The number of patients waiting four or more hours at A&E has risen more than 300% at some hospitals, it has emerged.

In total, 2.2 million patients were not seen within the target time in 2015-16 - more than double the one million figure in 2013-2014.
The Royal College for Emergency Medicine (RCEM) says there is a "large and systemic problem" caused by a lack of hospital beds.
NHS England said hospitals were under pressure but continuing to cope.
Some hospitals publish live waiting times and current patient levels to dissuade people who do not really need A&E from coming.
Live coverage from A&E unit
1,271
waits of 12 hours or more, 2015-16
260
waits of 12 hours or more, 2013-14
Dr Simon Howse, policy research manager at RCEM, said there was no evidence more people were wrongly using A&E compared with a decade ago.
"In any health system some people turn up who are not in great need but studies show the level of unnecessary visits in the UK is very, very low."
The problem in hospitals, he said, was "a large and systemic problem" in which "hospitals are being asked to do something they are not resourced to do.
"They are trying to treat a growing and more needy population with fewer and fewer beds.
"There has also been continuous growth in people over 75 years old with complex needs and they tend to take longer to treat than, say, a 25-year-old."
In terms of hospital beds per capita, he said, the NHS in England now has fewer than Chile, Estonia and Turkey.
Across England in 2015-2016, 85% of patients were seen within four hours. The lowest level was at The Hillingdon Hospitals in London at 68%.
But Dr Howse warned some hospitals were currently recording - in figures not yet published - rates in the 50s and 60s.
These rates matter, he said, because "people are being seriously put at risk" at rates of below 80%.
Neil Carvey, of Leatherhead in Surrey, was advised to go to accident and emergency by a GP after he awoke shivering and in pain following an operation on his spine last December.
His partner Ivanel Petrenkov told how they ended up waiting 16 hours at Epsom Hospital on Christmas Day despite there "being barely anybody there".
It has since emerged Mr Carvey suffered a spinal infection as a result of complications.  He is still in hospital.
Mr Petrenkov, who has friends who work in health care, said: "We have lost all faith in accident and emergency."
The hospital trust - which has seen a 97% rise over three years in patients waiting more than four hours, disputes the couple's 16-hour wait claim, saying: "During December, no patient waited in A&E for 16 hours to be seen."
A spokeswoman for the hospital said it had "an excellent track record" of meeting a 95% target for dealing with patients within four hours.
"That said, in recent weeks we have seen unprecedented levels of demand on our services and in some cases, that has meant some people have experienced longer waiting times," she said.
The largest increase percentage-wise in waits of four hours or more were seen at North Middlesex University Hospital, with a 380% rise, the Royal Free Hospital in London, with a 366% rise and Mid Yorkshire Hospitals at 351.5%.
Pennine Acute Hospitals has experienced the biggest rise in patients waiting more than four hours.  In 2013-2014, 13,867 people were not dealt with in four hours. In 2015-2016, that number rose 296% to 54,945.
The trust's medical director Prof Matt Makin said: "Our (three) accident and emergency departments have continued to face real pressures throughout the year and we know demand on our services further increases over winter.
"Like most trusts across the country, we are finding this a challenge due to the flow of patients in and out of hospitals and the large numbers of admissions of patients, particularly those who are elderly and with complex and chronic health conditions.
"We are sorry that some patients have to wait longer than we would like to be seen by a doctor and also those who are waiting to be admitted and taken to the ward."
In January, some patients at the Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust ended up waiting 20 hours or more to be dealt with.
The hospital said the situation arose out of "incredibly high levels of demand", but none of those waiting 20 hours were "serious" cases.
In an open letter, the hospital's chief executive Simon Wright said: "It's a fact that our acute emergency service has been frail for some time. It is no secret that health budgets - nationally and locally - are stretched."
NHS England did not respond to the RCEM's claims that the rise in delays was largely caused by a shortage of hospital beds and resources.
In a statement, a spokesman for NHS England blamed delays in being able to discharge patients as a result of pressures in social care.
"Hospitals report this affects their ability to quickly admit emergency A&E patients, so the NHS is working closely with local councils and community health services to enable older patients to get the support they need after a hospital stay, back at home," he said.
"Hospitals are coming under increasing pressure but in the main are continuing to cope."


Up to 20 people are missing after a deadly flood swept through Georgia's capital Tbilisi, officials say, with some zoo animals still on the loose.

As a clean-up operation began on Monday, they said the death toll rose to 13, including three zoo employees.
The disaster has left dozens of families homeless and caused disruption to the city's main infrastructure.
Heavy rains caused the River Vere - normally little more than a stream - to burst its banks and flood the capital.
Raging floodwaters rose to the rooftops of enclosures at the zoo, drowning hundreds of animals and sweeping many out of their enclosures.
Some Georgians have been angered over reports that some of the zoo animals were shot dead after escaping from the zoo.
As the search for survivors continued on Monday, an elderly man was pulled out from inside the rubble of his destroyed house, government spokeswoman Manana Tokmajishvili said.
One resident, Aleko Korkotashvili, told AFP: "I saw a man clutching at a lamp pole in the middle of a violent torrent. He was screaming, asking for help, but we were unable to help him."
Tbilisi zoo director Zurab Gurielidze said that of the three people found dead inside the zoo on Sunday none had been killed by animals.
As many as 300 animals are believed to have died in the flooding, zoo officials said, adding that a number of lions, tigers and jaguars remained on the loose.
Many Georgians have been venting their anger on social media over the killing of one of the zoo's favourites - a white lion cub called Shumba - who was found killed near its zoo den, reports BBC Monitoring's Marica Knezevic.
However, the zoo's director told Rustavi-2 there was no official order to kill the animals.
Two bear cubs were reportedly found alive several miles away from the zoo on Monday, and returned to their enclosures.
A bear found clinging to an air-conditioning unit of a building and a hyena discovered on someone's balcony were both recaptured on Sunday. A hippopotamus was also cornered in one of the city's main squares and subdued with a tranquiliser gun.
Hundreds of people, who were granted the day off work and school, joined the clean-up operation that commenced on Monday - also a national day of mourning.
Thousands of people have been left without water and electricity while others have had to be airlifted to safety.
Roads have been destroyed, and small houses and cars swept away.
Coffins in a city cemetery were reportedly washed out of the ground and left lying on the mud.
Finance Minister Nodar Khaduri warns the damage cost could be higher than the original estimate of $15m (â‚¬13m), according to the AFP news agency.
In May 2012, five people were killed in Tbilisi after another river flooded.


One curiosity of this referendum, which makes it quite unlike other major votes, is how it feels more polarising and vicious than a general election.

This is not only because people disagree with the other side and the stakes are high, it's also because of this distance between the two camps of voters - in particular when it comes to age.
As I have been travelling around the country over the past few weeks, I keep hearing the same refrains: "Everyone I know is voting Remain" or "I can't find anyone not voting Leave". Some of this will, of course, be shy Leavers and shy Remainers keeping their mouths shut. But lots of people's friends are of roughly the same ages, qualifications and incomes and live in the same area as them.
And these things look like stronger predictors of how you will vote than they are for other votes. On the basis of my pottering around the UK, I suspect that more friendship circles are all voting one way than they would normally - and more people know nobody voting differently to them.
A new piece of evidence on this has been released by Populus, a pollster that is doing a lot of work for the Remain camp. Their data suggests:
Lots of these things run together - young people are more likely to have spent time at a university than older people, for example. Graduates are more likely to move to London and tend to earn more and have higher-status jobs than non-graduates. So you can see how it is that lots of people feel they do not really know people from the other side.
I spent some of last week in Bognor Regis to look at divisions by age.
Bognor Regis is a town where 30% of the population is aged over 60 (the Great Britain average is 22%). This sunny corner of Sussex has long attracted retirees, but the holiday trade is thinner than it was. Its slow decline has made it a very clear example of how vote clustering happens.
Bognor does not just have an older population, but is also a low-wage town with lots of lower status jobs. The average full-time salary is £475 per week - that's £50 per week less than the British average and £100 a week less than the south-east England average. It is low-skilled, too - only 28% of the workforce has a higher qualification, as against 37% for the whole of Britain at large.
I expect Bognor to vote heavily for Leave - as the many Vote Leave posters we saw in the area attested. I saw no posters for Remain whatsoever. Even here, however, the age pattern held. The young people we met were overwhelmingly leaning to Remain - as were their friends and the older people we met were firm on Leave - as were their social circles.
Six big questions on the EU referendum
Newsnight's Referendum Road Trip
In search of the European Dream
My Decision: How key figures will be voting - and why
What can we learn from the 1975 referendum?
This marked difference between the young and old seems to come down to a few points. Younger people told us they felt European, which the older people did not. The young people also struck much more pro-immigration notes, seeing it as neutral or a positive strength. Young people who were still in the labour market - or about to enter it - were also more concerned about the economy.
Some of the pensioners we met believed younger people were likely to vote for Remain because they did not understand the reality of life before we joined the European Economic Community in 1973. Young people, meanwhile, resented the idea that older voters might vote to make it more difficult for them to move elsewhere in the EU.
I quizzed older voters a little on why they were not worried by the Remain campaign's economic messages and the answer was clear. It is not that they are indifferent to economic issues - the issue is that they did not trust any experts at all on the economy and could not name any person they would believe. They also questioned the motivation of any politicians who wanted to remain inside the EU.
I asked them why pro-Remain politicians want membership. To "line their own pockets with EU money", they said. Even the prime minister, they thought, was thinking of his own future earnings. When I asked about the expertise of Mark Carney, governor of the Bank of England, one answered, "Does he know what it's like to go around Sainsbury's shopping?"
I was quite struck, however, that there was one source that our Leave-voting pensioners took seriously on the economy - a local businessman had told us that he thought jobs might move to another plant, elsewhere in the EU, in the event of Brexit. They are still voting Leave, but a real-life local businessman was more persuasive to them than any national figure.
While younger voters were also sceptical about claims from the Remain campaign, and stressed their concern about exaggeration, they took the economic analysis more seriously.
This temperature-taking exercise finds the same fault lines discovered by other pollsters - right down to the world-weariness of the average Leave voter who trusts very few sources of information or analysis.
But the really big thing I took away from Bognor - and indeed, my other trips around the country - was that we should worry about how we will all get along with one another, whoever wins on Thursday.
The wounds are deep, real and go way beyond the question of our membership of the EU.
Chris Cook is Policy Editor for BBC Newsnight. You can read more from him here, and follow him on Twitter


Centre Matt Scott says ending his first season at Gloucester with a Challenge Cup final appearance at Murrayfield will have justified his move south.

