Experts who want tighter regulation of concussion in sport are trialling new medical tests that could provide rapid, pitchside diagnosis.

The "return to play decision" after a head injury is a serious problem that has caused tragedy and controversy.
Among the new proposals is a breath test, which successfully detects key chemicals in early laboratory trials.
Produced by the damaged brain, these chemicals are known to indicate a brain injury when found in the bloodstream.
Further trials will establish whether the same markers can also be detected in athletes' breath, and whether such a breath test would pick up the kind of brain injuries commonly seen in sports like rugby, football and American football.
"These biochemical compounds from the brain can be measured in a number of different fluids - for example, saliva and breath," explained Prof Tony Belli, a neurosurgeon and medical researcher from the University of Birmingham.
"At the moment a breathalyser is tuned to detect alcohol - but you can reengineer it to detect other things. And you need to refine the technology at the same time, to detect very small amounts."
If breathalysers could be adapted in this way, Prof Belli said that the tell-tale chemical signature of concussion could potentially be detected within five or 10 minutes of the injury.
Prof Belli and his colleague Dr Michael Grey presented their work at the British Science Festival in Birmingham.
Currently, different sports use a variety of psychological tests and waiting periods before making a decision to send a player back onto the field.
The reliability of these tests is controversial and it has been suggested that players can fudge them or even "sandbag" the results, by deliberately underperforming in the pre-game tests that are used for comparison.
Among the tests is a five-minute assessment introduced by the International Rugby Board in 2012, which attracted criticism.
Former Ireland full-back and rugby medical adviser Dr Barry O'Driscoll was also speaking on the subject at the British Science Festival. He said: "This was basically the reason I resigned from the International Rugby Board. I'm afraid that five-minute test was unscientific - it didn't prove anything, really."
The Birmingham researchers want to bring more science to bear on the situation. They are also anxious to raise awareness of "second concussion syndrome", which they say is not as widely understood in the UK as it is in North America.
This syndrome was responsible for the untimely death of Northern Ireland schoolboy Benjamin Robinson in 2011, after he received multiple heavy blows during a rugby game.
Proposals for a three-minute stoppage in football are being considered following a string of controversies in the sport.
Tottenham were criticised last season for letting keeper Hugo Lloris continue playing after he had briefly lost consciousness in a goalless draw against Everton.
During the World Cup in the summer, Alvaro Pereira of Uruguay was left unconscious following a collision with England's Raheem Sterling, but was able to carry on playing after remonstrating with doctors.
The most accurate methods presently available for diagnosing concussion are time-consuming and involve brain scans.
Prof Belli and Dr Grey are keen to offer more options - both for longer-term decisions about a player's recovery, and eventually perhaps for pitch-side diagnosis.
"[Brain scans] are well and good for professional players. But what do we do for the rest of the country? What do we do for the academies and the schools, that don't have access to MRI scanners?" said Prof Belli.
"We just don't have enough MRI scanners in the country, for a start."
They are researching multiple possibilities, including blood tests for chemicals and biological molecules that are released when the brain gets injured, and a new test based on the brain's communication with the muscles.
This second proposal involves using a large magnet to activate small areas of the brain (called transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS) while recording the resulting electrical activity in muscles.
The scientists say all these tests show promise, and are closer to being developed than the breathalyser idea. These techniques could be used for "return to play" decisions following weeks, rather than minutes, on the sideline.
Dr O'Driscoll told the BBC he would warmly welcome any additional methods to objectively assess the health of players' brains.
"I think probably, looking at the research that's going on, we're probably not that far off it. It'll take a few years to prove it - it will have to be compared with other tests that we've got," he said.
Medical experts are also concerned about the consequences of repeated, more minor blows to the head, which might not cause concussion but all together can produce permanent, sometimes devastating damage.
"It's not as if the brain doesn't get damaged by those lesser impacts," said Dr William Stewart, a brain trauma specialist at the University of Glasgow. "They may be just as important."
This includes the ongoing debate about the risks of frequently heading the ball in football.
A campaign on this subject, calling for long-term, detailed research, has been spearheaded by the family of former England and West Bromwich Albion player Jeff Astle.
Astle, according to an inquest, died from brain trauma caused by repeatedly heading footballs.
His daughter Dawn Astle, also present at the festival, said of players in any sport who try to cheat the concussion tests to get back on the field: "They just need to realise that it is about life and death."
Ms Astle added: "I think as a footballer, you expect to have knocks... you expect maybe to have arthritis later on in years. You do not expect to die of brain damage aged 59."
Follow Jonathan on Twitter.


The annual Apprentice Boys of Derry parade has passed off peacefully.

However, five men and one woman, were arrested for minor public order offences.
There was also an attempted petrol bomb attack earlier in the afternoon. It smashed a car window but failed to ignite.
In north Belfast, three others were charged following small disturbances in the Ardoyne.
About 30 Protestant Apprentice Boys walked past shops in the nationalist Ardoyne ahead of the main Relief of Derry celebrations.
Two separate nationalist residents' groups held peaceful protests.
Police said following this, there was "limited disorder" in the Brompton Park area of Ardoyne.
A 32-year-old man and a 24-year-old woman were charged with two counts of assaulting police, disorderly behaviour, obstructing and resisting police.
A 44-year-old man was also charged with disorderly behaviour and resisting police.
All three are due to appear at Belfast Magistrates Court on Monday.
About 15,000 people lined the streets of Londonderry for the main parade which got underway at 12:30 BST.
A suspicious object found on the route at 07:00 BST was declared a hoax.
Politicians and church leaders had appealed for a peaceful day and for tolerance and respect on all sides.
Apprentice Boys accompanied by several bands marched around the city's historic walls.
After that, they attended a wreath-laying ceremony at the Cenotaph in the Diamond to remember the war dead.
A religious ceremony in St Columb's Church of Ireland Cathedral was held before a pageant re-enacting the Siege of Derry took place.
About 140 bands took part in the main parade, which marks the 323nd anniversary of the ending of the Siege of Derry after 105 days.
Thirteen young Apprentices who were supporters of the Protestant King William III, closed the gates of the walled city to stop the advancing forces of the Catholic King James II's army.


You may have heard lots of talk in the news about something called a general election.

26 May 2017 Last updated at 07:32 BST
On 8 June, adults across the UK will choose who they want to run the country for the next five years.
But there are a lot of new words being used, so Newsround's handy guide is here to explain what they all mean.


A major conference involving the airline industry is being held in Belfast, with Northern Ireland airports hoping to secure new flights.

Around 1,200 people are attending Routes Europe at the Waterfront Hall. The conference is held annually in different cities.
The three-day event begins on Sunday and brings together airline executives.
The organisers believe it is "a brilliant opportunity" to showcase the Northern Ireland tourism sector.
It is seen as having the potential to expand air connectivity - previous host cities report several new routes were agreed as a result of holding the event.
Ryanair, easyJet, Lufthansa, Air France and British Airways are among the many airlines taking part.
In 2016, a record 7.8m passengers used Northern Ireland's airports.
Growth has largely been driven by Ryanair who began operating from Belfast International last year.
But expansion of long-haul routes has been challenging against the dominance of Dublin Airport.
Around Â£1m is being spent hosting Routes Europe, with about half the money coming through Invest NI.
It is particularly keen to secure routes to a number of key European business hubs like Frankfurt.
Steven Small, brand director of Routes, said: "Northern Ireland is a business and tourism destination on the rise.
"The demand for travel is increasing so there are significant route development opportunities for Europe's airlines."


Officers are searching a house where a teenager was last seen more than 20 years ago, just before she was reported missing.

Jaime Cheesman disappeared when she was 16 years old, a few months after moving to Grimsby.
The former student, who would now be 39, grew up in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire.
Humberside Police said it is undertaking "an extensive forensic examination" of her last known address.
Officers are also searching the surrounding parts of Grimsby to piece together her last known movements, police said.
She was last seen in November 1993 in the Comber Place area of the town, where she lived with the family of her best friend.
Ms Cheeseman often travelled between there and her home town, according to her family.
During the week she went missing, she is thought to have left Wellingborough with her friend's father and another man to travel to Grimsby to sign on.
She may have become involved in a disagreement and left the house in Grimsby, police said.
Her disappearance is a "great source of anxiety" for her family, Det Ch Insp Phil Gadd, of Humberside Police, added.
"Her father has described Jaime as an outgoing girl with quite a few friends and feels certain that someone knows something about what happened to her.
"Whilst we believe there is a possibility that Jaime may still be in the Grimsby area, she was known to have connections with the travelling community in Northamptonshire and may have adopted this lifestyle in either area," he said.


Banners put outside a house in east Belfast where a man originally from Nigeria was due to move in were "blatantly racist", Alliance MP Naomi Long has said.

