Think of Latin American alcohol and you are likely to think of wine and spirits.

Mexico has its tequila, Cuba has rum, Brazilians drink caipirinhas and in Peru they make pisco. In Chile and Argentina, the tipple of choice is often a cabernet sauvignon or a malbec.
You are less likely to think of craft beer.
But slowly, surely, the beer revolution that is so well established in northern Europe and North America is starting to trickle southwards.
Across Latin America, small breweries are opening up, offering alternatives to the mass-produced brands of lagers.
These emerging microbreweries account for only a tiny fraction of overall beer sales, but that fraction is expanding quickly.
"Sales of craft beer in Latin America are growing at between 20% and 40% a year, depending on which country you're in," says Daniel Trivelli, president of Copa Cervezas de America, one of the region's biggest craft beer contests.
"Here in Chile, sales are growing at 25% and craft beers have around 2% of the overall beer market. We have around 250 craft beer breweries here, producing around 1,500 different beers."
Traditionally, Latin Americans have tended to drink light low-alcohol lagers, in part due to the hot climate across much of the region.
But that is starting to change as people acquire a taste for stronger, more complex brews.
"In Brazil, despite its economic crisis, craft beer sales are growing at 40%," Mr Trivelli says.
"They still represent only around 0.8% of all beer sales but in a country of 220 million people who consume 69 litres of beer per capita each year that's still significant."
Brazilian brewers are also starting to experiment with their country's dazzling array of tropical fruits.
"The Brazilians could take over the world in beer if they use their unique ingredients," says Kristen England, a US beer expert and a judge at the recent Copa Cervezas de America contest staged in Chile.
"The Brazilians have fruits we've never heard of in the US."
How the craft beer revolution started
Sneaking a taste of North Korea's finest beer
Did they drink craft beer in biblical times?
Fernanda Meybom, a Brazilian beer sommelier, says some Brazilian brewers age their beers in barrels previously used to store cachaca, the powerful sugar-cane spirit which forms the basis of the country's national cocktail, the caipirinha.
"It gives the beer a unique taste," she says. "Of course, in Brazil we're more famous for our cachaca and caipirinha than our beer, but there's room for everyone. You can make a really good craft beer using traditional Brazilian elements."
And it is not just the Brazilians who are experimenting.
"I was in Ecuador two months ago and I tried a beer made by a buddy," Mr England says. "His mum makes jam from passion fruit and chilli peppers and he took the idea and made it into a beer.
"It was absolutely wonderful."
The recent Copa Cervezas de America brought together craft beer producers from 16 countries across the hemisphere, including Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Uruguay  and Venezuela.
The judges sampled over 1,000 beers, ranging from dark porters and stouts to pale ales, Irish red ales, barley wines, German lagers, fruit beers, spiced beers and pilsners.
Among the brews that won prizes were Mango Magnifico, Subcomandante, Cacau Bomb, Funky Joseph and Backwoods Bastard.
Brazilian craft beers took 79 of the 175 medals on offer, followed by US beers, which still tend to set the standard.
"Every year I come down to South America and the beers get better and better," says Gordon Strong, president of the beer judge certification programme, an association of 10,000 judges worldwide.
"It's good for people here to compare their beers to those in the United States, where we've been doing this for longer.
"They're still maybe 20 years behind the US but they're learning fast."
Londonderry brewery advertises for beer taster
Craft beer craze drives demand for hops in Australia
Are craft beers ‘selling out’ to your supermarket?
The craft beer industry still faces big challenges in Latin America.
In Brazil, Ms Meybom says, brewers have to pay a plethora of taxes and are campaigning to get them simplified and reduced.
Most countries in the region struggle to grow hops due to the climate and have to import them from the US and Germany, leading to a deterioration in quality.
"In South America things tend to be slower and your fresh produce can be sitting on the dock for two weeks, three weeks, in the middle of summer," says Kristen England, the US beer expert.
But in southern Chile and Argentina, where the climate is cooler, brewers are increasingly growing their own raw materials.
"We source all our ingredients locally apart from the hops and yeast," says Kevin Szot, head of the Szot microbrewery near Santiago.
"The industry is still in its infancy here but it's better than it was 10 years ago when I started.
"Back then, no one understood why the hell I wanted to make a non-industrial beer."


A bill that would have wiped clean the criminal records of thousands of gay men has fallen at its first parliamentary hurdle.

The private member's bill would have pardoned all men living with UK convictions for same-sex offences committed before the law was changed.
There were emotional scenes with one MP fighting back tears during his speech.
The government, which has its own plans for posthumous pardons, "talked out" the bill, which will not now go ahead.
Minister Sam Gyimah spoke for 25 minutes, reaching the time limit allotted for the debate.
There were shouts of "shame" and "shameful" from angry MPs as the seconds ticked down and proceedings came to an end.
SNP MP John Nicolson said he had secured government support for his bill, which was withdrawn when the Ministry of Justice published its own commitment to a "Turing's law" on Thursday.
During Friday's debate Mr Nicolson accused the government of trying to "hijack" his plans.
The government's rival measure, an amendment to the Policing and Crimes Bill announced on Thursday, would grant pardons for those convicted who have since died. Ministers say those who are still alive can go through a "disregard process" to clear their names.
The government said it would not support Mr Nicolson's Sexual Offences (Pardons) Bill - which proposes a blanket pardon for the living - because it could lead to some people being cleared of offences that are still crimes.
"I understand and support the intentions behind Mr Nicolson's Bill, however I worry that he has not fully thought through the consequences," said justice minister Sam Gyimah. "Our way forward will be both faster and fairer."
Speaking during the debate, Mr Nicolson said: "I have to ask the House, should we not prioritise the living over the dead?"
His bill would have "set aside" nearly 50,000 convictions, about 15,000 of which apply to men who are still alive today.
Mr Nicolson says he was motivated by his work as a BBC journalist in the 1990s: "I made a documentary in the 1990s looking at the discriminatory laws which criminalised gay men.
"There were some shocking injustices. Men were arrested aged 21 for having 'under-age sex' with their 20-year-old boyfriends," he said.
The bill is intended to set aside only convictions made under:
And it would do so only under the conditions that:
The debate saw MPs from both government and opposition parties speaking in favour of moving the bill through Parliament.
Labour Rhondda MP Chris Bryant made an emotional speech in favour of the bill, recalling gay and bisexual MPs who demanded the right to fight in World War Two, insisting they and others should receive "something that feels like an apology".
Conservative MP Iain Stewart said that while he would support the government amendment, he believed it wouldn't go far enough.
Mr Stewart said: "We can move forward in a much more symbolic way... a way which will really make a difference to many people in this country."
A 2015 petition calling for pardons for the estimated 49,000 men affected by convictions for consensual gay sex was signed by over half a million people, including the actor Benedict Cumberbatch, who played Turing in the 2014 film The Imitation Game.
Another signatory was Turing's great-niece Rachel Barnes. Speaking to BBC News in 2015, Ms Barnes said: "We've always considered that it is totally unjust that only Alan was given a pardon.
"There were 50,000 other homosexuals who were convicted and not given a pardon. We would really like this to be put right now."


England have their first Grand Slam in 13 years after holding out to secure a historic victory in Paris.

Media playback is not supported on this device
First-half tries from Danny Care and Dan Cole had given them a five-point half-time lead, only for the relentless penalty precision of Maxime Machenaud to keep France within touching distance.
But a third try in three matches from Anthony Watson calmed rising nerves before a brace of late penalties from Owen Farrell allowed the travelling support to sing their heroes home.
It marks a remarkable turnaround for new head coach Eddie Jones, coming just six months after the humiliation of a home World Cup exit at the group stages before he took control.
England had been confirmed as Six Nations champions last weekend, after beating Wales and France subsequently losing against Scotland, yet after a decade of near misses and disappointments this is a triumph that will be celebrated long into the night.
They were far from flawless, as in each of their five wins this winter, but Jones will know that this young side is capable of much more as they continue to develop.
"I'm very proud of the boys," Jones told BBC Sport afterwards. "It's a great achievement by the team. I always had confidence in them.
"Dylan Hartley has been fantastic and he has done a very good job. Billy Vunipola, Mike Brown and Owen Farrell have done very well assisting him along with James Haskell and Chris Robshaw. That nucleus has been very strong.
"The great thing is the best is ahead of us. We're looking forward to [the summer tour to] Australia and we're only going to get better."
Relive the drama as England won the Grand Slam
Machenaud and Farrell had exchanged early penalties as France attacked out wide with the flair of old, Scott Spedding and Virimi Vakatawa slicing and smashing into space down the left.
But it was England who struck decisively, recalled scrum-half Care picking the ball up from the base of an unattended ruck 30 metres out, handing off Jefferson Poirot and dashing away and under the posts.
Farrell converted before Machenaud's second penalty cut the lead to four, only for Eddie Jones's men to once again profit from lax defence.
This time it was Cole, taking the ball six metres out, spinning from the first tackle and powering through the second to roll over the line.
The French crowd whistled and jeered, convinced that Mako Vunipola had obstructed a defender, but referee Nigel Owens watched it back on the big screen just once before confirming the try.
Again Farrell converted, again Machenaud landed a penalty, and again France went left through the thundering Vakatawa, only for the big winger to be shoved into touch a few metres short.
England ceded a fine attacking opportunity of their own through a knock-on and, as half-time approached, Machenaud cut the lead to 17-12 with his fourth from four.
Jones, who replaced Stuart Lancaster in November, threw on Joe Marler for Mako Vunipola and Ben Youngs for Care, but it was Vakatawa who almost escaped as the second half began, scooping up a loose ball and crashing to within five metres before Jack Nowell's brilliant last-ditch tackle.
Machenaud and Farrell landed another matching pair of penalties and England began to stagger a little under the blue-shirted assaults.
Discipline had been an issue all night, as it had been throughout the championship, and when skipper Dylan Hartley was penalised Machenaud's precision made it a two-point game.
England were getting sloppy, the errors mounting up, and once again Billy Vunipola came to the rescue.
The big number eight powered away off a scrum, Youngs took the ball on and then, with the defence closing, sent a perfect grubber kick away for Watson to gather and score in the corner.
It did little to calm the nerves of the substantial travelling support. Farrell's conversion from the left touchline slid wide, England messed up the restart and Machenaud's right boot worked its magic again for 25-21.
Still England led, the Grand Slam in their grasp with the minutes ticking away.
Then Hartley took a knee to the head making a tackle, appeared knocked cold and was stretchered off the field, and the inexperienced Luke Cowan-Dickie was rushed on to take his place.
Ten minutes to go, and with England's earlier threat with ball in hand appearing to have evaporated, Farrell landed a monster of a kick from halfway to push the lead out to seven.
At last France cracked. Xavier Chiocci was sent to the sin bin, Farrell stroked over the penalty to bring his own total to 21 and England could celebrate the end of a long and painful wait.
France: Spedding, Fofana, Fickou, Mermoz, Vakatawa, Trinh-Duc, Machenaud; Poirot, Guirado, Slimani, Flanquart, Maestri, Chouly, Le Roux, Goujon.
Replacements: Chat for Guirado (66), Atonio for Poirot (57), Chiocci for Slimani (57), Jedrasiak for Flanquart (57), Lauret for Goujon (69), Bezy for Machenaud (75), Plisson for Trinh-Duc (13), Medard for Mermoz (69).
England: Brown, Watson, Joseph, Farrell, Nowell, Ford, Care; M Vunipola, Hartley, Cole, Itoje, Kruis, Robshaw, Haskell, B Vunipola.
Replacements: Cowan-Dickie for Hartley (67), Marler for M Vunipola (41), Clifford for Robshaw (75), Youngs for Care (43).
Not used: Brookes, Launchbury, Tuilagi, Daly.
Referee: Nigel Owens (WRU)
Assistant referees: John Lacey (IRFU) & Leighton Hodges (WRU)
TMO: Ben Skeen (NZR)


