A new target to halve the amount of food being wasted in Wales by 2025 is being announced by the Welsh Government.

Environment Secretary Lesley Griffiths is to consult on plans for a 50% reduction on 2006-7 levels.
Though not legally-binding, the food waste target could potentially be one of the world's most ambitious.
The EU recently agreed to halve food waste by 2030 while the USA has a similar goal.
The aim is to encourage more food recycling but also less leftover food in the first place - so reducing the amount of food which ends up in the fridge but is never eaten and fewer leftovers.
Scotland was the first UK nation to introduce a food waste target, a reduction of 33% by 2025.
Promotional campaigns, a doggy bag scheme for restaurants and legislation requiring local authorities to provide food waste recycling points have been introduced.
The Scottish government's Environment Secretary Roseanna Cunningham will visit Newport on Thursday to meet her Welsh Government counterpart and compare approaches.
Wales is leading the rest of the UK on recycling rates, and would currently place second in European rankings and third in the world.
The announcement comes a week ahead of the release of annual recycling figures, with the Welsh Government indicating that an improvement is expected on last year's rate of 60%.
That compares to 43.9% in England and 44.2% in Scotland.
But Ms Griffiths said food waste remained an area where "improvements can be made".
£210,000 to £188,000 tonnes of avoidable waste reduced 2003-2015
£550m value of avoidable food waste reduction
105,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emmissions avoided
-55,000  five-year change in tonnes of avoidable household food waste
Figures compiled by Wrap Cymru suggest about £550m of edible food was thrown away from homes in Wales in 2015.
However the amount of household food waste reduced compared with the rest of the UK.
It found the amount being thrown out by each person fell by 12% between 2009 and 2015 and is now lower than the rest of the UK by about 9%.
It could be due to lower income levels and better separate waste collections, Wrap Cymru said.
All local authorities now collect food waste in a separate caddy in Wales, compared to just 27% in the UK.
"If just half of all the food and dry recyclables found in Wales' bins were recycled, Wales would reach its 2025 recycling target of 70% nine years early," Ms Griffiths said.
The Scottish and Welsh Environment Secretaries will highlight areas where both devolved governments have set more ambitious targets than the UK government on environmental issues such as waste management.
They will pledge to work together to "resist" any attempt to return powers over devolved matters like the environment to Westminster after Brexit via the proposed EU Withdrawal Bill.
The UK government has said more powers will come to the devolved administrations after UK-wide frameworks on issues such as trade have been agreed.


Fraudsters are impersonating homeowners who have recently died, or solicitors, in order to steal money in mortgage transactions, new research shows.

Cases are increasing of thieves using the identities of people who have just died to make mortgage applications to lenders, Experian said.
More commonly, fraudsters mimic solicitors to trick buyers into putting a deposit into the thieves' account.
This money, usually large sums, is rarely refunded by banks.
The average loss to this fraud across England and Wales, according to the City of London Police fraud investigators, is Â£112,310.
The Conveyancing Association, the trade body for the industry, said: "Customers have lost tens of thousands of pounds plus their potential new home as a result of this fraud."
It has launched a new scheme and guide aiming to reduce property buyers' exposure to this kind of fraud.
In the impersonation fraud, con-artists find details of people who have just died and use their identity to make mortgage applications.
They then use a rogue or fake solicitor to receive the funds, which are then cashed in.
The type of fraud in which a deposit is tricked out of a buyer is more of a threat to those involved in a property purchase.
In these cases, fraudsters are on the lookout for people who are buying or selling a home. They then intercept emails between those people and their solicitors.
The fraudster then sends an email claiming that a deposit is due and gives bank details for the money to be transferred. This money quickly disappears from this account, leaving victims out of pocket.
"Because of the values involved, the impact on people's lives can be devastating," said Nick Mothershaw, fraud expert at Experian.
"Large payments have been diverted and fraudsters have disappeared with the money.  We'd urge anyone who has fallen victim to these kinds of scams to contact Action Fraud."
Suggestions from the Conveyancing Association include sending small test payments, or secure communication to allow buyers to cross-check bank account details.
Experian, which collects data on detected fraud, said that identity theft in mortgage fraud was rising, although mortgage fraud as a whole - including those who lie about their income in home loan applications - fell slightly in the first three months of the year compared to the first quarter of 2015.
Overall, current accounts are the most common target for fraudulent applications. Experian data suggested 126 per 10,000 applications were fraudulent in the first three months of the year compared with 81 in the same period last year.
"Fraudsters are not going to stop looking for new and evolving ways to scam people," Mr Mothershaw said.


The family of missing Inverness teenager Adam Mitchell have been informed of the discovery of a man's body near St Fergus in Aberdeenshire.

A member of the public alerted the emergency services to the discovery at about 21:00 on Sunday.
Police Scotland said formal identification has still to take place, but that Mr Mitchell's family have been informed.
The 18-year-old was last seen in Inverness on 10 November on CCTV.
Searches were made of areas of Inverness, including along the shore of the nearby Moray Firth.
St Fergus, near Peterhead, is also on the Moray Firth coast.


Asda is to increase the price it pays its milk supplier to "a level that will assist" farmers, the supermarket says.

The chain says it will commit to paying 28p per litre for 100% of its liquid milk throughout its entire range.
It is less than the 30-32p farmers estimate it costs to produce each litre but the farming union welcomed it.
Asda's announcement comes after protests by dairy farmers at branches of Asda, Morrisons, Lidl and Aldi over the price they are paid for their milk.
The National Farmers' Union (NFU) said it was pleased Asda had recognised the "plight of the dairy industry" in its "hour of need".
The industry says a reduction in global demand for milk has led to an over-supply in the UK, creating difficult conditions for many dairy farmers.
Asda said it would increase the price it paid per litre to its milk supplier Arla from Monday, with the intention that it be passed directly on to farmers.
"Asda's origins are in dairy farming which is why we are acting in the best interests of our farmers and our customers by increasing the price we pay, introducing the Farmer's Marque label and not passing on any of the costs to customers - our retail price stays the same," he said.
It is not yet clear whether Arla, Britain's biggest milk co-operative, will pass on the increase in price to farmers.
Meurig Raymond, NFU president, urged Arla to ensure it passed the extra payment on "with immediate effect".
Asda previously announced a price cut of 0.8p per litre - taking the standard litre price to 23.01p for its UK members.
On Tuesday, Morrisons said it was launching a new milk brand which will see 10p per litre extra paid to farmers.
The Milk for Farmers brand, to be launched in October, means a four pint bottle (2.27 litres), which now sells for 89p, will cost an extra 23p.
The four main farming unions - the NFU, the NFU Cymru, NFU Scotland and the Ulster Farmers Union - held an emergency summit on Monday to develop an action plan to tackle falling milk, lamb and arable prices.
There have been days of protests by farmers including milk trolley challenges, blockades at distribution centres and even bringing cattle into supermarkets.
The average price paid to dairy farmers for milk across the UK is 23.66p - following a drop of 25% in a year.
The NFU said that currently Waitrose, Marks & Spencer, Tesco, Sainsbury's and the Co-op have arrangements where a farmer is paid a price above the cost of production for milk. Asda, Lidl and Aldi currently do not offer such deals to farmers.
Why is the milk row happening?
NI agriculture minister seeks EU lobby support
Welsh farming leader suggests cow cull


London Irish have announced the signing of Canada international Ciaran Hearn for the remainder of the season.

The centre was ever-present during the World Cup and was named in the Tier Two team of the tournament.
Hearn, 29, has been capped 49 times by Canada and has featured in two World Cups for his country.
He will join fellow Canada international Jebb Sinclair at London Irish, who have lost all three of their Premiership matches in 2015-16.
Exiles captain George Skivington was proud of his side's display against Premiership champions Saracens on Saturday.
Irish led at half-time before losing 24-14 at Allianz Park.
Winger Aseli Tokoirotuma and back row Leo Halavatau scored tries in either half for Tom Coventry's side.
"I'm proud of the boys, they did what was asked of them and got on with it," Skivington told BBC Radio Berkshire.
The team's tough start to the season continues as they face last season's runners-up Bath at the Madejski Stadium on Saturday.
But they led a Premiership game for the first time this season at Saracens and second row Skivington believes they are beginning to click.
"We're not a team of superstars, we just grit our teeth and get on with it," he added. "We've got a little bit to learn and we've got to fine-tune a few bits and pieces before we can get that first win.
"At Exeter (where London Irish lost 38-11), we were upset with our physicality and that's not what we're about.
"Bath play a different game to Saracens, but we'll look to bring some of that physicality that we showed against them. We'll have to get our tactics right if we're going to get over the line."


Cyber-criminals start attacking servers newly set up online about an hour after they are switched on, suggests research.

