On Friday, 14 students in eastern India's Bihar who topped school examinations will face three teachers in an office in the state capital, Patna, to be retested.

The examiners will be checking the handwriting of the students and will be asking questions to find out whether they cheated in their examinations.
The decision to arrange this unprecedented retest was taken after a local TV channel broadcast footage showing two of the top-scoring students struggling to answer basic questions posed by the reporters.
Ruby Rai and Saurabh Shresth topped the school-leaving class 12 examination, in which more than a million students took part. On paper, they are the cream of the crop.
But Ms Rai, who scored top in the humanities stream, told the channel that political science "was all about cooking", while Mr Shresth, who can first for science, named aluminium as the most reactive element in the periodic table, when it is in a less active group.
Interestingly, both the toppers come from the same school in the state's Vaishali district. More interestingly, authorities had blacklisted the college for encouraging cheating last year. The principal of the college, who has been under a cloud, continues in his job.
Remember these pictures from last year? Brave - and desperate - parents, relatives and friends of students are seen climbing school walls in Bihar to pass on answers to the students inside.
"When you go elsewhere, no one will believe your degrees. If you can't clear exams, why don't you just fail them and retake them till you pass?" a frustrated Bihar leader, Laloo Prasad Yadav, had said at the time.
Bihar suffers from an epidemic of cheating, but these pictures went viral and embarrassed the government. So the authorities put up CCTV cameras, deployed 70,000 officials and policemen and imposed a fine of 10,000 rupees ($148; Â£103) on students caught cheating during this year's school examinations.
The upshot: more than half of the 1.4 million students who took the Bihar Board Examinations - or the class 10 test - this year failed. Last year 75% of them had cleared the exam. A Bihar minister admitted that this year's exam results showed the "actual merit of students".
Cheating in school exams has been going on in Bihar for as long as one can remember. A mafia, comprising teachers and school authorities, connives with parents of students who bribe them to rig entire answer sheets.
Sometimes teachers will complete exam papers for their students, while the students sit at home. Another example: a colleague, who studied in Bihar, told me that when she went to school more than a decade ago, teachers would often write answers on the blackboard during exams.
These days, an official in Bihar tells me, a rigged first division score answer paper can set back parents by 40,000-50,000 rupees ($594-$743; Â£411-Â£514), while ensuring that you get the highest score in a state can cost 100,000 rupees.
Something is clearly rotten when it comes to education in Bihar, one of India's poorest states.
Education is a way out of poverty for the poor and promises upward mobility to the middle class, which is bristling with ambition. So enrolment has risen sharply and a growing number of students are appearing for exams - 1.34 million students took the class 10 exams in 2014, up from half a million students in 2004, for example.
But once the authorities cracked down on cheating this year, the pass rate declined sharply.  More than 70% of the examinees passed the class 10 exam in 2014 and 2015.  This year, barely 50% passed. In the class 12 school-leaving board exam this year - which Ms Rai and Mr Shresth topped - 56% and 67% of the students passed in humanities and science, as against 86% and 89% last year.
What could be the reason? Reading levels have improved, but clearly the quality of teaching is appalling. Absenteeism among teachers is very high. A sting by a local channel on school teachers in the state last year was revealing. One teacher spelt Shakespeare as Shakspear. The maths teacher spelt his subject Mathmates, and looked puzzled when asked about Pythagoras.
"Our teachers hardly come to teach us," is a common refrain among students in Bihar.
What will happen on Friday when the students are tested? If they are caught out, what will the authorities do? How many students can you penalise when you really don't know how many have cheated? Or, as IndiaExplained tweeted, in jest, will parents have to climb the walls again?


Partick Thistle secured a third straight Scottish Premiership victory, beating 10-man Hearts 2-0 at Firhill.

Kris Doolan seized upon an awful Lennard Sowah header to swivel and fire the hosts ahead with his third goal in two games, before twice being denied by Hearts goalkeeper Jack Hamilton.
The Jam Tarts lost frustrated striker Esmael Goncalves to a second yellow card after the break.
And Liam Lindsay blasted in Partick's second to seal the three points.
Doolan is one of those unheralded Premiership strikers who consistently comes up with the goals season after season.
He got two last weekend against Hamilton, and it took him only six minutes to get on the scoresheet here. Dreadful defending from Sowah certainly helped, his header failing to clear the danger, and the ball falling to Doolan in the six-yard box, who turned smartly to hook a shot into the corner of the net.
That was his 98th goal in Thistle colours, and given the fragile confidence of the visitors - still licking their wounds from their midweek Edinburgh derby defeat - Doolan must have fancied his chances of claiming his century.
He found the net again in the 26th minute, latching onto Adam Barton's mis-hit shot, but the flag went up for offside.
Hamilton had to rush out to deny Doolan the opportunity to shoot midway inside the box, then produced a superb reaction stop to beat away the striker's bullet header.
All season long Partick have been creating chances but not taking them. Now with Doolan finally hitting form it could have a transformative effect on their season.
There was a blow for Hearts before the game when veteran defender Aaron Hughes pulled out of the team with a calf injury. They certainly missed his assurance and authority.
Head coach Ian Cathro opted to push Sowah - normally a left-back - into central defence. Faycal Rherras came into the starting line-up at left-back.
As well as being culpable for the opener, Sowah cut an uncomfortable figure all afternoon. The home team - and the home crowd - sensed it, and revelled in it.
Every time Thistle attacked the alarm bells rang at the back for Hearts. The question has to be - would moving Krystian Nowak to centre-back have been a better and more natural fit?
This was so far from the response Hearts were looking for after their Scottish Cup humbling by Hibernian on Wednesday.
Not only were they unconvincing at the back, they were also toothless up-front.
When they did show their teeth it was in entirely the wrong fashion. Goncalves earned his second yellow for a late challenge on Christie Elliott, having mouthed off at the referee for his first. The striker let down his team-mates when they needed all the help they could get.
That came midway through the second half and there seemed little hope for Hearts after that.
Lindsay fired home to clinch a thoroughly deserved the three points and bring a dismal week for the Gorgie club and boss Cathro to a close.
Partick Thistle manager Alan Archibald: "I thought we were magnificent today. Even before the sending-off I thought we deserved to be well on top.
"We missed a great chance at 1-0 and I thought that would come back to haunt us but thankfully it didn't.
"We tried to make it a bit ugly at the start. We like to pass it but the pitch doesn't always make it easy for that. We tried to be as aggressive as we could. I thought we did the ugly side very well today."
Hearts head coach Ian Cathro: "Ultimately it is an unacceptable result for this football club, and lots of the performance was in the same category. We suffered the [loss of a] goal early on through simple, simple individual defending things that we need to do better.
"Nobody [here] is in the best moment of their lives. It has been a bad week for this club.
"We have the responsibility to improve those things and everybody in these moments has to look inside themselves and find more, find strength and we have to stay focused together and deal with what we have to deal with.
"We must move forward very, very quickly."
Match ends, Partick Thistle 2, Heart of Midlothian 0.
Second Half ends, Partick Thistle 2, Heart of Midlothian 0.
Attempt saved. Steven Lawless (Partick Thistle) right footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Partick Thistle. Conceded by Tasos Avlonitis.
Arnaud Djoum (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Callum Booth (Partick Thistle).
Attempt blocked. Dylan Nguene Bikey (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked.
Adebayo Azeez (Partick Thistle) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Adebayo Azeez (Partick Thistle).
Krystian Nowak (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Steven Lawless (Partick Thistle) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Steven Lawless (Partick Thistle).
Arnaud Djoum (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Attempt missed. Steven Lawless (Partick Thistle) left footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses the top right corner.
Corner,  Partick Thistle. Conceded by Krystian Nowak.
Substitution, Partick Thistle. Adebayo Azeez replaces Kris Doolan.
Substitution, Heart of Midlothian. Moha replaces Faycal Rherras.
Foul by Danny Devine (Partick Thistle).
Alexandros Tziolis (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Abdul Osman (Partick Thistle).
Sam Nicholson (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Hand ball by Adam Barton (Partick Thistle).
Substitution, Partick Thistle. Steven Lawless replaces Chris Erskine.
Attempt missed. Sam Nicholson (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the right.
Goal!  Partick Thistle 2, Heart of Midlothian 0. Liam Lindsay (Partick Thistle) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Abdul Osman.
Kris Doolan (Partick Thistle) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Andraz Struna (Heart of Midlothian).
Attempt missed. Arnaud Djoum (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high from a direct free kick.
Foul by Liam Lindsay (Partick Thistle).
Sam Nicholson (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Chris Erskine (Partick Thistle).
Tasos Avlonitis (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Faycal Rherras (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right.
Foul by Niall Keown (Partick Thistle).
Arnaud Djoum (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Hand ball by Sam Nicholson (Heart of Midlothian).
Attempt missed. Niall Keown (Partick Thistle) header from the left side of the six yard box is close, but misses to the left.
Second yellow card to Esmael Gonçalves (Heart of Midlothian) for a bad foul.
Christie Elliott (Partick Thistle) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Esmael Gonçalves (Heart of Midlothian).


A city council is looking to recruit a new hornblower to help maintain a centuries-old ceremony.

