On Thursday a 15-year-old Muslim boy, returning home from Eid shopping with his three brothers, was killed in a brutal assault by a mob of about 20 men on a train in the north Indian state of Haryana.

Police say that the reason for Junaid Khan's murder - in which his three siblings were also injured by the knife-wielding mob - was mainly because of a row over seat space on the train.
But a man arrested for being part of the mob said on TV that he was goaded into it by others because Muslims ate beef.
Shaqir, one of the surviving brothers, told reporters in the hospital that the attackers "flung our skull caps, pulled my brother's beard, slapped us, and taunted us about eating beef".
Under Narendra Modi's Hindu nationalist BJP, the cow has become a polarising animal and religious divisions are widening. Restrictions on the sale and slaughter of cows are fanning confusion and vigilantism.
Two years ago, a mob killed farm worker Mohammed Akhlaq over "rumours" that his family had stored and eaten beef.
Vigilante cow protection groups, operating with impunity, have killed people for transporting cattle. Muslim men have been lynched by Hindu mobs, mostly in BJP-ruled states, for allegedly storing beef and, in one case, for helping an mixed-faith couple elope.
Many are wondering whether India is hurtling towards a "mobocracy" under Mr Modi's watch. They also question the prime minister's silence over the killings.
There is a sense of a rapid breakdown of law and order when it comes to protecting minorities.
The police at the railway station in BJP-ruled Haryana failed to save the teenager on Friday. The local police station chief told The Times of India newspaper that they could not rescue the boy because of the crowd.
"Such things happen. Whenever there is a riot or fight such things happen and people say some communal things but we can't do anything," he said.
The chief minister of BJP-ruled Rajasthan, where 55-year-old dairy farmer Pehlu Khan was lynched in April, offered condolences over his "demise" without mentioning the fact that he had been murdered. A BJP lawmaker said he had "no regret" over the killing because Khan was a "cow-smuggler".
The spate of mob murders is earning a bad name both for Hinduism and Mr Modi's government.
"India is slipping beyond the pale. It is unfathomable that the ancient Hindu horror at the taking of life, any life - the very same doctrine of ahimsa, or non-violence, that governed the beliefs of men like Mahatma Gandhi and the Rev Dr Martin Luther King Jr - should in our time be used as a justification for murder," noted author Aatish Taseer, writing in The New York Times.
The Economist magazine has suggested that under Mr Modi debate about communal relations has "atrophied".
But India's senior most bureaucrat in charge of law and order, Rajiv Mehrishi, has instead accused the media of "over reporting" the incidents.
"I don't think it [hate crime] is new in India. It is feudal in nature. Today, they shake the conscience. You cannot say lynching or hate crimes are something new. I think they are over hyped and over reported," he said.
To be sure, hate crimes are not new to India. The crisis of violence is not unique to the country either - many point to the US, where there are high rates of gun crime.
And mob lynching is also not new to India. Hundreds of people - more than 630 between 1982 and 1984 alone - were murdered by mobs during the three-decade-long Communist rule in West Bengal. The reckless vigilantism was blamed in part on political oppression and appalling law and order. Interestingly, there was little public outrage.
On the day of Junaid Khan's killing, a Muslim police officer was beaten to death by a Muslim mob outside the main mosque in Srinagar, the summer capital of Indian-administered Kashmir.
Earlier this month a Muslim activist was allegedly murdered by overzealous government officials after he objected to them taking pictures of women defecating in the open.
India has a shambolic record when it comes to religious violence. It ranks fourth worst in the world for religious intolerance, according to a recent Pew Research Centre analysis.
Women are routinely branded as witches and lynched to death for property in large parts of the country. There are also high rates of domestic violence.
But the problem with Mr Modi's government, say many, is that it is seen as ineffective - or unwilling - to rein in the thuggish Hindu mobs.
It is, in the words of sociologist Shiv Visvanathan, a "politics of insecurity and anxiety" which is leading to anarchy even as the "state watches lynching as a spectacle".
Many wonder whether India is staring into a dangerous abyss when a government with a majority led by a powerful leader refuses to condemn hate crimes and a vast number of citizens stay silent or appear to privately support it.
A lawyer tweeted that he had "family elders supporting [the lynchings]. Took me great self-control to avoid anger".
Why is there a lack of outrage outside a handful of journalists, teachers and activists? Have most Indians become inured to violence and intolerance?
On Wednesday, countrywide protests are being planned against such "targeted" murders.
What many Indians who choose to remain silent do not realise is that small-scale and large-scale violence are intimately connected. The perpetuation of hate crimes can easily lead to wider violence.
"Every act of violence that you tolerate without protest, brings it a step closer to your doorstep. It is because small violence is tolerated that big violence is rendered possible," writes Sudipta Kaviraj from Columbia University.
It is a warning India ignores again and again.


A white Chicago police officer who fatally shot a black teenager last December is suing his family for $10m (£6.9m), claiming emotional distress.

Robert Rialmo shot 19-year-old student Quintonio LeGrier six times, killing the boy's neighbour in the process.
Mr Rialmo says Mr LeGrier swung at him with a baseball bat from close range, but Mr LeGrier's lawyers say the two were at least 20ft (6m) apart.
The lawsuit comes amid a federal investigation into Chicago's police.
The investigation is focusing on the use of force by officers and the department's accountability procedures.
It was launched after weeks of protests over the police killing of a black teenager by a white officer.
Laquan McDonald, 17, was shot 16 times in 2014 by the officer, who was charged with murder over a year later.
The inquiry will take a similar form to those recently conducted in Baltimore and Ferguson, Missouri - as well as more than 20 other departments in recent years, and will look for systematic violations of US civil rights laws.
Joel Brodsky, Mr Rialmo's defence lawyer, said it was important in an atmosphere charged by police shootings to send a message that police are "not targets for assaults" and "suffer damage like anybody else".
Mr LeGrier's father, Antonio, filed a wrongful death lawsuit days after the shooting, saying his son was not armed with a weapon and was not a threat.
His lawyer, Basileios Foutris, said Mr Rialmo's lawsuit was "a new low even for the Chicago Police Department".
"First you shoot them, then you sue them," he said.
The lawsuit provides the officer's first public account of how he says the shooting happened.
Mr Rialmo, who was responding to a domestic disturbance call, says Mr LeGrier came charging at him down the stairs and swung a baseball bat at his head. Mr Rialmo says he backed away and shouted at Mr LeGrier to drop the bat, but drew his weapon and fired after the teenager swung the bat again.
Mr Rialmo fired six times, killing both Mr LeGrier and Bettie Jones, a neighbour who was standing behind the teenager.
"The fact that LeGrier's actions had forced Officer Rialmo to end LeGrier's life and to accidentally take the innocent life of Bettie Jones has caused, and will continue to cause, Officer Rialmo to suffer extreme emotional trauma," the lawsuit says.
Lawyers for Mr LeGrier's father and for Ms Jones say evidence indicates the officer was 20 or 30 feet (six to nine metres) away when he fired.
County prosecutors have asked the FBI to investigate the shooting. The Chicago Police Department has refused to comment.
Such a lawsuit by an officer is extraordinarily unusual, said Phil Turner, a former federal prosecutor and current defence attorney who is not connected to the case.
Speaking to the Associated Press news agency, he questioned whether a judge would give it any merit and said it appeared intended to intimidate Mr LeGrier's family.
He said he had never heard of an officer blaming his shooting victim for causing trauma.


The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has downgraded Thailand's aviation standards, "red flagging" the country for failing to address safety concerns.

In March, the ICAO issued an alert on Thailand's aviation body after a safety audit revealed that it failed to adequately oversee its airlines.
The move led to a ban on new flights to China, Japan and South Korea.
Thai officials had then submitted plans to deal with the concerns in March.
But, the ICAO "red flagged" the country's body on Thursday for failing to solve the issues within 90 days.
Thailand's aviation sector joins 12 other developing countries, including Nepal and Sierra Leone, that have been downgraded to Category 2 from Category 1 by the organisation for its safety standards.
An audit in January by the United Nations body had found that Thailand's aviation authority had a shortage of technical officers and issues with certifying the transportation of hazardous goods.
The warning meant the country's airlines had to cancel flights and refund or alter thousands of air tickets.
The country's flag carrier, Thai Airways, said in a statement that it followed the "highest safety standards" in all operational areas, despite the red flag from the international regulator.


Banned cyclist Lance Armstrong has lost his bid to block a $100m (£79m) lawsuit by the US government.

The suit alleges that Armstrong defrauded the government by cheating while riding for the publicly funded US Postal Service team.
It was filed by Armstrong's former team-mate Floyd Landis before being joined by the government in 2013.
A federal judge refused to block the lawsuit on Monday, which clears the way for the case to go to trial.
Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles and banned for life in August 2012.
The 45-year-old won the seven titles between 1999 and 2005. The US Postal Service sponsored the team between 1996 and 2004.
Armstrong admitted to using drugs in all seven of his Tour wins in January 2013 while Landis was stripped of his 2006 Tour de France title for failing a doping test.


A policeman who shot and killed a 12-year-old boy in Cleveland, Ohio, should be charged with murder, says a judge.

Tamir Rice was shown on CCTV waving a pellet gun outside a recreation centre last November, before being shot twice. He later died in hospital.
Judge Ron Adrine said there were sufficient grounds to prosecute Officer Timothy Loehmann with murder, manslaughter and reckless homicide.
It will now be up to prosecutors to decide whether there will be charges.
Community leaders and activists this week had taken the unusual step of requesting the court to look at the case.
The judge also said another police officer, Frank Garmback, should face criminal charges.
Police have maintained that Rice's pellet gun looked real and that they asked him to raise his hands three times.
But his family said video footage shows the police acted too quickly after arriving at the scene.
Recordings of radio communications reveal a police officer at the scene describing Tamir Rice as aged "maybe 20" after the shooting.
Rice's death sparked protests in Cleveland, at a time when the deaths of black men at the hands of police had sparked a national debate.


A woman is still in hospital three days after having part of her ear bitten off in a Boxing Day attack in a Newcastle nightclub.

Police said the 19-year-old was set upon during a disturbance in the Riverside Club just after 23:40 GMT.
Officers discovered her with part of her ear missing and she was taken to the Royal Victoria Infirmary.
The club was busy at the time of the attack and Northumbria Police is appealing for witnesses.


