Face-down physical restraint is still being used in mental health wards in England, despite the government and the NHS saying it should stop.

Its use, which can restrict a patient's breathing, dropped only slightly over the two years following new guidelines.
In 2013-14, 22.4% of recorded incidents of restraints were face-down, falling to 18.5% by 2015-16.
Some healthcare trainers say face-down restraint can be the only appropriate way of keeping staff and patients safe.
The total number of recorded restraints rose by 16.6% from 2013-14 to 2015-16, although NHS managers said better reporting might be part of the reason for the increase.
The figures were gathered following a Freedom of Information request by Norman Lamb, the Liberal Democrat MP for North Norfolk and former Health Minster, who introduced the new guidance in April 2014.
Jane (not her real name) was restrained face-down while being treated for bipolar disorder on a psychiatric ward.
She was suicidal, and a male nurse had been assigned to watch her every move.
"I got very very distressed that there was this male nurse watching me use the bathroom, use the toilet," she said.
When she tried to leave her room and became upset, she was restrained.
Jane was forced to the ground, her underwear removed, and she was injected in the buttocks with medication.
She said: "These were large male nurses and the weight on my back was crushing my chest.
"And I couldn't turn my head to the side either.
"And then one of them turned my head to the side and pinned it to the side.
"Your initial reaction is to struggle, not to kick anyone or to lash out but to try and move.
"Someone's pinning you down, you can't breathe.
"I felt like I'd been assaulted.
"I felt very very very frightened.
"This was nothing to do with nursing care.
"Someone could have just sat and spoke to me."
Mr Lamb said: "I find it immensely distressing, to be honest with you, because I know the impact that it has on individuals.
"We have an obligation to those individuals to do better than this."
NHS England's national clinical director for mental health, Prof Tim Kendall, said: "We are going in the right direction, but there's a lot of other things that we need to do.
"When you go to an inpatient unit, you are commonly being restricted.
"And that's bound to produce a reaction in people, and it's important for all of us to make sure that doesn't end in restraint."
Prof Kendall said trying to stop the practice sent an important signal about "humanising and ethicising and professionalising" mental health services in England.
He added: "For those trusts not changing things in a positive way, or worse [where] still things are not improving, they really need to take note of this.
"These are real human rights and ethical issues that they should be thinking about."
The Victoria Derbyshire programme is broadcast on weekdays between 09:00 and 11:00 on BBC Two and the BBC News channel.


People are to get the chance to view a centuries-old world that is usually hidden beneath the waterline of the Union Canal.

The water level of more than 5kms (3 miles) of the canal at Linlithgow is to be reduced with 30,000 cubic metres of water drained from the section.
The section will be refilled on 16 February.
It will allow engineers to carry out a detailed study of embankments, repair leakages, and remove any obstructions.
On 17 January, visitors will be able to watch fish being temporarily moved, and see a wide variety of wildlife and habitats on the waterway with Scottish Canals' environment team.
The engineering of the 200-year-old canal will also be explored.
On 4 February, visitors will be able to hear from engineering team about how they are working to safeguard the canal's heritage and take a tour.
Richard Millar, director of infrastructure at Scottish Canals, said: "The 200-year-old Union Canal is a much-loved asset that attracts more than 10 million visits each year from everyone from boaters and cyclists to joggers and walkers.
"However, many of them visit the waterway without ever seeing all the hard work that goes on behind the scenes, and below the waterline, to look after the heritage, engineering, and habitats of the scheduled monument.
"The project we're undertaking at Linlithgow is a fantastic chance for the public to see the scale of work that goes into caring for the incredible infrastructure of the Union Canal, glimpse the craftsmanship of the waterway's 18th Century design as it exists below the waterline, and take a tour of the canal's history, engineering, and habitats led by the people who know it best - our passionate and knowledgeable engineers, environmental scientists, and heritage experts.
"We may be their custodians, but these canals belong to the people of Scotland and are there for everyone to enjoy. I'd encourage everyone to come along to the open days to see the Union Canal as they've never seen it before and learn more about the hard work we undertake to care for the built and natural heritage of this amazing asset."
The open days will be held between 13:00 and 15:00 on 17 January and 4 February, at the Linlithgow Union Canal Society's Mel Gray Centre at Manse Road Basin, Linlithgow.


Scientists have taken a tentative step towards creating a cure for the most common form of sleeping sickness.

The gambiense strain of the trypanosoma parasite is resistant to proteins the immune system produces to fight the infection.
Belgian researchers have developed a mutant version of the protein, which early tests show can kill a wide range of trypanosomes including gambiense.
The study was published in the journal Nature.
The gambiense strain causes more than 97% of sleeping sickness cases in western and central Africa. According to the World Health Organization, there were 7,197 cases in 2012.
The immune system produces apoL1 to try to attack the parasite.
In the study, researchers from the Universite Libre de Bruxelles outlined how gambiense evolved a three-part defence mechanism against the protein apoL1.
ApoL1 is normally taken up by the trypanosoma parasites, as it tricks the parasite into believing that it is beneficial.
The protein then embeds itself into the walls of the gut membrane, where it kills the parasite.
The first step in gambiense defence is they "create a protein that stiffens the membranes against the apoL1 protein," said Prof Etienne Pays, lead author of the research. "This acts as a barrier."
The second stage is to make it more difficult for the parasite to absorb the protein.
Finally, if the protein was to get through the other barriers, gambiense is able to digest apoL1 quicker than other forms of the parasite, so that it cannot be absorbed by membranes.
Prof Pays said: "The crucial thing here is that apoL1 is still there. It has not been absorbed. It can still be used to kill the parasite."
This led Prof Pays and his team to develop a mutant strain of apoL1. This not only kills gambiense, but "it kills all African trypanosomes, pathogenic for humans or for cattle".
But Prof Pays said the research was still in the early stages.
"Needless to say, this is a promising discovery," he added.
"However, it remains to be seen if this apoL1 variant could be used to treat sleeping sickness. In the blood, this protein could be either unstable or toxic in itself, so more work is needed to appreciate the potential of this finding."
In 1998, the same group of researchers discovered how rhodesiense, another strain of the parasite trypanosome, resisted our defences.
Rhodesiense uses an anti-protein to disable apoL1 so that we cannot fight against it.
Wendy Gibson, professor of protozoology at the University of Bristol, who has been studying the evolution of trypanosome said: "They've finally solved the mystery of how the gambiense has been fighting our defences. It is a meticulous piece of work."


A manufacturer of Harris Tweed plans to create up to 10 new jobs in the coming months as part of an expansion of its mill.

Harris Tweed Hebrides has secured Â£300,000 from Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE) towards its Â£1.8m project.
The company plans to build a new warehouse and dye facility at its mill at Shawbost on the west coast of Lewis.
The firm said it has seen an "upsurge" in the popularity of the fabric.
Chief executive Ian Angus Mackenzie said: "Over the past eight years, we have built a successful and profitable company, committed to continuous investment in its own future.
"HIE's support will enhance the overall level of investment available and will underpin our objective of a sustainable industry providing high quality employment to islanders and an iconic product to the world."
Rachel Mackenzie, HIE area manager in the Western Isles, said: "We are delighted to invest in the company's latest venture which will see many more new jobs created as a result of expanding production space and exporting in new international markets where demand for the fabric is rising.
"Communities across Lewis and Harris also benefit from a strong Harris Tweed industry with tourism, creative industries and food and drink sharing the opportunities for growth that emerge from the vibrant sector."


Crack cocaine with an estimated street value of more than £40,000 has been recovered in Aberdeen.

Police Scotland said the seizure was made at an address in the Kittybrewster area on Wednesday.
A 45-year-old man from the London area has been charged.
He is expected to appear at Aberdeen Sheriff Court on Thursday.


The US has put sanctions on a Chinese firm and four executives over allegedly helping North Korea evade sanctions.

Dandong Hongxiang is accused of acting on behalf of a North Korean bank that is on a UN sanctions list to stop the spread of weapons of mass destruction.
The sanctions come after North Korea sparked a global outcry this month by conducting its fifth nuclear test.
The engineering company and its bosses are also under investigation by Chinese authorities.
The US decision to extend sanctions on the industrial machinery and equipment wholesaler means that American companies or individuals are banned from doing business with the Chinese company or the four executives.
Aside from the firm's founder, Ma Xiaohong, the sanctions include Zhou Jianshu, Hong Jinhua and Luo Chuanxu, who are accused of conspiring to violate sanctions rules and engaging in international money laundering.
According to Adam Szubin, the Treasury Department's acting under secretary for terrorism and financial intelligence, Dandong Hongxiang was instrumental in a "key illicit network supporting North Korea's weapons proliferation," acting on behalf of North Korea's Kwangson Banking Corp.
The Chinese company and its employees "sought to evade US and UN sanctions, facilitating access to the US financial system by a designated entity," he said in a statement.
The US Justice Department said bank accounts associated with the firm and front companies received hundreds of millions of dollars that transited through the US.
China's Foreign Ministry said last week that Hongxiang was being investigated for illegal behaviour and economic crimes.
Last week, the US said that President Barack Obama and Chinese Prime Minister Li Keqiang agreed to step up cooperation in the UN Security Council and in law-enforcement channels after North Korea's latest and largest nuclear test on 9 September.
The isolated communist nation has been subjected to five sets of UN sanctions since its first test in 2006. Talks involving world and regional powers have failed to rein in the North's nuclear programme.
In recent months, North Korea has also conducted a series of ballistic missile launches and has in the past often stated its aim of hitting US targets.


A man from Tredegar has been charged with five terrorism offences.

Allegations are that he possessed material which may be useful to someone who commits or is preparing to commit an act of terrorism.
He was arrested by counter terrorism officers on 8 February and will appear at Westminster Magistrates on Thursday.
This followed a joint investigation by North East Counter Terrorism Unit and Wales Extremism and Counter Terrorism Unit.


