US Secretary of State John Kerry told delegates meeting here that hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) gases were "disastrous for our climate".

Widely used in refrigeration and air conditioning, the chemicals are playing a growing role in driving up global temperatures.
Mr Kerry urged representatives from almost 200 countries to finalise a deal that would rapidly phase them out.
Eliminating HFCs could curb warming by up to half of a degree by 2100.
The rise in the use of HFCs came about as a result of the Montreal Protocol. That landmark agreement, signed in 1987, eliminated the chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) that were enlarging the hole in the Earth's protective ozone layer.
As a replacement in hairsprays, fridges and air conditioning, HFCs worked wonderfully well. The only drawback is their global warming potential - up to 4,000 times greater than CO2.  HFCs are playing a rapidly increasing role in pushing up the planet's temperature.
With the Paris climate agreement committing countries to keep global temperature rises under 2C this century, the possibility of eliminating up to 0.5C through the phasing out of HFCs is seen as a relatively easy process.
The first step, though, is for countries meeting here to reach agreement on an amendment to the Montreal Protocol.
"What we do here today is actually about much more than one amendment, about much more than the Montreal Protocol," John Kerry told the delegates.
"It's about whether we have actually woken up as a world, in a meaningful way, to the harsh reality of climate change."
The US, EU, island states and many African countries are pushing for a rapid phase-out, with a peak in use around 2020 and a rapid phase-down after that.
India, Pakistan and the Gulf States want the elimination of these gases to happen several years later.
Complicating matters further is that there appears to be a split in the ranks of the developing countries.
"The Chinese seem willing to move more quickly with the Indians and some of the oil rich Gulf states like the Qataris and the Saudis, unwilling to do so," said Paul Bledsoe, a former Clinton White House climate official.
"It's possible that there are two standards for developing countries, one for the more ambitious and one for the laggards."
The idea of a three part agreement is frowned on by some as adding unnecessary complications to an already complex process.
There are also worries about the exemption gleaned by the Gulf states.
They have successfully argued that ambient temperatures in their region are so high and they are so reliant on air conditioning that they should have an extra four years to implement changes.
Mr Kerry urged parties here to compromise and remember the greater good.
"No country has the right to turn its back on this effort, to forget about the meaning of a multilateral effort where the world is looking to us to literally save this planet from what we ourselves have chosen to do in respect of how we power our energy," he told the delegates.
'Low hanging fruit'
But the officials conducting the negotiations say they are open to a more complex framework, arguing that it makes everything more clear.
"This is the first time we have gone beyond freeze dates, this brings everything to the table and allows us to set the rules of the road," said Gina McCarthy, administrator of the US Environmental Protection Agency and part of the US negotiating team here.
"And because we have a framework that all the developing countries are comfortable with, we can go from here to produce the detailed clarity that you would expect and amend to provide."
"If we reach an agreement, we think it is going to be a clear, ambitious amendment, because the amount of HFCs that will be reduced and the amount of CO2 equivalent will be quite remarkable."
Delegates were also wrangling over money to help industries in developing countries to phase out HFCs. Last month a group of donor countries and philanthropists pledged $80 million dollars to help the transition.  Negotiators were warned that now was the time for agreement.
"No-one will forgive you if we cannot find a compromise at this conference," warned UN Environment Executive Secretary Erik Solheim.
"This is one of the cheapest, easiest and lowest hanging fruits in the entire arsenal of the climate negotiations I am absolutely confident that we can find that compromise."
Follow Matt on Twitter @mattmcgrathBBC and on Facebook.


Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has backed talks with world powers but warned Tehran will never give up its nuclear programme.

He said Iran had agreed to the talks to "break the hostile atmosphere" with the international community.
Iran and six world powers are working to agree a deal to replace an interim accord that expires in July.
Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif said the two sides were up to 60% in agreement after latest talks in Vienna.
A senior US official was less upbeat but said all sides were committed to keep trying.
The US, Russia, China, Britain, France and Germany want to see Iran scale back its enrichment of uranium, which they fear could be used to make a nuclear bomb.
Tehran says its nuclear work is purely peaceful and hopes to agree a deal in return for a permanent lifting of sanctions.
Javad Zarif and EU High Representative Catherine Ashton said in a joint statement on Wednesday that their third round of talks since November had included "substantive and detailed discussions covering all the issues which will need to be part of a Comprehensive Agreement".
They will meet again in May for a fourth round of talks to "bridge the gaps in all the key areas and work on the concrete elements of a possible" agreement, the statement said.
Ayatollah Khamenei told a gathering of nuclear scientists that Tehran agreed to the talks to show the international community that it was not seeking nuclear weapons.
"These talks need to continue but all must know that despite continuation of the talks, activities of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the field of nuclear research and development won't be halted at all."
Telling negotiators not to "accept any coercive words from the other party," he said: "None of the country's nuclear achievements can be stopped, and no-one has the right to bargain over it."
Under the interim agreement, which was agreed in January, Iran froze certain nuclear activities for six months in exchange for a partial lifting of sanctions.
The world powers now want Iran to agree to permanently reduce the scope of its enrichment programme and to give UN inspectors more oversight.
So far, the six world powers have been united in their negotiations but Russia's annexation of the Crimean peninsula from Ukraine last month has caused tension between Moscow and the West.
Russia and Iran are said to be negotiating an oil-for-goods deal thought to be worth up to $20bn (Â£12bn), which the US says would undermine the nuclear talks.


A former mayor has been suspended by the Conservative Party for sharing a "racist" joke on Facebook.

Councillor Joe Cooney, leader of the Conservatives on Pendle Council, said Councillor Rosemary Carroll was suspended pending an investigation.
The joke, which has been deleted, compared an Asian person to a dog.
Speaking before the suspension was confirmed, Ms Carroll said she had meant to delete the post but ended up publishing it by mistake.
Philip Mousdale, Pendle Council's corporate director, said he received two formal complaints about the post.
He said the complaints against the councillor who represents Earby Ward allege she had breached the council's code of conduct.
"As monitoring officer for the council I'm looking into the complaints," Mr Mousdale added.
Mr Cooney said: "We will not tolerate racism of any form. Rosemary Carroll has been suspended from the Conservative Group on Pendle Borough Council and the Conservative Party with immediate effect, pending a full investigation in due course."
Ms Carroll said she planned to post an apology.


An internet campaign has reignited the debate on whether the UK government should seek the reintroduction of the death penalty.

The Restore Justice campaign, spearheaded by Paul Staines who writes the Guido Fawkes political blog, calls for the death penalty to be brought back for child and police officer murderers.
He cites opinion polls which suggest about half the population would like it re-introduced for murderers. This rises to 60% when it comes to child or police officer killers.
Mr Staines needs 100,000 people to support his e-petition on the government website to prompt a possible parliamentary debate on the issue.
The last executions in the UK took place in 1964. The death penalty was formally abolished in Britain in 1965 and in Northern Ireland in 1973.
Despite it rating high on public opinion polls, it was last debated in Parliament in 1998 during the passage of the Human Rights Act. It was rejected by 158 votes.
"The majority are in favour for bringing back the death penalty everywhere except in Parliament," said Mr Staines.
"Politicians are complaining that there's a disconnect and that the public aren't engaged with them - maybe if they represented the views and the will of the voters, there wouldn't be such a big disconnect."
He added: "The people want the death penalty, and politicians aren't prepared to vote for it. That's not right.
"What I'm trying to do is get Parliament to discuss this issue between what Parliament wants and what the people want."
House of Commons leader Sir George Young has warned that it would damage democracy to ignore strong opinions among members of the public "or pretend that their views do not exist".
Douglas Carswell MP agreed, saying, although he was firmly against the death penalty, he was in favour of Parliament debating it and would support a referendum on whether it should be brought back.
"I'm convinced that if there was a referendum on capital punishment we could win it; we could get most people to say 'no' to the death penalty.
"We need to treat people as grown-ups and have the debate and not do what we have done for half a century which is to ignore the public's concern and treat them with contempt.
"The important thing is we have this debate."
Mr Carswell added that the reason why Parliament had not debated this topic in recent years was because it was "out of touch with the public".
"The mistake MPs have made is to not trust the people and to try and ignore their concerns. We can disagree with it but we have to trust it."
But Neil Durkin from Amnesty International said it was a "waste of time and money that we as a nation cannot afford".
In September 2010, YouGov conducted the last opinion poll to ask directly if people want the death penalty re-instated. It suggested that 51% did.
And a Mori poll in July 2010 asked people which of a list of crimes they thought should have the death penalty.
For child murder, 62% supported it while a YouGov poll in November 2010 found 74% of people supported the death penalty for murder in some circumstances, though only 16% supported it for all murders.
However, when similar polls were carried out in the 1970s, support for it was far higher with 70% in favour.
Anthony Wells, associate director of YouGov, says polls which ask about the death penalty are straightforward: "Do you support it or not?"
"When people already know about it and have established views then it is quite simple. The hard ones [opinion polls] are when people need to have an issue explained to them."
He said historically opinion polls on capital punishment have been commissioned by newspapers when there has been a heinous crime such as after the Soham murders.
Mr Wells added that such polls are not often commissioned in times when a high-profile murder is not in the news. However, the last two polls on the subject were not about a specific case, being conducted for a story about sentencing for murder and for a Channel 4 programme.
Polls are quite accurate, plus or minus 3%, said Mr Wells, and their accuracy can be checked against real life events such as who is going to win the election or X Factor.
"All the polls about the death penalty show similar patterns so even if it was worded differently it would still get the same result," he added.
"You can only tell what people think at the moment, but if it follows current trends then yes, I'd expect it to go down."
Mr Durkin from Amnesty International said it was important to have an informed debate, rather than a simple "yes or no" question.
"Public opinion polls are usually conducted after a particularly horrible murder that's had lots of publicity so you do tend to get that outcry.
"On top of that, when we have looked at opinion polls in the US, most people tend to think that the US is firmly in terms of public opinion pro death penalty.
"If you offer in those questions to the public alternatives to capital punishment - the lethal injections, the electrocutions, whatever it is - and talk about longer sentences then support drops away."