A horn has been sounded four times in Ripon's Market Place every night at 21:00 BST since AD886 to "set the watch".
Ripon City Council is advertising for a new member of the Hornblowing Team to work up to three nights a week.
Clerk Paula Benson said: "It is a very old tradition and one everybody in the city loves and is very proud of."
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The job description states the main responsibilities are "to sound the horn at 9pm... provide a brief history of the horn blowing ceremony for the public in attendance... and sound the horn three times outside the mayor's house".
In exchange for their services the hornblower is paid £8.72 an hour and £21.12 for attendance at civic events.
The Ripon Hornblower has set the watch every night since AD886 and it is one of the oldest ceremonies still performed in England.
It is said to have begun following a visit to the city by Alfred the Great who urged residents to be more vigilant and gave a horn to the city as a symbol of it being granted a Royal Charter.
The ceremony involves a horn being blown at the four corners of the obelisk in Ripon Market Square at 21:00 BST and then three times outside the mayor's house.
It commemorates the time in the Middle Ages when Ripon's first citizen, the Wakeman, was responsible for crime prevention in the city from 21:00 BST until dawn and had to compensate victims of burglary.
The job was carried out by a single person until 2015 when the council decided to appoint several hornblowers.
Ms Benson said: "It was decided to have a team of three blowing the horn because to do it every night of the year at 21:00 BST is a massive commitment."
She said the ceremony can attract close to 100 people each night during the summer.


The Argentine FA has sanctioned 15 players with bans ranging from one to eight games after a mass brawl in a pre-season friendly match.

The game between Estudiantes and arch-rivals Gimnasia La Plata was called off in stoppage time after players punched and kicked each other.
Estudiantes duo Alvaro Pereira and Mariano Andujar and Gimnasia's Nicolas Mazzola were all given eight-game bans.
Three Gimnasia players were each banned for five games.
Another nine players from both sides were suspended for between one and four matches, while the Argentine government has banned 12 players from entering stadiums for two league matches.
Uruguay defender Pereira has since joined La Liga side Getafe on loan, but he will not be able to make his debut until April.


A policeman has told how he "barked" like a dog in order to fool a suspect and arrest him.

PC Steve Hutton and other Wiltshire Police officers had tried to pull over a suspicious vehicle travelling over the speed limit in Swindon.
A "stinger" device was used to stop it and the four occupants fled on foot.
PC Hutton said he chased one of the men and decided to shout that he had a dog, adding a "few fake barks", which made the man give himself up.
"He stopped and we got up to him before he realised there wasn't a dog and he was arrested," he said.
"By the look on his face you could see he was a little bit disappointed with himself.
"Some people on the shift think I should now do a dog-handler job without the dog."
The man arrested has since been released without charge, but police are still investigating the incident.


Luton and Portsmouth have been fined £15,000 for failing to field 'full-strength' sides in the EFL Trophy, with 12 clubs in total being punished.

Bradford, Blackpool, Bristol Rovers, MK Dons, Millwall, Charlton, Peterborough, Sheffield United and Southend have been fined £3,000 and Fleetwood £5,000.
Teams had to field five players who started the previous or following game, or five who had made the most appearances this season.
The clubs have the right to appeal.
The English Football League (EFL) say they considered "mitigating factors" and considered "transgressions that were not within the spirit of the rules".
Sides that did not put out 'full-strength' teams were liable to a fine of £5,000 for each group match by the EFL.
League Two Portsmouth and Luton and were found to breach the rule in each of their three matches in the opening round of the competition, with the Hatters' fine coming out of their £20,000 prize money for progressing to the next stage.
Pompey went out of the trophy after finishing third in their group.
Luton chief executive Gary Sweet said the club do not feel they should be "paying 'fees' to get our youngsters experience".
"We entered those teams with our eyes wide open and we accept that we would be fined for doing so," Sweet said.
"We are staggered, however, that we have been fined the maximum amount for our first offence, which was winning away from home at a club from the division above with half-a-dozen first-team regulars in their team.
"We played nine graduates of our academy in that game at Gillingham, and seven against a West Brom side containing four players, two of whom who were internationals and had been transferred for several million pounds, and still beat both."
This season's EFL Trophy has been revamped with the introduction of 16 development sides from the Premier League and Championship.
But it has been marred by criticism from managers and fans and low attendances, with Northampton drawing their lowest-ever crowd of 762 for their game against West Ham's under-21 team on 9 November.
Just 284 watched West Brom's academy side play at home to Gillingham - a number, according to the Gills' Twitter account, that included scouts and press - and 308 saw Middlesbrough's development side lose 3-0 at home to Shrewsbury during the final round of group matches.
The 32 clubs who went through, including eight development sides, have been told they must continue to field 'full-strength' teams for the remainder of the competition.
The rules are different for the academy clubs, with six of the starting XI having to be aged under 21.


The Syrian government and rebel groups have agreed a nationwide ceasefire from midnight (22:00 GMT) on Thursday.

The deal was announced by Russia's President Vladimir Putin and confirmed by Turkey. The two nations, which back opposing sides, will act as guarantors.
The High Negotiations Committee (HNC), regarded by the UN as Syria's main opposition body, confirmed the deal, which excludes jihadist groups.
If the truce holds, peace talks will be held in Kazakhstan within a month.
At least 300,000 people are believed to have been killed in fighting that followed the uprising against President Bashar al-Assad in March 2011.
A further four million have fled the country to seek refuge in neighbouring states or Europe.
How Moscow’s Syria campaign has paid off for Putin
Aleppo: Before and after the battle
Why is there a war in Syria?
On the one side, Syrian government forces, their factional allies and the Russian military.
On the other, the Free Syrian Army (FSA), a loose alliance of several moderate rebel factions, plus other groups under the High Negotiations Committee (HNC), the umbrella group representing Syria's political and armed opposition factions.
FSA spokesman Osama Abu Zaid said there were 13 armed opposition factions in all who had signed up.
The Russian defence ministry listed seven of the main rebel groups included in the truce as Faylaq al-Sham; Ahrar al-Sham; Jaysh al-Islam; Thuwwar Ahl al-Sham; Jaysh al-Mujahidin; Jaysh Idlib and al-Jabhah al-Shamiyah.
Ahrar al-Sham and Jaysh al-Islam (Army of Islam) are the key names, neither of them part of the FSA.
Jihadists. So-called Islamic State (IS) "and the groups affiliated to them" are not part of the agreement, Syria's army confirmed.
It also said Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (formerly the Nusra Front) was excluded. However, some rebel officials told Reuters it was part of the deal, giving a hint of the complications that lie ahead.
This is because JFS is intrinsically linked in Idlib province to groups that have signed up to the truce.
The FSA also said that the deal did not include the Kurdish Popular Protection Units (YPG).
The YPG, along with other Kurdish militias, controls a large area of northern Syria up the Turkish border. It is regarded by Turkey as a terrorist organisation and an extension of the banned Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).
It is nominally nationwide, although that really only covers the areas where the sides who have signed up to the truce have a presence.
Looking at the map, there are large swathes under both jihadist and Kurdish control.
One area that is included is the rebel-held area of Ghouta in eastern Damascus, where government forces have been advancing in recent months.
Announcing the deal in Moscow, Mr Putin said there were three key points:
Under the terms of the deal, the peace talks would begin within a month of the ceasefire taking effect - and holding - and would be held in the capital of Kazakhstan, Astana.
The Kurdish YPG would not take part in the peace talks, the FSA said.
Previous ceasefire initiatives this year brokered by the UN, or the US acting with Russia, quickly collapsed.
But earlier this month, Russia and Turkey negotiated a ceasefire in Syria's second city, Aleppo, that led to tens of thousands of rebel fighters and civilians being evacuated from an enclave besieged by government forces.
The fact that the rebels have been losing ground may help this truce.
The HNC admitted on Thursday that, because of the rebels' limited resources against government forces and their allies, it was "not possible to continue" the fight.
Mr Putin himself described the deal as "fragile".
He said Russia would cut its military presence in Syria but made it clear Moscow would "continue fighting international terrorism and supporting the Syrian government".
Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem said there was now a "real chance of finding a political solution" but that the rebels taking part must distance themselves from IS and former al-Qaeda fighters.
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said a "window of opportunity" had been created that "should not be wasted". He vowed to continue fighting IS and "terrorist groups".
Difficulties lie ahead in peace talks. Turkey has already called for the Lebanese Hezbollah movement - linked to Syria's ally Iran - to leave Syrian soil, which is sure to cause problems.
UN envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura, welcomed the new deal, saying he hoped it would save lives and improve aid delivery.
"These developments should contribute to inclusive and productive intra-Syrian negotiations to be convened under UN auspices on 8 February," he said.
The US state department said the deal was a "positive development" which it hoped would be "implemented and fully respected by all parties".
One rebel commander told Reuters: "This time I have confidence in its seriousness. There is new international input."
The FSA said it would abide by the truce but would retaliate against violations by government forces and their allies.
The FSA's Osama Abu Zaid said it had so far had no direct talks with the Syrian government and still insisted that President Assad would have no place in the future of Syria.


Playing Nelson Mandela in an adaptation of his autobiography has made Idris Elba more selective about his future roles, the actor has revealed.

