Hundreds of children in England and Wales have been held under the Mental Health Act and locked in police cells because officers did not have anywhere else to take them, the BBC has learned.

There were 305 detentions of under-18s in the first 11 months of 2013, Radio 4's the World This Weekend found.
Some were detained for more than 24 hours, according to data released under Freedom of Information laws.
Health Minister Norman Lamb said the level of cell use was "unacceptable".
He insisted every area should have arrangements and agreements in place, and police cells should only be used in "very, very exceptional circumstances".
The practice of detaining children suspected of being mentally ill was first uncovered by the BBC in 2012.
Then, the data for 2011 showed there were 385 child detentions.
The latest information revealed that in 2012 there were 317 detentions.
Some children were detained for long periods of time - including 17-year-olds held for more than 24 hours and 15-year-olds for between eight and 15 hours.
A 10-year-old in Gwent was taken to a cell as no bed was available.
Police have the power under the Mental Health Act to take people they suspect of being mentally disturbed and who could be a danger to themselves or others to a "place of safety" to be assessed by a doctor.
This detention may only last up to 72 hours.
Places of safety will usually mean a hospital, care home or any other suitable place but, in exceptional circumstances, it may also be a police station.
In the case of children, this could mean an adolescent psychiatric unit or a children's home.
Sarah Brennan, chief executive of charity Young Minds, described the situation as "really shocking".
"[Children and young people] need to have appropriate care in the appropriate setting and that should never be a police cell when they have mental health problems."
The fact children were still being held in cells two years after it was first reported was a "terrible indictment", she added.
Mr Lamb insisted it was possible to stop using police cells, saying some parts of the country needed to "step up" to the standards as those areas which do not use them, while proper coordination and collaboration of services was paramount.
"We need to have very clear standards of crisis mental health care," he told the BBC.
The Department of Health also said it was trialling two schemes to tackle the issue.
Under its "street triage" scheme, mental health nurses patrol with the police to identify people who need immediate mental health support.
An extra Â£25m had been made available for mental health workers to be based in police stations and courts, the department said.
The Association of Chief Police Officers welcomed the move, but the association's spokesman on mental health said more needed to be done.
"We were in a position where there was every day at least one young person statistically taken to a police cell," said Chief Constable Simon Cole.
"We're now down to less than one person a day as an average.  Has it changed quickly enough and significantly enough? No it hasn't, and I want that change to be quicker.
"I'm a father myself and the thought that either of my kids were ill and that they finished up in a police cell, I regard as abhorrent."
So-called places of safety were, in many parts of the country, not equipped to take on young people, he said, adding: "That's just got to change."
Lorraine Khan from the Centre for Mental Health said the figures were "hugely disappointing".
"The government is currently reviewing the code of practice for the Mental Health Act and should look at ways this could help to stop children being placed in police custody when they should be in a safe hospital environment."
Professor Sue Bailey of the Royal College of Psychiatrists welcomed the government's commitment to mental health but said the pace of change needed to quicken.


Three-time major winner Padraig Harrington secured his first European Tour win in eight years with a one-shot victory at the Portugal Masters.

The Irishman shot a final round 65 for a 23-under-par score, finishing ahead of defending champion Andy Sullivan.
It was his first European Tour win since the 2008 US PGA Championship.
Harrington said: "It's a big win. I tried to be really aggressive. The golf course really suited me and I just tried to go after every pin I could."
A third birdie of the week for Harrington on the penultimate hole followed by a par on the last held off the challenge of Sullivan, who was attempting to become the first man to successfully defend the title at the Victoria Clube de Golfe in Vilamoura.
"I have a pretty good short game that was on form this week. No matter where I hit it, I felt like I could get it up and down," added Harrington, whose tally of Tour victories now stands at 15, level with Thomas Bjorn at 15th on the all-time list.
The semi-retired Anders Hansen and Finland's Mikko Korhonen were two shots behind and tied for third.


Shares in Thomas Cook closed down 7.7% after the firm said it was "cautious" about prospects "given the uncertain political and economic outlook".

The FTSE 250 company reported a 1% rise in first quarter revenues and a slight dip in operating losses.
It also said its holiday prices would be 9% higher this year as it aimed to sell more upmarket packages.
The benchmark FTSE 100 share index ended modestly higher, gaining 40.68 to 7,229.50 points.
On the currency markets, the pound ended 0.14% lower against the dollar to $1.2523 and was 0.2% higher against the euro at 1.1749.


For more than 80 years a small brass plaque, no larger than a dinner plate, sat embedded in the tarmac in front of Bangkok's Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall, worn down after being driven over countless of times by traffic.

Very few Thais even knew of its existence, apart from dedicated pro-democracy activists who would occasionally clean the plaque or decorate it with flowers.
Yet the plaque is one of the very few monuments to mark the most significant moment in modern Thai history.
In June 1932, a revolution overthrew 700 years of absolute monarchy and a constitutional political structure, requiring non-royal governments elected by the people, was introduced.
Four-and-a-half years later, one of the leaders of that uprising and the first post-revolution prime minister Phraya Phahol held a small ceremony, embedding the plaque into the ground at the spot where he had first announced the end of the absolute monarchy.
The inscription on it read: "Here on 24 June 1932 at dawn, the People's Party produced a constitution for the country's prosperity."
Earlier this month two teams of students from Thammasat University, which was founded by one of the leaders of the revolution, were sent by their professor to study the plaque.
The first group, on 2 April, found it intact. A second group who visited it on 8 April discovered that it had been replaced.
Neatly cemented in the same spot was a new plaque, with a different message: "To worship the Buddhist trinity, one's own state, one's own family, and to have a heart faithful to your monarch, will bring prosperity to the country".
The same inscription surrounds the Chakri Star, a symbol of the reigning dynasty in Thailand.
Unsurprisingly there has been an uproar, as pro-democracy activists, historians and social media commentators have protested against this apparent violation of a piece of Thailand's historic heritage.
This was no casual act of vandalism.
A fringe, ultra-royalist group had threatened to remove the plaque last year, but given the location, it seems unlikely even they would dare carry out their threat without significant official backing.
The instigators of the 1932 revolution had chosen the location for their early morning announcement with care. Symbols, and locations, have always mattered in Thai power politics.
Royal Plaza was the dramatic entrance to the new district of Dusit, built by Thailand's greatest absolute monarch, Chulalongkorn, as a more modern centre of royal power, away from the glittering palaces by the river.
It marks the end of Ratchadamnoen Avenue, the grand royal boulevard connecting the two districts, and is dominated by a large statue of King Chulalongkorn astride a horse.
The little brass plaque, stuck right next to the statue, was a deliberate snub, by a government determined to curb, or even end, royal power.
But they failed. During the long reign of King Bhumibol, which ended with his death last October, royal power and prestige were restored to levels unknown since the days of absolute kings.
Royal Plaza remains a potent symbol of the monarchy's elevated status.
The new King Vajiralongkorn chose the imposing throne hall to host an elaborate formal ceremony, unseen in almost half a century, on 6 April, giving his royal approval to a new constitution drafted by Thailand's military rulers.
Photographs published in the Thai media suggest the plaque was removed on the night before that ceremony.
The reaction of the Thai authorities to the theft has left people perplexed. Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha dismissed it as unimportant.
"What good will it do to demand its return?" he responded to journalists, adding warnings not to organise protests about the plaque.
The police insisted they could not investigate the disappearance because they did not know who owned the plaque. The deputy police chief even suggested that it had originally been put illegally in Royal Plaza, even though it was done by the government of the day.
One activist who turned up at Royal Plaza to protest was detained; an opposition politician, who posted that the plaque was a national asset and should be protected by law, is being charged under the tough Computer Crimes Act.
Two more who filed a complaint to the local police were warned not to go there, and instead bussed to Bangkok City Hall, where they were told that all 11 CCTV cameras in the area had been removed days before the plaque was taken.
For a few hours a fence was erected around the new plaque to stop people photographing it, until the police realised it was a hazard to traffic, and took it down.
Because 1932 was such a pivotal moment in Thai history, it has long been the subject of debate among the country's main political factions, each aiming to co-opt the event to enhance its own legitimacy.
Some of the language used by the leaders of the uprising was stridently critical of the monarchy. It could hardly be republished now, under the exceptionally harsh interpretation of the lese majeste law used by today's military government.
But very quickly the uprising's leaders decided they needed the endorsement of their new regime by then-King Prajadhipok, softening their proposals to limit royal powers in the constitution they finalised by the end of 1932.
Relations between the two remained tense, with a failed royalist uprising in 1933 leading to the king eventually abdicating two years later.
That chaotic start to Thailand's first attempt at democracy has allowed royalists to present it more as a gift from a caring monarchy, and for democrats and republicans to present democracy as something that must stem from the will of the people.
In many ways, Thailand's recent political turmoil reflects a debate over the true source of political legitimacy in the country which has never been settled.
So whoever removed the little brass plaque, with its brief homage to the first "people's constitution", was sending a message, or adjusting the symbolic balance in Royal Plaza.
The evasive responses of the government and police show it is a very sensitive matter that they are reluctant to investigate.
They are making it clear they will not tolerate anyone else investigating the missing piece of history either.


Matt Baker now makes a living charming the nation on The One Show, but in his youth he was a British gymnastic and sport acrobatics champion.

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Matt tells his story about his love of gymnastics and why he was unstoppable, growing up on a farm in County Durham with his family.
Fancy seeing life from a different angle and giving gymnastics a go? Here's all you need to know in our handy guide.


Police have appealed for witnesses after a man was punched in the face in a road rage incident on the A7 in the Scottish Borders.

