Newcastle went top of the Championship as Dwight Gayle's two goals earned them victory over Barnsley at Oakwell and a fourth straight league win.

Gayle forced home his 10th of the season early in the second half after the home side failed to clear a corner.
And the former Crystal Palace striker increased the lead from the edge of the box from Matt Ritchie's through ball.
Barnsley's Sam Morsy was just too high with a 25-yarder and they have now taken only one point from six games.
Rafael Benitez's Magpies, relegated from the Premier League last season, have won nine of their past 11 league games, and overtake Norwich at the summit who let a two-goal lead slip to draw at Fulham.
Newcastle went into the game having won only once previously in 15 league visits to Oakwell - a 5-0 success in 1983 when Kevin Keegan was among the scorers.
Barnsley had skipper Conor Hourihane back after missing Saturday's 4-2 loss to Fulham with a calf strain and they gave as good as they got for much of the first half, with full-back James Bree driving just wide after a free-kick rebounded to him off the defensive wall.
Gayle's double prompted head coach Paul Heckingbottom to make changes in a bid to rescue the game, with winger Adam Hammill clearly unhappy to be substituted.
The Magpies almost added a third late on as Jonjo Shelvey played an excellent free-kick into the box, but keeper Adam Davies reacted well to keep out the livewire Gayle's flick.
Barnsley manager Paul Heckingbottom:
"We worked our socks off, went toe-to-toe with the top of the league and two lapses in concentration cost us the game and they gave us absolutely nothing.
"Dwight Gayle was the difference and that's what they paid all that money for.
"On another day we might have got something from the game. It was much better tonight, but we've got to keep improving and aim higher."
"[Adam Hammill] showing a lack of respect to his team-mates is not on. He is frustrated, but I had a big problem with him not showing the lads respect."
Newcastle United boss Rafael Benitez:
"The team played well and created chances. His job is to be there, fighting with the centre-back and try to score if he gets a chance. Dwight Gayle is on fire now, he is happy and we're all happy.
"I made it our priority in the summer to get him and Matt Ritchie to the club.
"We did that in the first half, while scoring in the second half where we had more time, more space and possession and we could play in a different way. I am really pleased as we did what we had to do."
Match ends, Barnsley 0, Newcastle United 2.
Second Half ends, Barnsley 0, Newcastle United 2.
Attempt saved. Jonjo Shelvey (Newcastle United) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Dwight Gayle.
Substitution, Newcastle United. Jack Colback replaces Mohamed Diamé.
Foul by Paul Dummett (Newcastle United).
Elliot Lee (Barnsley) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Offside, Newcastle United. Paul Dummett tries a through ball, but Mohamed Diamé is caught offside.
Attempt saved. Dwight Gayle (Newcastle United) right footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Karl Darlow.
Attempt saved. Adam Jackson (Barnsley) header from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Marc Roberts.
Attempt saved. Dwight Gayle (Newcastle United) header from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Jonjo Shelvey with a cross.
Christian Atsu (Newcastle United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Sam Morsy (Barnsley).
Substitution, Barnsley. Cole Kpekawa replaces James Bree.
Substitution, Newcastle United. Christian Atsu replaces Matt Ritchie.
Ciaran Clark (Newcastle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Sam Winnall (Barnsley).
Foul by Dwight Gayle (Newcastle United).
Adam Jackson (Barnsley) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Mohamed Diamé (Newcastle United) header from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Matt Ritchie with a cross.
Attempt missed. Marc Roberts (Barnsley) header from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Conor Hourihane following a set piece situation.
Offside, Newcastle United. Ciaran Clark tries a through ball, but Dwight Gayle is caught offside.
Offside, Barnsley. Conor Hourihane tries a through ball, but Sam Winnall is caught offside.
Foul by Jonjo Shelvey (Newcastle United).
Elliot Lee (Barnsley) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Jonjo Shelvey (Newcastle United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Jonjo Shelvey (Newcastle United).
Sam Winnall (Barnsley) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Karl Darlow (Newcastle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Marc Roberts (Barnsley).
Foul by Mohamed Diamé (Newcastle United).
Sam Morsy (Barnsley) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Offside, Newcastle United. Jonjo Shelvey tries a through ball, but Dwight Gayle is caught offside.
Substitution, Barnsley. Tom Bradshaw replaces Adam Hammill.
Substitution, Barnsley. Elliot Lee replaces Marley Watkins.
Matt Ritchie (Newcastle United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Adam Hammill (Barnsley).
Mohamed Diamé (Newcastle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Sam Morsy (Barnsley).
Goal!  Barnsley 0, Newcastle United 2. Dwight Gayle (Newcastle United) right footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Matt Ritchie with a through ball.
Attempt missed. Paul Dummett (Newcastle United) left footed shot from outside the box is too high. Assisted by Mohamed Diamé.


Police investigating a serious sexual assault of a teenage girl in a Belfast graveyard are trying to trace a woman who helped the victim after the attack.

The teenager was assaulted by a man in his 40s at the City Cemetery during the early hours of Saturday 30 May.
Detectives want to speak to a woman who was driving a red car along the Falls Road who stopped for the teenager and gave her a lift to Downpatrick.
The woman was aged in her 30s or 40s, had blonde hair and wore a uniform.
The girl's attacker, who was unknown to her, was of medium build, clean shaven with short black hair.
Det Sgt Gary Chambers appealed for anyone with information about the attack to contact police at the Public Protection Branch on the non-emergency number 101.


Australian reporter Peter Greste is now coming to terms with life as a convicted terrorist after being jailed by a court in Cairo.

The highly regarded al-Jazeera correspondent, who was retried in absentia, watched the verdict unfold on Twitter at his lawyer's city centre office in his hometown of Sydney.
As he waited patiently for the judges' ruling to filter through online, Greste was again supported by his long-suffering family who'd linked up for this monumental decision via Skype from other parts of Australia.
There was a hush as his fate was revealed.
"It took a moment to sink in," the 49-year-old told the BBC in Sydney shortly after the verdict was handed down.  "It was disbelief, I guess. To be sentenced to three years in prison is just devastating. It is outrageous. It is so wrong on so many levels."
Within minutes of receiving the shattering news from a courtroom half a world away in North Africa, Greste spoke to Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, who promised to use the government's diplomatic muscle to have the conviction overturned.
"We have always said we will do everything it takes to clear our names because it is not just the prison sentence, it is not just the convictions, it is the principle that matters here," Greste added. "We will pursue every legal, diplomatic and public measure that we can to make sure we get this right."
The Australian's legal avenues appear limited. Unlike his co-defendants, Mohamed Fahmy and Baher Mohamed, Peter Greste can't appeal against the judges' decision. To do so, he'd have to return to Egypt, which deported him earlier this year.
"It makes me sick to my stomach to know that innocent men are going to endure that kind of suffering (in prison).  It makes me furious to see this," Greste said of the treatment meted out to his al-Jazeera colleagues.
The three journalists were detained in December 2013, charged with "spreading false news" and collaborating with the Muslim Brotherhood, which is now outlawed as a terrorist group by Egyptian authorities.
Peter Greste's lawyer has told BBC News that he will ask for a presidential pardon.
"There was an opportunity that has been lost today for Egypt to correct a string of injustices." said Chris Flynn, a specialist in international law at Gilbert and Tobin in Sydney.
"It is a complete travesty of justice. The eyes of the world are on Egypt and we will fight on to make sure Peter is exonerated."
Even for a seasoned professional with experience in Bosnia, Afghanistan and Somalia, Greste is uncomfortable in the spotlight. He is a calm and measured man, who would clearly prefer to be reporting the news than making it.
His conviction means he would be unwise to visit countries with extradition treaties with Egypt. Despite his jail sentence, Greste is a free man, but he remains burdened by a grievous sense of injustice.
"It is a limited type of freedom. I can move around Australia but my ability to travel internationally is severely curtailed and that, as a foreign correspondent, is really quite devastating," he explained.
Before the verdict, Greste had spoken in recent days of his hopes to return to a normal life by taking up a six-week position as a journalist-in-residence in Perth, Western Australia before moving back to Africa to write a book in Kenya.
Those plans may be put on hold as he fights to clear his name and win the release of his two co-workers. He remains employed by al-Jazeera but has indicated he may work part-time to pursue other projects.
The court's decision, he told the BBC News website, "radically changes my life, but that is a mere inconvenience compared to what it means for Fahmy and Baher."


The head of the Anglican church in Ireland has said that commemorating the outbreak of World War One fuses sadness, pride and horror.

