When Hoffenheim unveiled Julian Nagelsmann as the Bundesliga's youngest full-time boss in February, it was dismissed by local media as a "public relations stunt" and "a crackpot idea".

Harsh, perhaps, but understandable given the circumstances.
Nagelsmann was just 28 and had never coached at senior level, while Hoffenheim, a village with a population of just 3,300 in southern Germany, were deep in relegation trouble, seven points from safety and running out of games.
What has followed in the past nine months is impressive.
Not only did Nagelsmann secure the club's Bundesliga place, but he has also seen his side move up to third in the table this season and become one of only five teams in Europe's five major leagues to remain unbeaten.
So, how has a managerial novice born in 1987 managed to transform Hoffenheim from relegation strugglers to a top-three side?
BBC Sport looks at the 29-year-old who has taken the German top flight by storm.
Long before he landed the head coach role at the club, Nagelsmann had already earned the nickname 'Baby Mourinho'.
It was given to him by former Hoffenheim and Germany goalkeeper Tim Wiese as Nagelsmann was making a name for himself after the defender's career was cut short by persistent knee problems.
Like Manchester United manager Jose Mourinho, Naglesmann did not make it as a top player. Aged 20, he was forced to end a promising career while in Augsburg's second team, coached by Thomas Tuchel, who is now manager at Borussia Dortmund.
Nagelsmann then worked under Tuchel before moving to Hoffenheim via coaching 1860 Munich's Under-17s.
He then appeared on Bayern Munich's radar after masterminding Hoffenheim's German Under-19 Championship triumph in 2014, but he opted to stay at the Rhein-Neckar-Arena.  And his appointment as head coach came six years after arriving at the Sinsheim-based club.
"I assumed a big deal would made about my age when I was appointed," Nagelsmann told BBC Sport.
"If you are appointed a boss of an established economic enterprise at the age of 28, this also would be a big story."
Hoffenheim had two wins from 20 games when Nagelsmann took charge nine months ago. They were next to bottom in the table and seven points from guaranteed safety.
Local newspaper Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung labelled his appointment a public relations stunt.
"I don't blame them," Hoffenheim's director of football Alexander Rosen said. "You look at Julian's age. He had already been here six years so we knew what he was able to do.
"He has a natural feeling for the group, he brings energy, passion and is blessed with talent."
Hoffenheim won seven of the remaining 14 games to finish one point above the relegation play-off spot.
"Straight away the team bought into my ideas and the way I would like to play football," added Nagelsmann, who lists Johan Cruyff and Pep Guardiola as his footballing heroes.
Hoffenheim had announced in October 2015 that the youth coach would take over as manager in the summer of 2016, provided they stayed up.
However, Nagelsmann was fast-tracked into the job with three months of the season remaining when experienced boss Hubb Stevens resigned because of a heart complaint.
And Nagelsmann's sense of technical know-how and ability to man-manage has converted critics into admirers.
"He had some experience in coaching but not as a head coach," said Joachim Klaehn, who covers Hoffenheim for the Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung newspaper.
"Before Julian was appointed, they were in big trouble. They were bottom of the table during the winter break and everybody thought they would go down as they had no match plan.
"But it has been a sensation under Julian. He is a local hero."
With Hoffenheim's place in the Bundesliga secured, Nagelsmann got to work on rebuilding the squad in the summer.
Incomings included Croatia forward Andrej Kramaric, 25, who turned a loan from Leicester City into a permanent move, midfielders Lukas Rupp, 25, from Stuttgart and Kevin Vogt, 25, from Cologne, plus former Bayern Munich forward Sandro Wagner, 28, from Darmstadt.
Hoffenheim have scored in all but two of their 24 league games under Nagelsmann and even took the lead at champions Bayern Munich, managed by three-time Champions League winner Carlo Ancelotti.
"I have great respect for a coach like Ancelotti. Every coach dreams of being able to celebrate only a fraction of his achievements," added Nagelsmann, who was raised in the Bavarian village of Issing.
Since their young coach took charge, Hoffenheim have taken 43 points in 24 matches. But Rosen warned there will be times in the future when it may not be so rosy.
"He is an extraordinary talent," he said.
"However, we have to keep in mind the possibility that we will lose two or three games in a row. We have to be careful we give Julian the air to breathe when things are not going well.
"Let's not forget he has had 26 league and cup games as head coach, he is still learning."
How has Nagelsmann's appointment gone down with the senior players in the dressing room?
For starters, Hoffenheim have no major stars in their team after Roberto Firmino left for Liverpool in June 2015.
Instead they have assembled a squad of hard-working individuals, with the club operating a policy of signing young talent.
That means only three players are older than the head coach - second-choice goalkeeper Alexander Stolz, 33, Poland midfielder Eugen Polanski, 30, while Switzerland midfielder Pirmin Schwegler is 136 days older than his boss.
"We have eight players from our own academy in the first team squad," added Rosen. "For the past three years we have had the youngest squad in the Bundesliga."
Relaxed off the training pitch, Nagelsmann has been accused of being the opposite in his technical area.
Bayer Leverkusen head coach Roger Schmidt was banned and fined after calling his opposite number a "nutcase" during a game in October.
"I act out my emotions on the sidelines. I am also a very impulsive person and very involved in the speech to my players, but only as far as motivation is concerned," he added.
"I do not yell at my players because they made a mistake or rage in the dressing room," Nagelsmann said. "Of course, sometimes you get angry or your voice gets louder when you analyse a match but everything stays within the limits."
Hoffenheim, a former village team, were playing in the eighth tier of German football when former player Dietmar Hopp returned to buy the club in the early 1990s.
Hopp brought with him his personal fortune, made from a software company, and a dream to take his former club to the top level of German football.
Initial investment came in the form of modern training facilities and the large-scale development of youth academies.
This provided the foundations that saw a fairytale rise through the divisions with a team made up entirely of products of the youth set-up.
After rising to the second tier of German football, Hopp saw the opportunity and for the first time invested heavily in the squad and management.
Former Schalke boss Ralf Rangnick was appointed boss in 2006, and subsequently helped the club to back-to-back promotions, realising Hopps' long-term vision of making Hoffenheim a Bundesliga club.
This is their ninth season in Germany's top tier.
The Rhein-Neckar Arena, which holds 30,000 fans, has been their home since January 2009 and is situated in the southern town of Sinsheim, which is a short car ride from Hoffenheim.
Bayern Munich boss Carlo Ancelotti: "It is rare to observe such a young coach in the job. I hope that one day he will train the best team in the world."
Borussia Dortmund boss Thomas Tuchel: "He's a very inquisitive and very hardworking young coach. He has enjoyed exceptional successes in youth football. I'm very happy for him and I believe in him."
Hoffenheim director of football Alexander Rosen: "Julian is 29 and I am 37. We have a combined age younger than [Arsene] Wenger!
Hoffenheim's 76-year-old owner Dietmar Hopp: "He's so good that I wonder if we can keep him. It would be best if we could keep him for a long time, at least as long as I live, and I hope that's quite a long time."
Although Nagelsmann is the youngest permanent head coach in Bundesliga history, he is not the youngest to oversee a Bundesliga match.
That honour belongs to Bernd Stober who was just 24 when he took charge of Saarbrucken in an interim capacity for their trip to Cologne on 23 October 1976. His side lost 5-1.
In Europe's other major leagues, Crystal Palace put Attilio Lombardo in charge at the age of 32 years and 67 days in 1998, while Lippo Hertzka had just turned 26 when he was appointed Real Madrid boss in 1930.
In France, Henri Cammarata was 29 years and 11 days old when he took charge of his first Toulouse match in 1945.
Former England striker David Platt was 32 years and 187 days old when he was appointed by Sampdoria in December 1998.
Nagelsmann was born on 23 July 1987. By then...


Sebastien Ogier has clinched a fourth consecutive World Rally Championship after winning the Rally of Catalonia.

The Frenchman, 32, effectively needed to finish in the top three to secure the crown on Sunday, but held off Spaniard Dani Sordo to comfortably earn his fifth race win of the season.
"To be champion two rallies before the end again is great. I can't do much more," said Volkswagen's Ogier.
Ogier finished 15.6 seconds clear, with Belgium's Thierry Neuville third.


Glasgow City Council has said its film office brought £16m to the local economy in 2016.

The Glasgow Film Office (GFO) promotes film, broadcast and advertising productions in the city.
The council calculated the GFO has been responsible for £275m of work coming to Glasgow since it was established in 1997.
Major productions which have used Glasgow locations include World War Z and T2 Trainspotting.
GFO describes itself as a one-stop shop for productions filming, or wishing to film, in Glasgow.
It helps them make contact with agencies such as Police Scotland, location owners and council departments.
Feature films in production using Glasgow locations include Churchill and The Wife.
Television productions which have used Glasgow include Outlander, Rillington Place and Scot Squad.
Glasgow City Council leader Frank McAveety said: "The council's Glasgow Film Office has continuously attracted productions of all sizes to the city, creating activity in the local economy and showcasing Glasgow nationally and internationally, and these latest figures underline this success.
"The film and broadcast industry has made a significant contribution to Glasgow's economy over the past 20 years, and I would like to pay tribute to the Glasgow Film Office team and all those across the city whom they work with to deliver this fantastic service.
"We can look forward to more productions coming to Glasgow, the centre of this sector in Scotland, in the coming years."
The GFO is supported by the Glasgow Film Partnership. Its members include the city's chamber of commerce, the University of Glasgow and Glasgow Airport.


The face of a Pictish man who was "brutally killed" 1,400 years ago has been reconstructed by Dundee University researchers.