It happened on the southbound carriageway between Stow and Galashiels close to the B710 junction for Clovenfords at about 18:00 on Thursday.
The 66-year-old man was signalled to pull over by a van driver and the two became involved in a dispute.
The suspect then punched the man and smashed his pick-up's wing mirror.
The victim sustained minor facial injuries but did not require medical attention, police said.
He was driving a silver Hyundai iload pick-up vehicle and the van involved was white and green.
PC Sarah Younger from Galashiels Police Station said: "This dispute and subsequent assault seems to have been over a relatively minor issue, but resulted in the victim being assaulted and his vehicle being damaged.
"I would ask that anyone who was on the A7 on Wednesday evening and witnessed this exchange, or who has information that can help us identify the suspect, contacts police immediately."


Petra Kvitova will attempt to win the women's singles at Wimbledon for the second time when she meets Eugenie Bouchard in Saturday's final.

Czech Kvitova, the 24-year-old sixth seed, has not reached a Grand Slam final since she beat Maria Sharapova to win the Wimbledon title in 2011.
Bouchard, 20, is the first Canadian to play in a major singles final.
The 13th seed, who reached the last four of the Australian and French Opens this year, is yet to drop a set.
Complete order of play
Eugenie Bouchard [13] v Petra Kvitova [6] (14:00 BST)
For much of this year's Wimbledon Championships, talk has surrounded a supposed changing of the guard in both the men's and women's games.
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Though the men's final features familiar faces Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer, we witness the beginning of a new era in the women's game, with two players born in the 1990s in a Grand Slam final for the first time.
For Bouchard, the 2012 girls' champion, a run to the final might represent natural progression following two Grand Slam semi-final appearances already this year, but this is still only her sixth appearance in one of the top four tournaments.
Her route to the final could have been blocked by Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova but, instead, she disposed of their respective conquerors, Alize Cornet and Angelique Kerber.
But she saved her most impressive performance for the semi-final, brushing aside Simona Halep, the third seed and form player of the past 12 months, in straight sets.
If she is successful, Bouchard will become the youngest Grand Slam winner since Sharapova's victory in the 2006 US Open final aged 19.
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For that to happen, she must find a way past Kvitova, a name not often mentioned as part of the new breed, but still only 24.
The left-hander is bidding to become only the fourth multiple Wimbledon champion since 1990, following Steffi Graf and the Williams sisters.
On her run to the final, Kvitova has not had to beat an opponent ranked inside the world's top 10, a trend that will continue when she meets world number 13 Bouchard.
However, she did defeat five-time champion Venus Williams in round three before beating fellow Czechs Barbora Zahlavova Strycova and Lucie Safarova in the quarter-finals and semi-finals respectively.
Regardless of the result, 2014 is the third successive year in which the first three Grand Slams will be won by three different players, following Li Na's success at the Australian Open and Sharapova's Roland Garros victory.
Bouchard: "I'm looking forward to having my toughest match at Wimbledon yet. I'm going to go out and really just try to go for it and take my chances. I know I'll have really tough opposition. That's what you have to expect in a Grand Slam final.
"I'm still in the middle of a tournament so I'm not really looking at outside things or focused on all the other attention because I don't want to get distracted. After the tournament I can reflect on it. It's my dream to play a big match like this."
Kvitova: "I learned a lot in 2011. It was a big surprise for me that I was in the newspapers and everything. I didn't know before how it feels. I'm used to it now and I know probably how to handle it. I hope this experience can help me.
"Bouchard is playing a very solid game. I beat her for the first time last year in Toronto, but it's a long time ago. It was on the hard court. This is totally different. I have to use my left-handed serve a lot and to be aggressive. That's my game. That, I think, can be the key. "
Bouchard has a twin sister named Beatrice, who is six minutes older. The siblings are named after Prince Andrew's daughters.
Kvitova was involved in the first all-left-handed Grand Slam semi-final in 22 years when she beat Lucie Safarova. The last time two left-handers played in a Grand Slam semi was at Wimbledon in 1992, when Monica Seles beat Martina Navratilova in three sets.
Defending champions Bob and Mike Bryan play in the men's doubles final - their first Grand Slam decider since winning the title at SW19 12 months ago.
The American twins have a record 15 Grand Slam doubles titles, including three at Wimbledon, and will play American Jack Sock and Canadian Vasek Pospisil, who are first-time finalists.
Italians Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci go into the women's doubles final knowing a win will see them secure a doubles career Grand Slam.
The second seeds reached their first Wimbledon final by beating ninth seeds Andrea Hlavackova and Zheng Jie, and will face Hungary's Timea Babos and Kristina Mladenovic from France.
Errani and Vinci won the French and US Opens in 2012 and are the defending Australian Open champions. Victory on Saturday would see them become the first pair to complete the Grand Slam set since Venus and Serena Williams in 2001.
The men's wheelchair doubles also get under way, with Britain's Gordon Reid and Tom Egberink of the Netherlands facing a tough semi-final against defending champions Shingo Kunieda from Japan and Frenchman Stephane Houdet.
Live tennis - 12:30-16:20 BBC Two/HD
Live tennis - 13:45-16:30 BBC One
Live tennis - 12:55-16:30 BBC Radio 5 live
Live tennis - 16:30-22:00 BBC Radio 5 live sports extra
Round-up of the day - 19:30-20:00 BBC Radio 5 live
Today at Wimbledon - 20:00-21:00 BBC Two/HD
Up to six courts streamed live on the BBC Sport website from 11:30-21:00 BST.
The combined age of the women's finalists is 44 years 239 days. It is the youngest final since the 2008 French Open when Ana Ivanovic (20 years 214 days) defeated Dinara Safina (22 years 41 days).
Petra Kvitova: Je to tady! Finale Wimbledonu!! Wimbledon final here we come!!!
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Ryan Bird scored one and set up another against his former club as Newport County sealed a vital League Two win against Hartlepool United.

The 29-year-old headed the hosts ahead from close range early on and had a hand in their second after the break.
Aaron Williams doubled the Exiles' advantage when he headed Bird's cross home 10 minutes into the second half.
Dan Butler shot from long range to add a third while Padraig Amond fired in a late consolation for the visitors.
The game was former Cardiff City manager Dave Jones' first in charge of Pools after his appointment on 18 January.
Newport remain bottom of the table, but clawed to within three points of safety following the result while Hartlepool stay in 18th place.
Newport County boss Graham Westley:
"We're three unbeaten now, we haven't had a horrible run of results, the lads have come in and started to settle together.
"They are playing football that is more accustomed to the top end of the league than the bottom end of the league.
"It's a positive run of three. We need to make sure we come back next weekend ready to improve on what we've done this weekend."
Match ends, Newport County 3, Hartlepool United 1.
Second Half ends, Newport County 3, Hartlepool United 1.
Goal!  Newport County 3, Hartlepool United 1. Padraig Amond (Hartlepool United) right footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Sean Kavanagh with a cross.
Alex Samuel (Newport County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Liam Donnelly (Hartlepool United).
Foul by Alex Samuel (Newport County).
Liam Donnelly (Hartlepool United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Mickey Demetriou (Newport County) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses the top right corner following a corner.
Corner,  Newport County. Conceded by Matthew Bates.
Michael Flynn (Newport County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Brad Walker (Hartlepool United).
Foul by Alex Samuel (Newport County).
Scott Harrison (Hartlepool United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Newport County. Alex Samuel replaces Aaron Williams.
Substitution, Hartlepool United. Josh Laurent replaces Lewis Hawkins.
Aaron Williams (Newport County) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Liam Donnelly (Hartlepool United).
Foul by Ryan Bird (Newport County).
Nicky Featherstone (Hartlepool United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Substitution, Newport County. Mickey Demetriou replaces Darren Jones.
Delay in match Sid Nelson (Newport County) because of an injury.
Corner,  Newport County. Conceded by Nicky Featherstone.
Attempt blocked. Craig Reid (Newport County) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Substitution, Newport County. Michael Flynn replaces Mitch Rose.
Attempt blocked. Brad Walker (Hartlepool United) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt missed. Aaron Williams (Newport County) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left.
Foul by Aaron Williams (Newport County).
Liam Donnelly (Hartlepool United) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Goal!  Newport County 3, Hartlepool United 0. Dan Butler (Newport County) left footed shot from outside the box to the top left corner.
Corner,  Newport County. Conceded by Nicky Featherstone.
Darren Jones (Newport County) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Padraig Amond (Hartlepool United).
Substitution, Hartlepool United. Padraig Amond replaces Rhys Oates.
Foul by Aaron Williams (Newport County).
Nicky Featherstone (Hartlepool United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt blocked. Rhys Oates (Hartlepool United) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Foul by Aaron Williams (Newport County).
(Hartlepool United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Aaron Williams (Newport County) wins a free kick on the right wing.


Goalkeeper Danny Rogers has signed a new Aberdeen deal, keeping him at Pittodrie until the summer of 2018.

Rogers, 21, has enjoyed a successful season on loan at Falkirk, keeping 14 clean sheets in 35 appearances.
The US-born Republic of Ireland U21 international spent the previous campaign loaned out to Dumbarton.
Defender Scott McKenna, 19, has also signed a two-year contract extension, having made his first-team debut for the Dons in February.
McKenna featured as a late substitute in the 4-3 win at St Johnstone, having played four games on a short-term loan at Alloa in January.
"It is great news for the club that both lads have committed their futures to Aberdeen," said manager Derek McInnes.
"The challenge for both Danny and Scott now is to establish themselves in the first team. We feel that both have the chance to do so."
Rogers, who moved to Pittodrie in 2011, was due to be out of contract at the end of this season.


Switzerland manager Ottmar Hitzfeld has retired following his side's elimination from the World Cup.