"After playing Mandela, it's very hard to read a script that doesn't have any of the qualities that man has," he told the BBC's arts editor Will Gompertz.
"It's quite interesting what it's doing to my taste in characters," he added.
The 41-year-old was speaking ahead of the UK premiere of Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom in London on Thursday.
The film, which tells of the former South African president's upbringing and the 27 years he spent in prison, has been chosen as this year's Royal Film Performance.
The biopic, which runs almost two-and-a-half hours, sees Elba gradually transform from the young idealistic lawyer Mandela was to the elderly patriarch and statesman he became.
"Mapping that journey out, with all the nuances of change, was definitely something that was hard to achieve," the London-born actor said.
"We didn't shoot it entirely in chronological order, so there were times I was going from old Mandela to young Mandela. It was a juggling act."
Playing Nelson as an older man proved easier, however, as the actor was able to use his late father Winston "as a reference point".
Elba said there was "no comparison" between his formative years in Hackney and Mandela's life in South Africa under the apartheid regime.
Yet the actor conceded that, like Mandela, he was "born into a country where it was 'us and them'".
"There was racism and I grew up amongst it," he said.
The prejudice he experienced, however, was "only going to fuel me to go further".
Elba, 41, first came to attention playing the gangster Stringer Bell on US TV crime drama The Wire.
His success on that show, he suggested, "has made other writers and directors say 'We can write characters that aren't all white'.
"Playing the outsider is more and more interesting to me," the actor continued. "Roles where people go 'Is that Idris?' is what I'm interested in doing."
A proposed biopic of the legendary US jazz pianist Thelonious Monk is one such project, though Elba said he "wouldn't want to fake" the necessary ivory-tinkling.
The actor revealed he has been working on an album inspired by the experience of filming Mandela, but denied rumours he had been cast in Jurassic Park 4.
"I'm already a dinosaur," he joked. "I don't need to be in a dinosaur movie."
Nor would Elba cast light on suggestions he will appear as a villain in the next James Bond film. He did, however, admit he had "had a chat" with producers Barbara Broccoli and Michael G Wilson.
"They were great but we're not sure what's going to happen," said the actor, previously tipped to be the first 'black Bond' in some newspapers.
Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom - which co-stars Skyfall's Naomie Harris as Mandela's former wife Winnie - is released in the UK and Ireland on 3 January, 2014.
Seen as a key contender for next year's Oscars, it broke box office records in South Africa last week, earning 4.4 million rand (Â£256,000, $427,000) in its opening weekend.


The Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine has been split two ways for groundbreaking work on parasitic diseases.

William C Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura found a new way of tackling infections caused by roundworm parasites.
Youyou Tu shares the prize for her discovery of a therapy against malaria.
The Nobel committee said the work had changed the lives of hundreds of millions of people affected by these diseases.
The mosquito-borne disease malaria kills more than 450,000 people each year around the world, with billions more at risk of catching the infection.
Parasitic worms affect a third of the world's population and cause a number of illnesses, including river blindness and lymphatic filariasis.
After decades of limited progress, the discovery of the two new drugs - ivermectin for river blindness and lymphatic filariasis, and artemisinin for malaria - was a game-changer.
Efforts to eradicate malaria had been failing - older drugs were losing their potency - and the disease was on the rise.
Prof Youyou Tu, who in the 1960s had recently graduated from the Pharmacy Department at Beijing Medical University, looked to traditional herbal medicine to find a potential therapy.
She took an extract from the plant called Artemisia annua, or sweet wormwood, and began testing it on malaria parasites.
The component, later called artemisinin, was highly effective at killing them.
Today, the drug is used around the world in combination with other malaria medicines. In Africa alone, this is saving more than 100,000 lives every year.
Tu is the 13th woman to win this Nobel Prize.
She shares the award with two men who found a treatment for another parasite - roundworm.
Their research led to the development of a drug called ivermectin, which is so successful that roundworm diseases are on the verge of eradication.
Satoshi Ōmura, a Japanese microbiologist, focused on studying microbes in soil samples. He selected a number of promising candidates that he though might work as a weapon against diseases.
Irish-born William C Campbell, an expert in parasite biology working in the US, then explored these further and found one was remarkably efficient against parasites.
The active ingredient, avermectin, went on to become a drug known as ivermectin which is now used to treat river blindness and lymphatic filariasis.
River blindness is an eye and skin disease that ultimately leads to blindness.  Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, causes painful swelling of the limbs. Both affect people living in some of the poorest countries in the world.
Dr Colin Sutherland, of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said it was immensely gratifying that the achievements in tackling these important diseases had been recognised.
"It's come out of the blue but we are very excited that the committee recognised the importance of parasitic diseases."
The Nobel committee said: "The two discoveries have provided humankind with powerful new means to combat these debilitating diseases that affect hundreds of millions of people annually.
"The consequences in terms of improved human health and reduced suffering are immeasurable.''
Omura told Japanese broadcaster NHK: "I have learned so much from microorganisms and I have depended on them, so I would much rather give the prize to microorganisms.
"This is kind of a low-profile research area, but microorganisms are extremely important for humans. They can be our partners. I hope the area gets more attention because of the prize so that it can further contribute to human beings."
2014 - Three scientists - John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser - for discovering the brain's navigating system.
2013 - James Rothman, Randy Schekman, and Thomas Sudhof for their discovery of how cells precisely transport material.
2012 - Two pioneers of stem cell research - John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka - were awarded the Nobel after changing adult cells into stem cells.
2011 - Bruce Beutler, Jules Hoffmann and Ralph Steinman shared the prize after revolutionising the understanding of how the body fights infection.
2010 - Robert Edwards for devising the fertility treatment IVF which led to the first "test tube baby" in July 1978.
2009 - Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak for finding the telomeres at the ends of chromosomes.


Celtic's ambitions of a third successive Champions League campaign foundered as they crashed to a 2-0 defeat by Legia Warsaw at Murrayfield.

They never looked like turning around the 4-1 first-leg deficit.
The Celtic defence seemed to part as Michal Zyro and Michal Kucharczyk sealed their fate.
It is a crushing blow for Ronny Deila, whose predecessor Neil Lennon guided the club into the last 16 two years ago and into the group stage last season.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Those two campaigns earned Celtic in the region of £33m in prize money alone.
While they still have a chance of a Europa League run, the absence of Champions League football is a massive financial blow, to say nothing of the prestige that comes with playing in Europe's premier competition.
Supporters, who had yet to see their squad strengthened over the summer, must now wait to see if a lack of Champions League football might now hasten the departure of Fraser Forster and Virgil van Dijk.
And though the Premiership title should still be won comfortably, the prospect of a campaign without the Champions League already feels like something of an anti-climax.
Most frustratingly for Celtic, their departure comes at the hands of a team lacking their recent European pedigree, yet who seemed far more comfortable on this stage over the two legs.
Deila was critical of his players after the first leg but they seemed bereft of imagination as they tried to right the wrongs from Warsaw.
Instead, Legia hammered a further nail in their Champions League coffin before the break as they converted one of the few chances created in Edinburgh, where Celtic again played their home tie following their ground's involvement in the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games.
Kucharczyk slid a pass through the heart of the Celtic defence and Zyro held off a despairing challenge to slip the ball past Forster.
A second-half onslaught failed to materialise and Legia seemed to be allowed to pass their way to goal at will before Kucharczyk rounded the keeper to score a second.
Anthony Stokes and James Forrest did at least force Dusan Kuciak into good second-half saves but those efforts paled into insignificance in the grand scheme of things.
By way of a crumb of consolation for Deila, both Lennon and Gordon Strachan failed to qualify for the Champions League in their first campaigns before going on to enjoy success.
But the manner of this exit gives further ammunition to the sceptics who questioned the appointment of a man with no experience at this level.
Match ends, Celtic 0, Legia Warsaw 2.
Second Half ends, Celtic 0, Legia Warsaw 2.
Substitution, Legia Warsaw. Bartosz Bereszynski replaces Michal Zyro.
Substitution, Legia Warsaw. Helio Pinto replaces Ondrej Duda.
Substitution, Legia Warsaw. Jakub Kosecki replaces Michal Kucharczyk.
Substitution, Celtic. Teemu Pukki replaces Kris Commons.
Substitution, Celtic. James Forrest replaces Anthony Stokes.
Stefan Johansen (Celtic) is shown the yellow card.
Goal!  Celtic 0, Legia Warsaw 2. Michal Kucharczyk (Legia Warsaw).
Substitution, Celtic. Leigh Griffiths replaces Mikael Lustig.
Miroslav Radovic (Legia Warsaw) is shown the yellow card.
Virgil van Dijk (Celtic) is shown the yellow card.
Second Half begins Celtic 0, Legia Warsaw 1.
First Half ends, Celtic 0, Legia Warsaw 1.
Goal!  Celtic 0, Legia Warsaw 1. Michal Zyro (Legia Warsaw).
First Half begins.
Lineups are announced and players are warming up.


Up to 350 jobs are under threat at a pizza makers after the loss of a supermarket contract, Unite has said.

Nottingham's Pizza Factory said it had lost a contract to a competitor and had started "formal consultations" with its staff.
Unite, the union, said it understood the supermarket was Tesco and between 300 and 350 staff were affected.
The Pizza Factory is part of the multi-million pound food company 2 Sisters and employs 1,150 people in Nottingham.
The company said it would be wrong to say exactly how many people were affected this early in the process and it was just one part of the business.
A spokesman said: "Our immediate priority will be to mitigate this loss and explore other opportunities to gain new business.
"However, this does mean we will need to start formal consultations with colleagues and their representatives."
Unite regional officer Andy Shaw said talks would be held with management on Friday.
"This is very bad news for the workers and their families, and a hammer blow for the wider Nottingham economy," he said.
"It is early days and details about the scale of the job losses remain unclear, as does a timeframe for any redundancies."
Food giant 2 Sisters employs 23,000 people in four countries and makes Goodfella's pizzas and Fox's biscuits.
According to its website, Tesco is The Pizza Factory's largest customer.


An interactive exhibition inspired by Roald Dahl is opening at the Wales Millennium Centre, promising the chance to delve into the author's imagination.

