, and yet Tianjin TV has not even felt a tremor."
Others accused the local authorities of hampering international reporting of the incident.
User "Xu Fengwen" said the blasts had "already made the world's headlines". Yet, he complained that "During a CNN interview, there were people around with Tianjin accents shouting 'delete it, delete it, this is a Tianjin people's affair."
Media organization ETtoday News Cloud similarly reported a CNN interview disrupted with people shouting "Don't let foreigners report on this".
CNN later said that its correspondent was interrupted by "upset friends and relatives of victims".
One user compared the muted coverage to that of the Sichuan earthquake in 2008.
"This reminds me of 2008; do not let the outside world know," posted "Wu Ce Li".
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world.  You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.


Leicestershire have signed Surrey all-rounder James Burke in a loan deal for the entire 2017 county season.

The 26-year-old will be available for all three competitions, but will not be able to play against his parent club.
In 12 first-class games for Somerset and Surrey, Burke has scored 274 runs, with a highest score of 79, and taken 23 wickets at 28.13.
"It is important for us to have depth and James is highly talented," head coach Pierre de Bruyn said.
"James will add strength to our batting and bowling, and he is also a dynamic fielder."
Leicestershire finished seventh in County Championship Division Two last season, and they were knocked out in the group stages of the One-Day Cup and T20 Blast.


The former undercover mailroom for World War Two codebreakers that later became a post office is to close.

Bletchley Park Post Office said new management at the Buckinghamshire museum had decided it was no longer "core to the codebreaking story".
It became a post office in 1947 and was the museum's first gift shop when it opened to the public in 1994, issuing limited edition stamps.
A museum spokeswoman said it would close by June.
"Naturally the volunteers who kept it running since Bletchley Park opened in 1994 are disappointed by the decision, but understand that Bletchley Park Trust wish to focus on the core story of World War Two codebreaking," she said.
Bletchley Park was the wartime home of the Government Code and Cypher School.  It broke codes generated by the Enigma machine, a device used by the Germans to send encrypted messages.
In 1947, the General Post Office turned the house into a training centre and the mailroom became a sub-post office.
After the training centre was closed, Royal Mail allowed the trust to try to save Bletchley Park from demolition to keep the post office.
Terry Mitchell, who has helped run it ever since, said: "The volunteers are disappointed, but we understand the background of what Bletchley Park is trying to do."
About 20 volunteers staff it, seven days a week. Some will now leave the museum, but others have asked to be deployed elsewhere.
Mr Mitchell thinks it must have raised "a couple of hundred thousand pounds or more" over the years, from issuing limited edition postage stamps.
Recent issues include stamps celebrating the Bombe codebreaking machine, which was used to crack the Enigma code, and Alan Turing, who helped its development.
Mr Mitchell said: "Saving Bletchley Park was our objective in 1994, we did not set out to run a post office, so it had to have a finite life."


Teachers are being trained to carry guns in classrooms in Colorado in order to protect children as part of a scheme motivated by a school massacre in 2012.

The three-day course, which consists of firearms and medical training, was launched on Tuesday in Weld County.
Seventeen members of staff who "would like to be considered armed first responders" have so far taken part.
The pilot programme will allow volunteers to enter schools with guns under US "concealed carry" laws.
Teachers were taken to a shooting range in Weld County, near Denver, where they were tested on their abilities with weapons.
The course, provided by the Faculty Administrator Safety Training and Emergency Response group (Faster), was set up by parents, law enforcement officers and medical experts who believe that US schools are a "soft target" for violence. The group refers to schools as "victim zones".
Faster's aim, it says, is not to replace police or security services, but to "allow teachers, administrators, and other personnel to stop school violence rapidly" and to "administer medical aid where necessary".
The group was set up following the Sandy Hook shooting massacre in December 2012, in which a rifle-wielding man killed 26 people, mostly young children, at a Connecticut primary school.
But the move has angered campaign groups such as Safe Campus Colorado, which encourages its supporters to petition local authorities to help keep guns out of school.
"We believe concealed guns on Colorado's great university, college and community college campuses threaten the safety of students, faculty, staff and administrators," the group says on its website.
Safe Campus Colorado was set up by political activist Ken Toltz, who said in a statement to Colorado's 9 News channel that the move to train staff in the use of guns on campus was detrimental to the safety of both students and teachers.
"The dangers of adding guns to a school environment are dramatically increased by allowing loaded lethal weapons into a school environment on a daily basis," he said.
A selected school will ask staff to volunteer for training "in armed response" and "crisis management".
The school will then apply for training with Faster, a non-profit group that relies on charitable contributions, which will provide tuition for free.
Those chosen to participate attend an intensive course over three days with law enforcement personnel experienced in "active shooter situations". They will also be "tested physically and mentally".
The course not only teaches those enrolled to use firearms effectively against any threat, but also how to respond to injuries and provide medical assistance while awaiting emergency services.
An Ohio law issued in 2013 permits schools in the US state to arm employees "if that teacher is required to, in essence, become a security guard".


The next phase of the hunt for the missing Malaysia Airlines jet MH370 will be very challenging in places.

Detailed information being gathered about the shape of the ocean floor west of Australia confirms the seabed in some locations to be extremely rugged.
Two vessels - the Fugro Equator and the Zhu Kezhen - are currently mapping an area covering 60,000 sq km.
This survey will guide a metre-by-metre search using towed instruments and submersibles.
This is likely to get under way towards the end of September.
The Australian authorities have warned that this could take a year to complete.
The Dutch-owned Fugro Equator and the Chinese naval vessel Zhu Kezhen are presently assembling a bathymetric (depth) map.
It covers the general location in the southern Indian Ocean where investigators believe MH370 is most likely to have come down.
The map is akin to a broad canvas - a first-ever proper look at a terrain about which there is the slimmest of knowledge.
It is essential work. Without this map, which has a resolution of roughly 25m in the deepest depths, it would not be safe to put down submersibles, as there is a high risk these vehicles would be lost.
"There are volcanoes down there we've found which were unknown before," says Paul Kennedy from Fugro Survey Pty Ltd.
"There are all sorts of new features that are appearing," the company's project director for the MH370 search told BBC News.
The Fugro Equator is equipped with a state-of-the-art multibeam echosounder.
The vast majority of the area it is covering has never been sampled before.
It has recorded depths near to 6,000m. Even the shallow regions are more than 1,000m down.
But it is the craggy nature of the seabed that will prompt extreme caution to be exercised in the next phase of operations.
Fugro has been contracted by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau to conduct this part of the search as well.
It will involve the Equator and another ship, the Fugro Discovery. Both ships will pull a deep-tow instrument very close to the sea floor using a 10,000m armoured fibre-optic cable.
"There are areas that are benign and are going to be fairly straightforward. But then there are some areas that we know are going to be really hard work," explained Mr Kennedy.
"There are some huge valleys between big mountains, and it's going to be really hard to tow our device through those areas.  We can do it; it's just going to take a bit longer."
Mr Kennedy likens the deep-tow's capabilities to human senses.
Echosounders are its ears; cameras represent its eyes; and a chemical sensor works like a nose.
This nose will "sniff" for the presence of any jet fuel in the water, down to a few parts per billion in concentration.
Assembling the bathymetric map has been a tough job in itself.
The Equator has had to contend with some terrible winter weather.
"Heave is the vertical displacement of a vessel - that's how you measure the size of the waves," Mr Kennedy said.
"We record it, and you correct for it when computing the bathymetric depth. The biggest heave we've had so far is 13m.  That's a big wave.
"Fortunately, the vessel has anti-roll tanks, which push water from side to side inside the ship with great big pumps, and that helps tremendously.
"To get a clean map of the sea floor, we must know the attitude of the ship very accurately, to 0.02 of a degree."
The Malaysian plane was lost on 8 March as it flew from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing, carrying 239 people.
Its disappearance has become one the biggest mysteries in aviation history.
The best information investigators have for its whereabouts come for a series of brief satellite communications with the jet during its flight.
The last of these connections suggests MH370 crashed into the water inside the "high priority" search zone now being surveyed by the Dutch and Chinese vessels.
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos


A seal-watching couple had to be rescued when they were stranded on rocks for three hours and unsuccessfully tried to swim to shore.

