Benedict Cumberbatch has apologised after using the term "coloured" to describe black actors.

He was on a US talk show, explaining that there are more opportunities for black actors in Hollywood than the UK.
In a statement he said: "I can only hope this incident will highlight the need for correct usage of terminology that is accurate and inoffensive."
He said the most "shaming aspect" was he was talking about "racial inequality" at the time of his error.
So why is the term considered so offensive?
In the UK the term is, at best, seen as old fashioned and "something your gran might say".
But it's also regarded as a highly offensive racial slur which recalls a time when casual racism was a part of everyday life.
In the US, because of the country's recent era of racial segregation, it is among the most offensive words for describing a black person.
"[It] was used to describe anybody who was not white, which may imply that to be white is 'normal' or default," says the charity Show Racism the Red Card.
"If we consider it, every human has a skin colour, so technically we are all coloured."
Historically, the word is associated with segregation, especially in the US, where black people where kept separate from white people - on public transport, or at drinking fountains which were described as "coloured-only" for example.
These rules - known as "Jim Crow laws" - happened mainly in the states in the south of the US, from the 1870s until the 1960s.
The phrase Jim Crow originated from a song-and-dance character of the 1800s. In the stage show a white actor "blacked up" to play the role of an African slave. No-one is quite sure how this name became associated with the racial hierarchy the US adopted.
In part because of this association, using the phrase is seen as contributing racist behaviour, according to Show Racism the Red Card.
It was also seen as an acceptable word to use in much of the UK until the 1960s and 1970s.
There are places in the world where "coloured" is used without offence - for example in South Africa, where it refers to people who have multiple heritages.
Founded in 1909, the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) is a huge organisation in the US; it seeks to end discrimination on the basis of race.
It is "much better" to use the word black, says Show Racism the Red Card.
"There are lots of rumours that cause people to feel uncomfortable about saying black, but as a descriptive term it is absolutely fine, and is a term that has been chosen by and is used by black people."
According to the British Sociological Association, there are other words and phrases used to describe race, skin colour and heritage which could be found offensive however.
"Halfe-caste" is a "dated, racist term which should be avoided", they explain.
"Mixed race is a misleading term since it implies that a 'pure race' exists."
They advise alternatives including "mixed parentage" and "dual heritage".
Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter, BBCNewsbeat on Instagram and Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube


Thousands of people gathered for the funeral of former Bolton Wanderers and England football legend Nat Lofthouse.

People lined the streets outside Bolton Parish Church for the service of thanksgiving, while hundreds of mourners gathered inside.
Mr Lofthouse, known as the Lion of Vienna, died on 15 January aged 85.
Wanderers supporters were able to hear the service from loudspeakers in the church grounds.
Earlier, the funeral cortege travelled up Bank Street and into Bradshawgate before turning into Silverwell Street and heading to the parish church.
Bolton manager Owen Coyle, captain Kevin Davies and Wigan chairman Dave Whelan were among the pallbearers, while many football dignitaries also attended.
Davies, also a centre forward, said: "I have seen clips of him as a player and from living in the town and speaking to people he was an absolutely amazing footballer.
"He was an amazing person as well. He had a lot of time for people at the club and in the town and we'll miss him."
Other dignitaries included Manchester United director Sir Bobby Charlton, who, along with Lofthouse scored in a 5-0 win over the Soviet Union in 1958 in the first of the two matches they played together for England.
A number of people from the football world attended
Mourners hail 'credit to Bolton'
The life of legend Nat Lofthouse
Bolton great Lofthouse dies at 85
Sir Tom Finney, Sir Alex Ferguson, Trevor Brooking and former Aston Villa chairman Doug Ellis were among the other figures who attended.
Former Bolton managers to attend the service included Jimmy Armfield, Bruce Rioch, Colin Todd and Sam Allardyce.
The service was led by the Rev Matt Thompson, the vicar of Bolton.
Bolton chairman Phil Gartside and Gordon Taylor, chairman of the Professional Footballers' Association, gave eulogies during the service.
Addressing the congregation, Mr Gartside said he had "mixed emotions" about speaking and admitted to nerves.
"What could I say that hasn't already been said about Nat Lofthouse? A footballing great. A legend. An icon - the Lion of Vienna," said Mr Gartside.
"He'd probably look me in the eye and say 'don't be daft cocker, you'll be all right'."
Mr Gartside spoke movingly of his memories of first meeting "Lofty" and the former striker's dedication to Bolton Wanderers and its fans.
"I am pleased and feel very privileged I got to spend time with the man, talk football and listen to his stories and share his memories.
"Nat was always about Bolton... One man, one club, one aim - to see us successful."
After the service the funeral cortege travelled through town to huge applause before going on to a private committal.
The centre-forward, who played more than 500 games and scored 285 times for the Trotters between 1946 and 1960, died in his sleep at a nursing home in Bolton.
Mr Lofthouse, who was known as the Lion of Vienna, had worked for Bolton in a number of roles after hanging up his boots.
Those roles included chief coach, chief scout, caretaker manager and club president, with Mr Lofthouse holding the last position until his death.
During his England career, he scored 30 goals in 33 matches.


Tests have found no evidence of radioactive contamination at a quarry where it was rumoured military aircraft were dumped after World War Two.

The former Kingsteps Quarry at Nairn was examined for the remains of aircraft instruments which were illuminated using radioactive paint.
Highland Council ordered the survey following "word of mouth" suggestions of buried planes.
Surveys of the wider area, however, are continuing.
A Highland Council spokesperson said: "Results from a radiological survey of the former quarry site at Kingsteps show that although some naturally occurring radiation was identified, there was no indication of radium recorded.
"Wider ground investigations and general site survey of any possible impact from historical fly-tipping in the area are still ongoing with planned investigations around November to the New Year."
Along the Moray Firth coast from Nairn, it is thought more than a 1,000 aircraft were broken up, burned and buried near an RAF station at Kinloss.
Armstrong Whitworth Whitley bombers were among the aircraft that flew from the site during the war.
The remains of other war-time activity have been found in and around Nairn in recent years.
Two mortar bombs were discovered at the town's East Beach in March 2012 and were disposed of by bomb disposal experts.
Nairn's beaches were used to prepare soldiers and sailors for the Allied landings in Normandy in June 1944.
Military personnel were based at nearby Fort George at the time.
The remains of tanks used in the rehearsals have previously been found further east along the coast from Nairn.
A Valentine tank was lost by the Royal Hussars off Culbin Sands and two others in Burghead Bay.


A convicted murderer missing from Dorset is wanted by police after he breached his licence conditions.

Jamie Frater, 43, was jailed for life in 1993 for the murder of teacher Geoffrey du Rose in Bournemouth.
He went on the run after failing to return to prison in 2012, but later gave himself up. He also absconded from open prison in 2001.
Members of the public are being advised not to approach Frater, who "could present a risk to the public".
Det Supt Jez Noyce, of Dorset Police, said: "There may be various reasons why he has not complied with his release from prison licence conditions and I appeal to him directly to make contact with police at the earliest opportunity.
"I'd like to assure members of the public that officers are making every effort to find this man as soon as possible".
Frater was convicted stabbing Mr du Rose when the teacher chased him from the garden of his home following a robbery at a nearby shop.
He is described as white, of medium build, 5ft 8ins tall, with short, receding, brown hair.


Ed Miliband has pledged to cut tuition fees in England from £9,000 to £6,000 by 2020 if he wins power - and pledged not to seek re-election if he failed.

He accused the Conservatives of planning to raise fees to £11,500 and said David Cameron and Nick Clegg had damaged trust in political leaders.
Commons Leader William Hague said his party had not ruled out an increase but dismissed "scare stories" from Labour.
Party leaders are out campaigning on the final weekend before polling day.
Labour's manifesto pledges have been carved into an 8ft (2.4m) monument which Mr Miliband said he would install in the garden of 10 Downing Street if elected, "so you can remind me of them, point to them, insist on them".
He said while Nick Clegg had "betrayed" a promise to oppose any increase in tuition fees once he entered coalition government. He said Mr Clegg and Mr Cameron were guilty of "promising things they can't pay for and have no intention of delivering".
In a speech to supporters in the West Midlands, he said: "I won't break my word as Nick Clegg did. If I had done what he did five years ago, I don't think I could ask you for your trust again. I will cut tuition fees from £9,000 to £6,000.
"And I tell you this, if I fail in this task, I won't be standing here again in 2020 making more promises. I won't be standing for the office of prime minister at all. Because there should be consequences when people's trust is let down."
Labour says Conservative plans for spending cuts suggest a rise in tuition fees up to £11,500 a year, based on a £1.5bn cut to the higher education budget by 2018-19.
So Ed Miliband won't stand again for election if he fails to cut tuition fees in England. That was his promise today in Worcester.
But is it any more than a stunt aimed at embarrassing Nick Clegg? Well, he has etched all six of his election pledges on to a tablet of stone to be erected in the Downing Street garden if he becomes prime minister.
Very few of his staff would own up to having anything to do with it - though it is being dubbed not the "Ed stone" internally but the "Torstone" in honour of his policy adviser Torsten Bell.
Labour say the serious point is that a symbol such as the stone is necessary to restore faith and trust in politics - to emphasise he really would deliver on promises. The slight snag in the argument is that some pledges are more equal than others. Ed Miliband wants to be held to account but his offer to stand down is specific to tuition fees.
If Labour does fail on its other pledges - for example on eliminating the current deficit - he would still stand again on his record, not stand aside.
Conservative Commons Leader William Hague told BBC One's Sunday Politics that his party had not "specified the future level of university fees" but said Labour's "scare stories" were "extremely misleading".
Asked if they had ruled out rises, he said: "We haven't ruled that out, but scare stories about what may happen to such fees are really, as I say, just designed to scare people ahead of the election.
"We will continue to act in the interests of universities prospering and of a record number of students going to university, which is what we have achieved against all predictions and forecasts over the last five years."
Mr Clegg has apologised for breaking his party's pledge to oppose increasing university tuition fees in England - but has argued that the package offered by the coalition was fairer for students than the previous system of university finance.
On Sunday Mr Clegg dismissed claims by former No 10 adviser James O'Shaughnessy that he had actually been keen for an increase in tuition fees, telling the BBC: "I don't even know who this chap is and he certainly wasn't in the room, I tell you."
He mocked Mr Miliband's stone tablet, telling Lib Dem activists in Bermondsey, south London there was "nothing attractive about the instability of a hapless Labour minority administration, regardless of these great gravestones they are apparently going to erect".