The western Indian state of Gujarat has passed a law making the slaughter of cows punishable with life imprisonment.

Under an amendment to the state's Animal Preservation Act, those found guilty of transporting beef will also be jailed for 10 years.
The cow is considered sacred by India's Hindu majority, and killing cows is illegal in many states.
But the new amendment means Gujarat now has the toughest laws on the issue in the country.
Offenders will face heavy fines, as well as time behind bars. The penalty for either act has been doubled from 50,000 rupees ($771; Â£618) to 100,000 rupees.
Gujarat Minister of State Pradipsinh Jadeja told reporters that the cow was a symbol of Indian culture and the amendments to the act had been made "in consultation with the people".
Chief Minister Vijay Rupani has also spoken repeatedly of "harsh" punishment for those who kill cows.
The new law will come into effect once approved by the state's governor.


It has been three years since the credit-card sized Raspberry Pi launched.

The Pi, and its community web pages, try to tempt the public and students to burrow beneath the bonnet of their computers, beyond Facebook, and try their hand at coding.
And with five million sold, it is today Britain's fastest-selling personal computer, a $35 (£25) successor to kit - or unassembled - computers like the Heathkit H8.
Eben Upton, Alan Mycroft, and four other academics at the University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory had noted a decline in skills and numbers of students applying to read Computer Science.
Twenty years before, applicants would have been avid tinkering hobbyists; lately, they may have only done a small amount of web design.
The European Commission has predicted a shortfall of 900,000 adequately skilled programmers and other technology professionals in Europe by 2020.
So the sextet founded the Raspberry Foundation as a charity to revive Britain's garage-geek spirit.
When British astronaut Tim Peake heads to the International Space Station this November, he will bring two augmented space Raspberries, called Astro Pis.
They will run experiments devised by primary and secondary school students, says Dr Upton, Raspberry's chief executive. The older students will also code them.
Programming is changing briskly.
Coding in the cloud is one trend likely to carry on, spreading collaborators across continents.
So also is the explosion of new languages, like Facebook's Hack scripting language or Apple's Swift, alongside classical tongues like C and Java.
We're likely to learn to code younger, and differently. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) child-friendly programming language Scratch has 6.2 million registered users.
The Internet of Things, driverless cars, and drones will all yield more programmable platforms - but will coding for your cappuccino maker drastically change programming?
And what will the coding workplace be like, when today's Raspberry rugrats have grown into tomorrow's programming prodigies?
One interesting facet of the last 15 years is how little programming languages have changed.
Then and now, C and C++ dominate programming at deep, or highly-optimised levels.
One level up, C-derived languages - objective C and ones resembling C in syntax, like Java and Microsoft's C# - are in fashion for running most applications.
Then at the top, there is a big brace of scripting languages, like Perl, Python (named after Monty Python), and PHP, which is often used as glue for sticking together programs to build a complete system.
Scripting languages live in a rich environment, with large numbers of links to other programs, says Daniel Kroening, professor of computer science at the University of Oxford.
Some, like Haskell in quantitative finance, are dominant in niches because of available frameworks and libraries.
Fortran (first released in 1957, though much evolved since) continues to be used for scientific programming, including weather forecasting and climate-change modelling.
And there is JavaScript, the predominant language for programming to run in a web browser.
The spread of computing to new platforms - down to your car and toaster - will bring new challenges in building bigger, more connected systems.
Scripting languages tend to be loosely typed, allowing a single variable to contain a number, a bit of text, or other character.
This makes writing small programs easier, faster, and more fragile.
Agile development has been another new trend, with frequent feedback between programmers and users - the gov.uk website is an example.
But then you have the million-line behemoth programs, with more opportunities for inconsistencies and bugs to creep in.
BBC iWonder
INTERACTIVE: Can you fix these traffic lights with code?
Does knowing a bit of code lead to your dream job?
Another trend has been an increased number of languages coming out of the corporate world, rather than universities. This permits companies to have more control over which direction the languages take.
"Nowadays, by accident, Facebook have a million lines of PHP, and they wish they didn't," says Alan Mycroft, professor of computing at Cambridge University.
Facebook as a result has developed a new language, Hack, to help keep types constant through large masses of code.
But it requires very speedy coding.
Nobody said IT was easy.
Google's Go is in this category, as is Mozilla's Rust.
Dropbox - largely coded in Python- hired Python's creator Guido van Rossum three years ago.
We can see Microsoft's C# as an earlier example of industry-driven design.
Programming languages behave like ecosystems, says Professor Mycroft.
New small languages are constantly developed, then suddenly a large corporation will use one.
"There's no God-given right to why one language lives and one doesn't," he says.
C first became popular because Unix, Linux, and Windows were written in it. Java became popular because it enabled easy animation (applets) on early web pages.
Progress is meanwhile being made in languages particularly suited to machine learning.
These have made great bounds lately in visual recognition, and in solving CAPTCHAs - those irritating jumbles of hidden words you have to type in to a website to prove that you are not a robot.
In this family of languages, the program, not the programmer, comes up with the algorithms needed to address a problem.
The maths needed for this sort of inference has made great strides in the last three years, says Dr Frank Wood, from Oxford's Department of Engineering Science and creator of the probabilistic programming language ANGLICAN.
Another feature of tomorrow's programming workplace is that software projects will "only ever become bigger", says Oxford University's Professor Kroening.
With the adequately trained talent spread around the world, "remote working will grow more pervasive", says Sophia Drossopoulou, professor of programming languages at Imperial College London.
She points to her husband's company, with 70 people distributed over 10 countries.
Crucial to this are laptops that are now powerful enough for useful development.
Asher Glynn, a software architect in London, says he has teams working everywhere from Ukraine to Australia to Portugal.
"The thing that you do miss out is the face-to-face bonding," he says. "But I think we'll develop new techniques for dealing with the individual's feeling of isolation."
He points to co-working locations. Skype and other forms of teleconferencing will become more important adds Brendan Quinn, a London-based technology consultant.
Worldwide, the number of people working in programming is in the order of 15 million.
This number is not rising fast enough, even though the number of things to be programmed is.
India produces roughly 100,000 computer science graduates annually. By comparison, Britain produces roughly a tenth of that.
Good news for qualified programmers, less so for tech companies facing talent shortages.
"That's why we work with organisations like Code Club, Young Rewired State and Raspberry Pi to inspire young people to get involved with coding and digital technology," says Eileen Noughton, managing director of Google UK.
Pushing this even further, Vikas Gupta, an Amazon and Google veteran with a three and a half year-old daughter, co-founded the Wonder Workshop in Silicon Valley in 2012, to teach children to code.
In December 2014, it began shipping two robots - Dash and Dot.
Using music and drawing interfaces, the robots entice young children to develop coding skills, like ordering commands in a sequence, and working in subroutines.
Maybe it is a little too keen to imagine an entire future generation of Raspberry-reared garage programmers. But they are likely to be in short supply.
So perhaps spare a thought for Steve Jobs beginning Apple in his parents' garage, before you convert yours to a spare bedroom for the au pair or the mother-in-law.


A new study sheds light on how money affects human behaviour.

