Leading Formula 1 drivers have backed the decision to introduce the controversial 'halo' head protection system next season.

Four-time champion Sebastian Vettel said the sport would be "ignorant and stupid" not to use the device.
Fernando Alonso said it would have helped in "many of the fatal accidents" in motor racing in the past 15 years.
Lewis Hamilton said it "doesn't look good" but he "definitely doesn't argue against it".
The three-time champion added: "We are moving towards a closed cockpit. That would look better. There are some great concepts online with closed cockpits.
"When you think about the things that have happened with drivers being hit on the head, it is kind of crazy the head is almost the most precious part of the body and it is exposed."
Governing body the FIA said the halo was the "best solution" to improve cockpit safety.
The halo is designed to protect drivers' heads from impact with large flying objects - or with external bodies such as walls if the car is airborne.
Vettel added: "Overall, you need to understand it is a decision that helps us in the car in case something goes very wrong.
"I can understand if people say it doesn't belong on an F1 car, but times are changing."
Vettel pointed out the halo would have saved the life of IndyCar driver Justin Wilson, who was killed by flying debris in a crash at Pocono in 2015.
"If you offer the system and the protection it gives us to Justin Wilson, he would take it and we would take it to save his life," Vettel said.
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Two-time champion Alonso said he would have felt safer during his 180mph roll-over accident at the 2016 Australian Grand Prix had the halo been fitted.
The Spaniard added: "If we could go back in time and save some of our colleagues' lives, we would be all happy. That is the first and only thing we should talk about.
"The aesthetics, I don't care too much. F1 has changed so much even from my first year in 2001. The cars are so different - the height of the front nose, the height of the cockpit area. Forty to 50 years ago they did not have seat belts.
"For me there is no question - I'm happy to implement any extra head protections. If the FIA studies and develops the halo, if this is the most effective way to protect the head of the drivers, it is more than welcome."
A minority of drivers have expressed reservations about the device because of the impact of the looks and questions about whether it is really necessary.
Among them, Renault's Nico Hulkenberg said: "There is that element of aesthetics, the looks.
"It will protect against a freak accident - one out of a million that happens. The (wheel) tethers that keep the tyres (attached to the car) get better every year, giving even less chance of a tyre flying around.
"I'm not sure this additional protection is necessary because the other areas keep improving and it compromises the looks a lot."
Red Bull's Max Verstappen said: "I don't really understand why we need it."
Hulkenberg's Renault team-mate Jolyon Palmer and the Haas drivers Kevin Magnussen and Romain Grosjean have also voiced their opposition.
Vettel said the "vast majority" of the drivers supported additional head protection.
The German is a director of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association, which has long backed the idea of additional head protection.
A year ago the GPDA wrote a letter to the strategy group of leading teams, the FIA and commercial rights holder backing the move.
The letter, seen by BBC Sport, said all drivers and reserve drivers bar two were present at a vote taken by the GPDA and they "anonymously agreed in favour of additional head protection/halo".
The letter added: "The drivers took this decision not purely from the point of view of their own safety, but also considering the potential responsibility and liability factors and the sustainability of the sport itself.
"Furthermore, recently we conducted a written questionnaire with the drivers, and the support in favour of the additional head protection/halo was once again confirmed."


The Campsfield House immigration removal centre in Kidlington near Oxford has been damaged by fire, the Home Office has said.

Two detainees have been taken to hospital as a result of the blaze.
It happened at about 21:00 BST on Friday with 10 fire engines being called to the scene.
About half of the detainees are being relocated to other centres because of damage to the building, a Home Office spokesman said.
The cause of the fire, which broke out in one of the centre's three blocks, is being investigated by police and the fire service.
Campsfield House is a long-term centre, privately run by MITIE, where men are detained under immigration laws.
According to the UK Border Agency, the centre has bed spaces for 216 male detainees.


A farmer has been attacked and robbed of his quad bike by a gang of teenagers in West Lothian.

The incident happened at about 15:30 on Tuesday near Blackburn.
The farmer was assaulted by three people who then stole the keys to his green Honda 420cc quad bike and drove off with it.
The farmer was not seriously injured but police described it as a "despicable attack".
The thieves are male, white and about 18 or 19, with local accents.
One was about 6ft, he was thin and wearing a dark hooded top and bottoms with the hood pulled tight around his face.
The second man was about 5ft 10in, of stocky build and tanned.
He was wearing a black tracksuit with a hood up and around his face.
The third attacker was about 5ft 11in and thin.
He was wearing a light grey tracksuit and had a balaclava covering his nose and mouth.
All three were said to be covered in mud.
Officers are appealing for anyone with information to contact them.
PC Craig Ireland, of Police Scotland, said: "This was a despicable attack on a farmer going about his business for the purpose of stealing his quad bike.
"Thankfully, he was not seriously injured in this robbery but he has been deprived of a vehicle he needs to do the day-to-day work on the farm.
"We are keen to speak to anyone with information that can assist us with this investigation."


Thousands of mourners are being allowed to enter the throne hall of Bangkok's Grand Palace where the body of Thailand's late King Bhumibol Adulyadej is lying in state.