On Thursday, Joseph Edward Root will walk out at Lord's to toss the coin as the 80th man to captain England in Test cricket.

Tipped for the top job long before Alastair Cook resigned in February, a quirk of the fixture list has meant a five-month wait for Root to lead his country against South Africa.
The 26-year-old is a prolific run-scorer, a proud Yorkshireman and a new father - that much we know.
Here, those who have been with Root at key moments in his life reveal what has made him into a leader; from the baby with a bat in his hand, to teenage prodigy, a "cheeky chappy" who became a captain.
Root's grandfather was one of five boys, all of whom played cricket. His father Matt, good enough to represent the MCC at Lord's, turned out for Sheffield Collegiate, the club that produced former England skipper Michael Vaughan. Root's younger brother Billy currently plays for Nottinghamshire.
"I made him a little cardboard bat and he had it in his hand on the day he came out of hospital," said Matt. "As soon as he could walk, we put him into one of those things where he could wheel himself around and he was whacking furniture with a bat.
"When he was old enough, he would field when the Sheffield Collegiate first team were netting, then he would insist on having some throw-downs until it went dark or the thrower got tired. On Saturdays, I'd be playing, Joe and Billy would put their stumps in on the other side of the boundary and have their own game all day.
"When Joe was about eight, I was playing for the Yorkshire League against the Bradford League. We were fielding and the ball went towards the boundary. He ran on to the pitch, picked it up and threw it in, straight into the wicketkeeper's gloves. He got a round of applause from the crowd.
"He was opening the batting in under-13 cricket at the age of nine or 10. He was very small, so the ball was always around his shoulders. That's probably why he's so good off the back foot now.
"Joe just used to grind out runs. He really, really didn't want to get out. He loved batting at a really early age. More often than not he'd be run out, either because he didn't cover the ground very quickly, or team-mates would get fed up with him occupying the crease all the time.
"There was always cricket, but Joe also played football for Nottingham Forest under-eights. He packed it in because it interfered with his Sunday morning nets.
"When he was about 11, I asked Joe what he wanted to when he grew up. He said he wanted to play for England. Someone has got to do it and, maybe because he'd seen Michael Vaughan do it, he didn't see any reason why he couldn't be one that got the privilege."
At 13, Root became the youngest player to be given a scholarship by Yorkshire. As part of his introduction to the club he went to Headingley one winter evening to meet batting coach Kevin Sharp. Before the meeting, ex-Tykes batsman Sharp had been working with Anthony McGrath, who played four Tests for England in 2003.
"The way he talked, he could have been an adult," said Sharp. "He knew the strengths of his game, what he needed to work on in order to get better. It was quite remarkable. I thought 'if he can bat as well as he can talk, he's going to be very good'.
"He said he wanted a challenge, the same session that [former Yorkshire captain] McGrath had just had. I'd been training McGrath for Championship cricket, bowling with a new ball off only eight yards. I said to Joe 'we can't do that, I'll hurt you'. He just smiled and said that he'd be all right. I said 'put all your protective equipment on, because I'm coming for you'.
"We had 20 minutes of very quick, very intensive stuff and Joe dealt with it unbelievably well. He had a great technique. He knew when to play, when to leave. He loved the short ball. I bowled a bouncer, which I shouldn't have done because if it had knocked him out I would have lost my job. It clipped his helmet grille. He just smiled and said 'that was a good ball'.
"He always challenges himself to get better, practises out of his comfort zone, as if he is getting ready for the next level. He makes training harder than matchplay, so he is prepared for whatever may come.
"Once, when he was about 17, we were on a pre-season tour to Barbados. We were at the Three Ws ground [named after Windies legends Frank Worrell, Everton Weekes and Clyde Walcott] and there was a dark indoor school with a concrete floor. He went in and set up an eight-yard pitch, put his gear on and then came to me with a new ball.
"He said 'coach, we're going to play Test cricket for 15 minutes. All you have got to do is run in and hit me on the head'.
"I did as he asked. I hit him on the head, the chest and the throat. He just kept smiling and nodding at me. After 15 minutes, I said 'I've done what you asked. I've hit you on the head four times'.
"He said 'I know, but you haven't got me out'."
Root made his Yorkshire debut in 2009 at the age of 18, scoring 63 in a one-day game against Essex. Less than two years later he was opening the batting for England Lions in a side captained by fellow future Test batsman James Taylor.
"When people say that he arrived in the England team as a fully formed batsman it makes me laugh, because we never saw it with the Lions," said Taylor. "When he went on to play for England, we were thinking 'where has this come from?'.
"I didn't see that period of progression from Lions to England. When I saw him playing for England I was thinking 'how's he got this good?' We were all baffled because we didn't see him growing up and all the hard work that went into it. We saw a guy that, in the Lions, was technically good but didn't score too many runs. Underneath that, the talent was unbelievable.
"We played with him a fair amount and never saw him being that good. It was phenomenal how quickly he learned and progressed.
"I'm a big believer that the best players are the quickest learners, and Joe is an exceptionally quick learner. He went on England's tour of India in 2012 and that's where he made massive strides forward, making huge progress in the nets.
"He didn't play in the first three Tests. Some people, when they are out of the side just think 'oh, I'm carrying the drinks' and they sit on their backside wishing they were playing.
"Others use that time to learn, work hard, get better and fitter. Joe did that and that was the difference between having the potential to be exceptional, and actually being very good in the England team straight away. Not many people perform on debut and Root did it."
Root, aged 21, had only played two full seasons of first-class cricket when he was called into the England squad for the tour of India in late 2012. His selection was more on potential than weight of runs. That summer, he had managed 738 in Division Two of the County Championship.
He joined a team full of Ashes winners that had topped the world rankings the 12 months beforehand - the likes of  Cook, Kevin Pietersen, Matt Prior and Graeme Swann. He was such a rookie, that some of them barely knew who he was.
"I'd never come across him before that tour," said Swann. "I knew his name, but knew nothing about his game. When he turned up I thought 'brilliant, we've got a mascot to take on tour with us', because he looked about 16 at a push.
"When you haven't seen anyone before, you sum them up the first time you bowl at them in the nets. Straight away I thought 'wow, this kid can actually bat'. Instantly he was the best player of spin in the team. He was very confident, punchy and almost arrogant in a good way.
"I think all the bowlers were chivvying Andy Flower, the coach, saying that we had to get him in the team because he was brilliant. I certainly was.
"In the dressing room, it was like having your cheeky little brother around. He was always there being a pest, doing stupid little jokes, or getting stuck into the cake trolley. He was a breath of fresh air compared to a lot of youngsters who were straight-down-the-line robots.
"From the first time I saw him in the nets I thought he would be an England player for the rest of his life. That was confirmed after he had faced about 15 balls in his first Test."
Root made 73 on debut in the final Test as England secured a first series win in India for 27 years, and was in the side for the back-to-back Ashes series that followed. However, with England having a miserable time down under in 2013-14, he was left out of the final Test in Sydney.
His return at the beginning of the following summer sparked a remarkable period of run-scoring. Just over a year later, he was ranked as the number one Test batsman in the world.
"It wasn't like he was getting dropped and being tossed aside," said England fast bowler James Anderson. "It was pretty obvious he was going to play a big part in the future of English cricket, but he was still very young. It was probably a clever thing to take him out of the firing line in order to look after him.
"Clearly, it wasn't a great trip. When you're 20 years old, all you want to do is go out there and play cricket. At the same age I was at the 2003 World Cup in South Africa and we had all the distractions of whether we should go to Zimbabwe or not. It was probably a shock for Joe that international cricket isn't just turning up and scoring runs.
"I remember how hurt he was when he did get dropped. He has always been desperate to play for England and to get a taste of that and then have it taken away can be difficult to deal with. I think that showed in the way he went away and worked on his game. He went to the relevant coaches and picked some brains to figure out what he could do to develop his game.
"I like the way that he prepares individually for series - he knows who he is going to come up against, so he'll tailor his game. That's something you think is a given in a lot of players, but even in international cricket you'll see some that, once they have had a few good scores, they will keep practising nicely at the things they are good at.
"Joe is someone who takes himself out of his comfort zone in practice. It's tough to bowl to him in the nets. I always think I can get him out, but then there are times when you can see how good he is. He's probably not the best guy to bowl at when you're trying to build confidence in preparation for a Test.
"People talk about Joe, Virat Kohli, Steve Smith and Kane Williamson as the best four players in the world. If Joe was to rank them, he'd put himself at number four. He's that sort of person. Because he's quite shy, I don't think he likes that praise too much."
Root was named England vice-captain in the summer of 2015, confirmation that he was Cook's successor-in-waiting. When Cook resigned in February this year, Root's elevation was close to a formality. He was made skipper a month after the birth of his first son, Alfred.
"He's always been the cheeky chappy off the field, in the dressing room and even on the pitch," said England all-rounder Chris Woakes. "He's always smiling and joking around. I think that's his way of staying in the zone, not getting too serious.
"People talk about him being a prankster, but that's not what I see in Joe, it's more the banter. He's very happy to give it out in the dressing room, but he also occasionally keeps himself to himself, especially on tour.
"You might not see him for a couple of days and you might think 'where's Rooty been?' There was one tour when he was in his room for a couple of days and the lads were calling him Casper the ghost. Then, all of a sudden, he's at the forefront again. He probably needs to take himself away, have his little bit of 'me time', then come back champing at your heels again.
"Being a dad has matured him a fraction. From a social side it does change your life a bit - you're not always going to be the first one in the bar. You have other duties. Still, he's very much a team man and will try to spend as much time with the team as possible.
"Fatherhood will help his time away from cricket. As an international, you're always thinking about cricket, so that might be good for him to get away from it. It might even help his batting.
"He hasn't changed in the months since he was made Test captain, but that will probably have to come because captains need to have difficult discussions with players. I think he'll embrace the job and I'm sure he'll pick the brains of Alastair Cook. The more he stays himself, the better he'll be."
This content will not work on your device, please check Javascript and cookies are enabled or update your browser
Additional reporting by Tim Peach. James Taylor was talking to BBC Test Match Special.


Media in the Middle East and Australia give a low-key reaction to the release of former Al Jazeera journalist and Australian Peter Greste.

