Concerns over the treatment of children at Jersey's care homes were either covered up or ignored, according to a former social worker.

Marilyn Carre was giving evidence at an inquiry investigating claims of abuse in the care system dating back to 1945.
The inquiry also heard Ms Carre describe the Haut de la Garenne children's home as a "barbaric" place.
Ms Carre joined Children's Services in 1977 before becoming a probation officer in 1990.
Ms Carre explained how, while serving as a probation officer, she had visited Les Chenes secure school to see a client who had been locked up and was screaming, apparently coming down from heroin.
She told the inquiry she reported concerns to her superiors and was told a doctor had been called, but weeks later, the girl told Ms Carre she had been in agony and had not seen a doctor.
Ms Carre, whose career took her to most of Jersey's children's homes in the 1970s, 80s and 90s, described Haut de la Garenne as a "barbaric" place by today's standards, where violent teenagers were kept with younger children.
The former social worker also said Morag Jordan, who worked at the home and was later convicted of abuse, was "cold as ice" and added that she used to pin children against walls.
The independent inquiry began in 2014 and Chief Minister Ian Gorst has set a deadline of December 2016 for it to conclude its investigations.


Two men left critically ill after taking drugs at a festival where a man died have recovered, police said.

Christian Pay, of Millom, was among five people taken ill at Kendal Calling in Cumbria on Friday.
He later died and police believe three different types of tablet could be linked to his death.
Two men aged 18 and 20, also taken to hospital have been discharged. A 19-year-old man and a 29-year-old woman are still said to be critically ill.
Four people have been arrested on suspicion of possession of drugs with intent to supply and bailed, Cumbria Police said.
Mr Pay was pronounced dead after being admitted to the Cumberland Infirmary.
According to police, drugs seized included a blue tablet with an Adidas logo, a yellow powder believed to be MDMA (ecstasy), an orange oval tablet with a Rolls Royce logo, a green tablet with a white fleck and a plain grey tablet with a white fleck.


A pair of kayakers off the coast of California, USA, have had a lucky escape.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
16 September 2015 Last updated at 15:36 BST
A humpback whale launched itself from the water and landed on their boat.
Tom Mustill and Charlotte Kinloch from London were saved by their life vests and other kayakers, who were paddling just outside Monterey Bay.
The moment was captured on camera by Sanctuary Cruises.


Police have appealed for information after a man claiming to be a police officer stopped a woman driver in Glenrothes in Fife.

He was in a dark-coloured BMW with a blue flashing light on the front grill when he signal for the woman to pull over on the A911, Leslie Road, close to the Fettykil Fox restaurant
It happened at about 00:20 on Monday 14 November.
The woman refused to get out of her car and later contacted police.
Police Scotland confirmed the BMW was not a police car and the man was not a police officer.
The driver of the BMW was described as a tall, thin man with a tanned complexion and dressed in dark clothing.
Inspector Joanne McEwan said: "The driver did the right thing by acting on her suspicions, not getting out of her car and contacting police.
"This seems to have been an isolated incident and we have not had any similar reports locally however we are keen to hear from anyone who can help us with our inquiries."


The right of council and social housing tenants to buy their homes at a discounted rate is to be abolished in Scotland after MSPs backed scrapping the measure.

The Conservatives made a last-ditch attempt to block the move at Holyrood.
But MSPs voted by 103 votes to 12 against the Tory amendment to the Housing (Scotland) Bill.
Tenants will now have two years to apply to buy their homes before the right is scrapped in 2016.
The deadline for the final council house sale was shortened from three years to two years by Housing Minister Margaret Burgess.
She said two years was enough time for tenants to assess their options without being rushed into a purchase.
Ms Burgess rejected Labour calls for the deadline to be shortened to one year to further protect existing council house stocks from what Tories called "a feeding frenzy" of last minute purchases that may lose more houses than it saves.
The right-to-buy was brought in across the UK by Margaret Thatcher's government in 1980, with 455,000 tenants buying their homes in Scotland under the system.
By Glenn CampbellBBC Scotland news
Holyrood's decision to end the right-to-buy in Scotland will signal the end of an era in housing policy.
Since 1980, it has been possible for council tenants to buy their homes at discounted rates.
By last year, 455,000 Scottish properties had been sold under the scheme.
It was one of the most popular policies pursued by Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government, although it failed to shore up popular support for her party in Scotland.
The right-to-buy substantially increased home ownership but it also contributed to an acute shortage of social housing.
The Scottish government has been phasing out the right and will end it in 2016 to stop council houses and some former council houses being lost to the rental market.
This policy is in marked contrast to the approach being taken by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition in England.
There, the maximum discount is being increased to Â£75,000 (and Â£100,000 in London) and the qualifying period reduced from five to three years to encourage more tenants to become home owners.
The UK government says the proceeds from sales will be invested in new affordable housing.
Twenty-six councils and about 183 registered social landlords (RSLs) manage more than 600,000 properties in the social housing sector.
However, there are more than 180,000 households on local authority housing lists across Scotland and only about 54,600 social housing properties became available to let last year.
Right-to-buy has driven-up home ownership in Scotland. But it has also contributed to an acute shortage of social housing.
That is why the Scottish government said it wanted to end the right in 2016.
The housing minister told Holyrood: "With 185,000 people on waiting lists for council and housing association houses, we can no longer afford to see the social sector lose out on badly needed homes."
Ms Burgess added: "By ending right-to-buy in two years we will protect up to 15,500 social houses from sale over a 10-year period and safeguard social housing stock for future generations."
But the Tories have said ministers are kicking the housing ladder away from those on modest incomes who aspire to home ownership.
Housing spokesman Alex Johnstone said: "This move by the SNP is motivated by nothing more than political dogma and is nothing to do with protecting the housing stock.
"Right-to-buy has been the most effective single measure to enable a whole generation on modest incomes to take pride in owning their own property."
Andy Young of the Scottish Federation of Housing Associations (SFHA) said the policy had "no place in 21st century Scotland".
He claimed right-to-buy had been "beneficial to a relatively small number of individuals, but clearly a loss to the greater public good".
Mr Young added:  "Around 500,000 social rented homes have been lost in the 35 years of this policy in Scotland, very often the better stock in the more popular areas."


Blackpool Football Club's chairman Karl Oyston has won £30,000 in libel damages from an abusive fan who claimed Mr Oyston threatened him with a shotgun.

Mr Oyston sued Stephen Reed over material posted on a fans' webzine, Back Henry Street, in June 2015.
Mr Justice Langstaff in the High Court in Manchester ruled Mr Oyston was blameless and Mr Reed's allegation was untrue.
The verdict comes the day after the club was relegated to League Two.
Mr Reed's website posting claimed the club chairman entered into a foul-mouthed rant at him in public, held a gun in such a way as to make Mr Reed believe he was about to be shot at and had assaulted Mr Reed and put him in fear for his safety or even his life.
The judge said judgment for Mr Oyston was entered in August 2015 and Mr Reed now accepted the club chairman did not brandish a gun at Mr Reed, who maintained had not lied about the incident since he had given his honest opinion.
In ruling Mr Oyston was blameless, the judge added that further libel had not been discouraged by an award in an earlier action brought by Mr Oyston against another supporter, David Ragozzino.
The judge said the effect appeared to have been "to stir up, and maintain, resentment of and hostility" toward Mr Oyston and his wife Victoria.
He ordered Mr Reed to pay Mr Oyston £30,000 and his legal costs.
Mr Reed was among a number of Blackpool supporters unhappy about the way the Oyston family have run the football club.
Fans have held regular protests and boycotted games over the past two seasons.
Mr Oyston was fined £40,000 in June and banned from football activity for six weeks by the Football Association for five breaches of aggravated misconduct after sending abusive and insulting text messages to a fan.


Thousands of supporters of an influential Thai Buddhist abbot have blocked his arrest in a police raid.

Phra Dhammajayo is accused of money laundering and embezzling funds from the huge Dhammakaya temple in Bangkok.
But his supporters blocked officers from searching parts of the compound.
The 72-year-old abbot has stayed inside the temple for months, saying he is too ill to face officials. He denies the allegations and says they are politically motivated.
In a statement, the devotees of the temple said Phra Dhammajayo was severely ill and would enter the judicial process only when the country returned to democracy.
Thailand has been run by the military since a coup in 2014.
Police say they have paused an operation to arrest Phra Dhammajayo after devotees blocked their way.
A temple spokesman said monks were co-operating with police, but could not stop some followers from acting.
However, Suriya Singhakamol, deputy chief of the police department of special investigations, said: "Our operation has not ended. The [arrest] warrant is still valid so we will have authority to carry out the operation. According to our information, he is still inside."
One 58-year-old female supporter told Reuters: "Arresting him is uncalled for. It's not like he killed someone."
The raid is the latest flashpoint between secular authorities and Buddhists in Thailand, and follows a raid on the controversial Tiger Temple.
Analysts say police do not want to appear confrontational towards Buddhist monks or enter a temple by force, given their revered status in Thailand.
Police said they had delayed Thursday's raid against the Dhammakaya temple in northern Bangkok until the monks had finished their lunch - their only meal of the day.
Founded in the 1970s, the temple contrasts starkly with the informal, tradition-bound character of most Thai temples, which are often integrated into the local community.
It has more of the character of a charismatic cult, offering tightly choreographed mass meditations at its bizarre, flying saucer-like central chedi, and encouraging intense loyalty from its followers.
Partly it is due to its size, the devotion of its followers, and its unusual interpretation of Buddhist practice.
It has proved very attractive in a fast-changing society, and become wealthy on the back of generous donations. Critics have accused it of distorting the traditional teachings of Buddhism, and taking followers away from local temples.
Wat Dhammakaya is controversial for another reason too - its alleged close links to former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and the red shirt movement which supports him.
They deny the Thaksin links. They say the temple attracts Thais from all walks of life and all political persuasions.
But in Thailand's polarised political climate, such a powerful religious sect has inevitably been drawn in, with opponents of Mr Thaksin and his party making the loudest calls for action against the temple's abbot.
The potential for huge numbers of the temple's followers to be mobilised in mass protests must also weigh on the minds of a military government obsessed with maintaining tight control of the country as it navigates a difficult political transition.


Welsh former World champion Nathan Cleverly will challenge Juergen Braehmer for the WBA regular light-heavyweight title in Germany on 1 October.