The servers were part of an experiment the BBC asked a security company to carry out to judge the scale and calibre of cyber-attacks that firms face every day.
About 71 minutes after the servers were set up online they were visited by automated attack tools that scanned them for weaknesses they could exploit, found security firm Cyber Reason.
Once the machines had been found by the bots, they were subjected to a "constant" assault by the attack tools.
The servers were accessible online for about 170 hours to form a cyber-attack sampling tool known as a honeypot, said Israel Barak, head of security at Cyber Reason. The servers were given real, public IP addresses and other identifying information that announced their presence online.
"We set out to map the automatic attack activity," said Mr Barak.
To make them even more realistic, he said, each one was also configured to superficially resemble a legitimate server. Each one could accept requests for webpages, file transfers and secure networking.
"They had no more depth than that," he said, meaning the servers were not capable of doing anything more than providing a very basic response to a query about these basic net services and protocols.
"There was no assumption that anyone was going to go in and probe it and even if they did, there's nothing there for them to find," he said.
The servers' limited responses did not deter the automated attack tools, or bots, that many cyber-thieves use to find potential targets, he said. A wide variety of attack bots probed the servers seeking weaknesses that could be exploited had they been full-blown, production machines.
Many of the code vulnerabilities and other loopholes they looked for had been known about for months or years, he said. However, added Mr Barak, many organisations struggled to keep servers up-to-date with the patches that would thwart these bots potentially giving attackers a way to get at the server.
During the experiment:
"This was a very typical pattern for these automatic bots," said Mr Barak. "They used similar techniques to those we've seen before. There's nothing particularly new."
As well as running a bank of servers for the BBC, Cyber Reason also sought to find out how quickly phishing gangs start to target new employees. It seeded 100 legitimate marketing email lists with spoof addresses and then waited to see what would turn up.
After 21 hours, the first booby-trapped phishing email landed in the email inbox for the fake employees, said Mr Barak. It was followed by a steady trickle of messages that sought, in many different ways, to trick people into opening malicious attachments.
About 15% of the emails contained a link to a compromised webpage that, if visited, would launch an attack that would compromise the visitor's PC. The other 85% of the phishing messages had malicious attachments. The account received booby-trapped Microsoft Office documents, Adobe PDFs and executable files.
We use a lots of honeypots in a lot of different ways. The concept really scales to almost any kind of thing where you can create a believable fake or even a real version of something. You put it out and see who turns up to hit it or break it.
There are honeypots, honey-nets, honey-tokens, honey anything.
When a customer sees a threat that's hit hundreds of honeypots that's different to when they see one that no-one else has. That context in terms of attack is very useful.
Some are thin but some have a lot more depth and are scaled very broadly. Sometimes you put up the equivalent of a fake shop-front to see who turns up to attack it.
If you see an approach that you've never seen before then you might let that in and see what you can learn from it.
The most sophisticated adversaries are often very targeted when they go after specific companies or individuals.
Mr Barak said the techniques used by the bots were a good guide to what organisations should do to avoid falling victim. They should harden servers by patching, controls around admin access, check apps to make sure they are not harbouring well-known bugs and enforce strong passwords
Criminals often have different targets in mind when seeking out vulnerable servers, he said. Some were keen to hijack user accounts and others sought to take over servers and use them for their own ends.
Cyber-thieves would look through the logs compiled by attack bots to see if they have turned up any useful or lucrative targets. There had been times when a server compromised by a bot was passed on to another criminal gang because it was at a bank, government or other high-value target.
"They sell access to parts of their botnet and offer other attackers access to machines their bots are active on," he said. "We have seen cases where a very typical bot infection turns into a manual operation."
In those cases, attackers would then use the foothold gained by the bots as a starting point for a more comprehensive attack. It's at that point, he said, hackers would take over and start to use other digital attack tools to penetrate further into a compromised organisation.
He said: "Once an adversary has got to a certain level in an organisation you have to ask what will they do next?"
In a bid to explore what happens in those situations, Cyber Reason is now planning to set up more servers and give these more depth to make them even more tempting targets. The idea is, he said, to get a close look at the techniques hackers use when they embark on a serious attack.
"We'll look for more sophisticated, manual operations," he said. "We'll want to see the techniques they use and if there is any monetisation of the method."


A new poll on Scottish independence shows that the future of the country is on a "knife edge", according to The Herald.

A survey for the newspaper found a 52-48% split in favour of remaining in the United Kingdom, amid mounting speculation that a second independence referendum could be held in the autumn of 2018.
Meanwhile the Scottish Daily Mail reports that high-risk sex offenders could be given "chemical castration" drugs designed to reduce their libido. Convicts would volunteer for the scheme, which could be piloted in Glasgow.
The Scotsman leads with a warning from MPs that the UK could "crash out" of the European Union without a deal in six months. It reports that Conservative backbencher Anna Soubry claimed the government was preparing for the "swift failure" of Brexit talks.
But the Daily Express reports that MPs have be warned "don't sabotage Brexit". It says ministers want to ensure the bill gets through the House of Commons unscathed.
University leaders have called on Theresa May to allow Europeans to stay in the UK after Brexit, according to The Times. It says that the leaders of 35 Oxford colleges claim an "exodus" of academics has already begun.
The Scottish Sun reports that Rangers fans claim they were "chaperoned" to toilets at the Old Firm match at Parkhead on Sunday. The newspaper reports that supporters were monitored in a bid to stop a repeat of a vandalism spree last year.
A criminal who is serving a prison sentence for murder boasted about his crime online, according to the Daily Record.
The National reports that two out of three torture victims are turned away from a specialist centre in Scotland, due to lack of capacity.
Parents of pupils at an Aberdeenshire high school have been asked to search their children's phones for footage of a playground fight, according to the north-east edition of The Press and Journal.
The Courier leads with a story about a chronic shortage of maths teachers at Blairgowrie High School. In a letter seen by the paper, its head teacher calls for parents to step in to support pupils.
George Michael's death again features on the front page of the Daily Star of Scotland. It reports that the pop star's burial plot is under 24 hour surveillance.


British men's number one Andy Murray will face a qualifier in the first round of the French Open.

Murray's compatriots Aljaz Bedene and Kyle Edmund will also face qualifiers, who are yet to be determined.
Johanna Konta, Britain's top-ranked female player, will start her campaign against German Julia Goerges.
Fellow Britons Heather Watson, Laura Robson and Naomi Broady will face Nicole Gibbs, Andrea Petkovic and Coco Vandeweghe respectively.
Robson, in particular, faces a tough challenge as Petkovic is a former semi-finalist at the clay-court tournament, which begins on Sunday, 22 May.
Defending women's champion Serena Williams, who will start against Magdalena Rybarikova, is in the same half of the draw as Angelique Kerber and Victoria Azarenka, the third and fifth seeds respectively.
Murray, 29, is in the same half of the draw as reigning champion Stan Wawrinka, with world number one Novak Djokovic and nine-time winner Rafael Nadal in the opposite half.
Having reached three semi-finals in Paris, Murray goes into this year's tournament having beaten Djokovic in the final of the Italian Open earlier this month.
In the previous tournament, the Scot beat Nadal as he reached the Madrid Open final, where he was beaten by Djokovic.
"There's a lot of guys coming back that will be feeling good about their chances," Murray told the French Open website.
"I hope I can have a good run and get some good work done in the next few days to get ready."
The French Open is the only Grand Slam Djokovic, who lost in the final to Wawrinka last year, is yet to win and he is attempting to become the first man since 1969 to hold all four majors at the same time.
The Serb will play Lu Yen-hsun in round one, while Nadal will play Australian Sam Groth. Wawrinka will begin his title defence against Lukas Rosol.
Roger Federer has withdrawn after failing to recover from a back injury, while Frenchman Gael Monfils has pulled out because of a viral infection.
BBC tennis correspondent Russell Fuller:
"It seemed very much in Nadal's interests to be promoted to fourth seed after Roger Federer's withdrawal, but he has ended up with the toughest draw of the three most in-form players.
"He may need to beat both Dominic Thiem and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga before even thinking about a semi-final with Djokovic.
"Murray will be pleased to be in the other half of the draw - but less delighted with the prospect of meeting Kei Nishikori in the quarter-finals.
"None of the four British women have terrifying draws, but each of their opponents can be very dangerous on their day. And Serena Williams may have to beat Ana Ivanovic, Victoria Azarenka and Angelique Kerber just to reach the final."
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The family of a missing junior doctor, whose body is thought to have been found in the sea off Dorset, have thanked people for "the continued love and support" they have received.

Rose Polge, 25, who worked at Torbay Hospital in Devon, has not been seen since 12 February.
A body was recovered from the sea east of Portland Bill on 1 April, but it has not yet been formally identified.
The hospital said it was "deeply saddened".
More on this story and other news from Devon and Cornwall
The doctor's car was found in February at Ansteys Cove near Torquay, the town where she worked.
Rose's family, from Cambridgeshire, and her boyfriend released a statement saying: "We appreciate the continued love and support that we have been receiving."
They appealed for people to respect their privacy following "this tragic news" and while they wait for formal identification.
Dr Rob Dyer, medical director at Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust, said: "We are deeply saddened to hear the news that a woman's body has been recovered.
"Whilst we have not yet received confirmation of identity, we understand that Rose's family have been informed of this development.
"Our thoughts are with her family and loved ones at this very distressing time.
"We will continue to do whatever we can to support the authorities, as well as providing support to her colleagues at this difficult time."
The BBC understands a note found in Dr Polge's car related mainly to personal issues, but included a passing reference to Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt.
It is understood Dr Polge had been an active campaigner against plans to change working hours and conditions for junior doctors, and in January posted a new Facebook profile picture, featuring the hashtag #NotFairNotSafe.
Devon and Cornwall Police said it was working with Dorset Police and the Coroner's office, and awaiting the results of the formal identification.


Rebekah Brooks, the former chief executive of News International, is to be re-hired by Rupert Murdoch.

She is expected to begin a new role at News Corp-owned media agency Storyful that will focus on new avenues for digital and social media.
Sources told the BBC no announcement was imminent and Ms Brooks' salary was "still being worked out."
The role is likely to be based in the UK but involve frequent trips to Dublin, where Storyful is based.
Ms Brooks is the former editor of the Sun and now defunct News of the World newspapers.
She was acquitted last year of charges related to phone hacking during her time as editor of both newspapers and perverting the course of justice.
The revelations that journalists at the News of the World hacked the phone of missing schoolgirl Milly Dowler in 2002, ultimately led to the demise of the 178 year-old newspaper in 2011.
Storyful is an Irish social media news agency founded by former RTE current affairs presenter Mark Little and bought by News Corp in 2013 for Â£15m.
Current chief executive Rahul Chopra, who joined Storyful from News Corp as part of that takeover deal, only took up his current position in December, replacing Mr Little, who became director of editorial innovation.
He is a long time News Corp executive and, according to Storyful's website, also holds the position of senior vice president of video at News Corp, where he is responsible for video expansion across all of the company's properties worldwide.
He previously held several roles within business development at Dow Jones, primarily focusing on the Wall Street Journal's video, mobile and tablet expansion strategy.
Initial reports suggested Ms Brooks would be taking over at the top of Storyful, but sources told the BBC her role has yet to be fully determined.
No one from News Corp was available to provide comment.