The Wondercrump World of Roald Dahl opens in the Cardiff Bay venue on Friday and will run for 22 weeks.
It will feature original manuscripts and handwritten letters and will look at his life from Llandaff schoolboy to fighter pilot and author.
The 100th anniversary of Roald Dahl's birth will be marked on 13 September.
Cardiff is gearing up for weeks of events and exhibitions in honour of the author, who was born in the city.
The Wondercrump World of Roald Dahl opened earlier this year at the Southbank Centre in London and has now moved to Cardiff.
It will run until 14 January 2017 - the largest exhibition staged at the WMC to date.
Graeme Farrow, artistic director at the centre, said it was "fantastic" to welcome the event to the city of Dahl's birth.
"This magical exhibition allows you to explore Dahl's pure imagination and I have no doubt that Wondercump will inspire hundreds of young minds to go on to create wonderfully imaginative worlds of their own," he added.
It will feature artefacts from the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire, where the author lived and worked for over 35 years.
Director Steve Gardam said: "The Roald Dahl archive reveals the writer's craft behind the magic."
The Wondercrump World of Roald Dahl forms part of Roald Dahl 100, a year of celebration throughout 2016 marking 100 years since his birth.


Our bathrooms are filled with shampoo bottles, toilet rolls and cleaning products which could easily be put into our recycling bins when finished with.

Yet research shows our green intentions are washed away as soon as we step near a toilet.
Now a business group has come up with an idea for how to combat this problem - two bathroom bins.
The Circular Economy Taskforce, who were brought together by Prince Charles's Business in the Community environment charity, says it could boost recycling.
So should two bins really sit alongside your stack of loo roll in the bathroom?
Why should people have two bins in their bathrooms?
"It's trying to address the problem that people are less likely to recycle packaging for things we use in our bathrooms than for things we use in other rooms of the house," says Jonny Hazell, senior policy adviser for environmental think tank Green Alliance.
The Recycle Now campaign points to its statistics, which show that while 90% of packaging is recycled in our kitchens, only 50% is being recycled in the bathroom.
"Often homes have one central recycling bin located in the kitchen, so when in the shower or washing your face it can be tricky to remember to transfer it to that bin," it says.
"This is why having a recycling bin or bag in the bathroom might be useful, if there is space."
Business in the Community says two bins could make it easier to separate out the plastics that can be recycled.
"But it doesn't have to be a bin, it could be as simple as a bag on the door handle that you bring down to the kitchen every week," it added.
Where has this idea come from?
While recycling has grown from 12% to 45% in the UK over the last decade, campaigners say the bathroom is an area that needs more focus.
The Circular Economy Taskforce came up with the idea as part of its work looking at practical collaborative ways to boost recycling and re-use rates.
"The bathroom is one of the areas that has come up time and time again in the group as somewhere where both business and consumers can make a difference to help us all reduce our impact on the environment," says Business in the Community.
"Thinking about how different types of bins could boost recycling in the bathroom is just one example of a potential simple solution that could have a big impact."
Why are people failing to recycle their bathroom products?
Campaigners believes it comes down not just to where a recycling bin is located but also to confusion over what can be recycled.
Recycle Now says: "There can also be confusion about what can or can't be recycled with bathroom products.
"For example many people don't realise that bleach bottles can be easily recycled - simply make sure it's empty and put the lid back on.
"Recycling just one bleach bottle saves enough energy to power a street light for 6.5 hours, so the value quickly adds up."
Research from the University of Exeter also found that people who threw away waste in the bathroom saw it as being "dirty" and were less likely to recycle it.
Going through your bathroom bin to separate out what can and can't be recycled can seem off-putting," says Business in the Community.
It added: "There is also a lot of confusion around what can be recycled in the bathroom, for example many consumers are confused by aerosols."
How much recyclable waste comes from a bathroom?
A surprising amount. Typical products include:
Plastic shampoo, conditioner and shower gel bottles, plastic moisturiser bottles (such as for hand cream and body lotion), glass face cream pots (plus the cardboard packaging they come in), perfume and aftershave bottles, aerosols for deodorant, air freshener and shaving foam, bleach and bathroom cleaner bottles, toothpaste boxes and toilet roll tubes.
Is a lack of recycling in bathrooms a real problem?
Every little helps, is the message from environmental and recycling groups.
"In general, the less we recycle, the more water and energy we need to use to produce the materials we use in our daily lives," said Mr Hazell.
Recycle Now says recycling reduces the amount we are sending to landfill and makes use of resources already available rather than making them from scratch.
"Ultimately this means reduced levels of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere which contribute to climate change," it added.
"For instance it takes 75% less energy to make a plastic shampoo bottle from recycled plastic compared with using virgin materials."
Can two bins have a meaningful impact on recycling overall?
"Ensuring you recycle in the bathroom can make a big difference," says Recycle Now.
"It would save Â£135,000 in landfill costs if every UK household threw their next empty shampoo bottles into the recycling bin.
"On top of this, if everyone recycled one more toilet roll tube it would save enough cardboard inner tubes from landfill to go round the M25 38 times."
But what if you don't have the space for two bins?
There are other options. Hang a reusable bag on the bathroom door so you can transfer your recyclable items straight into the recycling bin. Or opt for a bin with split compartments which can be used to separate recyclable and non-recyclable items.


Yeovil Town have released six players, including forward Tom Eaves.

The League Two club have offered new deals to eight players - Matty Dolan, Nathan Smith, Alex Lacey, Otis Khan, Tom James, Bevis Mugabi, Jonny Maddison and their top scorer Francois Zoko.
But 38-year-old defender Darren Ward, Brandon Goodship, Alex Lawless, Joe Lea and youngster Ollie Bassett will join Eaves, 25, in leaving Huish Park.
Kevin Dawson turned down a new deal and joined Cheltenham Town on Wednesday.
With seven loan players' spells having ended, the Glover's retained list leaves just three senior players under contract for next season - defender Ryan Dickson, goalkeeper Artur Krysiak and versatile former Ipswich trainee Omar Sowunmi.
If all eight of the players offered extensions do sign, Darren Way's side will have 11 players confirmed for next term, minus new signings.


Munster moved to the top of the Pro12 table as they ran in seven tries in a comprehensive bonus-point victory over bottom side Treviso at Thomond Park.

Andrew Conway and Ronan O'Mahony scored two tries apiece, with Robin Copeland, Darren O'Shea and Alex Wootton also crossing for the Irish province.
Tyler Bleyendaal kicked a penalty and three conversions for Munster, with Ian Keatley also adding a conversion.
Ian McKinley's early penalty proved to be Treviso's only score of the match.
With man-of-the-match Bleyendaal pulling the strings from fly-half in freezing temperatures, Munster led 22-3 at half-time.
The hosts took a while to settle, former Leinster fly-half McKinley booting Treviso into an eighth-minute lead before Bleyendaal responded on the quarter-hour mark.
A terrific five-metre scrum saw Munster march Treviso back over their line for number eight Copeland to touch down in the 20th minute, with Bleyendaal converting for 10-3.
The New Zealander increased his influence with a well-weighted chip through, O'Mahony raced up to pressurise the Treviso cover and the onrushing Conway pounced on the loose ball for an unconverted try.
Darren Sweetnam did well to thwart Michael Tagicakibau from McKinley's dangerous cross-field kick, before Munster extended their lead to 19 points with a brilliantly worked 34th-minute try from inside their own half.
Bleyendaal's deft kick pass found O'Mahony, at full tilt, and he did well to link with the supporting Conway who sped along the left touchline for a classy seven-pointer.
O'Shea's first Pro12 try, barely two minutes after the restart, saw him charge onto a Bleyendaal pass and he proved unstoppable from close range. The Kiwi threaded the difficult conversion through the posts for good measure.
Without a large number of players through international call-ups and injuries, Treviso continued to struggle at set-piece time and could not penetrate a solid Munster defence, which was typified by young debutant centre Sam Arnold.
The game lulled along with Munster guilty of poor discipline, before O'Mahony made it over in the corner in the 64th minute after an initial maul had been held up.
Wootton made an immediate impact off the bench, and the Ireland Sevens international rounded his man for the second time to notch a deserved try, converted by Ian Keatley.
Munster could have had a couple more scores late on, but they did register a seventh of the afternoon when Copeland used lineout ball to break to the blindside and feed O'Mahony for another crisp finish.
TEAMS
Munster: A Conway; D Sweetnam, S Arnold, J Taute, R O'Mahony; T Bleyendaal, D Williams; D Kilcoyne, R Marshall, J Ryan; D Foley, D O'Shea; J O'Donoghue, T O'Donnell (capt), R Copeland.
Replacements: N Scannell, T du Toit, S Archer, J Kleyn, B Holland, A Lloyd, I Keatley, A Wootton.
Benetton Treviso: J Hayward; M Tagicakibau, T Iannone, A Sgarbi (capt), L Sperandio; I McKinley, T Tebaldi; A De Marchi, L Bigi, M Zanusso; F Gerosa, M Van Vuren; M Lazzaroni, F Ferrarini, M Barbini.
Replacements: D Giazzon, F Zani, T Pasquali, R Santamaria, F Conforti, E Francesato, A Pratichetti, D Odiete.
Referee: Mike Adamson (SRU)
Assistant referees: Sam Grove-White (SRU), Oisin Quinn (IRFU)
Citing Commissioner: Eddie Walsh (IRFU)


IS militants destroy part of Roman amphitheatre in ancient city of Palmyra, Syrian officials say

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Senegal coach Aliou Cisse praised his players' attitude after they beat Tunisia 2-0 in their Africa Cup of Nations opening match.

The Teranga Lions have not always delivered to their potential at previous finals and some have questioned their character.
"My first job was to change the players' mentality," said Cisse. "Now they have ambition and work hard.
"They showed solidarity and also humility, to keep working and running."
Senegal undoubtedly have talent in their squad, not least in Africa's most expensive footballer Sadio Mane.
And the Liverpool striker lived up to his billing by scoring Senegal's first goal - from the penalty spot - only 10 minutes into the match. Kara Mbodji added a second 20 minutes later but were pegged back in the second half as Tunisia came on strong.
Tunisia were guilty of missing several chances, but Cisse felt his side showed the kind of resistance that they need in order to go far in the tournament.
"Sometimes you can't always control the game technically, you need to have the right mentality and to fight. This is very important for us." he added.