Gloucester meet Stade Francais on Friday, a year on from Scott's final appearance for Edinburgh.
"Whenever you move from somewhere, you wonder whether you've made the right decision," Scott told BBC Points West.
"But having the chance to run out at Murrayfield will vindicate my move. I'm desperate to be involved."
Scott suffered a hamstring injury on Six Nations duty with Scotland and was out for two months, only making his return in Saturday's 34-20 defeat by Exeter.
But the 26-year-old, who has scored 13 tries in 24 appearances for Gloucester, is pleased to be fit for the showpiece final, having missed a chunk of last season with injuries.
"It's the same with all these big games - if you're not involved it's a horrible feeling watching from the sidelines, so I feel incredibly lucky to be fit at this time of the season for a change," he added.
Gloucester finished ninth in the Premiership but know victory over Stade Francais will open up a route to the Champions Cup, as they will go into the play-offs instead of seventh-placed Northampton.
Director of rugby David Humphreys said: "Everybody is well aware of the significance of this game and winning a trophy, but also of the potential to still achieve what we set out at the start of the year to do, which was to qualify for the Champions Cup.
"The players are looking forward to trying to finish our season, which has been a little bit disappointing up to now, on a high.
"Knowing the quality of the team that Stade Francais will put out, we've got to be at our best again and make sure that now we've got this far, we go on and win the competition."


Finn Russell aims to force himself into the Test reckoning in New Zealand following his late call to the British and Irish Lions squad.

The fly-half and prop Allan Dell only learned of their selections on the team bus after Scotland's tumultuous 24-19 win over Australia in Sydney.
"Nobody really wants to go on tour just to make up the numbers," said Russell.
"Everyone is going there pushing for positions. The three stand-offs are there just now, so it'll be tough."
Welsh quartet Cory Hill, Kristian Dacey, Tomas Francis and Gareth Davies have also been added to Warren Gatland's squad.
Russell and Dell had heard Lions' rumours before the Test against Australia but didn't know if they were true.
South Africa-born Dell, 25, came off the bench in Australia to win his 10th cap, while stand-off Russell, 24, was magnificent at the Allianz Stadium, scoring a try and kicking three conversions.
"I'm so happy, I'm just lost for words," was all Dell could manage.
The pair will leave for New Zealand on Sunday with Russell saying that he will have a big job on his hands to learn the game plan as quickly as possible.
"I have to get up to speed," he said. "I'm looking forward to meeting up with everyone and getting to know the guys."
"We've just come off the back of a big win and I'm celebrating that, but I'm pretty tired from the game, so it hasn't really sunk in.
"I'm just going to try to take it in my stride."
After the thrilling victory against the Wallabies, head coach Gregor Townsend said that Russell had probably played his greatest ever game.
"Everybody played amazingly," responded Russell. "It makes it easier for me when everybody else does their job. It was a tough game, especially defensively, but it went all right, so happy with that."
Russell was a contender for Gatland's original squad but missed out to Dan Biggar of Wales, with Johnny Sexton and Owen Farrell the other number 10s on Lions duty.
He didn't harbour any frustration, however.
"You find out the Lions squad that's travelling and after that you just focus on Scotland," he said. "I haven't thought too much about it.
"That's just sport for you, that's the team that Gatland picked. There would have been a few boys who would have been disappointed but you have to go with these things, you have to move on to the next thing quickly. It was tough, but you get on with it."
Russell wore a protective plaster under his right eye against the Wallabies and suffered a blow to a previous cut during the game.
"A couple of stitches and it'll be fine. I got an elbow in it today," he explained. "I'm good to go. It was awesome to beat Australia anywhere but to beat them here is amazing.
"We had grit and determination to come away with a win. After the game it was nice to think that we'd done them on their own soil. You could say revenge, but to do them over here makes it more satisfying after the last couple of games."


A fisherman has been rescued after his boat started to sink off Shetland.

The man was forced to take to his liferaft while fishing on Friday afternoon halfway between Sumburgh and the Fair Isle.
The coastguard sent out a helicopter to airlift the man to safety.
The man was rescued from the raft and flown ashore to Sumburgh airport.


Former Ghana national team coach Fred Osam Duodu died on Tuesday after a short illness, aged 78.

Duodu, who led the Black Stars to the 1978 Africa Cup of Nations title, had been in hospital for several weeks.
In 1993 he won the continental under-20 title with Ghana before taking them to the runners-up spot at the World Youth Championship the same year.
The Ghanaian was also coach of The Gambia when they won the African Under-17 Championship in 2005.
Duodu returned for his final stint as Ghana coach for their 2002 Nations Cup finals campaign in Mali.
He acted as technical director and General Secretary of the Ghana Football Association as well as being an instructor for the Confederation of African Football and Fifa.


Germany's top court has rejected calls to block the permanent eurozone rescue fund - the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) - and the European fiscal treaty.

Leader Angela Merkel called it "a good day", while markets rallied in relief.
But the Constitutional Court imposed conditions including a cap on Germany's contribution, which it said could only be overruled by the German parliament.
Critics had argued that the ESM commits Germany to potentially unlimited funding of debt-ridden eurozone states.
Some 37,000 people had signed a petition to the court asking it to block the ESM, and make it subject to a referendum.
Since Germany is due to contribute 27% of the fund, it cannot proceed without German ratification.
But, after weeks of deliberation, the court's Chief Justice Andreas Vosskuhle said it "rejected the injunctions", since there was a "high probability" that the ESM did not violate the constitution.
By Stephen EvansBBC News, Berlin
You could see the relief clearly:  charts for stock prices jumped the moment the judgement was made public.
The positive sentiment was as much about what didn't happen as what did. If the panel of judges had blocked the ESM, there is little doubt that it would have halted the bailouts of eurozone countries in difficulty, and financial markets would have taken it badly.
The judgement, though, is qualified.  The most significant string attached is that any raising of Germany's contribution could only be done with the full consent of parliament.
In the current political climate, there would be much opposition to any more money from Berlin.  A recent poll showed that more than half of Germans wanted the judges to block the ESM, so there is no mood for digging deeper into pockets, should it be necessary.
However, he said ratification of the treaty could only be allowed under certain conditions.
He continued: "No rule of the treaty must be interpreted in a way which would result in higher payment obligations by Germany, without the consent of the German representative."
Correspondents said that meant that any future increase in the size of the 500bn-euro (Â£400bn) fund, or of Germany's contribution, could only be permitted with the express agreement of Germany's parliament.
When added to the money already committed to the existing temporary fund, Germany is liable for about 190bn euros.
The decision clears the way for Germany's President, Joachim Gauck, to sign the ESM and the fiscal pact - which is meant to enforce budget discipline - into law.
Correspondents said there would be huge relief in Brussels and European capitals at the verdict.
By Stephanie FlandersEconomics editor
"Today, Germany is once again sending a strong signal to Europe and beyond: Germany is assuming with determination its responsibility as the biggest economy and as a reliable partner in Europe," Chancellor Merkel told parliament in Berlin hours after the ruling.
"This is a good day for Germany and it is a good day for Europe," she said.
Spanish, Italian and German share indexes all rose after the ruling, while the euro continued its recent gains to post a hit a new four-month high against the dollar, at $1.29.
The borrowing costs on Spanish and Italian 10-year bonds fell.
Analysts suggested that, combined with European Central Bank plans to buy the government bonds of struggling countries, Europe now had the tools it needed to combat its financial crisis.
"Within less than a week, the eurozone has finally received its long sought-after impressive bazooka," said Carsten Brzeski, an economist with Dutch bank ING.
"As a result, eurozone governments have now received more time to do their homework, implement reforms and austerity measures," he said.


Africans staying in and around India's commercial capital, Mumbai (Bombay), complain of indiscriminate racism and constant police harassment, reports the BBC's Zubair Ahmed.