Web-browser makers are preparing a fix for a flaw in an encryption algorithm that makes it possible to spy on supposedly secure communications.

However, the updates will mean a minority of websites will be blocked by the new software.
The "LogJam attack" was discovered by researchers at Microsoft and a number of US and French universities.
They believe about 8% of the top one million HTTPS security-protected sites are made vulnerable by the flaw.
Users would therefore be given false reassurance by the padlock icon that such sites display in a browser's address bar.
Some email servers and services that use the Transport Layer Security (TLS) cryptographic protocol are also at risk of being hacked until their operators update their systems.
The LogJam attack vulnerability is a legacy of the US 1990s-era export restrictions on cryptographic tools.
These limited the complexity of the secret encryption codes that could be generated by "international versions" of US-made software, including Netscape's web browser.
The export rules were later relaxed, but the researchers say an unintended consequence is that a commonly used process, called a Diffie-Hellman key exchange, can be compromised by a "man-in-the-middle" attack.
A Diffie-Hellman key exchange was one of the first techniques developed to allow two or more parties to create and share an encryption key by exchanging parts of the key in public.
What the researchers discovered was that by intercepting the communications, a hacker could ensure a 512-bit key was used rather than a more complicated one.
In this context, 512-bit means there are two to the power of 512 possible combinations - representing a huge number.
Nevertheless, the researchers said it was still possible for computers to crack such codes in "minutes".
Even more complicated types of encryption were susceptible to cyber-spies using supercomputers at the National Security Agency, they added.
"In the 1024-bit case, we estimate that such computations are plausible given nation-state resources, and a close reading of published NSA leaks shows that the agency's attacks on VPNs [virtual private networks] are consistent with having achieved such a break," they wrote.
Nevertheless, the fix that web-browser makers have agreed on is that their software should block 512-bit or weaker encryption keys.
"The solution is relatively simple - you disable this legacy function on your system," said Prof Alan Woodward, a cybersecurity expert at the University of Surrey.
"Unfortunately, some older web servers might then be prevented from starting a secure conversation with the updated web browsers as they would support only that older, shorter, weaker key lengths.
"But do you really want this backward compatibility if it means others could be forced to use this weaker form of encryption?
"Browsers can be updated and servers can be reconfigured easily, and it really is no bad thing to force this to happen bearing in mind the alternative is that a 'secure connection" could potentially be broken by an eavesdropper."
According to a report by the Wall Street Journal, it has been estimated that 20,00 websites could become blocked as a consequence.
Mozilla - which is responsible for the Firefox browser - said its new software should be released in the "next few days".
"Most of the coordination in this case was done thanks to the researchers who found the bug. They provided valuable measurement data to the various browser vendors, which allowed us all to calibrate our response," said Richard Barnes, the organisation's cryptographic engineering manager.
Another security expert said that internet users should not be worried about being unprotected in the meantime.
"The fact that LogJam can only be exploited when hackers and targets are on the same network, as well as patches being imminent, means that hype around it is likely to be a bit of a storm in a tea cup," said Ross Brewer, from security research company LogRhythm.
"Organisations should, however, use flaws like this as an excuse to give themselves a security health-check.
"With flaws like LogJam being identified with increasing frequency, the only real way to know you're safe is to know you can stop an attack in its tracks as soon as it gets going."


A package of measures is being lined up to address an estimated £606,000 shortfall in the education budget in Dumfries and Galloway.

The shortfall stems from a requirement to maintain existing teacher levels.
It comes after the council's Labour administration dropped savings plans to cut 37 teaching posts.
They were shelved when the Scottish government made maintaining teacher-pupil ratios a condition of the local government grant settlement.
The education department has now drawn up proposals to offset the shortfall.
They include utilising some of the cash from a fund set up to mitigate the impact of the planned restructuring of additional support for learning services.
A savings plan is also proposed involving operational efficiencies,  and through a refresh programme which allows teachers to take early retirement to make way for newly-qualified staff.
A report to councillors said Dumfries and Galloway Council's teacher-pupil ratio was already better than the national average but it received "no benefit" from that.
The Scottish government has said the teacher number guarantee will ensure pupils get the "best education possible".


The government's strategy for combating alcohol abuse in the armed forces is ineffective, a top psychiatrist says.

Prof Neil Greenberg, lead on military health at the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said educating personnel about dangers did not stop them from excessive drinking.
Some personnel told the BBC drinking was integral to forces' culture, and could strengthen group cohesion.
The Ministry of Defence said it had launched a review of its policy.
A 2013 study carried out by the King's Centre for Military Health Research suggested the alcohol consumption of 65% of the 325 personnel sampled was categorised as "higher risk".
The study also suggested that those with more risky drinking habits were more likely to have mental health problems.
Prof Greenberg, who is also a former Surgeon Captain in the Royal Navy, said: "For many years the military have relied heavily on alcohol education, so for instance soldiers would have to have a brief every year that tells them drinking is bad for them.
"The problem is we know that alcohol education doesn't really work at all, and the evidence from the civilian population is that it's a terribly ineffective way of stopping people from drinking."
The Commons Defence Select Committee recently wrote that the government's strategy had not made any noticeable impact on the high levels of excessive drinking in the armed forces.
The committee said: "We are not convinced that sufficient focus has been given to dealing with the problem at every level of the chain of command.
"We also question whether the Ministry of Defence has examined whether excess alcohol consumption may, in some service personnel, be masking other mental health problems."
Critics argue that the problem is made worse with prices at less than Â£2 a pint in some military bars.
Some personnel say the problem is more common among those who have been deployed to war zones in combat roles.
Serving soldiers told the BBC that after going on an operational tour where alcohol is forbidden, they just want to come back and "get off their faces".
Prof Greenberg said the military could be encouraging excessive drinking by having customary practices that involve alcohol.
"I think one of the first things that needs to be done is to investigate a little more about why it is that people drink heavily in the military," he said.
"If it is that the military culture encourages people who weren't heavy drinkers before to start drinking heavily then really something needs to be done at a very early stage to encourage people to drink in moderate and socially acceptable ways."
Research has also suggested violent offending by military personnel is "strongly associated" with post-deployment alcohol misuse.
A 2013 study, funded by the Medical Research Council and the Ministry of Defence, found violent offending was more than three times higher among personnel who demonstrated signs of alcohol misuse than in personnel with no alcohol problems.
Steven Van Derbank, 29, who used to be a non-commissioned officer in The Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, said it was rare to go 24 hours without having a few drinks.
He said: "The drinking culture in the military - literally from when you start - everything you do really is rewarded with alcohol.
"On average on a bad day - where I wasn't really in the mood - it was probably four to five pints a night.
"On a good day it could be trying to keep up with a lot of people who obviously do drink a lot more, and it could be anything from 10 to 15 pints a night."
But Air Vice Marshal Ray Lock, a retired senior RAF officer, told BBC Radio 4's Today programme sometimes there was "good reason to use alcohol within moderation whilst you're in service".
"And of course after incidents, after combat, when you get back from tours, we do know from the whole decompression process of restoring you back into your normal daily working life, that revolving a little bit around alcohol can also be quite helpful."
The Ministry of Defence said it was teaching personnel about the harmful effects of drinking too much through health fairs and awareness campaigns.
A spokesman said: "As within wider society, there is no quick fix to reduce alcohol misuse in the armed forces.
"We are taking action by educating personnel on the dangers of alcohol misuse to help them make informed decisions, and have introduced extensive policy and guidance for commanders.
"We have rigorous processes in place to discipline personnel who make poor choices regarding alcohol consumption, and treatment mechanisms in place for those with genuine alcohol problems.
"We are going further, and this summer launched an alcohol working group to review policy and data to identify what more we can do to tackle alcohol misuse in the armed forces."


In a surprise result, eight paraplegic people have regained some sensation and movement after a one-year training programme that was supposed to teach them to walk inside a robotic exoskeleton.

