Actress and director Sophie Mathisen never imagined that for her very first ACCTAs ceremony she would be dressed as a giant sausage.

Stars including Isla Fisher and Mel Gibson arrived in Sydney for the Australian film industry's glitziest annual awards on Wednesday night. On the red carpet Mathisen, however, squeezed herself not into a glamorous ball gown but a jumbo frankfurter.
She was one of 16 "sausage" protesters who stormed the AACTAs to highlight gender inequality in the film industry.
To chants of "end the sausage party!" the protesters, all members of the non-profit Women in Film and Television (WIFT), were forcibly dragged away, some rolling around on the floor, by security guards.
Out of 28 feature films pre-selected for the AACTAs Screening Tour, just two were directed by women. The event is, according to WIFT president Mathisen, "Australia's biggest sausage party".
WIFT's demonstration was tongue in cheek, as is their accompanying Sausage Party online music video. In the recording, the female sausages gyrate to a Peaches song while waving bananas and spraying whipped cream.
But the protest highlights a serious issue. In 1979 Gillian Armstrong became the first Australian woman to direct a feature film in nearly half a century with the classic My Brilliant Career.
Today just under 50% of film school graduates are women. Yet only 16% of film directors, 23% of screenwriters, and 32% of producers in Australia are female according to Screen Australia.
The numbers reflect what Deb Verhoeven, a professor of media and communication at Deakin University, sees as "systemic and persistent discrimination" in the film industry. It exists "at just about every level - wage equality, participation rates (inclusion), levels of funding for projects, sexual harassment".
The AACTAs, in particular, benefit men who have "become adept at ensuring their ongoing success". Australia is not alone. Hollywood, too, favours men, with just 1.9 percent of 2013's 100 top-grossing films directed by women.
At stake is not only career advancement but the kind of stories that we see on screen. Despite the success of franchises starring strong women such as The Hunger Games and Pitch Perfect, female-led content is "still considered to be speaking to a narrow minority of audiences rather than 50% of our population", says Mathisen.
She is adamant that "we need to make space for different stories".
In order to do this, Mathisen, 29, not only wrote, directed, co-produced, and starred in her 2015 debut feature, Drama, which has an 8.1 rating on IMDb and 4.5-star rating on iTunes. She insisted on a 50% quota for her crew.
Her decision came after realising the only section that consistently hired women was makeup and costume - often derogatorily dubbed the "glamour department" on film-sets.
For Drama - in which the protagonist Anna tracks down a former flame in Paris, disrupting her gay best friend's own relationship in the process - Mathisen made sure to hire equal numbers of women in technical roles, too.
In the US just 3% of cinematographers are women, according to a 2015 Celluloid Ceiling report. In Australia since 1958, only 10 female cinematographers have received accreditation by the Australian Cinematographers Society.
Yet Mathisen discovered "there's absolutely no shortage of women who want to work. There's just a shortage of opportunities. You have to break down the assumption that film is a male space."
Some organisations are making headway. Australian actress Rose Byrne formed an all-female production company, Sydney-based The Dollhouse Collective, in 2015.
This July, Screen Australia announced $3 million of funding towards Gender Matters, which will spearhead new film projects by women. The new initiative is hoped to help creative teams become 50/50 male-female by the end of 2018.
"Ultimately things like charters, guidelines and specific funding opportunities are the foundations of change," says Lucy Fisher, director of the Gold Coast Film Festival.
Fisher offers free childcare for industry panellists, insists that over 50% of speakers on festival talks are women, and deliberately showcases films with female content.
She insists that gender equality "doesn't will itself into existence - you really have to plan and make deliberate choices".
WIFT, too, believes that actual, rather than tokenistic change, will only occur with a rigorously enforced quota system - and that this is particularly important in an industry largely run on government subsidies, paid for by public tax dollars.
Crucial is changing the narrative about how we talk about women in film. In November Sally Caplan, Screen Australia's head of production, created controversy by stating the funding body wanted to make a "a system whereby organically we'll get to 50/50" once women are able to "believe in themselves".
Verhoeven believes such "strategies focused on bringing women 'up to speed' simply reiterate the belief that women are somehow the source or cause of their own failure".
Instead, she says, the lack of meaningful change is down to the fact that it is in the industry gatekeepers' interests - the majority of whom are men - to maintain the status quo that keeps them on top.
Male producers also tend to hire in their own image: on average male producers have creative teams which are 70% male. In one Australian study done over 10 years, roughly 40% of male producers worked with no women at all.
As journalist Scott Mendelson wrote in a Forbes article last month: "Men are offered the presumption of competence regardless of experience. Women are considered a risk regardless of experience."
Mathisen, for one, is done with "just been flat out ignored" and the feeling "of shouting into the void".
With the sausage party footage now doing rounds online, she hopes people will finally listen. Her message? "Enough talking. We want action and we want it now."


A new mural by street artist Banksy has been painted on a wall in his home city of Bristol.

The image, a parody of Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring, was posted on his website.
Girl with a Pierced Eardrum is painted on a building in Hanover Place in the city's Harbourside and incorporates an alarm box as the model's earring.
Banksy's last work in the city was Mobile Lovers which appeared in a doorway in Clement Street in April.
A row broke out over who owned it with Bristol City Council arguing the work was on its land.
However Banksy wrote to Broad Plain Boys' Club saying it was theirs and the club sold it to a private collector for Â£403,000.


The president of Armenia has suspended an increase in electricity prices that led to more than a week of protests.

Serzh Sargsyan said that the government would temporarily cover the cost of the electricity price rise pending a review.
Protesters have been blocking the main avenue in the capital, Yerevan.
They remained on the streets on Saturday, saying the president's concession fell short of their demand for the price hike to be reversed.
The BBC's Rayhan Demytrie reports from Yerevan that the protest area has been surrounded by the police, and buses and water canons have been brought close to where the demonstration is being held.
Protests began a few days after a 17 June decision by the state utilities commission to increase electricity tariffs from the beginning of August by more than 16%.
In the early hours of Tuesday, the situation escalated when police used water cannon to disperse the crowd. There have been round-the-clock demonstrations, referred to on social media under the hashtag #ElectricYerevan.
Analysts say the protests are partly fuelled by anger over years of alleged corruption and unaccountability within the Armenian government, and big business monopolised by Russian oligarchs with ties to the Kremlin.
Armenia still has close links with Russia. The former Soviet nation hosts a Russian military base and a Russian company runs its power distribution network.
The electricity network is wholly owned by Inter-RAO, a large Russian energy company whose chairman Igor Sechin is a close friend of President Vladimir Putin.
Mr Sargsyan's announcement of the price hike suspension followed a meeting with Russian Transport Minister Maxim Sokolov.
Russia agreed to loan Armenia $200m (Â£127m) to help modernise its military, and to allow a Russian soldier accused of killing seven members of an Armenian family to be tried locally.
The killings had previously triggered protests in Armenia.


Norwich winger Josh Murphy has signed a contract extension to stay with the Championship club until June 2021.

Canaries academy graduate Murphy has made 44 first-team appearances since his debut against Watford in the League Cup in September 2013.
The 21-year-old was set to be out of contract at the end of the season.
"He's got blistering pace, he's got real athleticism and he's a goal threat in pretty much every minute of the game," manager Alex Neil said.
"Those types of players are rare and hopefully he can become a first-team regular."


The Rugby Football Union has reached an agreement with Bristol to release coach Steve Borthwick from his contract with the Championship club.

Borthwick, 36, will link up with new England head coach Eddie Jones after agreeing terms earlier this week.
In a statement, the RFU said that he would start work "with immediate effect" as England forwards coach.
Bristol owner Steve Lansdown had claimed the RFU were "totally unprofessional" in their approach.
He had accused them of trying to "ride roughshod over everybody" while the club reluctantly agreed to negotiate a compensation package for the 36-year-old.
Ian Ritchie, RFU chief executive said: "We very much appreciate that our approach for Steve has come at a challenging time for Bristol during the season, and in such circumstances I thank them for reaching this agreement."
Borthwick, a former England captain, had handed in his resignation despite agreeing a long-term contract with Bristol following the World Cup.
The RFU had then released a statement saying Borthwick would work for Jones as forwards coach, even though there was no agreement in place with the Championship leaders.
Chris Booy, Bristol Rugby Chairman said: "On behalf of the club we wish Steve Borthwick the very best with England and we are pleased that we can move on and begin the process to recruit a new coach as quickly as possible."
Premiership side Northampton have also taken issue over the RFU's approach for backs coach Alex King, with Saints boss Jim Mallinder saying the club have been "kept in the dark".


Gabon striker Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang and Nigeria's women's coach Florence Omagbemi are the only Africans in contention for Fifa's annual awards.

Aubameyang is one of 24 players nominated for The Best Fifa Men's Player award.
The 27-year-old was the top scorer in the Bundesliga last season with 31 goals for Borussia Dortmund.
Omagbemi lead Nigeria to an eighth continental title in Cameroon last year and is one of the 10 names on the list for The Best Fifa Women's Coach.
There were no Africans at all among the nominations for the awards for men's coach or women's player that were announced by football's world governing body on Thursday.
The winners from each category will be revealed at a ceremony in London on 23 October.
Two panels of experts from across the six confederations chose the shortlisted candidates for the top performers of the 2016-17 season.
The Fifa Best Men's Player shortlist:
The Fifa Best Women's Coach: shortlist:


A man has been given a suspended prison sentence for handling stolen sheep.

Andrew Thomas pleaded guilty after DNA tests were used to prove lambs born to stolen ewes had been fathered by rams on the victim's land in Carmarthenshire.
The 39-year-old farmer was ordered to pay Â£1,000 in compensation.
Dyfed-Powys Police said this was the first time animal DNA evidence had been used in Wales in relation to stolen sheep.
Swansea Crown Court heard 18 sheep were sold at Llanybydder market two weeks after about 50 sheep were stolen from Alan Price's land at Derwydd near Llandybie.
Mart officials and farmers became suspicious of Thomas, from Garnant, after it became clear that the sheep's earmarks had been tampered with.
Judge Geraint Walters said the "farming community had pulled together to defeat those who seek to deceive it".
He sentenced Thomas to an eight month jail term, suspended for two years.
Judge Walters told him he had "caused a great deal of hurt and had stolen from those he worked alongside," and it would be "long time before they forgave him".


