The egg roll is one of the most famous street snacks in the eastern Indian city of Kolkata (Calcutta).

29 July 2016 Last updated at 00:21 BST
The BBC's Justin Rowlatt explains the historical significance of this snack, and what it says about India's relationship with colonial Britain.
Filmed and edited by Sanjay Ganguly.


The owner of London's Canary Wharf complex, Songbird Estates, has advised its investors to reject a new Qatari-led bid worth £2.59bn.

The offer of 350 pence per share for Songbird, which owns 69% of Canary Wharf Group, undervalues the firm, it said.
Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) and US investor Brookfield Property Partners made the offer.
Shareholders have until 29 January to accept or reject it.
QIA owns 29% of Songbird. It will have to persuade the next three biggest shareholders, New York-based Simon Glick, sovereign wealth fund China Investment Corp and Morgan Stanley, who own more than 50% between them and are still evaluating the offer, Songbird said.
The move is the latest in a series of offers from QIA for the firm.
"The board remains unmoved in its view that the offer does not reflect the full value of the business, its unique operating platform and its prospects," said David Pritchard, the chairman of Songbird.
Canary Wharf was established 25 years ago as the new financial district in London, and is home to some of the world's biggest banks including HSBC and Barclays.
In the UK, Qatar owns Harrods, Chelsea Barracks and the Shard, Europe's tallest skyscraper.
QIA was founded in 2005 by the state of Qatar to help its economy by investing in a diverse array of businesses, outside of the country's huge oil and gas resources.


A six-year-old boy with an incurable muscle-wasting condition has begun treatment following a two-year fight by his family.

Luca Fernandes has Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which could leave him unable to walk by the age of 12.
His parents have been campaigning for him to be given Translarna - a treatment that could allow him to lead a normal life for much longer.
They said the sachets of the drug were "like powdered hope".
Luca, from Poole in Dorset, is one of 50 patients in England to trial the drug, which costs more than Â£200,000 a year and works specifically on the legs to slow the muscle-wasting effects of DMD.
He will be allowed to use it for as long as his legs continue to work.
Nice - the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence - announced in April that the drug would be made available amid promising signs it could delay the loss of walking for up to seven years.
His mother, Joanne, said: "We know he is getting the best that he can get - there is nothing more we can do. We've fought so hard for this drug.
"Our hope is, it's going to give him more time on his feet, more time out of a wheelchair, its going to allow him to keep playing football, go out in the playground with his friends and lead a normal life for much longer."


A man whose bloody footprints were found in the flat of a woman he had stabbed to death has been jailed for life for her murder.

Manchester Crown Court heard the body of Sian Roberts, 36, was found at a flat in Salford in November 2015.
Police said after the prints were found, Glynn Williams "tried everything to get out of admitting his crimes".
The 53-year-old from Crumpsall, Manchester, was ordered to serve a minimum of 21 years in prison.
Supt Bob Tonge said the story Williams told officers "changed more than once" throughout the investigation.
"I'm glad we've finally got Sian's family the justice they deserve", he added.
Speaking after sentencing on Wednesday, Ms Roberts' daughter Shantay said her mum's life "might have been short-lived, but it was most definitely lived".
She said she had "never known a person to inspire and touch so many different lives in such a crazy and unorthodox way", adding that her "bestest friend in the entire world" was "finally at peace".


Premiership leaders Crusaders fought back to beat Cliftonville 3-2 while Linfield remain a point behind by defeating Ballymena 2-0.

Media playback is not supported on this device
The Crues trailed 2-1 before a Jordan Owens double secured a vital win while Jimmy Callacher and Andrew Waterworth were on target for Linfield.
Portadown have been given another relegation reprieve after Carrick's 2-2 draw with Ards.
Dungannon Swifts beat Glentoran 2-1 while Coleraine and Glenavon drew 1-1.
Relive Saturday's Premiership action
Michael Carvill bundled home to give Crusaders a first-half lead in the north Belfast derby at Solitude.
Levi Ives fired in two crackers either side of half-time to put the Reds in front but the Crues showed the grit of champions by fighting their way to three points.
Owens won it for the visitors with two trademark headers, the first from a pinpoint Paul Heatley cross, although it required a superb double-save from Sean O'Neill to deny the Reds a late equaliser.
"My heart rate wasn't good watching that in the second-half, I can tell you that," said Crusaders boss Stephen Baxter.
"It was tough viewing but I thought we gave a stunning performance and definitely showed our never-say-die attitude.
"Jordan Owens has struggled to be fit for this game but he's delivered with two massively important goals for us."
"The title race is far from over and I've said that time and timer again. Linfield are a top team but we just have to keep focusing on what we're doing."
Just three games remain for Linfield to overhaul the leaders but they kept the pressure on with a comfortable win at the Showgrounds.
Jimmy Callacher headed the Belfast Blues into an early lead and Andrew Waterworth fired in with two minutes left to seal the points.
Carrick fought back from 2-0 down to draw with Ards but it confirms a bottom-two finish and keeps Portadown's hopes of avoiding automatic relegation alive.
Guillaume Keke's double put Ards in control but Martin Murray smashed in before Paddy McNally headed home an equaliser before the break.
Fra Brennan headed into his own goal to gift Glentoran the lead at Stangmore Park before the Swifts levelled with Chris Hegarty heading in from Jarlath O'Rourke's corner.
Jamie Glackin's classy late lob won it for Dungannon and they move three points clear in seventh and on course for a Europa League play-off place.
Coleraine are also on track for the Europa League by finishing third, although they conceded a late leveller at the Showgrounds.
Darren McCauley gave the hosts the lead with a back post volley before James Singleton headed home for Glenavon.


"If we caught 'El Chapo', we can catch Duarte," said Mexican Interior Minister Miguel Angel Osorio Chong this week of the latest high-profile Mexican to go on the run.

Javier Duarte de Ochoa was, until 12 October, the governor of the Mexican oil-rich state of Veracruz.
He stood down to face corruption charges but a week later he had given the authorities the slip.
Nobody is quite sure where he is.
His escape may not be quite on the scale of the getaway of drug lord Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman last year, but nevertheless, the Mexican government risks looking red-faced again.
It is like a scene out of a comical Cops and Robbers film.
Only there is nothing funny about Javier Duarte and the inability of the Mexican authorities to keep tabs on him is more worrying than amusing.
Javier Duarte became governor of Veracruz in 2010 and was quickly embroiled in corruption allegations.
He is suspected of having siphoned off at least 645 million Mexican pesos ($35m; Â£29m) of public money that was put into a series of shell companies.
Last week, Mexico's Attorney-General Arely Gomez said an arrest warrant had been issued for Mr Duarte on suspicion of involvement in organised crime and money laundering.
There were also allegations that Mr Duarte had tried to silence his enemies.
During his tenure, Veracruz was named as the deadliest place for journalists in Mexico to work,
Since he took office, 17 journalists have been killed for motives related to their work, according to human rights organisation Article 19, which focuses on freedom of expression.
"The impunity around journalist aggressors is around 99.75% - this is huge," says Article 19's Mexico Director Ana Cristina Ruelas.
Ms Ruelas is critical of what she says is a lack of action in calling Mr Duarte's government to account.
"Impunity will not end if you only get the material actors of the crime, you need to get the intellectual actors who order the killing of these journalists."
Mr Duarte has denied the allegations made against him, but according to University of Veracruz sociologist Alberto Olvera Rivera his government was controversial from the beginning.
When Mr Duarte became governor, cartel violence in the state was rife.
"Slowly, from extreme violence in the first few years, we transitioned to less violence but a bigger economic crisis and we've finished his term with massive economic and security problems," says Mr Olvera Rivera.
"It's been very worrying for people in Veracruz."
Mr Olvera Rivera says you cannot understand Mr Duarte without looking at his predecessor in office.
Fidel Herrera was Veracruz governor for the Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI, between 2004 and 2010.
"Duarte only had one political mentor, Fidel Herrera," says Mr Olvera Rivera.
According to Mr Olvera Rivera, he was an old-school PRI governor, "a centrist, authoritarian politician that had the advantage of being charismatic, a very intelligent man".
Mr Herrera was also listed as one of the 10 most corrupt Mexican politicians by Forbes magazine.
"But Duarte had none of those qualities. He's neither intelligent nor charismatic," Mr Olvera Rivera says.
Dario Ramirez of Mexicans against Corruption and Impunity compares Mexico's governors to "mini viceroys".
"They've become personalities with lots of discretionary power as to what happens in the state," he says.
"There's no mechanism today to verify what they are doing with public money."
It is a phenomenon that experts trace back to 2000, when after 71 years of the PRI in power, the National Action Party (Pan) won the presidential elections.
"It fragmented power that had been concentrated in the president, it was transferred to the state governors," says Mr Olvera Rivera.
"Never before did the governors have so much power and so much money. Governors did what they wanted, not just in Veracruz but in other states too."
The PRI returned to power in 2012 when Enrique Pena Nieto won the presidency.
But despite promising to fight corruption, President Pena Nieto failed to convince Mexicans that the old party had changed.
In regional elections in June, the PRI lost several governorships including Veracruz and Tamaulipas, which they had governed for more than 80 years.
Dario Ramirez sees the fact that Mr Duarte came under such pressure that he stepped down as a good sign.
"It's a triumph for journalism and civil society" he says but adds that his disappearance throws up fresh questions.
"It can't be that Mexico, with all of its intelligence and espionage apparatus, did not see this coming," he argues.
Mr Olvera Rivera is even more distrustful.
"The suspicion among the people of Veracruz is that there was a pact between the federal government and Duarte to escape and not face justice," he says.
He says that people in Veracuz suspect that some of the public money allegedly siphoned off by Mr Duarte was used to finance President Enrique Pena Nieto's presidential campaign.
"All the PRI governors in 2012 transferred huge amounts of money for his presidential campaign, so he owes them a huge favour," he alleges.
Distrust in Mexican politics in Veracruz is strong.
In December, Miguel Angel Yunes will take over as state governor and he has promised change.
But he has got a tough job ahead of him convincing people he can, for once, make a difference.