Crowds have gathered outside the palace since the king died two weeks ago, but it is the first time they have been allowed to see his coffin.
Authorities say 10,000 mourners will be allowed into the throne hall each day.
Official mourning for the king is to last a year.
"I have been waiting here since 01:00," said 84-year-old Saman Daoruang, who was sitting in a long queue outside the palace holding portraits of the late monarch.
"I haven't been able to sleep because I was so thrilled and proud to come here."
Many mourners wiped away tears as they left the Grand Palace.
King Bhumibol, who died aged 88, was widely respected across Thailand and was thought of by many as semi-divine.
So far there has been no word on when Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn will formally ascend the throne. The government says he wants time to mourn the death of his father.
This morning a thick line of black-clad people stretched across and around the huge royal park next to the Grand Palace.
The authorities say they will allow just 10,000 a day to view the elaborate gilded urn in which in older times the king's remains would have been interred - King Bhumibol requested that his body be placed in a coffin instead, which is concealed behind the urn.
Many more people are expected to come, straining the resources outside the palace: new toilets are hastily being built and rubbish disposal is proving to be a challenge.
Images of the late king are everywhere in this city - screens at train stations and shopping malls play continuous reruns of old films showing him at work.
The first stage of official mourning is due to end in two weeks, and life is supposed to return to normal.
But with the heir to the throne still not formally anointed the country is absorbed by memories and prolonged grieving for the old king, whose cremation won't take place for at least a year.


Stranraer scored two quick-fire goals to see off Albion and record their third successive win.

The game was settled in the early stages of the second half when Craig Malcolm and Andy Stirling netted within two minutes of each other.
Malcolm broke the deadlock after 52 minutes with a low effort from close range before Stirling's left-footed strike doubled Stranraer's lead.
Scott McBride wasted Albion's best chance as Stranraer claimed the points.


Two hoards of Bronze Age tools and weapons found in Monmouthshire have been declared treasure.

Metal detectorists unearthed the collection of axe and spear heads, thought to be around 3,000 years old, in a field in Llantilio Crossenny in January 2015.
The items are thought to date back to around 1000-800 BC - the Ewart Park phase of the late Bronze Age.
The two finds were found around 135 metres away from each other.
Lee Doyle, Liam O'Keefe, David Owen and John Thomas discovered the first hoard containing nine bronze axe heads.
David Hughes found the second smaller collection which contained two bronze axe heads and a bronze spear head.
Abergavenny Museum is looking to buy the items with money from the Heritage Lottery Fund.
Museum curator Rachel Rogers said: "The stories to be told from these objects will really help us get a little closer to the people and communities who made and used them."
Principal Curator of Prehistory at National Museum Wales, Adam Gwilt, said: "Many whole and still usable bronze objects were carefully buried in the ground at this particular time and archaeologists now think that these may have been gifts to the gods and ancestors, buried during ritual ceremonies.
"It is curious that this place in the landscape was chosen for the burial of two hoards of the same date and very close to each other."


The UK's premier prize for science books has been won by Gaia Vince - the first female writer to claim the award outright in its near 30-year history.

Adventures in the Anthropocene is her record of the people and places she encountered on a huge global tour.
The book details how humans are altering the planet, but it also tells the stories of how we are learning to limit and cope with that change.
The Royal Society Winton Prize is worth Â£25,000 to the winner.
"Anthropocene" is the word used by many scientists to describe the epoch of humanity's profound influence on the Earth.
There are arguments over when our activities started to distort natural processes, but there is no doubting the effects today.
Pollution, species loss, over-exploitation of water and mineral resources, and of course climate change. The list goes on. This is "the age we made".
Gaia knew all the data from her job as a science reporter, but she wanted to see the impacts first-hand. So, she put on hold the nine-to-five existence and bought a one-way ticket to Kathmandu, to start a personal odyssey and directly sample some of the global upheaval.
She expected to be gone no more than six months, but two-and-a-half years later, she and her backpack were still travelling and still talking to people about their experiences.
Adventures in the Anthropocene is not simply a book of doom and gloom. It has many inspiring characters.
These are the individuals with bottom-up approaches to meeting the particular challenges they are facing - like the man making his own glaciers in the Indian Himalayas to store water for his neighbours, or the Belize man who has built an island habitat out of rubbish that he's collected from the sea.
"I really wanted it to be an optimistic book, because I'm an optimist; because we are incredible, we are ingenious, we are this resourceful species," she told me.
"So, yes, although we've put ourselves in this position, and are reaching all sorts of crises in various different ways in terms of food, water, energy, etc - we're also very capable of turning things around.
"I met incredible people all around the world who are already doing things for themselves.
"They're not waiting for someone in Berkeley, or Yale, or Oxford to come up with amazing solutions (although perhaps that's where the solutions will come from); they're also coming from the people who are living in conflict with our massive changes. We need to learn from them."
You can listen to Gaia talk about her book in the audio interview at the top of the page.
And still available to hear online is The Age We Made series of radio programmes that Gaia presented for the BBC World Service.
The four episodes (1, 2, 3, and 4) can also be downloaded as podcasts.
Gaia Vince blogs at Wandering Gaia
Last year's winner was a book called Stuff Matters by Mark Miodownik that explored the importance of modern materials.
The full shortlist for the 2015 prize was:
You can read sample chapters from all the books at the Royal Society website.
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos


A man who killed a banker with a single punch in a "senseless" and "unprovoked" attack has been jailed for six years.