The regime included controlling the legs of a virtual avatar via a skull cap, and learning to manipulate the exoskeleton in the same way.
Researchers believe the treatment is reawakening the brain's control over surviving nerves in the spine.
The work appears in Scientific Reports.
The eight subjects had been paralysed for three to 13 years before the rehabilitation programme began. Chronic cases of paralysis such as these are the most resistant to treatment.
"If you're clinically diagnosed as having a complete lesion, if after 18 months you don't show any improvement, the chance of regaining any motor or sensory capability below the level of the lesion goes down to zero," said Miguel Nicolelis of Duke University in the US, who led the study at the AASDAP Neurorehabilitation Laboratory in Sâo Paulo, Brazil.
But when he and his team conducted neurological tests, every three months during the year of training, they saw improvements in the patients' muscle control - as well as in their sense of touch.
"If you touched them with a pin, or a brush… they would feel something that they didn't experience before," Prof Nicolelis told Science in Action on the BBC World Service.
"They also experienced a significant visceral improvement. This translated into better bowel and bladder functions - which are very critical for these patients."
As well as intensive use of the non-invasive "brain-machine interface", the training incorporated two more established physiotherapy techniques based on assisted walking in a harness.
Other spinal repair experts said it was unclear which part of the training was responsible for the improvement, but that the degree of recovery was impressive compared with many other rehabilitation strategies.
"It clearly shows that there's a lot of untapped neuroplasticity potential within even a chronic spinal cord injury patient," said Dr Mark Bacon, chief executive and scientific director of the UK charity Spinal Research.
"But there's no control group - so you don't really know which combination of elements that they've applied… might be the major contributor."
With just eight patients and no comparison with other treatments, the study is not a clinical trial.
In fact, the researchers themselves were not expecting to see the patients improve in this way. When the study began, their aim was not to restore spinal cord function but to test whether paralysed people could learn to walk again with the aid of a brain-controlled exoskeleton.
This remarkable system, pioneered by Prof Nicolelis and featured at the 2014 World Cup opening ceremony, involves robotic leg supports that are controlled by brain waves, recorded using a non-invasive cap.
Information from electronic sensors on those robotic legs - such as when they touch the ground - is then fed back to the person, via vibrating pads worn in their sleeves.
"We use the arms of these patients as transducers, for the brain to perceive signals coming from the feet," said Prof Nicolelis.
"If you adjust these parameters just right, what you produce is some sort of phantom limb sensation. They patients have a feeling that they're walking by themselves."
He argues that this retraining of the brain is central to the patients' unexpected neurological progress, outside the exoskeleton.
"In virtually every one of these patients, the brain had erased the notion of having legs. You're paralysed, you're not moving, the legs are not providing feedback signals.
"By using a brain-machine interface in a virtual environment, we were able to see this concept gradually re-emerging into the brain."
The team intended to use that re-awakened control to drive the robotic legs - but within 12 months they saw such improvement in basic clinical scores that four of the eight patients were upgraded to a diagnosis of only partial paraplegia.
"When I saw this, I couldn't believe it," said Prof Nicolelis.
He believes the improvement arises from not only increased effort by the brain to control the legs, but a "rekindling" of the few remaining nerve connections in the patients' damaged spines.
As those few fibres start to send messages again, Prof Nicolelis speculated that there may even be some fresh sprouting of nerves.
But the only evidence his team has to work with is the patients' clinical improvement.
That improvement, he added,  has continued since the 12 months covered by the paper, which were back in 2014. These more recent results are not yet published.
Dr Bacon from Spinal Research commented that although the results were difficult to interpret, they were promising.
"They've taken chronic, what would be considered neurologically stable patients - so the expectation would be that they wouldn't change with time - and they've recorded some sensory and motor changes in each of those patients, which is pretty impressive," he said.
Taking control
Could robotics spell the end of the wheelchair?
James Fawcett, of the Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, also said the study was noteworthy.
"There's a lot of interest at the moment in how to make rehabilitation work better," he told the BBC. "Sometimes it works, and sometimes it doesn't."
In this case, the regime worked better than most walking-based rehabilitation efforts; but more work was required, Prof Fawcett said, to unpick exactly what had happened.
"Some patients do get better anyway. And when you treat them very intensively, there's a huge placebo effect.
"This is a basket of manipulations. But in a sense, they all fit together.
"It's an important step forward."
Follow Jonathan on Twitter


Manager Mark Hughes believes Stoke City still sometimes suffer from a past reputation when it comes to their treatment from Premier League referees.

Marko Arnautovic's red card in Wednesday's 0-0 draw with Southampton was the first issued to a Potters player this season.
Hughes told BBC Radio Stoke: "It was simply a mistimed tackle.
"It was not done with intent or violent attitude and should have been viewed as such. But there's no point appealing."
He added: "There's no chance at all that we might get that rescinded.
"Unfortunately, officials come here and think an early yellow card will settle down Stoke. I know for a fact this is what they talk about.
"Those days are long gone. We play a different way and have done for a long time. But the perception is still there that referees come here and they have to calm us down."
Hughes was sent to the stands on referee Anthony Taylor's last visit to Stoke - the 4-0 home defeat by Tottenham in September.
Arnautovic will be suspended for three games for his high challenge on Sofiane Boufal, his second ban of the season having already been shown five yellow cards.
"The ref wasn't great on the night," Hughes said. "He missed a number of decisions and clearly missed an elbow from Shane Long on Bruno Martins Indi. That needs looking at again.
"If you're going to make game-changing decisions like that, then all the other key moments and decisions he has to get right too."
After becoming only the fifth man in English football to both play in and manage 400 top-flight matches, Hughes said that he had seen many better games in that time, but few that had made him more proud.
"To a man, we were excellent," he said. "It could have been very easy to accept our fate and wait for them to score.
"Maybe a lot of people here thought that was going to be the sequence of events, but, in the end, we saw a rearguard action.
"I know I have the players who can dig in and be resilient. We had to do it for 70-odd minutes.
"Apart from one outstanding save from Lee Grant, they did not create too much of note and that's more to do with how well we did."


England and Sunderland footballer Adam Johnson has been charged with three counts of sexual activity with a 15-year-old girl.

The 27-year-old, from Castle Eden, County Durham, was initially arrested on 2 March.
He was also charged with one offence of grooming when he answered bail at a police station earlier, Durham Police said.
He will appear before Peterlee Magistrates' Court on 20 May.
Sunderland AFC initially suspended the winger pending the outcome of the investigation, but this was lifted on 18 March.
The club are yet to comment on the charges.
Gerry Wareham, from the Crown Prosecution Service, said he had authorised police to charge Johnson under the Sexual Offences Act 2003.
He said the offences are alleged to have been committed on a single victim between 30 December 2014 to 26 February this year.
"May I remind all concerned that the defendant has a right to a fair trial," he said.
"It is very important that there should be no reporting, commentary or sharing of information online which could in any way prejudice these proceedings.
"I would also remind people that the complainant in this case is entitled to lifelong anonymity under the law. For these reasons, it would be inappropriate for me to comment further."
Born in Sunderland, Johnson began his career at Middlesbrough FC before moving to Manchester City and then Sunderland for Â£10m in 2012.


The owner of the online encyclopaedia, Wikipedia, plans to open an office in India.

The Wikimedia Foundation co-founder, Jimmy Wales, said it would be the first office outside the United States.
He told the Indian website, CIOL, that no location had been chosen yet, but the office would open within several months.
Mr Wales said the operation would initially consist of two to four people and serve the local community.
"For Wikimedia, going multilingual and sharing content for all the languages is the way forward," he said.
Europe and Africa had been considered as possible locations. But Europe was already highly developed and there were concerns about the technical capabilities in Africa, he said.
"India was in the middle of the two extremes," said Mr Wales. "It is a growth region and I also like the enthusiasm in the country."
Wikipedia has more than 91,000 active contributors working in more than 270 languages, according to the Wikipedia website.
Barry Newstead, the chief global development officer, said  there was "a general commitment to free knowledge in India".
"We hope to support Indians to realise the vision of a world in which every single person can freely share in the sum of all knowledge," he said in e-mailed comments.
Since its creation in 2001, the free-to-access website has grown rapidly. It attracts nearly 78 millions visitors a month, according to its own figures.


Russian media magnate Alexander Lebedev, a critic of President Vladimir Putin, has been convicted of battery for punching a guest on a TV show.

Mr Lebedev, who owns two UK newspapers and a big stake in Russia's opposition paper Novaya Gazeta, was sentenced to 150 hours of community service.
He had previously expressed a fear he would be jailed, but the main charge against him, hooliganism, was dropped.
Mr Lebedev's lawyer said he would appeal against the verdict.
The lawyer, Genri Reznik, told BBC that Mr Lebedev would continue his activities, and would not be chased out of the country.
"The main hope of those who had initiated this case was [that Mr Lebedev would] leave Russia," he said.
Mr Lebedev had suggested his trial was an act of revenge by Mr Putin for his criticism of the government.
A former KGB agent, Mr Lebedev has built up a business empire that also spans banking, energy, aviation and hotels, and he is said to be worth some $1.1bn (Â£700m).
In the UK, he has financed the Independent and Evening Standard newspapers.


The pound fell against the dollar on Tuesday following a day of steep falls driven by uncertainty over Britain's membership of the European Union.

Sterling was trading down 0.8% at $1.4034.
London Mayor Boris Johnson's decision to join the campaign to leave the EU raised expectations that the results of the June referendum would be close run.
The pound was also lower against the euro, down 0.7%, at â‚¬1.2740.
The euro was weakened due to a 1.7% fall in fourth quarter German exports.
Tobias Davis, head of corporate treasury sales at Western Union, said: "Where sterling goes from here is the $64,000 question. In the immediate term, I cannot see it retracing back towards the $1.4250-$1.4300 level. But noone wants to have to buy the dollar at these levels."
Mark Carney, Governor of the Bank of England, noted that there had been movements in sterling since the weekend, when it was announced that the referendum would be held on 23 June.
He told MPs at a Treasury Select Committee hearing: "It does appear that recent moves have been influenced by the upcoming vote.
"What matters for monetary policy is not just a move in the exchange rate but persistence of that move and the reasons behind it. In terms of our forecast...we will take exchange rate as given."
Gertjan Vlieghe, a member of the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee, added: "It is possible that at some point that increased uncertainty from foreign exchange investors also ends up manifesting itself in increased uncertainty by households and businesses, which may or may not reduce or delay their spending."
The pound has fallen 17% against the dollar over the past 18 months as the outlook for an interest rate has changed.
While the US Federal Reserve increased rates last year, Mr Carney has ruled out a similar move for now.
As a result sterling is seen as less attractive for investors, continuing to fall from the $1.7165 peak reached on 1 July, 2014.
A weak pound helps exporters by making British goods cheaper on international markets.
It also makes the UK a better value destination for tourists.
However, a weaker pound makes imports more expensive, possibly hurting consumers and businesses that rely on foreign goods.


Illegal migrants see the UK as a "soft touch" and its benefits system acts as a "magnet" to them, the mayor of the French city of Calais has told MPs.