Michael Abiona, 34, was greeted with posters reading "Local Houses 4 Local People" at Glenluce Drive on Tuesday.
Mr Abiona, who has been living in Northern Ireland since 2010, said he was too afraid to move in.
Mrs Long said: "This sort of behaviour has no place in our community."
She added: "Any right-thinking person will condemn this blatantly racist behaviour and I have no doubt the vast majority of residents in the area will be sickened by it.
"Rather than Mr Abiona and his family, it is this kind of vile behaviour that should be unwelcome in our society."
First Minister Peter Robinson said: "Nobody should be judged on the colour of their skin, on their political or religious background, or their race."
However, he added: "I'm not sure this can be described as racism in terms of what the intention of the local people was.
"There is massive concern (about housing), and of course local in these terms means very local, you might have had exactly the same reaction if it was somebody from up-country moving into a local area where local people weren't able to get houses in the locality where they've been brought up in."
Anti-racist rallies have been held across Northern Ireland in recent weeks following a spate of hate crimes.
Mr Abiona, who has osteoarthritis, was allocated a bungalow in Garnerville by the Housing Executive.
He told the BBC's Good Morning Ulster he had gone to meet a boiler repairman at the property when he saw a group of people sitting outside.
"I thought they were just out enjoying the sunshine and having fun but then I saw the banners at the front of the building," he said.
"A woman told me the place should be meant for locals, she said there are a lot of local elderly and disabled people living in the area who have been on the housing waiting list for about nine years, so how come I got the house?
How the Housing Selection Scheme works
"She said it wasn't personally about me, it was about housing.
"She was even asking me if I am disabled and I said I am, but I was wondering why she was asking me this.
"I went through the normal channels of getting the premises."
Mr Abiona, who is active in race relations in Northern Ireland and serves in key roles in the Northern Ireland Council for Ethnic Minorities and the Nigerian Association, said he believed he was being targeted because he is black.
"It is not about me being elderly or local - it is about intimidation and discrimination," he said.
"A housing officer told me they were trying to resolve it, but with what was written on the banner I don't think I will be able to move in there.
"The safety of my son comes first. His mother told me she would not allow him to come and visit me there.
"My son comes first, so I'm not going to go back to the premises."
A resident of Glenluce Drive told BBC News NI that the protest was "not racist" and was about "a bungalow equipped for pensioners and disabled".
"They cannot put families into them," she said.
"We're actually horrified we're being called racist, because if you come up into our community at 3pm, and see the children getting out of school and the people, this is a mixed community."
Police removed the banners on Wednesday morning. A spokesman said: "Enquiries into the incident are ongoing."
Liam Kinney of the Housing Executive agreed the racist issue was "becoming slightly worrying in Belfast over the past few months".
"We have probably over 10 cases now, particularly in south and east Belfast, where people have been prohibited moving into properties that were entitled to those properties," he told the BBC.
"We have been working with local communities, local politicians, residents groups, police and whoever else we think could make an influence.
"But we need the support of everyone out there who can help on us this because it's not right and it should stop."
He said the Housing Executive  was "actively working with local representatives and agencies to try to resolve the issue".
Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness of Sinn FÃ©in said on Twitter: "The racist intimidation of Michael Abiona at the house allocated to him in east Belfast is shameful and must be opposed and condemned by everyone."
Ulster Unionist councillor Jim Rodgers said "people must not take the law into their own hands".
"People genuinely ask me why are people from other countries able to get houses much quicker, but I point out to them that we have a points system for social housing that works reasonably well," he said.
"It's not allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.
"Some people are on the waiting list for years and they are annoyed that they don't seem to get any offers made to them, but it's not right for anybody to be singled out because of the colour of their skin, their religion or political views."
SDLP leader Alasdair McDonnell said it was "racist intimidation", and called on the Northern Ireland Executive to publish its race relations strategy.
"Unfortunately, this is not an isolated incident. Race hate crime has soared over the past year," said the South Belfast MP.
"We must not allow ourselves to become sanitised to the despicableness of racism - there should never be a culture here that dilutes racism or attempts to qualify it.
"The people who intimidated Mr Abiona from his home are not defenders of human rights, as their banners attempt to portray."


Police in Australia have seized 3D-printed weapons after a raid in a suburb of Gold Coast City, Queensland.

The haul included plastic knuckle dusters and what are suspected to be printed gun parts.
If confirmed, the state's police force has said it would be the first time it had discovered 3D-printed firearm components in a home.
Australian authorities released a series of videos in 2013 highlighting the dangers of using 3D-printed guns.
"We've obviously got to get it through our ballistic experts but we can identify most if not all of the major components of a weapon," detective inspector Scott Knowles of Queensland Police Service told ABC News following the arrest of a 28-year-old suspect in Mudgeeraba.
"To us, it appears that they are complete weapons just requiring assembly.
"The technology's dangerous [because] the materials they're using aren't able to sustain the sorts of forces that come as a result of the weapons they're trying to discharge."
He added that the owner of the printer thought to have been involved had given the machine to the suspect to be calibrated, and was not aware that it was going to be misused.
Last year, Australia's Senate held an inquiry into gun-related violence, during which there were calls for the country's laws to be updated to take account of new technologies.
"We're going to have a situation where someone is going to be shot and injured with the use of a 3D device," warned Howard Brown from the Victims of Crime Assistance League at the time.
It was suggested that it be made an offence to own computer files that would allow 3D-printed weapons to be manufactured.
However, DI Knowles noted that Queensland's current laws were already adequate to prosecute a case if ballistics experts confirmed the 3D-printed parts involved were designed for use in firearms.
"With weapons and parts manufactured this way still being classified as a firearm under current legislation, people can also see themselves before the courts for manufacturing and possessing these items" he said.
3D-printed weapon arrests are still a relatively rare occurrence.
However, a Japanese man was jailed for two years in October after making guns with a 3D printer at his home in Kawasaki, Japan. It is believed he is the first person to have received a prison sentence for such an offence.
Yoshitomo Imura was arrested after he uploaded a video showing how he had created the weapons to the internet.
He told officers that he had not believed his actions had been illegal.


A father who killed his four-week-old baby son had been known to the authorities as a "domestic abuse perpetrator", a report has revealed.

Liam Laverick, 25, was jailed in November for eight-and-a-half years for the manslaughter of Tommy Lee.
Tommy, from Hull, died in hospital on 25 September 2014 after he suffered bleeding around his brain from being violently shaken by his father.
A serious case review found the baby's death could not have been anticipated.
The Hull Safeguarding Children Board (HSCB) findings showed Laverick had slapped Tommy's mother, Kelly Whitworth, "a few times" after she became pregnant and had taken her phone and money.
It revealed that she was living in fear of his "angry outbursts and threats".
Ms Whitworth told the review she felt "unable to tell social workers what was happening, as she really believed [Laverick] would harm her or their child".
Laverick ordered Ms Whitworth to lie to social services about the couple not living together and had threatened Ms Whitworth he would tell social workers she was a bad mother and they would remove her children.
HSCB said Laverick was previously reported to police and social services "following several domestic abuse incidents" while he was in a relationship with a previous partner.
Numerous different social workers had seen the family and months before Tommy's birth care workers closed the case "as there had been no domestic abuse incidents", the report stated.
The report concluded: "There was insufficient collaboration between agencies, and between children and adults' services, and the expertise of practitioners in specialist services was not used effectively to inform assessments, judgments, and plans.
"Without opportunities to share information across agencies, a holistic picture of the family needs and vulnerabilities did not emerge."
In a statement, the HSCB said the review "highlighted the need for all agencies to improve early help, the gathering and sharing of information and pre-birth assessment and planning".


Two Belfast men who stole a pensioner's life savings have been jailed for their "despicable" behaviour".

Gerard Devlin, of Donegall Road, and Nathan Finn, of Malone Road, were each given a three-year sentence for taking more than £5,700 from the woman.
Their 80-year-old victim was left "deeply traumatised" by the theft at the Kennedy Centre in Belfast last year, the court heard.
The men will serve 18 months in prison with the remaining period on licence.
The court heard that the pensioner had withdrawn her life savings on 31 October 2014, the day of the theft, and had planned to use the money for home improvements.
She then visited a coffee shop in the shopping centre.
As she was queuing, Finn, 22, distracted her.
Devlin, 25, reached into her handbag and stole a plastic bag containing £5,709 in cash.
The money was never recovered, the court was told, and while the two men admitted the theft they have not said what happened to the money.
The judge said there was "no doubt" the men they had "deliberately targeted" the woman.
She added that the woman has "suffered a great deal" as a result of the theft.
Finn committed the offence within days of being released on licence for a previous matter, the court heard.
The judge said Devlin had written a letter to the woman earlier this year, but she questioned whether the remorse the two men had expressed since the offence was genuine.


Gordon Strachan believes his Scotland squad have proved they are better than some of the teams at Euro 2016.

"We were a unit that Poland couldn't beat," said the coach, reflecting on Scotland's failure to qualify for the finals in France.
"We were a unit that the Republic of Ireland couldn't beat, We beat Croatia twice over the last couple of years."
Scotland finished fourth behind Germany, Poland and the Irish in their qualifying group.
"It's not easy to take," Strachan told BBC Scotland. "In the 10 games we played, there's only one game we could be disappointed with.
"Things went against us, but we need to sort that out for the next campaign.
"There are teams at that tournament that we know we're as good as. There are teams at that tournament we proved we're better than.
"Poland and Germany are showing how strong they are. We were up against them.
"You don't have to produce 100 good players as Wales have proven, as Poland have proven with [Robert] Lewandowski.
"Where would Sweden be without [Zlatan] Ibrahimovic? It's just getting one or two players that make the difference."
Scotland last competed at a finals at the France 1998 World Cup.
But Strachan dismissed the idea that the mentality of the players could be questioned.
"Nobody can question that," he said. "Absolutely not.
"The mentality is fantastic. We just need to find the best system with the best players we've got for this next campaign.
"In life you have to take a few knocks to get somewhere. There's not a game where I've thought they could've tried harder. That's never going to be a problem.
"Look at Germany. Their first shot against us at Hampden got a deflection and went in. Two shots hit the post, comes back to their players.
"We score two wonderful goals. That can be life sometimes."
Qualification for the 2018 World Cup in Russia begins with an away tie against Malta in September, followed by Lithuania at home before crucial visits to Slovakia and England.
Slovakia held England to a 0-0 draw this week in Euro 2016, allowing both sides to qualify for the last 16 of the tournament.
"England on the whole have probably got the best squad of players," added Strachan. "Maybe Spain, France, England.
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"So if Slovakia can draw with them, it's going to be hard.
"They're strong, physically strong. Good players. Central midfield is good, centre-halves are good - ably backed up by wingers that are tricky.
"They're going to be hard.
"It's going to be a heck of a tournament, heck of a qualifying section but we're looking forward to it."


Southend United have signed Ipswich Town defender Piotr Malarczyk on loan for the rest of the season.

The 24-year-old former Poland Under-21 international joined Town from Polish side Korona Kielce on a two-year contract in the summer.
But he has been restricted to just six appearances and moves to a team currently ninth in League One.
Meanwhile, Ipswich have extended midfielder Ben Pringle's loan from Fulham until the end of the season.
The 26-year-old has made seven appearances for Mick McCarthy's side since joining in February, scoring in 1-0 wins over Huddersfield and Nottingham Forest.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


India's Supreme Court has convicted the head of the ruling party in Tamil Nadu state of corruption, ending her attempts to become chief minister.

