"A confused shop with a mish-mash of products with no emphasis on the fact that this is supposed to be a shop specialising in cruelty-free, fair trade toiletries and make-up," is Suzy Bourke's damning verdict on The Body Shop.

The 42-year-old stage manager used to be a regular shopper at the High Street chain, but now she tends to go to Boots instead.
And she's not alone. Its owner, cosmetics giant L'Oreal, wants to offload the High Street chain, which has been suffering slowing sales.
The Body Shop, founded by Dame Anita Roddick in 1976, was a pioneer using natural ingredients for its beauty products when it started out. It initially thrived, expanding rapidly, and by the 1980s was one of the most well-known brands on the High Street.
I remember the chain fondly from my youth, when it seemed to be an exciting shop full of affordable, fun and exciting products. Coloured animal soaps, banana shampoo, white musk perfume and strawberry shower gel were the height of 1980s beauty chic as far as I was concerned.
But by the early 2000s, rivals had caught up, with firms such as Boots, for example, developing similar natural beauty ranges. New challengers such as Lush also emerged, encroaching on The Body Shop's market share.
The chain is still a sizeable High Street presence with more than 3,000 stores in 66 countries and employs 22,000 people, according to its website.
The Body Shop's results for 2016 show total sales were 920.8m euros (Â£783.8m), down from 967.2m euros in 2015, which L'Oreal blamed on market slowdowns in Hong Kong and Saudi Arabia.
The sales were a tiny proportion of L'Oreal's overall 25.8bn euros of sales for the same period.
And arguably the chain - which L'Oreal bought for Â£652m ($1.14bn) in 2006 - remains a lower-end and insignificant part of its huge portfolio of brands, which include skincare specialists Kiehl's, Lancome and Garnier, as well as fragrance brands Ralph Lauren and Giorgio Armani.
Veteran retail analyst Richard Hyman argues that L'Oreal overpaid for the chain and has failed to add any value to it.
"Frankly it's a bit of mystery them buying it in the first place.
"What they bought is a retailer and what they're good at is brands," he says.
He thinks The Body Shop's struggles are down to the same issues facing the retail sector as a whole:
"Retailing in shops is becoming an increasingly challenging business. You've got to have a very compelling retail proposition as opposed to a brand or product proposition.
"Everyone that shops in The Body Shop spends most of their personal care budget somewhere else. They're constantly chasing their tail, having to work hard to attract people into a store," he says.
When the 2006 deal was struck, founder Dame Anita - who died just a year later - was forced to reject claims that The Body Shop, known for its ethically sourced goods, was joining with "the enemy".
There were concerns that some of the ingredients L'Oreal then used in its products had been tested on animals, while The Body Shop was publicly opposed to animal testing.
The French firm insisted the brand would complement its existing offering, giving it increased presence in the "masstige" sector - mass market combined with prestige.
But Charlotte Pearce, an analyst at consultancy GlobalData Retail, believes the firm has "slightly lost its way" under L'Oreal's ownership.
"While The Body Shop's heritage is strong, it needs to work on its brand perception. It's not known as a brand which is innovative and new, and it's failed to keep up with market trends - contour sticks, kits and palettes were a strong trend in 2016, and these are nowhere to be seen in The Body Shop's range," she says.
These days the firm is not seen as "a trendy brand", but mostly as a shop for gifting and low-value items, such as its body butters and body lotions, she says.
"With premium retailers such as Jo Malone and Liz Earle offering in-store treatments, there is more that The Body Shop could be doing to raise its profile and improve the customer experience," she adds.
Nonetheless, Prof John Colley from Warwick Business School believes there will still be plenty of interest from private equity funds.
He expects the firm to be sold with its current separate management team, who he says are likely to have their own ideas for how to improve it.
"When a major corporate has decided it doesn't want a business, it will sell it, probably, whatever the price.
"They [L'Oreal] are trying to get rid of it because it's underperforming. But anyone bidding will see a clear turnaround. Independent ownership would probably serve the firm well. A refreshed image would almost certainly work," he says.
Mr Hyman, too, believes a new owner could improve The Body Shop, particularly by selling the chain's products outside its own shops. But he says trying to offload the large store estate with long committed leases will be a hindrance to any buyer.
"That's not to say it isn't a business with potential, but it could perform much more strongly," he says.
Dame Anita Roddick, who founded the firm in 1976 at the age of 34, said her original motivation for the firm was simply to make a living for herself and her two daughters while her husband was away travelling.
But as someone who had travelled widely, she set out to do things differently, relying on natural ingredients and her customers' interest in the environment.
"Why waste a container when you can refill it? And why buy more of something than you can use? We behaved as she [my mother] did in the Second World War, we reused everything, we refilled everything and we recycled all we could.
"The foundation of The Body Shop's environmental activism was born out of ideas like these," she wrote.


Doncaster are "disappointed" by the Football Association's decision to open applications to all second-tier clubs to join Women's Super League One for the 2017-18 season.

The FA wants to redress the balance between WSL 1 and 2 after top-flight side Notts County folded in April.
Belles were relegated from the first tier to the second last season.
"We were disappointed that the FA did not make a decisive appointment at their board meeting," a statement said.
"In the event of promoted teams not meeting the off-pitch WSL 1 criteria, it would have been the relegated team that would have stayed up.
"Whilst this does not apply in relation to withdrawals, we had hoped this would be an indication of fair and appropriate action."
WSL 2 sides have been asked to show how they can meet the additional licence criteria and financial demands at the higher level.
A decision on the successful bidder will be made in June, as the FA seeks to create two 10-team divisions.
It will be based on the applicant clubs' skills in business management, youth development and marketing, as well as the quality of their facilities and their performances on the pitch in the past 12 months.
The applications close on 30 May and Doncaster confirmed they would be seeking a place in WSL 1.
The statement added: "The published criteria indicate that the FA are looking for a particular type of club.
"We believe we have much to offer the WSL1, as well as the women's game as a whole, and as such we believe the club has a strong case which we will put before the FA."
In April 2013, the FA replaced Belles in the top tier with Manchester City Women, and relegated Doncaster to WSL 2.


Usain Bolt is a genius and has had as big an impact on athletics as Muhammad Ali did on boxing, says Lord Coe.

Sprint legend Bolt, an eight-time Olympic gold medallist, is set to retire after the World Championships in London, which begin on Friday.
Coe likened the Jamaican, 30, to former world heavyweight champion Ali, one of sport's most iconic figures.
"He is the best sprinter of all time," said Coe, who is president of the sport's world governing body the IAAF.
"Usain Bolt is a genius. I can't think, other than Muhammad Ali, of anybody that has so had an impact inside or beyond their sport.
"You can have the Friday-night-in-the-pub conversations about who is best footballer or tennis player, but there is no argument about this guy in sprinting."
Bolt won 100m, 200m and 4x100m gold at the past three Olympic Games - Beijing 2008, London 2012 and Rio 2016.
However, his unprecedented 'triple triple' of nine gold medals was downgraded to eight after Jamaican team-mate Nesta Carter, part of the quartet who won the 4x100m in Beijing, tested positive for a banned substance. Carter has appealed against the decision.
Bolt is also an 11-time World Championship gold medallist, and has won the 100m title three times.
"We shouldn't be sitting there saying you are suddenly going to find another Usain Bolt any more than just boxing suddenly found another Muhammad Ali," Coe told BBC Sport.
"What we will miss is the personality. We do want athletes with personality. It's nice to have someone who has a view and fills the room and fills a stadium.
"We are not going to replace Usain Bolt - not because you are not going to have a trophy cabinet full of three back-to-back Olympic doubles and relays and World Championships - you are just not going to replace him because his personality dominated not just our sport but pretty much every sport out there."
Coe, who won Olympic 1500m gold in 1980 and 1984, said it would be "virtuous" for both Jamaica and global athletics to keep Bolt involved in the sport after his retirement and that "discussions" had taken place.
Like Bolt, long-distance champion Mo Farah will race on the track for the last time this month. The Briton, who will defend his 5,000m and 10,000m world titles in London, will make his final track appearance in Zurich on 24 August before switching his focus to marathons.
"You are not going to replace them," Coe told BBC Sport, adding he wants to help give other athletes the platform to "tell their own story".
"Everyone knows Usain Bolt but, if you start talking about some of our other extraordinary talents in the sport, some of them are walking through their own towns in anonymity let alone the global stage."
Farah, 34, has won the 5,000m and 10,000m titles at each of the past two Olympics.
Coe believes Farah's departure from the track - along with heptathlete Jessica Ennis-Hill's retirement, and long jumper Greg Rutherford's injury problems - also leaves British athletics in a transitional period.
"If you look at the medals British athletes have won in the past two or three Games, the bulk have come from three competitors so we need to spread that a little wider," he said.
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The IAAF said last month it could reinstate gender tests for female athletes with high levels of testosterone after a new study found it gave them a "competitive advantage".
The Court of Arbitration for Sport (Cas) suspended the IAAF's hyperandrogenism rules for two years in July 2015, and gave the governing body until July 2017 to justify reinstating them.
"We've got to do it in a way that doesn't demonise athletes," Coe said. "This is a sensitive issue.
"It is my responsibility that we settle upon something that gives female athletes comfort that they are competing on a level playing field.
"Cas has asked us to go away and to present the science on this. This we will do."
The IAAF has voted unanimously to maintain Russia's ban from international track and field competition as there are still issues that need to be resolved regarding the country's anti-doping fight.
Russia was accused in a World Anti-Doping Agency report last year of widespread state-sponsored doping. Its athletics team was barred from last summer's Rio Olympics and will also miss the World Championships.
"Material progress has been made but there are still issues that need to be resolved," said Rune Andersen, independent chairman of the IAAF taskforce looking into doping in Russia.
"I can confirm that our impression is that they really want to meet all the criteria that has been set.
"The main issue is that no meaningful testing is being conducted."
Andersen said the Russian anti-doping agency is still not code-compliant and that Russian authorities must acknowledge the outcome of the McLaren report into doping in the country.
"It's difficult to get an excuse, but we need some sort of an explanation on how they deal with this report in the most effective way," he added.
Nineteen Russians will compete as neutrals in London and Andersen said he had noticed an encouraging change in culture "starting with the athletes".
However, he added there was still an issue with banned coaches continuing to operate freely, and stuck with the timeline of a Russian return to international action in November.