Archaeologists found the man's skeleton buried in a recess of a cave in the Black Isle, Ross-shire.
Forensic anthropologist Dame Sue Black and her team at the Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification (CAHID) have now detailed the man's injuries.
He was found in a cross-legged position with stones holding down his limbs.
Prof Black said the "fascinating" skeleton was in a remarkable state of preservation.
She said: "From studying his remains, we learned a little about his short life but much more about his violent death.
"As you can see from the facial reconstruction, he was a striking young man, but he met a very brutal end, suffering a minimum of five severe injuries to his head."
The CAHID team includes Dr Christopher Rynn and PhD students Micol Zuppello, Viviane Lira and Samantha Goodchild.
Prof Black said the first three impacts broke the man's teeth, and fractured his left jaw and the back of his head.
She said: "The fourth impact was intended to end his life as probably the same weapon was driven through his skull from one side and out the other as he lay on the ground."
The fifth blow was to the top of the man's skull.
Archaeologists from the Rosemarkie Caves Project made the discovery while digging to determine if the cave might have been occupied.
Excavation leader Steven Birch said: "Here we have a man who has been brutally killed, but who has been laid to rest in the cave with some consideration - placed on his back, within a dark alcove, and weighed down by beach stones.
"While we don't know why the man was killed, the placement of his remains gives us insight into the culture of those who buried him.
"Perhaps his murder was the result of interpersonal conflict, or was there a sacrificial element relating to his death?"
The Rosemarkie Caves Project has been locating and surveying the series of caves along the coast of the Black Isle.
Excavations provided evidence that the caves were being occupied or used in some way from 1,500-2,000 years ago until the recent past.
The project's founder Simon Gunn said: "When I first started looking into these caves, I never dreamt we would find anything like this - it was so unexpected.
"I remember all the excitement when the remains of Richard III were found under a car park.
"Rosemarkie Man died 900 years before that, so you cannot imagine our reaction when we first uncovered these human remains and then learned about his brutal death".


A babysitter who sexually assaulted a girl over four years told police the victim had enjoyed the abuse.

William Williamson, 87, from Houston, Renfrewshire, admitted indecently assaulting the child, who was seven years old when the abuse began in 2004.
Paisley Sheriff Court heard Williamson had played a "tickling game" which would escalate into a sex act.
Sheriff David Pender deferred sentence until next month and placed Williamson on the sex offenders register.
The court heard Williamson, who now suffers from mild dementia and has hearing problems, had looked after the girl once a week after school.
Procurator Fiscal Depute Keri Marshall said Williamson targeted the girl while his wife was in another room making dinner.
The prosecutor said: "On Wednesdays after school she would sit on the couch in the living room.
"The accused would sit down on the couch and tell her they were going to play a game with tickling and cuddles."
She added: "She remembered it was sore and said this game would stop only when [his wife] shouted them through for dinner."
The court was told the sexual attacks, which stopped when she was 10, left her so traumatised that she began to self harm when she was 14.
It was another eight years before she was aable to tell police what had happened.
When Williamson was detained for questioning, he told officers that the girl had been "totally at ease with the whole thing".
He had said: "It was something she actually enjoyed - I thought so anyway."
Defence solicitor Jonathan Manson opted to reserve his full plea in mitigation until the next occasion, saying that Williamson showed "a complete lack of empathy - he fails to understand the position of trust he was in".


England's Justin Rose won the Scottish Open at Royal Aberdeen after carding a six under 65 for a 16-under total.

Swede Kristoffer Broberg (66) finished second on 14 under, securing a spot at next week's Open at Hoylake.
Home favourite Scott Jamieson (64) and Englishman Tyrrell Hatton (68) will join him after finishing in the top 10.
Marc Warren shared the overnight lead with Rose but his challenge faltered and he ended third after a 70 for 11 under overall.
Scot Stephen Gallacher carded a course record-equalling 63 to finish tied for fourth on 10 under, alongside Matteo Manassero (65), Shane Lowry (66) and Hatton.
Jamieson finished tied for eighth on nine under with American Rickie Fowler (65) and Sweden's Robert Karlsson (66). Defending champion Phil Mickelson (65) was a shot further back.
A 67 ensured day one leader Rory McIlroy finished on seven under.
Rose's faultless final round, including six birdies, ensured he was in the 60s in all four of his rounds this week.
"It's a privilege to win this great championship," he said. "This is my first professional win in Scotland so it means a lot.
"This is a great tournament - there's definitely something special about playing golf up here and the golfing crowd are so knowledgeable - I've really got to love this course."
Meanwhile, Warren was happy with his form ahead of the Open at Hoylake, and paid tribute to playing partner Rose.
"It was another great Scottish Open experience for myself," he said.
"On the front nine today, my ball striking was up there with what it's been all week but my putting went cold. Justin was the opposite, he seemed to be putting from outside me all the time but holing them.
"Justin was absolutely clinical. He's a cool customer and a great front-runner."
Gallacher's eight-under total for the day, which included nine birdies and one bogey, matched the earlier round of Chilean Felipe Aguilar, who finished on four under.
"I'm delighted with that, it was a great round today, I've played great all week and it was nice to hole a few putts," Gallacher told BBC Radio Scotland's Sportsound.
"I'm looking forward to taking that form into Hoylake next week."


A heterosexual couple have lost their Court of Appeal battle to have a civil partnership instead of a marriage.

Rebecca Steinfeld and Charles Keidan, from London, challenged a ruling that said they did not meet the legal requirement of being the same sex.
The judges said there was a potential breach of their human rights, but the government should have more time to decide the future of civil partnership.
The couple said there was still "everything to fight for".
They intend to appeal to the Supreme Court.
A government spokesman said it welcomed the ruling and would take the judgement into account during its evaluation of civil partnerships.
Why choose civil partnership over marriage?
The BBC's legal affairs correspondent Clive Coleman said the couple had lost by the "narrowest of margins".
Our correspondent said: "The government's 'wait and see' policy, which is based on looking at the take-up of same-sex civil partnerships, was found by Lady Justice Arden not to be not good enough to address the discrimination faced by heterosexual couples.
"However, her fellow judges were prepared to let the government have a little more time and so the case was lost on that issue alone."
Kate Stewart and Matthew Cole, 46, decided to get a civil partnership in Gibraltar, a British Overseas Territory, in June 2016, after deciding marriage was not for them.
"Matthew and I didn't feel that marriage reflected our relationship," said Dr Stewart, from Derby.
"The institution [of marriage] is very much unequal depending on your religion.
"We therefore felt it wasn't a status we were comfortable with because it still had hangovers of inequality from the past."
Dr Stewart, 48, said although they believed marriage was right for some couples, it was about having the choice.
They wanted recognition of their relationship after 10 years together, although their civil partnership is still not legally recognised in the UK.
"We paid for the ceremony in pounds, we have a certificate, it was all very British, but as soon as we were back home we didn't have legal recognition," Dr Stewart said.
"The declaration that we were both each other's partner was quite moving... we were on an equal footing. It was surprisingly touching."
Ms Steinfeld, 35, and Mr Keidan, 40, want to secure legal recognition of their seven-year relationship but do not consider marriage suitable for them.
The couple, who have a 20-month-old daughter, have said they want to formalise their relationship within a social institution "which is modern, which is symmetrical and that focuses on equality, which is exactly what a civil partnership is".
"We lost on a technicality," Ms Steinfeld said.
"So there's everything to fight for, and much in the ruling that gives us reason to be positive and keep going."
Dan Squires, QC for the secretary of state for education, who has responsibility for equalities within government, said it had been decided at this stage not to extend civil partnerships to opposite-sex couples, or to either abolish or phase them out.
Instead, he said the government planned to see how extending marriage to same-sex couples impacted on civil partnerships before making a final decision.
All three judges agreed that the status quo could not continue indefinitely.
Human rights campaigner Peter Tatchell, who supported Ms Steinfeld and Mr Keidan in court, said the ruling was "a defeat for love and equality".
"It cannot be right that lesbian and gay couples have two options, civil partnership and civil marriage; whereas opposite-sex partners have only one option, marriage," he said.
Education campaigner and journalist Fiona Millar, who has been in a relationship with journalist Alastair Campbell for 35 years, told the court they had chosen not to get married "on principle".
After the ruling, she said she was "one of thousands and thousands" of people in the UK who will be waiting for the government to "close the civil partnerships loophole by making them available to all".
Conservative MP Tim Loughton, who recently introduced a Private Member's Bill to give mixed-sex couples the right to a civil partnership, said the government had "no excuse" for delaying a change in the law as the bill received cross-party backing.
MPs are due to debate the bill on 24 March.
Lorely Burt, Liberal Democrat spokesperson for equalities, said the verdict was a "slap in the face" to mixed sex couples who want a civil partnership.
Since the start of the campaign by Ms Steinfeld and Mr Keidan, more than 72,000 people have signed an online petition calling for civil partnerships to be open to all.
The Same Sex Couples Marriage Act extended the right to marry to gay couples in England and Wales in 2014, allowing same-sex couples to choose between civil partnership and marriage.
In 2013, there were 5,646 civil partnerships in England and Wales, but this fell by 85% in the following two years and in 2015, there were 861 couples who opted for civil partnerships over marriage.
In July 2016, the Isle of Man became the only part of the British Isles where both gay and straight couples can enter civil partnerships.
London couple Claire Beale, 49, and Martin Loat, 55, became the first UK couple to take advantage of the legislation in the British Crown Dependency last year, but their partnership is not legally recognised in the UK.


Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has been criticised for saying a Palestinian leader persuaded the Nazis to carry out the Holocaust.