Sasikala Natarajan was an aide of late chief minister Jayalalitha.
Though she has never held public office, the ruling AIADMK party said last week that she would be the southern state's next chief minister.
But the state was plunged into uncertainty after the acting chief minister revolted against her.
Indian law bars convicts in corruption cases from contesting an election for a period of six years after completing a jail sentence.
Tuesday's ruling against Sasikala brought a four-year jail sentence, meaning she will not be able to run for office for 10 years.
Sasikala: The 'new mother' of Tamil Nadu politics
Jayalalitha successor 'forced to quit'
The corruption case, dating back to 1996, centred on accusations that Sasikala held assets disproportionate to her known sources of income. Jayalalitha was also accused of the same offence.
The case was tried in neighbouring Karnataka state and the defendants were convicted in 2014, but later acquitted on appeal, a decision which the Supreme Court has now reversed.
Jayalalitha, one of India's most influential and colourful politicians, died in December, before a final verdict was reached.
The court ordered Sasikala to surrender immediately to authorities in Karnataka, where she will serve her prison sentence.
The verdict is a big blow to Sasikala, who was claiming the support of a majority of Tamil Nadu's lawmakers to become chief minister.
She has been shut away in a resort along with more than 100 legislators, trying to consolidate her support. Indian media reports say police have entered the resort to arrest her.
Acting Chief Minister O Panneerselvam, who alleges he was forced to resign to make way for Sasikala, is likely to now stake a claim for the post.
Images from Chennai (Madras) showed supporters of Mr Panneerselvam celebrating the verdict. News of Sasikala's appointment as the chief minister had also generated outrage on the ground.
Never given any formal role by Jayalalitha in the party or the state government, Sasikala's role was always that of aide and confidante.
But analysts say her proximity to power allowed her and her extended family to wield huge influence.
Sasikala's influence over Jayalalitha also became the source of intense media speculation and tabloid gossip.


The Parades Commission is preparing to receive a notification from Orange Lodges in north Belfast for permission to finish a parade stopped since 2013.

The Twaddell Avenue protest has been ongoing since July 2013.
But an agreement has now been reached between Ligoniel Orange Lodge and the Crumlin and Ardoyne Residents Association.
It means that three lodges and two bands playing hymns will pass the Ardoyne shops next Saturday 1 October.
Later that day, the loyalist protest camp at Twaddell Avenue will be dismantled.
The dispute - which has cost an estimated Â£20m to police during the past three years - began after a Parades Commission determination not to allow the return leg to pass a section of the Crumlin Road in 2013.
However on Friday, talks facilitators the Rev Harold Good and Jim Roddy released a statement saying a resolution had been found.
Politicians and police have reacted warmly to news of the breakthrough.
First Minister Arlene Foster called it "a significant step".  Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness commended the two facilitators.
However, another nationalist residents group, the Greater Ardoyne Residents Collective (Garc), has made it clear that it is opposed to the deal.
The group's Dee Fennell said: "In our opinion, this goes against the wishes of the vast majority of people living in Ardoyne, Mountainview and the Dales."


Police in Washington DC have destroyed a pressure cooker found inside a "suspicious" vehicle parked near the US Capitol.

Officers on patrol discovered the vehicle parked along the National Mall on Sunday during a holiday concert.
Police said the vehicle had "odour of gasoline" and found other "items of concern", but they would not say what those items were.
The owner of the car, Israel Shimeles of Virginia, was later arrested.
Pressure cookers have been used to create homemade bombs.
The two men who carried out the Boston Marathon bombings in April 2013 used pressure cookers filled with nails in the attack, in which three people were killed and 260 others were wounded.


Romania says it is changing a law that allowed prisoners to reduce their sentences by writing books.

Convicts could cut 30 days off their jail terms if they published a work of literature or science.
Justice Minister Raluca Pruna said abuse of the system had spiralled out of control, and the law was being changed by emergency decree.
Last year, convicts published more than 300 books - some churned out several books in record time.
"According to prison administration figures, the number of books published by detainees went from one a year between 2007 and 2010, to 90 in 2014, and 340 last year," Ms Pruna told a news conference.
"Given that the phenomenon has spiralled out of control, I have proposed that the government repeal this arrangement via emergency decree," she added.
Romania's anti-corruption prosecutors are investigating whether prisoners had ghost writers, the AP news agency reports.
A statement cited the case of a 212-page book written by an unidentified prisoner in under seven hours.
Prisoners have no access to the internet or books.
The law was originally passed in 2006.


The government has announced its support for a third runway at London's Heathrow airport.

The issue has long been a hot potato for politicians, with Prime Minister Theresa May having previously opposed a third runway and some senior Tories remaining against the move.
Here is a selection of quotes - past and present - from key figures.
Theresa  May, who is MP for Maidenhead in Berkshire, said in 2008 the then Labour government's case for Heathrow expansion was "seriously flawed", and in 2009 she pledged to "fight to stop the third runway".
A year later, she said she "strongly" welcomed the cancellation of plans for a third runway under the coalition government.
"Expanding Heathrow in this way would have had a detrimental effect on the Maidenhead and Twyford areas by increasing levels of noise and pollution, and today's announcement is a victory for all those who have campaigned against it."
With several vocal critics of Heathrow expansion in her cabinet, Mrs May has moved to head off possible Cabinet resignations by giving ministers freedom to speak out against the decision.
In a December 2010 interview with the Daily Telegraph the then transport secretary said a third runway at Heathrow was "dead. Dead as a Norwegian parrot."
Setting out his views to voters in his Runnymede and Weybridge, Surrey, constituency ahead of last year's general election Mr Hammond said that "London's role as an international air transport hub can be maintained without additional runways at Heathrow."
He backed a second runway at Gatwick alongside improved transport links between the two airports.
The ex-London mayor has long been opposed to a third runway at Heathrow, saying building one would be "investing in decline".
"The third runway is a sham and a delusion and it will never happen," he has said.
In his acceptance speech after being returned to Parliament Mr Johnson declared that he would lie "in front of those bulldozers and stop the building, stop the construction of that third runway".
Ms Greening has campaigned against Heathrow expansion, her Putney constituency being under the flight path. She told the Telegraph in March this year: "Trying to expand Heathrow is like trying to build an eight bedroom mansion on the site of a terraced house.
"It is a hub airport that is just simply in the wrong place."
Mr Fox, the international trade secretary, has been vocal in pushing for airport expansion.
In December last year he wrote an open letter signed by 30 Conservative MPs which said the government should "push on" with expansion and that "this decision has been put off for too long whilst other nations press ahead with growing their airport capacity.
"If we do not make a decision now and deliver the increased capacity, we risk losing further ground."
Labour's London mayor supports a new runway at Gatwick over Heathrow but has urged the government to make a decision quickly, regardless of which it favours.
He said: "The new prime minister has a very important decision to make regarding new airport capacity, and I urge her to rule as swiftly as possible in favour of a second runway at Gatwick, which would bring substantial economic benefits."
However, Mr Khan backed a third runway when he was a transport minister in the previous Labour government.
In an August 2015 Financial Times interview, Mr Corbyn said: "I think the third runway is a problem for noise pollution and so on across West Londonâ€¦I also think there is an under-usage of the other airports around London.
"I'd vote against it in this parliament."
Mr McDonnell is an outspoken critic of Heathrow expansion and in 2009 he famously stole the mace from the House of Commons in a protest over the then government's refusal to allow a vote on the issue.
The West London airport is in his constituency of Hayes and Harlington.
In July 2015 Mr McDonnell claimed the proposals set out by Sir Howard Davies would lead to an unprecedented environmental protest campaign.
"We will fight with every mechanism available including political lobbying, legal action and where necessary direct action to save our homes and community," he said.
Mr McDonald appeared to back expansion in a Guardian article in which he said the "imperative was overwhelming" for more capacity and that "there would have to be overwhelming evidence that the Airport Commission's report and conclusions were fundamentally flawed for Parliament to depart from it".
The Airports Commission backed a third runway at Heathrow in July 2015.


Rangers scored either side of half-time to beat Partick Thistle in the Scottish Premiership.