A 43-year-old man has been arrested following an incident at a house in the Mountsandel area of Coleraine, County Londonderry.

Armed police were called to the property on Knockatern Grove on Tuesday afternoon.
The man was detained on suspicion of possessing of an offensive weapon with intent to commit an offence and assault on police.


The operator of a revenge porn website has been sentenced to 18 years in jail in America.

Kevin Bollaert of San Diego created the UGotPosted.com website that let people post explicit pictures of their former partners.
Pictures were posted without victims' consent and Bollaert charged up to $350 (Â£235) to get photos removed.
Bollaert was convicted in February on 21 counts of ID theft and six of extortion.
Eight women testified in court in San Diego about the harassment they had suffered as a result of images being uploaded to Bollaert's website by their former partners.
One victim said she suffered a "daily struggle" to re-build her life after pictures of her were put on the site. Others needed counselling to recover or were forced to leave college or work. About 10,000 images were put on the site while it was operating between December 2012 and September 2013.
As well as receiving a lengthy jail term, Bollaert must pay $15,000 in restitution to victims and also pay a $10,000 fine. Bollaert is believed to have made at least $30,000 from people who paid to have pictures removed.
"Sitting behind a computer, committing what is essentially a cowardly and criminal act, will not shield predators from the law or jail," California Attorney General Kamala Harris said in a statement.
Another operator of a revenge porn site is also due to be sentenced shortly. Hunter Moore, who created the IsAnyoneUp website, pleaded guilty in February to charges of hacking and identity theft. When sentenced, he will face a jail term of between two and seven years and will have to pay a hefty fine.


Cult US drama Breaking Bad draws to a close on Sunday night, as viewers find out whether chemistry teacher turned drug dealer Walter White finally has his comeuppance.

The level of anticipation is huge. Fans have spent most of the week trying to decipher clues from the last episode's title, Felina (an anagram of finale).
Creator Vince Gilligan is keeping his cards close to his chest. The only person outside the cast who has seen the last script is his girlfriend, he told Rolling Stone.
But ending a much loved, long-running show is a daunting task. Gilligan admits that when he wrote the pilot in 2005, he had no idea where the story would go, beyond the initial concept of "Mr Chips becomes Scarface".
"You'd be surprised to know how little I had figured out," he told BBC Radio 4's Front Row.
"The ending was something that was a bit mysterious to us all right up until a month or two before we finished shooting."
In anticipation of the series' conclusion, here are some of the shows that got their dying moments right, and the ones that failed spectacularly.
"I think a lot of people thought they were being made a fool of," said Sopranos creator David Chase, of the show's infamous non-ending.
Broadcast in June 2007, the show's 81st episode was called "Made In America". The last scene was set in a diner, filled with images of the American dream. Mafia kingpin Tony Soprano took a seat in a booth, selected Journey's Don't Stop Believing on the jukebox and waited as, one by one, his family arrived.
His daughter Meadow had been having trouble parking her car. As she finally arrived and pushed the door open, the screen faded to black.
Fans were furious. What did it all mean?
Even the leading man was annoyed. "When I first saw the ending, I said, 'What the... ?!'" actor James Gandolfini (Tony Soprano) told Vanity Fair last year.
"I mean, after all I went through, all this death, and then it's over like that?"
Then he added: "After I had a day to sleep, I just sat there and said, 'That's perfect.' "
Many thought Tony had dodged the executioner's bullet, although the prevailing theory - explained at great length online - is that he was shot dead by a mobster who had been hiding in the bathroom.
Chase has always been enigmatic about the ending: "I think that to explain it would diminish it," he once said.
But an interview last year shed more light on his thinking.
"Did Tony die or didn't he die? Well, first of all, it really comes down to this: There was, what, six seasons of that show? Seven? Am I supposed to do a scene and ending where it shows that crime doesn't pay? Well, we saw that crime pays. We've been seeing that for how many years?
"Now, in another sense, we saw that crime didn't pay because it wasn't making him happy. He was an extremely isolated, unhappy man. And then finally, once in a while, he would make a connection with his family and be happy there.
"But in this case, whatever happened, we never got to see the result of that. It was torn away from him and from us."
For more than a decade, viewers watched the Ingalls family tackle farm life on their 1800s homestead.
Over 184 episodes, they survived tornadoes, teenage pregnancies, typhus and train crashes - and that's just the T's.
But nothing could prepare viewers for the final episode, in 1984, when the residents of Walnut Grove decided to blow up the town.
The episode revolved around a ruthless robber-baron, Nathan Lassiter, who held the deeds to the town, and planned to build a railroad through it. In protest, the residents set the town with dynamite and sent it sky-high.
But the destruction was pragmatic, as well as dramatic.
TV company NBC had built their sets in the Simi Valley, north of Los Angeles, on land leased from the Getty Oil Company - and had agreed to restore the land to its original state when the show ended.
Actor Michael Landon, who wrote and directed the final episode, realised he could incorporate his contractual obligation into the story.
At the time, he called it "a nice catharsis for the cast and crew" but Melissa Gilbert, who joined the cast as a child star, remembers it differently.
"I grew up in and around... all these buildings," she told the Archive of American Television in 2011.
"I got my first kiss behind the church - for real, in real life. And it was just gone.
"It was crushingly sad for all of us."
I Married Dora was an obscure, unloved US sitcom, notable only for casting a 15-year-old Juliette Lewis in an early role.
The show revolved around a single father, Peter (Daniel Hugh Kelly), who married his Salvadorean housekeeper Dora (Elizabeth Pena) to prevent her deportation.
Created by The Cosby Show's Michael J Leeson, it lasted just 13 episodes before the axe fell.
In the dying moments of the final episode, Peter was seen boarding a plane to Bahrain, only to arrive back in the airport lobby moments later.
"It's been cancelled," he announced.
"The flight?" asked Dora.
"No, our series."
The cast then turned to face the camera and waved "Adios" to their audience, as the shot pulled back to reveal the set and the crew.
Wavy lines. Spooky music. "And it was all just a dream."
Dallas famously undid an entire series when Pam Ewing woke up to find her husband Bobby in the shower - a year after he supposedly died in a car crash.
Crossroads and The Brittas Empire both took place in the imagination of their lead characters, while one episode of Buffy The Vampire Slayer alluded to the fact that Buffy Summers was hallucinating her story from inside a mental institution.
It's a risky device, which can leave viewers feeling hoodwinked - but undoubtedly the best implementation was when the curtain fell on Bob Newhart's 1980s sitcom.
The show told the increasingly bizarre story of a New York author who moves to Vermont and opens an inn.
In its final scene, the comedian abruptly woke up in bed next to actress Suzanne Pleshette, who had played his wife 15 years earlier, in a separate sitcom called The Bob Newhart Show.
"Honey, you won't believe the dream I just had," he said, and the series bowed out to the theme tune of its predecessor.
Six years after the most expensive pilot in television history, 13.5 million people tuned in to watch the finale of Lost.
Two-and-a-half hours later, chat show host Jimmy Kimmel summed up their reaction: "That's it? Seriously? That's it? Come on. Really?"
The New York Times called the ending a "cop-out" while a fantastically sweary review on Gawker accused the writers of "cheating".
Why? Because after six series of suspense, it turned out the survivors of the show's initial plane crash were dead after all.
It wasn't quite that simple, though. Everyone died at different times, some on the island where they'd been stranded, others many years later.
The cast were reunited in Purgatory (or perhaps the after-life) for a final group hug, and the central mystery was resolved. The island was a cork, designed to contain an evil force so it didn't leak out and infect the rest of the world.
But there were dozens of narrative dead ends, questions and plot points fans needed resolved before they could sleep happy. They didn't get them.
"I make no apologies for it", said the show's creator Damon Lindelof last year. "It's the story I wanted to tell."
"It's not that I didn't care about the mythology of the show, it's just like many shows have come and gone that are very focused on their mysteries and their mythologies and their ambiguity and there is no worse scene in the history of genre than the Architect explaining to Neo everything that happened in The Matrix.
"I wasn't going to touch that with a ten-foot pole."
A medical drama made by the Hill Street Blues team, St Elsewhere was set in St Eligius, an understaffed and overburdened Boston teaching hospital.
For the last episode in 1988, writers packed out the drama with endless in-jokes and strange patients, including a fat lady who needed treatment for her lost voice.
As soon as Dr Fiscus (Howie Mandel) cured her and the fat lady sang, the show was over.
Except, that is, for a spooky last scene in which the entire six years of the drama were revealed to have been imagined by Dr Westphall's autistic son, who was seen staring at a model of the hospital set inside a snow globe.
"I never approved of the last episode," said Norman Lloyd, who had played Dr Daniel Auschlander throughout the show's six-season run.
"There are people who think it was the most brilliant inspiration in the history of television. I thought it was a cheat."
But the story gets stranger still. Since St Elsewhere featured a crossover episode with Cheers and some characters later appeared in Homicide: Life on The Street, the boy must have imagined those shows and maybe more too.
"Someone did the math once," said producer Tom Fontana in 2002, "and something like 90% of all television took place in Tommy Westphall's mind. God love him."
By 1981, Blake (Gareth Thomas) and his gang of space rebels had been battling the evil Federation, led by the crop-haired siren Servalan (Jacqueline Pearce), for four Earth years.
Blake himself had been absent since the second series - but reappeared, disfigured, for the final episode posing as a bounty hunter.
He was shot by his arch-rival Avon (Paul Darrow) and then the rest of the crew died (in slow motion) in a bloody shoot-out with Federation troops.
Broadcast on 21 December 1981 the shocking finale earned writer Chris Boucher the title "the man who killed Christmas".
But the climactic scene was only intended to be a cliffhanger.
Had a fifth series gone ahead, Boucher said, Avon would have survived, and become the show's hero.
"Don't forget you never actually saw him die, did you?" he said. "The freeze-frame ending does leave open the possibility that he may have survived after all."
The premise of The Prisoner was simple. A secret agent (Patrick McGoohan) resigns from his job and is taken to The Village, a beautiful but mysterious idyll he is never allowed to leave.
Branded "Number Six", he spends the series trying to discover the identity of "Number One", the shadowy governor of his fate.
The denouement was baffling. Hooded figures danced in a mock court as someone sang "Dem Bones". McGoohan ripped off Number One's mask to reveal... a chimpanzee mask. He ripped that off as well, and found his own face, laughing back at him.
Supposedly an allegory on the role of the individual in society, it was deliberately surreal and utterly confounding. The revelation of Number One's true identity lasted less than a second, in an era before video recorders allowed viewers rewind and rewatch.
It has been suggested the show went off the rails because ITV pulled the plug and gave McGoohan one week to write the finale.
The more likely explanation is that script editor George Markstein, who had spent months curtailing McGoohan's more outlandish ideas, had quit.
Either way, McGoohan was vilified by fans and "hounded" out of the UK after the show was broadcast in February 1968.
"Walking around the streets, it was dangerous!" he told Canadian television in 1977. "They thought they'd been cheated. Because it wasn't, you know, a 'James Bond' Number One guy."
But he claimed to be "delighted" by the response. "I wanted to have controversy, argument, fights, discussions, people in anger waving their fist in my face, saying, 'How dare you?' "
"I was delighted with that reaction. I think it's a very good one. That was the intention of the exercise."
"We didn't have a gimmick," said Friends creator Marta Kauffman of the series' 236th and final episode.
In an uncontroversial and heartwarming farewell, the show allowed its six characters to move out of New York, and into the next stages of their lives.
Monica and Chandler got their surrogate child, which turned out to be twins ("We only ordered one!"); Joey acquired a new duck; and Ross and Rachel got back together - after a mad dash to the airport in Phoebe's taxi.
The show ended with the cast putting their keys on the kitchen table and leaving Monica's apartment for the last time. "Has it always been purple?" asked Joey.
Kauffman said the writers had been bewildered by the task of wrapping the show up, spending several days staring at blank sheets of paper without writing a word.
But they finally cracked it - taking inspiration from The Mary Tyler Moore Show, in which the cast shared a group hug and filed out of the set, leaving Mary to turn off the lights and close the door.
More than 52 million people tuned in for the finale in the US, much to the delight of advertisers, who had stumped up $2.1m (Â£1.1m) for a 30-second slot.
"What we hope is that people feel good about saying goodbye to them, and that they're all going to be OK," Kauffman said.
After an accident, modern-day detective Sam Tyler (John Simm) woke up in 1973, when men were men, and men were also sexist alcoholics in bad trousers.
Over two series, viewers were left to wonder whether his predicament was real, or a fitful by-product of his coma.
In the final episode, Sam learned that corrupt cop Gene Hunt (Philip Glenister) was the "tumour" in his brain. If he could get rid of Hunt, he could go home. The operation (get it?) was nearly over.
Then, he was told the exact opposite: He really was in 1973, and suffering from amnesia after a car crash.
Eventually, the "real" Sam woke up in a hospital in 2006 - but the writers had one final twist in store. He decided he preferred the 70s after all, and jumped off the hospital roof, sending himself back into a coma, and back into the arms of his dream girl, Annie.
The Guardian called it "the perfect finale" but the Express declared the "shaggy dog story" was ultimately "baffling".
Still, it fared better than the short-lived US remake, where Sam turned out to be an astronaut on the first manned mission to Mars, trapped in a malfunctioning hibernation chamber.
The final episode of Breaking Bad is broadcast in the US at 21:00 EST on Sunday, 29 September. It will be available on iTunes and Netflix in the UK shortly afterwards.