Mr Netanyahu insisted Adolf Hitler had only wanted to expel Jews from Europe, but that Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini told him: "Burn them."
However, the chief historian at Israel's memorial to the Holocaust said this account was factually incorrect.
Angela Merkel said Germany "abides by its responsibility for the Holocaust".
"We are very clear in our minds about the Nazis' responsibility for the break with civilisation that was the Shoah," the German chancellor said.
A senior Palestinian official meanwhile said it showed Mr Netanyahu hated Palestinians so much he was willing to absolve Hitler.
Speaking alongside Mrs Merkel in Berlin, Mr Netanyahu said "no one should deny that Hitler was responsible for the Holocaust".
But Mr Netanyahu insisted the Mufti of Jerusalem "told the Nazis to prevent Jews fleeing from Europe and supported the Final Solution".
Tensions between Israelis and Palestinians have been worsened since early October by a spate of stabbing and shooting attacks - several of them fatal - on Israelis by Palestinians, and one apparent revenge stabbing by an Israeli.
Israeli security forces have also clashed with rioting Palestinians, leading to deaths on the Palestinian side. The violence has also spread to the border with Gaza.
Husseini, who died in 1974, was a Palestinian nationalist leader who led violent campaigns against Jews and the British authorities in what was then British Mandate Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s.
He fled the territory in 1937, but continued his campaign to oppose British plans to partition it into a Jewish state and an Arab one, allying himself with the Nazis during World War Two.
Husseini met Hitler in Berlin in November 1941, when he tried to persuade the Nazi leader to declare his support for the creation of an Arab state, according to German press reports at the time.
But in a speech at the World Zionist Congress in Jerusalem on Tuesday, Mr Netanyahu gave a different account.
"Hitler didn't want to exterminate the Jews at the time - he wanted to expel the Jews," the Israeli prime minister said.
"And Haj Amin al-Husseini went to Hitler and said: 'If you expel them, they'll all come here.'
"'So what should I do with them?' he [Hitler] asked. He [Husseini] said: 'Burn them.'"
However, the chief historian of the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial in Jerusalem, Professor Dina Porat, said Mr Netanyahu's statement was factually incorrect.
"You cannot say that it was the mufti who gave Hitler the idea to kill or burn Jews," she told the newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth. "It's not true. Their meeting occurred after a series of events that point to this."
Opposition leader Isaac Herzog said the prime minister's remarks played into the hands of Holocaust deniers.
"This is a dangerous historical distortion and I demand Netanyahu correct it immediately as it minimises the Holocaust, Nazism and... Hitler's part in our people's terrible disaster," he wrote on his Facebook page.
Palestine Liberation Organisation's Secretary General Saeb Erekat said in a statement:  "It is a sad day in history when the leader of the Israeli government hates his neighbour so much that he is willing to absolve the most notorious war criminal in history, Adolf Hitler, of the murder of six million Jews."
Husseini was sought for war crimes but never appeared at Nuremberg.


A French soldier has been killed in Somalia during a failed operation to free a hostage who is also believed to have died, the defence minister said.

Jean-Yves Le Drian told reporters in Paris that a second soldier was missing after the operation.
A battle erupted with al-Shabab militants after commandos swooped on the town of Bulo Marer overnight.
The raid came hours after French troops intervened in the west African state of Mali.
France was "engaged in a merciless fight against terrorism wherever it is found", Mr Le Drian said.
It seems likely that the operation was linked to the intervention in Mali, the BBC's Hugh Schofield reports from Paris.
The French government knew well the intervention would have dangerous implications for the nine French hostages being held across northern Africa, our correspondent says.
Mr Le Drian said "all the indications" were that hostage Denis Allex, kidnapped in Somalia in July 2009, had been killed by his captors during the operation.
But al-Shabab said Mr Allex, an agent of France's DGSE intelligence service, was not in the area and was unharmed.
Earlier, the French defence ministry announced that he had been killed. It also said that two French soldiers had died in the fighting, along with 17 militants in the town in the lower Shebelle region.
In a statement, al-Shabab reported a "fierce firefight" that lasted 45 minutes.
Giving no details of its own casualties, the group said it had killed "several" French soldiers and had captured an injured soldier.
The injured soldier would be shown to the press, once security allowed, the group said.
Mr Allex, according to al-Shabaab, was "safe and far from the location of the battle". An announcement about his fate would be made within two days, the group said, promising "bitter consequences" for the French government.
Residents told the BBC that at least four civilians including a pregnant woman were killed and others wounded in cross-fire.
They reported seeing the body of a foreign soldier lying on the ground, with helicopters hovering over him.
One unnamed resident said: "Last night while I was sleeping I heard small-arms fire..
"After 10 minutes of shooting, helicopters joined the fight and started firing at targets on the ground, and people on the ground were firing back.
"Nobody could get out of their houses. The helicopters were hovering over the town."
Of the other French hostages, at least six are being held by the al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb group, AFP news agency reports.
Mr Allex appeared in a video in June 2010, appealing to France to drop its support for the Somali government.
He last appeared in another video in October, looking gaunt and calling on French President Francois Hollande to work for his release.
Somalia has not had an effective central government for more than two decades.
France has a large military base in neighbouring Djibouti, including army, marine and air force units.
On Friday, President Hollande announced that French forces were supporting an offensive by the Malian government to regain territory captured by Islamist militants in the north.
It was confirmed that French jets had made air strikes as Islamist rebels were forced out of the town of Konna.
Mr Le Drian said  a French helicopter pilot was killed in the fighting.
Mr Hollande said Islamists had been trying to turn Mali into a "terrorist" state and the French  intervention complied with international law and had been agreed with Malian interim President Dioncounda Traore.


President Obama has hailed a framework agreement on Iran's nuclear programme reached in Switzerland as a "historic understanding".

He said the deal, once finalised, would make the world a safer place. There were celebrations on the streets of Tehran, but Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, said it threatened his country's existence while an adviser to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said Iran had exchanged its "saddled horse" for one with a "broken bridle".
Here Iranians around the world voice their views on the new agreement and how they see the future of their country.
BBC World News Facebook
We are really happy here with this deal because we have faced economic hardships for years. My husband works so hard every day for long hours and yet we are always facing financial difficulties.
Our isolation from the outside world is really hurting us and so this deal may be the key to solving that problem. It's even hard to travel abroad because most foreign embassies have all closed over the year.
I think most Iranians are hoping this will be the start of a new era of trade and exchange of ideas with the world. It's a good day for Iran.
BBC Persian
Iranians have contacted BBC Persian and commented on BBC Persian's Facebook page with their reaction to the news:
More photos on the BBC Persian site.
Amir: If there will be a guarantee that the deal is going to be implemented, surely we won't lose anything. My only concern is about the US congress that might ruin everything.
Marjan: The most important point for me is that the war threat is not over our country anymore.
Soroush: It is so delightful that Iranian team has shown that it is looking for negotiation. The content of the deal is not that much important. Now everyone knows that negotiation with US is not a taboo anymore.
Sawman: Israel has shown how much it is afraid of Iran entering the world diplomacy. I am sure that Israel will sabotage this deal in the future.
Finally Iranians can breathe a sigh of relief as the sanctions shackles come off.
Frankly, this is the best news for Iran because it will help open up the path to a normal relationship with the outside world.
When you are in Iran, you really crave for this relationship with the outside world. I know this is just a framework but we can only hope finalised.
Sahryar from Tehran emails: It's one the greatest occasions and the best thing to happen to my country. Congratulations to all Iranians.
Kaveh Shahriari emails: This is only a framework. I will really rejoice when the final agreement is signed. Until then we can only hope for pray for a brighter future.
Shahla Seifi in Derby, UK emails: The deal is a success for both parts of the negotiations. For me as an Iranian, it is a wonderful news as my family are still living in Iran and the end of sanctions means a lot for them. It is further proof that Iran and the rest of the world have common interests (e.g. opposition to ISIS) and can work together. It now shows that the biggest danger in the Middle East is Netanyahu.
Mehrdad, Vancouver, Canada writes: As an Iranian living out of the country, I am grateful that this preliminary agreement has been successful. This agreement will further weaken the position of conservatives in Iran and their coincidental allies such as Netanyahu and republicans in America.
Produced by Nana Prempeh


A man who was found dead by the side of a road in "unexplained" circumstances has been identified by police.

The body of Chase Tate was found on the A1104 at Miles Cross Hill, Ulceby, in the early hours of Saturday.
Lincolnshire Police said it continued to be "open-minded" about what had happened with anyone with information asked to come forward.
Mr Tate was described as being unsteady on his feet and wearing dark clothing, officers said.
The 23-year-old, who lived locally, used the surname Tate but was formally known as Chase North.
Sgt Dave Mitchell of Lincolnshire Police said: "Probably more than one person knows what happened that has led to his death early on Saturday morning.
"I cannot believe anyone wants his death on their conscience."


England coach Stuart Lancaster said it was a "massive relief" to secure a bonus-point victory over Fiji in the opening World Cup match.

Billy Vunipola muscled over for a late try to give England a 35-11 win in a disjointed display at Twickenham.
"It was a big occasion and there were a few nerves. We got a good lead but didn't put the nail in the coffin," Lancaster told BBC Radio 5 live.
"We had to work hard and that last try late in the game was a massive relief."
Listen to Lancaster talk about England's performance on BBC Radio 5 live's In Short
Two tries from full-back Mike Brown and the impact of a superior set of replacements saw Lancaster's men home.
However, had Fiji been more clinical with their kicking the scoreline would have been closer.
England face Wales in their next Pool A match at Twickenham on 26 September and, after his substitutions worked so effectively, Lancaster hinted at changes to the starting XV.
"We didn't get our game plan into action," he said. "We have to be more direct; we were a little bit lateral. Our bench made us much quicker.
"Overall it was a big game to play and if you'd have offered me a four-try bonus I'd have taken it.
"We definitely have some decisions to make - we have two days to dwell on that. We'll watch the game again, meet on Sunday and narrow down our selection next week."
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Captain Chris Robshaw told Radio 5 live: "With the emotion of the opening ceremony there were nerves, but now we're into it.
"The opening game can be edgy and you have to give a lot of credit to Fiji.
"We knew it was going to be tough. We knew it would come down to the last five or 10 minutes because Fiji were hard to break down.
"The bonus point might be hugely important."