A busy road linking the A31 in Dorset to Poole town centre is to close for three months to allow work to prevent the collapse of an embankment.

Eight months of work is due to begin on the A349 Gravel Hill, one of area's busiest roads, from summer 2016.
Borough of Poole council said a complete closure was necessary for part of the period but it hoped to maintain access for pedestrians and cyclists.
Residents are being asked to give their views on the proposed Â£4.3m scheme.
During the majority of the works, between Queen Anne Drive and Dunyeats Road, the road will be closed in one direction and a diversion put in place.
Borough of Poole engineering manager John Rice said: "We are aware that the Gravel Hill embankment has deteriorated over recent years despite regular maintenance.
"We are constantly assessing the embankment to ensure it is safe but, if we don't carry out the works, the embankment will at some point fail, resulting in this busy road being closed."
The scheme is also aimed at improving traffic flows and routes for pedestrians and cyclists.


A senior British archery coach has been suspended following a complaint to police over an incident involving a young female Para-athlete.

The alleged sexual assault is understood to have taken place in the last four years, while overseas at an international competition.
The former athlete - who has now given her account to the police - has told the BBC that she did not pursue her original complaint at the time because she felt threatened after staff at the sport's governing body implied she could lose her funding, and cost the coach his job.
Archery GB (AGB) said the case was "investigated and dealt with at the time, to the satisfaction of the alleged victim and [a relative] of the alleged victim".
However, following a BBC report, the AGB said it received a call from the alleged victim who confirmed contact was made with the police.
"As such, we last night suspended a coach until further notice, pending police enquiries," an AGB statement added.
In a statement the athlete wrote after the incident, and which was subsequently forwarded on to staff at the governing body, she said the coach had acted "inappropriately", and offered her alcoholic drinks.
In further documents obtained by the BBC, the coach also wrote separately to both the athlete and a then team manager to apologise for his "totally unacceptable" and "not appropriate" behaviour.
However, the former team manager was then told the matter was closed after the athlete requested no further action be taken.
The team manager subsequently resigned, explaining at the time in private correspondence that "pressure was being put on me to be quiet about this incident and if I were to remain in my post the people above me would not allow me to follow up on my concerns".
The athlete has now told BBC Sport: "I didn't go through with a complaint at the time because I was put in a position where it was implied by staff that I didn't want to be the one to lose the coach his job and that I was new to the programme, and I didn't want to risk that either.
"I was worried I would lose my funding and position on the programme, but that should never have been the case. I should have felt like I could trust the staff to help me work through that time, not threaten me.
"They told me that if I dropped my complaint they would discipline the coach appropriately themselves. That was something they said to try to ease me I think.
"I'm doing what I should have done a few years ago and I am not afraid of them now."
The former team manager told the BBC he believed there had been a "cover-up", adding: "I feel that the incident was mishandled by AGB from the very moment that it was reported back to them, and that procedures that they had in place, which would normally be applied in these circumstances, were circumvented.
"I think that the incident was covered up firstly out of some sort of misguided loyalty towards [the coach concerned], but mostly to protect the reputation of AGB's staff and a fear of losing funding from their sponsors. I also believe that once they had made the decision...they were locked into a spiral of deceit they had to maintain in order to protect their own positions."
Separately, in May, Mark Davies, who became AGB's chairman after the alleged incident, wrote to staff and athletes to inform them of a "wide-ranging investigation into the culture of its high performance unit".
Davies said the independent review was "in light of a number of question marks...raised into high performance sport in the UK" and invited all to comment confidentially on the culture, "without fear or favour". Staff were told not to speak to the media because "journalists will be only too willing to look for angles and stories, and if they were to do so, it would make it extremely difficult to get a fair picture".
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One current Para-archer, who did not wish to be named, told the BBC the atmosphere in the high performance unit was "highly toxic" and "a living nightmare".
"Some of us have nothing but archery in our lives. If we lose this, we lose everything," said the Para-archer. "They know that and they take huge advantage of that by bullying, intimidating and discriminating against us.
"Our welfare is low on their list. It's medals first. That's what it's always been, medals first.
"The situation is now at a crisis level. Athletes have complained for years about the situation but have been too afraid of what would happen to them if they came forward. Some are still too afraid and cannot cope with what is happening right now. Morale is at rock bottom."
Meanwhile, Para-archer Frank Maguire - who says he left the Great Britain set-up after becoming disillusioned with the environment, told the BBC that AGB "need to clean their decks and that does not mean the athletes".
He added: "They need to do a purge on this kind of behaviour by coaches and senior staff, and to realise that to get the best from an athlete is not by intimidation or by oppression but by interacting with the athletes understanding each individual and through this getting the best results.
"They must also treat Para-athletes as disabled athletes, not handicapped. They must not let the athletes down again, which in turn lets our nation down."
In a statement to the BBC, AGB chairman Davies said: "I wrote at the beginning of May this year to invite anyone who has been involved with AGB's world-class programme, at any time in the last two years, to contribute to a wide-ranging investigation into the culture of Archery GB's high performance unit.
"The objective of this investigation is to allow anyone connected with the high performance unit on any side, and at whatever level, to comment on the culture within it without fear or favour. I have hired two external specialist investigators, along with the law firm Sports Resolutions to manage the process.
"At the time that I wrote, I was unaware of any allegations surrounding [the alleged incident of sexual assault].
"I have, though, been made aware of the allegations since I wrote to people about the review.
"My understanding is that they were investigated and dealt with at the time to the satisfaction of the alleged victim and [a relative] of the alleged victim.
"I am not aware that AGB has had any contact from the alleged victim since, nor has anyone who was actually on that trip come forward to tell me anything different.
"The current review, which was, as I say, instituted without my having any knowledge of allegations, is independent, so I am not in a position to update you on where it has got to. What I can say is that I hope to have a report for the board to consider in the second half of this year.
"I have made clear to all those to whom I wrote that at the conclusion of the investigation, an anonymised report will be submitted to the board, and Archery GB will consider the full report at the first board meeting available to it after the report's conclusion.
"I have also committed to publishing to all those who contribute the key recommendations from the report (at the same time as we both publish our response to the same people and initiate whatever actions we may take as a result of the recommendations).
"To be clear, in order to allow confidentiality where it is required, Archery GB has not committed to publishing the full report."
The revelations come with police investigating accusations of child grooming and sexual assault against a suspended senior British Canoeing coach following allegations from three women.
British Cycling, British Swimming, British Bobsleigh and a host of other sports governing bodies have also become embroiled in allegations concerning athlete welfare. UK Sport's incoming chair, former Olympic rower Dame Katherine Grainger, has told the BBC that athlete welfare is "a huge concern".
Britain's Para-archers topped the medal table at the Rio Paralympics, with three gold medals. However, after a disappointing Olympics, the governing body had £3m of funding axed by UK Sport earlier this year.
AGB is one of 11 governing bodies who have demanded an urgent review of UK Sport's investment model.


Two people were killed and three injured in what police call a "very targeted" attack at a camp for homeless people in Seattle.

Authorities said no one has been arrested and they are looking for two "persons of interest".
The victims lived at the encampment, known as "the jungle", south of downtown Seattle.
One woman died at the scene and one man who was brought to a hospital in Seattle later died.
Police believe it was "very targeted," said Assistant Seattle Police Chief Bob Merner.
Seattle mayor Ed Murray urged people to stay away from the area, calling it an active crime scene.
Last November, Mr Murray declared a state of emergency regarding homelessness in Seattle and said he would pledge $7m (Â£4.9m) to the crisis.
"I can't help but wonder, did I act too late?" he said at a press briefing on Tuesday.
He said the camp "has been unmanageable and out of control for almost two decades".
Police are interviewing witnesses and stayed in the area overnight.
"We are working furiously to identify a suspect," said Seattle police chief Kathleen O'Toole.
Ms O'Toole said she does not believe anyone else is in danger.


Scientists are building a giant radio telescope, one hundred times more powerful than the strongest in the world at the moment.

It's called the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and is one of the biggest scientific projects in history.
When the telescope is finished it'll see further into the cosmos than ever before, to help us discover new galaxies and maybe even find alien life.
It's a project that could change what we understand about our Universe and life as we know it, forever!
The telescope is being built by some of the world's top scientists and engineers with the help of 10 countries, including the UK.
SKA won't be one massive telescope, it'll be made up of thousands of dishes and up to a million antennae, clustered together over a square kilometre.
That's about the size of 200 football pitches, which will allow scientists to monitor the sky in detail.
They're being built in South Africa's Karoo region and Australia's Murchison Shire, two of the most remote places on Earth.
These desert locations are radio quiet zones, because few people live there, which make them perfect for radio telescopes.
Unlike an optical telescope, which is a simple piece of glass that makes far away objects appear closer, a radio telescope detects radio waves coming from space.
Radio waves are a special type of light that the human eye can't see.
They can be found coming from clouds of gas where stars are born, as well as the centres of galaxies.
So a radio telescope doesn't see the stars - but instead sees the gas between the stars that produces radio waves.
They can be used in bad weather because the radio waves aren't blocked by clouds as they pass through the atmosphere.
Radio telescopes can also be used in the daytime as well as at night.
The biggest dish on a radio telescope acts like a massive mirror, which reflects radio waves to a smaller mirror, this then reflects the information to a special receiver.
The information from the receiver is then processed and organised by a powerful computer, which creates colour images that we can see.
All that information needs to be organised by a super computer, which will be built in the UK.
At the moment, we've only seen one pixel of space - SKA will see more of the complete picture.
It will look at how the very first stars and galaxies formed just after the Big Bang.
Scientists also hope it will help them learn more about dark matter and magnetic fields in space, things we know very little about.
And they will use information gathered by SKA to try and answer a huge questionâ€¦ Are we the only intelligent beings in the Universe?
Radio telescopes don't stay in one position, they're moved regularly to map the skies, but controlling them isn't an easy job.