Richard Clarke, who is the Archbishop of Armagh, made the comments at a service held at St Anne's Cathedral in Belfast for the anniversary of the start of WW1.
Northern Ireland's First Minister Peter Robinson and Secretary of State Theresa Villiers attended.
Prince Andrew represented the Queen.
Dr Clarke said the occasion prompted "sadness at the loss of so much life, young and old," "pride in the unselfish actions of many people," "horror at the inhumanity that always accompanies war" and "determination that if this Great War was most certainly not a 'war to end all wars', nevertheless you and I will strive to bring God's peace and light into God's world."
During the service, five candles were lit, each representing a year of the war.
A list of names of Ireland's war dead was carried down from the altar and laid next to a candle, which was then lit by Prince Andrew.
Dean John Mann of the cathedral said: "One of the things we're very conscious of is how easy it is for countries to move in to a war situation and how difficult it is to move out of that.
"We're very conscious of what's happening in the world today."
Northern Ireland also marked the 100th anniversary of World War One with a gun salute over Belfast Lough.
A single cannon shot was fired from Grey Point Fort in County Down at 13:00 BST.
The Belfast Lough gun salute was attended by Environment Minister Mark H Durkan, from the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) and Jeffery Donaldson from the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).
Grey Point Fort is a former coastal defence site that overlooks the entrance to the lough.
Situated at Helen's Bay, the artillery site was completed in 1907 to defend the city from naval attack.
The fort has been preserved as a visitor attraction and features a pair of 23ft long bore guns, each of which has a 6in diameter.
Soldiers across Northern Ireland have also attended services and vigils to mark the centenary.
At the headquarters of 38 (Irish) Brigade in Lisburn, County Antrim, members of the armed forces and their families attended a service during which the lights went out one by one until only a candle remained to light the stained glass window. It, too, was extinguished for a two-minutes' silence.
Similar services were held at Palace Barracks in Holywood, County Down, and at Aldergrove, County Antrim, where soldiers and aircrew were joined by air force cadets currently on their summer camp.
Personnel also marked the centenary at Army reserve centres around Northern Ireland.
Speaking at a commemoration in Glasgow Cathedral, First Minister Peter Robinson said: "The key themes of remembrance and reconciliation are relevant to all of us in Northern Ireland as we continue to build a peaceful and shared society.
"It has often been said, but we must never forget the supreme sacrifice of so many to build a better future for us."
Historians have estimated that more than 200,000 Irish-born soldiers served in the British Army and Navy from 1914 to 1918.
The names of 49,400 Irish casualties of WW1 are listed on the Republic of Ireland's National War Memorial at Islandbridge, Dublin.
Many soldiers from Northern Ireland fought for the 36th (Ulster) Division.
The division was one of the few divisions to make significant gains on the first day on the Battle of the Somme in July 1916.
However, it came at a heavy price, with the division suffering 5,500 men killed, wounded or missing in two days of fighting.
The Ulster Tower, a memorial to the men of the 36th Division, is situated in Thiepval in northern France. World War One was one of the costliest conflicts in history with fighting continuing until 11 November 1918.
A candlelit vigil was held later on Monday evening at Belfast City Hall.


Patients who are well enough to leave hospital are sometimes unable to because of a lack of support being available in the community.

10 December 2015 Last updated at 06:37 GMT
This phenomenon, known as delayed discharge, can have serious repercussions for hospitals, leading to longer waits in A&Es and delays for ambulances waiting to handover patients.
The result is that the smooth running of a hospital breaks down.
Nick Triggle reports.


There has been a 30% increase in people taking part in disability sports activities over the last year.

In 2014, people with disabilities took part in 1,087,288 "participation opportunities" - such as an individual taking part in regular basketball games - up from 832,929 in 2013.
There are now a total of 16,597 members registered at 365 clubs which support people with disabilities in Wales.
Disability Sport Wales said it showed sport was an inclusive environment.
Partnership manager Michelle Daltry said: "Sport provides a unique opportunity to unite communities and promote real diversity which has the ability to transform the lives of disabled people."


A chimpanzee who featured in the original PG Tips television commercials has died aged 37.

Louis, who appeared as 007 Brooke Bond in the adverts, was born at Twycross Zoo in Leicestershire and lived there his entire life.
Zoo staff said he was a popular attraction with visitors from all over the world and died on Monday following a short illness.
They are now considering erecting a permanent tribute to the animal.
Dr Charlotte MacDonald, zoo curator, said: "Louis was one of the original PG Tips chimps and has lived to see all of the changes at the zoo.
"He was a very gentle and laid-back chimp - a favourite with everyone.
"Although gone, Louis will never be forgotten; he will always be a member of our Twycross Zoo chimp family."
Louis' partner, 42-year-old Choppers, who also starred in the ads, remains at the zoo.
Dr MacDonald said Choppers was being closely monitored by the animal team and "would be introduced to other chimps in the near future".


The first six members of the athletics squad that will represent Team GB at this summer's Rio Olympics have been named by UK Athletics.

In the men's marathon Derek Hawkins is included alongside younger brother Callum and Tsegai Tewelde, both of whom qualified at the London Marathon.
Alyson Dixon and Sonia Samuels also guaranteed their marathon spots in Sunday's race in London.
Dominic King has also been selected for the 50km men's race walk.
Callum Hawkins and Tewelde, who claimed asylum in Britain after competing for Eritrea at the 2008 World Cross Country Championships in Edinburgh, qualified as the first two Britons to cross the line in Sunday's marathon.
Hawkins clocked a personal best time of two hours 10 minutes 52 seconds to finish eighth, while Tewelde was 12th in a time of 2:12:57 - both within the 2:14:00 qualifying time.
His brother Derek ran within the qualifying mark by clocking 2:12:57 to finish 14th and has now been awarded a discretionary place.
Dixon and Samuels, who finished 13th and 14th respectively, had already run the qualifying time of 2:37:00 in Berlin last September.
Sunderland runner Dixon tweeted: "Dreams do come true if you believe in yourself and work hard for it. I'M GOING TO THE OLYMPICS!!"
King competed for Great Britain in the 50km walk at London 2012.
The selection of the six athletes takes Team GB's total for Rio 2016 to 53 across five sports, with 11 sailors, four slalom canoeists, six shooters and 26 swimmers having already been selected.


A racing driver from Cardiff has been left "very distressed" after his car crashed, killing a spectator at the VLN Endurance Championship in Germany.

Jann Mardenborough crashed his Nissan GTR Nismo in the first race of the season at the Nurburgring Nordschleife.
The team said the 23-year-old was upset by what had happened.
He has been released from hospital, along with two injured spectators, and Nissan Nismo said it is co-operating with the investigation.
"Everyone at Nissan would like to again extend their deepest sympathies to the family of the deceased and to the spectators who were hurt," the team said in a statement.
"Nissan would also like to thank everyone for the support they have shown for the fans involved, the team and for Jann Mardenborough."
Mardenborough's car flipped and left the track at high speed as it negotiated the Flugplatz section of the circuit on Saturday.
After crashing through the trackside fencing, it landed on its roof in a spectator area.
Mardenborough, whose father Steve played football for Wolves, Coventry, Cardiff and Swansea, began racing in 2011 when he beat 90,000 entrants to win the GT Academy, a video game competition.
He has since competed in the British GT Championship, Le Mans 24-Hours and the 2014 GP3 series.


About a third of English councils have spent additional money topping up a government fund aimed at cushioning the impact of welfare changes.

Some 111 councils spent £7.8m on payments to cover housing costs on top of what they were allocated by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP).
It follows the introduction of the so-called "bedroom tax" and benefit cap.
Another 203 underspent and nine spent exactly what they were given. The DWP said it had increased funding.
See how much your council was allocated and spent here
Discretionary Housing Payments (DHPs) allow councils to give extra funding to people in financial difficulty with housing costs.
The government increased its contribution in 2011 to support people affected by changes to housing benefit and Universal Credit, including the introduction of the benefit cap and the removal of the spare room subsidy.
Birmingham City Council, the largest in England in terms of population, was given just over £3m to cover discretionary payments. Official figures suggest it spent £4.4m.
However, the council is disputing the official figure and says it only topped up £260,861 from general funds, spending a total of £3,312,547. It has contacted the DWP to query the figure. The DWP said it published what it was told by the council.
At the other end of the scale, North Lincolnshire was allocated £240,930 but spent £39,626.
Campbell Robb, chief executive of housing charity Shelter, said the payments were a "temporary sticking plaster".
"To fix this crisis for good the government must commit to building homes that people on lower incomes can actually afford to live in, and in the mean-time make sure families get the support they need to keep a roof over their heads," he said.
A DWP spokesman said: "Local authorities are best placed to understand the needs of their residents, which is why we will have given them over £1bn in funding by the end of this Parliament for those who need extra support transitioning to our welfare reforms.
"We work together with local authorities so they receive the funding required for their local areas' needs. Councils can also use some of their own grant funding to provide additional support."
English and Welsh councils can top up DHP with their own funds by up to 2.5 times their allocation. Scottish councils do not have a limit.
Any unused money, including £4.5m from under-spending English councils, goes back to central government to form part of the following year's funding.
The Scottish Government made an extra £35m available to fund DHPs above the £13.3m provided by central government.
English councils were allocated £103.5m and Welsh councils received £6.7m for 2015-16.
The funding was distributed based on how much was spent in each local authority area on housing benefit and how much had been lost through welfare reforms and the removal of the spare room subsidy.
Update 13 July, 2016: Following publication the Department for Work and Pensions accepted the corrected figure supplied by Birmingham City Council and re-published its statistics. They showed Birmingham City Council was awarded £3,051,686 to cover Discretionary Housing Payments in 2015/16 and awarded £3,312,547 to claimants.


A children's picture book about George Washington and his slaves has been pulled by publishers Scholastic.

