As Slovakia prepares to assume the rotating presidency of the EU on 1 July, Slovak media looks at the challenges the country faces in tackling the fallout from Brexit.

Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico has suggested holding an informal summit in the capital, Bratislava, in September, to give leaders of the remaining EU countries a chance to consider the future of the union.
A "post-Brexit crisis summit", the news website euraktiv.sk calls it, saying that its theme will be "Whither the EU?" and will aim to articulate "a new vision" for the bloc as it prepares for the UK's departure.
It recalls that Mr Fico told the European Council meeting in Brussels earlier this week that anyone who believes that after Brexit "we can just offer the European public more of the same is making a big mistake".
According to Euraktiv.sk, if the summit takes place, it will be the first EU summit to be held outside Brussels since 2010 and the tone could be set by Central and Eastern European countries that joined the bloc in 2004.
Slovak Foreign Minister Miroslav Lajcak has already taken part in post-Brexit talks with his counterparts from the Visegrad 4 group (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary) which were held in the Czech capital, Prague, on Monday. The meeting was also attended by the French and German foreign ministers.
The day after the Prague meeting, Mr Lajcak visited London for talks with his British opposite number Philip Hammond. Slovak daily Pravda points out that Mr Lajcak was the first EU minister to visit London after the Brexit vote.
According to the paper, Mr Lajcak believes that Slovakia's experience in handling a "divorce" - it became an independent state in 1993 after having been part of Czechoslovakia - might now stand it in good stead.
However, Slovak media are in no doubt about the scale of the task facing the country.
"The presidency is beginning to haunt Fico," news website aktualne.sk declares.
The Slovak presidency will be "all about Brexit," Michaela Terenzani predicts in the English-language Slovak Spectator.
And the junior partner in Slovakia's coalition government, the mixed Slovak-Hungarian Most-Hid (Bridge) party, posted a statement on its Facebook page saying that "Britain's decision completely changes the Slovak presidency, it becomes the number one issueâ€¦ It is extremely important that Slovakia rises to the challenge of this presidency, for never before has a presiding country faced such a tough task".
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring  on Twitter and Facebook.


Manchester United have decided not to keep Radamel Falcao following the end of his season-long loan from Monaco.

The Colombian, who missed Sunday's 0-0 draw with Hull because of injury, scored just four goals in 29 matches.
United did not take up a reported £43.2m option to buy the 29-year-old, who failed to net in his last 13 games.
"Falcao is a top professional and a good human being. I would like to wish him well for the future," Van Gaal told the club's website.
The former Porto and Atletico Madrid striker's last goal came against Leicester on 31 January.
The South American, who missed the 2014 World Cup after suffering a serious knee injury in January last year, made a point of waving to the United fans when he was substituted in the 1-1 draw with Arsenal on 17 May, in what proved to be his last appearance.
It is the first decision in what is expected to be a busy summer for Van Gaal, who will look to reshape a squad he has consistently said is not balanced.
And while the 63-year-old is ready to go on an extended holiday to Portugal, after spending most of last summer guiding the Netherlands to third place at the World Cup, he intends to remain in touch with executive vice-chairman Ed Woodward.
"I am the manager," he said. "I have to decide which players are to go and which have to come. That is a process. It is not so easy. It is waiting for clubs to agree or not.
"It is hard work, but more for Ed Woodward than me. I go on holiday but I will always be in contact."
There was no update on the future of goalkeeper David de Gea, who missed the Hull game after failing to recover from a hamstring injury.
"He has to say something, not I," said Van Gaal when asked about the Spaniard.


A coalition of more than 70 civil rights groups has urged Facebook to be clearer about the content it removes.

In a letter to Mark Zuckerberg, the group accused the social network of "disproportionate censorship of Facebook users of colour".
The coalition wants the site to specify which rule a deleted post has broken, and provide an appeal process.
Facebook has previously responded to a letter submitted by the group, but has not yet replied to the latest one.
The social network sometimes removes content that has been reported or flagged by members, if it is judged to have broken the website's guidelines.
But the coalition argued that the moderation was "racially biased".
"Activists in the Movement for Black Lives have routinely reported the takedown of images discussing racism and during protests, with the justification that it violates Facebook's community standards," the coalition wrote.
"At the same time, harassment and threats directed at activists based on their race, religion, and sexual orientation is thriving on Facebook.
"Your recent response indicates you are adequately addressing the problem. We disagree."
The social network has faced a variety of complaints over perceived censorship of content such as political views, nudity and historical photographs.
The coalition behind the letter includes organisations such as the American Civil Liberties Union, Color of Change, and the Center for Media Justice.
It said it wanted Facebook to:
In a statement, Facebook said: "We have received the letter and are reviewing it."


Music fans have slammed a 15-minute "rip-off" show by X Factor stars Reggie N Bollie.

The six-song show at Cornwall beach bar The Watering Hole was an "absolute joke" and an "absolute rip-off" said fans of the rappers.
"We are absolutely devastated & extremely disappointed," said the bar which charged Â£22 a ticket.
Reggie N Bollie apologised to fans who "wanted us to play longer", but said they were booked to perform six songs.
Read more on this story as it develops throughout the day on our Local Live pages
The rappers, who finished second on The X Factor in 2015, played the Watering Hole in Perranporth on Saturday night.
Nikki Povey from Kingsbridge in Devon, who went with four friends and four children, told the BBC: "It was totally unacceptable. If you'd gone to the bar to get a drink you would have missed it.
"For some of the children it was their first gig. Reggie N Bollie have let them down."
Amie Bradshaw said on Facebook that she and a friend were "absolutely disgusted" and they were "grossly overcharged".
The Watering Hole said the pair were contracted for six songs "which many of these artists in this genre... spread out with audience interaction, that in the past has brought these performances to 45 minutes."
It said the "very quick exit" was "completely unacceptable" and offered free tickets to any Watering Hole event in 2016 "as a goodwill gesture".
Reggie N Bollie said on Twitter: "Sincere apologies to our fans who wanted us to play longer yesterday, we were booked to perform 6 songs. You were such an energetic crowd."


Andrew Robertson has urged Scotland fans to stick with the team ahead of Monday's Euro 2016 qualifier against Germany at Hampden.

The Hull City left-back says the players are determined to bounce back from the 1-0 defeat by Georgia.
Despite dropping to fourth in Group D, Robertson insists the squad will not dwell on the disappointment in Tbilisi.
"We have got such a big game on Monday now and we need the fans and everyone to get behind us," said Robertson.
Before facing Georgia, Robertson had said the qualifier had a "must-win" feel in terms of Scotland's hopes of booking a place in next summer's Euro 2016 finals.
Following the defeat, Robertson said: "This group is far from over and it would be typical of us to say it - as fans and in the media - but we as a squad are staying together so we need the fans to stay together with us right now."
Robertson expressed his gratitude to the Scotland fans that travelled to Tbilisi, and apologised for the result.
"We've got to take it on the chin, and obviously the fans will be disappointed but no more disappointed than the boys," he told BBC Scotland.
Shaun Maloney, who has just joined his international team-mate at Hull after leaving Major League Soccer side Chicago Fire, admitted the defeat was a setback.
"We have to come again on Monday," said Maloney. "Obviously we're going into it as huge underdogs with the way Germany have played over the last year or two.
"We'll give it our best shot and see if it's good enough."
After facing the Germans, Scotland also have a home game against Poland on October 8, before finishing the group away to Gibraltar.
"These are two humungous games and it adds pressure, but this is why teams qualify and teams don't," added Maloney.
"I think we have to deal with that pressure and we are very hopeful that we can change the result of this evening on Monday, or on the following gathering."


A museum has completed the fundraising to acquire a painting of Oxford by JMW Turner.

The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford was £60,000 short of the £860,000 needed to acquire Turner's "The High Street".
It took four weeks to raise the funds through donations. The painting was offered to the museum in lieu of £3.5m of inheritance tax.
If the museum had been unable to acquire the painting, it would have been sold on the open market.
Director Dr Alexander Sturgis said the museum had been "overwhelmed by public support" and described it as the "the greatest painting of the city ever made".
The work dated 1810 has been on loan to the Museum from a private collection since 1997.
It was offered to the museum for £860,000 as it was worth more than the tax liable on the estate.
Grants of £550,000 from the Heritage Lottery Fund, £220,000 from the Art Fund; and a further £30,000 from the Friends and Patrons of the Ashmolean also helped secure the painting.


Firefighters have been tackling a fire at a fish and chip shop in Carmarthenshire.

Six fire engines were called to the shop on Station Road, Burry Port, just after 20:00 GMT on Tuesday.
The shop was said to be well alight. The blaze has also affected neighbouring properties. There are no reports of injuries.
Trains on the nearby railway line had to be halted for a time because of smoke from the fire.


Pope Benedict XVI has formally approved a miracle attributed to his late predecessor, paving the way to John Paul II's beatification on 1 May.

The process of beatification, or declaring the late pontiff to be "blessed", is a crucial step towards making him a saint.
John Paul II died in 2005 after a papacy of nearly 27 years.
The Vatican credits him with the miraculous cure of a nun said to have had Parkinson's Disease.
Church officials believe that the Polish pope, who himself suffered from the condition, interceded for the miraculous cure of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a Frenchwoman in her late forties.
She has said her illness inexplicably disappeared two months after John Paul II's death, after she and her fellow nuns had prayed to him.
Church-appointed doctors agreed that there was no medical explanation for the curing of the nun, although last year there were some doubts about the validity of the miracle.
The 'miracle' that clinched the  beatification
A Polish newspaper said that a doctor who scrutinised the nun's case had concluded that she might have been suffering not from Parkinson's, but from a nervous disorder from which temporary recovery is medically possible.
Up to a million people are expected to gather in Rome for the beatification.
Mourners at John Paul II's funeral on 8 April 2005 chanted: "Santo subito!" - or "Make him a saint right now!"
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The following month, Pope Benedict put him on a fast track to sainthood by dispensing with Church rules that normally impose a five-year waiting period after a candidate's death before the beatification procedure can start.
Work is under way in St Peter's Basilica to make space for John Paul II's tomb since, in accordance with tradition, the remains of popes who are beatified are moved up from the crypt to the nave.
"John Paul II's coffin will be moved in St Peter's Basilica from the Vatican crypt without being opened," said Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi.
His body will not be displayed but placed in a tomb under a simple marble stone reading "Beatus Ioannes Paulus II" (Blessed John Paul II).
In order for John Paul II to be canonised as a saint, a second miracle would have to be verified following the beatification.