The CIA has opened an investigation into the conduct of its former director David Petraeus, who resigned last week citing an affair with his biographer.

A CIA spokesman says the inquiry by the agency's inspector general would see if there are any lessons to be learned.
Paula Broadwell, 40, was found to have classified information, but both she and Gen Petraeus deny it came from him.
Gen Petraeus will testify on Friday on Capitol Hill about September's deadly attack on the US consulate in Libya.
The CIA said in a statement on Thursday: "At the CIA we are constantly reviewing our performance. If there are lessons to be learned from this case we'll use them to improve.
"But we're not getting ahead of ourselves; an investigation is exploratory and doesn't presuppose any particular outcome."
In his first interview since resigning, Gen Petraeus told CNN on Thursday he had not given any classified information to his former lover.
He also said he quit because of the affair, not the assault two months ago on the consulate in Benghazi that left four Americans dead.
Gen Petraeus will be questioned by lawmakers behind closed doors on Friday about that attack, which has been the focus of Republican claims that the Obama administration misled the American people.
Full who's who
Meanwhile, intelligence officials continued on Thursday to defend their handling of the investigation into Gen Petraeus' affair.
Director of National Intelligence James Clapper and acting CIA Director Michael Morell appeared before the House intelligence committee.
Dutch Ruppersberger, the panel's top Democrat, said after the hearing that he was satisfied with the FBI's investigation.
He said the agency was right not to have notified political leaders sooner, because of rules set up post-Watergate to prevent meddling in criminal investigations.
But another committee member, Representative Adam Schiff, also a Democrat, said "there's a lot of information we need ... with respect to the facts about the allegations against General Petraeus".
At a press conference in New Orleans, US Attorney General Eric Holder was also asked why the justice department did not inform the White House or lawmakers earlier about the investigation.
He said: "As we went through the investigation and looked at the facts and tried to examine them as they developed, we felt very secure in the knowledge that a national security threat did not exist."
The scandal was discovered when FBI officials looked into harassing emails, allegedly from Mrs Broadwell, that were sent to a Florida socialite who is a family friend of the Petraeuses.
The inquiry has also ensnared the US and Nato commander in Afghanistan, General John Allen.
He is under investigation for sending what officials describe as "flirtatious" emails to the Tampa hostess, Jill Kelley.
Adultery is illegal under military law, but Gen Allen denies wrongdoing.


How far should non-EU member Switzerland follow the bloc's rules - and should the EU punish it if it does not?

The question has become live since the Swiss voted to introduce immigration quotas - contrary to the freedom of movement agreement it had signed with the EU.
And Brussels is aware that its response could have consequences in other countries which may seek to loosen their ties with the European Union.
"Switzerland has more free trade agreements with the big economies than we do," says the leader of the UK Independence Party, Nigel Farage. He seems to see Switzerland as a shining example of just how well a country can do outside the EU.
"Switzerlandâ€¦ has to pay into the European Union coffers, they have to obey all the European Union lawsâ€¦ they are utterly powerless," says Britain's Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, on the other hand.
He regards Switzerland's agreement to most EU policy as the worst of all possible worlds: accepting the legislation, with no say on how it is developed.
Switzerland has full access to the EU single market, and its economy depends on good relations with Europe - more than 60% of its goods are sold in the eurozone.
So although the Swiss government has negotiated some potentially very promising trade agreements with other countries - notably China - access to Europe's single market is crucial, and without it, the Swiss economy could not succeed.
The EU takes the view, though, that access to the single market, and to many other pan-European projects, depends on signing up to other common European policies, in particular free movement of people.
And that applies whether you are an EU member or not.
But on 9 February this year, amid growing concern that the rate of immigration from EU countries was far higher than anyone had predicted, the Swiss voted in a nationwide referendum to reintroduce quotas, effectively abandoning its free movement agreement with the EU.
The Swiss government had opposed the quota proposal. It warned that such a vote could trigger retaliatory measures from Brussels.
Within weeks the EU had excluded Switzerland from the Erasmus Plus student exchange programme.
Student Julia Hofstetter, who had spent the last six months preparing for an exchange year at the University of Copenhagen, said she was "shocked".
"I just can't imagine a life without being able to travel, work and study where I want," said Ms Hofstetter.
But those who oppose free movement think the difficulties now facing Ms Hofstetter and other Swiss students are a small price to pay for regaining control of Switzerland's borders.
"The disadvantages to us of keeping free movement of people are much bigger [than any problems for students]," said Luzi Stamm, member of parliament for the right-wing Swiss People's Party and a key campaigner for the reintroduction of quotas.
"The Swiss system is such that you can change decisions relatively quickly, and I'm very glad we did so.
"I do believe any pressure the European Union uses now is less of a problem than totally open borders for immigration."
But that assertion may be tested by further consequences. The EU has also suspended Swiss participation in the Horizon 2020 research fund, and frozen talks on a long-awaited energy trading agreement.
Perhaps most worrying of all, multinational companies based in Switzerland are starting to feel uneasy.
The oil services giant Weatherford recently announced it would be moving its European headquarters from Switzerland to Ireland. The company told its shareholders in a blunt statement that recent votes on pay limits for top executives, and now on curbing immigration, had made Switzerland "unpredictable".
Switzerland's unique system, in which popular referendums can overturn government policy, can lead to a dangerous "uncertainty", admits Frederique Reeb-Landry, of Geneva's business association.
But the Swiss people have spoken, and their government is now spending long days and nights searching for what it calls a "compromise" with Brussels.
But the EU has already said free movement and quotas are incompatible.
To offer free trade without free movement to a non-member would be a huge political risk - perhaps prompting countries like Britain, which have made their doubts about free movement clear, to see life outside the union as more attractive.
"I don't think we will be able to square this circle," said Ivo Scherrer, founder of a new political group called Operation Libero, designed, he says, to offer a different, less isolationist vision for Switzerland.
"Our [current] strategy makes us vulnerable," he said. "Switzerland is bound to lose access to European markets and institutions."
So is the Swiss bilateral route not a strategy to recommend to big member states with big doubts about the EU?
"Britain would have to decide for itself whether such an isolationist strategy is worth the cost. I personally think it's not," Mr Scherrer said.
Others think differently. As the retaliatory measures from the EU keep coming, Mr Stamm warns Brussels' tactics could backfire.
"Switzerland is a little country, and it's not powerful," the politician said. "If the European Union wants to play a power game we will lose.
"But what kind of a European Union is this? I grew up with the conviction that the European Union is something positive, something for the future of Europe.
"If the European Union starts to play power games against little countries then that's the beginning of the end."


A memorial service to commemorate the 35 people who died in the Winter Hill air disaster almost 60 years ago has been held in the Isle of Man.

Only seven of the 42 people on board survived when their plane crashed in thick fog on 27 February 1958.
Most of the victims were mechanics, engineers and motor traders from the Isle of Man who were on a trip to visit Manchester's Exide battery factory.
The tragedy came just three weeks after the Munich air disaster.
The car trade delegates - mostly young men with families - were on a day trip to a new battery factory in Clifton, Salford, when the Bristol 170 Freighter they were travelling in hit bad weather.
After a key navigational error, the Manx Airlines flight smashed into the north-east slope of the hill above Horwich in Bolton.
A service, organised by the Rotary Club of Douglas, was held this morning at the Winter Hill Memorial in St John's.
A spokesman said it was an opportunity to "remember those who lost their lives and their loved ones."
Howard Callow, who lost his father in the tragedy, said despite being four on the day that he remembers it "vividly".
Horwich Rotary Club members were among the first on the scene and were heavily involved in rescue attempts digging through 6ft (2m) snowdrifts to reach the injured.


A man has been arrested on suspicion of kidnapping a woman in Slough.

The victim, in her late 20s, got into a car in Church Street on Saturday afternoon.
She was later found by police at a hotel in Ilford, east London, before being taken to hospital to be treated for cuts and bruises.
Thames Valley Police is appealing for witnesses to the incident, which involved a Black Vauxhall Astra with a number plate which began FP09.
Det Con Alex Turnbull said: "We are appealing to anyone who may have seen a man approaching a woman on Church Street and then the pair getting into a car matching the description to contact police."
Mr Turnbull said the suspect and the victim were known to each other.
The 23-year-old man from London has been arrested on suspicion of kidnap, false imprisonment, assault, disqualified driving and driving without insurance.
He has been bailed until 12 February.


Maxine Peake regrets not getting to know her "inspiration" Victoria Wood better before her death earlier this year, the actor has revealed.

Wood, who gave Peake her first break in TV series Dinnerladies, was a role model to the actor from a young age.
"I was petrified of her, not because she was scary but I spent two years being overwhelmed... I regret I didn't make more of an effort," she said.
Victoria Wood died in April 2016 after a short battle with cancer. She was 62.
In an interview for BBC Local Radio documentary Victoria Wood As Not Seen On TV, Peake revealed she was filming in Shropshire when she received a text from her sister letting her know Wood had died.
"I had the little radio on in my room and I turned it on... even though I knew she was ill I couldn't believe that she was gone", she said.
Archive material of Victoria Wood on radio
In Pictures: Victoria Wood's life and work
Victoria Wood: In her own words
Peake discovered that Wood was ill just six weeks before her death.
"It was never divulged what the problem was, and then I didn't know what to do and I regret not sending an email... Vic was very private," she said.
Asked what she regretted, she added: "That I didn't get to know Vic better and get over my fearâ€¦ I do get overwhelmed when people have got talent like that.
"She was so young and so vibrant - and had so much more to give."
Victoria Wood first appeared on the ITV talent show New Faces in 1974, and later established herself as a comedy star with her sketch show Victoria Wood: As Seen On TV.
Peake, whose TV credits include acclaimed dramas such as Shameless and Silk, was still at drama school when she got the call for the Dinnerladies audition that led to her breakthrough.
"I didn't take it seriously... so I just went to the audition and thought 'I'm going to sit in a room with Victoria Wood and that's my career sorted, I can retire tomorrow'," she added.
"She had an amazing effect on me, in fact I'm doing what I'm doing because of Vic."
Victoria Wood As Not Seen On TV can be heard on BBC Radio 4 Extra at 12:00 GMT on 24 December 2016.