Exchanging goods for currency is an age old trusted system for trade. In large groups it fosters co-operation as each party has a measurable payoff.
But within small groups a team found that introducing an incentive makes people less likely to share than they did before. In essence, even an artificial currency reduced their natural generosity.
The study is published in journal PNAS.
When money becomes involved, group dynamics have been known to change. Scientists have now found that even tokens with no monetary value completely changed the way in which people helped each other.
Gabriele Camera of Chapman University, US, who led the study, said that he wanted to investigate co-operation in large societies of strangers, where it is less likely for individuals to help others than in tight-knit communities.
The team devised an experiment where subjects in small and large groups had the option to give gifts in exchange for tokens.
They found that there was a social cost to introducing this incentive. When all tokens were "spent", a potential gift-giver was less likely to help than they had been in a setting where tokens had not yet been introduced.
The same effect was found in smaller groups, who were less generous when there was the option of receiving a token.
"Subjects basically latched on to monetary exchange, and stopped helping unless they received immediate compensation in a form of an intrinsically worthless object [a token].
"Using money does help large societies to achieve larger levels of co-operation than smaller societies, but it does so at a cost of displacing normal of voluntary help that is the bread and butter of smaller societies, in which everyone knows each other," said Prof Camera.
But he said that this negative result was not found in larger anonymous groups of 32, instead co-operation increased with the use of tokens.
"This is exciting because we introduced something that adds nothing to the economy, but it helped participants converge on a behaviour that is more trustworthy."
He added that the study reflected monetary exchange in daily life: "Global interaction expands the set of trade opportunities, but it dilutes the level of information about others' past behaviour. In this sense, one can view tokens in our experiment as a parable for global monetary exchange."
Sam Bowles, of the Santa Fe Institute, US, who was not involved with the study, specialises in evolutionary co-operation.
He commented that co-operation among self-interested people will always occur on a vast scale when "helping another" consists of exchanging a commodity that can be bought or sold with tokens, for example a shirt.
"The really interesting finding in the study is that tokens change the behavioural foundations of co-operation, from generosity in the absence of the tokens, to self-interest when tokens are present."
"It's striking that once tokens become available, people generally do not help others except in return for a token."
He told BBC news that it was evidence for an already observed phenomenon called "motivational crowding out, where paying an individual to do a task which they had already planned to do free of charge, could lead people to do this less".
However, Prof Bowles said that "most of the goods and services that we need that make our lives possible and beautiful are not like shirts".
"For these things, exchanging tokens could never work, which is why humans would never have become the co-operative species we are unless we had developed ethical and other regarding preferences."


Team Sky's Luke Rowe considers his fifth-place finish at the Tour of Flanders as the best result of his career.

Rowe finished 48 seconds behind winner Peter Sagan and secured Team Sky's best ever result at what is one of cycling's five 'monuments.'
The 26-year-old is hoping he is getting closer to securing a first ever podium.
"I'm getting there slowly but surely so hopefully in a few years it can all come together nicely," he said.
"It's my biggest result to date.
"Before today I would have said eighth place in Paris-Roubaix last year was my biggest result.
"Paris-Roubaix and Flanders are both on the same level so I'm a couple of places higher and a couple of places nearer the podium and the top steps."
Team-mate and fellow Welshman Geraint Thomas finished 12th after an early crash.


A Ceredigion village was left without phone signal over the festive period after a road crash damaged a telephone pole.

People living in Pentre-bach, near Lampeter, have been without signal and internet since 20 December. About 40 houses and businesses are affected.
BT Openreach said it could not replace the pole until it obtained permission from the utility company.
Resident Clive Mills told BBC Radio Cymru the situation was "awful".
"Businesses are losing money because of this, and for disabled people in the area their emergency buttons aren't working because of needing phone signal," he told Taro'r Post.
"There is a garage selling petrol which has to only accept cash now because card machines don't work without the telephone and people can't pay, they must be losing business."
A spokesman for BT Openreach said: "This pole will need to be replaced but our engineers are currently unable to carry out this work safely until we've gained permission from the utility company that also run their high-voltage cables within the same vicinity.
"We'd like to reassure those residents that have been affected that this matter has been escalated and we're working hard to get the fault fixed as quickly as possible."
In a separate incident, BT recently apologised to Arfon Gwilym from Saron, near Caernarfon in Gwynedd, who has been without signal or internet for 25 days.
The company said engineers needed to check for obstructions to carry out the work safely.


Graeme McDowell fired a level-par 72 in the final round of Dubai Desert Classic to end the tournament in joint 13th.

The former US Open winner from Portrush finished on eight under on Sunday after a round which included three birdies and three bogeys.
McDowell was 11 shots behind winner Sergio Garcia, with the Spaniard three shots clear of Henrik Stenson of Sweden at the Emirates Golf Club.
Ireland's Paul Dunne was two under after posting a 69.


Firefighters have tackled a blaze at a four-storey building in central London's Chinatown area.

The fire damaged the Wan Chai Corner's basement kitchen, and the roof was also badly damaged.
Ten people left the building before fire crews arrived at midday and there were no reports of any injuries.
Six fire engines and 35 firefighters tackled the blaze, which sent thick smoke billowing around Gerrard Place and nearby Soho and Chinatown.
Station Manager Lisa Hicks later said crews had extinguished a fire in the basement kitchen, bringing the fire under control.
Shaftesbury Avenue was closed each way between Wardour Street and Cambridge Circus following the fire.


A teenager has been jailed for seven years for his part in the killing of a man who was ambushed in a car.

Hamza Omar Adam, 18, formerly of Berridge Road, Nottingham, pleaded guilty to the manslaughter of 21-year-old Aqib Mazhar on 1 June 2016.
Nottingham Crown Court heard Mr Mazhar's car was surrounded by three vehicles and then attacked by a group of men with weapons in Nottingham.
He was fatally stabbed inside the car and died at the side of the road.
Forensic evidence linked Adam to a co-ordinated and planned attack on Mr Mazhar, Nottinghamshire Police said.
In December last year, another four men were also convicted after admitting Mr Mazhar's manslaughter.
Mr Mazhar died from a single stab wound in hospital.
The four men who pleaded guilty to manslaughter in December were:
It is believed another person, who is still on the run, carried out the fatal stabbing.
Speaking after the sentencing on Monday, Det Ch Insp Rob Severn said: "The investigation is continuing to identify any outstanding offenders involved in this incident."


Scores of residents have been evacuated from their homes in southern Guatemala after the Fuego volcano erupted, the country's president says.

Clouds of black ash belched into the sky, while showers of rock and dust fell on to surrounding towns.
The international airport in the capital Guatemala City was closed as result of the explosion, President Otto Perez said.
It is expected to reopen later on Sunday, reports suggest.
The Fuego volcano is about 40km (25 miles) south-west of the capital and stands 3,763 metres (12,346 feet) above sea level.
In September 2012 the authorities evacuated thousands of people from the area after Fuego started spewing large volumes of lava and ash.
Experts said at the time it was the biggest eruption from the mountain since 1999.


The Junction One shopping centre near Antrim is now worth less than 10% of what it was valued at in 2009.

The details are contained in the latest accounts of Junction One Ltd, which cover the 18 months to March 2013.
They show that the centre is now valued at £7.85m, compared to a valuation of almost £80m in 2009.
Virtually all commercial properties in Northern Ireland have seen their values fall as a result of the property crash.
The latest fall in the value of the centre follows a revaluation in May 2013 that saw a chartered surveyor reduce the value from £30.3m to £7.85m.
Junction One Ltd has Ulster Bank borrowings of more than £48m and its liabilities outweigh its assets by almost £52m.
Junction One Ltd is partially under the control of an administrator after one of the company's shareholders was placed into administration last year.
Valto Ltd went into administration in October as part of a restructuring of property assets controlled by brothers Shamus and Francis Jennings.
Company documents suggest that Valto has 50% of the shares in Junction One Ltd.


Stephen Fry will be part of the cast of Danger Mouse when the cartoon favourite returns to TV next year.

The broadcaster and actor will voice the role of veteran spy Colonel K, a character voiced by The Archers actor Edward Kelsey in the 1980s original.
Alexander Armstrong will voice Danger Mouse himself in the CBBC series.
Fellow Pointless regular Richard Osman will also have a role in the show - as a jellyfish scientist called Professor Strontium Jellyfishowitz.
The TV quizmaster said he "could not be more delighted" to be involved, describing himself as "a lifelong fan" of the programme.
Kayvan Novak, from Channel  4's Facejacker, will play a number of different characters in the new version, while Ed Gaughan will play amphibious villain Baron Silas Greenback.
Kelsey, who plays Joe Grundy in Radio 4's The Archers, also voiced Baron Greenback in the original show, which ran on ITV from 1981 to 1992.
The new series, a co-production with FremantleMedia, will initially run for 52 episodes.


A candlelit vigil has been held in memory of a street patrol volunteer who died in an attack.

Mother-of-four Lynne Freeman was found with serious injuries in Mapleton Crescent, Redcar, on 23 March.
Minutes later, Jodie Betteridge, 30, was attacked in nearby Byland Close. Alan Bennett, 34, is accused of murdering both women.
Ms Freeman was a volunteer for the Redcar Beacons whose members patrol the streets making sure people are safe.
The vigil was organised by the Christian Nightlife Initiatives Network.
Anne Connelly, coordinator of Redcar Beacons: "Lynne was one of our ï¬


A Beijing court has accepted a woman's case against the ministry of education over textbooks that describe homosexuality as a "psychological disorder", Chinese media report.

The 21-year old from Guangdong, who is gay and goes by the pseudonym Qiu Bai, has long campaigned for a change.
Chinese views on homosexuality have softened in recent times and it was decriminalised in 1997.
However discrimination against gay men and women remains prevalent.
Earlier this week, Chinese media reported on the case of a gay man suing a mental hospital that he says drugged and beat him, after his wife and family took him there to be "cured".
In 2014, Qiu Bai, was looking for information on homosexuality while at Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou and found textbooks calling it a "disorder".
She told the Sixth Tone website this had incensed her: "Textbooks should at least describe homosexuality with objectivity.
"I don't want discrimination permeating the school I live in and the materials I use every day."
She sued the Ministry of Education in 2015 but was persuaded to drop the case to engage instead in a complaints process.
But after complaint letters were ignored she pursued a second lawsuit in April 2016 which was rejected by the court on the grounds that the lack of response from the ministry did not infringe on her rights.
Earlier this month she filed the current lawsuit, saying that "as a current university student, the plaintiff has a direct interest in the textbook materials".
On Tuesday, the First Intermediate People's Court of Beijing accepted the lawsuit over the ministry's failure to respond to her complaint.
Homosexuality was removed from the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders in 2001.


Catalans Dragons twice came from behind to beat Huddersfield Giants and record back-to-back Super League away wins.