Natacha Bouchart added that the fences placed around UK border controls set up in the city "make everybody laugh".
"These people are ready and prepared to die to come to England," she told the Home Affairs Committee.
Calais has struggled in recent months with increasing numbers of migrants arriving and trying to get to the UK.
Prime Minister David Cameron has urged "action right across the board" and "full-hearted cooperation between the British and French authorities to make sure we can stop people getting on to trains, getting on to container lorries or other vehicles and coming across the Channel".
His official spokeswoman said the government's focus was to study "pull factors and address them."
Hours after Ms Bouchart appeared in front of MPs, a Conservative minister appeared to imply that Parliament did not have control over immigration and would never be able to stem the free movement of people within the European Union.
Nick Boles told Total Politics magazine that the government had taken "some pretty draconian steps" to limit immigration from outside the EU but "all that has done is reveal to people that there's another big chunk of it that we can't control, and that troubles them".
French police used tear gas this week as hundreds of migrants tried to climb on to trucks bound for the UK.
Ms Bouchart estimated that 2,500 illegal immigrants were now living in Calais and that most were Eritrean, Ethiopian, Sudanese, Syrian, Egyptian, Lebanese, Iranian and Iraqi.
Calais was suffering problems from "a lot of mafia and traffickers in this population", Ms Bouchart said.
She added: "There hasn't been a message from the British government or anywhere else that it's not El Dorado."
Asked by the committee's chairman, Labour MP Keith Vaz whether the UK was seen as "a soft touch for those that want to come here", she replied: "Oui."
Ms Bouchart, speaking via an interpreter, added: "You have a much more favourable regime in Britain than other countries. The second thing is the entitlement to benefits of Â£36 which are given to asylum seekers or migrants, which is a huge amount for people who have nothing in their lives."
Ms Bouchart said the "real magnet is the benefits that are perceived in Great Britain".
The official UK border was moved to France in 2003 in an effort to stop illegal immigrants reaching British soil to claim asylum.
This was recently reinforced with fencing previously used for security at a Nato conference. But Ms Bouchart said: "The fence makes everybody laugh."
Some 7,500 migrants have been arrested in Calais this year. The UK has agreed to contribute Â£12m (15m euros; $19m) to help manage the situation.
UKIP said it had sympathy with Ms Bouchart at having to deal with the disturbances in Calais but the UK needed to send a message that "its streets are not paved with gold".
"From her experience it is evident that even though Britain has not signed the Schengen Agreement, this country is adversely affected by the lack of European and French action on migration," said the party's immigration spokesman MEP Steven Woolfe.
"However, the problem she highlights is not one of the British welfare system, but of the way in which it can be misused.
"Welfare in the UK should be there for our own citizens, who have paid in, or whose family have paid in. It is not something for anybody turning up at our borders to be able to access."
The benefits that EU migrants can claim in another EU country vary across the 28-nation bloc but certain basic rules are enshrined in EU law.
The UK does not rank highest in terms of total spending on social security per inhabitant.
According to the EU statistics agency Eurostat, the UK spent nearly Â£6,660 (8,000 euros) in 2010, with France, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands all spending more than 9,000 euros.
At the other end of the scale, spending in Bulgaria and Romania was below 2,000 euros.
In the UK, a bigger portion of welfare is funded by the state than is the case in Poland, France, Germany or the Netherlands. In those countries, more is funded from individual and employer contributions with benefits more closely linked to previous earnings.
On the other hand, in several countries, including the Republic of Ireland, Sweden and Denmark, the share of state funding is higher than in the UK.


Ministers must put education policy at the centre of the drive to deliver social mobility, the Social Mobility Commission chairman has said.

Alan Milburn said an education system in England that left many lacking the skills they needed in the modern labour market must not be tolerated.
He called for a new target that by 2020 at least half of children from poor homes should achieve five good GCSEs.
Ministers say they want every child to reach their full potential.
Speaking at Teach First's Impact Conference, Mr Milburn also suggested:
Mr Milburn said at current rates of progress, it would take at least 30 years for the educational attainment gap in schools between poorer and better-off children to halve.
And it would take more than 50 years before the gap in access to university was closed.
He told the conference: "The truth about our country is that over decades Britain has become wealthier but we have struggled to become fairer.
"The introduction of the pupil premium and other reforms are positive steps in the right direction.
"However, efforts to narrow the attainment gap within schools are not being given equal priority to the focus there has been in recent decades on raising the bar of improving all schools. They have to be doing both.
"We should no longer tolerate an education system that produces a cohort of youngsters who simply lack the skills to compete in the modern labour market.
"It will be impossible to make progress in improving social mobility until the educational attainment gap between less well-off and better-off children is closed.
"Our future success in a globally competitive economy relies on using all of our country's talent not just some of it."
Brett Wigdortz, founder and chief executive of Teach First, said: "Educational inequality is a slow burning injustice that goes unnoticed, but threatens the very fabric and foundations of a fair society.
"The fact that a child from a poorer background is less likely to succeed at school and life is totally at odds with a British sense of fair play.
"Following Brexit, it's clear we need to invest in education, the communities and young people that have been left behind if we are to build a better Britain."
A spokesman for the Department for Education said: "This government is focused on making Britain a country that works for everyone.
"We are determined that every child, regardless of background, gender or ability, has an equal opportunity to reach their full potential.
"The pupil premium, now worth Â£2.5bn a year, is being spent to improve the education provided to children from the poorest backgrounds."


Protesters in Hong Kong have abandoned plans to hold a ballot over whether to accept several government concessions.

Protest leaders said they decided to "adjourn" the vote after disagreements over its format and apologised for a "lack of discussion" with protesters.
The vote was to be held electronically and was cancelled just four hours before it was meant to start.
Tens of thousands of protesters have joined a sit-in calling for full democracy in Hong Kong since September.
On Tuesday, student protest leaders and government officials held talks for the first time, but made little progress towards ending the impasse.
The government, represented by deputy leader Carrie Lam, offered to send a report to Chinese government officials reflecting the protesters' views, and set up a platform to facilitate dialogue on future constitutional changes.
Protest leaders initially rejected the government's offer before pledging on Friday to hold the now-cancelled vote.
"We feel we have been conducting the vote hastily," said Benny Tai, one of the founders of the Occupy Central protest group,
"We decided to adjourn the vote at the square but it doesn't mean the movement has stopped," he told AFP.
In a statement, Occupy Central said: "We apologise to the public for the lack of discussion among the participants before making the previous decision."
Though numbers have fallen significantly since the early days of the protests, a hard core of demonstrators - mostly students - have said they will not give up their occupation of central areas until China changes its mind on the rules for Hong Kong's 2017 election.
They also want Chief Executive CY Leung to stand down.
The Chinese government has ruled that candidates for the chief executive election must be vetted by a nominating committee dominated by pro-Beijing groups. The protesters say they should be allowed a wholly free choice of candidate.
Chinese and Hong Kong leaders say the street protest is illegal.


A dozen Palestinian boys dressed in football kit and carrying balls, march towards a Jewish settlement in the occupied West Bank.

Israeli police and soldiers come to block the way as they approach the gates of Maale Adumim, where some 40,000 Israelis live, to the east of Jerusalem.
Surrounded by journalists, protest organiser, Fadi Quran, tells a senior officer that the children want to play a game in the local football stadium.
"You know exactly why they can't come in," says the officer.
"Is it because they're Palestinian?" Mr Quran asks.
"No, no, because you need a permit," the officer replies.
"Well, people in the world are watching and I think it's important to know you have segregation," says Mr Quran.
The small protest is soon over but it has symbolic significance ahead of this week's meeting of the council of world football's governing body, Fifa, in Switzerland.
It is due to discuss whether teams from settlements, including Maale Adumim, should be barred from the Israeli Football Association (IFA).
New Fifa president Gianni Infantino has been quoted as saying it is one of his "priorities" to resolve the acrimonious dispute.
Settlements are built on land captured and occupied by Israel in 1967, which the Palestinians want for a future, independent state.  The international community sees them as "illegal" and "an obstacle to peace", but Israel strongly disagrees.
The Palestinians argue that the settlement clubs violate Fifa's own rules that prohibit a member association from holding competitions on another member's territory without their permission.
They point out that European football's governing body, Uefa, barred teams in Crimea from playing in Russia's league after the country annexed the peninsula in 2014.
In a letter addressing the issue, the Israel Football Association (IFA) says its sole concern is "to benefit football" and stresses: "Political issues are not part of our 'playing field'".
An IFA legal adviser, Efraim Barak, says football should be "a means for promoting peace and neighbourly relations among people and among nations".
Fifa itself makes similar claims, but it is being pushed to take a stance and show fair play, particularly given its recent scandals.
The advocacy group Human Rights Watch (HRW) suggests the IFA should be made to move all Fifa-sanctioned matches inside the internationally-recognised boundaries of Israel.
"By holding games on stolen land, Fifa is tarnishing the beautiful game of football," says Sari Bashi, HRW's country director for Israel and Palestine.
A report by the group notes that some settlement playing fields are built on privately-owned Palestinian land, and that West Bank Palestinians, apart from labourers with permits, are not allowed to enter settlements and use their services.
To underscore the inequalities, the Palestinian boys leaving the demonstration at Maale Adumim continue to chant: "Infantino, let us play."
Some come from nearby Bedouin communities, which have lost access to their land due to settlement expansion, and have pending demolition orders against their homes.
With both Israelis and Palestinians passionate about football, this is not the first time that their long-standing conflict has entered the sport's arena.
Last year, amid intense global pressure, the Palestinian delegation to Fifa dropped a motion to have the IFA suspended from international football.
Instead, a monitoring committee was set up, headed by the Fifa official Tokyo Sexwale, a South African politician and former anti-apartheid activist.
It was asked to address Israeli restrictions on the movement of Palestinian players and visiting teams, alleged racism and discrimination, and the clubs based in settlements, all of which play in Israel's lower leagues.
Mr Sexwale is now due to give his recommendations, and Palestinians and Israelis are preparing to cry foul if these do not meet their expectations.