A man arrested after the discovery of a woman's body in South Yorkshire has been released by police.

Police were called to Martin Street in the Upperthorpe area of Sheffield in the early hours of Monday where the body of Johanna Lee, 44, was found.
Officers said a 44-year-old man from the Jordanthorpe area had been released and no action would be taken against him in relation to Ms Lee's murder.
The man is still on bail on suspicion of assault.


A dog has been rescued after falling about 10m (33ft) into a well when out with its owner in Worcestershire.

Specialist rescue teams from Pershore, Malvern and Droitwich were sent to help Lilly, a cocker spaniel who disappeared into the ground in Longdon, near Upton upon Severn.
The dry well had been hidden beneath undergrowth.
Crews ventilated the hole to make it safe for a firefighter to be lowered down and put the dog in a harness.
Lilly was unharmed by her adventure, which happened on Saturday and saw her stuck for about four hours.


Six police forces increased their spending on overtime for officers over the past two years amid government efforts to cut the bill.

The forces were Durham, Northern Ireland, Gloucestershire, Northumbria. The other two, West Yorkshire and Staffordshire, dispute the figures.
The data was obtained by the BBC from 48 forces in the UK responding to a Freedom of Information request.
The Home Office set out to cut police overtime two years ago to reduce costs.
A review into police pay is examining whether overtime should be replaced by a fixed allowance, but the police argue that overtime helps with flexibility and with response to emergencies.
The latest figures for 2010-11 show overtime payments in all forces have fallen by one-fifth to £382m over the past two years but have increased in the six forces.
In some forces officers took home about £800 overtime a year each but in others some earned three times that.
Durham Police said its overtime rise of 5.9% over two years was partly because of a spate of murder inquiries.
Assistant Chief Officer Gary Ridley said: "There's no one single reason to which this increase can be attributed. Overtime fluctuates from month to month and year to year, depending on operational requirements.
"However, we did have 12 homicide investigations in 2010-11, compared to six in 2008-09, so that could partly explain the increase."
The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) attributed a 13% increase in overtime to the threat from terrorists.
A spokesman said: "The PSNI constantly reviews its use of resources in order to provide the best service possible to the public as well as providing value for money. The primary reason for the increase in overtime is to deal with the terrorist threat in Northern Ireland."
Overtime in Northumbria went up by more than 9% over two years.
Assistant Chief Officer Steve Culkin said: "Last year there were some high profile and unprecedented incidents. We always endeavour to ensure that, even in challenging circumstances, we are mindful of the cost involved and ensure cost effectiveness."
In Gloucestershire, overtime increased by 0.73 % over the two years.
Assistant Chief Constable Kevin Lambert said: "Our overtime spend did reduce last year compared to the previous year. We are committed to making reductions in spending in a way which does not impact on front-line policing."
West Yorkshire Police disputed the Freedom of Information figures showing a 3.7% increase, saying actual final overtime payments had reduced from £13.7m in 2008-9 to £11.9m in 2010-11.
The FOI figures showed overtime costs increased by 6.9%, however the force claims the costs saw a "small reduction", from £5.74m in 2009/10 to £5.73m in 2010/11.
The force said its plans for the next financial year include a "further reduction".


Borussia Dortmund came from 3-0 down to beat Norwegian side Odd in a dramatic Europa League play-off first leg.

Dortmund had not conceded in their four competitive games under new boss Thomas Tuchel, but trailed within 13 seconds to Jone Samuelsen's header and were three down within 22 minutes.
Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang started the comeback on 34 minutes.
And Shinji Kagawa, Henrikh Mkhitaryan and Aubameyang's second turned it around after the break.
Dortmund have had to qualify for this season's Europa League after finishing seventh in the Bundesliga last season, leading to club legend Jurgen Klopp's departure as coach.
Mkhitaryan has now scored seven goals in five matches this season.
Elsewhere in the Europa League, Athletic Bilbao, on the back of their 5-1 Spanish Super Cup aggregate win over Barcelona, lost 3-2 to Zilina.
The Basque side led 2-0 at the break in Slovakia but, after their opponents got back into the game, William Alves de Oliveira scored a winner deep into injury-time - his second of the match.
AZ Alkmaar lost 3-2 to Astra Giurgiu, conquerors of Inverness and West Ham in the previous two rounds. Their Dutch rivals Ajax beat Jablonec 1-0.
Southampton drew 1-1 with Midtjylland, with Jay Rodriguez scoring his first goal since March 2014.
Robin van Persie scored with his first touch as Fenerbahce won 1-0 at Atromitos Athens.


Thousands of parents may struggle to get the free childcare promised by the Welsh Government, according to the National Day Nurseries Association.

It said a lack of funding and rising costs meant many could struggle to stay afloat.
Thirty hours of free care for three and four year olds was one of Labour's flagship pledges at the 2016 elections.
The Welsh Government said private provision will play a central role in delivering the policy.
It said the policy would be based on properly worked out pilot schemes.
A survey by the association of mostly private nurseries found almost half were uncertain or unlikely to offer the government's policy because they worried Welsh Government funding will not cover the costs.
About one in five nurseries - a total of 122 - in Wales took part in the association's survey.
Association chief executive Purnima Tanuku said: "Nurseries really want to be able to offer families the help with funded childcare that the government is promising them.
"But they cannot do this if accepting children for 30 'free' hours causes them to make a loss that could put them out of business."
Darren Millar, Welsh Conservative spokesman on children, said the findings cast "serious doubt over the Welsh Labour Government's ability to fulfil its manifesto commitment to deliver free childcare".
"It's clear that the nurseries across the sector are suffering from inadequate levels of funding and Labour ministers' poor handling of the new business rates revaluation, with many providers running to a significant annual loss as a consequence," he said.
A spokesman for Communities Secretary Carl Sargeant said: "When implemented, Welsh Labour's childcare offer will be the best in the UK for working parents.
"Unlike the Tory government in England, which has jumped into hasty and widely criticised implementation of its childcare scheme, we are proceeding on the basis of careful consultation and properly worked out pilots ensuring that our scheme works effectively for parents from day one.
"Private provision will play a central role in delivering our offer.
"Childcare providers in Wales are entitled to an enhanced level of support through our £100m Small Business Rates Relief Scheme.
"We have also announced an extra £20m of support for small businesses in 2017-18 through two bespoke schemes, including a transitional support scheme."


The UK could lose access to vital intelligence unless it signs up to new powers for EU crime-fighting agency Europol, it has been warned.

The National Crime Agency's David Armond said an "immediate", "urgent" decision is needed or the UK would be forced out of the organisation.
He added that the issue was a "priority" and represented the "alligators nearest the boat".
The Home Office said a decision would be made in "due course".
The European Parliament agreed in May to enhance Europol's mandate and improve the way it tackles cross-border crime and terrorism - but the UK has so far not opted in to the relevant agreement.
Mr Armond, the NCA's deputy director general, said if the UK agreed to continue its membership it would also be in a stronger position during the two years of Brexit negotiations.
He told the House of Lords EU home affairs sub-committee: "The risk closest to us relates to the signing of the Europol regulation. We are the only member state that has not signed."
If the government does not sign the regulation by Christmas, it will be forced out of Europol by 1 May of next year, when that regulation comes into force, he added.
Although it is expected that the UK will not remain in Europol after Brexit, the sub-committee heard it was important to continue as a member until that point - estimated to be in 2019 - to help smooth the transition and agree an alternative set of arrangements.
Mr Armond said the "direct impact" of being removed from Europol would be that the UK would lose "immediate access" to the Secure Information Exchange Network Application - this allows operational and strategic crime-related information and intelligence to be shared between Europol, EU member states and other countries.
He went on to say the police would also no longer be able to benefit from the Europol Information System, which holds data on offences and suspects involved in organised crime and terrorism.
The UK's 17-strong law enforcement team based at the crime-fighting agency headquarters in The Hague would also have to leave. Launched in 1999, Europol has 1,000 staff and has a British director, Rob Wainwright.
Mr Armond said any alternative arrangement to full membership would be "sub-optimal, not as good as what we've currently got".
The other "Five Eyes" countries - Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States - would have to reconsider their relationship with the EU as they sometimes relied on the UK to provide information from Europol, he said.
Committee members heard that agreements would also have to be reached on a range of other EU security and crime-fighting measures, including the European Arrest Warrant scheme, the Schengen Information System and a database for exchanging DNA and fingerprint data.
Last month, the Scottish government wrote to Home Secretary Amber Rudd urging her to sign the new Europol protocols.
It said it was "necessary" to keep Scotland and the rest of the UK safer from the threats of crime and terrorism.


Lena Dunham has hit back after criticism about her recent weight loss.