A troubled ambulance trust has seen some "significant" improvements but still faces challenges, a new report has found.

The Care Quality Commission said East Midlands Ambulance Service's emergency and urgent care services were no longer rated as inadequate for safety.
But it confirmed continuing problems with response times and incident investigation.
Overall, the trust continues to be rated as requires improvement.
East Midlands Ambulance Service (EMAS), which serves about 4.8 million people across six counties, has faced financial problems and had some of the worst response times in England.
After an inspection in November 2015, the trust was served with a warning notice to ensure there were enough staff and vehicles available.
The new report notes some issues had been addressed.
CQC's Chief Inspector of Hospitals, Professor Sir Mike Richards, said:  "Our inspectors found significant improvements had been made, and there were a number of areas of outstanding practice, but we still had some concerns.
"Staff were caring, professional, compassionate and patient-focussed in challenging circumstances.
"However, we were concerned that response times for some identified calls fell short of the national target, which meant patients were not receiving care as quickly as they should."
Areas of outstanding work included a "highly effective" recruitment campaign.
Richard Henderson, chief executive of EMAS, said: "Last year we had 20,000 occasions where it took us over one hour to hand patients over to hospitals.
"Clearly, that has a massive impact on the time it takes to get to patients, but by addressing that and wider system challenges we can clearly improve further."
The service, which covers Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire and Rutland, has about 2,700 members of staff and receives approximately 2,000 calls a day.


Two more people have been killed in Venezuela, in rival protests both for and against the government of President Nicolas Maduro.

The violence raised the death toll to 23 in three weeks of protests.
Ombudsman Tarek Saab said several others were seriously injured and "between life and death".
The latest protests were sparked by the decision by the Supreme Court to take over the powers of the opposition-dominated National Assembly.
The court's reversal of the ruling was not enough to stop a wave of demonstrations.
On Monday a man was shot dead in a pro-government demonstration in the city of Merida and another man was killed in the nearby town of Barinas.
Merida state Governor Henrique Capriles, one of Venezuela's main opposition leaders, tweeted that "paramilitary groups" were responsible for the killings.
12 people have been killed in pro- and anti-government demonstrations this month so far.
Another 11 people died on Friday when a bakery was looted in Caracas.
What is behind the crisis in Venezuela?
There have been anti-government protests across cities in Venezuela almost daily this month, while government supporters have been holding marches to show their loyalty to President Maduro.
Both government and opposition supporters as well as bystanders have been killed.
There is little sign of the protests subsiding as the opposition has vowed to "stay on the streets" until presidential elections due to be held at the end of 2018 are brought forward.
Vatican-backed talks held late last year failed to yield any notable agreements and ended after the opposition accused the government of intransigence.
Opposition groups have called on their supporters to hold sit-ins across Venezuela on Monday in a continuation of their protests.


Dozens of campaigners have marched through Stoke-on-Trent in a bid to stop a council from demolishing a toilet block.

Members of the North Staffs Pensioners Convention and the British Toilets Association held the protest.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council has said it will replace Hanley's Crown Bank toilets with new, free, staffed ones in or near its indoor market.
The plans are part of a set of Â£10m improvements.
Barry Brockbank, from the council, said: "We carried out detailed consultation on the proposed work and had more than 100 responses.
"We're committed to listening and acting on the views of residents, and the majority of responses to the consultation were positive."


Eastern Ukraine has become a testing ground for Russia's new military capabilities.

When Russia last went to war, in Georgia in 2008, it looked like an easy victory. But Russia's generals were deeply concerned at how badly their forces performed in some key areas of modern warfare.
Russia has spent the seven years since then rearming, re-equipping, and retraining, in order to deal with those deficiencies, and to try to close the capability gap with modern Western armies.
Now the results can be seen in eastern Ukraine, where pro-Russian separatists have gained ground against Ukrainian government troops.
Ukraine's army has not gone through the same intensive modernisation process, and is suffering the effects, facing the newer weapons and systems supplied by Russia.
Two key examples are the use of UAVs (drones) for surveillance and targeting, and the use of electronic warfare.
Both technologies were identified as areas of weakness in the Russian forces in 2008, and both have been intensively developed since. Now, they are in widespread use in eastern Ukraine, placing Ukrainian government forces at a strong disadvantage.
Ukrainian forces are short of secure communications systems. The result is that their communications are both subject to jamming, and often also show their location to Russian direction-finding equipment. This can lead to being swiftly targeted by Russian artillery, including Grad and other, more powerful, rocket systems.
As part of the non-lethal aid provided by the US, Ukraine has received special radar to try to pinpoint the source of incoming mortar fire. But their use is limited by the difficulty in communicating the results to other forces.
And, for the time being, Ukraine has not received the more sophisticated systems that would pinpoint the source of fire from longer-range artillery systems.
Ukrainian forces are also outclassed by the tanks arriving from Russia. Not only are these more modern than Ukrainian models, but Ukraine is also short of effective anti-armour weapons in working order.
All of these systems, plus medical support and field hospital equipment, are on the list of Ukrainian requests for support, to increase the survivability of their forces when confronting new Russian military equipment.
Losses of Ukrainian aircraft over the conflict zone show how well-equipped the Russian-backed separatists are for air defence. This includes not just the Buk missile system - blamed for downing Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 - but also others like Strela for use at lower altitudes and shorter ranges, and a wide range of lighter, shoulder-launched missiles.
Independent experts, as well as Nato, Western leaders and the Kiev government, say there is clear evidence of direct Russian military involvement, despite Russian denials.
As part of its military transformation process, Russia has been practising for conflict with an intensive programme of exercises and manoeuvres, involving tens of thousands of servicemen across the country.
These exercises have been increasing in size and complexity, and often have a storyline which is directly hostile to the West.
Now, in addition, Russia has the benefit of a live testing ground in eastern Ukraine, where it can try out its new weapons, systems and tactics. The results - especially if all of these are tested against any potential new US defensive systems supplied to Ukraine - will help Russia assess how its forces would fare in a direct confrontation with Nato.
Keir Giles is an analyst with the Conflict Studies Research Centre in Oxford, and an Associate Fellow with the Russia and Eurasia Programme at Chatham House in London.


Nice moved back to the top of France's Ligue 1 despite throwing away a 2-0 half-time lead to draw 2-2 at reigning champions Paris St-Germain.

France Under-21 midfielder Wylan Cyprien put Nice ahead by curling a 25-yard free-kick into the top corner.
Alassane Plea then took advantage of some ponderous defending to clip in.
Edinson Cavani scored twice for PSG after the break, tapping in Serge Aurier's cross and benefiting from a howler by keeper Yoan Cardinale.
The 22-year-old Frenchman weakly punched out a cross from the left, the ball hitting defender Dante's head and allowing Cavani to prod in from close range.
Cavani twice thought he had won all three points but had efforts rightly ruled out by an offside flag.
Nice, who started the match behind Monaco on goal difference, moved back above the principality side with the point.
PSG remain in third place, four points adrift of the surprise leaders.
Manager Unai Emery, who replaced Laurent Blanc in the summer, remains under pressure after a difficult week in both domestic and European competition.
The Qatari-backed champions were humbled 3-0 by Montpellier last weekend, then scrambled a 2-2 draw against Ludogorets in midweek that allowed Arsenal to pinch top spot in their Champions League group.
And a smattering of boos could be heard from the home fans at the Parc des Princes as Nice avoided an eighth successive defeat against PSG.
Match ends, Paris Saint Germain 2, Nice 2.
Second Half ends, Paris Saint Germain 2, Nice 2.
Foul by Lucas Moura (Paris Saint Germain).
Ricardo Pereira (Nice) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Younès Belhanda (Nice) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Marquinhos (Paris Saint Germain) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Younès Belhanda (Nice).
Offside, Paris Saint Germain. Layvin Kurzawa tries a through ball, but Edinson Cavani is caught offside.
Substitution, Nice. Vincent Koziello replaces Remi Walter.
Attempt missed. Edinson Cavani (Paris Saint Germain) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa.
Attempt missed. Hatem Ben Arfa (Paris Saint Germain) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the right. Assisted by Thiago Motta.
Thiago Silva (Paris Saint Germain) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Mario Balotelli (Nice).
Foul by Lucas Moura (Paris Saint Germain).
Ricardo Pereira (Nice) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Hatem Ben Arfa (Paris Saint Germain) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the left. Assisted by Thomas Meunier.
Foul by Serge Aurier (Paris Saint Germain).
Younès Belhanda (Nice) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Mario Balotelli (Nice) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Paris Saint Germain. Thomas Meunier replaces Ángel Di María.
Foul by Blaise Matuidi (Paris Saint Germain).
Mario Balotelli (Nice) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt saved. Mario Balotelli (Nice) right footed shot from more than 35 yards is saved in the centre of the goal.
Thiago Motta (Paris Saint Germain) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Thiago Motta (Paris Saint Germain).
Wylan Cyprien (Nice) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Substitution, Paris Saint Germain. Hatem Ben Arfa replaces Marco Verratti.
Substitution, Nice. Mario Balotelli replaces Alassane Pléa.
Offside, Paris Saint Germain. Thiago Motta tries a through ball, but Blaise Matuidi is caught offside.
Attempt saved. Ángel Di María (Paris Saint Germain) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Edinson Cavani.
Foul by Serge Aurier (Paris Saint Germain).
Wylan Cyprien (Nice) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt saved. Ángel Di María (Paris Saint Germain) left footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Lucas Moura.
Marco Verratti (Paris Saint Germain) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Alassane Pléa (Nice).
Foul by Thiago Motta (Paris Saint Germain).
Alassane Pléa (Nice) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Edinson Cavani (Paris Saint Germain) left footed shot from the right side of the six yard box is close, but misses to the right following a corner.
Corner,  Paris Saint Germain. Conceded by Remi Walter.
Goal!  Paris Saint Germain 2, Nice 2. Edinson Cavani (Paris Saint Germain) right footed shot from very close range to the bottom left corner.