Nigerian Sambo Davis is married to an Indian woman and lives in Mumbai.
All his documents are valid, but he was arrested by the police recently on suspicion of being a drug dealer.
He and 30 other black Africans were detained for hours before they were let off with an apology.
But the following day, Mr Davis said that he was shocked to read in local newspapers that they were "arrested for drug peddling".
"The police treat us Africans like dogs," he says.
Mr Davis claims he often faces discrimination when he goes to restaurants or when he tries to rent an apartment in gated middle-class communities.
But he is nevertheless one of the lucky ones. He found a decent flat to rent, thanks to his Indian wife.
But his fellow countrymen, he says, still face discrimination: "When they go to rent flats in a normal building they are told - 'you are a black man, you are Nigerian, and you are not wanted'. This is racism."
There is no official data on how many Africans live in Mumbai, but since India's economic progress gathered momentum in recent years, many have come to work in and around the city. Unofficial estimates put their numbers at more than 5,000.
Most of them are engaged in exporting garments to Nigeria and other African countries.
Many others are students, enrolled in the region's prestigious educational institutions.
But there are also hundreds of Africans, mostly Nigerians, who live as illegal immigrants in India. They have either "lost" their passports or their visas have "expired".
Every day, these people play hide-and-seek with the police - if they are caught, they are sent to jail.
Ikeorah Junior from Lagos runs a cafe for Africans in a crowded market on Mumbai's Mohammed Ali Road.
"I don't understand why they [police] have to go from house to house to arrest the people who don't have their papers. If they don't have papers, then deport them, don't put them in jail," he says.
Ahmed Javed, who is in charge of maintaining law and order in the state of Maharashtra, says it is not that simple: "In most cases they have no passports. So, unless their nationalities are determined, they cannot be deported."
Dozens of Africans have taken up residence on Mira Road, a dusty, nondescript town just outside Mumbai.
One "illegal immigrant" there asked me for money, claiming he had not eaten for two days.
He looked worried and told me that he had been approached by drug dealers to work for them.
"I have been here for three years - my visa expired a long time ago. I want to go back home. Please help me, brother," he tells me.
In this neighbourhood, Negro or kaalia (black in Hindi) are the two words indiscriminately used to describe all black people.
"We call them Negro because they are black. They look frightening," says one woman.
"They don't find homes to rent in Mumbai, they only stay in Mira Road. Why? Because of the way they behave. They sell drugs and indulge in other illegal activities. They cannot be trusted," a local man commented, seemingly unaware of the offensive nature of his words.
Against such a backdrop of pronounced prejudice, Sheeba Rani married Sambo Davis four years ago and the couple have two children.
Mrs Davis says her parents are enlightened Christians and they blessed them because they thought the marriage was God's wish.
But, she says, she has been ostracised by many friends, relatives and society since her marriage.
Mrs Davis is "embarrassed and ashamed" by the behaviour of the Indian people towards black Africans.
"When I used to go to a mall or if I walked with him, I always wanted him to hold my hand. But when people saw me with him, they thought I was from a bad family or even a prostitute."
Earlier, she did not understand why black people were being looked down upon, but now she says she does.
"Because our society is obsessed with white skin. If I had married a white man, I would have gained more friends and society's approval too."
Mr Davis believes that the discrimination is solely "because I am a black man".
"It's because I am from Africa, I am a Nigerian. I think Indians see us as inferior."
Yet despite the discrimination they face, nearly all Africans the BBC interviewed said they had a soft spot for their adopted country.
They say the relations between India and Africa are "rock solid". Many argued that Indians and Africans are brothers.
"We look after Indians in our countries. They have become rich there. All we want here is for Indians to understand we are not drug dealers. We are not violent. We are just like them."


A Caledonian MacBrayne ferry has "switched on" Ullapool's Christmas lights.

The MV Loch Seaforth's horn was sounded as it left the village late on Thursday afternoon, signalling the turning on of the lights.
Ullapool has not had a community Christmas lights display before.
The village's display has been organised by community group Ullapool Fire and Light Fund and will feature a Christmas tree created from creels.
The creel tree stands about 16ft tall and has been constructed almost entirely of creels normally used for catching prawns or crabs.
Thursday's switch-on included lights appearing on yachts, dinghies and fishing boats in Ullapool harbour. The display has been funded by a grant and donations.


Notts County have signed midfielder Ryan Yates on a season-long loan from neighbours Nottingham Forest.

Yates, 19, spent time on loan at both National League club Barrow and League One side Shrewsbury last term.
He is the second Forest midfielder to join Kevin Nolan's Magpies, with Jorge Grant making the move last month.
Yates is the sixth Notts addition in five days, with ex-Bolton defender Nicky Hunt also among arrivals ahead of Saturday's season opener at Coventry.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


England boss Roy Hodgson has questioned the Football Association's decision to allow an NFL game to take place at Wembley six days before his side's Euro 2016 qualifier against Slovenia.

Sunday's match between Jacksonville Jaguars and Dallas Cowboys is the third NFL match at Wembley this year.
"I don't really think you could expect me to say 'excellent, delighted, well done'," said Hodgson.
"If I was asked if it was a good thing or not, I would have to say not."
Hodgson, who gave West Brom striker Saido Berahino a first senior international call-up on Thursday, added: "I can't pretend it is something that makes me leap for joy.
"The pitch, unfortunately, is not in the best of nick anyway, which we're all a bit unhappy with."
After regular complaints by Hodgson's predecessor Fabio Capello, the FA laid a new pitch at the venue four years ago.
The FA board sanctioned the NFL's partnership with Wembley, which is now in its eighth year and has three more games lined up for 2015.
One of those will take place on 4 October - just five days before England host Estonia in their last home Euro 2016 qualifier.
Before then, the venue will also be hosting two Rugby World Cup games - New Zealand v Argentina on 20 September and Ireland v Romania a week later, as well as the Rugby League Challenge Cup final in August.
"It is a decision Wembley has made and I know the ground staff will work very, very hard to give us the best pitch they can give us," said 67-year-old Hodgson, who hopes Club England managing director Adrian Bevington will report to the FA board on the matter.
"Hopefully in the future the pitch will recover to its normal level and when it has done that we will be better able to support this type of activity," he added.
England have won their first three qualifiers and will go six points clear at the top of Group E with victory over Slovenia on 15 November.


Fiery South African politician Julius Malema has been ejected from parliament after refusing to retract comments in which he accused Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa of being a "murderer".

Mr Malema was thrown out by security guards after refusing to leave.
Last month, Mr Malema accused Mr Ramaphosa of involvement in the 2012 killings of 34 striking miners shot by police near the Marikana mine.
A commission of inquiry into the shooting exonerated Mr Ramaphosa.
He had been a non-executive director at Lonmin, the platinum producer that owned the Marikana mine.
Parliamentary chairwoman Mmatlala Boroto ordered Mr Malema - head of the left-wing Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) party - to  withdraw his remarks, saying they were derogatory.
But Mr Malema, wearing his party's trademark red overalls, refused, saying:  "I will never withdraw that... you can take me to jail for that."
When  he refused to leave, parliament's sergeant at arms was called. There was a brief scuffle around the EFF benches as security guards took Mr Malema away, Reuters reported.
He has been suspended from parliament for five days, officials from the governing African National Congress (ANC) party said.
It is not the first time Mr Malema has disrupted parliament.
In February he and other EFF party members were removed by force after disrupting President Jacob Zuma's annual address.
The EFF won 25 seats in elections last year and its MPs wear red overalls and hard hats in parliament in a symbol of solidarity with working people.


Falkirk manager Peter Houston criticised Craig Sibbald and Lee Miller for being sent off as his side lost 3-1 to rivals Dunfermline.

Houston said he was "very angry" with his players after a second defeat in three league games left them second bottom of the Championship.
"Action has to be taken and I'll make sure I do it," Houston said.
"Our players were as soft as putty. Talk is cheap and some players talked cheaply."
Falkirk were two behind at half-time to Declan McManus and Joe Cardle goals, and they suffered further setbacks as Sibbald was dismissed for foul and abusive language then Miller was sent off 10 minutes later for an elbow on Nat Wedderburn.
Falkirk reduced the deficit through Tom Taiwo's goal, but Cardle struck his second of the game in injury time to seal the points for the home side, much to Houston's anger.
"I'm very angry with the two players that [were sent off], and they will be disciplined for that," he said. "They are not getting away with that.
"Lee disappointed me as well because he made a bad challenge and I can see why the referee gave the red card.
"Dunfermline came out like a derby match should be played. They played at a tempo. We didn't have any tempo until we had nine men.
"We never got up to the standards we're capable of, but we've got a scenario where we are blaming each other for it now."


A row has broken out over plans for houses on a car park in a seaside town dubbed Chelsea-on-Sea.

The proposals for the Shadycombe car park in Salcombe, Devon, are part of South Hams Council's plan for house building over the next 20 years.
Businesses in Salcombe and nearby Kingsbridge, where there are similar plans, say trade could suffer.
South Hams Council insists it will provide alternative parking elsewhere if spaces are taken away.
More on the housing row story, plus other Devon and Cornwall news
Property website Rightmove claims the average price of a home in Salcombe is about Â£550,000, more than twice the national average according to a Halifax survey.
Salcombe businesswoman Liz Hore said: "The car park is totally full with the cars of visitors coming to spend money. It is just beyond belief.
"Where will they park when it's a housing complex?"
Conservative councillor Judy Pearce said: "We are trying to get people's opinions on whether what we are proposing is a good idea.
"Nothing is set in stone at this stage. These are only proposals and that needs to be quite clear to people."


Scarlets wing DTH van der Merwe has been ruled out for the rest of the season because of a shoulder injury.

Van der Merwe, 29, suffered the injury during Scarlets' 46-10 defeat in the Pro12 against his former club Glasgow Warriors last Saturday.
The South African-born Canada back will see a specialist this week.
He has scored eight tries in 19 appearances for Scarlets in all competitions this season.
Van der Merwe, who joined Scarlets from Glasgow ahead of the 2015-16 season, became the first player representing a tier-two nation to score a try in four successive Rugby World Cup matches in last year's tournament.


Cuba's triple world champion Julio Cesar la Cruz claimed his first Olympic title by winning light-heavyweight gold at Rio 2016.

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Top seed La Cruz, 27, outpointed Kazakhstan's Adilbek Niyazymbetov, winning all three rounds unanimously.
Cuban fighters have now won gold medals in all 12 weight categories to have featured at the Olympics.
Niyazymbetov, 27, took another silver medal, having also finishing second at London 2012.
La Cruz, who was beaten in the quarter-finals four years ago, earned Cuba their first boxing gold in Brazil.
The Caribbean island has now won 35 Olympic boxing medals - 67 in total - with only the United States bettering both tallies.
Find out how to get into boxing with our special guide.
Richie Woodhall, former WBC super-middleweight champion on BBC TV:
"It was a tremendous performance from La Cruz.
"You've got to be so skilful to box like he does and have exceptional reactions.
"He is a wonderful boxer."
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The former head of the British Chambers of Commerce, John Longworth, said he does not regret comments he made about Europe that led to his resignation.