Michael Carey and Charlotte Worrall were saved by a lifeboat from rocks west of St Ives, in Cornwall, on Monday evening.
They had gone to watch seals for Mr Carey's 30th birthday.
It took them two hours to get the attention of walkers who then called the coastguard, the charity said.
The RNLI said the pair were in a "life-threatening" situation after being cut off by the tide.
Derek Hall, the St Ives lifeboat operations manager, said: "They walked out to Seal Island and because of the spring tides, the sea came in very quickly and they got cut off.
"The lady had tried to swim to shore unsuccessfully, and ended up losing some of her clothes as well, so they were very cold and shaken."
The couple were with their border collie dog which managed to swim to shore, Mr Hall said.
Mr Carey and Ms Worrall, who were rescued by the St Ives lifeboat, were not injured.


Central government funding has been brought forward for a number of flood defence schemes across Hampshire.

It includes the Buckskin area of Basingstoke, where more than 80 homes were evacuated in February 2014 after groundwater flooding.
Hampshire County Council can now access a Â£2.1m fund a year earlier than originally expected from 2016-17.
Schemes for Romsey and Winchester can now access funding immediately rather than having to wait until 2020.
Many residents in Buckskin were unable to return to their homes until the following winter after more than 77 million litres of water had to be pumped out.
An independent report recommended a review of the area's drainage system and the "setting up [of] a threshold at which point actions should be taken".
Hampshire County Council has already started the first phase of a feasibility study to mitigate flooding. The funding is subject to the approval of a business case.
Cleansing and repairs to the existing infrastructure in Buckskin has already started while an electricity substation has been moved.


Five fuel tankers have been destroyed in a fire at an industrial estate in Essex, the fire service has said.

Firefighters were called to Botany Way, Purfleet, just before 22:00 BST on Wednesday, where they found the tankers were already "well alight".
One of the lorries was empty but the other four had a combined load of 45,000 litres of diesel and kerosene.
The blaze was possibly caused by an electrical fault, Essex Fire Service said. There were no reported injuries.
Read more on this story and other Essex news
The fire was extinguished by 00:30 on Thursday, and although an investigation is ongoing, the cause is not believed to be suspicious.
At the time, residents were told to keep their windows shut and the blaze also caused disruption for passengers on the C2C train line.


Amateur and professional photographers from across the UK were invited to submit pictures for the forthcoming Photography Show at the NEC near Birmingham.

It is billed as one of the biggest events of its kind in Europe and  last year attracted more than 30,000 visitors.
This year, organisers invited people to submit photos for the People's Gallery based on the theme chaos and calm.
The best 76 images are to be exhibited at the show - here is a selection.


Hundreds of bus drivers are set for a 24-hour strike in a row over pay and shifts, a union has announced.

About 850 Arriva drivers at depots in Castleford, Dewsbury, Heckmondwike and Wakefield in West Yorkshire, and Selby in North Yorkshire, are to walk out.
The strike is due to start at 03:00 GMT on Monday, said Unite the union.
Arriva said it wanted to "wholeheartedly apologise" to customers who could be affected by the industrial action.
More on this story and others from West Yorkshire
Nigel Featham, from Arriva Yorkshire and North East, said: "We have been working tirelessly over the last year with Unite to bring pay talks to an amicable conclusion.
"But despite our best efforts and multiple offers to increase pay and conditions we have received notification to strike."
Phil Bown, of Unite, said no further meetings were currently planned between the two sides.
"Strike action is not a step our members take lightly, but after nearly 12 months of circular talks they have become increasingly angry about being strung along by Arriva bosses," he added.
Limited Arriva bus services could operate during the strike. Yorkshire Tiger services would be unaffected, the company said.


A deep sea octopod, dubbed "Casper" after the film ghost because of its appearance, could be at risk from mining, scientists say.

The animal, possibly a new species, was discovered last spring at depths of more than 4,000 metres (2.5 miles).
Studies suggest females nurture their eggs for several years on parts of the seabed that contain valuable metals.
Commercial companies are interested in harvesting metals and minerals from the bottom of the ocean.
There are growing concerns about the future impact of mining on life in the deep sea, much of which has yet to be discovered and categorised.
New marine life found in deep sea vents
Ghost-like 'Casper' octopod discovered
The octopus lays its eggs on the dead stalks of sponges, attached to rocky crusts which are rich in metals like manganese.
The female then protects the eggs as they grow, perhaps for a number of years.
"The brooding observation is important as these sponges only grow in some areas on small, hard nodules or rocky crusts of interest to mining companies because of the metal they contain," said Autun Purser, of the Alfred Wegener Institute's Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research in Germany.
"The removal of these nodules may therefore put the lifecycle of these octopods at risk."
The "Casper" octopod was spotted last year by the camera of a submersible vessel remotely operated by NOAA off Necker Island near Hawaii.
A type of octopus without fins, it crawls along the seafloor.
Jon Copley of the University of Southampton, who is not connected with the new research, said the record for octopus mothers keeping vigil over their eggs is four years, by another deep-sea species in the Pacific.
If this species is similar, then it could be particularly vulnerable to disturbance by deep-sea mining, he said.
"This discovery shows how we need far greater understanding of fundamental ecology - and far greater knowledge of the natural history of individual species - in deep-sea environments being targeted for future mining, before its potential impacts can really be assessed," Dr Copley told BBC News.
The German and US researchers investigated deep sea environments using remotely operated vehicles, and towed camera surveys, between 2011 and 2016.
They observed 29 octopods from two distinct species on the bottom of the Pacific Ocean off the Hawaiian Archipelago and in part of the Peru Basin.
Two octopods were seen to be brooding clutches of eggs that were laid on stalks of dead sponges, which require manganese to grow and stay attached to these rocky crusts or nodules.
"These nodules look a bit like a potato, and are made up of rings of different shells of metal-rich layers," said Dr Purser.
"They are interesting to companies as many of the metals contained are "high-tech" metals, useful in producing mobile phones and other modern computing equipment, and most of the land sources of these metals have already been found and are becoming more expensive to buy."
The scientists say the future of octopods and other animals, large and small, must be considered when managing "commercially attractive, yet bio-diverse and poorly understood deep sea ecosystems".
The research is published in the journal, Current Biology.
Follow Helen on Twitter.


"Upbeat" letters describing Christmas celebrations in one of Germany's harshest World War Two prisoner of war camps are to be published online.

John Crook, an only-child, wrote the letters and cards to comfort his parents after he was captured during the 1943 Allied landings in Italy.
He was held at Stalag Luft VIII-B in Poland and in early 1945 was forced on a "death march" by his captors.
His letters are to be published by St John's College, Cambridge.
The private with the 9th Royal Fusiliers later became a professor of ancient history at the college.
Just before his first Christmas in captivity, he wrote about carol performances, a band concert, a pantomime - and decorating the barracks with paper chains.
The future professor told his parents not to worry, adding he had "no time to pine away".
A letter dated Christmas Day 1944 described the prisoners organising dances and concerts and wearing "their best Khaki slacks".
Eleanor Swire, a librarian at St John's College, said the letters were likely to mask the reality of life in the camp.
He writes about "very Xmassy weather - snow and ice", referring to the extremely cold conditions experienced by the prisoners.
"When I sat down to read his letters in a quiet corner of the library, I was moved to tears by how brave he was to stay so upbeat... in order to comfort his family," she said.
In early 1945, Professor Crook was among thousands of prisoners of war made to march west, ahead of the Soviet advance.
Many died from the bitter cold, hunger and exhaustion.
He returned to St John's, completing his classics degree in 1947, and after a career as an academic died in 2007, aged 87.


Britain's economic policy has changed radically almost overnight.

In all the fuss and dust surrounding the referendum, the Tory leadership campaign and the creation of a brand new cabinet it has been easy to lose sight of this fact.
George Osborne has been chancellor of the exchequer for six long years of austerity.
He and his government told us time and again that balancing the budget was their first and most important job.
Now without even an election that policy has been abandoned, the government's aim to bring in more in tax than it spends by 2020 has been dropped, but what has replaced it?
Mr Hammond has given us some clues but to be perfectly honest we will not have the complete picture until the Autumn Statement later this year.
However, the new chancellor has already declined to say when the government's budget will be in surplus, if ever.
Mr Hammond has also said that "increasing taxes is not the way to support the economy, maintain consumer confidence and to make sure that we continue to grow the economy in future".
Nor is it likely that a massive round of new spending cuts is going to help the economy at the moment.
In fact with falling business and consumer confidence, worries over delays or even the cancellation of private investment and a construction industry that looks to be slowing down; many would see an increase in government investment as the obvious solution.
Sajid Javid, the former business secretary, has called for the government to fund an extra Â£100bn of infrastructure spending over the next five years.
Unless there are huge tax rises or spending cuts that money will have to be borrowed.
Fortunately the chancellor can now borrow at historically low rates, for long periods of time. The markets are so jittery they are willing to put their cash into ultra-secure government bonds for little or no return.
But it is not just money for new infrastructure that the government will have to find, with the economy likely to slow or even go into a recession its existing borrowing targets are meaningless.
A cautious estimate is that the government will have to borrow another Â£50bn a year by the end of this parliament just to balance the books.
Any borrowing to help boost the economy will be on top of that. Just last month that would have been denounced by the chancellor and his cabinet colleagues as reckless, dangerous and counter-productive.
That is how much things have changed in the last few weeks.
To borrow one of George Osborne's favourite sayings "you have to fix the roof when the sun is shining", and these huge changes in economic policy suggest that the government's forecast is looking distinctly overcast.