Police in Michigan are weighing whether to file charges against a woman who shot at a pair of shoplifting suspects.

Pursued by security guards, a suspect ran from the Home Depot hardware store to a sport-utility vehicle driven by an accomplice outside.
The woman fired several shots with a 9mm handgun at the vehicle as it drove away, the Detroit Free Press reported.
The suspects escaped on Tuesday with $1,000 (Â£652) worth of merchandise.
Police said the 48-year-old woman had a licence to carry a concealed weapon and has co-operated with the officers. She was released pending an investigation.
No injuries were reported outside the store in Auburn Hills, Michigan, about 35 miles (56km) north of Detroit.
However, police said a bullet may have hit the rear tyre of the get-away vehicle.
The woman could face possible criminal charges for firing her weapon without being directly threatened.


Former Wales international Andy Powell says he is battling depression.

Merthyr number eight Powell announced his retirement on 10 October and cited a knee injury, but has now explained that mental health issues were the main reason.
The 35-year-old started his career with Newport and had spells with Leicester, Scarlets, Cardiff Blues, Wasps and Newport Gwent Dragons.
"The last year has been difficult," Powell told Sky Sports.
"Merthyr gave a statement out the other day saying it was my knee, well in fact it wasn't my knee. I have been suffering with depression. I've been dealing with it for around 18 months, it's been tough," he added.
Powell, who also toured with the British and Irish Lions, was speaking two days after World Mental Health Day.
"I made the decision and it's a lot of weight off my shoulders which I feel a lot better for."
In 2010, Powell was charged with drink driving after allegedly taking and driving a golf buggy on the M4 motorway.
He has played professionally for more than 17 years and says the sport has left a physical and mental toll.
"I started playing professionally when I was 17 and I'm 35 now," he said. "That's a long time in the game and your body takes a lot of beating. It was breaking me mentally as well.
"I'm quite a strong character, I've got a lot of pride so it's hard for me to come out and speak about it.
"I'm getting through it. I see a light at the end of the tunnel, which is great."


Cornish Pirates twice threw away a lead as they lost 54-46 at Bedford in a try-filled Championship clash.

Having trailed 12-0 through tries from Tom Riley and Tom Duncan, Bedford went over four times to make it 26-12.
Matt Evans and Alex O'Meara scored to put the Pirates 29-26 ahead at the break and Joe Atkinson added another shortly after the re-start.
But Blues scored four tries to go 54-36 up before Riley and Alex Cheesman added consolation touchdowns for the Pirates.
Henry Taylor, Michael le Bourgeois, Paul Tupai and Dean Adamson went over for Bedford in the first half.
Adamson scored scored two more after the break, with Harry Wells and George Perkins also crossing.
The bonus-point loss left the Pirates eight in the Championship table, while Bedford stayed fourth.


All schools in England are to be given the right to apply to select pupils by ability, under plans also allowing grammar schools to expand.

The prime minister's plans suggest schools becoming selective and new and expanding grammars will take quotas of poor pupils or help run other schools.
Theresa May says the ban on new selective schools has been in place too long and has held many pupils back.
But Ofsted's chief inspector said the changes would undo years of progress.
Labour says the plans will "entrench inequality".
In a major speech, the prime minister said: "For too long we have tolerated a system that contains an arbitrary rule preventing selective schools from being established - sacrificing children's potential because of dogma and ideology.
"The truth is that we already have selection in our school system - and it's selection by house price, selection by wealth. That is simply unfair.
"We are effectively saying to poorer and some of the most disadvantaged children in our country that they can't have the kind of education their richer counterparts can enjoy."
She added that schools already selected on the basis of specialist disciplines like music and sport, adding: "We should take the same approach to the most academically gifted too.
"So I want to relax the restrictions to stop selective schools from expanding, that deny parents the right to have a new selective school opened where they want one, that stop existing non-selective schools to become selective in the right circumstances and where there is demand."
But Mrs May said the government would use the approvals process to prevent new areas of the country having a limited "binary" choice or schools.
She also said: "People get lost in the argument about whether the grammars schools of the 1950s and 60s improved social mobility or not. But I want to focus on the new grammars of the future: those that will be just one element of a truly diverse system."
The plans will also include the ability for bright children to join grammar schools, not just at 11, but at 14 and 16 as well.
The speech announced an end to the current ban on opening new grammars introduced by Labour in 1998.  It is thought that an Act of Parliament would be needed for the ban to be lifted on new selective schools opening, but a change in the law may not be required for grammar schools to expand.
A consultation is to be held on ways to make new selective schools and expanding grammars more inclusive  so that places are not limited to families who can "pay for tuition to pass the test".
The government also wants to raise the current maximum level of university tuition fees to Â£9,250 per year.
Ofsted's chief inspector of schools, Sir Michael Wilshaw, said the idea that poor children would benefit from a return of grammar schools was "tosh" and "nonsense".
He told the BBC: "My fear is by moving to a grammar and secondary modern system - because, let's face it, that's what we'll have if you divide at 11 - we will put the clock back, and the progress we have made over the past 10 to 15 years will slow."
Education Secretary Justine Greening told the BBC the government wanted to create 21st Century grammar schools that would "turbo charge" the education and prospects of disadvantaged children.
This was not about returning to secondary moderns, she said, but about giving parents more choice.
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn said his party would block the proposals in the House of Lords.
"Fundamentally, it's the same as the old 11-plus system, in that it is dividing children on the basis of their perceived ability at the age of 11.
"I don't think that's a good message for our children."
He added that comprehensive schools "help social mobility, help children develop at their own pace and bring communities together".
There are also plans to make tests for independent schools qualifying for charitable status more rigorous.
Private schools reduce their tax bills through this, and Mrs May said a consultation would be held on how to achieve a greater public benefit in return.
In summary: main proposals
Kevin Courtney, leader of the National Union of Teachers, said opening new grammars was a "regressive move and a distraction from the real problems" of funding pressures and teacher shortages.
Tim Farron, leader of the Liberal Democrats, said: "If the Conservatives care about our children's education they should reverse their cuts to school budgets.
"We need to improve all schools, not just let some become grammars.
"Too many pupils are let down by a divisive system that doesn't work."
Former Education Secretary Nicky Morgan said increased selection by ability would be "at best a distraction from crucial reforms to raise standards and narrow the attainment gap and at worst risk actively undermining six years of progressive education reform".


Ali Carter's gritty display earned him a 17-12 win over Stephen Maguire and a place in the World Championship final.

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It will be the Englishman's second final after an 18-8 defeat in 2008 by Ronnie O'Sullivan - the player he looks set to meet in this year's final.
Resuming the final session 14-10 up, the 32-year-old took the first two frames in his usual tenacious manner before Maguire pulled two back.
But Carter made a composed 70 break to wrap up the match and reach the final.
Carter produced a sublime matchplay performance, frustrating his opponent with excellent safety play before knocking in frame winning contributions.
Having battled all season with Crohn's disease, and threatening to retire because of ill health, it has been a remarkable turnaround for Carter.
"I was hitting the ball well and it is nice to come here to produce that and be in the final. He was potting some unbelievable long balls and I'm just pleased to be through," Carter told BBC Sport.
"I was in a bad place before Christmas but I've worked hard at my health and fitness."
He is likely to face O'Sullivan, who leads Matthew Stevens 15-9 going into their last session on Saturday evening, an encounter Carter will relish, after defeat by 'The Rocket' four years ago.
Maguire, who ended Stephen Hendry's career in the previous round, was on the back foot having gone 5-3 and 10-6 behind.
Despite making a fantastic 142 break in the 15th frame, the Scot was powerless to resist Carter's experience and nous around the table.
"It was a great performance and a well justified win. He frustrated Stephen Maguire from the first session and kept in front the whole way. He looks determined and he won't be able to slack off with Peter Ebdon in his corner."
Although the Englishman made a 134 four frames later, he played cautiously and took the opportunities which were presented to him by Maguire.
The fiery Glaswegian rapped his cue on the table and floor when circumstances failed to go his way and he sat ruefully in his chair as he watched his opponent strike a killer blow with each draw of the cue.
But Maguire staged a late comeback in the penultimate session to stay in contention of a maiden final appearance and the third session's play promised an interesting finish.
Carter, who has won two ranking events in his career, took the first in controversial fashion. Holding a 21 point lead, he was put in a tricky snooker by Maguire and after six failed attempts, referee Leo Scullion did not call a miss, leaving him three points behind. Maguire came to the table and hit the jaws with the red, and Carter, after a superb pot, took the frame.
He took the next one too to sit on the verge of victory. The Essex man was staying cool, showing no emotion, watching each ball into the heart of the pocket.
He could have wrapped it up in the next but showed signs of Crucible jitters when missing a simple red and Maguire came in to clinch a frame, and his heart will have been beating just a little bit faster as his adversary took the following too.
However, Carter held his nerve with a break of 70 to book his place in the showpiece event at the Crucible Theatre.
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Fernando Llorente hopes to force his way back into Spain's squad by impressing for new club Swansea City.