Ulster have been drawn to play Clermont Avergne, Bordeaux and Exeter in the European Champions Cup pool stage for the 2016/17 season.

The Belfast side met French club Clermont in the 2011/12 competition with Ulster winning at Ravenhill before losing the return game.
Leinster will take on Montpellier, Northampton and Castres while Munster face Racing 92, Glasgow and Leicester.
Pro12 champions Connacht go up against Wasps, Toulouse and Zebre.
Ulster have been handed tough pools in recent years and director of rugby Les Kiss believes it will another battle to make the quarter-finals.
"It is a difficult pool, for sure. But we were expecting that because it's a really tough competition," he said.
"The three teams will pose great challenges but it's something we're excited about.
"All teams in the pool like to play an attractive brand of rugby, so it should be good to watch from a supporter's perspective as well."
The draw will mean a return to Ulster for Exeter Chiefs captain Gareth Steenson and Ian Whitten, who earned 63 caps for the province between 2008 and 2012.
Exeter, coached by Rob Baxter, have been one of the success stories of European rugby in recent years and enjoyed a remarkable season in 2015/16, reaching the quarter-finals of the Champions Cup and the final of the English Premiership.
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Clermont have been one of the giants of the European game but they are still without a triumph in Europe's elite competition.
Indeed, they suffered recent heartbreak when they lost the finals in 2012/13 and 2014/15, both at the hands of Toulon.
Their playing roster is jam-packed with French internationals including Morgan Parra, Wesley Fofana and Aurélien Rougerie.
Bordeaux will also be strong, having recruited Ireland fly-half Ian Madigan to join a squad that already includes the likes of Adam Ashley-Cooper and Jean-Baptiste Poux.


Swansea City are too reliant on Andre Ayew and Gylfi Sigurdsson for goals, according to coach Alan Curtis.

Top-scorer Ayew and Sigurdsson have contributed eight and seven goals to the Swans' tally of 24, the joint-second lowest in the Premier League.
Swansea signed striker Alberto Paloschi in January, though the Italian has yet to score for his new club.
"We've lacked somebody since Wilfried [Bony] has gone," said Curtis, of the striker who departed in January 2015.
Swansea signed Alberto Paloschi in the January transfer window in attempt to find more goals.
"We brought Alberto in to score goals but the responsibility has to lie with the team," said Curtis.
"Alberto wasn't brought in to be the main man but to make a contribution.
"I think we're too reliant on Andre and Gylfi to get our goals, and it needs to be spread out."
Swansea visit second-placed Tottenham on Sunday, taking on a team second in the Premier League scoring charts with 47 and who have conceded only 20, fewer than any other side in the division.
By contrast, the Swans hover just three points above the relegation zone in 16th place.
Spurs face Fiorentina in the second leg of their Europa League tie on Thursday and are just two points behind the Premier League's surprising leaders, Leicester, with 12 games left in the league season.
"I think they've [Tottenham] done exceptionally well," said Curtis.
"They've got a great opportunity to win the league this year and they're still in the Europa League.
"I don't see any reason why they can't [win the league]. They've shown this year they can go all the way."
Swansea have a fully-fit squad for their trip to White Hart Lane, and there could be scope for changes following a 1-0 home defeat to Southampton in their last outing.
Winger Jefferson Montero is among the players hoping for a recall, having drastically fallen out of favour.
After a sparkling start to the season, the Ecuadorian has not started a league game since December and was left out of the match-day squad to face Southampton, he has featured only once in the Premier League this year.
"Jeff's form mirrors the form of us as a first team," said Curtis.
"He started the season really well and just started falling away for whatever reason.
"I think certainly Jeff has suffered from us switching to this diamond system.
"He's an out-and-out winger and I think, because of that, he hasn't had the game-time."
Asked if Montero and other players to have lost their places, such as striker Bafetimbi Gomis, could force themselves back into first-team contention, Curtis said: "Absolutely."
"For Jeff and Bafetimbi, the opportunity will always be there for them."


Police in Auckland, New Zealand, have seized 123kg of methamphetamine in two drug busts, breaking up two apparently unrelated gangs.

The drugs had an estimated street value of NZ$123m ($94m; £63m).
Organised crime police said the gangs had used previously unseen techniques to import and produce the drug.
Nine people were arrested under Operation Wand and Operation Sorrento, including seven people from Hong Kong and mainland China.
The raids were a joint operation between the customs authorities and police from the Organised and Financial Crime Agency New Zealand (Ofcanz).
The drugs were discovered during raids on a number of Auckland addresses in late March.
In one bust of a lab in the Pakuranga district, police found 20kg of meth which was "ready or being prepared for market".
Detective Inspector Bruce Good said this showed "the scale of the organised criminal operation we have infiltrated during Operation Wand. Unfortunately it also suggests that the market for methamphetamine remains strong in New Zealand".
He said the fact that the two groups appeared not to be connected showed that there were "a number of players involved in the importation, production and supply of methamphetamine in the Auckland region".
Police Commissioner Mike Bush said methamphetamine was "a significant driver of crime that does enormous damage to our communities".


The amount of nursery and pre-school provision for children in special schools is to be reduced.

The move will come into effect in September and will affect all 39 special schools in Northern Ireland.
It will mean pre-school children with moderate to severe learning difficulties will attend school for 2.5 hours instead of at least 4.5 hours a day.
The cut was revealed by the Education Authority (EA) in a letter to a parent.
It confirms that from September 2016 "all pre-school children will receive 2.5 hours in pre-school per day".
The EA said the move "is designed to increase the opportunity for children to access special school places," and will provide "greater regional consistency".
However, a body that represents special school principals and governors said the cut will "hold back and restrict the development of children with complex needs".
In a submission to the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Strategic Leadership Forum for Special Schools (SLFSS) said they "totally disagree" with the move.
They said it will have a range of impacts including:
Francine Wilson's three-year-old son Aodhan, is due to start pre-school at a special school in September.
"Aodhan has Down's Syndrome and we were hoping in September 2016 he would get five hours of nursery placement," she said.
"Receiving two and a half hours will, I believe, result in delayed development in Aodhan, both educationally and socially."
However, a spokesperson for the EA said the reduction was "in line with the Department of Education's 'Learning to Learn' policy".
"There has been a progressive move towards part-time places in all sectors," the spokesperson said.
"This policy recognises the research evidence that there is no discernible difference in children's development at the start of primary school between those who received part-time and full-time pre-school provision.
"This move is designed to increase the opportunity for children to access special school places, preferably nearer to their homes."
"The provision of increased access and greater regional consistency is a priority," they added.


Bristol Rovers midfielder Chris Lines has signed a new, undisclosed-length contract with the League One club.

The Bristol-born 31-year-old began his career with Rovers before joining Sheffield Wednesday in 2011.
He returned to Rovers - initially on loan - in 2015 and has started 60 league games for Darrell Clarke's side since the start of the 2015-16 season.
"Chris has put in some outstanding performances for us this season," Clarke told the club website.


David Moyes will be able to draw on footballing and financial riches that were beyond Everton's reach as he prepares to succeed Sir Alex Ferguson at Manchester United - but this does not mean his "in tray" will be empty.

The 50-year-old's expected ascension to one of world's football's most prestigious and pressurised posts has been long in the making from his days as a managerial rookie at Preston North End, but managing United will put him in the spotlight as never before.
Ferguson once described United as "the bus that waits for no-one" - and time and tide will not delay for Moyes as he settles to his task in Carrington's opulent surroundings.
If the assignment of succeeding arguably the greatest manager in football's history is not daunting enough, he arrives at Old Trafford at a time of fierce challenge, despite a 20th title being secured in relative comfort this season.
As Ferguson himself stated just 48 hours before his shock retirement, there is much to be excited about in United's current squad but also much to be done to renew the champions in the face of searching examinations from their rivals.
Manchester City, wounded by losing their crown after only one season again, are expected to flex their financial muscles in a way they declined last summer while all signs point to Jose Mourinho returning to Chelsea to resume old hostilities with United in pursuit of the Premier League.
And as a keen student of the Bundesliga, Moyes will also be aware of the new superpowers of Bayern Munich and Borussia Dortmund as he tries to bring the Champions League back to Old Trafford.
Moyes will want to bring his own brush strokes to Old Trafford's canvas while retaining the best of what Ferguson firmly believes is a solid foundation for the future.
Will Moyes be tempted to glance back in the direction of Goodison Park for new recruits? United were linked with England left-back Leighton Baines under Ferguson while the midfield power of Marouane Fellaini may be seen by some as an asset to a United midfield that, while dominant domestically, lacks the old authority in Europe.
Michael Carrick had an outstanding season but the feeling remains United still need a world-class midfield operator if they are to bridge the gap between great success at home and falling short abroad.
Moyes will have a new arrival in Wilfried Zaha from Crystal Palace while his lower division network of scouts will have ensured he was well aware of the gifted Nick Powell before he moved from Crewe to United.
He will also be reunited with Wayne Rooney, his former teenage Everton tyro whose own future has been the subject of speculation.
The pair had differences when they parted in 2004 and four years later Moyes accepted substantial libel damages over claims made in Rooney's book about their relationship at Everton.
Since then, however, the pair have been reconciled and there is now warmth once more, with Rooney taking to Twitter in September with the words: "Everton are playing brilliantly. David Moyes has done some job over the last 10 years."
Rooney, by his own high standards, has been below his best this season so it will be intriguing to see how he may attempt to revive the player to whom he handed his first-team debut as a 16-year-old.
He will want to see signs that Chris Smalling and Phil Jones, along with Jonny Evans, can stay fit long enough to show they can be the long-term central defensive successors to Rio Ferdinand, who is 35 in November, and Nemanja Vidic, who turns 32 a month earlier.
Moyes must also decide whether attacker Nani, so frustrating under Ferguson, is worth the lucrative new contract he demands or whether Anderson is worth persistence. He will have funds available but they could both be used to raise further cash.
Paul Scholes is poised for his second retirement but Moyes will rely heavily on the know-how of Ryan Giggs on and off the pitch as someone locked in to the inner workings of Manchester United.
And what of Ferguson's continued presence in the boardroom? United fans with long memories will remember the botched succession to Sir Matt Busby in 1969 when Wilf McGuinness, only 31 at the time of his appointment, could not escape from the legendary manager's shadow and lasted only 18 months.
Ferguson's close personal relationship with Moyes, and as a constant champion of his work at Everton, means there is very little chance of friction between the boardroom and the manager's office.
And as someone well-versed in the ways of Old Trafford, Ferguson is sure to make any interventions cautiously, preferring to act as wise counsel to Moyes should he need advice.
The cynics may portray Ferguson as overlord or puppetmaster, but Moyes has never pandered to his fellow countryman despite holding him in the very highest regard.
Moyes faces the great challenge of succeeding Ferguson and there is plenty to keep him occupied as he tackles the giant beast that is Manchester United.