Trevor Timon, 31, hit 30-year-old Oliver Dearlove while the victim and his friends were talking to a group of women in Blackheath, south-east London, in August 2016.
Timon admitted manslaughter but was cleared of murder at the Old Bailey.
He was also given five years on extended licence as he was considered a "significant risk" to the public.
Mr Dearlove died hours after the attack, which happened after he had struck up a friendly chat with the women, who had been out celebrating a birthday with Timon.
How lives are devastated by a single blow
Timon demanded to know what they were discussing and told his victim "if you don't get out of my face I will knock you out", the court heard.
He then punched Mr Dearlove in the side of the head with his left fist, sending him to the ground and knocking him out.
A post-mortem examination found he died from bleeding to the brain.
Judge Mark Dennis QC told Timon, who had a history of violence, Mr Dearlove had presented no threat and the punch was an "unprovoked and gratuitous act".
"This was a senseless death that occurred as a result of an act borne out of a flaw in your character which in the past has seen you display unnecessary violent conduct to others when, for reasons best known to you, you have become annoyed or wound yourself up," he said.
"Oliver Dearlove was a young man of fine character with a long and promising future ahead of him. His loss in such senseless circumstances has, as the court has heard, caused untold misery for his family and those close to him."
"Many lives have been turned upside down."
Speaking before the sentence was handed down, Mr Dearlove's girlfriend Claire Wheatley broke down in tears as she described her heartbreak at losing her "Mr Right".
The nurse described him as the "most gentle, kind and relaxed person I have ever known and a true gentleman which is why so many people liked him."
She said the couple had been making plans for the future before the "dreaded knock on our door".
Miss Wheatley added: "We are all familiar with the phrase 'a broken heart', but unless you have experienced some form of loss or sadness it is difficult to understand how this truly feels.
"On August 28 2016, I was unfortunate enough to learn its true meaning.
"The difference is my heart is not broken, it feels more like it has been obliterated."
Mr Dearlove's mother Joy Wright told the court: "No parent should have to make the decision to switch off their child's life support.
"Timon may as well have used a gun or knife, the damage he did. He then just walked away casually without a thought or care for what he had done.
"I think of Oli every morning when I wake and dream of him in my sleep. I see him as a baby, a schoolboy and as the smashing young man he had become, such a gentle unassuming soul."
In a letter read to court, Timon said: "There is not a single day that I don't think of Oliver, his friends and family and the devastating effects my action has caused."
Timon was convicted of battery after he admitted punching a woman in the face, allegedly knocking her out having previously threatened to "bang" her out.
He also had previous convictions for shouting at a bus driver while brandishing a golf club and throwing a punch at a barman after being refused re-entry to a pub at closing time.


The town of Hasankeyf in eastern Turkey faces flooding now that parliament has decided that a controversial dam will go ahead, despite local objections.

Turkey launched the Ilisu dam project on the river Tigris in the 1950s, but legal battles tied up work on it until 2006.
It foresees the flooding of more than 300 sq km (120 sq m) of land, including nearly 90% of Hasankeyf.
The government says the dam will provide the country with much-needed power generation and improve local irrigation, but critics complain that thousands of years of cultural heritage will be lost.
The government is building a new town for the displaced locals, and a museum to house ancient monuments, but opponents say there is much more to be explored from an archaeological perspective.
They also fear that some of the town's most striking features, from the 600-year-old minaret of the Al Rizq Mosque to Neolithic caves, could be lost.
Beyond architecture, Hasankeyf has a rich ethnic heritage.
The Ottoman Turks captured it in 1515, and its mainly Armenian and Assyrian inhabitants were forced to leave during the brutal mass deportations carried out by the Ottoman government during World War One.
Kurds have made up the majority of the population since then.
Lawyer Murat Cano, who has campaigned to save Hasankeyf for over a decade, told the BBC that all legal avenues inside Turkey had been exhausted, which is why he took the case to the European Court of Human Rights in 2006.
The court decided in December 2015 to review the case, but it may be too late to save the town.
"The destruction of cultural heritage should be seen as a violation of human rights," Mr Cano said.
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring  on Twitter and Facebook.


Sale fly-half Danny Cipriani's form this season is edging him into England's Six Nations squad, says Sharks director of rugby Steve Diamond.

Cipriani kicked all of Sale's points - four penalties and a drop-goal - as they beat Wasps 15-9 on Saturday.
The 28 year old missed out to Saracens' Owen Farrell and Bath's George Ford for a place at last year's World Cup.
"He's playing really well. I think he's pushing himself into that potential England squad," said Diamond.
"Certainly with Bath in the doldrums, you learn more playing for a club like Sale when it doesn't always go well and you have to learn how to develop as a player.
"Danny's done that over the past two or three years, hence why he said last week that he wants to stay around for the next couple of years."
Ford, who started the World Cup as England's first choice fly-half, is part of a Bath side that sit eighth in the Premiership, while Farrell's Saracens are unbeaten so far this season.
Cipriani, who signed a new two-year contract at Sale last February, will hope to be included in new England head coach Eddie Jones' first squad.
"He understands what he's got to do," added Diamond. "He's had a rough time goal-kicking and he's put the hours in.
"We virtually open the stadium here every day for him to practice.
"It's just been his maturity as a player. As a bloke, he's grown out of all of his shenanigans when he came, and we're three or four years down the line now."


A large fire has broken out at a recycling centre on an industrial estate in Preston.

Flames were seen shooting into the air after the blaze started at Recycling Lives on the Redscar estate.
Lancashire Fire and Rescue said it was "a huge fire" and that it had 15 fire engines tackling the blaze in Longridge Road, with crews coming from neighbouring towns including Blackburn.
Emergency services were called to the estate shortly after 21:30 BST.
BBC reporter Steve Saul said roads in the area had been closed and 80 firefighters were at the scene.
The fire service said on Twitter: "The cause of the fire is unknown and firefighters will continue to work into the daytime on Friday to put the fire out."