Campaign group Amnesty International says Brazil's military police have been responsible for more than 1,500 deaths in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the last five years.

Amnesty says it has found evidence that police killings were often illegal, with officers shooting suspects who had surrendered or had been wounded.
There has been no response so far from Brazil's military police.
Police unions earlier said the number of officers killed was also very high.
In Rio de Janeiro alone, 114 police were killed in 2014, according to the civilian police union Sindpol.
8,466
deaths from police intervention in Rio de Janeiro state, 2004-15
79% of victims in 2010-13 were black
75% of victims aged 15-29
114 police officers killed in 2014, police unions say
Police officers have in the past denied being "trigger happy", saying they act in self defence when they come under fire from drug dealers in Rio's sprawling favelas.
In a report published a year before Rio is due to host the 2016 Olympic Games, Amnesty said police were decimating a significant part of a generation of  poor, young, black men.
According to statistics released by Amnesty, nearly 16% of the total homicides registered in the city in the last five years took place at the hands of on-duty police officers.
In 2012 more than 50% of homicide victims were aged between 15 and 29, and 77% of them were black, the figures suggest.
Amnesty also said that incidents of police killings were rarely investigated and those responsible did not often face justice.
But the prosecutor's office in Rio de Janeiro state told BBC Brasil that 587 police officers were accused and brought to justice between 2010 and 2015.
Atila Roque, director at Amnesty International Brazil, said the country's strategy to tackle its drugs and violence problem was "backfiring miserably and leaving behind a trail of suffering and devastation".
The pressure group says military police across Rio de Janeiro have regularly used unnecessary and excessive force during security operations in the city's poor neighbourhoods.
Maria de Fatima Silva's son was killed in a police raid in Rio's Pavao-Pavaozinho favela in April 2014.
The case of Douglas Rafael da Silva Pereira, a professional dancer, triggered clashes between the police and residents outraged by his death.
It is still being investigated but Ms Silva fears his case will eventually get shelved, so she has started her own private investigation.
She told BBC Brasil's Luis Kawaguti that witnesses were afraid to testify after allegedly being threatened.
She said support from campaign groups had given her the courage to fight for justice for her son.


NHS bosses have "little confidence" in proposals to shake up health services in Shropshire, a leaked letter reveals.

The long-term plan includes the reorganisation of all services including hospitals, GP surgeries and social care.
NHS England said millions of pounds of funding may not be available and asked for a revised scheme to be submitted.
Simon Wright, who is leading the sustainability and transformation plan, said it was not the "finished article".
More on this and other stories in Shropshire
The NHS England letter, seen by the BBC, was sent to Mr Wright following the publication of the draft proposals, which have been criticised by bosses at Shropshire Council and Telford and Wrekin Council.
Written by two managers from North Midlands NHS, it says the plans did not take into account the "deficit position" for the area's clinical commissioning group (CCG) and the out-of-hospital care model and financial plan "does not form a credible basis for operational planning".
It also raises concerns of Â£271m of external funding required, noting the possibility "this level of capital funding will not be available".
The authors say the STP must be revised and resubmitted by 23 December.
Mr Wright said the plans are "a working document", and more detail "will be added as the various work streams progress".
"This includes work to address deficit levels across the system," he added.
Councillor Shaun Davies, leader of Telford & Wrekin Council, said: "These latest comments are not surprising given the unrealistic timescales the STP board is working to set by NHS England.
"NHS England's concerns echo those that both councils made, particularly around a financial model that bears little resemblance to reality."
Clive Wright, chief executive of Shropshire Council, previously warned plans to reorganise healthcare in the county are being "rushed".
In more changes facing Shropshire healthcare, the Future Fit board has proposed moving women's and children's services to Shrewsbury and potentially downgrading Telford's A+E department.


Middlesbrough's Transporter Bridge has reopened after flood protection work on its approach road was completed.

As part of the £3m Environment Agency scheme, a 115ft (35m) section of the road was raised by about half a metre.
The agency apologised for any inconvenience during the "vital work".
When it closed on 8 June, the bridge had only been opened for three months following a £4m revamp which had put it out of action from August 2013.
The most recent impact of flooding in Port Clarence was in December 2013, when a tidal surge combined with high spring tides affected about 50 homes and businesses. .
Project Manager Chris Milburn said: "The road raising was a vital element of the overall scheme.
"We've completed that aspect of the work and the Transporter Bridge is now open.
"We worked hard to keep disruption to a minimum and would like to thank residents for their patience."


Leicestershire's Colin Ackermann has signed a one-year contract extension until the end of the 2019 season.

The 26-year-old batsman has scored more than 5,000 first-class career runs, with 449 runs at an average of 44.90 in 13 County Championship innings since joining before the start of the season.
"Colin is a fine player and has become an important part of our team," said head coach Pierre de Bruyn.
"Colin has a batting style that suits all formats and bowls good off-spin."


Department store BHS is to go into liquidation with the loss of about 200 jobs in four stores in Northern Ireland.

Up to 11,000 jobs will be lost across the UK after efforts to find a buyer for the store failed.
BHS went into administration in April. A number of offers were made to buy the department store chain but none of them were accepted by administrators.
The company has stores in Belfast, Holywood, Newtownabbey and Lisburn.
All 163 BHS stores will be holding closing sales over the coming weeks.


German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier says significant progress has been made in talks about the conflict in eastern Ukraine.

Mr Steinmeier was speaking after a meeting with his Russian, Ukrainian and French counterparts in Berlin.
Earlier, the head of the OSCE monitoring group said a renewed ceasefire had opened up a window for political progress.
Almost 8,000 people have been killed since fighting began in April 2014.
Mr Steinmeier said all parties reaffirmed that the ceasefire, which has held for almost two weeks, needed to be consolidated.
The warring sides were now "very close" to a deal that would see the withdrawal of heavy weapons from the frontline, he added.
He also said there was some progress on the legal groundwork towards holding local elections in eastern Ukraine in October.
Ukraine is due to hold its elections on 25 October while separatists in the rebel-controlled Luhansk and Donetsk regions have said they would hold their own votes on 18 October and 1 November respectively,
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov told reporters in Berlin that a deal was "90% ready" but said the "devil is in the detail".
The foreign ministers are due to meet again at a summit on 2 October in Paris.
In an interview with the AP news agency on Saturday, OSCE chief Lamberto Zannier said the ceasefire in eastern Ukraine had opened space "to make progress on a political level".
Mr Zannier said he had visited Mariupol and Shyrokine - the scene of recent clashes - and found the situation to be calm.
The area is on the front line between Ukrainian government forces and pro-Russian rebels and has seen some of the fiercest fighting.
Russian President Vladimir Putin also mentioned the ceasefire on Saturday, describing it as the "main achievement" of the peace process to date.
A ceasefire was declared in February but Ukrainian troops and Russia-backed separatists carried on fighting until a renewed truce was pledged on 1 September.
Last week, Ukrainian Defence Minister Stepan Poltorak said fighting had fallen to its lowest level since the conflict started.


Newport Gwent Dragons centre Tyler Morgan says he is starting to return to the level which earned him a spot in the Wales midfield.

The 21-year-old won the last of his three Welsh caps in the 2015 World Cup quarter-final defeat by South Africa.
A shoulder injury picked up in that match kept him out for most of the 2015-16 season but he has been an ever present in the Dragons side this term.
"I'm starting to get back to where I was," Morgan said.
He continued: "I'm confident that I can play at that level but I've just got to work myself back up there."
Morgan is hoping to impress for his region in their three remaining Pro12 matches and earn a spot on Wales' tour to face Samoa and Tonga in the summer.
"With the Lions tour there will be some spaces on the Wales tour. You imagine there'll be some boys going with the Lions with a few gaps for the young guys to come in," he added.
"I'd love to get out there and get a few caps under my belt and if that comes I'll be happy but if it doesn't I'll carry on working."
Dragons, who have won just four Pro12 matches this season, next face Scarlets on Judgement Day in the Principality Stadium and Morgan feels a number of players will have something to prove to the Wales coaches.
"The boys have some respect to earn and some dignity to get back and will be really up for it," Morgan said.
"It's a really exciting game and a massive stage for the boys to set an example for themselves and there's a summer tour coming up and a lot of boys have to put their hands up,
"Having just one or two from the Dragons in the Wales squad isn't acceptable any more,
"We want to get some numbers in there this season and I think we've got some player which could do that and Judgement Day will be the first step on that journey."
Morgan knows he will have his work cut out in his battle to keep Scarlets' backline including Wales centre pairing of Jonathan Davies and Scott Williams quiet.
"I feel I play better under pressure and on that stage with a lot of people watching," he continued.
"Jonathan is gold standard and it's a level I want to surpass really, while Scott is a quality player great in attack and in defence,
"You have to look out for him and Liam Williams and they have a really good attacking backline but every team has it's weaknesses and there are a few things we can exploit I think."


Somalia's government has banned the celebration of Christmas, warning that such Christian festivities could threaten the nation's Muslim faith.