Thousands of people in cities across the United States have been protesting over the past week about how black people are being treated by police.

11 July 2016 Last updated at 16:45 BST
It comes after a number of shootings in America involving black people and police officers.
Ayshah has been looking into what's been going on.


The latest series of African Dream features profiles of eight entrepreneurs from various parts of Africa.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
10 November 2014 Last updated at 18:01 GMT
Lorna Rutto is an entrepreneur who founded Ecopost, a Nairobi-based company that recycles plastic waste.
Five years ago she gave up her job deciding, instead, to pursue her dream of ridding Nairobi of plastic waste through recycling. Without much experience and money, many thought her ambition crazy. She told the BBC how she made her dream a reality and shared advice for aspiring entrepreneurs.


Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen spoke about US policies and economic outlook in Washington on Wednesday.

Markets were watching closely for her statements about interest rates, which she predicted would rise but remain low relative to historic levels.
Prompted by lawmakers, she also spoke on a range of topics, including inequality and the national debt.
Here were six other takeaways from her appearance at the House Financial Services committee:
Lawmakers pressed Ms Yellen on inequality, pointing to disparities among African Americans, as well as declines in older industrial cities. She didn't offer policy solutions but said she shares their worries.
"I am very concerned about inequality in income and wealth," she said. "I think Americans need to feel our economic system is one where rewards come to those who work hard and play by the rules and where some groups do disproportionately well and others seem to be lagging behind, as has been the case. There's the sense of it being a very unfair system."
During the hearing lawmakers voiced support for recent proposals that would give Congress more power over the Federal Reserve, through funding and other reviews.
Ms Yellen also faced criticism from Missouri Republican Ann Wagner over Fed leaks of information that appear to benefit insiders.
Ms Wagner pointed to a private speech by Fed Vice Chair Stanley Fischer at the Brookings Institution, a Washington think-tank.
The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond also resigned earlier this year, after admitting he had shared confidential information with an economic advisory firm.
America's national debt is approaching $19.9tr - a key concern for some Republicans, who have repeatedly proposed capping how much debt the country can incur. (The dispute led to the 2013 government shutdown.)
Ms Yellen said she shares concerns about national debt - but that fixing the problem lies with Congress.
"I agree that what you're showing here represents a trend that, given current spending and taxation decisions, is going to lead to an unsustainable debt situation with rising interest rates and declining investment in the United States that will further harm productivity growth and living standards," she said.
"A key thing that Congress should be taking into account ... is the need to achieve sustainability in this debt path over time."
In 1997, about 67% of the over-16 population was working or looking for work. That number has fallen to less than 63% today, raising concerns.
Ms Yellen said she thinks it is largely because the population is getting older.
"To my mind, the major factor here is an aging population that is putting downward pressure on labour force participation," she said.
Congress and the White House are looking at ways to overhaul financial rules, spawning a partisan fight about how much regulation is needed to have a growing economy and avoid major meltdowns.
Despite the divide, there's consensus between Republicans and Democrats about the need to change rules for smaller so-called community banks. In answering questions about regulatory proposals, Ms Yellen joined that chorus.
"I am very supportive of trying to reduce the burden on community banks," she said.
Ms Yellen's term as Federal Reserve chair ends in February. As some lawmakers praised and thanked her for her leadership, she said staying on has not come up in conversations with Mr Trump.
Gary Cohn, a former Goldman Sachs leader who now heads Mr Trump's National Economic Council, is leading the search for a new chair and is reportedly one of the lead candidates in the running.


Belfast's Carl Frampton has said his victory over WBA featherweight champion Leo Santa Cruz puts him "close to being a superstar in the boxing world".

The 29-year-old from Tiger's Bay gained the belt after beating the previously unbeaten Mexican in New York.
He became the first Northern Ireland fighter to win a world title in two weight divisions.
"I think it was a huge statement, it puts me close to the top 10 pound for pound [boxers]," Frampton said.
"I don't want to be bumptious or anything, or big-headed, but I think this puts me close to being a superstar in the boxing world and I'm over the moon really."
He added: "I'm in the driving seat now and big names will want this title, this belt that I've got. They'll come for me.
"Obviously, financially it's going to be rewarding and that's important too when you've got two young kids and a wife to look after. So financially it'll help me, but I feel like I've created a bit of a legacy too."
Another Northern Irish sporting superstar who watched the fight ringside - golfer Rory McIlroy - described it as "absolutely incredible".
"I think you could see in the arena the support that Carl had, not just from everyone who came from Northern Ireland, but the Americans really took to him as well," McIlroy said.
"What a fantastic fight. To go in there and stand toe to toe with Santa Cruz was unbelievable - I don't think I've been as nervous at a sporting event in my life."
McIlroy congratulated Frampton in his changing room after the fight.
"I just wanted to hang around and say congratulations, it's such a momentous occasion for him obviously and for sport in Northern Ireland," he said.
"I think sport brings people together, it's not like there's one side or the other, everyone's behind him. It doesn't matter where you're from or how you were raised, you're from Northern Ireland and you support your own.
"He's a fantastic ambassador and a great role model."
Northern Ireland's first and deputy first ministers Arlene Foster and Martin McGuinness said Frampton had deserved his victory.
"Carl has proven once again he is a true champion and last night showed incredible grit, heart and skill against a formidable opponent," they said.
"His relentless determination and incredible sacrifice to be the best he possibly can be has now deservedly made him champion at two different weight classes."
Frampton's manager, former featherweight world champion Barry McGuigan, said it was one of the greatest nights of his life.
"The official came round and warned me several times, I nearly deafened the judge who was beside me," he said
"I screamed my head off, I'm almost hoarse.
"This is one of the greatest nights of my life, it's amazing. If you can't do it yourself and you live it and breathe it with your fighter, it doesn't get much better."
Northern Ireland Sports Minister Paul Givan also congratulated Frampton for his "great achievement".
"For our country to again 'punch above its weight' in sport is a great credit to all our sports men and women," Mr Givan said.
"Sport is a fantastic way of bringing people together and Carl and the rest of our sports people are role models to so many."


A horse which fell into a swimming pool after mistaking its protective cover for a patch of grass has been winched to safety.

Maisie had been in a neighbouring field when she got through a gate in Heyshott, West Sussex, and wandered onto the green plastic cover.
She fell in to the water, and fire crews arrived to find her "well and truly stuck" in the pool.
Specialist equipment was used to lift bedraggled Maisie out.
Once safely back on firm ground, she was left in the care of her owners and a vet.
She had wandered onto the green plastic cover thinking it was grass, crew commander Adrian Kirkpatrick said.
Mr Kirkpatrick, of the West Sussex Fire and Rescue Service, said Maisie was taken to a stable, where hay was placed under horse blankets to warm her up.
He said it was one of the first times the specialist all-terrain vehicle used to rescue her had been deployed.


An Oxfordshire man has been reunited with his stolen collection of over 100 pocket watches after they turned up in a pawnbrokers in the West Midlands.

Henry Peverill, 72, had his lifelong collection taken during a burglary at his Banbury home in March 2014.
The watches surfaced in August when a man tried to sell them to a Cash Converters shop in Coventry.
Police seized the timepieces and later arrested and charged a 28-year-old man with handling stolen goods.
Officers were able to trace the watches back to Mr Peverill after a faint "OX" postcode was revealed on one of the watches using ultra-violet equipment.
Scott Sheldon, a builder from Whoberley, Coventry, was given a 16-week prison sentence suspended for 12 months after he pleaded guilty to handling stolen goods at Coventry Magistrates' Court.


A police job candidate was arrested for drinking and driving after he turned up for a interview smelling of alcohol.

A Greater Manchester Police employee noticed an "overpowering smell" on the man's breath during an interview for an IT management role.
Tipsy Andrew Jackson, 48, then disclosed he had had trouble parking, was breathalysed and arrested.
In court, he admitted drinking and driving and was banned for a year, police said.
The IT worker appeared at Bury and Rochdale Magistrates' Court on Friday, was fined Â£120 with a Â£30 victim surcharge and ordered to pay Â£85 costs.
Mr Jackson, of Barlow Moor Road, Didsbury, Manchester was told his ban would be reduced to seven months on completion of a drink-driving awareness course.
His hour-long interview took place on 25 January at a training centre in Prestwich, Greater Manchester, but he fell foul of the law when he revealed his travel arrangements.
The interviewer, a civilian worker, said: "I asked if he had any trouble in finding us. As soon as he began to speak I could smell something on his breath which I was thought was stale alcohol.
"He mentioned that he did have a little trouble in finding somewhere to park, which immediately raised concerns.
"Shortly after he arrived in the small office, the smell of alcohol became overpowering."
The interviewer then made his excuses at the end of the interview and left the room to ask a police officer's advice.
A traffic officer quizzed the man over whether he had been drinking but he was adamant that not a drop had touched his lips that morning.
However Mr Jackson did admit to sharing a bottle of wine with his wife the night before during a meal out.
The traffic officer then marched him out of the building to a nearby patrol car and gave him a breathalyser test, which he duly failed.


A protester against a £65m hotel being built in Edinburgh's Grassmarket has left a tree he has been living in after a sheriff granted an eviction notice to developers.