Nigeria international defender Kenneth Omeruo has been declared unavailable to play at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio because of a groin problem.

The 22-year-old, who is on a season-long loan at Turkish side Kasimpasa from Chelsea, has been told by the team doctor he needs time to recover.
"I feel sad about it as it was another good opportunity for me to represent my country," Omeruo told BBC Sport.
"The doctor insists I need rest to start next season without injury."
Omeruo was first called up by Nigeria in January 2013 and he went on to play at that year's Africa Cup of Nations and Confederations Cup - and at the 2014 World Cup.
He admitted he was looking forward to playing at the Games, especially after the Super Eagles' failure to qualify for the 2015 and 2017 African Cup of Nations.
"It is disappointing and frustrating to say the least. I'd be lying if I said I would not want to be out there playing," he said.
"But at the same time I need to be fully fit to be at my best and I have no doubt that the squad will do great in Brazil.
"I would also like to thank the coach [Samson Siasia] for even considering me in the first place."
A firm fixture in the Kasimpasa side, such has been Omeruo's impact that the Turkish club are now exploring the option to buy him at the end of his loan spell.
He joined Chelsea from Belgian side Standard Liege in 2012 and developed on loan at ADO Den Haag in Netherlands in an 18-month spell from 2012 to 2013.
The centre-back, who is yet to make his competitive debut for Chelsea, then went on loan to Championship side Middlesbrough in January 2014 and made 14 appearances.
He returned to Teesside again for the whole of 2014/15 season where he made 22 appearances.


Southend United manager Phil Brown says he is considering a move to sign Peterborough midfielder Jack Payne.

Brown also confirmed that former Shrimpers striker Theo Robinson, 27, and 18-year-old ex-Rangers defender Tom Lang are on trial at Roots Hall.
Payne, 24, could come in after his namesake and fellow midfielder left Southend for Huddersfield this summer.
"I'm having a look at Jack Payne to replace Jack Payne, which is quite ironic," Brown told BBC Essex.
"I got a phone call from Peterborough and I think his services are no longer required there because of certain situations.
"They've brought in players, he's had a fall out with the management team and the hierarchy and this is a player they paid £600,000 for two years ago."
Meanwhile, Brown said striker Nile Ranger could be out for up to six weeks with an ankle injury.


A plan to install two floating wind turbines off the north Caithness coast has been approved by Highland councillors.

A Swedish firm has sought permission from Highland Council, Orkney Islands Council and the Scottish government for the demonstration project.
Melvich Community Council has opposed the proposal because of concerns it would ruin views across to Orkney.
The proposed site is about three miles (6km) out to sea from Dounreay.
The developer, Hexicon AB, has set up Dounreay TrÃ¬ Limited to develop the project.
The scheme would also involve laying a subsea cable and building a substation.
The plan has still to be considered by the Scottish government.
Marcus Thor, prroject Director for Dounreay TrÃ¬ Limited, said: "We are delighted that the council has agreed with this project and hope that Marine Scotland and the Scottish government can take a timely decision on it.
"This demonstration facility which will be built and operated in Scotland opens up the possibility for a significant increase in offshore wind generation and  associated supply chain benefits in Scotland."
WWF Scotland's director Lang Banks said floating turbines could potentially provide Scotland with "clean power" in the future.


League One side Oldham Athletic have signed defender Theo Vassell on a deal until the end of the season.

The 18-year-old centre-back came through the youth system at Stoke City and impressed during a trial with the Latics.
The contract also includes the option of an extra year that Oldham can take up after this season.
"He is really athletic, only 18 and definitely one for the future," boss David Dunn told the club website.
"He has a lot of very good attributes and we spoke to Mark Bowen at Stoke City about him so we have decided he is a good young signing for us."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Mayo earned a narrow deserved 0-13 to 0-12 win over 14-man Tyrone in the All-Ireland quarter-final at Croke Park.

The sides were tied at 0-7 apiece at the interval and were still equal on 0-11 each when Sean Cavanagh was sent-off for a second yellow card on 59 minutes.
A fine David Clarke save from Connor McAlliskey in the second half proved vital while Darren McCurry wasted a good chance for a late levelling point.
Niall Morgan was unable to convert three long-range frees, one late on.
Tyrone's eight-year wait for Sam Maguire Cup success continues and this defeat will be particularly hard to take as they went into the game as favourites after an impressive triumph over Donegal in the Ulster final on 17 July.
Tyrone named the same team which beat Donegal in the Ulster provincial decider almost three weeks ago, but Mayo manager Stephen Rochford recalled Diarmuid O'Connor, while Jason Doherty and Alan Dillon were late additions to the starting line-up.
Mayo were shocked by Galway in the Connacht Championship but since then saw off Fermanagh, Kildare and Westmeath in the qualifiers.
Mayo also had a good record against the Red Hands in the Championship, having earned a third victory in four games between the counties when they won the 2013 All-Ireland semi-final 1-16 to 0-13.
An evenly-contested first half saw the sides go in all-square at the interval, Mattie Donnelly kicking three points for the Ulster champions and Cillian O'Connor contributing four for the Connacht men.
Aidan O'Shea and Niall Sludden traded scores to make it 0-1 apiece after 10 minutes but points from Andy Moran and an O'Connor long-range free edged Mayo into a merited lead as the game began to open up.
Ronan O'Neill and Peter Harte (2) joined Donnelly on the score-sheet for Tyrone but, crucially,  goalkeeper Morgan was off-target with a couple of long-distance free attempts.
Colm Boyle knocked over the final point of the half to leave the score 0-7 each at half-time.
The second half was as keenly fought as the first and there was never more than two points between the teams.
McAlliskey squandered the best goal-scoring opportunity of the match, although credit must go to Clarke, and soon after a high challenge by Cavanagh saw him dismissed with just over 10 minutes remaining.
Subsequent points from O'Connor, with a free, and Lee Keegan with his second point, proved enough to see Mayo through, a McCurry free being Tyrone's only reply.
O'Connor finished with seven points, with substitute Tom Parsons also pointing for the victors, while Peter Harte (2), McAlliskey (2) and McCurry were the Ulster county's second-half scorers.
Former Tyrone player Enda McGinley on BBC Radio Ulster: "Tyrone are out of the Championship without hitting top gear and this is a huge blow to the momentum Mickey Harte had with this team.
"Tyrone struggled right throughout the game and when their plan of counter-attacking football failed, they had no plan B. Mayo didn't even need to be at their best."
Mayo will play Tipperary in the first of the All-Ireland semi-finals on 21 August, with Kerry facing Dublin, conquerors of Donegal on Saturday, in the second last-four tie a week later.
Mayo: D Clarke; B Harrison, A Dillon, K Higgins; L Keegan, C Boyle, P Durcan; S O'Shea, D Vaughan; K McLoughlin, A O'Shea, D O'Connor; J Doherty, A Moran, C O'Connor.
Tyrone: N Morgan, A McCrory, R McNamee, C McCarron, T McCann, J McMahon, P Harte, C Cavanagh, M Donnelly, C McShane, N Sludden, R McNabb, C McAlliskey, S Cavanagh, R O'Neill.
Referee: David Gough (Meath).


A man has been was struck on the head with a gun during an aggravated burglary in County Antrim.

Five masked men entered a house on Craigs Road in Cullybackey just before 22:00 GMT on Friday and demanded money.
One of the gang was thought to have been armed with a handgun, another with a hammer. They ransacked the house before leaving empty-handed.
The victim, who is 48, has been treated in hospital for his injuries.


The huge fire that engulfed a Russian nuclear submarine undergoing repairs in the northern Murmansk region has been put out, the emergency minister says.