They were due to meet in 2011 before an eye injury forced Braehmer to withdraw.
The German will be aiming for a seventh successful defence of his title.
"This fight has been destined to happen and I can't wait now," said Cleverly, a former WBO title holder who has won 29 of his 32 professional bouts.
"Juergen is a great champion and an underrated one.
"He's a puncher that has pedigree in the pros and all the way back to the amateurs, he's a proper professional and a credit to the game.
"I am going into the champion's backyard and I need to rip the title off him, and that's what I intend to do."
Breahmer, who has lost only twice in a 50 fight career, said he is looking forward to the fight.
"In boxing you can never say never," he said.
"This is a fight the fans have wanted to see for a long time and I'm happy it's finally happening.
"I look forward to meeting Nathan Cleverly in the ring at the Jahnsportforum and proving once and for all who is the better boxer."
Cleverly's last fight was a points defeat by Andrej Fonfara in Chicago in October 2015.
The WBA super world light heavyweight title - the body's top honour in this weight division - is held by Sergey Kovalev, who stopped Cleverly to win the WBO crown in 2013.


England forward Maro Itoje has been ruled out of the autumn internationals after fracturing a hand in Saracens' Champions Cup win over Scarlets.

The lock, 21, will require surgery on his right hand and is expected to be out of action for six weeks.
Saracens boss Mark McCall said: "For any team to lose a player of the ability of Maro is a blow."
England head coach Eddie Jones has been hit by an injury crisis in the open-side flanker position.
Incumbent seven James Haskell will miss all four autumn Tests because of a toe injury, while his possible replacements - Sam Jones, Mike Williams and Jack Clifford - are also sidelined.
European player of the year Itoje, who can play in the back row and the second row, appeared to be the next viable option at open-side for Jones.
He suffered the injury when he trapped his arm awkwardly while making a tackle on Saturday.
Itoje, who turns 22 on Friday, was one of England's most impressive players as England secured the Grand Slam this year, a tournament in which he made his international debut.
In his first full season with Saracens and England, he did not lose a game he started.
McCall said: "He will be missed. What's now important for Maro is his recovery and we look forward to his return later this season."
Subscribe to the BBC Sport newsletter to get our pick of news, features and video sent to your inbox.


Colombian security forces have arrested three men they suspect of shooting dead 10 farm workers last week.

The killing was one of the deadliest targeted attacks in Colombia in years.
Police say the suspects belong to a criminal gang whose leader was arrested last month and who ordered the attack from behind bars.
They said the motive could be revenge for his recent capture or a deadly message to businessmen who have refused to pay the gang protection money.
The security forces arrested Oscar Dario Barrientos and two of his men in north-western Antioquia province.
Police say they were the three men who approached the foreman of a farm in Santa Rosa de Osos last week and asked if the owner had been paying protection money.
In a scene which a local official described as "something out of hell", they then opened fire killing nine men and a woman who were harvesting fruit.
Police director Gen Jose Leon Riano said the attack had been ordered by a man known as "Jorge 18", the leader of a gang calling itself Los Renacentistas.
Gen Leon Riano said it was not yet clear whether "Jorge 18" had ordered the attack to avenge his capture in October or if it was in retaliation for the non-payment of protection money to his gang by the farm's owner.
The local mayor said there had been a rise in extortion in the area.
The Colombian government says criminal gangs are one of the main threats facing the nation and have declared its fight against them a key priority.


Usain Bolt says he is "ready to win" at next month's World Championships after securing 100m victory at the Anniversary Games in 9.87 seconds.

American Justin Gatlin has run the four fastest 100m times this year, setting a personal best of 9.74 in May.
But Bolt twice ran under 10 seconds at the Olympic Stadium on Friday to show he is coming back to form after injury.
"I was never number two, I am still number one. Until I retire that's the plan," said the double world champion.
"I was happy with what I did," added the six-time Olympic champion who has struggled with a pelvic problem this year.
"I'm ready to go and I'm ready to win."
Media playback is not supported on this device
With less than a month until the Jamaican defends his 100m and 200m world titles in Beijing, it was a confidence-boosting win for the 28-year-old.
Prior to Friday, Bolt had only once raced over 100m this year - a pedestrian 10.12 in Brazil in April - so there were those who questioned his ability to challenge Gatlin in August.
But he effortlessly won his heat running into a headwind and while winning the final was more of a challenge, he still equalled his season's best - produced in his heat earlier in the evening - which is the equal sixth quickest time of the year.
"Yeah, I had a poor start," said Bolt of the final. "I need to work on that, but overall it was an OK race.
"My coach [Glen Mills] told me about my start. It was bad. I wanted to run faster and it threw me off but I'm getting there."
Gatlin, a two-time drugs cheat, has run under 9.8 four times this year - 9.74, 9.75, 9.75, 9.78 - while Bolt has run just three races in the blue riband event in 2015.
But the fastest man in history is closer to the heels of Gatlin than many had previously thought.
"I don't fear anyone," he told BBC Radio 5 live sport.
"It's all about hard work and dedication and pushing myself."
The pelvic problem which forced him to withdraw from Diamond League meetings in Paris and Lausanne this month did not hinder him as he ran twice in 80 minutes on the first of a two-day Diamond League meeting in London.
"Anything is possible in Beijing - it's all about the effort you put in," he added. "I've been running fast in training, but it's easier in training because you're under no pressure and you can execute well."
Asked whether he planed to race again before starting the defence of his double sprint world titles on 23 August, Bolt said: "I don't know. It's all up to the coach. He'll tell me if I need more meets."


A stretch of coastline was sealed off in North Ayrshire following concerns that an unexploded mine had washed up.

The object at Ardrossan was reported to the town's coastguard rescue team just before 15:00 on Wednesday.
The area was cordoned off and contact made with Explosive Ordnance Disposal at the Clyde naval base.
Experts confirmed it was a dummy mine used during training exercises and did not contain any explosives and posed no danger to the public.
Arrangements were made for the object to be recovered by the Royal Navy.
Coastguard incident tape was placed around the practice mine to avoid future callouts.


A 12-year-old girl has been taken to hospital after she was struck by a missile during minor trouble in Belfast city centre.

It happened on Tuesday afternoon at Castle Junction.
A man in his 30s was arrested for disorderly behaviour at Donegall Square North.
Police said crowds had gathered in the Donegall Place area and they were monitoring the situation.
Donegall Place has been closed to traffic and motorists are advised to avoid the area.
PSNI area commander, Ch Insp Robert Murdie, said: "Police in Belfast city centre are currently monitoring crowds which have gathered in the area.
"Isolated incidents of missiles being thrown have been reported."


A brood of red-billed choughs is being hand-reared by wildlife keepers in Jersey after last year's chicks were all lost.

Four chicks are being fed on an almost hourly basis by staff at Durrell Conservation Trust who have to take them home at night.
The birds are part of a conservation effort to re-populate Jersey with the native bird species.
Rick Jones, of Durrell, said the chicks were "noisy and voracious".
"Last year we lost all the chicks and that can't happen this year so we've decided to hand-rear," he said.
"They're in an incubator and they're fed every hour and fifteen minutes.
"You wouldn't believe the dedication you have to have to be a bird keeper, especially this time of year."
Conservation biologist Glyn Young heads the breeding project, which started in 2010 and began returning birds to the wild last year after an absence from the island of more than a century.
"They haven't fledged yet so they're still very small," he said.
"They're in a box together instead of a nest and being fed by a human instead of a chough. They should be fledged next month.
"Choughs haven't been hand-reared very often by us or anyone else."


Bristol City have confirmed they are looking at out-of-contract Wycombe Wanderers defender Aaron Pierre.

The 24-year-old centre-back has been offered "improved" terms at the League Two Chairboys but is yet to extend his stay at Adams Park.
Pierre has played 149 times for Wycombe since joining from Brentford in 2014 but has spent the last week on trial at Lee Johnson's Championship side.
He is set to feature in their friendly against Guernsey FC on Saturday.
Wycombe manager Gareth Ainsworth previously described Pierre, who has been capped four times by Grenada at international level, as "probably the best centre-half in League Two".


Bayern Munich right-back Rafinha has signed a one-year contract extension with the Bundesliga champions.

His deal was set to expire at the end of the season.
The 31-year-old Brazilian has been with the club since a 2011 move from Genoa, and has made 186 appearances, scoring four times.
He said: "I have been here almost six years now. Bayern is like a second family to me and one of the best clubs in the world."
Earlier this week, Bayern striker Robert Lewandowski signed a contract extension until 2021.


A gunman who shot dead a 14-year-old student at a school in the US state of Oregon is also dead, police have said.

"The student has died. I'm very, very sorry for the family," said Troutdale police chief Scott Anderson.
Officers did not say how the suspect died, nor whether he was also a student at Reynolds High School in Troutdale.
Police arrived after shots were reported as classes started on Tuesday morning, when the suspect opened fire with a rifle.
The victim, killed in the boys' locker room in a detached building holding the school's gymnasium, was identified by authorities as Emilio Hoffman.
An athletics instructor was also grazed by a bullet but was able to initiate a school lockdown, which police say may have saved lives.
The person with the gun was found dead in a separate bathroom, police said.
Students were seen being led from the high school with their hands on their heads, and there were emotional reunions with parents outside.
During the evacuation another person was found to be armed with a gun and taken into custody. Mr Anderson said that was unrelated to the shooting.
Mr Anderson said investigators had tentatively identified the gunman but were not prepared to reveal his identity.
The shooting follows a spate of recent attacks at or near school campuses.
Last week, a teenager was killed and two other people wounded when a gunman opened fire in a building at Seattle Pacific University.


A late converted try gave France a 38-34 win over England in the Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup final.

England led by two points going into the final two minutes only for Nicolas Claussels to score, with France captain Cyril Torres converting.
France then withstood near constant England pressure in added time to retain their title.
This was a repeat of the 2013 final, in which France also beat England, who had won the inaugural event.
Wales, who had threatened to leave the pitch in their final match after one of their players suffered seizures due to flash photography, finished fifth overall after a 66-45 victory over Spain on Thursday.


Legislation giving more powers to the Scottish Parliament is due to begin its journey through Westminster.