A man has painted red lines on a school crossing to help a lollipop lady manage pupils more effectively.

Mark Snowden was concerned children stood too close to traffic in Royston, Hertfordshire, and jostled the lollipop lady as she helped them cross.
"I painted red lines so she could tell them to stay behind them," he said. "I'm like the Banksy of road safety."
The county council said "unauthorised markings could confuse" and the red lines would be removed "if necessary".
Mr Snowden said he realised there was "a problem" when he took his children to school on Burns Road in the town.
"I stood near the lollipop lady and the kids were all going right up to the edge.
"When she went out into the road to stop the traffic, they all wanted to follow her before she was ready," he said.
"I thought if there was a red line, she could tell them to stand behind that until she was ready."
He said he "secretly" spray-painted the lines on Thursday night, adding: "It worked. On Friday, they were all standing behind it.
"I don't think I can get into trouble for keeping kids safe, but I'll remove the lines if I'm asked to."
The crossing is used by children attending both a primary and middle school on the road.
Mr Snowden posted a photo of his red lines on Facebook, which was widely praised by other parents.
Hertfordshire County Council said: "We completely understand parents' desires for their children's safety.  However, inappropriate and unauthorised signs or road markings such as this can be confusing for other road users."
Officials would visit the site and the lines would be removed if necessary, a spokesman said.


The English Football League have said there is "no regret" over the "difficult decision" to suspend Leyton Orient's home League Two defeat by Colchester United for two hours.

Orient supporters protested against owner Francesco Becchetti on the pitch and fans were later told the match on 29 April had been abandoned.
It was restarted and concluded later.
The EFL said it recognises "the right to protest" but added it cannot support it if it affected a sporting outcome.
The U's beat relegated Orient 3-1 and, while Orient's fate has been sealed, the victory kept Colchester still in with a chance of reaching the fourth-tier play-offs.
Following the lengthy delay at the Matchroom Stadium, the players returned to the pitch to finish the final eight minutes of the match behind closed doors.
An EFL statement read: "We would like to reiterate that the EFL recognises that supporters of clubs have the right to protest if they are unhappy and very much understand the frustration of Leyton Orient fans in particular at this difficult time.
"As we have stated, unless our rules are broken, our powers to intervene are limited once owners ("Responsible Persons") are in position.
"Our rules reflect our position as a competition organiser and are derived to protect our competitions, the format of which thrives on promotion and relegation.
"It is therefore imperative that all clubs play 46 games of 90 minutes to complete a full season and any variation from this brings the legitimacy of the competition into question.
"While acknowledging the right of fans to protest, we cannot support this if those actions 'cross the white line' and affect the sporting outcome.
"The pitch invasion at the Matchroom Stadium was peaceful in its nature but led to the referee needing to take the players off the field. We cannot sit back and allow this to happen and have the credibility of our competition, which is envied the world over, questioned."
As well as the events at Orient on Saturday, the EFL have written to Championship side Huddersfield to "request their observations regarding team selection" for the 2-0 defeat by Birmingham City on the same day.
The Terriers are already guaranteed a play-off spot and made 10 changes for the trip to Blues, who are not yet safe from relegation to League One.
"It is very much a subjective matter to determine what constitutes a 'full strength' side, however the disappointment of both (Birmingham's fellow strugglers) Blackburn Rovers and Nottingham Forest is understandable," said an EFL statement.
"Huddersfield have been asked for their observations and reasons for taking the approach that they did.
"This type of approach is another challenge to the integrity of the competition, albeit a different one to the actions of supporters. We have reminded all clubs this week as to their obligations in this area.
"It has been a difficult week for the EFL and we hope that the final weekend of matches in the Championship and League Two pass without further incident that could damage the reputation of our clubs, their fans or our competition."


As the British Library puts huge swathes of writers' and poets' personal archives online on their Discovering Literature site, including papers from Jane Austen, Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens, novelist Lawrence Norfolk looks at the significance of the notebook to a writer.

The first page of my notebook holds a column of place names, some cuneiform letters taken from a tomb in the British Library and a collection of oddly-named English meadow flowers (wet-the-bed, yellow rattle, adder's tongue fern).
Turning the page, I find a list of books with library numbers from the British or London libraries, then caravan names (Sprite, Lunar, the Senator range) then some players of un-credited guitar solos: Eric Clapton on When my Guitar Gently Weeps, Brian May on a Black Sabbath track, a few others. Turning to the back, I write the word Letter.
I am travelling on a German train between Hannover and Osnabruck. Letter is the name of the station through which I have just passed.
The next is Haste. I write that too. What, I wonder, if the name of every station on the line turns out to be cognate with English words? What if the stations form a sentence? A paragraph?
Unfortunately, the next station is Gummer.
A writer's notebook is a junkyard; a junkyard of the mind. In this repository of failed attempts, different inks speak of widely-spaced times and places, the diverse scrawls of varying levels of calligraphic awkwardness, lack of firm writing-surfaces, different modes of transportation.
All the places a good idea might blossom into something bigger and better.
No writer should believe in serendipity. All of us do.
Thomas Hardy kept 'literary notebooks', a 'Poetical Matter' notebook and a 'Studies, Specimens, etc' notebook. But the richest to my mind is one with the bare title, 'Facts'.
Here Hardy and his first wife, Emma, noted down incidents culled from local newspapers. One entry (barely three lines long) is headed Sale of Wife. Out of that fragment came The Mayor of Casterbridge.
Of course, almost everything else in the Facts notebook resulted in nothing at all. A notebook is an act of triage on the world outside. A little 'fact' goes a long way in fiction.
My German train slides past the backs of factories, blocks of flats and houses. Heading out into the countryside, I see two imposing hills.
Halfway up the nearest slope, a large statue stands within a structure that resembles an ancient Greek bandstand.
The statue will be some comically-obscure German official. The Elector-Palatinate of Gummer perhaps.
I note down the nearest station and make a bad ink-sketch of the bandstand. Then I arrive at Osnabruck.
Franz Kafka wrote in quarto-sized notebooks before trading down to octavo near the end of his life. Jean-Jacques Rousseau made notes on playing cards during walks that were later written up as his Reveries of a Solitary Walker.
I make notes on library slips, envelopes, junk mail, whatever's lying about. All these scraps end up shoved into notebooks.
I'm not particular about brands (the moleskin is high-end for me), only size, specifically whether they require a pocket or a bag, and how much I can get on one page.
The research for my book Lempriere's Dictionary was written in spiral-bound shorthand notepads, filled with notes on classical mythology, late eighteenth century newspaper reports, clothes descriptions, weather reports, ship catalogues, details of the siege of La Rochelle and early automata.
Later I switched to larger format books. These were between A4 and A3 size and the obvious drawback was portability but I lugged these volumes back and forth to libraries nevertheless.
At first I simply jotted stuff down as before but gradually I noticed that my note-taking had changed. With this new expanse of space, certain pages would take on their own momentum.
A map of Himmelbett German radar stations began life as research for a scene in which a German World War II night-fighter pilot flies his newly-delivered Messerschmitt Bf-109 E-series (an Emil in the slang of the time) down the coast of Holland, accidentally setting off alerts among the different Himmelbett radar stations which monitored the coast against English bombers.
These stations divided the airspace into sectors of operation (or boxes) which were code-named for different animals and fish. I had in mind a German fighter pilot flying through an airborne zoo.
I collected these box code-names from the memoirs of German night-fighter pilots who would routinely refer to flying and making contact in Lobster or Oyster or Polar Bear.
Then I collated these references on a map to discover which box the particular creature referred to.
I never wrote the scene. But long after I'd abandoned the idea, I was still collecting Himmelbett box code-names and fitting them into my plan.
Similar projects (in the same book) include a table (eventually, several tables) of the sound shifts which mark stages in the development of Middle High German, plans for a radio transmitter using only technology available in the fourth century AD and a catalogue (still being compiled) of books which once existed but now have vanished.
No sensible writer intends projects like these. At the same time, no writer using a notebook can guard fully against them. They just happen.
A notebook accumulates its value slowly, line by line and page by page. Like Hardy's Wife for Sale, who knows what will prove a dead-end and what the inspiration or material for a book?
A detail jotted down in two minutes might occupy you for the next three years. The protagonist of your next book might turn out to be the Elector-Palatinate of Gummer.
A full notebook potentially contains the rest of your writing life. Or nothing of value at all. It is transitional. Work passes through it on the way to becoming something else.
I used the caravan list in a short story about two lovers not quite falling apart during an impromptu visit to Little Rollright (the easternmost stone circle in Britain, also from the notebook). The un-credited guitar soloists went into that story too.
Of the remainder, I don't know. Not the railway station names anyway. And I never found the identity of the statue, the Elector-Palatinate or whoever he was. I got off at Osnabruck. I left the notebook on the train.
Lawrence Norfolk will be talking to writers including AS Byatt, David Mitchell, and Wendy Cope on BBC Radio 3's Free Thinking on 21 May at 2200 BST.


Brett Morris and Jarryd Hayne scored four tries each as Australia reached the Rugby League World Cup last four with an easy victory over the USA.