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Myles Beerman, Jon Toral and Danny Wilson all threatened for the hosts before Kenny Miller headed them in front.
Toral then scored from Emerson Hyndman's pass soon after the break.
Hyndman, Martyn Waghorn and Miller had further efforts saved by Tomas Cerny, while the Jags rarely troubled their hosts.
The Ibrox side, who are third in the table, are five games unbeaten under manager Pedro Caixinha and face Celtic in next Sunday's Scottish Cup semi-final.
Alan Archibald's Jags will finish in the Premiership's top six for the first time and take on Hearts at Tynecastle in two weeks' time.
After a quiet opening spell, the hosts gradually took control with teenage left-back Beerman having two efforts deflected away and Toral's shot cleared off the line by Mustapha Dumbuya.
Wilson also tested Cerny with a header, the Thistle goalkeeper making a fine block.
Miller had scored Rangers' opener in last week's 3-0 win at Aberdeen and it was down to the experienced striker to do so again, nodding James Tavernier's cross back across goal and into the net.
Hyndman could have doubled the advantage but was foiled by Cerny.
But the Czech keeper was soon beaten by Toral's strike, which followed some impressive set-up work between the Spaniard and Hyndman.
Cerny later denied Waghorn and Miller to round off a fine individual performance.
Thistle's best efforts were a first-half Ryan Edwards shot and strikes by Chris Erskine and Kevin Nesbit in the second period but Rangers keeper Wes Foderingham had a much quieter afternoon than his opposite number.
Caxinha's side will now prepare for back-to-back Old Firm matches, with next weekend's Hampden encounter followed by Celtic's league visit to Ibrox on 29 April.
The win over Thistle kept Rangers within nine points of second-placed Aberdeen and took them nine clear of St Johnstone with five games to play.
The sides finishing second and third will secure Europa League qualifying places for next season and the Dons can now finish no lower than third.
Rangers manager Pedro Caixinha: "This team is always ready to beat anyone and Celtic is going to be the next one.
"The approach to the game is going to be different - it's an Old Firm game, a knock-out game and I like the strategic side of the game, so I'm looking forward to preparing for it.
"I just hope to have 11 warriors starting the game.
"I am not totally happy about our performance defending.
"Normally, we see the result and we see zero goals in Kilmarnock, zero goals at Aberdeen and zero goals against Partick.
"But I know that we need to improve a lot in defending as a team and not only the back four or the goalkeeper himself.
"It's also true we are not letting the opponent create so many clear chances against us, which is good, but I want more, so I want more collective performances defending and need to keep working on it."
Partick Thistle manager Alan Archibald: "I'm frustrated by the level of our performance.
"Rangers were good, but we made it easy for them.
"Apart from the first 20 minutes, when we competed with them, our use of the ball was really poor.
"It showed that only 10 guys had trained during the week.
"That really hampered our preparations and, in the end, we looked like strangers when we were in possession.
"We are well aware of the danger of letting the season drift away now that we have achieved top six.
"We know they are hard fixtures, but you can still go and compete."
Match ends, Rangers 2, Partick Thistle 0.
Second Half ends, Rangers 2, Partick Thistle 0.
Attempt saved. Andy Halliday (Rangers) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Attempt blocked. Joe Garner (Rangers) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Kevin Nisbet (Partick Thistle) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Andy Halliday (Rangers) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Kevin Nisbet (Partick Thistle).
Joseph Dodoo (Rangers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Kevin Nisbet (Partick Thistle).
Jason Holt (Rangers) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Kris Doolan (Partick Thistle).
Foul by Emerson Hyndman (Rangers).
Danny Devine (Partick Thistle) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt blocked. Kenny Miller (Rangers) header from the centre of the box is blocked.
Substitution, Rangers. Andy Halliday replaces Jon Toral.
Chris Erskine (Partick Thistle) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Jon Toral (Rangers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Chris Erskine (Partick Thistle).
Hand ball by Kenny Miller (Rangers).
Attempt saved. Chris Erskine (Partick Thistle) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Attempt saved. Joseph Dodoo (Rangers) right footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Emerson Hyndman (Rangers) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Adam Barton (Partick Thistle).
Attempt missed. Kevin Nisbet (Partick Thistle) right footed shot from a difficult angle on the right misses to the right.
Substitution, Rangers. Joe Garner replaces Martyn Waghorn.
Substitution, Partick Thistle. Kevin Nisbet replaces Steven Lawless.
Foul by Joseph Dodoo (Rangers).
Ryan Edwards (Partick Thistle) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Hand ball by Kris Doolan (Partick Thistle).
Corner,  Rangers. Conceded by Tomás Cerny.
Attempt saved. Kenny Miller (Rangers) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Foul by Jason Holt (Rangers).
Kris Doolan (Partick Thistle) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Danny Wilson (Rangers) header from the centre of the box misses to the left.
Corner,  Rangers. Conceded by Niall Keown.
Corner,  Rangers. Conceded by Tomás Cerny.
Attempt saved. Martyn Waghorn (Rangers) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Corner,  Rangers. Conceded by Mustapha Dumbuya.
Substitution, Partick Thistle. Kris Doolan replaces Adebayo Azeez.
Hand ball by Steven Lawless (Partick Thistle).


Oxford United have signed midfielder Joe Rothwell on a free transfer and agreed a new contract with striker Chris Maguire.

Manchester United trainee Rothwell, 21, has penned a two-year deal.
The attacking midfielder made seven appearances in all competitions during a loan spell with Barnsley last season.
Maguire, 27, has signed a one-year deal after playing 25 games last season during a loan spell and subsequent short-term move from Rotherham.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


A couple who battled through Cumbria's floods for the birth of their son have given him the middle name Noah.

John Bibby feared he would not be able to get wife Katharine to hospital in time because roads out of the Lake District village of Backbarrow were flooded.
After reaching Furness General in Barrow, Mrs Bibby gave birth within minutes.
The newborn's first name is James after the fictional spy James Bond.
Mrs Bibby was due to be induced at Lancaster Hospital on Sunday as she was two weeks overdue. With Backbarrow hit by floodwaters, the couple, both aged 36, were advised to visit the following day.
However, when she went into labour naturally at about 14:30 GMT they were told to head to Barrow instead.
Mr Bibby said: "The Backbarrow bridge was completely gone and the only other road out was covered in about three foot of water.
"It was a bit of a panic. If she had gone into labour at say 10am, or on Saturday night, it might have been a home birth and I'm not sure how I'd manage that!
"We got through the main flooded bit, luckily we have a Land Rover, I don't think a normal car would have done it.
"But I had to stop quite a few times when Katharine's contractions got really bad, and tried to speed up in between contractions as much as possible. It did cross my mind that I might have to deliver the baby in the car."
Describing himself as a "massive James Bond fan", he added: "His first name was always going to be James, but we've just given him the middle name Noah, because of his journey through the floods."
The couple have one other child, a two-year-old daughter named Alyssa.
Further heavy rain has brought more flooding to parts of Cumbria, just four days after large areas of the county were devastated by Storm Desmond.


Candidates' names will be removed from university application forms from 2017, Prime Minister David Cameron has said.

The move is part of a plan to prevent unconscious bias against candidates from minority groups, said Mr Cameron, writing in the Guardian newspaper.
Other measures against discrimination include a pledge by leading graduate employers to name-blind recruitment, the Prime Minister has announced.
The admissions body UCAS said it was keen to boost minority student numbers.
The prime minister set out the measures at a Downing Street round table on Monday.
Leading graduate employers from across the public and private sector have committed to keeping candidates' names off graduate recruitment applications, says Downing Street.
These include the Civil Service, Teach First, the BBC, NHS and local government as well as top city names such as HSBC, Virgin Money, KPMG and Deloitte.
Together they are responsible for employing 1.8m people in the UK.
"I said in my conference speech that I want us to end discrimination and finish the fight for real equality in our country today," said Mr Cameron. "Today we are delivering on that commitment and extending opportunity to all.
"If you've got the grades, the skills and the determination this government will ensure that you can succeed."
The discussions at Downing Street will include representatives from leading financial employers as well as the Civil Service, BBC and NHS.
Civil Service chief executive John Manzoni said it was "vital" for his organisation to take the lead.
"I'm confident that this important step will help us build an organisation that is even more talented, diverse and effective than it is today," he explained.
The financial services firm Deloitte recently became one of a number of leading firms to change its selection process so that recruiters do not know where candidates went to school or university, in a bid to ensure a diverse talent pool which reflects the make-up of society.
Chief Executive David Sproul said name-blind applications would, in addition, help "ensure that job offers are made on the basis of potential, not ethnicity, gender or past personal circumstance".
UCAS chief executive, Mary Curnock Cook, said it would consult with degree-awarding institutions on name-blind applications "as well as a wider range of changes which could impact applications from black and ethnic minority students".
She added: "UCAS is deeply committed to increasing participation from disadvantaged groups."
The admissions body said its own research helped it identify issues of under-representation at UK universities and colleges.
A study of 2008 admissions data by the London School of Economics suggested ethnic minority students were less likely to get university offers - but UCAS says the proportion of ethnic minority students applying to university has risen since then.
Its analysis of the 2014 admissions cycle showed university entry rates for 18-year-olds in minority groups outstripped those for white teenagers.
Among white 18-year-olds some 27.2% entered university in 2014, compared with 38.7% of Asians and 34.3% of black teenagers, the document suggests.


Serena Williams has withdrawn from next week's WTA Finals in Singapore because of a shoulder injury.

The American world number two, 35, has not played since reaching the semi-finals of the US Open in September.
Williams' place could go to British number one Johanna Konta, who is ninth in the rankings, although she has an abdominal injury.
The top eight players qualify automatically for the end-of-season finals, which run from 23-30 October.
Konta, who reached the final of the China Open this month, pulled out of last week's Hong Kong Open and will not compete in this week's Kremlin Cup.
She will be overtaken in the rankings if Spain's Carla Suarez Navarro or Russian Svetlana Kuznetsova, 10th and 11th in the rankings respectively, win the tournament in Moscow.
Konta, 25, is aiming to become the first British female player since Virginia Wade in 1980 to reach the finals.
Williams, who has won five Tour Finals, said: "I am really, really bombed that I won't be able to compete.
"It has been a really tough year for me, just dealing with my shoulder injury.
"My doctor insists that I stay at home and heal it every single day so I can have a chance to play next year."
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Great Britain's mixed coxed four continued their dominance with gold at the Para-Rowing World Cup in Italy.

The crew of Pamela Relph, Grace Clough, Dan Brown, James Fox and cox Oliver James powered away from the start.
They finished in a new world best time of three minutes 13.76 seconds, over 15 seconds clear of second-placed Italy.
There was also a bronze for Tom Aggar in the mens singles sculls event as he finished behind Australian Erik Horrie and Russian Alexey Chuvashev.
Aggar's time was 4:49.75 with Horrie winning in 4:41.74 and Chuvashev clocking 4:47.97.
The four were delighted to maintain the boat's unbeaten record, which goes back to the 2011 World Championships
"We knew we were on for a good time as we've had a good training camp and a great block of training," said Relph, who won gold at London 2012.
"We wanted to challenge ourselves here in the heat and with conditions the way they were today we knew it was on to break the record again today."
Former cyclist Rachel Morris finished fourth in the women's single sculls final behind Israel, Norway and Brazil as she recovers from shoulder surgery.


Almost a fifth of all children's social worker jobs in England are vacant, despite a rise in recruitment.