Ocean experts have called for international action to generate the kinds of maps of global seabeds that space missions have already returned for the Moon and Mars.

The call to "map the gaps" comes from GEBCO, the General Bathymetric Chart of the Ocean, a body first set up in 1903 to compile maps from naval surveys around the world.
But more than a century on from the first international charts, vast expanses of the ocean are still represented by just a single point where an ancient mariner threw a lead-weighted rope over the ship side.
Only 5% of the seafloor has been mapped by modern methods. Even around the UK, a nation with a long maritime history, almost a third of the coast is unsurveyed. The entire Moon, in contrast, is known to a resolution of 7m, thanks to satellite mapping.
"It's a matter of commitment," complains Larry Mayer, director of the Center for Marine Science and Coastal Engineering at the University of New Hampshire, a world-leading centre of oceanographic expertise.
"We could map the entire deep oceans for $3bn - no more than a single Mars mission."
As another participant quipped, the community is "stuck between ability and utility." Existing maps are principally produced to support shipping - to find safe routes for maritime traffic from supertankers and trawlers to leisure craft. Detailed measurements of the ocean bottom are possible, but who would pay for it.
David Heydon, who founded the submarine mining company Nautilus Minerals and directs another exploration outfit, DeepGreen Resources, argues: "The land we live on is one-third of the planet - it's rare. The other two-thirds are more than 3,000m under the water. It'd be crazy not to understand it."
The question is how it would be used.
"How can you build offshore windfarms, lay submarine cables, forecast storm surges, if you don't know the shape and depth of your coastal regions," asks Robert Ward, president of the International Hydrographic Organization, who is enthusiastic about a big scale-up of current efforts.
The problem comes down to time and cost. If London were underwater, it would take weeks to map using conventional echo-sounding methods, Ward explains; and several days even using the most modern multibeam methods.
Today's survey vessels cost tens of thousands of dollars a day to run. Others point out that London would simply vanish as too small to notice on many of the maps that currently exist.
Our ignorance of the seafloor came into sharp relief with the loss of the Malaysian airliner MH370.
"It went down in an area where we knew almost nothing," explains Rochelle Wigley, an oceanographer also based at the University of New Hampshire. "There was just one modern survey line across an area the size of New Zealand."
Her colleague Larry Mayer agrees: "Much of the effort that's gone into finding [MH370] has been essentially making a base map." The area has turned out to be filled with ridges and canyons spanning depths down to 7,000m, which has greatly hampered the search.
"If we'd had that base map, it would have saved months and months of time," the researcher asserts.
The question that has dogged the debate at this week's forum is how much detail is needed.
More detail means more time and more cost. For many just a single measurement every hundred metres would be a vast improvement on what's available today, even though it would fall far short of the quality of astronomers' lunar maps. But anything worth investigating further could be followed up later with dedicated missions.
Others argue that the aim should be to beat the Moon maps, if the effort is to be attempted. Swarms of undersea robots scanning the seafloor would be needed. A tie up with the Xprize Shell Ocean Discovery Challenge (http://oceandiscovery.xprize.org/) seems a possibility.
Larry Mayer has a half-way proposition - a vast uncrewed barge laden with equipment that could roam the high seas autonomously for just a third of the cost of conventional missions, and never need to come into port. With the biggest sonar array ever built, and controlled remotely, it could focus in where necessary, and sweep up large areas of abyssal plains at top speed.
"It would also be available if something like an MH370 happened again," he promises, "to sail into a region where you need a high-resolution search."
Such a self-steering vessel really would resemble a Nasa space mission mapping an unexplored world. What GEBCO lacks is a Nasa-style infrastructure and budget to make it happen. Anybody got a spare billion?


Hotel group Marriott International has announced plans to open seven new hotels in Scotland over the next four years.

The proposals have been welcomed by First Minister Nicola Sturgeon, who has been meeting representatives of the company in New York.
The new hotels will include five Marriott brands - W Hotels, Moxy, Aloft, Courtyard and Residence Inn.
They will boost the group's room count in Scotland by almost 75%.
The expanded portfolio will include a W hotel in Edinburgh and three Moxy hotels at unspecified locations.
Marriott said it remained "optimistic for the future growth of our company and hospitality overall in Scotland".
Ms Sturgeon, who has been on a five-day visit to America to promote trade and investment, said: "Despite the uncertainty brought about by Brexit, Scotland's economy and tourism sectors remain strong and I am delighted that big businesses like Marriott International are choosing to show their confidence by investing here.
"Scotland's performance in hotel markets is exceptionally strong, with latest figures showing that we are outperforming 11 of the main 12 European hotel markets, including Paris, Madrid and Berlin - only London was higher."


David Wheeler bagged a late brace as Exeter beat fellow strugglers Cheltenham.