Wigan Warriors' second-half fightback kept alive their faint hopes of winning the Super League Leaders' Shield with victory against fellow Grand Final hopefuls Hull FC.

Having trailed 12-4 at half-time, with George Williams' score cancelled out by Fetuli Talanoa and Mahe Fonua, Wigan dominated the scoring after the break.
Sam Powell sneaked in from dummy-half to pull within two points.
Taulima Tautai then stretched out to turn the match late on and stun Hull.
Matty Smith's late penalty goal on the hooter added to the result, which leaves Wigan and Hull three points behind leaders Warrington, who have 41 points and need one win to secure silverware.
Challenge Cup winners Hull have eyes on a treble and looked to have passed this test of character after a dominant first 40, marshalled by Marc Sneyd's dangerous kicking game.
However, Shaun Wane's side muscled up in defence and attack in the second half, keeping the home side from scoring, and took advantage of late errors to come away with the two points.
Hull FC head coach Lee Radford told BBC Radio Humberside:
"We got what we deserved, this time of year you can't dominate a side for 60 minutes and not execute your chances.
"For the last 10 minutes you can't make errors like we did and win games of footy.
"We've got to fix our skill set up, the last 20 I don't know what happened so I will have to look at the interchanges.
"The quicker we can stop mentioning the Challenge Cup the better."
Wigan Warriors head coach Shaun Wane told BBC Radio Manchester:
"It was a very tough win. I'm really pleased with the desire we showed, the effort was 10/10, but smartness 2/10.
"To be honest I felt our defensive effort was fantastic, but our first attacking set was 11 minutes from half-time. If we're smarter and get teams into an arm wrestle, go kick-for-kick, we can trouble teams.
"There are things we need to work on, I'm not going to get carried away but it was a great win against a fantastically coached team.
"Just to get the win today was a good effort. We're in control [of our destiny], we're tight in the dressing room and we have belief."
Hull FC: Shaul; Michaels, Fonua, Yeaman, Talanoa; Tuimavave, Sneyd; Taylor, Houghton, Watts, Manu, Minichello, Ellis
Replacements: Pritchard, Bowden, Green, Hadley
Wigan Warriors: S.Tomkins; Charnley, Gelling, Sarginson, Tierney; Williams, Smith; Nuuausaala, Powell, Flower, Bateman, Farrell, Isa
Replacements: Crosby, Tautai, Sutton, Shorrocks
Referee: Ben Thaler
Attendance: 11,686


Veteran French composer Jean Michel Jarre is to headline a new "festival of discovery" to be held under the iconic Lovell Telescope.

Bluedot, named after an image of Earth taken by Voyager 1, will also see Underworld and Caribou top the bill at Cheshire's Jodrell Bank Observatory.
The three-day festival, which begins on 22 July, will see science events, such as pulsar hunting and robot workshops.
Observatory director Prof Tim O'Brien said it would "blow people's minds".
The festival will be Jarre's only UK festival date and will follow the May release of Electronica 2: The Heart of Noise, his 15th studio album which features collaborations with the Pet Shop Boys, Cyndi Lauper, Primal Scream, Peaches and The Orb.
A Bluedot spokeswoman said that given the "stunning backdrop" of the radio telescope, "it can only be imagined Jean Michel's performance will be one of the most spectacular in his long career".
The musical line-up will include Mercury Rev, Everything Everything, Public Service Broadcasting, British Sea Power and 65daysofstatic, while the "science and culture programme" will play out across "five distinct arenas".
Prof Brian Cox and Robin Ince's irreverent look at science on BBC Radio 4, The Infinite Monkey Cage, will also record a show on site.
The observatory, which has been in action for over seven decades and was voted Britain's greatest unsung landmark in 2006, has previously held hosted shows by the likes of New Order, Sigur Ros and the Halle Orchestra.
Prof O'Brien said the new festival would "celebrate our planet in the vast cosmos, showcasing humanity's creative achievements in arts, science, technology and the exploration of space".


Police have released the name of a cyclist who died after being hit by a lorry in West Dunbartonshire.

Allan Fleming, 48, from the Faifley area of Clydebank, was struck by an Asda articulated lorry on the A82 at Duntocher at about 11.00 on Sunday.
The incident happened on the westbound carriageway between the Kilbowie roundabout and the Erskine Bridge.
Mr Fleming was pronounced dead at the scene. Police have appealed for witnesses to the crash.


A British former war correspondent and an Australian man have faced court in Indonesia on charges of possessing hashish.

David Fox, an ex-Reuters reporter, and Giuseppe Serafino, a bar owner, were arrested in Bali on 8 October.
The pair could face up to 12 years in prison if convicted of drug possession, transportation and use, or four years if found guilty of use alone.
Indonesia has some of the world's toughest drug laws.
Police allege they confiscated 10.09 grams of hashish from Mr Fox's house and clothing in a sting operation.
"We will convince the judges with witnesses that he's an addict," Mr Fox's lawyer, Haposan Sihombing, told the Australian Associated Press outside Denpasar District Court on Thursday.
"He saw lots of horrible incidents so that every night, he couldn't sleep and started using drugs to calm himself."
Mr Fox, 55, worked for Reuters for 20 years, filing reports from war-torn countries including Iraq, Afghanistan and Rwanda.
The court heard 48-year-old Mr Serafino, who has lived in Bali since 2011, began using hashish as an alternative to prescribed pain medication.
"He used it with the intention of relieving back pain caused by a cyst in his kidney and to increase his appetite," said documents read in court, according to the Sydney Morning Herald.
Police claim Mr Serafino was found with 7.32 grams of hashish.
The men's cases are being heard separately.


The closing gala of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, which featured a set by Kylie Minogue, was watched by an average of 6.8m viewers.

The ceremony at the city's Hampden Park was watched by a peak audience of 7.7m, according to overnight figures.
Proceedings saw Glasgow officially end its tenure as host city and hand over to Australia's Gold Coast for 2018.
Scottish stars Lulu and Deacon Blue also performed in a party atmosphere which gathered all athletes together.
BBC One easily captured the lion's share of the TV audience on Sunday night, with 36% of viewers watching the ceremony from Glasgow at one point.
The live broadcast which lasted more than two hours and included a seven-song set from Minogue.
Her performance was briefly interrupted by Australian athlete Genevieve LaCaze, who danced on stage before being ushered away by security staff.
However, the audience substantially slid towards the end of the programme at 2300 BST, with five million people staying until the close.
The late evening news bulletin, which followed the conclusion of the games, pulled in 3.3 million viewers.
Other performers during the evening included Australian singer Jessica Mauboy, leading a segment which sang the praises of the Gold Coast, which will host the next games in four years' time.
Earlier this year, Mauboy performed at the Eurovision Song Contest in Copenhagen to honour Australia's association with the event.
The gala also involved the participation of more than 2,000 volunteer performers.
The Commonwealth Games opening ceremony on 23 July was a bigger TV draw, bringing in an average 7.6 million viewers and peaking at 9.3 million.
Meanwhile, Saturday night's coverage of the games, featuring Usain Bolt in the 100 metres relay and Tom Daley claiming gold in the diving, had a detrimental effect on ITV's usually robust schedule.
More than eight million viewers tuned into the action from Glasgow on BBC One, while Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith on ITV drew in a little over one million.


A prison officer has been treated for a suspected broken jaw after he was attacked by an inmate.

The unnamed victim was injured in an incident at HMP Nottingham on Tuesday and taken to Queen's Medical Centre in the city for treatment.
The inmate, who has not been identified, has been placed on a segregation unit and police are investigating.
A Prison Service spokesman said all incidents are fully investigated.
"Any violence in prison is unacceptable - especially when it is directed at our hardworking staff," he said.
"All incidents are fully investigated and prisoners found guilty can find their sentences extended significantly."


Homeowners could be compensated if the value of their property falls when new garden cities are built, Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg has suggested.

Mr Clegg told the BBC's Countryfile the government could buy homes blighted by developments or offer owners council tax cuts while building takes place.
He said he did not want anyone to "lose out" as a result of garden cities, intended to curb the housing shortage.
The housing minister said this was an interesting contribution to the debate.
Brandon Lewis agreed with Mr Clegg that the government's planning around garden cities should be "locally led" and "working with local communities".
The government has plans in place for three new developments with about 15,000 homes each. It is thought two of them are to be built in south-east England.
Mr Clegg said it was important to safeguard house prices in areas pegged for the projects.
"We could maybe give deductions on their council tax for the period of time during which the garden city's being built," he said.
"We could possibly also say to those homes where they think the price of their home will be affected, we will guarantee the price of their home by buying it, if you like, upfront."
He said the cost to the public purse of compensating homeowners would not be as great as people would think.
"We are actively looking at things like that to show that we will go the extra mile to allay those concerns of people who feel that their property or the price of their home might be affected," he said.
"We don't want people to lose out."
He suggested the government could offer full market price for a home that could lose value due to disruption caused by construction.
This was the sort of thing the country did anyway with big infrastructure projects, he said.
The Lib Dems leader also told the Sunday Telegraph that he wanted a shortlist for the locations of the three new communities published by the end of the year.
He said the point of them was they would be "well-designed, support jobs, contain top-quality green space and services - the best of town and country in one place".
Meanwhile, Mr Lewis described Mr Clegg's suggestions as an "interesting contribution" to the debate on garden cities.
"The bidding process is still open for communities with proposals for ambitious, locally led developments that have the backing of existing residents," the housing minister said.
Mr Clegg announced the three garden city projects in April. He said they would tackle the UK's "chronic" housing shortage.
Funding from an existing Â£2.4bn pot is to be made available for the developments being built up to 2020.
In 2013, the construction of 109,370 new homes was completed in England - the lowest figure for four years.
Yet the number of households is expected to grow by 221,000 every year this decade.
Twenty-seven new towns were built across the UK after World War Two, including Stevenage, Harlow, Milton Keynes, Corby, Cwmbran, Newton Aycliffe, Peterlee and Cumbernauld.
They were called garden cities because their layouts included large amounts of green space and were designed to deal with an accommodation shortage caused by bomb damage, stagnation in the construction industry, returning service personnel and a baby boom.
In April, Mr Clegg published a prospectus inviting bids from councils.