Regarded as one of the most successful managers in the game, the 65-year-old has won 18 major titles, including Champions League successes with Borussia Dortmund and Bayern Munich.
"My job as a coach has finished," he said. "I'm proud of my career."
Hitzfeld will now work as a television pundit, and he joked: "I don't lose when I work on TV."
Switzerland were beaten in extra time by Argentina in their last-16 tie on Tuesday and Hitzfeld, who retires with the Swiss ranked sixth in the most up-to-date Fifa world rankings, said he will leave the game with many fond memories.
"I've had some marvellous teams," he said. "Every moment in football sticks in your memory. It's been a great honour and I have a heart full of emotion."
Hitzfeld retires with a glittering CV and was hugely respected by fellow managers, with Sir Alex Ferguson among his admirers.
The pair's most famous meeting was in the 1999 Champions League final when Ferguson's Manchester United team snatched the trophy from Hitzfeld's Bayern Munich with two late goals.
The German played as a striker during the 1970s and 80s for clubs including Basel and Stuttgart before moving into management. He enjoyed most of his success at Dortmund and Munich.


Burundi's environment minister has been shot dead while on his way home on New Year's Eve.

Emmanuel Niyonkuru, 54, was killed at about 00:45 local time (22:45 GMT) by "a criminal with a gun", a police spokesman tweeted.
Tweets from Pierre Nkurikiye said a woman who was with Mr Niyonkuru had been detained for questioning, following the "assassination".
Burundi's President Pierre Nkurunziza said the crime would not go unpunished.
Hundreds of people, including high-ranking army officials, have been killed in unrest since President Pierre Nkurunziza ran for a third term in 2015, a move which opponents said was unconstitutional.  But this is the first time a serving government minister has been killed.
For months the country had been relatively calm.


A boy is in hospital after being bitten by two dogs.

The 11-year-old was attacked in Bolton at about 15:30 BST on Friday, Greater Manchester Police said.
Officers said they were called to Dove Bank Road, where they found the child with injuries to his side.
No details were given concerning the boy's condition but officers are appealing for any witnesses of the attack to contact them.


The ex-chief constable in charge of the initial Hillsborough investigation has admitted he did not know the extent to which police statements were changed.

It comes after a report into the 1989 tragedy in which 96 Liverpool fans died said 116 statements were changed to push blame from police onto fans.
Lord Geoffrey Dear said South Yorkshire Police had been allowed to gather their own witness statements and amend them.
But he insisted it was not his force's responsibility to check the changes.
Lord Dear was the chief constable in charge of West Midlands Police when it was tasked with the investigation into the Hillsborough disaster in its immediate aftermath.
Ninety-six fans died after a crush at Sheffield Wednesday's ground in April 1989 at an FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest.
South Yorkshire police were responsible at the stadium on the day of the tragedy, but it has now emerged that they were allowed to gather their own witness statements and amended more than 100 of them before submission to the West Midlands force.
Speaking to BBC Radio 4's The Report programme, Lord Dear admits he allowed South Yorkshire Police to gather the evidence and remove unnecessary detail: "We were aware there was a certain amount of editing - we wanted matters of fact not opinion.
"That is perfectly proper and within the bounds of what is acceptable.
"What was happening, and we did not appreciate, is that the degree of editing went too far," he goes on.
You can hear more on The Report on BBC Radio 4 on Thursday, 4 October 2012 at 20:00 BST
Listen again via the Radio 4 website
Listen via The Report download
The Report: Death of an MI6 Officer
"We were not aware that statements were being censored by South Yorkshire Police."
The witness evidence collated by the West Midlands force formed the basis of the subsequent official investigations into what happened.
The amended statements were used in the official inquiry, the coronor's inquests and by the Director of Public Prosecutions.
The Hillsborough Independent Panel concluded in September that 116 statements were amended to push blame away from the police and onto the Liverpool fans.
Alun Jones QC, who represented the families of some victims, says the West Midlands investigation should never have allowed South Yorkshire Police to present their own statements.
"The way the matter was investigated between 1989 and 1990 has infected the whole of every subsequent investigation," he says.
"West Midlands Police took statements from all the civilians in the conventional way, but they left the South Yorkshire Police to write their own statements.
"So it was the victims who had their statements taken from them and the force who allowed this disaster to happen were allowed, by West Midlands Police, to not only write their own statements but to change them."
Lord Dear maintains it was not his force's responsibility to check the changes being made by South Yorkshire Police and insists the subsequent Taylor Inquiry was robust.
He claims it was subsequent investigations which were flawed.
"I don't think anyone appreciated, certainly I didn't and certainly Peter Taylor did not appreciate the extent to which South Yorkshire Police hierarchy were trying to alter the balance between who got it right and who got it wrong," he says.
Lord Dear adds: "The West Midlands inquiry was held up by Taylor to be exceedingly good, and I believe it was.
"Given what we knew at the time, given the pressure of time, it was very well handled, and there is not a breath of criticism in the latest review about the way that inquiry was handled."
In a statement South Yorkshire Police said it was not appropriate for them to comment.
"The force is reviewing a wide variety of matters raised in the report of the Hillsborough Independent Panel with a view to making a referral to the Independent Police Complaints Commission," it said.
Hear more on BBC Radio 4's The Report on Thursday, 4 October at 20:00 BST. You can listen again via the Radio 4 website or The Report download.


Writers from New Zealand to Scotland's most-northerly tip have made the shortlist for this year's Dundee International Book Prize.

Ten authors were chosen from hundreds of entries to compete for a publishing deal and a Â£5,000 cash prize.
The competition is now in its 12th year and the winner will be announced at a gala dinner in October.
Last year's competition was won by Swedish author Martin Cathcart Froden's 'Devil Take the Hindmost'.
Peggy Hughes, manager of Literary Dundee, said, "The Dundee International Book Prize is a vital part of our work, and a key way in which we celebrate and champion new voices.
"This year's shortlist is a stellar mix of international talent and genres, and we're deeply excited to see which one will win."
Will Dawson, convener of Dundee City Council's city development committee, said: "Each year the quantity and quality of entrants for the book prize goes from strength to strength.
"I never envy the judges the difficult task they have of choosing just one winner from such a strong field, but every time they manage to select a deserving book to take the title."
The full 2016 shortlist is:
Not to be Reproduced by Kristina Gorcheva-Newberry (US)
The Margins by Jessica Thummel (US)
In Borderlands by Richard Strachan (Scotland)
London Clay by Amy Spencer (England)
Reading Through Binoculars by James Cole (England)
Shadow Jumping by Margaret Ries (Scotland)
The Life of De'Ath by Majella Cullinane (New Zealand)
The Shadow of Pure Light by Emile Cassen (England)
Ghost of a Writer by Helen Dann (England)
The Great Edge by George Gunn (Scotland)


Royal Mail's annual profits have jumped 25% thanks to better-than-expected growth in its parcel delivery business.

Parcel deliveries rose 3% thanks to shoppers' insatiable appetite for online shopping, although the number of letters posted fell by 6%.
Royal Mail put the rise in parcels down to upgraded computer systems, which allow the packages to be sorted faster.
Pre-tax profits rose to £335m in the year to 26 March from £267m, while revenues grew 1% to £9.8bn.
The market reacted positively, sending shares up nearly 4% to 446.8p to highs not seen since January.
Chief executive Moya Greene said: "We have made good progress against all of our strategic priorities. This has been a more challenging period for UK businesses and we have come through it well."
Despite the boost in profits, the company was cautious over its prospects in the UK, where it makes three-quarters of total sales.
The fall in letter deliveries was at the higher end of expectations, with the company blaming uncertainty over the Brexit referendum for the decline.
"This [fall] reflected the levels of business uncertainty following the EU Referendum and a strong prior year which saw a one-off return of direct delivery volumes," it said.
The company is also unlikely to cash in heavily from the upcoming general election, as it admitted the short campaign would mean revenues were likely to be below that seen from mailing sent out during last year's EU referendum and 2015's general election.
Royal Mail's letters business in the UK struggled, with letter volumes down 6%, but this was offset to some extent by the company's parcels operations.
Helped by a huge 50% market share for parcel deliveries in the UK, Royal Mail managed to improve its  revenues by 3% to £3.3bn.
But the business's most impressive performance came from its overseas division - General Logistics Systems (GLS) - where sales jumped 9% to £2.5bn.
Ms Green said: "GLS is performing very well and is growing revenue organically and through acquisitions.
"Its deep expertise and focus on B2B parcels in multiple geographies - now 41 European countries and seven states in the US - positions it to be a greater force for growth for the company.
"We will continue to invest in careful and focused international expansion by GLS."
Despite the strong performance from its international operation, the company described its Italian and French businesses as "challenging" and said it had lost out in Germany due to a rise in the minimum wage.
But the City was impressed overall, with the share price rising almost 4% in early trading, sending the stock to a four month high of 446.8p.
When the government listed the business on the stock market in 2013, some people argued that the price offered was too low. The shares were floated at 330p each.
It led to criticism that ministers had underpriced the former state asset.
The company is also facing strikes in the UK over plans to close its defined benefit pension scheme in 2018.
Royal Mail reiterated that, although the pension plan was in surplus, it was unsustainable and contributions would need to increase to more than £1bn by 2018.


Press freedom is enshrined in the constitution and newspapers freely criticise the government.

Nonetheless, many journalists face intimidation because of their reporting. It is dangerous for them to "take too much interest" in organised crime, corruption or human rights violations during the civil war, Reporters Without Borders said in 2011.
Private operators dominate the media. Four national TV channels share the same owner and have a virtual monopoly in TV broadcasting. They have been criticised for being pro-government. Press ownership is "concentrated in the hands of business elites", reports US-based Freedom House.
There were 2.28 million internet users by June 2012 (via Internetworldstats). Facebook is the leading social network.


A charity which looks after the River Irwell says a 25-mile stretch has been left devastated after a second pollution incident in three weeks.