Sergei Shoigu said radiation monitoring would also now go back to normal after being stepped up when the blaze started on wood decking near the Yekaterinburg.
Officials said there was no risk as its two reactors had been shut down. Nine people were hurt fighting the fire.
President Dmitry Medvedev has ordered an investigation into the incident.
One of his deputy prime ministers has promised that the Yekaterinburg, a Delta-IV-class nuclear submarine, will be repaired within several months.
"According to preliminary information, the damage caused by the fire will not affect the ship's combat characteristics," Dmitriy Rogozin said.
The Yekaterinburg had been inside a dry dock at the Roslyakovo shipyard - on the Barents Sea coast, 1,500 km (900 miles) north of Moscow - on Thursday when wooden scaffolding around it caught fire.
The blaze soon spread to the submarine's rubber-coated outer hull.
Television pictures showed thick smoke billowing from the top of the vessel as 11 fire crews doused the flames with water from helicopters and tug boats. The submarine was later partially submerged in an effort to extinguish the blaze.
The fire was contained at 01:40 on Friday (21:40 GMT on Thursday), according to the emergency situations ministry, but by the morning, the submarine was still smouldering, and firefighters were still working at the scene, pouring water over the outer hull as well as the space between it and the inner hull, reports said.
A law enforcement source told Russian news agencies that seven servicemen at the shipyard and two emergency ministry personnel had suffered from smoke inhalation.
On Friday afternoon, Mr Shoigu told a meeting of officials the fire had been "put out completely", and that there was "no open burning".
He said that the cooling of the submarine's hull would continue.
29 Dec: Blaze engulfs hull of Delta-IV-class nuclear submarine, Yekaterinburg, during repair work at Roslyakovo shipyard, north of Murmansk
14 Dec: Fire in living quarters of nuclear-powered icebreaker, Vaygach, in Kara Sea. Two crew-members were reportedly killed
Feb 2010: Blaze on partially-decommissioned nuclear submarine, Ak Bars, at Severodvinsk, near Archangel, on Barents Sea coast
Oct 2009: Fire during decommissioning work on nuclear submarine, Kazan, at Severodvinsk
Mar 2009: Blaze on hull of partially-decommissioned nuclear submarine, Orenburg, at Severodvinsk
Mr Shoigu also said that "the heightened regime of monitoring the radiation situation" on board and in the surrounding area would be lifted.
Earlier, officials insisted the submarine's two nuclear reactors had already been shut down and that radiation levels on board and in the area were normal.
"These parameters are within the limits of natural radiation fluctuation levels. There is no threat to the population," the emergency ministry said.
The vessel's 16 inter-continental ballistic missiles, each with four warheads, had also been removed when the repair work began, officials said.
Some of the crew remained on board the submarine during the fire to monitor temperatures and carbon dioxide levels, they added.
The Russian Navy's Commander-in-Chief, Adm Vladimir Vysotskiy, and Chief of the Navy Staff Adm Aleksandr Tatarinov are at Roslyakovo to oversee the operation.
Safety on Russian navy submarines is a sensitive issue for the military following the Kursk disaster in August 2000.
The Kursk nuclear submarine sank in the Barents Sea off north-west Russia, killing all 118 seamen on board. Investigators concluded that an explosion of fuel from one of its torpedoes caused the sinking.


Three banks have written to the chair of the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee to complain of inaccuracies in its report on the banking sector.

The committee's report criticised the banks over branch closures and lack of transparency on new lending.
Ulster Bank, Danske and Santander have complained about specific matters of fact, not the overall conclusions.
Santander made the strongest complaint referring to "misleading and inaccurate references".
The report said that Santander was not making lending data available in the same way as the other banks.
However, the bank informed the clerk of the committee that was wrong after receiving an advance copy of the report.
In its letter, Santander said: "It is disappointing that the committee chose not to correct the report or press release before publication.
"These references arbitrarily single out Santander and give a misleading account of how Santander reports data."
Danske Bank took issue with a line in the report that said its decision not to take part in the government's Funding for Lending scheme had potentially denied Northern Ireland "a further capacity for growth".
The bank said it has had no need to use the scheme due to its strong funding and liquidity position.
It added: "At all times we have had more than sufficient liquidity to meet the needs of new and existing customers."
It said it is therefore inaccurate to conclude the bank has denied the economy capacity for growth.
Ulster Bank told the committee its call for the publication of a report into the 2012 IT meltdown was redundant, as the relevant report was in fact published last year.
The bank also claimed it was inaccurate for the committee to assert "that no bank is headquartered in Belfast".
It said that while Ulster is part of the Edinburgh-based RBS group, Ulster Bank Ltd is registered and based in Belfast.


The father of a Londonderry student who works at the Manchester Arena has said she walked past the scene of the explosion moments before it went off.

Hugh Harkin said his daughter Sarah is lucky to be alive.
Mr Harkin and his wife were at home in Derry when his 21-year-old daughter phoned from the arena.
Sarah Harkin had walked through the foyer past parents waiting for their children only seconds before the bomb exploded.
"She had just come out and crossed over the foyer and was just heading out of the building and 30 seconds later she just heard a massive explosion," Mr Harkin said.
"Everybody was running and you could hear from the phone what she was describing - there was pandemonium, you hear people squealing and she was in an awful state.
"We just tried to calm her down and we were telling her 'just keep moving, move away, get as far away from it as you can'."
Mr Harkin - who is Kenny Shiels' assistant manager at Derry City - said it was the most distressing night of their lives as their daughter fled to safety.
The family said while they are hugely relieved that their daughter is safe and well, their thoughts are with families who lost loved ones in the attack.


League One Northampton Town have signed defender Gabriel Zakuani and midfielder Jak McCourt.

Zakuani, a Democratic Republic of Congo international, has agreed a one-year contract at Sixfields.
The 30-year-old, who was a £1m signing for Fulham from Leyton Orient in 2006, left Peterborough in May after seven years at the club.
McCourt, 20, has signed a two-year contract having been released by Barnsley earlier this month.
The Liverpudlian came through the youth ranks at Leicester City and made his professional debut on loan at Torquay United in 2013.
"Gaby is a huge character and is an excellent addition," manager Rob Page told the club website.
"For a central defender he is an excellent age, he has only just turned 30, but he has a wealth of experience playing in League One and the Championship and that is important for us.
"We now have four senior central defenders in the squad and they will provide excellent competition for each other. I am looking forward to pre-season, to getting down to work and giving the players the opportunity to show me and the rest of the staff what they can do."
On McCourt, who made just two substitute appearances for Barnsley after joining them in January 2015, Page said:
"I think he will fit in well, he is a player with a lot of potential with a fantastic attitude and is someone who I think is very talented.
"He will provide competition in central midfield and has had a taste of playing at this level both at Port Vale and Barnsley and that will stand him in good stead."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Wasps centre Ben Jacobs is to retire at the age of 34, after 14 years in professional rugby.

The Australian first arrived in England with Saracens in 2008 following a six-year spell with NSW Waratahs.
After a season under Eddie Jones at Saracens, he moved on to Wasps in 2009, spending two years at Adams Park before joining Japanese side Kyuden Voltex.
He returned to Australia with Western Force before rejoining Wasps at the start of the 2014-15 season.
Jacobs said: "I'd like to thank Bob Dwyer, who signed me to my first pro contract, Ewen McKenzie for giving me my first cap as a Waratah, Eddie Jones for bringing me over to Europe, Tony Hanks and Shaun Edwards for convincing me to sign with Wasps, and Dai Young in bringing me back to Wasps."
Jacobs, who has recently become a father for the first time, plans to stay in England in a coaching capacity.
Sydney-born Jacobs played 57 times for Wasps in his first two seasons with the club, scoring 10 tries, but he has been more of a squad player over the past three years, making just 31 further appearances.
He has not played since suffering a knee injury in the 15-11 Champions Cup defeat by Toulon in January.
Eddie Jones, the man who brought Jacobs to England, was full of praise for his fellow Australian.
"Ben's a lovely guy," said the England coach.
"He played a lot of good Super Rugby in Australia, particularly for the Waratahs. And, when I took over at Saracens, he was one of the guys I brought over.
"Unfortunately, Ben had a few injuries for Saracens, but since then he's done really well for Wasps and has played superbly for them.
"Guys like Elliot Daly have benefited enormously from playing with him. I'm sure, for the rest of his life, Ben will look back at his rugby with affection and enjoy those memories."
Wasps director of rugby Dai Young added: "Ben has been a key figure within Wasps' squad during his two stints with the club.
"He has been a great influence within this group on and off the field and has made a big contribution over the past few seasons as we've worked our way up the table."


The Northern Ireland jockey run over by an ambulance following a race in Italy is hoping to return to competitive action within the next two months.