Hundreds of people joined a peace walk in Manchester to pay their respects to those killed or injured in Monday's arena attack.

The organiser, Manchester businessman Sajjad Haider, said nearly 200 marchers turned out to "show solidarity with the families of those who died".
While organised by the city's Islamic community, people of all faiths and none were warmly welcomed, he said.
The march from Grosvenor Square set off at 17:30 BST on Sunday.
Mr Haider said: "The community have strong feelings about this and wanted a sharing of love with the victims.
"We feel the same upset and anger."
One woman who attended the walk, which ended in St Peter's Square, said: "We need to be more open in regards to condemning it."
A man said he joined to walk to "show we're suffering as well as everybody else in Manchester and throughout the world".
Mr Haider said people held red roses as a symbol of peace and banners with different messages on them along the walk.
"We are pleased with how it went."
Mr Haider, an estate agent and prominent member of Manchester's Shia community, added: "The main thing is to show solidarity with the families of those who died and to give a strong message against terrorism, and a clear message that [the people who committed this act] are evil animals."
A gathering of imams took place at 15:00 in St Ann's Square, where thousands have gathered over the last few days to leave flowers, balloons and other messages of support for the victims and their families.
Hundreds of people turned out for a vigil at Heaton Moor Park on Sunday evening for Martyn Hett, one of 22 killed in Monday's attack.
Balloons were released in the square on Saturday by the family of Georgina Callander.
Hundreds of Muslim children and their families marched from the Cheetham Hill area of the city to Manchester Arena on Friday.


Reports from Nigeria say at least two bombs have ripped through two bus stations in the northern city of Gombe.

At least 29 people have been killed in the blasts, a Red Cross official told the Reuters news agency.
Earlier in the day, suicide bombers killed at least 11 people in neighbouring Cameroon.
At least 49 people were killed in blasts at a market in Gombe last week. That attack was blamed on Boko Haram militants.
The Islamist group, which often targets northern Nigeria, has stepped up attacks since President Muhammudu Buhari took office in May.
No group has said it is behind Wednesday evening's attacks, although Boko Haram has targeted bus stations in the city before.
It is feared that the Gombe death toll will rise with reports of dozens of people injured.
One witness told the AFP news agency that he had counted 30 dead bodies at one of the bus stations.
Last year, Boko Haram took control of a large area of north-eastern Nigeria and declared a caliphate (a state governed in accordance with Islamic law).
Nigeria's military, backed by troops from neighbouring countries, including Cameroon, has recaptured most of the territory, but in recent weeks there has been an upsurge in suicide attacks.
Hours before the attack in Gombe, suicide bombers targeted Maroua in northern Cameroon. The attack left at least 11 people dead and injured dozens more.
A local source told AFP news agency the bombers were two young girls who had disguised themselves as beggars.
One of the bombers detonated the explosives at the city's central market, in what is the second such attack in the past week.
The authorities have now extended a ban on wearing burkas to include the commercial capital Douala.
Previously the ban had only been in place in the country's Far North region, after two suicide bomb attacks there earlier this month.
The Cameroonian army uses the town of Maroua as the headquarters for its operations against Boko Haram, as part of a multinational force battling the militants in neighbouring parts of Nigeria.
President Paul Biya has described the attacks as "cowardly and ignoble".
According to Amnesty International, at least 17,000 people, mostly civilians, have been killed since Boko Haram launched its uprising in 2009.
The group is still holding many women, girls and children captive, including 219 schoolgirls it kidnapped from a school in Chibok in April last year.


West Mercia's Police and Crime Commissioner says he wants to take control of fire services in his area.

Announcing a three-month consultation, John Campion said the move could save £4m a year.
The services are currently overseen by bodies made up of local councillors.
The Fire Brigades Union (FBU) said the plans were "dangerous" when first proposed by government in 2015. Mr Campion said it would help collaboration between police and fire.
The Home Office took control of fire and rescue policy in 2016, with the the green light subsequently given for PCCs to govern fire and rescue services.
Mr Campion said if he was at the head of services in Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Shropshire, it would mean the "best use" of public money, better information sharing, while delivering "significant back-office efficiencies".
More updates on this story
West Mercia Police and the two fire and rescue services would continue to operate as individual organisations.
Councillor Stuart West, former chairman of Shropshire Fire and Rescue Authority said he found a savings figure of £4m a "little bit woolly".
"It's an aspirational figure," he said.
"When we've been working with the consultants, we've been trying to fathom out where this £4m is coming from and it's a little bit woolly.
"I don't know how that figure was actually reached."
The consultation on the plans will run until mid September.


Tate & Lyle has reported a drop in full-year profits, as the company undergoes a major restructuring.

For the year to 31 March, adjusted pre-tax profits fell 30% to £224m - in line with previous guidance from the company.
However, after allowing for restructuring costs, profits fell to £51m, from £277m the year before.
Tate & Lyle's chief executive, Javed Ahmed, said: "It has been a very challenging year for the group."
He added: "With the necessary actions underway we are firmly focused on improving our performance and continuing the evolution of Tate & Lyle into a global speciality food ingredients business, supported by cash generated from bulk ingredients."
In April, Tate & Lyle said it would exit its European bulk ingredients business and restructure its Splenda sucralose business in order to concentrate on its speciality food business.
During the year to March, Tate & Lyle said operating profits at its Splenda business fell by £45m, because of "price erosion in an extremely competitive market".
Lower sugar prices in the EU trimmed £13m off its operating profit in Europe, and Tate & Lyle said restructuring measures had cost it £118m.
Tate & Lyle said that adjusted pre-tax profits for the year ahead would be similar to the previous year.


Right-back Adam Smith has signed a new four-year deal at Bournemouth.

Smith, 26, has made 113 appearances for the club since joining them on a permanent basis from Tottenham in 2014, having also spent the 2010-11 season on loan with the Cherries.
"There is nowhere else I want to be at the moment," he told the club website.
Manager Eddie Howe said: "When we first brought Adam to the club we believed he had huge potential. Adam has taken his opportunity."


Manchester United manager Louis van Gaal put his side's 2-1 defeat by FC Midtjylland down to Murphy's law.

Memphis Depay put the visitors ahead in the first leg of their Europa League last-32 tie, but Pione Sisto and Paul Onuachu gave the hosts victory.
Van Gaal, already without 13 players, lost David de Gea during the warm-up and used an adage that means anything that can go wrong will go wrong.
"It is the law of Murphy I think," the Dutchman told BT Sport.
"A lot of things are happening in the heads of the players and in the first 10 or 15 minutes we were not so good."
Van Gaal felt his side improved as the first half went on and could have scored more goals.
But he added: "In the second half we didn't win any duels, any second balls. You cannot afford a second goal, but we could have scored also.
"Jesse Lingard had two remarkable chances."
At the end of the game, United fans in the MCH Arena made it clear they were not impressed with their side's display.
Van Gaal accepted the second-half performance was not good enough, but defended the attitude of his players.
"The fans can criticise," he said. "They can do it because when you see the second half, maybe they are right. We have to improve and then the fans shall support us again.
"All the players want to perform in an excellent way. It is not a case of attitude. We were not winning the second balls - that is my analysis."
United's next game sees them face League One side Shrewsbury in the FA Cup fifth round on Monday night at New Meadow, looking to avoid an upset and a third consecutive defeat in all competitions.
The Manchester Evening News called for Van Gaal to be sacked immediately in an article written by their United reporter Stuart Mathieson.
"I wrote 'enough is enough' after the dire display against Southampton less than a month ago believing it couldn't get any worse and that it shouldn't be allowed to," he wrote.
"But then this came this Joke in Jutland."
Chief football writer for the Times, Henry Winter, told BBC Radio 5 live that the performance was appalling.
"It's definitely tick-tock time," he said.
"The press box there is very close to where the Manchester United power brokers were sitting. There was just a look of complete shock and horror on the face of Ed Woodward, the executive vice chairman, who will effectively be the person along with the Glazers who make the decision."
Former England captain Alan Shearer told BBC Radio 5 live that United have been "pretty awful to watch" this season.
He added: "They're not very good, that's the problem - they haven't entertained their fans, which of course at that football club you have to do and Van Gaal hasn't.
"The lack of leadership in that team is alarming - I know Rooney is in there and he missed out last night but there's no screaming and shouting at other team-mates to tell them what to do.
"With the injuries now with De Gea pulling out in the warm-up last night - Shrewsbury will be rubbing their hands together thinking they've got one hell of chance in the FA Cup on Monday."
De Gea hobbled out of the warm-up with a knee problem, but Sergio Romero proved an able deputy - making several fine saves.
Van Gaal was unable to say how long his first-choice goalkeeper would be out for.
He said: "We have to wait for a scan, then maybe we can say more but it was a big surprise."


It was the hit movie The Motorcycle Diaries that inspired Aldi Haryopratomo to take to the open road.