Volunteers from the Mersey Basin Rivers Trust found white foam in the water at Burrs Country Park in Bury on Sunday.
A suspected pesticide dump earlier this month killed fish and insects between Manchester and Rawtenstall, Lancashire.
The Environment Agency said it was investigating and did not yet know the cause of the incidents.
Trust spokesman Mike Dudd said the loss of insects was important to the river's ecosystem.
"It's going to take the river a long, long time to recover and in the meantime there's going to be a lot of fish, bats and birds go hungry.
"The recovery of the River Irwell has been one of the biggest environmental recovery stories of the last 25 years - the river polluted so badly by the Industrial Revolution now holds the country's best stocks of brown trout and other fish which support kingfishers, otters and dippers.
"This latest event is a massive setback for the river and all those who work so hard to bring these improvements about."
The Environment Agency confirmed samples of water had been taken for analysis.
A spokesman said: "The data from these samples has enabled the team to narrow down the search area for the source of the pollution.
"At this time we have not received any reports of fish mortalities and are treating the two incidents separately."


A ban on online anonymity networks would be "technologically infeasible" and unwise, MPs have been told.

Parliamentary advisers said networks such as Tor could be used for criminal ends but also in the public interest.
The advice for MPs contradicted the Prime Minister David Cameron, who has said law enforcement should be handed the keys to encrypted communications.
One expert said the document showed Mr Cameron's plans to be "noble", but ultimately unworkable.
The Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (Post), which issues advice to MPs, said that there was "widespread agreement that banning online anonymity systems altogether is not seen as an acceptable policy option in the UK".
In a briefing document on the dark net, of which Tor forms a prominent part, it added that, "even if it were, there would be technical challenges".
The report, published on Monday 9 March, cited the example of the Chinese government, which attempted to block access to Tor in order to enforce bans on unauthorised websites.
In reaction, it said, the body that maintains the network, simply added "bridges" that were "very difficult to block", allowing people to continue accessing Tor.
Speaking in January, following attacks by gunmen in Paris and its surrounding areas, David Cameron said there should be no "means of communication" the security services could not read.
He said: "In extremis, it has been possible to read someone's letter, to listen to someone's call to mobile communications.
"The question remains, 'Are we going to allow a means of communications where it simply is not possible to do that?' My answer to that question is, 'No, we must not.'"
He has also enlisted companies that operate internet search engines, such as Google, Microsoft and Yahoo, to help track down and block images of child abuse.
However, the Post report clarified that the dark web was not indexed by such search engines, limiting the extent to which they would be able to help.
Jamie Bartlett, of the think tank Demos, whose book The Dark Net was cited in the report, said that - in theory - he agreed with Mr Cameron that there should not be a place in the dark web for criminals to hide.
However, he said that - in practice - the prime minister's plans were shown by the parliamentary document to be "more or less impossible to actually do".
He said: "It is about police being able to force people to give up their anonymity when necessary, without taking away the ability to be anonymous online."
The Post provides reports for MPs to offer them independent, non-political advice on highly specialised and complicated issues in science and technology.
It does not bind them to any position, but helps inform parliamentary debates and votes on subjects of which many MPs would otherwise have little understanding.
In its report, it differentiated between use of the dark web for criminal purposes and for acts in the public interest - such as whistle-blowing.
It noted that some people have argued for a network that allowed users to be anonymous, but without Tor hidden services (THS), such as the Silk Road marketplace, which have been used for criminal purposes.
"However, THS also benefit non-criminal Tor users because they may add a further layer of user security," the report said.
"Sites requiring strong security, like whistle-blowing platforms are offered as THS.
"Also, computer experts argue that any legislative attempt to preclude THS from being available in the UK over Tor would be technologically infeasible."
A spokesman for the prime minister did not respond to a request for comment.


Northern Ireland will see relatively strong economic growth in 2015, but it is likely to slow in the following years, a new report says.

The Spring 2015 forecast has been published by the Ulster University Economic Policy Centre.
It says the NI economy had a relatively strong 2014, with increasing employment levels supporting high levels of consumer and business confidence.
Lower oil prices had a positive impact for consumers and businesses.
The report says that as a result, 2015 should also deliver relatively strong economic growth.
However, it adds: "Given the surprising Conservative Party majority (albeit slender) in the general election, the key trajectory of government spending over the period of this new Westminster parliament remains on a downward trend.
"Therefore the central theme of the UUEPC Spring 2015 forecast is one of austerity and its likely impact on growth.
"In contrast to many other forecasts, UUEPC expect economic growth in the medium term to slow in Northern Ireland (a feature of our forecasts for some time) as the private sector moves to take up the slack created by lower government spending."
The forecast predicts that gross value added (GVA), the preferred measure of economic activity, will drop from 1.9% in 2015 to 1.3% in 2018.
It also says that the growth in house prices will slow from 7.1% in 2015 to 5.5% in 2018.
The report also predicts a slight rise in unemployment between 2015 and 2018.


Former US President George W Bush has said a free press is "indispensable to democracy" during a rare TV interview.

He told NBC's Today programme a free media was needed to call those in power to account.
President Donald Trump has feuded with some media groups since taking office, calling negative news coverage "fake".
Mr Bush also said that the question of any links between associates of Donald Trump and the Russian government "does need to be answered".
President Bush was speaking to Today's Matt Lauer ostensibly to promote his new book - a collection of portraits of military veterans he has met.
Mr Bush said: "Power can be very addictive and it can be corrosive, and it's important for the media to call to account people who abuse their power."
Mr Trump has branded some parts of the media as "enemies of America".
Mr Bush said he had spent time in office trying to convince Russian President Vladimir Putin that he needed an independent media.
"It's kind of hard to tell others to have an independent, free press when we're not willing to have one ourselves," Mr Bush said.
Mr Trump's latest brush with the media was to announce that he was pulling out of the traditional White House Correspondents' Association dinner on 29 April.
And on Friday, the BBC, CNN, Buzzfeed and the New York Times were among media groups barred from an off-camera informal briefing held by White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer.
Mr Bush was also asked about whether any links between Trump aides and Russian officials during a presidential election campaign that was dogged by allegations of Russian hacking attacks should be formally investigated.
"I think we all need answers... I'm not sure the right avenue to take. I am sure, though, that that question needs to be answered."
Mr Bush was also asked about Mr Trump's executive order attempting to temporarily ban immigrants from seven Muslim-majority nations.
He said only that "I am for an immigration policy that is welcoming and upholds the law", but also stressed that "people should be able to worship who they want to or not at all", calling this the "bedrock of our freedom".
The former president was asked to compare the divisions today with those he faced after his election in 2000, with the contentious and disputed defeat of Al Gore.
He said: "It's hard to compare times. One thing is for certain the job's a tough job. Everybody looks at the presidency one way and when they they get into office, they find out there's a reality to the job."
But he said Mr Trump had only had one month in office. "You have to take the man for his word that he wants to unify the country," Mr Bush said.
The former president was promoting his book Portraits of Courage: A Commander in Chief's Tribute to America's Warriors, proceeds of which will go to help post-9/11 veterans and their families transition to civilian life.


Comedian Rob Auton has won an award for the funniest joke of the Edinburgh Fringe.

The 30-year-old, from York, was given the prize by digital TV channel Dave, whose panel put a selection of their favourites to a public vote.
He won for the joke: "I heard a rumour that Cadbury is bringing out an oriental chocolate bar. Could be a Chinese Wispa."
The top 10 funniest included jokes by Tim Vine and Marcus Brigstocke.
The judges sat through hours of material before nominating their favourite three gags for the shortlist.
The top 10 were:
Auton, who recently quit his job selling paintbrushes in London's Soho to perform full time, said: "I am honoured to receive this award and just pleased that a joke that tackles the serious issue of the invention of a new chocolate bar can be laughed at by the people of Britain."
2012 Stewart Francis
2011 Nick Helm
2010 Tim Vine
2009 Dan Antopolski
2008 Zoe Lyons
The award, officially known as Dave's Funniest Joke of The Fringe, has been going for six years.
Previous winners include king of the oneliner Tim Vine and deadpan Canadian Stewart Francis.
Auton, whose show The Sky Show is on at the Banshee Labyrinth at 16:00, is the first winner to appear as part of Peter Buckley Hill's Free Fringe, which asks audiences to pay what they want at the end of the performance.
The Edinburgh Fringe, the world's largest arts festival, runs until Monday 26 August.
This year's three-week festival has seen 2,871 shows performed by 24,107 artists in 273 venues across Scotland's capital city.
In order to compile the shortlist, each of the judges sat through an average of 60 different comedy performances and sifted through more than 3,600 minutes of material.


Take a look at giant panda, Yang Guang, having a ball of a time.

13 November 2015 Last updated at 15:16 GMT
The panda, who lives in Edinburgh Zoo, was spotted by his keepers playing with a large ball in his sleeping den after the lights had already gone out for night time.
Yang Guang obviously fancies himself as a bit of a Cristiano Ronaldo, as he kicks the ball around the room.
He even scores a goal as he gets the ball through the door and has to run outside to get it back!
Alison Maclean, who looks after the pandas at Edinburgh Zoo, said: "The footage of Yang Guang playing with the ball is fantastic. The new toy must have caught his imagination and it looks like he thoroughly enjoyed his kick about."


Parents have said they are "totally against" a plan to move primary pupils to a new secondary school in Gwynedd.