Aaron Murphy and Jake Mamo twice put the Giants ahead but Tony Gigot's try and Brayden Wiliame's converted score gave Dragons a 12-10 lead at the break.
Richie Myler, Vincent Duport and Luke Walsh then all crossed to put the visitors in control.
Jermaine McGillvary cut the Giants' arrears but Gigot's drop-goal sealed it before Sam Wood's late consolation try.
Huddersfield have now gone seven games without a win, despite battling draws at both Wigan and St Helens during that run, and remain third from bottom.
But Catalans, who won at Leigh last Friday, climb to seventh, level on points with reigning champions Wigan, who host Saints on Friday.
After an evenly matched first half, Huddersfield were made to pay for Danny Brough being sent to the sin-bin for disputing Myler's score soon after the break.
Duport finished in the corner as Catalans made their numerical advantage count, but once Brough returned to the field, Walsh immediately intercepted his pass to race in.
McGillvary's score briefly gave Huddersfield hope but Gigot's drop-goal with four minutes left put the result beyond doubt, meaning Wood's score off the last play of the game was little more than a consolation.
Huddersfield head coach Rick Stone told BBC Radio 5 live sports extra: "It was a game that was there for the taking for us.
"In the first half we controlled the game but in the first 20 minutes of the second half it was a self-destruct situation.
"Players have key decisions go against them but there is a time when you have to accept the referee's decision and Danny Brough didn't manage that well.
"We could have easily won the game tonight but we made 18 errors and to give yourselves a chance you can't make 18 errors and expect to win the game."
Catalans stand-off Luke Walsh told BBC Radio 5 live sports extra: "After the Wakefield game (Catalans lost 38-18 at home) we knew we had two important games coming up and games we had to win.
"We have a lot of improvement to do but we're getting better and getting our confidence back, which is good."
Catalans dummy-half Richie Myler told BBC Radio 5 live sports extra: "We pinpointed the Easter games to turn our season around.
"We are without a lot of players and we're doing it tough but we are happy with two wins away from home.
"We have not been playing well at the start of the season but we are improving week by week.
"These wins have given us some breathing space from the bottom of the table but now we need to kick on and aim as high as we can."
Huddersfield Giants: Mamo, McGillvary, S. Wood, Murphy, McIntosh, Brough, Gaskell, Ikahihifo, Hinchcliffe, Wakeman, Symonds, Mellor, Clough.
Replacements: Rapira, Leeming, Roberts, Mason.
Catalans Dragons: Gigot, Thornley, Inu, Wiliame, Duport, Walsh, Myler, Casty, Anderson, Garcia, Moa, Aiton, Belmas.
Replacements: Bousquet, Bosc, Simon, Margalet.
Att: 4,973
Referee: Chris Campbell (RFL)


A bright and colourful ceremony at Rio's Maracana stadium, celebrating Brazil's history and natural beauty, kicked off the 2016 Rio Olympic Games.
It's the first time the Games has been held in South America.
The Olympic torch was lit by former marathon runner Vanderlei de Lima, and tennis champion Andy Murray led the Great Britain team into the arena.
The audience inside the Maracana were treated to an amazing display of light, colour, dancing and a few hundred fireworks!
Huge projections lit the floor showing different images to tell the story of Brazil, from ancient history to modern day, as performers jumped and danced.
Millions of people around the world watched the ceremony.


Oscar-winning actor Sir Anthony Hopkins has been cast in a television remake of the 1970s sci-fi film, Westworld.

The original featured Yul Brynner as a malfunctioning robot cowboy who begins attacking guests at a hi-tech theme park.
In the HBO pilot, Sir Anthony will play Robert Ford, described as Westworld's "brilliant... complicated" chairman.
The project is being developed by Star Wars Episode VII's director, JJ Abrams' production company Bad Robot.
Sir Anthony, famous for his role as Hannibal Lecter in Silence of the Lambs and its sequel and more recently Thor: The Dark Side, will appear alongside actress Evan Rachel Wood for the project.
A description of Wood's role as Dolores Abernathy suggests her character is not human.
Entertainment Weekly reported: "Dolores is the quintessential farm girl of the frontier West - who is about to discover that her entire idyllic existence is an elaborately constructed lie."
Sir Anthony is best known for his cinematic roles but has made a number of television appearances.
He narrated a TV documentary series, American Masters, in 2007 and appeared as Abel Magwitch in a 1989 version of Great Expectations.


The American hotel chain Marriott has announced the construction of its first hotel in Northern Ireland.

The Â£20m project will be based at the City Quays development at Belfast Harbour.
It is the latest in a series of new hotels in Belfast, with more than 20 projects at various stages of development across the city.
Construction is already getting underway at the site, which is due to open at the start of 2018.
Marriott operate two hotels in the Republic of Ireland, the Shelbourne Hotel in Dublin and the Powerscourt Hotel in County Wicklow.


Glamorgan batsman Nicholas Selman made a half-century in only his second first-class appearance to help the visitors make 291-7 on day one at Hove.

Jacques Rudolph reached an unbeaten 76 at the close alongside Owen Morgan (15 not out), while Steve Magoffin (3-47) was the pick of the Sussex bowlers.
Glamorgan had passed 100 for the loss of only one wicket before Selman (52) fell to Stuart Whittingham (2-48).
Aneurin Donald and David Lloyd each scored 37 on a relatively even day.


The MTV Video Music Awards are known for showcasing some of the biggest and wildest moments in pop culture history - from outrageous twerking to drama-filled feuds.

Here's a look back at some of the show's most memorable moments:
The birth of one of pop music's biggest beefs all started when Kanye West jumped on stage in the middle of Taylor Swift accepting her award for best female video.
When Swift's video for You Belong With Me beat Beyonce's Single Ladies, the rapper headed for the stage and took Taylor's microphone.
He said: "Taylor, I'm really happy for you, and I'ma let you finish... but BeyoncÃ© had one of the best videos of all time."
Kanye was booed by he audience, and when Beyonce herself accepted the award for video of the year later in the ceremony, she invited Swift back onstage to finish her speech.
Although Britney Spears was already a global superstar, this moment cemented her status as a pop culture icon as she performed her hit song I'm a Slave 4 U whilst draped with a seven-foot Burmese python.
Peta (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) and several other animal rights groups weren't too thrilled about this.
Recalling the performance last year, Britney said: "Oh my goodness, why did I do that? That was so dumb," adding that she would "never" do it again.
Lady Gaga is no stranger to shocking the world with crazy outfits, and this one surely topped the list.
In 2010, the pop star accepted her video of the year award in a dress made from raw beef.
The dress was condemned by several animal rights groups but went on to be inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2011.
In an  interview with American news anchor Anderson Cooper, Gaga explained that her dress was in protest against the US military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy, a rule that banned open homosexuality in the armed forces.
Beyonce announced her pregnancy with Blue Ivy in the most Beyonce way ever.
After delivering a killer performance of Love On Top, she unbuttoned her blazer, dropped her microphone on the floor (we're sure the sound engineers were big fans of that) and began rubbing her tummy.
The audience (and her fanbase) went suitably crazy.
Madonna isn't a stranger to delivering crazy performances - from hanging on a crucifix to rocking up in a ball gown as a French royal, we've seen it all.
And whilst her 1984 performance at the VMAs would be considered quite tame by today's standards, at the time it was pretty groundbreaking.
From her wedding dress costume, to the massive cake she emerged from to her hip thrusting on stage, critics suggested Madonna had set the standard for other artists performing at the VMAs to match.
Britney and VMA stunts go hand-in-hand, so it's perhaps unsurprising she features more on our list than anybody else.
The singer started her 2000 performance in a tuxedo whilst singing I Can't Get No (Satisfaction). All very formal and elegant.
But then the whole world watched Britney rip off her clothes to reveal a skin-tone, bedazzled body suit as she began to sing Oops... I Did It Again.
Critics cited this moment as a turning point for Britney's career - between the song and the costume, she did a pretty good job of trying to shed that Mickey Mouse Club image and show the world she was growing up.
One of the most jaw dropping moments of VMA history was when Nicki Minaj called out Miley Cyrus.
It all started when the rapper criticised MTV for leaving Anaconda out of the video of the year category, implying that she would have been nominated if she was white.
Taylor Swift took this as a jab directed at her and responded on Twitter, after which the two engaged in a war of words. And then Miley weighed in on the topic.
"What I read sounded very Nicki Minaj, which, if you know Nicki Minaj, is not too kind," Miley said.
"It's not very polite. I think there's a way you speak to people with openness and love. You don't have to start this pop star against pop star war."
As Nicki accepted her award on stage and handed back to Miley, who was hosting the ceremony, she said: "And now, back to this [girl] that had a lot to say about me the other day in the press. Miley, what's good?"
Nicki later explained to The New York Times Magazine: "I saw [Miley] just looking at me, with her face screwed up, and I thought, 'What the...?'"
"The fact that you feel upset about me speaking on something that affects black women makes me feel like you have some big balls."
And while we're on the subject of Miley Cyrus...
After finishing her performance of We Can't Stop in 2013, the singer was joined on stage by Robin Thicke and that's when things got a little... R-rated.
As Thicke began singing the controversial Blurred Lines, Cyrus began stroking him with a foam finger and doing her own interpretation of "twerking" in her latex beige bikini.
After Twitter melted, the singer defended it and claimed that she wanted to make history (mission accomplished) - but now it seems she regrets it.
Natia Kirkland - commonly known as Lil Mama - seemed to have got caught up in the moment when Jay-Z and Alicia Keys were performing their ode to New York, Empire State of Mind.
As the song came to a close, Kirkland who is also a native New Yorker, jumped on stage and posed next to the two superstars with Jay-Z trying his hardest to ignore her.
In the middle of performing a mash-up of hits in 2003, Madonna surprised the world by kissing Britney Spears onstage.
After cutting to the confused look on Justin Timberlake's face, Madonna then kissed Christina Aguilera.
At a time where both Spears and Aguilera were still trying to shake off their innocent teen-idol images, the kiss was an unforgettable VMA moment.
Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk


A body found on a beach in Sussex has been confirmed as that of a second man who was swept out to sea after standing by the water's edge for a dare.