A terrorism commentator has apologised for suggesting Birmingham was a "Muslim-only city" where non-Muslims dare not venture during an interview on US broadcaster Fox News.

The claim has baffled many of those who live in Birmingham and led to a series of satirical tweets under the Twitter hashtag #FoxNewsFacts.
So what are the facts about the city that likes to position itself as England's second metropolis?
According to the city council, more than one million people live in Birmingham.
The council also says the city is ethnically mixed - around 42% of residents are from an ethnic group other than white.
It is religiously diverse, with 46.1% of Birmingham residents saying they are Christian, 21.8% Muslim and 19.3% had no religion.
The council also says Birmingham's population is relatively youthful - 45.7% of Birmingham residents are under 30, compared with 36.8% for England.
In contrast 12.9% of residents are over 65, compared with 16.9% nationally.
Did you know the Reverend Wilbert Awdry wrote some of the Thomas the Tank Engine books at St. Nicholas' Church in Kings Norton, where he worked as a curate?
He grew up at Box in Wiltshire, and is supposed to have got the idea of engines talking ("I CAN do it. I WILL do it....") from the sound as they puffed up the incline on the Great Western line nearby.
He worked in Birmingham from 1940 to 1946.
Within Birmingham lies the "village" of Bournville, which was built by the Cadbury family for the chocolate factory's workers.
It contains no pubs because the family were Quakers.
The company was founded in 1824 by John Cadbury and, by 1930, had become the 24th largest manufacturing firm in Britain.
Rita McLean, former head of museums and heritage at Birmingham Museums, said: "The Cadbury family made a fortune from chocolate.
"Beatrice Cadbury inherited a sizeable amount. But in the 1920s, she turned her back on the opulent lifestyle and gave her shares to the workers at the Bournville factory."
The creator of Sherlock Holmes, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle lived and worked in Aston between 1878 and 1881.
Historian Ben Waddington said: "Birmingham may not be the first city you associate with Sir Arthur Conan Doyle or his creation Sherlock Holmes.
"But Conan Doyle was working as a chemist in the city while studying at the University of Edinburgh.
"In the short story, The Adventure of the Stockbroker's Clerk, Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson come to Birmingham to investigate an office at 126B Corporation Street.
"Conan Doyle's earliest mysteries were written while he lived in the city and a lot of Birmingham names crop up in the stories, including Baskerville."
According to the educational film More Canals Than Venice, in 1875 three quarters of the world wrote using pen nibs made in Birmingham.
During the industry's heyday, there were more than 100 companies manufacturing pens in the city.
However, by the end of the 19th Century, the number of manufacturers had declined to just 12.
And in the following century, Laslo Biro's ballpoint pen invention, in 1938, sounded the death knell for the mass production of traditional pen nibs.
One of the UK's first petrol-driven cars was built in Birmingham by engineer Frederick Lanchester while he was working in the city, said Mr Rainbow.
Herbert Austin famously founded a factory in the south west of the city at Longbridge.
It made several classic models, including the Austin Seven and the Mini.
By the 1950s, the site employed more than 20,000 people and produced nearly 200,000 vehicles a year.
Alexander Parkes was born in Birmingham in 1813.
Parkes was a chemist and inventor who discovered several new processes, such as cold vulcanisation, a means of waterproofing fabrics.
In 1856, he made a flexible material called Parkesine, which is widely viewed as the first version of plastic.
Prolific romance novelist Dame Barbara Cartland was born in Edgbaston in 1901.
She died at the age of 98, having written more than 700 books, including titles such as A Dangerous Disguise and The Enchanted Moment.
Her Who's Who entry claims she achieved sales of 750 million, although some dispute the figure.
Mr Rainbow said she holds the Guinness World Record for the most novels written in a single year.
The author was the step-grandmother of Diana, Princess of Wales.
Famous industrialist Matthew Boulton was born in Birmingham in 1728 and went on to open the Soho Manufactory, which many see as the first factory of its kind.
Oliver Buckley, curator manager of Soho House, Boulton's former home, said: "Matthew Boulton was a Birmingham boy, who built the Soho Manufactory in 1765.
"It was a massive factory. Nobody had thought to manufacture on that scale before."
Many of Boulton's achievements were in partnership with James Watt.
"Their steam partnership was one of the great powerhouses of the industrial revolution," added Mr Buckley.


It was an unusual press conference, hastily organised after President Donald Trump apparently told his staff that he wanted to address reporters.

The exchanges were ferocious, mainly attacking the media, whose dishonesty, he said, was out of control.
It included the moment when he told an African-American journalist to set up a meeting between him and a group of black lawmakers, suggesting that they knew each other.
It started when April Ryan asked the president about including the Congressional Black Caucus in discussions about issues related to the African-American community.
Ms Ryan, who is White House correspondent and Washington bureau chief for American Urban Radio Networks, first used the group's acronym CBC, but Mr Trump apparently did not recognise it.
Then he asked her: "Do you want to set up the meeting? Are they friends of yours?"
"No, no, I'm just a reporter", she answered.
The exchange came minutes after Mr Trump said he was the "least racist person".
The CBC expressed dismay at Mr Trump's comments. Democratic Congressman Jim Clyburn of South Carolina says they contained "an element of disrespect", according to the Associated Press.
Some of the group's members shared their reactions on social media, along with President Obama's national security adviser and former US ambassador to the UN Susan Rice.
Mr Trump finished his answer by accusing Democratic representative Elijah Cummings, a senior member of the caucus, of being told not to meet with him.
But CBC said on Twitter it had sent a letter to Mr Trump before his inauguration, but that it had never got a response.
After the news conference, Ms Ryan gave TV interviews in which she said she did not feel insulted by the president's remarks - and that she was "old school" and not supposed to be in the news.
Later, she came back to Twitter to announce that a meeting between Mr Trump and the CBC might take place, although no date had been set.
But by then, Mr Trump's comments had created a wave of responses from social media users.
This was not the only awkward moment of the press conference.
Mr Trump had a long exchange with Jim Acosta from CNN, which he again described as "fake news", called the BBC "another beauty", and told reporter Jake Turx, from Jewish publication Ami Magazine, to sit down after he asked a question about anti-Semitism.
In that exchange, which came before Ms Ryan asked her question, Mr Trump said: "Number one, I am the least anti-Semitic person you've ever seen in your entire life. Number two, racism, the least racist person."
He then interrupted Mr Turx - "Quiet, quiet, quiet" - and accused his opponents of some of the anti-Semitic acts.


Laura Trott became the first British woman to win four Olympic gold medals by retaining her omnium title.

The world champion, 24, moves ahead of Charlotte Dujardin, who won her third Olympic gold with victory in the individual dressage.
"I can't believe it. I didn't expect that at all," said a tearful Trott, who matched her team pursuit and omnium victories from London 2012 in Rio.
She scored 230 points to win the title by 24 from American Sarah Hammer.
Trott finished second in the opening scratch race of the omnium and won the individual pursuit and elimination race to end Monday's opening day with an eight-point lead over Belgium's Jolien D'Hoore, with Hammer in third.
She was second in the time trial to extend her advantage over D'Hoore to 12 points and then won the flying lap to double her lead heading into the 100-lap points race.
Trott, from Cheshunt, concluded the six-discipline event with a tactically astute ride, closing down attacks from her rivals and picking up points in the 10 intermediate sprints.
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"I couldn't have done it without everyone, especially Paul Manning my coach. He puts up with me on a daily basis and I am over the moon," added Trott, who also won her second world omnium title earlier in the year.
Trott celebrated her latest Olympic gold by cheering on fiance Jason Kenny as he equalled Sir Chris Hoy's British record of six Olympic gold medals by winning a dramatic keirin.
Former Olympic champion Victoria Pendleton: "Laura Trott is incredibly tough and tenacious. She might look fragile but it is the complete opposite of what is going on inside. She always pushes herself to the absolute limit."
Trott's team-mate Joanna Rowsell Shand on BBC One: "Laura has got a 100% record in the Olympics - she rode twice in London and two here in Rio and she has won all four. That must be a record in itself."
Former Olympic champion Chris Boardman on BBC TV: "Laura didn't put a foot wrong in the entire race. She did everything that she needed to do, didn't panic and the battle behind her played right into her hands."
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The new county cricket season gets under way on Wednesday with Warwickshire looking to repeat last summer's Championship triumph