Wales lock Jake Ball says he wants to put his stamp on a second-row shirt after the "heartbreak" of the 2016 autumn series.

Ball made just one replacement appearance after a rib injury picked up in October restricted his chances.
"I'm really excited, there's been a lot of hard work gone in and some disappointments along the way" he said.
The 19 stone seven Scarlets forward will partner Alun Wyn Jones at lock after Luke Charteris was ruled out.
The hand injury suffered by Bath's Charteris and Bradley Davies' long-standing knee problem meant that Ball was the obvious choice to step in for the Six Nations opener against Italy in Rome on Sunday.
Meanwhile, Newport Gwent Dragons forward Cory Hill sits on the bench ahead of uncapped Osprey Rory Thornton.
The Wales camp are hopeful that Charteris will be available to face England six days later.
Ball's only international start since the 2015 World Cup was in the friendly against England in May 2016.
"In the Six Nations last year, I came in with an MCL (knee ligament injury), then in the autumn with my ribs as well, it's been a bit of a frustrating time for me and I hadn't hit the form I wanted to over the last year and a half" Ball told BBC Wales Sport.
"I'm back playing a lot of rugby and I'm very excited to be playing [in Rome], there's always been a good log of second rows in the Wales set-up and it's up to me to put my stamp on the shirt."
Autumn on the sidelines
Scarlets coach Wayne Pivac described Ball as a "man on a mission" with some fine displays over the Christmas and New Year period.
That came after an awkward experience in November, when he made a brief replacement appearance against Japan but missed out to Charteris, Jones and Hill against South Africa.
"Being [in the Wales camp] and watching the boys playing and not being involved is heartbreaking," he said.
"You always want to be here and involved in some way, sometimes it even drives you a bit more seeing boys coming in and doing well."
New freedom for Italy
Ball, who wins his 22nd cap in Rome, says Italy could be free to play more open rugby, conditions permitting, under new coach Conor O'Shea.
"Conor O'Shea has brought something a bit different, he's freshened things up and they'll be a revived team," he added.
"He was saying they've got the freedom to go out there and play, and teams like that are always dangerous."
Ball and Jones will be up against Treviso's Marco Fuser and his Scottish-born partner George Biagi, now with Zebre.


After what seemed like an endless wait, all the drama, excitement and controversy of the Football League made a welcome return on Saturday.

With so many games and moments to get your head around, BBC Sport has picked out five things you may have missed from the action.
Rotherham 1-4 MK Dons
They may have been the top scorers in the country last season with 101 goals in League One, but life is meant to be a lot tougher in the Championship.
But you try telling that to Karl Robinson's men, who got their first ever season in the second tier under way with a thumping victory at Rotherham.
Harder tests will no doubt lie ahead, but the opening day table makes pretty viewing for Dons fans as they sit top of the pile.
Stevenage 0-2 Notts County
He's represented England in two World Cups, scored in a Champions League final and played for arguably the world's biggest club, but Teddy Sheringham has now stepped onto the other side of the touchline for the first time.
Unfortunately for Teddy, things didn't quite go to plan today, as his Stevenage side were comfortably beaten at home by Notts County.
The 49-year-old didn't have to taste defeat much in his career with Manchester United, but he will have to get used to the highs and lows of management very quickly.
Doncaster 1-1 Bury
There's nothing like a bit of controversy to kick-off the new season - but a sporting gesture made sure everything ended on friendly terms between Doncaster and Bury in League One.
After Bury put the ball out to allow treatment to one of their players, Doncaster's Harry Forrester accidentally chipped the ball over goalkeeper Christian Walton and into the net while trying to give it back.
The goal stood, but the hosts allowed Bury's Leon Clarke to walk the ball in to ensure a share of the spoils.
Cardiff 1-1 Fulham
Fulham only registered one shot on target, Matt Smith's goal, in their 1-1 draw at Cardiff.
It led to boss Kit Symons urging his side to carry more of a forward threat as the season goes on rather than just playing attractive football with no end product.
I wonder if the Harlem Globetrotters ever compare themselves to Fulham?
Swindon 4-1 Bradford
He'd only netted seven league goals in 78 appearances before today, but Swindon's Nathan Byrne turned into the unlikely match winner with three second-half goals for the Robins.
The feat from the winger sparked a fine comeback from Swindon who found themselves 1-0 down at half-time.
Byrne also takes the honour of scoring the season's first hat-trick in the Football League.


Three children aged between four and six and two women have escaped injury in an arson attack in west Belfast.

Police said accelerant was poured through the letter box of a house at St Agnes Place and set alight at about 22:30 BST on Wednesday.
The fire was put out before emergency services arrived. It damaged the front door and caused some smoke damage to the house.
The children, and two women aged 23 and 61, were unharmed.
Police said they are working to establish a motive for the attack and want to hear from witnesses. Detectives can be contacted at Musgrave Police Station by calling 101.


Islamic State (IS) militants in Mosul have been marking the first anniversary of their capture of Iraq's second city.