"Those celebrations are not in any way related to Islam," an official at the religious affairs ministry said.
Security agencies have been directed to stay alert to stop any gatherings.
Foreigners are free to mark the Christian holiday in their own homes, but hotels and other public places have been prohibited from marking the day.
"Having Muslims celebrate Christmas in Somalia is not the right thing, such things are akin to the abandonment," local media quote Mohamed Kheyrow, a top official at Somalia's justice and religious affairs ministry, as saying.
Correspondents say as the country recovers from years of civil war, a growing number of Somalis who grew up in the diaspora are returning home, some of them bringing Western customs with them.
Christmas is not widely celebrated in Somalia, which officially adopted Sharia in 2009, but the odd event was held - especially as an excuse to hold a party.
Mogadishu's mayor, Yusuf Hussein Jimale, told the BBC that such gatherings might also be a target for the Islamist al-Shabab group that has targeted hotels in the city in the past.
Celebrations will be allowed at UN compounds and bases for African Union peacekeepers, who are in the country to back the government's fight against the al-Qaeda-linked militants.


Tottenham midfielder Dele Alli has signed a new contract that will keep him at the club until 2021.

The 19-year-old, who joined Spurs last February from MK Dons, has impressed in his first full season and has scored six goals in 30 appearances so far.
"When I signed I knew wanted to play for Spurs," he told the club website.
"I've played a few games and showed people what I can do. I'm 19, have a lot to learn and can't think of a better place to do that."
Alli played at youth levels for England before receiving his first senior call-up for the Euro 2016 qualifiers against Estonia and Lithuania last October.
He made his debut as a substitute against Estonia and a month later scored his first international goal, a long-range effort against France.


An attack by the Islamist group al-Shabab in a hotel in the Somali capital Mogadishu has left at least 14 dead, police say.

Security forces retook the Naso-Hablod hotel after gunmen stormed it and took hostages, officials said.
Those killed are reported to include security guards, civilians and some of the attackers.
Al-Shabab militants frequently carry out attacks in the city in their bid to topple the Western-backed government.
A suicide bomber first detonated a car with explosives at the gate of the hotel, and the attackers moved in, officials said.
Once inside, the gunmen shot randomly at guests, a witness said.
"They were shooting at everyone they could see. I escaped through the back door," Ali Mohamud told the Associated Press news agency.
A gun battle then erupted between the attackers and security forces.
Police said at least four men were involved in the assault.
The victims included women working outside the hotel, Capt Mohamed Hussein said. It was not immediately clear if guests had also been killed.
The Naso-Hablod hotel, in southern Mogadishu, is often used by politicians and tourists.
The group said it targeted a place "frequented by the apostate government members", Reuters news agency reported.
Earlier this month at least 10 people were killed and 50 injured in an attack on another hotel in the Somali capital, which was claimed by al-Shabab.
The al-Qaeda-linked group was driven from Mogadishu in 2011 but still remains a threat and frequently carries out attacks in the city.
The government, with the help of African Union forces, is fighting al-Shabab militants in several parts of the country.


A husband and wife who died when their car hit a parked lorry in Hampshire were an "inspirational couple", their family have said.

Judith and John Woodget of Lockeridge in Marlbourgh, Wiltshire, crashed on the A303 at Sutton Scotney, near Winchester, on Sunday evening.
Mr Woodget, 64, died at the scene while his wife, 65, who was driving, died later in hospital.
Their family said: "The hole left in the family is unfathomable."
The statement continued: "They were a hugely caring, fun loving and inspirational couple.
"They constantly provided time, energy and help to so many people, from family and friends to the community and beyond."
The Wiltshire Community Foundation, of which Mr Woodget was chairperson, has set up a fund in their memory.
The lorry driver received minor injuries and was taken to hospital as a precaution.


Analysis of satellite imagery taken after a deadly attack on an aid convoy in northern Syria last month shows that it was an air strike, a UN expert says.

At least 18 people were killed when lorries unloading at a Syrian Arab Red Crescent warehouse in a rebel-held town outside Aleppo came under fire.
The US believes Russian warplanes bombed the convoy. Russia, which backs Syria's government, denies the charge.
UN officials have said the incident could constitute a war crime.
Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has established an internal board of inquiry to investigate the attack, which he has denounced as "sickening, savage and apparently deliberate".
The UN says that on the evening of 19 September, 31 lorries delivering life-saving aid to a SARC warehouse in Urum al-Kubra came under fire.
The head of the SARC in the town was among those killed, while 18 of the lorries were totally destroyed. The warehouse and a nearby medical clinic were also severely damaged.
UN officials have so far referred to the incident only as an "attack" and not accused any of the warring parties of responsibility.
But on Wednesday, Lars Bromley, research adviser at the UN Operational Satellite Applications Programme (Unosat), told a news briefing in Geneva: "With our analysis we determined it was an air strike and I think multiple other sources have said that as well."
"For air strikes, what you are usually looking at is the size of the crater that is visible, and the type of crater," he added.
"Basically air-dropped munitions are often much larger than anything you would fire from the ground."
The chairman of the US military's Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen Joseph Dunford, told a Senate Committee three days after the attack that two Russian warplanes had been in that area at the time, along with some "some other aircraft" belonging to the Syrian government.
"There's no doubt in my mind that the Russians are responsible. I just don't know whose aircraft actually dropped the bomb," he said, calling the incident "an unacceptable atrocity".
Russia's defence ministry, which has vigorously denied the charge, initially said videos of the aftermath of the attack did not show any evidence that the convoy had been struck by air-dropped ordnance.
But it subsequently said a US Predator drone had been flying above Urum al-Kubra at the time of the attack - an allegation the US military quickly dismissed.
Unosat also released satellite images that Mr Bromley said showed "an awful lot of new damage" to rebel-held areas of the city of Aleppo, on which government forces launched an all-out assault after a truce brokered by the US and Russia collapsed two weeks ago.
Hundreds of air strikes - some allegedly involving bunker-busting, incendiary and cluster munitions - have killed at least 420 people and injured more than 1,000 others since then.
"The areas that are being bombed have been bombed almost continuously for quite some time. So seeing dramatic images of formerly pristine areas now turned to rubble - you don't see a lot of that," Mr Bromley said.


A mother campaigning for a life-extending breast cancer drug to be made available on the NHS has said it seems "barbaric" to deny women the treatment.

The Scottish Medicines Consortium is due to take evidence on Kadcyla on Tuesday.
Lesley Graham is one of four women who, along with charity Breast Cancer Now, have launched a petition for it to be approved.
She told BBC Scotland it offered women like her "a little glimmer of hope".
Kadcyla is used to treat a specific type of tumour - HER2-positive - when breast cancer spreads to other parts of the body.
Currently, it is not approved for use on the NHS in Scotland. The SMC is due to reconsider that this week, with its decision to be announced next month.
Last year Ms Graham, a 39-year-old mother of two from Barrhead, wrote to health secretary Shona Robison after being denied the treatment. She was later granted it after a second appeal.
Along with three other woman - Lesley Stephen, Alison Tait and Anne MacLean-Chang - she has been calling for it to be made available automatically on the NHS.
Their petition, backed by the Daily Record newspaper, now has more than 13,000 signatures.
Speaking on BBC Radio Scotland's Kaye Adams programme, she said: "If there's something out there that can help people, then it needs to be made available.
"The repercussions of someone losing their mum or their daughter are widespread. It has a rippling affect. Everyone deserves a chance at life and every child deserves a mum."
She added: "To be told that you have cancer and your life is therefore limited because of that is devastating enough.
"But to then be told there is something that can potentially buy you some time or keep you well for longer, but you can't have it, seems to me barbaric."
She described living with an incurable cancer as like "swallowing a hand-grenade and not knowing when it is going to go off".
"This treatment offers a little glimmer of hope that it will buy us time and offers hope that in the meantime maybe someone can come up with something that will keep us here in addition to that," Ms Graham said.
Breast Cancer Now said there were about 118 women in Scotland who "could benefit from this drug if it was approved tomorrow".
The charity's director Mary Allison said: "The treatment options for this type of breast cancer are relatively limited. Kadcyla is an incredibly effective drug because of the impact it has on the cancer, but also because of the quality of life people are able to have. The side effects of this compared to other chemotherapies are far less.
"This drug is available in 18 other countries in the world. It is a commonly-administered drug and one that many oncologists throughout the UK, and in Scotland, would wish to give their patients.
"It is a proven, front-line treatment for HER2 positive breast cancer."
In September last year, NHS Grampian agreed to give Kadcyla to Anne MacLean-Chang, a nurse from Elgin, after she wrote to the first minister asking for reform of drug funding.
She fought breast cancer but it later spread to her liver.
Speaking to presenter Kaye Adams ahead of the latest meeting of the SMC, she said being told there was a drug available but that she could not have it made her determined to campaign and fundraise to ensure she got the treatment.
"I felt like a bear protecting her cubs because I need to be here for my children," she said.
"Anyone can get cancer or a life-threatening disease but I don't think, in 2017, I ever imagined I would be in the situation where there was a drug available in many parts of the world but I was being told it's out there but you can't have it."
BBC health correspondent Nick Triggle wrote about the drug in 2014, spelling out how its high cost was causing a funding conundrum.


African governments are turning to more sophisticated techniques to block internet sites and bloggers who they perceive to be a threat.