They start their title defence with a home game against Derbyshire, promoted as Division Two champions last season.
In the second tier, Lancashire and Worcestershire meet at Old Trafford, with both seeking an immediate return to the top flight.
The YB40 gets under way on 3 May, with the FL t20 starting on 26 June.
The BBC will have expanded live coverage this summer, featuring commentary on every day of every match, via the BBC Sport website.
Captain: Wayne Madsen
Overseas players: Shivnarine Chanderpaul (West Indies); second player for FL t20 to be confirmed
How they did last season: Division Two champions in County Championship, fourth in CB40 group, fifth in FL t20 group.
Season prospects: Everyone at Derby is aware that most 'experts' are already writing off their chances of surviving in the top division and they head into the season with a grim determination to not only survive, but to thrive. With Chanderpaul, they have added a world-class batsman to the normally reliable duo of Madsen and Wes Durston, and another new signing, Billy Godleman, gets a chance to reboot his career. In limited-overs cricket, the amount of young talent coming through the Derbyshire ranks should see big improvements and a challenge for only a second quarter-final appearance in the Twenty20.
One to watch: One of the reasons for optimism is the many young players coming into the first-team picture this season. Batsman Dan Redfern should make more big strides, but I'm going to cheat and nominate two youngsters, all-rounders Alex Hughes and Peter Burgoyne. Neither will be automatic choices early, but I expect both to play a growing part as the season progresses.
By BBC Radio Derby's Charles Collins
Captain: Paul Collingwood
Overseas players: None
How they did last season: Sixth in County Championship Division One, fifth in CB 40 group, third in FL t20 group.
Season prospects: On paper, Durham still have one of the best squads in the country and when they apply themselves as a team, they can beat anyone. The weather proved a major problem last season with 23 days of action lost and over the winter the club have had to go cap in hand for millions of pounds in loans from a number of public bodies. Money is tight - hence no pre-season tour and, as yet, no overseas player.  Durham are the only side not to go down since relegation went from three teams to two and I would settle for a mid-table finish. Chris Rushworth impressed greatly last summer and it will be nice to see how he continues this year, but, having lost the retired Michael Di Venuto, some may feel things look a bit thin on the batting front.
One to watch: With spinner Ian Blackwell retired, this is a season in which leg-spinner Scott Borthwick has a chance to fill the void and he will certainly get more overs. From a batting point of view, Keaton Jennings looks a great prospect. The South African was scoring runs for fun in the second team last season and already has a century this year against Durham University.
By BBC Newcastle's Martin Emmerson
Captain: James Foster
Overseas players: Rob Quiney (Australia), Shaun Tait (Australia, for FL t20 only)
How they did last season: Fifth in County Championship Division Two, fifth in CB40 group, third in FL t20 group.
Season prospects: Essex will have a strong-looking batting unit when they have everyone available, but with Owais Shah and Ryan ten Doeschate away on IPL duty and Alastair Cook taking a break at the start of the summer, they will be looking to Mark Pettini and Rob Quiney to provide the experience alongside youngsters of Tom Westley, Ben Foakes and Jaik Mickleburgh. Getting out of Division Two of the Championship has to be seen as a priority for a county which dominated in the 80s and early 90s. In the seam bowling department, Saj Mahmood has arrived to boost an attack which had previously been over-reliant on David Masters.
One to watch: Reece Topley arrived on the scene two years ago with a bang and Essex will want to continue his development. Tymal Mills is another exciting young fast bowler.
By BBC Essex's Glenn Speller
Captain: Mark Wallace (Championship), Marcus North (one-day)
Overseas players: Marcus North (Australia); Dirk Nannes (Australia, for T20)
How they did last season: Sixth in County Championship Division Two, sixth in CB40 Group B and fifth in FL t20 Midlands/West/Wales Group.
Season prospects: Glamorgan have now failed to win a trophy since 2004 and the barren spell has not been helped by England Lions strike bowler James Harris' decision to join Middlesex, but the arrival of quick bowler Dirk Nannes could make Glamorgan an outside bet for T20 success. Director of cricket Matthew Mott is in the final year of a three-year contract, having tried and failed to get the New Zealand national coach's job last year. He wants his team to make a faster start this season.
One to watch: New signing Murray Goodwin. He might be 40 but his experience of winning seven trophies with Sussex should add some much-needed steel to the batting department as his 48 centuries during 12 years on the south coast would suggest. All-rounder Graham Wagg has impressed in pre-season friendlies after missing much of last season with a foot injury. The former England A player could be a vital weapon in the Welsh county's armoury.
By BBC Wales' Richard Thomas and Richard Williams
Captain: Michael Klinger
Overseas players: Michael Klinger (Australia), Dan Christian (Australia, for Twenty20 only)
How they did last season: Bottom of County Championship Division Two, third in CB40 group, quarter-finalists in FL t20.
Season prospects: Gloucestershire have one of the smallest and least experienced squads in county cricket, and also lack a frontline spinner, so it will take all the skills of head coach John Bracewell and new captain Michael Klinger to keep them competitive. Much will depend on how Klinger finds combining captaincy with opening the batting, and how players such as Chris Dent, Liam Norwell and Ian Saxelby cope after injury troubles last season. The first phase of the County Ground development is under way, but at the moment Gloucestershire's resources are at full stretch and they would be regarded as outsiders for silverware this season.
One to watch: Chris Dent. The left-handed batsman missed the first half of last season with a broken finger, but was still the team's second highest run-scorer in the Championship. A versatile player, he can bowl occasional slow left-arm and keep wicket, but his batting is his strongest suit. At 22, he should learn a lot from opening with Klinger and, with two Championship hundreds already, a full summer could see him make 1,000 runs for the first time.
By BBC Radio Gloucestershire's Ian Randall
Captain: Jimmy Adams
Overseas players: George Bailey (Australia), Saeed Ajmal (Pakistan)
How they did last season: Fourth in County Championship Division Two, winners of CB40 and FL t20.
Season prospects: Trying to match winning two one-day trophies last season may be beyond Hampshire this campaign. However, the experience gained and the high-pressure games won along the way will stand the team in good stead. Hampshire will be the side to beat in the shorter formats but, while they will expect another good showing in the one-day competitions, it is the County Championship by which the season will be measured. They were happy to rebuild last season, but the pressure is on to regain the Division One status they lost in 2011.
One to watch: This is an important season for 23-year-old Liam Dawson in terms of establishing himself as a prominent member of the side. Dawson will be entrusted with the number three position in the Championship, with orders to 'bat long', having struggled as an opener in 2012 and being dropped down the order. His left-arm spin, which had fallen away badly, was more effective last year, doing much to keep Danny Briggs out of the side on green wickets. A successful season with both bat and ball in 2013 may see the all-rounder tipped for further honours, as he was a few seasons ago when captaining England Under-19s.
By BBC Radio Solent's Kevan James
Captain: James Tredwell
Overseas players: None (Brendan Nash has submitted an application to become a Kolpak player)
How they did last season: Third in County Championship Division Two, third in CB40 Group C, fourth in FL t20 South Group
Season prospects: Following near misses in all three competitions in 2012, Kent will hope to continue their progression under head coach Jimmy Adams. In stark contrast to the mass changes last season, it has been a stable winter at the St. Lawrence Ground, with the only major upheaval seeing James Tredwell replace Rob Key as captain. Promotion from Division Two must be the minimum goal and much will depend on Key scoring heavily at the top of the order, keeping their thin bowling attack fit and healthy, and minimising the impact of Tredwell's international duties.
One to watch: Sam Northeast. With Kent's plethora of youngsters another year wiser, it could be a big season for many of them, but 2012 was a real breakthrough for Northeast, the county's leading run scorer in all competitions. He looks to be living up to the hype of his England Under-19 days and if he continues to progress at his current rate in both formats of the game, he could be knocking on the door of the England Lions selectors come September.
By BBC Radio Kent's Ben Croucher
Captain: Glen Chapple
Overseas players: Simon Katich (Australia)
How they did last season: Eighth in Championship Division One (relegated), semi-finalists in CB40, fourth in FL t20 group.
Season prospects: Lancashire will start the season as one of the favourites for promotion back to Division One, probably alongside Hampshire and Kent. The Red Rose have made their intentions clear and with the additions of Simon Katich and Ashwell Prince to boast one of the most powerful batting line-ups. With Kabir Ali also coming in, assuming he stays fit, Lancashire will be confident of enough bowling firepower to take 20 wickets in a match. If Kyle Hogg can rediscover his form from the title-winning season in 2011, their attack, which also includes the evergreen Glen Chapple and one of the country's most talented spinners in Simon Kerrigan, should be good enough to enable them to compete not just for promotion, but for one-day silverware as well.
One to watch: Ashwell Prince. Having committed to a two-year contract as a Kolpak player, the experience and talent of the South African will be crucial in Lancashire's bid for promotion back to Division One. He held the batting line-up together in 2012 and has shown in his previous three spells with the county that a good overseas signing can have a huge beneficial impact, both on and off the pitch.
By BBC Radio Lancashire's Scott Read
Captain: Ramnaresh Sarwan (Championship), Josh Cobb (one-day)
Overseas players: Ranmnaresh Sarwan (West Indies), Shakib Al Hasan (Bangladesh, for FL t20), Joe Burns (Australia, for FL t20)
How they did last season: Seventh in County Championship Division Two 2, sixth in CB40 group, bottom of T20 group.
Season prospects: The outlook is brighter than in previous seasons, with some strong additions in the winter. Niall O'Brien could be the missing link in the top order and the emergence of Shiv Thakor provides more encouragement for supporters. However, they need a fit Matthew Hoggard to compete in the County Championship and, after two barren and injury-filled years, it is time for Nathan Buck to deliver on his promise. Josh Cobb leads the team in all one-day cricket and expect better this season, with Shakib Al-Hasan an exciting signing to help give a more youthful and energetic feel to the shorter forms of the game.
One to watch: Joe Burns, the Queensland batsman who replaces Sarwan in May, will be keen to show the Australia selectors his abilities in an Ashes summer, and James Sykes the left-arm spinner, who will try and take on the role from Claude Henderson. Sykes has a nice action, turns it and has steady control.