But the win was overshadowed by an injury to full-back Billy Slater who had to leave the field in the second half after aggravating a knee problem.
Morris and Hayne are the fifth and sixth Australians to score four tries in a World Cup game.
Greg Inglis added two tries and Cameron Smith and Cooper Cronk also crossed.
Hayne got his side off to the perfect start within the opening three minutes.
The Kangaroos played the ball across the line, and Slater and Inglis got the ball out to the centre, who made no mistake - though Johnathan Thurston missed the kick, in what was a mixed performance by his high standards.
The USA defence was under constant pressure and it was no surprise when Inglis powered over on 11 minutes.
In total control, the Kangaroos then went over for three quickfire tries.
First Morris shrugged off the attentions of the Tomahawks defence for his opener and then captain Smith got a piece of the action after Paul Gallen's neat off-load. When the Kangaroos again swept down the field, an inside pass by Slater found Morris for his second try of the game.
Morris completed his hat-trick on 35 minutes with Inglis again the provider, after the ball was spread across the field from an Australian scrum 20 metres from the line.
Morris made it four just on half-time when a beautiful high looping kick from the boot of Cronk found him on the wing and he leaped above the USA's Matt Petersen.
"I don't think the 62-0 scoreline is representative of the game. The USA did themselves proud and played some good rugby but the Australians are too big and too strong.  The injury to Billy Slater is a massive worry for Australia but they have great strength in depth and he can be replaced by Greg Inglis who is such a strong player and possibly more dangerous at full-back than centre."
But two minutes after the restart, Slater had to be helped off the field, when he was tackled after taking a high ball.
Australia coach Tim Sheens confirmed that the 30-year-old had suffered a recurrence of a posterior cruciate ligament injury, which ruled him out for several weeks last year.
Slater will undergo and MRI scan on Saturday night but Sheens has not ruled the Melbourne player out of the tournament although he will miss next Saturday's semi-final against either Fiji or Samoa.
"It's an injury to his old injury - PCL," said Sheens. "It's just what damage may have been done, cartilage and other things. We're just hoping it's a bad knock but we're sending him for an MRI.
"We've still not given up the thought that he might possibly be available, probably not this week after that sort of knock, the week after if we get that far.
"I'm not going to panic just yet until we get (the results of the MRI). The issue is the knock and how much damage it's done."
The USA tried to find gaps in the Kangaroos defence but Tim Sheens' side thwarted their opponents and on the attack they continued to look dangerous.
On 50 minutes, Inglis bullied his way through the Tomahawks defence for his second try.
Hayne then became the principal danger man in the latter stages with three further tries, helped by both Morris and Inglis to set up a semi-final meeting against Fiji or Samoa at Wembley next Saturday.


Shares in outsourcing firm Serco closed down 17% after it said profits this year would be up to 20% lower than expected.

It said it was unlikely meet analysts'forecasts of about Â£277m.
The news came as the government cleared Serco to resume bidding for public sector work after the scandal over its criminal tagging contract.
But Serco said in a statement that it needed time to "rebuild" and overhaul the business.
Serco is co-operating with investigations by the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) after allegations that the company overcharged for tagging offenders, some of whom were found to be dead, back in prison or overseas. Serco's rival G4S was also implicated.
The revelations led to a freeze on bidding for lucrative UK government contracts, although Serco said on Thursday that it had now received a "positive assessment" of its corporate renewal plan from the Cabinet Office.
Acting chief executive Ed Casey said: "The significant steps we are taking demonstrate our commitment to rebuilding the confidence of our UK Government customer and ensuring that the issues that emerged last year will not reoccur."
Serco has already repaid Â£68.5m to the government for its discrepancies.
It said it would create an ethics committee in each company division to prevent such a situation happening again.


The US has taken control of a tanker full of oil loaded from a rebel-held port in Libya, the Pentagon says.

The raid by Navy Seals took place in international waters south of Cyprus, said spokesman Rear Adm John Kirby.
The Morning Glory's evasion of a naval blockade at the eastern port of Sidra prompted Libya's parliament to sack Prime Minister Ali Zeidan last week.
In a separate incident on Monday, an attack on an army base in the city of Benghazi killed several soldiers.
A bomb went off as people were leaving a graduation ceremony for officers, police said.
By Rana JawadBBC News, Tripoli
If Washington was trying to prove that it only recognises Libya's elected authorities, it has succeeded in doing so with this Navy Seals operation.
The US has sent a clear message to both potential traders of illicit oil and to the armed groups blocking Libya's terminals that it will not be easy to sell the oil from rebel-held areas.
Libya matters to the US partly because a failed state would be viewed as yet another failed US adventure abroad, after it backed the uprising against Muammar Gaddafi.
The intervention will also help to dispel at least one of the many suspicions and rumours among Libyans - that the West will deal with anyone to get hold of crude oil.
It may also restore some of the Libyan government's credibility with people here, which has been lost over the past year. However, the dangers of this blockade escalating into an armed confrontation remain and it hinges on the government's next move.
The Morning Glory was the first vessel to have loaded oil from a rebel-held port since a separatist revolt against the central government in Tripoli erupted in July 2013. It is not clear where the tanker was headed.
Adm Kirby said the operation had been authorised by President Barack Obama and that no-one had been hurt.
"The Morning Glory is carrying a cargo of oil owned by the Libyan government National Oil Company. The ship and its cargo were illicitly obtained," he said, adding that it would now be returned to a Libyan port.
The vessel was flagged in North Korea but officials in Pyongyang said it had been deregistered because of the incident.
It was said to have been operated by an Egyptian company.
The BBC's Rana Jawad in Tripoli says the US move is likely to act as a deterrent to any further attempts to illicitly buy oil from the rebel-controlled ports.
She says that after backing the 2011 rebellion against Muammar Gaddafi, the US does not want Libya to become a failed state.
The Libyan government is still struggling to assert its authority on rebel groups that helped to overthrow Col Gaddafi.


Sam Smith, Ed Sheeran and Royal Blood have taken the top spots in the first UK album chart to count streaming data alongside sales.

All three enjoyed a boost after winning Brit Awards earlier in the week.
Smith returned to number one after picking up best breakthrough artist and the global success award.
Sheeran - who won best British male and album - rose to number two, while Royal Blood climbed 15 places to number three after scooping best British group.
George Ezra, who performed at the Brits ceremony on Wednesday, climbed two places to four.
Best international female winner Taylor Swift rose three places to number five - despite having removed her music from Spotify last November, saying free streaming was devaluing music.
She is one of the few stars to resist the rise of streaming, which doubled in the UK in 2014 while CD sales dropped by 8%.
The Official Charts Company has now devised a formula to add streams from services like Spotify, Deezer and Google Play to figures from the sales of downloads, CDs and vinyl.
The formula looks at how many times the tracks on each album have been played.
The figures for the two most popular songs are then reduced to prevent huge hit singles distorting the album chart. If an album has more than 12 songs, just the most popular 12 are counted.
The adjusted total number of streams for the songs on each album is then divided by 1,000, and that figure is added to the physical and digital sales.
Sam Smith's In the Lonely Hour sold 38,000 copies in the past week and its streaming figure was 2,900.
Ed Sheeran's X sold 35,000 copies and had a "stream factor" of 3,400.
"Sam and Ed are both established as genuine superstars now - and the fact that they appeal to fans who buy CDs, snap up album downloads and stream music highlights just how broad their appeal is," Official Charts Company chief executive Martin Talbot said.
Streaming was incorporated into the singles chart last July.
Elsewhere on the chart, the 40th anniversary reissue of Led Zeppelin's Physical Graffiti took it to number six, while Chris Brown and Tyga entered at number seven with Fan of a Fan: The Album.
Paloma Faith's A Perfect Contradiction rose from number 33 to eight following her victory in the best British female category at the Brit Awards.
The track Madonna performed at the Brits, Living For Love, entered the singles chart at number 26.
This week's top five singles are unchanged, with Ellie Goulding spending a fourth week at the top, followed by Hozier; Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars; The Weeknd; and the collaboration between Sir Paul McCartney, Rihanna and Kanye West.


Rory Burns scored 287 runs in more than 12 hours at the crease to earn Surrey a draw with Hampshire at The Oval.

The stand-in captain faced 535 balls across two innings, moving from 174 not out overnight to end 219 not out in Surrey's first-innings score of 483.
Following on, he then made 68 in Surrey's 166-3 to keep Hampshire at bay and prompt handshakes at 16:50 BST.
The draw sees third-placed Hampshire claim 12 points, while Surrey take 10 points and stay sixth in Division One.
Burns' epic effort saw him stay in the field for all but 10 overs of the entire match, as he defied Hampshire's bowling efforts on a flat Oval pitch.
The left-hander was dropped twice in the slip cordon in his career-best 219, but was the only one to resist as Ian Holland (3-37) dismissed Tom Curran (53), Amar Virdi and Mark Footitt to force the follow-on after Surrey began the day on 410-7.
Mark Stoneman (47) and Burns then put on an opening stand of 109 before Holland's medium pace had Stoneman lbw and Scott Borthwick bowled in a single over.
Sean Ervine became the only man to dismiss Burns in 756 minutes of play when he missed a ball down the leg side, but Jason Roy and Dominic Sibley continued on until the conclusion.
Surrey captain Rory Burns told BBC Radio London: "I'm really pleased that we've fought that hard to get the draw and the extra five points, and obviously pretty happy with how I've played.
"We had to bat seven sessions to get us to safety and that's all I was thinking.
"There were some jitters in the nineties and I got a lifeline, which was quite nice. When I was getting close to 200, I was more thinking about the situation of getting to the follow-on mark.
"They're a good side and they played really well. We managed to hold on and get ourselves to safety, so it was honours even on a flat wicket."


Barclays PLC and four former executives have been charged with fraud over their actions in the 2008 financial crisis.