The star and creator of HBO's Girls has attracted headlines recently about her dramatic new look.
But in a lengthy Instagram post, she said her weight loss "isn't some sign I've finally given in to the voices of trolls".
"Right now I'm struggling to control my endometriosis through a healthy diet and exercise," she explained. "So my weight loss isn't a triumph."
The 30-year-old wrote: "I feel I've made it pretty clear over the years that I don't [care] what anyone else feels about my body."
The actress is well-known for speaking out about her weight.
She once criticised a magazine who she thought had altered her picture to make her look thinner (it hadn't), and earlier this year she praised Glamour for not airbrushing her figure.
Writing on Instagram on Friday, Dunham said: "I've gone on red carpets in couture as a size 14. I've done sex scenes days after surgery, mottled with scars.
"I've accepted that my body is an ever-changing organism, not a fixed entity - what goes up must come down and vice versa.
"I smile just as wide no matter my current size because I'm proud of what this body has seen and done and represented."
The actress also said she had a problem with media features featuring before and after pictures, adding: "Don't we have infinitely more pressing news to attend to?"
Dunham is far from the first actress to have had her weight scrutinised in the media.
In 2013, Jennifer Lawrence has said "it should be illegal to call someone fat on TV", after red carpet criticism of her own figure.
"Because why is humiliating people funny?" the actress asked.
Keira Knightley won Â£3,000 in damages from the Daily Mail in 2007, when the paper published an article about her weight.
A photograph of Knightley, who was 22 at the time, was printed alongside an article about a girl who had died of anorexia.
The actress's solicitor said "deeply offensive" suggestions could imply Knightley had an eating disorder and bore responsibility for the girl's death.
Last week, Gabourey Sidibe revealed she had undergone a gastric band procedure to improve her health.
In her new memoir, This is Just My Face, the Empire star writes: "I did not get this surgery to be beautiful. I did it so I can walk around comfortably in heels."
"I want to do a cartwheel. I want not to be in pain every time I walk up a flight of stairs."
Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


Finance ministers from the eurozone have asked Cyprus to reduce the burden on small investors from a proposed levy on savings, linked to a bailout.

Plans for a one-off tax of 6.75% on savings up to 100,000 euros (£86,000; $130,000) have outraged Cypriots.
Banks in Cyprus are to remain closed until Thursday, as efforts to revise an international bailout package continue.
A parliamentary vote on the package has been repeatedly postponed, but is now expected on Tuesday.
The 10bn-euro bailout agreed with the EU and IMF demands that all bank customers pay a one-off levy.
In pictures: ProtestsArguments for levyRussian anger
The government's efforts to shift more of the burden onto wealthier depositors enraged Russians, who form the bulk of overseas investors and have deposits worth billions of dollars in Cypriot banks.
Russian President Vladimir Putin called the proposed levy "unfair, unprofessional and dangerous", and Moscow has expressed frustration Russia was not included in European decision-making on Cyprus.
Under the currently agreed terms of the levy, depositors with less than 100,000 euros in Cyprus accounts would pay a one-off tax of 6.75%, while those with sums over that threshold would pay 9.9%.
But the move has outraged Cypriots and sparked heavy cash withdrawals from banks.
Since the start of the financial crisis there has been a guarantee that deposits under 100,000 euros in banks in the EU would be protected.
Many observers believe the Cypriot levy breaks the spirit of that agreement, and there is concern that it could also damage the confidence of depositors in other eurozone countries, reports the BBC's Chris Morris in Brussels.
By Mark LowenBBC News, Nicosia
Cypriots will tell you they're a resilient nation. They bounced back from the war of 1974 and became a prosperous EU member three decades later.
But even they are feeling defeated by this shock tax. "Daylight robbery" is what many here call it.
"If Brussels insists on this, we should leave the EU altogether," one elderly gentleman told me in a Nicosia cafe.
And that is perhaps the lasting damage of this affair - a tiny yet proud EU member now feels bullied and blackmailed by the powerful, the old north-south division of Europe widening again.
Yet many argue Cyprus sleepwalked into this mess. For years it thrived as a tax haven, its banking sector eight times the size of its economy. The warning signs were there but few were willing to heed them.
Eurozone finance ministers - the Eurogroup - discussed the situation in a conference call on Monday evening.
Following the talks, its president Jeroen Dijsselbloem issued a statement saying the group "continues to be of the view that small depositors should be treated differently from large depositors and reaffirms the importance of fully guaranteeing deposits below 100,000 euros".
He said Cyprus would "introduce more progressivity in the one-off levy" - in other words, shift the burden away from small savers towards bigger depositors - provided that the same amount of funds, 5.8bn euros, was raised.
Mr Dijsselbloem urged "a swift decision by the Cypriot authorities and parliament to rapidly implement the agreed measures".
President Anastasiades has been holding talks with ministers and MPs at the parliament building in Nicosia, where hundreds of people noisily protested on Monday.
The BBC's Mark Lowen in Nicosia says there are suggestions Mr Anastasiades may want to lower the former rate to 3%, while raising the levy on the larger depositors to 12.5%.
The debate and vote in Cyprus' parliament is now scheduled for 18:00 local time (16:00 GMT) on Tuesday. It was to have been held on Sunday.
Q&A: Cyprus bailout
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The president's Democratic Rally has 20 seats in the 56-member assembly and needs other parties' support to ratify the deal.
The vote remains too close to call, correspondents say.
Speaker Yiannakis Omirou, of the EDEK party, said: "Parliament is called to legalise a decision to rob depositors blind, against every written and unwritten law. We refuse to subscribe to this."
Mr Anastasiades insists that without the bailout Cyprus could face bankruptcy and a possible exit from the eurozone - a fear echoed by European officials.
The US has called for a "responsible and fair" resolution.
Protesters in Cyprus have held up banners blaming Germany for the controversial bailout deal, but Germany says it always favoured protecting bank accounts with up to 100,000 euros, and insists it was the Cypriot government, European Commission and ECB that decided on the levy terms.
Earlier European Commission spokesman Simon O'Connor defended the group's actions, saying its original decision on the bailout was "taken by unanimity, all the member states of the eurozone, including Cyprus".
Stock markets in the US, Asia and Europe fell in early trading, though some of their losses were recouped later in the day. The euro also fell.
Cyprus may only be a tiny fraction of the eurozone economy, our Brussels correspondent says. But the sense of uncertainty surrounding it is sending shivers through the financial markets.


St Etienne have signed midfielders Henri Saivet from Newcastle United and Jordan Veretout from Aston Villa, both on season-long loans.

Frenchman Veretout, 23, who made 21 Premier League starts for Villa last season, was signed last July for £8m from Nantes by Tim Sherwood.
Senegal international Saivet, 25, only made two Newcastle starts after moving for £5m from Bordeaux in January.
Both Villa and Newcastle are now in the Championship following relegation.
Of the players who featured in the Premier League for Villa last season, Veretout is now the eighth to be sold or released.
For both Veretout and Saivet, their respective loan moves to St Etienne mean a return to Ligue 1, the French top flight.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


An ex-soldier who stopped a shopper from being beheaded in a racially-motivated attack in Flintshire has been honoured in the annual St David Awards.

Peter Fuller acted "selflessly" to save dentist Dr Sarandev Bhambra in Tesco in Mold in January 2015 which led to his attacker being jailed for life.
Mr Fuller received the bravery award at the annual ceremony in Cardiff Bay.
Wales boss Chris Coleman won the sport award for helping Wales' football team reach the Euro 2016 finals.
He is the first national boss to help his team qualify for a major tournament since Jimmy Murphy led the country to the 1958 World Cup.
The citizenship award went to Janet Williams from Porthmadog, Gwynedd, who has fostered more than 100 children over the past 35 years.
A special award went to international rugby referee Nigel Owens, from Carmarthenshire, who was described as being a "fabulous ambassador for Wales".
The full list of award winners can be viewed online.


Police have been at a caravan and camping park in Edinburgh for several hours after trouble broke out among youths in the site's shop.

Officers were called at 12:35 to Mortonhall Caravan and Camping Park on Frogston Road to a disturbance.
Police said inquiries ere ongoing and that they were still at the park.
One woman, who wished to remain anonymous, said games machines on the site had been broken into during the "antisocial behaviour".


Books of condolence are to be opened across Munster in the Republic of Ireland for the province's head rugby coach Anthony Foley.

He died suddenly at the team's hotel in Paris at the weekend. He was 42 years old.
The European Champions Cup game was postponed on Sunday following the former Ireland international's death.
Foley was capped on 62 occasions for Ireland and played more than 200 times for Munster.
He took over as head coach in 2014.
He died overnight at the hotel where the team was staying prior to the scheduled game against Racing 92.
Flags will be flown at half mast outside Limerick City and county council buildings on Monday as a mark of respect.
Irish President Michael D Higgins and Taoiseach Enda Kenny have been leading the tributes to the former international.
Former Ireland international Denis Hickey played with Anthony Foley paid tribute to former team mate on BBC's Good Morning Ulster:
"You can be popular and admired but to be respected, I think, particularly by your peers, people who've played against you, and we saw the reaction of players all around the world who had played against Anthony Foley over the years was one of huge respect," he said.
"It is with great sadness that I heard of the sudden death of Anthony Foley, the Munster rugby team's head coach and one of the great figures of Irish sport in the modern era," said Mr Higgins.
In a statement, the Irish Rugby Football Union said: "The IRFU and Munster Rugby pass on our deepest sympathy to all of Anthony's family and friends."
It added: "We ask for privacy for the family at this sad time."
Anthony Foley is survived by his wife, Olive, and two children.


Rising numbers of students from more disadvantaged homes are dropping out of universities in England before completing their studies, figures show.