Images have emerged of the group's black banners flying from the top of every lamp post in one main street.
Locals have also reportedly been forced to participate by putting posters and decorations on important buildings.
The fall of Mosul came as a shock to many and prompted the jihadist group to launch an offensive that saw it seize swathes of Iraq.
More on this story:
Inside Mosul: Life under IS control
On the front line in battle for Mosul
Footage reveals IS regime in Mosul
What has happened since the fall of Mosul?
Despite facing 10 months of air strikes by a US-led international coalition and attacks on the ground by Iraqi government forces, IS has maintained its grip on the territory and been free to impose its extreme interpretation of Islamic law.
On Tuesday, the Iraqi satellite channel al-Sumariyah TV cited a local official in Mosul as saying that IS was expected to hold a "victory" celebration at the former five-star Nineveh Hotel, which has been taken over by the group.
There were unconfirmed reports that IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi would make an appearance or issue a recorded message to mark the occasion, al-Sumariyah added.
Last July, Baghdadi delivered a sermon at Mosul's Great Mosque in which he urged Muslims to emigrate to IS territory in order to carry out a war for the faith against unbelievers. It came days after IS formally declared the establishment of a "caliphate" headed by Baghdadi.
Sources in Mosul told the BBC that IS militants were also undergoing training in the streets on Tuesday in preparation for a government offensive.
Mosul had been expected to become the focus of a lengthy campaign after the government recaptured the northern city of Tikrit in early April.
But US officials said the fall of the western city of Ramadi to IS last month meant it was likely to be delayed, possibly until 2016, the New York Times reported.
The Mosul operation depends on the success of US efforts to retrain the Iraqi army, whose soldiers fled Ramadi despite vastly outnumbering the IS militants attacking.


Sixteen teenagers on a Spanish exchange programme were among those on board a Germanwings plane that crashed in the French alps, German officials say.

The group, and two teachers, were from Joseph-Koenig school in Haltern, western Germany.
"This is the worst thing imaginable," the town's Mayor Bodo Klimpel said at an emotional media conference.
All 150 people on board flight 4U 9525 travelling from Barcelona to Duesseldorf are assumed to have died.
The Airbus A320 airliner went down between Digne and Barcelonnette. The cause of the crash is not known.
Most of those who died from the school were girls aged about 16, an official told the BBC's Katya Adler.
Students at the school in Haltern were sent home for the day, but some returned to lay flowers and comfort each other.
Mr Klimpel confirmed that the group was on the passenger list and said he was informed by the Spanish school they had boarded.
He said the school would still open on Wednesday, but instead of normal lessons there would be "an opportunity for the pupils to talk about this terrible [tragedy] and begin to process this".
The group had been participating in a week-long exchange at a school in Llinars de Valles, near Barcelona. Their Spanish counterparts visited late last year.
Tributes have been paid.
"They were flying home after having what was probably the most wonderful time of their lives," said Sylvia Loehrmann, the education minister for the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
"It's so tragic, so sad, so unfathomable."
German international footballer Benedikt Howedes, who was born in Haltern, tweeted: "Our thoughts are with the victims and families of the tragic airplane accident. Anyone could have sat on that machine."


Scientists have proposed a means to track down the dark dwarf galaxies that should be orbiting the Milky Way, saying they have found evidence of one.

Spiral galaxies like ours have these satellites, but some are made of "dark matter" that is impossible to see.
The idea is to look for tracks they leave in hydrogen gas at the galaxy's edge, like the wake behind a boat.
Observations based on the idea suggest the existence of a far-flung satellite galaxy weighing up to 10 billion Suns.
Presenting her work at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Seattle, Sukanya Chakrabarti, from the University of California, Berkeley, said her method could solve a long-standing problem in cosmology.
Around our Milky Way are a number of satellite galaxies - these and other galaxies form the Local Group that is our conurbation in the cosmos.
However, theory predicts that there should be far more satellites orbiting the Milky Way.
What may account for these missing galaxies is that they are composed overwhelmingly of dark matter - a mysterious counterpart to matter that is believed to make up 85% of matter in the Universe.
But dark matter does not interact with light and cannot be seen down a telescope like normal matter - it is known only because it exerts gravitational forces on matter we can see.
But Dr Chakrabarti explained one aspect of the dark matter theory that is lacking.
"One of the current outstanding problems in cosmology is there's this missing satellites problem," she told the BBC.
The current dark matter theory, she said, "is very successful at recovering the large-scale distribution of galaxies, but when you look on sub-galactic scales, it far overpredicts the number of dwarf galaxies relative to what we actually observe".
"So we wanted to develop a method that allows you to find very dim dwarf galaxies without having to see them directly."
Dr Chakrabarti and her colleagues hope to exploit dark matter's indirect effects to solve the conundrum, by using radio telescopes to carefully analyse disturbances in the vast clouds of hydrogen gas at the farthest reaches of the Milky Way.
A dark matter-dominated galaxy passing through the gas, she said, should leave ripples in the dust that are an indication of not only where the galaxy is, but how big it is.
The method has already been successfully tested out on galaxies that have visible satellites, including the famous Whirlpool Galaxy, as Dr Chakrabarti explains in a paper that will be published in the Astrophysical Journal.
Using the method, Dr Chakrabarti found a set of ripples that indicate a comparatively huge satellite galaxy, 260,000 light-years from the centre of the galaxy.
The satellite - dubbed Galaxy X in deference to the 19th-Century discovery of Neptune that named it Planet X - should weigh between three and 10 billion times as much as the Sun, about a hundredth as much as the Milky Way itself.
Now all that remains is to confirm it. That will have to wait until Dr Chakrabarti's collaborators are granted time to use the Spitzer Space Telescope.
"This is the first time in my work that I've really gone out on a limb and made a very specific prediction - I didn't give myself any elbow room," Dr Chakrabarti told the meeting.
"If we're right, then it's a huge success and you can find very dim or effectively dark galaxies simply by analysing disturbances in the gas disk."
Dr Chakrabarti said that the method should work for far smaller dwarf galaxies - down to a thousandth the mass of the Milky Way.
Pending the granting of time on Spitzer, the many proposed dark and mysterious galaxies surrounding our Milky Way could be spotted later this year, and a big problem in cosmology could be neatly solved.