The Serious Fraud Office case relates to the billions of pounds the bank raised from Qatari investors, enabling it to avoid a government bailout.
But what happened nine years ago and why have the company's actions been investigated?
There was a global financial crisis in 2008 and the financial markets plunged into chaos when the US government allowed the investment bank Lehman Brothers to go bankrupt.
This was an unprecedented incident and led to a chain of events including the value of shares in other US banks plummeting.
The problems rapidly spread around Western countries with the Republic of Ireland going into recession and three Icelandic banks collapsing, and, in the UK, the government having to rescue several banks including Lloyds and Royal Bank of Scotland.
Barclays decided to go down a different path - and it is that decision that has led to the charges that it now faces.
Barclays decided not to rely on the taxpayer and boosted its coffers by raising £4.5bn in June 2008 and another £7.3bn four months later from a number of investors including state-owned investment fund Qatar Holdings.
The SFO investigation has been looking into exactly what Barclays paid to the Qatari investors for their participation in the October deal.
A total of £346m in advisory fees was paid to Qatar Holding.
Barclays also loaned £2bn to the state of Qatar only weeks after announcing the fundraising deal with the government-backed investment fund.
Under the Companies Act 1985, it is unlawful for a bank to lend itself money - the legal term for which is financial assistance.
Barclays has denied in court documents that the two transactions were linked.
The SFO has charged Barclays PLC, not the bank, and four former employees, including ex-chief executive John Varley, with fraud in relation to the June fund raising.
In addition, Mr Varley and Mr Jenkins have also been charged with the same offence in relation to the October 2008 fund raising and with providing unlawful financial assistance.
The SFO questioned 44 people during its five-year investigation into the case.
The four who have been charged all held senior roles during their time at the bank, but no longer work there.
John Varley, aged 61, was chief executive at Barclays between 2004 and 2011.
Roger Jenkins, 61, was the executive chairman of investment banking and investment management in the Middle East and North Africa.
Thomas Kalaris, 61, was chief executive of Barclays wealth and investment management.
Richard Boath, 58, was European head of financial institutions group.
The defendants will appear at Westminster Magistrates Court at 14:00 BST on 3 July.
Messrs Jenkins and Boath have both pledged to defend themselves against the charges, but there has been no comment yet from either of their other ex-colleagues.
Barclays has said it is considering its position and awaiting further details.
However, this may not be the end of the matter as the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) has reopened its investigation into the deal and is understood to be reviewing new evidence which could prompt it to reconsider a £50m fine against the banking giant four years ago, which had been put on hold.


A group of local councils in England is formally asking the government for new powers to tax large supermarkets.

BBC News has learned that Derby City Council has called for the right to bring in a levy as a "modest" effort to ensure supermarket spending "re-circulates" in local communities.
Some 19 other local authorities back a so-called "Tesco tax" on big retailers, which could raise up to £400m a year.
The government said additional taxes on supermarkets would push up food prices.
A similar tax already operates in Northern Ireland and Scotland.
The council has made the suggestion under the Sustainable Communities Act, which allows communities and councils to put forward ideas to government to solve local problems.
In its submission, the council says that while supermarkets bring some benefits, they have an overall detrimental impact on the sustainability of local communities.
"Research has shown that 95% of all the money spent in any large supermarket leaves the local economy for good, compared to just 50% from local independent retailers; this levy is a modest attempt to ensure more of that money re-circulates within and continues to contribute to local jobs and local trade," its report states.
The council wants the right to impose a levy on large supermarkets, retain the money raised, and use it to help small businesses. It said it could also use the money to support community centres and parks.
The extra business rates levy, of up to 8.5%, would affect any large retail outlet with a rateable value of more than £500,000.
Ranjit Banwait, leader of the council, said communities in Scotland and Northern Ireland were "already benefiting" from the scheme.
"The revenue that we'll be able to generate will mean that we can support local businesses - especially small businesses," he said.
"We'll be able to improve public services."
The government will have six months to respond. If agreed, the levy would apply not just to the 20 councils seeking change but to all local authorities in England.
And if every one of them took it up, it could cost the big supermarkets alone an extra £190m in tax.
If the levy was imposed on all big out-of-town retailers, including businesses such as Ikea, Homebase and B&Q, it could raise about £400m in total.
But the government has already given an indication of how the idea will be received.
The move would hit low-income families the hardest, said the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG).
"We ruled out such a bid for higher taxes under the last round of the Sustainable Communities Act proposals," it said.
"There are much better ways to support small shops."
However, the move has been given a cautious welcome by the former retail boss and High Street campaigner Bill Grimsey. He proposed the idea of a levy in his independent review of the High Street last year.
He called for a one-off levy on retailers and pub groups with a turnover of more than £10m to help finance plans to allow struggling town centres to rebuild themselves for the future.
Mr Grimsey said it was right that the biggest retailers put something back into their high streets:
"Used wisely, it could leave a lasting and powerful legacy. But I don't want this introduced as an annual levy that essentially becomes another tax," he said.
"If it's used simply to plug council budget shortfalls, it won't be fair and it'll be anti-business. This has to be about the High Street, not clobbering big business."
Town centre expert Mark Williams said the current rates system would be better than a supermarket levy at improving town centres.
"Ironically supermarkets are not looking to go out of town. Customers don't like them - those big starships that landed in those green areas - they are now being cancelled and we are now seeing announcements by Tesco to convert sites that they've got into residential [developments]."
Supporters of the move, which include Oxford, Brighton and Hove, Preston, Southwark and Sefton councils, believe the supermarkets can afford it, saying it is just a fraction of the costs that supermarkets had to swallow when VAT was raised in 2011.
But retailers are likely to strongly resist the move arguing that they are taxed enough already. They pay more in business rates, a property-based tax, than any other form of taxation and have been urging the government for a complete rethink on the system.
They will also raise concerns about fresh investment and jobs being put at risk.
The British Retail Consortium has said it is consulting its members on the proposed tax.
The levy imposed by the Scottish government on larger shops selling alcohol and tobacco is set to end next year. The aim of the scheme was to make them contribute to public health measures.
It is clear Derby City Council's idea for an additional tax on retailers south of the border will spark even more heated debate.


The deserts of Arabia and the snow-covered peaks of Everest will be re-imagined in Edinburgh as part of this year's Royal Military Tattoo.

It will commemorate the centenary of the Great Arab Revolt, the British-backed uprising against the German-allied Ottoman Turks depicted in the film Lawrence Of Arabia.
The Jordanian Royal Guard, Band and Drill Team will perform.
The Nepal Army Band will have a snow-covered recreation of Mount Everest.
The Tattoo, now in its 66th year, will also mark the Queen's 90th birthday and the centenary of the Battle of Jutland, the biggest sea battle of World War One .
The Tattoo will host more than 220,000 spectators, 1,200 performers, 250 pipers and drummers, five British military bands, and a Â£250,000 projection and light show from the team behind Danny Boyle's 2012 Olympic Games opening ceremony.
Brigadier David Allfrey, The Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo's chief executive and producer, said: "We are particularly proud to add our celebration to Her Majesty the Queen's special year while marking other important anniversaries: Jutland and the Great Arab Revolt.
"Above all though, the music is the star. This year we have developed a fabulous score bursting with incredible tunes."
Donald Wilson, Edinburgh Lord Provost and Tattoo chairman, said: "This year's spectacle will travel through time back to the Great Arab Revolt, across seasons with a magical Mount Everest snowfall, and through space with a Star Wars motorcycle display.
"I can't wait for Scotland and the world to enjoy what the Tattoo has in store this year."


Europe's media are digesting election results which saw big gains for Eurosceptic parties, and are asking whether the balance of power in the EU will change.

As EU government leaders met behind closed doors in Brussels, the BBC's Laurence Peter sought opinions on the elections from European reporters covering the summit.
I think one of the big lessons is that Europe is still struggling to attract the voters. The voter turnout was pretty poor. The mainstream centre parties lost ground, and that's quite worrying for those who think that Europe is a project that deserves to be defended.
In Spain, the drop for the two biggest parties was from about 80% some years ago to less than 50%. They lost five million votes - something that had been inconceivable.
All over Europe, you have discontent - you see it also in Germany, which is the country with the most split party landscape in the European Parliament. Germany is sending MEPs from 14 different parties. Having a seat in the parliament will give the German neo-Nazis more publicity maybe, but it's not a really big worry.
A clash of EU institutions will depend pretty much on the position of UK Prime Minister David Cameron. I don't know if he wants to force such a clash.
I don't think people in Poland are very interested in getting information about the EU. Turnout in Poland was a little better than five years ago. There's a paradox - we really like the EU, everyone says we gain a lot from being in it, but we're not voting, and that's the main problem. We don't know why, really.
UKIP leader Nigel Farage said it was a mistake that Poland joined the EU, and of course we don't like that. We're afraid that maybe David Cameron will have to go that way, because he would also like to gain more votes, so he might change direction.
The Polish conservatives are not like the ones in the UK.
If Polish Foreign Minister Radek Sikorski got the EU foreign affairs job, it may be very good for him, but maybe not for our country. It would be much better for Poland to get the energy commissioner post, because of shale gas, the Russian gas pipelines. We could change energy policy into something real for Poland. On Ukraine, many people in Poland said the EU was too slow - just talk, and not enough action.
In Spain, support went to small parties - even new parties, for example Podemos, which was founded three months ago. They didn't have any money, but they got a lot of support. The same thing happened across the EU - the big parties lost support.
I think the Le Pen (National Front) victory in France and that of UKIP in the UK is like a warning sign that something is happening. We all know that people are not happy with the way things have been working in Europe, especially with austerity. But in Spain, the vote went to populist and leftist parties. People were surprised by what happened - it was much bigger than opinion polls had predicted.
People in Spain are saying that a different kind of economic policy has to be implemented, based on jobs and growth. But there are big differences in Europe too, among the EU countries.
Many people don't know who the candidates for Commission president are, though we in the Spanish media have covered it a lot.
I don't think the European Parliament has the power to change many things, but I think there are going to be more critical voices, against the policies we've been seeing.
The Eurosceptic voices are being heard by the electorate - it's an indication that citizens are not very happy with the way Europe is being governed.
Nobody is surprised about the National Front's success in France. You could sense that Marine Le Pen was going to do well. I don't think there would be much support for her policies in Belgium.
In Flanders, we have a party which was affiliated with Marine Le Pen, Vlaams Belang  (Flemish Interest), but their result was terrible - they lost nearly all their members of parliament, in the federal parliament and in the Flemish parliament. Vlaams Belang has almost disappeared now.
The idea of Britain leaving the EU is not a topic in Belgium. Ordinary citizens are not bothered by it. I don't think they realise what is at stake.
I think Belgian voters are quite open to reforming the EU and making it function better. People are open to the idea of the EU having more authority to pull Europe out of the crisis. They're not Eurosceptic like in a lot of other countries.
The election is important because an earthquake shook not just the UK, but lots of countries on the continent. But the nationalists don't have a majority - just more blocking power in the new parliament. I think it's a good wake-up call for the European leaders.
I think the Russians are more preoccupied with the situation in Ukraine. That's the main reason we're here today. On Ukraine, Russia would like to see openness, sincerity, the absence of double standards - because we've had a bit of that recently.
We had a fantastic dialogue on visas - the EU was closing in on the decision to give Russians a chance to travel in the Schengen (passport-free) area. That would be welcomed by many Russians who do business, study, travel as tourists.
In the Baltic republics, there's a bit of paranoia among some leaders about the threat of Russia, and they are of course using the shield of the EU to attack Russia on the diplomatic level.
On the energy policy, given the new Russian contract with China, I think Europe should be more concerned than Russia, to be honest, and the pipelines are being built. If you want to go to other sources of energy, that's your decision.