The proportion of youngsters from disadvantaged families who do not continue after their first year has reached the highest level for five years, says the Office for Fair Access.
Official data shows that in 2014-15, 8.8% of young, full-time, disadvantaged undergraduates did not continue in higher education beyond their first year - up from 8.2% the year before.
By comparison, in 2014-15, less than 5% of those from the wealthiest backgrounds did not continue their studies.
Have you dropped out of studying at university? Why did you leave? Email us at haveyoursay@bbc.co.uk
The Offa report says: "The gap between the non-continuation rates of the most advantaged and most disadvantaged students has widened in the past year.
"While more disadvantaged young people are in higher education than ever before, the numbers of those students leaving before completing their studies has risen for the second year in a row."
The report says: "The significance of this for students is huge.
"Higher education can be a transformational experience that opens doors to rewarding careers and social mobility, but this is only the case if students achieve successful outcomes."
The report also finds the non-continuation rate for black students is almost 1.5 times higher than it is for white and Asian students.
"For black students who complete their degree, the level of attainment is also markedly different: while 76% of white students graduated with a 'good degree' (first or 2:1), only 52% of black students did the same," the report says.
Offa also wants universities to do more to address the needs of part-time students, saying targets focused on mature entrants were the most frequently missed.
"The steep decline in part-time numbers has had severely negative implications for mature numbers, as 93% of part-time learners are mature," the report says.
"The fall in part-time entrants for a seventh consecutive year has meant an overall decline of 58% since 2010-11. Immediate action is required in this area."
The Offa report also assesses the progress universities and degree-awarding colleges have made in widening participation - encouraging more disadvantaged youngsters to study for a degree - against the commitments and targets institutions made in their 2015-16 "access agreements".
Institutions wishing to charge higher tuition fees, up to a maximum of £9,250, must sign an "access agreement" with Offa.
And the report finds that universities are spending more cash on schemes to encourage those from less advantaged homes.
Overall in 2015-16, the total investment in widening participation activity by all higher education providers was £883.5m, up from £842.1m in 2014-15 and £802.6m in 2013-14.
Universities Minister Jo Johnson said there was "still more work to do to ensure no student is missing out".
"The Higher Education and Research Act will build on this progress by requiring providers, including the most selective institutions, to publish application, dropout and attainment data broken down by gender, ethnicity and socio-economic background, holding them to account for their performance and helping students to make informed choices about where they go to study."
Sarah Stevens, head of policy at the Russell Group, said its universities were "investing significantly in widening access, nearly doubling funding over the last five years for scholarships, fee waivers, bursaries and outreach activities aimed at the most disadvantaged".
"The Social Mobility Commission's report this week made it clear that the UK still has a long way to go to ensure that people from all walks of life have the same opportunities to succeed," she said.
"Our members work to ensure more young people apply to leading universities, and more students from disadvantaged backgrounds graduate with qualifications and skills that help them into the workforce."
James Westhead, executive director at Teach First, said: "We know there are significant social mobility hurdles that poorer children are forced to clear that their wealthier peers simply don't have to deal with.
"The government, universities, schools and society as a whole must work together to challenge this, raise attainment and realise the aspirations of all our young people."


Mitchell Marsh scored a rapid century as Australia built a commanding lead of 549 on the third day of their tour match against Kent.

The 23-year-old, who is vying with Shane Watson for the Ashes all-rounder berth, brought his hundred up off 93 balls, including five sixes, before retiring on 101.
Watson himself made a 76-ball 81 as Australia reached 322-4 at stumps.
Kent began the day on 203-5 but lost their last five wickets for 77 runs.
Fast bowler Ryan Harris, who has not played a test since January, took his first wickets of the tour.
He had England limited-overs batsman Sam Billings caught behind by Brad Haddin for 24, before Adam Ball holed out to Peter Siddle for 45.
Mitchell Marsh then caught and bowled Mitchell Claydon, before Johnson uprooted Adam Riley's middle stump with the first ball of his second spell.
Ivan Thomas eventually fell for 13 to spinner Fawad Ahmed as Kent were all out for 280.
Australia captain Michael Clarke then decided against the follow-on and promoted himself up the order to opener, in place of Shaun Marsh, to partner Chris Rogers.
The pair's opening stand of 91 was broken when Rogers departed for 45, caught by substitute Sam Weller off Riley's bowling.
Clarke was Riley's second victim, falling for 47, as Australia reached 132-2 at tea.
Watson and Mitchell Marsh then put on a 153-run partnership as Australia upped the scoring rate.
Marsh's retirement and the wicket of Watson left Johnson and Brad Haddin at the crease at the close of play.


South Korean women will be the first in the world to have an average life expectancy above 90, a study suggests.

Imperial College London and the World Health Organization analysed lifespans in 35 industrialised countries.
It predicted all would see people living longer in 2030 and the gap between men and women would start to close in most countries.
The researchers said the findings posed big challenges for pensions and care for elderly people.
"South Korea has gotten a lot of things right," Prof Majid Ezzati told the BBC News website.
"They seem to have been a more equal place and things that have benefited people - education, nutrition - have benefited most people.
"And so far, they are better at dealing with hypertension and have some of the lowest obesity rates in the world."
The data also forecasts that Japan, once the picture of longevity, will tumble down the global rankings.
It currently has the highest life expectancy for women, but will be overtaken by both South Korea and France, the study suggests. Meanwhile, male life expectancy will go from the fourth highest to 11th out of the countries studied.
The US also performs poorly and is on course to have the lowest life expectancy of rich countries by 2030.
The study predicts an average age of 80 for men and 83 for women - roughly the same state Mexico and Croatia will have achieved.
"They are almost opposite of South Korea," added Prof Ezzati.
"[Society in the US is] very unequal to an extent the whole national performance is affected - it is the only country without universal health insurance.
"And it is the first country that has stopped growing taller, which shows something about early life nutrition."
The US will be overtaken by Chile, where women born in 2030 will expect to live for 87 years and men for 81.
Between 2015 and 2030, life expectancy in the UK is expected to go from 79 to 82 for men and from 83 to 85 for women.
The study, published in the Lancet, also shows the gap in life expectancy between women and men is closing.
Prof Ezzati said: "Men traditionally had unhealthier lifestyles, and so shorter life expectancies.
"They smoked and drank more, and had more road traffic accidents and homicides, however, as lifestyles become more similar between men and women, so does their longevity."
Much of the increases are due to improvements for the over-65s rather than reductions in deaths during childhood.
The study made the projections in a similar way to the methods used by meteorologists to forecast the weather.
It combined 21 separate mathematical models that analysed past trends to make projections into the future.
This approach indirectly takes account of all the different factors - smoking rates, medical advances, obesity patterns - that are changing life expectancy.
It assumes countries continue to progress as they are, so exceptional, unpredictable events equivalent to the fall of the Soviet Union, or huge breakthroughs like a vaccine for all cancer, would massively alter the forecasts.
In summary, Prof Ezzati said: "Places that perform well do so by investing in their health system and making sure it reaches everyone."
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A woman told a court of her desperate bid to protect her unborn baby as her ex-boyfriend stamped on her because she refused to have an abortion.

Malorie Bantala, 22, was eight months pregnant when, it is claimed, Kevin Wilson and a teenager ambushed her outside her Peckham home on June 15.
She suffered life-threatening internal bleeding and a fractured hand. The baby boy was delivered stillborn.
At the Old Bailey, Mr Wilson and the 17-year-old deny child destruction.
Mr Wilson of Longfield Estate, Bermondsey, and the boy, who cannot be named for legal reasons, also deny causing grievous bodily harm.
Giving evidence in court, the Marks and Spencer shop assistant said how her then boyfriend and his alleged accomplice emerged from bushes outside her flat disguised in motobike helmets and scarves pulled up to their eyes.
But she said despite their disguises "something clicked in my mind" and she knew it was Kevin, from his posture, build, clothes and trainers.
Miss Bantala said: "Kevin proceeded to kick my stomach, probably three or four times, and then he stamped on my stomach twice.
"By then I had screamed 'Kevin' for him to stop but he continued to kick my stomach. They were harsh kicks.
"My instincts were to put my right hand on my stomach. I broke two fingers because I was trying to protect my son."
Miss Bantala told jurors the other male was behind her and he stepped over to deliver a stamp to her belly too.
Earlier, Miss Bantala said in the months prior to the attack Mr Wilson had repeatedly tried to persuade her to have an abortion.
She said a relationship between them in 2011 had fizzled out because he blew "hot and cold" but she had turned to him in November 2014 following the death of her young nephew.
She said she was  "shocked and scared" to learn she was pregnant following their meet-up.
"I had just watched my nephew's mum grieve for her son. To have an abortion would be the worst thing to do", she said.
She said after initial uncertainty she decided to keep the baby and told Mr Wilson, but he maintained he did not want to be involved and arranged an appointment at an abortion clinic.
She said: "He called me selfish, he called me a bitch. It was a roller coaster. It ended with him saying 'I'm going to commit suicide and take a picture of that so I'm going to inflict the same pain you are inflicting on me'."
They met up once more and Mr Wilson told her he would be moving to Ghana for a job.
The trial continues.


Ed Miliband has urged voters not to "gamble" with the SNP, saying his opposition to the nationalist party was "principled" not "tactical".