The 31-year-old striker, who was a part of his country's 2010 World Cup and Euro 2012-winning squads, joined the Swans from Sevilla.
He now hopes to emulate former Swan Michu in playing for Spain while plying his club trade at the Liberty Stadium.
"I would like to return to play for Spain, it would be a very special thing for me," said Llorente.
"I would like to get back into the national side and I know that I will need to play well for Swansea all season if I want to do that."
Llorente won the most recent of his 24 caps in 2013, though there is a precedent for Swansea players representing Spain.
Former forward Michu was rewarded for a prolific first season for the Swans - in which he scored 22 goals - with a debut for the then world champions against Belarus in 2013.
Llorente would like to emulate his countryman's goalscoring exploits, as well as Michu's feat of winning silverware in his first season with Swansea in the form of the 2013 League Cup.
"I would like to score a lot of goals like him. He has done very well here and I need to work hard if I am to perform like him," said Llorente.
"I think it is possible to win one of the cups. We know winning the Premier League is a very difficult competition with a lot of teams at a high level but we want to do well."
After successful spells with Athletic Bilbao and Juventus, Llorente scored only seven goals for Sevilla in all competitions last season as he struggled to secure a regular starting role.
He is likely to face similarly stiff competition for places at the Liberty Stadium, with Swansea set to complete a club-record £15m signing of Atletico Madrid striker Borja Baston.
"He [Borja] is a good player, he will be important for Swansea. I need help from all the players and I need competition," said Llorente.
"My year in Sevilla was not very good for me but now I want to change this situation and score more goals for Swansea and show my best performance like I showed with Athletic Bilbao and Juventus."


Ambulances were diverted from the new emergency department at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast for a number of hours on Sunday night.

The ambulances were diverted to the Mater Hospital from the early hours of Monday morning.
The Belfast Trust said that the new Â£150m department that opened last August was under pressure with a large number of patients waiting.
The divert ended at 06:00 GMT.


A London rail route faces more closures after Network Rail admitted it failed to complete work on the line on time.

Commuters who use the north London Overground route between Gospel Oak and Baking face months of further potential disruption as a result.
The route has been shut since September and is due to reopen on 27 February.
However, Network Rail has said the track will need to close on some weekends so it can finish installing electric cables.
The route also faces another complete shutdown later this year but Network Rail has yet to confirm when this will happen.
Before the engineering work began the line carried 31,477 passengers on weekdays.
Transport for London (TfL) said it was "extremely disappointed" and would be "seeking compensation" from Network Rail.
Jonathan Fox, TfL's director of London Rail, claimed it was not made aware of the problems "until very recently".
He said TfL was pressing Network Rail for an urgent plan detailing how the project would be delivered.
Network Rail began work to modernise the old Victorian railway line in June 2016.
It said "a number of the structures" which carry the overhead lines were "incorrectly designed and couldn't be installed at the planned locations" along the 14-mile route.
The line will carry new electric trains from early 2018. The trains will be able to hold twice as many passengers as the current two-carriage diesel trains.
Network Rail has said those living along the route will also benefit from cleaner air quality as a result of reduced CO2 emissions.
It said a full review into what went wrong had already begun.


In the end the death blow to the latest iteration of Obamacare repeal came from the right flank.

Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell was always going to have to walk a fine line in his effort to keep both moderates and hardcore conservatives in the party on board with his healthcare reform proposal.
After his first draft failed to garner sufficient support, he came out with a new version that moved farther to the right in key areas while throwing money to keep the moderates satiated.
That strategy worked in the House, where Freedom Caucus arch-conservatives and just enough moderates came around to rescue the legislation from death's doorstep.
In the Senate, the entire rickety structure came tumbling down. Mike Lee of Utah and Jerry Moran balked, citing insufficient tax and regulation rollbacks.
Expect a stampede for the exits in the coming days, as everyone abandons what was always an unpopular bill.
On Monday night the president himself led the way, calling for repeal without so much as a plan for what to do next.
Then again, the Republican Party never really had a replacement plan, and its attempts to craft one on the fly - something that would perform better than Obamacare while costing less money - were like one of those hapless early airplane designs that flapped its wings or spun its wheels but never left the ground.
The Senate may very well try to vote on straight-up repeal, as the president has suggested - one with a two-year fuse - but it stands little chance of winning majority support. If and when that fails, it's back to the drawing board for Republicans.
The urgent need to do something, anything, to fulfil their years of healthcare promises is still there.
The White House is pledging to keep up the pressure.
There could even be a move, as some Republicans are now urging, to reach out to Democrats for help crafting a bipartisan solution to fix some of the current system's more glaring shortcomings.
This isn't the end of congressional efforts to pass healthcare legislation. But it's likely the end of the repeal-and-replace war as it's been waged for the past six months.
The final casualty list won't be tabulated at least until the midterm elections in November 2018, but it's not too early to wonder exactly how high the political death count for Republicans might run.
All the members of the House of Representatives who gathered on the grounds of the White House to celebrate voting for a bill that was both politically toxic and will now never see the light of day have to be wondering if they stuck their neck out only to see the glint of the guillotine.
Others may be left wondering if the grassroots Tea Party faithful who rallied to their sides in opposition to Barack Obama and the Democrats in years past may find better things to do than vote when the next election day rolls around.
Political epitaphs aren't written in a day, and Mr Trump and the Republicans still have the opportunity to regroup and recover. They could find solace in a tax reform package or some new, as yet unrevealed infrastructure spending plan.
This is a serious setback, however. And time is a commodity in increasingly limited supply.


The colourful walls and cheerful staff make it easy to forget the circumstances of the residents.

While children run around in the playroom, their parents sip tea and chat to their neighbours who share this living space.
It's a happy, safe environment. None of the children seem aware that they're growing up in a homeless hostel.
"Before I had my children, I used to work 70 hours a week," says Natalie.
Her husband died earlier this year. She moved to be nearer her family, but they didn't have enough room to accommodate her and three children.
"I am a grafter, I am a hard worker. It's just not that easy to get up and get back into work," she says.
The hostel accommodates for dozens of homeless parents and their children. It's one of several of its kind in Belfast.
Residents enter the site via a large security gate before arriving at the front desk. There's a strict 22:00 GMT curfew.
Once inside there is a homely feel and various support available for the residents.
Natalie says a school bus collects her children directly from the hostel each morning.
The residents' living environment may be shared, but their stories differ.
Sarah moved into the hostel a year ago after giving birth.
She says there was a breakdown in relations with her family, so she contacted the Housing Executive for options.
A hostel, though, was not somewhere she wanted to go.
"I've heard stories of people having parties and drinking too much, even drug use in hostels."
However, after being reassured by friends who had used the facility, she moved in with her baby and says she doesn't regret it.
Sarah has her own flat within the hostel, which comes with a bathroom, kitchen and living space.
She aspires to have a home of her own but admits she could be in the hostel for a long time.
"There just aren't enough houses to put people into," she says.
"It's hard to get your housing points up, it's so hard. I don't know how I'm getting out of here but I have to some way."
Children can live at the hostel until they're 18. After that, the charity works with the Housing Executive to find alternative accommodation, whether that's with their parent or singly.
The hostel provides vital support, but it's not a long-term solution for the residents and their children.
The charity's aim is to see all service users ultimately move into their own home.
For some, the transition can be swift. For others, the reality of life in a homeless hostel can last much longer.


More than 1,500 swimmers in fancy dress have welcomed in the New Year at an annual swim in Pembrokeshire.

A mass dance warm-up took place at Saundersfoot before the swimmers braved the sea, cheered on by thousands of spectators.
Pembrokeshire-born adventurer Tori James, the first Welsh woman to climb Mount Everest, was on hand to start the swim.
Now in its 32rd year, the event has raised more than Â£500,000 for charity.
Highlights among the fancy dress included a large Star Wars Millennium Falcon and Mrs Brown's Boys.


The Scottish government has revealed more details on how it plans to raise attainment in schools.

Unveiling her legislative programme for the coming year, First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said new national, standardised assessments would be brought in for pupils in primaries one, four and seven, and in S3.
Ms Sturgeon said she did not want to create "crude league tables", but that more information needed to be made available about performance in primary and lower secondary school.
National testing for five to 13-year-olds was scrapped in Scotland in 2003 by the Labour-Lib Dem coalition led by Jack McConnell.
Different systems of assessment are used across Scotland's 32 council areas.
The phrase national testing has not been used by the Scottish government - but standardising the assessment process for primary school and early secondary school students would mark a return to a form of national testing.
The move could prove controversial, and unions have already put a shot across the government's bows - but much of the devil will actually be in the detail.
The Scottish government sees raising attainment in schools as a top priority. One problem it faces is the quality of the data on primary school performance.
There is often very good data available at a purely local level but it can be hard to get a sense of the overall national picture or compare how well a school in one area is doing with a school somewhere else.
One of the best indicators of the performance of children across Scotland comes in the biannual national surveys of numeracy and literacy -  in which a cross section of children in P4, P7 and S2 are tested.
While these surveys can give a good indication of the performance of youngsters across Scotland as a whole there is no data for individual schools or council areas.
The literacy survey published this year suggested some drops in performance.
Currently 30 of Scotland's 32 councils use a form of standardised assessment for primary and lower secondary pupils. They use different systems, however, meaning forming a national picture on attainment is difficult.
One issue with standardising assessments is whether they will result in any extra workload for teachers and students or simply mean modifications to the assessments currently carried out.
Another gets to the nub of changes to education in recent years.  Curriculum for Excellence is meant to place less emphasis on testing and formal assessment.
The issue of league tables also raises its head - the presentation of data in such a way as to suggest that the better a school's performance in the assessments, the better the school is itself.
Unions, the Scottish government and many within the profession in Scotland agree there is more to a school's performance than raw data alone - particularly the demographics of the school's catchment area. The argument is that schools in suburban areas with relatively good results may actually be coasting while some in deprived areas with relatively poor results may actually be doing well.
The Scottish government will publish the data from the standardised assessments but will not present it in league table form - however,  with the data in the public domain, there is nothing to stop journalists and others from producing tables.
Unions will want reassurances about how the data will actually be used by policymakers.
Another potential area of controversy goes beyond the purely educational arguments. Councils are very protective of their role in the education service but some in local government argue there has been a process of creeping centralisation within Scotland over many years.
Some non-SNP councils may see standardised assessments through this prism.


