An archive detailing a historic hack and its fallout has been handed over to the National Museum of Computing.

Previously, the cache of documents, press cuttings and letters had been kept by Robert Schifreen, who hacked BT's Prestel system in 1984.
He and Steve Gold took control of Prestel and penetrated the email inbox belonging to the Duke of Edinburgh.
The legal case around the hack helped define computer misuse laws in the UK and around the world.
The archive contains detailed information about how the hack was carried out and the two-year legal wrangle it began.
Robert Schifreen said the whole saga had begun by accident.
"I was testing a modem and was typing in random numbers to see if they worked or not," Mr Schifreen told the BBC. "And one of them did."
The number gave access to Prestel - a basic, text-based computer system developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s that gave people an early taste of online information services.
Customers dialled up and browsed thousands of pages that held information about everything from stocks and shares to weather forecasts and news headlines. In 1983, it was expanded to include a crude form of email.
Purely by accident, Mr Schifreen had stumbled across a live Prestel account that had the number 2222222222 and a password of 1234.
Even better, it was not a customer account.
"It was only supposed to be for Prestel staff," he said.
A quick scan of the pages available via this account revealed a phone number for a test mainframe used by administrators maintaining the service.
"I tried that on and off for a good few months," said Mr Schifreen. "One day, after months of trying, I dialled up this test computer, and it showed a page saying, 'This is the system manager password'."
"I logged in with it, and it said, 'Welcome to Prestel. You are now system manager'."
Initially, this gave Mr Schifreen and Mr Gold access to only the test system. However, the Prestel system administrators had made another security blunder.
"The golden rule they broke was that in this test computer they used live data," Mr Schifreen said.
"They used live passwords on that test machine."
Those live passwords let the pair get access to the working system.
The hack was aided by the fact that the two men were dialling up after 18:00, when phone calls got a lot cheaper.
This had proved useful, Mr Schifreen said, because by then the Prestel security team had gone home for the day.
As a responsible hacker, Mr Schifreen was open about his findings and informed Prestel owner BT about his high-level access and his ability to change any page on Prestel.
Initially, BT dismissed his claim that he could edit any page and brushed him off.
"I changed [the main login page] and then called them back and said, 'Now tell me it cannot be done,'" he said. "They got straight on the phone to Scotland Yard."
But there was just one problem with calling in the cyber-cops - at the time there, was no law under which the men could prosecuted.
"There were no specific laws," said John Austen, former head of the Scotland Yard computer crime unit, who arrested Mr Schifreen and Mr Gold.
"But that was not just in the UK. There were no laws anywhere in the world other than prosecutions undertaken by the FBI into wire fraud."
"I'd never arrested computer hackers before then," he said.
Initially, the pair were charged with offences under the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act as this was the law that seemed to capture the essence of what they had done in reusing the internal passwords.
The charges stuck, and the two hackers were found guilty.
They appealed, and the conviction was overturned.
The prosecution sought to get this decision undone, which led to the case being referred to the House of Lords.
But the Lords upheld the original appeal, and the two men were acquitted in 1986.
At the time, Lord Justice Lane said it had been inappropriate to use the forgery law to prosecute the two hackers.
"The police were quite happy that I was acquitted as it demonstrated the need for a computer hacking act of some sort," Mr Schifreen said.
"The Computer Misuse Act of 1990 resulted."


Scotland's economy grew by 1.9% in 2015 and is set to continue to grow slowly, according to the chief economist.

Dr Gary Gillespie said the economy was "resilient", but warned that the pace of growth in 2015 was "significantly below" that of 2014.
Forecasts say a similar level of GDP growth should continue in 2016 and 2017 amid "challenging" conditions.
Economy secretary Keith Brown said "fundamentals" like employment and productivity were "strong".
Mr Gillespie set out the figures in his tri-annual State of the Economy report.
He said the economy "has been resilient over the past 12 months in the face of the most challenging external economic conditions in recent years".
Annualised growth of 1.9% was below the UK-wide rate of 2.2%, and "significantly below" that recorded in 2014, which was 2.7%.
The drop in the price of oil and other commodities saw some sectors suffer and created difficult trading conditions for exporters.
However, the general service sector - which accounts for nearly 80% of output in Scotland - benefited from lower energy costs and improving consumer spending.
Mr Gillespie said the construction sector also made "a significant contribution" to growth, in part thanks to "high levels of public infrastructure investment being maintained".
He also described the labour market as "resilient", with record levels of employment despite a slight fallback in the most recent figures, and unemployment "stabilising" at about 6%.
The chief economist said: "The attractiveness of the Scottish economy remains strong for business growth and inward investment, which will present continuing opportunities both in the short and medium term and areas impacted by external factors rebalance and create new opportunities."
Economy secretary Keith Brown said the figures were encouraging "in the face of extremely challenging global headwinds".
He said: "The challenges facing the economy look set to persist through 2016, but the fundamentals of the Scottish economy are strong, with high levels of employment and rising productivity.
"We have to be conscious of the challenges we face, and conscientious in facing up to them - but we also have to be aware of our strengths and successes if we are to be able to build on them."
The Scottish economy is making slow progress, according to the Scottish government's chief economist.
Dr Gillespie's latest State of the Economy report reflects the continued impact of the lower oil price.
Almost all the signs so far this year have shown the Scottish economy to be, at best, subdued - in growth, jobs and wages.
Dr Gillespie's analysis of available data reflects similar challenges to the world and UK economies, but with the problems of the oil and gas industry adding pressure on Scotland. His survey of independent forecasts fails to find much sign of growth picking up.
The most positive figures were about consumer sentiment, with people's expectations about their household finances picking up slightly.
But the economist's report cites evidence from businesses that the outlook for the dominant service sector is "finely balanced".
And pressure on manufacturing is expected to continue, having contracted 2% last year.
The report was published on the same day as a new survey from Scottish Engineering, which found the industry is "stagnating" with more firms seeing order levels drop than those seeing a rise.
Bryan Buchan, chief executive of the trade organisation, said: "We appear to be marking time in terms of capital investment - partly due to market conditions arising from reduced activity in the UK Continental Shelf (offshore sector) and also in yet another tranche of uncertainty in terms of the imminent EU referendum.
"Our sector is little different to the UK economy as a whole where growth slowed in the first quarter of this year, and is expected to do so further in the second quarter.
"There is some cheer to see oil prices breach the $50 mark for the first time this year, despite failure to agree production caps by Iran and Russia. This gives some hope of a limited recovery within the calendar year."
Meanwhile, an offshore firm based in Aberdeen, Sea Energy, was placed in administration.  It was formerly known as Ramco, and was an explorer for oil.
It had sought to transform itself into an offshore renewable energy specialist, but that failed, and its subsequent moves into investment in Irish oil exploration and software for offshore maintenance failed to keep it afloat.
Prior to the administration, it sold its software operations to James Fisher Plc, with the transfer of 33 jobs.  No more than seven people are expected to lose their jobs.


General Manuel Antonio Noriega, the former military leader of Panama, has died aged 83, officials have announced.

Noriega recently underwent an operation after suffering a haemorrhage following brain surgery.
Noriega had been a key US ally but was forcibly removed when American troops invaded in 1989 and was later jailed in the US on drugs and laundering charges.
He spent the rest of his life in custody, latterly in Panama for murder, corruption and embezzlement.
But the former leader was released into house arrest in January to prepare for an operation in early March to remove a brain tumour.
He underwent further surgery after cerebral bleeding but died late on Monday local time in Panama City's Santo Tomas hospital, Secretary of State for Communication Manuel Dominguez announced.
President Juan Carlos Varela tweeted: "The death of Manuel A Noriega closes a chapter in our history; his daughters and relatives deserve a funeral in peace."
Although he was never elected to office, Noriega became the de facto leader of Panama, serving a six-year tenure as military governor in the 1980s.
A strong supporter of the United States, he became a key ally in Washington's attempts to battle the influence of communism in central America.
But the US tired of his increasingly repressive role internally in Panama, and there were indications he was selling his services to other intelligence bodies, not to mention drug-trafficking organisations.
Noriega was indicted in a US federal court on drug-trafficking charges in 1988 and, after US observers declared he had stolen the 1989 election, President George HW Bush launched the "Operation Just Cause" invasion, sending in nearly 28,000 troops.
Noriega sought refuge in the Vatican's diplomatic mission in Panama City.
US troops flushed him out by playing deafening pop and heavy metal music non-stop outside.
By 3 January 1990, Noriega surrendered and was flown to the US to face drug-trafficking, money-laundering and racketeering charges, serving 17 years in jail there.
While in prison he was convicted in absentia in France of money-laundering and sentenced to seven years. After the US extradited him to France, a court there approved a request from Panama in December 2010 to send him back home, where he was convicted again.
In an interview on Panamanian TV two years ago, Noriega read out a statement of apology.
He said: "I apologise to anyone who feels offended, affected, harmed or humiliated by my actions or those of my superiors whilst carrying out orders, or those of my subordinates, during the time of my civilian and military government."
A US Senate sub-committee once described Washington's relationship with Noriega as one of the United States' most serious foreign policy failures.


As Bishop Paul Tighe sat down for our interview, he joked that not only is he probably the only priest at South by Southwest, but also the only person with grey hair.