At a Glasgow rally, Mr Miliband said there would be "no deal, no coalition, no pact" with Nicola Sturgeon's party.
Prime Minister David Cameron said the threat of a Labour/SNP government "remains the same".
Ms Sturgeon said a minority Labour government would be "paralysed" if it refused to talk to other parties.
Meanwhile, UKIP's Nigel Farage said he could support a deal with a Conservative and Lib Dem coalition.
In other election news:
The parties clashed over potential post-election arrangements after Thursday's BBC Question Time, in which Mr Miliband said there would be no Labour government if it involved "deals or coalitions" with the SNP.
Polls suggest a hung Parliament is likely after 7 May, and that the SNP could take a number of Labour seats.
Ed Miliband has been clear for some time he wouldn't be offering the prospect of a coalition to the SNP.
Privately then publicly he stated his approach if he is in a position to form a minority government: He would put forward a Queen's Speech - a legislative programme - without an SNP deal and dare the nationalists to vote it down.
He thinks he is in a strong position because Nicola Sturgeon has said she wouldn't give David Cameron the keys to Downing Street.
But by going even further and saying he would rather not be in government than do a deal with the SNP, he has given Nicola Sturgeon a powerful weapon in her so far successful battle to persuade former Labour voters in Scotland to back her party because - as at the referendum - she can argue that Mr Miliband is too close to the Tories.
So why do it? Well the polls suggest that Scotland has turned from fertile to hostile territory for Labour so he has in effect given up on the prospect of very many former voters returning to the fold.
But in 50 key English marginals, polling for ComRes suggests - after a relentless focus on this by the Conservatives - three out of five voters are worried about the influence the SNP would have over a minority government.
So he decided to try to eliminate this negative rather than pursue an all but lost cause.
Mr Miliband returned to the theme in Glasgow as he addressed Labour supporters having been greeted by some protesters as he arrived to make his speech.
"Nationalist never built a single school... never lifted a single person out of poverty," he said.
He praised former Labour leaders John Smith and Gordon Brown and said the SNP could not "lecture" his party about fighting the Conservatives.
Mr Miliband also renewed his attack on the Conservatives over welfare cuts, saying there were "six days to save your child benefit" after Mr Cameron faced questions about his party's plans on Question Time.
The prime minister, who said child benefit was "vital" to parents, dismissed Mr Miliband's ruling out of an SNP deal.
He said: "What Ed Miliband said last night actually changes nothing.
"Is he really saying that if Labour don't get a majority but if Labour plus the SNP is a majority 'I won't be PM'? Of course he's not saying that.
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"The threat today is the same as the threat yesterday. Ed Miliband propped up by the SNP not governing on behalf of the whole country."
SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon said people would be appalled by Mr Miliband's refusal to consider a deal with her party, and she said his comments would only galvanise more people to vote for the SNP so Scotland had a decisive voice at Westminster.
She told the BBC her party could vote against a minority Labour budget without bringing the government down if it was not consulted.
Mr Miliband "wants to cling to the pretence that he's going to win a majority," she said.
"The polls say he's not. And if he ends up in the position of being in a minority government then he simply cannot continue to say he's not going to talk to anybody, because that means his own government would be paralysed. And he will not want that to happen."
The Conservatives highlighted a comment from Labour's shadow health secretary Andy Burnham, who said "of course" when asked whether there would be dialogue with the SNP if a minority Labour administration needed to get its policies through the House of Commons.
Labour's Hilary Benn also told the BBC's Daily Politics his party would have to have discussions with the SNP to get a Queen's Speech through parliament, saying such conversations were "the normal to and fro of the House of Commons".
Earlier, on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, UKIP leader Nigel Farage said he didn't want UKIP to go into coalition.
However, he said he could do a "confidence and supply" deal with a Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition.
In such a deal, a minor party would typically support a bigger party in any votes of no confidence which could threaten to topple the government, and in voting through the Budget.
Green Party leader Natalie Bennett said Mr Miliband's comments were "very surprising", saying "he appeared to say that he'd leave David Cameron in place, rather than be prepared to work with the SNP".
Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg said Mr Miliband had been "foolish" to say he would implement his manifesto in full, even if he does not win a majority.
"It's just another ludicrous claim from Ed Miliband. It's just such a foolish thing to say," he said.
"If you don't win a majority and you have to govern with another party, you don't have the democratic right from the British people to insist on implementing your manifesto in full without any compromises."
Mr Clegg made the comments on a visit to Manchester to set out another of his party's "red lines" before entering into any future coalition.
He said the Lib Dems would insist on securing Â£8bn funding for the NHS, and making sure mental health issues were treated with the "same esteem" as physical health before entering into any deal with another party.
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Malawi has launched Africa's first air corridor to test the use of drones, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, in humanitarian missions in partnership with the UN children's agency, Unicef.

Kasungu Aerodrome, in central Malawi, will be used as a test site for aerial scouting in crisis situations, delivering supplies and using drones to boost internet connectivity.
Universities and other partners will also have access to the site.
The project will run until 2018.
Rwanda also launched a commercial drone delivery service last year to deliver medical supplies.
The project, in partnership with US company Zipline, has cut delivery of medical supplies to minutes instead of hours.
Unicef says it is working globally with a number of governments and private sector partners to explore how drones can be used in humanitarian and development missions.
The UAVs will have a range of 40km (24 miles).
Unicef says its projects adhere to a strict set of innovation principles and it is committed to sharing its knowledge with the fledging drone community.
It says that the project was launched after a successful test flight last year to deliver dried blood for early infant diagnosis of HIV in hospitals in Malawi.
The organisation also used camera-equipped drones to assess the needs of people cut off during a flood.
Unicef's Malawi Representative Johannes Wedenig said that poor infrastructure in the country made UAVs relevant and cost-effective:
"With UAVs we can easily fly over the affected area and see clearly what the impact has been on the ground. This is cheaper and better resolution than satellite images."
Malawi's Department of Civil Aviation has given permission and specifications for operating delivery drones in the air corridor. They include:
â€¢ Maximum distance of 80km (50 miles)
â€¢ Altitude limit at 400 metres above ground
â€¢ The corridor will run for 1-2 years.
For drone enthusiasts and campaigners, this development is another important step in the right direction.
After years of opposing the commercial and civilian use of drones, African governments are slowly allowing the integration of UAVs in the airspace.
The Malawi air corridor project is a close copy of an idea proposed to the Kenyan government by a Swiss polytechnic about four years ago to operate a drone delivery service called Flying Donkey.
The plan was to operate fixed-wing drones, carrying a payload of up to 20 kg (44lbs), in sparsely populated and infrastructure poor northern Kenya to supplement the postal services.
The project did not take off because the authorities saw it as a threat to security.
While there are legitimate concerns about privacy and safety, the absence of progressive drone laws to regulate the industry means African countries have been missing out on the multi-billion dollar industry.
Malawi now joins Rwanda, South Africa and Mauritius on the list of countries leading cutting-edge research on drone use to address real-life challenges.


A prison officer has had his neck slashed by an inmate at a prison on Merseyside, the BBC understands.

The officer was taken to hospital where his condition was described as "stable", a Merseyside Police spokesman said.
He said the force was investigating an "assault of a member of staff at HMP Altcourse on Wednesday".
The BBC understands the attack took place in a transfer area and the inmate was on remand facing serious charges.
Director for HMP Altcourse Steve Williams said: "We continue to support the officer and his family."


A man left paralysed following "routine" spinal surgery has received an apology after a High Court battle.

Phil Scudder, 50, from Crowborough, East Sussex had a decompression operation to remove a slipped disc in 2011.
When he woke from the surgery at the Hurstwood Park Neurological Centre in Haywards Heath he was unable to move his legs. He now uses a wheelchair.
Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust accepted liability.
Mr Scudder, who was a keen motorcyclist, said he was "relieved" the case heard at the High Court in June was now settled.
He added: "It wasn't so much about a settlement. It was about getting an apology.
"Apart from a slipped disc, I was a fit 44-year-old man with a job and hobby I loved when this happened.
"What should have been a routine operation turned into a nightmare which has ended my work, my hobby and led to the breakdown of a long-term relationship."
Mr Scudder, who now lives in St Columb, in Cornwall, said everything in his home had to be adapted to meet his needs.
The High Court will decide in 2018 how much compensation he should receive.
A spokeswoman for Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust said: "The trust apologises to both Mr Scudder and his family for the failures in care relating to his surgery on 8 July 2011, and the impact this has had on his life.
"We very much hope the lawyers can now work together to achieve an early resolution of the claim and settlement for damages."


The Welsh Government chose to launch its Brexit white paper - Securing Wales' Future - in London.

Theresa May and her cabinet were in the north-west of England at the time, launching their industrial strategy, but the Welsh document will not have gone unnoticed in Westminster.
You may well wonder - as did I - why the paper was launched a week after the prime minister ruled out staying in the single market, and after the Scottish government's version had been discussed in Whitehall. Was the Welsh Government late with its homework?
First Minister Carwyn Jones told me: "Bear in mind as well that this document is supported by three parties in the assembly. This is not a document that is produced by one party or one government and we want to make sure that we have the widest buy-in possible to make sure we had the support that is needed."
Both Mr Jones and Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood, standing alongside one another said they respected last June's referendum result.
But both maintain the prime minister is wrong to conclude that the logical consequence of the vote means leaving the single market.
Carwyn Jones's approach was heavily influenced by his recent visit to Norway, which is part of the single market but is not in the EU. He suggested that freedom of movement rules could require EU migrants to have a job offer before moving here.
His said UK legislation needed to be enforced to prevent workers' being exploited. Asked what message he would give to a Bridgend plumber concerned that his job could go to a Pole, who would do it for less, the first minister said: "It's quite simple. You have to make sure people are prosecuted when they breach the law."
Leanne Wood told the briefing: "We do not accept that freedom of movement is a problem." She said that the number of EU migrants in Wales was small - 79,000, all of whom could fit in the Principality Stadium. Only 21 % of them were not working, and many of those were students.
Rubbing shoulders with us hacks was a familiar face: Neil Hamilton. The UKIP Wales leader thought the white paper would do little to control immigration.
That view will not have surprised either Carwyn Jones or Leanne Wood.  Both of them know that Mr Hamilton won't change his mind on Brexit or the single market.
The white paper will be considered at the next meeting of the forum Theresa May set up to consider the views of the devolved governments.
But if the Welsh Government is to deliver its blueprint for Brexit, they will need to persuade Theresa May to change own Brexit objectives and the prime minister, once she makes up her mind, is not known for changing it.


It is a source of "national shame" that as many as 800,000 people in England are "chronically lonely", Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt has said.