Mr Greste's employer, Qatari satellite channel Al Jazeera, welcomes the release, but also expresses concern over the continued detention of Mr Greste's colleagues, Egyptian-Canadian Mohamed Fahmy and Egyptian Baher Mohamed.
In Egypt, his release is reported on the front pages of several Egyptian dailies but is completely ignored in morning news bulletins on state TV.
The story is a touchy subject for the state media, and the government of President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi has been accused of reversing the progress on media freedom made after the ousting of former President Hosni Mubarak.
Mr Greste and his colleagues were arrested on allegations of spreading "false news".
The Egyptian authorities suspect Al Jazeera of being biased towards the Muslim Brotherhood, which was removed from power by President Sisi.
In the Egyptian press, the state-run daily, al-Akhbar, frames the release as being part of many others, reporting on "the release of 312 prisoners to mark the revolution anniversary and Police Day and the release of Australian journalist".
However in a front page headline, the privately-owned Egyptian daily, al-Watan, reports speculation that Mohamed Fahmy will be freed and deported after being stripped of his Egyptian citizenship.
Social media users, many of them journalists, are delighted by Mr Greste's release but voice frustration that only Mr Greste - and possibly Mr Fahmy - will be freed.
Former Al Jazeera correspondent Dina Samak (@dinasamak) tweets: "So, Baher is the only one to be left in jail in al-Jazeera case simply because he is Egyptian and has no other nationality."
User Farah Saafan (@FarahSaafan) tweets: "And why would they only release Peter Greste? If he is "guilty" of the same offences as the other two, makes sense to release everyone, no?"
Journalist Mohamed Seif-al-Dawla (@seif_eldawla) says: "So, Australian nationality is the solution."
With Australian media attention firmly on Prime Minister Tony Abbott's current political travails, the Peter Greste story is not front-page news in his homeland, but several commentators analyse the consequences of Greste's release.
An opinion piece by Amin Sakai on the website of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) public broadcaster says Cairo took a "face-saving" measure in releasing Greste.
"It appears that mounting domestic considerations and international pressure has played a key role in his deportation," he says.
"Whatever the ultimate outcome, Cairo has, for the time being, taken an important step towards improving its relations with Australia and its international standing."
Also on ABC, Julie Posetti wonders whatever criticism may be levelled at Egypt over media freedom, the Australian government's record is also patchy.
According to Posetti, journalists reporting on terrorism in Australia could risk imprisonment under a set of new national security laws and policies brought in by the Abbott government
"While the government is celebrating the release of journalist Peter Greste, it's still responsible for legislation that represents a chilling attack on media freedom in our own country," she concludes.
The Sydney Morning Herald notes that although Mohamed Fahmy may be released soon, his colleague, Baher Mohamed, faces "the horrifying prospect" of remaining in prison until a retrial and the possibility of receiving another long jail sentence.
"Given Greste's commitment to media freedom, one thing seems certain - he will not allow his colleagues to remain in prison without raising his voice in their defence and continuing to campaign for their release," the paper predicts.
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.


The Northern Ireland Supporters Club chairman has called for a meeting with the Irish Football Association over possible subsidence at Windsor Park.

Club and international matches at the Belfast stadium could be in doubt after the West Stand was sealed off.
Cracks in its structure were spotted on Tuesday. The IFA says it is waiting for a report from engineers.
The Irish Cup final on 2 May and Northern Ireland's Euro 2016 qualifier with Romania on 13 June are scheduled.
Gary McAllister of the Amalgamation of Northern Ireland Supporters Clubs said the IFA had three options for the Romania match if the stand had to be shut down:
He said this was all "hypothetical" until the IFA announced the findings of its structural inspection.
Building work behind the stand has been ongoing in recent weeks as part of the redevelopment of the area around Windsor Park, but it is not known if this is directly related.
The stand was filled to capacity with Northern Ireland fans on Sunday for the Euro 2016 qualifier victory over Finland.
Linfield and Crusaders are scheduled to meet at Windsor Park on Saturday in a top-of-the-table Irish Premiership match.
"The Irish FA (IFA) became aware on Tuesday morning of some damage having been caused overnight to the West Stand," the IFA said in a statement.
"We are currently awaiting a report from the structural engineers."


The quiet but very powerful end of finance sees assets being managed across portfolios of equities, bonds and property.

Scotland has built up a specialism in that, with Edinburgh one of Europe's main asset management centres.
It can seem removed from the retail market.
Jointly having Â£660bn of assets under management, the two firms heading towards merger are huge, but not all about the super-rich.
Much of the money put aside in small-scale investments, insurance and pensions is placed with such specialist firms.
But an increasing share of it is going to funds that are passive, investing across the market so as to track it.
Companies such as Standard Life and Aberdeen Asset are under pressure to cut the higher costs of actively managing funds.
Standard Life, aged 192, is strongly rooted in the Scottish capital, and has been transformed in 11 years from a mutual to a significant plc, as a fund manager and also as a pensions, savings and life assurance company.
It has ventures in the Indian and Chinese household savings and investment markets.
Aberdeen Asset Management is closer to a pure-play asset managing firm, which has focused its efforts on emerging markets.
That has made its performance more volatile than others, and in the past three years more funds have been withdrawn than placed with it.
It is a relative newcomer, founded in 1983, and its growth has been the personal mission of chief executive Martin Gilbert.
Much of that is through acquisition, including the investment arm of Scottish Widows, which it bought from Lloyds Banking Group in 2013.
Gilbert has a different style to Standard Life's old-schooler Keith Skeoch, and it will be interesting to watch how a chief executive job share works out between them.
The logic of putting the firms together is to build investment clout, in competition with US-based giants such as Blackrock.
They want to assert that active management of funds can work for clients.
With those passive funds growing, this offers "significant synergy potential", which is likely to mean duplicate roles being shed.
At present, the companies employ around 9,000 people.
That clout as a shareholder can also be applied to shaping the decisions of companies in which the asset managers have stakes.
Both Standard Life and Aberdeen have sought to be active and responsible shareholders - with a close interest, for instance, in the incentives behind other firms' boardroom pay.


Germany was wrong to ban an anti-abortion activist from distributing leaflets near a clinic and naming doctors involved on his website, the European Court of Human Rights says.

The court ruled that it violated the man's rights to freedom of expression.
Klaus Guenter Annen was ordered to stop handing out the leaflets and publishing the names of doctors in 2007.
The rise of US-style anti-abortion protests has caused controversy amid claims women feel harassed.
In a short statement to the BBC after the European court's judgement, Mr Annen said the ruling was a "victory for freedom of expression for all of Europe".
In his hand-outs, Mr Annen said doctors at a day clinic performed "unlawful abortions" - followed by an explanation, in smaller letters, making clear that the procedures were not technically illegal in Germany.
He referred to the Holocaust, saying: "The murder of human beings at Auschwitz was unlawful, but the morally degraded NS [Nazi] State allowed the murder of innocent people and did not make it subject to criminal liability."
The original injunction against Mr Annen, a conservative Christian, was granted at the request of doctors at the clinic.
But in its ruling on Thursday, the ECHR criticised the German courts for ordering him to stop distributing the leaflets and listing the names of the doctors on his website.
The court said Mr Annen's campaign "undoubtedly contributed to a highly controversial debate of public interest" and his rights to freedom of expression had been violated.
The court rejected his claim for damages but ordered Germany to pay him just under â‚¬13,700 (Â£9,640) towards costs and expenses.


Nokia, the struggling mobile phone maker, swung back into profit in the last three months of 2012.

But Nokia said the trading outlook was tough and that no dividend would be paid, the first time in 20 years that shareholders have missed out.
Pre-tax profit for the quarter was 375m euros (Â£316m), against a 974m-euro loss last year.
Nokia said it sold 15.9 million smartphones in the quarter, down from 19.6 million a year earlier.
Paying no dividend would help the company preserve cash, and ensure "strategic flexibility", Nokia said in a statement. The rate at which Nokia was burning through cash as it invested in new products had been a worry for investors.
The company finished 2012 with net cash of 4.4bn euros, down 22% from a year earlier.
Nokia has fallen behind in the smartphone race against rivals Samsung and Apple.
However, the Finnish company has recently flagged that its turnaround strategy was starting to work and that sales of its new Lumia phones were strong, contributing to a 70% rise in Nokia's share price in past months.
The company sold 86.3 million devices during the quarter, including 4.4 million Lumia smartphones, its new flagship product developed with Microsoft - figures which it had flagged earlier this month.
"We are very encouraged that our team's execution against our business strategy has started to translate into financial results," chief executive Stephen Elop said. That strategy has involved announcing almost 20,000 job losses.
Nokia's market share reached more than 50% before rivals began eating into its business.
Ben Wood, a research analyst at CCS Insight said that on the face of it, this was positive for Nokia in isolation.
"But you have to take the 4.4m Lumia smartphones that they sold in the context of the 48m that Apple announced last night, and you can see that they have a long journey ahead."
On Wednesday, Apple said it had sold 47.8 million iPhones during the final quarter of 2012.


The recent reviews into concussion management have "thrown the system into chaos", a leading expert says.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Sale were cleared of wrongdoing in an incident involving TJ Ioane, with Northampton cleared over George North.
"These faultless and blameless reports simply don't stand up," Dr Willie Stewart told the BBC.
"They begin to look like a review process more intent on preserving the welfare of the Head Injury Assessment [HIA] than the welfare of the players."
In the Ioane case, two independent medical reviewers questioned why the player had not been taken off for an HIA.
However, the RFU and Premiership Rugby investigation accepted that the Sale doctor had used his clinical judgment to not remove Ioane from the field of play.
"The Untoward Incident Reviews around HIA incidents thus far throw the system into chaos and, if they are to be believed, ask serious questions over the HIA and its suitability for the game," Dr Stewart, a neuropathologist who has worked with World Rugby and the Scottish Rugby Union, added.
"In each incident thus far the message seems to be 'the process is flawless, no mistakes were made and no change or sanction is needed'.
"This cannot all be true. That each case is an 'incident' must by definition either raise an issue over process or application."
Media playback is not supported on this device
The RFU says the introduction of the HIA has seen a considerable improvement in player welfare, but Dr Stewart feels the recent judgments have set the handling of head injuries back by years.
"In this latest [Ioane case] both independent medics are reported to have been overruled by the team doctor and their clinical judgment.
"In essence, this would appear to be sanctioning a return to 'on the run' assessment World Rugby claimed was ineffective, hence the reason for the HIA.'"
And Stewart has called for the world governing body to intervene if they are to retain their authority over concussion management.
"There can be no question that an urgent and independent review asking serious questions of the untoward incident review process is required if the HIA and World Rugby are to retain any credibility."