Hundreds of planned new sheltered accommodation units have been delayed or scrapped owing to proposed cuts to housing benefit, the BBC has learned.

Several housing associations have said they are no longer financially viable.
The flats, for the elderly or people with learning disabilities, are more expensive to build and run because they provide additional support.
Ministers say they are reviewing the sheltered housing sector "to ensure it works in the best way possible".
The National Housing Federation (NHF) has calculated that nearly 2,500 units have so far been scrapped or delayed as sheltered housing providers face losing an average of £68 a week per tenant.
David Orr, chief executive of the NHF, told the BBC: "There is real impact now.
"New homes for people with support needs - vulnerable people - that would be being built have been cancelled."
BBC News has spoken to four housing associations who confirmed their plans had needed to change:
The changes - announced in Chancellor George Osborne's Autumn Statement - will bring housing benefit rates for social housing in line with the sums paid to landlords in the private sector.
Mr Osborne said the move, which will affect England, Scotland and Wales, would deliver savings of £225m by 2020-21, and is part of a £12bn package of cuts from the welfare bill.
The cap includes sheltered housing, which is more expensive to provide due to the additional support on offer - anything from canteens to round-the-clock care staff.
The benefit will not actually be cut until April 2018 but it will affect people signing new tenancies from this April.
At one sheltered housing complex in Harrogate, the need for new development is clear - there is only one lift and the corridors are narrow.
"We need to move," said resident Frank Forkes. "It's very cramped. If the lift breaks down, it's chaos because you've people upstairs in wheelchairs."
The housing association has spent eight years developing plans for a new complex a couple of miles away.
But following the government's announcement in November, the board of Harrogate Neighbours delayed the scheme. Under the new rules, they will lose £100,000 per annum on it.
"As an organisation we have to be absolutely certain that we can afford to deliver all the services. And at the moment, it's not viable," chief executive Sue Cawthray said.
The consequences of the benefit cuts are even worse for Contour Homes in Manchester.
"We stand to lose - over the course of the 40-year life cycle of the development - if things stay as they are, £3.35m. As an organisation, we couldn't just absorb that," director of customer services Chris Langan said.
Labour described the housing benefit cut as a "catastrophe for those who can least afford it".
But a spokesman for the Department for Work and Pensions said: "We've always been clear that we value the work the supported accommodation sector does to protect the most vulnerable members of society.
"That's why we are carrying out a thorough review, working with the sector, to ensure that it works in the best way possible - which is what the NHF has asked for.
"We are also providing councils with £870m of Discretionary Housing Payments which can be paid to people in supported accommodation."


Algerian club Entente Setif defeated Gambian visitors Real Banjul 2-0 to comfortably clear the first hurdle in the defence of their African Champions League title.

The Black Eagles won the last-32 tie 3-1 on aggregate after coming from behind in Banjul three weeks ago to force a 1-1 first-leg draw.
Midfielder Toufik Zerara gave Setif a mid-first-half lead and defender Farid Mellouli added a second goal three minutes into the second half.
Setif can expect tougher opposition in the round of 16 where they will tackle Moroccans Raja Casablanca or South Africans Kaizer Chiefs.
Raja won the first leg 1-0 in Durban and are favoured to advance after the return match in Casablanca on Sunday.
Fellow Algerians USM Alger also progressed after drawing 1-1 with Senegalese AS Pikine at Stade Demba Diop in Dakar.
The tie was all but over as a contest after the Algiers outfit won 5-1 at home in mid-March despite having a player sent off midway through the second half.
El Hadji Alioune Sow gave Pikine a first-half lead at home and Hamza Koudri levelled 11 minutes from time.
Elsewhere this weekend, Congolese side TP Mazembe defeated South Africa's Mamelodi Sundowns 3-1 to advance to the last sixteen with a 3-2 aggregate win. Sundowns had been leading 1-0 from the first leg.
Nigerians Kano Pillars bowed out of the Champions League despite a 2-1 home victory over Moroccans Moghreb Tetouan.
A four-goal first-leg deficit proved too costly for Pillars and they were eliminated 5-2 on aggregate.
Claims by Kano stars that they would stage a miracle recovery at the Sani Abacha Stadium were nullified after 33 minutes when Mouhsine Iajour put Tetouan ahead with his fourth goal of the tie.
It left the Nigerian champions needing six goals in 57 minutes to win the last-32 contest.
But the best they could manage was two goals courtesy of Tony Edjomareigwe just past the hour and a Rabiu Ali match-winner one minute from time.
This was the third consecutive early Champions League exit by Kano after a 2013 first-round defeat against AC Leopards of Congo and a preliminary-round loss to Vita Club of the Democratic Republic of Congo last year.
Their best showing in the competition came six years ago when they lost to fellow Nigerians Heartland in the semi-finals.
Tetouan, who scraped past Malians CO Bamako in the preliminary round, meet Egypt's eight-time African champions Al-Ahly in the final qualifying round for the group stage.
Momen Zakaria scored in each half to give Ahly a 2-0 victory over Rwandan military outfit APR in a spectator-less Cairo stadium.
Authorities have barred spectators after at least 20 football fans were killed last month during a stampede following clashes with security forces in the Egyptian capital.
Ahly took a two-goal lead into the return match and any hope of an APR comeback was dashed on the half hour when recent signing Zakaria put the Red Devils in front via a header.
He struck again just after half-time, tapping in a rebound after a Saad Samir header had been blocked.
Stade Malien of Mali and El-Merrikh of Sudan also progressed.
Stade came from behind to win 2-1 against Gabonese visitors Mangasport in Bamako and complete a surprisingly comfortable 5-2 overall success.
Merrikh fell 2-1 away to Angolans Kabuscorp, but the 76th-minute goal from Bakri Al-Madina in Luanda proved decisive as it gave his club a 3-2 aggregate victory.
Nigerian club Enyimba defend a precarious 1-0 lead over Egyptians Smouha on Sunday in the Mediterranean city Alexandria.
North African giants Esperance look set to reach the last-16 stage of this year's competition which offers a $1.5m first prize. Tunisians Esperance returned from Cameroon with a one-goal lead over Cosmos Bafia.
Kenyans Gor Mahia trail AC Leopards 1-0 ahead of the return fixture in Congo Brazzaville and the famous Nairobi club are battling to fund the trip to central Africa.


French MPs have approved a law to ban the use of fashion models deemed to be excessively thin.

Under the law, models will have to show they have a Body Mass Index (BMI) above a certain level.
Modelling agents that break the rules face fines and six months in jail.
The lower house of parliament also passed a separate measure making it illegal to condone anorexia, a move targeting internet sites that encourage dangerous weight loss.
Up to an estimated 40,000 people suffer from anorexia in France, nine out of 10 of them women and girls.
The new law on fashion models, part of a wider Health Bill, won a majority vote in the National Assembly lower house of parliament on Friday and must now be approved by the Senate.
"Anyone whose body mass index... is below a certain level will not be able to work as a catwalk model," it said.
The move would allow agencies to be "severely punished" if they forced models to undergo excessive weight loss, endangering their health, Olivier Veran, the Socialist MP who proposed the bill, told French news channel BFMTV.
He has said there would be regular checks to enforce the rule.
The deputy previously said models would have to present a medical certificate showing a BMI - the ratio of height to weight - of at least 18 before being hired for a job.
The average BMI for a woman in France is said to be 23.2.
Doctors say a normal BMI for adults is between 18.5 and 24.9, but some critics say the measure is not the best way of judging a healthy weight.
The National Union of Modelling Agencies has complained the ban would affect the competitiveness of French modelling.
But doctors and women's rights groups have long campaigned against the image they say is too often put out by the fashion industry of young women of an unnatural and unhealthy thinness, says the BBC's Hugh Schofield in Paris.
In 2007, Isabelle Caro, an anorexic 28-year-old former French fashion model, posed for a photographic campaign to raise awareness about the illness - she died three years later.


A 30-year-old man arriving in the UK on a flight from Turkey has been arrested at Heathrow Airport by counter-terror police.

The man was arrested on suspicion of preparing for terrorist acts and terrorist training as he stepped off the plane from Istanbul on Thursday evening.
He remains in custody at a south London police station.
Officers are searching a property in east London, Scotland Yard said.


Authorities from Singapore and Indonesia are searching for six people, after a chemical tanker collided with a freighter in the Singapore Strait.