Councils are relying on agency workers to cover nearly 4,000 out of 5,500 otherwise empty posts.
Social workers say they are under constant pressure because of media coverage and criticism of their role in high profile cases such as the death of Ayeeshia Jane Smith.
Local authorities say social workers leave for better pay as agency staff.
And the Department for Education (DFE) said it was investing £100m to recruit graduates and professionals.
There were 26,500 full time equivalent posts filled by children's social workers at the end of September 2015, 1,880 more than the year before. Yet a further 5,470 were vacant.
The number of agency workers filling vacant posts was equivalent to more than double the total number of employed children's social workers in the North East.
Official figures showed there were 4,400 new starters as children's social workers in English councils between September 2014 and September 2015. Over the same period, 4,200 people left. The picture varies from council to council.
26,500
Children's social workers
5,470
Vacant posts
3,850 agency staff in vacant posts
4,440 social workers started jobs between September 2014 and 2015
4,200 social workers left jobs over the same period
The DFE said part of the increase "can be explained by improved data quality" with some councils now including management roles that were not in previous years' figures. The rise in vacancies "is an unexpected increase" and may be down to councils not having previously counted vacancies covered by agency workers.
The figures show that Havering in east London saw the biggest percentage fall in the number of social workers, down from 86 to 50.
It meant the borough went from one social worker for every 13 children in need to one for every 34.
Tim Aldridge, head of children's services, said it had been happening to councils across England.
"This is for several reasons including the public sector pay freeze seeing only 1% increases since 2010, compared to the salaries on offer to agency workers in the range of £30 an hour or more," he said.
At Northamptonshire County Council, 50% of posts were being filled by agency workers.
A spokesman said the figure had fallen since the statistics were compiled through a scheme to attract new social workers.
"We want to increase the number of permanent children's social workers but this will take time," he said.
The official figures also showed more than a quarter of all children's social workers in England had less than two years of service. Just 9% have been in service at their local authority more than 20 years.
Get the data here
A social worker in the North East, the author of the Social Work Tutor blog, with 139,000 followers on Facebook, says staff are having to spend too much time on paperwork and not enough with families.
Speaking on condition of anonymity, he said: "It's a revolving door. Social workers reach their peak after about two or three years. People come in, they burn out and they leave.
"Every local authority is so scared of having another Baby P (Peter Connelly) or Ayeeshia Smith. The view is that unless there's paperwork to prove it, it didn't happen. And that leads to accountability being placed above the job of actually working with people. It puts social workers under huge pressure."
Writing about the Ayeeshia Jane Smith case on Facebook, in a post shared more than 55,000 times, he added: "The media seeks to pin the blame for this harrowing tale on social workers.
"We are told that we should have known this would happen, that we should have done more to prevent this tragedy. We are told that we are to blame for this little girl's death and there are lessons to be learned.
"But these are lessons we have known for decades. We have too many cases, too little time and far fewer resources than we need."
A serious case review is being carried out by the Derbyshire safeguarding children's board into the death of 21-month-old Ayeeshia Jane Smith. She died from a fatal heart laceration, an injury usually found in crash victims, and had suffered other injuries including a bleed on the brain in the months before she was killed.
Derbyshire's children's services were rated good by Ofsted in their last inspection in 2013.
Maris Stratulis, England manager at the British Association of Social Workers, said: "There is increasing pressure on local authority social workers to predict risk, which adds to the stress of the work. At the same time, more families are struggling because of austerity and there have been cuts to preventative services, all of which adds further to the pressure and workload of a social worker."
Claude Knights of the charity Kidscape said there had been "avoidable child deaths" because recommendations from serious case reviews were not being implemented.
Calling for a government task force to address the challenges, she said: "A great concern is that when the alarm bells are ringing loudly potentially life saving decisions are not made more swiftly."
A Department for Education spokesman said: "Excellent social workers help transform lives, which is why we are committed to recruiting and retaining the very best into the profession. We need more high quality social workers who have the skills and confidence to make the decisions and judgements which are in the child's best interests.
"That's why we have invested £100m in programmes to recruit the best and brightest graduates and professionals into the sector."


Blackburn came from 2-0 down to beat Crewe after extra-time and reach the third round of the EFL Cup.

Shane Duffy, who has scored three own goals this season, headed the winner for the Championship's bottom club.
Crewe's Billy Bingham had fired in from 30 yards and Chris Dagnall tapped home before Hope Akpan reduced the deficit.
Scott Wharton bundled in and Craig Conway volleyed home to put Rovers 3-2 up, before Dagnall's 20-yard strike took the match into extra-time.
Match ends, Blackburn Rovers 4, Crewe Alexandra 3.
Second Half Extra Time ends, Blackburn Rovers 4, Crewe Alexandra 3.
Sam Gallagher (Blackburn Rovers) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jon Guthrie (Crewe Alexandra).
Corner,  Crewe Alexandra. Conceded by Shane Duffy.
Corner,  Crewe Alexandra. Conceded by Stephen Hendrie.
Attempt missed. Liam Feeney (Blackburn Rovers) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses the top right corner.
Corner,  Crewe Alexandra. Conceded by Liam Feeney.
Corner,  Crewe Alexandra. Conceded by Danny Guthrie.
Corner,  Crewe Alexandra. Conceded by Craig Conway.
Attempt missed. Shane Duffy (Blackburn Rovers) header from very close range is just a bit too high.
Craig Conway (Blackburn Rovers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Oliver Turton (Crewe Alexandra).
Corner,  Crewe Alexandra. Conceded by Ben Marshall.
Second Half Extra Time begins Blackburn Rovers 4, Crewe Alexandra 3.
First Half Extra Time ends, Blackburn Rovers 4, Crewe Alexandra 3.
Attempt missed. Ryan Lowe (Crewe Alexandra) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Sam Gallagher (Blackburn Rovers) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Sam Gallagher (Blackburn Rovers).
Jon Guthrie (Crewe Alexandra) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Craig Conway (Blackburn Rovers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Oliver Turton (Crewe Alexandra).
Sam Gallagher (Blackburn Rovers) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Oliver Turton (Crewe Alexandra).
Goal!  Blackburn Rovers 4, Crewe Alexandra 3. Shane Duffy (Blackburn Rovers) header from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Scott Wharton.
Corner,  Blackburn Rovers. Conceded by James Jones.
Corner,  Blackburn Rovers. Conceded by Oliver Turton.
Corner,  Blackburn Rovers. Conceded by Ben Garratt.
Attempt saved. Sam Gallagher (Blackburn Rovers) header from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Blackburn Rovers. Conceded by Jon Guthrie.
Liam Feeney (Blackburn Rovers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Jon Guthrie (Crewe Alexandra).
First Half Extra Time begins Blackburn Rovers 3, Crewe Alexandra 3.
Second Half ends, Blackburn Rovers 3, Crewe Alexandra 3.
Goal!  Blackburn Rovers 3, Crewe Alexandra 3. Chris Dagnall (Crewe Alexandra) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner.
Danny Guthrie (Blackburn Rovers) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Danny Guthrie (Blackburn Rovers).
Ryan Lowe (Crewe Alexandra) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Goal!  Blackburn Rovers 3, Crewe Alexandra 2. Craig Conway (Blackburn Rovers) right footed shot from very close range to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Danny Graham.
Sam Gallagher (Blackburn Rovers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.


Ed Miliband has called David Cameron a "dodgy prime minister surrounded by dodgy donors", in a row over party grandees with Swiss bank accounts.

Mr Cameron hit back by accusing the previous Labour government of being the "friend of the tax dodger".
The row comes amid allegations HSBC's Swiss private bank may have helped wealthy clients avoid or evade tax.
The Labour leader singled out Lord Fink in his attack - but the peer has challenged him to withdraw the remark.
Lord Fink, who stepped down as Conservative co-treasurer in 2010 and has given the party £3m, is among those named in documents seen by the BBC's Panorama programme, as is Labour donor Lord Paul.
At Prime Minister's Questions in the Commons, Mr Miliband called on Mr Cameron to say what steps he was going to take "to find out about the tax avoidance activities of Lord Fink".
Reading out a statement outside Conservative Central Office, Lord Fink said Mr Miliband's allegations, made under the protection of Parliamentary privilege, were "untrue and defamatory".
He said he had opened an HSBC account in Switzerland when he worked there for four years because he needed "a local bank account to do simple things like receive my Swiss franc salary and pay grocery bills".
He said he chose HSBC because he already banked with them in the UK.
He accused the Labour leading of "playing the man not the ball", suggesting "this had become something of a habit for him."
He added: "I challenge Ed Miliband to either repeat his allegations outside the House of Commons or perhaps to withdraw them publicly."
But Labour sources said "serious allegations" about Lord Fink's "complex arrangements to minimise tax" had been made in The Guardian and he had still "not justified the reasons why he made these arrangements".
In a separate development, Lord Paul said he had held an account with HSBC for quite some time in Switzerland. There was "nothing unsavoury" about it, he said.
He has been a Labour donor and a Labour peer, but now sits as an independent in the House of Lords.
The Guardian published names of Swiss account holders. It reports the Conservatives have raised more than £5m from HSBC clients with Swiss accounts.
Labour have benefited, the Guardian says, from cash and gifts in kind worth well over £500,000 and received a loan for £2m.
Holding a Swiss bank account is not illegal and does not prove either tax evasion or tax avoidance.
The individuals named may have held the accounts for a wide variety of reasons and there is no suggestion they did anything wrong.
In a heated clash at Prime Minister's Questions, Mr Miliband asked Mr Cameron how he would explain the "revolving door between Tory Party HQ and the Swiss branch of HSBC".
He said none of the Labour donors named in the list had "given a penny on my watch" and claimed Mr Cameron was "up to his neck in this".
Mr Cameron said Conservative donors did not choose the party's policies and candidates - unlike Labour who, he said, were controlled by trade union donors.
Shouting across the despatch box at the Labour leader, he said: "The only reason he is sitting there is that a bunch of trade union leaders decided he was more left wing than his brother."
In a separate exchange Mr Miliband said: "You took the money, you gave a job to the head of HSBC and you let the tax avoiders get away with it.
"There's something rotten at the heart of the Conservative Party and it's you."
Mr Cameron replied: "For 13 years they [Labour] sat in the Treasury, they did nothing about tax transparency, nothing about tax dodging, nothing about tax avoidance.
"This [present] government has been tougher than any previous government. That's why they [Labour] are desperate, that's why they are losing."
He said Labour had welcomed the appointment of former HSBC chairman Lord Green as a trade minister, and had even held meetings with the peer as recently as 2013.
Conservative MP Zac Goldsmith is among those being linked to a HSBC Swiss bank account.
In a statement, the Richmond Park MP said: "To be clear, my very numerous family members around the world who are beneficiaries of the same Trust do not own or control it, but like me, they receive income from it.
"I have never had a Swiss bank account, and do not control any Swiss bank accounts. I have never sought or been given tax minimisation advice by HSBC, directly or indirectly. The media commentary around this is therefore wrong."
He said he had paid taxes in full on his income and the "vast majority" of his donations to the Conservative Party were "notional" and "relate to use of offices over the past 10 years".
Meanwhile, the boss of HM Revenue & Customs has rejected claims from MPs that she should have done more to share "relevant information" about HSBC's activities with David Cameron before he nominated Lord Green to be a Conservative peer.
Lin Homer said the agency had a "very limited responsibility to give a limited amount of information" about individuals' personal tax affairs in relation to potential honours.
"I just do not think what you are asking HMRC to do would be possible in all circumstances," she told the Public Accounts Committee.
"Your assumption is based on an assertion that there is something wrong going on in HSBC UK. I am not making any comment on that assertion."
The bank helped 100,000 individuals - 7,000 UK nationals - with tax affairs.
The BBC's business editor Kamal Ahmed said the HMRC was set to expand the scope of its inquiry and was likely to meet the police and the Serious Fraud Office next week.
HMRC was passed a hoard of documents in 2010 from France about clients of HSBC's Swiss operation, but has said it could not share information it had about the bank because of an international agreement.
Offshore accounts are not illegal, but many people use them to hide cash from the tax authorities. And while tax avoidance is perfectly legal, deliberately hiding money to evade tax is not.
106,000
clients with Swiss bank accounts
203
countries involved
$118bn total assets held in Swiss accounts
11,235 clients from Switzerland held  $31.2bn
9,187 clients from France held $12.5bn
7,000 clients from UK held $21.7bn