A sheriff ruled the man was preventing work starting at the site.
The developers, Dreamvale Properties Ltd, brought the action against Simon Byrom at Edinburgh Sheriff Court.
Mr Byrom, a local resident, has been living in a tent on a wooden platform 20ft up the sycamore tree.
He had been in the tree for more than a week.
Work on the development had been due to begin on Monday.
The company was granted planning permission by City of Edinburgh Council in November.
A Police Scotland spokesman said: "A protest at a construction site in the Cowgate area of Edinburgh has now concluded peacefully and all non-construction personnel have now left the area."
Andy Jansons, who is managing the development on behalf of Dreamvale Properties Ltd, said: "We're pleased but not surprised at today's outcome, and we can now move quickly to start work on one of Edinburgh's largest city centre regeneration projects.
"I respect everyone's right to a view on development proposals, but this demonstration has raised very serious safety issues for our staff, the protestors themselves and indeed for local residents.
"We are relieved that this can be brought to an end and that construction work can commence."
Appearing for the company, Kirstyn Burke told Sheriff Kenneth McGowan that Mr Byrom's actions meant contractors were unable to carry out work, resulting in significant financial impact.
She also pointed out the tree overhangs the pavement with potential danger to the public.
She said: "There is no reason why he should be on the property and he has a permanent address.
"The site will be cleared."
Mr Byrom claimed the council's decision to approve the sale of the land and grant planning permission was "a dereliction of democracy".
He claimed the development was opposed by ward councillors, the local MP, the local MSP, and the local community council.
The land taken over by the developers had been public land for "many, many years" and had been set aside for the benefit of the people of Edinburgh and for the future of the city library, he said.
The library, he added, needed to be renovated and extended. Those opposing the sale of the land, he said, had called for a judicial review at the Court of Session.
Sheriff McGowan pointed out to Mr Byrom that he had no legal right to occupy the land or the tree.
Mr Byrom replied he had a moral right and it had been "a dishonourable sale".
He complained the Old Town community was in a parlous state, as more and more properties were being turned into accommodation for tourists and students.
He asked the tree be left untouched until the result of a judicial review.
Sheriff McGowan told Mr Byrom the developers had a valid deed.
As for the judicial review, Sheriff McGowan told him he could say nothing about that or its outcome.
The development includes a bar, restaurant, cafe, retail and commercial units.
The 19th Century A-listed India Buildings is a part of the planned redevelopment.
The B-listed Cowgatehead Church and a C-listed building are also part of the plans.


When the policeman who had shot dead the suspected armed robber, Azelle Rodney, in north London was cleared of murder earlier this month, an email quickly dropped into my in-box.

It was a statement from Susan Alexander, Azelle Rodney's mother.
She wrote about how her 24-year-old son's death in April 2005 was "avoidable" and called on the Metropolitan Police to say sorry.
Significantly, she also asked for an "unreserved apology" from the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPPC) for conducting a "wholly inadequate investigation" into the shooting.
"A better investigation may have resulted in a trial nine years ago," she said. "I can never get those years back - the IPCC must stop failing families in this way."
It is strong criticism that has frequently been levelled at the IPCC since it replaced the Police Complaints Authority - an organisation which was derided as ineffectual - in 2004.
The intention was that the new body, with offices across England and Wales, would bring more rigour, transparency and independence to the system for investigating allegations of police wrongdoing after failings were exposed during the Macpherson inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence.
But relatives like Susan Alexander, whose family members have died at the hands of the police, have often found themselves let down by the way the IPCC has handled their cases.
Helen Shaw, co-director of Inquest, which helps the bereaved following deaths in custody, says although the IPCC is trying to improve the way it deals with families, they are still not at the "centre" of the process.
"During the last few years they've made some real effort to consult with families and stakeholders - and they want to talk to us again. But there's not a lot of progress," she says.
Susan Alexander's concerns in the Azelle Rodney case centred on the initial IPCC investigation, which found no significant fault with the police operation that led to her son's death and which did not lead to criminal charges against the officer involved.
A prosecution was brought only after an inquiry, held in public in 2012, uncovered new evidence.
In its defence, the IPCC says it carried out an extensive investigation into Azelle Rodney's death but it was advised at the time that it was not possible to obtain some of the material which later emerged during the inquiry.
Nevertheless, there are echoes of that case in the flawed IPCC investigation into the death of Sean Rigg in south London in 2008.
After fresh evidence emerged at the inquest, an external review was ordered which said the IPCC hadn't been "robust" enough in its inquiries.
The IPCC conducted a new investigation and last week, a police sergeant involved in the case was charged with perjury in relation to evidence he gave at the inquest.
Ms Shaw says even though the watchdog appears to make steps in the right direction in the immediate aftermath of a critical report, its investigations are sometimes still "not good enough".
"There's learning when there's a lot of pressure, but it doesn't seem to be an organisation that's able to sustain the learning," she says.
"It takes it on board then slips back to its old ways."
It is, of course, an enormously challenging task to maintain the confidence of families who find themselves in the most desperate of circumstances and are seeking explanations that are hard to find.
But the police, the subject of the complaints the IPCC examines, do not appear to be satisfied with the standard of its investigations either.
Kevin Hurley, Police and Crime Commissioner for Surrey, who served as an officer in London for 32 years, says the quality leaves much to be desired.
"There's a lack of competence in basic evidence-gathering," he says.
One of the key problems the IPCC has always faced is that as it strives to be independent of the police service, recruiting people from a range of professional backgrounds, it loses out on investigative skills that police have in abundance.
In any standard criminal case involving a fatal shooting, an unexplained death or corruption, specialist detectives would be best placed to investigate.
But the perception that it is the "police investigating the police" means that the IPCC has to limit the number of former police officers it can take.
About 75 per cent of the 804 IPCC staff have no policing background - either as an officer or member of police civilian staff.
Of its 306-strong investigative pool, 60% have never worked for the police.
Although new IPCC investigators are given training, Mr Hurley says it takes years to achieve the necessary expertise in sifting through complex evidence, interviewing reluctant witnesses and assessing culpability.
"They're trying to get people from zero to SIO [Senior Investigating Officer] in 15 to 20 weeks - it simply can't be done," he says.
In a statement, the IPCC says lessons from the review into the Sean Rigg case are being put into practice with improved training and guidance for staff:
"We have boosted our internal review and quality assurance processes as well as overseeing continuous professional development for all investigators," the IPCC says.
"In cases where we may have got it wrong, although it takes time, we are putting it right," it explains.
The issue of skills and training has become more acute as the IPCC has expanded, growing by almost 250 staff in the last year alone, with a further 200 expected to join by 2016.
Its remit has been widened to include the investigation of all serious and sensitive police cases, in addition to its ongoing work on the Hillsborough disaster, for which there is a dedicated team.
And the rising caseload has fuelled concerns about delays in completing investigations.
In its last annual report, the IPCC admitted: "The increase in workload has had an impact on the timeliness of investigations."
"In 2013/14 we aimed to complete half our investigations within 157 working days [more than five months] but achieved this in just over a fifth of cases closed."
Last month, the watchdog was severely criticised for announcing that it would not conduct an investigation into allegations of police brutality and misconduct during clashes with miners at the Orgreave coking plant in South Yorkshire in 1984.
It had taken the IPCC two-and-a-half years to reach that conclusion.
Gavin Thomas, vice-President of the Police Superintendents Association, says his members' main gripe about the IPCC is the "inordinate amount of time to get to a decision" which is sometimes "disproportionate" to the gravity of the case.
The effect on officers, as they wait for findings that could affect their career and livelihood, is considerable, he says.
"You have a high degree of anxiety and stress. Some people's lives are on hold for an extended period of time."
The IPCC says the extra staff and resources it has been given are leading to "benefits", with more investigations completed than ever before.
But it warns: "Even with the positive changes, the timeliness of our investigations will continue to be affected by matters outside of our control, such as waiting for key expert evidence, the co-operation of witnesses and for the conclusion of other processes such as criminal trials and inquests."
Two years ago, the IPCC's performance was heavily criticised by the House of Commons Home Affairs Committee, which said it was "woefully under-equipped".
Labour entered the last general election with a pledge to abolish the body that it had created and replace it with a watchdog with more teeth.
However, with the extra funding, staff and responsibilities that the government has provided - the IPCC's future is secure, for the next five years at least.
It will, though, have to redouble its efforts to convince the doubters - on both aides of the fence - that it is up to the job.


It's been a year that should dispel doubts the car industry is going through a technological revolution.