His presence here marks the first time the Vatican has attended the South by Southwest Interactive conference, and their panel - titled Compassionate Disruption - is one of this year's most talked about events.
"In a world where increasingly [we're] not invited to part of conversations, I think if people are interested in having us, we're delighted to be here.
"I want to learn and get a feeling for what are the things that are driving a generation of people who are in many ways shaping the world as we know it.
He glanced around the room.
"Really deep down, I see a lot of people looking for some sort of connectivity."
That's certainly true - though I get the sense for delegates here that means good wi-fi, rather than a strong sense of faith. So Bishop Tighe's mission is to get this industry to find real value in both.
As the Vatican's Adjunct Secretary of the Pontifical Council for Culture, one of Bishop Tighe's many responsibilities is to run the social media accounts for the Pope, as well as considering ways in which the Catholic Church can stretch its influence into our digital lives.
Five years ago, Pope Benedict decided to set up a Twitter account - @Pontifex - which is continued today by Pope Francis. It was a decision the Church at the time felt was hugely symbolic.
"There's an environment that is kinda rough," Bishop Tighe said.
"There's a lot of trolling, a lot of negativity.
"But if the people who want to use it for good withdraw from it, then the trolls have won. There is a potential here to build connections, to learn from people who might surprise us."
The Bishop winced a little as I asked him whether Pope Benedict received a warm welcome on Twitter.
"There was a welcome from many, but there was a huge amount of negativity," he said.
"There were people saying 'let's launch a Twitter bomb, lets force them out of this environment'. But we stuck with it and said 'no, this is too important a forum'."
He said the current Pope handed down a clear strategy for communicating - not preaching - on Twitter.
"When Pope Francis gave us our instructions he said 'the one thing I want you to be above all is try to encourage people. It's a tough world, it's a hard world, let's be at least encouraging'."
Ten years ago, SXSW Interactive enjoyed what's still its most significant moment - the "launch" of Twitter. The service had been around for a little while before appearing at the festival, but it was here that its popularity skyrocketed.
The Vatican was hesitant to get involved, unsure of how to interact with the new medium - and whether it should be there at all.
"Maybe for the Church this world has disturbed us, has disrupted a lot of our ways of forming community. It's making us think again about how to do our business."
Part of that business, he suggested, was in making people consider what kind of online world they want to exist in, and how to achieve it in the face of increased hostility and division. In explaining it he coined a phrase that may just resonate with his audience here.
"A few years ago, everyone was talking about User-Generated Content. But I think we also need to recover a sense of User-Generated Culture. That's the choice of individuals.
"If you're spending your day with a lot of negative stuff in the environment, it's easy to imbibe that, to take that on board. But the challenge for all of us is to try and say 'yes, I'm going to be there, but I'm not going to be conditioned by the less positive sides of that'."
While it's the Vatican's first time at SXSW, it's certainly not the first technology conference it has attended. Bishop Tighe also attended Web Summit in Lisbon last year, and there, as it is here, the hot topic was the growing power of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
I put it to him that we are living at a time when the majority of people are far more likely to search Google for answers than they are to pray. When the Amazon Alexa in the corner of my kitchen can give me immediate answers based on data, why turn anywhere else?
"All the data in the world will still leave room for choices that I have to make," he said. "If we say big data will tell us what's right or wrong, then I am no longer an agent, and my choices have been determined for me. That doesn't correspond to my experience of being a human."
More profound, he said, will be the emergence of artificial intelligence and robotics in the working environment. Money aside, he argued we should be concerned about what a lack of work could do to our sense of self worth.
"Let's not romanticise it - some of the work that might be displaced is fairly tough, dangerous work and fairly menial. Maybe it's no great loss.
"[But] we need to reflect on how human beings who work are not just economic units producing products, they're people with stories and families."
I finished by asking him whether, given the chance, he'd offer some advice to Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg over how he could change the world's largest online community for the better.
To my surprise, he didn't want to change anything - but he made a plea for technology innovators and entrepreneurs to consider how to involve the Church and others in building their products.
"I think it's really a time for a good, robust conversation between programmers and people who are coming form different ethical and philosophical positions.
"We must ensure that our human values and achievements, in terms of respecting dignity and the worth of people, will somehow be programmed into the machines we work with."
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC and on Facebook. You can reach Dave securely through encrypted messaging app Signal on: +1 (628) 400-7370


A security alert in west Belfast's Twinbrook estate has ended.

A number of controlled explosions were carried out on a car in Azalea Gardens. A number of items were recovered and taken away for further examination.
Police have said they believe it may be linked to a robbery in Dunmurry.
On 3 April, three men dressed as postmen, and one armed with a suspected gun, robbed offices in The Cutts area. They assaulted two female members of staff and escaped with cash.
The alert began on Friday night. Residents in the area were not moved out, but were advised to stay towards the rear of their homes.
"I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the local community, who have been inconvenienced during the operation, for their patience," Det Insp Stephen Harvey said.
"I would appeal to anyone who has information about the robbery at The Cutts, or who saw any suspicious activity in the Azalea Gardens area, to contact police on the non-emergency number 101, quoting reference 1178 of 7/4/17."


A suicide bomb attack at a busy shopping area in the Turkish city of Istanbul has killed at least four people, officials say.

They include two Israelis with dual US nationality, and an Iranian. Another 36 were injured in the blast near a government building.
No-one has admitted carrying out the attack, the latest in recent months.
The Turkish government has blamed Kurdish militants for previous attacks and has retaliated against them.
Saturday's attack on Istiklal Street in Istanbul, Turkey's largest city, occurred at about 11:00 local time (09:00 GMT).
Uwes Shehadeh was some 500m (1,640ft) away when he heard "a horrific and horrible noise".
"People didn't know what was going on. It was very chaotic. Everyone was screaming and running away," he told the BBC.
"Istanbul is on high alert and people are very worried as to what will happen next."
Eleven Israelis were among the injured. Two Irish citizens and one person each from Germany, Iceland, Dubai and Iran were also injured.
Both the so-called Islamic State (IS) and Kurdish militants have claimed recent attacks in Turkey.
President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has said terror groups are targeting civilians because they are losing their struggle against Turkish security forces.
Turkey is part of the US-led coalition against IS and allows coalition planes to use its air base at Incirlik for raids on Iraq and Syria.
"Let's not meet outside", is what  many were saying to each other in Istanbul, after the suicide bombing in the heart of Ankara less than a week ago. Concern and caution travel fast between Turkish cities.
On Thursday and on Friday, Germany closed its consulate near Istiklal Street, because of a security threat. Istanbul's local government underestimated the German concern. Unfortunately, the Germans have been proved right.
Istiklal Street is a popular place for locals and tourists to gather. Now people from different backgrounds share the same fear.
Turkey has never witnessed successive suicide bombings like this before. It is hard to take in what is happening and harder to see what may come next. In this limbo, fear and worry come and go - or stay.
Turkey has also been carrying out a campaign of bombardment against Syrian Kurdish fighters of the People's Protection Units (YPG), which it regards as a extension of the outlawed Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).
A two-year-old ceasefire between Turkey and the PKK broke down last summer.
Since then, more than 340 members of Turkey's security forces have been killed along with at least 300 Kurdish fighters and more than 200 civilians.
Soon after the Istanbul blast, a tweet from a woman claiming to be a junior official of Turkey's governing AKP party caused consternation on social media.
Irem Aktas, described as head of public relations for the women's branch of a local AKP bureau in Istanbul, tweeted that she wished "all Israeli citizens in the area had died."
The Twitter account now seems to have been taken down.
Another official from the same AKP party branch later confirmed Ms Aktas was a party member, but said her tweet did not reflect the party's position and that the process of expelling her had started.
How dangerous is Turkey's unrest?
Tears and destruction amid PKK crackdown
Turkey in midst of hideous vortex


It has been a dramatic week for the Saudi economy: the country has slashed public spending, and rowed back from its 18-month policy of pumping out oil at near maximum levels by reducing daily production by 350,000 barrels.