He packed one bag and a small tent to sleep in every night and took off around Indonesia and Vietnam on a motorbike.
This was back in 2007. Yet far from plotting revolution like Che Guevara, upon whose memoirs the film was based, Mr Haryopratomo was riding around to see how microfinance - the lending of small amounts of money - could best improve the lives of millions of poor people in rural parts of both countries.
More specifically, the Indonesian entrepreneur was trying to work out the best way of getting money to those who wished to borrow it.
Mr Haryopratomo was employed by a US microfinance firm at the time, but the knowledge he gained from the trip inspired him to set up his own business in 2009.
His business is called Ruma, and it now enables 30,000 company representatives across Indonesia to make money via their mobile phones.
They do this by providing local people with access to services, such as paying electricity bills, repaying loans, and checking job advertisements, all via a Ruma mobile phone app.
The representatives, who Ruma calls its "agents", are typically small shop owners.
So in rural parts of a country where the World Bank says just 16% of people have regular access to the internet, if a person wants to pay their electricity bill online, they can go to their nearest Ruma agent.
Ruma then charges a small transaction fee, which is shared between it and the agent in question.
The company says that more than 1.5 million people now access its services.
Mr Haryopratomo, 32, was born and brought up in Jakarta, the Indonesian capital.
From a wealthy family, he says that his attitude to life was shaped from an early age by playing with children from much poorer backgrounds.
"I was brought up in a government housing complex, but all around it was villages," he says.
"I hung out with the people from the villages... even though I grew up in a very middle class family. That experience of being in both worlds really shaped how I grew up."
Mr Haryopratomo, who has one brother, also cites his mother and father as a big influence on him, saying they were "mentors" as much as parents.
"My dad spent most of his life building infrastructure for Indonesia, building roads. He really believed that roads would have the biggest impact on our country... he would talk about his work endlessly," he says.
"I spent my life trying to find out how I could create as much impact as he had."
After school in Jakarta, Mr Haryopratomo moved to the US where he did a degree in computer studies at Purdue University in Indiana.
Upon graduating he got a job as a computer security consultant for accountancy giant Ernst and Young.
Mr Haryopratomo then worked for a micro finance business called Kiva, on whose behalf he travelled around Indonesia and Vietnam on a motorbike.
He subsequently did a master of business administration (MBA) course at Harvard Business School in Boston before returning to Indonesia to launch Ruma.
Funding has come from a number of firms in California's Silicon Valley, and from one of Indonesia's largest businesses, Gunung Sewu Kencana.
Ruma now directly employs 512 people, of which two thirds are out in the field meeting agents, while one third work at its head office in Jakarta.
Mr Haryopratomo says his staff deserve much of the praise for the company's continuing success.
"A really good bit of advice for any people who want to do something meaningful is to surround yourself with people who are doing something meaningful," he says.
"Because it is much easier to lift yourself and build a team when you are surrounded by people who are passionate about what they do. I have a huge team in Ruma who are all doing something to change the world essentially."
Mr Haryopratomo's trust in his employees is such that for two days every week he leaves them to it, so he can relive his Motorcycle Diaries trip by riding his motorcycle around villages on the main Indonesian island of Java.
He does this to visit Ruma agents and customers, the members of the public who use the service.
Mr Haryopratomo says this is vital as it helps him establish the gut feelings which form a key part of his decision-making process.
"In order to have the right gut feelings, you need to be sitting with your customers so you understand how they think, how they feel, and what they need," he says.
Mr Haryopratomo says that ambitious young people who want to make a positive contribution to the world shouldn't think that they have to set up their own business.
"Being an entrepreneur is not something that you should aspire to be. Solving a problem and being passionate about a problem is something that you should be doing," he says.
"Entrepreneurship is just one way to solve a problem. Unfortunately the world is putting entrepreneurship on a pedestal, while I think the people who are doing the hard work in my team are not getting as much credit as they deserve."
Despite the pressures of running a company, Mr Haryopratomo says he makes time first thing every morning to go for a walk in the park with his wife and their young twins.
"Being very disciplined about allocating time for your family and work is very important," he says.
"I talk to them [the twins] about my work as if they are adults. That morning walk is kind of my therapeutic session," he says.


A "tired" rail worker, who had been sleeping in his car to avoid a commute, was narrowly missed by a train while working on a track, a report has found.

It happened near Shawford station, Hampshire, last June, when the train was travelling at 85 mph (137 km/h).
The accident report said the worker became distracted while on the line.
It said his alertness and decision making were likely to have affected after sleeping in his car for a week to avoid a daily commute from Essex.
The Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) said the worker was uninjured but had been left "badly shaken".
The South West Trains driver was forced to make an emergency stop.
The RAIB said there had been a "breakdown in safety discipline and vigilance" when the track worker and a controller of site safety (COSS) went onto the railway to locate a reported rail defect, which it likened to a fatal crash at Newark North Gate station, Nottinghamshire, in 2015.
The report said the worker crossed the railway without the permission of the COSS and "was distracted and stopped on an open line when crossing back".
It added they "did not implement the required safe system of work", and did not report their involvement in the near miss at the time.
The RAIB said it had made several recommendations to Network Rail including relating to the management of tiredness for staff needing to make long journeys before and after a shift.
A spokesperson for Network Rail said the safety of everyone who works on and uses the railway was its "top priority" and added it would review the report and the recommendations.


A former senior police officer has warned that Brexit could lead to "civil unrest" in Northern Ireland.

Peter Sheridan, now chief executive at Cooperation Ireland said the peace process is in a "fragile state".
He said the numerous agreements that make up Northern Ireland's peace process show the brittle nature of its politics.
"Less than a year ago, both governments had to step in to rescue the executive," said Mr Sheridan.
Although stressing that he did not predict the violence "in the way it was [during the Troubles]", he added: "We've already seen peaceful protests along the border, even though nothing has happened on the border yet.
"The history of this place is that mass protest can lead to confrontation and unrest.
"We've had three shootings in the last few days, so we shouldn't be surprised that there would be people who would seek to exploit a change in the border."
The former assistant chief constable denied that he was scaremongering: "I would challenge anyone who says there won't be people who will seek to exploit the border," he told the BBC's Good Morning Ulster programme.
"We just need to be alert to the possibility that any change to the border, which is largely invisible at the minute, can be seen to threaten people's identity in ways we cannot see."
Mr Sheridan said he believed Northern Ireland Secretary James Brokenshire and Prime Minister Teresa May were genuine when they expressed their commitment to an open border, but pointed out that 26 other countries will have a say on the matter.


Sir Bradley Wiggins says he will "shock a few people" when he has his say on an investigation into a "mystery package" delivered for him in 2011.

Wiggins, 36, said controversy over the package delivered while he was riding for Team Sky had been "horrible".
UK Anti-Doping is investigating doping claims but there is no suggestion either Wiggins or Team Sky broke rules.
"It's the worst thing to be accused of when you're a man of my integrity," Wiggins told Sky Sports' Soccer AM.
"It's been horrible. But fortunately there's an investigation and I obviously can't say too much because that investigation will run its course and then I'll have my say.
"There's a lot to say, and it's going to shock a few people."
Team Sky have admitted "mistakes were made" over the delivery of the package at the Criterium du Dauphine but deny breaking anti-doping rules.
However they have been unable to provide records to back up the claim by team boss Sir Dave Brailsford that Wiggins was given a legal decongestant.
The original allegation made to Ukad was that the package delivered by then-British Cycling coach Simon Cope to ex-Team Sky medic Dr Richard Freeman in 2011 contained anti-inflammatory drug triamcinolone.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Britain's most decorated Olympian, an asthma sufferer, was granted a TUE to take triamcinolone before the 2011 Tour de France, his 2012 Tour win and the 2013 Giro d'Italia.
The Department for Culture, Media and Sport Committee (DCMS) has sought answers relating to the package and also Wiggins' use of therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs). MPs have also criticised the team's record-keeping.
Team Sky have said they are "confident" no wrongdoing will be found when the inquiry is concluded.


Gardai (Irish police) are investigating allegations that a former government minister sexually abused under-age boys and girls in the 1980s.

The abuse doesn't involve intimate sexual contact and was reported to have taken place in Dublin and the midlands.
An alleged female victim reportedly told gardai that the minister abused her while in his previous profession.
The investigation is being carried out by the Garda National Protection Services Unit.
Its officer have interviewed others over the last six months who say they had similar experiences with the former politician.
He has yet to be interviewed and given a chance to respond to the allegations made against him.
The Irish Independent newspaper reports that all those who have made complaints are from the Dublin area.
The Garda press office says it is not making any comment in relation to individual investigations.


Flags are flying at half-mast at lifeboat stations around the Irish coastline as crews mark the death of a coastguard helicopter pilot.

Capt Dara Fitzpatrick died in hospital after her helicopter crashed during a rescue mission on Tuesday morning.
Three of her colleagues who were also on the Dublin-based Rescue 116 aircraft are still missing at sea.
A lifeboat volunteer in Northern Ireland said the "whole rescue community has been absolutely shocked".
Mark Johnston, of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in Bangor, County Down, knew Capt Fitzpatrick through their rescue work, and they met the Queen together.
"I had the privilege of meeting Dara for the first time in 2009 when she visited Bangor - it was a royal visit at the time and she was representing the Irish Coast Guard," he said.
"She had also landed her helicopter here a number of times to visit the station.
"I found Dara very dedicated to her job and extremely professional."
The Irish navy, the RNLI, police divers and fishing boats are searching the coast off Mayo for the three missing crew members and the helicopter's flight recorder.
Capt Fitzpatrick had been found in a critical condition by an RNLI crew hours after the crash.
Mr Johnston said that although the RNLI is not part of the coastguard, the two services "work and train very close together".
"We have a very symbiotic relationship - Her Majesty's Coastguard in the north [of Ireland], the Irish Coast Guard in the south and the RNLI is just one big team when it comes to rescuing people at sea," he added.
"We really feel this has affected everybody, so the whole of the RNLI in Ireland is flying flags at half-mast."
That, he said, was a symbol of "unity and togetherness".
"Any time a crew goes out on a rescue mission they really have no idea what they're going to face," he added.
"That's what crews do, and they they have to be trained and prepared for anything.
"It's just shocking that they've been putting their lives at risk to save the crewman on a fishing boat."


Leigh Halfpenny will make his long-awaited return when Toulon play Montpellier in the semi-final of the French Top 14 on Saturday.

Full-back Halfpenny has not played since injuring a knee playing for Wales against Italy in September 2015.
Toulon coach Bernard Laporte confirmed the British and Irish Lion will be in the 23 to face Montpellier.
"Yes, I can confirm that Leigh Halfpenny will play," said Laporte on Toulon's Twitter feed.
"He has trained and is ready."
Halfpenny had an operation on a knee injury suffered playing in Wales' final warm-up game, against Italy, before the 2015 World Cup.
The former Cardiff Blues player was scheduled to come back in April before suffering a setback which meant he was not considered for Wales' current tour of New Zealand.
Halfpenny has scored 508 points in 62 Tests, and was man of the series on the Lions' tour of Australia in 2013.


Bus routes left unfilled after the collapse of a firm in north Wales will be replaced, but with a reduced service.

Wrexham council said eight services had not been replaced after Ruabon-based GHA Coaches went into administration in July.
Contracts have now been awarded for these, but many will not run to the original timetables.
Start dates and new timetables have not yet been finalised.
The traffic commissioner needs to approve the new plan before it can be implemented.
The council's lead member for transport, David A Bithell, said: "We know the weeks since GHA Coaches went into administration have been an incredibly frustrating time for people reliant on public transport, but following the tender process we will be able to get things moving as quickly as possible."
The services covered by the new contract will be:


More than 30 youth clubs in Staffordshire could close with the loss of 400 jobs after county councillors approved cuts to youth services.