Pharmaceuticals giant GSK is considering selling off its Horlicks business, the BBC understands.

GSK wants to sell the Horlicks business in the UK, where it is marketed as a bedtime drink.
The company wants to keep the Horlicks business in India where it marketed as a nutritional drink to children and has seen strong growth.
A sale would be the first major move by chief executive Emma Walmsley who succeeded Sir Andrew Witty in April.
Earlier this year, when revealing her first set of results as GSK's boss, Ms Walmsley said that she wanted to prioritise GSK's drugs business.
"I want to make that more at the heart of where we spend our leadership time and what we spend our time talking about," she said at the time.
Pharmaceuticals makes up the bulk of GSK's revenue, accounting for £16.1bn of a total £27.8bn in annual sales.
The Horlicks brand, which is more than 100 years old, is housed within the consumer healthcare division, which Ms Walmsley led prior to taking over the top job at GSK, and it generated £7.2bn in sales over 2016.
Although Horlicks is popular in India, GSK noted when it announced its full year figures there had been a general slowing of the health food drink category in the country "which impacted the performance of the nutrition category and Horlicks in particular".
This continued in the first quarter of the year.


Rangers and Falkirk splashed the cash, but it was promotion rivals Hibernian who stole the headlines during January with the capture of Anthony Stokes on loan from Celtic.

The Republic of Ireland striker, frozen out by Ronny Deila in Glasgow following off-field misdemeanors, has scored two goals in two appearances already for the side chasing Rangers for the one automatic promotion place from the Scottish Championship.
Michael O'Halloran, Rangers' deadline-day acquisition from St Johnstone, will have to go some to match the influence Stokes can have on the Edinburgh side.
However, Billy King, the winger on loan from Hearts, made his mark with a debut goal for the Ibrox side.
Third-top Falkirk opened their cheque book to emphasise their desire to clinch a play-off place at the very least.
They took skilful forward Myles Hippolyte from Championship rivals Livingston and Nathan Austin from East Fife, although the latter is one for future campaigns after being immediately loaned back to the League Two club.
Livingston themselves used some of the money from the Hippolyte deal to buy midfielder Josh Mullin from Albion Rovers, manager David Hopkin having already added some notable names with top-flight experience - including Mark Fotheringham, Charlie Telfer and Sam Stanton - in their bid to avoid the drop.
New St Mirren manager Alex Rae is also banking on experience as the Paisley side look to move away from the bottom and has recruited four players who have played in the top flight.
One-time Aberdeen striker Declan McManus looks like he will be a quality addition on his return to Greenock Morton on loan from Fleetwood Town.
Meanwhile, Raith Rovers are looking to harness the youthful talents of Aidan Connolly, the midfielder released by Dundee United, and forward Harry Panayiotou on loan from Leicester City.
Dumbarton will provide a platform for intriguing winger Kler Heh, a 19-year-old who was brought up in a refugee camp in Thailand.
In: Liam Caddis, midfielder (St Johnstone); Scott Gallagher, goalkeeper (Hearts); Mitch Megginson, forward (Raith Rovers); Ryan Finnie, defender (Annan Athletic). Loan: Scott McKenna, defender (Aberdeen).
Out: Michael Doyle, defender (St Johnstone); Andy McNeil, goalkeeper (Greenock Morton). Loan: Mark Williams, defender (Arbroath).
In: Christian Nade, forward (Hamilton Academical). Loan: Tom Walsh, midfielder (Rangers); Kler Heh, midfielder (Sheffield United).
Out: Willie Gibson, midfielder (Stranraer); Steven Craig, forward (Forfar Athletic); Gordon Smith, forward. Loan ended: Scott Brown, midfielder (St Johnstone). Loan: Ryan Clark, midfielder (Arthurlie).
In: Myles Hippolyte, forward (Livingston, undisclosed); Nathan Austin, forward (East Fife, undisclosed); Deniz Dogan Mehmet, goalkeeper (Kayserispor); Kevin McCann, defender (Warriors). Loan: Conor McGrandles, midfielder (Norwich City).
Out: Ryan Blair, midfielder (Swansea City, undisclosed); Kieran Duffie, defender; Alex Cooper, midfielder (St Mirren); Thomas Grant, midfielder. Loan ended: Ryan Sinnamon, defender (Rangers). Loan: Nathan Austin, forward (East Fife); Graham Bowman, goalkeeper (Stenhousemuir); Scott Shepherd, forward (Brechin City); Alex Tokarczyk,  goalkeeper (Montrose).
In: Andy McNeil, goalkeeper (Alloa Athletic).Loan: Declan McManus, forward (Fleetwood Town)
Out: Grant Adam, goalkeeper (Cowdenbeath). Loan: Thomas Orr, forward (East Stirlingshire); Dylan Stevenson, midfielder (Berwick Rangers).
In: Kevin Thomson, midfielder (Dundee); Otso Virtanen, goalkeeper (Mariehamn); Chris Dagnall, forward (Karela Blasters); Josh Peters, forward (Strathspey Thistle). Loan: Anthony Stokes, forward (Celtic); Niklas Gunnarsson, defender (Valerenga).
Out: Dominique Malonga, forward (Pro Vercelli 1892, undisclosed); Adam Eckersley, defender; Antonio Reguero, goalkeeper. Loan: Jordan Forster, defender (Plymouth Argyle); Sam Stanton, midfielder (Livingston); Jordan McGregor, defender (Berwick Rangers); Callum Crane, defender (Berwick Rangers); Aaron Dunsmore, defender (Edinburgh City); Aaron Scott, midfielder (Gala Fairydean). Loan ended: Islam Feruz, forward (Chelsea); Henri Anier, forward (Dundee United).
In: Josh Mullin, midfielder (Albion Rovers, undisclosed); Mark Fotheringham, midfielder (Fulham); Marc McCallum, goalkeeper (Dundee United); Craig Halkett, defender (Rangers). Loan: Charlie Telfer, midfielder (Dundee United); Sam Stanton, midfielder (Hibernian); Osman Kakay, defender (Queens Park Rangers).
Out: Mark Burchill, manager; Myles Hippolyte, forward (Falkirk, undisclosed); Hugo Faria, midfielder (Airdrieonians); Ross Millen, defender (Clyde); Declan Gallagher, defender (prison); Moses Duckrell, midfielder. Loan: Spas Georgiev, midfielder (Albion Rovers); Kieran Gibbons, midfielder (Cowdenbeath).
In: Loan: Andy Murdoch, midfielder (Rangers).
Out: Paul Heffernan, forward. Loan: Shaun Rutherford, defender (Arbroath); Scott Hooper, defender (Queen's Park); Fraser Morton, goalkeeper (Dalbeattie Star). Loan ended: Liam Coogans, forward (Huddersfield Town).
In: Aidan Connolly, midfielder (Dundee United). Loan: Harry Panayiotou, forward (Leicester City); Louis Longridge, forward (Hamilton Academical); Ryan Hardie, forward (Rangers).
Out: Mitch Megginson, forward (Alloa Athletic); Jon Daly, forward (Hearts). Loan: Darren Petrie, midfielder (Albion Rovers). Loan ended: Craig Wighton, forward (Dundee).
In: Michael O'Halloran, forward (St Johnstone, undisclosed); Maciej Gostomski, goalkeeper (Lech Poznan); Harry Forrester, midfielder (Doncaster Rovers); Mekhi Leacock-McLeod, midfielder (Wolverhampton Wanderers). Loan: Billy King, midfielder (Hearts).
Out: Craig Halkett, defender (Livingston). Loan ended: Nathan Oduwa, midfielder (Tottenham Hotspur). Loan: Fraser Aird, midfielder (Vancouver Whitecaps); Andy Murdoch, midfielder (Queen of the South); Tom Walsh, midfielder (Dumbarton); Ryan Hardie, forward (Raith Rovers); Liam Kelly, goalkeeper (East Fife).
In: Rocco Quinn, midfielder (Ross County); Gary Irvine, defender (Dundee); Alex Cooper, midfielder (Falkirk). Loan: David Clarkson, forward (Motherwell).
Out: Mark Ridgers, goalkeeper. Loan ended: Paul McMullan, midfielder (Celtic); Luke Conlan, midfielder (Burnley); Craig Reid, defender (Motherwell). Loan: Lewis McLear, midfielder (Stirling Albion).


More than 40 journalists and editors have signed a statement demanding the immediate release of three al-Jazeera colleagues accused of helping the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.

Senior figures from the BBC, New York Times and CNN are among the signatories.
Peter Greste, Mohamed Fadel Fahmy, and Baher Mohamed were detained by Egyptian authorities on 29 December.
The letter calls for an end to their "arbitrary imprisonment".
It also calls for the release of fellow journalists, some of whom have been held in Egypt for over five months.
"The arrest of these journalists has cast a cloud over press and media freedom in Egypt," the letter says.
"We strongly believe that upholding the rights of journalists and permitting the free flow of information is vital to bringing about greater understanding and serves the best interests of all Egyptians and the world."
The BBC's Middle East editor Jeremy Bowen and chief international correspondent Lyse Doucet are among the senior media figures who have signed the statement.
They also include CNN's chief international correspondent Christiane Amanpour, Associated Press senior managing editor for international news John Daniszewski, the New York Times international editor Joseph Kahn and the Middle East bureau chief for the Economist, Max Rodenbeck.
Mr Greste, Mr Fahmy and Mr Mohamed were remanded in custody for 15 days on 31 December, and their detention was extended for a further 15 days last Thursday.
They are being held in "harsh prison conditions", says a news release accompanying the statement.
No charges have been brought, but reports suggest the men are accused by prosecutors of belonging to an illegal terrorist group - the Muslim Brotherhood - and helping promote its objectives.
They are also accused of broadcasting "false news... that undermines the national interest".
At least five other journalists have been detained for over five months in Egypt, says the Committee to Protect Journalists - Metin Turkan of Turkish Radio and Television Corporation; Abdullah Al-Shamy and Mohamed Badr of al-Jazeera; Mahmoud Abdel Nabi of Rassd Online News; and freelance photographer Mahmoud Abou Zeid.
Al-Jazeera spokesman Ghassan Abu Hussein has called the journalists' detention an attempt "to stigmatise us, and further incite violence against our journalists working on the ground".
Egyptian authorities have accused al-Jazeera of bias in favour of the Muslim Brotherhood since the army overthrew President Mohammed Morsi in July.