He was found by a member of the public at Rottingdean, about three and a half miles east of Brighton's Palace Pier where the men were last seen.
Dan Nicholls, 23, from Brighton, was knocked off his feet by a wave in "dangerous" gale force nine conditions.
The body of Freddie Reynolds, 24, was found at Saltdean on Saturday.
Both men were school friends and used to share a flat together, their families said.
In a statement, Mr Reynolds' family said his loss would leave a "huge void in a lot of people's lives" and described him as "a very loyal and brilliant friend".
Mr Nicholls was described by his family as "very bright" and "well-loved by many".
The pair got into difficulty near Palace Pier at 01:00 GMT on Saturday.
They had been on the beach with three other men, who raised the alarm.
Det Ch Insp Carwyn Hughes said their friends had told how Mr Nicholls was knocked off his feet by a wave, sweeping him out to sea.
"On seeing this, Freddie, with another friend, started to strip and Freddie dived in to rescue Dan but was also swept out.
"Their shocked friends tried to enter the water but were beaten back by the waves," he said.
Det Ch Insp Hughes added that the friends had discussed the dare before seeing the ferocity of the waves.
Mr Reynolds' family praised his "bravery" after formally identifying his body.
In a statement they said: "We are devastated but also extremely proud of Freddie and the bravery he showed in trying to save Dan."
Det Ch Insp Hughes said: "We are relieved that the bodies of the two men have been recovered.
"This has been a traumatic weekend for Dan and Freddie's friends and family.
"What was meant to be a bit of fun turned out so tragically with Dan snatched from the water's edge and Freddie bravely diving in to try to save him.
"Our sympathies go to their families, whom we are supporting."
He added: "This a a tragic incident and I urge people to think of their safety and keep away from the sea when it is so dangerous."
The search for the pair had been co-ordinated throughout the night by the coastguard with two all-weather lifeboats, a rescue helicopter and two shoreline rescue teams from Shoreham and Newhaven.
It was called off at 04:30 GMT.


A 21-year-old woman has been arrested at Heathrow Airport on suspicion of Syria-related terror offences, police have said.

The suspect, from north London, was stopped by police upon her return from Istanbul, Turkey, at 21:02 BST.
She is being questioned on suspicion of preparing acts of terrorism, the Met said.
Scotland Yard said officers had also searched two addresses in connection with the arrest.


The names of almost 800,000 registered users of porn site Brazzers have been exposed in a data breach.

The account details were taken from forums associated with the site on which porn fans discuss favourite scenes and performers.
It is thought attackers stole data using vulnerabilities in the vBulletin software used to run the chat forum.
Brazzers said it had taken measures to stop fraudsters re-using login names found in the list.
News website Motherboard said the information about Brazzers users was passed to it by Vigilante.pw, which monitors breaches. The dump of data includes email addresses, user names and passwords spelled out in plain text. Many firms typically digitally scramble or encrypt passwords to protect them even if they go astray.
The data was taken from the Brazzersforum site that was set up for users but it appears that many people who signed up for the chat forums used the same logins and passwords on the main porn site. The data was stolen in 2013 but has only now come to light.
Security researcher Troy Hunt confirmed that the data in the dump was accurate by checking some of the details via the database of stolen credentials he maintains.
Mr Hunt told Motherboard that the release of the data was potentially more embarrassing than just knowing someone was a member of a porn site because, if someone used the stolen logins, they could see private conversations about sexual preferences.
"Problem with a hack like that is it's a forum," he said. "Worse than just adult website creds, this is what people were talking and fantasising about."
In a statement, Brazzers confirmed that the breach occurred via the vBulletin software used to keep the forum running.
Mr Hunt said the widely used vBulletin software was often poorly maintained by forum administrators who did not apply the latest security patches leaving sites vulnerable to attack. Several recent breaches had all been traced back to vBulletin, he added.
Brazzers said it had taken "corrective measures" to protect users and stop credentials being re-used.


More than 400 people have died in three weeks of fighting in Kobane - the Syria-Turkey border town Islamic State (IS) is trying to capture.

The Syrian Kurd defenders have been supported by air strikes, carried out by the US-led coalition, but the Turkish president has warned these aren't helping enough.
Recep Tayyip Erdogan has said Kobane is "about to fall".
About 160,000 Syrian people have fled, but civilians remain in the town.
If IS captures Kobane, its militants will control a long stretch of the Syrian-Turkish border.
Kobane, known in Arabic as Ayn al-Arab, and the villages surrounding it have been home to about 400,000 people, most of them Kurds.
Since earlier this year it has been surrounded on three sides by IS forces.
In September IS began to advance, with more than 100,000 people seeking refuge in Turkey.
The Turkish government is opposed to President Assad and his regime in Syria.
The country has promised not to let Kobane fall but is doing little about it.
It's powerful military, just watches and waits. Tanks are lined up on the hills overlooking the town but they remain silent.
The country is reluctant to intervene, partly because it has a long history of unrest with its own Kurdish population, but also because it wants the US-led coalition to agree on a number of things before it gets involved.
These include setting up a no-fly zone and a buffer zone in northern Syria and helping to get rid of President Assad.
There have been clashes in Turkey as well, mainly between police and pro-Turkish protestors.
Cities including Istanbul and Diyarbakir have witnessed demonstrations, and a 25-year-old Kurdish man has died in Varto in eastern Turkey during a protest.
US officials say the campaign against IS will take months and years, not days and weeks; there are going to be setbacks along the way and the loss of Kobane could be one.
They have led coalition forces, carrying out air strikes in Syria against IS command and economic targets like oil installations.
Much of their focus has remained in Iraq however.
Brigadier Ben Barry, the land warfare analyst at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) in London, says the problems around Kobane show "the lack of any real ability to synchronise the air effort with what is taking place on the ground".
BBC journalist Paul Adams is in the area and has been tweeting updates on the conflict, including monitoring the number of air strikes.
Piers Scholfied, another BBC journalist, has described the "sound of grenades, gunfire, echoes across the valley".
Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter and Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube


Turning air into liquid may offer a solution to one of the great challenges in engineering - how to store energy.

The Institution of Mechanical Engineers says liquid air can compete with batteries and hydrogen to store excess energy generated from renewables.
IMechE says "wrong-time" electricity generated by wind farms at night can be used to chill air to a cryogenic state at a distant location.
When demand increases, the liquid air can be warmed to drive a turbine.
Engineers say the process to produce "right-time" electricity can achieve an efficiency of up to 70%.
IMechE is holding a conference today to discuss new ideas on how using "cryo-power" can benefit the low-carbon economy.
The technology was originally developed by Peter Dearman, a garage inventor in Hertfordshire, to power vehicles.
A new firm, Highview Power Storage, was created to transfer Mr Dearman's technology to a system that can store energy to be used on the power grid.
The process, part-funded by the government, has now been trialled for two years at the back of a power station in Slough, Berkshire.
More than hot air  The results have attracted the admiration of IMechE officials.
"I get half a dozen people a week trying to persuade me they have a brilliant invention," head of energy Tim Fox told BBC News.
"In this case, it is a very clever application that really does look like a potential solution to a really great challenge that faces us as we increase the amount of intermittent power from renewables."
Dr Fox urged the government to provide incentives in its forthcoming electricity legislation for firms to store energy on a commercial scale with this and other technologies.
IMechE says the simplicity and elegance of the Highview process is appealing, especially as it addresses not just the problem of storage but also the separate problem of waste industrial heat.
The process follows a number of stages:
IMechE says this process is only 25% efficient but it is massively improved by co-siting the cryo-generator next to an industrial plant or power station producing low-grade heat that is currently vented and being released into the atmosphere.
The heat can be used to boost the thermal expansion of the liquid air.
More energy is saved by taking the waste cool air when the air has finished chilling, and passing it through three tanks containing gravel.
The gravel remains cool until it is needed to restart the air-chilling process.
Highview believes that, produced at scale, their kits could be up to 70% efficient, and IMechE agrees this figure is realistic.
"Batteries can get 80% efficiency so this isn't as good in that respect," explains Dr Fox.
"But we do not have a battery industry in the UK and we do have plenty of respected engineers to produce a technology like this.
"What's more, it uses standard industrial components - which reduces commercial risk; it will last for decades and it can be fixed with a spanner."
In the future, it is expected that batteries currently used in electric cars may play a part in household energy storage.
But Richard Smith, head of energy strategy for National Grid, told BBC News that other sorts of storage would be increasingly important in coming decades and should be incentivised to commercial scale by government.
He said: "Storage is one of four tools we have to balance supply and demand, including thermal flexing (switching on and off gas-fired power stations); interconnections, and demand-side management. Ultimately it will be down to economics."
Mr Dearman, who also invented the MicroVent resuscitation device used in ambulances, told BBC News he was delighted at the success of his ideas.
He said he believed his liquid air engine would prevail against other storage technologies because it did not rely on potentially scarce materials for batteries. "I have been working on this off and on for close on 50 years," he told BBC News.
"I started when I was a teenager because I thought there wouldn't be enough raw materials in the world for everyone to have a car. There had to be a different way. Then somehow I came up with the idea of storing energy in cold.
"It's hard to put into words to see what's happening with my ideas today."
John Scott, from the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), added: "At present, pumped-hydro storage is the only practical bulk storage medium in the British grid.
"However, locations are very restricted," he told BBC News. "In the future, if new storage technologies can be deployed at a lower cost than alternatives, it would benefit the power system."
A  spokesman for the Department of Energy and Climate Change (Decc) said it would shortly launch a scheme to incentivise innovation in energy storage. Other grants are available from Ofgem.
Follow Roger Harrabin on Twitter: @RogerHarrabin


Signs of an economic slowdown in China have led to fears of a global recession, including Africa, given the close ties it has built up with China in recent years.