"I knew it would be controversial, but I didn't know it would necessarily get me in hot water," he told the BBC.
Mr Longworth was suspended after saying the UK's long-term prospects could be "brighter" outside the European Union.
He said the decision to step down was his and he made the move so he could speak out freely.
Mr Longworth dismissed claims there was political pressure on him to leave, or pressure on the BCC to force him out.
"I don't regret making those comments at all," he told the BBC's World At One programme.
"I made it very clear when I delivered my speech [on Thursday] that there were additional comments that were of a particular and personal nature
"What I was trying to do was inform the debate," he said.
He had been director-general of the British Chamber of Commerce for five years.
"I decided to resign in order in order to give me the freedom to speak out on the referendum," he said.
"It became clear to me that it was incompatible in my role that I was able to speak out. "
The BCC said Mr Longworth had accepted his support for leaving the EU was "likely to create confusion".
He revealed his support for "Brexit" at the BCC annual conference on Thursday.
Nora Senior, president of the British Chamber of Commerce, told the BBC that his comments left the organisation with no option, as he had breached the BCC's official position of neutrality on the referendum.
And she dismissed suggestions that the decision was influenced by Downing Street.
"Absolutely not. The decision for John to stand down was taken by John himself and the board."
She said the BCC was a membership organisation with diverse views and their decision was to maintain a neutral stance on the referendum.  Mr Longworth's comments in his keynote speech at the conference had gone against that.
She stressed that his resignation was "agreed mutually between Mr Longworth and the BCC Board, and there were no external factors involved".
At the conference, Mr Longworth said the EU referendum was a choice between the "devil and the deep blue sea".
He added that voters faced "undoubtedly a tough choice".
He said the very best place for the UK to be was in a reformed EU, but added: "I have come to the conclusion that the EU is incapable of meaningful reform, at least in the foreseeable future."
EU referendum: All you need to know
Timeline: What will happen when?
Read more: BBC News EU referendum special
His remarks and his subsequent suspension prompted a political outcry, with London mayor Boris Johnson and former defence secretary Liam Fox, both prominent campaigners for the UK to leave the EU, weighing in on his behalf.
Mr Johnson called Mr Longworth's treatment "scandalous", while Mr Fox said ministers should clarify "if they were involved in any way in putting pressure on" the BCC to suspend Mr Longworth.
British voters will be asked on 23 June whether the UK should remain a member of the EU.
The BCC, which represents thousands of large, medium and small businesses, has said it will not campaign for either side in the referendum as its membership is split.
Last month, an online poll of its members found 59.5% of more than 2,000 who responded preferred to remain in the EU and 30% said they would vote to leave.


A Welsh Assembly tea lady's death after plunging 30ft (9m) from a rooftop was an accident, an inquest jury has ruled.

Jane Wedlake, 54, suffered severe brain injuries after falling on to a hallway at the block of flats where she lived in November 2014.
She never regained consciousness and died in hospital 12 days later.
Cardiff Coroner's Court heard there were no warning signs in the St Mary Street property and residents could access the fourth floor atrium.
Jury members heard the whole building "shook" as she fell.
Ms Wedlake's partner Greg Capron said she may have been on the roof to retrieve washing that had fallen on to a glass roof.
He said losing his partner was "the worst thing that has ever happened in my life" and said he was left "totally traumatised".
Despite having keys to an access window, the inquest heard tenants were not supposed to enter the roof space of the flats owned by Cardiff Community Housing Association.
Officials said contractors only were supposed to use it.
Since Ms Wedlake's death, the window has been boarded up and large warning signs erected.
The jury returned a verdict of accidental death.


Recycling firm Viridor has launched its new £25m glass recycling plant in North Lanarkshire.

The 70,000 sq ft facility at Newhouse will recycle material from 17 Scottish local authorities.
It is hoped the new plant will reduce the need for industries such as Scotch whisky to import glass.
A total of 30 jobs have been created at the recycling centre, which will have the capacity to recycle 200,000 tonnes of glass every year.
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Julie Hesketh-Laird, from the Scotch Whisky Association, said: "The opening of Newhouse assists the Scotch whisky industry by increasing the availability of high-quality recycled glass.
"As glass accounts for the vast majority of the packaging of Scotch we welcome this supply chain innovation at Newhouse which advances glass recycling.
"Such developments help the industry in its commitment to sustainability and delivering on its environmental strategy."
Opening the new plant, Environment Secretary Richard Lochhead said: "I welcome this significant investment in modern recycling infrastructure.
"Glass packaging is important to a number of Scottish food and drinks manufacturers and glass recycling makes sense for our economy and the environment."
The Newhouse plant is part of a £357m recycling and renewable energy investment package announced by Viridor in Scotland over the last 18 months.
Projects include a £177.4m Energy Recovery Facility (ERF) at Oxwellmains in East Lothian and a £154m Glasgow Recycling and Renewable Energy Centre.


Stocks in Japan ended a four-day losing streak and closed higher, despite shares in the US and Europe falling sharply on Tuesday on worries over the UK's referendum on EU membership.

Japan's benchmark Nikkei 225 index closed up 60.58 points, or 0.4%, at 15,919.58.
The rise came amid the Bank of Japan's two-day policy meeting, which will finished on Thursday.
However, analysts are not expecting major action by the central bank.
Shares in the US and Europe dropped sharply on Tuesday as polls indicated rising support for the Leave campaign in the UK's upcoming EU referendum.
Some analysts have said leaving the political and economic union could harm the UK's economy, although the effects would not be immediate.
"The economic impact would occur over months and years, not immediately," London-based analyst Michael Metcalfe said.
"But financial markets are constantly trying to look forward and discount what's going to happen."
In Australia, the S&P/ASX 200 index finished the session down 1.1% at 5,147.1, dragged down by commodity-related stocks.
South Korean shares were also down, with the benchmark Kospi index finishing 0.2% lower at 1,968.83.
Investors were watching mainland Chinese stocks closely on Wednesday after the world's biggest stock index provider, MSCI, delayed including the country's A shares on its emerging market index.
Inclusion on the index would have been a major step forward for Beijing as it attempts to open up its financial markets and attract foreign capital.
However, stock markets in Hong Kong and China did not seem troubled by MSCI's knock back.
Hong Kong's Hang Seng reversed earlier losses and closed up 0.4% at 20,467.52, while the Shanghai Composite ended the day 1.6% higher at 2,887.21.
MSCI, which is the world's biggest stock index provider, said on Tuesday that China's authorities had demonstrated "a clear commitment"  in bringing accessibility of their A shares market closer to international standards.
It also said it was looking forward to the "continuation of policy momentum in addressing the remaining accessibility issues".


Ajax winger Viktor Fischer will join Middlesbrough for around £3.8m at the start of the international transfer window next month, BBC Tees reports.

Denmark international Fischer, 21, has been with the Amsterdam club since 2011 and scored 24 goals in 79 league games.
The forward visited Boro, who were promoted to the Premier League this season, for a medical and agreed terms.
"It's the greatest league in the world and I feel really ready," Fischer told Danish TV station TV2.
Eight-times capped Fischer has agreed a three-year deal.
Fischer emerged as a key player at Ajax under recently departed coach Frank De Boer, alongside compatriots Lasse Schone and Christian Eriksen - the latter whom he will play against in next season's top flight when Boro face Tottenham Hotspur.


A generational divide in UK households' income growth has been confirmed in the latest government figures - but incomes are little changed in the last year.

Average household income rose by 1.4% in 2015-16 after adjusting for inflation, new data from the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) shows.
Working-age household incomes have been stagnant since 2007-08 compared with a 10% rise for pensioners.
Yet, 14% of pensioners households are still on low incomes.
The DWP figures also show that in 2015-16, rises in pensioner incomes stalled.
A number of reports and previous data have shown that income growth has been faster among pensioners than working-age people since the financial crisis.
This has led to widespread debate over the future of the triple-lock - a promise made to pensioners that the state pension will rise in line with prices, wages or 2.5%, whichever is highest.
This latest set of figures shows that recently retired pensioners in the UK have seen their incomes rise compared with a decade ago.
Average incomes among this group have risen from £314 in 2005-06 to £357 in the last financial year.
The DWP figures show a regional split, with older people in the South East of England having much higher incomes than those living in Wales and the West Midlands.
Steve Webb, a former pensions minister and now director of policy at Royal London, said: "While there are clearly some pensioners who enjoy good company pensions and have benefited from house price inflation, there are clearly also many who are not in such a fortunate position.
"Any change to policy on state pensions need to take full account of the diversity of experience of pensioners in Britain today, and not simply assume that pensioner living standards will keep on rising."
For all UK households, the median average income rose by £8 in a year to £481 a week before housing costs in 2015-16.
This stood at £413 a week after taking housing costs into account, the DWP figures show.
Agnes Norris Keiller, a research economist at the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), said: "Growth in household incomes in 2015-16 was modest but widespread, continuing the pattern seen in recent years.
"The period since the recession has been defined not by sharp rises in inequality or poverty, but historically slow growth in average incomes - in 2015-16 average income for working-age adults was no higher than eight years previously."
Official figures published on Wednesday showed that wage growth had slowed to 2.3% (excluding bonuses) in the three months to the end of January, from 2.6% in the previous three-month period.


Vintage jets will not be allowed to perform "high-energy aerobatics" over land at air shows after the Shoreham crash, regulators have said.