A man has appeared in court charged with "making racial gestures" at last weekend's Old Firm clash.

Jamie Scott, 27, is accused of engaging in behaviour that is likely or would be likely to incite public disorder by shouting and making the gesture.
The offence is contrary to the Offensive Behaviour at Football Act and is said to have taken place on 29 April at Ibrox Stadium.
Scott, from Cumbernauld, denied the charge at Glasgow Sheriff Court.
He appeared from custody but he was released on bail with the condition that he must not go to regulated football matches.
Trial was set for September.


Lee Gaskell scored the clinching try as Huddersfield Giants beat St Helens to move up to seventh in Super League.

Leroy Cudjoe and Martin Ridyard put Huddersfield into a 12-0 lead.
However, Saints recovered from a patchy start to reduce the gap to two points with scores either side of half-time from Luke Thompson and Mark Percival.
Huddersfield's Adam O'Brien and St Helens prop Kyle Amor both crossed before former Saints man Gaskell touched down for the hosts late on.
Saints are sixth in the table, one point above Huddersfield, with five league matches remaining before the split for the Super 8s.
If either side wins four of those five games, they will guarantee a top-eight finish and avoid the Qualifiers.
Huddersfield: Mamo; McGillvary, Cudjoe, Gaskell, Murphy; Brough, Ridyard; Wakeman, Leeming, Ikahihifo, Ferguson, Roberts, Hinchcliffe.
Replacements: O'Brien, Mellor, Rapira, Clough.
St Helens: Lomax; Makinson, Morgan, Percival, Grace; Fages, Smith; Walmsley, Roby, Amor, Taia, Wilkin, McCarthy-Scarsbrook.
Replacements: Douglas, Thompson, Lee, Knowles.
Referee: James Child


When Wales face Serbia at the intimidating Stadion Rajko Mitic in Belgrade on Sunday, four points adrift of their opponents at the top of their World Cup qualifying group, the bliss of Euro 2016 may seem a distant memory.

It will be a year to the day since Wales ended their 58-year absence from major tournaments with a victory against Slovakia in Bordeaux that set Chris Coleman's men on their way to a first semi-final appearance.
A year on, Wales' hopes of reaching a second successive tournament hang in the balance.
Four draws in a row have left them third in Group D, four points behind Serbia and the Republic of Ireland with five games to play.
Lose in Belgrade and Wales can all but forget about qualifying for next year's World Cup in Russia.
Win - or, at the very least, draw - and the dream is alive, the dream of reliving the euphoria of last summer.
Media playback is not supported on this device
"I've tried desperately hard, we all have, to move on, but you don't really want to move on," says Coleman.
"When the national anthem started, that's what I'll always remember, the noise.
"The first tournament, the first game, singing the national anthem was as good as it gets.
"If you want that again, we need to take care of this challenge - because if you want to go and sample tournament football, we need to take care of business now."
Coleman is momentarily caught in a nostalgic haze but he swiftly gathers himself and focuses on the task ahead.
If Wales are going to scale those heights again by qualifying for the 2018 World Cup they will have to do it the hard way.
Against Serbia, the visitors will be without a raft of first-team players including their most influential, Gareth Bale, whose importance to the team can scarcely be underestimated.
The Real Madrid forward is suspended following his yellow card against the Republic of Ireland in March, denying Wales the man who has scored four of their eight goals in this campaign.
Having claimed three of their 10 goals at Euro 2016 and seven out of 11 in qualifying for that competition, the statistics lay bare how pivotal he is to the Welsh cause.
Coleman will need to alter his side's attacking strategy to compensate for that enormous loss and an injury to Hal Robson-Kanu, and he will have to adapt defensively too, with left-back Neil Taylor suspended and centre-back James Collins injured.
These are the kind of problems Coleman could do without, particularly when Serbia - blessed with greater strength in depth - have been able to name a near first-choice squad.
"We are four points behind with five games to play, but are we good enough to win three or four on the bounce? I don't have to tell you the answer to that," Coleman says.
"Whether it's Serbia away, it doesn't matter. I know we can get a result because we've done it. We've gone to hard places before, we just need to do it again.
"Gareth's [absence] can't affect us. It's about us, the players who are available going in there and producing it. I'm optimistic of getting a result in Serbia."
Coleman has said this campaign will be his last as Wales manager and, should qualification become mathematically impossible at any point, the 47-year-old would consider an early departure.
Defeat in Serbia would therefore raise doubts over his future, a scenario which seems barely believable given the unprecedented success of recent years.
Yet that very success has prompted such speculation, because it has raised the expectations of a nation which was ranked outside the world's top 100 as recently as 2011.
It could be argued Wales and Coleman are becoming victims of their own success.
"In the last campaign we drew at home to Bosnia [October 2014] and it was like we'd won. This campaign when we've drawn it's been like a defeat because of what's happened between the Bosnia game and drawing in Austria [October 2016]," Coleman says.
"What happened in between was unprecedented, nobody thought we were going to get to those dizzy heights.
"You go to Austria and come back with a point and it's a disappointing result because we've qualified and been to a semi-final of a tournament."
Media playback is not supported on this device
Coleman is a realist, a man who has endured enough strife as a player and manager to know how fickle football can be.
He is also an idealist, a romantic who longs for more of the exhilaration Wales enjoyed during those four golden weeks in France last year.
But most of all Coleman is an optimist, insistent Wales can secure a vital result in Serbia and give a nation reason to believe again.
"Yeah, I just think everyone is waiting for this next one," he says.
"These next two games, I see everyone is going: 'Which way is this going to go?' Whatever happens in Serbia, if we dig out the result it's definitely back on.
"Or it's not and then the next game we absolutely have to win it. We know that. And if we do it's back on, but second spot.
"So it's interesting to see what's going to come out of the mix. Maybe I'm biased but I can't help but be optimistic."


A protest in Brazil against a decades-old ban on topless sunbathing has failed to attract more than a dozen women.

Instead, hundreds of photographers and men turned up for the event on Rio de Janeiro's Ipanema beach.
More than 2,000 women had said they would take their tops off on the beach on Saturday morning to call for the law to be scrapped.
Organisers say most women probably felt too intimidated to join the protest.
Protesters say Brazilian legislation, which defines beach topless as an obscene act, is anachronistic and hypocritical.
They argue that nudity is tolerated during the annual carnival parade in Rio.
"It's a false-Puritanism and indicative of our macho culture that we have a law forbidding that a woman can go topless," Olga Salon told the Associated Press news agency.
She was one of the few women who went ahead with the protest and took her top off before a crowd of photographers and male beach-goers.
The organiser, Ana Rios, said the idea was to raise awareness to the prejudice against women in Brazil.
"It is a pity it became a media circus. What really amazes me is the number of men who came here just to see women's chests," she said.
The movement began after Brazilian actress Cristina Flores was approached by local policemen during a photo session.
She says they threatened to arrest her if she did not agree to put her top on.
"I didn't even know it was illegal when I did it," she said.
A 1940s law says going topless on the beach is punishable with three months to a year in jail or a fine.
The harsh penalties are rarely enforced, but topless sunbathing is not tolerated on most Brazilian beaches.


Automatic promotion to the Premiership will be introduced in 2018 after the Rugby Football Union decided to scrap the Championship play-offs.

The winners of England's second-tier competition will be promoted if they satisfy 'minimum standard criteria' to play in the top-flight.
Promotion this term will again be decided via the four-team play-offs.
Championship clubs also get a funding boost as part of the new agreement between the RFU and Premiership Rugby.
Bristol won promotion via the play-offs last season, having topped the table in five of the seven campaigns in the Championship following relegation at the end of 2008-09.
But not all clubs reaching the play-offs have been eligible to go up, with Cornish Pirates not having a suitable home ground, while Bedford openly state they do not want to move into the Premiership.
The financial boost for clubs in England's second tier, and only other professional level of rugby, comes after London Welsh went out of business and were expunged from the league in January.
Money troubles are widespread in the competition, with a BBC Sport investigation into the health and future of the league discovering that just one of nine clubs with available accounts at Company House reporting a profit in 2015.
The exact figure in the multi-million pound deal has not been disclosed, but distribution will be based on final league positions "to ensure competition among clubs throughout the entirety of the season".
London Irish, relegated from the Premiership last season, are 15 points clear at the top of the Championship after 15 games.
Fourth-placed Ealing are 27 points adrift of the leaders, having played an extra game.
Mark McCafferty, chief executive at Premiership Rugby, said the play-off system "does not always help" sides prepare for a top-flight campaign.
Bristol lost their opening 10 league games on their return to the Premiership after a seven-year absence.
"It's vital that any club being promoted from the Greene King IPA Championship is as prepared as it can be to compete, given the quality and intensity of Premiership Rugby," McCafferty added.


England have named an experienced 28-player squad for August's Women's Rugby World Cup in Ireland.

Media playback is not supported on this device
The defending champions include 15 of the squad that beat Canada to win the last World Cup in 2014.
Rachael Burford, Rochelle Clark, Tamara Taylor and Danielle Waterman will play in their fourth consecutive World Cup.
Bristol's Sarah Hunter, who led the world number ones to the Six Nations title in March, captains a squad with a combined total of 1,207 caps.
Six players also represented Great Britain in the rugby sevens at the Rio Olympics last summer.
England are in Pool B and open their tournament against Spain on 9 August, before facing Italy on 13 August and USA on 17 August.
Simon Middleton's side go into the World Cup after beating Australia, Canada and New Zealand in the International Women's Rugby Series earlier this month.
"We are confident we have an incredibly strong squad, made up of hugely experienced players who have featured in previous Women's Rugby World Cups and other major tournaments such as the Olympics," said Middleton.
"At the same time, we have younger players who have been involved in a Grand Slam-winning side and a successful three-Test series against some of the best teams in the world earlier this month."
He added: "Our focus has always been on going to Ireland to win the Women's Rugby World Cup. To do that, we are going to have to give more than in any competition we've played over the past year."
Forwards: Zoe Aldcroft (Darlington Mowden Park Sharks), Sarah Bern (Bristol), Rochelle Clark (Worcester Valkyries), Amy Cokayne (Lichfield), Vickii Cornborough (Harlequins), Vicky Fleetwood (Saracens), Sarah Hunter (Bristol), Heather Kerr (Darlington Mowden Park Sharks), Justine Lucas (Lichfield), Alex Matthews (Richmond), Harriet Millar-Mills (Lichfield), Izzy Noel-Smith (Bristol), Marlie Packer (Bristol), Abbie Scott (Darlington Mowden Park Sharks), Tamara Taylor (Darlington Mowden Park Sharks).
Backs: Rachael Burford (Harlequins), Natasha Hunt (Lichfield), Megan Jones (Bristol), La Toya Mason (Darlington Mowden Park Sharks), Katy Mclean (Darlington Mowden Park Sharks), Amber Reed (Bristol), Leanne Riley (Harlequins), Emily Scarratt (Lichfield), Emily Scott (Saracens), Lydia Thompson (Worcester Valkyries), Danielle Waterman (Bristol), Kay Wilson (Richmond), Amy Wilson Hardy (Bristol).