Wheeler struck in the 81st and 85th minutes to move his side away from the League Two relegation zone and leave the Robins deep in trouble.
Cheltenham were the better side in the first half, with Amari Morgan-Smith hitting the post with a shot and Harry Pell seeing his effort crash against the bar.
But Exeter kept them out and took the lead 10 minutes after the break when Lee Holmes curled a shot into the top-left corner.
Cheltenham responded well and levelled through Billy Waters' ninth goal of the season in the 70th minute following a long ball forward from Aaron Downes.
But Wheeler stabbed in from close range after Troy Brown's pull back at the far post to make it 2-1 to Exeter.
And Wheeler was in the right place to follow in after Russell Griffiths parried substitute Liam McAlinden's low shot with five minutes remaining to put the result beyond all doubt.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Cheltenham Town 1, Exeter City 3.
Second Half ends, Cheltenham Town 1, Exeter City 3.
Attempt missed. Ollie Watkins (Exeter City) right footed shot from the centre of the box is just a bit too high.
Daniel O'Shaughnessy (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Liam McAlinden (Exeter City).
Corner,  Cheltenham Town. Conceded by Jake Taylor.
Attempt blocked. James Dayton (Cheltenham Town) left footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Cheltenham Town. Conceded by Lloyd James.
Harry Pell (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Jake Taylor (Exeter City).
Ethan Ampadu (Exeter City) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Cheltenham Town. Koby Arthur replaces Kyle Storer.
Attempt missed. Harry Pell (Cheltenham Town) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Goal!  Cheltenham Town 1, Exeter City 3. David Wheeler (Exeter City) left footed shot from very close range to the bottom left corner.
Attempt saved. Liam McAlinden (Exeter City) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Kyle Storer (Cheltenham Town) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Kyle Storer (Cheltenham Town).
Jake Taylor (Exeter City) wins a free kick on the left wing.
David Wheeler (Exeter City) is shown the yellow card for excessive celebration.
Goal!  Cheltenham Town 1, Exeter City 2. David Wheeler (Exeter City) right footed shot from very close range to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Troy Brown.
Substitution, Exeter City. Liam McAlinden replaces Reuben Reid.
Foul by Robert Dickie (Cheltenham Town).
David Wheeler (Exeter City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Cheltenham Town. Conceded by Troy Brown.
Attempt blocked. Harry Pell (Cheltenham Town) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Foul by James Dayton (Cheltenham Town).
Craig Woodman (Exeter City) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Attempt saved. Billy Waters (Cheltenham Town) right footed shot from very close range is saved in the bottom right corner.
Attempt saved. Jordan Cranston (Cheltenham Town) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Robert Dickie (Cheltenham Town) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Robert Dickie (Cheltenham Town).
Ollie Watkins (Exeter City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Goal!  Cheltenham Town 1, Exeter City 1. Billy Waters (Cheltenham Town) from a free kick with a right footed shot to the bottom left corner.
Harry Pell (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Lee Holmes (Exeter City).
Harry Pell (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jake Taylor (Exeter City).
Substitution, Cheltenham Town. Easah Suliman replaces Amari Morgan-Smith.
Craig Woodman (Exeter City) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
James Dayton (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.


Plans to tackle air pollution in the devolved nations are "inadequate", the High Court in London will be told later this week.

Environmental group ClientEarth is taking legal action against the UK government.
It comes after the campaigners won a case forcing ministers to publish their draft clean air strategy.
The organisation now says there is no evidence of "concrete actions" for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The UK government's department for environment, food and rural affairs (Defra) has insisted its plan does set out steps for the devolved institutions.
The Scottish government said it has sought to shape the UK government's clean air strategy.
Last month, the government at Westminster lost a court bid to delay publication of its air pollution strategy ahead of the general election. It had argued such a move would fall foul of election "purdah" rules.
ClientEarth has been involved in the long-running legal action against the government over illegal levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution.
Now the group of environmental lawyers is going back to the High Court on Wednesday to argue that ministers have failed to comply with the court order forcing publication of the draft guidelines.
They will say the plans contain little detail about tackling air pollution in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Air quality is a devolved matter but the environmental group said the UK, as EU member state, was deemed responsible for enforcing legal pollution limits.
ClientEarth chief executive James Thornton said: "The draft plans for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are simply plans for more plans.
"The court ordered a plan for the UK government to obey the law on pollution limits across the UK as soon as possible. The health of all UK citizens is at stake, not just some."
A spokesman for Defra said it had consulted with the devolved authorities on its proposals and the clean air plan was "for the entire UK".
He added: "Improving the UK's air quality and cutting harmful emissions is a priority for this government.
"We have invested more than Â£2bn since 2011 to increase the uptake of ultra-low emissions vehicles and support greener transport schemes, and set out how we will improve air quality through a new programme of Clean Air Zones."
A Scottish government spokesman said it had made "strong progress" in reducing air pollution levels and would "continue to build on these achievements".
He added: "We have already sought to shape the UK government's plan with our Clearer Air for Scotland Strategy, which sets out ambitious actions designed to secure further improvements in Scotland's air quality."


Victims of sex crimes in Scotland are to be supported by an extra £1.85m from the Scottish government.

The money will go to Rape Crisis Scotland and will partly be spent on the development of services in Orkney and Shetland.
It will also help to provide support workers for people going through the criminal justice process.
Justice Secretary Michael Matheson said the government was committed to tackling sexual offending in Scotland.
Details of the funding were revealed just after new figures for recorded crime showed that the number of sex crimes in Scotland increased by 11% last year, partly linked to a rise in reporting of historic offences.
The Scottish government said the cash almost doubled the funding for Scotland's 14 rape crisis centres between 2016 and 2018.
The money will also allow Rape Crisis to work with young people on issues of consent and healthy sexual relationships.
Mr Matheson announced details of the funding during a visit to the Edinburgh Women's Rape and Sexual Abuse Centre.
He said: "We are absolutely committed to tackling domestic abuse and sexual offending in Scotland and this £1.85m funding will help provide important additional support for victims of these terrible crimes.
"Organisations such as Rape Crisis Scotland are doing fantastic work across the country, providing a vital service and giving support and advice for victims of sexual violence.
"Each of the 14 local rape crisis centres are receiving an 80% rise in financial support and the new services in Orkney and Shetland are very important - making sure women all over Scotland are able to access these vital services."
Rape Crisis Scotland national co-ordinator Sandy Brindley said the organisation was "delighted" to receive the "significant additional funding".
She added: "This funding will enable every rape crisis centre across the country to employ a dedicated support and advocacy worker who will provide much needed support and assistance.
"The funding will also enable us to work in partnership with Women's Aid to establish a rape crisis service across Orkney and Shetland."
The money is coming from a £20m pot announced by First Minister Nicola Sturgeon in March to tackle all forms of violence against women.
The £20m funding over three years is in addition to the £11.8m which will be used to tackle violence against women as part of the Scottish government's equality budget for 2015-16.


John Terry has backed Chelsea team-mate Didier Drogba to be a success on his return to the Premier League.

The Ivory Coast striker is back at Stamford Bridge after signing a one-year deal last month.
Drogba, 36, scored 157 goals in 342 games in his first spell with the club, which spanned eight years.
Terry, 33, told Chelsea TV: "Didier's still the same. He's been a nightmare to play against in training. He's still strong, sharp and hungry."
Chelsea have signed Diego Costa,Cesc Fabregas and Filipe Luis at a combined cost of £75m this summer.
In addition to Drogba's arrival after he left Turkish side Galatasaray, defender Kurt Zouma and goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois have returned to Chelsea after loan spells.
Former England captain Terry added: "It's important Didier is here because he brings that mentality of wanting to win every day.
"That rubs off on people like Kurt Zouma and the other young players.
"It's time for these players to continue to keep winning trophies for this club and keep the fans and owner happy.
"If I was a Chelsea fan I'd be impressed from what I have seen so far from Diego, Cesc, Filipe and all the boys that have come in like Kurt as well."
Terry admits it feels strange to see former Stamford Bridge team-mates Frank Lampard and Ashley Cole playing for new clubs this season.
Lampard has joined Manchester City, with former England defender Cole signing for Italian club Roma. Terry added:  "It just doesn't seem right to see them in different shirts."


Greater Manchester Police say they are aware of a racially abusive tweet about Arsenal striker Danny Welbeck.

Media playback is not supported on this device
The post came following Welbeck's winner for the Gunners against his former club Manchester United in an FA Cup quarter-final on Monday.
Police were informed of the abusive message when members of the public contacted them.
It follows an incident last month, in which Chelsea fans stopped a black man boarding a Paris metro train.
The Blues suspended five fans for an incident which occurred before Chelsea's Champions League game against Paris St-Germain.
Police are investigating reports of racist and abusive behaviour from Chelsea fans on a train from London to Manchester following their Capital One Cup win over Tottenham on Sunday, 1 March.


US actress Stockard Channing has been praised by critics for her first West End appearance since 1992.

The Times said the ex-West Wing star is "quite brilliant" in Apologia, in which she plays an art historian at odds with her two sons and their partners.
According to the Daily Telegraph, the 73-year-old "beautifully lets a lifetime of hurt seep through [her character's] brittle facade".
Downton Abbey's Laura Carmichael also appears in Alexi Kaye Campbell's play.
First staged in 2009, the piece has been reworked to accommodate an American lead actress.
Its opening this week comes amid reports that NBC is considering bringing The West Wing back to TV screens.
Channing played First Lady Abigail "Abbey" Bartlet in the White House-based drama, which originally ran from 1999 to 2006.
Apologia - whose title is defined in the play as "a written defence of one's opinions and conduct" - sees Channing's character, a former '60s radical, clash comically with her son's respective girlfriends over a birthday dinner.
One, played by Carmichael, is a fervent Christian, while the other, played by Doctor Who's Freema Agyeman, is a materialistic soap actress.
Speaking ahead of Thursday's press night, Channing described her character as "a feminist and a scholar with a bit of a rebellious streak".
"She's very smart, extremely witty and she's not very diplomatic, so there's a lot of wonderful language," she told the BBC.
One of the biggest laughs of the evening comes when Carmichael's Trudi character expresses optimism over the nascent presidency of Barack Obama.
"Let's wait and see how things turn out in the long run before we start jumping with joy," replies Channing's Kristin presciently.
"Things rarely turn out the way we expect or how we hope," says Channing, going on to make her own comparison between Obama's tenure and what has followed.
"We could do with a little grace, a little diplomacy, self-control, discretion - the list goes on," she sighs in reference to the White House's current incumbent.
Appetite for more West Wing remains strong, stoked in part by a popular podcast - The West Wing Weekly - that dissects the show episode by episode.
Yet Channing does not believe the Aaron Sorkin-scripted drama will emulate the likes of Will and Grace and Roseanne and mount a comeback.
"I don't think it will return," says the actress, whose other famous roles include Rizzo in 1978's Grease and Julianna Margulies' mother in The Good Wife.
Speaking on Thursday, Alexi Kaye Campbell said he was "excited" Channing had crossed the Atlantic to appear in his play.
He told the BBC he had intentionally written the play in response to a perceived lack of roles available for older female leads.
"Before I wrote the play there was a constant conversation about not enough parts being written for older women," he said.
"Most of the most interesting people I know are older women, so that was something I wanted to consciously address."
Writing in The Guardian, critic Michael Billington described Channing as "a serious, intelligent actor [who] induces sympathy for the character of a seemingly monstrous matriarch".
Yet he took issue with what he called Kristin's "astonishing insensitivity" and questioned Campbell's "assumption that left-wing militancy is incompatible with good manners."
Channing last appeared in the West End in 1992 in Six Degrees of Separation. She went on to star in the film version of John Guare's play, for which she was nominated for an Oscar in 1994.
Since then she has been seen in London in The Exonerated at the Riverside Studios in Hammersmith and Awake and Sing at the Almeida theatre is Islington.
Apologia runs at London's Trafalgar Studios until 18 November.
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A former mayor of Rotherham has called allegations he sexually assaulted a teenager almost three decades ago a "pack of lies".