Oil prices jumped 5% at the news, a market overreaction to be sure, but nevertheless a welcome development for producer states. They need to see a turnaround in their government revenues which have been depressed for the last 18 months.
But the kingdom's shift in policy indicates that not all is well financially. Indeed the Saudi attempt to maintain market share through maximising output and artificially keeping oil prices low appears to have backfired.
Unable to absorb low prices for an extended period, the kingdom has lost some $180bn (Â£140bn) of currency reserves, as it has had to dig deep into its pockets to cover enormous government spending deficits.
In fairness, Saudi Arabia's leadership, under the guidance of Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, has been remarkably open about the extent of the problems.
In an interview with Bloomberg magazine in April, the grim reality was laid bare by Prince Mohammed's senior financial adviser: the state was wasting up to $100bn a year in inefficient spending, backhanders and opaque business deals, he said, and would have gone broke "by early 2017" unless something radical was done to change course.
72%
of revenues come from oil
$98bn the budget deficit in 2015
80% increase in petrol prices last year in the country
$2.5tn size of state-owned oil giant Aramco
$2tn potential value of the sovereign wealth fund the Saudis are creating
And so for the nation to remain solvent there was always going to have to be some financial pain - pain which would filter into the real economy and down to the vast body of Saudi nationals employed in government sectors.
Government spending would need to be scaled down, and subsidies on everyday goods and services such as power, water and fuel would need to be lifted.
Last but not least expenditure on salaries would need to be reduced, which means either people lost their jobs, or they lost their perks.
Given that Saudi society builds and cements social relationships around the provision of government jobs, firing people is extremely difficult without causing offence.
This meant that public salaries had to be cut, and in June the Saudi government set a target to reduce salary expenditure by 24bn riyals ($6.4bn; Â£4.9bn) a year by 2020.
It is no surprise then that on Monday evening a series of royal decrees cut salaries by as much as 20%, shrunk holiday pay and leave allowances and cut bonuses.
These cuts all fall broadly within the vision set out by Prince Mohammed earlier in the year.
Vision 2030 is the grand plan for restructuring the Saudi economy, diversifying away from hydrocarbon exports by encouraging Saudis to join the private sector, and privatising sections of Aramco, the oil producing behemoth that still drives Saudi income and domestic revenue.
But for all its lofty goals, it is unlikely that the vision can ever be fully implemented, and it is sensible to assume that Vision 2030 was never designed to be the panacea for Saudi Arabia's myriad financial woes.
Even some leading Saudis have been open about the vision's expected level of success, insisting that it is more about changing the national Zeitgeist than radically overhauling the economy in such a short space of time.
If this can be achieved, and the ruling house is able to persuade its citizens to accept that the good times are over, then all should be well for the time being.
The al-Saud family enjoy widespread popular support in the Kingdom, and the young prince and his team have expended great energy warning that austerity is coming.
But it is one thing to warn about austerity, and quite another to then implement it.
As increasing austerity measures are introduced, Saudi Arabia's middle class looks set to join the "squeezed middle".
It is an overused Western term, but make no mistake it will be Saudi's middle earners who will struggle in the months and years ahead.
Reductions in subsidies and salary cuts will affect this middle bracket the most - in other words the people who possess just enough money to run a household and send children to school.
So the addition of higher bills and less income at the end of the month will put a huge amount of pressure on this important sector of the Saudi economy.
Observing from the outside, cutting bloated public expenditure seems the right thing to do and is long overdue, but it will have social impacts that no-one can foresee at present.
Saudi Arabia is moving into a difficult period in which its society will have to get used to leaner times, and still keep their faith that the royal family is steering the country in the right direction.
Michael Stephens is Research Fellow for Middle East studies and Head of Rusi Qatar. Follow him on Twitter


A member of staff at a Manchester care home has been arrested on suspicion of murder following the death of a resident.

Ivan Emmanuel Campbell, 73, a resident at Victoria Nursing Home in Anson Road, Rusholme, died from internal injuries.
Police were called to the home by staff who found the man injured last April.
The employee, 34, was also held on suspicion of assaulting a 72-year-old resident, who suffered a fractured rib in an incident on 19 March.
An investigation has been under way since the death of Mr Campbell, involving Manchester City Council, the NHS, Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust and the Care Quality Commission.
When the CQC inspected the home a month after Mr Campbell's death it reported: "People who used the service were not fully protected from effects of abuse or exploitation within the home."
Inspectors flagged up problems with staff training and said managers had failed to ensure they "followed up new information available about established staff, and that every one working in the home could be accurately identified".
In a follow up visit last October, inspectors said the home had improved in all seven areas previously of concern and "now had effective systems in place to identify, assess, and manage risks to health, safety, and welfare".
The private home caters for 21 residents, some with mental health needs as well as other medical conditions.
Greater Manchester Police's Andy Tattersall said: "Due to the complex needs of those at the care home this has and continues to be an extremely difficult and protracted investigation.
"From the outset we were determined to establish what happened to Ivan and who was responsible for causing his injuries and that remains as true today as it did then.
"I want to reassure the relatives of residents there that their welfare is, collectively between us and our partners, a top priority."


The UN and Red Cross have appealed for civilians to be protected, as fighting in Syria's Aleppo nears its end.

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) said people had "literally nowhere safe to run".
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon voiced alarm "over reports of atrocities against a large number of civilians".
Thousands of people are trapped in just a handful of rebel-held districts, which are facing intense bombardment as government troops advance.
It is hard to know exactly how many people are trapped in the besieged areas, although one US official with knowledge of efforts to secure safe passage for people in the city told the BBC that there were around 50,000 people.
Some residents have sent out messages saying they are crowded into abandoned apartments and rainy streets, unable to take shelter from the bombing, the New York Times reports.
Teacher Abdul Kafi Alhamado described on Monday how his district was densely packed with people who had arrived from other areas, and "bombs are like rain", so there are "huge numbers of casualties".
"People are running, they don't know where, just running. People are injured in the streets, no-one can go to help them. Some other people are under the rubble, no-one can help them," he told the BBC.
Many are said to be fearful about what will happen to them after the city falls, particularly after allegations by opposition activists that Syrian government forces have been carrying summary killings of rebels in neighbourhoods that were captured on Monday.
These claims appear to be backed up by the UN's humanitarian adviser on Syria, Jan Egeland, who said they had received "detailed reports of massacres of unarmed civilians, of young men, of women, children, health workers".
In western Aleppo, which is under government control, Syrian state TV showed footage of people celebrating at the prospect of an imminent victory.
Again, it is not entirely clear. Russia's military, allied to the Syrian government forces, says 98% of the city is now back in government hands.
According to the AFP news agency, the rebels have control of just a handful of neighbourhoods, including Sukkari and Mashhad.
The Syrian army's Lt Gen Zaid al-Saleh said on Monday that the battle "should end quickly", telling the rebels they "either have to surrender or die".
The British-based monitoring group, the Syrian Observatory of Human Rights (SOHR), has also said the battle for Aleppo "had reached its end", with "just a matter of a small period of time" before "it's a total collapse".
Ban Ki-moon's spokesman, Stephane Dujarric, said "the secretary-general is alarmed over reports of atrocities against a large number of civilians, including women and children, in recent hours in Aleppo".
"While stressing that the United Nations is not able to independently verify these reports," he said, the secretary-general had "instructed his special envoy for Syria to follow up urgently with the parties concerned".
Meanwhile, the ICRC said a deepening humanitarian crisis could only be averted if basic rules of war and humanity were respected, warning "this may be the last chance to save lives".
Homage to Aleppo
Assad's fragmenting military
Mr Egeland tweeted that the governments of Syria and Russia were "accountable for any and all atrocities that the victorious militias in Aleppo are now committing".
The Kremlin has hit back at Mr Egeland's allegations, saying the atrocities "are actually being committed by terrorist groups", by which it means the rebels.
"The fact here is he doesn't talk about these atrocities, which shows that unfortunately he doesn't have any information about the reality of the situation in Syria and Aleppo," said President Vladimir Putin's spokesman, Dmitry Peskov.
The US said on Monday that Russia had rejected the idea of a pause in the bombing to allow people to leave.
The Russian Centre for Reconciliation of the Opposing Sides says it has helped 7,796 civilians leave rebel-held areas in the past 24 hours.
For much of the past four years, the city has been divided roughly in two, with the government controlling the western half and rebels the east.
Syrian troops finally broke the deadlock with the help of Iranian-backed militias and Russian air strikes, reinstating a siege on the east in early September and launching an all-out assault weeks later.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights says that at least 415 civilians and 364 rebel fighters have been killed in rebel-held areas since 15 November and another 130 civilians have died in rebel rocket and mortar attacks on the government-controlled west.
Analysts say the fall of Aleppo would be a big blow to the opposition, as it would leave the government in control of Syria's four largest cities.


The South African government says former President Nelson Mandela's medical condition remains unchanged.

Mr Mandela, 94, has been in a Pretoria hospital since 8 June being treated for a recurring lung infection, and his condition became critical on Sunday.
"Doctors continue to do their best to ensure his recovery, well-being and comfort," the latest update said.
The statement came as Mr Mandela's family members were meeting at his home in the village of Qunu.
His eldest daughter, Makaziwe, and some grandchildren were said to be at the meeting in Eastern Cape province.
Little has emerged from the family meeting, which South African media say was called to discuss "sensitive family business".
In the latest statement President Zuma thanked the South African public for "ongoing support and understanding".
His spokesman said on Monday that South Africans should not hold out "false hopes".
Mandela family members, including grandchildren, have continued to visit him in hospital, where dozens of white doves were released by a local businessman in tribute.
BBC History: Mandela's defiant freedom speech
The scene at the hospital, where well-wishers have decorated a wall with flowers and supportive messages, is described as quiet, save for waiting journalists.
It is Mr Mandela's third stay in hospital this year with lung problems which are thought to date from damage sustained while working in a prison quarry.
He contracted tuberculosis in the 1980s while being held in jail on the windy Robben Island.
Mr Mandela is revered for leading the fight against white minority rule in South Africa and then preaching reconciliation despite being imprisoned for 27 years. He left power after five years as the country's first black president.
He retired from public life in 2004 and has rarely been seen at official events since.


A teenager from Birmingham has died while on holiday in Lanzarote, his school has said.