Clyde have been censured and given a suspended £2,500 fine after the club admitted breaches of Scottish Professional Football League rules.

The Scottish League Two club were late with a £3,320.20 tax payment.
They then fielded a player, Ross Millen, who had been registered after their "event of default", which should have prompted a registration embargo.
But the club's ban on registering players and playing those registered after 16 January has been lifted.
The SPFL says the club "gained no sporting advantage", was unaware of the event of default relating to the missed tax payment until after the 2-0 loss to East Fife, in which Millen played, and since then neither of the two players registered after 16 January - including Millen - have played for the club.
Clyde had stated there are now "fully up to date with all HMRC liabilities".
Manager Barry Ferguson brought in four new players during the January transfer window and the club could have been banned from fielding those players.
However, the SPFL said in a statement: "Clyde FC admitted all alleged breaches of SPFL rules.
"The SPFL board sub-committee found that all breaches were inadvertent and had arisen as a result of extraordinary circumstances affecting the club and one of its directors at the relevant time.
"Clyde FC were censured, warned as to their future conduct and given a £2,500 fine suspended until the end of season 2016-17 (to be activated in the event of future breaches of SPFL rules in this area).
"At an SPFL board meeting following the sub-committee hearing, the ban on Clyde FC registering any new players and on playing those players registered after 16 January 2016 was lifted with immediate effect.
"Clyde FC was reminded of its rights of appeal in terms of the Scottish FA Judicial Panel Protocol."
And Clyde said on their website: "The club can confirm that it is satisfied with the ruling and has no intention of pursuing the option of an appeal."


Gary Ballance scored a century for Yorkshire on the opening day of the Champion County game against the MCC.

Yorkshire lost openers Alex Lees and Adam Lyth early on and spinner James Tredwell took three wickets to reduce the champions to 88-5 in Abu Dhabi.
However, Ballance (105) and Will Rhodes (95) put on 125 for the sixth wicket before Ballance was trapped lbw.
Rhodes missed out on his century as Yorkshire posted 275 before James Harris saw out an over in reply.
Yorkshire won the toss and decided to bat but, aside from England batsman Ballance and Rhodes, Lyth (13) and Andrew Gale (23) were the only men to make it into double figures.
The MCC rallied with the new ball following Ballance's departure, as Jake Ball picked up the wicket of Andrew Hodd, while Graham Onions removed Steven Patterson and Jack Brooks in consecutive balls.
Rhodes came close to hitting his maiden first-class ton during his final-wicket partnership with Karl Carver but was caught behind off the bowling of Rikki Clarke.
Middlesex seamer Harris saw out the one over the MCC had to face in reply from Brooks before stumps.
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A man died after being given an antibiotic containing penicillin, an inquest heard.

John Dudding, 80, died in Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, three days after being given the drug in February 2012.
On Tuesday the inquest in Plymouth was told he was allergic to penicillin.
His allergy was recorded on his notes but the doctor who prescribed it said the section on allergies had been covered up with a post-it note.
Mr Dudding, from Sutton in Plymouth, was admitted to hospital after suffering a fall at his home.
He was given a red wristband showing he had an allergy when he was admitted.
Derriford Hospital had previously admitted a "serious error" but says it is for the inquest to decide if it contributed to his death.
On Tuesday the inquest heard Mr Dudding was in a terminal phase of his life and had significant kidney injury before having the antibiotic.
The inquest continues.


Microsoft is to drop the price of its new Xbox One console - just over three months after its release.

The console, currently priced in the UK at Â£429, with a bundled game, will drop to Â£399 on Friday and will include major title Titanfall in the package.
So far, the drop will only apply to the UK.
The new cost brings the console in line with the price of Sony's PlayStation 4, which is outselling Microsoft's machine.
However, the PlayStation 4 can be bought without a game for Â£349.
"The reason we're doing this is that we're committed to giving gamers the best value that we can," said Harvey Eagle, Xbox's marketing director in the UK.
"We're only a few months into a generation of consoles that are going to last for many many years to come," he added.
"And now just feels like the right time to make the adjustment on the price."
Industry figures suggest that the PlayStation 4 is outselling the Xbox One by around two to one, with 5.3 million of Sony's machines being sold worldwide.
However, Microsoft is keen to point out that compared with their previous console, the Xbox 360, the newer model has enjoyed a "record-breaking" launch, and that sales of games have been strong.
The new, cheaper bundle will include a copy of Titanfall - a major title that Microsoft expects will significantly drive sales of the console.
Titanfall is not out until 14 March, and so people buying consoles at the cheaper price before that date will not be able to the play the game until it is released.
In an interview with the BBC, Mr Eagle defended the price change coming so soon after the console's release - and thanked those who had bought the machine early.
"We're hugely appreciative," he said.
"We would like to thank all of the people that have supported us since launch."
The Xbox One's higher launch price was attributed in part to the inclusion of its Kinect hardware - the motion tracker that allows gamers to play without a physical controller.
However, analysts argued that while an impressive piece of technology, the Kinect does not yet offer enough innovative uses to tempt people into the extra cost.
"You've got this Kinect device that has potential to push forward what we expect a games console to do," said Nicholas Lovell, from Gamesbrief.com.
"But without the software to support it it looks like a white elephant."
Microsoft said that they regarded the console war as a "marathon" rather than a sprint - and that it was confident the added hardware would stand the Xbox One in good stead further down the line.
"We're in it for the long haul," Mr Eagle said. "Kinect is absolutely integral to Xbox One."
Microsoft's long-term strategy is to make Xbox One the "hub" of the living room - a device through which people would watch TV and other entertainment as well as play games.
But Mr Lovell had doubts - especially as ever-more-powerful tablets and smartphones put this approach under threat.
"They're skating to where the puck was, not where the puck will be," he said.


Sadiq Khan has defended campaigning with David Cameron in the EU referendum, saying he wants to make it clear Labour supports a Remain vote.

It comes after shadow chancellor John McDonnell said sharing a platform with the Conservatives "discredits" Labour.
A spokesman for Mr Khan said many Labour voters did not know the party's EU stance, and he would take any opportunity to spread the message.
Mr McDonnell later insisted he was not criticising Mr Khan personally.
While most Labour MPs support a Remain vote, Jeremy Corbyn is regarded as the most Eurosceptic leader of the party in a generation and the Vote Leave campaign is chaired by a Labour MP, Gisela Stuart.
Mr Corbyn is campaigning for the UK to stay in the EU, but he has been urged by some in the party to make a bolder case for membership.
Mr Khan made a joint appearance with the prime minister on Monday to launch a Britain Stronger In Europe battle bus and pledge card aimed at persuading voters to back Remain.
The show of cross-party unity came after Mr Cameron repeatedly attacked Mr Khan during the London mayoral contest for having a history of sharing platforms with extremists - a claim firmly rejected by Mr Khan.
According to a report by Politics Home, Labour's shadow chancellor, Mr McDonnell - who, along with Mr Corbyn, has refused to campaign with the Tories in the referendum, despite being on the same side as the government, appeared to criticise Mr Khan's decision.
Asked whether Labour should put aside its differences with the Tories to campaign for a Remain vote, Mr McDonnell was quoted as saying the two parties did not share the same vision of Europe, and accused Mr Cameron of wanting to do away with workers' rights.
"Sharing a platform with them discredits us. It demotivates the very people we are trying to mobilise," he is reported to have said at a Labour In for Britain event.
However, speaking to the BBC later, Mr McDonnell denied he was criticising Mr Khan, saying: "I never mentioned Sadiq Khan's name at all."
He said the party had "learnt the lesson" of the Scottish independence referendum, when it campaigned alongside the Conservatives.
And he added: "It doesn't help us appearing on platforms with Tories because they have a differing view of Europe. So this is a distinct Labour campaign, and as a result of that I think we'll be able to mobilise Labour votes."
A spokesman for Mr Khan said he had made it "crystal clear" he would campaign with the PM for a Remain vote.
He added: "It is deeply concerning that the polls today suggest that Labour voters are unsure where the Labour Party stands on the referendum.
"Sadiq won't miss a single opportunity to make it absolutely clear to those voters where Labour stands on the referendum."
According to a YouGov poll for the Times, almost half of Labour voters do not know that their party is campaigning for Britain to stay in the EU - and thought it was either split on the issue, supporting an EU exit, or they did not know.
Labour MP and Remain campaigner Emma Reynolds told the BBC the party had "a lot more work to do" to show it was behind a vote to stay.
"What's really important is that we get more Labour voices out there - so that our natural voters, who say they don't know which way we are campaigning, know that we are campaigning to Remain," she told BBC News.


Nicky Ajose further boosted Swindon's hopes of League One survival with his late winner against Fleetwood.