Despite being the outsider in a two-horse field, Norman Lamb is far from a no-hoper in the Lib Dem leadership race.

The 57-year old has powerful allies in the party, having served as Nick Clegg's chief of staff in opposition and parliamentary private secretary during the first two years of the coalition government.
He has been endorsed by a host of senior figures including two former leaders - Paddy Ashdown and Menzies Campbell - who have praised his political judgement, authority and ability to reach out to people of different political persuasions and none.
His championing of mental health issues has gained him admiration from across the political spectrum.
And he also enjoyed the unlikely kudos that comes from being endorsed by rapper and singer Dappy, member of N-Dubz, who has collaborated with his music producer son Archie.
However, the father of two and North Norfolk MP seemingly has two major obstacles to overcome if he is to win the support of enough party members to assume the leadership of his party.
Unlike his rival Tim Farron, Mr Lamb was a minister in the Tory-Lib Dem coalition for three years and is personally associated with the controversial decisions on spending, tax and welfare which many activists blame for its worst election result in its history - in which only Mr Lamb and seven colleagues survived.
Although he has vigorously defended the decision to join forces with the Conservatives, saying the party acted in the national interest at a time of economic crisis, Mr Lamb has conceded the party made "stupid mistakes" during its five years in power.
The party, he admits, was not "ruthless" enough in its dealings with its partners, failing time and again to gain credit for popular policies and to get across to a sceptical electorate why unpopular decisions were necessary.
Who is Norman Lamb?
Foremost among these was the party's backing for raising the cap on university tuition fees to Â£9,000, a u-turn which broke a pre-election pledge not to do so. Unlike Mr Farron, Mr Lamb supported the move in the key Commons vote in December 2010.
Despite these apparent disadvantages, Mr Lamb, who has been portrayed as the "centrist" candidate in the race, has said there is little to separate him from his rival on policy, citing his support for legalising assisted dying as their one major area of disagreement.
But that is not to say the two contenders are identikit politicians, far from it.
They were born a generation apart and while Mr Farron has spoken openly about how his Christian faith influences his political values, Mr Lamb has said he is agnostic and does not draw his liberalism from any personal faith.
This distinction, it appears, was at the heart of the one acrimonious moment of an otherwise good-natured campaign, when Mr Lamb was forced to dismiss two aides who had, unbeknownst to him, privately polled party members about Mr Farron's beliefs.
Mr Lamb apologised publicly for the episode, which Mr Farron characterised as an attempt "to play the man not the ball" - an analogy that, as a keen Norwich City fan, would not have been lost on Mr Lamb.
The son of a climatologist and grandson of a distinguished mathematician, Mr Lamb was born in Watford and educated in Norfolk before graduating with a law degree from the University of Leicester.
He left university at a volatile time in British politics, with the SDP's formation shaking the foundations of what, despite the efforts of successive Liberal Party leaders, had become a two-party system in all but name.
A meeting with SDP founder Shirley Williams has been cited as a key moment in Mr Lamb's decision to throw in his lot with the nascent SDP-Alliance, rather than Labour - for whom he briefly worked as a parliamentary researcher in the 1980s.
Mr Lamb learnt the political ropes by sitting on Norwich City Council and had several stabs at getting elected before making it to Westminster, contesting his Norfolk seat twice before being elected to Parliament in 2001.
An employment lawyer before he entered Parliament, Mr Lamb's first proper ministerial role in the coalition was, somewhat appropriately enough, as minister of state for employment relations in charge of workplace issues and consumer policy.
But it was a social care minister that Mr Lamb really made his mark. Handed the job in September 2012, in a reshuffle which saw Conservative health secretary Andrew Lansley leave his job, Mr Lamb helped reduce the political temperature which had reached boiling point as a result of Mr Lansley's controversial NHS reforms and managed to push social care up the political agenda.
On the back of a good working relationship with Jeremy Hunt, Mr Lansley's successor, Mr Lamb was also able to secure extra funding for mental health - long regarded as the Cinderella service within the NHS.
He has also campaigned for it to be given parity of esteem with physical health within the NHS.
Mr Lamb has been open that his interest in mental health has a very personal dimension.
In a newspaper interview in March, he revealed that his son Archie had been diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder aged 15, a condition which, in his words, lead to "dark days" and a "very traumatic" decade for his family.


A US air strike killed a senior leader of the Islamic State (IS) group in Libya, the Pentagon has confirmed.

Pentagon spokesman Navy Capt Jeff Davis said Abu Nabil died after an F-15 jet targeted a compound in the eastern city of Derna on 13 November.
Iraqi national Nabil was also known as Wissam Najm Abd Zayd al-Zubaydi.
The Pentagon also said an air strike in Somalia on 2 December had killed a senior al-Shabab leader, Abdirahman Sandhere - also known as Ukash.
US officials said the 13 November strike against Nabil had been authorised before terrorist attacks in Paris that evening that IS claimed responsibility for.
"Nabil's death will degrade Isil's (IS) ability to meet the group's objectives in Libya, including recruiting new Isil members, establishing bases in Libya, and planning external attacks on the United States," the Pentagon said at the time.
US officials said that Nabil may have been the IS spokesman pictured in a February 2015 video showing the apparent murder of Coptic Christians in Libya.
Libya remains in chaos four years after the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi, and is being fought over by a number of groups, including IS.
It has launched high-profile attacks in the mostly lawless North African country, and gained a foothold in key towns and cities, including Sirte.
The strike on Nabil was the first against an IS leader in Libya, the Pentagon said.
Libya's rival power bases (as of August 2015)


Match reports from the weekend's Scottish games.