Bishop Challoner Catholic College, in Kings Heath, said Logan Kehoe, who was in year eight, was "a much loved and valued young student".
Head teacher Kevin McEvoy said: "Our thoughts and prayers are for Logan and his family at this sad time."
He added that Logan was "highly regarded as an excellent young footballer".
Logan played at centre-half for Birmingham City Football Club's under-13s team.
The college said it was working with Birmingham Educational Psychology Service to provide support for children and staff.
Tributes have been posted on Logan's Facebook page.
Amy Porter posted: "Too Young To Be Taken Away From Us All, Gone But Never Forgotten , Gonna Miss U Logan, And That Cheeky Smile You Always Had, Words Can't Describe How I'm Feeling."
Olivia Mullen posted that Logan would "never be forgotten".


College lecturers across Scotland have voted overwhelmingly in favour of strike action in a dispute over pay.

The EIS-Further Education Lecturers Association said there were widespread disparities between wages at different colleges.
The walkout could lead to disruption for some students in the run up to exams.
The organisation representing colleges has described the dispute as "unnecessary".
Lecturers voted by 96.4% to 3.6% in favour of strike action which could take place after colleges return from the Easter break.
EIS general secretary Larry Flanagan said: "This dispute arose following the reneging by college management of a binding national agreement delivering fair pay that was reached more than a year ago.
"Instead of working to deliver that agreement - that was freely entered into - college managers have spent the last 12 months dragging their collective feet and attempting to undermine the pay harmonisation that they themselves agreed to in March last year.
"The level of duplicity that has been displayed by college management regarding this pay deal has been simply staggering."
EIS-FELA President John Kelly said lecturers did not want to strike but they had been "infuriated" by the actions of college management.
A spokesperson for the Colleges Scotland Employers' Association said:  "It is hugely disappointing that the EIS are planning to take strike action that will badly affect college students in the run up to their exams.
"Time and again we have tried to engage with the EIS on pay and conditions of service, but they remain unwilling to discuss change to professionalise the sector and deliver better value to students and the public purse.
"Our door remains open and we are happy to continue discussions with the EIS, but they have to accept that we both signed up to a total package in March 2016, including changes to terms and conditions, not a pay-only deal."


Brentford won successive games for the second time in the Championship this season as they edged past Bristol City.

Maxime Colin deflected Romaine Sawyers' second-half shot past replacement keeper Ivan Lucic to win a game high on chances but low on quality finishing.
Bees' top scorer Scott Hogan had three great chances to put his side ahead.
Tammy Abraham could have given City the lead, but he hit the bar early in the second half before missing a one-on-one when it was easier to score.
The win moves Brentford one place and one point above City into 14th position in the Championship.
City were indebted to goalkeeper Frank Fielding who made two great saves as Hogan twice broke through in the first period, before the former England Under-21 international was forced off with a hip injury.
Abraham also had two good chances before the break, but his best efforts came after the restart as the 13-goal Chelsea loanee opted for power and crashed a shot against the bar when a composed finish might have given the Robins the lead.
Lucic denied Hogan's third one-on-one before Abraham had one of his own, but his chipped finish over Daniel Bentley was wide of the mark.
Colin secured the win, although it is doubtful he knew much about it, as Sawyers' long range effort deflected off his legs to wrong-foot Lucic.
Bristol City head coach Lee Johnson:
"I'm very disappointed by the result but okay with the performance because on another night we would have scored three or four goals.
"The game has hinged on us not taking our chances. Tammy Abraham played well and got into some good areas, but he just couldn't finish.
"He is a young player and will come again. It's a time to put an arm around him, not take out a big stick.
"I was much more concerned with how we played at Huddersfield on Saturday. Tonight it seemed as though one of us had run over a black cat."
Brentford manager Dean Smith:
"I think the ball went in off Maxime Colin's backside. Sometimes you need a bit of luck to record victories in the Championship and he will want the goal, even though it was a fantastic strike by Romaine.
"It was a tough night for us. The game was end to end with chances for both sides.
"A draw would have been a fair result, but we managed to get over the line.
"Strangely, both team's main goalscorers couldn't finish on the night. Scott Hogan for us and Tammy Abraham for them had numerous chances, mainly due to mistakes, and couldn't capitalise."
Match ends, Bristol City 0, Brentford 1.
Second Half ends, Bristol City 0, Brentford 1.
Attempt missed. Josh McEachran (Brentford) left footed shot from more than 40 yards on the left wing misses to the right. Assisted by Daniel Bentley following a fast break.
Corner,  Bristol City. Conceded by John Egan.
Attempt blocked. Lee Tomlin (Bristol City) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Offside, Bristol City. Lee Tomlin tries a through ball, but Gustav Engvall is caught offside.
Korey Smith (Bristol City) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Korey Smith (Bristol City).
Romaine Sawyers (Brentford) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Offside, Bristol City. Hördur Bjorgvin Magnusson tries a through ball, but Gustav Engvall is caught offside.
Substitution, Brentford. Sullay Kaikai replaces Lasse Vibe.
Offside, Brentford. Josh McEachran tries a through ball, but Scott Hogan is caught offside.
Attempt saved. Gustav Engvall (Bristol City) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Lee Tomlin with a through ball.
Bobby Reid (Bristol City) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Romaine Sawyers (Brentford).
Substitution, Brentford. Yoann Barbet replaces Tom Field.
Corner,  Brentford. Conceded by Aden Flint.
Attempt blocked. Romaine Sawyers (Brentford) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Lasse Vibe.
Attempt blocked. Josh McEachran (Brentford) left footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Lasse Vibe.
Attempt blocked. John Egan (Brentford) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Andreas Bjelland.
Corner,  Brentford. Conceded by Ivan Lucic.
Corner,  Brentford. Conceded by Adam Matthews.
Attempt missed. Luke Freeman (Bristol City) left footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left. Assisted by Tammy Abraham.
Lee Tomlin (Bristol City) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Lee Tomlin (Bristol City).
Scott Hogan (Brentford) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Corner,  Bristol City. Conceded by Andreas Bjelland.
Attempt blocked. Lee Tomlin (Bristol City) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Lee Tomlin (Bristol City) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Ryan Woods (Brentford).
Goal!  Bristol City 0, Brentford 1. Maxime Colin (Brentford) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Romaine Sawyers.
Attempt blocked. Romaine Sawyers (Brentford) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Scott Hogan.
Substitution, Brentford. Josh McEachran replaces Nico Yennaris.
Attempt missed. Lasse Vibe (Brentford) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right. Assisted by Ryan Woods.
Tammy Abraham (Bristol City) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by John Egan (Brentford).
Attempt missed. Tammy Abraham (Bristol City) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Bobby Reid with a through ball following a fast break.
Substitution, Bristol City. Gustav Engvall replaces Scott Golbourne.
Substitution, Bristol City. Lee Tomlin replaces Marlon Pack.
Offside, Brentford. Romaine Sawyers tries a through ball, but Tom Field is caught offside.


Spanish bank Banco Popular has been rescued from the brink of collapse by larger rival Santander for one euro.

Buying Banco Popular will cost Santander 7bn euros (Â£6.1bn) - around 2bn euros more than analysts had expected.
Banco Popular was described by the European Central Bank (ECB) as "failing or likely to fail" due to its dwindling cash reserves.
The bank has struggled after billions in property investments turned sour.
The ECB said: "The significant deterioration of the liquidity situation of the bank in recent days led to a determination that the entity would have, in the near future, been unable to pay its debts or other liabilities as they fell due."
The Single Resolution Board (SRB) - the body set up last year to deal with winding up struggling banks - pushed forward the sale after it was informed of the seriousness of the problem on Tuesday night.
Banco Popular bosses have spent the last few months attempting to shore up the bank's balance sheet by selling various assets.
A bidding process for Banco Popular ended last month, but started to look shaky as a handful of institutions pulled out.
Santander chairman Ana Botin said it was a good deal for the bank.
"The combination of Santander and Popular strengthens the group's geographical diversification at a time of improving economic conditions in both Spain and Portugal."
However, shareholders appeared to disagree, with shares falling by 3% in early trading.
Aberdeen Asset Management's head of credit research Laurent Frings said: "This isn't a big surprise. The regulator has been looking for a solution to Banco Popular's problems for a while and time has essentially run out.
"But this is a test case for the Single Resolution Board, which was created in response to the euro area crisis to try to make the banking system safer."
He added: "This shouldn't pose any real problems for other banks or the banking system in Spain or Europe.
"It's essentially a case of the regulation doing exactly what it was created for. But it does show that there is real risk in investing in these second tier names in the banking sector."
Banco Popular customers will be unaffected, and the ECB already protects all EU savers with deposits of up to 100,000 euros.
But shareholders and bondholders will lose out as their investments become worthless.
The SRB was set up to deal with any struggling banks after the 2012 eurozone crisis threatened the economies of entire countries.
In Spain, banks had so much risky debt it worried investors buying sovereign wealth bonds, making borrowing by the country more expensive.
Government ministers were eventually forced to borrow 41bn euros to prop up its lenders and reassure investors.
With the SRB in place, the risk is supposed to be taken off individual countries when a bank is struggling.
The body's creation was also aimed at calming tensions, which led to protests and riots against banks in 2013.
Officials in Frankfurt at the ECB monitor the EU's 125 biggest banks and the SRB steps in when a collapse looks likely.
They can either reorganise the bank's structure, liquidate it or force through a sale - as they did with Banco Popular and Santander.
Banco Popular unveiled a 3.5bn-euro loss last year as bosses continued to struggle to deal with nearly $40bn (Â£31bn) of toxic property loans.
It launched three rounds of fundraising from investors over the last five years, raising a total of 5.5bn euros.