A Birthday Cake for George Washington tells the story of Washington's slave Hercules, a cook, and his daughter.
It had been criticised for its images of smiling slaves, and described as being "highly problematic".
Scholastic said in a statement that without more historical context, the book "may give a false impression of the reality of the lives of slaves".
The book, telling the story of Hercules and Delia making a cake together, had been released on 5 January.
It was met with a barrage of one-star reviews on Amazon, with readers describing it as "disgustingly inaccurate", and one writing: "I can't believe people are celebrating a children's story that depicts happy, joyful slaves."
Scholastic's description of the story had read: "Everyone is buzzing about the president's birthday! Especially George Washington's servants, who scurry around the kitchen preparing to make this the best celebration ever.
"Oh, how George Washington loves his cake! And, oh, how he depends on Hercules, his head chef, to make it for him. Hercules, a slave, takes great pride in baking the president's cake."
Author Ramin Ganeshram and illustrator Vanessa Brantley-Newton had written about the historical context in notes accompanying the story, but were criticised for not having included it in the main narrative.
Trade journal Kirkus said children could be left with a "sorely incomplete understanding of both the protagonists' lives and slavery itself" if adults did not read them the additional material.
Scholastic said in the statement: "While we have great respect for the integrity and scholarship of the author, illustrator, and editor, we believe that, without more historical background on the evils of slavery than this book for younger children can provide, the book may give a false impression of the reality of the lives of slaves and therefore should be withdrawn."
They added that they "do not believe this title meets the standards of appropriate presentation of information to younger children, despite the positive intentions and beliefs of the author, editor, and illustrator."
Ganeshram wrote in a blog post that she had undertaken four years of research and "thought long and hard about each word and depiction".
"How could they be proud to bake a cake for George Washington? The answers to those questions are complex because human nature is complex.
"Bizarrely and yes, disturbingly, there were some enslaved people who had a better quality of life than others and 'close' relationships with those who enslaved them. But they were smart enough to use those 'advantages' to improve their lives."
Editor Andrea Davis Pinkney said in her own blog post on the subject that while "the topic of slavery is one that must be handled with the utmost care", the book "presents an important slice of American history".
She wrote: "A Birthday Cake for George Washington does not take slavery's horror for granted.
"On several occasions, the book comments on slavery, acknowledges it, and offers children and adults who will be sharing the book 'a way in' as they speak to these issues."


Andrew Johnston has delighted fans at The Open with his cheerful demeanour and says he will continue to do so when chasing the Claret Jug on Sunday.

Media playback is not supported on this device
The Englishman high-fived spectators as he walked down the 18th and his one-under 70 left him on five under, seven adrift of leader Henrik Stenson.
"It's been amazing," said the 27-year-old. "It's been such great fun.
"The two in front are quite far ahead. But you can dream. We'll just have to go out and see what happens."
The two in front at Royal Troon are Swede Stenson, who is chasing his first Open title, and American Phil Mickelson, second on 11 under.
Nicknamed 'Beef' while playing junior golf, affable Londoner Johnston will play alongside American Bill Haas, who is six under, in the penultimate pairing on Sunday.
Playing in only his second Open, the hugely entertaining Johnston's rapidly growing popularity is down to his unique interaction with the crowds, as well as the media.
The American press in particular have taken a real shine to him, concentrating on his nightly meal plans.
Johnston, who is the leading Englishman, said: "When I was asked on TV on Friday what I was going to have for tea, I said 'Caesar salad', so I had one bloke screaming 'Caesar salad' at me for the first six holes. It was hilarious.
"Actually, I had a pizza in the end. Just a 10-inch one. I like Caesar salad. I just don't tend to choose it."
But their line of questioning that he might be a bit of a 'salad dodger', when asking about the size of the pizza he'd had, got perhaps a bit too personal at one point.
One asked: "How much do you weigh?"
A surprised but nonetheless sportingly unflustered, Johnston brought the house down by replying: "I don't know. Do you want to pick me up?"
The daily cries of 'Beeef' whenever he holes a putt or plays a good shot have acted as a catalyst.
"I guess I'm just a down-to-earth bloke who likes to talk to people. You want people to go home with good memories. I'll chat to anyone from anywhere, as long as they're nice people who are nice to me."
The chirpy, lovable Johnston, who comes from a quarter Jamaican background, has already made it clear that he will answer a question on virtually any subject with a smile on his face.
On his beard, he admitted that his girlfriend "wants me to shave it off, as it's getting a bit long".
He added: "I'll have a tidy-up next week. I've been growing it since the Portugal Masters last October."
On reading bedtime stories and playing games with his niece, who is over from Florida with his sister, he said: "They wanted to come over and see me play in France and I went to the Bridgestone Invitational instead.
"But then I got her into the US Open and she's come here too, so I think she's had a good deal."
He also admitted that he almost welled up "when I chipped in at 14" because he could see his mum crying.
"That got me going. I had to turn away, and say to myself: "Don't look at mum."
Johnston's biggest career pay cheque was the £333,330 he picked up for winning the Spanish Open in May.
If he can finish fourth or higher on Sunday, he will better that.
The prize pot at Royal Troon offers £337,000 for fourth, £433,000 for third, £675,000 for second, and a winner's cheque of £1.175m.
Although none of that would compare, of course, to winning the silver Claret Jug.
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Banbridge athlete Emma Mitchell continued her impressive winter form as she set a new personal best in winning the Scottish Indoor 1500m title.

Mitchell was over 20 seconds ahead of second-placed Anna Tait as she won in 4:16.20 - cutting 0.88secs off her previous best.
Her time was only 1.20 outside the qualifying mark for the European Indoor Championships in Belgrade in March.
Given that it was a solo run, Mitchell looks capable of achieving the mark.
Meanwhile, Kerry O'Flaherty finished fourth in the 3,000m at Sunday's City of Manchester Indoor meeting.
Running after being bothered by a virus for close to a month, O'Flaherty clocked 9:18.06 - just under seven seconds outside her indoor personal best set last year.
Swansea runner Elinor Kirk won in 9:00.59 which left her well ahead of Charlotte Arter (9:12.47) and Lauren Howarth (9:15.83).


Hollywood actor Brian Cox has carried the The Queen's baton as it made its way to Rosslyn Chapel in Midlothian.

The Queen's Baton Relay was on the third day of its tour of Scotland, ahead of the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games.
The baton is taking a 40-day trek round the host country - ending with the opening ceremony on 23 July.
The latest leg also took in Loanhead, Penicuik, Rosewell, Bonnyrigg, Newtongrange, Gorebridge, Mayfield, Easthouses, Newbattle and Dalkeith.
Cox, who has appeared in films including the Bourne Supremacy and is the current rector of The University of Dundee, was one of about 100 people carrying the baton on day three.
The baton finished its Midlothian tour in Dalkeith at about 18:20.
Bowls world champion David Peacock and female rugby player Rachel Law were among the Midlothian baton bearers.
Others included 85-year-old Burns Scott and young swimmer Jennifer Henderson.
Steven Waterston, a former soldier who volunteers and completes marathons despite a sensory-depriving neurological condition, and Colin Leslie, who represented Scotland in badminton after having a double amputation below the knees, are also baton-bearers.
The route included the Midlothian Snowsports Centre and the National Mining Museum at Newtongrange.
Events concluded with a celebration in Dalkeith Country Park.
The baton has travelled 118,000 miles and visited 70 nations and territories.
It contains a message from the Queen, which will be read out at the opening ceremony on 23 July.
The Queen's baton relay route:
A comprehensive list of towns the baton will visit each day in Scotland can be found on the Glasgow 2014 website.


A cyclist has been seriously injured in a collision with a car in Dorset.

The crash, involving a black Nissan driven by a woman, 26, from Portland, happened on Worgret Road in Wareham shortly after 18:00 BST on Sunday.
The 58-year-old male cyclist from Essex was flown by air ambulance to hospital in Southampton with life threatening injuries.
Road closures were in place for several hours while emergency services were at the scene.


Pop star Madonna fell off the stage during her performance at the 2015 Brit Awards, on a night that saw Sam Smith and Ed Sheeran each win two prizes.

Madonna tumbled down a set of stairs and landed awkwardly, apparently after a dancer tried to remove a cape she was wearing at the start of her routine.
But she recovered and returned to continue her song, Living For Love.
The 56-year-old issued a statement later saying she was "fine" and that her cape had been "tied too tight".
"Nothing can stop me and love really lifted me up," she wrote on Instagram, referencing the lyrics to her song. "Thanks for your good wishes!"
Read coverage of the ceremony as it happened.
The painful incident came at the end of a ceremony where Ed Sheeran and Sam Smith shared the honours, winning two awards each.
An average of 5.3 million people tuned in to the ceremony on ITV, according to overnight ratings - rising to 5.8 million when ITV+1 viewers are added in.
That is up from the 4.6 million who tuned in last year - but less than 2013's overnight audience of 6.5 million.
John Hand, BBC News
You may have wondered why there was no gasp of shock from the O2 crowd as Madonna took her backward tumble.
Well, sitting way up in the balcony seats among some of Madonna's biggest fans - the type who know and sing along with every lyric - the initial thought was that it may have been a particularly well orchestrated dance manoeuvre.
Consider the evidence - she fell on the lyric "I let down my guard, I fell into your arms" and was back on her feet to sing purposely "now that it's over, I'm going to carry on".
The truth later emerged but credit to the showbiz trooper for carrying on. In the words of those other Brit Award history-makers Chumbawamba "I get knocked down but I get up again".
Sheeran scooped the night's main prize, album of the year, for his record X - which was the best-selling record of 2014 in the UK.
"I was really worried abut this album," he said, accepting his trophy from actor Russell Crowe. "It took a long time to make."
The star added it had been a "very, very good year for British music".
"I don't think a statue gives justification of people's success," he continued.
Sheeran also won best British male, while Sam Smith took home best breakthrough artist and the global success award - recognising album sales outside the UK.
The singer, who won four Grammys earlier this month, thanked his fans in an emotional speech.
"Since I was a little kid I dreamed of people all over the world singing my songs and although I've got a long way to go, this shows that I'm stepping in the right direction."
Earlier, Taylor Swift opened proceedings, playing her hit single Blank Space surrounded by dancers in white suits and bowler hats.
She went on to win best international female, her first award after eight years of releasing records in the UK.
"I started out playing King's College [in London] and eight years later I'm getting ready to play Hyde Park," she said backstage. "It's like... what?"
The star dedicated her award to Sheeran, a close friend, who fanned the flames of her love affair with the UK by "taking me to pubs and showing me how to make a proper cup of tea."
Both acknowledged their slow-building success in their speeches.
"Oh my god, wow," said Swift. "I've been coming to England and playing shows for eight years and this is my first Brit Award, I'm so happy."
Paloma Faith won best British female, and also alluded to her slow-building career.
"This has been 13 years in the making and I'm going to gob off a bit," she told the audience at London's O2 Arena.
She revealed she'd "been arrested twice" for fly posting in Hackney when she was a young artist, but could now see her face on posters at the tube station outside the venue.
Faith's third album, A Perfect Contradiction, was the biggest-selling female record in the last year, shifting more than 725,000 copies.
She also gave one of the night's more elaborate performances, singing Only Love Can Hurt Like This under a streaming waterfall.
Mark Ronson won best single for Uptown Funk, while Brighton rock duo Royal Blood were presented with best British Group by rock legend Jimmy Page.
The band also performed at the show, alongside George Ezra and Kanye West, who premiered a new song All Day, which had to be heavily censored by ITV.
Mark Savage, Entertainment reporter
There's a perennial gripe that the Brit Awards don't reward innovation or cutting-edge music. Radiohead and PJ Harvey have notoriously never won, for example.
But the critics have lost perspective: The artists rewarded at the Brits are usually the ones the public have fallen in love with, for better or worse.
Sam Smith's Stay With Me is already a standard; while Ed Sheeran's Thinking Out Loud will soundtrack weddings for years to come.
As Lionel Richie said on the red carpet, "these songs will last the rest of your life".
So, yes, the Brits are more populist than the Mercury Prize or the NME Awards, but as the industry's main awards night, it seems right that commercial success is the ceremony's barometer.
Although I'm sure the organisers would love to erase Steps victory in 2000's "best live act" category from history.