By BBC Radio Leicester's Charles Dagnall
Captain: Chris Rogers (for County Championship), Neil Dexter (for YB40 and FL t20)
Overseas players: Chris Rogers (Australia), Adam Voges (Australia, for FL t20)
How they did last season: Third in County Championship Division One, second in CB40 group, fifth in FL t20 group.
Season prospects: Middlesex could not have hoped for a better outcome last season on their return to Division One. Whether they can go even further this year will depend greatly on the consistency of their middle-order batting. The top three of Joe Denly, Sam Robson and Chris Rogers can be relied upon to offer a solid foundation at the top, while the depth of the bowling attack has been strengthened by the outstanding addition of James Harris from Glamorgan. They have struggled in T20 cricket in recent years and this is an area the county will be desperate to improve in.
One to watch: Toby Roland-Jones has performed with astonishing consistency since his relatively late debut. The emergence of the naggingly accurate seamer has helped to fill very big boots, now that Steven Finn is established in the England side. With the ever-reliable Tim Murtagh, the new recruit Harris and the occasional glimpse of Steven Finn, along with all-rounder Gareth Berg, Middlesex will have arguably the most feared bowling attack in the country.
By BBC London 94.9's Kevin Hand
Captain: Stephen Peters (Championship), Alex Wakely (YB40 and T20)
Overseas players: Trent Copeland (Australia, until 8 June), Cameron White (Australia, for Twenty20)
How they did last season: Eighth in County Championship Division Two, sixth in CB40 Group C and sixth in FLt20 Midlands/Wales/West Group.
Season prospects: A truly dismal showing in 2012, particularly in white-ball cricket, prompted an honest appraisal, led by chief executive David Smith and first-team coach David Ripley, of where the county are now and what they want to be in the future. Matthew Spriegel and Steven Crook have been signed to bolster a predominantly young squad, with much hoped of Rob Newton, David Willey, Ben Duckett and Ollie Stone. Ripley's top priority is to be competitive in all forms of the game, and a run to Twenty20 finals day would please both supporters and the holders of the purse strings.
One to watch: Fast bowler Ollie Stone impressed good judges with his pace and control last season and captained England Under-19s in South Africa during the winter. Only 19, he will need some careful handling, but if the Norfolk-born prospect stays fit, he could make a major impact.
By BBC Radio Northampton's Andrew Radd
Captain: Chris Read
Overseas players: Ed Cowan (Australia, start of season), David Hussey (Australia, from June, including Twenty20)
How they did last season: Fifth in County Championship Division One, fourth in CB40 group, FL t20 quarter-finalists
Season prospects: Nottinghamshire's strength in depth was severely tested towards the end of the 2012 campaign, with six players being called away for England duty. While the likelihood is that the international calendar will again cause clashes with the domestic programme, director of cricket Mick Newell believes his squad is better equipped to withstand occasional absenteeism from his star names. The bookmakers agree, listing Notts as second favourites for both the County Championship and the T20.
One to watch: Michael Lumb. His first season at Trent Bridge could not have gone much better, with 971 first-class runs, despite missing the last two matches, and a prolific white-ball season, which saw him restored to the England Twenty20 side before becoming the leading scorer in last October's Champions League. More of the same is expected in 2013.
By BBC Radio Nottingham's Dave Bracegirdle
Captain: Marcus Trescothick.
Overseas players: Alviro Petersen (for first half of season and FL t20), Abdur Rehman (five Championship games and possibly FL t20).
How they did last season: Second in the County Championship Division One, third in CB40 group, losing semi-finalists in FL t20.
Season prospects: Falling at the final hurdle has become something of a problem for Somerset in recent seasons and their 'bridesmaid' reputation led to Brian Rose stepping down as director of cricket. His replacement is Dave Nosworthy and the county are hoping a fresh approach may be the missing piece in their trophy puzzle. The likely absence, on England duty, of Nick Compton for much of the Championship season will be a blow, but if they can avoid the injuries which blighted them last year, a squad including Marcus Trescothick, Jos Buttler, Pete Trego, Craig Kieswetter, Alfonso Thomas and Steve Kirby has plenty to offer.
One to watch: The Overton twins, Craig and Jamie, and Craig Meschede were just three of the club's youngsters to make a mark last season, but 20-year-old Ireland spinner George Dockrell took 34 wickets Championship wickets in just 10 matches and will hope to better that if he avoids injury.
By BBC Radio Bristol's Ed Hadwin
Captain: Graeme Smith
Overseas players: Graeme Smith (South Africa); Ricky Ponting (Australia, while Smith is at Champions Trophy)
How they did last season: Seventh in Championship Division One, second in CB 40 group, sixth in FL t20 group.
Season prospects: After a difficult 2012, Surrey have recruited well over the winter and the signing of Graeme Smith is one that has caught the imagination. Smith will bring his leadership and experience to the dressing room and plenty of runs to the top of the order.  Vikram Solanki and Gary Keedy are shrewd signings and both will play a major role this year. The bowling unit looks very strong, with all bases covered, and the likes of Rory Burns and Arun Harinath will want to build on an excellent 2012, in which both scored maiden Championship centuries - and a certain Ricky Ponting will play for Surrey in June and July. They look to have a balanced squad and will want to make an impact in all three competitions.
One to watch: I'm going for two, Rory Burns and Arun Harinath. Burns seized his opportunity last year at the top of the order and scored his runs in a stylish and attractive manner. Burns will be looking to forge a successful partnership with Smith and learn from the captain's vast experience. For Harinath, 2012 was a breakthrough season and he will want to push on this year and provide the 'cement' to the Surrey batting order.
By BBC London 94.9's Mark Church
Captain: Ed Joyce
Overseas players: Steve Magoffin (Australia), Scott Styris (New Zealand, for FL t20 only)
How they did last season: Fourth in County Championship Division One, semi-finalists in CB40 and FL t20.
Season prospects: There is quiet optimism on the south coast that Sussex can continue their progress from last season and again mount a serious challenge on all three fronts. Ed Joyce, in his first full season in charge, will drop down the order to number four in the Championship, allowing highly promising left-hander Luke Wells to open. With the under-rated Chris Nash as the other opener and Mike Yardy at three, the Sussex top order has a solid look, and the return of Rory Hamilton-Brown from Surrey adds an extra dimension to the middle order. The seam bowling department, which too often last season was reliant on Steve Magoffin, has been strengthened by the signing of Chris Jordan, who found opportunities limited at Surrey, but how much success Sussex enjoy may depend on how much time spinner Monty Panesar spends on England duty.
One to watch: Chris Jordan has impressed during pre-season and, provided he can steer clear of the injuries which have so far disrupted his career, Sussex have a genuinely quick bowler and hard-hitting batsman capable of making a huge impact this summer.
By BBC Sussex's Adrian Harms
Captain: Jim Troughton
Overseas players: Jeetan Patel (New Zealand)
How they did last season: County champions, CB 40 finalists, fourth in Midlands/Wales/West Group in FL t20.
Season prospects: Warwickshire's strength in securing their seventh title last summer was the simple art of being able to bowl out the opposition twice. Five of their six wins - four of which came crucially in the first six games of the season - were achieved batting second and there is nothing to suggest they will be less of a force with the ball in 2013. The only concern is potential England calls in a busy Ashes summer, which also contains the Champions Trophy in June, but they managed pretty well in 2012 without Jonathan Trott, Ian Bell and Chris Woakes. Now, they have leading wicket taker Chris Wright, top scorer Varun Chopra and all-rounder Rikki Clarke in the England frame as well, but the Bears still have strength in depth.
One to watch: Oliver Hannon-Dalby may have been surplus to requirements with his native Yorkshire, but the Bears have spotted something in the tall seamer to suggest that he could be the latest to roll off the production line at highly-acclaimed bowling coach Graeme Welch's Edgbaston finishing school. Judging by his nine-wicket match haul against the Oxford students, keep a look out too for another fast bowler, youngster Tom Milnes.
By BBC Midlands Sport's Ged Scott
Captain: Daryl Mitchell
Overseas players: Thilan Samaraweera (Sri Lanka), Jacob Oram (New Zealand, for FL t20)
How they did last season: Bottom of County Championship Division One (relegated), bottom of CB 40 group, FL t20 quarter-finalists.
Season prospects: Despite managing to stay up in 2011 for the first time since the introduction of two-division County Championship cricket, Worcestershire were always punching above their weight. For a county with such meagre resources, relegation last summer looked inevitable from early season when they paid for the loss of Gareth Andrew, who missed seven games, and main strike bowler Alan Richardson, who still chipped in with 57 wickets. By season's end, they had lost Surrey-bound Vikram Solanki too, but they hope overseas signings Thilan Samaraweera, who is available for the whole summer, and Twenty20 specialist Jacob Oram can trigger something in Steve Rhodes' young team.
One to watch: Ben Cox was a 17-year-old schoolboy when he made a half-century and claimed Marcus Trescothick as his first scalp on his first-class debut at Taunton in September 2009. Having now learned his trade - and, with a former England wicket-keeper like Rhodes as his coach, he will not have gone short on advice - the release of Ben Scott late last summer may have signalled the moment that Cox was deemed ready to be Worcestershire's first-choice keeper, assuming he sees off the challenge of Australian Michael Johnson.
By BBC Midlands Sport's Ged Scott
Captain: Andrew Gale
Overseas players: None, although they are looking to re-sign David Miller (South Africa) for the limited-overs matches
How they did last season: Second in County Championship Division Two (promoted), fifth in Group C in CB40, beaten finalists in FL t20.
Season prospects: It is a big jump up from Division Two but Yorkshire have recruited well, especially in the seam bowling department as Liam Plunkett and Jack Brooks are both decent performers at this level. The club will be pleased to see batsmen Joe Root, Jonny Bairstow, and Gary Ballance getting England recognition, but it is bittersweet given that it means they night not be available for parts of the season. Their absence will give Joe Sayers and Alex Lees a chance to stake a claim in the team and it will be interesting to see how they do. It would be wonderful if Yorkshire could win the title in their 150th year, but that is the stuff of fairytales really and, in reality, I think they will come third or fourth.
One to watch: Adam Lyth started the 2011 season in fantastic form and was the first player in the country to reach 1,000 runs. He has struggled since then and this is a big year for him. Given his chance he could really sparkle and might prove to be vital.
By BBC Radio Leeds' Dave Callaghan
Compiled by Paul Grunill.