A "hidden larder" for sharks and whales has been discovered off the west coast of Wales by a pioneering marine robot.

The high-tech mission involved sending an unmanned glider to an area around 50 miles (80km) south west of Milford Haven, called the Celtic Deep.
The glider travelled 372 miles (600km) in 30 days, undertaking nearly 3,000 dives to the seabed.
Data from the robot shows a previously hidden plankton concentration around 30m (98ft) below the surface.
Scientists said this marine "larder" is likely to be a foraging area for a range of creatures.
A busy shipping route and fishing ground, the Celtic Deep is also a haven for wildlife, attracting dolphins, porpoise and the world's second largest animal - the fin whale.
The information gathered is part of a bigger project run in partnership by WWF and the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) to improve understanding of our seas.
The data will be used to support calls for further sites, such as the Celtic Deep, to be added to a network of marine protected areas around Wales.
A public consultation on the issue, on behalf of the Welsh Government, has been held this year - although the Celtic Deep is not one of the proposed sites for extra protection.
"This incredible technology is giving us a completely new level of understanding of our seas," said Dr Lyndsey Dodds, WWF-UK head of marine policy.
"The latest evidence pinpoints important food areas for creatures such as porpoises - something that would be invisible to satellites.
"Data like this is really important because it gives us a clearer picture of life beneath the surface. That is vital for Welsh and UK governments to help them improve the way they manage our waters and help both people and nature."
This weekend sees the start of the next phase of the project, with researchers launching another robot from Newlyn in Cornwall.
The innovative surface vehicle named "Thomas" will gather data and images from another "hotspot" off the Isles of Scilly, and will again be paired up with a submarine glider.
It is the second attempt to launch Thomas after he ran into technical problems in Milford Haven in Pembrokeshire last summer.
Powered by the sun, wind and waves, the robots are operated remotely by scientists in Southampton and Portsmouth via satellite link.
NOC's chief scientist of marine autonomous and robotic systems, Prof Russell Wynn, said: "We have already successfully demonstrated the ability to capture valuable data from beneath the surface, and now we hope to capture images and sounds of marine life at the sea surface."


Neil Lennon would welcome a return to Celtic as the Glasgow club's manager with Ronny Deila stepping down at the end of the season.

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The 44-year-old Lennon spent four years in charge before leaving in summer 2014, when he was succeeded by the Norwegian, but is now a free agent.
"I'm not promoting myself for the job," Lennon told BBC Scotland. "I'll leave that to the powers that be.
"But if I get the chance to speak to the Celtic board then I will."
David Moyes, the former Everton and Manchester United who left Real Sociedad in November, is also likely to be in Celtic's thinking but is believed to be attracted to the vacancy at Aston Villa.
A third former Celtic player, Malky Mackay, who was sacked by Wigan Athletic in April, has recently spoken about the attraction of the job with the Scottish Premiership leaders.
Meanwhile, Henrik Larsson has told BBC Scotland that his "only concern" is Helsingborgs, the side of which the former Celtic striker is head coach having had a poor start to the Swedish season and lying fourth bottom of the table.
"I am sure there will be a long list of people who will want the Celtic job because it's one of the best jobs in football," said Lennon.
"I am sure the board will have names and candidates in mind and that will be the process going forward now.
"I would imagine they would want to find a successor as soon as possible with the Champions League qualifiers coming so early again."
After leaving Celtic in summer 2014, Lennon went on to take charge at Bolton Wanderers that October.
However, he exited the English Championship club in March with his side at the foot of the table and with the club in financial trouble and having just been taken over by the Sports Shield consortium.
Lennon insists he does not regret his decision to leave Celtic and said: "The time was right for me,
"I thoroughly enjoyed my four years at Celtic, but I had 18 months at Bolton, which has given me a completely different spectrum to the game, so I think I am better off for the experience.
"I had 15 years with the club on and off, so I have a great affinity with the club.
"I would know what I'm walking into."
Lennon was not surprised with the news that Deila would leave this summer.
"It was a well-kept secret that Ronny might leave at the end of the season and secrets are hard to keep in modern-day football," he said.
"I always expected Celtic to let him see the season out and hopefully win their second title in a row and that will be a nice way for him to finish.
"With five games to play and the title still to be won, it's maybe going to be a difficult period for Ronny and the players.
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"But they have to be professional now and make sure they finish the season on a high if they can."
Lennon thought that failings in European football had caught up on Deila.
"I thought towards this time last year, Celtic were in good form, particularly domestically, and I felt they finished the season really well and he won two trophies in his first season, which was great," he added.
"There was always a fall-out from elimination from the Champions League, there was no European football after the Europa League and then there was the Ross County defeat.
"They didn't really handle the big games well enough this season and I think that's been the main problem for him."


A man who admitted embezzling more than £134,000 from an Edinburgh post office where he was the manager has been jailed for 16 months.

Daryl Louden, 26, from Edinburgh, had pleaded guilty previously to embezzling £134,177.46 from the branch in RS McColl's in Ferry Road between 1 January and 29 September 2016.
Louden had taken the money to feed his gambling habit.
Sentence had been deferred for background reports.
At Edinburgh Sheriff Court, sheriff Frank Crowe told Louden his breach of trust had been enormous.
His actions, he said, had been devastating for those who worked with him and trusted in him.
Sheriff Crowe had heard that Louden had been in line for promotion to area manager when he wrote to his superior officer, David Richardson, saying he no longer wanted promotion and wished to stay where he was.
Mr Richardson had been curious about this and carried out a spot check at the office.
It revealed about £135,000 was missing. When Mr Richardson confronted Louden, he admitted to having a gambling addiction, which he said had ruined his life.
Defence solicitor, Jennifer McEvinney, previously told Sheriff Crowe Louden had had on-line accounts with two or three betting companies and was gambling on football and horse racing.
He had taken out a loan and was trying to repay it by gambling. When he lost money, he began betting more and more to try and recoup his losses.
A letter from Mr Richardson was handed to Sheriff Crowe by Ms McEvinney, which, she said, made it clear that Louden's actions had been "extremely out of character" and Mr Richardson was concerned about Louden's mental health.
Her client, however, had "turned the corner". She suggested a sentence be imposed which would allow her client to make recompense for the offence, perhaps by performing unpaid work in the community.
Sheriff Crowe, however, stated Louden had to face up to what he had done.
It was public money and he had disappointed his area manager, colleagues and friends and wasted the money on gambling.
Only a prison sentence was appropriate.
He did, however, reduce a sentence of two years to 16 months and added: "I will take steps to ensure you get proper support and help in prison and hope this will help you get on with the useful side of your life."


The closure of a residential home would leave a "huge hole" in care provision in mid Wales, the GMB union has warned.

A report to Ceredigion's scrutiny committee on Friday recommended shutting Bodlondeb in Aberystwyth, with the loss of 33 jobs.
If closed, its 13 residents would have to move to other homes - potentially long distances away.
The council's scrutiny committee said full council should decide whether to launch a consultation on the closure.
Members recommended a 12-week consultation to start in July.
Staff at Bodlondeb told BBC Wales they found out about the proposed closure via social media.
They said the report went online before staff were told, with employees receiving letters after the document had been published and highlighted on social media.
One employee said it was "disgraceful" the document was linked to via Facebook on Monday before residents, families and staff were informed.
"Total lack of respect shown for any of us," they added.
Ceredigion council said it had contacted residents and families on Tuesday and Wednesday, and had met regularly with unions and staff.
"This is a very sensitive matter for all involved," a spokeswoman added.
A GMB spokeswoman said it and Unison had successfully campaigned against the home's closure in 2011.
"We are disappointed at this latest decision, the news of which was broken to both unions at the same time as letters were being sent out to staff," she said.
"Indeed, some staff saw the plans on social media.
"This decision will result in a lack of necessary social care in this area."
Elwyn Williams from Aberystwyth, whose brother has lived at the home for six years, said the closure would "break his heart" and he was concerned residents may all be relocated separately.
"They all know each other. There'll be three here, three there, two somewhere else. All their hearts will be broken," he said.
"I think people are starting to wonder whether it's worth fighting for this, but we will."
The report said Bodlondeb had been operating at a loss of nearly Â£400,000 per year - more than Â£7,600 per week.
It has 44 beds but only 26 are registered as the rest do not comply with standards.
If the report is approved and agreed by cabinet members next Tuesday, new admissions to the home would cease immediately and a final decision would be made after the consultation.
Care Forum Wales interim chief executive Mary Wimbury said: "We so often see local authorities spending more per resident in their own care homes than they are prepared to spend on those at care homes in the private sector so they have to appreciate that they need to be prepared to pay a viable rate.
"We're sad to hear about a possible disruption to the lives of frail elderly people and of their families and friends who visit them.
"The welfare of those people still resident at Bodlondeb needs to be of paramount concern."