BBC Africa Business Report's Lerato Mbele looks at five ways the continent could be affected:
South Africa's currency has taken the hardest battering because it is the only African currency traded on the so-called "carry-trade".
This is the money-market, where currency- and foreign-exchange brokers decide on the valuations of each nations currency. They look at the nature of the economy, its strength and its future prospects.
In this regard, South Africa is showing signs of weakness on the growth front, low productivity of the factory side and pull-backs on the mining side.
Together with volatile prices for its commodities such as gold, platinum and coal, traders have decided that the South African economy, and therefore its currency, will be risky to buy and invest in.
This is why the rand has lost nearly 8% of its value in the past week alone.
It is important to note that for other countries that buy and sell commodities, similar speculation would have occurred.
South Africa will feel a secondary impact on its stock market.
The Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) is the largest bourse in Africa and the 17th largest in the world.
That means the companies listed on the exchange are exposed to buyers and fund managers abroad.
About 40% of the daily trades on the JSE come from foreign traders, mainly in Europe and the US.
If these stockbrokers believe that the risks of buying shares in Africa outweigh the opportunities to profit from these stocks and bonds, they will withdraw their investments.
These trades happen at a click of the button, so in a day the JSE could lose millions of dollars.
In order to prevent this, the South African Reserve Bank has been asked to step in by imposing capital controls on how much money traders can withdraw from South Africa each day.
However, the bank refuses to take that action, saying it goes against the grain of a free market economy and will allow the markets to correct themselves naturally.
The only other option is to push up interest rates as this will reduce the debt on some of these stocks and reward those who invest their money over a longer period of time, with higher profits in the future.
China is now the number-one trading partner for most African countries.
It also has more than $20bn (Â£13bn) in investments, in addition to development aid. That makes it a huge customer for African governments selling resources such as minerals and oil on the international market.
So in the medium-term a devaluation of the Chinese yuan could result in less demand for African goods - as they are priced in dollars that would make them more expensive for the Chinese.
Lower demand means Africa trades less and earns less. If that cycle continues over a much longer period of time, African states could see their economies shrink, government coffers running dry and eventually countries taking on more debt.
However that is a worst-case scenario and not likely to happen just yet because the European Union and the US are also major trading partners and donors to Africa.
Trade between African countries is also on the rise, so regional trading relationships could offset the China-effect.
Where there may be a direct impact will be on the investment side. Chinese state companies have been on a huge drive to build roads, railways, power-stations and airports from Nairobi to Lagos.
With less money to spend, some of the infrastructure deals in the pipeline could be put on hold for a while longer. That does not bode well for industry and job creation in Africa.
Tourism is another sector that may bear the brunt of a Chinese economic slowdown.
The rise of China to become the second-largest economy in the world has made the Chinese wealthier and affluent.
As such they are becoming curious and vociferous travellers overseas. Africa is a choice destination for Chinese tourists because of the abundant wildlife here and favourable exchange rates.
A devaluation of the yuan means the Chinese have less to spend, so they may cancel their African safaris.
In South Africa, the situation is compounded by new complex visa regulations. For that country, the global volatility would create a double jeopardy for the local tourism industry.
Countries such as Angola, Zambia and Sudan may also feel the effects on the fiscal side.
China is known to have negotiated a favourable trade-exchange to buy oil cheaply in Angola. In return, Beijing has provided loans to the national oil company.
Without that buffer from China, Angola's economy may suffer an even bigger setback on the back of the 50% collapse in global oil prices which happened earlier this year.
Zambia has a large community of Chinese immigrants who have built successful businesses in the retail and construction industries.
It is not clear whether they receive any subsidies from China, but if they do, this support may be reduced.
While South Sudan is celebrating the signing of a peace deal, its spirits will be dampened by the news from China, which is a major buyer of its oil.
China is also a potential builder of the much-needed pipeline to take oil from the South to Sudan, a key part of the peace process between the two former enemies. If China is feeling the pinch, it may be forced to change the commercial terms of its oil deals with South Sudan.
On the whole, China has built up strong partnerships in Africa and its will take more than a wobbly in global financial system to reverse that.
The Chinese commitments already made, such as assembling the first Africa-made smartphone in Ethiopia, should still happen.
This is mainly because these days China's private companies have enough cash-reserves and profit motive to come to Africa, without relying on capital from the state.


A maid in Uganda who was secretly filmed beating and kicking a toddler has pleaded guilty to torture.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
8 December 2014 Last updated at 12:10 GMT
Jolly Tumuhirwe, 22, was charged in court with the torture of a girl of 18 months. A video of the assault caused outrage when it was posted online.
Here is the story in 15 seconds.


The Supreme Court has ruled a town council must pay any compensation due after it closed down a pier.

Hastings Council is facing a multi-million pound claim for financial losses from a business that ran the pier's bingo hall and amusement arcade.
A compulsory purchase order was issued against Panamanian owners, Ravenclaw after it refused to carry out repairs.
The court refused the council's appeal against a ruling that it is liable, following the closure in 2006.
The Supreme Court ruled: "Given that the 'true culprit' Ravenclaw was beyond the reach of enforcement procedures, the court was faced with the familiar problem of deciding which of the surviving parties should bear the loss."
Council leader Peter Chowney said it would "robustly challenge any large compensation claims".
He added: "The judgement also recognises that the council can argue that any compensation must take into account the fact that the pier was in a poor structural condition.
"We believe that we acted entirely correctly when we closed the pier."
The pier was almost destroyed by a fire in 2010, but reopened to visitors in April.


Two men have been charged in connection with two separate assaults in Glenrothes, Fife.

The assaults happened in Canmore Road and at the town's bus station in North Street just after midnight on Tuesday.
Two men, aged 22 and 38, suffered injuries to the head and body in the assaults.
The men who have been charged, both aged 21, are due to appear in Kirkcaldy Sheriff Court on Wednesday. Police have appealed for witnesses to come forward.


It was a very Nick Kyrgios thing for Nick Kyrgios to do.

At the Shanghai Masters on Wednesday he did not just lose to a man ranked almost 100 places below him, having won his preceding tournament in magnificent style, but seemed to scuttle himself mid-battle: patting the ball over the net rather than serving, walking back to his chair before a serve from his opponent had landed, arguing with the umpire, arguing with spectators, swearing to all quarters.
A very Kyrgios thing, followed by a very Kyrgios reaction: internet outrage, opprobrium from former players, condemnation from those in Australia convinced he is both betraying his own talent and the accepted sporting ethos of their nation.
Ex-players react because they recognise in the 21-year-old Australian the sort of tennis gifts bestowed upon very few.
Spectators care because when he is good, he is outrageous: beating Rafa Nadal as a 19-year-old ranked 144th in the world, hitting winners between his own legs; serving with a rhythm and pace that can blow rivals away; hitting forehands with a racquet speed that means the court is his... when he chooses.
On Wednesday, he did not. "Can you call time," he asked umpire Ali Nili at one point in his 6-3 6-1 loss to German Mischa Zverev, "so I can finish this match and go home?"
If what goes on in the 21-year-old's head doesn't always seem to make sense, neither does the response to his actions.
This is Kyrgios's ability, and Kyrgios's career, to do with as he decides. We might wish we had his talents, and many might think they would use them differently. But if he blows his natural lottery, no-one will suffer as much as the man himself.
"Why shouldn't I take cocaine?" world heavyweight boxing champion Tyson Fury recently asked a reporter from Rolling Stone. "It's my life, isn't it? I can do what I want."
Kyrgios attempts to win almost all the tennis matches he plays. When he appears to tank - as against Britain's Andy Murray at Wimbledon this summer, and in losing to Frenchman Richard Gasquet the year before - it assumes an almost moral dimension.
Only deliberate cheating ranks ahead of not trying on the list of sporting crimes.
Kyrgios is not the first tennis player to be accused of not trying, and he is not the highest profile of sportsmen to admit to it. Five-time world snooker champion Ronnie O'Sullivan has twice deliberately spurned the chance of making a 147 break as a protest at the tournament's prize money for a maximum.
Yet for an Aussie, raised in a culture of never giving in and never, ever whingeing, it is a sporting sin that many find unforgivable.
Sally Robbins, the Australian rower who dropped her oar in exhaustion and lay back on a team-mate in the final of the Olympic eights in Athens in 2004, was castigated across the nation, the mood summed up by the Melbourne Herald Sun's famous line, "It's eight, mate, pull your weight."
So it has been for Kyrgios, the first home-grown male to reach the quarter-finals of the Australian Open in a decade, under a burden of expectation ever since winning the junior version of the tournament in 2013.
"Well done Andy Murray. Give this guy a hiding. He is a disgrace," tweeted Australian rugby union legend Michael Lynagh as his performance in a Wimbledon fourth-round match prompted John McEnroe to remark in commentary that "it doesn't look like Kyrgios wants to be out there".
"You're testing our patience mate - show us what you're made of and how hungry you are to be the best in the world," wrote cricketer Shane Warne in an open message on Facebook. "It's time to step up and start winning, no excuses. No shame in losing, but show us you will never give up, that you will give it everything to be the best you can be."
Maybe that anger is justified. Spectators pay to watch sport because they expect a genuine contest. Maybe too there can be sympathy for a young man who appears adrift in a world that he is not suited to.
"I don't have a doubt that if I wanted to win Grand Slams, I would commit," Kyrgios told the New York Times in August. "I'd train two times a day, I'd go to the gym every day, I'd stretch, I'd do rehab, I'd eat right. But I don't know what I want at the moment."
Kyrgios is also doing rather well for a supposed bottler. He has just won the Japan Open, is up to 14 in the world and has so far won, in his short professional career, more than $3.5m (£2.9m) in prize money. He is certainly doing better than Bernard Tomic, the last great Aussie hope, who at two years older has attracted equal controversy without the same success on court.
"Nick, you can't play like that," umpire Nili told him in Shanghai. "It's just not professional. This is a professional tournament."
It is a valid criticism only if you are convinced you want to be a professional player. Kyrgios, obsessed only with basketball as a kid growing up in sleepy Canberra, has never pretended to share the dedication of those above him in the rankings.
"I don't love this sport," he said after that Wimbledon defeat by Murray. "There are so many more things to this world than tennis for me. Not tennis at 30 years old. Please. Not even for fun."
Immaturity? Entitlement? It is worth reminding yourself of this quote - "I hate tennis with a dark and secret passion" - and the identity of its author, eight-time Grand Slam champion Andre Agassi.
Professional sport may appear a dream to those who watch it, but for those who live it, the experience can be a cruel shock: joyless, unrelenting, a betrayal of why they fell in love in the first place.
"I used to love boxing when I was a kid," Fury has said. "It was my life. Then you finally get to where you need to be, and it becomes a big mess."
For every O'Sullivan, who has managed to keep playing and keep winning at an age when previous greats were long spent, there are other great sporting talents who lacked the mental skills to back up the physical: former Manchester City midfielder Michael Johnson, unable to handle the pressure of expectation and injury; former Manchester United and West Ham midfielder Ravel Morrison, unable to match his off-field behaviour to his immense footballing gifts.
"Pressure affects everybody, but people deal with it in different ways," says Johnson, dubbed the new Steven Gerrard at 19, retired from football at 24. "We all have different skill sets, whether it is football or any job, and I don't think I had the best skill sets to deal with it."
Kyrgios is not the first tennis talent to threaten not to win the big titles others believe he should. Both Gasquet and Frenchman Gael Monfils, ahead of him in the world rankings, can play breathtaking tennis for half a match and then crumple in the remainder.
What those two have managed, however, is to lose with charm. Kyrgios too frequently appears less iconoclastic than petulant.
"If you don't like it, I didn't ask you to come watch," he said after his defeat by Zverev in Shanghai.
"Just leave. If you're so good at giving advice and so good at tennis, why aren't you as good as me? Why aren't you on the Tour?"
Former world number four and Agassi's one-time coach Brad Gilbert wrote a book entitled 'Winning Ugly'.
Kyrgios, sometimes a winner, just as often seen as a loser, is currently vacillating vacuously.