A museum is opening an inflatable version of itself for a tour of schools to help cope with rising demand for access to its exhibits.

Manchester Museum said it was "oversubscribed" after receiving visits from 30,000 school children last year.
Its blow-up version will also be used to encourage people from deprived areas to interact with exhibits.
One teacher said some families were "put off" museums due to "feeling intimidated by grand old buildings".
Emma Martin, from Stanley Grove Primary School in Manchester, said it was also because of "transport costs and not knowing what there is to see".
"By bringing the inflatable out to us, it will stimulate curiosity and build a bridge between our community and Manchester Museum."
The museum, which is part of the University of Manchester, was opened in 1890 and received its highest number of visitors last year, attracting more than 450,000 people.
Designed by the architect Sir Alfred Waterhouse, it has become the UK's largest university museum with about 4.5 million items, including exhibits from ancient Egypt.
A museum spokeswoman said the inflatable museum could be set up in 30 minutes and would allow children to handle objects and specimens from the collection.
Menaka Munro, learning manager at the museum, said recreating the atmosphere of the Victorian building was a "challenge" but the inflatable museum would "provide the ideal space for us to connect even more people with our wonderful collection".


Jeremy Corbyn has promised to lead a Labour "fightback" after being elected the party's new leader by a landslide.

The veteran left-winger got almost 60% of more than 400,000 votes cast, trouncing his rivals Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper and Liz Kendall.
He immediately faced an exodus of shadow cabinet members - but senior figures including Ed Miliband urged the party's MPs to get behind him.
Mr Corbyn was a 200-1 outsider when the three-month contest began.
But he was swept to victory on a wave of enthusiasm for his anti-austerity message and promise to scrap Britain's nuclear weapons and renationalise the railways and major utilities.
He told BBC News he had been a "bit surprised" by the scale of his victory but his campaign had showed "politics can change and we have changed it".
He will now select his shadow cabinet. Labour has confirmed Rosie Winterton will return as chief whip, but a string of existing cabinet members including Ms Cooper, Tristram Hunt and Rachel Reeves, have all ruled themselves out of serving on the front bench.
He has hinted that he wants to change the format of Prime Minister's Questions - he faces David Cameron across the dispatch box for the first time on Wednesday - suggesting other Labour MPs might get a turn.
And on Saturday night, he emailed party members asking them to submit questions the weekly exchange. "I want to be your voice," he wrote.
The Islington North MP won on the first round of voting in the leadership contest, taking 251,417 of the 422,664 votes cast - against 19% for Mr Burnham, 17% for Ms Cooper and 4.5% for Ms Kendall. Former minister and Gordon Brown ally Tom Watson was elected deputy leader.
Corbyn supporters chanted "Jez we did" as he took to the stage, putting on his glasses to deliver his acceptance speech.
The left-winger, who has spent his entire 32-year career in the Commons on the backbenches, promised to fight for a more tolerant and inclusive Britain - and to tackle "grotesque levels of inequality in our society".
He said the leadership campaign "showed our party and our movement, passionate, democratic, diverse, united and absolutely determined in our quest for a decent and better society that is possible for all".
"They are fed up with the inequality, the injustice, the unnecessary poverty. All those issues have brought people in, in a spirit of hope and optimism."
He said his campaign had given the lie to claims that young Britons were apathetic about politics, showing instead that they were "a very political generation that were turned off by the way in which politics was being conducted - we have to, and must, change that".
Mr Corbyn added: "The fightback now of our party gathers speed and gathers pace."
His first act as leader was to attend a "refugees welcome here" rally, joining tens of thousands of people marching through central London in support of the rights of refugees.
Addressing cheering crowds in Parliament Square, he delivered an impassioned plea to the government to recognise its legal obligations to refugees from Syria and elsewhere and to find "peaceful solutions to the world's problems".
"Open your your hearts. open your minds, open your attitude to suffering people, who are desperate and who are in need of somewhere safe to live," added the new Labour leader.
Singer Billy Bragg then led the crowd in a rendition of socialist anthem The Red Flag.
Mr Corbyn earlier told supporters his first day at the helm of his party in Parliament would be spent opposing government plans to "shackle" trade unions by imposing higher thresholds for strike ballots.
There are problems everywhere for Labour's new leader. He has always been an outsider, an insurgent in his own party.
How can he expect loyalty from his colleagues, unite the party, when he has rarely displayed it himself? MPs have been discussing ousting him for weeks. There is likely to be initial faint support from most. Don't expect a rapid coup.
But don't doubt most smiles behind him at the despatch box will be through gritted teeth. And shadow ministers' resignation letters have already been written.
More from Laura
At-a-glance guide to new Labour leader
What Corbyn's victory means for Labour
How Corbyn won
The Jeremy Corbyn story
An overwhelming 85% of people who signed up as affiliated supporters for Â£3 voted for Mr Corbyn - but he also topped the ballot among party members and trade unionists.
The BBC's assistant political editor Norman Smith said this broad support gave Mr Corbyn a strong mandate and would silence those on the right of the Labour Party who had been plotting to get rid of Mr Corbyn at the earliest opportunity, as he had "totally obliterated" his opponents.
Mr Corbyn's predecessor as Labour leader Ed Miliband gave his "full support" to Mr Corbyn and said he expected him to "reach out to all parts of our party" but ruled out a return to the front bench himself
Former Deputy Prime Minister Lord Prescott urged Labour frontbenchers thinking of resigning to think again, saying the party had "overwhelmingly endorsed" Mr Corbyn, who he said had got more votes than Tony Blair when he won the leadership in 1994.
"The party has spoken with a very strong voice. Get out and fight the Tories," Lord Prescott told BBC News.
Len McCluskey, general secretary of the UK's biggest union Unite, congratulated Mr Corbyn and Mr Watson, saying: "Voters can now look at Labour and see, unquestionably, that it stands for fairness, justice, peace and strong communities. It is the party of hope, ready to take on a Government hell-bent on making life worse for ordinary people."
SNP leader and Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon congratulated Mr Corbyn and offered to work with him to oppose the renewal of Trident nuclear weapons and against "Tory austerity".
But she added: "The reality today is that at a time when the country needs strong opposition to the Tories, Jeremy Corbyn leads a deeply, and very bitterly, divided party.
"Indeed, if Labour cannot quickly demonstrate that they have a credible chance of winning the next UK general election, many more people in Scotland are likely to conclude that independence is the only alternative to continued Tory government."
The prime minister spoke to Mr Corbyn on the phone to congratulate him on becoming the new leader of the opposition.
But Defence Secretary Michael Fallon, giving the Conservative Party's reaction, said: "Labour are now a serious risk to our nation's security, our economy's security and your family's security.
"Whether it's weakening our defences, raising taxes on jobs and earnings, racking up more debt and welfare or driving up the cost of living by printing money - Jeremy Corbyn's Labour Party will hurt working people."
Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood congratulated Mr Corbyn but said his election "cannot alter Labour's dismal record in government in Wales".
Green Party leader Natalie Bennett said: "The selection of Jeremy Corbyn, combined with the remarkable Green surge of the past year, and the SNP's success at the general election, shows how many people support an alternative to austerity economics."


Concerns about local job losses have been raised in Perthshire after it was revealed insurance giant Aviva plans to cut 1,500 jobs by the end of 2017.