There has been a lot of negative coverage of refereeing recently so maybe it is time to give officials some credit for getting things right.

The general consensus is that refereeing standards are getting worse and people are quick to point out their mistakes but, when you have a week like this one where there are no obvious errors, nobody says how well they have done.
The FA Cup third round is admittedly a little different to a Premier League weekend because some of the ties are less even and so less competitive.
But out of 32 ties, the biggest talking points concerning refereeing decisions were the red card given to Chelsea's John Terry and the penalty awarded to Manchester City in their 5-0 win over West Ham.
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Terry appealed against his dismissal for a professional foul in Chelsea's 4-1 win over Peterborough, but I have no idea why. It was no surprise when the decision was upheld.
City's penalty, when Pablo Zabaleta went down under a challenge from Angelo Ogbonna, was less clear-cut but, again, I can see why the referee gave it.
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This weekend was not the first time I have watched games while getting a referee's perspective - through my TV work, I have watched a lot of Premier League matches recently sitting next to former top-flight official Howard Webb.
What I have learned from him is how quickly referees have to make a decision, and how certain things affect it.
One of them is players crowding around the official. Webb felt it made a big difference earlier in the season when the rule was being enforced that you cannot surround the referee to protest against a decision, but he feels it has not been policed as much in recent weeks and it has crept back in.
He was not sure why they have stopped warning players not to do it, because it makes it harder for referees when they have got a big call to make but they have got all kinds of people chatting away in their ear.
Enforcing that crowding ruling again would be a relatively simple fix but there are other more revolutionary ways to help referees get things right more often.
In-game video refereeing is probably the most talked about idea, and has already been trialled by governing body Fifa.
For me, it is 100% the way forward and should be brought into the Premier League as soon as possible - it is just a matter of deciding how to implement it.
You could have a video official who looks at incidents automatically, have a system where the referee requests which incidents are reviewed, or let managers get involved and give them one or two 'challenges' each half to use when they want to appeal against a decision or flag up something they think has been missed.
A combination of all three might be the answer.
I would hope that the video official and the referee could work together as a team and be in constant contact anyway, especially for big game-changing decisions - there should be no need for managers to request a review of those.
The technology is already there to use video refereeing, and I think we are being a bit stubborn not using it.
I know from my TV work that for all Premier League games, the number of cameras at grounds mean video analysts can offer replays of an incident from several different angles within a few seconds.
At the moment, that footage is seen pitch-side in the press box as well as by us in the TV studio, but not by the referee or any of his team of officials.
If you could offer that same facility to them then you are going to get more correct decisions.
There are obviously plenty of incidents where replays are inconclusive, but at least this would give officials the chance to take a second look before making their minds up.
Part of the criteria for deciding which system to implement should be the potential time it could add to the game and I think everyone would agree that part of it has to be right.
I don't see it being a problem in football. Rugby League has embraced video refereeing, and it can be annoying when every try is reviewed, but overall it does not affect the flow of the game, or dramatically extend every game.
If we are talking about five minutes being added on at the end of each match then that would work fine in the Premier League - the 30 extra minutes or so you get added on in the NFL would not.
Going by what has happened in other sports like cricket and tennis, I don't think it would take long for everyone - referees, players, managers and fans - to get used to it.
Crucially, I cannot think of a sport that has started using it and then stopped.
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We have already seen the benefits of football trusting in goal-line technology, for getting things right and also avoiding any argument about the decision afterwards - most of the time.
The only time I have ever seen a debate about it was during Manchester City's win over Burnley at the start of January, when there was a decision to be made over the order of events - City keeper Claudio Bravo was fouled in a goalmouth scramble, but the goal had already been given.
I cannot imagine referee Lee Mason had been in that situation before, where his watch buzzed to tell him the ball had crossed the line but he did not automatically give a goal because he had to think about what had gone on before it.
Mason got that bit spot-on, but it did not appear he communicated his thought process to the managers via the fourth official.
That is the only criticism I would make of that situation because it led to City boss Pep Guardiola boiling over during his interview to the BBC after the game, or at least that is what I assumed he was unhappy about.
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It annoyed me because that confusion could have been cleared up in five seconds if anyone had explained to Guardiola what had happened. Do that, and everyone looks good.
The ideal time to get that kind of information across is through the fourth official during the game but, failing that, the communication should definitely happen afterwards.
Before Christmas, Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger complained that referees were "protected like lions in a zoo" because it is not possible to question their decisions without getting into trouble.
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Wenger had just seen his side beaten by two Manchester City goals that he felt were offside and, just as with Guardiola against Burnley, it would have been easy to explain those decisions to him before he faced the media.
The best way to do that would be to have a debrief after every game where the manager can get clarity on anything he wants from the referee.
I don't agree that the referees should face the media, however. Let the managers talk to them and then they can decide whether to talk about it in the press conference afterwards.
If they do pass on that information, then at least the decision-making process is clear even if the decision itself is wrong. From my own experience as a player, that would make things easier for everyone to accept.
Rachel Brown-Finnis was speaking to BBC Sport's Chris Bevan.


Pancake ice has been photographed on a river in Caithness.

Also known as ice pancakes, the phenomenon can be found in rivers and in the open sea.
They form when foam floating on a river freezes. These frozen chunks are then shaped by being rubbed against one another in eddies of water.
James Donaldson photographed the pancake ice on the River Thurso at Halkirk at the weekend during a trip to Caithness from Aberdeen.
Ice pancakes have previously been spotted on other Scottish rivers, including the River Dee in Aberdeenshire.


Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi has defended his government's rescue of four Italian banks - but voiced sadness over an elderly investor's suicide.

A pensioner in Civitavecchia, near Rome, hanged himself after his €100,000 (£72,000; $110,000) investment in Banca Etruria was wiped out.
Mr Renzi said the €4bn rescue last month had to be done, otherwise thousands of jobs would have been lost.
About 130,000 bank shareholders and bondholders lost their investments.
The pensioner left a suicide note criticising his bank.
Besides Banca Etruria, the other affected banks were: Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara, Banca delle Marche and CariChieti.
The rescue was financed by three big banks - Unicredit, Intesa SanPaolo and Ubi Banca.
"The Italian government intervened when it saw that four banks risked closing and losing thousands of jobs and deposits," Mr Renzi said.
The centre-left prime minister added that the government "is working to find solutions" to help the investors who had lost money in the rescue.
But the scope for such solutions is limited because of European Commission rules against state aid.
He said the government "expresses its own pain and condolences to the family" of the pensioner.
The rescue was a "bail-in" - meaning bondholders suffered losses - unlike the hugely unpopular bank bailouts during the 2008 financial crisis, which cost ordinary EU taxpayers tens of billions of euros.
Mr Renzi's rescue initiative drew fierce criticism in Italy.
The leader of the far-right opposition Northern League, Matteo Salvini, called the pensioner's death "state suicide", in a tweet.
"A pensioner kills himself because he lost his life savings due to Banca Etruria and the absent government. State suicide," his tweet said.
Correspondents say Mr Renzi acted quickly because in January, the EU is tightening the rules on bank rescues - they will force losses on depositors holding more than €100,000, as well as bank shareholders and bondholders.
Central bank supervisor Carmelo Barbagallo, quoted by Reuters news agency, said letting the four banks fail under those new EU rules next year would have meant "sacrificing the money of one million savers and the jobs of nearly 6,000 people".
Mr Renzi said he supported a parliament decision to investigate "what has happened in the Italian and European banking systems in the last few years". He called for "every effort" to "clarify the responsibilities of the past".


An 81-year-old man is being treated for life-threatening injuries after being hit by a car in Aberdeenshire.

The incident happened in the Westhill shopping centre car park at about 11:30 and involved a black Audi A3 driven by a 37-year-old man.
The pensioner, who had been crossing the road, was taken to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary.
Police appealed for anyone who witnessed the accident, or saw the car or pensioner, to contact them.


Thousands of tanker drivers across the UK are to be balloted for strike action in a row over safety and working practices, the Unite union has said.

Unite will start balloting more than 2,000 drivers who work for seven major fuel distribution firms next week.
It warned that supermarkets, garages and airports could all be affected.
The government said it was aware of the union's ballot plans and urged it "to resolve the issues it raises directly with the employers concerned".
Unite wants to see a forum established to agree industry-wide best practice on safety, training and terms and conditions.
It said the ballot would cover about 90% of drivers supplying petrol to UK forecourts.
"This is not about pay - this is about ensuring that high safety and training standards are maintained so that our communities are safe," said Matt Draper, Unite national officer.
Over the next two days the union will serve notice of the ballot on Wincanton, DHL, Hoyer, BP, JW Suckling, Norbert Dentressangle and Turners.
A spokeswoman at Wincanton said the company had been recognised by the Energy Institute in November as being a leader in terms of health and safety.