Ajose's 81st-minute effort sealed Town's second dramatic 1-0 victory, having beaten Millwall last time out with a goal from Conor Thomas deep into stoppage time.
Despite that confidence booster, it was Fleetwood who made most of the early running in this match, with their best opportunity coming when David Ball picked out Kyle Dempsey, only for Ash Hunter to be unable to get a toe on the through-ball as Lawrence Vigouroux gathered
Swindon might have grabbed the lead on the half hour, against the run of play as Thomas let fly with a snap-shot from the edge of the box which forced a superb diving save from Alex Cairns.
Fleetwood continued to be frustrated after half-time, and Uwe Rosler threw on two substitutes in a bid to shake up an average display.
But it was Swindon who found another gear, Thomas poking just wide having been left unmarket at the near post.
And with nine minutes remaining Ajose scored what could prove a vital Robins goal.
Running onto a long through-ball from Charlie Colkett he got the wrong side of Ashley Eastham before slotting low under Cairns to claim the victory.
Match report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Fleetwood Town 0, Swindon Town 1.
Second Half ends, Fleetwood Town 0, Swindon Town 1.
Ashley Eastham (Fleetwood Town) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Luke Norris (Swindon Town).
Foul by Cian Bolger (Fleetwood Town).
Dion Conroy (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Swindon Town. Luke Norris replaces Nicky Ajose.
Foul by Cian Bolger (Fleetwood Town).
Rohan Ince (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Cian Bolger (Fleetwood Town) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Corner,  Fleetwood Town. Conceded by Raphael Rossi Branco.
Attempt blocked. Cameron Brannagan (Fleetwood Town) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Jonathan Obika (Swindon Town) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Corner,  Swindon Town. Conceded by Conor McLaughlin.
Goal!  Fleetwood Town 0, Swindon Town 1. Nicky Ajose (Swindon Town) left footed shot from the left side of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Charlie Colkett.
Foul by Cameron Brannagan (Fleetwood Town).
Nathan Thompson (Swindon Town) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Substitution, Fleetwood Town. Cameron Brannagan replaces David Ball.
Rohan Ince (Swindon Town) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Kyle Dempsey (Fleetwood Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Rohan Ince (Swindon Town).
Foul by Bobby Grant (Fleetwood Town).
Charlie Colkett (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Corner,  Swindon Town. Conceded by Ashley Eastham.
Attempt blocked. Conor Thomas (Swindon Town) right footed shot from very close range is blocked.
Attempt saved. Ben Gladwin (Swindon Town) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Attempt blocked. Ben Gladwin (Swindon Town) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Corner,  Swindon Town. Conceded by Ashley Eastham.
Attempt blocked. Jonathan Obika (Swindon Town) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Nathan Thompson (Swindon Town) is shown the yellow card.
Hand ball by Nathan Thompson (Swindon Town).
Attempt blocked. Nathan Thompson (Swindon Town) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Corner,  Swindon Town. Conceded by Cian Bolger.
Substitution, Swindon Town. Ben Gladwin replaces John Goddard.
Substitution, Fleetwood Town. Wes Burns replaces Ashley Hunter.
Substitution, Fleetwood Town. Joe Maguire replaces Amari'i Bell.
Attempt missed. Ashley Eastham (Fleetwood Town) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Corner,  Fleetwood Town. Conceded by Nathan Thompson.
Attempt missed. Nicky Ajose (Swindon Town) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right.
Attempt saved. David Ball (Fleetwood Town) left footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.


Welsh Premier League champions New Saints have signed former Wrexham defender Blaine Hudson.

The former Cambridge United and Welling player spent two seasons with Wrexham before joining Chester in June 2016.
Hudson, 25, has joined Craig Harrison's side following his release by National League club Chester earlier in May.
"As soon as I knew he [Harrison] was interested I told him myself I was interested in coming over and playing for him," Hudson said.


A shopper was stabbed while trying to help a supermarket worker detain a suspected shoplifter.

The man, 49, required hospital treatment after the incident in Asda in Darlington on Sunday.
Durham Police said the man was injured while attempting to help a female shop worker who was dealing with a suspected thief.
A 29-year-old man from Humberside has been charged with grievous bodily harm and is due at court on Tuesday.
He has also been charged with shoplifting, assault by beating and possession of a bladed article in public.
A force spokeswoman said the victim has been released from hospital and is recovering from his injuries.


Twitter must do more to combat abuse after a feminist campaigner received threats of rape, a senior police officer has told the BBC.

Andy Trotter, head of the Association of Chief Police Officers communications advisory group, said Twitter must make it easier for users to report problems.
Caroline Criado-Perez faced abuse after successfully campaigning for a woman's face to appear on UK bank-notes.
A 21-year-old man arrested on suspicion of harassment offences has been bailed.
He was detained on Sunday in the Manchester area in connection with an allegation of "malicious communications" reported to the Metropolitan Police.
The Met said on Monday afternoon he had been bailed until a date in mid-September and enquiries were continuing by detectives from Camden police.
Ms Criado-Perez, who had appeared in the media to campaign for women to feature on bank-notes, said the abusive tweets began the day it was announced that author Jane Austen would appear on the newly-designed Â£10 note.
She reported the matter to police after receiving "about 50 abusive tweets an hour for about 12 hours" and said she had "stumbled into a nest of men who co-ordinate attacks on women".
Chief Constable Trotter told BBC Radio 4's The World At One on Monday: "I was talking to Twitter only this morning about this and, while we do work with them on some matters, I think there is a lot more to be done.
"They need to take responsibility, as do the other platforms, to deal with this at source and make sure these things do not carry on.
"They need to make it easier for victims to report these matters and, from a police perspective, they need to know that they can report these things to us."
Tens of thousands of people have so far signed an online petition demanding that Twitter introduce a "report abuse" button and review its terms and conditions on abusive behaviour.
Twitter said in a statement on Saturday that iPhone users could already report individual abusive tweets "and we plan to bring this functionality to other platforms, including Android and the web".
A spokesman added that the site encouraged users to report anyone breaking Twitter rules on conduct by using a report form.
But Labour has written to Twitter complaining it was "weak" to tell Ms Criado-Perez to take her complaints to the police.
Labour MP Stella Creasy, who has herself received abusive messages for supporting Ms Criado-Perez, said Twitter "needs to be explicit that sexual violence and sexual aggression will not be tolerated as part of their user terms and conditions".
"This is not about Twitter, this is about hatred of women and hatred of women who speak up," she told The World At One.
"It is important that we do not think that somehow because this is happening online it is any less violent, any less dangerous than if people were shouting or abusing Caroline in the street in this way."
Meanwhile, classicist Prof Mary Beard - who spoke earlier this year about the online abuse she had received after appearing on the BBC's Question Time - has received an apology from another Twitter user who sent her an offensive message on Monday.
She retweeted the remark from Oliver Rawlings and following condemnation from other users, he responded: "I sincerely apologise for my trolling. I was wrong and very rude. Hope this can be forgotten and forgiven."
Talking to a fellow user about her decision to draw attention to the abuse, Prof Beard later tweeted: "It is a tough call. I have increasingly opted for name and shame.
"It has to be outed. And maybe his friends can say 'stop'."


Benny Lynch was Scotland's first boxing world champion by the age of 22 but his career was over when he was 25 and he was dead by 33.

No wonder the meteoric rise and fall of the boxing legend often referred to as the people's champion still generates interest 70 years after his death.
The latest telling of the story of the diminutive tough guy from Glasgow's Gorbals is a new documentary, Benny, to be screened at the Glasgow Film Festival.
Born in 1913, Lynch rose from being a sickly child in the poverty-stricken tenements to become world flyweight champion.
But his descent was as steep as his rise and just over a decade later he was dead, following a battle with alcoholism.
Seumas Mactaggart, one of the producers of the film, says he wanted to focus on Lynch's achievements as a boxer and not his tragic decline.
He says: "When you see the fantastic archive we have it really gives you sense of how hard he could hit.
"These guys were way under eight and a half stone (54kg) but you look at the ferocity of the punches and also the speed at which they moved and it is amazing.
"He could punch with both hands and hit as hard with each of them. When he was at his prime, no-one could touch him."
Lynch managed 119 fights in his short career.
He won the world flyweight title in 1935 when he beat Jackie Brown in Manchester, reportedly flooring his opponent eight times before the bout was stopped in the second round.
Jim Watt, who became lightweight world champion 40 years later in 1979, tells the documentary: "Benny is the most important figure as far as Scottish boxing is concerned.
"He was the first one to do it. He showed us that a little guy from Glasgow, a little guy from Scotland, could be champion of the whole wide world."
The film's producer says Lynch was already massively popular in Glasgow before he became world champion.
He says: "There were 2,000 Scots at the fight in Manchester and the place was pandemonium when he won.
"When he came back up to Glasgow, the estimates range from between 20,000 and 100,000 at Central Station.
"It was phenomenal the turnout and the regard that people had for Benny."
Mr Mactaggart says that Benny's problems began soon after he won the world title.
He says: "There was a guy called Sammy Wilson who discovered Benny as a young lad and really mentored him.
"He was almost a father figure to him. He took him all the way through and then unfortunately there was a spilt with Sammy just after he won the world championship.
"Although he went on and was successful after, for Benny you got the feeling that without Sammy as a safe pair of hands and a person in his corner he was a bit lost."
Lynch established himself as the "undisputed" flyweight champion of the world when he narrowly beat Small Montana in London in 1937.
But Mr Mactaggart says the pinnacle of his career was swiftly followed by a decline.
"Once you have the world title you have everything you wanted," he says.
"The feeling was that his hunger went and other distractions came along.
"There were also people who came along looking for a piece of Benny and it was not good for him. There was not someone there to protect him like Sammy Wilson had in the past."
By the following year, Lynch's drinking lifestyle meant that he could no longer make the weight for the flyweight division.
He forfeited his title against American Jackie Jurich because he was overweight.
His last fight was against Aurel Toma in London in October 1938.
It was the first time he had ever been knocked out.
His boxing licence was revoked on medical grounds in 1939 and he slipped into freefall.
"For Benny, boxing was everything and that was the end," says the documentary producer.
"The boxing ring was his home. It was where he felt most comfortable. Without that it became much more difficult for him."
Lynch made attempts to dry out, spending time in a monastery in Ireland, but died from malnutrition-induced respiratory failure in 1946, at the age of 33.
The documentary is narrated by Hollywood actor Tommy Flanagan.
The Sons of Anarchy and Peaky Blinders star, who is from Glasgow, is a fan of Lynch and patron of the Remember Benny Lynch Campaign, which aims to get a memorial to the boxer put up in the city.
Mr Mactaggart says Lynch was a "real superstar and a massive celebrity" who had newsreel footage of his bouts and his life shown in US cinemas.
"I think there are lessons to be learned about how we treat young sports stars," he says.
"As soon as that success comes there is so much more that comes with that.
"If he had the right support around him it could have been very different."


A grieving man who has been the target of a series of homophobic attacks has had his new north Belfast home vandalised.