For the last two weeks Adiala jail in Rawalpindi has hosted an unlikely prisoner: 23-year-old Pakistani supermodel Ayyan Ali.

Ever since then Pakistani media outlets have been concerned to find out if she is living in the jail under especially favourable conditions.
On 14 March Ayyan Ali was detained at Islamabad airport on charges of money laundering: the $500,000 in her suitcase  exceeded the legal limit of cash that can be carried out of the country, which is $10,000.
Ms Ali denies the charge and says the money was acquired legitimately from the proceeds of property sales and that she was unaware of these customs rules.
Prosecutors have said that if convicted of smuggling the money out of Pakistan, the model could be forced to pay a heavy fine and face a 14-year jail term.
Two weeks of legal wrangling went by and finally at the end of March her application for bail was dismissed - so she faces yet more time in Adiala.
Known simply as Ayyan, she began her career on the catwalk at 16 and quickly rose to become Pakistan's most successful and high-profile model. There was even speculation she would represent Pakistan in the Miss Universe pageant.
She also has a singing career and videos of this part of her career can be found on Youtube.
Pakistani media have speculated about the conditions under which she is being held, whether or not she is being given special treatment, and whether the jail has fallen  victim to Pakistan's notorious "VIP culture".
One newspaper report suggested she was given a well-furnished room with a TV set, refrigerator, wore a new dress daily and was allowed a special kind of mobile phone that could bypass the prison's jammers.
When BBC Urdu's Shahzad Malik spoke to jail authorities they denied she had been given special facilities. They said she was living in a block with 10 other female prisoners and was allowed to see her family members twice a week, according to jail rules.
Most of her fellow inmates had been involved in crimes such as drug smuggling, even murder.  She can see family twice a week like any other inmate under the rules.
According to inmates, the young woman spends most of her time lying down in her cell and sometimes talks to other inmates. She is allowed to buy any  food from the canteen and gets books from the jail premises.
There is no dress code for accused prisoners in the jail so Ayyan can wear any dress of her choice. It is only convicts who wear jail uniform.
Jail authorities also said she had requested B-class jail facilities on the basis of her degree and that the home secretary had the authority to shift prisoners to Category B conditions.
According to Pakistan's criminal code, if you have completed 14 years of education you are entitled to Category B conditions where you get a servant and better cell facilities, but this is only permitted in criminal cases so would probably not be permissible for her.
Adiala Jail, in the cantonment of Rawalpindi,  is said to house 4,500 prisoners - held for a variety of crimes including murder and terror offences.
It is one of the country's largest prisons and has held many controversial inmates, including Rimsha, the young Christian girl accused of blasphemy who was later released.
Over the years the jail has come under scrutiny for conditions for prisoners and treatment of certain inmates.
Additional reporting by the BBC's Usman Zahid and BBC Urdu's Shahzad Malik


Cuba has announced it will launch residential broadband internet services in two areas of its capital, Havana.

The government has also said it will allow cafes, bars and restaurants to order broadband service.
Currently, broadband home connection is legal only for diplomats and employees of foreign companies, a report said.
The Caribbean nation is one of the world's least connected countries, and only between 5% to 25% of Cubans have any type of internet service.
Cuba's state telecom agency Etecsa said the pilot project would allow residents in the historic district of Old Havana to order broadband through fibre-optic connections operated by the Chinese telecom firm Huawei.
No timeline or prices have been announced.
Some Cuban citizens have dial-up home services or restricted mobile phone connections that allow access only to state-run email, The Associated Press news agency said.
The public can access the internet in public wi-fi spots in Cuba, which opened last year. But many have complained about the cost of the connection: $2 (Â£1.4) an hour, or about a 10th of the average monthly salary.
There are 58 wireless internet points in Cuba, 17 of them in Havana. Around 150,000 Cubans used those spots daily in 2015, according to Etecsa data.
Odalys Rodriguez del Toro, Etecsa director for Havana, has also announced that 30 more public wi-fi spots will be opened in the capital in 2016, doubling the number of access points.
The United States has been pushing Cuba to show that it is improving conditions for its citizens as the two countries normalise their relations after more than 50 years of hostility.
US President Barack Obama is expected to travel to Cuba later this year to celebrate the re-establishment of diplomatic relations.


Hong Kong has kick-started a political reform process by submitting a report to Beijing about the prospect of universal suffrage in the territory.

Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying formally acknowledged that every eligible citizen should be able to cast a vote for the city's next leader.
But he also said that mainstream Hong Kong society agreed with Beijing on how electoral reform should proceed.
This drew fire from activists who said he had misrepresented public opinion.
China has promised to change the way the chief executive of Hong Kong is selected. Currently the person for that post is chosen by a 1,200-member committee.
Beijing has said the Hong Kong public will have universal suffrage by 2017 and will be able to directly vote in their chief executive.
However, Beijing has also stipulated that voters can only choose from a list of candidates pre-selected by a nominating committee.
Activists say this is not true democracy, and fear China will use the committee to screen out candidates it disapproves of. They have called for the Hong Kong public to be given the right to nominate candidates.
Tens of thousands took part in a pro-democracy rally on 1 July and nearly 800,000 took part in an unofficial referendum on democratic reform in June.
Mr Leung said in his report that "there is a need to amend the method" for selecting the chief executive in 2017 in order to attain the aim of universal suffrage."
He said that "mainstream opinion" was that only a nominating committee should have the power to choose candidates, as this is stated in the Basic Law, Hong Kong's mini-constitution.
But he did add that there are "considerable views" that an element of public nomination should be allowed.
Mr Leung's comments were met with swift derision by pro-democracy group Occupy Central, the organisers of June's referendum.
It said on its Twitter account that Mr Leung "has an amazing ability to ventriloquise 'majority opinion'" and made "questionable assertions" regarding the community's views.
The Hong Kong presented in his report is one "many HK people won't recognise", it said, adding that it was as if the Chinese government had "dictated" views to the Hong Kong government.
Mr Leung's report was submitted after a five-month public consultation.
The Hong Kong government is expected to unveil its official plan for the 2017 election later this year.
Occupy Central has said it will mobilise 10,000 people for a sit-in protest in the city's financial district if that plan does not meet international standards for democracy.


A French court has suspended a ballot by the far-right Front National party on whether to expel its honorary president, Jean-Marie Le Pen.

Close to 51,000 party members were expected to vote by Friday on whether to scrap Mr Le Pen's honorary title.
The 87-year-old is locked in a feud with his daughter Marine, who now leads the party.
Marine Le Pen is trying to steer the FN away from its racist and anti-Semitic past.
It is the second time in a week that the court in Nanterre, west of Paris, has handed a victory to Mr Le Pen.
A family feud on the French far-right
Le Pen family feud in quotes
A step closer to power for the FN?
From 'untouchables' to EU force
The feud between father and daughter erupted when Mr Le Pen repeated his view that the Holocaust was "a detail of history".
He was suspended by the party he helped found 43 years ago.
But, on 2 July, the court decided to overturn Mr Le Pen's suspension, ruling that the correct procedure had not been followed.
Mr Le Pen's lawyer, Frederic Joachim, told Le Monde on Wednesday the court had now ruled that an extraordinary general meeting (EGM) of the party must be held to discuss his client's position.
Mr Le Pen told the newspaper: "My critics have been proved wrong twice in a week.
"If there is an EGM, I will be one of the speakers."


Some of the most dangerous prisoners in England and Wales are not being properly risk-assessed before they are freed, a report has found.