Volunteers are to patrol Cardiff nightclubs over fresher's week to help female students who experience sexual harassment.

NUS Wales is running the scheme so students can report incidents.
Alcohol education charity, Drinkaware, says more than half of all of 18-24 year-old female students had experienced this kind of abuse.
It tops the list of risks for female students on a night out, coming ahead of having an accident, or passing out.
Ellen Jones, women's officer at NUS Wales, said she aims to hold "bystander workshops" in every student union in Wales.
She added: "It is a massive issue. People are leaving home for the first [time], and they get very excited and drunk.
"It's quite normalised. Girls expect to go out and receive this kind of behaviour from men. People get into this pack culture.
"Stand up to your friends and say 'that's not just banter, that's wrong'.
All three of the capital's universities - Cardiff University, University of South Wales, and Cardiff Metropolitan University - now have a Safe Taxi Scheme.
If a student is vulnerable and alone with no money at the end of the night, there's an agreement with Dragon Taxis that the student union pays for their ride home.
Last year, NUS Wales ran "I love consent" workshops, raising awareness of sexual consent, while Cardiff University ran a campaign to combat "lad culture".
Ben Butler from Drinkaware said: "Young people shouldn't have to put up with sexual harassment as part of a night out.
"Touching another person in a sexual way without their consent is legally defined as sexual assault."


Jose Mourinho has given his strongest hint that Manchester United want to re-sign Paul Pogba from Juventus by saying "you have smoke, you have fire".

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The Red Devils are reported to have agreed a world record £100m transfer for the 23-year-old Frenchman.
Pogba left Old Trafford in 2012 as a 19-year-old, with the Italian side paying a tribunal fee of just £800,000.
"I am not going to try to make you naive and believe that we are not trying for one player," said Mourinho.
The Portuguese manager has made three signings so far this summer, bringing in defender Eric Bailly from Villarreal, midfielder Henrikh Mkhitaryan from Borussia Dortmund and striker Zlatan Ibrahimovic.
When asked about the possible signing of Pogba, Mourinho replied: "We set four targets for us, we got three of them and we are going to get the fourth.
"We established the profile of four players to improve the squad, to give us more options, especially adapted to my way of thinking about football.
"Everybody speaks about one, but it wouldn't be a surprise for me if it is not him and it is another one because we went for profile.
"We have two more options in front of us and we are going to close one."
United's FA Cup triumph last season was the first piece of silverware the club has won since Sir Alex Ferguson retired as manager in 2013.
Under the Scot, they won 13 Premier League titles, five FA Cups and two Champions League titles in the space of 26 years.
"It is very important to forget the past three years and to focus on good times," added Mourinho.
"I think that's what everybody wants at the club, it is what every fan around the world wants but at the same time I think it is intelligent to understand that times are different and realities are different.
"I don't think it's possible for Manchester United to win so much in the next 20 years than in the past 20 years.
"There was a very important evolution in our Premier League.
"I want to bring the motivational levels up and bring the confidence back, but be intelligent and know the reality we face in the Premier League is different than 10, 20 years ago."
Following the arrival of Mourinho to replace Dutchman Louis van Gaal, who was sacked in May, there has been speculation over the future of Wayne Rooney at Old Trafford.
The 30-year-old was made captain by the previous boss and is just four goals adrift of Sir Bobby Charlton's club record of 249, but was part of a disappointing Euro 2016 with England in the summer, playing as a midfielder.
Rooney was the subject of two failed transfer bids from Chelsea when Mourinho was manager in 2013.
"I am quite surprised with so many question marks around this guy," said Mourinho. "He is the club captain, he is the manager's captain, he is the players' captain.
"I trust him a lot. I think he's going to be a very important player for me and no problem for him."
Midfielder Juan Mata's position has also come under scrutiny as Mourinho sold the Spaniard to Manchester United for £37.1m in 2014.
But Mourinho says "there is a space for Juan" in the team and that he must "fight for a place".
He added: "First of all, I think maybe all of you misunderstood what happened in our previous club because I never told Mata to leave. I never pressed the club to sell him.
"It was his decision and only his decision and I don't like players that want to leave. If the player doesn't want to be with us, goodbye - be happy where you want to go.
"But, to be fair, I think he is happy and I am not expecting him to ask to leave."


A female student gang-raped on a bus in India's capital Delhi has died at a Singapore hospital, doctors say.

The 23-year-old had arrived in Singapore on Thursday after undergoing three operations in a Delhi hospital.
The attack earlier this month triggered violent public protests in India that left one police officer dead.
As news of the student's death spread across social media in India, police sealed off large parts of central Delhi and appealed for calm.
The BBC's Sanjoy Majumder tweeted that the centre of Delhi resembled a fortress, with armed police and riot troops maintaining a heavy presence.
Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said he was "very saddened" and promised to channel "emotions and energies" into a course of action.
Six men have been arrested and two police officers have been suspended following the 16 December attack.
A statement from the hospital said the woman "passed away peacefully" early on Saturday with her family by her side.
"The patient had remained in an extremely critical condition since admission to Mount Elizabeth Hospital," hospital chief executive Kelvin Loh said.
"She had suffered from severe organ failure following serious injuries to her body and brain. She was courageous in fighting for her life for so long against the odds but the trauma to her body was too severe for her to overcome.
"We are humbled by the privilege of being tasked to care for her in her final struggle," Mr Loh said.
A team of eight specialists had tried to keep the patient stable, but her condition continued to deteriorate over the two days she was at Mount Elizabeth Hospital, he added.
Officials from the Indian High Commission were also present when the patient passed away. The Indian home minister said the government had decided to send the victim overseas on the recommendation of her doctors.
Arrangements are being made to take her body back to India, said Indian high commissioner to Singapore TCA Raghavan.
"The requisite formalities for sending the body are being completed. The deceased and family members to be flown out in a chartered aircraft later today," Mr Raghavan said.
In a statement issued in Delhi, Prime Minister Singh said: "It would be a true homage to her memory if we are able to channelise these emotions and energies into a constructive course of action.
"The need of the hour is a dispassionate debate and inquiry into the critical changes that are required in societal attitudes.
"Government is examining... the penal provisions that exist for such crimes and measures to enhance the safety and security of women. I hope that the entire political class and civil society will set aside narrow sectional interests... to help us all reach the end that we all desire - making India a demonstrably better and safer place for women to live in."
The victim and her friend had been to see a film when they boarded the bus in the Munirka area of Delhi, intending to travel to Dwarka in the south-west of the city.
Police said she was raped for nearly an hour, and both she and her companion were beaten with iron bars and thrown out of the moving bus and into the street.
On arrival at the hospital in Singapore, doctors said that as well as a "prior cardiac arrest, she also had infection of her lungs and abdomen, as well as significant brain injury".
The government has tried to halt rising public anger by announcing a series of measures intended to make Delhi safer for women.
These include more police night patrols, checks on bus drivers and their assistants, and the banning of buses with tinted windows or curtains.
The government has also said that it will post the photos, names and addresses of convicted rapists on official websites to shame them.
It has set up two committees - one looking into speeding up trials of cases involving sexual assaults on women, and the other to examine the lapses that might have led to the incident in Delhi.
But the protesters say the government's pledge to seek life sentences for the attackers is not enough - many are calling for the death penalty.
Since the Delhi incident, several cases have been highlighted of authorities failing to respond to reported rapes.
On Wednesday, a woman committed suicide in the state of Punjab, after having tried to report to police a rape which allegedly took place last month, local media reports said.
At least one police officer involved in the case has been sacked, according to local officials.


Polling stations have closed in the election for Greater Manchester's first metropolitan mayor.

Voting has ended across the region's 10 borough council areas of Manchester, Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford and Wigan.
The results are expected on Friday afternoon.
The mayor will lead the region's combined authority, working alongside existing council leaders.


The UK government is considering plans to make the process of changing legal gender easier.

Currently, people must be diagnosed with gender dysphoria, a condition where a person's biological sex and identity does not match.
The equalities minister says she wants to reform the 2004 Gender Recognition Act to make the process less intrusive.
LGBT campaign group Stonewall says the current system is "demeaning and broken".
The 2004 law says people wanting a change of gender to be legally recognised in the UK need to apply for a Gender Recognition Certificate.
This is issued by the Gender Recognition Panel, a judicial body which legally determines what gender an individual defines as.
As well as a diagnosis of gender dysphoria, the person applying must provide evidence that they have been in transition for at least two years.
The most recent figures, for the three months between January and March 2017, show that 112 people applied to change their gender, with 88% of those being granted the certificate.
Equalities Minister Justine Greening said when it was first introduced, the Gender Recognition Act was "cutting edge" but now it needs to be updated.
The consultation on the law will begin in the autumn, she said.
"This government is committed to building an inclusive society that works for everyone, no matter what their gender or sexuality, and today we're taking the next step forward.
"We will build on the significant progress we have made over the past 50 years, tackling some of the historic prejudices that still persist in our laws and giving LGBT people a real say on the issues affecting them."
The proposals come ahead of the 50th anniversary of Parliament voting for the partial decriminalisation of homosexuality in 1967.
The Sexual Offences Act 1967 made private homosexual acts between men over the age of 21 legal.
Suzanna Hopwood, a member of the Stonewall Trans Advisory Group, said reform was a key priority for removing "huge inequalities" for trans people.
"It's vital that this reform removes the requirements for medical evidence and an intrusive interview panel, and finally allows all trans people to have their gender legally recognised through a simple administrative process."
Ms Greening also launched a survey to get LGBT people to help shape government policy in the future.
The government wants people to share their experiences of the health service, in education and at work.