The Scotland Bill, outlined in the Queen's Speech, could become law by February 2016 if approved by MPs.
David Cameron said the legislation would make Scotland the most powerful devolved assembly anywhere in the world.
But the SNP have said it does not meet the recommendations of the Smith Commission.
Scottish Secretary David Mundell will lay the Scotland Bill before the House of Commons, with discussions on the principles of the legislation due to take place next month.
If it passes the usual parliamentary hurdles it could become law early next year, ahead of the Holyrood elections in May 2016.
The UK government said the new bill would embody the Smith Commission agreement which was signed by the SNP, the Conservatives, Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish Greens in November last year.
The promise of more powers to Holyrood followed voters rejecting Scottish independence by 55% to 45% in last September's referendum.
The key elements of the Scotland Bill include:
Before the Queen's Speech, SNP leader and Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said she wanted the Scotland Bill to go much further than the Smith proposals.
She had been keen to see Holyrood given full control over National Insurance, the minimum wage, Corporation Tax, full control of welfare and employment and trade union law.
However, the Bill does not contain any of those demands.
A new Scotland Bill will be based on recommendations made by the Smith Commission - the cross-party group formed after the independence referendum to look at what additional powers might be handed to Scotland.
But how were its foundations laid? Find out more...


Arsonists are believed to be behind a spate of fires on protected land in Flintshire, environment body Natural Resources Wales has said.

Four fires are thought to have been set deliberately on Halkyn Mountain, near Flint, between the villages of Halkyn and Brynford in the past month.
The rare grasslands and heathlands are home to protected species such as the great crested newt.
It is also a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a conservation area.
Anthony Randles, of Natural Resources Wales, said uncontrolled wild fires could cause temporary loss of habitat, while repeated burning could do long-term damage to land.
Kevin Jones, arson reduction team manager at North Wales Fire and Rescue Service, said deliberate fires put "tremendous pressure" on resources and could delay crews from attending life-threatening incidents.
"Setting deliberate fires not only damages wildlife but also puts our firefighters and the public at risk," he said.
Anyone caught starting a fire on a Site of Scientific Interest without consent could be fined up to Â£20,000.


For people with type 1 diabetes much of their time is spent controlling the disease by testing their blood and injecting insulin.

For young people with diabetes it's particularly complicated, but even old hands sometimes just experience "diabetes burnout" where it all seems totally overwhelming.
So the idea of "smart insulin", a way to deliver this essential drug without all the testing and injections is hugely attractive and now scientists in Birmingham are starting work on a delivery system that might allow them do just that.
In a chemistry laboratory in the city I went to talk to Dr John Fossey. He's just secured funding from a USA diabetes charity for some exciting research into the "smart insulin" concept.
Dr Fossey and his team have used some very clever chemistry to create a gel that only dissolves in the presence of glucose. Indeed he showed me how his gel disappears in a glucose solution while just sitting there in ordinary water.
The idea is to load up the gel with insulin, then as the glucose levels rise in someone with diabetes, the gel dissolves and the insulin is released into their system.
It would be an alternative to the current methods where a diabetic has to carry out blood tests, work out the right dose of insulin and then inject it. With the gel, the chemistry does all this automatically.
Imagine you are a parent to a young child with type 1 diabetes and they want to go on a sleepover. Sadly the parent hosting the party is not comfortable overseeing the blood testing and insulin injections your child will need. Well with this gel you could inject your kid once, perhaps under the arm, and the gel would take care of everything. It might even be possible to reduce injections to just one a week.
Other teams are trying something similar, but Dr Fossey believes his gel has unique chemistry that makes it the best prospect for this sort of approach.
It is very early stages in the research though. The USA diabetes charity funding lasts for two years. After they've worked out the chemistry, the project will then move into a biology lab and then eventually, in about 10 years, we might see clinical trials in humans.
That's assuming it all goes well.
So it is a long-term research project, but those involved in diabetes research say this is a really exciting potential new treatment.
You can read more about Dr Fossey's work here.


Liverpool and Manchester United have been fined by Uefa for illicit chants during their Europa League last-16 tie.

Both clubs have also been punished for the throwing of objects by fans and crowd disturbances, with United fined £44,342 and Liverpool £43,577.
Liverpool have also been sanctioned for setting off fireworks and a late kick-off, while United were charged for stairways blocked at their stadium.
The Anfield side must also pay for damage caused by fans at Old Trafford.
Both clubs' fines include £15,290 suspended for two years.
Rival fans were seen fighting in the stands, seats were thrown and flares were lit during the 1-1 second-leg draw at Old Trafford, during which five men were arrested.
Some fans of both clubs sang songs related to tragedies involving the other side as Liverpool won the tie 3-1 on aggregate.
Europe's governing body was made aware of the allegations of chanting about the Munich disaster and the Hillsborough tragedy.
In 1958, eight United players were among 23 people who died after their plane caught fire and crashed in Munich.
The Hillsborough tragedy saw 96 Liverpool fans die at an FA Cup semi-final tie with Nottingham Forest in 1989.
Before the second leg, police had to remove a banner on the M602 motorway in Salford designed to taunt Liverpool fans heading to Old Trafford.


My cameraman Sanjay Ganguly and I were the first journalists to visit what is reckoned to be the worst hit village in all Nepal.

We'd travelled on a reconnaissance mission with two British Gurkhas.
You can watch our report here but be warned, it is very upsetting.
Until last week Langtang village was one of the most popular trekking destinations in Nepal. It was home to 435 people and 55 hotels and guest houses.
Now just one house remains.
The earthquake triggered a catastrophic avalanche and landslide that submerged the village under a great plume of ice and rock.
Satellite images taken five days after the earthquake show the entire hillside collapsed more than 700 metres (2,300ft) down onto the village.
In Kathmandu a friend and colleague who works for the BBC Nepali Service, Surendra Phuyal, showed me a picture he'd taken when he was trekking in Langtang in September.
Comparing his picture to our helicopter images of the area now, the epic scale of the landslide became apparent.
One villager said he thought it was at least 100m (350ft) deep. But it is only on the ground that the loss becomes viscerally real.
There were 52 bodies laid out under ragged plastic sheets and tarpaulins when I was there.
I am an emotional man and I'll admit I struggled to contain the sense of horror I felt. At least one villager has lost every single member of his near family.
According to the villagers, 178 local people died.
No one knows how many foreign tourists have lost their lives.
It was almost lunchtime when the quake struck and trekkers would have been arriving at the tea houses and restaurants in the village.
One of the Nepalese officers helping the villagers recover bodies from the area said the working estimate was that as many as 150 trekkers could have died in the disaster.
At least one British man is known to be missing, 23-year-old Mathew Carapiet, but the British government believes there may be more.
Langtang has been the focus of a massive airlift, with more than 200 people brought out of the area in helicopters.
There is a very vivid account of the tragedy here.
The villagers who are still there do have food and shelter but they want to bury their dead. They say they want help to bring the bodies up from Langtang village to a site at the top of the valley.
They say they need a grand lama to perform the service. Meanwhile they continue to dig in the devastation for the dead.
While we were there they brought out another victim, a young female tourist.
The rescue teams say it could be weeks before they recover all the bodies.
Click here to donate to the appeal launched by the UK's Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC).


Three attackers assaulted a man with weapons before stealing his car keys and driving away in the vehicle.

The 27-year-old victim had just got out of his car in Firpark Close, Glasgow, at about 16:30 on Monday when he was approached by three men.
They demanded his keys before repeatedly striking him on the legs with the weapons. They then dove off in his red three-door Vauxhall Corsa.
The victim did not require hospital treatment.
The first man was white, in his mid 20s, 5ft 8in, of stocky build, with short, black hair and stubble. He was wearing a black jacket with blue jeans.
The second man was white, in his early to mid 20s, 6ft, with dark blond hair and a scruffy beard. He was wearing a black jacket, blue jeans with distinctive stitching down both legs.
The third man was white, in his mid 20s, 5ft 10in, and was wearing a black jacket and blue jeans.
All three men spoke with Scottish accents.
Det Insp Alasdair Barlow, from Police Scotland, said: "An innocent man has been randomly targeted and it is absolutely vital that we trace this group of despicable individuals as soon as possible.
"I would ask anyone who was in the surrounding area yesterday afternoon, who may have seen a group of men matching the above descriptions, or a red Vauxhall Corsa in the new style, to please get in touch.
"It is also understood that the car may have been in the area of Tillycairn Road in Easterhouse and I would ask anyone who may have seen it in the area, or anything else suspicious, to contact police."


Top gaming experts are voting on the best video games to go into the World Video Game Hall of Fame, in America.

Thousands of gaming fans voted for their favourite games, and the top 15 finalists have been revealed.
The award was created to celebrate games from all platforms including arcade, console, computer, handheld, and mobile.
Games had to pass four categories:
Icon-status, longevity, geographical reach and influence.
This year's winners will be announced at a ceremony on the 4th June.
To celebrate the World Video Game Hall of Fame we've picked out some of the finalists for a closer look.
So put down your controllers and enjoy our guide to some of the best games of all time!
If you've never heard of Minecraft you must have been living in outer space! The games popularity has grown and grown since it was first launched in 2009.
Players use pixelated blocks to create detailed buildings and worlds. Minecraft became so popular techno giant Microsoft bought it from its original creators last year for £1.5 billion.
As of 2014, more than 54 million copies of the game have been sold.
And you've even told us why you think it is so popular.
Sonic and Mario are two of the heavyweights in the gaming world, and have a long history of rivalry.
Super Mario Bros was created by Nintendo and came out in 1985.
The game featured an Italian plumber with a big moustache called Mario and became so popular it launched a number of spin off games that lasted generations.
More than 509 million copies of the various Mario games have been sold worldwide.
Sonic the Hedgehog was launched in 1991 by Sega, and featured a speedy blue hedgehog, who liked to collect gold rings.
At one point Sonic was so popular, children in America were able to identify him over other characters like Mickey Mouse or the President.
The rivalry between Mario and Sonic came to an end in 2007, when they both appeared in Mario and Sonic at the Olympic Games.
Find out more about the history of Nintendo
Another huge hit from the Nintendo universe is Pokémon.
The game first came out on the Game Boy in 1996, called Pocket Monsters, and was created by Japanese developers Game Freak.
Gamers play as a Pokémon trainer who can catch and battle a large number of different Pokémon.
Since Pokémon was released it has become the third most-popular franchise worldwide after Mario and Super Mario.
As of 2014, the Pokémon series had sold more than 260 million copies of its games, around 21.5 billion trading cards, and has created more than 800 television episodes and 17 movies.
Find out how Pokemon became a global hit
The FIFA series has become one of the most popular sports game franchises in the world since it was first released by Electronic Arts in 1993.
It allows gamers to play as their favourite football teams from different leagues all over the world.
FIFA 12 holds the record for the "fastest-selling sports game ever" selling over 3.2 million copies in the first week of its release.
First released in 2009 by Finnish developers Rovio Entertainment, Angry Birds became the first ever mobile game to achieve worldwide fame and popularity.
Players use a giant slingshot to catapult various bird characters at a number of different structures, in an attempt to knock everything over.
Angry Birds has expanded into a number of different consoles and has even joined up with Sony Pictures to create a film.
Games in the Angry Birds series have been downloaded more than two billion times.
The granddaddy of video games, Pong was created in 1972 and is widely viewed as being the first ever "video game".
Pong is essentially a simple tennis style game, where players have to keep a rally going, or score as many points against their opponent as possible.
The game was created using simple 2D, black and white graphics, and was made by the company Atari.
As Pong became popular it encouraged Atari to design more games, and encouraged many other developers to create new games too.
The famous pixel block game was originally designed by a Russian programmer called Alexey Pajitnov in 1984.
Tetris was one of the original games for the Game Boy.
Players have to fit different coloured and shaped blocks together.
Tetris is available on almost every gaming platform, and as of 2010 has sold more than 170 million copies worldwide.