Chris Meehan's leg was run over by the on-course ambulance at Merano after he was knocked unconscious in a fall.
The county Down man suffered a broken leg and needed 27 stitches in a facial gash but is now recovering "well".
"It will be another six weeks, I'd say, and probably two months until I'm race-riding again," said Meehan, 22.
"I had the operation and it's just a case of recovery now."
Meehan - whose father has worked in the ambulance service in Northern Ireland for 30 years - returned to his homeland for surgery on his broken leg and facial injuries and is now continuing his recovery at home.
The Crossgar man was put in the recovery position after his fall but then suffered his broken leg when the ambulance reversed over his outstretched leg and came to rest while still on top of him.
Meehan, who had been based with Jonathan Geake in Wiltshire, appears unlikely to return to Italy this autumn.
He is hoping to make the most of his British-based contacts when he does come back.
He said: "The season in Merano ends in October, so whether I would be able to get back in time I'm not sure."


Wigan Warriors have signed Catalans Dragons forward Romain Navarrete on a two-year deal from next season.

The 22-year-old only made his debut in Super League this year but his form saw him called into the France squad.
Navarrete has previously played for Pia, Limoux and Hemel Stags and joins Joe Burgess and Thomas Leuluai as signings for 2017.
"We're very excited by what we've already seen of Romain," said Warriors head coach Shaun Wane.
"He runs the ball hard and is exactly the type of player that I like to have in our front row."


The planning application for Aberdeen FC's proposed move to a new £50m stadium will now not be considered until autumn.

The stadium and training facilities would be built at Kingsford, close to the Aberdeen bypass, near Westhill.
The club said the plans for the project would not be put before councillors in June as originally hoped.
The decision follows requests from the council and consultees for further information.
Aberdeen FC said if planning permission was granted in October, it could still have the stadium completed in 2020.
Objectors say concerns include traffic and parking issues.
The club believes the new stadium is vital if it is to achieve a sustainable future.


A gang of teenage moped-riding armed robbers have been jailed for a spate of smash and grabs at some of London's most exclusive hotels and shops.

Five men aged between 17 and 19 were found guilty of involvement in last summer's robberies, which saw jewellery worth up to £150,000 stolen each time.
Kingston Crown Court heard they targeted business including the Dorchester Hotel and Rankins Jewellers.
The men were jailed for between three and 10 years each.
The court heard the gang used mopeds to reach and escape from their targets.
Fred Gosling, 18, of Portpool Lane, Camden, and Skye Roberts, 19, of Cubitt Street, Camden, were sentenced to 10 and six years imprisonment respectively for committing robbery between 9 June and 11 July 2014.
Gosling was also found guilty of attempted robbery at Rankins Jewellery on 22 July 2014 alongside Hermon Yemane, 18, of Highbury New Park, Islington, who was jailed for six years, and the 17-year-old, who cannot be named for legal reasons, who was sentenced to four-and-a-half years.
Adel Soufie, 18, of Hazellville Road, Islington, was jailed for three years for conspiracy to commit robbery on 23 July 2014, to which the 17-year-old, Yemane, Gosling and Soufie also pleaded guilty.
Det Con Martin Lappin, from the Flying Squad, said: "This was a well planned and orchestrated series of robberies. I have no doubt that had we not apprehended these men when we did they would have continued to commit further offences.
"I am pleased with the sentences that have been handed down as they highlight that armed robberies are not victimless crimes."
Reed Roberts, 24, of Cubitt Street, was found not guilty of conspiracy to commit robbery between 9 June and 11 July 2014.


A teenager accused of preparing acts of terrorism was a member of a "secretive neo-Nazi" group who branded MP Jo Cox's killer a "hero", a court has heard.

The 17-year-old from Bradford, who cannot be named because of his age, denies the charge and another count of making a pipe bomb.
Prosecutors said on the day Mrs Cox died he posted a picture of her killer online saying "Thomas Mair is a HERO".
Jurors heard he was arrested after he put a photo of a homemade bomb online.
Live updates and more stories from across Yorkshire
Mrs Cox was murdered by Mair on 16 June in Birstall, West Yorkshire, just days before the EU referendum in which she had campaigned to remain in the EU.
Barnaby Jameson, prosecuting, said the boy was a part of neo-Nazi youth group National Action and on the day of the killing he had made a number of comments on social media.
In one he wrote: "We need more people like him to butcher the race traitors."
Mr Jameson said: "[His] political views were so extreme that he celebrated in the murder of a democratically elected MP - presumably because she had voted to remain in the EU.
"In [his] view this was race treachery."
The jury was also shown footage of the boy at a National Action demonstration in York.
Mr Jameson described the organisation as "white supremacist" and known to be "anti-Muslim, anti-black, anti-semitic and anti-gay".
Messages were discovered on the boy's phone from members of a National Action chat group that included phrases such as "should we just blow up Leeds?", the court heard.
The jury was told he was arrested by counter-terrorism police after a member of the public reported a series of Snapchat messages sent by the defendant, including an image of a "viable" homemade pipe bomb.
The device was later found in a drawer at the boy's home, prosecutors said.
In one message the boy was said to have written "Incendiary explosive and home-made black powder. More to come" over a photo of the device, and an emoji of a figure in a turban with a gun pointing to his head and an image of Bradford.
Mr Jameson said had the bomb been exploded it "could have the capacity to cause shock and injury and damage to property in the immediate vicinity".
The jury heard the defendant accepted making the device and sending the Snapchat messages, but said it was a "bad joke gone wrong" and that he did not intend to carry out a terrorist act.
Mr Jameson said: "In this case there is no evidence of a specific terrorist attack - nor does the Crown need to prove one.
"This is a case that relates to terrorism generally."
He said the alleged activity was the "opening stage" in the defendant's "all out race war and that is why the Crown leads its case with an allegation under the terrorism legislation."
The trial at Leeds Crown Court continues.


The role of photography has changed in recent years and, given the amount published daily to the web, you might begin to think you'd seen everything worth looking at - especially images from the past.

However, it seems that is not so as new collections of pictures continue to emerge.
Two such bodies of work stood out for me recently. Both comprise portraits of people on the street from a similar time, the late 1970s and early 80s, which are now far enough away to seem like ancient history to the generation now picking up cameras for the first time.
Christine Osinski's series, Summer Days Staten Island, was taken when she moved with her husband to what is known as New York's "forgotten borough" in 1982 after years of living in Manhattan. The move was enforced to some extent by rising rent prices and this led them to purchase an older property on the island.
Wanting to get to know the area and her new neighbours, she began exploring with her camera, later saying: "It was an adventure first and became a project much, much later."
The portraits are direct, the clothes unmistakably of the time and even the poses seem naive, taken in the pre-selfie, self-worship era of today. They remind us what a talented photographer can do with a simple dark box, a lens and some film.
At around the same time on this side of "the pond", another American photographer, Al Vandenberg, was chronicling life on the streets of London.
Perhaps best known for his art direction of The Beatles' Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover, Vandenberg had studied with some of the biggest names in the business, like Bruce Davidson, Alexey Brodovitch and Richard Avedon, before moving to London, living off the King's Road, in 1965.
There he built a successful career before giving it up to head back to New York, from where he hitchhiked through parts of the US and Canada, before returning to the UK in 1974.
It was at this time he began taking portraits of Londoners, the results as compelling at Osinki's. The faces stare back at the lens with an assurance that can only be found in the young.
Vandenberg walked the streets of London to make these pictures, freed from commercial ties and having to produce work on demand.
He wrote that once he stopped using his photographs for advertising consumer goods he had "no visible means of support".
"A lot of people believed in my art and gave me several helping hands and a great deal of support. It seemed that when I stopped making money I gained many friends," he added.
He was in a good place and that comes through in the open nature of the work.
This is perhaps best summed up by Martin Barnes, senior curator of photographs at the Victoria and Albert Museum, who writes in a book of the work published by Stanley / Barker: "Vandenberg had an unconscious knack of being alert to the nostalgia of the future."
Technically the two approaches were very different, with Osinski using a large format 5x4 camera and Vandenberg an Olympus OM1 - the entire project shot with one lens and Kodak Tri-X film with it all printed on Agfa paper.
These are photographs to enjoy and to inspire - here is a small selection.
Summer Days Staten Island by Christine Osinski is published by Damiani. On A Good Day by Al Vandenberg is published by Stanley / Barker.


Portsmouth boosted their hopes of automatic promotion from League Two with a hugely impressive win at play-off chasers Colchester.