Paul Finlay-Dickson's civil partner, Maurice, died of cancer in January.
He, himself, is ill. Attacks on the couple's home began nearly two years ago.
After his partner's death, Mr Finlay-Dickson had been due to move to a new house in Cosgrave Heights.
However, vandals attacked it at the weekend.
On Saturday, a gang smashed windows and daubed graffiti on the building in Tiger's Bay.
Mr Finlay-Dickson said he now felt too frightened to move in.
"The house was boarded up, there was black paint above the window," he said.
"On either side of the door they wrote 'pedo'.  I'm not a paedophile. I'm a gay man, I'm not a paedophile."
He said he had suffered 15 attacks in the past four months.
"They make me feel as if I am living in fear," he said.
"I am being segregated and attacked because of my sexual orientation.
"I am not the only gay man in Northern Ireland. This is a homophobic hate crime attack. Something needs to be done, I cannot take much more."
Gavin Boyd from the Rainbow Project said he felt a lot of sympathy for Mr Finlay-Dickson in what had been "a very difficult year".
"My heart goes out to Paul," he said.
"It is deeply disconcerting that anyone should have to go through such a sustained period of homophobic attacks and crimes.
"With all kinds of prejudice or hate-based violence, it is about whatever someone can identify as a weak spot - that is something people will prey on."
Mr Boyd called for a joined-up approach from the police, the Housing Executive, politicians and community leaders to tackle homophobic attacks.
"For far too long, people have been putting up with these sustained campaigns of intimidation," he said.
"Police need to adopt a robust response to these kind of crimes."
A spokesperson for the Housing Executive said they would make contact with Mr Finlay-Dickson as a matter of urgency to discuss his options.


Before you read this article I want to ask you a simple question.

Have I got your full attention?
Probably not. And that's especially true if you are looking at this in your office.
Finding focus is a something almost everyone has to deal with. And research figures in the US show that in the workplace we are having more and more trouble keeping both internal and external stimuli at bay.
Blame it on technology.
Professor Gloria Mark of the Department of Informatics at the University of California says email, social media, notifications and countless other digital distractions are eroding our ability to concentrate on individual tasks in the 21st Century.
"Back in 2004 we followed American information workers around with stopwatches and timed every action," she says.
"They switched their attention every three minutes on average. In 2012, we found that the time spent on one computer screen before switching to another computer screen was one minute 15 seconds.
"By the summer of 2014 it was an average of 59.5 seconds."
Academics and scientists are becoming increasingly interested in the effects of technology in the work place.
This is perhaps because there is relatively little research available about the impact of websites like Twitter and Facebook, or games like Candy Crush, that seem to be deliberately aimed at keeping us constantly engaged, to the detriment of work.
Cultural anthropologists, such as associate professor Natasha Dow Schull from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), point to the work of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who several decades ago crystallised the idea of "flow".
Prof Schull says there are several characteristics of a focused state that Mr Csikszentmihalyi identified.
"It's to do with having a sense of control. It's about having a choice to be drawn into something compelling, and it doesn't exceed your capabilities or leave you feeling confused and frustrated that you don't know how to do it," she says.
"To get 'flow' your activity needs to match your ability. But I have found in my own work to think about focus as not being all on you and to recognise it can be affected by your environment."
"Flow" is the basis of a streaming audio service called Focus@will.
It aims to blend into the background so successfully the listener is unaware of its presence, whilst keeping their mind in a prolonged flow state.
Founded by Will Henshall, a member of the original Londonbeat dance group that had a hit with I've Been Thinking About You, the service remixes music of various types and speeds.
Most tracks start off as a basic instrumental, but then are completely re-engineered.
"We discovered it's not only vocals but instruments that sound like a human voice that are also pretty distracting," he says.
"A good example would be a cello. Also, no saxophones, bassoons, synth sounds and no lead electric guitars. About forty other elements are tagged because they affect the non-conscious mind."
That's why listening to your favourite tracks on Spotify or Pandora might have the opposite effect.
If you love a tune, you'll recognise it and get distracted by it, even momentarily. And that's all it takes to lose concentration.
Focus@will claims about two thirds of the population can benefit. But the rest do not find the service useful at all.
There are channels called Uptempo and Alpha Chill, as well as drumming and coffee shop atmospheres.
For people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder there's one called ADHD Type 1. About 4% of members listen to nothing else, but to those people who do not have ADHD, the channel is almost unbearable.
"We are constantly tuning our back-end algorithm," says Mr Henshall.
In-house research has found about half of listeners can concentrate non-stop for about an hour. And about 20% can stay focused for up to two.
The site's algorithms deliver a personal stream of music, taking into account responses to some initial questions, as well as how long you have been listening. It also adapts to individual usage over time.
Mr Henshall reports anecdotally that using a walking treadmill desk setup in conjunction with streaming audio seems to increase the level of focus for some people.
Peter Schenk, president of Lifespan Fitness, which produces treadmills specifically for walking, says there is now an increasing number of research projects that indicate strolling on the spot for at least some of the day is beneficial for the mind.
"A recent Canadian study showed the connection between treadmill desks and improved memory and concentration," he says.
"Another new study covered treadmill desks and attention to detail. And a University of Minnesota study that became a major reference point showed the connection between treadmill desks and increased productivity."
The onslaught of digital distractions and an increasing number of stay-at-home workers might also be one reason why there are so many tools and apps marketed under the "improve your focus" banner.
Some, like The Pomodoro Technique developed by Francesco Cirillo, have been around for many years.
It involves setting a kitchen timer or digital equivalent to 25 minutes and calling it a Pomodoro.
It might take several Pomodoros to complete a project but each one must be distraction free.
In-between Pomodoros a five-minute break is taken.
The idea is to enhance concentration, reach a goal in stages and finish everything, instead of allowing a task to become too overwhelming.
A quick look in various app stores reveals an increasing number of software solutions that block websites, quickly cover a busy computer desktop or temporarily disable distracting apps.
They come with titles like FocusMask, OneFocus, Concentrate, B-social and SelfControl.
Researchers say while technology has had a detrimental impact on office concentration, they have some hope something positive will come from this new era of experimentation with services, apps and devices designed to increase attention spans.
It seems like a good idea - as long as we can keep our minds on it, of course.


Soldiers from the Royal Welsh have taken part in a parade - joined by L/Cpl Shenkin, the regimental goat.

He led the parade of soldiers along Llandudno promenade to re-affirm the Freedom of the County of Conwy.
Hundreds of residents and holidaymakers turned out to see the march in the shadow of the Great Orme headland, where Kashmir goats are an attraction.
The Royal goat tradition began in 1844 when Queen Victoria presented the Royal Welch Fusiliers with its first one.
The soldiers were accompanied by the Regimental Band of The Royal Welsh, and paraded with colours flying, bayonets fixed and drums beating.


Darren Burnett and Stewart Anderson have romped to the men's pairs title at the World Indoor Bowls Championships.

The Scots defeated compatriots Ronnie Duncan and Colin Walker 10-7 10-6 in the final in Hopton-on-Sea.
Burnett told BBC Sport: "We are great friends but have never won it as a pair, so it is a dream come true."
The Commonwealth Games singles champion retains the chance of a trio of titles as he is into the mixed pairs final as well as the singles' second round.
"We had to dig deep as it was a really tight match and you can never relax against guys like Ronnie and Colin," he said.
After Burnett and Anderson, both former singles world champions, edged a first set that ebbed and flowed between the two pairs, they took control early in the second and never relaxed their grip.
Anderson insisted: "A big thank you to Colin and Ronnie - the score does not reflect the game.
"Darren was superb in that game. The singles is obviously the pinnacle of the sport, but to win any world title is a great achievement."
Like Anderson, Burnett is through to the second round of the men's singles and is also in Tuesday's mixed pairs final along with England's Katherine Rednall.
They will face Scottish duo Alex Marshall and Julie Forrest.
Marshall, who won his sixth world singles title last year, and Forrest beat world number one Nicky Brett, of England, and Guernsey's Alison Merrien 9-3 7-6 in Sunday's semi-final.
Burnett, who is through to the second round of the singles, and Rednall beat former world singles champion Paul Foster and England's Rebecca Field 7-4 10-2.
The big shock of the men's singles so far was the defeat of four-time world singles champions Paul Foster after the Scot lost to English qualifier Matthew Orrey in the first round.


Authorities in Nicaragua are failing to tackle high levels of sexual violence against girls, rights group Amnesty International says in a report.

Two-thirds of rape victims in Nicaragua are under the age of 17, it says.
In addition, negative social attitudes inhibit victims from speaking out about their ordeal, Amnesty says.
The group calls on Nicaragua to make clear that sexual violence is never the fault of the victim, and perpetrators will be brought to justice.
In a report published to mark the international day for the elimination of violence against women, Amnesty says survivors of sexual abuse in Nicaragua are often stigmatised by the authorities and society alike.
The group says most perpetrators are relatives or people in positions of power, and that many girls are put under pressure to remain silent.
The report quotes one young woman who said she was 17 when she was raped by a a member of her family and became pregnant.
She said several people, including the local priest, pressured her not to file a complaint and to give the baby up for adoption.
In another case, Amnesty says a mother who reported that her daughter was being raped by her partner (the girl's step-father) was was jailed for 12 years for complicity for not reporting the crime earlier.
No efforts were made to arrest the alleged rapist.
"Every day girls in Nicaragua are suffering the horror of sexual violence in silence, rather than risk the rejection that many suffer when they speak out", said Amnesty's Nicaragua researcher Esther Major.
"Young victims of rape and sexual abuse demand that their right to be free from sexual violence is protected by the Nicaraguan government, and that they are supported so they can overcome the physical and psychological trauma caused by such acts of violence", she said.
Amnesty adds that Nicaragua's law on abortion means rape victims who get pregnant must have the baby or face imprisonment.
There has been no response to the report so far from the Nicaraguan government.
In 1998 the current Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega was accused by his adopted step-daughter, Zoilamerica Narvaez, of sexually abusing her from the age of 11 to 22.
He strongly denied the allegations, and the case was never brought to trial because of Nicaragua's statute of limitations and Mr Ortega's immunity from prosecution as a member of parliament.