Kent's batsmen continued to find runs easy to come by as the hosts drew with Northamptonshire at Beckenham.

Resuming on 528-7 and still needing 33 runs to avoid the follow-on, the visitors were all out for 568, with Yasir Shah (4-165) taking two wickets.
Despite their first-innings lead, Kent scored runs at a moderate rate and did not look to force a result.
Sean Dickson made 60, while Joe Denly hit an unbeaten 78 as Kent declared on 184-3 to bring the game to a close.


Three men have been arrested on suspicion of attempted murder after a car was driven "recklessly" at police officers in south London.

The patrolling officers were targeted in Brixton at about 19:30 GMT on Saturday by a man driving a Citroen C4.
The Met said the officers had been approaching the car on Plato Road having identified the occupants as "behaving suspiciously".
As police approached, the car was driven at them. No-one was injured.
The car also collided with several parked cars before the 22-year-old driver got out and tried to run off.
He was arrested by the officers, as were the two other occupants of the car.
The Met said knives, a small quantity of cannabis and Â£1,000 in cash was confiscated from the group.


Burnley boss Sean Dyche says his team can return to the Premier League following their relegation from the top flight after just one season.

Media playback is not supported on this device
The Clarets beat Hull 1-0 after Danny Ings' first goal in 11 games but results elsewhere meant they dropped into the Championship.
"I certainly believe [we can bounce back]," Dyche told BBC Sport.
"When I see how the players have performed there is growth. I can only imagine that we will be competitive."
Burnley's first win in seven league games proved futile after relegation rivals Sunderland, Aston Villa and Leicester all won and Newcastle picked up a point.
Despite moving off the bottom of the table above QPR, it was only a sixth win of the season for the Clarets.
Burnley are the division's lowest scorers and Ings' 10th strike of the season ended a team goal drought of more than 10 hours.
Dyche praised his players' "terrific" spirit this season, with his squad having one of the lowest wage bills in the top flight. But he was clear about the reason for his side's relegation.
"Scoring goals, simple as that," the manager said. "The shape has been good, if you look at the scorelines we have been in every game. The energy, the will and belief has been terrific. We have the quality but it's about finding it at the right times.
"The players will grow from this experience, so will I, so will the staff and so will the club."
Asked what he would say to people who suggested Burnley should have spent more money, Dyche replied: "They don't know the insides of the club.
"Two-ish years ago we sold Charlie Austin [for a reported £4m to QPR] because we had to, it was a necessity. The club was really going into financial trouble. There has to be a reality to every situation and I've stood strong with that message, with the board, the players and the fans. We are always very honest in how it has to work.
"A lot of things need changing at the club; new training ground, new facilities, the club is a whole lot stronger than it was. Of course, the money you need now with Premier League we are not talking one or two million, we are talking tens of millions to be really competitive."
Dyche joined the club in October 2012, replacing now Bournemouth boss Eddie Howe, and his biggest signing has been the £3m spent on midfielder George Boyd last September.
In comparison, Leicester have twice broken their club record fees this season, spending £8m on Argentine striker Leonardo Ulloa before purchasing Croatian striker Andrej Kramaric for £9m.
Hull have brought in striker Abel Hernandez for £10m and paid £8m for midfielder Jake Livermore.
Dyche added: "We are a change from the norm. People try to throw money at the problem but we haven't done that and there are great signs that we can move this club forward."
Dyche signed a rolling contract at Turf Moor last summer and was not in the mood to discuss his future so soon after Burnley's demotion.
The former Watford boss said: "Make no mistake - I want to be in the Premier League so there is disappointment and frustration but next season is for other thoughts after the next few games.
"There is a desire for me to get through today and see my family and make sense of everything. For the moment my thoughts are for my players.
"There will be a time to think about the bigger picture, but my immediate gut feeling is that you want to work and progress and learn.
"Wherever it takes you, who knows? But for the moment I am Burnley manager and that's all I'm thinking about."


Sainsbury's led the UK's stock market higher amid reports it is in talks to buy convenience store chain Nisa.

Shares in the UK's second-largest supermarket rose 2.5% after reports it had made a bid of Â£130m for the chain, which has 3,000 stores.
That made Sainsbury's the biggest riser on the benchmark FTSE 100 share index, which was up 41.07 points, to 0.6%, at 7,504.61 shortly after midday.
In the FTSE 250, Ocado jumped 8.6% on talk that it could become a bid target.
Credit Suisse said last week's announcement that Amazon was buying Whole Foods increased the likelihood of Ocado being a takeover target. Separately, analysts at Exane raised their rating on Ocado to "outperform".
Shares in womenswear chain Bonmarche fell 2.6% after it reported a 40% fall in annual profits.
The retailer admitted that the past year had been "more challenging than we had expected", with the market hit by a combination of rising prices and wages, uncertainty surrounding the Brexit referendum, and unseasonal weather.
On the currency markets, the pound rose 0.2% against the dollar to $1.2796 and was 0.1% higher against the euro at 1.1428 euros.


The UK has said a British bookseller who has disappeared in Hong Kong was likely "involuntarily removed" to China, calling it a "serious breach" of the handover treaty.

The statement from Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond is the UK's strongest comment so far on the case of Lee Bo.
It is also the first time the UK has noted a serious breach of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration.
Mr Lee is one of five booksellers or publishers missing from Hong Kong.
China has yet to issue an official response to the Foreign Office's report.
Read more: Hong Kong's missing booksellers and 'banned' Xi Jinping book
All five missing men are associated with publishing house Mighty Current, a publishing house specialising in books critical of senior Chinese leaders, and Causeway Bay Books which sells the titles.
Their supporters believe China has detained them because of this. China has confirmed it is investigating three of the men for "illegal activities".
A Hong Kong government spokesman said: "Any suggestion that Mr Lee was involuntarily removed to the mainland remains speculative".
The spokesman said that Hong Kong authorities had sought help from mainland China and would "continue to follow through with the cases".
A fourth suspect, Swedish citizen Gui Minhai, has appeared on Chinese state TV saying he voluntarily handed himself over to the authorities over a historic drink-driving fatality.
Lee Bo, also known as Paul Lee, who holds a British passport, disappeared from Hong Kong in December.
Letters sent to his family, apparently by him, have said he went to China voluntarily to attend to certain matters, but did not elaborate.
The UK had earlier expressed concern, but in his twice-yearly report on Hong Kong affairs, Mr Hammond said that while the full facts of the case were still not clear, "our current information indicates that Mr Lee was involuntarily removed to the mainland without any due process".
"This constitutes a serious breach of the Sino-British Joint Declaration on Hong Kong and undermines the principle of 'One Country, Two Systems' which assures Hong Kong residents of the protection of the Hong Kong legal system.
Under Hong Kong law, Chinese police do not have jurisdiction in the territory.
It is the first time the UK has accused China of a "serious breach" of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, the document in which China promised to safeguard Hong Kong's freedoms after the territory was handed back by Britain.
A Foreign Office spokeswoman said there was no legal provision to enforce a breach, but that the UK would continue to raise Mr Lee's case with China.
Mr Hammond has previously said any charges against Mr Lee should be dealt with in Hong Kong, not mainland China.
The report, which also assessed Hong Kong's media, academic and legal progress, also said some of the city's guaranteed rights and freedoms "have come under unprecedented pressure" and urged authorities in Hong Kong and Beijing to take steps in maintaining confidence in the system.
Mighty Current publishing house disappearances
1. Lui Bo, General Manager, goes missing in Shenzhen, 15 October
2. Cheung Jiping, business manager, 32, goes missing in Dongguan, 15 October
3. Gui Minhai, co-owner, 51, goes missing in Thailand, 17 October
4. Lam Wingkei, manager, 60, last seen in Hong Kong, 23 October
5. Lee Bo, shareholder, 65, goes missing in Hong Kong, 30 December


A bottle of malt whisky worth £12,000 has been stolen in a raid on a Perth and Kinross distillery.

The rare malt was among seven bottles of whisky taken from Tullibardine Distillery's shop in Blackford at the weekend.
About £14,000 worth of whisky and two glasses were stolen from the shop during the break in.
Police want to trace a man seen walking with two bags near the A9 at Blackford at about 21:55 on Saturday.
He was described as between 25 and 35-years-old, of medium build, and was wearing a red top, light-coloured shorts and worker boots.
Police Scotland said the Stirling Street shop was broken into between 17:00 on Saturday and 09:25 on Sunday.
A typical branded whisky sold in a UK supermarket can cost about £14. Cheaper blends can be bought for less, a single malt would be about twice as much.
But, at the top end of the market, a rare bottle might fetch many thousands of pounds.
In some examples, luxury packaging (think crystal decanter, encrusted with jewels) makes up much of the cost.
In others, the rarity of the drink itself, from casks matured decades ago, pushes up the price tag.
The top prices in auction can match works of art. In 2010, an auction house in New York sold a decanter of whisky for $460,000 (£353,000).