Eoin Doyle headed Pompey into a first-half lead before Kyle Bennett, Danny Rose and Michael Doyle added further goals in the second period.
Colchester goalkeeper Sam Walker denied Kai Naismith and Enda Stevens early on, before George Elokobi nodded U's team-mate Matt Briggs' attempted clearance away from near his own goal-line.
But Portsmouth took a 22nd-minute lead through Eoin Doyle, who dived to head home from close range following Naismith's delivery.
The goalscorer ballooned over just before half-time but Portsmouth did go 2-0 up with the second half just 37 seconds old when Bennett converted Naismith's pass from close range, after Colchester had failed to clear their lines.
Stevens' deflected left-foot effort whistled inches wide of the far post before Pompey went further ahead on the hour when Rose scored at the second attempt after Walker had saved his initial effort, following Eoin Doyle's through ball.
And it was 4-0 with 17 minutes remaining when Michael Doyle converted after Walker had saved Naismith's effort following a devastating counter-attack.
Match report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Colchester United 0, Portsmouth 4.
Second Half ends, Colchester United 0, Portsmouth 4.
Attempt missed. Gary Roberts (Portsmouth) left footed shot from the left side of the six yard box is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt saved. Conor Chaplin (Portsmouth) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Foul by Matthew Briggs (Colchester United).
Conor Chaplin (Portsmouth) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Colchester United. Conceded by Enda Stevens.
Tarique Fosu-Henry (Colchester United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Enda Stevens (Portsmouth).
Attempt saved. Noel Hunt (Portsmouth) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Substitution, Portsmouth. Conor Chaplin replaces Eoin Doyle.
Foul by Chris Porter (Colchester United).
Michael Doyle (Portsmouth) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Danny Rose (Portsmouth) left footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Substitution, Portsmouth. Gary Roberts replaces Kyle Bennett.
Attempt missed. Tom Lapslie (Colchester United) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right.
Sean Murray (Colchester United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Noel Hunt (Portsmouth).
Substitution, Portsmouth. Noel Hunt replaces Kal Naismith.
Goal!  Colchester United 0, Portsmouth 4. Michael Doyle (Portsmouth) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal following a fast break.
Attempt saved. Kal Naismith (Portsmouth) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Colchester United. Conceded by Gareth Evans.
Attempt missed. Macauley Bonne (Colchester United) left footed shot from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Substitution, Colchester United. Macauley Bonne replaces Owen Garvan.
Substitution, Colchester United. Kane Vincent-Young replaces Drey Wright.
Attempt saved. Kal Naismith (Portsmouth) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Portsmouth. Conceded by Brennan Dickenson.
Attempt blocked. Carl Baker (Portsmouth) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Cameron James (Colchester United) is shown the yellow card for hand ball.
Hand ball by Cameron James (Colchester United).
Goal!  Colchester United 0, Portsmouth 3. Danny Rose (Portsmouth) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal.
Foul by Chris Porter (Colchester United).
Enda Stevens (Portsmouth) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Corner,  Portsmouth. Conceded by Tom Lapslie.
Attempt blocked. Enda Stevens (Portsmouth) left footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Foul by Drey Wright (Colchester United).
Kyle Bennett (Portsmouth) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Kyle Bennett (Portsmouth) right footed shot from the left side of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Attempt missed. Sean Murray (Colchester United) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the right.
Drey Wright (Colchester United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.


Essex have signed Pakistan fast bowler Mohammad Amir as an overseas player for part of the 2017 season.

Amir, 24, has played 20 Tests for Pakistan, including four against England this summer, having returned from a spot-fixing ban in 2015.
The left-armer will join Essex following international commitments and will be available for all formats.
Amir was banned from cricket for five years after being convicted of spot-fixing in a Lord's Test in 2010.
He was one of three Pakistan players jailed in November 2011 for his part in a conspiracy to bowl deliberate no-balls against England. He served three months in prison.
Amir's suspension originally covered all forms of the game, but in January last year he was cleared to play domestic cricket in Pakistan.
He has since played for Karachi Kings and Chittagong Vikings in Pakistan and Bangladesh respectively.
He returned to international cricket in January this year in a Twenty20 match against New Zealand in Auckland, when he was booed by fans.
"We are thrilled that Mohammad has decided to join us for half of the 2017 campaign. He showed a real desire to be a part of the club," said head coach Chris Silverwood.
"He is still only young but has proved himself at international level already, so it is a real coup to get this signing completed."
Essex will play in Division One of the County Championship in 2017, having won the Division Two title this summer.


A former Crewe Alexandra coach has denied wrongdoing after being suspended by the FA's safeguarding panel.

Paul McCann worked with young players at the club in the 1980s and 90s. From 2014-15, he volunteered as a youth coach at non-league club AFC Bebington, in the Merseyside area.
The BBC understands that Mr McCann has said he will co-operate with any investigation.
The FA has not confirmed the interim suspension or given any reason for it.
Mr McCann was a coach at Crewe Alexandra working with then-manager Dario Gradi, who is now the club's director.
He was placed in charge of the club's reserve and youth team. As a voluntary position, he was not paid for the work.
He is described in a history of Crewe Alexandra as a "long-standing club stalwart" and "one of the key men behind reserve and youth team football at Crewe".
In the same book, Dario Gradi is quoted as saying Mr McCann was a "super guy".
In December 2016, Mr Gradi was suspended pending a Football Association investigation that will include looking into claims he "smoothed over" a complaint of sexual assault against a Chelsea scout in the 1970s. He denies any wrongdoing.
Mr McCann left the club at the end of 1991. He moved abroad with his main job, which was not connected to football - first to the Netherlands and then Australia, before returning to the UK.
Mr McCann has since taken his Uefa A coaching licence, which allows him to coach professional teams.
In 2014 he was listed as the assistant youth team manager of AFC Bebington, a local side in the Merseyside area. He stopped coaching at the club when it was disbanded in 2015.
Following the FA's suspension, thought to have been introduced in December 2016, he is not allowed to work in the sport in any capacity until he receives further notice.
Mr McCann has previously told the Guardian: "I have not done anything wrong. This process is in place to help the investigation take its due course. I am collateral damage."
The BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme is broadcast on weekdays between 09:00 and 11:00 on BBC Two and the BBC News channel.


Four koalas being loaned to Singapore by Australia to mark the city state's 50th independence anniversary have been given star treatment by Qantas airline.

The animals were offered hot towels and eucalyptus leaves in a photo shoot staged in a cabin, though they will actually be travelling in crates.
Paddle, Pellita, Chan and Idalia will spend six months as "cultural ambassadors" for Australia.
They can be visited in Singapore Zoo from May once quarantine is complete.
Users on the BBC's Facebook post made the most of Koala puns and emojis.
Many offered their own captions to the images released by Qantas.  "Wow showing her teeth and making direct eye contact. Hope there is an air marshal on that plane when that koala decides to attack," one wrote.


The Scottish Football Association has appointed Malky Mackay as its new performance director.

The former Watford, Cardiff City and Wigan boss succeeds Brian McClair who stepped down in July this year after 17 months in the role.
Mackay was the subject of an English FA investigation in 2014 concerning text messages he had sent containing discriminatory language.
The Scot apologised for his actions and stated a desire to return to football.
Equality campaigners Show Racism The Red Card have backed the appointment, but SNP MSP Clare Haughey urged the SFA against the move, arguing it would send out the wrong message.
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At the time of McClair's exit, SFA chief executive Stewart Regan said the role "requires a different style of leadership and focus".
And, when announcing his appointment, the SFA said Mackay will be "responsible for overseeing the strategy designed to improve elite talent development across the game, working in partnership with the clubs to deliver successful future international players".
Mackay said: "I am immensely proud and privileged to become performance director and I am acutely aware of the importance of this role in achieving future success for our talented young players.
"As someone who was fortunate enough to develop as a young player at Queen's Park and realise my dream of playing for my country at the national stadium, this feels like coming home.
"I can't wait to work in partnership with our clubs and my colleagues at the Scottish FA to help improve future generations of Scotland players."
Regan added: "From the start of the recruitment process, Malky was an outstanding candidate and by the end of that thorough process he was the outstanding candidate."


Norwich City defender Timm Klose and midfielder Alex Pritchard will both miss the start of the new Championship season because of injuries.

Pritchard, 24, and Klose, 29, were both injured in a pre-season friendly against Cambridge United on Saturday.
Former Tottenham youngster Pritchard, who scored six goals in 30 games last term, suffered ankle damage and will be out for at least six weeks.
Switzerland international Klose (muscle injury) will miss at least five weeks.
However, fellow defender Ivo Pinto will return to training next week after a hamstring injury.


It doesn't need much to kick start a debate on the NHS, but a new set of up-to-date directly comparable figures on waiting times between Wales and England is a good place to start.