In a cloud of dust, a touch of wheels and two broken Formula 1 cars, the pressure that had been building inside Mercedes through the first four races of the season was released.

A confluence of unfortunate circumstances led to a conjoining of the two silver F1 cars, and Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg ended up in the gravel at Turn Four on the first lap of the Spanish Grand Prix, each nursing their own resentment, even if they tried to hide it afterwards.
The Mercedes media management system went into overdrive to try to contain the fall-out from the crash that handed the race to Red Bull and ended in the marketing dream of an 18-year-old winning his first grand prix for the team.
But the effects of this incident will reverberate through the rest of this already compelling F1 season.
The seeds of this incident go right back to another collision between Hamilton and Rosberg in the 2014 Belgian Grand Prix, which itself was an example of pressure building to a point at which it could no longer be contained.
After that crash, Mercedes F1 boss Toto Wolff was apoplectic and made it clear to both drivers that it must never happen again, that their first responsibility was to make sure they go to the end of the race and never endanger the possibility of the team winning.
This time, Wolff admitted to being "angry and upset" but the tone was very different. Then, blame was laid squarely on Rosberg's "unacceptable conduct". Now, it was "a very unfortunate racing incident, triggered by various circumstances".
In large part, that is a reflection of Wolff's fundamental honesty. In Spa, Rosberg was clearly to blame. In Barcelona on Sunday, it was much less clear-cut.
The background, and the fundamental reason for the crash, was that Rosberg has had a clean run of four victories in the first four races of this season, and Hamilton has hit various problems.
That meant Rosberg arrived in Spain with a 43-point lead over Hamilton in the championship, and the world champion was determined not to let it get any bigger.
Hamilton took an absolutely brilliant pole position, one of his very best, rewriting the boundaries of what was possible in a way that left many in the paddock aghast - including his team-mate.
His start was good, but so was Rosberg's, and the German drafted Hamilton down to Turn One and passed him around the outside with a fantastic manoeuvre, the sort he has so rarely been able to pull off.
At that moment, as Rosberg admitted later, he felt he was "about to win that race", so difficult is passing on the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya.
Hamilton knew it, too, so when he saw Rosberg's engine "de-rating" - running out of hybrid boost indicted by a flashing red light on the back of his car in Turn Three because the German had it on the wrong setting - he saw an opportunity to pounce.
Rosberg was a little on the inside of the normal line but Hamilton knew he had to go for the inside, at a closing speed of an extra 17km/h, it was revealed later. Rosberg moved to defend but Hamilton kept coming.
TV pictures showed that Hamilton had his front wing alongside Rosberg's rear wheel while both were still on the track. In theory, that means the defending driver has to leave a car's width of space.
But Rosberg was coming across so fast that it was all a blur. Hamilton took to the grass, lost control, spun and hit his team-mate going backwards, both then careering into the gravel trap.
Listen to Hamilton and Rosberg crash
Hamilton said: "I was gaining on him at fairly decent pace and where he positioned the car was a car width to the right of the [racing] line and I had to decide whether to go left or right.
"The inside is always what you'd go for; there was a much bigger gap. I had part of my wing and wheel alongside within the white line and then that diminished pretty quickly.
"I did what I could to avoid an incident by going on the grass but it all happened pretty quickly.
"It wasn't a case of 'the door was closed but I decided to go across the grass'. I saw a gap and went for it and that's what racing drivers do."
Rosberg said: "I saw Lewis closing in, so as soon as I could I closed the door to the inside with a clear strong move to make sure he understands there is not going to be space there and I was very surprised that he went for it anyway. That's it. Then we were in the sand trap.
"In the end, we have to go with what the experts think and the experts have decided it was a racing incident."
Technically, Rosberg had breached article 27.7 of the sporting regulations, which requires the leading driver to leave room if there is a "significant proportion of the car attempting to pass alongside".
And, technically, one view could be that Hamilton had caused a collision, which is also against the rules. Another TV still, taken shortly before the one we have already mentioned, showed Hamilton still clearly behind and Rosberg angling steeply to the inside - at which point many might have backed out of it.
But the stewards decided not to penalise either driver, a conclusion based on the speed at which circumstances unfolded.
Rosberg "defended his position, as is his right," they said. Hamilton "had a portion of his front wing inside [Rosberg] fractions of a second prior to having to leave the track to avoid an initial collision, which may have led him to believe he had the right to space on the right".
"Once on the grass, [Hamilton] was no longer in control of the situation."
The conclusion was that Rosberg "had the right" to do what he did and Hamilton's "attempt to overtake was reasonable".
Now, some might view that as a fudge, especially as Red Bull's Daniel Ricciardo, right behind, said: "From what I saw, Rosberg didn't give him room but it happened very quickly so I won't say any more."
But as Wolff put it: "When we looked at the incident, there are quite some many people in the team with racing experience and an opinion, and it differed between all of us. What I take home is it is an incident that could have been avoided from both sides."
Of the two drivers, Rosberg was the one who, judging by appearances, seemed more angry.
Do they need clear-the-air talks, he was asked? "It is something I need to think about in the days to come," he replied. "I can't tell you now. I am just extremely gutted because it was my race to win and I am not just gutted for myself."
When Hamilton was asked whether it changed the dynamic between him and Rosberg, he replied: "It doesn't change anything. We just keep racing, try to make sure it doesn't happen again."
Was the incident triggered because Rosberg had less to lose, given his championship advantage, and Hamilton is under pressure to make up ground?
"Subconsciously maybe," Wolff said, "but I am not Dr Freud and it is difficult to judge whether that played a role."
Another way of looking at it, though, is that, actually, Hamilton had every bit as much reason not to back down as Rosberg.
Yes, a crash maintained Rosberg's points lead. But equally Hamilton had lost the lead, and will have known that the first lap was his best opportunity to pass, and that if they both finished he would lose a further seven points to his team-mate.
That is not to suggest that either did anything deliberately to precipitate a collision; it is merely an illustration of the stakes involved.
Those stakes have just been raised considerably.
Hamilton has less time to close a still considerable gap; Rosberg has made it clear he will not be intimidated.
Mercedes have emphasised such a thing must not happen again. But ultimately they are as good as powerless to prevent it.
Wolff said he felt further discussions were not necessary, that the "pain" of losing 43 points was "lesson enough".
"You can't expect them to be easy about it," Wolff said. "Each will have an opinion. But I am 100% sure it won't influence their relationship negatively going forward."
Not everyone will be quite so sure about that.
Spanish Grand Prix results
Spanish Grand Prix coverage details


Aberdeen FC has submitted its planning application for a new stadium on the outskirts of the city.

The stadium and training facilities would be built at Kingsford, close to the Aberdeen bypass, near Westhill.
The ground would have a capacity of 20,000. The club believes the new stadium is vital if it is to achieve a sustainable future.
However, there has been some protest. Opponents are to deliver information packs to local residents.
In July last year, the Say No To Kingsford Stadium group vowed to continue its campaign despite saying it was facing online abuse.
Aberdeen FC said the club condemned any such abuse.
The Dons had been considering a relocation to Loirston, to the south of Aberdeen, but the proposal was marred by planning difficulties.
Chairman Stewart Milne has described Kingsford as "an ideal location for supporters".


A group of suspected migrants have been discovered in a lorry travelling on the M25 in Kent.

Two adults and three children were found in the back of the vehicle close to the Darenth interchange at Junction 2, police said.
They were taken into custody and later handed over to Home Office immigration officers.
Kent Police were called to the scene at 13:30 BST on Saturday.


Manchester United boss Louis van Gaal believes winning the FA Cup will be more memorable for his players than qualifying for the Champions League.