The council is to stop directly providing the services to save £2.8m in the next financial year, rising to £4.5m a year until 2021.
More than 16,000 people have signed a petition against the cuts.
A group of campaigners protested outside the council meeting at which the savings were approved.
The authority said its research showed only one out of every five young people in Staffordshire had used a county council-funded youth facility.
Cabinet member for community safety, Mark Sutton, said the authority wanted to focus more on "community-based activities".
"Young people simply no longer want to attend a traditional youth club," he said.
"This fresh approach is about improving services in the community and increasing access to schemes such as the Duke of Edinburgh which really support young people's aspirations around education and jobs."
The clubs could be closed down or run by other organisations, the council said.
The Unite union said 50 full-time and 350 part-time workers could be made redundant.
Protester Alex Hilton said: "The impact for young people will be detrimental.
"This service has helped me and many of my friends find work and helped with other issues whether through youth clubs or one-on-one counselling.
"It's a real shame because we're now going to see a limit put on how people grow up and move into the working world."
The council said it needed to save £109m from its overall budget over the next five years.


In Minnesota, some chronic alcoholics are offered a roof over their heads without being ordered to stop their drinking.

Critics call Anishinabe Wakiagun a place of death, but to its 45 residents, one of whom has been here 11 years, it is more like a lifeline.
One resident of the People's House wheels a bicycle down an upstairs corridor, cursing as he goes.
A few doors along, drinking buddies get rowdy over a bottle of cherry vodka. And downstairs, a sign on the outside security door warns against bringing firearms inside.
The Minneapolis area's three wet houses vary in approach but all share one common - and controversial - feature: within these walls, no-one stops you drinking.
There are rules. Drinking has to be in the privacy of your room. Don't abuse the staff. And mouthwash, which contains high concentrations of alcohol and is a cheap favourite among chronic alcoholics, is banned.
But if you want to drink yourself into a stupor, or even to death, then go ahead.
While some have, most do not, says Michael Goze, chief executive officer of American Indian Community Development Corp, which runs the centre.
According to People's House research, its residents indulge in fewer, shorter binges between stays than alcoholics who have not spent time at the centre. (The average stay is 21 months, the centre says).
The centre says it saves the county more than $500,000 (Â£312,441) per year by reducing detox admissions, emergency room visits and jail bookings.
But Mr Goze says the centre reinforces a more fundamental point: you don't have to be sober to have a home.
"There's a lot of subsidised housing throughout the city," he says.
"Are there rules about whether people drink or don't drink? There are not."
At Wakiagun (the name is Ojibwe), residents are well fed and have access to on-site medical advice.
Jesse Beaulieu, 28, says it represents the difference between life and death.
"If I wasn't here right now," he says, "I wouldn't be alive."
Death and alcohol have shaped Mr Beaulieu's life since he was a child.
His mother died of cirrhosis of the liver in 2004. His aunt, also an alcoholic, died of exposure on waste ground behind a drug store. His brother found her body and committed suicide. Mr Beaulieu threw himself off a bridge in an attempt to follow suit.
He says he is trying hard to shake the habit, but it's hard. Temptation literally comes knocking on the door most evenings, in the shape of fellow residents looking for someone to drink with.
"Sometimes," he admits, "I just crave it."
But there lies the challenge of the wet house. Unlike other, more prescriptive treatments, it gives you choices.
For Joe Mihalik, an alcoholic since age 18, that is what matters.
"When someone tells me I can't do something, I'm going to do everything in my power to do that," Mr Mihalik, now 54, says.
"That's kind of vanquished here. They're saying 'go ahead and drink', and all of a sudden the options fall in my lap."
The People's House doesn't provide alcohol - residents must buy their own.
It is not hard to find them on the nearby streets, scraping together a few dollars by holding up "homeless" or "hungry" signs at traffic intersections, or collecting cans for recycling.
A couple of residents, most of whom are Native Americans, make decorative dream catchers and sell them on the street or at craft fairs.
Wet houses are not without their critics. Hennepin County Commissioner Jeff Johnson finds the whole concept deeply flawed.
"We really do enable behaviour that is destroying these people's lives," he says. "And we have the taxpayers' help with that. And I just think that's wrong."
In difficult economic times, Mr Johnson says, tax dollars should go towards cures, not indulgence.
Mr Mihalik disagrees.
"I've been in and out of 12 treatments," he says.
"I can sit at the head of the class. I can graduate with flying colours. But I'm drinking two weeks after I graduate. Alcoholism is terminal. It's not curable."
Mr Mihalik has been in wet houses for the past six years and thinks he may just be ready to move on. He looks healthier and more determined than most residents of the People's House.
Jesse Beaulieu is still some way behind. But as he sits in the safety of his own room, drawing and writing poetry, and occasionally falling off the wagon, he's working on his demons.
"My life is now on the brink," he writes in a poem entitled One Last Drink.
"Do I let my boat float or sink?
"I don't care what anyone thinks.
"I got to answer the question: do I take one last drink?"


Bury dragged fellow strugglers Swindon into the League One relegation zone after claiming a home win against the Robins.

James Vaughan's 37th-minute penalty was enough to win a cagey contest and send the Shakers above Swindon, although Bury remain in the bottom four too.
Given their league position, each side adopted a defensive approach so clear-cut chances were at a premium, with Bury's Reece Brown firing an early free-kick wide before Swindon's Ben Gladwin headed over.
Greg Leigh and Tom Pope then went close for the hosts before Raphael Rossi Branco was penalised for holding Pope from a corner and Vaughan smashed the spot-kick down the middle for his 18th goal of the season.
Swindon replied with Gladwin's long-range strike clipping the crossbar before Fankaty Dabo and Jermaine Hylton went close either side of the break.
Vaughan then fired over from Jacob Mellis' throughball while substitute Andrew Tutte volleyed wide.
Swindon threatened with sub Jonathan Obika and Gladwin firing straight at Joe Murphy from 20 yards.
Vaughan and Tutte were then off target again and they were almost made to pay as Charlie Colkett fired wide in stoppage time.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Bury 1, Swindon Town 0.
Second Half ends, Bury 1, Swindon Town 0.
Attempt missed. Dion Conroy (Swindon Town) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high from a direct free kick.
Ben Gladwin (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Antony Kay (Bury).
Greg Leigh (Bury) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Fankaty Dabo (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Greg Leigh (Bury).
Leon Barnett (Bury) is shown the yellow card.
Attempt missed. Charlie Colkett (Swindon Town) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Substitution, Bury. Hallam Hope replaces James Vaughan.
Cameron Burgess (Bury) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Charlie Colkett (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Cameron Burgess (Bury).
Attempt missed. Andrew Tutte (Bury) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Dion Conroy (Swindon Town) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Dion Conroy (Swindon Town).
James Vaughan (Bury) wins a free kick on the right wing.
(Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Antony Kay (Bury).
Foul by Dion Conroy (Swindon Town).
James Vaughan (Bury) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Attempt missed. Nathan Thompson (Swindon Town) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left.
Reece Brown (Bury) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Fankaty Dabo (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Reece Brown (Bury).
Attempt missed. James Vaughan (Bury) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the right.
Attempt saved. Ben Gladwin (Swindon Town) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Fankaty Dabo (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Reece Brown (Bury).
Attempt saved. Jonathan Obika (Swindon Town) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Attempt missed. Andrew Tutte (Bury) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left.
Dion Conroy (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by George Miller (Bury).
Nicky Ajose (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Cameron Burgess (Bury).
Foul by Ben Gladwin (Swindon Town).
Reece Brown (Bury) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Bury. George Miller replaces Tom Pope.
Attempt missed. Nicky Ajose (Swindon Town) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses the top right corner from a direct free kick.


The father of a student nurse who went missing 16 years ago says he lives in hope that he will see her again.

Louise Kerton, 24, from Broadstairs, in Kent, was last seen on 30 July 2001 in Germany when she went to catch a train to Belgium, on her way back to the UK.
Despite extensive investigations in both the UK and Germany, she has not been seen or heard from since.
As a fresh appeal was launched, Phil Kerton said: "There's always hope. Hope is a virtue that keeps people going."
Live: More news from Kent
Ms Kerton had been in Germany visiting her fiance's family in the village of Strassfeld, near Bonn, after failing the final part of her nursing training.
She had been living with Peter Simon in Broadstairs in the months before her disappearance, and had been due to catch a train from Aachen to Ostend in Belgium from where she would have boarded a ferry back to Dover.
Police in Germany closed the investigation file on Ms Kerton in 2011.
The Mirror newspaper has published an advert by the Missing People charity appealing for information about Ms Kerton.
Her father, from New Ash Green, said there were several theories about what could have happened to her.
Describing his daughter as a "very naive and trusting person", he said: "If she did get on the train she could've got talking to someone about her problems with her medical nursing course... and she could've got taken into a cult of some sort.
"She could've gone for a walk around Ostend and come to a sticky end there, or she could've run away from the family and the village she was staying in because it was probably a bit too peaceful for her."
Mr Kerton added that her disappearance would be easier for him to cope with if he knew what had happened to her.


Former Wales international Ceri Sweeney carried Pontypridd to the final of the WRU National Cup with a virtuoso display in a 42-37 win over Cross Keys.

Sweeney scored 22 points as Pontypridd withstood a spirited Keys comeback.
The game seemed secure for the hosts at 39-16, but three tries in four minutes from the Gwent side set up the most unlikely of comeback victories, before Sweeney's late penalty settled nerves.
RGC 1404 will meet Pontypridd in the final after they beat Merthyr 24-20.
Media playback is not supported on this device


Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams has met US congressional leaders on St Patrick's Day in Washington DC.