That is the conclusion of The Committee for the Protection of Journalists, who together with the internet giant Google SA, have gathered African journalists together in Johannesburg's financial hub Sandton to take stock in the wake of the North African uprisings.
In recent months we have seen the traditional means of blocking content continue.
Uganda, for instance, turned off social networking sites in April during the peak of the "walk-to-work" campaign.
Though it denied doing so at first, the Uganda Communications Commission wrote to service providers asking them to "block the use of Facebook and Twitter" and "to eliminate the connection and sharing of information that incites the public".
The BBC saw a copy of the letter.
In June, the Rwandan site Umuvugizi was blocked as its editor was sentenced in absentia to more than two years in jail for insulting the President Paul Kagame in an opinion piece.
And in Swaziland, SMS and the Facebook site were suspended during the much-trumpeted protest marches that failed to take off at the start of April.
But these "technical blocks" are fast becoming surpassed by "more sophisticated and targeted tools using Malware", says Danny O'Brien from the CPJ.
He says a tactic that was previously used in China, Malware enables an individual's website to be infiltrated via a virus or spyware designed to damage a user's system and "suck out important content".
It also enables the "infiltrator" to clone the original system and send out information that would be hard to detect as being fake.
There is evidence that this sophisticated tool is being used in Tanzania and Sudan, according to Tom Rhodes, CPJ's East Africa lead.
JamiiForums, a Swahili language version of Wikileaks, is being "cloned" by Tanzania's government to disrupt conversations of opponents, he says.
There has been no comment from the Tanzanian authorities on this.
Nevertheless with Chinese influence in Africa growing rapidly, should journalists and bloggers be more concerned?
Google thinks so.
The company has found its search engine periodically blocked by China over the past decade and Ory Okolloh, its feisty government relations manager, is a trailblazer for media freedom.
She was the brainchild behind the Kenyan site Ushahidi, which used mapping technology and mobile phones to help identify sites of post-election violence in 2008.
Given the events in the Middle East and North Africa, Ms Okolloh argues that there is a "growing need among individuals and organisations in the forefront of online freedom of expression, to learn about the complex issues surrounding news technology products and social media tool".
Journalist defence networks agree.
"Governments now have unprecedented access to the wires and pipes of the internet," says Mr O'Brien.
What is more, with 80% of those Africans using the internet accessing it via mobile phones, the breadth of information that can be gleaned is much greater.
Mobile phones require government licences and greater co-operation between providers and the authorities, and so the pressure to suspend services cannot be underestimated
Internet accessed by smart phone users not only tells a hacker what sites are being monitored and who they are talking to, but it will also gather information on their precise geographical location and what they are seeing.
This is no longer the stuff of sci-fi movies but the everyday reality of citizen journalists everywhere.
Timothy Kalyegira was in a Ugandan prison cell facing charges of criminal libel last week.
A few days later the Ugandan journalist and blogger was out on bail as one of the delegates of the meeting in a plush hotel in Sandton.
Mr Kalyegira's "crime" in the eyes of the Ugandan government was to stray into the sensitive territory of security issues.
On his website, the Uganda Record, he questioned whether it really was the Somali Islamist organisation al-Shabab that was behind last year's World Cup bombings in Kampala.
He faces criminal charges.
Some will undoubtedly appreciate Uganda's argument that is an issue of national security, but many of the other delegates who joined Mr Kalyegira in Sandton have felt the strong arm of the law for what may seem far more "benign" reasons.
For instance simply posting a view on Facebook, publishing a cartoon or publishing a few tweets on Twitter.
These men and women earn a pittance from their online work; they do not enjoy the diplomatic cover that big news organisations receive when things go wrong; but they are rapidly becoming the voices of dissent.
Just like the "samizdat" illegal publications in cold war Europe were the engine of change in the late 1980s, so the voices of the Rwandans, Ethiopians, Ivorians and Nigerians gathered in Sandton are making contributions that are rattling governments continent wide.


An event is being held in Glasgow to urge black Africans in the city to attend eye examinations.

People of African origin are at "significantly" higher risk of developing glaucoma, an avoidable condition that can cause sight loss, said the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) Scotland.
The event is being held during Black History month.
Free NHS eye tests are available to UK residents in Scotland.
The event, was arranged by Glasgow Caledonian University, in association with RNIB Scotland, to urge black Africans in Greater Glasgow and Clyde to attend eye examinations.
RNIB Scotland said people of African origin were more likely to suffer from glaucoma, which can lead to sight loss if not detected and treated early on, than those of white origin.
As well as discussing sight loss in people of black origin, the event is celebrating the work of leading US ophthalmologist Patricia Era Bath, one of the first African-Americans to gain prominence in her field.
RNIB Scotland equality officer Gozie Joe Adigwe, a Scot of African origin, said the charity was working with organisations that encounter people from Black African groups to support them with their eye health.
She said: "People [of black origin] are often unaware of the risks their ethnicity holds in sight loss."
In April, the "You Care, Eye Care" project, RNIB Scotland's project supporting Black Africans with visual impairment in Glasgow, secured funding until 2019.
Black History month is a celebration of African and Caribbean heritage observed annually in the UK since the late 1980s.
Free NHS eye tests have been available to UK residents in Scotland since 2006.


Newspaper group Media Wales has told staff that it will shut its offices in Bridgend, Merthyr and Pontypridd.

The offices are used by journalists working mainly for the firm's local newspapers - Glamorgan Gazette, Merthyr Express, Pontypridd Observer, Rhondda Leader and Cynon Valley Leader.
None of the papers are closing.
Staff will now work from the head office in Cardiff or from home, but five administrative and advertising jobs are being cut.
In a statement, Media Wales which also publishes the Western Mail, South Wales Echo and Wales on Sunday, said "There will be no editorial redundancies as a result of this announcement.
"Additionally, it is hoped that Media Wales will be able to secure agreement with prominent businesses in the three town centres, whereby journalists are given access to their premises to hold surgeries in the towns on a regular basis.
"There will be a reduction in head count of approximately five advertising management and administrative roles and the company has entered into a period of consultation with all affected staff."
Martin Shipton, spokesman for the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) at Media Wales, said: "Obviously we are pleased that no editorial jobs are being lost and we are anxious to ensure that coverage of local news continues to the same degree as in the past."
Last week, Media Wales' owner Trinity Mirror announced that the Daily Post newspaper was no longer being sold outside north Wales.


One of the most important hoards of Viking treasure ever found in Scotland could go on display in Kirkcudbright.

Efforts are being made to secure the haul for exhibition in a planned "art gallery of national significance" in the town.
A group called the Kirkcudbright Charter has drawn up plans for a £3.16m transformation of the local town hall.
The Viking treasure, which included more than 100 gold and silver objects, was found in the Stewartry last year.
It was discovered by retired Ayrshire businessman Derek McLennan, as he combed a field with a metal detector in September.
The hoard, which is believed to be worth up to £1m, also includes important Anglo-Saxon artefacts.
Representatives of the Kirkcudbright Charter have described the discovery as an "important opportunity" for their project.
In a report to Dumfries and Galloway Council's community and customer services committee, councillors have been told: "It is considered that securing this for the gallery would be of significant local interest and would also broaden the demographic of potential visitors."
However it is likely they will have to bid against the National Museum of Scotland for the valuable discovery, as it is of "national significance".
Treasure Trove, which ensures significant historic objects are preserved for museums, will make the final decision.
The council report also reveals that a new Kirkcudbright art gallery is expected to attract 40,000 visitors a year and it is predicted they could spent about £1.4m in the region.
The Heritage Lottery Fund will be asked for about £1.5m to fund the art gallery project, while the council will be asked to support the funding application with a capital investment of £1.655m.
Where do you think the Galloway Viking treasure should be displayed? Get in touch with your views by emailing us or find us on Twitter @BBCSouthScot.
Follow the discussion on the BBC South of Scotland Live page.


Three authorities are looking to join forces to save £27m over 10 years, it has been announced.

South Northamptonshire Council, Stratford-upon-Avon District Council and Cherwell District Council are considering a "confederation approach".
They want to create a company, wholly owned by themselves, to buy services.
Barry Wood, leader of Cherwell, said it would ensure a "financially sound future" and maintain "high quality public services".
It would also enable them to trade with other organisations.
In a joint statement, they said: "We expect the age of austerity to continue well into the next parliament and, as three local councils, we expect there will be increasing pressure on our budgets as demand for services grows and income decreases."
By teaming up, savings are estimated at £12.1m for Cherwell, £7.1m for South Northamptonshire and £7.8m for Stratford.
Cherwell said it had to reduce running costs to avoid cutting services and jobs.
Mr Wood said: "The important thing is that we will want to avoid, almost at all costs, compulsory redundancies."
A final business case will be put to each council to vote on next year.
Cherwell District Council: £15.35m
South Northamptonshire Council: £10.31m
Stratford-upon-Avon District Council: £12.43m
Source: Draft Business Case


Many luxury brands are complaining that the economic slowdown in China has hit their sales - but not Jimmy Choo.

The brand seen on the feet of many celebrities and royalty said new store openings and trading in all areas had driven growth, especially in China.
Chief executive Pierre Denis said "continuing strength" in China put the firm on course for "another record year despite the challenging backdrop".
Investors liked what they heard, sending Jimmy Choo shares up 4.5%.
The company, which is celebrating its 20th anniversary, said in a trading update that the weaker pound had helped UK sales. The favourable exchange has attracted more tourists to the UK.
Jimmy Choo said that since 30 June it had opened four new directly-operated store. The company has also been investing heavily in store refurbishments, including the flagship outlet in Milan which was closed for two months.
The brand said that despite this disruption, like-for-like sales in the second half of the year have moved back into positive territory.
Brands know they must constantly evolve to survive, but it is a tricky balancing act. Jimmy Choo said it continued to attract new buyers, while keeping the loyalty of its existing customers.
Earlier in the year, Prada said it wanted to appeal to younger customers through online sales and more flexible pricing.
It suffered a 25% drop in first half profits due partly to falling demand in China and Italy.
Burberry, too, has struggled to counter a downturn in mainland China and Hong Kong. However, like Jimmy Choo, it UK sales have been boosted by tourists taking advantage of the plunge in the pound.
Jimmy Choo produces a wide range of luxury items, from handbags and scarves to sunglasses and perfume. But its shoes remain at its core.
Its footwear is often seen on the red carpet worn by celebrities such as Jennifer Lopez and Bella Hadid.
Kate Middleton is also a fan.


Indonesia's highest Islamic clerical body has issued a fatwa against illegal hunting and wildlife trafficking.