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The Red Devils failed to secure their place in Europe's elite club competition after finishing fifth in the Premier League.
However, they have the chance to finish the season with a trophy when they play Crystal Palace at Wembley on Saturday.
"Qualification is not a title. A title is the FA Cup," said Van Gaal.
"It is important for the players. They can look at and hold the cup, that's an exciting moment and especially here in England because the FA Cup is a big title.
"Also for Manchester United it is a big title. I have read that the club's last FA Cup was 2004 so that's a long time ago."
Who do you think should start the FA Cup final? Step into Louis van Gaals shoes and pick your XI - and then share it with your friends using our brand new team selector.
Van Gaal's future remains uncertain heading into the game.
The Dutchman said after Tuesday's final league game against Bournemouth that he planned to see out the remainder of his three-year contract at Old Trafford.
Former Chelsea boss Jose Mourinho continues to be linked with Manchester United.
Van Gaal, though, was keen not to be drawn on speculation about his future, saying his focus is only on winning Manchester United's first piece of silverware since Sir Alex Ferguson retired in 2013.
"A club like Manchester United needs silverware," he added.
"It is not good to speak about my interest. For the club it is important and it is very important for the players and, of course, for the manager and staff it is very important. But first place is the club.
"The most interesting point is that we are able to win something. We are very close but when you don't win, you have nothing.
"First we have to win, then you can say it's the first title after the period of Alex Ferguson."
Who do you think should start the FA Cup final? Step into Alan Pardews shoes and pick your XI - and then share it with your friends using our brand new team selector.


Four people have been attacked by prisoners while doing unpaid work inspecting conditions in jails in England and Wales, the BBC has learned.

The volunteers belong to the Independent Monitoring Board (IMB) and were attacked in separate incidents over the past 12 months.
It is thought this is the first time prison volunteers have been attacked.
The Prison Service said it would push for the "strongest possible punishment" for those involved.
The volunteers' role includes ensuring standards of care and decency for prisoners are maintained.
In two of the incidents, volunteers were spat at, one of the IMB members was pushed, and another was punched.
No-one required hospital treatment.
There are about 1,500 IMB volunteers across England and Wales who monitor the day-to-day life of prisons and immigration removal centres.
The volunteers have unrestricted access to the jail they are visiting, and can talk to prisoners out of the sight or hearing of Prison Service staff.
It is thought to be the first time that members of the IMB have been attacked.
The two spitting incidents took place in prison segregation areas - the IMB members were spat at through the cell door hatch.
The punch incident was also in a segregation area.
Segregation areas are staffed so prison officers would have been present.  The push took place on a prison wing.
No-one needed hospital treatment but the visitor who was punched has taken time off their IMB duties to recover.
A Prison Service spokesman said: "We do not tolerate any violence against staff and the dedicated volunteers who work in our prisons.
"Where incidents like this occur we will always work closely with the police to push for the strongest possible punishment."


A Dundee artist has opened Scotland's representation at the Venice Biennale arts festival in Italy.

Graham Fagen, a lecturer at Dundee University, has launched a solo exhibition at the show, which is one of the world's largest and most prestigious visual arts events.
Millions of people are expected to visit the Biennale over six months.
Mr Fagan's collection of sculptures, drawings and audio-visual installations was put together in Arbroath.
The university lecturer and contemporary artist was chosen to represent the "Scotland + Venice" partnership, a linkup between Creative Scotland, the National Galleries of Scotland and the British Council Scotland, which has been contributing to the Venice Biennale for seven years.
Mr Fagen, who teaches PhD, Masters and final-year honours students at the Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, has previously taken part in the group's representation in Venice, but this is his first solo exhibition there.
His specially-created body of work, commissioned and curated by Hospitalfield House in Arbroath, is being exhibited at Palazzo Fontana, a Venetian palace off the Grand Canal in the Cannaregio district of Venice.
The complex collection involves a number of collaborations, including work with composer Sally Beamish, the musicians of the Scottish Ensemble, and reggae singer Ghetto Priest.
Mr Fagen said: "The Venice Biennale offers an exciting platform to showcase my work in a truly international context.
"I am honoured to have been recognised and chosen by the Scotland + Venice partnership to participate in Scotland's presentation at this year's Biennale.
"Having their support has enabled me to work collaboratively with the renowned composer Sally Beamish and to rekindle my long term collaborations with producer Adrian Sherwood and the fantastic vocals of Ghetto Priest."
Amanda Catto, visual arts portfolio manager at Creative Scotland, said: "Scotland + Venice has a long established history of promoting new work by leading Scottish artists at la Biennale di Venezia.
"Graham Fagen's presentation will continue this tradition of showcasing some of the best Scottish contemporary art within the context of one of the world's most important exhibitions of visual art."
The Venice Biennale, which has taken place in the Italian city every two years since 1895, focuses on contemporary arts, with separate events for dance, architecture, cinema and theatre.
Countries each have their own "pavilion" in which to showcase their artists, with Sarah Lucas providing the UK's entry this year. In recent years the Scotland + Venice scheme allows Scotland to have its own exhibition area distinct from the UK one.
The 56th Venice Biennale runs until 22 November.


Novak Djokovic overcame Rafael Nadal to set up a meeting with Milos Raonic in Sunday's final of the BNP Paribas Open at Indian Wells.

Serbia's world number one defeated Nadal 7-6 (7-5) 6-2 for a 10th win in their last 11 meetings.
Djokovic needed to save a set point in the opener but gradually turned on the power against the Spaniard.
Earlier, Raonic had to work hard to beat Belgium's David Goffin 6-3 3-6 6-3 to reach his 17th career ATP final.
The Canadian, who is now the world number 14, sent down 10 aces against Goffin, who had beaten French Open champion Stan Wawrinka on his way to the last four.
He roared through the first set in 34 minutes but struggled with his serve in the second before recovering his composure with an early break in the decider to help seal victory.
"I feel even when I am not playing my best I am able to find the answers," said Raonic, who is coming back after six weeks off with a torn thigh muscle.
"I am definitely able to play at a higher level this year and when a crisis occurs during a match I can find the solutions better."
Djokovic and Nadal traded blows in a tense opening set, with the Serb battling hard at 4-5 to level the match.
He overcame that scare to force a tie-break and went 4-1 up before Nadal levelled at 5-5, but Djokovic edged ahead for his first set point and took it when Nadal netted.
But the second set belonged to Djokovic as Nadal struggled before holding his serve in his opening service game, which went on for over 11 minutes.
Although Nadal worked hard to stay in the match, Djokovic was able to do enough to keep his nose in front, breaking to go 4-2 ahead and quickly wrap up victory to stay on course for his fifth Indian Wells title.


Kenya's anti-terror police have carried out at least 81 extrajudicial killings in country's mainly Muslim coastal region since 2012, a rights group says.

Haki Africa said the figure could be higher but some families were reluctant to come forward for fear of victimisation by state security agents.
The police oversight body said 52 officers were on trial in connection with such killings countrywide.
The coastal region has suffered several terror attacks in recent years.
The Somali Islamist militant al-Shabab group has been targeting Kenya over the deployment of Kenyan forces to Somalia.
Most of the victims were youths including returnees from Somalia who had surrendered after the government promised them amnesty, Haki Africa's report said.
Others were allegedly killed as a result of excessive use of force during police crackdowns on protests and other religious groups that had been accused of radicalising young people.
Saada Suleiman, who attended the report's launch in the capital, Nairobi, said her husband had been missing for two years since his arrest in a raid on Masjid Musa mosque in Mombasa known for its radical sermons.
Haki Africa Executive Director Hussein Khalid said some of those killed were terror suspects, including several radical Muslim clerics, but this was no excuse for the state to execute them without due process.
The BBC's Abdinoor Aden in the capital, Nairobi, says officers from the anti-terror unit have been heavily implicated in the report.
Murshid Nassir, who heads the National Police Service Commission which vets officers, told the BBC that so-called "death squads" did not exist within the force and extrajudicial killings were not condoned.
While the chairman of the Independent Policing Oversight Authority promised to take action against officers found guilty of engaging in the killings.
Macharia Njeru said 52 officers had been charged and more than 300 officers were being probed for gross human rights violations.


Politicians have been urged to ensure human rights protections are stronger following the General Election.

The Scottish Human Rights Commission (SHRC) said any changes to the legal system would have a direct impact on the lives of people living in Scotland.
Its report on the future of human rights legislation said an undercurrent of debate about changing the laws was "regressive" in nature.
It called on all parties to ensure human rights laws go forward not back.
The chairman of SHRC, Prof Alan Miller, said its report set out a test for any proposals to change the UK's human rights laws.
He said: "We must not allow regressive changes to slip through, or opportunities to improve people's lives to be missed. All of us deserve better than that."
Prof Miller added: "Changes to the UK's human rights laws would have a direct impact on the lives of people in Scotland, particularly in areas like immigration, defence and some aspects of welfare."
He said there had been some notable legal successes in Scotland using human rights laws.
They included a judgement against a local authority for withdrawing provision of a carer for a disabled former ballet dancer, and challenges against the so-called "bedroom tax".
There have been a number of suggestions from politicians that human rights laws should be modified, for instance when a person has broken the law or immigration regulations.
Carer case
Elaine McDonald, a disabled former Scottish Ballet dancer, brought a case against her local authority when it stopped providing her with a night carer to help her use the toilet.
Although she lost her case on other issues, the judgement by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg established that a failure to consider a person's dignity can be a breach of Article 8, the right to a private and family life.
This has been seen as an important ruling by disabled people and organisations campaigning for their rights to be realised in practice.
Army casualties
The families of several soldiers killed in Iraq, when their vehicles were hit by roadside bombs, sued the Ministry of Defence using the HRA.
The UK Supreme Court found that the Government owed a duty of care to properly equip and train soldiers sent to war as part of its duty to protect the right to life.
Reversing this would be a backwards step in realising the rights of Scottish soldiers on operations overseas.
The Conservatives have said they were prepared to scrap the Human Rights Act (HRA) and review the UK's relationship with European courts which oversee it.
Prime Minister David Cameron said the party was also considering the "nuclear option" of withdrawal from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) after the next election.
He told the Tory conference in September 2014: "Rulings to stop us deporting suspected terrorists. The suggestion that you've got to apply the convention on the battlefields of Helmand.
"And now they want to give prisoners the vote. I'm sorry I just don't agree."
He said there would be a new British bill of rights to be passed in Westminster.
But SHRC said such a move would send a damaging message across Europe and beyond, weakening the international system of human rights as a whole.