The US State Department said the deputy assistant secretary for European and Eurasian affairs, Julieta Valls Noyes, would meet Mr Adams.
She has also met SDLP leader Alasdair McDonnell and UUP leader Mike Nesbitt.
The State Department postponed Mr Adams' meeting with Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken because of Stormont's crisis over welfare reform.
The State Department said: "Given the ongoing efforts to reach a durable accord on welfare reform to get implementation of the Stormont House agreement back on track, we postponed all of Deputy Secretary Blinken's meetings with Northern Ireland officials until such agreement is reached.
"This included meetings with Sinn Féin president Gerry Adams, as well as Peter Robinson and Martin McGuinness, who determined that the best course of action would be to postpone their travel to Washington and continue negotiations in Belfast."
In Washington, Mr Adams discussed the Stormont House Agreement and Pat Finucane during his meeting, which he described as "useful and positive".
At the weekend, First Minister Peter Robinson and Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness cancelled plans to go to the US to meet President Obama on St Patrick's Day.
Last week, Sinn Féin withdrew support for the welfare reform bill at Stormont.
In a statement issued at that time, former US senator Gary Hart urged all parties to reach an understanding on the scope of the Stormont House Agreement "so that a successful series of meetings planned for St Patrick's Day can go forward as planned in Washington".


Warm tributes have been paid to the Liberal Democrat peer Lord Emlyn Hooson, described as the "founding father of the Welsh Liberal Party".

Lord Hooson, who has died aged 86, served as the Montgomeryshire MP between 1962 and 1979.
He was also a leading QC and represented child killer Ian Brady in the Moors murders trial in the 1960s.
The Welsh Liberal Democrat leader Kirsty Williams said he was a steadfast Liberal who cared for Montgomeryshire.
Fellow Lib Dem peer Lord Roberts of Llandudno described Lord Hooson as "possibly the most outstanding Liberal of his generation", while Montgomeryshire's Conservative MP Glyn Davies said Wales had lost one of its greatest citizens.
Lord Hooson was educated at Denbigh Grammar School and Aberystwyth University before becoming a QC in 1960 and later a judge.
In 1995, he was appointed chairman of fashion firm Laura Ashley, a company with strong ties to his former constituency.
He became MP for Montgomeryshire in a by-election in 1962, following the death of the former Liberal Party leader Clement Davies.
Five years later he contested the party leadership, but withdrew in favour of the eventual winner Jeremy Thorpe.
By the time of the 1979 General Election Montgomeyshire had been a Liberal stronghold for 99 years, but Lord Hooson lost his seat to his Conservative opponent Delwyn Williams.
He was later appointed a life peer as Baron Hooson of Montgomery.
Brecon and Radnorshire AM and Welsh Lib Dem leader Kirsty Williams said: "Emlyn Hooson was respected in the House of Lords and the wider political community for his passionate liberalism, his love of Wales and his sharp intellect.
"Not only will he be remembered for his high profile legal work, he will also be remembered for establishing the Welsh Liberal Party in Wales - something we are still proud of today.
"He was a steadfast Liberal who cared for the people of Montgomeryshire and Wales. Emlyn was also a fervent advocate of Welsh culture and music having been president of both the national and international eisteddfod."
Lord Roberts of Llandudno said Lord Hooson was "possibly the most outstanding Liberal of his generation" and "a man of outstanding brilliance".
"He was the founding father of the Welsh Liberal Party," he added.
"He was MP for Montgomeryshire - one of a trio of eminent lawyers to represent the constituency - Clem Davies before him and Alex Carlile subsequently.
"When I became a member of the House of Lords he was my mentor - also my guide in making Parliamentary contributions.
"Wales has lost a man of outstanding brilliance, not only in politics but in law."
Montgomeryshire MP Mr Davies said Wales had lost one of its greatest citizens.
He added: "He served the constituency and Wales for decades. Despite being in different parties, we never had a cross word.
"In many ways he was gentle in his approach to things, but he was very determined and had a very sharp mind.
"I had been to see him over last few weeks and it was fascinating to hear him talk about the conversations he'd had during his lifetime with the likes of Lloyd George, Winston Churchill and Aneurin Bevan.
"He was a great personal friend of mine and he will be sadly missed."
Lord Hooson had a close interest in the cultural and musical life of Wales, and was president of the National Eisteddfod of Wales at Newtown. In 1966 and the following year, he was made Honorary White Bard of the National Gorsedd of Bards.
He was president of the International Musical Eisteddfod in Llangollen between 1987 and 1993.
At various times, he was Liberal Party spokesman in the Commons on defence, foreign and home affairs, legal matters, agriculture and Wales.
Plaid Cymru leader Ieuan Wyn Jones said he first remembered him when he was campaigning for a Yes vote in the 1979 devolution referendum.
"He was a passionate advocate of greater powers for Wales," said Mr Jones.
"He came from a well known Vale of Clwyd family. I also lived in the area for many years and I remember long discussions with him about the politics, history and culture of the vale. He was extremely knowledgeable about such matters.
"He will be missed and remembered as someone who made a valuable contribution to our strengthening democracy in Wales."


Train firms could be forced to reduce first class seats on busy commuter lines to ease overcrowding, Transport Secretary Chris Grayling has said.

He said people will see "less first class in the future" with busy suburban trains having "one class" instead.
Mr Grayling suggested operators may be forced to scrap first class areas when franchises are awarded in the future.
Rail Delivery Group - which represents train operators - said it would work to increase seat numbers on key lines.
In an interview with the Daily Telegraph, Mr Grayling said he was "absolutely" committed to scrapping first class carriages on shorter, commuter routes, at busy times of the day, and wanted train operators to take action if passengers demanded it.
"I absolutely understand what a total pain it is if you are standing on a train for 20 to 30 minutes on the way to work," he told the paper.
"I don't really see a case for a non-long distance journey for there to be any division between first and second class. There should just be one class on the train."
"People will see less first class in the future as we start to say that on busy suburban trains you can't start segregating," he added.
The Department for Transport issues contracts to run rail franchises in England, and can include conditions such as whether first class seating should be provided.
In March, ahead of contract negotiations to run the Southeastern franchise, passengers were asked if they wanted to remove first class seats at busy times.
The contract to run the line - which serves south-east London, Kent and parts of East Sussex - expires next year.
Other franchises to be renewed in the next 12 months include the West Coast Main Line from April 2019, and the East Midlands regional contract, which has three firms bidding to run the contract from March 2018.
However, some are not due for renewal for several years, with the Northern and East Anglia franchises currently not due for renewal until 2025.
David Sidebottom, director of Transport Focus - which represents passengers - said it was important train users have a choice, "as long as that choice is not to the extreme detriment of everyone else".
"A balance needs to be achieved between the number of standard and first class carriages a train has," he added.
"However, it is clear that where passengers are being squeezed into standard class carriages while there are plenty of empty seats in first class, this balance is not being achieved.
"In the long-term we need a big increase in capacity. This means continued investment in new and longer trains to meet existing demand."
Paul Plummer, chief executive of the Rail Delivery Group - which represents train operators - said firms were prepared to work with the government over the issue.
"We understand passengers' frustration when they can't get a seat which is why rail companies are working together to invest and improve journeys with thousands of new carriages and 6,400 extra train services a week by 2021," he said.
"We will continue to work with governments to increase seats on key routes to boost communities, businesses and the economy."


An investigation has begun into the cause of a fire which broke out at an industrial estate in the early hours of Sunday morning.

Firefighters were called to Hirwaun industrial estate just before 05:15 GMT after pallets caught fire and flames spread to a nearby factory.
At its height, seven fire engines were tackling the blaze.
The incident has been scaled down, South Wales Fires and Rescue Service said.


Twenty-five different cancer treatments will no longer be funded by the NHS in England, health chiefs have announced.

NHS England announced the step after it emerged the £280m Cancer Drugs Fund - for drugs not routinely available - was to go £100m over budget in 2014/15.
Some drugs will be removed and others restricted - a move charities say could leave some without crucial treatments.
But a Department of Health spokesman said it will allow "new and better drugs" to be offered to patients.
Cancer patients currently receiving the treatments will still be allowed to continue using them.
The restrictions come into place from 12 March and affect a whole range of treatments for breast, pancreatic and bowel cancer.
The most commonly used treatment on the list is Avastin for advanced bowel cancer. The Rarer Cancers Foundation, which is sponsored by drug companies, estimates the step will result in more than 7,700 patients losing out.
But NHS England said "difficult decisions" needed to be made and the move would allow some new treatments to be funded.
Fund chair Professor Peter Clark said the review - carried out by doctors, pharmacists and patients' representatives - had prioritised the treatments with the "best clinical benefit" to get the most out of "every pound".
The fund will increase to £340m next year, even though the cuts will save £80m a year.
Three treatments have already been added to the list for next year, bringing the total number of drugs that will be available through the fund to 62 from April.
"There were drugs that did not offer sufficient clinical benefit so we simply cannot go on funding those," Professor Clark said.
"There were others that offered some benefit but were costly and I am pleased that a number of pharmaceutical firms worked with us to make prices more affordable, saving millions of pounds that can now be reinvested in other treatments.
"These are difficult decisions, but if we don't prioritise the drugs that offer the best value, many people could miss out on promising, more effective treatments that are in the pipeline."
Patients wanting the drugs will be able to apply as an exceptional case.
Owen Sharp, chief executive of Prostate Cancer UK, said the announcement was "just another symptom of a drug appraisal system in meltdown".
While Mark Flannagan, chief executive of the charity Beating Bowel Cancer, said the decision was "bad news for bowel cancer patients".
"It's likely that 65% of patients with advanced bowel cancer face the probability of an earlier death by being refused innovative treatments that were available before," he said.
Samia al Qadhi, chief executive at Breast Cancer Care, said the Cancer Drugs Fund was "falling apart", while Stephen Whitehead, of the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, said the move was "extremely disappointing".
"These medicines have been proven to be effective through clinical trials and have already provided benefit to thousands of NHS patients," he added.
But Prof Christopher Twelves, a cancer expert at the University of Leeds, said: "The CDF was always a short-term fix and ultimately not sustainable or equitable as it was established."
A Department of Health spokesman said the fund had already helped more than 60,000 people to access drugs.
Next year, NHS England will spend £340m on the fund to allow patients to get "the drugs they need", the spokesman added.
"Advances in medical science mean that new medicines are emerging all the time and we want people to have access to the very latest drugs.
"That is why experts have made decisions to stop routinely funding drugs with limited clinical benefit, so we can make way for new and better drugs that offer more to patients."