They have started a petition against the proposal, which they claim would see nine and 10-year-olds sharing classrooms and toilets with teenagers.
Bro Idris will open as a school for three to 16-year-olds on six sites in Dolgellau from next September.
A Gwynedd council spokesperson said they aim to "listen to parents".
The secondary site will be at the present Ysgol y Gader site in Dolgellau, while the primary sites will be at Llanelltyd, Fairbourne, Dolgellau, Dinas Mawddwy and Rhydymain.
Ganllwyd and Brithdir primary schools will close as part of the plan.
Parents told BBC Radio Cymru's Post Cyntaf they thought primary education on the five sites would be only be for three to 11-year-olds.
But Gwynedd council said they are considering a plan to split pupils into three groups; three to nine-years-old; nine to 13-years-old; and 13 to 16-years-old.
Aranwen Manzini Hughes, a parent and governor at Ysgol Ieuan Gwynedd in Rhydymain, said the plan was not part of the original consultation process.
She added that parents were worried about primary age children having to travel to Dolgellau with older children.
A Gwynedd council spokesperson said a public engagement exercise was being held, including some drop-in sessions with parents.
They added: "The aim of the exercise is to update parents on the project's progress so far, introducing a possible education model that has been developed by the headteacher and shadow governing body as a starting point to stimulate debate and to listen and receive feedback from parents.
"Work is progressing well on the Ysgol Bro Idris project, with improvements completed to the building at the Ieuan Gwynedd site in Rhydymain and good progress made on the work at the Llanelltyd and Cynradd Dolgellau sites."


West Bromwich Albion have signed left-back Sebastien Pocognoli from Hannover 96 for an undisclosed fee.

The 26-year-old Belgium international has signed a three-year deal.
Pocognoli has won 12 caps but was not selected for the World Cup after missing the final six weeks of the season through injury.
West Brom head coach Alan Irvine said: "He's joined us with a real hunger to prove himself at Albion and get back into the international set-up."
Pocognoli won the Dutch title with AZ Alkmaar and has also played for Genk and Standard Liege in Belgium.
Irvine added: "Sebastien is an experienced left-back who has played at a high level for many years."
He becomes the club's fourth summer signing, after deals for Craig Gardner,Joleon Lescott and Chris Baird.


A tractor veered down an embankment in Carmarthenshire, leaving the driver trapped inside the wreckage.

Firefighters used hydraulic equipment, a winch and hand tools to free him following the incident near Cynwyl Elfed at 19:30 BST on Friday.
He was treated at the scene by paramedics before being taken to Glangwili Hospital in Carmarthen. The extent of his injuries are unknown.
The main A484 was closed in both directions following the incident.


"The silent majority stands with Trump," proclaimed the posters.

But in truth, there was nothing very silent about this raucous audience who packed the American Airlines Center in Dallas.
Twenty thousand people waited in the sun and heat to gain access to the arena. They dressed in costumes, they wore badges and hats and T-shirts.
And once inside they shouted.
Sometimes they booed and jeered - mention Jeb and they booed; mention Hillary and they booed even louder.
And when Trump mentioned Trump - which he did quite a lot (if anyone did a word cloud I'm sure that Trump was the word he used most) they cheered.
There were other bogeymen too - China, Japan and Mexico also brought howls of derision. Mention of illegal immigrants brought howls of rage.
This was politics as pantomime. With plenty of villains. And only room for one hero. Yes, we know who that was...
He spoke for nearly an hour without a teleprompter. The speech was in two halves.
The first was Trump on Trump - where he spoke about the money he had made: $200m plus, just from presenting The Apprentice.
How he had deals galore in the pipeline.
But how everything had been put on hold to allow him to run for the Presidency.
And here was the political point.
Other candidates had to make no sacrifices because they were professional politicians, but because he was a top-of-his-game business tycoon, he was going to lose a lot of money by his tilt for the White House (I think he'll be OK though).
And second political point, because he was so rich, he was funding this campaign himself and wouldn't be in the pocket of any of the "bloodsuckers", as he called the money men, the lobbyists, the corporate wheelers and dealers.
He talked about the polls: "We're killing it," he repeatedly declared.
He said he was way out in front.
But he complained that the media refused to admit he was surging, focusing instead on the campaigns of his rivals.
Again a clever way to portray him as the outsider; the upsetter of orthodoxy, the insurgent tearing at the walls of conventional politics.
And then - finally - a ramble through policy.
On women: "I have such respect for women, I cherish women, I'm going to take such good care of women's health care issues you won't even believe it."
On trade deals, he was going to stop jobs going abroad.
On illegal immigration - and here in Texas, which shares a common border with Mexico - those who shouldn't be in the US would be kicked out. He would build a wall.
A beautiful wall, a Trump wall. That got an ecstatic reaction.
He promised to unveil detailed tax and growth policies in the next three weeks.
And let us be honest, detail is something that has been thin on the ground thus far.
Obamacare would be reformed, veterans would be treated better.
And then he brought his speech to a close with the slogan, "Make America great again."
This is the Donald Trump phenomenon and bandwagon.
It is 14 months to the election, and 20,000 people were packed into this sports arena in Dallas to hear him.
A lot of pundits predicted that his support would fizzle out after the summer.
It doesn't seem to be happening.
1946: Born in Queens, New York
1959: Goes to New York Military Academy
1968: Graduates from Wharton School of Finance, University of Pennsylvania and starts working for his father's successful real estate development and construction company
1974: Acquires the failing Commodore Hotel on Manhattan's 42nd Street. The development takes nearly six years to complete before opening as the Grand Hyatt.
1982: Ahead of the Trump Tower completion, 266 luxury condos in the building go on sale, bought by Martina Navratilova, Johnny Carson, Steven Spielberg and Sophia Loren
1988: Buys New York's iconic Plaza Hotel for $407m, at the time the highest price ever paid for a single hotel
1991: Completion of Trump Palace, Upper East Side
1992: In a deal with the banks over his business debts, he is forced to give up his yacht, his jet, his stake in Grand Hyatt and the Trump Shuttle
1994: Averts bankruptcy again by getting banks to agree to another three years to pay back his debt
2003: Launch of the first series of The Apprentice
2011: Led "birther" speculation that Barack Obama was not born in the US
2015: Declares his intention to seek the Republican Party nomination in 2016


A man and a woman have died in a shooting at a West Midlands house, leading to the arrest of two people.

The 43-year-old man and 39-year-old woman who died were found by ambulance crews called to Laneside Gardens, Walsall, shortly after 01:30 BST.
A man, 23, and woman, 22, were arrested nearby and are being questioned by West Midlands Police. The arrested man is related to one of the deceased.
Police said the double murder case was an "isolated incident".
The two people who died sustained gunshot injuries.
Head of crime and operations for Walsall, Supt Keith Fraser, said: "I don't underestimate the impact this could have and will have on the local community.
"I do want to reassure the community that this is an isolated incident with the information that we have at the moment."
Neighbours told BBC reporters the victims were a mother of three sons and her long-term partner, but this has not been confirmed by police.
The force said it was not "100% sure on what the murder weapon is at this moment in time" and there had not been a post-mortem examination.
Asked if police had recovered a gun, Supt Fraser said: "(I) believe a firearm has been recovered in situ.
"Now whether or not that is the firearm concerned (in) this matter I don't know."
He said the arrests were made "very soon after" the incident, "possibly within about an hour, if that".
The two people died at the scene "despite the best efforts of medical staff", police said.
The property and cul-de-sac have been sealed off while forensic searches are carried out.
Det Insp Michaela Kerr, from West Midlands Police, said: "Both the man and woman... received emergency treatment at the scene, however they could not be saved and died a short time later.
"We are treating their deaths as suspicious and two people were arrested nearby in connection with the incident."
The force said officers would be speaking to residents who may have information or concerns following the incident.
Kenneth Lloyd, who lives nearby said: "It's terrible. We've been here 40, 42 years and we've never had anything like this on the estate before."
His wife Pamela said the incident had left her "shaking like a leaf".
Walsall councillor Harbans Sarohi said there was support available for residents.
"I think people are very shocked because these things never happen here," he said.
"So all I can say is that if they need any help from the council or from police - that will be provided."


A couple have talked of escaping through a skylight in the Bataclan's roof while the music venue was under siege during the Paris attacks.

Tony Scott and Justine Merton, from Leeds, were in the balcony when gunmen stormed the Eagles of Death Metal gig.
After using a grate as a ladder to climb to the roof, they hid with several others in a nearby apartment.
Three heavily armed gunmen killed 89 people and critically injured 99 others at the Paris venue on Friday.
Updates on this story and more from around West Yorkshire
Ms Merton had bought her fiancÃ© birthday tickets for the concert and they had arrived in Paris especially for that on Friday.
The pair, who first met at a rock concert, said they usually watched gigs at floor level but they arrived late and so headed up to the balcony for a good view.
Talking to the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme, Mr Scott said the "insignificant" decision to go upstairs ended up being "the difference between life and death".
Ms Merton had recently returned to her seat from the downstairs bar when they heard gunfire. The couple fell to the floor and hid behind the seats.
She said: "They were going round, systematically shooting people. If we had stayed there, all they had to do was come up the stairs and we would be next.
"I can't imagine what they went through down on the floor, lying amongst the bodies."
Mr Scott said: "We were crawling along behind the chairs on our bellies, but there were gaps between the rows of seats so we were exposed."
They reached a door leading to a stairwell, where they were allowed through before it was barricaded shut again.
"The only way out was through a skylight and there were quite a few of us jam-packed into this stairwell," Ms Merton said.
"There was a grate that they had pulled down, with three blokes hoisting people up because it was quite a height up."
After reaching the roof, they were ushered toward a rooftop apartment, where up to 30 people were hiding.
Mr Scott said: "The lights went off and we were in darkness, but we could hear bursts of gunfire.
"We heard three explosions and we were thinking 'is the building going to collapse?'"
His fiancee said: "I was just saying 'you're not getting out of marrying me that easily, we are going home'."
Armed police eventually found them and they were escorted down a ladder and away from the venue.
Mr Scott said: "There's a lot of hate being thrown around, but we just don't feel any of it, we feel nothing but love really.
"We've been through quite a traumatic experience and we're incredibly lucky to be alive."
His fiancee added: "Although we saw the very worst of humanity on Friday, we saw the very best as well - people doing very selfless, courageous things."
The Victoria Derbyshire programme is broadcast on weekdays between 09:15 and 11:00 on BBC Two and the BBC News channel.