A teenager had to be rescued after becoming stuck in quicksand in Carmarthenshire.

The 14-year-old girl was stuck up to her waist when she was pulled from the sand on Machynys beach, outside Llanelli, at 19:20 BST on Saturday.
Coastguards attended along with the RNLI, police, fire and ambulance crews.
Incident commander Steve Richards, of Llanelli Fire Station, has warned people to be aware of the sinking sand and high tides.
"If you are venturing out to the beach around the Llanelli area, let people know where you're going and make sure you have a mobile phone with you," he said.
"The girl was very lucky to get out of that sand with the speed of the tide yesterday."


More than 6,000 people in Wales who would benefit from palliative care are not getting it, according to a report.

The study by the London School of Economics (LSE) said the UK's care system for patients with terminal illnesses needed a major overhaul.
Those with illnesses other than cancer, people aged over 85, and minority ethnic groups, are among those missing out, the report for Marie Curie added.
The Welsh government said it was investing more in end-of-life care.
The patients identified in the report, who also include people living in deprived areas, often fail to receive sufficient pain relief and respite, the report said.
Deaths in Wales
Lead author Josie Dixon said the findings should raise concerns, since the need for palliative care was fast increasing as the population ages.
By 2037, the number of people aged 65 or over in Wales is predicted to increase by 40% to more than 878,000.
Ms Dixon said providing palliative care to those who need it could potentially generate net savings of at least £2m in Wales by preventing unwanted and distressing hospitalisations.
Dr Jane Collins, chief executive of Marie Curie, said: "We hope that this compelling evidence is a catalyst for change and used by policy makers and care providers to improve how all people with a terminal illness are cared for in the UK."
A Welsh government spokesman said: "In 2013, we published our Delivering End of Life Care Plan, which aims to reduce inequalities in end-of-life care and maintain an individual's dignity in their last days of life.
"Earlier this year we announced an additional £1m to support the delivery of this plan on top of the £6.4m funding package for 2015-16 to support hospices and to provide palliative care across Wales.
"This will ensure specialist consultant, nursing and other health support for palliative care is available in all parts of Wales."


Friends actor David Schwimmer is set to star in a new Channel 4 comedy series about a failing breakfast TV show.

In Morning Has Broken he will play a US TV producer brought in to save the show.
The six-part series will air in 2016 and is written by, and co-stars Julia Davis and Nick Mohammed.
Channel 4's commissioning editor, Rachel Springett, expressed delight that the broadcaster had landed Schwimmer.
"Julia is undoubtedly one of our most talented comedic writers and actresses and it's a testament to the quality of her writing that she can attract such a big star," she said.
Davis will play the role of Gail Sinclair, the Queen of Daytime and star of Good Morning...with Gail Sinclair.
She said she was "looking forward to experimenting with friends whose work I love".
Schwimmer, who has mainly been working behind the camera and on stage since his 10-year stint on Friends ended, added: "I've been a massive fan of Julia's for years, and I'm thrilled to be able to finally work with her and Nick on this fantastic comedy."
Schwimmer is the second former Friends star to appear in a British TV comedy.
Matt Le Blanc has achieved international and critical success in the BBC's Episodes.


Celtic boss Brendan Rodgers says Moussa Dembele "still has a way to go" despite showing his class with another double strike in the 6-1 win over Kilmarnock.

The French striker brought his tally to 10 goals this season, with only seven starts in his 15 appearances.
"He is a young player who is working hard on the defensive side of the game, how he presses with aggression," Rodgers told BBC Scotland.
"He has a lot of improvement in him but he has a great appetite to learn."
Rodgers described 20-year-old Dembele, who joined Celtic in the summer after leaving Fulham, as a "natural goalscorer".
He added: "The first goal was a great finish with his right foot and the second goal with his left.
"He has great movement that opens up the space for him."
Celtic have scored 30 goals in eight games against domestic opposition this season, with 23 of those in their six league matches.
Rodgers says his side will take "confidence and that winning mentality" into Wednesday's home Champions League group match against English Premier League leaders Manchester City, who have won all 10 of their games this season.
"But we don't want to get carried away," he warned. "We still have a lot of work to do with this team. The ball can move quicker and the standard can go up a lot more.
"Last season Kilmarnock got a 0-0 draw here so it shows our ability and hunger and intensity less than a year on to score six goals.
"We played very well and, as a team, they are improving but there is still a way to go."
Rodgers revealed he took goalkeeper Dorus de Vries off at half-time because of a strain in his chest.
"Maybe he could have played on but it was difficult for him," he said. "I have got a very capable keeper in Craig Gordon so there was no need to take a risk."
The Dutchman's fitness will be assessed over the next couple of days before Rodgers decides who will face City on Wednesday.
But he refused to blame De Vries for Souleymane Coulibaly's stunning opening strike for Kilmarnock.
"The goalkeeper's position was where you'd expect him to be with the ball that far out," Rodgers said.
"It was a great strike, one of the best goals I have seen. We didn't press it well enough in that area, but in fairness it was as good a strike as you will see."
Kilmarnock boss Lee Clark lamented that Coulibaly's "unbelievable goal" would not necessarily be the lasting memory from the game after Celtic's demolition act.
"If we could have got through to half-time, we might have given ourselves something to build on, but in the second half we just got blown away," he told BBC Scotland.
"It was men against boys in every aspect. We had a young team and it showed against a class act.
"They are the champions of Scotland but they have taken their football to a new level. We are not the first team to take a beating here and we won't be the last.
"But we felt we made it a little bit too easy for them. The result won't define our season. We have to get results elsewhere."


Talks are to take place between the justice secretary and lawyers' representatives over planned changes to the criminal legal aid system.

The Law Society of Scotland said it had accepted an offer from Kenny MacAskill for a meeting next week.
Defence solicitors boycotted the custody courts at Edinburgh, Glasgow and Paisley sheriff courts on Tuesday.
The changes would see accused people with a disposable income of more than £68 contribute to their defence costs.
Defence lawyers are also concerned about moves for solicitors to collect the money themselves, instead of the Scottish Legal Aid Board.
The Scottish government believes the changes outlined in the Scottish Civil Justice Council and Criminal Legal Assistance Bill would cut Scotland's £98m annual criminal legal aid bill by £3.9m.
Mr MacAskill said he wanted to keep the dialogue channels open after the strike action, which he said was "in nobody's interests".
He said there had been instances where clients appeared in court unrepresented during the strike action, despite the availability of duty solicitors and public defence solicitors.
He added: "This government is concerned that this strike action has arisen while our proposals on criminal legal aid contributions are still under discussion.
"In recent discussion with the Law Society of Scotland, I offered to meet with bar associations to discuss and explain the current issues around criminal legal aid contributions and I am hopeful such a meeting can take place shortly.
"While the Law Society is traditionally the negotiating body for the profession, I want to ensure that there is also the opportunity to have face-to-face conversations with the bar associations themselves about the reasons for the bill, why we are having to make these changes, and the bill's progression through parliament.
"The strike action that has so far occurred is in nobody's interests."
Following a meeting on Thursday evening between representatives from law faculties and bar associations, the Law Society of Scotland reiterated its position that the planned changes were "regressive, unworkable and unfair" but said the requested discussions with Mr MacAskill would happen.
The body said the £68 threshold would mean people were forced to pay towards the costs of their defence "when they simply cannot afford to so".
It also said the proposed system, which would see solicitors collecting in summary cases, was "impractical" and the Scottish Legal Aid Board was the body best equipped to collect contributions in all summary and solemn cases.
A statement said: "The Law Society has now agreed to organise a meeting between the faculties and the Cabinet Secretary for Justice so these concerns can be discussed in detail.
"The meeting is likely to take place early next week."


Flash flooding has affected several properties in Bridgend county.

Three locations in Maesteg were hit on Thursday evening, according to South Wales Fire and Rescue Service.
Four properties are understood to have been flooded on Church Street along with a restaurant on Commercial Street.
The fire service said the flooding had subsided by about 20:30 BST.


Salif Diao left his home town of  KÃ©dougou, in the south of Senegal, when he was only 13 to pursue his dream of becoming a professional footballer.