More of us could be spending this summer holidaying at home following the UK's Brexit vote, as the weaker pound makes foreign holidays more expensive.

Amid economic uncertainty over Britain's relations with the EU, the country's tourist industry could be one of the sectors to see a boost to business following the referendum result.
"I think that a weaker currency, particularly the pound versus the euro, is good news for tourism in this country," says Nick Varney.
He's chairman of the British Hospitality Association and chief executive of Merlin Entertainments, which runs the Legoland theme park, and Madame Tussauds in London.
"Historically it's been the case that when we see the pound reach 1.4 euros, we see a falling off in the number of foreign visitors," he says.
When the pound falls, the reverse is true and the UK becomes cheaper and more attractive to overseas tourists.
"Things need to settle down, but if sterling does stabilise at a more competitive rate - that will be good for an industry which is vital for the UK," he says.
And his view that with sterling now worth less, UK tourism could be one of the clear winners from Brexit is echoed by others in the industry.
"A big percentage of our overseas visitors come from EU countries, so it will be cheaper for them," says Barbara Clark, of Scotland's tourist agency, Visit Scotland.
Belgian business entrepreneur Peter Schellinck told the BBC he was planning more visits to the UK thanks to the weaker pound. "This makes it much more attractive to me to come to Britain."
Tourism is one of the country's biggest earners, worth Â£121.1bn a year
Jim Forward, chief executive of HF Holidays, the walking and outdoor leisure specialist which runs holidays in the UK and abroad, says it is the longer-term value of sterling which is key.
"In previous years currency fluctuations have created a slight movement in the number of inbound or outbound passengers depending which way the currency has moved.
"In a book-in-advance travel business where our guests book up to a year in advance, we are affected less by sudden currency movement but more through long-term change," he says.
"Like all tour operators we will be watching the long-term currency forecast to plan and adapt our holidays."
Yet, not everybody is convinced that Brexit will prove to be that relevant to them.
Center Parcs UK, which runs five holiday villages in Britain, says it regularly has significant over-demand, and "our villages are full all year round".
And while some of us may be changing our plans for the summer - especially if we've yet to book - those who have already paid for their overseas trips are unlikely to alter things just because their spending money will not now go as far.
There is also a question mark over just how much the UK's domestic tourism industry will be hit by a fall in business travellers - always more important for many hotels than leisure visitors.
"Hotels need almost twice as many new leisure visitors to make up for business travellers who've cancelled," says Stephen Broome, lead hotel consultant at PwC.
"That's because hotels earn a lot more from corporate guests than they do leisure travellers."
The weakening pound will help draw in new business, he says, but it is not going to be enough to replace the corporate travellers who're no longer coming to the UK as the political uncertainty sees businesses putting plans on hold.
"UK hotels face a slow down, not a meltdown. Since last year demand for hotel rooms has been slowing - particularly in London - due to nervousness on the part of business travellers."
But while this may be bad news for hotels, there's a silver lining if you're looking for a cheaper hotel room.
"If you take London, we've seen above-average supply growth in the past couple of years.
"This new supply [of hotel rooms] is now coming on stream," says Mr Broome, just at a time when demand is slowing.
"It could be a good time to get a bargain."


Not since 1958 have Welsh fans been able to cheer on their own team at a major international tournament, but they can now make travel plans for France after Wales' qualification for Euro 2016.

In 1958, newspapers rather than the internet listed football scores; coal was king in Wales, and a red phone box would be where you would make a call, with mobiles still decades away.
Chris Coleman's side have earned their place in France by winning five of their nine Group B matches and drawing three.
Wales' route to the 1958 World Cup in Sweden was far less glorious. In fact, John Charles and his team-mates failed to qualify.
They finished second to Czechoslovakia in their qualification group, but were thrown a lifeline in the unlikely form of global political unrest.
Israel had won their section by default as no African or Asian country would play them following the Suez crisis of 1956. However, Fifa were reluctant to allow a team into the World Cup finals without playing a match.
Wales were picked to face the Israelis in a two-legged showdown and secured their place at the World Cup with a 2-0 win at Ninian Park on 5 February, 1958.
The world was left in shock the day after Wales booked their place at the 1958 World Cup when 23 people, including eight Manchester United players, were killed in the Munich air disaster.
The British European Airways (BEA) plane crashed during take-off after it had stopped to refuel in Munich as the team returned from a European Cup match against Red Star Belgrade.
Of the people to die, 21 did so instantly, while Duncan Edwards - described by former United temporary manager Jimmy Murphy as the "greatest of them all" - passed away 15 days after the crash.
Wales drew each of their group games, a run that included a clean sheet against hosts and eventual runners-up Sweden.
They then came from behind to beat 1954 runners-up Hungary 2-1 in a play-off and set up a quarter-final against eventual winners Brazil.
A then unknown 17-year-old called Edson Arantes do Nascimento - Pele - scored his first World Cup goal, the only one of the match, and Wales were out.
Away from football, jukeboxes played rock'n'roll, the space race had begun and Sir Edmund Hillary reached the South Pole.
In 2015, Cardiff is hosting Rugby World Cup matches, and in 1958, the Welsh capital was also temporary home to prominent sportspeople during the Empire Games - the precursor to the Commonwealth Games.


The last time Fernando Alonso joined McLaren, he left the team one season into a three-year contract after falling out spectacularly with the team's figurehead, Ron Dennis.
Seven years on, the two men find themselves cast together all over again, in the hope that this time the story ends a little more happily.
Up and down the Formula 1 paddock, the thought of the single-minded two-time world champion and McLaren's overbearing chairman working together again continues to be viewed with incredulity.
How, many people ask, can McLaren have voluntarily re-signed a man who effectively cost them nearly £50m and got them thrown out of the 2007 constructors' world championship?
It's an important question in the context of the 33-year-old rejoining McLaren - if, to some extent, a misleading representation of what happened.
So, before we turn our attention to 2015, and the prospects for driver, team and their new engine partnership with Honda, we have to take a closer look at what happened a little over seven years ago during that tumultuous summer.
Alonso joined McLaren in 2007 straight after winning two consecutive titles with Renault. They were symbolic of the passing of the flame from one generation to the next. Michael Schumacher, beaten in a straight fight in 2006, had retired, and Alonso was established as the new standard in F1.
His season with McLaren coincided with their involvement in the 'spy-gate' scandal, in which their chief designer was found in possession of 780 pages of confidential Ferrari technical information.
At an initial hearing by governing body the FIA, McLaren were found guilty of breaking the rules, but escaped punishment on the grounds there was no evidence the information had benefited the team.
That seemed to be that until a few weeks later when, in the course of a bitter row with Dennis over the weekend of the Hungarian Grand Prix, Alonso threatened to reveal to the FIA potentially incriminating email conversations with McLaren test driver Pedro De La Rosa on the subject of the Ferrari information.
A little while later, Alonso's adviser came back and apologised, explaining the Spaniard had been upset and wanted to take back the threat.
But rather than wait for Alonso to calm down and talk it over again, Dennis had panicked and phoned FIA president Max Mosley to tell him of the existence of the emails, while assuring him there was "no information, nothing to come out".
It was a miscalculation, albeit an understandable one in the context of the febrile, paranoid atmosphere at the time and Dennis's antagonistic personal relationship with Mosley.
And despite Dennis's reassurances, the case was reopened and McLaren were hit by the aforementioned punishment.
As it turned out, Dennis's phone call made no difference. Mosley already knew about the emails and was planning to re-open the case.
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The point, though, is that Dennis's actions were a reflection of how bad his relationship with Alonso had become, in the context of the knowledge that Alonso's manager was Flavio Briatore, then the team principal of Renault.
Briatore was a close friend of F1 boss Bernie Ecclestone and - like Mosley and Ecclestone - no fan of Dennis on a personal level.
Whether or not Alonso's threat was real did not really matter. Once he made it, the result was inevitable. If Alonso knew, Dennis figured, so did Briatore - and, given the relationships involved, it was asking too much for that information not to make it to Mosley one way or another.
And Dennis was right - Mosley says now that he knew about the emails because Alonso had told Briatore about them, and Briatore had blabbed.
Why, you might wonder, would McLaren want Alonso back, after all that?
The first and most important reason is obvious - because they believe he is about the best driver out there.
The second is that McLaren need to make a statement of intent at the start of their relationship with Honda, and signing Alonso is a big one.
The third is that Honda badly wanted him - the Japanese company have long been huge fans of the Spaniard.
In tempting him away from Ferrari, McLaren-Honda have secured a magnificent driver, as his former colleague Rob Smedley can attest.
Before joining Williams this year as head of performance, Smedley spent 10 years at Ferrari, gaining three years of first-hand experience of Schumacher and spending his final four years as Felipe Massa's race engineer, with Alonso on the other side of the garage.
"Fernando is the very best driver of his generation," Smedley says. "I would go so far as to say if not the best ever. He is that good. He brings that much performance to the team. I am a massive fan of his.
"To have Fernando as your team-mate, as most people have found out - Kimi Raikkonen has certainly found out this year - is not easy. You are talking about very good drivers who sit beside him on the other side of the garage. I don't think there is anyone in this paddock who could live with him."
On the day of the row in Hungary, McLaren's then managing director Martin Whitmarsh tried to persuade Dennis to sack Alonso immediately - before that weekend's race.
Yet, some years later, Whitmarsh admitted he did not at that point have all the relevant information and when he did, he was more understanding - if not forgiving - of Alonso's actions.
The issue at the heart of the problems within McLaren all that year was Alonso's demand for the team to focus their title challenge on him, rather than split their efforts by giving team-mate Lewis Hamilton equal status.
That was true to McLaren's long-stated ethos. But Whitmarsh later discovered that when Dennis signed Alonso he had indeed promised him priority status, only to go back on his word.
As for Dennis, when he was asked about Alonso's behaviour following the FIA's punishment of McLaren, he said, almost admiringly: "Competitive animals know no limits."
It was Whitmarsh, who became team principal at McLaren in 2009, who started the process that has led to Alonso rejoining the team.
Whitmarsh approached Alonso as long ago as the summer of 2013 to make it clear he wanted him back. And the process of wooing him continued despite Dennis's ousting of Whitmarsh late last year.
Whitmarsh's effective replacement, McLaren's racing director Eric Boullier, has been instrumental in convincing Alonso that he has a better chance of winning the elusive third title he craves at McLaren than at Ferrari, even though their competitive positions in 2014 suggest otherwise.
Part of Boullier's sales pitch has centred on Honda. The Japanese company and McLaren are intent on reviving the glory days of their original relationship a quarter of a century ago, when with Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost they won four drivers' titles in a row from 1988-91.
Alonso, who has had a year of watching Ferrari's new turbo hybrid V6 engine pummelled into the ground by that of Mercedes, has been informed of Honda's progress and apparently been convinced that the Japanese engines have a better chance of taking on Mercedes than those from Maranello.
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Equally, although McLaren's car has clearly been well behind the best in the past two years - and well off Ferrari's, too, for that matter - the team have been making changes.
Specifically, these include the signing of aerodynamicist Peter Prodromou from Red Bull, where he was the right-hand man of design guru Adrian Newey on the cars that romped to four consecutive world titles from 2010-13. In three of those years a frustrated Alonso was second.
There have been all sorts of rumours over the past few weeks about how exactly Alonso came to be leaving Ferrari two years before the end of his contract.
But the man himself says that his intentions have never wavered. "In the summer, I took the decision," he says. "I followed that direction and only time will tell whether it was a good one or a bad one."
Sources close to Alonso and Ferrari insist that is true.
They say that he simply wanted to leave Ferrari, having lost faith that they would ever get into a position to challenge for the title within the timeframe of the years he has left at his peak - which, at 33, is probably only a handful more.
Mercedes, where there is no seat open for 2015, were his first option; McLaren his second.
Walk up and down the paddock and it is not hard to find people who will say Alonso is a disruptive influence and hard to handle, while, equally, there are also those who have worked closely with him who will barely say a bad word about him, and insist that he is "only as difficult as you allow him to be".
But whatever Alonso's actions, they are based on his overwhelming will to win. He is desperate to win a third title, and with it the status he rightly feels he deserves in the F1 pantheon.
He gives everything in his quest to achieve that and he expects his team to provide him with the equipment to do so.
If there is going to be a problem between Alonso and McLaren in the next little while, its root will likely be there.
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Alonso and Dennis have apparently buried the hatchet. But they will never be bosom buddies. After all, Dennis, a difficult and complex character, has fallen out with every good driver who has ever raced for him - Prost, Senna, Niki Lauda, Mika Hakkinen, Juan Pablo Montoya, Kimi Raikkonen, David Coulthard, Lewis Hamilton and Jenson Button.
But Dennis and Alonso will likely rub along well enough as long as things are going well, especially with Boullier acting as a buffer.
The issue will be if they are uncompetitive.
Alonso has gone to McLaren to win, and win big. Perhaps not next year, but sooner rather than later. If they don't deliver, or if they don't at least look like they are going to, the fall-out is unlikely to be pretty.