The freighter sank after the collision on Wednesday night, about 11km (7 miles) off the Indonesian island Batam, Singapore officials said.
It was carrying 560 tonnes of fuel but there are no reports of an oil spill.
The Singapore Strait is one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world, although major accidents are rare.
Officials said the tanker Stolt Commitment, registered in the Cayman Islands, collided with freighter Thorco Cloud, which had the Antigua and Barbuda flag, around 20:00 local time (1200 GMT). The tanker had only minor damage.
The missing are among the freighter's crew of 12 men. The rest were rescued and are currently being treated in a Singapore hospital.
Anti-pollution craft have been put on standby in case of an oil spill, said Singapore's marine and port authority.


Public anger over the size of top executives' salaries is damaging the reputation of UK firms, according to a survey of business leaders.

In a poll of more than 1,000 members of the Institute of Directors (IoD), 52% said excessive pay packets were eroding people's trust in big companies.
More than half of those surveyed also agreed performance-related pay should be deferred by up to three years.
The poll was carried out on behalf of the High Pay Centre think tank.
The High Pay Centre was formed following a report by the High Pay Commission in 2011, which argued that the high salaries of UK executives were "corrosive".
The commission, set up by a pressure group, said the disparity between what top executives and average workers earn had been growing for 30 years.
In 2013, new rules were introduced, forcing listed firms to give shareholders a binding vote on directors' pay.
A firm's remuneration policy now requires the approval of more than 50% of shareholders for a policy to pass.
However, the seven-figure pay cheques awarded to British business bosses have continued to make the headlines in recent months.
In November, the IoD denounced a proposed £25m pay package for the new head of oil and gas giant BG Group, Helge Lund, as "excessive" and "inflammatory", while shareholders in the firm threatened a revolt.
Meanwhile, the salaries awarded to the chief executives of Britain's biggest banks have drawn public anger.
Last week, HSBC revealed that its boss, Stuart Gulliver, was paid £7.6m in 2014, while chairman Douglas Flint's total pay increased to £2.5m.
Antonio Horta-Osorio, the chief executive of Lloyds, which was bailed out by the government at the height of the financial crisis, is set to receive a total remuneration package of £11m.
And the boss of Royal Bank of Scotland - another bailout recipient - announced last week that he would not receive a bonus after the firm reported a loss of £3.5bn for 2014, although his pay could still total almost £3m.
The director of the High Pay Centre, Deborah Hargreaves, said the think tank's findings showed that "outside the boardrooms of big corporations, ordinary small and medium-sized business owners are as appalled by the culture of top pay as anybody else".
"When big business leaders rake in seven or eight-figure pay packages every year, including massive bonuses regardless of company performance, we are clearly seeing a corporate governance failure, rather than a fair and functional free market.
"Ordinary workers, customers and wider society, not to mention shareholders, are being ripped off."


Sutton United have signed former Forest Green Rovers winger Anthony Jeffrey on a one-year contract.

The 22-year-old, who began his career as a trainee with Arsenal, most recently played for Boreham Wood on a one-year deal during 2016-17.
He scored three times in 26 appearances for Wood last term, including the winner against Sutton in November.
"After seeing the whole set up and a great group of players, it became an easy decision to make," Jeffrey said.
"I had many offers but this feels right on all levels and I can't wait to get going."


Glamorgan batsman Colin Ingram says he will be a better player in his second full season of UK cricket.

The 30-year-old South Africa international was the county's top score 931 Championship runs in 2015.
"Having a full season here last year has given me a great insight, there was some really good stuff that I picked up," said Ingram.
He is likely to play against Leicestershire on Sunday despite missing the match against Cardiff MCCU.
Ingram scored two centuries in the last three Championship matches of 2015 after hitting three tons in just five One-Day Cup innings.
But he has not played since mid-February after missing the last few games of the season for his South African side, the Warriors.
"Batting-wise it went really well and I've had a good rest the last six weeks so I'm feeling feeling nice and fresh.
"They [Warriors] are in a rebuilding phase and I had a little bit of a knee niggle so it was a great time to take time out and view a few of our young players."
The left-hander was taking part in nets and warm-up sessions during the friendly match against the students.
"The county season is long and hard, I'm looking forward to spending as much time out there as possible during the full six months.
"You can't really frown on [931 runs] in your first full season, but I was a little disappointed at stages.
"I got a lot of starts (to my innings) and my goal for this season is to make sure that if I do get in, to make it really count."
Ingram faces a busy time, with the prospect of  18 months of round-the-calendar cricket.
He is under contract with Glamorgan until 2017 and has a further year to go with Warriors.


A teenager had to be escorted off the England football team's Euro 2016 training pitch after running on to the turf in search of autographs.

Harry Peak was pictured dressed in a Three Lions training kit when he invaded the pitch at St George's Park in Staffordshire.
The 18-year-old said it was "a moment of frustration" as he had failed to find players to sign a shirt earlier.
The Football Association said his behaviour was "unacceptable".
The governing body added that it was considering "appropriate action", but declined to comment further.
Mr Peak, of Tavistock, in Devon, had been invited to watch yesterday's training session with his father, a Club Wembley member.
After running on to the pitch, he was seen kicking a ball before England's team physiotherapist Gary Lewin ushered him away from the players.
It was the first time the team had gathered to train since the final Euro 2016 squad was revealed.
The teenager, who is currently studying for A-levels, said he had spent nine hours travelling to the training centre in the hope of getting autographs.
"We were left waiting for around three hours and then when we got to watch the players we were informed there wouldn't be any autographs or photos after the training," he said.
"I was absolutely gutted. It was a frustrated spur of the moment decision. I had a rush of adrenaline, I ran on the pitch as I thought it was the only time I'd get to meet the players."
He added: "I'm not a prankster. It wasn't a prank and I am embarrassed at the problems I have caused."
An FA spokesman said: "The person in question was the son of an invited Club Wembley member who had to follow a formal registration process on entry to St George's Park.
"The FA were aware of his identity and we will take the appropriate action in due course as a result of this unacceptable behaviour."


A bus service connecting mid and south Wales will continue until at least December.

The Welsh Government said it was extending the T1C pilot, which connects Aberystwyth and Cardiff via Aberaeron, Lampeter, Carmarthen, Cross Hands, Swansea and Bridgend, by six months.
It said this would allow it to better assess customers' travel patterns and needs.
It will then make a long-term decision on the service.
Infrastructure Minister Ken Skates said it was "no secret" the service was not as popular as expected.


A quarter of people who describe themselves as Christians in Great Britain do not believe in the resurrection of Jesus, a survey commissioned by the BBC suggests.

However, almost one in 10 people of no religion say they do believe the Easter story, but it has "some content that should not be taken literally".
A fifth of non-religious people believe in life after death, the poll suggests.
The Church of England said it showed many people held religious beliefs.
ComRes surveyed 2,010 British adults by telephone, between 2 and 12 February 2017. The research was commissioned by BBC local radio for Palm Sunday.
The survey suggested:
Reverend Dr Lorraine Cavenagh is the acting general secretary for Modern Church, which promotes liberal Christian theology.
She said: "I think [people answering the survey] are being asked to believe in the way they might have been asked to believe when they were at Sunday school.
"You're talking about adults here. And an adult faith requires that it be constantly questioned, constantly re-interpreted, which incidentally is very much what modern church is actually about.
"Science, but also intellectual and philosophical thought has progressed. It has a trickle-down effect on just about everybody's lives.
"So to ask an adult to believe in the resurrection the way they did when they were at Sunday school simply won't do and that's true of much of the key elements of the Christian faith."
Respondents were split evenly on the issue of life after death. While the majority of Christians say they do believe, just 46% of the general public do and 46% do not. The remaining 8% say they do not know.
Examples of life after death given in the survey included heaven, hell and reincarnation.
Three in ten Christians surveyed (31%) said they did not believe in life after death.
However a fifth of non-religious people surveyed said they did (21%).
Commenting for the Church of England, the Bishop of Manchester, the Right Reverend David Walker, said: "This important and welcome survey proves that many British people, despite not being regular churchgoers, hold core Christian beliefs.
"Alongside them it finds surprisingly high levels of religious belief among those who follow no specific religion, often erroneously referred to as secularists or atheists.
"This demonstrates how important beliefs remain across our society and hence the importance both of religious literacy and of religion having a prominent place in public discourse."
The survey found women were more likely to believe in life after death than men, around 56% of women surveyed compared with 36% of men.
Of those who did believe in life after death, two thirds of those surveyed (65%) said they thought their souls would go to "another life" such as heaven or hell while a third thought they would be reincarnated (32%).
Professor Linda Woodhead, of the Department of Politics, Philosophy and Religion at Lancaster University, said: "This polling confirms that Britain is now split down the middle between those who call themselves Christian and those who say no religion, but this is not a simple division between religious and secular.
"A significant proportion of Christians don't believe in life after death and a significant number of the non-religious do.
"Belief in a soul and an afterlife persists, including amongst young people, even though belief in the resurrection of Christ and the authority of the Church and the Bible are in decline."
Almost two in five Christians surveyed say that they never attend religious services (37%).
Just one fifth say they attend every week (20%).
However, younger Christians were more likely than older Christians to say they regularly attend religious services.
Two in five 18-24 year old Christians (41%) surveyed and 25-34 year old Christians (42%) say they attend a service at least once a month, compared with about a quarter of 45-54 year olds (22%) and 55-64 year olds (26%).
In the survey, people were asked to choose whether they believed in the resurrection of Jesus "word-for-word" as described in the Bible, whether they believed it happened but that some of the Bible content should "not be taken literally", whether they did not believe in the resurrection or whether they did not know.
Full data tables are available at www.comresglobal.com


Former NFL footballer Aaron Hernandez has been found dead in his cell in Massachusetts, officials say.