Probation and prison inspectors said two-thirds of the plans they examined to manage the release of those serving life sentences were inadequate.
They were "shocked" by the "lack of clarity" and "confusion" over the assessments.
The justice minister said offender management was being reformed.
The report focused on the preparations for release for some of the 13,000 offenders serving life and indeterminate sentences. In both cases a court sets the minimum term of imprisonment an offender must serve before becoming eligible apply for parole.
Life sentences can be handed to offenders for a range of offences including murder, manslaughter and rape.
Lifers are moved to an open prison towards the end of their sentences and it is then that prison governors use risk assessments to make a decision as to whether to allow them out on day release.
The report was most critical of the information available about the offenders at this stage.
Further risk assessments are seen by the parole board later in an offenders' sentence, when a decision is made about whether to release them on licence.
By Matt ProdgerHome affairs correspondent
Lifers are the most dangerous prisoners - murderers, rapists and violent repeat offenders.
But for most of them a life sentence isn't a rest-of-life sentence. On average they can expect to spend 16 years in prison before being released, under certain conditions.
First, they need to be assessed for the risk they pose to the public, and this is where the report says the system is inadequate.
When they are released it's on licence - this means that at any point for the rest of their lives they can be returned to prison without trial.
Their release from prison should also be gradual - for example from high security to an open prison, through to day release and halfway houses.
And it's the job of probation officers to supervise them.
Chief Inspector of Probation Liz Calderbank said "quite basic elements" were often missing.
"Assessments in many instances weren't being thorough enough and weren't being completed adequately," she said.
"We were shocked at the fact there was a lack of clarity and confusion about who was responsible for completing risk assessments when in custody."
Inspectors found many assessments were "little more than a summary of the prisoner's account".
"Our main concern with this approach was that an over-reliance on the prisoner's account could lead to the assessor losing touch with the motivation and triggers for the original offence, or failing to focus on the impact on victims," the report found.
The report focused on "key transitional phases" in a life sentence - the transfer into open prison and from there into the community.
"Despite the time it took to reach the point of transfer to open prison, life sentence prisoners were not well prepared for this significant transition," the report said.
It said many prisoners suffered a "culture shock" on their arrival.
Ms Calderbank told BBC Radio 4's Today programme: "There is no point in leaving people in prison so long that they become so institutionalised that they then can't respond properly to open conditions, because they reoffend - and that's not safe release."
Inspectors found preparation for release relied heavily on the use of release on temporary licence, which can range from a few hours for a wedding to spending time overnight in a location the prisoners intend to live in.
Inspectors concluded this "was not always well planned or underpinned by robust risk assessment".
One unidentified prison changed its paperwork for releasing life sentence prisoners on temporary licence so the section dealing with risk of harm to others was removed to "simplify the process".
Some decisions to grant temporary leave had been based on "out of date" and "poorly completed paperwork".
"In one case, the absence of both purpose and funding for the temporary absence from prison led to the prisoner being arrested for begging at the local train station," the report said.
Chief Inspector of Prisons Nick Hardwick said there was a sense of "drift" in the system.
"There are people who, on the whole, they're going to be compliant and they've learned how to be good prisoners," he said.
"What you're not testing is whether they're going to be a good prisoner, you're testing whether they're going to be a good citizen and those are two different things."
The general secretary of the National Association of Probation Officers, Ian Lawrence, told BBC Radio 4's Today programme he was "not surprised" by the report.
"I'm not surprised either at the reaction of the Ministry of Justice... that seeks yet again to lay the blame at my members for the shortcomings of the system," he said.
"Our members work hard to rigorously assess lifers or anyone else coming our of prison for that matter.
"But that's against a backdrop of lack of resources, ridiculous timetables by parole boards and doing links by video - which is something we've been opposed to forever."
Despite the problems, reoffending rates for prisoners released after a life or indeterminate sentence remain relatively low, at between two and five per cent, compared to 46.9% of the overall prison population.
"The vast majority of those on life licence formed positive relationships with their offender managers, did not reoffend and, despite the stigma of the life sentence, were able to lead useful and productive lives after release," the inspectors said.
Justice Minister Jeremy Wright said: "Though this is about a small group of offenders, it is essential we get it right to protect the public.
"This government is introducing significant reforms to offender management, including setting up a new National Probation Service staffed by experts and dedicated to risk assessing and supervising our most serious offenders.
"We are also reviewing the way we carry out releases on temporary licence to learn lessons and see what changes are necessary."


Fly-tippers who are caught dumping waste could face being taxed under a new law coming into effect in 2018.

The plan is included in the Landfill Disposals Tax Bill being introduced in the assembly.
Fly-tippers can already be fined and prosecuted, but would also face a tax on what they dumped on top of those existing penalties.
Finance Secretary Mark Drakeford said the tax was part of efforts to achieve the goal of a zero-waste Wales.
The new Landfill Disposals Tax will replace landfill tax in Wales from April 2018 when the power is devolved from Westminster.
Landfill tax is currently charged on disposals of waste at authorised landfill sites.
But the plan to tax unauthorised dumping of waste is the one big change from the law as it currently stands.
This would cover both disposal at larger scale unauthorised sites and fly-tipping.
Both are currently illegal and anyone caught doing it, or allowing it, on a large scale would be subject to fines plus the new tax, which will be charged retrospectively.
Welsh Government are still looking at how it would be policed and what sort of steps would need to be taken to enforce payment of the tax.
They are understood to view the new tax as a deterrent to dissuade people from dumping illegally in the first place rather than as a revenue-raising scheme.
Apart from taxing the unauthorised dumping of rubbish, the new Welsh law is unlikely to differ much from the current state of affairs in England.
But Welsh Government officials say it makes legal and political sense for the assembly to control landfill tax because waste policy is already devolved.
The rates of tax are likely to be the same as those in England with the Welsh Government keen to avoid so-called "waste tourism".
The concern is that operators would travel between England and Wales to dump rubbish where lower taxes made landfill site charges cheaper.
Welsh officials are working with the UK Treasury to ensure that lower tax revenues from landfill are taken into account when the Welsh Government's block grant is calculated.
The tax is expected to raise Â£34m in Wales in 2016-17, but fall to Â£27m by 2018-19 due to increased rates of recycling.
The amount of landfill has gone down by 44% in Wales over the past 10 years, a steeper decline than the rest of the UK.
When the new law comes into force, landfill site operators will have to register with the Welsh Revenue Authority - the new tax collecting authority - and have a duty to file tax returns to the WRA.
Mr Drakeford said: "We have worked closely with stakeholders in developing this Bill.
"It is simple and clear to apply; reflects established practices; is up to date and relevant to Wales."
Ministers have the ability to consult on criminal powers under the Tax Management Collection Act, which came into force in April.
Natural Resources Wales will be involved in the collection of the landfill disposals tax, the Welsh Government said in 2015, when it unveiled plans for the WRA.
Welsh Conservative environment spokesman David Melding said: "The Welsh Government must ensure that this new law is implemented much more effectively than existing legislation and it is vital that local authorities feel equipped and resourced to tackle the blight of environmental crime."


More than 200 religious leaders have urged the UK to relax immigration rules so refugees from Syria and other areas can be reunited with their families.

In a letter to the prime minister, they say close relatives of Britons and refugees already in the country are living abroad in "desperate conditions" and should be given a legal route in.
People are now making "unsafe" journeys with "avoidable tragedies", they say.
Ministers say the UK has been at the head of the response to the crisis.
Former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams is among representatives from the Buddhist, Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Muslim and Sikh faiths to have signed the letter to Theresa May.
The signatories, who are acting in a personal capacity, also include Baroness Rabbi Julia Neuberger and Muslim Council of Britain secretary general Harun Rashid Khan.
The letter calls on the government to "urgently revise its policy" to help refugees fleeing Syria, Iraq and other areas of conflict "by adopting fair and humane family reunion policies".
The letter says: "Under the present immigration rules, a British doctor of Syrian origin could not bring her parents from a refugee camp in Lebanon - even though they were refugees and she could support and house them.
"A Syrian child who arrived alone in the UK could not bring his parents from a refugee camp in Jordan - even if the child were recognised a refugee and even though his parents were themselves refugees."
Families of refugees, they add, "can currently be reunited only by resorting to desperately unsafe irregular journeys, sometimes ending in avoidable tragedies".
Last week, Home Secretary Amber Rudd said the UK was on track to deliver the promise made by former Prime Minister David Cameron to resettle 20,000 Syrian refugees by 2020.
The government says it is also committed to accepting 3,000 unaccompanied children registered in France, Italy and Greece.
But the faith leaders highlight an open letter last October from 350 lawyers and former judges criticising the government response as "too low, too slow and too narrow" and calling on it to adopt new policies to help refugees.
Similar letters were later published by leading economists and humanitarian and refugee organisations including Oxfam, Amnesty International, the Refugee Council and Christian Aid.
Rabbi Danny Rich, chief executive of Liberal Judaism, told the BBC: "We are asking the government to show compassion and also some common sense because if you have half a refugee family here they can't be as well settled, as well absorbed, as if they were a full family."
Qari Asim, chief imam of the Makkah mosque in Leeds, said: "Many refugees with close family members in the UK are risking their lives trying to escape deplorable conditions."
Last month, the government won an appeal against a ruling which allowed four Syrian refugees living in the so-called Jungle camp in Calais to live with relatives already in the UK.
The Bishop of Barking, Peter Hill, who was involved in that case and added his name to the letter, said: "The system is broken and the Home Office must establish a functional system which delivers now, without bureaucratic delays."
A Home Office spokeswoman said: "The UK has been at the forefront of the international response to the humanitarian crisis in Syria.
"We are also in active discussions with the UNHCR, other partner organisations and the Italian, Greek and French governments to strengthen and speed up mechanisms to identify, assess and transfer unaccompanied refugee children to the UK where this in their best interests."


Britain will host the 2017 International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) European Judo Championships from Thursday 3 to Sunday 6 August.

The event at the University of Wolverhampton Sports Complex in Walsall will feature a number of Rio 2016 Paralympic medallists.
It will be the first opportunity for judoka to pick up world ranking points in the Tokyo 2020 cycle.
Great Britain last hosted the Europeans in 2011 in Crawley.
Judo for blind and visually-impaired athletes is similar to the sighted sport, but fighters start the bouts gripped up.
The competition will be followed by a three-day training camp giving athletes the opportunity to train alongside some of Britain's best sighted judoka at the British Judo Centre of Excellence.
"It's brilliant that we'll have the chance to fight in front of a home crowd at a major international event this year," said Hull fighter Chris Skelley, who came fifth in the -100kg category at the Rio Paralympics.
Fighting in Rio last year we all saw how important home support was for the Brazilian players and I think it will make a big difference to us.
"It's a really important stepping stone on the road to Tokyo."