The details emerged as part of the firm's Â£5.6bn takeover of pensions company Friends Life.
It is not yet clear where the cuts will be made.
Aviva's site in Perth employs about 1,300 staff, and local politicians have called for clarity on whether their jobs are at risk.
The insurer plans to generate Â£225m in annual cost savings by the end of 2017 as part of the Friends Life deal. Shareholders will vote on the takeover on 26 March, and it is expected to go through on 13 April.
The company had previously underlined its commitment to Perth by buying the Pitheavlis site in 2013 as its lease on the premises expired.
Perthshire MP Pete Wishart said he wanted to find out "as soon as possible" how the job losses would impact on Perth.
The SNP MP said: "It is really important that employees are not kept in the dark about their future and that any reduction in job numbers can be managed through means other than redundancy."
Mid Scotland and Fife MSP Liz Smith said the cuts would be "a real concern" for workers at the Perth site.
She added: "Employees at Aviva will want urgent clarity over their future and it is essential that this is given to them at the earliest opportunity.
"I also believe it would be prudent for the Scottish government to enter into early discussions with the company over their future plans in Perth.
"It is crucial that if we are to see significant redundancies that we see steps taken early to help those affected."
An Aviva spokesman said it was too early to identify specific teams, roles or locations for the job cuts.
He said: "When we are clearer on this, following completion of the deal, we will fully engage and consult with employees and their representative bodies.
"We appreciate that this news may be disconcerting for employees and we would look to ensure that any redundancies are kept to a minimum wherever possible, by using vacancies and natural turnover, for example."


A campaign has launched to promote the idea that children should be able to delete their online past.

Called "iRights", its proposals include the right for young people to be able to easily edit or delete content they have created online.
Baroness Shields, the UK's Minister for Internet Safety and Security, is backing the move.
A report by the Children's Commissioner for England examining the rights will be published by the end of the year.
The iRights framework is intended to inspire businesses to work with the government on better protecting and empowering young people in terms of their online activity.
As well as supporting children's "right to be forgotten", iRights says young people have a right to digital literacy and should be well informed about how their data might be used.
A host of companies and charities, including Barclays bank, the NSPCC and law firm Schillings, have signed up to the campaign.
Baroness Shields said, "iRights gives a unique insight into how government can join with technology companies, civil society and business to make a better digital world for young people.
"We are using iRights in education, business and in our own services and digital communications."
Rachel O'Connell, a government adviser and founder of Trustelevate.com, said the proposals largely represented EU laws that would come into force over the next few years.
She cited new rules on data protection that will take effect in the UK from 2016 as an example.
Ms O'Connell added that young people were increasingly becoming wise to the need to protect their privacy and identify online.
"There is a movement amongst children and young people in terms of reclaiming what they can in terms of privacy, ownership of their body and images of them online," she said.
"A lot of businesses are realising that privacy is a commercial advantage."
Ian Walden, a legal expert at Queen Mary University of London, said companies often needed prompting before they took privacy issues seriously.
"Many of the companies out there that we know and love are making huge amounts of money from children," he said.
"There needs to be a focus on responsibility when dealing with those children, which isn't always present."


Marco Reus has been ruled out of the World Cup after suffering an ankle injury in Germany's 6-1 friendly win over Armenia.

The Borussia Dortmund midfielder, 25, sustained a partial tear of an ankle ligament and is expected to be out for six or seven weeks.
"For him and for us this is extremely regrettable," said Germany coach Joachim Low.
Sampdoria's former Everton defender Shkodran Mustafi has replaced Reus.
16 June: Portugal in Salvador
21 June: Ghana in Fortaleza
26 June:  USA in Recife
Reus's withdrawal is a major blow to Germany's World Cup preparations, with Bayer Leverkusen midfielder Lars Bender already ruled out with a thigh injury.
But despite losing another midfielder, Low has decided to call up defender Mustafi, who was at Goodison between 2009 and 2011 but made only one substitute appearance before moving to Italy.
"It is not about us replacing Marco Reus one on one," said Low.
"Our quality in the position behind the strikers is very high. We have Lukas Podolski, Andre Schurrle, Mario Gotze, Thomas Muller, Mesut Ozil, Julian Draxler and Toni Kroos to give us plenty of alternatives.
"That's why we decided for another option for the defensive area. Shkodran impressed us in training camp, he's fit, we have confidence in him."
Goalkeepers: Manuel Neuer (Bayern Munich), Roman Weidenfeller (Borussia Dortmund), Ron-Robert Zieler (Hannover)
Defenders: Jerome Boateng (Bayern Munich), Erik Durm (Borussia Dortmund), Kevin Grosskreutz (Borussia Dortmund), Benedikt Howedes (Schalke), Mats Hummels (Borussia Dortmund), Philipp Lahm (Bayern Munich), Per Mertesacker (Arsenal), Shkodran Mustafi (Sampdoria).
Midfielders: Julian Draxler (Schalke), Matthias Ginter (Freiburg), Mario Gotze (Bayern Munich), Christoph Kramer (Borussia Monchengladbach), Sami Khedira (Real Madrid), Toni Kroos (Bayern Munich), Thomas Muller (Bayern Munich), Mesut Ozil (Arsenal), Andre Schurrle (Chelsea), Bastian Schweinsteiger (Bayern Munich).
Forwards: Miroslav Klose (Lazio), Lukas Podolski (Arsenal).


Australia coach Darren Lehmann says the ongoing dispute over players' pay will not threaten November's Ashes series, but admits it will be a "distraction" during the Champions Trophy in June.

Cricket Australia (CA) has proposed to increase pay for men and women but end benefits from a revenue-sharing scheme.
The offer was rejected, and CA said it would not pay players after 30 June.
Vice-captain David Warner suggested the men's team might strike, but Lehmann said: "I'm sure that won't happen."
He added: "I have my views but I'm not going to share it. I'm talking to both players and CA.
"I think both parties have just got to get talking. They'll get a deal done and once that happens, everyone will be right and we'll move forward and get the game going the way it should be."
If the dispute is not resolved, there would be uncertainty over what team Australia could field after 30 June.
They have a two-Test series in Bangladesh scheduled for August, before a home Ashes series against England which runs from 23 November 2017 to 8 January 2018.
The Women's World Cup also takes place in England between 24 June and 23 July - and Australia's elite female players have shown solidarity with their male counterparts over the dispute, despite CA's March offer to double the elite women's pay.
Australia's men's team play their first warm-up game before the ICC Champions Trophy - held in England and Wales from 1-18 June - against Sri Lanka on 26 May.
"It is going to be a bit of a distraction, there's no doubt about that," Lehmann said.
"But just getting together and working it out is the way to go. There's no panic, it's just about the two parties getting together."


Defender Steven Taylor will leave Newcastle when his contract expires at the end of June.

The 30-year-old, who joined the club in 1995 and became a professional in 2003, made 268 appearances for the Magpies.
"It will be a huge wrench to leave Newcastle but I've been offered exciting opportunities," he said.
Manager Rafael Benitez added: "His character and personality has always been positive, including during difficult times."
Taylor made his first-team debut on 25 March 2004 against Real Mallorca in the Uefa Cup and his Premier League bow against Bolton three days later.
Although Taylor failed to win an England cap, he was called up to the full squad for the friendly against Germany in August 2007.
Newcastle have taken up an option to extend defender Kevin Mbabu's contract for two more years.
The 21-year-old Swiss left-back, who joined the club from Servette in January 2013, made his debut against Sheffield Wednesday in the Capital One Cup in September.


A 19-year-old man has been shot in the leg in the New Lodge area of north Belfast.

The shooting happened in the early hours of Saturday morning.
Police received a report that the victim had been assaulted by a number of men.
It is believed the attack may have taken place near Hillman Street.
The man was taken to hospital for treatment to his injuries.
Police are appealing for information.


Exeter Chiefs backs coach Ali Hepher says he is pleased with the progress of Lachie Turner after he made his debut in their win over Northampton.

The Australia international was a late replacement for the injured Phil Dollman and played 80 minutes in his first game for four months.
"I don't know how his lungs were," Hepher joked to BBC Radio Devon.
"He had a real solid game and that's all you can ask for from a full-back - a solid game is a good game."
The Devon side are top of the Premiership with fives game to play, with the meanest defence in the league.
Turner arrived at Sandy Park last month, having played for Toulon as cover during the World Cup.
"It's taken a little bit of time getting him up to speed because he's been out for a while, but he's bought into what we're doing," added Hepher.
"He's starting to understand what we're trying to get from situations and there's little bits coming from it.
"We like guys that can play in different positions.
"You can see that with Phil (Dollman) and Whitts (Ian Whitten) - Lachie's another guy that can play in numerous positions."


The Education Minister, John O'Dowd, has said primary schools will not be required to use computer-based tests for literacy and numeracy this autumn.

Mr O'Dowd told MLAs that a significant number of schools reported difficulties in carrying out the computer tests.
The minister said he was concerned that some pupils had become distressed when they faced technical difficulties.
Mr O'Dowd said schools are still planning to carry out assessments voluntarily using a range of tools.
Last October, up to 400 primary schools in Northern Ireland had problems with the computer assessment for P4 and P7 pupils.
The Department of Education said that 180 schools had reported problems.
Mr O'Dowd was speaking in the assembly on Tuesday on the outcome of a review he had commissioned on the new NINA (numeracy) and NILA (literacy) assessments following the technical difficulties encountered by some schools last autumn.
"The statutory computer-based assessments (CBAs) were, and are, intended to deliver diagnostic assessments tailored to our curriculum to support teachers and pupils. The data was not collected or collated centrally," he told MLAs.
"Instead, its purpose was to provide teachers and parents with information on a pupil's strengths and areas for improvement.
"However, following the introduction of the new CBAs in autumn 2012 a significant number of schools reported difficulties in the operation of them.
"Of most concern, were the experiences relayed to me directly by teachers about the pressure they felt in administering the assessments and in some cases the distress felt by pupils when they faced technical difficulties."
As part of the review into CBAs, Mr O'Dowd said 10 workshops were held with every primary school invited to participate.
"This consultation found that, almost without exception, school principals accept and support the need for diagnostic assessment but wish to see it supported in a more flexible way than the current CBA legislation allows," he said.
"On the basis of the findings from the reviews and most importantly in recognition of the concerns expressed by schools, I have decided that my department will not specify the literacy and numeracy assessments - NINA and NILA - for mandatory use in the forthcoming autumn term.
"I know that schools value diagnostic assessment early in the year and plan to conduct assessments voluntarily using a range of tools. Consequently, I expect diagnostic assessment will take place, in a form that is convenient for schools, and that this information will feed into engagement with parents."
The minister said the numeracy and literacy tests will still be available for primary schools wishing to use them.
The Department of Education is looking for schools willing to participate in a pilot programme examining how the assessments might develop in the future.