Hernandez hanged himself at the Souza Baranowski Correctional Center and was pronounced dead later at hospital.
The former New England Patriots tight end, 27, was serving a life sentence for killing a man who was dating his fiancee's sister.
Last week he was acquitted of a drive-by double murder prosecutors said began over an argument about a spilled drink.
Hernandez had cried in court as that verdict was read, saying he was "very happy".
His death comes on the day members of his former team visited President Donald Trump at the White House to be commended for their Super Bowl victory over Atlanta in February.
Former team-mates and NFL players have been posting their reaction online to the death.
Miami Dolphins centre Mike Pouncey, who played with Hernandez at the University of Florida wrote: "To my friend my brother!
"Through thick and thin right or wrong we never left each other's side. Today my heart hurts as I got the worse news I could have imagined."
Former wide receiver Donte Stallworth wrote that his thoughts are with Herandez's "sweet little 4 year old baby who has to grow up with this".
Jerel Worthy of the Buffalo Bills wrote on Twitter: "Waking up to terrible news. If you have a chance to right your wrongs. Please jump at the opportunity turn over a new leaf and live!"
Massachusetts Department of Correction said Hernandez had tried to block the door to his single cell before hanging himself.
Lifesaving techniques were performed on Hernandez and he was taken to UMASS Leominster hospital where he was pronounced dead at 04:07 local time (08:07 GMT).
State police are on the scene and his next of kin have been notified, officials said.
State Department of Correction spokesman Christopher Fallon said in a statement that he was not aware a suicide note had been written and that officials had not been concerned that Hernandez would take his life.
Does the NFL have a crime problem?
Although Hernandez was acquitted of the double murder last week, he was found guilty of illegally possessing a firearm and the judge added five years to his sentence.
Hernandez had been accused of the fatal shooting of Daniel de Abreu and Safiro Furtado outside a Boston nightclub in 2012, one month before he signed a $40m (Â£32m) contract extension with the Patriots.
Hernandez had been found guilty in April 2015 of the first-degree murder of his friend, another American footballer, the semi-professional Odin Lloyd, in 2013.
Lloyd's body was found with six bullet wounds less than a mile from Hernandez's home.
Within hours of his arrest for the 2013 shooting, the Patriots sacked Hernandez, considered one of the top tight ends playing the game.
Hernandez was given a life sentence without parole.


Two-thirds of UK children feel under pressure to cheat at sports because of a "win-at-all-costs" culture on the playing fields, a survey suggests.

A quarter of the children questioned for the survey thought team mates would cheat frequently if they could get away with it.
Ninety per cent of the 1,002 eight- to 16-year-olds said their team-mates felt pressure to win while playing sport.
More than a third said they felt no remorse at winning by cheating.
The survey for the MCC and the Cricket Foundation charity found as many as one in 20 of those questioned said they were proud to have arrived at victory dishonestly.
Yet about half said they would have felt angry or frustrated if they lost a game because of cheating by the other team. And one in five insisted that their teammates had never cheated.
The majority of children said they felt the pressure to win came from other children and their teammates, while a smaller number said the pressure came from parents and teachers.
Examples of cheating cited by the respondents to the survey included tripping up or fouling people, diving and or hitting other players with hockey sticks. Other tricks used to win included not running the right number of laps in cross-country races.
Wasim Khan, chief executive of the Cricket Foundation, said: "It is a real concern to us that so many youngsters struggle in this 'pressure cooker' to win at all costs. We teach children the importance of playing sport competitively and fairly whilst also respecting the rules and the opposition."
The chief executive of the MCC, Derek Brewer, said: "This survey highlights the pressures children feel under when playing sport. With this backdrop it is vital that children are taught the importance of playing sport in the correct spirit."
The children were questioned by Opinion Matters in February and March.
The results come several weeks after the education secretary for England announced plans to increase the amount of competitive sport played in school, and at an earlier age.
The Cricket Foundation runs the Chance to Shine initiative, which aims to encourage the playing of competitive cricket in state schools.


Twenty-seven people - mostly teenagers and young people - have been killed after fire broke out at a nightclub in Bucharest, officials say.

The blaze took hold at the Colectiv club on Friday night, causing a stampede for the exit.
Emergency response chief Raed Arafat said 155 people were being treated in hospitals in the Romanian capital.
The fire is believed to have been caused by fireworks that were let off inside the club.
"The only information we have is that fireworks were used in the club and after that the tragedy happened. Of course, this is under investigation," Mr Arafat told the BBC.
The pyrotechnics were reportedly part of a show by a heavy metal band.
Witnesses said a spark on the stage ignited some of the polystyrene decor. A pillar and the club's ceiling caught fire and there was an explosion and heavy smoke, they added.
"People were fainting, they were fainting from the smoke. It was total chaos, people were trampling on each other," Victor Ionescu, who was at the club, told local TV station Antena 3.
Up to 400 people may have been inside the club, which was hosting a free rock concert.
Local journalist Sorin Bogdan told the BBC the club was in a converted former factory with two small exit doors, only one of which was possible to open initially.
A witness quoted by Romania's state news agency said terrified concert-goers had to break the second door down to escape.
Many of those being treated in hospital were suffering from smoke inhalation and severe burns, Mr Arafat said.
At least 25 people were reported to be in serious condition at the Municipal Hospital.
Staff at another hospital said most of the people they treated were teenagers aged between 14 and 16.
Prime Minister Victor Ponta said he was cutting short a visit to Mexico to return to Bucharest.
Romania's President Klaus Iohannis wrote on his Facebook page that he was "deeply grieved by the tragic events that happened this evening in downtown."
He added: "It is a very sad day for all of us, for our nation and for me personally."


Rebel raids, high levels of crime and deadly inter-ethnic clashes - more than a decade after the Darfur civil war broke out Sudan's western region is as dangerous and as complicated as ever.

The UN says 430,000 people have been displaced so far this year, as Darfur deteriorates after a period of slight improvement.
Yet Darfur is not Sudan's only civil war. The government is also fighting rebels in South Kordofan and Blue Nile.
These areas were relatively calm after the 2005 deal with southern Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) rebels, which ultimately led to South Sudan's 2011 secession.
However fighters in South Kordofan and Blue Nile, known as SPLM-North, were left north of the border. In the lead-up to the split, conflict broke out again in these areas.
A quarter of a million people have now fled into neighbouring South Sudan and Ethiopia to escape fighting and aerial bombardments that many say are targeting civilians.
As the 2014 rainy season ends, many in Darfur, South Kordofan and Blue Nile are expecting the fighting in their areas to increase in intensity.
But a new approach to the several on-off peace processes that have been taking place for years may offer a way forward.
Negotiations about Darfur were in the Qatari capital, Doha - though many of the main Darfuri rebel groups refused to participate. Khartoum's talks with SPLM-North were in Addis Ababa.
But this seemed to the rebels to be a divide-and-rule tactic, employed by Khartoum, and endorsed by the international countries who follow Sudanese events closely.
In 2011, the Darfuris and SPLM-North formed a loose alliance, known as the Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF), and since then they have pleaded for a single negotiating platform.
They have almost achieved this aim.
Darfur rebel groups Sudan Liberation Army-Minni Minawi faction (SLA-MM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (Jem) have reopened negotiations with the government.
Significantly, these talks are taking place in Addis Ababa - the same venue as the negotiations between the government and SPLM-North.
Many Sudan analysts have argued that a comprehensive dialogue involving all the problem areas - and including the underlying cause of poor governance in the capital - is the only way forward.
"Sudan's problem is that there has always been a piecemeal approach to settling conflicts that are actually similar," says Suliman Baldo of Sudan Democracy First Group.
"The conflict in Darfur and in Blue Nile and in South Kordofan have now merged because the armed movements have merged.
"The root causes are identical - it's marginalisation, lack of accommodation of diversity and lack of recognition of people from these regions as equal citizens."
The African Union's Peace and Security Council now insists that the government's talks with the Darfuris and SPLM-North "should be conducted in a synchronised manner".
And so both negotiations are in Addis Ababa with former South African President Thabo Mbeki mediating each of them.
The talks are meant to lead to a cessation of hostilities in all the conflict areas, and then to a national dialogue, perhaps linked to a constitutional reform process, and then free and fair elections.
However, this goal seems a long way off.
For the moment, Khartoum is not negotiating with the SRF as a whole.
The opening statements of the Darfur talks on 23 November also showed just how far apart the sides are.
The Sudanese government's Amin Hassan Omar repeatedly referred to the Doha peace process for Darfur, which has been rejected by the Darfur rebels still fighting the government.
Mr Omar said he hoped a ceasefire would "pave the way towards a final resolution of the conflict in Darfur on the basis of the Doha document".
In response, Mr Minawi said President Omar al-Bashir's National Congress Party (NCP) should take "the entire responsibility" for the war.
He also called for the International Criminal Court - which has indicted President Bashir for genocide and war crimes in Darfur, which he denies - to "step up its efforts to bring the criminals who committed crimes before justice".
These are not the statements of men who feel peace is near.
It is also clear that there were substantial differences in position at the "Two Areas" talks - as the negotiations between SPLM-North and the government are known.
There have been reports that SPLM-North representatives argued for autonomous rule for South Kordofan and Blue Nile, where most of SPLM-North's members come from.
President Bashir is extremely unlikely to agree to this. In general, Khartoum wants to keep each issue discussed at each negotiation local, while the rebels want unified talks on national governance issues.
This presents quite a challenge for Mr Mbeki.
If progress is made, and a cessation of hostilities is announced - and that is a very big if - a national dialogue involving the NCP, the rebels and unarmed opposition parties would be launched.
President Bashir's own national dialogue initiative, which started earlier this year, has made little progress.
Mr Baldo is sceptical about the motives behind it.
"They are using the national dialogue to bring over opposition parties and give a certain democratic legitimacy to the renewal in power of the National Congress Party."
He believes elections scheduled for next April will not solve Sudan's problems if they take place while wars continue in Darfur, Blue Nile and South Kordofan.
Last month, the Sudanese government asked the joint AU-UN peacekeeping mission (Unamid) to prepare an exit strategy, and shut down its human rights office in Khartoum.
These signals suggest a dramatic breakthrough is needed if further conflict is to be avoided.
History suggests the odds are against this.
Yet a peace process involving all the rebel groups and a national conversation about how the country is to be governed, is exactly what the rebels have demanded.
Now the question is whether the rebels can be persuaded to stop fighting - and whether the government will make the necessary concessions to allow a genuine national dialogue to take place.