Premiership
Celtic 2-0 Motherwell
Hearts 1-1 Inverness Caledonian Thistle
Partick Thistle 2-0 Hamilton Academical
Ross County 1-2 St Johnstone
Championship
Dumbarton 2-2 Ayr United
Greenock Morton 2-2 Falkirk
Raith Rovers 1-1 Hibernian
Challenge Cup
Queen of the South 2-3 Dundee United
Round-ups
League One
League Two
Premiership
Kilmarnock 1-2 Aberdeen
Dundee 2-1 Rangers
Challenge Cup
St Mirren 4-1 The New Saints


In an unlikely turn of events a policeman came to the aid of the car that played a starring role in the hit US TV series The Dukes of Hazzard.

The "General Lee" Dodge Charger driven by Bo and Luke Duke in the 1980s show spent many an episode escaping the law.
However, on this occasion a replica of the car had broken down in Shefford and needed a bit of help.
"Finally managed what 'Bosshog' couldn't. Caught up with those pesky Duke boys", police tweeted.
"Broken gearbox, one too many jumps maybe," they added, referring to the hectic driving style of the Duke boys in the TV show.
Officers from the Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire road policing unit had popped in to a car show when they came across the General Lee lookalike.
"Like all classic cars this one was having a bad day and had broken down," an officer said.
"Whilst waiting for breakdown assistance the owner requested the photo opportunity for his own records - understandably - and we were happy to oblige."
The car was "fully road legal" and no offences had been committed, he added.


Researchers at Leicester University have shown that it might be possible to develop an alternative to antibiotics for treating diseases in pigs.

They have identified a range of viruses, called bacteriophages, that can be used to kill common pig infections.
The aim is to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistant bacteria emerging on farms that could also infect humans.
If trials in pigs work, the new therapy could be extended to treat people.
Prof Martha Clokie presented her interim results to a pig industry meeting in Solihull. She told BBC News that the early results indicated that phage therapy could be "completely transformative for human health".
"There are many infections that we just can't treat with antibiotics because they have become resistant to them. So using the phage therapy for specific diseases could change the way we treat infection. It could give us a whole new armoury."
Scientists have been trying to develop phage treatments for more than a century but they have mostly proved to be unreliable. But Prof Clokie has found more precise ways of isolating phages and assessing their effectiveness.
The research has been funded by the Agriculture & Horticulture Development Board which is responding to concerns about the possibility of so called superbugs developing in farm animals and entering the food chain. Charlotte Evans is leading the project for AHDB.
"Pig producers are responding to a pig health and welfare point of view and also reacting to consumer expectations, to help make sure we are being responsible about our antibiotic usage and ensure we safeguard them for the future," she said.
In the UK, 40% of all antibiotics are used to treat animals. They are the same as those used to treat people.
A review published last year by Lord Jim O'Neil called for reductions in the unnecessary use of antibiotics in agriculture, especially those that were "highly critical" to human health.
Prof Clokie has shown that phage therapy can in principle offer a viable alternative to antibiotics.
Phages occur in nature and are the natural enemy of many infectious agents. There are many phages, each of which is specific to different infectious bugs. The phages home in on these agents like a guided missile. Once they find their target, they latch on to them and inject their DNA into the bug rendering it harmless.
Like all viruses, they reproduce inside the infectious bug and these new phages go on to hunt other infections
Prof Clokie and her team have identified a range of disease-killing phages, including one that disables a salmonella bug that infects pigs. Her team has shown that it works in the lab and the scientists have also developed a powdered form of the phage which remains active. This is an important step because it enables the researchers to add the phage to pig feed and see if it works in practice.
The team plans to begin trails later this year.
If the approach is found to be effective, other phage treatments could be developed for a range of animal diseases. It would also speed the development of phage treatments for people.
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A Syrian refugee who was shouted down at a Stop the War demonstration says he "felt oppressed" by the group.

The protest in Downing Street on Friday evening was against the American attack on a Syrian airbase.
Hassan Akkad, from Damascus, asked why the group was not protesting against President Assad instead, but was drowned out.
He said: "British people not letting a Syrian say something about Syria in a protest about Syria. It's mad."
The 29-year-old said he had wanted to be the voice of Syrians who were still in the country but left the protest "livid".
Stop the War was founded in September 2001, after US president George W Bush announced a "war on terror".
After a video of the encounter was shared widely online, Mr Akkad told the BBC: "I didn't see them protesting against the chemical attacks, I didn't see them protesting against Putin bombing Syria for the last two years.
"I wanted to go to that protest and I wanted to observe.
"I went to the protest and I saw a group of 30 people with placards, not a single mention of Assad.
"All the placards are against Donald Trump and they're repeating baseless slogans with their megaphones."
He added: "I went to them respectfully and said, 'Listen I'm a Syrian refugee who lives here and I have an opinion, it's a protest about Syria I want to say something'.
"They didn't even address me, they ignored my existence. With their megaphones they went louder and louder and the organisers told them to carry on."
Mr Akkad left Syria in September 2015. He says he was imprisoned twice and tortured for protesting against Assad's regime.
He left his family there and made an 87-day journey to the UK.
Mr Akkad said when the US launched its attack on a Syrian airbase, it did so with "great accuracy" whereas, he said, Assad's bombers "literally shred people down".
"They [President's Assad's forces] have killed hundreds of thousands, we've lost our home, we were displaced, we were made refugees all because of the Assad regime," he said.
"People were tortured to death, chemical attacks, all sort of attacks barrel bombs shredding children and flattening down entire cities.
"So bombing Assad's war machines is in our favour because that means less Syrian civilians will die, less children will die."
After the group would not let Mr Akkad speak, he said: "I felt oppressed, it was like being back in Syria. Like how the Syrian police used to mute our voices.
"I'm not going to be silenced I have the right to say what I believe.
"I left the protest. I was angry, I was livid."
A spokeswoman for Stop the War said: "This was an anti-war protest. There are Syrians who support Western bombing of Syria, and Syrians who oppose it.
"Those who support it have protests calling for intervention. This was an anti-intervention event. Of course his voice can and should be heard.
"But it would be strange if Stop the War gave a platform to people who supported bombing."
Video courtesy of Tehmoor Khalid.