The US government's top ethics watchdog has announced his intention to resign, after repeatedly clashing with President Donald Trump.

Walter Shaub, director of the Office of Government Ethics (OGE), will leave his post on 19 July.
"In working with the current administration, it has become clear to me that we need improvements to the existing ethics programme," he said.
The White House said in a statement that it "appreciates his service".
"The president will be nominating a successor in short order," it added.
Mr Shaub was appointed to a five-year term in 2013, and had six months left.
He will now join the non-profit Campaign Legal Center, which advocates tougher campaign finance laws, as its senior director of ethics.
Writing on Twitter, he said he would be working on "ethics reforms at all levels of government".
The departing ethics chief wrote to the president to explain his decision, before sharing the letter online.
He did not directly criticise Mr Trump, but said it had been a privilege to work with colleagues who protect the principle of placing "loyalty to the Constitution, the laws, and ethical principles above private gain".
Mr Shaub's first tensions with the president came before the Republican even took office, over his plan to hand control of his business empire to his sons.
In January, he said the proposal would not remove conflicts of interest, and did not match the "standards" of US presidents over the last 40 years.
"Every president in modern times has taken the strong medicine of divestiture," he said, referring to a process where Mr Trump would sell off his corporate assets and put the profits into a blind trust run by an independent trustee.
The OGE faced similar stresses in certifying Mr Trump's Cabinet nominees, many of whom had considerable financial assets and business interests.
Walter Shaub could see the writing on the wall. The government ethics watchdog's attempts to review possible conflicts of interest among the Trump administration were frequently thwarted. His calls for greater transparency in the White House were disregarded. His recommended reforms to strengthen his office's oversight abilities were shrugged off.
The job of a government ethics watchdog is almost always a thankless one. In the age of Trump, however, it was more than that. It was pointless. The president and his staff are the ones who determine what is and isn't ethical. They're setting their own rules, and they are the only ones holding themselves accountable.
In February, Mr Shaub urged the White House to investigate presidential aide Kellyanne Conway after she urged Fox News viewers to "Go buy Ivanka's stuff" during an interview - breaking rules that stop staffers from endorsing products.
The White House declared that Ms Conway had spoken "without nefarious motive," and should not be disciplined. Mr Shaub responded that by failing to take action, it risked "undermining the ethics programme".
Despite the obvious flashpoints between them, Mr Shaub told the Washington Post he had not been pressured to stand down by the Trump administration.
"It's clear that there isn't more I could accomplish," he said.
Mr Trump will now be able to choose his own ethics director to replace Mr Shaub, subject to confirmation by the Senate.


Argentina and Nigeria both qualified for the last 16 of the World Cup despite two Lionel Messi goals condemning the African side to a 3-2 defeat in their final group game.

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The Barcelona forward netted a fierce opener, but Ahmed Musa equalised within 80 seconds with a curling finish.
Messi made it 2-1 before the break with a 25-yard free-kick, but Musa grabbed his second after bursting through.
Marcos Rojo scored Argentina's winner, knocking in a corner with a knee.
The result means Argentina finish top of Group F with three wins from three games, while Nigeria qualify in second with four points after Iran failed to defeat Bosnia-Hercegovina.
Nigeria will face France in the last 16 in Brasilia next Monday, while Argentina take on Switzerland a day later in Sao Paulo.
They progressed after another goal-laden World Cup match.
It only took three minutes for the deadlock to be broken as Messi smashed home after Angel Di Maria's effort came off a post.
The celebrations had barely died down when Nigeria levelled. Midfielder Michel Babatunde - who was later stretchered off with a wrist injury - fed the ball into the left side of the area for Musa, who shifted to his right before curling in.
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It was the first time in World Cup history that two opposing teams had both scored inside the first five minutes.
The forwards on show continued to expose the fragility of both defences, but it was not until stoppage time in the first half that the next goal arrived.
Messi, who moments earlier drew an exceptional save from Vincent Enyeama with a free-kick, struck a set-piece over the wall and beyond the reach of the Lille goalkeeper.
It was the 27-year-old's fourth goal in three matches at Brazil 2014, having scored just once in his first eight World Cup appearances.
Nigeria knew Bosnia-Hercegovina had taken an early lead against Iran, the African team's rivals for qualification, but they did not sit back and were level again within two minutes of the restart.
Musa was the goalscorer again, the CSKA Moscow forward playing a one-two Emmanuel Emenike before slotting the ball past Sergio Romero.
Argentina pressed once more, with Di Maria twice forcing Enyeama to make good stops. But the Nigeria goalkeeper was beaten when defender Rojo used his knee to convert a corner from the left.
A desperate Di Maria was thwarted again by Enyeama in the closing moments, as the match ended in the same thrilling manner in which it began.
Match ends, Nigeria 2, Argentina 3.
Second Half ends, Nigeria 2, Argentina 3.
Ricardo Álvarez (Argentina) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Ogenyi Onazi (Nigeria).
Foul by Ezequiel Lavezzi (Argentina).
Kenneth Omeruo (Nigeria) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Substitution, Argentina. Lucas Biglia replaces Gonzalo Higuaín.
Delay in match Juwon Oshaniwa (Nigeria) because of an injury.
Attempt saved. Javier Mascherano (Argentina) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top centre of the goal. Assisted by Fernando Gago.
Corner,  Nigeria. Conceded by Ezequiel Garay.
Attempt blocked. Efe Ambrose (Nigeria) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Ogenyi Onazi.
Attempt saved. Ángel Di María (Argentina) left footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal. Assisted by Gonzalo Higuaín with a through ball.
Attempt missed. Emmanuel Emenike (Nigeria) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the left. Assisted by John Obi Mikel.
Attempt blocked. Ogenyi Onazi (Nigeria) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Michael Uchebo (Nigeria) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Uche Nwofor.
Corner,  Nigeria. Conceded by Federico Fernández.
Foul by Gonzalo Higuaín (Argentina).
Efe Ambrose (Nigeria) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Nigeria. Uche Nwofor replaces Peter Odemwingie.
Attempt missed. Ezequiel Garay (Argentina) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Ángel Di María with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Argentina. Conceded by Efe Ambrose.
Attempt blocked. Ahmed Musa (Nigeria) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Emmanuel Emenike with a through ball.
Corner,  Argentina. Conceded by Vincent Enyeama.
Attempt saved. Ezequiel Lavezzi (Argentina) right footed shot from a difficult angle on the right is saved in the bottom left corner. Assisted by Ángel Di María.
Ricardo Álvarez (Argentina) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Ogenyi Onazi (Nigeria).
Offside, Nigeria. Michael Uchebo tries a through ball, but Emmanuel Emenike is caught offside.
Attempt missed. Ahmed Musa (Nigeria) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high. Assisted by Peter Odemwingie with a cross.
Corner,  Nigeria. Conceded by Marcos Rojo.
Foul by Pablo Zabaleta (Argentina).
Ahmed Musa (Nigeria) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Corner,  Argentina. Conceded by Juwon Oshaniwa.
Javier Mascherano (Argentina) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Peter Odemwingie (Nigeria).
Substitution, Nigeria. Michael Uchebo replaces Michel Babatunde because of an injury.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Michel Babatunde (Nigeria) because of an injury.
Substitution, Argentina. Ricardo Álvarez replaces Lionel Messi.
Corner,  Argentina. Conceded by Kenneth Omeruo.


At least 11 people have been found in a tiny dark room hidden behind a bookcase in a Philippine police station.

The captives were discovered during a raid by the Commission on Human Rights (CHR), following a tip-off.
The undocumented prisoners said they had been there for a week, and alleged police at the Manila station had locked them up in order to extort money.
But officers said they were arrested as part of President Rodrigo Duterte's war on drugs.
Mr Duterte has launched a brutal crackdown across the country, leading to the deaths of more than 7,000 suspected dealers, killed by police or vigilante groups.
Tens of thousands have also been arrested since the it was launched last year.
Superintendent Robert Domingo told local media the captives discovered on Thursday had been rounded up during a "one-time, big-time" raid, and had no documents because they were still being processed.
But local media - who appear to have been invited along to film the CHR raid - reported that many of the people inside the windowless room said they were innocent, and were being asked to pay between P40,000 and P200,000 ($800-$3,990/Â£609-Â£3,095) for their release, according to figures released by ABS-CBN.
They also made allegations of torture, and told how the room had no electricity and they were forced to use plastic bags instead of a toilet.
Supt Domingo denied all the allegations, telling The Inquirer that the 1m x 3m room was "such a waste of space".
"Why should I not maximize it?" he added.
CHR spokesperson Jackie De Guia said they would continue to investigate what had happened in the police station,  noting to GMA Network: "No normal detention facility is kept behind equipment such as bookshelves."


Scotland's first minister has said a second independence referendum is "highly likely" after the UK voted to leave the EU.