The former vice president of Iraq has blamed Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki for the country's crisis.

Iraq has seen a wave of violence in Anbar province, where Sunni militants have fought security force in Falluja and Ramadi since late December.
In an interview with the BBC, Tariq al-Hashemi said Anbar's tribes could stop the militants, as they did in 2008.
He also claimed Sunni Arabs had resorted to violence because peaceful demonstrations had been ignored.
Since violence broke out in Anbar in December, the Iraqi military and tribesmen loyal to the government, have been retaking territory, as they did against al-Qaida in 2008.
"The main reason behind this uprising and the escalation and the violence is directly related to the injustice that's been addressing the Arab Sunni community by the Prime Minister Mr al-Maliki," Mr Hashemi said.
He accused the government of "arresting the youngsters, targeting leaders, confiscating mosques and changing even the history and identity" of Iraq's Sunni Muslims, describing this as an "unfair and discriminatory policy".
People in Ramadi were "forced to raise their hands and their guns for self-defence, which is quite legitimate," he said.
Claims that the rebellion in Anbar is being led by the jihadist Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Isis) were, Mr Hashemi said, a ruse by the prime minister to divert attention from his own responsibility and an attempt to "buy the international community's loyalty".
Iraqi troops should be withdrawn immediately, he said.
Mr Hashemi is currently living as a fugitive in Turkey, after an Iraqi court last year sentenced him to death in absentia for running death squads - charges he denies.
On Saturday, in what's thought to have been his first visit to Anbar province since the rebellion began, Mr Maliki promised training for loyalist tribal militia, and over $83m (Â£50m) in construction funds.
It is seen as a bid to placate the restive region and Iraq's broader Sunni Arab minority, which complains of marginalisation by the government.
The UN says up to 300,000 people have now been displaced by the fighting in Anbar province.
While security forces backed by pro-government tribesmen have made steady progress in retaking Ramadi, they have not launched an offensive to recapture Falluja, fearing a repeat of the two bloody urban battles US troops fought in the city in 2004.
Over the weekend, Anbar Governor Ahmed al-Dulaimi gave the militants a week to surrender, but said officials would not negotiate with Isis.


Aberdeen Maternity Hospital no longer has a midwife shortage, NHS Grampian has said.

There were 28 vacancies last October, leading to the midwife unit and labour ward merging temporarily, which was described as essential but non sustainable.
The midwife unit has now reopened, two months behind schedule.
Charge midwife Andrea Lawrie said the safety of mothers or babies was never compromised.
She told BBC Scotland: "The delay was I feel the correct decision. It was around safety.
"Over the last few months we have been able to recruit midwifes. A lot of those have been newly-qualified midwives that have recently trained and we didn't feel it was the right thing to do to open the birth unit to have all those newly-qualified midwives.
"So we have paid particular attention to skill mix and getting it right, and also to let those new midwives get settled in and begin to get a bit more experience."


England one-day captain Eoin Morgan says his side will begin their ODI series against New Zealand having lost ground on the world's leading teams.

Morgan has a new-look squad to face the Kiwis as England look to bounce back from a dismal World Cup.
The five-match series begins at Edgbaston on Tuesday.
"For a long time now, we've been behind the eight-ball in one-day cricket and fallen behind by a long way," said Morgan. "It's time for a catch-up."
Morgan, 28, took over the one-day captaincy from Alastair Cook in December, two months before the start of the World Cup.
England went on to exit the competition at the group stages, losing to minnows Bangladesh along the way.
Now, as they attempt to rebuild, England have left out a number of established players for the series against New Zealand.
James Anderson, Stuart Broad, Ian Bell, Gary Ballance, Moeen Ali, Ravi Bopara and James Tredwell are all missing.
Instead, James Taylor, Alex Hales, Jason Roy, Adil Rashid, David Willey, Mark Wood and uncapped wicketkeeper-batsman Sam Billings will get a chance to shine.
"I've got the squad that I've wanted," said Morgan.
"The guys we have brought in do something different and we want that to continue.
"If they play as well as they have done in county cricket, things will be very exciting."
New Zealand have already secured a draw in a two-match Test series against England this summer.
The Kiwis excelled at the World Cup, losing in the final to Australia, having thrashed England by eight wickets along the way.
"I think it's an exciting squad England have picked," said Black Caps skipper Brendon McCullum.
"It's obviously a little bit raw, but it's full of talented players and guys who are pretty aggressive with both bat and ball."
England (from): Eoin Morgan (capt), Sam Billings, Jos Buttler (wkt) Steven Finn, Alex Hales, Chris Jordan, Liam Plunkett, Adil Rashid, Joe Root, Jason Roy, Ben Stokes, James Taylor, David Willey, Mark Wood
New Zealand (from): Brendon McCullum (capt), Corey Anderson, Trent Boult, Grant Elliott, Martin Guptill, Matt Henry, Tom Latham, Mitchell McClenaghan, Nathan McCullum, Luke Ronchi (wkt), Mutchell Santner, Tim Southee, Ross Taylor, Kane Williamson, Ben Wheeler
Umpires: Bruce Oxenford (Aus), Michael Gough (Eng)
TV umpire: Steve Davis (Aus)
Match referee: Javagal Srinath (Ind)


Both Tuareg rebels and the army in Mali have committed abuses against civilians because of their ethnic origins, a Human Rights Watch report says.

The Malian army has been advancing towards the last Tuareg-held town.
Soldiers are accused of torturing Tuaregs, while the rebels are said to have rounded up and beating members of rival, darker-skinned groups.
French-led forces this year ousted Islamist militants, allied to the Tuaregs, from most of northern Mali.
The Tuaregs of northern Mali, who are mostly light-skinned, have a long history of seeking autonomy from the rest of the country, saying they have been discriminated against by the government in Bamako.
BBC International Development Correspondent Mark Doyle says the struggle, by the mainly black-African army to re-take Kidal, held by the Tuaregs in the far north, has been key in reigniting racial tensions, along with plans to hold elections next month.
The Human Rights Watch report said the Malian army seriously abused a number of ethnic Tuareg villagers, threatening to kill them, beating them and using racial slurs.
It also said about 100 black Africans were arrested in Kidal, with many being robbed, beaten or expelled towards the south.
Mali's Foreign Minister Tieman Coulibaly has condemned the Tuareg action.
"In Kidal, black people are openly attacked," he told The Associated Press. "That is new.  Before, racism was latent, a bit creeping, but now it is unashamed."
The MNLA rebels have denied the charges.
"Civilians across the ethnic divide have already suffered enough," said Corinne Dufka from Human Rights Watch.
"The recent abuses by both sides and renewed fighting around Kidal underscores the urgent need for Malian soldiers and rebel combatants to respect the laws of war, minimise civilian harm and ensure the humane treatment of detainees," she said.
The Islamist groups abandoned the towns they controlled ahead of the French-led advance, which began in January.
But the MNLA, which is fighting for autonomy for northern Mali, has refused to leave Kidal, while the army has been reluctant to attack the town in the Sahara desert.
The UN is due to deploy a 12,600-strong peacekeeping force before planned elections in July, which will incorporate thousands of West African troops already in the country in support of the French intervention.


A full DNA profile has been developed of a man whose near-complete skeleton was found close to a motorway.

Remains of a man aged between 30 and 49, were found close to the M54 motorway in Shropshire, in August.
West Mercia Police said two metal bracelets - including one thought to be a Kara, a Sikh symbol - were found inside a jacket that was also uncovered.
There have been no matches with DNA profiles of missing people in England.
The force said it was still unable to ascertain the cause of death, but it was keeping an open mind as to how the remains came to be at junction four of the M54 at Shifnal.
It is understood the remains lay undiscovered for up to three years.
2 - 3
Years the bones of a nearly complete skeleton belonging to a man had lain at the site, next to junction four of the M54
5 7 - 5 11 Height of the man
30 to 49  Years old at the time of death
Detectives said they could not rule out that "he may have been subjected to a crime".
The man, who was between 5ft 7ins and 5ft 11ins tall, was discovered by a highway worker at the bottom of an embankment.
He was wearing a black "dare2be" soft-shell outdoor jacket in a large size, a navy blue V-neck T-shirt from George at Asda and a pair of dark coloured, medium-size Nike tracksuit bottoms.
Police said that specific type of T-shirt was first manufactured in November 2007 and first sold in March 2008.


Vigils for missing teenager Kayleigh Haywood have provided a shocked community the chance to rally round her family.