Australia will carry out trials of a genetically modified insect to see if it can control a destructive crop pest.

The engineered Mediterranean fruit flies possess a gene that prevents female flies from reaching adulthood.
When released into the environment, they mate with wild members of the same species and pass on the gene to their offspring, which die before they can cause damage to crops.
The flies have been produced by the British-based company Oxitec.
This invasive species causes millions of dollars in damage to Australian crops each year.
The Department of Agriculture and Food in Western Australia (DAFWA) has now announced it will conduct an indoor assessment of the engineered fruit flies.
Eggs were imported from the UK and reared at DAFWA research facilities. Their potential for pest control will now be assessed in glasshouse trials.
In Western Australia, the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), also known as the Medfly, is a major problem for commercial orchards and householders.
It feeds on more than 250 types of fruit, including citrus, apricots, nectarines, peaches, mangoes, apples and pears.
The female medfly "stings" fruits as she lays her eggs, making them vulnerable to infection and rot.
A decision last year by Australian regulators to phase out the organophosphate insecticide fenthion has prompted a search for alternative methods of controlling the fruit pest.
Oxitec male flies are released to mate with wild female flies. When they do, they pass on a "self-limiting" gene which prevents female offspring from reaching adulthood.
This prevents the females from stinging fruit crops, or reproducing, thus shrinking populations of the fly in the release area.
"We need to evaluate new tools that could become a helpful part of integrated pest management practices," said Dr Neil Morrison, research lead for agricultural pest control at Oxitec.
The principles used to create the GM medfly have already been trialled against dengue fever-carrying mosquitoes in the Cayman Islands, Panama and Brazil.
A genetically modified diamondback moth - another crop pest - is currently undergoing trials in the US.
Releases of Oxitec insects have been criticised by groups opposed to genetic modification. Nevertheless, the Oxford-based company was bought up by US biotechnology firm Intrexon in a $160m deal.
The use of genetically engineered animals could revolutionise areas of public health and agriculture, according to advocates. But is the world ready for modified mosquitoes and GM salmon?
Follow Paul on Twitter


The European Council president has said the only alternative to the EU is "political chaos" and key Leave campaigner Boris Johnson's recent comments were "absurd".

Donald Tusk said he was speaking out to defend his "vision of Europe".
He said he could not "remain silent" after Mr Johnson compared the EU's aims with Hitler's.
Leave campaigners said EU chiefs joining the referendum debate would help their cause.
The UK votes on 23 June on whether to remain in the EU or to leave.
Mr Tusk chose a joint news conference with the Danish prime minister to make his intervention, saying that ex-London mayor Mr Johnson had shown "political amnesia".
He said: "To defend does not mean to lecture anyone. The British citizens will make this decision themselves and they do not need any whisperers, especially from Brussels.
"I understand this very well. But when I hear the EU being compared to the plans and projects of Adolf Hitler I cannot remain silent. Such absurd arguments should be completely ignored if they hadn't been formulated by one of the most influential politicians of the ruling party."
Mr Tusk said the EU remained a "firewall" against conflict between European countries, saying the "banal" truth was that "the only alternative for the Union is political chaos, the return to national egoisms, and in consequence, the triumph of anti-democratic tendencies, which can lead to history repeating itself".
Mr Johnson, a high-profile figure in the Leave campaign, sparked criticism when he said both Hitler and Napoleon had failed at unification of Europe and the EU was "an attempt to do this by different methods".
He has stood by his comments, describing the ensuing row as an "artificial media twit storm", and fellow Leave campaigners have defended him.
One of them, House of Commons Leader Chris Grayling, said: "I think what Boris said at the weekend was a view from a historian. What we had this morning was a contribution to the debate from the European institutions.
"Frankly I think the more the European institutions get involved in the debate about what the future of Britain is in the EU the more likely we are to get a Leave vote."
But Lord Heseltine, a Conservative former deputy prime minister who is campaigning for a Remain vote, said he would be "very surprised" if Mr Johnson - seen as a future party leader - became prime minister after his "preposterous, obscene" remarks during the referendum campaign.
He told the BBC he found Mr Johnson's comparison of the EU and Hitler "deeply distressing".
"He is behaving now irresponsibly, recklessly and I fear that his judgement is going," he added.


Olympic champion Justin Rose will miss the rest of the 2015-16 season to fully recover from a back injury.

Rose, 36, has played in 21 events since the PGA Tour season began in October, including Europe's Ryder Cup defeat.
The world number 11 was in discomfort because of a disc herniation at The Players Championship in May.
"I have decided to take the next eight weeks off for rest and recovery. At this point in my career, it's important to invest in my body," he said.
"This time off is crucial for me to return to peak performance."
The Englishman's Olympic win arrived after a number of players withdrew from the Games, citing concerns over the Zika virus and congestion in their season schedule.
The gold represented the only win of his season and he will now miss next week's British Masters and the European Tour's Race to Dubai finale in November.
Rose is one of four players to take turns in hosting the British Masters each year, along with Ian Poulter, Lee Westwood and 2016 host Luke Donald.


Manchester United wrapped up a 20th league title in convincing style after Robin van Persie's first-half hat-trick sank Aston Villa.

The Dutch striker has been United's stellar striker for much of the season before labouring of late after two goals in his previous seven Premier League appearances.
Media playback is not supported on this device
But the £24m summer signing returned to form in spectacular fashion to secure the silverware with four games to spare.
Defeat for Manchester City at Tottenham on Sunday meant that United knew before kick-off that victory would be enough for them to cross the line.
Despite an improved second-half showing by Villa, now three points above the relegation zone with four games remaining, that outcome never seriously looked in doubt.
United boss Sir Alex Ferguson has now won the Premier League 13 times but the manner and margin of this triumph, a year after seeing the title wrenched from his grasp by City with the last kick of the season, should give him as much satisfaction as his first success.
His side were already 13 points clear before kick-off, and there was an air of expectation bordering on euphoria at Old Trafford.
Media playback is not supported on this device
If there were any nerves too, they went out of the window when Van Persie opened the scoring after 83 seconds.
A move started by Wayne Rooney ended with Ryan Giggs knocking Antonio Valencia's cross into the path of the Dutchman, who converted from two yards out.
It was an ominous start for a defence looking as vulnerable as Villa's, and more chances swiftly followed.
The visitors escaped when Van Persie headed over and Rafael fired against the post but a second goal was not far away.
Villa had just started to gain a foothold in the match, with Christian Benteke firing just over after a quick break, when United struck again in devastating fashion after 13 minutes.
This time it was the home side on the counter-attack, and Rooney's searching ball found Van Persie running to meet it on the edge of the area to smash an unstoppable left-footed volley past Brad Guzan.
It was a world-class strike worthy of putting the seal on a title that has been in United's grasp since early February, when they first moved 12 points clear, but he and United did not stop there.
Giggs ran on to Shinji Kagawa's pass and had a chance to let fly himself, but instead set up Van Persie, who steadied himself before firing high into the roof of the net.
His 31-minute hat-trick not only put the win and the title beyond doubt, it also moved the summer signing to 24 league goals - one above Liverpool's Luis Suarez as the Premier League's leading scorer.
At that stage Villa's prime concern was damage limitation, especially because goal difference could yet play a part in their fight for survival, but to their credit they regrouped for the second half.
It took a goal-line clearance from Van Persie to stop Andreas Weimann from pulling a goal back and David De Gea was called into action to keep out Benteke's low shot.
United's players could be forgiven for having their minds on the parade to come at the final whistle, and even with the encouragement of Ferguson on the touchline, they failed to hit the heights they had managed before half-time.
Villa went close again when Weimann curled an effort wide from the right of the box and, even when United did respond, Kagawa wasted an easy chance to make it 4-0 when he fired over with the goal gaping.
The spirit shown by Paul Lambert's side bodes well for their battle against the drop.
But it only succeeded in taking the edge off the celebrations from the home fans in the stands during the second half.
They made up for it at the final whistle when the ground let out a collective roar of delight.
Ferguson embraced his players as they completed a lap of honour - one they will repeat on 12 May after their game against Swansea when they will be handed the Premier League trophy.


A survivor of the Westminster terror attack says he is "too scared to go outside".

Portuguese Francisco Lopes, 26, was thrown over the bonnet of Khalid Masood's Hyundai car during the attack on Westminster Bridge on 22 March.
He now has limited use of his left hand and has panic attacks and agoraphobia.
"I am scared to go outside and I particularly fear busy places. I'm scared of traffic and haven't been on my bike since the attack," he said.
"I get scared when I think about what happened and I'm terrified that I could easily have died.
"I try to be like I was, which was scared of nothing, but what happened changed me."
Mr Lopes, who works in a shop at nearby St Thomas' Hospital, added: "I just don't feel safe as I'm worried something bad could happen again. My life is completely different and I just want my normal life back."
Four people were killed by Masood when he drove his car into people on the bridge before stabbing PC Keith Palmer inside the grounds of the Palace of Westminster.
Mr Lopes is now launching a compensation claim against Zurich, which is the insurer for rental firm Enterprise, from whom Masood hired the car.
He wants help for the cost of counselling and rehabilitation treatment.
Patrick Maguire, a serious injury specialist lawyer from Slater and Gordon, which is representing Mr Lopes, said: "It is necessary to secure funds to ensure he gets access to this rehabilitation together with reimbursement for his financial losses. We are currently working towards this."
A Zurich spokesman said it had a specialist team looking at how its policy was impacted by the Westminster attack.
"It was a tragic event and presents many complex aspects as far as insurance is concerned. It is therefore far too soon to talk about any specific elements of this," he added.