More patients are having to wait more than 12 hours at accident and emergency  units in Wales compared to a year ago.

There were a total of 4,069 patients waiting in January, compared to 3,290 in the same month the year before.
The proportion of patients waiting less than four hours held steady, according to the latest monthly figures.
In January, 79% of patients waited under four hours to be seen, a slight improvement on 78.6% for the same month in 2016.
The monthly figures look at times patients wait from arrival to their discharge, admission or transfer.
There is a target of seeing 95% of patients within four hours and no patients should wait more than 12 hours.
The picture in Wales appears steadier than the position in NHS England, where leaked figures suggested record numbers of patients were waiting more than four hours to start treatment.  In Wales:
Analysis from Owain Clarke, BBC Wales health correspondent
The rise in the proportion and numbers of patients spending the longest amount of time in A&E will worry NHS Wales and the health secretary. Particularly because, according to the targets, nobody should be waiting that long.
However, there is better news in that A&E departments in Wales seem to be holding steady this winter, compared to last on performance against the headline four hour target.
That will be particularly encouraging to NHS chiefs considering the statistics emerging from England suggest a serious deterioration on this measure this winter.
Undoubtedly there will be sighs of relief in the Welsh Government that the system appears to have recovered somewhat after what many judged to be an immensely difficult first week in January.
However, that will be little comfort to more than 4,000 patients who had to stay longer than half a day in emergency departments.
The Welsh Government said urgent and emergency care services were under "extraordinary pressure at times in January".
"Despite this, A&E clinicians and support staff have enabled almost eight in every 10 patients to spend less than four hours in emergency care departments from their arrival, until admission, transfer or discharge," said a spokesperson.
Conservative health spokeswoman Angela Burns AM called the figures extremely disappointing and the marked increase in 12 hour waits "especially frustrating".
She added: "There are a number of factors which have contributed to this rise - too few hospital beds, difficulties accessing GP appointments, and of course, the closure of local minor injury units."
Plaid Cymru health spokesman Rhun ap Iorwerth AM said staff were being asked to do the impossible.
"We're seeing the predictable results of a failure to recruit enough doctors, centralising services and a chronic under-investment in out of hours and social care, and it's getting worse every winter," he said.
Vanessa Young, director of the Welsh NHS Confederation, said: "Staff have been working incredibly hard to deliver care to patients and it's important that we recognise these efforts."


A police force says laws relating to the security services prevent it from divulging information it holds on Cyril Smith.

It is understood the Liberal MP, who died in 2010, was stopped on the M1 in Northamptonshire during the 1980s.
A cold case unit is investigating claims he was released after images of child abuse were found in his car boot.
He was released after making a telephone call to an unidentified third party in London, it has been claimed.
Smith was the Liberal, then Liberal Democrat, MP for Rochdale, from 1972 to 1992.
So far, seven men have come forward to Greater Manchester Police saying they were abused by Smith, whose family maintains he had always denied claims of abuse.
Labour MP Simon Danczuk first made the claim about the M1 arrest in his book about Smith, published last year.
He alleged Smith was stopped on suspicion of a driving offence, but quickly released after he made the phone call.
Despite being taken into the police station, the material said to have been found in his boot disappeared, Mr Danczuk said.
A Freedom of Information Act request from the BBC asked Northamptonshire Police for "any information held by the constabulary relating to the arrest on the M1 during the 1980s" of Cyril Smith.
The constabulary said that other than a press release from March, it could "neither confirm nor deny that it holds any other information" relating to the case.
In doing so the force cited Section 23(5) of the act which concerns "information supplied by or concerning certain security bodies".
The force did not specify which branch of the security services it is referring to.
It also cited a number of other exemptions under the act, including those relating to law enforcement, personal information and investigations.
Ivan Balhatchet, assistant chief constable, said the force was committed to "complete and utter transparency" and said leads from Mr Danczuk were being "followed up".


A fire has damaged the landmark 17th-Century Hotel Lambert in Paris.

Dozens of firefighters tackled the blaze, which broke out overnight on the roof of the riverside mansion in the centre of the French capital.
The building was being renovated after its purchase by a Qatari prince in 2007.
Located on the World Heritage-listed Seine embankment, the mansion was once home to the 18th Century philosopher Voltaire.
It took six hours for the fire brigade to put out the blaze, which started in an area below the rooftop which emergency services found difficult to access.
A large portion of the roof has been destroyed. A spokesman for the fire service, Lieutenant Colonel Pascal Le Testu, said 650 square metres (7,000 sq ft) of the roof had gone, along with a section of a central staircase. Some of the brickwork on the front of the building has collapsed.
Renowned fresco ceiling paintings by Charles Le Brun in the Gallery of  Hercules were also "severely damaged by smoke and water", Lt Col Testu said.
About a dozen neighbours were evacuated, and one firefighter was slightly injured.
The mayor of Paris, Bertrand Delanoe, said the fire had shocked and saddened him. In a statement, Mr Delanoe said the city authorities would monitor renovation works at the building, which he described as a "significant part of Paris's heritage".
Renovation plans by the owner, Prince Abdullah Bin Abdullah al-Thani, brother of the Emir of Qatar, sparked concern from conservationists keen to preserve the historical architecture.
"It really is a catastrophe because we fought for the frescos of the  Gallery of Hercules to be preserved in the renovation project and now  everything has gone up in smoke or been drowned," neighbour Sophie Pons told the AFP news agency.
The building was acquired in a state of disrepair.


Welsh campaigners have joined UK-wide protests on the day Donald Trump is inaugurated as president of the United States.

Banners reading "Build bridges not walls" were hung at points across Wales, including Pont y Werin bridge in Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan.
Cardiff Hope Not Hate also arranged a demonstration in the city.
Mr Trump's win has received support in Wales, including from UKIP's Neil Hamilton.
Mid Wales Refugee Action unfurled its 5m (16ft) banner at the Dyfi Bridge, near Machynlleth in Powys.
A spokesman said: "We want 2017 to be a year of building bridges not walls, for a world that is peaceful, just and free of oppression."
Banner drops were also planned in Bangor in Gwynedd, Llanidloes in Powys, and Lampeter in Ceredigion, among other spots.
It comes as the Stand Up To Racism group were set to hold a protest outside the US Embassy in London, with similar events planned in Swansea and across Britain.
Aberystwyth University's Department of International Politics was hosting a special screening of the inauguration of Mr Trump as the 45th President for staff, students and members of the public from 17:00 GMT.
Flint-based David Soutter, a former head of candidates for UKIP, told BBC Radio Wales  Mr Trump "wanted to do something for the people of America".
"He's not a traditional politician and I think he sees things differently.
"He's going to bring a completely different view to the White House and, I think, he's going to reach out to a lot of people."
While First Minister Carwyn Jones said after Mr Trump's election win that he would have "much work to do to repair a divided nation", other Welsh politicians were more supportive.
Welsh Conservatives leader Andrew RT Davies said the result represented a "bloody nose for the political establishment", with UKIP's leader in the assembly, Neil Hamilton, calling it "good news for Britain".


Food shortage fears over a drought in southern Africa have prompted Malawi to  declare a state of national disaster and Mozambique to issue a "red alert".

The President of Malawi, Peter Mutharika, warned in a statement some people needed aid for all of this year.
Mozambique raised alert levels for southern and central regions.
Zimbabwe, Lesotho and Zambia are also suffering food shortages, while South Africa says its drought is the worst in a century.
Over 10 million people across the region will need food aid in the coming year, according to the World Food Programme (WFP).
Malawi has suffered both flash floods and drought recently, hitting the staple maize crop.
"It is very clear that we have [a] food shortage in the country which will affect a considerable number of our fellow citizens," Mr Mutharika said.
The WFP's David Orr told AFP news agency the worst was still to come.
"It will take a long time before the situations improves," he said. "Any improvement in the next months would be negligible."
Malawi is considered the worst affected among several counties in a struggling region:
An unusually strong El Nino weather phenomenon has been blamed for the drought, as well as extreme weather in countries across the globe.


The success rate of couples going through IVF is dependent on the age of the man - not only the woman, a US study suggests.

Older men were found to have a lower chance of conceiving than younger men with a female partner of the same age.
Harvard researchers presented their study of nearly 19,000 IVF cycles at the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.
The findings contradict the idea that male fertility goes on forever.
In fact, whether conception is natural or assisted, sperm mutations and a decline in sperm count in older men are thought to reduce the chances of pregnancy.
Previous research has also shown that older sperm is more prone to genetic errors, and this has been linked to the development of autism and schizophrenia in children.
But the age of the woman still has a larger impact on fertility than the man's age.
In this study, scientists found that men aged 40-42 were linked with a 46% lower chance of having a baby by in vitro fertilisation (IVF) than men aged 30-35, when the female partner was under 30.
Thirty-five year old women had significantly more success with a male partner under 30 after one cycle of treatment, than with a man in his mid-30s.
Dr Laura Dodge, from Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, said the reasons behind reduced male fertility in older age were not completely clear.
"While the effect of female age on fertility is overwhelmingly due to increased rates of chromosomal abnormality, the proposed mechanism in the effect of male age on pregnancy are more subtle."
Can older men with younger female partners do anything to compensate for the age effect in IVF?
Dr Dodge said: "In the absence of clear evidence of the mechanism, the best pre-conception advice we can offer is to maintain a healthy lifestyle."
Nick Macklon, professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at University of Southampton, said: "This may encourage male partners to get a move on.
"It also offers new insights into the dynamics between the man and woman - it's not just down to the age of the woman."
Dr Raj Mathur, consultant gynaecologist and clinical lead for reproductive medicine at Manchester Fertility, said the issue of men's age and its impact in IVF needed to be researched further in a larger database of couples.
But he said: "We should start taking male age into account."
Women who used donor sperm were not included in the study of nearly 8,000 IVF couples.
Dr Gillian Lockwood, medical director, Midlands Fertility Services, said there were distinct differences between women's and men's fertility.
"Women are born with all their eggs and don't make any new ones, but men make new sperm every morning.
"That's where errors can creep in as a result of cell division," she said.
She said that there was more chance of the woman becoming pregnant if both partners were young and added: "But if they both wait until they are older, then that could be more problematic."