A judge has put a friend of singer Joni Mitchell in charge of her medical decisions, after the musician entered intensive care last month.

Lawyer Alan Watenmaker told a hearing on Monday that Mitchell, 71, may leave hospital soon but is unable to confer with doctors about her medical care.
Leslie Morris, Mitchell's friend for more than 40 years, was appointed guardian by judge David S Cunningham.
It is still not clear what the singer-songwriter is being treated for.
Last week her website said she was "alert and... has her full senses", revealing that she is "not in a coma".
Mitchell has been in intensive care at a Los Angeles hospital since 31 March for undisclosed reasons and no further information about her condition was discussed during Monday's hearing.
The eight-time Grammy winner has no relatives who can serve as her conservator.
After filing papers last week, Morris will now be able to confer with doctors and make decisions about her treatment and lifestyle when she leaves hospital.
Lawyer Rebecca Thyne, appointed to represent Mitchell's interests, agreed that Morris should receive emergency conservatorship authority, calling it "very necessary".
Morris, however, will not have any control over Mitchell's finances.
The Canadian-born singer, known for such hits as Big Yellow Taxi and Chelsea Morning, revealed last year she had a rare skin condition that prevented her from performing.


The Reverend Libby Lane has been announced as the first female bishop for the Church of England, just a month after a historic change to church law.

She will become the new Bishop of Stockport.
The Church's ruling body, the general synod, voted to allow women to become bishops in July.
The appointment will end centuries of male leadership of the Church and comes 20 years after women became priests.
Mrs Lane said: "It is a remarkable day for me and an historic day for the Church.
"This is unexpected and very exciting. On this historic day as the Church of England announces the first woman nominated to be bishop, I am very conscious of all those who have gone before me, women and men, who for decades have looked forward to this moment. But most of all I am thankful to God."
While priests are normally in charge of a church, a bishop is in charge of a large area like a county - called a diocese - with hundreds of churches.
Some people within the church are against the change because they say tradition dictates that only men should hold the most senior positions.
But supporters say there is no reason that women shouldn't be in the Church's positions of power.
Churches in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland already allow women as bishops, but haven't appointed one yet.


Hotels increasing their prices six-fold during the Rugby World Cup could "seriously damage the image of Cardiff", a former tourism chief has warned.

The Holiday Inn off the M4's junction 32 has upped its price from £97 to just under £600 for the night of Ireland's game against Canada.
The nearby Village Urban Resort has rooms for £499, up from £105.
Cardiff's Hoteliers Association said the prices were "in tune with demand".
Jonathan Jones, former chief executive at Visit Wales, warned accommodation providers' high prices could prevent return business.
He said: "If all hotels and B&Bs  in Cardiff put up their prices to that extent, then it could seriously damage the image of Cardiff.
"I would sincerely hope that they remember that they need to have these customers coming back, and will not simply see this as one instance where they can make a lot of money, over a very short period of time."
Not all hotels are cashing in to the same extent.
Carl Davies, general manager at Jolyons, a small hotel near the Millennium Stadium, said it had only slightly upped its prices to cover extra costs.
He said: "We have to extend our service hours and we have to have more staff in. We only charge around £60 more than our usual room rate - purely because we want repeat business."


With the hugely controversial cuts to the disability benefit Personal Independence Payments (PIPs) being scrapped, where does this leave disabled people now?

Relieved, I'd say, but fearful that this relief will be short-lived.
The U-turn was confirmed by the new Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) Secretary Stephen Crabb - his announcement in the Commons was met with cheers, cat calls and some confusion.
It comes following a week that's seen the Conservative party divided over its core principles. Former DWP secretary Iain Duncan Smith resigned on Friday, stating that the "deeply unfair" cuts he had been under pressure to make were dividing a nation.
If you're sick or disabled and reliant on disability benefits such as PIP, it's been quite a week.
What is the row around PIPs all about?
Days before the chancellor's budget, it was announced that the criteria that decide whether you're eligible for PIP and at what level, would be changed. This change was going to save the government £4.4bn.
As a result it was estimated that 370,000 disabled people would lose £3,500 a year, according to the Institute for Fiscal Studies.
Disability charities have been deeply concerned about the changes to PIP, warning that tightening the criteria would lead to more disabled people unable to financially cope with the extra costs that come hand-in-hand with having a disability.
That's always been the beauty of PIP - it's money that helps with the essentials that often come at a price. It gives disabled people similar chances to live and work as independently to those of the rest of society.
Earlier on in the week I spoke to Sarah Stewart. She has a neurological condition that affects her memory and balance and as a consequence, Sarah has had to give up her job as a paid carer and is currently in receipt of the daily living component of PIP.
The changes to PIP would have had a direct impact on her as Sarah is due to be reassessed in January 2017.
As someone who uses aids and appliances to help score the points she needs to be eligible for PIP, the government's U-turn has come as a huge relief for her and her family.
"I'd turn cartwheels if I could. I can't, so I'll just turn cartwheels in my mind," she said.
"I hope this means the cuts are over. It's difficult enough being disabled without the worry and stress of cuts on top of that."
"I hope this means the cuts are over" - that's something many disability charities and campaigners are hoping for too. But the sums are stark.
Cuts or no cuts, the government is still facing a black hole of £4.4bn in its budget. However, what Stephen Crabb was able to confirm - his department isn't paying for it. He confirmed that this substantial saving wouldn't be coming from the welfare budget.
"I am absolutely clear that we have a compassionate and fair welfare system, but behind every statistic is a human being and in government we can sometimes forget that."
He said his department would be having further conversations with disabled people, charities and campaigners.
Liz Sayce, chief executive of Disability Rights UK, welcomed the decision to reverse the cuts but added a note of caution.
"The clue is in the name - the benefit should be available to those who need help to live independently," she said. "We also welcome the statement that there are no plans to introduce further welfare cuts during this parliament. We hope that the £4bn in savings that the chancellor has identified does not come from disabled people."
However, for many, the changes to PIP are the tip of the iceberg. They follow a raft of reforms that have affected disabled people.
Dan Scorer, from the disability charity Mencap, said the decision was "long overdue recognition" by the government that disabled people and their families have already endured massive cuts to benefits and care services.
"However, many people with a learning disability in future stand to lose £1,500 a year from cuts to Employment and Support Allowance and Universal Credit that the government forced through Parliament earlier this month," he said.
"This is on top of £4.6bn worth of funding cuts to social care in the past five years, which has reduced disabled people's access to vital support, pushing them to the fringes of society."
Disability benefits have been firmly placed in the spotlight.
Campaigners, charities and disabled people themselves are now hoping that this will be the start of that "conversation" the new work and pensions secretary has promised.


Tesla expects to raise nearly $1.8bn (Â£1.4bn) by selling "junk" bonds to private investors - even more than the electric car-maker aimed for when it announced the offering this month.

The firm said the money will keep its balance sheet steady as it ramps up manufacturing of its newest car.
Tesla aims to make 5,000 of its mass market Model 3 a week by the end of this year.
It has estimated it is already spending about $100m a week to hit that target.
On 4 August Tesla said was looking to raise $1.5bn by selling bonds, but said on Friday it now expected to raise $1.77bn from the sale.
The fundraising is limited to major institutions and not private investors.
Junk bonds are ones that pay a higher yield than normal bonds (5.3% in Tesla's case), but also carry a higher risk of not being  paid back.  The bonds are set to be repaid in 2025.
Analysts said Tesla's ability to raise more than $1.5bn indicated an appetite for risk among investors, as low interest rates have limited returns in many other types of investments. High stock market valuations have also made it harder to make a profit.
"Without the proceeds from the note offering, Tesla's liquidity position would be stressed," analysts at Moody's said, warning of risks to potential investors.
Tesla had about $3bn in cash at the end of June, but it spent more than $2bn in the most recent quarter.
The company founded by Elon Musk has frequently turned to investors to overcome persistent operating losses.
Tesla plans to eventually make more than 500,000 of the new Model 3 cars a year at its Fremont factory - or about 10,000 per week.
Moody's said the target was ambitious given the relatively small size of the US electric car market.