Reading Football Club's Madejski Stadium plans to have its name changed, its owner has confirmed.

Lady Sasima Srivikorn told BBC Radio Berkshire she is in talks with several different companies to bring more sponsorship money to the club.
It has been called the Madejski Stadium, named after co-chairman Sir John Madejski, since it opened in 1998.
Lady Sasima said selling the name was an easy way to raise income, especially as the club was "moving up".
Reading are currently 13th in the Championship but have had several recent spells in the Premier League.
"I know to have the naming right on the stadium can fetch quite a lot of money," she said.
"There are many companies that would like to have that naming right, so that is one way of making the money come in."
The news provoked mixed reactions from fans.
Peter Metalli tweeted: "Some people know the price of everything and the value of nothing.  Some of us weren't happy that it wasn't called New Elm Park!"
Another Twitter user joked the new name could be: "The plastic soulless tin pot stadium?"
But Jonathan Sawyer tweeted: "whatever the official name, it will always be the Mad Stad."


BBC Sport has launched a new homepage and football page as part of our work to provide you with a more consistent experience whether you are on a computer, tablet or mobile.

On desktop and laptops, these new versions are wider than the old design to make the most of the dimensions of modern computer screens.
We have also launched new designs for our coverage from Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland as part of this process.  You can read more about the process behind the new designs here.
Below we answer the most common questions relating to the new pages.
Why have you made these changes?
We are completing the process of switching BBC Sport over to a responsive design - this means pages adapt automatically to the screen size of the device you are looking at it on.
This move will allow us to provide the same content irrespective of the device a user is looking at the site on, giving visitors the best experience no matter how they are looking at the site.
What improvements are there in the new designs?
The differences will be most apparent to visitors of the desktop site: the biggest being that, while previously many stories were shown as part of a list of headlines, now more of the content has an accompanying image and stories are more spaced out on the page.
The new layouts are designed to take account of the wider screens used by desktop computers, allowing us to present a richer experience for you as you visit the main sport and football pages.
They also feature new scores and league tables, designed to provide the same experience you can find in our coverage elsewhere on the site.
Our Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland pages will also change, to reflect the new designs brought in elsewhere on BBC Sport in recent weeks.
Has the content changed?
No. We will still cover these sports in the same way.
The new designs will ensure the same content is available on all devices, whereas previously some items only appeared on larger screens.
What other parts of the site use new designs?
Although the new designs are unique to the main sport and football indexes, we have already made most of our pages responsive across BBC Sport over the past few months, with your feedback helping to shape the work that has been done.
We have also switched across all the story and video pages on the website, and have used responsive pages for our live events, such as Saturday football commentaries, Test cricket and Wimbledon since last year, so you may well have experienced these changes already.
Can I give my feedback?
We welcome all feedback on the new design - simply fill in the survey which is available here or on the new indexes.


Two people have been taken to hospital after being rescued from a house fire in Caerphilly.

South Wales Fire and Rescue Service were called to the blaze at Pwll y Pant just before 10:25 GMT on Saturday.
It is understood the casualties were suffering from smoke inhalation.
Three fire engines were sent to scene from Caerphilly and Aberbargoed.


A new kind of memory technology is going into production, which is up to 1,000 times faster than the Nand flash storage used in memory cards and computers' solid state drives (SSDs).

The innovation is called 3D XPoint, and is the invention of Intel and Micron.
The two US companies predict a wide range of benefits, from speeding up scientific research to making more elaborate video games.
One expert described it as a "huge step forward".
"There are other companies who have talked about new types of memory technology, but this is about being able to manufacture the stuff - that's why they are making such a big deal out of it," says Bob O'Donnell, from the consultancy Technalysis.
If all goes to plan, the first products to feature 3D XPoint (pronounced cross-point) will go on sale next year. Its price has yet to be announced.
Intel is marketing it as the first new class of "mainstream memory" since 1989. 3D XPoint retains data when the power is switched off - one of its key advantages over RAM (random access memory), which remains faster.
Rather than pitch it as a replacement for either flash storage or RAM, the company suggests it will be used alongside them to hold certain data "closer" to a processor so that it can be accessed more quickly than before.
Because there are other situations where using today's storage slows things down or introduces constraints.
So-called "big data" tasks are a particular issue.
For example, efforts to sequence and analyse our genes/DNA hold the potential for new and personalised medical treatments.
But copying the huge amounts of information involved backwards and forwards makes this an extremely time-intensive activity at present.
Faster storage would also help cloud services better handle big files.
That could be helpful in the future, for example, if we wanted to stream 8K ultra-high definition video clips without experiencing lags at their start.
And it would also prove a boon to video game-makers.
At present, level designs are limited by how much data can be stored in the RAM - or, strictly, a type of RAM chip called dynamic RAM (DRAM).
That's why players sometimes have to halt their play while they wait for the machine to load a new section.
But if the data can be loaded more quickly from 3D XPoint, the developers should, in theory, be able to  deliver them bigger, open worlds and a more seamless experience.
It refers to the fact the technology is made up of a 3D structure featuring layers of wires.
On each layer, the wires run in parallel to each other, but at right-angles to those on the layer below.
In between each layer are vertical sub-microscopic columns, which connect the points at which the wires criss-cross.
Each of these columns contains:
3D XPoint does away with the need to use the transistors at the heart of Nand chips.
Nand works by moving electrons back and forth to an isolated part of the transistors known as their  "floating gates" to represent the ones and zeros of binary code.
An issue with this technique is that it cannot rewrite single bits of data at a time. Instead, larger blocks of information have to be wiped and then rewritten to incorporate the changes.
"It's kind of like a parking lot where you want to move one of the cars, but they are all jammed in," Intel executive Rob Crooke says.
"So, you have to shuffle them all around to get one new one in there."
By contrast, 3D XPoint works by changing the properties of the material that makes up its memory cells to either having a high resistance to electricity to represent a one or a low resistance to represent a zero.
The advantage is that each memory cell can be addressed individually, radically speeding things up.
An added benefit is that it should last hundreds of times longer than Nand before becoming unreliable.
Intel suggests not.
Solid state drives - and even slower hard disks - will remain significantly cheaper than 3D XPoint for some time to come, so it makes sense to continue using them to store most files.
The suggestion is the new technology will normally be used instead as an intermediary step.
Rather than copy data directly from the slower types of storage into RAM, programs will anticipate what data is likely to be needed and then transfer it in advance to the 3D XPoint.
As a metaphor, imagine a furniture retailer keeps most of its goods in a distant hub that is cheap to run but has slow road links.
It would make sense for it to build a second smaller depot on land that is more expensive but has motorway access, where it could store a selection of its most in-demand items. As a result, it should take less time to restock stores with bestselling goods.
RAM's speed advantage over traditional storage has long made it the chip of choice to funnel data directly into processors.
However, because it is relatively expensive to produce, computer makers tend to restrict how much they include.
Each megabyte of 3D Xpoint will certainly be significantly cheaper than the equivalent amount of RAM. And the new technology has the added advantage of being non-volatile, meaning it does not "forget" information when the power is switched off.
But, unfortunately it is still not quite as fast as RAM, and some - but not all - applications need the extra speed the older tech provides.
Online gaming companies might want to substitute 3D Xpoint for RAM.
At present, the amount of players that can be hosted on a single server is limited by the amount of RAM it contains.
Switching to 3D Xpoint would cause only a small - and possibly unnoticeable - difference to the performance of many of the simpler titles. But it would radically increase the number of people that could be supported for the same price.
One instance when you might want to use the new chips instead of flash would be to store operating system files that are required every time you boot up your machine.
Many users have already experienced faster switch-on times on new computers thanks to such files being kept on SSDs rather than disk drives. A similar performance leap would be experienced by adopting 3D Xpoint.
"It would make for an instant-on experience," says Intel's marketing director Greg Matson.
Whether that proves tempting will depend on exactly what 3D Xpoint costs and just how precious your time is.


Cardiff City will re-open the Ninian Stand extension for the first time this season when they face Championship play-off rivals Derby County on Saturday.

The upper tier, built in 2014, was temporarily closed for Cardiff games a year ago due to poor ticket sales.
But the Bluebirds hope re-opening the stand will help attract a crowd of more than 26,000.
"The club has worked tirelessly this week," manager Russell Slade said.
"It's all good positivity that we require with eight games to go.
"The crowd is pulling in the right direction, getting right behind the team, and the team giving absolutely everything on the pitch is a dangerous situation for any team that's visiting us."
Cardiff said on Friday morning they had sold nearly 25,000 tickets for the visit of Darren Wassall's side.
Slade's team sit one place and three points behind the Championship play-off places and are five behind Derby, who are fifth in the table
"We're looking for a bright and tight performance. That's the standard we've set at home," Slade added.
"We only lose the game if we fail to fight tooth and nail for the points on Saturday and deliver a performance and give everything we've got," said Slade.
"They're not going to come much bigger at this stage of the season. We are looking forward to the challenge and embrace it in front of, hopefully, our biggest crowd of the season.
"We're not completely out of it until it's mathematically impossible but it would be a huge blow not to take all three points."
Cardiff and Scotland goalkeeper David Marshall is recovering from pneumonia and is a doubt for the game while defenders Fabio and Matthew Connolly could also miss out because of illness.


West Ham will issue life bans to any fans found responsible for attacking the Manchester United team coach before Tuesday's game at Upton Park.