The religious edict calls on Muslims in Indonesia to protect threatened animals by conserving their habitat and curbing illegal trade.
A spokesman said people could escape government regulation but they could not escape the word of god.
The fatwa is intended to supplement existing law in Indonesia, which is home to a number of endangered species.
They include orang-utans, tigers and elephants.
The conservation charity, WWF, described the fatwa as the first of its kind in the world - saying the use of religion for wildlife protection was a positive step forward.
Indonesia is home to a number of endangered species, including orang-utans, tigers and elephants.
The ruling - by the Indonesian Council of Ulama - urges the country's Muslims to protect the animals and conserve their habitats, which are threatened by logging, agriculture and urban development.
It said hunting, or trading in endangered species, was forbidden under Islam and was immoral.
The edict is not legally binding, although conservationists say it could carry moral weight for Indonesia's 200 million Muslims.
Trading in protected species can already lead to a jail term and a fine under Indonesian law.


A girl accused of murdering a vulnerable woman has told a court she lied to police.

She and another girl are accused of fatally assaulting Angela Wrightson, who was found battered at her home in Hartlepool in December 2014.
The girls, then 13 and 14, deny murder. The older has admitted manslaughter.
When she was arrested, the younger girl told police she had tried to stop her friend attacking Ms Wrightson, but later told jurors she did not.
She also told officers she had checked whether Ms Wrightson was breathing and had tried to pick her up, but that the 39-year-old's "body had gone floppy".
However, she told the jury she had not tried to stop the attack at any point, and claimed she "had not known what was going on".
When asked by the prosecution why she refused to give police the means to access her mobile phone, she said: "Because I don't like people going through my phone".
Earlier, Leeds Crown Court was shown photographs of the two defendants taken on the phone while they were at Ms Wrightson's house.
In one picture, the pair were putting their fingers up at the camera and, in others, were laughing and drinking from a bottle of cider.
The younger girl also denied trying to destroy evidence by washing the boots she had been wearing the night Ms Wrightson was killed.
She said she had not tried to clean blood off them and did not know why she had blood on her socks.
The trial continues.


Johanna Konta says she can significantly improve her game despite reaching the Wimbledon semi-final and fourth in the world rankings.

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The 26-year-old British number one is taking a short break before preparing for the US Open in August.
"I've got a massive amount of room to grow in all areas of my game to be quite honest," she told BBC Sport.
Australia-born Konta said she is proud to represent Great Britain after her nationality was questioned.
Konta became the first British woman since Virginia Wade 39 years earlier to reach the Wimbledon last four.
But she is determined to make further progress towards her goals of becoming world number one and winning Grand Slams.
"I know there's a lot of work to be done between now and achieving such things," she said.
"I definitely feel I can physically improve. I'd like to get stronger, move even better on the court - maximise my movement."
Konta, who was ranked 150 at the start of 2015, often speaks of the mental "process" she relies upon during her rise up the rankings and believes experience will improve her tactical game.
"I'm constantly looking to be more mentally strong and technically sound. I'm trying to leave no stone unturned," she said.
Konta said she was proud to represent Great Britain after her nationality was questioned by BBC presenter John Humphrys on Radio 4's Today programme.
The veteran interviewer said: "We talk about you as being British, but you were born in Hungary, Australian citizenship, and I seem to remember that the Australian high commissioner, when you won the quarter-final, said: 'Great to see an Aussie win', and we were saying: 'Great to see a Brit win' - so, what are you?"
She laughed before replying: "I was actually born in Australia to Hungarian parents, but I have lived half my life here now, almost. So, I'm a British citizen, and I'm incredibly proud to represent Great Britain. I have done so officially since 2012."
Konta, who came to the UK aged 14, later told BBC Sport of her bond with Britain.
"This is my home, where I consider to be from and where I come back to. This is the place I miss when I am away," she said.
"People are entitled to their opinion, but this is the only place I've truly represented and will continue to do so.
"I'm a British citizen and representing Great Britain at the 2016 Olympics was one of the proudest moments of my career."
Some newspaper reports during Wimbledon referenced the fact that five years ago Konta did not know the words to the national anthem.
"Seeing as I've sung the national anthem at both the Olympics and many Fed Cup ties, I do know the words to my national anthem, yes," she said.
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Konta reached the Wimbledon semi-finals with a thrilling defeat of Romanian second seed Simona Halep which was watched by a peak of 7.4 million viewers, the BBC's best TV figures for the 2017 tournament.
"It's a massive compliment and a brilliant thing for tennis. It's great that so many people got invested and involved in my match and were living the moment with me," she said.
"I've definitely noticed that I've been recognised on the street more but it's always positive. People have only said good things and congratulated me on my run and said I've inspired them or their children."
She went out with a 6-4 6-2 defeat by five-time champion Venus Williams.
"I digested the match quite quickly and understood the things I could have done better, and acknowledge how well she played," said Konta.
A higher profile has led to greater analysis of Konta by tennis pundits - but she tries to keep her focus.
"I employ the team around me to bring the most out of myself, and leave it to them to listen to lot of external things," she said.
"I limit the amount I open my ears to because it can be a little bit overwhelming and confusing. Within my career, the simpler I've kept it, the better. I don't listen too much to what's going on outside."
Away from the court, Konta has been enjoying her new-found love of baking, although admits it brought her to tears during Wimbledon.
"It was very random, I forgot to buy some chocolate chips (for muffins) in the supermarket and I only realised when I got home. I think I was a bit tired that day," she said.
"I'm a massive fan of food. I like exploring new restaurants and cuisines. I've only just started baking so the only thing I can make is muffins - I've been making blueberry ones, chocolate and banana, white chocolate and raspberry."
She also lists live music and the cinema as two other interests in her downtime.
"I'm going to see U2 soon and I'm very excited about that, and then I'm going to see Celine Dion with my mum," she said.
Konta is next due on court at the Rogers Cup, which starts in Toronto on 7 August, having chosen not to defend her title at the Bank of the West Classic in Stanford, California.
Another tilt at a Grand Slam title will begin on 28 August at the US Open, where Konta has reached the fourth round for the past two years.
"I only finished Wimbledon on Thursday and haven't played since. I'm resting for the rest of this week and start training again on Monday. This is the only chance in the year when I can take more than two or three days off at one time," she said.
Find out how to get into tennis in our special guide.
"We play a lot of tennis in the season and the season is very long. So to be able to find those moments where you can remove yourself from it and take care of your body goes towards ensuring the longevity and you being able to play many years.
"I need to remind myself to do that because I am a bit of a busybody. I like lists and ticking things off lists, so I need to make sure I do chill out and relax and try to get a day on the sofa here and there."
Longer term she hopes to play again for Britain in the Fed Cup team event after this year's controversy which led to Romania captain Ilie Nastase being suspended by the International Tennis Federation after swearing at the umpire and abusing Konta and her captain Anne Keothavong.
"It is not something that anyone should experience. It's not something I think about or look to revisit. My life has moved on from it," she said.
"One of the biggest honours you get as an athlete is to represent your country, especially in a team event. I would definitely love to keep participating."
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The wife of Indian minister Shashi Tharoor has been found dead, following reports that he was having an affair, Indian media have said.

Sunanda Pushkar is reported to have been discovered at a hotel in Delhi.
The couple became embroiled in controversy over a series of Twitter messages on Wednesday that appeared to reveal he was having an affair with a Pakistani journalist.
They later insisted they were happily married, blaming "unauthorised tweets".
Mr Tharoor married Ms Pushkar, a former Dubai-based businesswoman, in 2010.
A public row between the couple erupted on Wednesday when messages began to appear on Mr Tharoor's Twitter account suggesting he was having an affair with journalist Mehr Tahrar.
Ms Pushkar admitted publishing the tweets, but later denied it.
She was found dead in a five-star hotel in Delhi, according to police sources.
Reports said that her husband had informed the police of her death. It was unclear how she died.
Ms Tahrar, who denied having an affair with the minister, tweeted after she heard of Ms Pushkar's death: "I'm absolutely shocked.
"This is too awful for words. So tragic I don't know what to say. Rest in peace, Sunanda."
Mr Tharoor, a former UN diplomat, was forced to resign from his first ministerial position in 2010 amid controversy over his involvement in bidding for a cricket team.
Ms Pushkar had allegedly received a free stake in the Indian Premier League franchise he was bidding for.


Two brothers hunted after a woman had acid thrown in her face have been placed on a UK-wide police wanted list.

Border alerts have been issued for Billy and Geoffrey Midmore, 22 and 26, from London, to prevent them fleeing the country.
They are wanted in connection with the attack on Carla Whitlock, 37, who says she fears she might "lose the sight in her right eye".
Ms Whitlock was attacked in Southampton at about 21:00 BST last Friday.
The mother-of-six was left with severe injuries to her face, eyes, neck and arms in the attack outside the Turtle Bay restaurant in Guildhall Square.
Acting Det Insp Will Whale, of Hampshire Constabulary, said the brothers had contacts in Southampton, Basingstoke, London and were considered "dangerous individuals".
"We have circulated these men nationally as wanted persons and the borders are closed to them," he said.
"We have every reason to believe they are still in the country and are still focusing on the south east of England.
"Our round the clock investigation will continue throughout the weekend and we would ask them to give themselves up."
Officers have raided properties in the Medway area of Kent, in connection with the inquiry.
Billy Midmore is white, stocky, 5ft 8in (1.7m), with blue eyes and a scar on his left arm.  He speaks with a London accent.
Geoffrey Midmore is white, stocky, 5ft 1ins (1.5m), with green eyes, a scar on the right side of his face, and a tattoo on his hand.
Speaking to the media on Thursday, Ms Whitlock described her injuries.
"It just feels like someone is stabbing me in the eyeball all the time," she said.
"I can pretty much see everything out of my left eye but I cannot see anything out of my right eye.
"It has changed my life completely.  I'm coping with it as best as I can."


Teachers have criticised a plan to cut funding for education if the Stormont parties do not reach an agreement on forming a new power-sharing executive.