The convergence of traditional motor manufacturing and new digital technologies has been shifting slowly through the gears for a couple of years.
But in 2016, things hit top speed. A string of deals, strategic announcements and investments has even left some experts wondering if a bubble is growing.
"Manufacturers finally really understood the need for change," says Martin Benecke, Frankfurt-based analyst at IHS Automotive.
"They see the competitive threat from Google and Apple. They know they cannot respond by doing everything themselves, so have to form alliances and partnerships," he says.
Barely a week has gone by without reports of a new taxi-hailing partnership, a connected-car development, or another advance in driverless technology.
"Carmakers have essentially followed the same business model for 100 years," says Phil Harrold, automotive partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers. "Technology firms knew it was a market they could enter and disrupt.
"Old-fashioned OEMs [original equipment manufacturers] came to the realisation that if they are not to become irrelevant they have to embrace the technology and new services," he says.
When German giant VW announced in November a huge 30,000 job cuts programme, less attention was paid to the 9,000 jobs it vowed to create under its "Future Pact" strategy to develop electric and self-driving cars.
VW was engulfed in the diesel emissions scandal, but it gave the company the incentive, and shield, to begin a change in direction that might otherwise have taken years, says Benecke. As the saying goes - never let a good crisis go to waste.
In the future, Volkswagen will be making fewer engines and gearboxes, and more batteries, sensors and software.
There has also been a shift in consumer attitudes, although there remains particular unease about the introduction of driverless vehicles, according to surveys.
Even so, scepticism about the viability of new transport technologies is being replaced by a real understanding of their potential, says Martyn Briggs, senior consultant at Frost & Sullivan.
And there is now evidence of consumers deferring car buying because of the growth of taxi-hailing and car-sharing services, he says.
Briggs recalls the Red Flag safety laws of the late 19th Century when people were required to walk ahead of a revolutionary new machine - the motor car.
There has been a lot of flag waving about future transport services. "But people now see it becoming reality," he says.
The millennial generation no longer regards car ownership as a necessity, while the ageing generation sees taxi-hailing and driverless technology as the way to keep them mobile, Briggs says.
For years, carmakers and tech firms, with their different cultures and pace of development, eyed each other with mutual suspicion.
Now they see each other as potential partners, not adversaries.
The shift was evident at the start of the year. January's lacklustre North American Auto Show, in Detroit, had already been upstaged days earlier in Las Vegas, at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES).
Forbes magazine reported CES as "a high water mark in terms of the scale and significance of car technology unveiled".
Twelve months later and 2016 has ended with major developments from Silicon Valley titans Apple and Google-owner Alphabet.
The former confirmed for the first time that it is developing a driverless car. The latter announced the creation of an independent company to exploit its already advanced transport and autonomous tech.
Between the bookends of January and December were major deals that underlined the new adapt-or-die approach sweeping across motor manufacturing.
General Motors bought a small three-year-old San Francisco company specialising in autonomous driving technology, Cruise Automation, for more than $1bn.
GM also invested $500m in on-demand taxi-hailing business Lyft, a rival to Uber, and reportedly tried to buy the whole thing for $6bn.
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles teamed up with Alphabet to collaborate on the development of self-driving minivans.
Ford, whose chief executive Mark Fields now refers to the company that made the first mass-produced vehicle as a "mobility services provider", pushed deeper into connected-car technology.
This included investment in a San Francisco cloud-based software and data analytics company, Pivotal, in which Microsoft also has a stake.
Ford, which has a growing R&D presence in Silicon Valley, is testing connected cars in the UK that can communicate with each other to help speed up journeys and reduce accidents.
Meanwhile, Jaguar Land Rover, which is testing similar connected technology in the UK, launched an independent start-up, InMotion, to develop smartphone apps and on-demand services.
In future, you may not need to buy a Jaguar or a Land Rover. You'll be able to access the car you want, when you want it, at the swipe of a smartphone.
There were more - many more - deals done during the year in the rush to secure competitive advantage or recover lost ground.
In China, Didi Chuxing Technology took over Uber's taxi-hailing operation, and also received a $1bn investment from Apple.
And China's biggest carmaker, Shanghai Automotive, launched what it claimed is the first internet-connected car, the Roewe RX5, fitted with the YunOS operating system (used in mobile phones) owned by Alibaba, better known as the company behind a huge online marketplace.
There has been a sort of technological land grab. "The competitive challenge galvanised rival companies into action," says Frost & Sullivan's Martyn Briggs.
"The challenge now for car companies (and tech firms) is how they use their systems on a global scale," he says. "Partnerships are the key."
He predicts more of the same in 2017, but in particular expects greater investment in artificial intelligence systems and an expansion in major cities of car-sharing schemes.
But there will need to be a reckoning. "The consumer only needs so many taxi-hailing and car-sharing apps. There will eventually need to be some consolidation," says Briggs.
In 1908, the Ford Model T ushered in a mass market industry that at its core has remained the same for decades.
But with the death of the internal combustion engine in sight, and the end of mass private ownership on the horizon, it's looking increasingly like 2016 was the year when some major players laid the groundwork for a new era.


Middlesbrough have been charged with failing to control their players in Sunday's Premier League match against Manchester City at the Riverside.

The Football Association charge relates to an incident around the 66th minute of the 2-2 draw when City were awarded a penalty.
The club "failed to ensure that its players conducted themselves in an orderly fashion", the FA allege.
Middlesbrough have until 18:00 BST on 5 May to respond to the charge.
Referee Kevin Friend awarded City a penalty for Marten de Roon's challenge on Leroy Sane.
Boro players were furious at the decision, with De Roon and Fabio booked for dissent.


Hundreds of square miles have been added to a Scottish wildcat "safe haven" in the west Highlands.

Organisers of the Wildcat Haven project said the area had been expanded by neutering 100 local domestic cats.
Breeding with pet and feral cats is among the most serious threats to wildcats as it results in hybridisation and also exposes them to diseases.
The latest neutering work has extended the haven by 300 sq miles to total of 800 sq miles.
The project's organisers said that the zone covered Ardnamurchan, Sunart, Morvern and Moidart.
They hope in future to extend the haven towards Fort William.
The chief scientist on the project, Dr Paul O'Donoghue, said: "It's all about hybridisation. The wildcat is a very capable survivor and prefers to breed with other wildcats, but it's so outnumbered by domestic cats that hybridisation is inevitable.
"This means that over a few generations, those wildcat genes are lost, and you're just left with domestic and feral cats causing big problems for prey species and themselves."
The Scottish wildcat is among the world's most endangered animals.
The Wildcat Haven is separate from Scottish Wildcat Action, a project involving six priority areas - Strathpeffer, Strathbogie, Strathavon, Morvern, North Strathspey and the Angus Glens.


A Highland village has celebrated one of Scotland's more unusual community buyouts with a ceremony and gala day.

Residents of North Kessock, near Inverness, purchased the village's former ferry slipway from Highland Council.
It fell into disuse following the opening of the Kessock Bridge in 1982.
Organisers said at least 100 people attended the events marking the handover of the pier from the local authority.
Jim Prentice, of the North Kessock Pier Group, said it was a "fantastic" day.
The village's last Ferry Queen Evelyn MacDonald, who held the title in 1982, was piped in by her two sons and cut a ribbon to the pier.
Mr Prentice said it was hoped the structure could be put to greater use by visitors.
He said: "We have amenities here that could attract them - the hotel and the shop and the picturesque village itself.
"We get regular visits from canoeists and the pier is one of the few places that you can launch small boats off a trailer."


David Bates is to make his loan switch to Rangers from Raith Rovers permanent after being offered an 18-month deal.

The 20-year-old defender joined the Ibrox development side in August, with midfielder Jordan Thompson going in the opposite direction, also on loan.
Earlier this month, Rangers striker Ryan Hardie returned for a second loan spell at Stark's Park.
"It's an unbelievable move for the lad and I certainly couldn't stand in his way," said Rovers boss Gary Locke.
Bates has been playing regularly for the under-20s and has featured on the first team bench for Rangers.
"It's very rare that a young player will get the chance to move from Raith Rovers to Rangers on loan," added Locke.
"With my relationship with [Ibrox assistant manager] Davie Weir, they asked to have a look at David and were kind enough to give us a couple of players on loan. David has done very well during that spell and now Rangers have told us they'd like to sign him.
"He is desperate to make the move, so we wish him all the best and hopefully he has a really good career.
"How long will it be before he can start challenging for a first-team spot there? Well he's still got a long way to go but he has a lot of potential.
"It won't really mean any extra money for us at this point but maybe if he goes and plays a lot of games and Rangers decide to sell him, I'm pretty sure the club has covered its back in that sense."


Southern Cross, the troubled care home provider, has announced proposals to cut 3,000 jobs out of its workforce of 44,000 staff.

The company said home managers, deputy managers, relief managers, activity co-ordinators and administrators would not be directly affected.
Southern Cross said it expected the cuts to be completed by October, after a period of consultation with unions.
Unions called for the government to step in with financial support.
Southern Cross has already deferred 30% of its rent to landlords of its 750 homes as it tries to avoid bankruptcy.
The Darlington-based company's current rent payments total about Â£180m a year.
Last month, it reported half-year losses of Â£311m and warned that it was in a "critical financial condition".
"In today's announcement we are engaging with colleagues to put in place the best possible staffing model for our future needs, and one which fully embraces the best practice available to us," said Southern Cross chief executive Jamie Buchan.
The company said the job reductions were part of an ongoing programme of change, instigated by its senior management team 18 months ago.
It said the cuts would not jeopardise the quality of care provided to its 31,000 residents, but this was disputed by unions.
"The care sector is hugely labour intensive, and there is no doubt that job losses on this scale will mean elderly people in Southern Cross homes get a lower standard of care and some homes may be at risk of closure," said Dave Prentis, general secretary of Unison.
Paul Kenny, general secretary of the GMB union, said: "This is the start of a disaster for the residents as well as a kick in the teeth for the staff.
"The is the trigger for the government to step in with immediate financial support to ensure that Southern Cross continues to operate and continues to provide a home for 31,000 elderly and vulnerable residents."
Judy Downey, chair of the Relatives & Residents Association (R&RA), a national charity for the welfare of older people in care, also called for government action.
"We cannot just sit back and allow frail, vulnerable people to suffer, we want to see the government taking emergency action to safeguard these residents who are all at risk - even if that means taking over the assets of these homes and running them as a going concern," she said.


One of the UK's largest employers, the retail sector, is facing the loss of up to 900,000 jobs and the closure of thousands of shops in the next decade.