The 15-year-old, from Leicestershire, has not been seen since Friday and two men have been arrested on suspicion of murder.
The people of Ibstock and Measham said the close knit communities have been left "numb".
A JustGiving page has raised more than Â£1,000 in a few hours for the family.
Kayleigh, of Measham, was last seen on Friday when she was dropped off in the nearby village of Ibstock for a planned night with friends.
A body was found late on Wednesday evening, which, although not formally identified, detectives believe is that of Kayleigh.
In the hours before the grim discovery, a vigil was held at Ibstock Baptist Church attended by about 100 people, many wearing the teenager's favourite colour of purple.
Afterwards they left the church and walked down the street in silence in a show of support to the family.
Speaking after the police revealed a body had been found, the Rev Ray Monks said the family was "numb".
"The community is devastated, we are all devastated, but we are determined that we want to stand with Kayleigh and her family at this very, very difficult time.
"Sadly, today a young girl is not going home with her family and the family are absolutely beside themselves and the community equally is a grieving community.
"She was a bright, bubbly girl, a typical teenager. A very bubbly, nice young girl. I'm sure she brought sunshine into the lives of all who knew her."
Kayleigh's former stepmother Michelle Fantom said she was a brilliant sister to her half-siblings.
"She is a lovely girl, very quiet, very caring - a brilliant sister. A brilliant daughter to Martin and Stephanie... and a normal 15-year-old planning life ahead of her."
Another vigil will be held later at St Laurence Baptist Church in Measham, where mourners will be able to light candles and leave messages of support in a book for the family.
The Rev Linda Cox said Kayleigh's disappearance had touched everyone.
"Kayleigh's mum was extremely devastated and upset and all the range of emotions you go through when losing a child, anger being one of them," she said.
"All we can do is be there and support the family through that.
"We all like to think we live in a safe place and things like this won't happen and it has. People are devastated and worried for their families and themselves. We can understand that outpouring of unease and disbelief."
Eddie Green, head teacher of Ashby School where Kayleigh was a pupil, described her as a "fun-loving" girl.
"Ashby School has a long tradition of being at the heart of our community and the students have an outstanding reputation for overcoming and dealing with adversity," he said.
"We have no doubt that at this, the most difficult of times, they will show their resolve, resilience and true community spirit in supporting each other through this period."
David Phillips, principal of Ibstock Community College, Kayleigh's previous school, said: "A close community such as ours means that our lives are intertwined with others and from this we gain great strength.
"It is this strength that will support us and also Kayleigh's family in these dark times.  We have had many offers of support and this has reinforced our confidence in the good that exists in our communities."


Prime Minister Theresa May has been speaking to a Conservative rally in south Wales.

The claim: There is a record number of jobs in the UK.
Reality Check verdict: The number of jobs in the UK is indeed at a record level as are the numbers of people employed and the proportion of those aged between 16 and 64 who are in work.
She claimed that the evidence for her strong leadership could be seen, among other things, in the "record number of jobs".
The latest figures from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) suggest that between December 2016 and February 2017 there were 31.84 million people in work.
The figure is actually a touch below the one for November to January, but the difference is well within the margin of error.
The November to January figure was indeed a record number, but with a growing population the employment rate is probably more relevant.
The employment rate for those aged between 16 and 64 was 74.6% in the latest figures, which is also the highest since comparable records began, in 1971.
That picture was not uniform across the UK though, with Wales, where the prime minister was speaking, having a 73% employment rate between December and February.
Only north-east of England, the West Midlands and Northern Ireland have lower rates.
While those are the figures everyone usually reports, they are not, strictly speaking, the same as there being a record number of jobs, because one employed person can have more than one job.
The ONS also releases figures for workforce jobs, which are collected from businesses rather than workers.
That suggests there were 34.62 million jobs in December 2016, the highest since comparable records began in 1958.
The number of people working part-time has risen considerably since 2010, although it has been relatively stable for the past couple of years.
The vast majority (85%) of UK workers are employees rather than being self-employed, but since 2008, 40% of the overall increase in the workforce has been down to a growth in the number of people who are self-employed.
Some of this shift will be down to people working in the so-called "gig economy" - that is, people in fairly insecure work such as driving cabs or delivering takeaways.
Because these changes have been so recent and rapid, there is no breakdown in the official statistics, which means we can't say how much of the increase in self-employment is down to insecure working and how much to entrepreneurship.
Think tank the New Economics Foundation published research in December, which suggested that in London the gig economy had grown by almost three-quarters since 2010.
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(Close): Wall Street shares have closed lower again after a sharp rally fizzled out in the last hour of trading.

The surprise reversal came despite China's decision earlier to cut its main interest rate to boost growth.
It's the sixth consecutive day of falls for US stocks triggered by fears over China's slowing economy.
The Dow Jones ended down 1.3% at 15,664.3, with the S&P 500 dropping 1.4% to 1,867. 62 and the tech-heavy Nasdaq losing 0.4% to 4,506.49.
Analysts blamed fragile investor confidence for the volatile trading and said continuing fears over China's economy had eventually overruled the initial low values which persuaded investors to buy.
Art Hogan, chief market strategist at Wunderlich Securities said investors were confused.
"They are trying to figure out what the slowdown in China means to the global economy," he said.
Xavier Smith, investment director at Centre Asset Management, said he didn't expect a steady rise in stocks until there was some positive economic data from China.
"Only when we see that will the rallies be sustainable," he said.
Both the Dow Jones and the S&P are on track for their worst monthly losses in six years.
Investors globally are worried that firms and countries that rely on high demand from China - the world's second-largest economy and the second-largest importer of both goods and commercial services - will be affected by the country's slowing growth.


Molecules found on mobile phones reveal an astonishing amount about the owner's health and lifestyle - including their food preferences and medication.

Californian scientists found traces of everything from caffeine and spices to skin creams and anti-depressants on 40 phones they tested.
We leave traces of molecules, chemicals and bacteria on everything we touch.
Even washing hands thoroughly would not prevent the transfer to everyday objects, the researchers said.
Using a technique called mass spectrometry, the University of California San Diego research team tested 500 samples taken from 40 adults' mobile phones and hands.
They then compared them to molecules identified in a database and produced a "lifestyle profile" of each phone owner.
Dr Amina Bouslimani, an assistant project scientist on the study, said the results were revealing.
"By analysing the molecules they left behind on their phones, we could tell if a person is likely to be female, uses high-end cosmetics, dyes her hair, drinks coffee, prefers beer over wine, likes spicy food, is being treated for depression, wears sunscreen and bug spray - and therefore likely to spend a lot of time outdoors - all kinds of things," she said.
Most of the molecules are thought to be transferred from people's skin, hands and sweat to their phone.
Mosquito repellents and sunscreens were found to linger for a particularly long time on people's skin and phones, even when they had not been used for months.
Previous research by the same team found that people who had not washed for three days still had lots of traces of hygiene and beauty products on their skin.
The study said the testing method could:
The researchers now want to find out more about the multitude of bacteria that cover our skin - and what they reveal about us.
Senior author Prof Pieter Dorrestein said there were at least 1,000 different microbes living on the average person's skin, in hundreds of locations on the body.


A paedophile who filmed himself sexually abusing a three-year-old boy he had been asked to look after has been jailed for 45 months.

Chris Hume, 29, admitted the offences which took place in a Glasgow flat on 11 October 2016.
The High Court in Glasgow heard he had never been alone with the child until the day of the incident, when he was asked to babysit him.
Judge Lady Scott also placed Hume on the sex offenders' register.
The judge told him: "Unfortunately for you, your young victim immediately told his parents and the footage was found on the phone."
The court heard the boy's father had left the flat at about 14:00 to pick up his wife and asked Hume to babysit.
Prosecutor Angela Gray said: "The accused took the opportunity to rape the boy and whilst doing so filmed the act using his mobile telephone."
When the parents returned home Hume was sitting on the couch and the boy was in his bedroom.
The child then entered the living room and accused Hume of sexually abusing him, the court was told.
At this point Hume became irate and started to wave his arms around and told the boy: "Mate, you were the one that was being bad and pulling down your trousers."
He added: "I am no having this" and swore at the boy.
Hume then ran away leaving behind his two mobile phones and his jacket.
The family contacted the police and Police Scotland's cybercrime unit managed to extract footage from Hume's phone.
Defence counsel Frances Connor said: "My client is genuinely horrified by his actions that day."
She told the court he was undergoing programmes to try to understand why he committed the offences.


Offshore workers for Wood Group on platforms operated by Shell have voted to accept a new pay and conditions package and end a series of strikes.

The Unite union said they accepted the financial pressure on oil operators, but had won concessions on protecting conditions of service.
The industrial action, which took place in July and August, was the first of its kind in decades.
Wood Group welcomed the result, saying it had been a "difficult period".
The ballot saw 105 votes for acceptance and 82 against among Unite members and 53% of RMT members vote in favour of the deal.
During the action, both 48-hour and 24-hour strikes were held on seven Shell-operated platforms.
The platforms involved were the Curlew, Brent Alpha, Brent Bravo, Brent Charlie, Nelson, Gannet and Shearwater.
Unite regional officer John Boland said: "Our negotiations with Wood Group allowed us to reduce the levels of cuts being proposed to our members' wages and terms and conditions.
"We were able to secure improvements to competency payments and the introduction of a flexibility payment. Threats to life insurance, health care and sick pay have been removed."
Mr Boland said his members had a commitment of greater work security for ad-hoc workers.
He added: "As ever, our members have shown themselves willing to be open to meaningful negotiations and are not blind to the challenges facing the offshore sector in these difficult times - but they have also shown they will not be treated unfairly."
Aberdeen-based Wood Group provides maintenance and construction to Shell and signed a three-year extension to its contract earlier this year.
Dave Stewart, the company's eastern region chief executive, said: "We recognise that this has been a difficult period for everyone involved and we respect the workforce for accepting this revised proposal in relation to the current market conditions.
"This resolution was enabled by the strong engagement within the joint working group of Wood Group representatives, union officials and shop stewards.  We are committed to continuing to build on the relationships formed and regular engagement with our offshore workforce."
Paul Goodfellow from Shell said the company was pleased a solution had been reached.
He added: "We have been clear that change was essential to ensure that the UK North Sea remains competitive.
"This agreement is a positive step towards addressing the challenge of operating in a low oil price environment.
"Shell looks forward to working with Wood Group, Unite and the RMT to ensure that the North Sea has a strong and sustainable future."