England began the inaugural Netball Quad Series with a 65-39 defeat by co-hosts New Zealand in Auckland.

The Roses, who were beaten by the Silver Ferns in the semi-finals of last year's World Cup, had trailed 30-18 at half-time.
Earlier, South Africa lost 68-43 to world champions Australia, who are also hosting the four-team tournament.
England, who won bronze at the 2015 World Cup, next face Australia in Adelaide on Wednesday (11:00 BST).
Australia, New Zealand and England are the top three ranked sides in the world, with South Africa fifth.
Elsewhere, the England women's indoor netball team beat Australia to win gold at the Nets World Cup in Wellington, New Zealand. Nets is a fast-paced form of netball.


Plans for a solar farm in Wrexham have been turned down because of concerns for a colony of great crested newts.

TGC Renewables said the 24.8-hectare (61-acre) site between Bryn Lane and Francis Lane could power 4,280 homes or businesses on Wrexham's industrial park.
Planning officials said the company failed to show it would not have a harmful effect on the protected newts.
Councillors said it could prejudice the forthcoming local development plan.
They said it could prevent proper consideration being given to potential employment sites on the edge of the industrial estate.


The US Coast Guard has ended its search for two teenagers from Florida who have been missing for one week.

Perry Cohen and Austin Stephanos, both 14-year-olds from Tequesta, Florida, have been missing at sea since 24 July.
Captain Mark Fedor says that the search along the Atlantic Coast has been a "true all hands on deck effort".
The Coast Guard has searched about 50,000 square miles (80,467 square km), according to Capt Fedor.
The family will continue a private search, which has been financed by donations. A $100,000 (Â£64,000) reward has also been offered by friends and family for the boys safe return.
Perry and Austin have been described as skilled sailors, who grew up boating and fishing. They had worked together at a local fishing supply store.
Friends and family have held hope that their experience on the water had kept them alive.
Austin and Perry had told their parents they were planning to fish in the nearby Loxahatchee River.
Police were called when the boys failed to answer mobile phone calls and several summer storms had passed through the area.
Their 19ft (6m) boat was discovered capsized on Sunday about 180 miles (209 km) from where they set off two days earlier. Since then no new clues have been discovered.


Neil Hamilton is being replaced as UKIP deputy chair because he is standing in the Welsh assembly election, Nigel Farage has said.

The UKIP leader said Mr Hamilton's role as candidate for Carmarthen East and Dinefwr would limit the part he can play in the EU referendum campaign.
Mr Hamilton hopes to be selected as a candidate on the regional list as well.
The party's other deputy chair, London Assembly candidate Suzanne Evans, has also been replaced.
Mr Farage said UKIP could make "significant breakthroughs" in an "important set of elections on May 5th" but added that the party's "frontline spokesmen need to be free to comment and campaign on the main issues".
"Both of our deputy chairs are candidates in the upcoming elections and this will limit any role they can play in the national referendum campaign," he said.
"So I thank Suzanne Evans and Neil Hamilton for their time as deputy chairs and announce they will be replaced by Diane James and William Dartmouth."
Responding, Mr Hamilton told BBC Wales: "I am pleased to have Nigel's good wishes for my candidature for the Welsh assembly.
"If successful in May, I look forward to reciprocating in full measure the support he has given me in so many ways in recent years."


Widnes Vikings winger Corey Thompson has signed a new two-year deal until 2018.

The 26-year-old Australian moved to the Vikings this season from NRL side Canterbury Bulldogs and has scored 21 tries in his 26 appearances.
Thompson, who can also play at full-back, had a deal that ran until the end of 2017 when he joined.
"I think Widnes have shown that we can produce something exciting in the years ahead," he said.


A newspaper that was ordered to pay £50,000 in libel damages over a story referring to a hotelier as "Scrooge" has won its appeal against the award.

The Sunday World printed the article about Gordon Coulter after his hotel - the Kilmorey Arms in Kilkeel - went into administration in December 2014.
The article stated that he had "been branded a Scrooge for putting his staff on the street a week before Christmas".
The Court of Appeal has set aside the libel ruling and ordered a retrial.
Mr Coulter, 85, was originally awarded the payout by the High Court last year.
He took legal action against the Sunday World after it reported on the temporary closure of his hotel, which has since reopened under new ownership.
The hotelier claimed the "Scrooge" article had portrayed him as mean and callous towards staff, implying that he had money but was not prepared to spend it to save their jobs.
The High Court ruled this was serious libel of a respected businessman who had no other option but to put the company into administration.
However, the Court of Appeal has now ruled that the original judge had "misdirected himself" and wrongly interpreted the description of Mr Coulter in the newspaper article as statements of fact.
Senior judges agreed with the newspaper's barrister that the "Scrooge" reference was a figure of speech not to be taken literally.
"Obviously the person is not literally Scrooge because that is a fictional character in a Dickens novella," Lord Justice Gillen told the Court of Appeal.
"In terms it amounts to an applied conclusion or judgment on that person and as such amounts to comment rather than a statement of fact.
"Similar situations might arise where someone is termed a 'Hitler' or a 'Trotsky'," Lord Justice Gillen added.
"We therefore conclude that the order cannot stand and should be set aside. The proper course is to direct a retrial of the action."
The Sunday World is also to receive its legal costs after its successful appeal.


A statue of a Lancashire woman accused of being a witch is to be placed in her former village to commemorate the 400th anniversary of her death.

Alice Nutter was one of the Pendle witches, a group of women tried for murder by witchcraft in 1612.
Her statue will sit in Roughlee, where she lived before being taken to Lancaster Castle for trial.
Parish councillor James Starkie said the work would "raise awareness of the true story of the witches".
The statue, which will be placed on Blacko Bar Road on ground donated by a descendant of Ms Nutter, is yet to be designed and the parish council has asked interested artists to get in touch.
Strict guidelines have been set about what any sculptor should consider when designing it, including an insistence that the artwork "needs to celebrate a resident who was unfairly treated" and "should represent 1612".
Mr Starkie said the piece, which must also include somewhere for people to sit, was "to commemorate the leaving of Roughlee village by a gentlewoman".
He said it was a chance to "move on" from her image as a witch.
"Alice was slightly different [from the other women] - it was a case of her being in the wrong place at the wrong time," he said.
The Pendle Trials were some of the most famous witch trials in English history and records show that Alice was perceived as different from the others being judged.
She was wealthier than the rest and barely spoke at her trial, offering no plea or defence against the accusation of murdering Henry Mitton by witchcraft.
She was found guilty and executed at Lancaster Castle on 20 August, 1612, for having bewitched to death "by devilish practices and hellish means".
The statue of Alice Nutter is expected to be completed by April 2012 to be installed ahead of the 400th anniversary of her execution.


Long delays have marred the reopening of the departure hall at Brussels airport weeks after suicide attacks there killed 16 people.

Amid heavy security, some passengers complained of missing their flights.
They have been advised to arrive at least three hours ahead of departure.
The 22 March attacks, by so-called Islamic State (IS), severely damaged the hall. Another suicide blast on a metro train on the same day killed another 16 people.
On Sunday some passengers were able to board select flights and from Monday could check-in at more than 100 desks in the airport departure hall.
It is not expected to be operating at full capacity until mid-June.
But the extra security checks and screenings have caused frustration, with local media reporting two-hour long queues outside the hall.
Among those missing their flight, La Libre reported, was former Belgian Prime Minister Yves Leterme.
"I've been standing in line for about the past hour, and whether I make my flight or not is an open question at this point," said one man.
On the airport's Facebook page some users described the situation as "ridiculous", "chaotic" and a "nightmare".
Others warned that the three-hour check-in time could deter business passengers.
But some were sympathetic. "At the moment it's fine, we know what happened and all. But for the future, it has to be faster," said one woman.
An airport spokeswoman said the situation should improve in the coming days.


The cost of the botched renewable heat incentive (RHI) scheme to the Northern Ireland taxpayer will be £490m, the Department for the Economy has said.

The original estimate for the scheme given at an Assembly committee hearing was £400m over 20 years.
On Friday, the DfE said £490m would be "the maximum burden" on the budget.
The way the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) scheme was set up in Northern Ireland meant the subsidies offered were greater than the cost of the fuel.
The green scheme was set up by the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment under the stewardship of now First Minister Arlene Foster in 2012 to encourage businesses and other non-domestic users to move from using fossil fuels to renewable heating systems.
In what has been dubbed the "cash-for-ash" scandal, the flawed scheme meant users could legitimately earn more cash the more fuel they burned.
In a statement, a spokesperson for the DfE said: "In regard to the cost of the RHI scheme, the Comptroller & Auditor General's report estimated the 20-year costs of the scheme, if nothing is done, to be £1,150m.
"C&AG stated this involves 'a number of uncertainties' and represents 'the best estimate of the worst case'.
"Based on a forecasted 3% Barnett share of the allocation for the GB scheme, the projected available budget is £660m.  Based on those published figures, the maximum burden on the Northern Ireland budget would be £490m. "
The spokesperson said the department had been  developing proposals for changes to RHI which, if accepted, could lead to a significant reduction in future costs to the NI Executive. The detailed discussion included legal advice and engagement with the European Commission.
Earlier, Finance Minister Máirtín Ó Muilleoir claimed the cost could be "the best part of £600m". He told BBC Radio Ulster that hundreds of people were "using heat in an ineligible way".
"Anyone heating an empty shed has been stealing public money," he added.
An independent audit found issues at half of the 300 installations inspected - 14 of which fell into the most serious category where fraud was suspected and payments to five of these have been suspended.
But the finance minister said the number was much higher.
"The evidence is the payments," he said. "If this was used in an eligible way, we would not be using so much heat."
He said "some people are earning £40,000 a year from this scheme" and those "gaming the system" should be removed immediately.
Mr Ó Muilleoir said while the British government was committed to covering half the scheme's costs, there was an "additional challenge" if the scheme was not being used "for the purposes for which it was intended".
The threat the scheme posed to the budget was "enormous", he said, adding that his department had struggled to get all the RHI information from the Department for the Economy.
The scandal has caused political upheaval in Stormont, with calls for Mrs Foster to stand aside while an investigation is carried out.
Last week, Jonathan Bell, a former enterprise minister, broke ranks with his Democratic Unionist Party colleagues and made a number of sensational claims about how the controversial scheme was handled.
Earlier this week, Mrs Foster, the leader of the Democratic Unionist Party, survived a vote of no-confidence. On Monday, opposition politicians staged a walk-out protest when Mrs Foster started to make her statement on RHI.
Assembly Speaker Robin Newton has faced criticism after allowing his party leader to continue and during his Radio Ulster interview, Mr Ó Muilleoir said the speaker "brings baggage" to his work.
"I see no future for Robin in that job in 2017," he said.