Finding comparable data has always been a tortuous process, so this gives a revealing snapshot into waiting times across the NHS.
These are clearly difficult figures for Labour and I'd expect them to form the backdrop to many of the health debates in the coming months.
Is Wales' comparatively older, poorer and sicker population to blame? The well-respected Nuffield Trust says that while it may be a factor, it doesn't explain the extent of the divergence.
And then there's the question of how health services are managed. The system in England operates under a so-called targets and terror regime, in Wales the system is altogether cosier with no internal market, and a much better relationship between the government and health professionals.
Whatever the reason, the Deputy Health Minister Vaughan Gething took to the airwaves with the message that it's not all about waits, but about patient outcomes.
The problem with this defence is that if you have to wait too long, for a hip operation for example, the overall outcome isn't going to be good, no matter how high the quality of the surgery.
My sense is that few people question the quality of the treatment they receive.
As ministers are keen to point out to us on a regular basis, most people have a good experience in the NHS.
The issue for many is not the actual quality of the treatment, but the length of time they wait to be seen.
Ministers are also, in effect, appealing for people to give them time to implement a number of plans to help people receive treatment in their communities, rather than by taking up the time of consultants.
And there have been improvements in some areas. The waits for heart by-pass surgery are on average 54 days longer than in England, but in 2011 the waits were 120 days longer.
Time, of course, is one thing a government doesn't have as it approaches an election.
Opposition parties will claim these waits are a legacy of the decision not to protect health budgets in the early years of the administration.
Labour will be hoping to cancel that out with the latest Treasury figures showing that spending per head on the NHS is higher in Wales than in England.
Opposition parties have seized on the figures. In no particular order, they've been labelled "disgusting", a "cause for concern" and sufficiently serious to merit an apology.
It's all strong stuff but while these figures unquestionably make difficult reading for Labour, they also pose serious questions for the opposition parties.
For example, how would the Conservatives plan for directly-elected chairs of health boards wipe out four month waits for hip replacements?
And the same question goes for Plaid, with its plan for a major re-organisation of services. All questions that will need answering in the coming weeks.


Former Liverpool and Finland defender Sami Hyypia has been appointed as the new coach of Swiss side FC Zurich.

Hyypia, 41, has signed a two-year contract having been out of work since he quit as Brighton boss in December 2014 after just six wins in 26 games.
He takes over from Urs Meier, who was sacked on 3 August shortly after a 3-2 home defeat by city rivals Grasshopper.
Hyypia also had a spell in charge of German club Bayer Leverkusen but was sacked following a poor run of results.
Hyypia, who won 105 caps for Finland, was a Champions League winner at Liverpool in 2005, and was also part of the team who secured a historic FA Cup, League Cup and Uefa Cup treble in 2001.
He made 464 appearances in a decade at Anfield, and won seven player of the year awards in his homeland between 1999 and 2008.


As the water of Lake Albert laps at the shore of Bugoma village, some fishermen are fixing their nets.

Others are sheltering from the hot midday sunshine, sitting under the thatched roof of a mud hut near the lake.
This quiet fishing village has been here for longer than any of its inhabitants have been alive.
Nobody seems to know when it was first established.
Its future, though, is much more uncertain, because oil has been discovered under Lake Albert, the large body of water that straddles the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Exploration work has already taken place, and full scale drilling is due to start within months.
"Things don't look so good for us, the fishing community," says Gideon Kaiza, one of the fishermen.
"There's a man who came here and told us they'll be relocating us to another place because of the oil business."
"They want only a few people to stay," he says.
The men do not know exactly who told them to leave, but insist they and their families do not want to go.
Initially they did not think they would have to, as one oil firm, Heritage Oil & Gas, built a brand new school at the far end of the village.
"We knew that whoever had a house here would be given money if the government chose to relocate them, so that they start a new, better life with their families," says Mr Kaiza.
"In Buliisa, when the exploration started, everyone got paid," he adds.
"But here, there's been nothing, and yet we fear we're going to be evicted."
As he speaks, cows and goats lie around under the shade of a huge tree in the centre of the village.
Children, dressed mainly in old clothes full of holes, sit by the water's edge.
An hour and a half's walk away, up a steep hill and then along an uneven dirt road, is the nearest small town, Weragaza.
The sound from a film being shown in the local video hall can be heard on the main street.
Some boys are playing pool on a table, under a rickety looking canopy made of palm leaves.
In the town's bar, the elected chairman of the district, Omuhereza Rwemera Mazirane, says no-one will be forced from their homes.
"The land belongs to the people," he says.
"Anything which will be done, will be done amicably; we shall be sitting around the table."
"They cannot be moved without compensation."
Weragaza is surrounded by forest, which is home to monkeys and baboons.
Some of the nearby land is used to grow crops.
Mr Mazirane says the townspeople should be making more use of that to increase their incomes once the oil drilling starts.
"We are always encouraging our people to plant more crops, to produce more animals for future consumption by the people who are going to work in the oil industry."
He seems less convinced there will be lots of jobs available in the oil companies themselves, although he says a handful of people he knows already have jobs guarding oil sites.
A three-hour drive away in Hoima, there is a much greater sense that people will benefit.
This is the closest big town to the oil fields, and its population is expanding at a fast pace.
On the edge of Hoima, a new guesthouse has just opened up.
Its owner, Trisa Kabaganda, apologises that she cannot show us any of her rooms.
She explains they are all occupied by men from Turkey, who are constructing a road towards the oil fields.
"This is the best place to open up a business."
"Hoima people have more of an advantage because it's the nearest town to the oil industry," she says.
"We are talking in the evening and are all of a sudden plunged into darkness as the power goes off.
"It happens every day," Ms Kabaganda says, adding that a nearby hydroelectric project is about to come online, thanks to the presence of oil companies.
"We are happy about that. Let's hope everything will change."
Ms Kabaganda also owns a takeaway restaurant in the centre of Hoima.
The plan for all of her businesses is to target oil workers to make sure she gets something for herself out of the oil wealth.
"I think within five years or so I should be a billionaire in Ugandan shillings," she says hopefully.


Football legend Denis Law has opened Scotland's first Cruyff Court in Aberdeen.

The community sports facility in the city centre offers free sessions, including football, hockey and tennis, and is accessible 24 hours a day.
There are almost 200 courts around the world, named after Dutch footballer Johan Cruyff, who died last year.
Aberdeen-born Denis Law will also receive an honorary degree at Robert Gordon University later.
Law starred for Manchester United and Scotland and was named European footballer of the year in 1964.
Aberdeen City Council joined forces with the Denis Law Legacy Trust and the Cruyff Foundation for the project.
The all-weather court on Catherine Street cost about Â£250,000.


Road deaths in Cumbria have fallen to their lowest number since 2010, according to new figures.

The county's Road Safety Partnership said 26 people were killed on roads across Cumbria last year, with a further 205 seriously injured.
In 2010 the number of recorded fatalities was 30, with 224 people seriously hurt.
Deaths peaked in 2006, when 59 people were killed on the county's 4,800 miles (7,724 km) of road.
The partnership said most accidents were down to driver error.


We are beginning to get a picture of what Carwyn Jones feels is achievable at the assembly without an overall majority, and with just one realistic partner in Plaid Cymru.

A number of early decisions have been made. The proposed ban on e-cigs in some public places will be dropped when the public health legislation, which collapsed spectacularly at the end of the last assembly term, is re-introduced.
The plan to cut the number of councils from 22 to eight or nine has also been dropped.
The question is whether wider proposals to re-organise local authorities has effectively been kicked into the long grass?
Labour's manifesto commits to "stronger, larger local authorities" but held back on a specific number.
Steve Thomas from the Welsh Local Government Association told me "consensus is in short supply" both at the assembly and within local government.
Even before the proposal for eight or nine was abandoned, many council leaders gave the strong impression they didn't think that re-organisation was going to happen.
It must now appear further away than ever for them.
The new Finance and Local Government Secretary Mark Drakeford will cut a different, more conciliatory figure, than the former Public Services Minister Leighton Andrews but the question is whether consensus can ever be found on such a complicated subject.
In his statement on the new cabinet to AMs this week, Carwyn Jones described Mark Drakeford's job as "a pivotal and challenging role as we move, both as a government and as a National Assembly-or parliament, as we will call ourselves, no doubt in time, into the era of devolved revenue raising".
That doesn't sound to me like council re-organisation is high on the agenda.
One matter that the first minister seems determined to see through as a legacy project is the Â£1bn "black route" M4 relief road around Newport.
His tone is markedly stronger on this than many other subjects.
He insists that traffic problems at the Brynglas tunnels are not going to disappear and the cheaper "blue-route" alternative would prove so unpopular with the thousands of homes nearby that you could "kiss goodbye to winning elections in Newport for a generation."
My sense is that he wants this fight, but it will be a fight for another day, and the public inquiry which is due to begin in the autumn and last a year will allow him to delay matters.
Mr Jones told AMs on Tuesday: "I think that public inquiry needs to be as broad as possible.
"It needs to be a public local inquiry, and I believe that that inquiry would need to look at a wide range of issues including alternative proposals."
This could open the door to some kind of alternative but what's more likely is that the first minister is hoping the inquiry will boost his attempts to get political support for the "black route".
The appointment of Kirsty Williams as education secretary was the stand-out feature of the new cabinet.
I'm told that although members of the Labour group at the assembly were keen to know whether she'd be bound by cabinet responsibility at their meeting this week, there was broad agreement about her appointment.
A Labour AM told me that once it became apparent that Plaid will be combative in opposition, it was obvious that Carwyn Jones needed to increase his numbers to 30 to give him protection against votes of no confidence.
But it's not all about numbers in the assembly.
Kirsty Williams is, after all, now the woman running the Welsh education system, and it's clear Carwyn Jones believes she will be effective in a role that is never far from the headlines.