Analysis of research into childhood in the UK paints a mixed picture of high satisfaction on the one hand, and fear of bullying and crime on the other.

Data compiled by the Office of National Statistics (ONS) finds over three-quarters (77%) of children aged 10-15 are satisfied with their lives.
Yet 12% of those aged 10-15 reported being a victim of crime, and 12% said they were frequently bullied.
The ONS also found children quarrelled more with mothers than fathers.
The ONS report - Measuring National Well-being, Exploring the Well-being of Children in the UK, 2014 - draws on three surveys of childhood: The Children's Society's Good Childhood Report, the Household Longitudinal survey  and Understanding Society.
It found three-quarters (75%) of children aged 10 to 15  thought the things they did in their lives were worthwhile and just under three-quarters (74%) reported a moderate to high level of happiness.
Also, 88% liked the neighbourhood they lived in.
The proportion of children in England aged 2 to 15 who were overweight, including obese, was 28% in 2012.
Children aged 11 to 15 years were more likely to be overweight, including obese (35%) in 2012 compared with those aged 2 to 10 (23%).
The study picked up on the importance of family relationships.
The ONS analysis noted that children's desire to talk issues through with their parents appears to have grown.
It found that around 6 in 10 UK children aged 11 to 15 (61%) talked to their mother about "things that matter" more than once a week in 2011-12, compared with half (51%) in 2002.
Similarly, 37% talked to their father frequently in 2011-12, compared with 31% in 2002.
However, children reported quarrelling more with their mothers than their fathers.
In 2011-12, around 28% of those aged 10 to 15, said they quarrelled with their mother more than once a week, while 20%  quarrelled with their father more than once a week.
The ONS says this might be explained by the fact that more children live with their mothers than with their fathers.
The ONS analysis found a key part of children's overall well-being was their satisfaction with their appearance.
In 2011-12, nearly three-quarters (74%) of children aged 10 to 15 were relatively happy with the way they looked, and 1 in 8 (12%) were relatively unhappy with their appearance.
But girls were less likely to be content with their looks: in 2011-12, girls aged 10 to 15 were more than twice as likely to be relatively unhappy with their appearance as boys of the same age, at 17% and 8% respectively.
Not surprisingly, technology played an important role in children's lives, with nearly all children (98%) aged 10 to 15 in the UK using a computer at home in 2011-12.
Girls were more likely to use it to complete their homework, while boys were more likely to play computer games.
In total, 85% belonged to a social network site, 96% had a games console, and 75% spent more than an hour on a school night watching TV or DVDs.
In 2013, there were an estimated 12 million children, aged 0 to 15, in the UK - nearly a fifth of the population.
Lily Caprani, director of strategy at The Children's Society, said: "This report shows that too many children are suffering from being victims of crime, as well as bullying and low self-esteem.
"Very often as a society we treat teenagers as people to be feared, but we need to change our attitudes and recognise they are often vulnerable victims."
Too few children were talking to their mums and dads regularly "about the things that matter," she added.


The scandal involving Volkswagen cheating car pollution rules in the US has thrown a spotlight on emissions testing - particularly in Europe.

Campaigners have for years complained that the data claimed by manufacturers was a fantasy.
Now, critics have concrete evidence of the lengths that one of the world's biggest carmakers was prepared to go to hide the truth about its diesel vehicles.
That VW's bid to scam the system was revealed in the US, where the diesel car market is very small, underlines that country's more robust approach, says Greg Archer, manager at the international campaign group Transport & Environment.
"They've got a much better system. In Europe, we do not test the right cars in the right way," he says. "In Europe, the cars tested are pre-production models that are specially prepared for the purpose. The industry calls them 'golden vehicles'."
Europe's tests are governed by the New European Driving Cycle. Despite being called "new" the NEDC was developed in the 1970s, and got its last major revision in 1996.
Cars are hooked up to measuring equipment, and go through acceleration and deceleration tests to measure carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter, fuel efficiency, and so on.
Tests are carried out by independent organisations or at manufacturers' own facilities. Either way, the intention is to create a standardised, controlled environment, where temperatures, tyre pressures, fluid levels, braking, and much else can be monitored.
The process is overseen by government-appointed inspectors, who in the UK come from the Vehicle Certification Agency (VCA), to ensure there's no corner-cutting. However, the VCA website says it will only "witness some tests being carried out".
The aim is to replicate driving conditions in a busy European city. And this is where the critics cry foul.
Such tests, they argue, replicate little of real-world driving, which is why so many studies have queried manufacturers' emissions data.
For instance, according to a report published earlier this month by the UK Committee on Climate Change, between 2002 and 2014 the gap between official and real-world CO2 emissions for new passenger cars increased from about 10% to 35%.
Europe's NEDC test involves putting cars through two cycles, one lasting about 13 minutes at an average speed of 12mph, and a second cycle lasting almost seven minutes at an average of 39mph.
For Jane Thomas, from Emissions Analytics, one of the leading independent emissions analysts, the NEDC tests are "very sedate and short. There is no resemblance to real-world driving".
The gentle acceleration, cruising speed, and braking used in the tests would be unrecognisable to most drivers, she says.
There is no simulation of prolonged motorway driving, and carmakers use the most optimal settings to improve performance, such as the bare minimum of fuel and switching off air conditioning.
She says carmakers might remove windscreen wipers, wing mirrors, and spare wheels, and even tape up doors to reduce drag.
"I don't think manufacturers (in the EU) break the rules, but they do bend them," she says. "Everyone is gaming the tests in Europe."
Even the VCA, on its website, says that "because of the need to maintain strict comparability of the results achieved by the standard tests, they cannot be fully representative of real-life driving conditions". The VCA declined to comment.
The UK trade body for carmakers, the SMMT, denies that car makers modify cars to reduce drag.
"All car components are present, and fluids and tyre pressures are set at recommended in-use levels and vehicle manufacturers do not - indeed cannot - remove mirrors, over-inflate tyres, tape over panel gaps or any such activity to gain advantage in the tests," said Mike Hawes chief executive of the SMMT.
In a statement released on Monday the SMMT said that the European motor industry "accepts that the current test method for cars is out of date, and is seeking agreement from the European Commission for a new emissions test that embraces new testing technologies, and which is more representative of on-road conditions".
In the US, test cycles are longer and more rigorous, including for city driving, on motorways, and aggressive driving. There are also "supplemental tests", including running a car with air conditioning on.
Manufacturers do their own tests and submit reports to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the regulator taking action against VW. If the EPA is suspicious of the results it conducts its own inspections.
"It's much harder to set the car up to game the test in the US," said Ms Thomas. "The EPA also spot-checks, although they do not do a lot."
There is also an argument that US regulators are prepared to come down harder on firms that breach its rules. In 2014, Hyundai and Kia agreed a $100m (Â£66m) settlement after under-stating emissions data.
Max Warburton, automotive expert at analysts Sanford C. Bernstein, says: "The European standards are easier to meet, so there is less need to cheat.
"The ambiguity of the European rules suggests that even if VW were found to have used complex software to cheat the tests, it would be difficult to fine the company.
"The thing now is, the EU [European Union] and other regulators are going to climb all over [carmakers] and this will speed up the introduction of much tougher tests and rules."
The EU has proposed real-world testing from 2017, with new proposals to close loopholes and adapt to new technologies that allow manufacturers to flatter their data.
The plans, still to be finalised, include using portable emissions meters to identify NOx, and to put on-road cars through a series of tests.
The European Automobile Manufacturers' Association is not impressed. The proposals are "very incomplete", it says, adding that even in the real word, standards of driving differ depending on location, weather, and driving style.
Amid the claim and counter-claim, experts warn not to forget that getting the testing right is an urgent matter of public health.
Prof Alastair Lewis, Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry, University of York, says much public policy is based on the test results.
"The reasons the tests are conducted is ultimately so that air pollution can be managed appropriately," he says. "Emissions data from manufacturers is used by governments to simulate future air pollution levels and set policy."
It was predicated a decade a ago that, for example, NOx in city centres would be on a downward trend, he said.
"But this was based on cars emitting NOx at the rates suggested by the manufacturers' test data, and the reality is that NOx has effectively plateaued in most cities, and in many places is above the European air quality standards."


Northampton Town have signed Crystal Palace striker Keshi Anderson on loan until the end of the season.

Anderson is the first recruit brought in by new boss Justin Edinburgh, who took over on Monday with the club 16th in the League One table.
The 21-year-old joined Palace from non-league Barton Rovers in January 2015, but has yet to play a first-team game.
He had previous loan spells with Doncaster and Bolton and could make his Cobblers debut at MK Dons on Saturday.
"I felt we needed a striker who could stretch defences and worry them with speed and movement, and Keshi can do that," said Edinburgh.
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