Canada's Denis Shapovalov says he would not have been able to forgive himself if the umpire he hit in the eye with a ball had been seriously injured.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Shapovalov was fined $7,000 (£5,600) for his actions during a Davis Cup match with Great Britain's Kyle Edmund.
The 17-year-old trailed 6-3 6-4 2-1 when he struck the ball in anger and hit Arnaud Gabas, defaulting the match.
"I know how dangerous it can be to fire a ball," he told the BBC. "My first concern was that the referee was OK."
Speaking to BBC Radio 5 live Breakfast's Nicky Campbell, he added: "I turned over and saw the official bending down, holding his eye. So from that moment on I was in complete shock and regret right away.
"I kind of blacked out for the next 10 minutes maybe. I remember going to the bench, asking if the ref's OK."
Shapovalov, who escaped the maximum $12,000 (£9,600) fine because it was deemed to be unintentional, said he spoke to Gabas after the match and the French umpire even managed to "joke around a little bit" regarding the incident in Ottawa.
Gabas went to hospital as a precaution but no damage to the cornea or retina was found. He was due to see an eye doctor in France for a further examination.
"I've been hit several times in the eye and other parts, so I know how dangerous it is," added world number 251 Shapovalov.
"I'm very lucky he is OK. If things had gone worse I don't think I would have been able to forgive myself and I don't think I would be able to move past it.
"I'm hoping I'll learn from it and move forward so that it is a lesson for me."
The teenager also apologised to Edmund and and the British fans, saying he was "odds on" to lose match before he was disqualified.
"I feel bad that I didn't allow the British team to have the celebration that they deserved," he added.
Media playback is not supported on this device


A sheep at a family-run farm in County Tyrone has surprised its owners by giving birth to rare sextuplets.

In fortuitous timing, the six healthy lambs were born at the Donemana farm at 06:00 GMT on Good Friday 27 March.
Owner Witherow Shannon said it was the first time he had ever seen six lambs born to the same ewe.
"I've been in sheep now for sixty years, I've never seen it and anyone I've been speaking to has never seen it," Mr Shannon said
The President of the British sheep veterinary association, Tim Bebbington, said it was very unusual.
In his 26 years as a sheep vet, Mr Bebbington told the BBC that the most lambs he has ever seen from one ewe, is five.
A scan had been performed on the ewe, which is a Romney breed, and showed that the mother could expect four lambs.
"That's what we were expecting because the scanner had been 100% right up to that point," said Witherow's son Andrew.
"She'd lambed the first one herself and because there were four you do expect them to be quite small.
"They can come out very quickly and still have the membrane around them so there's a risk of suffocation."
Often during birthing, lambs are taken from the ewe by hand to avoid such complications.
"Dad assisted her and took the lambs from her, the second the third and the fourth," Andrew said.
"We looked at them and they were so small we thought, lets just check again to see if there was anything else.
"So he (Witherow) put his hand in to double check and pulled out another one, then he thought I'm going to check again and he went in and pulled out the sixth!"
The Shannons are now hand feeding the lambs milk but most of the caring is done by their mother.
"Because they are still so small they don't really need that much, maybe a bottle of milk twice a day divided between them," said Andrew.
"Maybe in the next day or two we'll maybe take three of her and leave three with her."
Laughing, Andrew Shannon told BBC Radio Foyle they were not the only ones left astonished by the sextuplets.
"The Romneys are very good mothers so she's looking after them all but we think she must be a little surprised herself," he said.


Lancashire Thunder have signed World Twenty20-winner Hayley Matthews as the inaugural Women's Cricket Super League squads have been confirmed.

West Indies batsman Matthews, 18, replaces Australian all-rounder Jess Jonassen who suffered an injury.
Ex-England internationals Laura Newton (Lancashire Thunder), Beth Morgan (Surrey Stars) and Arran Brindle (Southern Vipers) have also joined.
The six-team competition runs from 30 July to 14 August.
Earlier this month, the overseas signings were unveiled following the allocation of the 19 centrally contracted England players.
First-class venues including The Oval, Old Trafford and Headingley will host the 15 group matches with Finals Day on 21 August.
EW = England Women, O = Overseas, EWA = England Women's Academy
Lancashire Thunder: Kate Cross (EW), Sarah Taylor (EW) (capt), Danielle Wyatt (EW), Sarah Coyte (O), Deandra Dottin (O), Hayley Matthews (O), Sophie Ecclestone (EWA), Emma Lamb (EWA), Ellie Threlkeld (EWA), Natalie Brown, Georgia Holmes, Laura Marshall, Natasha Miles, Laura Newton. Nalisha Patel.
Loughborough Lightning: Georgia Elwiss (EW), Rebecca Grundy (EW), Amy Jones (EW), Beth Langston (EW), Sophie Devine (O), Ellyse Perry (O), Dane van Nierkerk (O), Evelyn Jones (EWA), Alex MacDonald (EWA), Georgie Boyce, Thea Brookes, Amy Gauvrit, Lauren Griffiths, Sonia Odedra, Paige Scholfield.
Southern Vipers: Charlotte Edwards (EW) (capt), Natasha Farrant (EW), Lydia Greenway (EW), Suzie Bates (O), Sara McGlashan (O), Megan Schutt (O), Georgia Adams (EWA), Ellen Burt (EWA), Katie George (EWA), Arran Brindle, Isabelle Collis, Daisy Gardner, Alice Macleod, Fi Morris, Carla Rudd.
Surrey Stars: Tammy Beaumont (EW), Laura Marsh (EW), Natalie Sciver (EW) (capt), Rene Farrell (O), Marizanne Kapp (O), Meg Lanning (O), Sophie Dunkley (EWA), Alex Hartley (EWA), Bryony Smith (EWA), Aylish Cranstone, Grace Gibbs, Cordelia Griffith, Raveena Lakhtaria, Beth Morgan, Kirstie White.
Western Storm: Heather Knight (EW) (capt), Anya Shrubsole (EW), Fran Wilson (EW), Lizelle Lee (O), Rachel Priest (O),  Stafanie Taylor (O), Freya Davies (EWA), Sophie Luff (EWA), Amara Carr, Jodie Dibble, Rosalie Fairbairn, Georgia Hennessy, Sophie Mackenzie, Cait O'Keefe, Izzy Westbury.
Yorkshire Diamonds: Katherine Brunt (EW), Jenny Gunn (EW) Danielle Hazell (EW), Lauren Winfield (EW) (capt), Alex Blackwell (O), Beth Mooney (O), Shabnim Ismail (O), Hollie Armitage (EWA), Steph Butler (EWA), Alice Davidson Richards, Teresa Graves, Katie Levick, Anna Nicholls, Laura Spragg, Katie Thompson.


Wigan Warriors half-back Jake Shorrocks has signed a new three-year deal with the Super League champions.

The 21-year-old academy product made his debut last season where he made 12 appearances.
Shorrocks progressed through the Warriors youth system and he was captain of the academy side.
"I loved every minute of playing for the first team last year and am hungry for more games over the next three years," he told the club website.


A US technology firm is to invest Â£3.8m in its specialist research centre in Edinburgh, Scotland's first minister has announced.

Nicola Sturgeon said the move by Xilinx Inc would create 12 new jobs and protect 30 existing roles.
The venture is being supported by a Â£1m research and development grant through Scottish Enterprise.
Ms Sturgeon made the announcement as she prepared to visit the US to promote trade and investment.
Xilinx Scotland will develop communications technologies, particularly around 5G, and aims to establish itself as a centre of excellence.
Ms Sturgeon said: "The USA is Scotland's top source of inward investment and Xilinx Inc is another example of a leading technology company harnessing our highly educated and skilled workforce.
"This is fantastic news for this specialist sector in Scotland with new jobs being created and existing ones protected.
"It also demonstrates our strength and expertise in developing these state-of-the-art technologies."
She added: "We are committed to building on these successes and attracting more companies to invest and expand here.
"That is why next week I'll travel to the United States to promote trade and investment between our two countries."


Four of the big six energy firms saw complaint levels rise at the start of 2015, according to Citizens Advice.

Complaints to SSE, EDF, British Gas and Npower increased between the final quarter of last year and the first quarter of this year.
Scottish Power had the highest proportion of complaints overall, but saw a slight drop over the turn of the year.
SSE received the fewest complaints, the consumer group said.
Gillian Guy, chief executive of Citizens Advice, said: "The majority of complaints from customers are about their bills, from large back bills to incorrect bills, or even no bill at all.
"With billing a basic part of the service energy firms provide, it should be the simplest thing to get right."
Energy companies said they were working hard and investing in ways to bring complaint levels down.
Both Scottish Power and Npower have been told recently to provide free energy to thousands of customers after they failed to resolve justified complaints to the energy ombudsman on time.


Jamie Vardy's late strike gave England victory over Turkey in their first warm-up match for Euro 2016, but Roy Hodgson's side were fortunate to win a game in which they looked far from convincing at the back.