Barry Dodson, 67, is said to have attacked the victim in 1987 at Boston Castle, when she was 13-years-old.
Details of the alleged assault emerged after the woman, now 41, sent an email to Mr Dodson in June 2014, while he was mayor of the town.
Mr Dodson, of Cranworth Road, Rotherham, denies indecent assault.
He told his trial at Sheffield Crown Court he almost "dropped down dead" when he heard the complainant's police interview and was "dumbfounded" by the accusations.
When asked by defence barrister Louise Sweet if he had ever taken the woman to Boston Castle or sexually interfered with her, Mr Dodson replied: "No, definitely not."
The court previously heard the woman sent Mr Dodson an email, which said he was a "dirty pervert who loves children."
Mr Dodson told the jury though he had no reason to, he was going to the police and Rotherham Council about the message.
During cross-examination it was put to the defendant he "panicked" about the allegations and it was his past "catching up" with him.
Mr Dodson replied: "A load of rubbish."
Prosecutor Richard Butters asked: "So the accusations are a pack of lies, are they?"
"Yes they are. I wasn't there, it didn't happen," Mr Dodson said.
The trial continues.


The date that has been dubbed the 'best weekend of sport' is finally here.

While one of the main events - Tyson Fury's rematch with Wladimir Klitschko - has already fallen before the curtain has been raised, it's still going to be a weekend packed with excitement and expectancy as Europe hosts some of the world's greatest athletes.
How about celebrating it in a different way by taking part in sport yourself?
Centre Court will once again be the centre of attention this weekend as crowds gather to see who will be crowned champions and attend the winners' ball but how about gracing the grassy tennis lawn yourself?
The simple pleasures of whacking a yellow ball over a net are not to be underestimated! It's addictive and easy to get involved. Many tennis clubs are currently running 'Great British Tennis Weekends' which offer cheap and often free coaching sessions and tasters days.
GET INVOLVED: Want to be the next Andy Murray or Serena Williams? Use our helpful guide to take your first steps into tennis or find an event to go along to.
COVERAGE: You can follow the Ladies Final at 13:00 BST on Saturday and the Men's Final at 14:00 BST on Sunday - and both are on BBC1. You can also follow the action on BBC Radio 5 live.
The curtains will come down on a month of football in Paris this Sunday when the Stade de France hosts the big showdown between France and Portugal in the final of the 2016 European Championship.
How about warming up for the big match by giving football a go? You don't have to be the next Cristiano Ronaldo to get involved. There are many options open including youth clubs, ladies teams, walking football, disability football and even volunteering.
GET INVOLVED: If you'd like to find out about getting into football - playing or volunteering - read our special guide. And you can find events to go along to here.
COVERAGE: Watch the final of the Euro 2016 this Sunday at 20:00 BST on BBC1, follow the action on BBC Radio 5 live and on the BBC Sport website.
The F1 season has been heating up and this weekend Silverstone opens its doors to the world as the British Grand Prix rolls into town.
The Mercedes duo lead the pack with Britain's Lewis Hamilton trailing leader Nico Rosberg by 11 points. The two drivers, who have clashed on and off the track, will resume their contest in front of an expected crowd of 140,000 on race day. If you feel the need for speed as you watch the action in the Grand Prix there are many ways you can get involved.
GET INVOLVED: While you are unlikely to hop straight into an F1 car as your opening motorsport experience, there are many more disciplines waiting to take you on. Click here to find out which is for you.
COVERAGE: Tune in to BBC Radio 5 live sports extra for Saturday's qualifying and Sunday's race.
The biggest ever team from Great Britain are taking part at the European Athletics Championships in Amsterdam. With long jumper Greg Rutherford and sprinter Dina Asher-Smith already winning gold medals, will there be any more British medals this weekend?
While the big names are attempting to book their place in the 2016 Rio Olympics you can support them by getting involved in athletics too - it's easier than you think! Running, throwing and jumping is for everyone. Grab some props, head to the park and create your own mini athletics competition.
GET INVOLVED: Fancy dusting off your trainers this weekend and giving athletics a go? Here are some tips to get you started and events to go along to.
COVERAGE: You can follow the British team with reports on BBC Radio 5 live and the BBC Sport website.
Football is not the only draw in France this weekend. The Tour de France is also taking place with stage eight from Pau to Bagneres-de-Luchon on Saturday and stage nine from Vielha Val d'Aran to Andorre Arcalis on Sunday.
Cycling may seem like hard work watching the likes of Chris Froome and Thibaut Pinot tackle the torrid French route but it's actually a simple sport to get into. It's easy to do, gets you from A to B, and exhilarating to boot. There is less risk of injury than many other sports and an hour-long road race can burn up to 844 calories.
GET INVOLVED: Inspired to get on your bike? Take a look at this handy guide to find ways to get into cycling and some events to take part in.
COVERAGE: Follow the Tour de France on BBC Radio 5 live sports extra on Saturday and Sunday.
But it's not just Europe which is hosting some big sporting events this weekend. Over in the United States it's the biggest event in women's golf as the US Open takes place at CordeValle, San Martin (returning to California for the first time since 1982).
The field is led by teenage world number one Lydia Ko and Charley Hull leads the British challenge of Catriona Matthew, Melissa Reid, Hannah Burke, Jodie Shadoff and Pam Pretswell.  If you've never thought of taking up the relaxing sport of golf there couldn't be a better time as many golf clubs are running special 'Get into Golf' sessions.
GET INVOLVED: Fancy giving golf a go this weekend? Here's our guide. and some events to go along to.
COVERAGE: You can follow the progress of Charley Hull and the field with reports on BBC Radio 5 Live and on the BBC Sport website.


An MSP has suggested seconding doctors working in the armed forces to fill vacancies in rural GP practices.

Finlay Carson, who represents Galloway and West Dumfries, said practices in his constituency were in "crisis" with fears some could be forced to close.
Health Secretary Shona Robison told the Holyrood chamber she would be happy to meet him to discuss the idea.
Conservative MSP Mr Carson suggested the Galloway Community Hospital in Stranraer could be used for training.
In response to his questions, Ms Robison revealed only two out of six GP speciality training places in Dumfries and Galloway had been filled despite the posts being eligible for a Â£20,000 bursary.
The Scottish government advertised the extra positions in August amid growing concern about staffing shortages in general practice, with the financial incentive offered for trainees taking up posts in remote and rural areas.
Mr Carson said: "In Galloway and West Dumfries, rural GP practices are in crisis.
"GPs are working longer hours than ever, practices are being forced to merge, and there is a fear in local communities that some practices will close.
"Will the cabinet secretary meet with me to discuss the possibility of giving the Galloway Community Hospital in Stranraer training hospital status and explore the possibility of seconding armed forces doctors to ensure vital GP services can be delivered in rural areas?"
Ms Robison said she was happy to discuss any of the ideas.
"I'm always looking and happy to speak to members about ideas coming from across this chamber," she said.
"Obviously we would have to look at whether those ideas were practical and deliverable, but certainly I'm willing to meet with the member to discuss them further.
"What I would point out though is that we have a huge amount of work under way to improve the position within primary care, a Â£500m investment over the course of this parliament and some short-term measures to stabilise the position and address recruitment and retention issues, particularly in rural areas."


Turkey says it has captured all but one of the soldiers who are accused of trying to seize the president during the failed coup.

Special forces arrested another 11 soldiers overnight after a two-week manhunt near Marmaris.
Recep Tayyip Erdogan was on holiday at the south-western resort on the night of the coup, but fled before his hotel was raided.
Special forces located the fugitives in a forested area, reports say.
Since the failed putsch Mr Erdogan has cracked down on those suspected of being linked to the coup.
Tens of thousands of people have been detained or dismissed or suspended from roles in the military, judiciary, civil service and education.
Over the weekend Mr Erdogan announced a sweeping reform of Turkey's armed forces to bring them under full civilian control.
Turkish authorities accuse US-based preacher Fethullah Gulen of being behind the coup attempt, something he denies.
The rebel soldiers were spotted by villagers hunting boar in the forested area near Marmaris. Gunfire was exchanged during the operation but no casualties were reported.
The soldiers arrested in total overnight on Sunday and Monday morning include Major Sukru Seymen, the alleged commander, according to Anadolu news agency.
More than 20 other members of the military squad suspected of involvement had already been remanded in custody to face trial, the agency reports.
During the coup attempt on 15 July Mr Erdogan spoke live on TV via his mobile phone. He said he had narrowly escaped an attempt on his life.
According to official reports the president's security team was tipped off that a squad of soldiers was heading to his hotel and moved him.
Turkey has summoned Germany's charge d'affaires to the foreign ministry in Ankara to explain why President Recep Tayyip Erdogan was prevented from addressing a rally in Cologne via a video-link on Sunday.
At least 30,000 rallied in the German city in support of the Turkish president.
The German authorities said such messages could stoke political tensions among the three million ethnic Turks living in Germany.
Turkey's interior minister said on Friday that more than 18,000 people had been detained over the failed coup. More than 9,000 of them have been formally arrested.
Nearly 50,000 Turkish citizens have had their passports cancelled, Efkan Ala told state TV.
The sweeping reforms of the armed forces announced by President Erdogan could put the military under full civilian control for the first time in the country's modern history, with the aim of preventing future coup attempts.
However dealing with the movement the government blames for instigating the coup will be a more complex task.
Millions of Turks are believed to be followers of the exiled Islamic preacher Fethullah Gulen, many of them successful and influential.
More than 60,000 have already been dismissed from state employment; more than 3,000 military officers with suspected links to the preacher have also been sacked.
But eliminating them from other areas like business would require a purge on a massive scale, something Turkey's fragile economy may not be able to sustain.


Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro has extended border closures with Colombia to another six towns in the western state of Tachira.

Mr Maduro also announced the deployment of an extra 3,000 troops in the area, which he says has been infiltrated by Colombian paramilitaries and gangs.
The main crossings were closed a week ago after Venezuelan soldiers were injured in a shootout with smugglers.
Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos criticised Mr Maduro's unilateral move.
More than 1,000 Colombians have been deported and about 6,000 have left in fear since the border closures.
Mr Santos said the treatment of "ordinary Colombians" by its South American neighbour was "unacceptable".
But Mr Maduro said the security operation initiated a week ago has unveiled evidence that Colombian right-wing paramilitaries had infiltrated the area.
"To clean up the area from the paramilitaries and drug trafficking I have decide to close the border of another six towns in the state of Tachira: Lobatera, San Juan de Colon, La Fria, Garcia de Hevia, Panamericano and Coloncito," Mr Maduro said in a rally to his supporters in Caracas.
The border crossings will close at 05:00 local time (09:30 GMT).
Mr Maduro said soldiers had dismantled criminal gangs who had kept dozens of men as "economic slaves" and women as "sex slaves".
Smuggling has been a huge problem along the long, porous border area for many years.
Items subsidised by Venezuela's socialist government are sold over the border in Colombia with huge profit margins.
"Almost 80% of the people who enter [Venezuela] through the Colombian border come to take away all our petrol, our shampoo, the food of the Venezuelans, their soap, their meat, their milk and their medication," said Mr Maduro.
Mr Santos called for an emergency meeting of foreign ministers from the regional Unasur bloc to discuss the crisis. It will take place on 3 September in Ecuador.
On Thursday, Mr Santos recalled Colombia's ambassador to Caracas for consultations. The Venezuelan government followed suit later in the day.
But on Friday Mr Maduro said he was willing to have a face-to-face meeting with Mr Santos "wherever he wants, whenever he wants and however he wants".


The redevelopment of a stand at Northampton Town's ground is to resume following a "contractual dispute".

Work on the improved East Stand at Sixfields started in March 2013 but ceased in November.
The club says a new contract has been signed with developers Buckingham Group Contracting, which will return to work "immediately".
Club chairman David Cardoza said: "I am delighted we can draw a line under this matter."
The scheme, part-funded with a Â£12m loan from Northampton Borough Council, includes a directors' box and 10 corporate boxes.
It will increase the ground's capacity from 7,653 to 10,000.
The club previously said "legal matters" prevented it from expanding on the cause of the dispute.
Mr Cardoza said: "We have been in active, constructive dialogue with Buckingham Group for a while, and we are really looking forward to working with them again to help give this club facilities it has never had before.
"We are looking forward to having the new stand open during the early weeks of next season."
Paul Wheeler, chairman of Buckingham Group Contracting, said he was "delighted" the issues had been resolved.
"It is excellent news for the club, the supporters and the local area," he said.


Police are looking for an East Yorkshire mother who disappeared with her two-year-old son.

Megan Rescorla, 20, picked up her son Reuben from the care of his father in Bridlington on Saturday.
Humberside Police said Reuben was not returned to his father on Saturday lunchtime as agreed.
Detectives said they believed Reuben and his mother were in the Bradford area with Ms Rescorla's current partner, Luke Harrison.
More on this and other East Yorkshire stories


The funeral for Ronnie Corbett will take place on 18 April close to his home in south London.

It will take place at St John the Evangelist Church in Shirley, followed by a service at Croydon Crematorium which will be invitation only.
Corbett, one of Britain's best loved entertainers, died aged 85 on 31 March.
The entertainer had been suffering from ill-health for some time. His wife revealed after his death he had suspected motor neurone disease.
Family friend Michael Thornton said he hoped the funeral would be "a fitting send-off".
"I think he'll be tremendously missed by his friends but I actually think he'll be around in people's minds and hearts for a long time to come."
Famous friends will join family at the funeral followed by a wake at Addington Golf Club.
It is expected the comedian's daughters will pay tribute to the Scottish-born entertainer at the ceremony.
Corbett was best known for BBC comedy sketch show The Two Ronnies with his comedy partner Ronnie Barker.
There was an outpouring of tributes from his famous friends following his death, including from Sir Bruce Forsyth, John Cleese and Jimmy Tarbuck.
Other famous admirers who included US singer Alice Cooper, Robbie Williams, Ricky Gervais and David Walliams.


Google has announced a raft of new services and products at its annual developer conference - but its event was twice interrupted by protesters.

One woman held up a sign reading "develop a conscience", while another shouted that the firm was creating "machines that kill people".
The yearly Google I/O event is a chance for the firm to show off its latest products and plans.
Google could not be reached for comment about the interruptions.
Away from the event, at Google's headquarters in Mountain View, another group of people were reportedly arrested in a separate incident regarding the ongoing "net neutrality" debate.
Google launched this year's event with a keynote presentation lasting about two hours.
During a segment explaining an enhanced battery-saving feature on a forthcoming software release, a protester could be heard shouting the name of Jack Halprin, a Google lawyer.
Mr Halprin has been at the centre of a row involving tenants living in a residential block he purchased.
The protester held a sign saying "stop Jack Halprin from evicting SF teachers".
On stage, Google engineer David Burke attempted to deflect attention from the disturbance by jokingly suggesting the better battery life would come in useful during a "long protest".
Later during the same keynote address, a man was removed by security staff shortly after shouting "you all work for a totalitarian company that builds robots that kill people".
Last year, Google acquired Boston Dynamics, a company that had previously developed sophisticated robotics for the US military.
Google said at the time that it would honour existing contracts Boston Dynamics had with the Pentagon's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa).
Over the past year there has been increased friction between long-time San Francisco residents and what some have dubbed the "Silicon Valley tech elite".
Buses used to shuttle Google employees from residential areas to the company's campus have become a target for anger - with some protesters standing in the vehicles' way. In some cases buses have been vandalised.
San Francisco locals said they were concerned that an increase in the numbers of wealthy technology workers was driving up the cost of living in the city.
Google will be keen to make sure the focus remains on its new announcements at I/O, of which there were many.
Aside from a closer look at new smartwatch hardware, the company was excited to show off major updates to its Android operating system, which has had a visual refresh.
One feature that impressed the audience was smarter phone unlocking - if a handset owner's paired smartwatch is detected nearby, the phone will not require a password to unlock it.
Google's agenda-setting conference is ostensibly aimed squarely at developers - but while there were no great surprises, there was plenty to interest users too.
Android already has impressive market share in developing markets - but with overall smartphone adoption running at just 10%, Android One is a way for Google to consolidate its presence by delivering users affordable hardware and an up-to-date Google-supported software experience; in the process it delivers a blow to rivals including Microsoft.
But its renewed attempt at capturing the living room TV will be a harder nut to crack - the market is more crowded than it was when it launched its first disastrous foray with Google TV four years ago.
Lots of users already have capable set-top boxes, many TV makers (notably Samsung) have already established their own interfaces or partnerships, and others (like Logitech) have sour memories of their failed partnership.
Similarly, Google has yet to move convincingly into enterprise; despite walling-off business data and enhanced security, many IT administrators will take some convincing to adopt a platform which has become synonymous with malware.
With so many software products across multiple devices - from PCs, mobile and the living room to new arenas like our cars, and even our wrists - it is little surprise that Google is aiming for greater consistency between them.
The cleaner and unifying "material design" in the new version of Android will help deliver a slicker experience. It should help shed Android's reputation as a disjointed and chaotic experience, and maybe - just maybe - give some Apple users pause for thought.
Google also used the event to unveil Android TV. The platform is designed to work on big screens, and can be controlled by items such as a person's smartphone, games controller or, eventually, smartwatch.
"We're giving TV the same level of attention that phones and tablets have enjoyed," said Mr Burke, on stage.
Sony, Sharp and TP Vision - which manufactures Philips' products - will all release smart TVs using Google's software.
Google has attempted to get stuck into the TV market several times before with little success - although its most recent TV-related launch, the Chromecast, has been well-received by consumers.
Also shown off at the event was Android Auto, the company's attempt to get its software into the dashboards of popular cars.
The mostly voice-activated system is being experimented with by car makers including Ford, Honda, Audi and Volkswagen - but should not be confused with Google's continued efforts to create a driverless car.
The firm's new Google Fit service hopes to provide a central place for people to track all the health data gathered from fitness apps. The system has the likes of Nike and Adidas on board.
Android One is at the other end of the tech spectrum - the scaled back software is designed to work on phones used primarily in the developing world.
Absent from the keynote speech were any significant developments involving Google Glass eyewear or the firm's social network, Google+.
As is typical at the developer event, those in attendance were all given free devices.
One item this year was a cardboard box which could be folded into a makeshift virtual reality headset - a playful joke aimed at Facebook, which acquired virtual reality outfit Oculus VR earlier this year for about $2bn (Â£1.2bn).
Details of Google's slightly less expensive do-it-yourself hardware were posted online.
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC


A museum may close if the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (DCAL) budget is cut by 10% in 2016/17, assembly members have been warned.