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A window on the bus was smashed and the kick-off delayed by 45 minutes as a result of the trouble.
"We are aware that there were some supporters outside the Boleyn Ground who didn't act in an appropriate way," a club statement read.
The Football Association also condemned the "unsavoury incidents".
It added: "We will work closely with both clubs and the Metropolitan Police to fully investigate these matters."
Bottles were also thrown at Manchester United goalkeeper David de Gea during the match, while another fan invaded the pitch to confront the Spaniard.
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West Ham eventually won 3-2 in what was their final game at the ground before moving to the Olympic Stadium.
The club statement continued: "It was an extraordinary night full of extraordinary moments in front of extraordinary fans, 99% of whom behaved impeccably and were a credit to the club.
"We have already had thousands of tweets and emails from fans to say how proud they were to be a part of such a special evening in West Ham's history."
However, the club said the behaviour of some fans was "not acceptable" and insisted they "will work with the police to identify those responsible and ban them for life".
West Ham vice-chairman Karren Brady used Twitter to condemn the attack on Manchester United's bus.
She added: "The events in the stadium last night were incredible and it would be a shame if the actions of a mindless few outside overshadowed them.
"Their behaviour was unacceptable and won't be stood for. But my overriding memory will not be of them but of a fitting farewell to the Boleyn."
Footage filmed on the coach by Manchester United winger Jesse Lingard showed the players shouting, screaming, laughing and hiding on the floor as the coach was hit by objects thrown outside the ground.
"It wasn't nice, the coach got smashed up," said Manchester United captain Wayne Rooney told Sky Sports. "I'm sure West Ham as a club will be disappointed with what the fans have done."
Manchester United manager Louis van Gaal, whose side missed a chance to move up into fourth in the table, added: "I think the images shall tell everything."
Speaking immediately in the wake of the incident, West Ham co-chairman David Sullivan denied the coach had been attacked.
"There were people around it and people were being pushed in all directions but there was no attack on the coach," he told BBC Radio 5 live.
When told there were images on social media of bottles being thrown towards it, he replied: "If you check the coach, there won't be any damage."
He also said their opponents should have arrived earlier.
"I don't understand why United couldn't get here at 4pm," he said. "They could have got here early. They knew it would be busy. It's crazy.
"There was congestion in the street and they couldn't get the coach in. There were people around the coach, but there was no attack on the coach."
Van Gaal claimed the Manchester United coach was only 100 yards behind the bus taking the West Ham players to the ground.
But the Dutchman refused to blame his side's defeat on the incident.
"It will have an influence, but I don't think we have to look for excuses," he said.
"We chased the match in the second half and 20 minutes before full-time we are ahead, so I don't think you have to look for that excuse."
A Metropolitan Police spokesman insisted that an "appropriate policing plan" was in place for the game, adding: "We are aware that a number of items were thrown towards Manchester United's coach."
In an update on Wednesday morning, the Metropolitan Police said four police officers had been injured during the trouble.
It added that no arrests have been made over criminal damage to the coach, but said three men were arrested during the game, including a 20-year-old on suspicion of affray and a 47-year-old and 18-year-old for pitch incursion.
Following the match, there were fireworks to mark the end of West Ham's 112-year stay at the Boleyn Ground.
A succession of taxi cabs brought a number of the club's former players onto the pitch, to join in the celebrations with the current squad.
But Jonathan Pearce, who was commentating on the game for the BBC, said the incident had "denied" many West Ham fans "a perfect evening".


Peterborough earned a comfortable win at Colchester United to increase the hosts' League One relegation worries.

Jon Taylor fired the visitors ahead early on, before Colchester's George Moncur had a penalty saved by Ben Alnwick following Ricardo Santos' foul on Elliot Lee.
Lee hit the post after the break, but goals from Andrew Fox and Shaquile Coulthirst extended Posh's lead.
Moncur reduced the arrears before Marcus Maddison added Posh's fourth.
The U's are now nine points adrift of safety with four games left to play, while Graham Westley's Peterborough are mathematically assured of safety in 14th place.


Perhaps it was theatrical envy, but Ben Jonson was faintly acerbic about Shakespeare, noting that he had "small Latin and less Greek".

(Maybe so, Ben, but who watches Volpone today?)
My own Hellenic expertise fails to ascend even to the level of the Bard of Avon. But I think I am right in saying that the word "democracy" has a Greek origin. From "demos", the people, and "kratia", power.
Perhaps Greece is not, itself, the power it once was. If the glory that was Rome has crumbled a little, so too has the majesty of Athens.
But, still, Greeks can consider themselves the progenitors of people power. Despite those ancient origins, the very concept remains under scrutiny. Or, more precisely, repeated contest and dispute.
There are debates about "kratia", about the extent of elected power. Just ask President Trump in his battle with judicial verdicts.
But, in Scotland and elsewhere, there are also debates about "demos". Which people? Whose mandate? Scotland alone? The United Kingdom?
If anything, the controversy which has attended Brexit straddles both elements. What exactly were people voting for on the 23rd of June last year? How is that verdict to be interpreted and implemented?
And, as was illustrated at Holyrood today, which popular mandate takes precedence? That of the people of Scotland - who voted to Remain? Or of the people of the UK - who voted to Leave?
In essence, such has always been the fundamental nature of the fault line in Scottish politics. Where does loyalty lie? Not in emotive terms only but in practical implementation?
For the SNP, the question is decided. They take their orders, they tell us, from the people of Scotland. Not the UK, which they seek to end in its present form.
In a well-framed speech, Scotland's Brexit Minister Mike Russell drew attention at Holyrood to what he characterised as Scotland's voice.
The people of Scotland had voted to remain. The Scottish Parliament had endorsed that, repeatedly. The Scottish government had offered what he called a compromise in a White Paper. Only one Scottish MP - the Secretary of State - had voted for Article 50 in the Commons.
As I write, Holyrood is about to vote against the triggering of Article 50 on the basis, largely, that "Scotland's voice", as described by Mr Russell, has seemingly been ignored.
This is plainly an iterative, cumulative strategy. Scottish government ministers argue that they are giving the UK government every opportunity to pay heed to "Scotland's voice".
Should those requests be rejected, thenâ€¦
Well, you know the answer - although Mr Russell tactfully avoided spelling it out. It would be "choice", otherwise known as indyref2. Nicola Sturgeon is not, yet, absolutely set on such an outcome. But it seems highly unlikely that the UK government can produce anything which would be regarded by the SNP as an acceptable compromise.
So "demos" for the SNP means the Scottish people. Ditto the Greens. Ross Greer pursued a theme which has also been deployed by the SNP.
This was to argue that the UK was changing, was moving in an inimical direction. That Scotland should consequently consider independence afresh. The alternative, said Mr Greer, was "holding hands" with what he styled "the bigot in the White House" in search of a trade deal.
The Tories have little trouble with this question either. John Lamont said the issue of Scottish membership of the EU does not presently arise. The question on the ballot paper was about the UK.
The SNP, he said, should accept the verdicts in 2014 and 2016. They should become "born again democrats".
For the Liberal Democrats, Willie Rennie suggested that the verdict of the people in 2016 did not contain nor direct the terms of the eventual deal to leave the EU. The people, he suggested, should be asked again for their verdict once those terms are known.
Intriguingly, just as he was speaking, MPs were hearing a promise from the UK government that there would be a vote in the Commons post negotiation - but before a decision is taken by the European Parliament. However, it was swiftly stressed this did not mean Brexit could be halted. It meant leaving without a deal - or with the deal on the table.
Which brings us to Labour. It will be evident to all that they have faced a substantial degree of internal dispute and discontent over Brexit.
It is easy to chide - although I am inclined to think of the divisions which have confronted various parties down the decades: Labour under Wilson; the Tories under Major and at other points; the SNP when they moved from Euro-scepticism to Scotland in Europe.
However, Labour's present turmoil seems notably acute, undoubtedly reflecting the wider travails over the party's policies and direction.
Today at Holyrood Labour rather neatly found a solution. Or at least a stratagem.
Lewis Macdonald said his party would not presently favour the triggering of Article 50 on the grounds that the terms were unclear and thus unsatisfactory.
Thus they took a different line from Jeremy Corbyn - and instead fell, for this debate at least, into line with majority popular opinion in Scotland (although not perhaps in some former Labour stronghold areas.)
However, Mr Macdonald also said his party opposed a further referendum on independence. A plague on both your houses.
Bet Ben Jonson wished he'd come up with that one.


Commuters spend more than a tenth of disposable income on annual rail season tickets, a BBC investigation found.