As dangerous as England were going forward they also struggled defensively, and it took a brilliant reaction save from Joe Hart to deny Olcay Sahan an equaliser in injury-time.
Most of the positives that Hodgson will take from this game will have come from watching his side attack, especially when he tweaked his formation to give Vardy a more central role in the final half hour.
And, after Harry Kane's second-half penalty miss looked like it would be costly in Manchester, Vardy struck from close range with seven minutes left when Turkey failed to deal with Gary Cahill's header.
Kane had actually given England the perfect start, linking up superbly with his Tottenham team-mate Dele Alli and finding a cool finish after four minutes, albeit from an offside position.
But England had already survived a couple of scares at the back when Volkan Sen got behind their defence and crossed for Hakan Calhanoglu to equalise soon after, and Turkey had further chances before England's late show.
Reaction to England's win over Turkey
Listen to BBC Radio 5 live's commentary on the goals
England 2-1 Turkey: How the players rated
With Chris Smalling unavailable after playing in Saturday's FA Cup final, Gary Cahill was paired with John Stones in the centre of England's defence, with Eric Dier in front of them.
While Dier did his best and was solid enough, given he was often isolated as the solitary dedicated holding midfielder, the centre-halves behind him were far less convincing, as was England's general organisation in that department.
Turkey, three places below England at 13th in the world rankings and unbeaten in their last 13 matches, found plenty of space and asked frequent questions of the hosts' uncertain back-line from set-pieces and in open play.
Hodgson has 19 days and two more warm-up matches left to try to put it right before England play Russia in their opening group game.
It was Hart who was partially to blame for Turkey's goal, however.
He needlessly dashed out towards Sen when he got behind Danny Rose down England's left, leaving Hakan Calhanoglu a simple finish from Sen's cross.
Hodgson used at least three different formations as he formulated his final plans for France.
His preferred shape for the first hour was 4-3-3, although in that formation only Kane looked likely to score.
Three of Hodgson's five options up front - Wayne Rooney, Marcus Rashford and Daniel Sturridge - were unavailable for this game because they were recovering from playing in cup finals for their clubs.
That left Kane and Jamie Vardy, who have scored 49 Premier League goals between them this season.
The populist choice would have been to pair them up front together from the start, but instead Vardy and Raheem Sterling played either side of Kane in a 4-3-3 formation.
Vardy had few sights of goal and his crossing was not good enough to justify his selection as a winger but when Hodgson switched to 4-4-2 before the hour mark, he came alive.
The Leicester striker won England's penalty in trademark style, dashing into the box and tangling with Mehmet Topal in a near-identical incident to the one that led to the forward's dismissal against West Ham in April, but Kane's usual coolness deserted him as he fired his spot-kick against the post.
England manager Roy Hodgson: "For large swathes of the game we played reasonably well, but there was also the positive for me that it shows we're not the finished article, there's still work to be done.
"And when you play against a team of Turkey's quality - they had some good moments and played quite well - it shows that these next three weeks are going to be vital for us in trying to make certain that we can stay compact at all times and make life easier for ourselves defensively."
Jamie Vardy, on the decision to award a penalty for a foul on him: "There was contact on the back of my leg and I couldn't stay on my feet. If the ref wanted to give it the other way he would do that, but he is a professional referee and he gave it as a penalty, so there you go, it is a penalty."
England's next friendly is against Australia at Sunderland's Stadium of Light on 27 May. Hodgson must submit his final 23-man squad for the finals by 31 May, before their final warm-up game, against Portugal at Wembley on 2 June. The squad head for their base in Chantilly on 6 June and play their first group game, against Russia, on 11 June.
Who do you think should start at Euro 2016? Step into Roy Hodgson's shoes and pick your XI - and then share it with your friends using our brand new team selector.
Match ends, England 2, Turkey 1.
Second Half ends, England 2, Turkey 1.
Attempt missed. Hakan Balta (Turkey) left footed shot from the left side of the six yard box is high and wide to the left. Assisted by Selcuk Inan following a set piece situation.
Foul by Jamie Vardy (England).
Mahmut Tekdemir (Turkey) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt blocked. Yasin Öztekin (Turkey) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Foul by Dele Alli (England).
Ismail Köybasi (Turkey) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Corner,  Turkey. Conceded by Gary Cahill.
Attempt saved. Olcay Sahan (Turkey) right footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the bottom left corner. Assisted by Ismail Köybasi with a cross.
Kyle Walker (England) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Yasin Öztekin (Turkey).
Attempt missed. Harry Kane (England) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Jamie Vardy.
Attempt saved. Cenk Tosun (Turkey) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top right corner. Assisted by Selcuk Inan.
Foul by Eric Dier (England).
Olcay Sahan (Turkey) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Substitution, Turkey. Mevlüt Erdinc replaces Ozan Tufan.
Offside, Turkey. Ismail Köybasi tries a through ball, but Cenk Tosun is caught offside.
Foul by Eric Dier (England).
Selcuk Inan (Turkey) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Turkey. Yasin Öztekin replaces Volkan Sen.
Goal!  England 2, Turkey 1. Jamie Vardy (England) right footed shot from the right side of the six yard box to the bottom right corner following a corner.
Attempt saved. Gary Cahill (England) header from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Harry Kane with a cross.
Corner,  England. Conceded by Ismail Köybasi.
Hand ball by Danny Rose (England).
Substitution, Turkey. Olcay Sahan replaces Hakan Calhanoglu.
Danny Rose (England) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Ozan Tufan (Turkey).
Foul by Harry Kane (England).
Mehmet Topal (Turkey) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, England. Daniel Drinkwater replaces Raheem Sterling.
Penalty missed! Still  England 1, Turkey 1. Harry Kane (England) hits the left post with a right footed shot.
Mehmet Topal (Turkey) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Penalty conceded by Mehmet Topal (Turkey) after a foul in the penalty area.
Penalty England. Jamie Vardy draws a foul in the penalty area.
Cenk Tosun (Turkey) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Dele Alli (England).
Substitution, Turkey. Mahmut Tekdemir replaces Oguzhan Ozyakup.
Substitution, Turkey. Ismail Köybasi replaces Caner Erkin.
Danny Rose (England) wins a free kick on the left wing.


Warwickshire's hopes of building on their first-day domination were stymied by the Southampton weather as no play was possible on a rain-ruined day two.

Umpires Steve O'Shaughnessy and Martin Saggers twice inspected the sodden outfield with the hope of some action.
But, despite a dry afternoon, the pitch could not dry quickly enough and it was called off for the day at 16:00 BST.
Hampshire had earlier been rocked by the news that fast bowler Reece Topley had broken his hand batting.
The England World T20 fast bowler, who is making his debut in this match following his winter move from Essex, was struck on his right hand by Boyd Rankin early on making a career-best 15.
He is to see a specialist to check whether the injury is just a single or double fracture just below the knuckle.
On his 34th birthday, new Bears skipper Ian Bell is still hopeful of forcing a result given that Tuesday's weather forecast promises more dry spells.
Hampshire director of cricket Giles White told BBC Radio Solent:
"A little bit of time out the game isn't bad for us but we would like to be out there playing cricket as much as we can at this time of year.
"For us tomorrow we need to carry on batting and get what we can in terms of bonus points and bowl well. The game will take shape from there.
"It was a shame to lose a day today but the weather looks better tomorrow and we'll go again."


Stuart Hogg and Tommy Seymour are the only Scots to make the British and Irish Lions squad for their tour of New Zealand.

Lions coach Warren Gatland's squad was announced at a Wednesday lunchtime media conference.
It means Scotland again have a smaller representation than England, Ireland and Wales.
Former Scotland cap Andy Nicol said: "There are lots of big names missing out and they are not just Scottish."
Gatland chose 16 players from Six Nations champions England, 12 from Wales, 11 Irish and two Scots in his 41-man squad.
Scotland this season finished fourth in the Six Nations, ahead of Wales, but Nicol believes that their 61-21 thrashing by England put paid to many of their Lions hopes.
"It has been a rollercoaster with the Lions throughout this calendar year," he said.
"When Glasgow went back-to-back with Racing 92 in the Champions Cup over Christmas and then demolished Leicester at Walford Road, then Scotland had that great start to the Six Nations against Ireland, I reckon we had about eight in the mix.
"But as the Six Nations went on, even though we beat Wales, Twickenham was the big problem.
"I was at a Lions event the week before Twickenham and Warren Gatland said to me he wanted to see how these Scotland players coped away from home at Twickenham and I don't think it could have gone any more wrong."
Sean Maitland's form for Saracens meant that the 28-year-old was being tipped as a contender, but Nicol was not surprised that fellow winger Seymour made it ahead of his Scotland colleague.
"He's a proven finisher, good under the high ball, he's in form," he said.
It is the first Lions squad since 1908 to not feature any Scottish forwards, and former Scotland captain Gordon Bulloch described the inclusion of only two compatriots in the squad as "disappointing".
He told BBC Radio Scotland: "Halfway through the Six Nations we were hoping for maybe five or six but the game against England really put paid to a lot of these guys' chances.
"It was a Welsh and English-based coaching squad, and that's likely to count for a lot.
Media playback is not supported on this device
"These guys are working with the players day in and day out. They know their strengths - and you also have to look back to the four or five-year histories of some of these players.
"They've been in big, clutch-type matches in Europe and the Six Nations. Whereas the Scottish players, apart from maybe Glasgow in the Pro 12 a couple of years ago in winning that, haven't really been in a situation where they had to dig deep and grind out a win.
"Glasgow had the chance against Saracens [in the Champions Cup] and didn't quite come up with the goods. The game is all about playing right throughout the season and winning things.
"Scotland are on the up but unfortunately haven't quite managed to put a lot of wins together [resulting in] silverware and that's probably held some of the guys back."
"The lack of a Scottish voice in the selection meetings can't have helped, and Gatland was known to be unhappy when his offers to bring Gregor Townsend and then Jason O'Halloran onto the Lions coaching team were rebuffed.
"Perhaps what will rankle most with Scotland fans is the huge contingent - 12 players - selected from Wales, a team who Scotland finished above in the Six Nations and defeated with a bit to spare at Murrayfield.
"You would imagine several Scots fall into the 'first reserve' category, and the brutal nature of a Lions tour means we could yet see more Scots called into the squad down the line as injury replacements.
"Two Scots in the initial squad, however, is a hugely disappointing return for all involved with Scottish rugby."


Rail passengers who suffer travel delays can now claim refunds in cash instead of vouchers as new compensation arrangements come into effect.