Nicola Sturgeon said it was "democratically unacceptable" that Scotland faced the prospect of being taken out of the EU against its will.
She said the Scottish government would begin preparing legislation to enable another independence vote.
Scotland voted in favour of the UK staying in the EU by 62% to 38%.
The UK as a whole has voted to leave, by a margin of 52% to 48%, prompting UK Prime Minister David Cameron to announce he would stand down by October.
The SNP manifesto for May's Holyrood elections said the Scottish Parliament should have the right to hold another referendum if there was a "significant and material change" in the circumstances that prevailed at the time of the 2014 referendum, such as Scotland being taken out of the EU against its will.
At a news conference in Edinburgh, Ms Sturgeon said: "It is, therefore, a statement of the obvious that a second referendum must be on the table, and it is on the table."
It looks "highly likely", says Nicola Sturgeon, that there will now be a second referendum upon Scottish independence.
Is she enthused by this prospect? Does she thrill at the notion? Is she buffing up her best lines from 2014? The answers to those questions would be no, no and, once again, no.
To be clear, for the avoidance of any doubt, Nicola Sturgeon remains rather keen on the concept of Scottish independence. Indeed, she yearns for it.
She knows that means another referendum at some point in the future. But not now. Not in these circumstances. Not in these troubled times.
Read more of Brian's blog
Ms Sturgeon said the Scottish cabinet would meet on Saturday and she would make a statement to MSPs on Tuesday.
The first minister said there was now a significant divergence between Scotland and the rest of Britain which she "deeply regretted".
A majority of voters in all 32 council areas in Scotland voted Remain.
Area-by-area in maps: See how people voted
Speaking at her official residence, Bute House, she said: "I intend to take all possible steps and explore all possible options to give effect to how people in Scotland voted - in other words to secure our continuing place in the EU, and in the single market in particular."
Asked if there were any other options available to the Scottish government, she replied: "I think an independence referendum is now highly likely but I also think it is important that we take time to consider all steps and have the discussions, not least to assess the response of the European Union to the vote that Scotland expressed yesterday."
She also revealed she had spoken to London Mayor Sadiq Khan since the result and that he shared, for London, the desire to remain in the EU. "There is clear common cause between us," she said.
BBC Scotland took to the streets of towns and cities across the country to find out what people felt about the decision to leave the EU.
Ms Sturgeon said: "After a campaign that has been characterised in the rest of the UK by fear and hate, my priority in the days, weeks and months ahead will be to act at all times in the best interests of Scotland and in a way that unites, not divides us.
"Let me be clear about this. Whatever happens as a result of this outcome, England, Wales and Northern Ireland will always be Scotland's closest neighbours and our best friends - nothing will change that.
"But I want to leave no-one in any doubt about this. I am proud of Scotland and how we voted yesterday.
"We proved that we are a modern, outward looking and inclusive country and we said clearly that we do not want to leave the European Union.
"I am determine to do what it takes to make sure these aspirations are realised."
Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson said she shared Ms Sturgeon's disappointment at the result - but she did not believe it justified holding another independence referendum.
In a statement she said: "Like the first minister I want to see stability prioritised in the days ahead. Scotland will open for business next week in the same way as it closes today.
"But I do not believe that a second independence referendum will help us achieve that stability nor that it is in the best interests of the people of Scotland."
Ms Davidson added that addressing the challenges of leaving the EU should not mean "leaving our own Union of nations".
She said she believed in Scotland's place within the UK "today as much as ever."
Scottish Labour Leader Kezia Dugdale said the result was bad for jobs and the economy in Scotland and across the UK.
She added that she would be ready to work with Ms Sturgeon in the "best interests of the people of Scotland".
However, Ms Dugdale said she did not want to see a second Scottish independence referendum.
She explained: "On the question of independence, many of the fundamental questions that were unresolved and unanswered in 2014, remain so. Not least the question of currency. What we don't need today is more turmoil, more upheaval and more economic chaos."
Secretary of State for Scotland, David Mundell, said he would meet the Scottish government to ensure it was "fully involved" in negotiations surrounding the UK's withdrawal from the EU.
Responding to suggestions that the result could trigger a second independence referendum, he said now was "a time for calmness and deliberation, not pushing other personal or political agendas".
Scotland's only UKIP MEP David Coburn said it was "fantastic" that "we're out".
He added: "Whatever nonsense Nicola is coming out with, all this nonsense of another referendum, another neverendum - she's talking through her hat - because 40% of the population don't want anything to do with the EU."
Scottish Liberal Democrat leader Willie Rennie said he was "angry that we have lost our place in Europe".
He said: "It is bad for our country and the people who live here. It means cutting our ties with our biggest economic market despite the consequences for trade, business, jobs and incomes."
Scottish Green co-convenor Patrick Harvie said Scotland "must keep open every option for protecting ourselves from this threat".


Oakland Raiders player Ray-Ray Armstrong is under police investigation for barking at a police dog and pounding his chest.

Armstrong, 24, reportedly lifted his shirt and taunted the animal shortly before the start of Sunday's NFL game against the Pittsburgh Steelers.
The linebacker could be charged with taunting a police K-9, a third degree felony in Pennsylvania.
"The dog was going crazy," chief deputy Kevin Kraus said.
"The deputy was trying to control the dog the best she could. We were immediately notified about the incident, and we immediately initiated a criminal investigation into the matter."
Police deputy Maria Watts, the dog's handler, identified Armstrong as the player involved in the alleged taunting.
She told WTAE Pittsburgh television that the player was shouting "Hey dog, hey dog" after leaving the locker room before the game.
"Bandit was very agitated. He wanted me to let him go. I imagine with his training and experience he would have gone to his target who was taunting him. I don't want to speculate on what he would have done," she said.
"No-one in the department, from the sheriff down, is happy about this."
A third-degree felony in Pennsylvania is punishable by up to seven years in jail and a maximum $15,000 (£9,900) fine. Other crimes in that category include 'reckless burning or exploding', 'terroristic threats' and 'carrying a gun in public without a permit'.
The local sheriff's office has notified both teams and the NFL that an investigation is under way.
The teams and the league declined to comment.
The Oakland Raiders were beaten 38-35 by the Steelers.
Watch highlights from week nine of the NFL on BBC iPlayer


The leader of Bahrain's main opposition group, al-Wefaq, has called for the crown prince to attend talks aimed at ending nearly two years of unrest.

Sheikh Ali Salman told the BBC that for national dialogue to be meaningful, the government had to show its willingness to offer "concrete solutions".
"We want someone who can speak for the royal family," he said.
Crown Prince Salman al-Khalifa is seen as a reformist in a court divided on how to respond to opposition demands.
Hardliners - centred around the unelected Prime Minister Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman al-Khalifa, who has been in his post since 1971 - are said to be opposed to a dialogue process which has only just been agreed between the government and six opposition societies.
They fear that any concessions will only serve to encourage more demands from opposition leaders they deeply distrust.
However, speaking to the BBC during a visit to London, Sheikh Salman insisted that now was the time for dialogue.
"We welcome it, we are ready for it," he said. "We believe that dialogue and negotiations are necessary."
The al-Wefaq leader acknowledged that many young protesters had lost faith in the main opposition parties.
"A lot of young people do not believe that we should ask for permission to go on a demonstration, or that we should call for a constitutional monarchy with this family, which until now is still killing people".
But he believed that the only way forward was to work with reformists within the Sunni Muslim royal family, including the US- and UK-educated Crown Prince Salman, who has has long been considered a proponent of accommodation with the country's Shia majority.
Sheikh Salman noted that hours before King Hamad brought in Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) troops to restore order and crush dissent on 14 March 2011, the crown prince and opposition had agreed a seven-point plan that would have moved Bahrain towards a constitutional monarchy.
"We had an agreement with the crown prince," he said. "The seven principles were announced and then 12 hours later, GCC troops came in and severed the dialogue."
Asked about the appointment of Senator John Kerry as US secretary of state, Sheikh Salman said he was "hopeful" that he would "do more than his predecessor", Hillary Clinton.
"US policy needs to be more clear and direct. The United States government needs to pressure harder for human rights and democratic practices.  We are told that Mr Kerry has more interest in Bahrain and so we hope he will achieve more."
On the UK's approach to the crisis in Bahrain, the al-Wefaq leader was more blunt.
"If the UK government and [Prime Minister David] Cameron are serious about putting an end to violence and human rights abuses, then they have to speak out publically.
"It is not enough to say: 'We are privately urging reform.' That has been done for years. Unfortunately, the Bahrain government is not listening to these private conversations.
"So, the question I would ask the British government is: 'Shall you continue to say it privately and not put public pressure?' This is not, I think, a good policy."
Sheikh Salman also reiterated al-Wefaq's position that it would continue to call for "peaceful demonstrations", even though all public gatherings and rallies are currently banned in Bahrain.
"It is the only way open to us to put pressure on the government."
He also called for the release of 13 opposition leaders and human rights activists who have been sentenced to between five years and life in prison on evidence widely accepted as having been obtained under torture. They were convicted of plotting to overthrow the government.
"These people have a lot of followers in the street.  If they are not part of the dialogue than the dialogue will fail."


Ukraine's President Viktor Yanukovych and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin have held surprise talks on a "strategic partnership treaty".

Mr Yanukovych flew from China to Sochi in southern Russia for the meeting. He also cancelled a visit to Malta.
Last month he shelved a partnership deal with the EU, triggering angry protests in Ukraine's capital Kiev.
Jailed opposition politician Yulia Tymoshenko has reportedly called off a prison hunger strike.
The former prime minister's daughter, Eugenia, said her mother had accepted a request from protesters in Kiev to stop the fast.
She had reportedly begun the hunger strike on 25 November in protest at Mr Yanukovych's failure to sign the EU deal.
Thousands of anti-Yanukovych protesters remain outside the government building on Kiev's Independence Square, braving bitter cold.
They are furious that he made an 11th-hour U-turn in relations with the EU, refusing to sign the association agreement that had been prepared during years of negotiations.
In Sochi, Mr Yanukovych discussed "preparation of a future treaty on strategic partnership" with Russia, his press service said.
The talks covered various economic issues, the statement said, without elaborating.
Mr Putin has been urging Ukraine to join Russia's customs union with Belarus and Kazakhstan - a union whose entry terms are far less demanding than the EU's.
In recent months Russia has put Ukraine under economic pressure, imposing long customs delays at the border and banning imports of Ukrainian sweets.
Arseniy Yatsenyuk, a Tymoshenko ally and leader of the main opposition faction in parliament, condemned the talks in Sochi.
"Their attempts to sell Ukraine to Russia have not ended in any way," he said.  "If Yanukovych tries to sign anything with Russia about the customs union it will lead to a bigger wave of protests."