Train conductors have called off balloting for strike action on London Midland's service.

Rail union RMT said it was speaking to its 523 members over plans to hire security contractors on the company's trains.
London Midland told the union it stopped using contractors last month.
RMT said the decision was "a major victory", while London Midland said it was pleased passengers would not be affected by "unnecessary" strikes.
More updates on this and other stories from Birmingham and the Black Country.
The union said its national executive committee decided to cancel the strike ballot and end the dispute after receiving "written assurances" from London Midland the use of contractors would stop after 30 January.
General secretary Mick Cash said train security and passenger safety was only possible with "professionally trained and equipped" employers and "an adequate number of conductors.
"RMT remains eternally vigilant in the ongoing fight to stop the casualisation of rail workers' jobs and any moves that undermine permanent staffing arrangements," he said.
A spokesman for London Midland said it "decided to review our current arrangements" after speaking to staff.
"We all share the same objectives of improving safety and reducing ticketless travel," they said.
"Our focus now is to work together on how best to achieve this."


Bath first-team coach Toby Booth has hit out at critics of the club's England fly-half, George Ford.

The 22-year-old kicked an injury-time conversion to seal victory for Bath at Wasps in the European Champions Cup.
And Booth says criticism of Ford's form so far this season is unjust.
"Some of the things that have been written about him are ludicrous, absolutely ludicrous," Booth told BBC Radio Bristol. "I'm delighted for him, he showed what a quality player he is."
Booth paid tribute to his entire team after their late heroics at the Ricoh Arena saw them bounce back from two straight Premiership defeats.
"I'm delighted for the lads because there have been some things written about them that I think have been unjust," he said.
"To show that sort of character, shows a lot about the players the play for Bath.
"Everyone is turning over stones to get the victories we so desperately want. The lads as they have gone through a lot of soul searching and effort off the pitch to make sure they are ready and that result pays them back."
Head coach Mike Ford revealed Friday's training session had been full-on affair with players angered by recent comments about their performances..
"It was a bit edgy, showing that players care about the position we are in," said Ford,
"There weren't fisticuffs or anything, but there were a few handbags thrown, and it just showed to me that the players - not that I needed to be shown - care about the position we are in, and it means a lot to them.
"Results had not gone our way. We took a lot of criticism for not being where people think we should be - but we are keeping the faith.
"Every game is small margins but we have confidence and belief in what we are doing."


Let's start in Moseley Village - "Britain's best place to live in", according last year's survey by The Sunday Times.

It's famed for its pubs, wine bars, restaurants, independent shops and craft outlets - a welcome exception to the rule that every single high street has to look much the same as every other one, complete with the predictable array of coffee shop logos, supermarket chains and the rest of the familiar 'multiples', from Land's End to John O' Groats.
But Moseley Village may soon be in Moseley no longer.
Under the new constituency ward boundaries proposed by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England, it would become part of Balsall Heath.
The centre of Erdington, including the station that bears its name, would no longer be in Erdington at all, but in Stockland Green.
Hall Green School would be in Tyseley, and time-honoured names like Longbridge, Druids Heath and even the Jewellery Quarter would disappear altogether.  Edgbaston's famous cricket stadium would no longer be in Edgbaston.
It's proof yet again that there's nothing quite like a review of local boundaries for whipping-up a storm.
Remember how passionately the late lamented Lord Bilston (formerly the Labour MP Dennis Turner) fought against the removal from the constituency roll-call of the Black Country town from which he took his title?
Now the veteran local Labour activist Steve Gove-Humphries is taking up the cudgels against 'the bureaucrats' who he clearly believes plan to drive a constitutional coach and horse through communal loyalties:
And while we're linking to websites, the Local Government Boundary Commission has one of its own.
It's open for a public consultation over these draft proposals until Monday 8 February 2016.
I predict they will be inundated.
It all stems from the Kerslake Review, published just over a year ago, in which the former head of the civil service Lord (Bob) Kerslake addressed the well-documented, and sometimes catastrophic, failings of Birmingham City Council throughout successive administrations.
Among his recommendations was that the number of councillors should be reduced from 120 to 101 and that annual elections for one third of the council seats should be replaced by all-up contests every four years. This, he concluded, would facilitate greater stability and longer-term planning.
The Boundary Commission's proposals are by far the most controversial result of his report.
The present 40 wards, with three councillors each, would be replaced by 77 wards of which 53 would have one councillor each and 24 larger ones would each have two.
The commission says it would mean greater equality for voters.
Each councillor would represent on average 7,215 voters and the present glaring disparities between larger and smaller wards would be ironed-out.
Where possible, the commission say they have tried to create single member wards. But they found some communities which were impossible to divide.
Birmingham's two main parties are both unimpressed.
The city's Labour MPs say the proposals are a distraction from the project to improve the council's performance and should be scrapped.
And the council's Opposition Conservative Group Leader, councillor Rob Alden told the Birmingham Mail: "It is very disappointing that the commission has decided to break up historic communities like Erdington, Hall Green and Northfield which perfectly fit  two-member wards yet they have kept separate communities together."
On this weekend's Sunday Politics Midlands, we'll be bringing together the Labour MP for Birmingham Edgbaston Gisela Stuart and the local government minister Marcus Jones, Conservative MP for Nuneaton.
Also joining our debate will be Professor Colin Mellors, who chairs the Local Government Boundary Commission for England.
And I hope you will join us too, in our usual 11.00 GMT slot on BBC One, this Sunday 17 January 2016.


Are you losing control of the number of unread emails in your inboxes?

Do you feel like the working day and perhaps even the weekend could be spent just trying to stay on top of the deluge of messages?
At this point does email feels like it's fundamentally broken?
You're not alone.
But BBC Click's LJ Rich thinks she has the solution...
Hi, You're probably fed up with reading emails like this. But stick with me, this is not spam, I promise! I want to inspire you to think differently about how to process email.
I've been "inbox zero" for at least three years now. And contrary to popular belief it's not because I spend my life answering emails - it's more because I've learned how to handle the massive influx of data without feeling the need to fix it all. I've tried some new apps that promise to help, but will any solve your email traffic jam? Read onâ€¦
LJ
Hi LJ, Our new app Inbox by Gmail might be of interest. It bundles messages by type - social updates, purchases, travel. Swipe a message right to mark as done, swipe left to snooze till a later date. Stick pins into emails you don't want to lose track of, or select a whole category, scan through it then mark all the messages as done in one sweep.
Thanks for the beta invite. Yes, I've played with this! Another service called Mailbox has some similar features (for those that don't have access to Gmail or the beta invite). Useful for people who receive lots of updates and social emails, though I worry that any automatic sorting system might gloss over what I feel are important emails.
Hi LJ, unroll.me turns all those bitty updates into a tidy digest. Our system needs to look through your email inbox, but then it can pull out all the things you're subscribed to and then give you the option to roll up some emails into one daily email and even unsubscribe from other services on your behalf.
Hi,
Interesting! Though I'm a bit freaked out by the service looking through my inbox, I'm really impressed with the result. I've bundled 60 emails into one daily digest using this service, though I didn't enjoy having to share the app to get the functionality! Luckily I just sent it to a Facebook friend to unlock more than five operations. The digest is sometimes topped and tailed with ads (which I'm fine with, it's a free service - everyone's got to make a living).
Hi LJ, There's also social takes on email like ours, Slack - where you can mix messaging and emails together. Chat, send files and set subjects or "channels" to suit you.  Cat pictures can stay on the cat channel, while the actual work gets done on another. It integrates nicely with other online services like Google Docs and Dropbox.
Thanks - social email is an interesting step - there are tons of messenger apps like Whatsapp and Telegram. It's about time our social lives and email comms were integrated.  I enjoy using Slack, but it seems more suited to my creative collaborative projects with friends already on it! No-one on my Click team seems to have stuck with it, so I still need email for people who aren't on the platform.
LJ, Thanks for trying out so many apps - but is it as much about knowing how to handle emails? Isn't this more about a habit you can get into that makes it easier to deal with the onslaught of messages?
Well, I'm glad you asked! Here are some tips just for you, Leo, and anyone else who's reading this.
1. Don't be a slave to your email inbox
I don't sort my emails anymore - I use the search bar instead. If I can't find certain threads, I just send a reply to my own email address with keywords that make sense to me. I was surprised at how much time I saved not putting things into folders.
2. It's OK not to respond to everything.
Everyone is in the same boat - we can't be expected to reply to everything. Once I've read through the content, I mark an email 'read'.
And if it becomes urgent and it's not been dealt with, I'll get a reminder. David Allen, who wrote Getting Things Done suggested that if it takes less than two minutes to do something, just do it.
For me, if an email request will take longer than that, I'll make it into a task and add it to my list, even if that's just scribbled on a piece of paper.
3. Consider starting again - Make your Unread Mail view your inbox
I go through all my unread email. Anything that needs dealing with, I add the "thing" to a separate task list that I trust. That task list then becomes my priority (not sorting through my emails).
Why not mark everything as read right now? Go on! Once I did this (and maybe for you too if you're feeling brave) my "unread emails" view became my new inbox.
At the end of each office session, I make sure I have no unread emails. I don't miss anything and I don't feel overwhelmed.
4. Check emails when you want - whatever works for you - no need to overdo it.
If I've been away for a week or two it's a simple matter of setting aside 20 minutes to run through my emails. If they need dealing with, I'll flag or star them or add them to my day task list (crucially once they are dealt with, I unstar!).
Once I started working from my "unread" view I felt like I could see what I needed to deal with a lot more simply.
Disclaimer: I should disclose that I type super-fast and I've practised processing data quickly, so your mileage may vary. But don't be discouraged!
Whatever you choose to do, the trick is not to let email overwhelm you. Zero inbox is a habit, not a goal. I can't control when someone sends me something.
But I can control how much time I spend dealing with it. For me the key to productivity is not to make email sorting the majority of your day.
All the best,
LJ Rich
Watch more clips on the Click website. If you are in the UK you can watch the whole programme on BBC iPlayer.