Secretary of State James Brokenshire published indicative figures for a budget he would impose if the parties do not reach a deal.
The proposed 2.5% cut would represent a loss of £50m from the education budget.
One principal described the cut as "completely savage" and others warned that teachers would lose their jobs.
"This is really all the political parties, plus the secretary of state, holding our children and their future to ransom, so that a political deal can be struck to restore the executive," said Kevin Donaghy, principal of St Ronan's Primary School in Newry, County Down.
Secretary of State James Brokenshire said he had taken advice from senior civil servants and was attempting to reflect the priorities of the local parties.
His intention was to "give clarity" in the absence of an executive, he said.
Most of Stormont's £1.9bn education budget is spent on paying school staff and on services like school transport, maintenance and special educational needs.
Therefore principals, boards of governors - and the Education Authority - have limited wriggle room when it comes to saving money.
Many schools were already feeling the squeeze, and there is no guarantee that the restoration of the executive would provide more cash.
But with no local agreement imminent, schools are set to face additional cuts this year.
And one principal I spoke to accused the political parties of "fiddling while Rome burns".
However, two principals have said the cuts would mean teachers being put of work.
Deirdre Gillespie, principal of St Mary's Grammar School in Magherafelt, County Londonderry, said: "The only way that I can stand still, not balance my books but stand still, would be to make three teachers redundant and I simply can't afford to run a school with three less teachers.
"It will mean that I will have to reduce my curriculum even further, my class sizes would have to increase and that's impossible because I can't fit any more children into the classroom."
Marie Lindsay, principal of St Mary's College in Londonderry, also said the cut would mean "two and a half or three teachers" losing their jobs.
"I'm angry," she said. "I read that one of the decisions was to reflect political priorities.
"This means our young people are not worth investing in."
Ralph Magee, from Andrews Memorial Primary School in Comber, County Down, said schools were on an "unknown playing field".
"We need a collective voice here from all school leaders and, I would argue, the education authority as well in saying that schools cannot provide what you're expecting to provide at the moment if you plan for these cuts to come in over the next few years."
Stormont's finances have been under the control of a senior civil servant since the start of the financial year because the previous executive did not produce a budget.
Mr Brokenshire said the totals he has set out "would not constrain the future ability of an incoming executive to adjust its priorities during the course of the year".
His indicative budget includes £42m which has not yet been allocated to departments: If all that money was allocated to education it would eliminate most of the shortfall in the department's budget.
Northern Ireland has been without a devolved government since January, when the coalition collapsed over a botched energy scheme.
The late Martin McGuinness, of Sinn Féin, quit as deputy first minister in protest at the Democratic Unionist Party's handling of the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) scandal.
It led to a snap election to the Northern Ireland Assembly on 2 March, which saw a surge in Sinn Féin's vote.
Stormont's two largest parties have been unable to reach agreement to share power since that date, and were warned they face either a second assembly election or direct rule from Westminster.
However, Prime Minister Theresa May's decision to call a snap election to the House of Commons made a deal even more unlikely as parties switched to campaign mode.
In order to keep day-to-day services running in the absence of locally elected ministers, the Westminster government published emergency legislation last week - known as the Ministerial Appointments and Regional Rates Bill
The bill passed its accelerated passage through Westminster on Monday and is set to become law by the end of the week.


South Africa's President Jacob Zuma has praised top musician Sipho "Hotstix" Mabuse for finishing secondary school at the age of 60.

Mabuse enrolled in adult classes near his home in Soweto, Johannesburg, after dropping out of school in the 1960s.
"I needed my #matric to feel complete even with all my musical success. 45 years out of class is no childs play," he tweeted.
About 12% of South Africa's adults are illiterate, according to the UN.
Mabuse says he now intends to study anthropology.
"Now he's being inundated by universities who want him as a student," his  manager Martin Myers is quoted by the AFP news agency as saying.
Mr Zuma praised Mabuse for reaching an "amazing milestone".
"You are indeed an inspiration to all of us by showing us that one is never too old for education," he said.
"We admire your tenacity, discipline and your zeal to succeed and wish you well in all your future endeavours."
Mabuse is one of South Africa's most popular musicians, having launched his career as a drummer with the soul group Beaters in the 1970s.
His "Burn Out" album was a big hit in the 1980s, selling more than 500,000 copies.


A university has launched an investigation after students wore T-shirts featuring racist and anti-Semitic slogans at a social event.

A series of offensive slogans were written on T-shirts for a pub crawl in Exeter on Tuesday.
Photographs of the T-shirts were posted on Facebook.
A University of Exeter spokesman said: "Anti-Semitic, racist or bigoted behaviour in any form is not tolerated".
The photographs later appeared on the +972 website, an online magazine which reports events in Israel and Palestine.
Marie van der Zyl, vice president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, the national representative body of the UK Jewish community, said: "These students are clearly in need of some history lessons.
"Their attempt to make light of the Holocaust and racism may have been intended as a prank, but we don't find it funny at all".
The pub crawl was hosted by the university's Exeter Snowsports society. It said the issue is being dealt with by the university press office and it has no further comment.
The Athletic Union, which oversees sport on the campus, has banned any future sporting social events which involve the practice of students writing on t-shirts.


A post mortem examination revealed Many Clouds died from bleeding on the lung but that the 2015 Grand National winner had no underlying health problems.

The 10-year-old Irish-bred horse collapsed after narrowly beating Thistlecrack to win the Cotswold Chase at Cheltenham's Festival Trials Day.
He was treated by veterinary staff before being pronounced dead.
The British Horseracing Authority confirmed the horse suffered from a "severe pulmonary haemorrhage".
Tony Welsh, acting chief veterinary officer for the BHA, said: "Episodes such as this are rare, and can occur in horses which have no underlying health issues, and amongst all disciplines of sport horses.
"In spite of the rarity of these incidents, as a sport we are determined to do more to understand what causes these symptoms, and whether more can be done to prevent it."
In Saturday's race, King George winner Thistlecrack caught Many Clouds close to the finish but the Trevor Hemmings-owned gelding, ridden by Leighton Aspell, fought back to win.
Many Clouds had shown symptoms of post-race ataxia in the past, which had seen him over-heat and "wobble" on his feet, but the horse had never collapsed before, and had shown no symptoms of post-race ataxia on Saturday.
Many Clouds had previously won the Gold Cup trial in 2015 and the Hennessy Gold Cup in 2014.
Trainer Oliver Sherwood described him as the "horse of a lifetime".
BBC horse racing correspondent Cornelius Lysaght
The crucial words here are "no significant underlying health issues".
On more than one occasion, notably after his Grand National success, Many Clouds received treatment for a tendency to 'overheat', but he soon recovered, and his welfare was closely monitored by the authorities as a result.
With that fact in mind, questions have been raised as to whether that condition was linked to his death, but this report concludes he was the victim of a haemorrhage rarely seen on the racetrack.


A plane passenger has photographed a spectacular cloud formation in the skies above Australia.

Ilya Katsman, 22, saw the weather phenomenon from a window on a flight from Perth to Adelaide.
Neil Bennett, from Australia's Bureau of Meteorology, said it was likely to be a wave cloud.
"It's like skimming a stone across a lake. The air is rising up and down in a wave motion," Mr Bennett said.
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"Where it's going up you're getting the cloud, and where its going down you're getting the clear lines."
Mr Katsman said he initially thought it was a rare type of wave cloud known as the "morning glory", which occurs in the country's north.
"The cloud is definitely impressive," Mr Katsman told the BBC.
"I thought it was unusual to see it so far south."
Mr Katsman's photos received wide attention after being shared on an airline's Facebook page, delighting weather enthusiasts.
Reporting by the BBC's Greg Dunlop


One of the "founding fathers" of the humans rights movement, Professor Sir Nigel Rodley, has died at the age of 75.

Sir Nigel dedicated his career to combating human rights violations through his involvement with the United Nations and Amnesty International.
Colleagues described him as "brilliant and unpretentious" and an "inspiring and generous human being".
In 1998 he was knighted for services to human rights and international law.
Sir Nigel worked as a legal adviser at Amnesty International from 1973 onwards and collaborated with universities including the London School of Economics and the University of Essex.
From 1993 to 2001 he served as United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture.
An international lawyer and professor, Sir Nigel was a prominent member of the UN Human Rights Committee between 2001 and 2016. He served as its chairman from 2012 to 2014.
He helped found the University of Essex Human Rights Centre where staff said he would be greatly missed.
Centre director Dr Clara Sandoval said: "The human rights movement has lost one of its founding fathers.
"The School of Law and the Human Rights Centre have lost a brilliant and unpretentious colleague, an inspiring and generous human being and a wonderful mentor and friend."
University of Essex Vice-Chancellor Professor Anthony Forster added: "Professor Sir Nigel Rodley was a global champion of human rights - writing influential books on international human rights law while also undertaking incredibly important work on behalf of the United Nations.
"He was an inspiration to many, many students and colleagues. Our thoughts are with his family and friends at this time."
Wilder Tayler, secretary general of the International Commission of Jurists, of which Sir Nigel was president, said: "Sir Nigel was a stalwart of the human rights movement.
"His firm commitment to the promotion of human rights and rule of law has had a deep and lasting impact that will continue in his absence."


Two people have escaped from a plane which crashed into the sea off the Sussex coast.

They were able to reach the shore after the light aircraft came down "close to the beach" in Shoreham, West Sussex.
The plane, which is believed to be a Cessna, crashed at about 15:50 BST, Sussex Police said.
Both people who escaped from the wreckage are not believed to have been injured in the crash, a force spokesman added.
Shoreham RNLI said it had had launched its all weather lifeboat.
A Maritime and Coastguard Agency spokeswoman said it received multiple 999 calls reporting that the plane had ditched in the water.
South East Coast Ambulance Service said the two people had been assessed, and neither required hospital treatment.
Jim Barrow, from Worthing said: "One guy, who I assume was the pilot, was soaked to the skin but he was standing up and talking on the phone so he looked OK.
"We're used to seeing planes fly over but not like that."