The journey took him to Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, where he sometimes slept outside the national stadium and washed plates for the guard soldiers to get something to eat.
It was a necessary part of the journey which finally led him to Liverpool, one of the world's biggest football clubs.
But his quest for a professional football career meant that he had to drop out of school.
Looking back at a career that has given him both fame and money, his only regret is that he had to trade his education for a professional football career.
"It has been a very hard and tough journey from when I was 13 years old, when I left my home town, up to when I finished my career," said Diao at his office in central Dakar.
"I wanted to attend PrytanÃ©e Militaire which is one of the best schools, I would say in Senegal.
"I did not reach it but along the way while I was playing football, I carried on with my education."
Diao could not achieve his educational goals because of the demands of a professional football career.
As result of this disappointment, Diao set up his Salif Diao Foundation - Sport 4 Charity three years ago. The foundation aims to produce educated footballers.
He counts himself lucky to have gone on to make a successful football career.
His friends were not as lucky. Those who couldn't make it in football were asked to leave the FC Metz Academy in Dakar where his career started.
This, he says, meant they had to lead difficult lives because they did not have an education to fall back on.
Diao's academy works in different areas of Senegal. I visited two of them in Dakar.
On any given day there are dozens of children going through their paces.
The training sessions take place late in the afternoon after school.
Many of them take their prayers first and go through inspections with the coach/educators before training starts.
These regular inspections are meant to ensure the young footballers are attending school, which is the biggest requirement for enrolment.
At another location, the students play football next to a vocational training centre.
Here they are taught subjects such as metal-work and furniture making. Those who don't get the required mark or attend school at the centre have no place on the football field.
"I always liked education because today here we are, my career is finished. If I don't have a good education, what will I be doing?" he asked.
Although football has given him all the comforts in life, he feels the only way he can give back to his community is by encouraging young footballers to have something to fall back on in hard times.
"If you don't have a basic education in this life, it's hard, it's tough and as we know especially in Africa, out of 1,000 players, maybe one would become a professional footballer."
A 2014 report by the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) estimates that about 700 players are released by their clubs every year in UK.
It says of those who enrol at academies aged 16, half of them will be out of the game after two years, while 75% of those who remain will be out by the age of 21.
So to enrol at his foundation, which occasionally gets support from his former clubs Liverpool and Stoke City, one has to be in school first.
There are several football academies in Senegal, most of which are focused more on developing football careers but for Diao a school report or attendance register is a pre-requisite for enrolment.
"The purpose of our academy is not for business like other academies. We are using the game as a carrot to keep the children in school. Eighty percent of what we do is education and 20% sport.
"If they fail to attend school or attain the required academic rate, they don't train with us.
"We have a tool which is football. If you see everything happening around this ball, it's so massive but I think we are not capitalising on a maximum level especially in terms of education," said Diao.
With young Senegalese players such as Sadio Mane and Idrissa Gana Gaye now enjoying successful careers in the game having worked their way out of a tough life, it will be tough for Diao to convince the aspiring footballers but he feels education should come first.
"They love the game, they want to be famous and they want to be financially free.
"When I was a kid, the [role] model we had was a school teacher but now I think the football coaches or educators have replaced the teachers.
"They have that tool which is the ball and can tell these kids that they need to go to school," said Diao.
"Other academies focus on putting maximum effort into building facilities and having coaches that can produce the best footballers. We don't talk of coaches, we talk of educators."
Diao believes he has a worthy incentive for the young footballers. Being part of the foundation comes with a lot of prestige.
You have access to the same football kits worn by children enrolled at the Liverpool and Stoke City academies in England.
The football boots are donated by Diao's former Liverpool teammates such as Steven Gerrard. Some even come with his signature. To the aspiring footballers this is huge.
This is the second in this week's Where Are They Now? series by Stanley Kwenda, looking at what some of Africa's ex-football stars are doing after hanging up their boots. He will also speak to Peter Ndlovu, Benni McCarthy and Nwankwo Kanu.
I am not a bad guy, says Diouf


A religious education teacher who swore and referred to pupils as "dickheads" has been struck off.

A misconduct hearing heard Vasim Shabir, who formerly taught at the Vale Academy, Brigg, called students with learning difficulties "weirdos".
The panel also ruled the 33-year-old had "an overall disregard and lack of respect for women".
Mr Shabir who was not present at the hearing, was banned from teaching indefinitely.
The panel, which sat in Coventry, heard evidence Mr Shabir was guilty of unacceptable professional conduct whilst working at the school.
In one instance he was reported to have told boys in the classroom how he hated his wife and how to have more than one girlfriend and get away with it.
Mr Shabir was taken to have denied the allegations against him which dealt with the period 2011/12.
In its ruling, the panel said: "The findings against Mr Shabir included serious departures from the professional standards, a disregard for instructions, a clear abuse of the trust... a derogatory attitude towards women and intimidation of a member of staff."
The ban means Mr Shabir is prohibited from teaching indefinitely and cannot teach in any school, sixth form college, relevant youth accommodation or children's home in England.


Some are talking of it as one of the worst political-financial crises of the Fifth Republic: a minister caught lying about a foreign bank account.

That might seem a bit of an exaggeration. After all, the past 50 years in France have seen more than their fair share of affaires.
But several aspects of the Cahuzac story do give it an edge - in its cynicism, in what it says about modern French politics, and in its potential repercussions.
First of all there is the barefaced effrontery of it all.
Jerome Cahuzac did not just lie. He looked France in the eye and lied.
In meetings with President Francois Hollande, he insisted he was innocent. In media interviews he said the same.
And most shamefully of all, he stood before the gathered representatives of the people in the National Assembly and said, without the remotest ambiguity, that he had never held a foreign bank account.
But he had.
As the Liberation newspaper put it in its editorial on Thursday: "To the economic and social crisis in which France currently finds itself... is now added a profound crisis of democracy, so fundamental was the contract of trust between people and government that has now been broken."
And of course aggravating this sense of utter recklessness is the knowledge that of all the government,  it should be the budget minister who has erred.
A man who was until two weeks ago exhorting the country to ever greater sacrifices in order to repair the economy has been found to have his own personal loophole to evade those very same sacrifices.
What more terrible example of irresponsibility could there be in a democracy?
That is one of the reasons why commentators are saying this affair is more serious than it might otherwise appear: because of the timing, the wider condition of the country, what the French would call "la conjoncture".
The disillusionment that French people feel towards their governing class is already well-documented.
Now, just when a newish government proclaims a return to probity after the supposed excesses of its predecessor, the incomers are revealed to be even worse than the ones they replaced.
The embittered cry of: "Tous pourris!" - "they're all rotten, the lot of them!" - has rarely carried such conviction.
As Roger Lenglet, investigative journalist and author of the book France and Corruption, puts it: "Corruption and tax fraud affect French political life far more deeply than politicians and ministers admit. The Cahuzac affair lifts just one little corner of the veil.
"Setting up accounts in tax havens on behalf of our decision-makers - that's become par for the course for those lobbyists who are prepared to cross the red line."
In the case of Jerome Cahuzac, the alleged abuse is all the more glaring because of the way he is suspected of acquiring the funds he hid away.
Prosecutors believe the million or so euros that entered his accounts first in Switzerland and then in Singapore did not just come from his hair transplant business in the early 1990s.
They think his position as a senior adviser to the health ministry, and then as an independent "consultant", may have led to certain sweeteners from pharmaceuticals companies.
But the fall-out from the affair will have another victim too - and that is the president himself.
Francois Hollande is already in a very weak position because of declining poll figures and the feeling he has not launched any meaningful programme of change.
Now he stands accused again of that old charge: vacillation, an inability to take a stand.
Why, people are asking, did he stand by Jerome Cahuzac for so long?
The scandal first appeared on the Mediapart website back in December. Why did it take so long to appreciate the gravity of the situation?
And worse: what if the president, or members of the government, did know, and preferred not to act?
Various French media are reporting that, shortly after the story first broke, the domestic intelligence services were asked to assess whether the case against Cahuzac stood up. (It hinged on a secret recording which he denied  was of him.)
They concluded that the recording was genuine, according to these reports. So why was nothing done?
The government is denying that this intelligence report was ever commissioned, but after all that has happened the press is in no mood to listen.
As Liberation says, it is the same old question: "Who knew what, and when?"
So yes, the answer is that the Cahuzac affair is indeed one of the most serious of the Fifth Republic.
The money may be peanuts compared to the Elf affair. Francois Mitterrand may have hidden a secret daughter. Giscard d'Estaing may have taken jewels from Africa. Jacques Chirac used Paris city hall as a political milch cow.
But context is all.
When the house is rotten, it does not take a tornado to pull it down.


Greater Manchester fire chiefs have criticised "mindless" Bonfire Night attacks which saw firefighters pelted with bricks and a fire hose slashed.

Firefighters in Miles Platting, Manchester were showered with bricks by youths who ripped fences down to start a fire near an electricity sub-station.
In Leigh police were called when a hose was slashed as firefighters tackled a fire in Melrose Avenue.
The fire authority's chairman condemned the "aggression".
The attack in Sabden Close in Miles Platting on crews from Blackley Fire Station was described as the "worst" incident on Thursday evening.
Chairman of Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service Councillor David Acton said:  "It is so disappointing that whilst thousands of people were enjoying bonfire night as a family night a mindless minority were behaving with such shocking disregard for our staff."
He added: "Firefighters work incredibly hard to keep people in this city safe - especially on bonfire night - and to be greeted by violence, aggression and unnecessary danger in this way is completely outrageous."
The fire service had to deal with more than 300 calls between 16:30 GMT and midnight despite heavy rain.
In another incident, in Ashton-in-Makerfield crews attended with people throwing gas cylinders on a lit bonfire. The fire service said it was extremely dangerous as it could have caused an explosion.