An Irish nurses union has expressed concern at what it called a "crisis situation" at Letterkenny University Hospital due to bed capacity.

Hospital managers said on Wednesday they were experiencing "significant" patient admissions and were at "full-capacity protocol".
They apologised to patients and urged people to attend only in emergency.
The Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation (INMO) said staff were seriously concerned.
"Nurses are fearful that patients are being put at risk on a daily basis while they strive to deliver basic care," said the union.
"There are wards in the hospital with insufficient nurses to deliver basic nursing care. This situation is now causing untold human suffering for patients."
The hospital's escalation policy has been partially invoked over the past six weeks to deal with increasing bed demand.
The policy is usually only used in exceptional circumstances.
The INMO called on the Irish Health Service Executive (HSE) to:
The INMO's industrial relations officer, Maura Hickey, said: "The problem cannot be solved by placing extra beds on in-patient wards.
"This is a tried, flawed and failed practice of the past which should never be revisited."
The BBC has contacted the HSE for comment.


Fe allai datblygiadau technoleg newydd fel teclynnau gorchymyn ar lafar Alexa a Siri fod yn un o'r bygythiadau mwyaf i'r iaith Gymraeg, yn ôl un arbenigrwaig.

Mae teclynnau o'r fath yn gynyddol boblogaidd mewn cartrefi, ac mae modd eu defnyddio i chwilio am wybodaeth neu atgoffa pobl o ddigwyddiadau a negeseuon.
Dywedodd Delyth Prys, Pennaeth Uned Technolegau Iaith yng Nghanolfan Bedwyr Prifysgol Bangor, y gallai'r teclynnau arwain teuluoedd i siarad Saesneg yn hytrach na Chymraeg yn y cartref.
"Mae hyn yn un o'r bygythiadau mwyaf sydd wedi bod i'r iaith Gymraeg er amser maith," meddai wrth raglen Taro'r Post BBC Radio Cymru.
"O fewn y ddwy neu dair blynedd nesaf, fe fyddwn ni'n symud fwy, fwy i beidio bod yn teipio pethau mewn i'r cyfrifiadur, ond i fod yn dweud wrth y cyfrifiadur beth i'w wneud."
'Malio dim' am y Gymraeg
Ers 2015 mae Porth Technolegau Iaith Cenedlaethol Cymru wedi bod yn ceisio datblygu adnoddau newydd ar gyfer siarad Cymraeg gyda chyfrifiaduron.
Mae'n cynnwys prototeip o system cwestiwn ac ateb lle mae cynorthwyydd personol o'r enw 'Macsen' yn gallu ateb cwestiynau llafar fel 'beth yw'r newyddion?' neu 'beth yw'r tywydd?'.
Ond gyda chymaint bellach yn defnyddio teclynnau gan y cwmniau mawr, y pryder yw y gallai hynny droi iaith aelwydydd Cymraeg i'r Saesneg.
Ac mae'n syndod, meddai Delyth Prys, cymaint y mae pobl yn siarad gyda'r peiriannau yma unwaith maen nhw'n darganfod mor gyfleus ydynt.
Ychwanegodd nad oedd hi'n credu fod cwmniau technoleg masnachol yn "malio dim am yr iaith Gymraeg".
"Mae grym masnachol y Saesneg mor gryf. Oni bai ein bod ni drwy'r llywodraeth yn gofyn iddyn nhw ddarparu hyn drwy ieithoedd eraill tydi nhw ddim yn mynd i wneud hynny," meddai.


The Palestinian committee investigating the death of Yasser Arafat in 2004 has said Israel is the "only suspect".

A Swiss report published this week said specimens from Arafat's exhumed body contained unexpectedly high levels of the radioactive element, polonium-210.
The Palestinian investigators said the report showed Arafat did not die because of old age or ill health, but was the victim of an "assassination".
Israel's government has dismissed any suggestion that it was involved.
The Palestinian leader died in Paris, less than a month after being taken ill in the West Bank. His medical records said he had a stroke resulting from a blood disorder.
His widow, Suha, objected to a post-mortem at the time but agreed to allow Swiss, Russian and French experts to take samples from her late husband's remains last November after traces of polonium-210 were found on Arafat's personal effects in 2011.
By Yolande KnellBBC News, Ramallah
While Palestinians have long accused Israel of assassinating Yasser Arafat they now feel there is mounting scientific evidence that proves the case.
"My opinion from the first minute was that he was killed," Abdul Salam Abuaskar, a customer in a Ramallah coffee shop, told me.  "The most important thing for Arafat after his people was his health.  He was in good health then suddenly he collapsed and his health deteriorated."
Another Palestinian, Rozanne Liftawi, said she now felt "more sure" that Arafat was poisoned.
"Our mission now is to figure out who helped Israel to commit this crime?" she said.
But the latest accusations being levelled at Israel are causing fresh tensions. While the Palestinians are sounding more adamant, Israel is getting more irritated at what it sees as spurious claims without, it says, "a shadow of proof".
At a news conference in the West Bank city of Ramallah on Friday, the head of the Palestinian committee, Tawfik Terawi, directly blamed Israel for Arafat's death.
"It is not important that I say here that he was killed by polonium,'' he said. "But I say, with all the details available about Yasser Arafat's death, that he was killed and that Israel killed him."
Mr Terawi did not present evidence of Israeli involvement, other than what he said were "statements by Israeli leaders who at the time said that Yasser Arafat should go, and should disappear".
"We say that Israel is the prime, fundamental and only suspect in the case of Yasser Arafat's assassination, and we will continue to carry out a thorough investigation to find out and confirm all the details and all elements of the case," he added.
It is not clear how the Palestinian investigators believe the poison was administered to Arafat, who was surrounded by guards and a close circle of aides at his Muqataa compound in Ramallah at the time.
The BBC's Yolande Knell, who was at Friday's hearing, said that in response to that question, Mr Terawi said he had "security information" but could not make it public.
Israel emphatically denied the allegations.
Q&A: Yasser Arafat death inquiry
"I will state this as simply and clearly as I can: Israel did not kill Arafat, period. And that's all there is to it," Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman Yigal Palmor told the BBC.
"The Palestinians need to stop levelling these accusations without a shadow of proof. Enough is enough."
Suha Arafat believes the findings prove her late husband was murdered, but says he had many enemies around the world and could not directly accuse anyone.
"I can't accuse anybody. Everybody wants to accuse Israel - I can't accuse - I can't jump into conclusion," she told the BBC.
She has called for an international inquiry, but Mr Terawi said that was a decision for the Palestinian Authority. The French authorities have opened a murder probe.
On Wednesday, al-Jazeera revealed the findings of 10 experts at the Vaudois University Hospital Centre (CHUV) in Lausanne, Switzerland.
"New toxicological and radio-toxicological investigations were performed, demonstrating unexpectedly high levels of polonium-210 and lead-210 activity in many of the analysed specimens" taken from Arafat's ribs, pelvis and soil that absorbed his bodily fluids, their report said.
Despite the lack of adequate biological samples and the long period between burial and the investigation, they concluded that the results "moderately support" the theory that Arafat's death was the consequence of poisoning with polonium-210.
The head of the Swiss team, Prof Francois Bochud, told reporters on Thursday:  "Was polonium the cause of the death for certain? The answer is no, we cannot show categorically that hypothesis that the poisoning caused was this or that."
What is polonium-210?
At Friday's news conference in Ramallah, the medical expert on the Palestinian committee quoted the separate report by the Russian Federal Medico-Biological Agency.
"The outcome of the comprehensive report on the levels of polonium-210 and the development of his illness does not give sufficient evidence to support the decision that polonium-210 caused acute radiation syndrome leading to death," said Dr Abdullah Bashir.
But Dr Bashir noted the Russian scientists had still found "large amounts" of polonium-210 in Arafat's remains, and said their report further "supports our theory" that he did not die of disease or old age, "but rather by poisonous material".


The Football Association has apologised to the widow of a former England striker who died after suffering brain damage from heading heavy leather footballs.

Former West Bromwich Albion player Jeff Astle died, aged 59, in 2002.
The FA promised a 10-year study into the effects of heading footballs, but nothing has been published.
It apologised to Mr Astle's widow, Laraine, about its failure to keep her informed about its work.
Mrs Astle, who lives near Swadlincote in Derbyshire, said: "We have had no closure because the FA won't accept what killed Jeff.
"One of my daughters said, 'do they just not think my dad's life was worth anything?'"
Mrs Astle said she wanted the FA to continue its study, which she believes would be "worthwhile".
When he died, her husband had "no recollection of playing football", Mrs Astle said.
She said the FA had made almost no contact with her since then, despite her attempts to get in touch with them.
"The way they have treated my Jeff's memory... they have quite simply swept it under the carpet," she said.
A coroner ruled Mr Astle suffered brain damage as a result of heading the balls, which became heavier when wet.
The BBC understands the FA did begin a joint project with the Professional Footballers' Association to understand the effects of heading a football, but the project was never concluded.
An FA spokesman said: "We deeply regret any upset caused to the Astle family due to our lack of contact during this period."
It said it would speak to the Astle family about its work as soon as possible.
Jeff Astle played for West Bromwich Albion from 1964-1974.
He scored 137 goals in 292 league appearances for the club and is recognised as one of its greatest players.


The name of the 13th Bishop of Taunton has been announced by Downing Street.

The Venerable Ruth Worsley, currently Archdeacon of Wiltshire, is succeeding the Right Reverend Peter Maurice who stood down in April.
Speaking ahead of the announcement, Archdeacon Worsley said she was "surprised and amused" by it as she "grew up in a non-conformist church where women held no" leadership roles.
She will be installed at a service in Wells Cathedral later this year.
Archdeacon Worsley will live in Wells and work from the Bishops' Palace in the city, alongside Bishop Peter Hancock.
After her ordination in 1996, she served for 14 years as a parish priest in Nottingham in one of the poorest areas in the Diocese of Southwell and Nottingham.
During this time she served as an area dean and was made Dean of Women's Ministry for the diocese in 2007.
In 2010, she took on the role of Parish Development Adviser in the Diocese of Southwark, based in Bermondsey before moving to Wiltshire in 2013.