The Civil Aviation Authority said such planes would be "limited to flypasts", and all Hawker Hunter jets have been temporarily grounded.
At least 11 people died after a Hawker Hunter crashed into traffic on the A27 in West Sussex on Saturday.
Sussex Police have named another victim as Maurice Abrahams of Brighton.
Mr Abrahams' family released a tribute to the 76-year-old chauffeur, who was a former soldier and police officer.
"Maurice is a well-respected and loved father and husband," the statement said.
"He enjoyed his work chauffeuring his beloved Daimler car and he enjoyed gardening."
Meanwhile, the plane wreckage has been removed by crane and no further victims have been found, Sussex Police said.
Assistant Chief Constable Steve Barry added: "However, until we have fully completed the search of what is an extensive scene, I must caution that there is still the possibility that we may discover evidence of further victims..."
Police have also said that more than 200 people have called in to report concerns for missing relatives or friends since the incident.
A spokesman for the CAA said the flying restrictions would remain in place until further notice, and it would be conducting "additional risk assessments on all forthcoming civil air displays".
Since the restrictions were announced a host of air shows have been forced to alter their schedules.
The regulator stressed that individual display pilots were only granted approval to fly "following a thorough test of their abilities".
Andrew Hill, the pilot of the crashed jet, has been put in medically-induced coma after being pulled from the wreckage.
The 51-year-old from Sandon, near Buntingford in Hertfordshire, suffered multiple injuries and is in a critical condition.
Mr Hill was set to fly the plane at the Battle of Britain 75th anniversary show in Duxford, Cambridgeshire, the Imperial War Museum (IWM) said.
A spokeswoman for the museum said the event would still take place on 19 and 20 September, but it would be "revised" following the tragedy.
Similarly, Dartmouth Royal Regatta in Devon - which features an air display - will go ahead from Thursday but the routine of a Strikemaster jet has been restricted.
Shoreham air crash: The victims
Meanwhile, the Royal Air Forces Association (RAFA), which organises Shoreham Airshow, has defended the event's safety record.
"The team at Shoreham have many years of experience in running air shows throughout the UK and all aircraft have to be certificated and all pilots authorised by the CAA before they are allowed to undertake display routines at any air show," a spokesman said.
West Sussex coroner Penny Schofield warned that work to identify the victims would be a "slow and painstaking operation" as she appealed for the public's "patience and understanding".
She said it may take "several weeks" before all investigations were completed.
"The fire was so intense and the scale of the damage so vast, it means that we must very carefully remove the remains in a way that will lead to a formal identification," she added.
The A27 will need major repairs as a result of the impact of the crash, and is expected to be shut for several days.
Books of condolence have been opened and the flag is flying at half-mast at County Hall in Chichester.
Two of the victims were amateur footballers and the Football League has announced that a minute's silence will be observed prior to all Capital One Cup Round 2 matches on Tuesday and Wednesday as a mark of respect to all those who died.
Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin has offered his condolences to those who have died.
He said: "The government is offering its full support to both the Civil Aviation Authority and the Air Accidents Investigation Branch to ensure everything possible is being done to find out what happened and ensure air displays take place safely and follow the highest standards."
Saturday's crash is the second incident at the Shoreham Airshow, one of the premier air shows in the UK, in recent years.
In September 2007 James Bond stuntman Brian Brown, 49, died when he crashed a World War Two Hurricane after carrying out an unplanned barrel roll at a re-enactment of the Battle of Britain.


Oil prices rose and shares fell after Saudi Arabia, the world's biggest crude exporter, and its allies launched airstrikes on rebel targets in Yemen.

The move has raised concerns that the conflict could spread in the oil-rich Middle East and possibly disrupt supplies from the region.
Brent crude climbed nearly 6% to $59.78 a barrel, but then dipped to $57.88.
West Texas Intermediate crude futures, the US benchmark, rose to $50.68 a barrel.
Pressure on the oil price eased after it became clear there was no immediate threat to Middle East oil shipments. However, fears remain that Iran could be drawn into the conflict, and these concerns weighed on European share markets on Thursday.
In Germany, an economy heavily dependent on oil imports, the Dax share index was more than 1.3% lower by mid-afternoon. Paris's Cac 40 index and London's FTSE 100 were both more than 1.2% lower.
In the US, the Dow Jones was down 0.6%, and the dollar also fell against the Swiss franc and the yen, traditionally seen as haven currencies in times of uncertainty.
Yemen is located along an important international shipping route for global energy producers. But the country is sliding towards civil war.
Houthi rebels receiving support from Iran have marched on the southern Yemeni port city of Aden, where Yemen's President Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi took refuge after he was forced him to flee the capital, Sanaa.
Saudi Arabia, supported by regional allies the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait, launched airstrikes on Thursday aimed at halting the rebel advance.
Iran and Saudi Arabia are both members of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the group that produces about 40% of the world's oil. Oil exports to Europe pass through the narrow Red Sea strait between the port of Aden and Djibouti.
However, the current glut in global oil stocks, built up in part thanks to US shale production and plentiful output from Russia and other producers, means there is unlikely to be an acute crisis in supply.
"Just because Saudi and others conducted air strikes doesn't mean the oil market becomes suddenly tight," said Masaki Suematsu, manager of the energy team at brokerage Newedge Japan in Tokyo.


The latest attempt to repeal the Obama-era healthcare act has failed after a dramatic night in the US Senate.

At least three Republicans - John McCain, Susan Collins and Lisa Murkowski - voted against the bill, which needed a simple majority to pass.
President Donald Trump said the three had "let the American people down".
The so-called "skinny" repeal, which would have scaled back some of the more controversial provisions, is the third failed attempt to repeal Obamacare.
It would have resulted in 16 million people losing their health insurance by 2026, with insurance premiums increasing by 20%, according to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO).
The vote was delayed after Senate Republicans kept a procedural vote open before the actual Obamacare vote while they attempted to persuade their members to vote for the repeal.
Vice President Mike Pence was seen talking to Mr McCain for more than 20 minutes. But Mr McCain then approached a group of Democrats, who appeared happy to see him.
The bill was eventually voted down by 51 votes to 49 in the Republican-dominated Senate.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, a Republican, described the result as a "disappointing moment".
Democrat Chuck Schumer said his party was relieved that millions of people would retain their healthcare.
The arc of history is long, but it bends towards revenge.
Just over two years after candidate Donald Trump mocked John McCain's Vietnam War record, noting that he prefers heroes "who weren't captured", the Arizona senator stuck a dagger in President Trump's healthcare reform plans.
There were gasps when Mr McCain, after being furiously lobbied by Vice-President Mike Pence, joined two other Republican senators in voting against the so-called "skinny" repeal plan, considered the bare minimum Senate Republicans could agree on.
Instead of a big step toward becoming law - either in its skinny form or after further negotiations with the House of Representatives - the future of Obamacare repeal has been thrown into doubt.
The reality is, for now, there is no minimum level of change on which Senate Republicans can agree. They either have to work with Democrats or resign themselves to stalemate and move on to other topics, like taxes or infrastructure spending.
It will take some time for the enormity of this late-night Senate drama to sink in. No one really expected Mr McCain to be the decisive vote, but the man who once had a reputation as a Republican "maverick", now facing a dire brain cancer diagnosis, had at least one more surprise in his pocket.
The bill - officially known as the Health Care Freedom Act - would have eliminated parts of Obamacare - the Affordable Care Act - including the individual mandate requiring all Americans to have health insurance coverage, as well as a tax on medical devices.
The stripped down bill came after earlier Senate defeats for proposals to replace Obamacare and then to partially repeal it.
Sen McCain said he had voted against the skinny repeal because it did not amount to meaningful reform and would not have improved care for Americans.
He added that House Speaker Paul Ryan's assurance that the House would be willing to send the bill for further consideration by committee "did not ease my concern that this shell of a bill could be taken up and passed at any time".
There are not thought to be any further plans for a new bill to repeal Obamacare because the skinny repeal was seen as the bare minimum that Republicans could agree on.
President Trump has said he now plans to "let Obamacare collapse, then deal".
In his statement, Mr McCain said Obamacare was in a state of "collapse", with healthcare premiums "skyrocketing" and providers "fleeing the marketplace".
He criticised the way Obamacare had been passed by Democrats using their Obama-era majority and called for senators to "return to the correct way of legislating" with input from both parties.
"We must do the hard work our citizens expect of us and deserve," he said.


Brazil beat Colombia 1-0 in a friendly that raised more than £300,000 for the families of the Chapecoense players and staff who were killed in a plane crash in November.

Four survivors - three players and a radio commentator - were introduced at Rio's Olympic stadium before the game.
Striker Dudu scored the only goal when he headed home after the break.
Chapecoense drew 2-2 against Palmeiras on Saturday in their first game since the tragedy.
Only six of the 77 people on board the LaMia flight carrying the Chapecoense team to Colombia for their Copa Sudamericana final survived the crash on 28 November. Of those on board, 43 were players and staff.
The club has rebuilt its squad, with most of its 22 new players arriving on loan from other clubs.
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The parents of a seven-year-old boy who died following heart surgery at Bristol Children's Hospital have been awarded £100,000 in compensation.

Luke Jenkins, from Cardiff, suffered a cardiac arrest days after an operation in March 2012.
An NHS Ombudsman identified "missed opportunities in his care" and the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust admitted "failings".
The trust said it was "deeply sorry" for letting Luke's family down.
In a statement, its chief executive Robert Woolley said: "The care Luke received has been subject to several, independent, expert reviews - none of which showed that we caused his death.
"We fully accept, however, that there were failings in the care and treatment we gave him and we also accept that we compounded the pain and grief of his family by giving incorrect and incomplete information in response to their complaint.
"We are deeply sorry for everything we got wrong."
Following the operation to correct a congenital heart defect, Luke was discharged from intensive care to ward 32.
He developed a bleed on his chest and was operated on further, but was returned to the ward, rather than intensive care.
The Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman found Luke's parents, Faye Valentine and Stephen Jenkins, had been misled by staff about ward 32 being a high dependency unit.
At the time, the hospital had no designated paediatric high dependency beds.
The report also found medics failed to recognise Luke was deteriorating and he should have been admitted back into intensive care.
However, the ombudsman could not link Luke's death to any of the failings.
Mr Jenkins has been unable to work since the death of his son.
Ms Valentine, said, "maybe now" the family can forget the legal battle and "just remember Luke".
"This has been going on for five years, a battle for the truth that's all we've ever asked from them, all we've ever wanted," she said.
In 2013, the Avon coroner recorded a narrative verdict saying there was "no evidence of gross failure" in the care Luke received.


Iconic Bollywood movie Sholay has been finally released in cinemas in Pakistan nearly 40 years after it first took India by storm, writes the BBC's M Ilyas Khan in Islamabad.