The changes have been made after consumer groups criticised the vouchers, saying they could not be used online or to access cheap fares.
Passengers will be entitled to refunds if their train is delayed by at least 30 minutes.
Train operators said they wanted to give passengers "an even better deal".
Up to now most train companies have only offered travel vouchers as compensation - a system that has been in place for about 20 years.
David Mapp, commercial director at the Association of Train Operating Companies, said compensation for delays had "become increasingly generous and easy to apply for".
"Today's changes underline the industry's commitment to offering passengers an ever better deal, including how they receive compensation," he said.
"Train operators and Network Rail are working hard together to make more trains run on time but when things do go wrong we want to put it right."
Compensation varies between train companies but in general, passengers can claim a minimum cash refund of 20% of the cost of a single fare and 10% on a return fare if there was a delay on only one leg of the journey.
Claims must be submitted within 28 days of the delay.
Nicholas Johnson, St Neots: It is a deliberately lengthy process to claim a refund. Fill out the form, send it off, get the form stamped at a ticket office etc. There have been times I have wanted to claim but by the time I get to the station it's closed so I cannot get it stamped, so  I go home and forget about it.
Stephanie Mark, London: As a frequent traveller between London and Edinburgh for over three years, I managed to accrue a delay repay for almost every service I was on. Whilst a refund through vouchers was great for my travel needs, it did add additional hassle when they could only be used when buying tickets at the station. After about a year of delays, I also felt bitter about being forced to return to their company.
Lisa Howe, Maidstone: It's great that we'll finally get cash back from delays rather than vouchers. My thoughts have always been that my train ticket is my receipt - and therefore, if there are delays, I should get a monetary refund as I would if I'd bought a faulty product. The issue is that even delays of five-10 minutes cause inconvenience. The percentage of refund given still doesn't make up for the fact that you've had a poor service.
Andrew Leach, Eastbourne: One thing that Southern have done is make refunds easier - just as well given their record of service. They have always offered vouchers, but they have been exchangeable for cash at stations for a number of months. What's needed now is compensation for 10-minute delays during the week: the number of 30-minute delays has improved, but most journeys suffer more than five minutes delay.
The change has been welcomed by passenger group Transport Focus, which has campaigned on the issue for some time.
However the group said it was still concerned that too few people claim refunds when their trains are delayed.
In a survey published in 2013, it found that 88% of passengers entitled to compensation did not bother to ask for it.
Rail minister Claire Perry said: "Passengers have told us that they want better compensation when their trains are delayed, and I am pleased that the industry has responded.
"This change is a positive first step but I am working with the industry to ensure more improvements are delivered as soon as possible."


England hooker Emma Croker and head coach Scott Bemand speak to BBC Sport after Saturday's 20-13 Women's Six Nations victory over Wales.

Media playback is not supported on this device
A win over France in Vannes on Friday would see England complete the Grand Slam and clinch their first Six Nation's title since 2012.
"It's been a few years since we have been battling it out for the Grand Slam," Croker said.
"We have a new group now, we have rebuilt from the World Cup. Last year and at the beginning of the Six Nations this year people started to write us off.
"But we have really grown as a group and we are hoping to put on a good performance in France."


A man "obsessed" with RAF activity on Anglesey repeatedly shone bright lights into the cockpit of its planes during night flights, a court has heard.

John Arthur Jones, 65, of Bodffordd, denies 13 counts of recklessly or negligently acting in a manner likely to endanger aircraft or persons in an aircraft.
The trial at Mold Crown Court heard Mr Jones lived near the Mona airfield.
The jury was told he was "annoyed" by activity in the skies over his land.
John Philpotts, prosecuting, told the court 208 Squadron, which trains fast jet pilots, is based at RAF Valley and uses Mona airfield as part of the training for Hawk pilots.
"An important part of their training involves night flying," he said, including take off and landing.
He added: "It's the prosecution's case that Mr Jones endangered aircraft and their pilots repeatedly... and he did that, the prosecution say, by shining a bright light into the cockpits."
Mr Jones kept detailed notes of RAF activity and, Mr Philpotts said: "He was a man on a mission so far as RAF Valley was concerned."
The trial continues.


Women who use online dating websites often complain of receiving unwanted, unsolicited photographs of "crotch shots" from men.

The practice has become so common that many women don't even consider it harassment - many consider it a mere annoyance, a necessary evil in the modern cyber quest for love.
Whitney Wolfe, a co-founder of dating app Tinder, says she wants her new company to disrupt the sector, and cut back on the amount of online harassment directed towards women.
She describes her start-up Bumble as a "feminist dating app", where men are typically more polite, because women make the first move.
"In every other facet of a young woman's life we are owning our worlds in a very independent way," Ms Wolfe says from her hip, co-working space in Austin, Texas.
"We work, we create, we support ourselves, and it's encouraged to do so. The only thing that hasn't caught up to that is how we date."
The 26-year-old entrepreneur founded Bumble a year ago. She says the restrictions in the app which block men from driving the conversations are pushing social change.
The word feminism has been co-opted and contorted, she says, but "what it really means is equality between men and women". When women make the first move, she says, men are often flattered and behave much more politely.
In the world of dating apps, Ms Wolfe is famous for co-founding and then being ousted from Tinder, the wildly popular dating tool that first started in 2012.
She then sued her fellow co-founders last year for sexual harassment. Ms Wolfe refused to discuss details of the case with the BBC, but she maintained her "co-founder" status, and she reportedly received about $1m (Â£650,000) when the lawsuit was settled with no admission of wrong doing.
Maintaining the "founder" title is important. Female founders and chief executives are rare. Fewer than 3% of venture capital-backed companies are run by women, according to a 2014 study by Babson College about bridging the gender gap in entrepreneurship.
"Only a small portion of early-stage investment is going to women entrepreneurs, yet our data suggest that venture capital-funded businesses with women on the executive team perform better on multiple dimensions," the report's author Candida Brush said when it was released.
"The venture capital community, therefore, may be missing good investment opportunities by not investing in women entrepreneurs."
Ms Wolfe says it's important for women to feel empowered in dating as well as in business, where women too often "hesitate" to start their own companies.
"Sometimes there's this hesitation involved with women" when it comes to starting businesses, she says.
"There's this hold back there, and until we break the mould - and there are positive examples set, and it's something that is achievable - I don't think we're going to see much of a change."
Ms Wolfe isn't the only entrepreneur breaking the mould when it comes to dating apps where women call the shots.
Siren is a dating platform made by women and marketed to women users. It allows women to control their visibility, so they can block their profile from other users.
For example, some users only make their profile visible to social media contacts.
How pervasive is harassment online? A Pew Research Centre report in 2013 found that 28% of online daters have been harassed or made to feel uncomfortable.
For women, 42% have experienced negative contact, compared with just 17% of men.
One online dating user, Mandy Tugwell, says she removed her online dating profile from a mainstream dating site after she got naked pictures of men, and was repeatedly asked if she was into sexual fetishes.
"I was like, OK this isn't going to work," she says. "I got really creeped out."
But Ms Tugwell did find a serious relationship on a niche dating site targeted at black women and Asian men.
Ms Wolfe says the crowded field of online dating and social media networking sites isn't intimidating. Tinder is a juggernaut, and there are dozens of other niche sites to choose from, she says.
Finding love and connections is "a huge, huge need" she adds.
"It's part of who we are as human, to date and find people to share time with.
"I don't think we need to compete with anyone. I think we can be a standalone entity that is trying to fill a void.
"It's a unique mission.  I'm happy to compete in a field that's crowded."


Several people have been killed and wounded in an explosion in the Syrian capital, Damascus, Syrian state TV reports.

The state new agency Sana said a "terrorist bombing" attack had taken place in the Tadamon district in the south of the capital.
Tadamon has been a battleground between rebel forces and the army for months.
Later on Tuesday, the UN General Assembly is due to meet, with much of its focus on the Syria crisis.
The UK-based activist group, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, says a car bomb killed at least seven people and wounded 15, some of them critically.
More than 100,000 people have died in the conflict, according to the UN, and millions have fled the country or been made homeless.


Trouble flared in north Belfast on Monday night where the Orange Order was not allowed to complete its return from an annual Twelfth of July parade.

The march was barred from proceeding along a stretch of road that separates unionist and nationalist communities.
Within minutes of the parade reaching police lines, empty bottles, bricks and metal bolts were thrown at police.
Politicians and other key figures gave their reaction in the aftermath of the violence.
"[The] violence and attacks in north Belfast on PSNI officers as they go about their duty trying to keep the peace is wrong and cannot be justified regardless of the frustrations or the cause.
"It is vital that those involved in such riotous activity cease and are held accountable. They do a massive disservice to the wider cause they claim to support.
"Orangemen and supporters were attacked whilst returning from Twelfth demonstrations this evening, and such attacks again demonstrate the intolerance of those who are not prepared to respect and build understanding of cultural diversity."
"The loyalists responsible for [the] riot in [north] Belfast must be condemned. Leadership required from unionist political leaders.
"I unreservedly condemn those responsible for the attack on the bus in Greysteel and the Verbal Arts Centre, and other incidents in Derry."
"I condemn these disgraceful attacks on the police. Those responsible do nothing to further the cause they claim to promote.
"They damage Northern Ireland and wreck a day which should be about respectful celebration of cultural tradition."
"Attacks on police officers are totally wrong, however outrageous the Parades Commission continues to behave.
"Over the years, the Parades Commission has caved in to republican violence and threats of violence. This has created a severe problem in relation to community relations and respect for law and order.
"The way forward is to recognise the failures of the past cannot be repeated and a new way forward for parading and protesting is badly needed. Secretary of State take note."
"What the residents have said on an ongoing basis is that they are up for dialogue. We've worked out many, many problems, but it all began with dialogue.
"In terms of the Parades Commission, there needs to be an independent body. While I have often disagreed with their decisions, I think it's the only way to deal with this issue until it can be dealt with between those who decide to march through these areas and the people who live there."
"We cannot continue to open wounds every summer and hope that the body politic and society in general in Northern Ireland and north Belfast will just continue on as usual.
"We need to reflect very carefully and we need to resolve this situation in Ardoyne and we need to do that urgently."
"There is disappointment in north Belfast once again that the three Ligoniel lodges and the band were not able to return home to their starting point.
"Ten or more years of republican violence at Ardoyne on the Crumlin Road was rewarded by the Parades Commission. I would have to say if it's wrong to engage in violence, it's wrong to reward violence."
"Those involved in violence should desist. It is not only counterproductive but also plain wrong.
"Such actions are only strengthening the hand of those who wish to further curtail our parades."
"Once again, officers demonstrated their patience and professionalism even though their lines were under attack.
"The scenes we witnessed were deplorable and shameful.
"The behaviour of those who viciously targeted police lines was mindless and unacceptable."
"We had hoped that the scenes of violence witnessed were a thing of the past, but clearly there is a minority who do not want Northern Ireland to move on.
"They have disregarded all those in the community who have worked hard to ease tensions, and must be brought to justice."
"The scenes in north Belfast are a serious step backwards for stability in Northern Ireland.
"The small minority determined to return to the bad old days must not be allowed to prosper.
"[The] events underline the importance of marginalising the extremists and pressing ahead with implementation of the [Stormont House Agreement]."