The Duke of Cambridge occasionally receives copies of confidential cabinet documents, the BBC has learned.

A Cabinet Office spokesman said that, as a future heir to the throne, it was "appropriate that he is regularly briefed on government business".
It was revealed on Tuesday that Prince Charles receives such material routinely - as does the Queen.
Campaign group Republic said there was "no good reason" why Prince William also received the information.
Earlier this week, Republic received four chapters of the Cabinet Office's "precedent book" - released after a three-year freedom of information battle.
The book shows Prince Charles, the Queen, ministers and a handful of others get papers from cabinet and ministerial committees.
Junior government ministers do not receive such access to the documents.
Of Prince William's access, the group's chief executive Graham Smith said: "There is no mention of this access in the documents released this week. It appears to be a free for all.
"We support Labour's call for an inquiry, so we can know how much information is being handed to which royals."
Following the initial discovery about Prince Charles' access to the documents, Republic wrote to Prime Minister David Cameron calling on him to end the practice of sharing the documents with the Prince of Wales.
Labour MP Paul Flynn called for a parliamentary inquiry and said the access made the prince the country's "best-informed lobbyist".
Shadow energy and climate change minister Clive Lewis has also called for a parliamentary review.
We've always known the Queen, as a constitutional monarch, has access to government papers. She has a right to be consulted; to encourage; and to warn her government ministers.
Now we've learned, in the past two days, that her son and grandson enjoy such privileges - privileges that are not normally extended to elected junior ministers.
In the past, Prince William didn't rush to embrace his destiny. Marriage, fatherhood and entering his 30s, have heralded a shift in his approach.
Access to these documents allows him to understand Whitehall and to prepare for when he is king.
His supporters will argue this makes perfect sense as it's better to have an informed future monarch than an ignorant one.
His critics will question the lack of transparency and the need for him to see such sensitive material in the first place.
Read more from Peter Hunt
However, Bernard Jenkin, who chairs the cross-party public administration and constitutional affairs committee that scrutinises the Cabinet Office, said it was "outrageous" to describe Prince Charles as a lobbyist.
"This is really a debate about the Prince of Wales' conduct, not what papers he sees," he said.
He added that the "vast majority" of people would agree the heir to the throne should have access to such documents.
Earlier this year, following another Freedom of Information Act battle, the so-called "black spider letters" sent by Prince Charles to ministers were released.
Sent over a number of years, the letters covered a range of issues including conservation, defence spending, badger culls, the NHS and homeopathy.


The popularity of Nintendo's new augmented reality game Pokemon Go has powered the company's shares higher for a third day, adding billions more to the games developer's market value.

Shares in the company jumped by another 13% on Tuesday to 22,840 yen.
The Nikkei 225 index rose 2.46% to close at 16,095.65 points, adding to a 4% rally from the day before.
The index is now within 1% of the level it closed at the day before the Brexit vote triggered a global sell-off.
The broader Topix index rose 2.4% to close at 1,285.73.
Shares across the rest of Asia were also buoyed by Wall Street rising to record peaks on the back of talk of policy stimulus in Japan and the UK.
In Hong Kong, the Hang Seng index ended the day up 1.7% at 21,224.74, while China's Shanghai Composite rose 1.8% to 3,049.38.
In Australia, the ASX/200 rose 0.3% to close at 5,353.22 points.
South Korea's benchmark Kospi index edged up by 0.1% to close at 1,991.23 points.


Families of some of the British troops killed in Iraq have launched a public crowdfunding appeal to pay for lawyers to potentially sue those responsible.

The Iraq War Families Campaign Group wants to raise Â£150,000 to fund legal work, including analysing the 12-volume Chilcot report on the Iraq war inquiry.
They hope to assess whether people who made mistakes, such as former PM Tony Blair, can be pursued in civil courts.
The report did not make any findings on whether individuals acted unlawfully.
However, it rejected the legal basis for UK military action, and said Mr Blair overstated the threat posed by then-President of Iraq Saddam Hussein and sent ill-prepared troops into battle.
There was no "imminent threat" from Saddam - and the intelligence case was "not justified", Sir John Chilcot, the ex-civil servant who chaired the inquiry, said.
The report highlighted a catalogue of errors in political and military decision-making, including:
Mr Blair has apologised for any mistakes made, but not the decision to go to war itself.
Roger Bacon, whose son Matthew was killed when his Snatch Land Rover was hit by a roadside bomb in Basra in 2005, is one of the group of 29 families involved in the campaign.
He said the group's determination to find answers has been redoubled by Sir John's "excoriating view of the establishment's tragic and error strewn display".
Mr Bacon said: "We must now ensure that every iota of the report is analysed in depth to determine whether there are potential civil legal cases. And we need the British public to help."
The families say they wish "to hold state officials to account to ensure such a tragedy, with such far-reaching and long-term consequences both for Britain and the world, never happens again".
It may be the only chance for a full legal analysis of the Chilcot report, the group say.
Matthew Jury, from the families' lawyers McCue and Partners, who have been working on the case pro-bono, said: "The report told us what went wrong and who was responsible but it was not a court of law.
"If they can, the families are determined to hold those individuals to account by bringing them to trial to answer for their actions."
"Not just for them or their loved ones, but to ensure that never again will our politicians act with such impunity in taking our country into an unjust war with such tragic consequences."
The campaigners say they hope to raise enough money to pay for preliminary legal work to build a case, before applying for legal aid to take the case for trial. The crowdfunding appeal is open to anyone, not just the British public.
The Chilcot report, which is 2.6 million words long and took seven years, looked at the UK's involvement in the 2003 Iraq War.
British troops were part of an international coalition, led by the US, which invaded Iraq, leading to the collapse of the regime of Saddam Hussein, who had ruled the country since the late 1970s.
The UK's participation was extremely contentious. A total of 179 British service personnel were killed in Iraq between 2003 and 2009, when British troops left Iraqi soil.
Tens of thousands of Iraqi civilians died over the period, though estimates vary considerably.


One of the most celebrated quarterbacks of all time had been suffering from a degenerative brain disease linked with repeated head trauma, a report claims.

Before his death from colon cancer at 69 in July, Ken Stabler requested his brain be donated to research into chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
The New York Times reports Stabler was found to have a "quite severe" case.
Stabler was the NFL's Most Valuable Player in 1974 and led the Oakland Raiders to the Super Bowl in 1977.
He threw for 194 career touchdowns and 27,938 yards over 15 seasons and was a four-time Pro Bowl selection.
Some 5,000 former players have sued the NFL, claiming it hid the dangers of repeated head trauma.
CTE is associated with symptoms such as memory loss, depression and progressive dementia.
The disease, which can only be diagnosed after death, has been found in the brains of dozens of former American football players.
The former players suing the NFL agreed to a settlement which is under appeal, but could cost the league $1bn (£685m),
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(Close): Wall Street ended Monday higher as oil prices finally appeared to be rebounding from their slump.

The Dow Jones closed up 103 points, or 0.6%, at 17,368.
The wider S&P 500 index gained 9 points, or 0.5%, to 2,021, while the tech-focused Nasdaq index rose 8 points, or 0.4%, to 4,952.
Shares in Chevron rose 3% recovering from a drop earlier in the day, while Exxon Mobile also recovered to close up 2%.
"It looks like the US equities market was taking its cues from oil today," said Jack Ablin, chief investment officer at BMO Private Bank. "We had oil dip below $35 a barrel and then ending up the day higher."
Brent crude closed at $37.75 after falling below $36.40 a barrel in morning trading, while US crude added 1.7% to close at $36.23.
The price of natural gas fell as the US experiences unusually warm winter weather.
Shares in Newell Rubbermaid fell 8% after the company - which makes Sharpie markers and Parker pens - agreed to buy consumer goods group Jarden for $15bn. Shares in Jarden rose nearly 2%.


Chewbacca, Star Wars' world-famous wookiee, has left pupils at a Republic of Ireland primary school star struck after landing for a visit.

The star is filming the newest instalment of the blockbuster series in County Kerry.
He took a break from the set to visit Scoil Fheirtearaigh National School in Ballyferriter on Monday.
The visit was arranged after some pupils sent impressive artwork to director Rian Johnson.
Principal Mairín Ní Chartúir said the school heard about the possible visit last Friday.
"We received a call from the production team asking could they pay a surprise visit to the kids on Monday.
"Of course, we said yes and were told to not let anyone know about the visit and the parents were told on Monday that the kids would be staying an hour later for the surprise.
"Chewbacca walked in with the production team and took photos with the children and watched them perform the Star Wars theme tune that the kids had learned, as we are quite a musical school."
The cast did not leave empty handed as some of the children had made replica figures for them and even taught them some Irish.
"Its not in the teaching manual when Star Wars visit so it was a great day for a small school," added Ms Ní Chartúir.


Judgement Day is soon upon us and once again, the four Welsh regions - Ospreys, Scarlets, Cardiff Blues and Newport Gwent Dragons - will play two games on the hallowed Principality Stadium turf.

But, with just a few days to go until the Pro12 spectacle gets under way, just how good is your knowledge of Welsh rugby, anyway?
BBC Wales Sport presents the ultimate regional quiz ahead of the fifth Judgement Day in the Welsh capital.
Do you know your Steve Shingler from your Aaron Shingler? What about your Lloyd Williams from your Tom Williams?
Ahead of Judgement Day this Saturday, test your regional knowledge with this BBC Wales Sport quiz.
(Photo credit: Huw Evans Picture Agency)
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The Socialist Party of Great Britain is standing 10 candidates in the general election.

The party does not have specific policies, but advocates the abolition of capitalism.
It proposes establishing common ownership and democratic control of the world's resources, saying that there would be no state or classes in a socialist society.
The party does not have a leader, believing all members should be equal.
"What we stand for is socialism, where all the resources of the world would be owned in common by all the people of the world, to be used under democratic control to produce what they need, instead of now, under capitalism, where there is production for profit," says Adam Buick, a party representative.
And Mr Buick explained why the party does not have a leader.
"We say only sheep need leaders.
"Leaders implies followers, and a follower is somebody who has abdicated their responsibility to act to someone else.
"What we stand for is a participatory democracy where everybody takes part in it. Don't delegate the authority to act to some professional politician," he said.
The party says the system it advocates would be a wageless, moneyless, worldwide society of common - not state - ownership and democratic control of the means of wealth production and distribution.
It also says that under the party's proposals, there would be a sharp break with capitalism, with no "transition period" or gradual implementation of socialism.
"People say that in an election they are electing a government; in fact, in most constituencies, this is not the case," Mr Buick said.
"What we are saying is people should express what they want.
"If they want a society without frontiers, without class, without state, without money, without wages - voting for one of our candidates is an opportunity to show what they want and also, at the same time, of course, rejecting the present capitalist system."
The candidates standing for the Socialist Party of Great Britain are:
Brighton Kemptown: Jacqueline Shodeke
Brighton Pavilion: Howard Pilott
Canterbury: Robert Cox
Easington: Steve Colborn
Folkestone & Hythe: Andy Thomas
Islington North: Bill Martin
Oxford East: Kevin Parkin
Oxford West & Abingdon: Mike Foster
Swansea West: Brian Johnson
Vauxhall: Danny Lambert


Australia's Marcus Fraser claimed a commanding first round lead in Rio, as golf returned to the Olympic Games for the first time since 1904.