Witnesses have told a court they heard a "frightened girl screaming mummy" on the night a 15-year-old schoolgirl was raped and murdered.

Kayleigh Haywood, from Leicestershire, was found dead in undergrowth near Ibstock in November.
Stephen Beadman, 29, of Ibstock, has admitted raping and murdering Kayleigh but denies false imprisonment.
Luke Harlow, 27, of Ibstock, has admitted two counts of sexual grooming but also denies false imprisonment.
Updates on this story and more from Leicestershire
Neighbours Beadman and Harlow, both of George Avenue, are alleged to have held Kayleigh against her will at Harlow's home between about 21:00 BST on Saturday, November 14 and 03:00 on Sunday, November 15.
Witnesses Samuel Green and Amy Dearden, who live together near Ibstock's Sence Valley Forest Park, told the court they heard a loud scream in the early hours of November 15.
Mr Green said he had gone to bed just before midnight.
"I was lying there. I can't be 100% sure how long I lay there and then all of a sudden I heard a loud scream, someone screaming 'mummy'," Mr Green said.
"It sounded like a female to me, and if I'm honest, whoever it was sounded frightened."
Ms Dearden said the scream of "mummy" sounded so close, she thought someone was in her garden.
"It sounded like a young child. Sam opened the window and shouted but nobody replied," she said.
The court also heard a man with a bloodied face was seen near to where Kayleigh's body was found.
In a police interview played to Nottingham Crown Court, Harlow claimed Kayleigh had drunk a bottle of wine after being dropped off by her dad at Ibstock leisure centre the previous Friday because she was "nervous" about meeting him.
Harlow said Kayleigh had drunk "a considerable amount of vodka" in his flat while he and Beadman had gone to the shops to get more alcohol.
On Sunday morning, Harlow said he woke up feeling "quite groggy" and did not know where Kayleigh was, although her shoes were still in his flat.
He then went to see Beadman.
"He [Beadman] had scratches all over his face which he didn't have on Friday night," Harlow said.
"He said he had got them at work, he is a landscape gardener.  I didn't think anything of it at the time.
"I asked Stephen Beadman if he had seen her leave he said no."
The trial continues.


Former Liberal Democrat leader Charles Kennedy has died at his home in Scotland aged 55.

He was born in Inverness and grew up in a remote crofter's cottage in the Highlands. He was educated at Lochaber High School - where at 15 he joined the Labour Party - and at Glasgow University.
A young Mr Kennedy had political ambitions, joining the Dialectic Society, a debating society; becoming president of the union in 1980; and joining the Social Democratic Party (SDP).
He became the youngest MP of the time, at the age of 23, when he won the Ross, Cromarty and Skye seat in 1983.
He was at the forefront of the calls for a merger with the Liberal Party and negotiated much of the successful deal.
Later, Mr Kennedy supported Lib Dem leader Paddy Ashdown's attempts to form an alliance with the Labour Party, based around a shared commitment to electoral reform and Europe.
But as soon as he became leader, Mr Kennedy set about uncoupling from Labour.
He was elected leader of the party in 1999, aged just 39. He said he wanted to make the Liberal Democrats a party of government, by building its strength on local councils and in the devolved administrations of Scotland and Wales.
Mr Kennedy was a witty figure, more than capable of holding his own on television panel games such as Have I Got News for You. He was even nicknamed "Chatshow Charlie".
He married public relations executive Sarah Gurling in 2002, with this seen by many in the party as a sign he was "settling down".
His son Donald was born during the 2005 general election campaign. He took a few days off then returned to the campaign trail with "a song in my heart and a spring in my step".
In 2005, Mr Kennedy took the deliberate decision to campaign against the war in Iraq when both Tony Blair and Conservative leader Michael Howard were saying it was right to go to war.
After the 2005 election, Mr Kennedy's leadership came under increased criticism from those who felt the party could have surged forward.
Mr Kennedy announced his resignation as party leader in January 2006, two days after admitting he had a drink problem.
In his resignation speech he said he did not expect to remain on the Liberal Democrat frontbench team and pledged his loyalty to a new leader "as a backbencher".
During the 2015 general election campaign in May, Mr Kennedy was on the campaign trail, here with Jo Swinson, the candidate for East Dunbartonshire.
However, Mr Kennedy lost his Ross, Skye and Lochaber seat - which he had held for 32 years - to the SNP. He described the defeat as "the night of long skean dhus".


Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez has told opposition leaders that he will relinquish power if he loses elections due in October.

In his annual address to Congress, Mr Chavez said the opposition should also accept the result if he wins.
The left-wing leader - who has governed Venezuela for 13 years - is seeking another six-year term in office.
The opposition coalition will hold a primary election next month to choose a unity candidate to stand against him.
Some of Mr Chavez's strongest critics have suggested he might cling on to power at all costs if he were defeated at the polls.
But he told the National Assembly in Caracas that he would accept the election result whatever it was.
"If any of you win the elections I will be the first to recognise it, and I ask the same of you," he told opposition leaders.
"We are going to show our democratic maturity."
Mr Chavez, 57, said he expected 2012 to be a "year of tests" for Venezuela, but he was confident that peace and respect for national institutions would be maintained.
The Venezuelan leader reiterated that he had recovered his health after having surgery and chemotherapy for cancer last year.
Recent opinion polls suggest he still has the support of just over 50% of the population, making him the favourite to win the election.
Heavy spending on housing and welfare - funded by Venezuela's oil wealth - has helped sustain his traditional support base among the poor.
The opposition Democratic Unity coalition is hoping that dissatisfaction with rising violent crime and inflation will help it to unseat him.
Six candidates are standing for a primary election due on 12 February that will chose a unity candidate to challenge Mr Chavez.
In his speech, Mr Chavez also announced that he intended to close Venezuela's consulate in Miami after the US expelled a diplomat.
Venezuela's consul in Miami, Livia Acosta Noguera, was ordered to leave the US last week following allegations that she discussed a possible cyber attack on the US while based in Mexico.
Mr Chavez called the accusations against her "unjust" but indicated he would not be expelling a US diplomat in response.


A Neolithic burial mound near Stonehenge could contain human remains more than 5,000 years old, experts say.

The monument in a place known as Cat's Brain in Pewsey Vale, halfway between Avebury and Stonehenge in Wiltshire, was identified in aerial photographs.
Archaeologists and students from the University of Reading are due to excavate the site.
It is the first time such an archaeological site in the county has been excavated for 50 years.
The site is made up of two ditches and an apparent central building, which may have been covered by a mound, that has now been flattened due to centuries of ploughing.
The site, in the middle of a farmer's field, was assessed in a geophysical survey. It is believed it could contain human remains buried there in about 3,600 BC.
Dr Jim Leary, director of the university's archaeology field school, said: "Opportunities to fully investigate long barrows are virtually unknown in recent times and this represents a fantastic chance to carefully excavate one using the very latest techniques and technology.
"Discovering the buried remains of what could be the ancestors of those who built Stonehenge would be the cherry on the cake of an amazing project."
Dr Leary's co-director, Amanda Clarke, said: "This incredible discovery of one of the UK's first monuments offers a rare glimpse into this important period in history.
"We are setting foot inside a significant building that has lain forgotten and hidden for thousands of years."
Members of the public will be able to visit the site to see the archaeologists at work during an open day on Saturday.