It might never have been shown in a cinema before - but that doesn't mean the audience don't know the lines.
"How many were they?" asks Gabbar Singh, Bollywood's most recognisable bad guy, delivering one of his most memorable lines in his familiar drawl, tinged with irony.
Before the dark, fat-cheeked henchman of Singh's extortion brigade can utter his line, a giggly female voice from the back row beats him to it, whispering: "They were two, chief."
And the audience continue to respond to dialogue, situations and songs with a quip, a laugh or a slap on the thigh throughout the 204-minute film.
That, to most people, is the real magic of Sholay (Embers), the 1975 blockbuster which is reputedly Bollywood's most-watched film worldwide.
"People come to see it not for its drama or suspense - everyone has seen it at least once - but because it never ceases to deliver the punch," says one viewer at Islamabad's Centaurus Cineplex.
The movie hit the big screen in Pakistan on 17 April and even though it's 40 years old, it hasn't yet run out of wind, says Aamir Haider, a director of Mandviwala Entertainment, the company that owns Sholay's distribution rights in Pakistan.
"During the first week of its release, it has grossed 4.5m Pakistani rupees ($45,000), which is just about a tenth of what you'd expect from a new [Bollywood] blockbuster like PK, but still enough if you also count the prestige that goes with showing an old classic," he says.
"In fact, Sholay has done better than most Indian films older than 10 years shown in Pakistan so far, including Devdas, the 2002 classic which, besides being a mega hit, starred Shah Rukh Khan, who is widely popular among Pakistanis," he says.
So what is the secret of Sholay's enduring appeal?
It is the usual good-versus-evil saga which traces the battle of Ramgarh, a fictitious village in India's northern Uttar Pradesh, against a maniacal and sadistic bandit, Gabbar Singh, arguably the most powerful character in the film.
The story is told through the exploits of two small-time thieves, Jai and Veeru, played by superstars Amitabh Bachchan and Dharmendra, and the bond that they build with a former jailer and prominent landowner of Ramgarh, Thakur Baldev Singh.
Seen by many as having been inspired by the spaghetti Westerns of the 1960s, Sholay succeeded in turning all the themes, situations and characters of that genre into an Indian narrative.
Its power came from its memorable dialogue, delivered by characters finely etched with individual traits and nuances.
Bollywood's leading lady of the 1970s, Hema Malini, gave a memorable performance as Basanti, the talkative village belle who drives a horse cart and romances Veeru. Her conversations with her mare, Dhanno, became the stuff of legends.
It was an ambitious project too, shot in panoramic 70mm cinemascope, with some of Bollywood's most brilliant cinematography of the time.
Pakistani audiences's first introduction to the film was not visual, but in the shape of 120-minute audio tapes that came pouring in as gifts from friends and relatives working in the Gulf - a major market for Bollywood.
Some time later, pirated video tapes become available.
Pakistan banned Indian films after the 1965 war between the two countries, and they are still off the Pakistani list of "importables" from India.
But there has been an easing of that policy since 2006, when Mandviwala Entertainment was allowed permission to import the 1960 magnum opus, Mughal-e-Azam.
That film performed badly in Pakistan when he showed it, says Mr Haider, so when the company proposed to import Sholay, Mr Haider had his reservations.
"I said, no-one knows Dharmendra today. Sanjeev Kumar is dead, and so is Amjad Khan. Hema Malini to this generation is just the docile mother-in-law from Baghban, and Amitabh Bachchan is the guy who hosts TV quiz show Kaun Banega Crorepati (Who Wants to be a Millionaire?)."
Mr Haider admits he was wrong.
"You can't compare Sholay to PK in terms of popular appeal, but you also don't expect a 40-year-old film to fill up 30% to 40% of today's expensive new-generation multiplex theatres, which Sholay has surprisingly done."
He says part of the reason may be that the Sholay print has been digitised and released in 3D.
But it is also because neither Mughal-e-Azam nor Devdas - or any other movie before or since - has added to the local slang in the same way as Sholay has done.
Hameed Bhutto, a film and television journalist based in Karachi, gives me a quick example.
"A friend who helped me buy a car called me a few days later and asked, how's your Dhanno doing," he says.
"It's a bit high on fuel consumption, I replied, without for a moment doubting that he was asking me about the car and not about Dhanno the mare that ran like hell to save Basanti from Gabbar Singh."


Ex-darts world champion Eric Bristow has apologised for suggesting football sex abuse victims are not "proper men".

Bristow had posted on Twitter that darts players were "tough guys" and footballers "wimps".
In a heated interview with host Piers Morgan on ITV's Good Morning Britain, Bristow initially defended his tweets, saying he was trying to encourage children to report abuse immediately.
He later accepted he had offended people and said: "I am sorry for that."
Bristow added: "I apologise, it was mis-worded. They are not wimps."
In a statement issued later on Wednesday, Bristow described himself as a "bull in a China shop" and said he now "appreciated my wording was wrong and offended many people".
"It makes me furious to think that an abuser can get away with it for so long, and to so many, when they should always be looking over their shoulder in fear, waiting to be confronted," he said.
"I know why I've been vilified but if one child comes forward quicker or one abuser thinks twice about the likelihood of being confronted then it will have been worth it."
The 59-year-old was dropped by Sky Sports on Tuesday after asking why victims did not "sort out" their abusers "when they got older and fitter".
Newcastle United said they had dropped Bristow "immediately" from a scheduled appearance at St James' Park on 6 December and "will not work with Eric Bristow in the future".
His manager asked for a £5,000 fee for Bristow to appear on the BBC to discuss his comments. GMB said it didn't disclose guest contracts - and Bristow later said any money received would be donated to charity.
Nine police forces are now investigating allegations of historical sexual abuse, with more than 20 former footballers having made allegations to the Professional Footballers Association and a special NSPCC hotline receiving more than 100 calls.
The Football Association has instructed independent leading counsel Kate Gallafent QC to oversee an internal review of what it knew and when.
On Wednesday, the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme reported that the FA scrapped a major review of its child protection policies in 2003.


A council's decision to cut free school transport for some faith school pupils in Swansea has been quashed by the high court.

Swansea council wanted to end free travel if a mainstream school was closer to a pupil's home.
But a legal challenge was raised by Bishop Vaughan Catholic School, a prospective student at the secondary school and the Diocese of Menevia.
On Friday in Cardiff, Mr Justice Wyn Williams overruled the council.
Bishop Vaughan Catholic School, which is the only faith secondary in the area, argued some students travelled for an hour and 50 minutes to reach school.
School Bursar Laura Howden Evans said: "The court's decision has brought tears of joy and relief to the eyes of parents, staff at the school and the wider faith community.
"Throughout the consultation process, we repeatedly warned the council that its actions would have unintended, but very serious, racially discriminatory consequences.
"Our concerns were simply brushed aside.
"Had the new policy stood, children from some of the poorest families in Wales would have been denied a faith-based education for the very worst of reasons.
"It will now remain open to them. We feel truly vindicated."
Bernard Stuart, Director of Education at the Diocese of Menevia said: "The judgement recognises and upholds the legitimate needs of those in the community for whom the suitable school is a church school."
The council has 21 days to lodge an appeal against the decision.
The authority is now considering its implications.
A spokesperson said: "We believed it was important to defend a democratic decision taken by councillors to no longer continue with this area of discretionary free transport.
"The original decision contributed to savings in one of the few discretionary areas of spending within the overall education budget so resources could be prioritised on classrooms, teaching and facilities."
They added: "Owing to the legal process there has been a period of uncertainty for young people and the schools involved and we'd like to apologise for that."


A family has criticised social services after the deaths of an elderly couple.

An inquest will be held on Wednesday for Margaret Mayer, 85, who had dementia. Her husband Angus, 86, was arrested for her murder.
Mr Mayer was hit by a train at Cardiff Central on the day his wife's body was found in July 2016 and he died seven weeks later.
The council said it sympathised deeply but could not comment further ahead of the inquest.
The couple from Cardiff had six children, who said social services' response to the care needs of the couple was "inadequate and not fit for purpose".
The family said their father was not able to cope with caring for Mrs Mayer, who had Alzheimer's disease, and they "fear for all the families that are struggling with dementia".
They have written to social services detailing their concerns about the help their parents received.
One son, Andy Mayer, a BBC Midlands cameraman, said in the letter that he had been "extremely worried" about his father's behaviour and his "inability to cope with caring for my mother".
Mr Mayer said his father would lose his temper at night in particular with his mother when he "flew into a rage".
There were meetings with social services, but the problems continued despite day centre visits for Mrs Mayer, and a bed alarm.
The letter asked social services if they had a "duty of care" to Mrs Mayer, and if the department's response to elderly carers was "too passive".
The children said their father "wanted to enjoy independent living, but caught in the fog of fatigue... he gave up".
The letter says that the family will never know if Mr and Mrs Mayer would be alive today if more had been done.
An inquest for Mr Mayer will be held at a later date.


For the past 10 years photographer Peter Dench has been photographing the antics of those of us who live in his homeland, the green and pleasant land that is England.