Bradford City have signed Brentford defender Tom Field on loan until January.

The 20-year-old made 17 appearances for the Championship side last season.
The Bantams will be without full-back Adam Chicksen for at least six weeks after he suffered a fractured cheekbone against Blackpool on Saturday.
Boss Stuart McCall told the club website: "Tom played in some good Championship games last season and Brentford think very highly of him."
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Leicestershire beat East Midlands rivals Derbyshire by five wickets to keep alive their hopes of a top-three finish in the One-Day Cup North Group.

Derbyshire slipped to 47-4 but Alex Hughes led a recovery with 96 not out.
Gavin Griffiths took 3-44 and Dieter Klein 3-46 as the Foxes restricted Derbyshire to 219 all out.
Cameron Delport (53) gave the hosts a solid start, before Ned Eckersley (80) and Lewis Hill (68 not out) saw them home with more than 10 overs to spare.
Leicestershire move onto seven points from seven matches, while Derbyshire's hopes of qualifying for the knockout stages are over after two wins from seven games.
Derbyshire's total never looked enough and Hughes was the only man to make an impact with his 106-ball innings containing a six and 10 fours.
To underline their struggles, Matt Critchley was Derbyshire's second-highest scorer with 29 from 38 balls.
The Foxes successful run-chase never looked in any doubt despite losing Mark Pettini for one to South African Hardus Viljoen in the second over.
After Delport's half-century, Eckersley and Hill put on 116 in 17.4 overs to take Leicestershire to the brink of victory.
Eckersley was run out with two more required before Hill hit Jeevan Mendis to the boundary to win the game at a canter for the Foxes.


A man has been stabbed during an attack by a gang in his Nottingham house.

The victim was attacked at the house in Longford Crescent, in Bulwell, at about 19:00 GMT on Friday.
He is currently in a serious but stable condition in hospital. Police said they believed the attack was targeted. No other details have been released.
A forensic examination of the property is under way and officers have appealed for anyone with information about the incident to get in touch.


Ex-Liberian President Charles Taylor, jailed for war crimes, is reported to have phoned political allies from inside a UK maximum security prison.

A recording of the alleged call, in which he reportedly advises his party members on tactics, was obtained by Africa Confidential magazine.
He is serving a 50-year sentence for supporting rebels who committed atrocities in Sierra Leone.
The Ministry of Justice said it does not comment on individual cases.
Alain Werner, director of Civitas Maxima, an NGO which builds legal cases against alleged Liberian war criminals, said the allegation was "extremely worrying".
The call, which has been heard by the BBC, is thought to have been made from a landline inside HMP Frankland, near Durham, on 28 January, Taylor's 69th birthday.
In the phone call:
Africa Confidential also reported that Taylor had been threatening politicians he opposes in other phone calls.
The Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone, the United Nations body which held Taylor's trial, said it was urgently following up with the British government.
Mr Werner, of NGO Civitas Maxima, said: "That he may interfere from his cell in a British jail on the political life in Liberia is extremely worrying, especially considering that there will be presidential elections later this year."
In Liberia's election in October, Taylor's National Patriotic Party (NPP) is in a coalition with the Congress for Democratic Change, which is seeking to elect former football star George Weah, with Taylor's ex-wife Jewel standing as vice-president.
Taylor was convicted in 2012 of 11 counts of war crimes, slavery, rape, recruiting child soldiers and aiding and abetting the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebels in Sierra Leone during the 1991-2002 civil war, in which some 50,000 people died.
The former Liberian leader was found to have supplied weapons to the RUF in exchange for so-called blood diamonds.
The rebels were notorious for hacking off the limbs of civilians to terrorise the population.
The UN, which convened a Special Court on Sierra Leone, issued an appeal for a country to host him after his conviction and the UK volunteered.
An act of parliament was passed to allow for Taylor to serve his sentence in the UK, at the cost of the British government.
His trial was held in the Netherlands in case it sparked renewed unrest in West Africa.
Prison guidelines state prisoners should not communicate any material which would create a threat or risk of violence or physical harm to any person, or endanger public safety.


Lord Strathclyde has resigned from his cabinet role as Leader of the Lords.

The BBC's James Landale says he is going voluntarily at the age of 52, while he still has time to pursue a second career in business.
His departure, which was discussed with David Cameron over the festive break, came as a surprise after 25 years on the front bench for the Conservatives.
He will be replaced by Lord Hill of Oareford, a former John Major aide, who entered the Lords in 2010.
Prime Minister David Cameron praised Lord Strathclyde's contribution, describing him as a "brilliant public servant".
Speaking at the launch of the coalition government's mid-term review, Mr Cameron said he was "sad to see him go" as he "knew the House of Lords inside out" and had done a great job on behalf of both the government and his party.
The then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher gave Lord Strathclyde his first job as a whip in the 1980s and he has been on the front bench in the Lords ever since.
He has served six party leaders, including three prime ministers.
The BBC's James Landale says his friends insist there is absolutely no political reason for his departure. It is just, they say, that he feels he has done his time.
The peer has been the Tory leader in the Lords for 14 years since his predecessor Lord Cranborne was sacked by William Hague in 1998 for "running in like an ill-trained spaniel" and negotiating secretly with Tony Blair over Lords' reform.
By James LandaleDeputy political editor
He was also a minister of state at the Department of Trade and Industry during the 1990s and his various junior ministerial jobs covered tourism, Scotland, the environment, and consumer affairs.
In his resignation letter to Mr Cameron, Lord Strathclyde says: "When I was invited to join the government by Margaret Thatcher in 1988, I never believed it was a career for life. I didn't expect it would consume me for as long as it has or that I would one day lead the Lords and sit in a cabinet.
"The Lords is an extraordinary and vigorous place, but recently I've been considering a change of direction.
"I started my working life in the private sector and at some stage always hoped to return, I would now like to do so... I do not see a political career as the cap of everything and would like, while there is still time, to take up other threads of my life and other interests."
He added: "I always promised myself that when I did leave I would do so when I could make a smooth handover to a strong successor. Whatever my feelings on the matter, reform of the Lords is effectively over and now is a good time to manage that handover."
In his letter of reply, the PM said that "after a quarter of a century on the front bench I entirely understand your desire to pursue other interests".
He added: "You have been an outstanding Leader of the Lords. Under your leadership the Lords has enhanced its role as our second legislative chamber. Your assured handling of business of the House and your understanding of its traditions and practices have earned you the deep respect of Peers across the House.
"You have ensured the House has continued to play its unique role in the governance of the United Kingdom with great distinction."
Lord Strathclyde will be replaced by education minister Lord Hill of Oareford, who was most recently in the news after Mr Cameron apparently missed his attempt to resign during a meeting in the most recent cabinet reshuffle.
Lord Hill  - the same age as his predecessor - faces a difficult job in which he will have to guide legislation through an Upper House where tensions have been on the rise.
The coalition has suffered more than 50 defeats since 2010 in the Lords and Lord Strathclyde raised eyebrows in July when he accused veteran Labour peer Lord Barnett of "gross discourtesy".
There were also disputes in the Lords before Christmas over his handling of a change in business which  avoided a vote in the Lords on plans to change parliamentary boundaries - a vote which the Conservatives were thought likely to lose.
Lord Hill, who was political secretary to John Major in the 1990s and a special adviser to Ken Clarke in the 1980s, was made a peer and became an education minister after the coalition came to power in May 2010.


Lions, snakes and crocodiles are some of the 300 animals in Ceredigion which a family from Kent has moved in with.

Artist Dean Tweedy and his wife Tracy, along with their children, wanted a petting farm so psychotherapist Mrs Tweedy could run therapy sessions for people with mental illnesses.
But they instead bought The Animalarium - a zoo near Borth, for Â£625,000.
They have moved in with the animals - including the biggest attractions, lions Zulu and Wilma.
"Our friends and family reacted with surprise at first saying 'you've bought a zoo?'," said Mrs Tweedy.
"It was mainly disbelief, but for those who really know us it's not that surprising because we've always had dozens of animals.
"People described our old house as being like a zoo. Now we actually have our own one."
The Animalarium had 27,000 visitors in 2016 and over the years it has taken on animals not wanted at other zoos because of over-breeding or from people unable to cope with them as pets.
Staffing and food costs about Â£12,000 per month and it was put on the market after the previous owners decided to retire.
The family now plan to extend the enclosures and put on more interactive tours, showcasing the animals.
"I just want to get in there and give them [the lions] a big squeeze and a hug but I've been told I'm not allowed because I'd probably lose my arms and die," added Mrs Tweedy.
"But maybe one day when they're sedated I can go in and give them a hug."


Air France KLM is reported to be cutting 2,900 jobs after talks with pilots unions were unsuccessful.

Air France would not confirm the number of cuts, but said it would present a cost-cutting plan on Monday.
Profits at the airline have been hit in part by strikes by pilots, who have been protesting over the expansion of its budget subsidiary.
It also faces stiff competition from low-cost rivals as well as airlines in the Middle East.
Air France said after a board meeting that it had decided to implement a new restructuring plan in order to accelerate its recovery.
"Facing the impossibility of reaching an agreement to implement the productivity measures within Air France and restore long-term profitability, the board members consider it essential to introduce an alternative plan and have unanimously agreed to mandate Air France-KLM and Air France Management to carry this out," the company said in a statement.
The plan will be presented to the Works Council on Monday.
Union sources leaked the planned job cuts to reporters at two news agencies.
The unions also said the restructuring could include retiring five long haul planes next summer and nine others in 2017.
One official is quoted as saying: "These points were presented to the board for information, but no vote has been taken."
Air France merged with Dutch KLM in 2004.