A briefing paper, drawn up for the DCAL committee, also warns that arts organisations would "face closure".
It said there would be "significant" staff cuts in sporting organisations.
The paper also warns that libraries and museum galleries would close, and that the Public Record Office (PRONI) would face a reduction in services.
UUP MLA Leslie Cree, who sits on the DCAL committee, called the potential effect a "murder picture".
All Stormont departments have been told to plan for cuts of up to 10% in their day-to-day budgets.
DCAL officials have been assessing what the impact of cuts of either 5% or 10% would be.
DCAL is set to be subsumed into a new Department for Communities next year, but there will still be a specific budget for the department in 2016/17.
Departmental officials told the DCAL committee on Thursday that the implications of the proposed budget reductions would be "extremely serious" for arts organisations especially.
They assess that even a 5% cut would lead to:
Meanwhile, the briefing document says a 10% cut would be "extremely damaging" and "have lasting impacts on capability across the sector".
NI21 MLA Basil McCrea, who also sits on the committee, told the BBC that arts organisations could not take much more in cuts.
"The big issue is the uncertainty, that people can't plan like this," he said.
"This does look pretty stark, and I think we are going to see cuts."
Some members of the committee also queried whether a new radio broadcasting centre for Irish-language station Raidio Failte, to which DCAL has committed Â£403,000, could go ahead.
A departmental official told the committee that while the new west Belfast centre was a "binding ministerial commitment,", the Department of Finance and Personnel do not accept it is an inescapable commitment.
"The project still has ministerial backing and there is a sound argument for continuing with it, but it isn't contractually committed," he said.
The executive discussed the budget on Thursday, and it is expected to reach agreement on it next week.


Bernie Sanders' campaign has begun laying off staff following several losses to Hillary Clinton in Democratic primaries in key states.

His spokesman said that with many primaries over "we no longer require many of the loyal and dedicated state and national support staffers".
After Tuesday's contests, Mr Sanders lacks a path to the Democratic nomination for president.
He has vowed to continue on until the California primary in June.
"We will continue to have a strong and dedicated staff of more than 300 workers who are going to help us win in California and other contests still to come," Mr Sanders' campaign communications director Michael Briggs said in a statement.
The campaign originally had about 1,000 workers, the New York Times reported.
Late on Tuesday, Mr Sanders' campaign said  that he would be pushing for a greater role in drafting the Democratic platform.
Many saw the statement as a signal that the Vermont senator would be winding down his campaign in favour of promoting his core issues of income inequality and Wall Street reform.
The campaign will still compete in the coming weeks in contests including Indiana, where Mr Sanders is leading in some polls.
The Sanders campaign boasts an impressive fund-raising operation, bringing in millions of dollars in small donations.
Mr Sanders also has drawn thousands of new voters to the polls including large numbers of young people and independents.
Mrs Clinton and the Democratic Party are hoping to tap into Sanders' fundraising operation and his coalition in the run-up to November's election.


A person has died after being shoved in front of a moving subway train at Times Square station in New York City, police say.

A woman, who is believed to have pushed the victim under the No. 1 line train that was travelling southbound, has been taken into custody.
It is not clear if the two knew each other.
According to the New York Daily News, they were seen arguing before the incident that took place at lunchtime.
Some reports say the victim was a woman.
Witnesses told the New York Post, two other women may have been involved.
Police and fire-fighters are investigating and there are delays on southbound 1, 2 and 3 trains.
Security has been stepped up in New York for Tuesday's presidential vote as both the main candidates are holding election night events in the city.
The candidates have been racing across battleground states on campaign's final day.


Passengers were left suspended in the air when a cable car linking two Olympic venues either side of the Thames broke down.

The Emirates Air Line, which links the O2 Arena in Greenwich and the ExCel exhibition centre, experienced a technical fault at 11:45 BST.
All passengers were back in the terminal half an hour later and the service was running again by 12:40.
The crossing can carry up to 2,500 people per hour in each direction.
Some passengers tweeted about the ordeal. Alastair Owens, said he was in the air for about 50 minutes in total.
He wrote on his Twitter account: "Emirates cable car turned out to be great school holiday mini adventure - greeted with apologies and water as we landed."
Janet Hutchinson, and her 12-year-old daughter, Freya, from Surrey, were stuck in one of the cable cars.
"We were dangling over the Thames for half an hour, whilst swaying from side-to-side," she said.
"We were extremely hot and worried as we were not given any information. It was a very unsettling experience when it should have been an exciting trip out.
"When we got off we asked for a refund but was told because we paid by Oyster card we would have to approach Transport for London. I did not find the staff at the Thames cable car very helpful."
Danny Price, head of Emirates Air Line, said: "All passengers were safely back in the terminal by 12:18 and water and first aid were made available to them. We would like to apologise to anyone affected."
London Assembly Member John Biggs said: "We need the mayor and TfL to look into what went wrong and confirm that passengers weren't in danger at any point.
"The public need to be confident that this kind of thing won't happen again."
The Dubai-based airline Emirates is sponsoring the cable car for 10 years at a cost of Â£36m.


Intervention by police within the first 24 hours of a terrorist event could be key to halting the spread of cyber-hate, a new study has found.

Cardiff University researchers found online hate in the aftermath of the murder of Lee Rigby peaked in the first 24 hours then declined sharply.
They found tweets from police and media were about five times more likely to be retweeted compared with tweets from other users following the attack.
The fusilier was killed on 22 May 2013.
The research is being published in the British Journal of Criminology on the second anniversary of his murder near Woolwich Barracks in London.
Michael Adebolajo and Michael Adebowale drove into the 25-year-old before hacking him to death.
During the study, social and computer scientists at the university focused on the production and spread of racial and religious cyberhate and the Twitter battle between police and far-right political groups in the first 36 hours following the attack.
Their findings suggest the dominance of traditional media and police information flows in social media are likely effective channels for the countering of rumour, speculation and hate.
Dr Matthew Williams said: "We concluded that cyber-hate has a 'half-life' following crime events of national interest.
"The sharp de-escalation of hate can be explained by post-event media and police Twitter messages that have a defusing effect and counter-speech from everyday Twitter users that challenge abusers."
Dr Pete Burnap said: "The ability to observe a large portion of the population in near real-time via social media networks provides those responsible for ensuring the safety of the public a new window onto mass social reaction."
The College of Policing is currently putting 6,000 officers through their Mainstreaming Cybercrime training course, which covers cyber-hate and harassment online.


Northern Ireland's Utility Regulator has warned against any further delay to the £200m north-south electricity interconnector project.

Jenny Pyper has said the cross-border link must be in place by 2019 "to keep the lights on and prices low".
The plan is to connect the grids using 138km of overhead lines between County Meath and a new substation near Moy in County Tyrone.
Ms Pyper said an alternative "plan b' of underground cables was "a myth."
Speaking at a conference in Belfast, she said that option would take too long and be "five times more expensive."
Environmental and health campaigners had wanted the cables placed underground.
The project, which will take three years to complete, was meant to have been ready by 2017.
In the Republic of Ireland, the state-owned commercial energy company, EirGrid, has submitted plans for the southern half of the project.
In Northern Ireland, the lead is being taken by System Operator for Northern Ireland (SONI).
A separate planning application is before the Planning Appeals Commission, with a hearing likely to take place early next year.


Governments and donor groups have pledged to provide access to family planning services to an additional 120 million women in many of the poorest countries by 2020.

The promise was made at the London Family Planning Summit, which was co-hosted by the UK government and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, set up by the Microsoft boss and his wife to improve global healthcare and tackle extreme poverty.
The Prime Minister, David Cameron, said giving women the freedom to choose when and how many children they had was "fundamental" to tackling global poverty.
Speaking to health leaders, Mr Cameron said: "A country cannot develop properly when its young women are dying from unintended pregnancy and when its children are dying in infancy."
Both the UK government and the Gates Foundation have pledged to double their aid to family planning over the next eight years.
The British commitment will rise from Â£90m to Â£180m ($140m to$280m).  In total, governments and charitable organisations promised nearly Â£3bn by 2020.
At present 220 million women do not have access to contraception or family planning services. It is estimated that a woman dies from pregnancy-related complications every two minutes.
The summit's organisers say the cumulative impact of the pledges by 2020 could be 200,000 fewer maternal deaths, 110 million fewer unintended pregnancies, 50 million fewer abortions, and nearly three million fewer babies dying in the first year of life.
Melinda Gates said: "When I travel and talk to women around the world they tell me that access to contraceptives can often be the difference between life and death.
"Today is about listening to their voices, about meeting their aspirations, and giving them the power to create a better life for themselves and their families."
Save the Children said child marriage was a key issue that needed to be addressed. It estimates that more than one in 10 girls is married before the age of 15.
Justin Forsyth, the charity's chief executive, said: "The summit has put family planning firmly onto the international agenda. It's an issue that has been long neglected, so it's a welcome surprise that so many substantial pledges were made today."
Many of the speakers at the summit stressed that the issue was far more complex than simply making condoms or other contraceptives available.
Education and women's empowerment were key themes. Research has shown that the longer girls spend in education, the later they are likely to start a family and the more likely they are to be lifted out of poverty.
Many of the countries which will benefit from the aid have rapidly growing populations.  Last year the global population total reached 7bn and it is estimated to reach 8bn by 2025.
But the summit organisers stressed this was not rich countries telling poor ones what to do.
Mr Cameron said: "We're not talking about some kind of Western imposed population control, forced abortion or sterilisation. We're giving women and girls the power to decide for themselves."


Great Britain will defend their Olympic showjumping title in Rio after securing qualification with fourth place at the European Championships in Aachen, Germany.