A sheep dog has sold at auction for almost £15,000, setting a new British record price according to auctioneers.

Sixteen-month-old Cap, bred in County Donegal, was sold at a sale in Skipton, North Yorkshire.
Previous owner Padraig Doherty said the price was "much higher" than anticipated. The town's auctioneer said dogs tended to sell for around £2,000.
The sheep-dog was sold to an anonymous bidder from Northern Ireland and will be used as a working dog on a farm.
Cap's sale price of £14,805 easily surpasses a previous record sheep dog sale of £9,240 in 2013, Skipton Auction Mart said.
A spokesman for the auctioneers the high price was due to Cap being "very well bred", and related to a champion sheep-dog.
Mr Doherty said he had put in a "sparking display" on a trials field in front of potential buyers.
"He is a special dog with genuine power and has a calming effect on sheep," he said.
What else would £14,805 get you?


Athletes staying at one of the team hotels for the World Championships in London have fallen victim to a suspected outbreak of norovirus.

Public Health England says 30 athletes and support staff have been affected, with two cases confirmed as the bug.
Botswana's leading 400m contender Isaac Makwala says he is "ready to run" in Tuesday's final despite being withdrawn from the 200m heats after vomiting.
German and Canadian athletes staying at the Tower Hotel fell ill last week.
A further 30 Germans due to arrive on Tuesday will be moved to other hotels.
German triple jumper Neele Eckhardt collapsed but was well enough to compete on Saturday, and was last in Monday's final.
The Ireland team, who are also staying at the hotel, have confirmed that one athlete - 400m hurdler Thomas Barr - has been affected.
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A Local Organising Committee (LOC) statement said: "There have been a number of cases reported by team members residing within one of the official team hotels.
"Those affected have been supported by both team and LOC medical staff. In addition we have been working with Public Health England to ensure the situation is managed and contained.
"As a result, further advice and guidelines have been issued to team doctors and support staff."
The Tower Hotel said investigations conducted with environmental health officers and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) had shown the hotel was "not the source of the illness". That has also been confirmed by Public Health England.
The hotel added: "We have followed strict hygiene protocol, ensuring that those affected are not in contact with other guests and all public areas have been thoroughly sanitised."
Makwala, 30, was one of the favourites for the 200m.
And he is considered to be the main challenger to Olympic champion and world record holder Wayde van Niekerk in the 400m
The IAAF said Makwala withdrew from Monday's 200m heats "due to a medical condition on the instruction of the IAAF medical delegate".
He told BBC Sport: "I could have run. I did my warm up well and I was ready to run.
"This is bad. Sometimes I feel heartbroken. Yesterday, I was ready for this. I worked hard for this."
Niels de Vos, the head of UK Athletics and London 2017, said strict procedures were in place at the hotel in question.
"I guess in any event when you have 20,000 minimum accredited people coming in from every corner of the world  there is the possibility that someone might come in with a bug and we think that's what's happened here," he said.
"We've moved people as appropriate and where people are coming in we've found alternative accommodation for them so we're doing absolutely everything we can."
Michelle Roberts, BBC Health
Stomach bugs that cause diarrhoea and vomiting are very common and easy to catch. You can get them from eating contaminated food or through contact with people who have got gastroenteritis.
If that infected person doesn't wash their hands before handling your food or touching objects and surfaces that you then touch, there's a good chance you could get sick too.
A person with gastroenteritis is most infectious from when their symptoms start until a couple of days after all their symptoms have gone.
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Northampton midfielder Lawson D'Ath has signed a new two-and-a-half-year contract with the League Two leaders.

The 23-year-old former Reading trainee has scored 13 goals in 73 matches since joining in the summer of 2014.
"It's good to be a part of this club and what's going on at the minute, hopefully we can just keep it going now," he told BBC Radio Northampton.
"It's crazy when you look back - a week before the season started I go on trial and the rest is history."


At least 27 people have been killed and dozens hurt after police and Islamist protesters clashed in Bangladesh.

Police used stun grenades and rubber bullets to disperse a Sunday protest organised by the group Hefazat-e Islam in the capital Dhaka.
But there were later running battles throughout Sunday and into Monday in areas across the city.
Tens of thousands of Islamists had gathered in the city to call for stronger Islamic policies.
Rioters went on to set fire to shops and vehicles.
The dead in Dhaka included at least two policemen, according to officials.
At least five people were reported killed in clashes in the south-eastern city of Chittagong and two in the coastal district of Bagerhat.
Central Dhaka was reported to be calm following a day and night of violence.
Police said a ban had been imposed on all rallies and protests in the city until midnight on Monday to prevent a repeat of the clashes.
Profile: Hefazat-e Islam
Thousands of Islamist activists were seen fleeing the Motijheel area of Dhaka on Sunday as police moved in to take control of the area.
Having secured the business district by the early hours of Monday, the police said officers were searching for protesters hiding in nearby buildings.
The area around the city centre's largest mosque had turned into a battleground as police reacted to stone-throwing rioters with tear gas, stun grenades, rubber bullets and truncheons.
Clashes also broke out in Kanchpur on the south-eastern outskirts of Dhaka.
There were varying reports of the number of dead and injured, but police have confirmed that two officers and a member of the security forces were among the dead in Kanchpur.
One witness who watched events unfold from a rooftop in central Dhaka said the demonstrators "were very aggressive, some people were throwing stones and the situation quickly become violent... the police had no option but to respond".
"Rioters vandalised markets and set fire to bookshops where the Holy Koran is sold. Thousands of Koran and religious books burned. They also attacked the ruling party's political office and national mosque," he told the BBC.
The bank employee, who asked not to named, said many people in Dhaka were angry about the violence, particularly as the city is still mourning the recent loss of more than 600 workers in a building collapse.
"I am Muslim and 90% of the population is Muslim too, but the protesters do not represent our views," he said.
On Sunday, crowds of protesters blocked main roads, isolating Dhaka from other parts of the country.
Dhaka's Daily Star newspaper reported that the group had hired at least 3,000 vehicles, including buses, lorries and minibuses, to bring demonstrators into the capital, while others travelled there by train.
Chanting "Allahu Akbar!" ("God is greatest!") and "One point! One demand! Atheists must be hanged", the activists marched down at least six main roads as they headed for Motijheel, AFP news agency reported.
Hefazat-e Islam - a coalition of around a dozen Islamist organisations - is seeking to impose a stricter form of Islam on Bangladeshi society.
The movement, which draws its strength from the country's madrassas, or religious schools, has issued a 13-point charter of demands, including greater segregation of men and women.
Its opposition to a national development policy for women has angered women's groups.
The government, which describes Bangladesh as a secular democracy, has rejected Hefazat-e Islam's demand for a new law on blasphemy.
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said current legislation was adequate.
Muslims make up nearly 90% of the country's population, with the rest mostly Hindus.