His work follows in the footsteps of some of the most celebrated photographers of the past, including Bill Brandt, Tony Ray Jones, Tom Wood and of course Martin Parr. Dench can trace his inspiration back to his time spent flicking through books by those and others, such as Greg Leach and Paul Reas while studying at the Bournemouth & Poole College of Art & Design.
"If you could travel the world, make people laugh and make people think, that was a fine way to live; if you could do it with a drink in your hand, that was the life for me," Peter recalls. "It was a revelation to understand that a photographer didn't have to get on a plane to a far-flung conflict; you could just climb aboard the bus."
He has in fact jumped aboard many planes in his time having worked in more than 50 countries as a photographer for a wide range of clients, from The British Heart Foundation to Weetabix, as well as editorial outlets like The New York Times, Newsweek, Observer Magazine and many more.
Growing up beside the sea Peter found himself drawn to Martin Parr's ground breaking, and indeed controversial look at the seaside resort of New Brighton. The Last Resort re-wrote the rules for photographers, placed colour photography in the UK on the map and even now, more than 25 years on it still has the power to shock and amuse all at the same time.
"The first colours I saw were saturated; striped deck chairs, arcade rides, Punch and Judy. The Last Resort echoed a familiar world from my youth, a saturated slap about the face, colours that burned a permanent impression directly onto the retina," Peter told me. "Working on foreign assignments across the globe has clarified to me just how different, how fabulous, and at times, how ridiculous the English are."
His book, England Uncensored, reflects this view. Yet it is not simply a compilation of clever photographs, there is a voice within the work, one that offers a social commentary.
On seeing some of the early work for the project his editor pushed him to move away from pictures that were just humorous, and include those that had an anthropological angle. The result of this was Drinking of England, a series first published across 11 pages in The Sunday Times Magazine and which went on to win a World Press Photo Award.
"Galvanized by the project's success, I've been conscious of continuing to apply the humorous approach with an underlying social commentary to themes throughout the work; themes of ethnicity, love, the weather, clothing and food," Peter said. "The humour disarms viewers allowing the impact of a more serious image dropped into the sequence to be tenfold.
"It was important for my photography on the English to document what was familiar from my youth and also to document what I had no idea about; posh schools, social summer events, jollies and jamborees; to create a rounded look at the English both geographically and socially."
"The colours and style of my work is largely born out of laziness and fear. I was always petrified of 'pushing' film, preferring to blast subjects with the flash to make sure something scarred the film. I also prefer shooting in the sunshine, not too early and not too late; unless it's in a pub or club."
And here we have to return to Martin Parr and his influence. Peter is open about this, and in November last year returned to New Brighton to follow in his footsteps.
"I made a Parr pilgrimage to New Brighton to see what had changed or had remained the same. I stood knees bent in the exact spot where Parr had photographed two children dribbling ice cream in front of a weather shelter.
Peter Dench's New Brighton Revisited
"Rarely does a day go by in my professional life when Parr isn't mentioned by, or to me. It's impossible to photograph England without seeing Parr parts in many shots; crying children, litter, dogs with their tongues hanging out, bad food, bad weather. As a photographer I embrace that influence. I would like to think I would have arrived at the style of photography I have regardless of Parr; he certainly hastened the process and blazed a path for its acceptance as a photographic way of seeing.
"Leaving New Brighton, having walked in Parr's footsteps, confirmed why I will always be a photographer and why I will always document the English; to photograph what is real, to record the present in an attempt to preserve the nation's past."
You might think this is a niche interest, yet England Uncensored is to be published as a book by the publishing arm of the crowd-funded visual journalism platform Emphas.is. The response to this call for funding was swift with $12,000 pledged in 15 days.
"It was important for the work to be published in Jubilee year," Peter said. "England Uncensored is a laugh out loud romp through this often badly behaved nation, it is not an idealized brochure of a green and pleasant land. In this Jubilee year of Great British pomp, where the media coverage is expected to be as polished as the crown jewels, it is important for us as a nation to remember who we really are, warts and all."
You can see more of Peter Dench's work on his website.


The most coveted prize in particle physics - the Higgs boson - may have been glimpsed, say researchers reporting at the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
8 October 2013 Last updated at 17:19 BST
The BBC's David Shukman explains exactly what the Higgs boson is.


A Moray offshore worker and his fiancée are celebrating a £1m National Lottery win.

Buckie-based catering steward Michael Innes, 29, won on the online Monopoly Millionaire game.
Mr Innes and student nurse Megan Fulton, 25, are now planning their dream wedding and a new home.
He said: "I could not believe it when I saw we had won the £1m prize. This is fantastic as it allows us to have the wedding we want."


Manenberg in Cape Town, South Africa, is infamous for its high crime rate, but it is now being associated with academic excellence, writes the BBC's Mo Allie.

Looking from the outside at The Leadership College (TLC) with its basic structure and its small classrooms, surrounded by sandy waste ground, it is hard to imagine that this is the same school that has managed consistently to deliver top-class results since its inception seven years ago.
Yet last year the school achieved a 92% pass rate in South Africa's national school-leaving examinations - far higher than the national average.
That performance is in stark contrast with a finding of the report by the Johannesburg-based Centre for Development and Enterprise (CDE), which suggests large proportions of South Africa's graduating students are "functionally illiterate and innumerate".
The report found that South Africa - one of the continent's richest countries - was performing worse than many far poorer African nations in terms of educating its children.
But what makes TLC's achievements even more remarkable is that it is located in Manenberg, a run-down area just 15 minutes from Cape Town's international airport, often in the news for the crime, gang violence and drug dealing that stalks its streets.
"The community itself and the township keep you down if you get into its lifestyle," says former head girl Thania Abrahams, who achieved five distinctions in last year's Matric exams.
"For me to rise above that, I had to focus on my goals."
Thania's results were good enough to get her enrolled for a degree in medicine at Stellenbosch University, one of the best tertiary institutions in South Africa.
She wasn't the only TLC student to win a place at Stellenbosch: Imraan Ismail got six distinctions and a place to study chartered accounting.
Of the 71 distinctions produced in Manenberg last year, all but three came from TLC.
TLC is a private school, run by the 2 Oceans Education Foundation, which counts Yusuf Islam, the singer previously known as Cat Stevens, among its patrons.
Thanks to its government and charitable funding, the area's academically gifted students can attend for free - even down to school excursions.
Many of TLC's learners come from tough backgrounds, broken homes together with a variety of socio-economic problems that plague the townships in which they live.
In 2015, no child accepted to TLC came from a household which earned more than 8,000 rand ($640; Â£510) a month.
About 90% of the students are Muslim but the founders stress it is open to all races and denominations.
But TLC does not just offer the opportunity to excel in the classroom.
The school serves as an oasis of tranquillity as it provides a safe space for the pupils who have free access there to psychologists and occupational therapists - something these children would never otherwise have access to.
The health professionals play a key role in helping the learners overcome their often traumatic circumstances which include witnessing murders, armed robberies, abusive relationships or simply a lack of affection at home.
Ashra Norton, TLC director:
"What I am particularly pleased about is that learners are now thinking about doing courses in areas like actuarial science, health, physical sciences and engineering."
However, one of the main reasons behind the success of TLC is the strict discipline coupled with the hard work put in by both pupils and teachers.
The school's navy and light blue uniform, which is given free of charge to each of the pupils, plays an important part in creating an identity and sense of togetherness in a community where gangs have filled that vacuum for many youngsters.
Meanwhile, the school organizes extra lessons in maths and science, as well as in any other subjects that pupils find problematic, over weekends and sometimes during the week for those in their final year.
"Although I'm very happy, I'll feel even better if all the other schools in Manenberg could get similar results," says TLC director Ashra Norton, who grew up in the area.
The school is doing its part here as well, however: TLC hosts joint tuition programmes with other schools in the area in an effort to help pupils keep up with their work.
The 2 Oceans Education Foundation is involved with six other schools in Cape Town, most of them in the poorer townships.
Its most recent involvement is with Langa High School, located in Cape Town's oldest black township, which had a Matric pass rate of just 34% last year.
"There is no quick fix solution," Mrs Norton says. "It requires hard work and determination to survive against extraordinary odds. We have a very strong intervention programme in the school starting from their first year in grade eight."
The programme includes providing daily sandwiches or meals that are sometimes provided by sponsors to nearly half of the 625 pupils who come from economically deprived homes.
The school has managed to raise the bar for pupils who are now aiming much higher than their parents could ever have dreamed of.
"What I am particularly pleased about is that learners are now thinking about doing courses in areas like actuarial science, health and physical sciences and engineering which was unheard of a few years ago," says Mrs Norton.


A study is calling on the world's sailors to help map the oceans' phytoplankton, microscopic plants that form the bedrock of marine food chains.

Researchers have developed an app for people to submit readings from Secchi disks - a method used since 1865.
The team hopes the data will help them understand what is happening beneath the waves.
They have been "astonished" by the response so far but are hoping for more readings from the southern hemisphere.
'Dramatic decline'
The Secchi disk, invented in 1865 by Angelo Secchi - the Pope's astronomer - is a circular disk that is used to measure water transparency in oceans and lakes.
The concept had long been used as a navigational tool by sailors. By lowering a dinner plate beneath the waves and measuring the depth it disappeared, it provided the crew with an indication of what ocean current they were currently sailing through.
Fr Secchi was asked by the head of the Papal Navy to measure the transparency in the Mediterranean Sea. This task gave rise to the formalised measuring system.
Ever since the first measurement was taken aboard the Papal yacht in April 1865, marine biologists have used it to measure phytoplankton abundance.
Since Secchi's first design, there have been a number of subsequent revisions. The two most common colour variations in use today are the all-white disk and the black-and-white quadrant version.
"The reason the project came about was because, in 2010, some Canadian scientists wrote a paper that suggested that the phytoplankton in the world's oceans had declined by 40% since the 1950s," explained project leader Richard Kirby, a research fellow at Plymouth University's Marine Institute.
"If true, this is a dramatic decline. As phytoplankton starts the food chain, they dictate the productivity at every level above," he observed.
"Ultimately, phytoplankton determines the amount of fish in the sea and the number of polar bears on the ice."
Marine biologists have been using the Secchi disk method to measure the abundance of phytoplankton for 150 years.
The white disk measures 30cm (1ft) in diameter and is lowered into the water on the end of a tape measure. When it is no longer visible from the surface, the reading - known as the Secchi depth - is recorded.
"It is a very robust method and not prone to error and it is a good measure of phytoplankton abundance," Dr Kirby told BBC News.
"Away from estuaries and more than a kilometre from the coast, the main influence on water clarity is phytoplankton."
He explained how he had the idea of setting up a citizen science project: "It occurred to me sat at my desk that while there are a lot of scientists, there are not that many that are marine scientists, and fewer still that go to sea.
"And the ones that do go to sea do not go out very far. If they do go out far, they rarely go back to the same place.
"I thought that there are an awful lot of sailors out there; day sailors, cruising sailors. Many of these sailors will sail the same waters and take the same route time and time again."
All at sea
Dr Kirby, and colleagues Drs Nicholas Outram and Nigel Barlow from the University's School of Computing and Mathematics, developed the Secchi Disk App that would store a reading while at sea before uploading it to a database once the smartphone was back within range of a mobile phone network.
"We can now collect Secchi depth measurements from all over the world's oceans and add that to the data from the 1860s to make a continuous - with a slight dip - record to see what is happening to the phytoplankton in the oceans," he said.
The database, managed by Dr Sam Lavender, is accessible, free-of-charge, from the project's website.
The reason for collecting measurements via the Secchi method, Dr Kirby explained, was because the Canadian team's findings proved to be quite controversial among scientists.
"Some said that they did not see any similar decline, while others said they saw an increase rather than a decline," he said.
Feeling the heat
The study was criticised because it combined Secchi disk measurements with data gathered using modern technology that became available to scientists in the late 20th Century.
Despite the criticism, the authors have defended their findings, saying the dramatic decline was a result of sea surface temperature.
"They said that the warming had increased stratification so fewer nutrients were reaching the oceans' surface, and so there was less phytoplankton growth," Dr Kirby said.
He added that in the waters around UK shores, observations showed that phytoplankton were appearing at different times of the year.
He said that changes in the seas' seasons had potential consequences for life beneath the waves.
"This is changing the coupling in the marine ecosystem. Evolutionarily, everything is synchronised - just as it is on land.
"When the timings start altering, even by just a fraction, then things no longer work through the food chain."
To help raise awareness of the vital role phytoplankton plays in marine and terrestrial food chains, Dr Kirby has written and produced a short film called Ocean Drifters, which has been sent to every secondary school in England.
Narrated by Sir David Attenborough, the film also explains how plankton is responsible for the familiar smell of "sea air", and how the tiny organisms are involved in the formation of clouds.