Figures also show some commuters pay almost 40p per mile of railway while others pay 11p per mile.
Campaigners for better railways said people were "astonished" so much of their income was going on travel.
Train operators say rail travel is better value for money than running a car. The government said it had capped rail fares in line with inflation.
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The figures are based on a Campaign for Better Transport list of the most commonly used commuter services in six major cities.  Our analysis was based on full time workers using an annual season ticket five days a week.
It showed commuters using annual passes into London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester and Bristol pay on average, 11% of the net median salaries for those cities.
£2,446
Average annual season ticket for commuters, 2016
£2,493
Average price in January 2017 after a 1.9% increase
11% median net pay in six cities goes on annual passes
25p average per mile cost of commuting on an annual rail pass
10,000 miles a year is the average travelled by commuters
BBC England's data unit found:
As well as the cost of commuting, rail users on Southern services have had to contend with strikes in a long-running dispute between the RMT union and rail company Govia Thameslink.
Temporary timetables were also brought in resulting in replacement bus services.
Natasha Ellingham said: "Since April I've said goodnight to my daughter on the phone. It's extra childcare costs. People with children are not getting home to see their kids at night."
Matt Steel, who used to commute from Horsham to London, left his job to find another closer to home because of his commute.
"I've got a young family and it just meant I never got to see them," he said. "By the time I arrived in they were getting ready to go go bed so we didn't really have much time to spend together."
Get the data here
James MacColl, head of campaigns at the Campaign for Better Transport, said: "Fares are so high for some routes that season tickets now make up a big proportion of household expenditure for many commuters.
"With passengers on some of the most expensive routes also experiencing worsening overcrowding, delays and cancellations, they are often left astonished that they're being charged even more for the privilege every year.
"Short term, passengers must be assured they'll get proper compensation for disruptions, and fair ticketing must be introduced nationwide, including the long-promised and long-overdue part-time season tickets.
"Long term, it's essential that passengers are given a proper say in how rail franchises are secured and managed, and for the link between fare rises and the outdated Retail Price Index to be scrapped once and for all."
It comes as commuters prepare for an expected 1.9% rise in the cost of rail season tickets in January, in line with the Retail Prices Index (RPI) of inflation.
The Department for Transport said more flexible tickets for part-time workers would be introduced.
Rail Minister Paul Maynard said: "Wages are growing faster than train ticket prices thanks to action by the Government and our commitment to cap regulated rail fares in line with  inflation will save annual season ticket holders £425 on average in the five years to 2020.
"Passengers want better services that get them where they need to go. We are investing record amounts in our railways delivering the biggest rail modernisation programme for over a century, providing more seats, more services and better facilities on the trains.
"When train franchises come to an end, new operators will be required to introduce more flexible tickets for part-time workers. This could include multi-buy discounts to provide passengers with a better deal."
A spokesman for the Rail Delivery Group, which represents train operators, said train travel was "extremely good value compared, for example, with buying, insuring and filling up a car".
He said: "Part-time season tickets are something that, with the government, we're looking at. The way people work is changing and we understand that.  Some train companies already offer deals that are suitable for part-time workers.
"As we modernise and move to smarter types of ticketing it will be easier to offer part-time season tickets."


A cyclist was left with serious injuries after he got into an argument with a car driver in Stoke Newington, who then crashed into him.

Scotland Yard said the male cyclist rowed with the female driver, who was in a small dark car, on Victorian Grove on 10 February at 21:15 GMT.
He then rode off along the road but was struck by the same car near the junction with Ormsby Place.
The 38-year-old remains in an east London hospital with serious injuries.
Police have appealed for anybody with information about the crash to contact them.


The Muslim community must "root out the scourge of terrorism which... masquerades as Islam" a Met Police commander has said.

Mak Chishty described Saturday's terror attack in London, which was claimed by the so-called Islamic State group, as "an attack on all communities".
Seven died in the attack, with 48 hurt. The attackers were shot dead by police.
"Terrorism and extremism is hurting Islam," said Mr Chishty - the highest-ranking Met officer of Muslim faith.
"Every time a terrorist attack takes place, Muslim communities either face, or fear, a backlash against them," said a statement read by Mr Chishty on behalf of Muslim community groups.
"The Muslim community appeals to all sections within their own communities to root out the scourge of terrorism which hides amongst their own people and masquerades as Islam.
"The Muslim community is alarmed and concerned that this attack by three people, which would have required planning, was not reported."
The three attackers drove a van into pedestrians on London Bridge and launched a knife attack in Borough Market before being shot by police.
It was the third terror attack in the UK in three months, following the car and knife attack in Westminster in March, in which five people were killed, and the Manchester bombing on 22 May, when 22 people were killed.
Speaking outside New Scotland Yard, flanked by Muslim community leaders, Mr Chishty added: "It is the Islamic duty of every Muslim to be loyal to the country in which they live and we are now asking questions to understand how extremism and hatred has taken hold within some elements of our own communities.
"Muslims must do more to stop such attacks from happening again and we want to know how we can play a greater role in the future."


India have appointed former captain and leg spinner Anil Kumble as their new head coach on a one-year deal.

Kumble, 45, has no international or first-class coaching experience but is India's leading Test wicket taker with 619 wickets in 132 games.
India have been without a head coach since Duncan Fletcher left the role after the 2015 World Cup.
Former team director Ravi Shastri has overseen India's recent World Twenty20 and Asia Cup campaigns.
Kumble previously served as the cricket committee chairman of the International Cricket Council (ICC) from 2012 to 2016 after retiring from cricket.
A panel comprising former players Sachin Tendulkar, VVS Laxman and Sourav Ganguly made the decision to appoint Kumble after an 18-month search.
India won the 2013 Champions Trophy under Fletcher but suffered a 3-1 defeat in their last Test series in England in 2014 and failed to defend their World Cup title.
Under Shastri's guidance they reached the semi-finals of the World Twenty20 in March, with captain Virat Kohli becoming the ICC number-one ranked T20 batsman.


Healthy gay men should be offered daily HIV drugs to prevent infections, say campaigners.

A UK study, on 545 high-risk men, found one case of HIV could be stopped for every 13 men treated for a year.
The research team says it would be similar to the pill for women and would not encourage risky sex.
The findings have been described as a "game changer" and the NHS is considering how to adopt them.
Antiretroviral drugs have transformed HIV treatment and patients have a near-normal life expectancy.
Now there is a growing body of research showing the drugs can have a dramatic role in preventing new infections.
Gay men face a high risk of contracting HIV. In London, one in eight gay men has HIV while the figure is one in 26 in the rest of the UK.
In the first year of the study, 19 people developed HIV out of the 269 men who were not given the medicine.
There were just two cases in the 276 patients given preventative drugs - a fall of 86%.
The trial was altered as the early results were so promising, and all participants are now getting the drugs.
Concerns had been raised that men given the drug would adopt riskier behaviours including stopping using condoms.
But the scientists found no difference in levels of other sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia.
"We certainly think the NHS should be considering making this available," said one of the researchers Dr Anthony Nardone from Public Health England.
He added: "I don't envisage all men taking PrEP [pre-exposure prophylaxis] for all their lives, but in effect what we're doing is giving men an option to get through periods of very high risk in their lives."
Fellow scientist Dr Mitzy Gafos, from University College London, said many gay men would not need the drugs as they were not having unprotected sex.
Estimates suggest that between 5,000 and 15,000 men in the UK would be suitable.
Dr Gafos added: "There's very clearly a group of individuals who would benefit from the availability of this product.
"PrEP is having an important impact on removing the inevitability of HIV for many individuals and enhancing the sexual experience, reducing their fears and the concerns that they go through in relationships."
The study has been presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Seattle, but the full data has not yet been published in a medical journal.
Charlie Witzel, a 27-year-old Canadian living in London, took part in the trial.
He said higher rates of HIV in the capital meant he felt he was at high risk "just by being in London".
He told the BBC: "Like a lot of gay men my age, sex has always been associated with HIV for me, that has presented various barriers with intimacy."
Mr Witzel said the knowledge that the person most likely to infect you was a regular partner was a "massive challenge" in relationships.
He thinks the drugs should be available "like the contraceptive pill" as people were "quite good at evaluating their own risk and knowing when something is not relevant" such as after entering a monogamous relationship.
The cost of the medicines would come to Â£360 per month per person. However, the National Aids Trust said they would pay for themselves because of the costs of treating HIV.
Chief executive Deborah Gold said: "If we can stop people getting HIV by giving them PrEP, we have an ethical duty to do so.
"Furthermore, over the course of their lifetime the treatment of those 19 men will cost the NHS nearly Â£7m, so the financial argument is clear, as is the ethical one.
"PrEP needs to be available on the NHS as soon as possible for all those who need it."
The Terrence Higgins Trust charity said condom use had already prevented tens of thousands of HIV infections since the 1980s, but argued PrEP would be a valuable extra weapon in the armoury.
Its medical director Dr Michael Brady said: "PrEP is, quite simply, a game-changer.
"It is not a vaccine and it won't be for everyone, but once approved, we expect it to significantly increase the momentum in our fight against the virus."
The NHS is already considering how PrEP could be introduced.
Prof Simon Barton, from NHS England, said: "The findings of this study are very important and significantly add new data to existing international evidence.
"Several questions still need to be resolved about how the greatest benefit can be delivered to those at risk of infection and how the key elements in the study, such as follow-up testing and adherence support, can be commissioned to benefit individual and public health in real life settings."


Serena Williams beat her elder sister Venus in a Grand Slam match for the first time in six years to reach the Wimbledon quarter-finals.

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The world number one came through 6-4 6-3 in one hour and eight minutes on Centre Court.
Serena, two years younger at 33, has now won 15 of the American siblings' 26 professional contests.
She remains on course to complete the third leg of a possible calendar Grand Slam.
Her last defeat at one of the four majors came at the All England Club 12 months ago, and her sister could not end a run that has taken in victories at the US, Australian and French Opens.
"It's never easy to play someone you love and care about," said the world number one. "You just play for the competition and enjoy the moment."
Illness and injury have hampered Venus since her last Wimbledon title in 2008, but with five Wimbledon singles crowns apiece, the fourth round was still an early stage for such a heavyweight encounter.
"It definitely doesn't get any easier," Serena said after their sixth Wimbledon meeting.
"I thought, 'I'm 33 and she's 35, I don't know how many more moments like this you're going to have'."
Venus said: "We've played a lot of years and we've tried to be entertaining.
"We won't be playing forever, but clearly we're playing at a very high level now. When that moment is over, it will be over. It's not now."
There was reason to believe for Venus, who won their most recent match in Montreal last summer and has worked her way back up to 16th in the world rankings.
However Serena powered through the first eight points to take an early grip of the match and went on to dominate in the key areas of serve, return and winners.
Venus showed why she remains a real threat in the early stages of both sets, coming back to level at 2-2 in the first and taking a 3-2 lead on serve in the second.
It was the more consistent power at the opposite end of the court that held sway, though, and Serena dropped just five points on serve in the second set, while hitting 22 winners to six.
A double fault saw Venus drop serve at 3-3 and her younger sister raced through the next game with a 121mph ace, before ending the contest with a break to love.
"I think I served well," added Serena.
"I didn't hit huge serves but I was really consistent. She was playing really well but in the end I was able to come through."