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Fraser, the world number 90, hit nine birdies to finish with an eight under par 63, three shots ahead of the field.
More than half of the men's world's top 10 pulled out of competing at Rio 2016, citing the Zika virus.
Briton Justin Rose, one of a group on four under, hit the first ever Olympic hole-in-one on the par-three fourth.
"There is always an element of luck but you could chalk it up as a good hole-in-one," said Rose.
"I won a car that time [his last hole-in-one] but this is definitely better, better bragging rights. When you are the first to do something no one can take that away from you. That was definitely a cool moment."
Newly crowned Open champion Henrik Stenson is tied for second with Canada's Graham Delaet on five under.
Rose is one of five men tied for fourth on four under; along with Belgium's Thomas Pieters, Gregory Bourdy of France, Alex Cejka of Germany and Spain's Rafael Cabrera Bello.
Danny Willett, who became the first British winner of the Masters for 20 years in April, finished level par with a 71.
The second round begins on Friday at 11:30 BST, but there is no halfway cut as only 60 players are in the Olympic field.
In July, Northern Ireland's Rory McIlroy said he was unlikely to watch television coverage of the Olympic golf competition, preferring "track and field, swimming, diving, the stuff that matters".
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Highland Council's ruling administration has renewed its call for the region to have a dedicated fire control room service.

The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service (SFRS) shut its operations control room in Inverness last month.
Emergency calls for the Highlands and Islands are now handled by staff based in Dundee.
Highland Council, which opposed the closure of the Inverness site, said local knowledge has been lost.
The Scottish government said fire service operations drew on the professional experience of control staff supported by sophisticated systems and technology and the knowledge of locally-based crews.
According to Alec Kidd, a former fire service area commander, there have been instances of fire crews being called out to emergencies closer to other stations following the closure of control rooms in Inverness and Aberdeen.
These have included a crew from Lairg in Sutherland being initially called out to attend an incident about 100 miles away on the Isle of Skye.
Also, on Shetland, an emergency team on the island of Bressay was asked to deal with an incident on the isle of Yell - despite five different teams being nearer.
A spokesman for the fire service said they were convinced the correct resources had been sent to the incidents involved but were rectifying some procedural issues.
Matthew Reiss, a Highland councillor for Landward Caithness and a former area police commander, said place names in the Highlands and Islands could cause problems for "well-intentioned" but centrally-based control room staff.
He told BBC Radio Scotland: "It is simply not possible for them to distinguish between, for example, Tain in Caithness and Tain in Easter Ross, unless you have a knowledge of these places.
"You can have all the technology in the world, but nothing substitutes for local knowledge."


The state government of Victoria may soon cull a colony of koalas living in a popular Australian tourist destination.

The Victorian government euthanised about 700 koalas at Cape Otway in the state's south, in 2013 and 2014.
It said they were starving because of a population boom that could not be sustained by local woodland.
But critics angry with the latest move say the problem is too few trees, not too many koalas.
Despite some bush regrowth, the koala density at the cape remained high and sick koalas might be euthanised, the state government said on Monday.
Victorian Department of Environment, Land, Water & Planning said it would carry out a "koala health assessment" of the "overabundant koala population" in the Manna Gum woodland.
The assessment will be conducted by vets and animal health officers, said department spokesperson Mandy Watson.
"We are focusing our attention on private land in Cape Otway where koalas are most affected by over-browsing," she said.
"Any unhealthy koalas, which are deemed too sick to survive release, will be humanely euthanized to prevent further suffering," she said.
Koalas live in tall open eucalypt (gum tree) forests and will only eat a few of the hundreds of species of eucalypts that grow in Australia.
Australian Koala Foundation chief executive officer Deborah Tabart said the koala habitat should be protected so a cull is not necessary.
"I know they are not looking at planting trees, they are not looking at the long term," Ms Tabart told ABC TV.
"I never see this as an overpopulation of koalas; I see it as a under-population of trees."
In 2012, the koala was listed as  "vulnerable" under Australia's Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act.
However, there is no specific law that protects koala habitat, which is under pressure from housing and commercial development.


Australia's border protection agency has sparked outrage with a snap announcement it would carry out visa checks on the streets of Melbourne.

Australian Border Force (ABF) said its officers would be checking for visa fraud as part of a general crime crackdown involving several agencies.
But the move sparked a social media outcry, with fears of harassment and racial profiling.
Victoria Police then said Operation Fortitude had been cancelled.
A scheduled press conference was also cancelled after about 300 people gathered in the heart of Melbourne to protest against the operation, The Age reported.
The initial statement from the ABF said a "diverse team of transport and enforcement agencies" would be operating in Melbourne on Friday and Saturday night.
"Officers will be positioned at various locations around the CBD speaking with any individual we cross paths with," said regional commander Don Smith.
"You need to be aware of the conditions of your visa; if you commit visa fraud you should know it's only a matter of time before you're caught out."
Word of the plan spread like wildfire on social media, and there were calls for a snap protest outside the Flinders Street train station.
The ABF later issued a "clarifying statement" on its plans, saying: "[We] will not be 'stopping people at random' in Melbourne to 'check people's papers' as reported in media."
"The ABF does not and will not stop people at random in the streets and does not target on the basis of race, religion, or ethnicity."
Police have since cancelled the entire multi-agency operation.
"Victoria Police has made a decision not to go ahead with this weekend's Operation Fortitude," it said.
"We understand there has been a high level of community interest and concern which has been taken into consideration when making this decision."
The Federal Government spent $10m Australian ($7.7m; Â£4.6m) in branding the months-old Border Force with a new hardline image, local media this week reported.
It including new military-style uniforms and signs at airports and detention centres.


Ben Stokes has made the national selectors look "ridiculous" for leaving him out of the World Cup squad, says ex-England captain Paul Collingwood.

Stokes was dropped after struggling at number eight in Sri Lanka in December.
But moved up to five, the 23-year-old hit an unbeaten 151 off 86 balls for England Lions against South Africa A.
"What England did with him is like telling Cristiano Ronaldo to play at right-back," said Collingwood. "He could've won you the World Cup."
Real Madrid forward Ronaldo, 29, was last month named world footballer of the year for the second year in a row.
Stokes was left out of England's World Cup party in December after managing only 22 runs in two innings in Sri Lanka.
However, he hit form in the Big Bash league, scoring 77 off 37 balls for Melbourne Renegades when batting at number three.
On Monday, facing an attack featuring four bowlers who have been capped by South Africa at one-day level, Stokes cracked 15 sixes, including nine from the last 15 legal deliveries he faced.
Durham captain Collingwood described his county team-mate's innings to BBC Radio 5 live Sport  as "something special".
He added: "The thing that frustrates me is that England were batting him in the number eight position.
"You've got to play him in the right position - whether that be four, five or six - and allow him to win games from that position.
"You've got a guy here who - if he came good - he could've won you the World Cup. He could have won three or four games. By himself."
Stokes, who could yet be called up if an England player is injured, hit a century in only his second Test during England's 5-0 Ashes whitewash by Australia.
But he lost his place in the Test side in 2014 and has struggled to hold down a role in the one-day and Twenty20 teams.
"I didn't come here with a point to prove to anyone," he said. "I just came here to make my game better and I think it's worked.
"Every cricketer has his day and I think today was mine."
He added: "Things didn't go well in Sri Lanka, which had a big impact in World Cup selection, but I've been given a chance at five and hopefully, later down the line, I've proved I can get some runs up the order."
His century lifted England Lions to 378-6 from 50 overs in the fourth one-day match in Pretoria.
He then took 3-51 as the Lions bowled out the hosts for 289 for an 89-run win and an unassailable 3-0 series lead.
England's batting was patchy during the recent one-day tri-series against Australia and India.
Batsmen Moeen Ali, Joe Root plus all-rounders Ravi Bopara and Chris Woakes all averaged below 30 across the five matches.
The World Cup starts on 14 February, when England face co-hosts Australia in Melbourne.
Collingwood, who played a record 197 ODIs for England, is a member of the Scotland coaching staff.
England play Scotland on 22 February in Christchurch.


A plan to halve airport passenger duty (APD) is coming under renewed scrutiny as a public consultation on the measure comes to a close.

Climate campaigners have called on the Scottish government to rethink the cut, saying it is "inconsistent with Scotland's climate commitments".
But airlines and Scottish airports have said it would boost tourism, investment and business activity in Scotland.
SNP ministers have said they will cut the duty by 50% between 2018 and 2021.
The consultation on the proposed cut will end on Friday.
Air passenger duty rates for the UK currently range between £13 and £146 depending on the distance of the flight and the class of seat.
Ministers hope that reducing APD will increase the number of direct flights to and from Scotland.
But Scottish Labour leader Kezia Dugdale has called on the Scottish government to scrap its plans.
Formally replying to the consultation, Ms Dugdale said it was the "wrong priority" at a time of public spending cuts and environmental challenges.
"Cutting APD would be a regressive step that would increase carbon emissions. It won't make Scotland fairer or greener," she said.
"Faced with the choice between carrying on with the cuts to schools and local services or using the powers of our Scottish parliament, the SNP must use the powers to stop the cuts."
£3bn
raised by the tax each year in UK
1994 APD introduced
£5 Original economy short-haul charge
£13 Current economy short-haul charge
£438 Current maximum APD charge
Environmental campaigners have also urged the Scottish government to "rethink" its plans.
The Stop Climate Chaos Scotland (SCCS) coalition said it would result in an extra 60,000 tonnes of greenhouses gases reaching the atmosphere every year.
Tom Ballantine, the coalition's chairman, added: "The £300m raised each year from APD is the equivalent of employing 11,507 nurses or installing solar panels on 60,000 homes, which is almost every home in Dundee.
"At a time of austerity cuts and whilst funding is urgently needed to support Scotland's low carbon future, this money giveaway for already under-taxed airlines is the last thing Scotland can afford."
But the Scottish government has defended the cut, saying the UK's APD was one of the most expensive taxes of its kind in the world and that it was committed to tackling climate change.
Control of the tax is due to be devolved to Holyrood when the relevant part of the Scotland Bill comes into effect in April 2017.
A Scottish government spokesperson added: "We recognise that there are important environmental issues to consider.
"That is why we are working with environmental groups such as Stop Climate Chaos Scotland and Scottish Environment Link on our stakeholder forum and currently consulting on a strategic environmental assessment as part of developing our proposals."
Both Edinburgh and Glasgow airports are supporting the move.
Edinburgh Airport's chief executive, Gordon Dewar, said the reduction would bring in an extra 18 million passengers to Scotland and generate 10,000 new jobs in tourism.
Amanda McMillan, chief executive of AGS Airports Limited which owns both Aberdeen and Glasgow airports, said APD currently put Scotland's airports at a "severe disadvantage" given its position on the edge of Europe.
The largest airline operating in Scotland, Easyjet, has also welcomed the 50% cut.
Sophie Dekkers, the company's UK director, said: "Cutting the tax will boost tourism, investment and business activity in Scotland.
"Research by PwC has shown that abolishing APD would have a positive effect on jobs and growth, as well as public finances in the longer term."