In a speech, Mr Hunt highlighted the "problem of loneliness that in our busy lives we have utterly failed to confront as a society".
"Some five million people say television is their main form of company," he said.
Labour accused of him trying to blame families for government failures.
In a speech at the National Children and Adults Services (NCAS) conference, Mr Hunt said: "Each and every lonely person has someone who could visit them and offer companionship.
"A forgotten million who live amongst us - ignored to our national shame."
He added: "According to the Campaign to End Loneliness, there are 800,000 people in England who are chronically lonely."
He also told delegates that the 112,000 cases of alleged abuse in care homes referred by English councils in 2012-13, the majority involving over-65s, indicated that "something is badly wrong".
But the regulation of care in both the private and public sector was improving, he argued.
Loneliness affects 'half of adults'
The Conservative MP said the new chief inspector of social care, Andrea Sutcliffe, would start to give ratings to care homes from April 2014 with a view to organising inspections of all 25,000 care homes by 2016.
Mr Hunt said he was "particularly worried" about the 400,000 people in care homes, some of whom get regular visits but others who were just "parked there".
He said that 46% of people aged 80 or over reported feeling lonely "some of the time or often".
He warned that loneliness was as "bad for you" as "smoking 15 cigarettes a day", was "worse than obesity" because of the risk of blood clots, heart disease and dementia, and warned that lonely people "drink more" and were more prone to early admission in residential or nursing care.
Mr Hunt also said he believed the UK should learn from Asian cultures where there was "reverence and respect for older people" and "residential care is a last rather than a first option".
"The social contract is stronger because as children see how their own grandparents are looked after, they develop higher expectations of how they too will be treated when they get old," he explained.
"If we are to tackle the challenge of an ageing society, we must learn from this - and restore and reinvigorate the social contract between generations.
"And uncomfortable though it is to say it, it will only start with changes in the way we personally treat our own parents and grandparents."
England should aim to become "the best place in the world to grow old in", he concluded.
But Labour said the "real national shame" was "Jeremy Hunt's attempt to shift the blame for dealing with the very real problems of loneliness amongst elderly people on to families alone".
Living alone can be linked to habits that are bad for health.
Eating poorly and having less motivation to be physically active can be a consequence of being physically isolated.
Being alone can also affect mental health, causing people to feel low and depressed.
However, feeling lonely can in itself be bad for your physical health.
Studies have shown people who are socially isolated can cause damage to the immune system leading to a condition called chronic inflammation.
And other research suggested women who developed breast cancer were more likely to die of the disease if they saw few friends and family.
Shadow health and social care minister Liz Kendall said: "He seems completely unaware that there are over six million unpaid family carers in Britain today, one in five of whom provide more than 50 hours care a week for their loved ones.
"These unsung heroes save the taxpayer billions of pounds yet often get precious little support in return.
"Families, friends and neighbours need a decent care system to back up their efforts to look after elderly people, but the reality is our care system is in crisis and has been pushed to the brink of collapse.
"Jeremy Hunt and David Cameron need to take responsibly for their government's actions rather than trying to turn the clock back and say it's down to families alone."
Shadow health secretary Andy Burnham said on Twitter that Jeremy Hunt was "right to highlight isolation of older people".
He added: "But he can't get away from fact that Govt cuts to care have made it much worse."
But speaking on the BBC Radio 4's Today programme, Anthea Tinker, professor of social gerontology at King's College in London, said it was a "myth" that eastern Asian families placed greater reverence on families and older people than in the West.
"The reality is that with one-child-families, children have often moved to a city or emigrated," she said.
"So it's just not practical for families to depend on their children. One of the largest nursing homes in the world is about to open in China, for 5,000 people, which is amazing."
Prof Tinker added: "We've got to look at the reality rather than the myth."
Mr Hunt's speech came as a BBC poll found that almost half of all adults said they experienced feelings of loneliness.
The survey of more than 2,500 adults in England was commissioned for BBC Radio 2 and BBC Local Radio's Faith In The World Week.
It also showed that people who practised a religion felt lonelier than those who did not.
London was identified the loneliest place with a figure of 52% compared with 45% in the south west of England.


Homelessness among young people leaving care in the Western Isles has increased because of "limited collaboration" between the authorities.

Care for looked after children was scrutinised by the Care Inspectorate and other public service watchdogs including Education Scotland.
A report following the inspection said restricted collaboration was "impacting on the life chances" of the youngsters.
Areas of good performance have also been indentified in the report.
The joint inspection examined nine key indicators of performance in services provided to looked-after children by Western Isles Council - Comhairle nan Eilean Siar - NHS Western Isles, police and fire service.
The report rated four of the indicators as "good" and three as "adequate".
Two indicators - planning and improving services and leadership of improvement and change - were rated as "weak".
In the report, the inspection team said: "Limited collaborative working had contributed to poorly developed corporate parenting which was impacting on the life chances of looked after children, young people and care leavers.
"This was evident in poorer education and health outcomes for looked after children and increased homelessness for care leavers."
The inspection was led by the Care Inspectorate working in partnership with Education Scotland, Healthcare Improvement Scotland and Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary for Scotland.
On the areas of good performance, the report said: "Inspectors are confident that the lives of many children and young people growing up in the Western Isles were improving as a result of services delivered by the Community Planning Partnership.
"Nationally reported statistics showed positive trends in child health, educational attainment and positive destinations for school leavers.
"Children and young people were being well assisted to be safe, healthy, achieving, nurtured, active, respected, responsible and included as a result of the help provided by committed and responsive staff across services."
A year ago, changes were made to how children in care in the Western Isles are looked after once they become young adults.
The policies were recommended following the murder of South Uist 16-year-old Liam Aitchison in November 2011.
Comhairle nan Eilean Siar and NHS Western Isles were among the public bodies that have adopted the changes.
They were recommended so that the organisations' care of vulnerable 16 to 18-year-olds better reflected national guidelines.
Councillor Angus Campbell, chairman of the Outer Hebrides Community Planning Partnership (OHCPP), said: "It's good to see the work of the OHCPP recognised and that overall the children and young people of the Western Isles are well served by the various agencies.
"However, there is room for improvement and the OHCPP will be taking work forward to develop and improve performance through the Action Plan. Work on this has already begun and a report will be coming to the next meeting of the OHCPP."


Donald Trump has run an unconventional presidential campaign up to now, so it shouldn't be any surprise at this point that his response to the Orlando shootings violated many political norms.

He quickly claimed credit for predicting such an attack. He assigned responsibility before all the bodies had been removed from the scene of the violence. And he repeated unconfirmed rumours and speculation with apparent disregard for their source.
According to reports, officials within the Republican Party had advised Mr Trump to offer his condolences following the Orlando shootings and then remain silent. He obviously opted for another course.
How attacks unfolded
Who was Omar Mateen?
Police deny false claims of 'multiple gunmen'
Orlando shooting: Special report
After more than 24 hours of heated rhetoric Mr Trump took the stage at a New Hampshire college to deliver what was billed as a major policy speech on immigration and the Orlando attacks. As he quickly noted, he originally had intended to talk about "all the bad things" that his presumptive Democratic opponent, Hillary Clinton, has done.
Instead, he spoke about all the bad things he sees in current US immigration and counter-terrorism policy.
Here are five key lines from his speech - and what they could mean.
"When I am elected, I will suspend immigration from areas of the world when there is a proven history of terrorism against the United States, Europe or our allies, until we understand how to end these threats."
On Monday Mr Trump provided some additional details about the temporary Muslim ban that he proposed (or "suggested", depending on when you ask him) following the San Bernardino shootings in December.
First of all, it may not be a Muslim ban at this point. In his speech he simply referred to closing the borders to nations that "have a history of terrorism" against the US and its allies - which could be a very wide swath of the globe, depending on how far back the ban goes and what countries are considered allies.
Does it include Somalia? Probably. Saudi Arabia? Perhaps. Pakistan? Ireland? "Terrorism" has quite a long history.
Mr Trump said his proposal could be implemented through unilateral executive action, given the president's power to "suspend entry into the country of any class of persons that the president deems detrimental to the interests or security of the United States".
He also outlined the conditions for lifting the ban - following a "security assessment" and after a "responsible immigration policy" has been implemented.
The crux of the problem, according to Mr Trump, is that "hundreds of thousands" of immigrants are entering the US without proper background checks and, once they're here, some of them are becoming militants and, it seems, "trying to take over our children and convince them how wonderful ISIS is and how wonderful Islam is".
He noted that the Orlando shooter's parents were from Afghanistan and that the US must do something to prevent the radicalisation of the children of immigrants.
This once again goes back to the heart of Mr Trump's critique of US immigration policy - that it has been failing for years, if not decades. The fact that Omar Mateen is a US citizen, born of Afghan immigrants who came into the US in the 1980s is just a reflection of a system, he says, that needs a total overhaul.
Side note: Donald Trump is the child of an immigrant.
"The Muslim community ... they have to co-operate with law enforcement and turn in the people who they know are bad. They know it."
Mr Trump has repeatedly asserted that members of the American Muslim community are, in part, responsible for reporting the militants in their midst. If someone has information about an impending attack and does nothing, he said, they need to be "brought to justice".
Earlier on Monday Mr Trump said the US has to be "very strong in terms of looking at mosques", and during his Monday speech called for increased co-operation between "state, local and federal officials".
"I will have an attorney general, a director of national intelligence and a secretary of defence who will know how to fight the war on radical Islamic terrorism - and they will have the support that they need to get the job done right, not like it is right now," he said.
In some ways Mr Trump's proposals - increased funding for intelligence agencies, greater co-ordination between government agencies, defeating the so-called Islamic State overseas - sound similar to what Mrs Clinton and President Barack Obama have proposed.
Mr Trump's implicit critique, however, is that what the Democratic administration is doing isn't working.
"This is just the beginning," he tweeted ominously on Sunday.
Side note: There's still five months until election day.
"That is the choice I put before the American people: A mainstream immigration policy designed to benefit America, or Hillary Clinton's radical immigration policy designed to benefit politically-correct special interests."
Throughout his campaign Mr Trump has said that "politically correct" views are corrupting US policy.
"I think the big problem this country has is being politically correct," he said in the first Republican debate last August. "I've been challenged by so many people and I don't, frankly, have time for total political correctness. And to be honest with you, this country doesn't have time, either."
In the context of foreign policy, Mr Trump sees politically correctness as keeping the US from targeting militants, and their families, overseas. It limits the ways the US can interrogate prisoners. It prevents law enforcement from singling out groups that are likely to present a greater threat.
"We need to respond to this attack on America as one united people - with force, purpose and determination," Mr Trump said on Monday. "But the current politically correct response cripples our ability to talk and think and act clearly."
Political correctness, Mr Trump asserts, also leads to an immigration policy that allows "special interests" to dictate who can enter the country and in what numbers.
What do those nefarious special interests want? More Muslim immigrants? More Democratic-voting constituencies, perhaps? Mr Trump leaves those details unstated.
He said the Obama administration has put political correctness "above common sense, above your safety, above all else".
Mr Trump styles his straight talk as an antidote to the carefully crafted, audience-aware statements of traditional politicians. It turns his apparent verbal missteps into strengths, his blunt talk into a willingness to speak uncomfortable truths.
Side note: We don't know yet whether the larger American electorate will embrace Mr Trump's unscripted proclivities with as much joy as Republican primary voters.
Bad guys having fun with guns
"I will be meeting with the NRA, which has given me their earliest endorsement in a presidential race, to discuss how to ensure Americans have the means to protect themselves in this age of terror."
Earlier on Monday Mrs Clinton identified firearm regulation as an important part of the US response to the threat militant attacks from home-grown militants. Framing gun control as a national security issue, she said that "weapons of war have no place on our streets".
Although Mr Trump has had a history of being in favour of some limits on firearm purchases, including a ban on military-style semi-automatic rifles, he currently takes a hard line against any further regulation.
He has accused Mrs Clinton of wanting to "abolish" the Second Amendment constitutional protection of the right to bear arms. And, on Monday, he went so far as to draw a connection between Mrs Clinton's views on immigration and her stance on gun control.
"She wants to take away American's guns and then admit the very people who want to slaughter us," Mr Trump said. "Let them come into the country, we don't have guns. Let them come in, let them have all the fun they want."
Mr Trump, with his line about meeting with the National Rifle Association, seems to be endorsing the view that more weapons, not fewer, is the key to the security of the American people. Ever since the days after the Paris attacks he has said that the outcome would have been different if Parisians had been armed and "bullets had been going the other way".
He mentioned France again on Monday, noting the nation's strict gun laws didn't stop 130 people from being "brutally murdered by Islamic terrorists in cold blood".
Side note: Florida has permissive gun laws and there was an armed security guard at the Orlando nightclub.
"The burden is on Hillary Clinton to tell us why we should admit anyone into our country who supports violence of any kind against gay and lesbian Americans."
Buried underneath Mr Trump's talk of immigration bans, militants on American shores, dangerous political correctness and a vulnerably disarmed public was his repeated attempts to position himself as the defender of the safety of the LGBT community.
By targeting a gay nightclub, he said, Mateen struck "at the heart and soul of who we are as a nation".
"It's an assault on the ability of free people to live their lives, love who they want, and express their identity," Mr Trump said. "It's an attack on the right of every single American to live in peace and safety in their own country."
Mrs Clinton couldn't claim to be a "friend of the gay community", he said, while supporting immigration policies that bring "Islamic extremists" into the US.
Some media pundits noted on Sunday that Republican politicians have tended to brush over the fact that that the Orlando attacker specifically targeted gays.
"Republicans' silence is actually quite apt," writes Slate's Mark Joseph Stern. "As a party, after all, the GOP has spent decades attempting to degrade sexual minorities and even drive them out of public life. It is altogether fitting, then, that conservative politicians are erasing LGBTQ people from their own tragedy."
That may be the case - and Mr Trump may be embracing the community for specific political ends - but on Monday he did not ignore them.
Side note: Nearly all of the casualties in Orlando were Hispanic. What will Mr Trump do with that information?
Trump appeal - 50 supporters explain