The GB team were defending European champions, having won two years ago.
Michael Whitaker, Joe Clee, Ben Maher and Jessica Mendoza missed out on a medal this time but earned one of three extra qualifying places for Rio.
The Netherlands won gold, with Germany taking silver and Switzerland bronze.
Switzerland and Spain took the other two Olympics qualifying slots on offer for those not already qualified.
However Ireland are to appeal after finishing 0.380 penalties behind final qualifiers Spain in controversial circumstances.
Cian O'Connor, Ireland's third of four team riders, had jumped clear approaching the 11th fence when a member of the arena staff then appeared to run in front of him.
He leapt into a flowerbed to avoid horse and rider and O'Connor then had the next fence down.
Had he completed a clear round, the London 2012 individual bronze medallist would have helped secure an Olympics place, especially as fourth team member Denis Lynch then left all the fences up.
Damian McDonald, chief executive of Horse Sport Ireland, said in a statement: "We are very proud of the Irish team's performance at the European Championships in Aachen.
"As regards the incident where an arena official ran in front of Cian O'Connor, causing interference, we will be pursuing this through all appeals mechanisms available to us within the rules of the international governing body, the Federation Equestre Internationale."
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Clint Eastwood's new film about the US pilot who famously crash-landed a plane in New York's Hudson River is to open this year's Telluride Film Festival.

Sully, in which Tom Hanks plays Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger, will premiere later on Friday at the Colorado event.
All 155 people on board the US Airways flight survived the emergency landing after the plane after hit a flock of geese on 15 January 2009.
The Telluride Film Festival runs from 2 to 5 September.
According to Variety, Friday's Sully premiere marks Eastwood's first film at the festival since he showed White Hunter, Black Heart there in 1990.
The event will also screen the musical La La Land and the sci-fi drama Arrival, following their premieres earlier this week at the Venice Film Festival.
Other titles in the line-up include Bleed for This, a biopic of boxer Vinny Pazienza starring Miles Teller, and Una, an adaptation of David Harrower's 2005 play Blackbird.
Casey Affleck, Amy Adams and Chilean film-maker Pablo Larrain will be presented with Telluride's Silver Medallion awards as part of this year's festivities.
Sully, which also stars Laura Linney and Aaron Eckhart, opens in the US on 9 September and in the UK and Ireland on 2 December.
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram, or if you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


A lap dancing club where strippers "touched and fondled" customers has been refused a new licence.

CCTV footage taken from the Angels Club in Leicester showed dancers and some of the audience touching in an "intimate and sexual manner".
The city council's licensing committee, which also heard the club failed to provide adequate records, declined a renewed sexual entertainment licence.
Owner KN Leisure Ltd has 21 days to decide whether to appeal.
It can remain open in the meantime, but faces closure if it does not challenge the decision, or loses any appeal.
Live updates and more from Leicestershire
Police obtained the CCTV from the club in December, the hearing at the City Hall was told.
A solicitor for KN Leisure, argued the footage showed a "blip" rather than a persistent breach of regulations preventing physical contact, but licensing officer Bobby Smiljanic said he did not accept it was a one-off.
The committee also heard staffing checks and records left "much to be desired".
The hearing was told that when council officials visited the club in October, the firm failed to provide details of the 19 dancers working there, and had no records on the premises.
KN Leisure said the club had been burgled, and that it had since "thought more carefully" about storing documents.
It later sent the details of 10 dancers, but the committee was told information on the remaining nine had still not been received.


A target date should be set for when Wales will be completely free of TB, an assembly committee has said.

Ministers are currently looking at ways of tackling the disease which is spread amongst cattle and other animals.
The Climate Change, Environment and Rural Affairs Committee has recommended a regional approach which would see areas categorised as high, medium or low risk.
The Welsh Government said it would study the recommendations and respond.
The recommendations come as part of a report, which says a refreshed approach is needed to eradicate the disease.
It also said cattle testing and risk-based trading - which sees buyers and sellers share details about the TB status of cattle - should also be considered.
The practice supported the eradication of TB in Australia, while a similar scheme in New Zealand is voluntary.
Unlike England, Ireland and New Zealand, the Welsh Government has not set a timetable for national TB eradication but the committee wants a target date set.
Members agreed with a Welsh Government proposal to start targeted badger removal in herds with persistent outbreaks of TB.
But it warned it must be scientifically monitored to make sure it is working and, if not, it should be stopped or changed.
The committee also wants to ensure current EU funding for bovine TB testing and other measures is guaranteed within future Welsh Government budgets.
This includes the level of compensation given to farmers whose infected animals are destroyed, which the Welsh Government wants to cut from a maximum amount of Â£15,000 to Â£5,000.
The committee's interim chairwoman, Jenny Rathbone, said members wanted to see Wales declared TB free as soon as possible, but they recognised the level of co-operation needed to get there "is considerable".
"We concluded that a refreshed strategy is needed, which encompasses a regional approach to eradicating TB, movement restrictions on infected herds and risk-based trading among other options," she said.
"We also need to keep a close eye on the management of larger dairy herds and any link with the slurry they generate."
The Welsh Government said the cabinet secretary for environment and rural affairs would deliver a statement on its updated approach to eradicating Bovine TB before the summer recess.


England's Ben Stokes hit his first 50 in the Indian Premier League but his Rising Pune Supergiant team lost by six wickets to Kings XI Punjab in Indore.

The all-rounder top scored with 50 from 32 balls - his second innings in the competition - in Pune's total of 163-6.
Durham's Stokes, the most expensive overseas player in the IPL, hit three sixes but went wicketless with the ball as Australia's Glenn Maxwell hammered 44 from 20 balls to see the hosts to victory with six wickets and an over to spare.
Pune have a win and a defeat from their first two matches after beating Royal Challengers Bangalore on Thursday.
Bangalore, featuring England fast bowler Tymal Mills, claimed a 15-run victory over Delhi Daredevils at home on Saturday.
Mills took 1-33 off four overs as Delhi, chasing 158 for victory, could only reach 142-9 - England batsman Sam Billings hitting 25 off 19 balls, while 19-year-old India keeper-batsman Rishabh Pant top scored for the visitors with 57 off 36.
Kedar Jadhav's knock of 69 off 37 deliveries - including five sixes - helped Bangalore post 157-8 in their innings, with Mills making a three-ball duck.
Bangalore face Kings XI Punjab on Monday, while Pune take on Delhi on Tuesday.


Scientific detective work on fossils collected in Victorian times has identified two new species of Ichthyosaurs - the giant reptiles that swam at the time of the dinosaurs.

It brings to six the known species of Ichthyosaurus - ''sea dragons'' that ruled the oceans in Jurassic times.
Both fossils were unearthed in Somerset in the 1800s.
One specimen has been on display at Bristol University for decades, under the gaze of countless students.
The other was donated to a museum in Philadelphia, US, by Thomas Hawkins, a well-known Victorian fossil collector.
He amassed a huge collection of marine reptiles from Somerset in the first half of the 19th Century.
Such was the Victorian craze for skeletons of ichythyosaurs - the first was found by Mary Anning on the Dorset coast - that they ended up in museums and collections right across the world.
Palaeontologists Dean Lomax of Manchester University and Judy Massare of Brockport College, New York, examined hundreds of ichthyosaur fossils in Europe and North America, including some that had been kept hidden for decades.
''These are two new species - brand new species to science,'' Dean Lomax told BBC News.
''They show that during the early Jurassic - around 200 million years ago - the ichythyosaur, and specifically this particular type, was a lot more diverse than previously thought.''
Ichthyosaurs were fierce predators, growing up to 15m in length.
The dolphin-shaped creatures patrolled the seas at a time when the UK was a series of small islands.
They were among the first skeletons to be discovered by early British fossil-hunters, at a time when theories of evolution and concepts of geology were in their infancy.
The reptile fossils were categorised as new species on the basis of distinctive features of their skull and other bones.
One of the new species was identified from a complete skeleton of an ichthyosaur that has been on display at the University of Bristol for more than 30 years.
The other - originally found in a quarry in Glastonbury - was donated to Philadelphia's Academy of Natural Sciences in 1847.
The specimen had been in storage, and few people even knew of its existence.
''It's been hidden away behind the scenes for such a long time,'' said Dean Lomax.
''It was quite amazing when Judy Massare and myself examined the specimen and then found that it was a practically complete skeleton and in my personal opinion the best example ever of the ichthyosaur genus to be collected and studied.''
The Philadelphia specimen has been named Ichthyosaurus somersetensis, in honour of the county where so many specimens have been dug up or found in quarries.
The Bristol University fossil has been called Ichthyosaurus larkini, in honour of British palaeontologist Nigel Larkin, whose whose family has lived in the Bristol area for centuries.
A scholarly paper describing the research is published in the journal Papers in Palaeontology.
Follow Helen on Twitter @hbriggs.


Geological time - that's what French artist Abraham Poincheval is hoping to experience over the next week, as he is entombed inside a limestone rock.

He will become the "beating heart" of the 12-tonne boulder, he says - discovering how that perspective warps time and space.
Poincheval is conducting his experiment at Paris's Palais de Tokyo gallery.
A space the shape of his body - and air holes - have been carved into the rock.
There is also a place for supplies of water, soup and dried meat. Cables will monitor his heart and provide an emergency video link.
Journalists looked on as workmen pressed together the two halves of the rock at the gallery on Wednesday.
"The purpose is to feel the aging stone inside the rock," Poincheval told Quartz Media during his weeks of preparation for the ordeal.
"There is my own breathing, and then the rock which lives, still humid because it was extracted not so long ago from the quarry. So there is that flow, that coming and going, between myself and the stone."
At the time, he was coy about how he would go to the toilet, but in the moments running up to his entombment he came clean to AFP news agency, admitting he would urinate into empty water bottles and sit on a small container to excrete.
And the smell?
"The stone will absorb some of the smell," he said. "I think I can take it."
Instead, he says, one of the biggest challenges will be psychological: keeping grasp of reality.
Poincheval is an old hand at putting his body through the bizarre and potentially perilous - often within a confined space, having previously spent 13 days inside a bear.
If he emerges intact from the boulder, Poincheval plans to sit on a dozen eggs for the three or four weeks they take to hatch.
And his ultimate ambition is to "walk on the clouds", he told AFP.
"I have been working on it for five years, but it is not quite there yet."
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