A Peebles textile mill which closed last year could be turned into a residential development.

A proposal of pre-application notice (Pan) has been submitted to Scottish Borders Council on behalf of the owners of the March Street Mill site, Morebrook Textiles.
It could see the buildings put to a range of uses including residential, retirement and commercial.
A planning application could be submitted in 12 weeks' time.
Public exhibitions have also been proposed.


France needs Euro 2016 to help repair the nation after recent economic and security troubles, says World Cup winner Marcel Desailly.

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Protests broke out over labour law reforms in May, while 130 people were killed in attacks on Paris in November.
Desailly, 47, said there should be no fears over security, adding that his "own kids are going to the fanzone".
"We need football. We need football to be there for us to enjoy and to have hope," he told BBC Sport.
"France is going through a little bit of trouble. I'm sure it's going to be secure. The information I have, people will be protected."
Desailly was part of the France squad that won the 1998 World Cup on home turf and Euro 2000 in Belgium and the Netherlands.
The former Chelsea defender said Atletico Madrid forward Antoine Griezmann will be "the man of the Euro".
"We need him because he has shown that he can score," said Desailly, who also expects West Ham's Dimitri Payet, Manchester United's Anthony Martial and Arsenal's Olivier Giroud to impress.
"I am hoping that Payet or Martial will play in this offensive formation. But we need Giroud for Griezmann to express himself."
Desailly, who spent five years in Serie A with AC Milan, said Juventus midfielder Paul Pogba is "one of the major players with a problem".
"He has so much quality but is he an offensive player or a defensive player? We need him to protect the defensive block," he said.
"Pogba should concentrate on one thing, not trying to be everything - being a playmaker, being a defender, being a skilful player."
Desailly thinks France have a chance of winning the tournament if they can "wash away all this pressure", but said England "will surprise everyone".
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A scheme to create more than 7,000 jobs on a business park next to London Southend Airport has been approved by a government inspector.

Southend-on-Sea Borough Council and Rochford District Council will now formulate detailed plans.
Regeneration, environmental improvements and transport proposals are included in the Joint Area Action Plan (JAAP).
The aim is to start construction in 2016 after detailed plans are adopted.
The JAAP presented to the inspector provided evidence for the creation of 4,200 additional jobs excluding direct airport-related employment up to 2021 and up to 2,000 additional jobs later.
The aim is for an additional 1,180 jobs within the airport boundary.
Borough council leader Ron Woodley said: "This is a golden opportunity for Southend-on-Sea and we will also be working to ensure that our policies reflect the skills required and give our young people every opportunity to fill these new jobs that will be created."


Middlesex opener Sam Robson became the latest England contender to stake his claim for a Test recall with an excellent unbeaten century at Lord's against Ian Bell's Warwickshire.

Robson ended the day on 175 out of 317-4, a large share of it coming in a 180-run opening stand with Nick Gubbins.
Chris Wright then came on to claim the wickets of Gubbins (68) and Nick Compton in successive balls.
But John Simpson and Robson helped restore Middlesex's domination.
After Keith Barker had whittled out two more wickets, including home captain Adam Voges, to leave the hosts on 263-4, wicketkeeper Simpson (31) has so far helped put on 54 with the redoubtable Robson.
Middlesex have not beaten Warwickshire in 19 meetings since June 2001 - and the Bears' away record against them is even better, having not lost in 16 trips to the north side of the capital since losing at Uxbridge in 1988. But the hosts can now a feel bit more hopeful of their chances of ending that miserable record.
It was the second Sunday running that Bears captain Bell had invited the home team to bat without a toss taking place - but Warwickshire's attack did not match the success they had a week ago against Hampshire at Southampton.
Missing the injured Chris Woakes (knee) and Boyd Rankin (side), they went wicketless in the first session - in contrast to a week earlier when Hampshire were seven down by lunch.
Instead, Australia-born Robson cut and drove beautifully to look far more the player England had in mind when they gave him the first of his seven Test caps two summers ago.
On the first day of the Lord's cricketing summer, he punished too many loose balls on a sluggish surface to reach his first hundred since May 2015.
Middlesex centurion Sam Robson told BBC London 94.9:
"We were going to bowl too. It was still tough work but, once you were in and playing the ball on merit, you just put the bad ball away.
"It was a very pleasing day. I felt good. The sun was out and, when you get sent in, you want to try to get off to a good start and get to lunch.
"To kick on was very satisfying and we are in a great position. I'm in a good place and it's great to start well.
"I've been expecting to bat first for four months. I've worked on a few little things with my game."
Warwickshire captain Ian Bell told BBC WM 95.6:
"We didn't bowl well this morning. To go for 130 in the session wasn't us at our best. But for the next two sessions we've gone for about 80-90.
"It was a tough decision. I probably would have tossed in hindsight but that's a wonderful thing. You get here and there's been ice and rain over the last two days.
"We just didn't know. And, when your gut doesn't know, the best option is probably to bowl. But Robbo played fantastically well, to score 170 out of 300.
"It was disappointing to lose Boyd this morning. He would have played. That was frustrating, but it's a test of our squad. Fingers crossed Woakesie will be fit to face Yorkshire.


For the last 48 hours Twitter has beenâ€¦ well, all of a Twitter.

An article in Buzzfeed suggesting that the social network was about to introduce what is known as an algorithmic timeline - promoting tweets deemed most relevant rather than publishing them in reverse chronological order - sparked a wave of what can only be described as furious panic.
Under the hashtag #RIPTwitter, thousands, perhaps millions, told the world that this was the end of civilisation as we know it, that a beautiful thing was being crushed, that the company, whose share price has been tumbling for months, was signing its own death warrant.
Finally, the CEO Jack Dorsey was forced to react. "Hello Twitter!" he called out. "Regarding #RIPTwitter: I want you all to know we're always listening. We never planned to reorder timelines next week."
He went on "Twitter is live. Twitter is real-time. Twitter is about who & what you follow. And Twitter is here to stay! By becoming more Twitter-y."
But was Dorsey right to blink in the face of pressure? And should he be "always listening" to his users? That depends on whether you believe the hoariest old cliche of management books: "The customer is always right."
I certainly sympathise with those who say that Twitter isn't broken, so it does not need the kind of radical fixing implied by an algorithmic timeline. For me, it works just fine, connecting me to like-minded communities of dog-owners, sourdough loaf bakers, and gadget enthusiasts, while providing the best breaking news service on the planet.
Like many other heavy users of Twitter, I have been sniffy about recent innovations such as "Moments" and would rather things carried on just as they are. But perhaps Mr Dorsey and his management team should not be listening to people like me - we're almost certainly going nowhere. He has to cock an ear to the concerns of three other constituencies - investors, advertisers and the people who use Twitter infrequently or not at all.
Because the crisis in his company is not about revenues, which are growing nicely, and it's not about what loyal users think - it is about growth. The last set of results showed Twitter user numbers had barely moved over the previous three months, up just four million.
Investors who bought into the business when it floated on the hope that it would grow at the same rate as Facebook, shuddered at that news and will be watching nervously when the next set of results is published on Wednesday. Advertisers are asking why they should spend money with a network when it is not delivering the kind of audience available elsewhere. So Twitter's top team is trying all kinds of tricks to make the experience of joining and using the network more intuitive.
And there's another reason why Jack Dorsey might be tempted to ignore those users protesting about a change that has not even happened yet. If he looks at the history of Facebook, he will see that just about every innovation introduced by Mark Zuckerberg has met with dismay from existing users. Here's how Techcrunch reported the arrival of something called Newsfeed in 2006:
"There has been an overwhelmingly negative public response to Facebook's launch of two new products yesterday. The products, called News Feed and Mini Feed, allow users to get a quick view of what their friends are up to, including relationship changes, groups joined, pictures uploaded, etc., in a streaming news format."
Petitions were signed, boycotts organised,  but quite soon the News Feed was seen as core to the Facebook experience, and then when it was tweaked there were again protests - from people who thought it was just perfect as it was. By the way, Zuckerberg's reaction to the Newsfeed protests was to say: "Breathe. We hear youâ€¦" and then carry on with his original plan.
So the customer is not always right, and if you listen too closely to your existing users, you will end up preserving your site in aspic. That would be fine by me - I like Twitter in its current form.  But maybe Jack Dorsey should ignore me...


An original artwork by the illustrator of the Gruffalo books is being auctioned for an arts charity.

The depiction of Tiddler - another of Gruffalo author Julia Donaldson's characters - will be sold in Bridge of Allan later this month.
Money raised from the sale of Axel Scheffler's drawing will go to Artlink Central.
The charity provides arts programmes for adults and children with additional support needs.
Mr Scheffler said: "Art is so important for everyone; I think it's wonderful what Artlink Central do, especially for children.
"Julia has been a major supporter of the charity for many years now and I am always happy to help when I can.
"I really hope the auction piece will do well on the night. It's an alternative version of an illustration for the book Tiddler, which features a little grey fish who loves to tell tall tales."
He added: "Often I start a picture for a book but I don't finish it, I don't always know why.
"But if I like it, like this one, I will go back and finish it later. Sometimes the ones which don't go into the books are even better."