Every Friday we bring you the week's news in emojis.

We're being strict on ourselves and only using the standard emoji set approved by the people at Unicode.
This week there are animals, lots of 'em. And some Christmas parcels. Can you work them out?
If you get stuck, check the answers at the bottom of the page.
1 - Lewis Hamilton becomes Formula 1 word champion for the second time (and tells Newsbeat all about his music plans, you can listen to that on Soundcloud)
2 - Animal rights campaigners in Switzerland get angry about the apparent rural tradition of eating... cats.
3 - A stray dog gets so excited by a group of Swedish adventurers' lunch, it follows them for miles and miles AND MILES around Ecuador.
4 - In 2012 politician Andrew Mitchell shouts at a policeman in a row over a gate and a bike. For the next two years everyone, err, argues about what exactly was said during the, err, argument. After yet more arguing, a judge says Mr Mitchell  did use the word pleb (a word used to describe someone of a low social class). It all means the ex Tory minister must now pay Â£1.5m in legal fees.
5 - #BlackFriday is now a thing in the UK as well as America. It's a day where shoppers come together to mark the true meaning of Christmas - by fighting over half-price TVs and bargain computer consoles on the escalators in department stores. (Here's how Black Friday got its name)
Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter and Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube


BBC Two gangster drama Peaky Blinders has landed six nominations for the Bafta Television Craft Awards.

ITV's Broadchurch is close behind with five nominations, while Channel 4's conspiracy thriller Utopia has four.
The awards honour behind-the-scenes programme-makers and will be handed out on 27 April in London.
Peaky Blinders creator Steven Knight said: "It's incredibly gratifying when truly creative people who are truly committed... are rewarded."
James Corden and Mathew Baynton received their first writing nominations for BBC Two's The Wrong Mans.
They are up against Steve Delaney and Graham Linehan for BBC Two's Count Arthur Strong; Sam Bain, Jesse Armstrong and Tom Basden for Channel 4's Fresh Meat; and Graham Linehan, who gets a second nod for Channel 4's The IT Crowd.
The best drama writer contenders are Chris Chibnall for crime drama Broadchurch; Dominic Mitchell for supernatural BBC Three series In the Flesh; Sally Wainwright for BBC One's romantic drama Last Tango in Halifax; and Dennis Kelly for Utopia.
Documentaries Educating Yorkshire (Channel 4), Her Majesty's Prison Aylesbury (ITV), The Murder Trial (Channel 4) and The Unspeakable Crime: Rape (BBC One) are all recognised in the best factual director category.
The best director in fiction nominees are James Strong (Broadchurch), Otto Bathurst (Peaky Blinders), Jane Campion and Garth Davis (BBC Two's Top of the Lake) and Marc Munden (Utopia).
ITV's Downton Abbey received a nomination for best costume design, alongside BBC Worldwide's and Starz's Da Vinci's Dragons, BBC Two's An Adventure in Space and Time and ITV's The Suspicions of Mr Whicher: The Murder of Angel Lane.
It was announced last week that the crew behind BBC One's Strictly Come Dancing will receive a special Bafta Craft Award in recognition of their achievements over the last 10 years.
Bafta chairman Andrew Newman said the show had "set new standards for talent and creativity". Actor Stephen Mangan will host the ceremony.


Elizabeth Hurley has received "substantial" damages and an apology from Mirror Group Newspapers (MGN) over phone-hacking.

The 51-year-old actress's lawyer said she had donated the sum to campaign group Hacked Off "to assist other victims of the press".
The model is one of a number of celebrities to settle claims against MGN over the last two months.
She did not attend the brief hearing at London's High Court on Wednesday.
Dr Evan Harris, joint executive director of Hacked Off, said: "[We are] extremely grateful to Elizabeth Hurley for her generous donation.
"There are hundreds of victims of phone hacking and press abuse.
"Ms Hurley's very generous donation will fund our work to support and campaign on their behalf."
The actress was pursuing damages over 58 separate articles published by the media group in 1998 and 2007.
Her lawyer Anjlee Saigol said "it was MGN's relentless, voyeuristic interest in her pregnancy between 2001 and 2002 that she still recalled with particular anger and horror so many years later.
"During this period, MGN's journalists published a stream of articles about her, each detailing the clearly sensitive circumstances of her pregnancy."
In April Lord Jeffrey Archer and his wife Dame Mary Archer, football manager Kevin Keegan, actress Patsy Kensit, and singer Sophie Ellis-Bextor were among 44 people to settle claims against the newspaper group.
Some settlements are thought to exceed Â£300,000, which is more than record damages awarded to Sadie Frost in 2015.
It is believed that about 50 people are still pursuing claims against MGN.
Phone hacking was a technique used to listen to people's mobile voicemail. Journalists were able to access private information and use it for stories.


Brazil is the world's biggest producer of both oranges and orange juice, but changing breakfast tastes, especially in Europe, mean the country's reliance on the fruit may have to change.

Marco Antonio dos Santos says he was not born under an orange tree. But that's about the only event in his life not linked to oranges, he jokes.
The 54-year-old is from the city of Taquaritinga, in the state of Sao Paulo. He has dedicated his entire life - as have several generations of his family before him - to making Brazil the world's largest producer of the citrus fruit.
And it has paid off. One in every three oranges in the world is now grown in a relatively small area in the states of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais.
Half of all orange juice drunk worldwide is from Brazil too.
The country's unquestionable global dominance would suggest that orange producers like Mr Santos have little to worry about, but recent numbers suggest otherwise.
Three years ago Brazil produced 400 million boxes of oranges. In the latest harvest for 2016-17 that number had fallen to just 242 million boxes.
"About 15 years ago, I remember we had about 20,000 orange producers in our region. Now we are down to about 6,000," says Mr Santos.
Much of the decrease can be linked to changes in breakfast tastes, particularly in Europe, putting the future of what was once the world's most dominant breakfast beverage in jeopardy.
More stories from the BBC's global trade series looking at trade from an international perspective:
Why a $1.6bn car plant has been left to decay
'You don't have to be a squillionaire to buy art'
The slimming pills that put me in hospital
How Scottish salmon conquered the world
Read more global trade series here.
Brazil started exporting oranges in the 1960s when Florida, previously the world's biggest orange producer, was hit by a citrus greening disease, which makes the fruit unpalatable and eventually kills the trees.
By the 1980s, Brazilian orange producers had achieved a global dominance that remains to this day.
Giant Brazilian juice firms Cutrale and Citrosuco built factories in the US and Portugal as well as modern terminals in major ports such as Ghent and Rotterdam. The scale and low costs achieved by these investments made it virtually impossible for new players to rival them.
Yet increasingly Brazil's dominance in the sector is becoming a hindrance.
One problem is that it puts too many oranges in only one basket: the external market. More than 95% of its production is shipped abroad, the majority of it in the form of orange juice.
So when there are fluctuations in the exchange rate, the price of the commodity or changes in habits abroad, manufacturers have nowhere else to sell their product.
"This much concentration on external markets is unusual," says Ibiapaba Netto, who heads CitrusBR, the association that represents the big orange juice players.
"If you take the Brazilian meat industry, for example, they only export about 20% of their production. The other 80% is sold domestically. So they are never too exposed to problems abroad."
But turning towards their home market wouldn't solve the problem for orange producers either, because Brazilians just don't drink enough orange juice.
In Brazil a typical individual drinks just 15 litres a year compared to the 22 litres of an average European or American.
But the biggest threat to Brazilian orange producers is that orange juice has become less popular in Europe, especially in the UK.
For most of the post-World War Two era, orange juice was the dominant breakfast beverage. But not anymore.
"Modern life has a new rhythm and many people are now skipping breakfast, or getting drinks on the go. The cereal industry is facing the same issue," says Mr Netto.
Fruit juices are also losing their reputation as a healthy option, with some nutritionists claiming they can be as unhealthy as fizzy drinks.
As a result consumers have flocked to new breakfast drinks, such as smoothies and vegetable-based "detox" juices.
One winner in the "juice battle" is coconut water, which has less than half the calories of orange juice. Between 2012 and 2015 in the UK, orange juice consumption fell by 100 million litres, while consumption of coconut water rose by 80 million litres, according to CitrusBR.
Despite changing trends, orange is still juice drinkers' preferred choice and has a 30% market share.
A better harvest in Brazil and low international stocks could also see orange production rebound this season. According to the government, there will be a 50% increase in the number of boxes produced in the 2017-18 harvest.
Brazilian growers are also fighting back.
For each box of oranges they produce this season, farmers will pay six cents (of a Brazilian real) towards a UK and US marketing campaign promoting the virtues of their produce abroad. Unsurprisingly, they disagree that orange juice is unhealthy.
But for many orange producers in Brazil it is too little too late.
Many in Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais have already abandoned orange production, with some now planting lemons and guava for domestic markets instead. In 2015, Cutrale bought US banana company Chiquita to try to diversify.
But Mr Santos and other traditional orange growers are not willing to lose a fight their families have fought for generations.
"Things will never go back to being what they used to be like. We won't ever have that many mouths for our oranges anymore. But the market is reaching a new equilibrium."


A woman has been shot in the legs after two men forced their way into her home on the outskirts of north Belfast.

The woman, 47, and two men were in a flat at Ballyronan Park in Rathcoole, Newtownabbey, County Antrim, at about 19:45 GMT on Sunday when the masked men came in.
The woman fled from the flat but was shot in both legs outside. Her injuries are not thought to be life-threatening.
A 40-year-old man was also assaulted, sustaining minor injuries.
Police described the shooting as "utterly barbaric" and appealed for information.