UKIP has accused Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood of "tacky and baseless" jibes after calling Nigel Farage the "voice of the far right".

Ms Wood made the reference during First Minister's Questions while discussing Carwyn Jones's debate with the UKIP leader on EU membership.
A UKIP spokesman said she had acted "crudely and immaturely".
In response, Plaid Cymru said UKIP's approach was "based on division and the scapegoating of vulnerable people".
Ms Wood said: "First minister, last night you participated in the first major public debate on the future for Wales within the European Union.
"You went head-to-head with the voice of the far right.
"Do you think your performance helped or hindered the Welsh campaign on the EU?"
The UKIP spokesman said: "She so crudely and immaturely labels the one politician fighting for British sovereignty, against unelected foreign control, in order to put the interests of the men and women of the UK first, as 'far right'.
"Perhaps she should reflect on her own 0.6% share of the vote in the general election, compared to UKIP's support a massive 21 times higher, making UKIP the third most popular party in the UK, before she uses tacky and baseless labels to accuse a party backed by 4m voters as representing extreme or niche politics."
Responding to UKIP's criticism, a Plaid Cymru spokeswoman said: "UKIP's political narrative is based on division and the scapegoating of vulnerable people.
"Plaid Cymru is the party for everyone in Wales, and the only party that is putting forward the positive alternative that Wales needs in health, economy and education."
During their exchange in First Minister's Questions on Tuesday, Ms Wood told Mr Jones that "a new Europe is possible, but you failed to put that positive vision in that debate last night".
Mr Jones said Ms Wood "fails to outline how she would have done anything differently, what message she would put forward".
Liberal Democrat AM Eluned Parrott criticised Ms Wood's tactics, saying on Twitter: "If Plaid want Wales to remain in Europe, it's not wise for their leader to stand here and drive wedges between people on the same side."


Saracens centre Duncan Taylor has signed a new long-term contract with the Premiership champions.

The 26-year-old, who has won 12 international caps for Scotland, has made 81 appearances since joining Sarries from Bedford Blues in 2011.
"I don't think he gets the credit for the wonderful work he can do with and without the ball," director of rugby Mark McCall said.
"His work-rate and contribution to this team is enormous."
Sarries have not disclosed the length of Taylor's new deal at Allianz Park.


A couple have been given a suspended prison sentence for defrauding double glazing customers in north Wales out of Â£50,000.

Susan and Terence Greer, of Merseyside, admitted conning vulnerable people into believing grants were available for their windows and doors.
They advertised their company Green extensively until they were stopped by Denbighshire council in 2013.
They also lied about selling top quality glass, Mold Crown Court heard.
Gary Parle, who supplied the windows, was ordered to pay Â£30,000 compensation and Â£10,000 costs.
He told the court he had got involved because he wanted to recover a debt owed to him by the Greers.
All three defendants admitted a fraudulent trading charge.
The court heard the Greers led a number of elderly and disabled people in Rhyl and Rhuddlan to believe they were entitled to government and EU grants on UPVC products.
But the 14 complainants did not receive the windows they believed they would be getting and felt conned.
Judge Niclas Parry told the Greers: "You gave the impression that you were helping them. In fact, what you were doing was taking advantage of their vulnerabilities".
He said false documents and leaflets showed there was significant planning and the scam had been "pre-meditated".
Mrs Greer, 54, and her 76-year-old husband, who live in Birkenhead, were given a two year prison sentence suspended for two years. Mrs Greer, who was said to primarily operate the company, was also ordered to carry out 100 hours unpaid work.


President Donald Trump is expected to unveil a new unit aimed at overhauling the US federal bureaucracy, and headed by his son-in-law Jared Kushner.

The Washington Post, which has reported the move, describes the Office of Innovation as a "Swat team" of former private-sector executives.
It will have sweeping powers to reform government procedures, the report says.
Mr Kushner told the newspaper that the "government should be run like a great American company".
"Our hope is that we can achieve successes and efficiencies for our customers, who are the citizens," he added.
Technology and data are expected to be a key area, with Apple CEO Tim Cook and Microsoft founder Bill Gates said to be working with the White House.
In a statement to the Washington Post, President Trump said the new unit would fulfil key campaign promises.
"Government stagnation has hindered our ability to properly function, often creating widespread congestion and leading to cost overruns and delays," Mr Trump said.
He said the new office would allow him to apply his "ahead of schedule, under budget mentality" to his government.
Mr Kushner, 36, is a property investor and media executive who is married to Mr Trump's daughter Ivanka.
He already advises the president on foreign relations, and is said to have been influential in helping President Trump choose staff for his campaign and in government.
Top White House strategist Steve Bannon is expected to have no formal role within the new group.
Mr Bannon's previous calls for the "deconstruction of the administrative state" drew considerable attention.
After the failure last Friday by Republicans in Congress to pass a healthcare bill, Mr Trump has said he will now turn his efforts to passing a tax reform plan.
Republicans did not secure the requisite votes, so did not put a vote to the House floor.
A group of conservative lawmakers, the Freedom Caucus, was among those who opposed their own party's bill. They said that it did not reverse enough Obamacare regulations.
The BBC's Anthony Zurcher says the misstep may have dented Mr Trump's reputation as a dealmaker and leaves Republican leaders looking weak in the face of a rebellious party.


Queen of the South beat St Mirren to move into the Scottish Championship play-off places.

Buddies goalkeeper Jamie Langfield saved from Derek Lyle and Ryan Conroy, with the latter and Kyle Hutton narrowly off target with other efforts.
St Mirren's Sean Kelly and Stephen Mallan tested James Atkinson, who also saved Calum Gallagher's header.
Alex Harris struck the winner and then hit a post while David Clarkson hit the bar for St Mirren.


Asian markets have risen after the US Federal Reserve raised interest rates for the first time since June 2006.

The Fed increased the range for its benchmark interest rate to between 0.25% and 0.5%, from the previous range of 0%-0.25%.
All major Asian stock markets were higher as the Fed said the US economy was "performing well".
Japan's benchmark Nikkei 225 share index closed 303.65 points higher, or 1.6%, at 19,353.56.
The dollar strengthened against the yen to 122.57 from 122.26 a day earlier, although it then fell back to 122.28 yen. A weaker yen is good for Japan's big exporters.
In Australia, the S&P/ASX 200 index finished the day up 1.5% at 5,102.01, while in South Korea, the Kospi index closed 0.4% higher at 1,977.96.
The Fed's decision to raise rates had been widely expected and analysts said it indicated a degree of optimism for the world's biggest economy.
"The move signals confidence in the ongoing recovery in the US economy after the great financial crisis," said Shane Oliver, head of investment strategy and chief economist at AMP Capital in Sydney.
"Given ongoing deflationary risks and slow global growth, future Fed hikes are likely to be cautious and gradual.
"With the Fed decision out of the way, global shares are likely to resume their rising trend but with US shares as a relative underperformer."
The Australian dollar initially fell against the US dollar, but recovered later to buy 72.12 US cents. Australia is hoping to see its currency weaken against the dollar in the coming months.
Mr Oliver said rising US interest rates would help maintain downwards pressure on the value of the Australian dollar through 2016.
Analysts said the fact that the Fed was able to increase rates meant the US economy was finally in a position to withstand the move.
"The question for many investors now is whether this momentum in equity markets is likely to develop into a full blown 'Santa Rally' through to the end of the year," said IG Markets' Angus Nicholls.
"With little further market-moving releases expected over the coming weeks and a still dovish trajectory for future Fed policy there does seem to be a good chance of this happening," he added.
"It is worth noting that historically 16 December has been the seasonal beginning of a 'Santa Rally', so its timing with the Fed meeting does seem particularly auspicious to bring some Christmas cheer to those with equity portfolio holdings."
China's markets were also in positive territory on Thursday, with Hong Kong's Hang Seng index up 0.53% at 21,820.16 afternoon trade. The Shanghai Composite index closed up 1.8% at 3,580.00.
Beijing also let the yuan slide for the 10th session in a row, to a level not seen since mid 2011.
Earlier on Thursday, Hong Kong's central bank raised the base rate it charges through its overnight discount window by 25 basis points to 0.75 points.
"This is a move that is likely to affect property prices - it will become more expensive for home owners to borrow - and comes after the US Fed's move overnight," the BBC's Asia business correspondent Karishma Vaswani explained.
Other central bank decisions on Thursday will come from the Philippines and Indonesia - though analysts are not expecting them to move rates.
"They're caught in a dilemma of facing slower growth - so they need to cut rates - but can't do that too aggressively because their currencies will weaken," Ms Vaswani said.


Swedish authorities say they have issued an arrest warrant for Wikileaks founder Julian Assange, on accusations of rape and molestation.

The warrant was issued late on Friday, said Karin Rosander, communications head at Sweden's prosecutors' office.
Swedish police have been trying to contact Mr Assange, but have not yet been able to, she told the BBC.
Wikileaks, criticised for leaking Afghan war documents, quoted him saying the allegations were "without basis".
The message, which appeared on Twitter and was attributed directly to Mr Assange, said the appearance of the allegations "at this moment is deeply disturbing".
In a series of other messages posted on the Wikileaks Twitter feed, the whistle-blowing website said: "No-one here has been contacted by Swedish police", and that it had been warned to expect "dirty tricks".
Last month, Wikileaks published more than 75,000 secret US military documents on the war in Afghanistan.
US authorities criticised the leak, saying it could put the lives of coalition soldiers and Afghans, especially informers, at risk.
Mr Assange has said that Wikileaks is intending to release a further 15,000 documents in the coming weeks.
Ms Rosander said there were two separate allegations against Mr Assange, one of rape and the other of molestation.
She gave no details of the accusations. She said that as far as she knew they related to alleged incidents that took place in Sweden.
Media reports say Mr Assange was in Sweden last week to talk about his work and defend the decision by Wikileaks to publish the Afghan war logs.
The allegations were first reported in the Swedish newspaper Expressen.