A British Retail Consortium report says rising costs due to the National Living Wage and the new apprenticeship levy could speed up job cuts.
The pair are two of George Osborne's flagship policies announced in last year's Budget.
The study says "economically fragile" parts of the UK will be hit hardest.
The National Living Wage and apprenticeship levy "both have sound intentions but both could fail on implementation", it says.
Sir Charlie Mayfield, chairman of the British Retail Consortium (BRC) and head of the John Lewis Partnership, said that although retailers supported the introduction of higher pay, there would be an effect on employment.
The retail sector employs three million people - a number that could fall by nearly a third in less than a decade.
Sir Charlie said that many shops would also close, as increasing costs and changes in the way millions of consumers shop take hold.
Of the 270,000 shops in the UK today, up to 74,000 could shut, the BRC report claims.
Nearly 30% of those closures could be in Wales and the north of England.
"People are not realising just how significantly the workplace is changing and I think that is dangerous," he said.
"It means that people assume that somehow things are going to carry on as they are, when that's unlikely.
"Some of the places that will be affected will be some of the most economically fragile."
The BRC report says that the effects of the National Living Wage on employment "have been under-estimated".
In April, the National Living Wage will come into force at a rate of £7.20 an hour for the over-25s, replacing the present minimum wage of £6.70 per hour.
George Osborne announced in the post-election Budget last year that it would then increase to £9 an hour by 2020.
The BRC estimates a cost to the industry of up to £3bn per annum.
"With the introduction of the National Living Wage, labour costs are now set to rise," the BRC report says.
Supermarket critics say that the sector has relied for too long on low wages, with the BRC report revealing that the percentage of people on low pay (defined as 1.2 times the minimum wage) in the retail sector has nearly doubled since 1990 to over 60%.
For all employees it has stayed stable at under 20%.
Sir Charlie told the BBC that although the number of jobs would fall dramatically, the jobs that are left would be more productive and pay would be higher.
Services to customers were also likely to improve and prices fall.
"I do very much believe that persistent low pay needs to be tackled, which is why we're talking about 'fewer but better' jobs," he said.
"What the National Living Wage does is that it increases the pace at which wages will rise - and by the way that's not a bad thing, it's in many ways a very good thing - but it will also probably accelerate some of the changes within the workforce and the responses that retailers make in order to mitigate some of the rising cost pressure that they're seeing."
Although not calling for a full review, Sir Charlie said that impact of the National Living Wage on employment would have to be looked at "carefully and objectively to see how things are working out".
The BRC report says retailers are facing a heavy tax burden and that business rates have yet to be reformed.
Sir Charlie said there needed to be a fundamental review of retail taxes.
Stores such as John Lewis pay far higher levels of tax in the UK than companies like Amazon, although Sir Charlie was careful to avoid what his colleague, Andy Street, the chief executive of John Lewis, described as the "Amazon tax problem".
The Treasury played down fears of substantial retail job losses.
"The government is making sure workers in Britain get a pay rise by introducing the National Living Wage from April this year," a spokesman said.
"We are already seeing record employment rates and more people in employment than ever before.
"And taking into account the National Living Wage, the independent Office of Budget Responsibility expects employment to rise by a further 1.1 million by 2020."


United Airlines' chief executive has said he will not quit amid an explosive backlash to video of a screaming man being dragged off a plane.

Oscar Munoz said he felt "shame and embarrassment" and vowed it would never happen again to a seated passenger on one of United's aircraft.
The embattled aviation boss said the passenger in question, David Dao, deserved "certainly an apology".
Mr Munoz initially described Mr Dao as "disruptive and belligerent".
United Airline's public relations disaster
Why do airlines overbook?
"That shame and embarrassment was pretty palpable for me and for a lot of our family," the contrite chief executive told ABC's Good Morning America programme.
An online petition calling for Mr Munoz to resign had gained more than 60,000 signatures by Wednesday afternoon.
But when asked if he would stand down, he said: "No. I was hired to make United better and we've been doing that and that's what I'll continue to do."
Mr Dao was pulled off Sunday evening's flight from Chicago to Louisville, Kentucky, because the flight was fully booked, and the airline wanted to get four passengers to leave to make room for four staff members.
Mr Dao was left bloodied after law enforcement officials dragged him off the plane as he refused to leave.
The footage provoked international outrage and the Dao family issued a statement on Tuesday evening expressing gratitude for the "outpouring of support".
"This can never, will never happen again on a United Airlines flight," said Mr Munoz in Wednesday morning's television interview.
He was asked what the company would do in future if a seated passenger refused voluntarily to leave an overbooked plane based on the airline's compensation offer.
"We're not going to put a law enforcement official to take them off," he said. "To remove a booked, paid seated passenger, we can't do that."
Mr Munoz was asked if Mr Dao, who has been undergoing treatment at a Chicago hospital, was at fault.
The chief executive paused.
He said: "No. He can't be. He was a paying passenger sitting on our seat in our aircraft and no one should be treated that way. Period."
But on Monday Mr Munoz said Mr Dao's conduct meant employees were "left with no choice but to call Chicago Aviation Security Officers to assist in removing the customer from the flight".
Global outrage spread to Vietnam on Wednesday after it emerged that Mr Dao was born there, contradicting earlier reports that he was from China.
Vietnamese social media users have called for a boycott, despite there being no direct United flights to the Southeast Asian country.
"Watching this makes my blood boil, I'll never fly United Airlines," said one Facebook user, Anh Trang Khuya.
A spokesman for the Chinese foreign ministry said the government had "noticed the unfortunate incident in the United States".
Spokesperson Lu Kang added: "We sincerely hope that this incident will be properly settled."
On Wednesday, two of the aviation aviation security officers involved in removing Mr Dao from the plane were  "placed on leave", the Chicago Department of Aviation said, adding to one other that was suspended on Monday.
The agency added that their actions are "obviously not condoned by the department".
The US Department of Transportation is reviewing whether United complied with rules on overbooking.


The number of people looking for work in Spain fell almost 100,000 in June, a record for the month, to 4.62 million.

The Labour Ministry said the number of people filing for unemployment benefits fell by 98,853, or 2.1%, compared with the previous month.
June is generally a good month for employment as it marks the beginning of the tourist season.
Despite the fall, the unemployment rate in Spain is still the highest in the eurozone.
According to EU figures published on Monday, one in four of the Spanish workforce is out of a job, compared with an overall rate of unemployment for the 17-member bloc of 11.1%.
"June is traditionally good for the unemployment queue but we have never reached a decline of nearly 100,000 people," said Spain's state secretary for labour, Engracia Hidalgo.
"We will have to follow the development of the unemployment figures after this good data for June to verify whether we are turning towards a positive trend."
June is the third month in a row that the number of unemployed has fallen in Spain. In March, the number of jobseekers hit a record high of 4.75 million.
The Spanish government is implementing a number of labour market reforms to try to reduce unemployment, including cutting back on severance pay and restricting inflation-linked salary increases. These have proved very unpopular with unions and workers.
However, it has been forced to approve billions of euros of spending cuts and tax increases in an effort to reduce its debt levels, which have had a negative impact on employment within the economy.


It's one month on from the UK's referendum on EU membership.

24 July 2016 Last updated at 10:07 BST
Speaking to many of the key players in the campaign on both sides, BBC Newsnight's Nicholas Watt tells the inside story of how the Leave campaign won - and how the Remain camp lost this historic vote.
Read more: Cameron considered last-ditch appeal to Merkel
This film aired as part of a Brexit Britain - a special edition of BBC Newsnight one month on from the referendum.


A 15-year-old boy has been charged with manslaughter over the death of a Polish man who was attacked in Essex.

Arkadiusz Jozwik, 39, was assaulted on 27 August in The Stow, Harlow, and later died in hospital.
The teenager, who cannot be named because of his age, will appear at Chelmsford Youth Court in January.
Mr Jozwik, who was also known as Arek, was with a friend outside a takeaway when they were attacked. His friend, 43, suffered hand and stomach injuries.
Mr Jozwik was taken to Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge following the attack and died from head injuries.
His family described him as a hard-working man who loved spending time with them.
Police said they had been authorised by prosecutors to charge a 15-year-old boy from Harlow with manslaughter in connection with Mr Jozwik's death.
He has been released on police bail until his first court appearance.
In a statement, the Crown Prosecution Service said police had decided to take no further action in relation to five other youths who were at the scene.


Liverpool goalkeeper Danny Ward was proud to have made his first start for Wales in the Euro 2016 win over Slovakia.

Ward, 22, was told a few hours before the game in Bordeaux he would win his third cap in place of Crystal Palace's Wayne Hennessey.
Hennessey missed the game because of a back spasm.
"I knew he was struggling with his injury, but that's what we're trained to do," said Ward.
"You've got to make sure you prepare right and you're ready when the chance comes.
"Whether you have a week to think about it or a couple of hours, it's still going to be a big thing.
"It was a very proud moment but straight away you switch into game mode."
Media playback is not supported on this device
Wales are top of Group B following the 2-1 win over Slovakia in their opening game of the European Championships.
Gareth Bale and Hal Robson-Kanu scored for Wales after substitute Ondrej Duda had equalised for Slovakia.
"It's a big win for us," Ward added.
"It's important to get a good start in any tournament. The first game's massive to lay down a marker.
"We made a little bit of history but we want to kick on and make some more,"
Ward's first competitive start for Wales also means former club Wrexham will receive a financial bonus.
A product of Wrexham's academy, Ward was an 18-year-old when he was signed by Liverpool in January 2012.
After spending the first half of the 2015-16 season on loan at Aberdeen, Ward made his Liverpool debut in a 2-1 win at Bournemouth in April.


A man and woman have been charged with the murder of a man in Bournemouth.

The body of Phillip Nicholson, 22, was discovered on Tuesday at a flat in Sea Road, Boscombe.
Richard Moors, 25 and Isabella Gossling 20, appeared before magistrates in Bournemouth and were remanded to appear at Winchester Crown Court on 2 June.
On Friday Dorset Police said it had referred the circumstances leading to the death to the Independent Police Complaints Commission for review.