Beyond the lipstick, sequins and fixed smiles you find synchronised swimming tests lung-busting endurance, athleticism, artistry and technical skill to the limit.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Andrea Holland, BBC Sport
"The athletes train so hard for this unique sport, putting in 10-hour days at least five days a week. It is very acrobatic and the skill is just incredible. For Team GB, the duet of Jenna Randall and Olivia Federici is worth looking out for. They got a silver at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and are going all out to get on the podium in London. Internationally, the ones to watch are Russia, the current World and European champions in the duet. Although Russia have dominated since Sydney 2000, there will be hot competition this year particularly from China, current World silver medallists and Spain, who won silver at the recent European Championships."
The swimmers perform precision routines which require them to hold their breath for periods of more than a minute as they carry out a succession of dizzying turns, kicks and flips, most of which are done while upside down in the water.
When they emerge from beneath the surface they must resist the urge to gulp down air, instead holding a smile to make it appear as though the whole display is effortless.
At the same time they are treading water, often using a technique known as the egg-beater, which keeps them afloat while they perform a series of arm movements.
Since synchronised swimming's introduction in 1984, the USA, Russia, Canada and Japan have been the dominant forces in the Olympic pool.
Synchronised swimming is a strenuous and skilful sport that places huge demands on competitors, who need strength, flexibility, rhythm and flair to succeed.
This is exemplified by the egg-beater move, which is a powerful way of treading water while making arm movements above the surface, and one of the most important techniques in synchronised swimming.
It requires massive levels of endurance as the swimmers execute routines, often holding their breath under water, which can last up to four minutes, depending on which part of the programme they are competing in.
The effort required to compete saw synchronised swimmers ranked second only to long-distance runners when the aerobic capacity of athletes from the different Olympic sports were compared.
Abdominal core muscle strength and endurance are also boosted due to the strain of having to stay afloat in water while performing complex lifts and poses.
Synchronised swimmers must also exercise away from the water. Lung capacity can be boosted through long-distance running, weight training helps build muscle mass and flexibility is improved through gymnastic and ballet-like routines.
For people (both male and female) who enjoy modern dance, ballet and gymnastics, synchronised swimming is the perfect way to transfer those skills to the pool.
It is essential that beginners receive tuition from qualified coaches to ensure that they learn the different techniques. Other than that, all that is needed are some swimming trunks or a swimming costume.
Get your performance under pressure analysed in just 20 minutes by four-time Olympic gold medallist Michael Johnson
Start the experiment
There are more than 1,500 swimming clubs in the UK, and they provide the best foundation for those looking to develop as synchronised swimmers.
Visit the British Swimming,Swim Ulster,Scottish Swimming and Swim Wales websites for information about the different membership schemes.
British Swimming is working with the BBC to get the UK into the pool in a celebration of swimming called the Big Splash.
A wide-range of activities, including competitive races, swimming lessons and aqua aerobics, are being put on in swimming pools throughout the country.
Sign up to British Swimming's mailing list to be sent details of the latest events and use their pool finder to find out where you can get started.
For those wanting to watch synchronised swimming, visit the British Swimming website for a list of upcoming events.
To keep up-to-date with synchronised swimming at London 2012, use British Swimming's companion site.
More on the British Swimming website
'Join In Local Sport' aims to get as many people as possible to turn up and take part in activities at their local sports facilities on 18/19 August, 2012 - the first weekend between the Olympic and Paralympic Games.
The aim of the initiative is for every sports club and community group in the UK to put on a special event in a bid to encourage more people to get involved as members, supporters or volunteers.
More than 4,000 local sports clubs will be opening their doors to host events and show people just how they can get involved.
As well as tips on playing sport there will be information on coaching, supporting and how to help out.
Find an event near you.
Identical twins Karen and Sarah Josephson of the USA won the duet in 1992, beating another set of identical twins, Canada's Penny and Vicky Vilagos
More on the London 2012 website
Swimmers in the team and duet events perform a technical and a free routine.
In the technical routine, two panels of five judges each reward half the marks for technique and artistic performance respectively.
The time limit is two minutes and 20 seconds for the duet or two minutes and 50 seconds for the team competition.
The free routine involves presentation of a composition with own-choice technical elements combined with choreography.
There is a time limit of three minutes and 30 seconds for the duet and four minutes for the team display. The results for the two routines are combined to produce the final ranking.
Points deductions can be imposed by judges for offences such as making deliberate use of the bottom of the pool or missing out any of the compulsory elements of the technical routine.
More on the Team GB website
Team GB's Jenna Randall and Olivia Federici will compete in the duet. A medal looks to be out of reach, so their main goal is to qualify for the final.
Russia have won six gold medals at the Olympics but no silver or bronze medals
They will also form part of the GB team, which is already through to the final. Anything higher than eighth place would be a success.
Russia's Natalia Ischenko and Svetlana Romashina are reigning world and European duet champions, and won the London test event. It would be a surprise if they did not add the Olympic title.
Russia will also be favourites for team gold, with China and Spain likely to pose their main threat.
Synchronised swimming has its roots in ornamental water ballets of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which evolved into the Busby Berkeley Hollywood water spectaculars popularised by Esther Williams in the 1940s and 50s.
Between 1948 and 1968 it was an exhibition sport at the Olympics and finally became an official event at the 1984 Games in Los Angeles.
Duet and solo events made up that first Olympic programme but they were dropped in 1992 and replaced by a team event. The duet was reinstated in 2000.
Synchronised swimming is one of two sports at London 2012 to be contested only by women, the other being rhythmic gymnastics.
More on the IOC website


The trial of a man charged with the rape and murder of a woman in Aberdeen has been moved until next year.

Bala Chinda, 25, denies murdering 36-year-old Nkechi - also known as Jessica - McGraa at a flat in Union Terrace in February.
He is also accused of attempting to defeat the ends of justice.
Mr Chinda had been expected to stand trial next week. However, during a short hearing at the High Court in Glasgow, the case was set for January.


Selfie sticks have been banned from the Wimbledon tennis championship.

The All England Lawn Tennis Club has warned the sticks - which help with taking self-portrait photos - will not be allowed into this year's event.
The ticketholders' guide said: "In common with many other major sports and entertainment events and cultural attractions, the championships will not allow selfie sticks into the grounds."
The devices have already been banned at some museums and sports grounds.
A spokesman for the club told the Sunday Times the move was brought in partly because of the "nuisance value" but "primarily so it doesn't interfere with spectators' enjoyment".
A selfie stick allows its user a longer reach when using a smartphone or camera to take a "selfie" - a self-portrait photo.
Last month the National Gallery, in Trafalgar Square, placed the devices in the same category as tripods, which were already prohibited.
The Palace of Versailles in Paris, the Colosseum in Rome and US museum group, The Smithsonian, have also banned selfie sticks.
And after a complaint from a fan, Tottenham Hotspur Football Club prohibited the sticks from their White Hart Lane ground.


St Helens scrum-half Matty Smith has required a second surgery on the eyelid injury he suffered against Leeds Rhinos on Friday.

The 29-year-old left the field after six minutes with his eyelid ripped open and underwent immediate surgery.
He had a second surgery on Monday and St Helens coach Justin Holbrook has given no indication of a return.
"He was cleared of any major damage but then had some other issues with it and has had more surgery," he said.
"I don't know any timeframe for his return; it's purely on how his eye responds to the surgery he's had."
Smith suffered the eye injury in the narrow 24-22 defeat at Headingley after an accidental clash in a tackle with Saints captain Jon Wilkin.
"He couldn't get it stitched on the field on Friday because his eyelid was ripped," said Holbrook.
"But hopefully it will be sorted quickly and he'll be back very soon."
It is Smith's second setback of the season after suffering a broken leg before the start of the current campaign.
He has scored two tries in 16 appearances this season since his recovery but given there is no indication of a quick return, Holbrook has a replacement in mind.
"We should get a clearer indication on Matty in the next day or two," he told BBC Radio Merseyside.
"I've definitely thought about it (a replacement). We've got a young Danny Richardson at the club.
"He's had strong performances in our reserves and has had a few run outs with Sheffield at the Championship level, so it's more than likely he'll come straight in."


Bernie Sanders has won the latest stage in the battle for the Democratic nomination in the US presidential poll by securing victory in Wyoming.

The state's 14 delegates will be awarded proportionally. Mr Sanders has won seven of the latest eight states.
However rival Hillary Clinton maintains a clear lead in the overall race. Both are concentrating their efforts on the key New York primary later this month.
In the Republican race, Ted Cruz hopes to pick up more delegates in Colorado.
In state assemblies which culminated on Friday, Mr Cruz won 21 delegates to just two for Donald Trump, who still has a comfortable lead in the overall nomination race for the Republicans.
On Saturday, a further 13 delegates are at stake at the Colorado Republican Convention.
Mr Cruz has 520 Republican delegates to 743 for Mr Trump. Mr Cruz is hoping to win at least enough votes to block an outright win for Mr Trump and force a decision at the party's convention in July.
The next big prize for both parties is the New York primaries on 19 April: 291 delegates are at stake for the Democrats and 95 for Republicans.
Despite Saturday's win in the Wyoming caucuses, Mr Sanders still has only 1,061 delegates to 1,749 for Mrs Clinton, when the latter's 469 superdelegates are added to the tally. To win, a candidate needs 2,383.
The presidential election itself, on 8 November, will see America vote for a successor to Barack Obama, a Democratic president standing down after two terms in office which have seen the Republicans take control of both houses of Congress.
19 April: New York primary
26 April: Primaries in Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland and Rhode Island


Finance ministers from the UK's three devolved administrations have called for an urgent meeting with Chancellor George Osborne.

It came after Scottish Finance Secretary Derek Mackay met with his Welsh and Northern Irish counterparts, Mark Drakeford and Mairtin O Muilleoir.
They said they wanted to meet Mr Osborne to discuss the effect of Brexit on devolved budgets.
Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to remain in the EU. Wales backed Leave.
Across the UK, 52% voted to leave the EU in last month's referendum.
The trio have written to Mr Osborne requesting an "urgent meeting" to discuss the implications of the EU referendum result.
Following the meeting in Cardiff, Mr MacKay said the Scottish government was "absolutely committed" to pursuing all avenues to maintain Scotland's place in the EU.
He added: "We remain unclear on the likely impact of Brexit on UK government finances, and we are already seeing the UK government suggest changes to future spending plans, as well as considerable concern over the economy and investment levels.
"The devolved administrations need urgent answers from the UK government on the impact that the Brexit vote could have on future budgets, and that is why it is crucial that we meet with Mr Osborne imminently.
"I have already expressed concerns about the impact this will have on this year's Scottish budget process, and given this uncertainty, there is a strong case for publishing a one year rather than a three-year budget this year."
The meeting in Cardiff came as Chancellor George Osborne is due to travel to New York, Singapore and China for talks with major investors in the coming weeks.
He has vowed to create a "more outward-looking, global-facing Britain" following the UK vote to leave the European Union.
Writing in the Wall Street Journal, he said even closer economic ties between the UK and US were in the "overwhelming interest of both countries".