The Metropolitan Police has apologised to the family of an 18-year-old for suggesting his death was connected with nitrous oxide and alcohol.

Alistair Calvert - also known as Ally - died on 25 July after suffering a cardiac arrest in Abbey Wood, south-east London.
The Met admitted its initial statement had "inferred" his death may have been linked to substances he had ingested.
A post-mortem examination concluded he had died of natural causes.
It is now known he suffered from an undiagnosed significantly enlarged heart which caused sudden arrhythmia death syndrome.
Met Commissioner Sir Bernard Hogan met the teenager's family last week to apologise personally for the "upset caused by the statements we made about Alistair's death".
In a statement, the Calvert family said any inference that his death had been linked to nitrous oxide was "completely false".
The family said they had subsequently been "harassed" by the media, causing "significant distress".
Alistair's family has since set up a memorial and a campaign directed at raising funds for routine heart screening for young people.


The Ulster Football Championship finally came to life as two Odhran MacNiallais goals helped 14-man Donegal subdue Fermanagh in a fiery contest.

Media playback is not supported on this device
MacNiallais' first goal contributed to Donegal's early 1-5 lead to 0-3 lead.
Fermanagh cut the margin to two and had a chance to lead before the break after Neil McGee's red card but Mark Anthony McGinley saved Sean Quigley's penalty.
However, MacNiallais's second goal on 44 minutes put Donegal in firm control as Fermanagh's play became ragged.
MacNiallais was perhaps fortunate to register the second goal after a superb move with his left foot appearing to be in the small square after taking a pass from Martin O'Reilly.
Donegal's win sets up a provincial semi-final against holders Monaghan on 25 June as the teams involved in the last three Ulster deciders meet again.
Fermanagh, meanwhile, will face Wexford away in the qualifiers in two weeks.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Quigley's penalty miss was the key moment of the contest as Donegal championship debutant McGinley was able to make a comfortable save.
Donegal were leading 1-6 to 0-7 when the penalty was awarded after McGee had been red carded by Maurice Deegan for landing a retaliatory punch on Ruairi Corrigan after he had been fouled by the Fermanagh man.
The missed penalty was the final play of the opening half as Donegal remained ahead at the break.
Despite being a man down, Donegal took control in the second period as MacNiallais palmed to the net in the 44th minute following a sweeping move after a Fermanagh attack had broken down.
Key Fermanagh defender Che Cullen, who had bossed a struggling Michael Murphy in open play in the first half, was black carded moments later and Donegal added a further three unanswered points to put the outcome beyond doubt.
Ryan Jones had a goal chance with 10 minutes remaining which would have cut Donegal's lead to only four but his shot skimmed over the bar and with that, went Fermanagh's last chance to get back into the game.
Media playback is not supported on this device
MacNiallais' two goals came at crucial times - particularly his 44th-minute palmed effort - and he also picked a further point from play
Late choice Eoin McHugh also shone for Donegal as he kicked two scores while Frank McGlynn must also have been a contender for the man of the match award as he produced several charges into opposition territory following turnovers.
Martin O'Reilly was another strong-running presence for Rory Gallagher's side.
Donegal manager Rory Gallagher: "We were disappointed to lose Neil to a red card as he is one of our leaders.
"I felt we should have been more than two ahead at half-time but we dug ourselves out of it and now plan ahead for meeting Monaghan in the semi-finals."
Fermanagh manager Pete McGrath: "In the second half of the first half, we played exceptionally well. We had them on the back foot and we were playing with confidence and energy.
"But Donegal's second goal punctured the life out of us."
Donegal: MA McGinley; P McGrath, N McGee, E McGee; R McHugh, F McGlynn, A Thompson; R Kavanagh, E McHugh; L McLoone, M McElhinney, O MacNiallais; P McBrearty, M Murphy, M O'Reilly.
Fermanagh: C Snow; M Jones, C Cullen, M O'Brien; D McCusker, J McMahon, B Mulrone; E Donnelly, A Breen; P McCusker, R Jones, R O'Callaghan; R Corrigan, S Quigley, T Corrigan.
SUNDAY'S CHAMPIONSHIP RESULTS
Leinster SFC quarter-finals
Meath 0-20 1-13 Louth
Westmeath 0-13 0-12 Offaly
Munster SFC semi-finals
Tipperary 3-15 2-16 Cork
Kerry 2-23 0-17 Clare
Connacht SFC semi-final
Roscommon 4-16 2-13 Sligo
SATURDAY'S RESULTS
Leinster SHC semi-final
Dublin 0-16 1-25 Kilkenny
Christy Ring Cup relegation/promotion play-off
Derry 1-14 1-21 Mayo
Nicky Rackard Cup relegation/promotion play-off
Fermanagh 0-12 7-19 Louth


Almost 60 years ago, Rick Schneider was considering taking a cruise with his then boyfriend.

It was a trip that would take longer to materialise than he could have ever imagined.
"My partner and I were in Key West, 55 or 56 years ago, and he said to me 'do you want to take the ferry over to Havana?'"
"I said 'I don't know, let's do it next time'. Then, along came the revolution, and this is that next time."
As the Adonia pulled out of the Port of Miami and past South Beach, Rick held a Cuban flag aloft and his Italian husband Toni, the Stars and Stripes. He says it was a special moment.
"I wanted to show that I'm willing to wave the Cuban flag on an American ship because I think we have to make our relationships better with Cuba."
"I hear the Cuban people are wonderful, we're wonderful people - so let's get to know each other better."
Those are exactly the kind of sentiments the Obama administration had hoped for when it made it easier for Americans to obtain licences to visit the communist-run island.
But while the Adonia set off into the Florida Straits in near perfect sailing conditions, the political journey to reach this point has been far more stormy.
This voyage has provoked protests and threats of legal action in Florida against the company operating the ship, Carnival Cruises.
The Cuban American community was furious that the company initially complied with a much-reviled Cuban rule banning Cuban-born nationals from entering the country by sea.
However, last month the offending measure was removed by the Cuban authorities.
The CEO of Carnival Cruises, Arnold Donald, rejects the idea that they forced the Cuban government into a corner by threatening to suspend the service.
"Not at all, that would be a mischaracterisation," he says.
"First of all, we believed all along that they were going to allow us to bring Cuba-born people to and from Cuba."
Secondly, he said, the company was getting a lot of "positive indications to that effect".
"They had a lot of things to consider. Whether it was going to be this one ship, whether it would be the cruise industry, whether it's going to be commercial vessels."
"But there was always a positive tone," he insists.
Either way, the change meant Cuban-American Isabel Buznego and her husband, Robert, could make their first journey back to Havana since they left the island "many years ago".
"I feel a lot of different emotions: I'm nervous, I'm happy, I feel proud, a little scared and frightened," says Isabel.
"My father always wanted to come but he never could. He died recently and I'm doing this trip for him. That's why it's so emotional."
Of course, not everyone in Florida sees the trip to Cuba in such terms.
A small boat emblazoned with anti-Castro banners and the word "democracy" in Spanish painted on its side circled the Adonia while it was still in port.
It was not a large protest, but the organisers made clear their opposition to the whole process of rapprochement with Havana.
Up on the deck, though, it did not take long for such politics to blow away in the sea breeze.
A salsa band struck up, canapes were brought round and the cocktails started flowing.
Easing into a couple of mojitos were Dan McMahon and his wife, Debbie, from Maryland.
"This was one on my very short bucket list," says Dan, who is also a cruise and tour operator.
"I've waited a very long time. I think I booked the first tickets as soon as Carnival announced them."
The couple have also made a thoughtful gesture for their visit: they brought 15 bags of children's colouring books, pencils, crayons and puzzles to distribute to children they meet.
They are aware that infrastructure in Cuba is creaking under the strain of too many tourists but say there are a lot more Americans keen to follow their lead.
"Whatever it takes to get there, we're going!" jokes Debbie.
"But I'm just looking forward to the paladares [private restaurants], meeting local people, see the culture and the history."
On the final few hours of the journey, there was one man who was not getting much sleep.
Carnival gave the honour of being the first to step off this historic cruise to their legal adviser, Arnie Perez. A Cuban-American, he left the island as a small boy.
In a sense, his is a story that is common in his community.
But it is the method of his return, more than half a century later, which makes Arnie's voyage home so unique.


You might not have heard of a hazel dormouse and to be honest you probably won't have ever seen one either.

27 July 2017 Last updated at 06:38 BST
These tiny little mammals are nocturnal, which means they only come out at night.
This means they are rarely seen.
But conservationists say their numbers are dropping and now a team is trying to save the small creatures.
Check out the video to find out what is being done to help!


The number of complaints relating to deliberate cruelty to animals in Wales rose last year, the RSPCA said.

It dealt with 1,389 complaints - up more than 100 on the previous year.
Cases included a puppy being thrown in a river with a head wound in Rhondda, a rabbit with severely overgrown teeth, hunting wild mammals with dogs in north Wales and animals with skin conditions in Haverfordwest.
But the number of people convicted was down from 79 in 2013 to 47 last year.
The charity added it had a 100% conviction rate.
RSPCA Cymru superintendent Martyn Hubbard said: "It is extremely concerning that we are still receiving more than 1,300 complaints about animals being deliberately caused to suffer.
"Most of the complaints we receive involve animals being neglected or not receiving the right care and often we can put that right by offering welfare advice.
"However, it is shocking that in 2014 people are still being deliberately cruel."


A 25-year-old driver and his 19-year-old female passenger have died after their car left the road in a late-night crash in the south west of Scotland.

The accident happened at about 23:00 near to Laneside Cottage on the A710 road between Dumfries and New Abbey.
Police said it appeared the driver had lost control of the Audi A6.
Emergency services were sent to the scene and the road was closed for several hours while accident investigations were carried out.
Anyone who may have been on the road around the time of the crash has been asked to contact police.


Newcastle United fought back from 3-1 down to win a seven-goal thriller with two goals in stoppage time at home to Norwich City in the Championship.