An association between Conservative peer Robert Boothby and London gangster Ronnie Kray was the subject of an MI5 investigation, documents have revealed.

The men went to "homosexual parties" together and were "hunters" of young men, declassified MI5 files claim.
Allegations in 1964 about the pair's relationship caused such concern within Downing Street that the then head of MI5 was summoned to the Home Office.
The government feared a scandal greater than the so-called Profumo Affair.
Rumours that notorious gangster Kray and Lord Boothby - a popular TV presenter and former MP for East Aberdeenshire - were having an affair were published in 1964.
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The Sunday Mirror - which did not name the pair - claimed to have a photo of Kray and Boothby together with the bisexual peer's chauffeur and lover, Leslie Holt.
The men were later identified in a German magazine.
Lord Boothby publicly denied having a homosexual or any other close relationship with Kray.
At the time, he said the photograph showed them discussing "business matters", dismissing rumours about his personal life as a "tissue of atrocious lies".
The Sunday Mirror ended up paying £40,000 in damages to Boothby.
But the papers - released as part of 400 declassified files by the Security Service (MI5), Foreign Office and Cabinet Office - reveal new information about their association.
They show how home secretary Henry Brooke was so concerned about the matter he summoned the head of MI5, Sir Roger Hollis, to ask what the security services knew.
Brooke feared the allegations might erupt into a scandal to rival the Profumo affair, which helped to bring down the Conservative government of Harold Macmillan.
Sir Roger told the home secretary how MI5 had received reports that Lord Boothby was bisexual and had contacts with the Krays.
But, since he had no access to official secrets, MI5 concluded that Boothby's private life was of no concern, the papers reveal.
According to an MI5 source, Lord Boothby was in a relationship with Holt - his chauffer and ex-boxer who also went by the name Johnny Kidd.
Holt told the source how Lord Boothby and Kray had "been to a couple of (homosexual) parties together".
The report suggested the Sunday Mirror was tipped off about the "affair" between Lord Boothby and Kray by the rival Nash gang.
The MI5 report said: "Certainly the suggestion that Boothby has been having an affair with the gangster Kray is hardly true."
Dr Richard Dunley, records specialist at the National Archives, said the story was "one of the greatest scandals that never was".
"If this had come out in 1964 it would have been a huge scandal," he said.
Dr Dunley said the files do not mention well-known claims that Lord Boothby had a long-term relationship with former prime minister Harold Macmillian's wife.
"As tabloid headlines go, you can imagine what would have happened," he said.
"The Mirror did effectively get hold of the story but couldn't publish it, they got sued for libel."


Tom Carroll's second-half strike gave England Under-21s a 1-0 win in the Czech Republic - and a 12th win in 13 games for Gareth Southgate's side.

The Tottenham midfielder, who is on a season-long loan with Swansea, scored soon after the break in Prague, capitalising on a goalkeeping mistake.
Watford's Matej Vydra went closest for the hosts in the first half when his shot was cleared off the line.
The U21 European Championships will be held in Czech Republic in the summer.
England lost 3-2 in France in their last match in November, after they had won their previous 11 games, but they returned to the winner's circle after a gritty display at the Letna Stadium.
In the 12th minute, Alex Pritchard picked out Cauley Woodrow, who turned and shot just over the bar as England began brightly.
However, the Czechs were more dangerous in the rest of first half and Carroll cleared a Matej Vydra shot from a corner off the line shortly before the half-hour.
Three minutes into the second half Gareth Southgate's side edged ahead thanks to an opportunistic goal from the impressive Carroll.
Nathan Redmond did superbly to nip between two players in midfield before he spread the play out to Chambers.
The Arsenal defender's cross was fumbled by Czech goalkeeper Jiri Pavlenka and back out into the area, where Carroll arrived to stroke the ball home.
Carroll, who captained the side, was withdrawn later in the half after he picked up a knock and was replaced by Derby's Will Hughes.
But England's players finished the game strongly and apart from Ondrej Petrak's shot, which flashed past the post, England goalkeeper Marcus Bettinelli remained largely untroubled.
Match ends, Czech Republic U21 0, England U21 1.
Second Half ends, Czech Republic U21 0, England U21 1.
Attempt missed. Jiri Skalak (Czech Republic U21) right footed shot from outside the box is too high from a direct free kick.
Danny Ings (England U21) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Danny Ings (England U21).
David Houska (Czech Republic U21) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Corner,  Czech Republic U21. Conceded by Luke Garbutt.
Attempt blocked. Jiri Skalak (Czech Republic U21) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Tomas Prikryl.
Foul by Luke Garbutt (England U21).
Ladislav Takács (Czech Republic U21) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Offside, Czech Republic U21. Tomas Kalas tries a through ball, but Jiri Skalak is caught offside.
Luke Garbutt (England U21) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Lukas Masopust (Czech Republic U21).
Foul by John Stones (England U21).
Ladislav Takács (Czech Republic U21) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  England U21. Conceded by Jiri Pavlenka.
Attempt saved. John Stones (England U21) header from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal. Assisted by James Ward-Prowse with a cross.
Corner,  England U21. Conceded by Tomás Holes.
Attempt blocked. Jesse Lingard (England U21) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Nathan Redmond.
Substitution, Czech Republic U21. David Houska replaces Michal Travnik.
Offside, England U21. Will Hughes tries a through ball, but Danny Ings is caught offside.
Foul by John Stones (England U21).
Ladislav Takács (Czech Republic U21) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Danny Ings (England U21).
Tomas Kalas (Czech Republic U21) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Danny Ings (England U21).
Patrizio Stronati (Czech Republic U21) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Carl Jenkinson (England U21) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Ladislav Takács (Czech Republic U21).
Carl Jenkinson (England U21) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Lukas Masopust (Czech Republic U21).
Hand ball by Jiri Skalak (Czech Republic U21).
Substitution, Czech Republic U21. Tomas Prikryl replaces Matej Vydra.
Substitution, Czech Republic U21. Ladislav Takács replaces Ondrej Petrak.
Substitution, England U21. John Stones replaces Liam Moore.
Attempt missed. Jiri Skalak (Czech Republic U21) right footed shot from outside the box is too high. Assisted by Lukas Masopust following a fast break.
Corner,  England U21. Conceded by Patrizio Stronati.
Attempt missed. Jaromir Zmrhal (Czech Republic U21) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the left. Assisted by Tomás Holes.
Corner,  England U21. Conceded by Jiri Pavlenka.
Substitution, England U21. Danny Ings replaces Cauley Woodrow.


Tony Andreu' well-placed header against Stranraer took Dundee United through to the Scottish Challenge Cup quarter-finals by the slimmest of margins.

A great first-half offered everything except a goal - with both sides keen to get the ball down and play football.
The Frenchman finally broke the deadlock in a great sweeping move.
Paul Dixon dashed into space down the left wing before delivering a dangerous cross that the unmarked Andreu pounced on in the box with 22 minutes left.
Simon Murray had come closest for the Championship visitors in the opening 45 minutes, only to be denied by a fine stop from goalkeeper Cameron Belford.
At the other end, a fantastic dipping shot from Willie Gibson was tipped over the bar by Luis Zwick at full stretch.
Belford was in fine form, matching another well-placed shot from Murray right on the half-time whistle.
Good work in midfield from the League One side's Gibson and Kyle Turner creating lots of opportunities in the final third but ultimately few chances in the second half.
As the game continued at furious pace, both sides pushed hard to break the stalemate and on-loan Norwich City forward Andreu's decisive finish proved crucial.
Dundee United forward Tony Andreu: "It was a great cross, pin-point and I didn't even have to move.
"I was delighted with the header - I knew where I wanted it to go.
"I'm really enjoying my football here - the lads are great and I am very happy and confident here. I think Dundee United is perfect for me."


American rocket company SpaceX sent 11 satellites in to space over the weekend.

27 June 2017 Last updated at 07:02 BST
A Falcon 9 rocket took off from Florida on Friday night, which then came back to earth after dropping off a satellite.
On Sunday it took off from the west coast of the United States with another ten satellites on board.
That launch took place in California, on the west coast of the United States.


"Significant quantities" of human remains have been discovered at the site of a former mother and baby home in County Galway.

In October 2016 the Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation began test excavations at the site in Tuam.
The commission was established following allegations about the deaths of 800 babies in Tuam and the manner in which they were buried.
It said it was "shocked" by the discovery.
The Tuam home was one of 10 institutions in which about 35,000 unmarried pregnant women are thought to have been sent.
A child died nearly every two weeks between the mid-1920s and 1960s.
In a statement on Friday, the Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation said the remains were found in "at least 17 of the 20 underground chambers which were examined earlier this year".
It added: "These remains involved a number of individuals with age-at-death ranges from approximately 35 foetal weeks to two-three years."
The home operated from 1925 to 1961 and a number of the samples are likely to date from the 1950s, the commission said.
The commission said it is continuing its investigation into who was responsible for the disposal of human remains in this way and has asked that the relevant state authorities take responsibility for the appropriate treatment of the remains.
The coroner has been informed.