More pupils from Scotland got a university place on exams results day than in any previous year, it has been confirmed.

Helen Thorne from UCAS told BBC Radio Scotland that 28,300 Scottish students had successfully secured their courses.
More than 140,000 students north of the border have received their results.
The Scottish Qualifications Authority has sent out scores from National 4 and 5, Higher, Advanced Higher and Scottish Baccalaureate exams.
The Scottish government said the exams had seen "another highly successful set of results", including:
140,000
Pupils receiving results
50,000
Pupils getting results by text
28,300 Scots pupils securing higher education places
27,400 Scots pupils going to Scottish universities and colleges
3,900 EU pupils securing places in Scotland
The latest results from the SQA suggested that problems with the 2015 Higher Maths exam have not been repeated. The 2015 pass mark had to be cut to 34% after the exam was deemed too difficult, but the 2016 pass mark was approximately 50%.
Fears that replacing part of the Higher English exam against a tight deadline would lead to problems also proved unfounded, with the pass mark for that subject also 50%.
Pass rates in National 4 and 5 exams were roughly in line with those in 2015, while the percentage of candidates passing their Higher exams dipped slightly from 79.2% to 77.2% - although new Higher exams have been phased in over this period.
New Advanced Higher exams were introduced for 2016, with an overall 81.7% pass rate.
Dr Janet Brown, the SQA's chief executive and Scotland's chief examining officer, paid tribute to pupils, teachers, lecturers parents and carers.
She said: "This is the first year candidates will have been offered the full range of National Courses as part of Curriculum for Excellence. These results are testament to the dedication of the entire Scottish education system, working in partnership for the benefit of our young people.
"The new qualifications are performing well and the results clearly are enabling young people to transition between the levels and develop a wider range of skills.
"It is important to recognise the different paths candidates can take to achieve success, whether it be in National Courses, Skills for Work or National Progression Awards."
The Royal Mail said it had "pulled out all the stops" to make sure results were delivered in the post on time, while more than 50,000 pupils also signed up to get their results online or via text message.
Speaking to the BBC's Good Morning Scotland programme, UCAS director Ms Thorne said: "There is really good news, we have got 28,300 Scottish students who have secured a place at university today and that is the highest that we have ever seen on Scottish results day.
"So we want to say a big congratulations to all of them and when the UCAS track system opens students will be able to log in and see if they have got their university place."
Ms Thorne also said the number of students from EU countries being accepted to Scottish universities was up 19% to 3,900, saying there was "no evidence of EU students being put off" by the Brexit vote.
The National Union of Students welcomed the "hugely encouraging" figures, while Colleges Scotland said it was "delighted" with the results.
Education Secretary John Swinney said students could be "extremely proud of their efforts".
Mr Swinney said: "Today's results show that Scotland's learners continue to perform very well, with the second highest number of Higher passes on record, despite a fall in the size of the S5 and S6 year groups. This year is only the second time in history that we have seen more than 150,000 Higher passes, up from around 112,000 just ten years ago.
"It is encouraging to see strong performances in qualifications related to wider skills for life and work and I greatly welcome the increase of attainment in Awards, National Certificates and National Progression Awards."
Opposition parties also welcomed the results, with Scottish Conservative education spokeswoman Liz Smith welcoming the fact that issues from 2015 appeared to have been addressed.
Labour's Iain Gray also voiced congratulations to pupils whose "hard work has paid off", although he noted concern about the drop in the pass rate for Highers and called on the government to build on the results by giving schools extra resources.
The Royal Mail said results had been delivered to Scottish students in 45 countries around the world, from Australia to Singapore.
Planning teams had been working for months to ensure that all results are delivered on time.
Head of special events and planning Derek Keir said: "This is a massive day for every pupil in Scotland waiting for their results.
"All of our postmen and women, many of whom have children themselves, understand just how important this day is for families. Our people pull out all the stops to ensure the results are delivered as quickly and efficiently as possible."
Skills Development Scotland has set up a free helpline to offer advice, information and support for pupils and parents, including information on college and university courses, apprenticeships, employment and volunteering. The number is 0808 100 8000.


An elderly man who shot his dementia patient wife at point-blank range told care home staff she "had suffered enough", a court has heard.

Rita King, 81, died at De La Mer House in Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex, on 28 December last year.
Her husband Ronald, 87, is on trial at Chelmsford Crown Court. He denies murder.
After shooting his wife, jurors heard, Mr King turned the gun on himself but told staff "I cannot do it".
Prosecutor Andrew Jackson told the jury there was "no dispute" Mr King, who was born with a disability in his left arm, had shot his wife of 50 years.
Live: For the latest on the Ronald King trial and other Essex stories
He shot Mrs King through the eye with her father's World War Two Enfield service revolver, using a bullet dating back to 1943, the court heard.
When he left the lounge area of the home, the jury was told, Mr King was approached by staff.
He told staff: "I've just shot my wife. She had suffered enough."
The court heard the couple lived in Ilford until 2012 when they moved to a bungalow in Walton.
Shortly after they moved to the town, Mrs King began showing signs of dementia.
By the time of her death, jurors heard, Mrs King could make simple decisions about eating and drinking but could not have made big or far-reaching decisions.
Mr Jackson told the jury she could not have entered into what is commonly called a suicide pact because she did not have the ability to retain information.
He said: "Prior to the killing of Mrs King, Mr and Mrs King had been a devoted couple. This is an extremely sad and tragic case.
"Mr King admits that he shot his wife dead. There is no dispute about that.
"As you will hear in a tape recorded interview in the presence of an independent person, he admitted he had intended to kill her."
The trial continues.


Hungry penguins have inspired a novel way of making sure computer code in smart cars does not crash.

Tools based on the way the birds co-operatively hunt for fish are being developed to test different ways of organising in-car software.
The tools look for safe ways to organise code in the same way that penguins seek food sources in the open ocean.
Experts said such testing systems would be vital as cars get more connected.
Engineers have often turned to nature for good solutions to tricky problems, said Prof Yiannis Papadopoulos, a computer scientist at the University of Hull who, together with Dr Youcef Gheraibia from Algeria, developed the penguin-inspired testing system.
The way ants pass messages among nest-mates has helped telecoms firms keep telephone networks running, and many robots get around using methods of locomotion based on the ways animals move.
Penguins were another candidate, said Prof Papadopoulos, because millions of years of evolution has helped them develop very efficient hunting strategies.
This was useful behaviour to copy, he said, because it showed that penguins had solved a tricky optimisation problem - how to ensure as many penguins as possible get enough to eat.
"Penguins are social birds and we know they live in colonies that are often very large and can include hundreds of thousands of birds. This raises the question of how can they sustain this kind of big society given that together they need a vast amount of food.
"There must be something special about their hunting strategy," he said, adding that an inefficient strategy would mean many birds starved.
Prof Papadopoulos said many problems in software engineering could be framed as a search among all hypothetical solutions for the one that produces the best results. Evolution, through penguins and many other creatures, has already searched through and discarded a lot of bad solutions.
Studies of hunting penguins have hinted at how they organised themselves.
"They forage in groups and have been observed to synchronise their dives to get fish," said Prof Papadopoulos. "They also have the ability to communicate using vocalisations and possibly convey information about food resources."
The communal, co-ordinated action helps the penguins get the most out of a hunting expedition. Groups of birds are regularly reconfigured to match the shoals of fish and squid they find. It helps the colony as a whole optimise the amount of energy they have to expend to catch food.
"This solution has generic elements which can be abstracted and be used to solve other problems," he said, "such as determining the integrity of software components needed to reach the high safety requirements of a modern car."
Integrity in this sense means ensuring the software does what is intended, handles data well, and does not introduce errors or crash.
By mimicking penguin behaviour in a testing system which seeks the safest ways to arrange code instead of shoals of fish, it becomes possible to slowly zero in on the best way for that software to be structured.
The Hull researchers working with Dr Gheraibia turned to search tools based on the collaborative foraging behaviour of penguins.
The foraging-based system helped to quickly search through the many possible ways software can be specified to home in on the most optimal solutions in terms of safety and cost.
Currently, complex software was put together and tested manually, with only experience and engineering judgement to guide it, said Prof Papadopoulos. While this could produce decent results it could consider only a small fraction of all possible good solutions.
The penguin-based system could crank through more solutions and do a better job of assessing which was best, he said.
Mike Ahmadi, global director of critical systems security at Synopsys, which helps vehicle-makers secure code, said modern car manufacturing methods made optimisation necessary.
"When you look at a car today, it's essentially something that's put together from a vast and extended supply chain," he said.
Building a car was about getting sub-systems made by different manufacturers to work together well, rather than being something made wholly in one place.
That was a tricky task given how much code was present in modern cars, he added.
"There's about a million lines of code in the average car today and there's far more in connected cars."
Carmakers were under pressure, said Mr Ahmadi, to adapt cars quickly so they could interface with smartphones and act as mobile entertainment hubs, as well as make them more autonomous.
"From a performance point of view carmakers have gone as far as they can," he said. "What they have discovered is that the way to offer features now is through software."
Security would become a priority as cars got smarter and started taking in and using data from other cars, traffic lights and online sources, said Nick Cook from software firm Intercede, which is working with carmakers on safe in-car software.
"If somebody wants to interfere with a car today then generally they have to go to the car itself," he said. "But as soon as it's connected they can be anywhere in the world.
"Your threat landscape is quite significantly different and the opportunity for a hack is much higher."