Dwight Gayle scored a hat-trick for the hosts, his third coming dramatically in the sixth minute of added time after Yoan Gouffran levelled on 95 minutes.
After Gayle's opener, goals from Graham Dorrans, Cameron Jerome and Jacob Murphy had put Norwich two goals clear.
But Gayle's second quickly made it 3-2 to set up a stunning Magpies fightback.
Relive Newcastle's stunning fightback to beat Norwich
The hosts applied intense pressure in the closing stages and were rewarded, first with Gouffran's close-range finish from DeAndre Yedlin's cross and then Gayle's even later winner.
Victory lifted Newcastle up to third in the table from ninth and denied Norwich top spot, which they were set to occupy as they took a 3-2 lead into stoppage time.
Gayle could have put the hosts in front at least twice before he opened the scoring from Matt Ritchie's first-half cross, but Norwich - who had rarely threatened - levelled through Dorrans' penalty moments before half-time after Gouffran had fouled Robbie Brady in the box to concede the spot kick.
The visitors then became increasingly dangerous on the counter-attack and Jerome curled them into the lead before Murphy's deflected strike looked sure to have sealed a Canaries victory.
Newcastle United manager Rafael Benitez:
"I am the kind of manager who gets excited, but especially inside because I am really proud when I see the team reacting. I am really proud of them.
"Some people will jump or run or whatever, but I am happy inside because I think it's something that's difficult to achieve."
Norwich City manager Alex Neil:
"This seems to be a strange place for me because the twice I have been here, the games have been probably two of the most bizarre games I have ever been involved in as a player, a manager, anything.
"We got ourselves into a position where we were 3-1 up, comfortable and then we concede a goal, and then we have got 90 seconds to see the game out.
"It's 3-2 with 90 seconds left on the clock and we don't defend the box well enough. It really is as simple as that."
Match ends, Newcastle United 4, Norwich City 3.
Second Half ends, Newcastle United 4, Norwich City 3.
Attempt saved. Jonny Howson (Norwich City) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom left corner. Assisted by Graham Dorrans.
Goal!  Newcastle United 4, Norwich City 3. Dwight Gayle (Newcastle United) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal.
Goal!  Newcastle United 3, Norwich City 3. Yoan Gouffran (Newcastle United) header from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal. Assisted by DeAndre Yedlin with a cross.
Attempt blocked. Matt Ritchie (Newcastle United) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Substitution, Newcastle United. Christian Atsu replaces Paul Dummett.
Jonjo Shelvey (Newcastle United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Robbie Brady (Norwich City).
Foul by DeAndre Yedlin (Newcastle United).
Robbie Brady (Norwich City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Ciaran Clark (Newcastle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Nélson Oliveira (Norwich City).
Dwight Gayle (Newcastle United) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Ryan Bennett (Norwich City).
Substitution, Norwich City. Nélson Oliveira replaces Cameron Jerome.
Attempt missed. Dwight Gayle (Newcastle United) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left from a direct free kick.
Matt Ritchie (Newcastle United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Alexander Tettey (Norwich City).
Attempt missed. Aleksandar Mitrovic (Newcastle United) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Isaac Hayden.
Ciaran Clark (Newcastle United) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Jonny Howson (Norwich City).
Attempt missed. Aleksandar Mitrovic (Newcastle United) header from very close range is too high. Assisted by Matt Ritchie with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Newcastle United. Conceded by Russell Martin.
Attempt missed. Aleksandar Mitrovic (Newcastle United) header from the right side of the six yard box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Jonjo Shelvey with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Newcastle United. Conceded by Michael McGovern.
Attempt saved. Dwight Gayle (Newcastle United) left footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the top left corner. Assisted by Jonjo Shelvey.
Substitution, Norwich City. Ryan Bennett replaces Jacob Murphy.
Jamaal Lascelles (Newcastle United) is shown the yellow card.
Cameron Jerome (Norwich City) is shown the yellow card.
Foul by Paul Dummett (Newcastle United).
Ivo Pinto (Norwich City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt blocked. Graham Dorrans (Norwich City) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked.
Martin Olsson (Norwich City) is shown the yellow card.
Aleksandar Mitrovic (Newcastle United) is shown the yellow card.
Corner,  Norwich City. Conceded by Ciaran Clark.
Substitution, Newcastle United. Isaac Hayden replaces Jack Colback.
Substitution, Newcastle United. Aleksandar Mitrovic replaces Mohamed Diamé.
Goal!  Newcastle United 2, Norwich City 3. Dwight Gayle (Newcastle United) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Jonjo Shelvey with a through ball.
Goal!  Newcastle United 1, Norwich City 3. Jacob Murphy (Norwich City) right footed shot from outside the box to the top right corner. Assisted by Robbie Brady.


Mortgage activity has picked up this year but the lack of homes for sale is likely to push up house prices, reports have suggested.

The Centre for Economics and Business Research (CEBR) predicts house prices will rise 5.6% this year, higher than its previous forecast of 4.7%.
A lack of properties being put on the market was pushing up prices, it said.
This comes despite a 14% rise in mortgage approvals for house purchases, according to the major banks.
The British Bankers' Association (BBA) said that the rise in September compared with a year earlier was partly due to first-time buyers being able to find a "good deal".
However, the 44,489 mortgage approvals for house purchases in September was down 4.5% on the previous month.
The CEBR said price gaps between different property types were widening, making it harder for people to climb up the property ladder.
In London, someone who wanted to move from a flat to a terraced home would need to find an extra Â£176,000, it said.
It called on the government to extend its current housebuilding programme, claiming that prices would continue to rise - by 3.5% in 2016, and by around 4% in the four years that followed.
Housing charity Shelter has warned that further house price rises will "push the goal posts even further away for those hoping to become homeowners".


German police have arrested two Algerians suspected of planning an attack and having links to the militant group, Islamic State (IS).

One of the men was arrested in the capital Berlin and the other in a town close to Cologne, in west Germany.
Police seized computers, mobile phones and sketches in the raids but did not find a "smoking gun", prosecutors' spokesman Martin Steltner said.
About 450 officers were involved in the raids.
One of the men detained, reported to be aged 35, had been living in a refugee shelter in the town of Attendorn, east of Cologne, and is wanted by the Algerian authorities for alleged links to IS.
Police said "investigations show that he has been trained militarily in Syria".
The man's wife, also wanted by Algeria, was detained at the same time but prosecutors said she was not a suspect in the German case.
The suspect held in Berlin was arrested on suspicion of falsifying identity documents, police said.
Two other Algerians in Germany, said by police to be "from the jihadist scene", were tracked down but not arrested.
"Our understanding is that the four men accused could have planned to carry out an attack together," Mr Steltner said.
German media said the possible targets included central Berlin tourist sites Checkpoint Charlie and Alexanderplatz.
Since January, the suspects had changed their mobile phones multiple times and communicated using instant messaging services, reports said.
Germany's security concerns have risen since the Paris attacks last year.
Officials declined to comment on a report in the Tagesspiegel newspaper, citing security sources, which said senior IS figures had ordered an attack on Germany.


Southern Railway workers are to stage strikes for three days from 22 December and three days from New Year's Eve.

The Rail, Maritime and Transport (RMT) union has announced the strikes as part of the long running dispute over the role of conductors.
Union members will strike from 00:01 on 22 December until 23:59 on Christmas Eve and again from 00:01 on New Year's Eve until 23:59 on 2 January.
A separate 48-hour strike is due to start at 00:01 on Friday.
Mick Cash, the RMT's general secretary said Southern's owners Govia Thameslink Railway (GTR) and the government had no interest in resolving the long-running row.
"Yet again the sheer pig-headedness of the company and the government means that our members are being forced to take further industrial action in a bid to maintain a safe and secure service on Southern Rail," he said.
A spokesman for Southern said: "Not content with causing months of misery, the RMT has now hit a new low and is determined to cancel Christmas for the travelling public.
"These latest strikes will not just hit families wanting to get home for Christmas but also the shops and businesses for whom Christmas is their busiest time.
"These strikes are spiteful, vindictive and pointless given the majority of conductors have now signed up to the new on-board role."
RMT members are due to begin a 48-hour strike on the Southern network from midnight in a dispute over the introduction of driver-only operated (DOO) trains.
The Rail Delivery Group which represents train operators said jobs and safety were not at risk and changes being adopted by Southern "will give passengers a better service".
The rail minister Paul Maynard said: "It is extremely disappointing that the RMT have announced yet more strikes over the Christmas holidays which will make passengers suffer at a time when they will be travelling to see family and friends.
"The union leaders have continually rejected a deal that means no job cuts and ensures that on-board supervisors will carry on delivering safe, accessible and more reliable rail services."
Earlier, the RMT said backdated holiday pay was being withheld from conductors who take part in strikes.
The union is seeking legal advice over a letter from GTR which says the company will withhold pay unless conductors have worked or will work normally during the dispute.
"We feel we cannot make these payments to conductors who are currently taking industrial action," the rail firm said.


At least six people are reported to have been killed in a bomb attack in a town near Lebanon's border with Syria.

A bomb hidden inside a motorcycle exploded in front of the offices of a Muslim scholars committee in Arsal, the official National News Agency said.
The Sunni clerics are believed to have been in trying to negotiate the release of Lebanese security personnel held by jihadist militants based in Syria.
Arsal was the scene of fierce fighting between the two sides last year.
The Sunni town, which hosts many Syrian refugees, is sandwiched between Syrian government-held territory and predominantly Shia Lebanese areas sympathetic to it.
The NNA reported that the head of the Qalamoun Clerics Association, Sheikh Othman Mansour, was among those people killed by Thursday's blast in Arsal.
The agency said the bomb was placed on a motorcycle that blew up outside the association's office.
But a security source told the AFP news agency that the bomber had entered the offices during a meeting of the clerics and detonated an explosive belt.
"The explosion definitely targeted this meeting... where usually no less than 15 people are gathered," Arsal resident Abu Ibrahim told AFP.
The scholars were involved in trying to negotiate the release of more than two dozen members of the Lebanese security forces who were seized by al-Qaeda's affiliate in Syria, al-Nusra Front, and Islamic State militants during a major attack on Arsal in August 2014.
The jihadist groups have demanded that the Lebanese authorities free Islamist prisoners in exchange, and have killed four of the captives in an attempt to force them to act.
The conflict in Syria has heightened sectarian tensions in Lebanon, with violence regularly spilling over its border and more than a million refugees arriving.