Thirty four people, including teenagers, have been arrested after an international police operation involving EU and US authorities.

The action targeted users of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) cyber-attack tools.
Twelve of the suspects were arrested in the UK as part of an investigation led by the National Crime Agency (NCA).
Authorities across a total of 13 countries made the arrests between 5 and 9 December.
The NCA said that it had targeted users of software called Netspoof, a computer program that could direct huge volumes of internet traffic at websites and web servers in order to disable them.
Following the UK arrests, a 27-year-old man from Hamilton in Scotland was charged with offences under the Computer Misuse Act.
As part of the international operation, a US suspect has been arrested and charged over a DDoS attack that knocked a San Francisco chat service's site offline.
Sean Sharma, a 26-year-old student in California, is enrolled in a master's degree programme at the University of Southern California.
Mr Sharma could face up to 10 years in prison. His case is being investigated by the FBI.
"DDoS tools are among the many specialised cyber-crime services available for hire that may be used by professional criminals and novices alike," said Steve Kelly, unit chief of the FBI's International Cyber Crime Coordination Cell.
"While the FBI is working with our international partners to apprehend and prosecute sophisticated cyber-criminals, we also want to deter the young from starting down this path."
The international investigations, in which a total of 101 suspects were interviewed and cautioned, were supported by Europol's European Cybercrime Centre.
House searches were conducted and notifications were sent to parents, according to the agency.


A man was critically injured in a hit-and-run collision in north London on Christmas Day.

The man, 24, was on foot when a car struck him in Manor House near the junction of Seven Sisters Road with Amhurst Park.
He was taken to a central London hospital with life-threatening injuries after police were called at 19:07 GMT.
The driver of the light coloured car did not stop and drove away eastbound towards Tottenham, police said.
Det Sgt Chris Osbourne said: "We are studying CCTV footage and carrying out all appropriate checks on the car seen to be involved.
"I am confident we will trace the driver but would urge them to contact police right away regarding this incident."


At least 23 people have been killed and more than 100 injured in suicide attacks in the Chadian capital N'Djamena, officials say.

Attackers on motorcycles blew themselves up outside two police buildings, say witnesses.
A government minister blamed Nigeria's militant Islamist group Boko Haram in an address on state TV, Reuters news agency reports.
The group has not said if it was behind the attack.
But it has often carried out suicide bomb attacks during its six-year insurgency in neighbouring Nigeria.
Boko Haram had "made a mistake targeting Chad", and would be "neutralised", said Communications Minister Hassan Sylla Bakari, quoted by Reuters, adding that four of the attackers had been killed.
Chadian forces have played a key role in helping Nigeria battle the jihadist group, and the headquarters of a regional force is being set up in N'Djamena.
The group has never targeted N'Djamena before, but this attack should not come as a huge surprise given Chad's role in fighting the insurgency, reports the BBC's Will Ross from Lagos.
Boko Haram gunmen have previously been active around Lake Chad close to the Nigerian border.
Video statements from the Islamist group have previously criticised and taunted Chadian President Idriss Deby.
The Nigerian army has begun moving its headquarters from the capital Abuja to Maiduguri, the capital of the north-eastern Borno state at the heart of the insurgency.
Boko Haram has lost most of the territory it had controlled following the regional offensive.
But it has continued to stage deadly attacks in Nigeria.


Manchester City midfielder Samir Nasri has not yet played for the club during pre-season because of his weight, says manager Pep Guardiola.

Nasri, 29, was an unused substitute for Thursday's International Champions Cup win over Borussia Dortmund in China.
Defender Gael Clichy revealed on Wednesday that Guardiola had exiled some players from first-team training until they meet certain weight targets.
And the new City boss said of Nasri: "He arrived a little bit overweight."
The France international missed six months of last season with a thigh injury he suffered in training.
Guardiola, who arrived at the club at the start of July, said the player's fitness is "much better now" and added: "Last season, he was injured in the season. We want to avoid that. We want the players on the pitch to be fit.
"We want their weight to be in the right place where they can run 90 minutes like Fernandinho and [Aleksandar] Kolarov and the others. Hopefully in the next two weeks, he will be OK."
When asked if he was pleased with Nasri's progress, Guardiola said: "I cannot have any complaints about the team. It's the opposite.
"The fans can be so proud of these players. In every training session, they've tried and tried with the rhythm we play."
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Irish Prime Minister (Taoiseach) Leo Varadkar has told the Dail that he and his government have confidence in Garda Commissioner Noirin O'Sullivan.

On Tuesday, Ms O'Sullivan said she had asked a watchdog to begin investigating alleged financial irregularities at the Irish police force's training facility.
She denied the decision to refer it to the Garda Siochana Ombudsman Commission was to keep it from the public.
Mr Varadkar was asked about the commissioner in the Dail on Wednesday.
Responding to a question from Sinn Féin's deputy leader, Mary Lou McDonald, the taoiseach said problems in the Garda preceded the commissioner taking over.
However, he added that public trust in the force had been strained and that he was not happy with the pace of reform.
Mr Varadkar said this needed to be accelerated to restore trust.
The decision to ask the Garda Ombudsman to launch a criminal investigation into the training facility at Templemore in County Tipperary follows the revelation that large sums of EU funding were put in a bank account in a former officer's name.
The parliamentary Public Accounts Committee (PAC) has also been investigating the allegations.
For several months, the PAC has been investigating how accounts at the training college, including one designed to cover laundry bills, were used for other purposes including paying restaurant and entertainment bills.
Commissioner O'Sullivan has, in the past, described what happened at Templemore and the evidence of poor financial controls there as a legacy issue.
The recent revelations about Templemore come at a difficult time for Ms O'Sullivan.
She has faced several opposition calls to stand down over a number of issues, including her handling of police whistle-blowers and the disclosure that police officers had significantly exaggerated the number of breathalyser tests carried out.
With a new taoiseach, Mr Varadkar, and a new justice minister, Charlie Flanagan, there has been considerable interest in political circles in Dublin about whether the new office holders will show the same support for Commissioner O'Sullivan that their predecessors and the previous cabinet did.


Wales and Scarlets prop Samson Lee will miss the start of the Pro12 season after undergoing shoulder surgery.

Lee, 23, played in three Tests against New Zealand in June, starting two and coming off the bench in the third.
Scarlets will welcome back DTH van der Merwe, Emyr Phillips and Gareth Owen for the start of the season.
"Samson has undergone shoulder surgery and is expected to be unavailable for 12-16 weeks," said Scarlets physiotherapist Matthew Rees.
"We're pleased to see DTH, Emyr and Gareth making good progress and on track to be back in action for the start of the season."