Almost 2,000 migrants have been bussed away from the "Jungle" in Calais as French authorities clear the camp.

At least 7,000 people have been living there in squalid conditions.
Migrants queued peacefully to be processed, but there are concerns some will refuse to go because they still want to get to the UK.
Almost 200 children from the camp have been brought to the UK, some of them under the "Dubs" arrangement, according to UK Home Secretary Amber Rudd.
The number includes 60 girls who were at high risk of sexual exploitation, she said.
But the process of transferring some of the estimated 1,300 unaccompanied children from the camp was halted on Monday at the request of the French.
The dismantling of the camp is expected to start on Tuesday.
Long queues formed earlier outside reception centres in the camp as the French authorities worked to determine whether individual migrants were with family members or travelling alone, and whether they were deemed to be vulnerable.
After processing, they boarded buses to different parts of France where they will be given the opportunity to claim asylum, or face deportation.
Forty-five migrants, all young men from Afghanistan, are settling into the Miramar hotel, an empty holiday centre that looks out to sea.
At the local pizzeria, residents have gathered to vent their discontent. They complain that the migrants will disturb the tranquillity of the resort. They are also worried that the young men will be unsupervised and break into homes that have been closed up for the winter.
Less vocal are those who don't mind the arrival of the Afghan migrants, those who think it's only human to welcome those who have spent so many months in the squalor of Calais.
For the migrants, it should be a short stay. They will be encouraged to claim asylum in France and then maybe move onto more permanent housing. But even here, several hundred kilometres from Calais, the allure of the UK is still strong.
From the hotel you can clearly see the island of Jersey - British shores are still without reach.
At least 40 of the 60 coaches planned to transport them have now left, according to BBC correspondents at the scene.
In a statement (in French), French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve said 2,318 migrants had been "given shelter" on Monday.
He said 1,918 adults had been taken away on 45 buses to 80 reception centres.
Four hundred minors were transferred to "provisional reception centres" within the camp, he added.
The first step of the clearance had taken place in a "calm and controlled manner", he said.
Some volunteers complained earlier that the migrants had not been given enough information about the plans and warned of a sense of confusion and chaos.
About 7,500 beds are being made available in 450 centres across France. So far migrants have been taken to the regions of:
Rue des Garennes links the Jungle camp to the new migrant processing centre, and is a street of suitcases and resignation.
At 05:00, three hours before the clearance operation was due to start, groups of refugees and migrants began to form a queue. Since then, a mass exodus from the camp, and hundreds are now lining the road waiting for a coach to take them away.
Towards the back of the queue is Adil from Sudan, carrying two bags, a football and a guitar. "My dream is dead, the people you see here, they are broken. We can't believe it's over."
Inside the camp, aid workers from Care for Calais are moving tent to tent, warning migrants that if they do not leave, they will be arrested. The police presence is large, with many huddled in riot vans, keeping out of the cold, and making the most of the calm.
Children will be housed in the camp's converted shipping containers while the rest of the Jungle is dismantled.
The "Dubs amendment" rules allow particularly vulnerable children - such as girls and those under 13 - refuge in the UK, even if they do not have family already in the country.
The operation to clear the tents and shelters is expected to take three days.
The French interior ministry said "police might be forced to intervene" if there was unrest during the demolition.
There are reports that British activists from the No Borders group have travelled to the Jungle to try to disrupt the process.
Violence has frequently broken out as migrants, mainly from Africa and the Middle East, attempt to board lorries bound for the UK and clash with drivers and police.
Most believe there is a better prospect of finding work. Many want to claim asylum, although others want to enter incognito and remain as illegal workers.
The language issue is also important - many speak English but do not have a European language. Some also have relatives in the UK and that is a big draw.
Some are attracted by a belief that there is better housing and education available.
Some commentators believe illegal migrants also perceive Britain as a "soft touch" for benefits and a better place to find "black economy" jobs, although studies do not necessarily back up this view.
A UK-funded wall 1km (0.6 miles) long is being built along the main road to the port in an attempt to deter would-be stowaways. The UK government is reported to have contributed about Â£1.9m (â‚¬2.2m) to the cost of the wall, which is due to be finished by the end of the year.
Speaking to the BBC, the head of the organisation that runs the port of Calais, Jean-Marc Puissensseau, said business had declined due to attempts by migrants to board trucks.
"The port has been really suffering [for] more than one year, because each night there were some attacks, or [migrants] were throwing branches, trees, everything to try to slow down the traffic and then to get into the trucks," he said.
What is the Jungle?
Last year more than one million migrants - many fleeing the civil war in Syria - arrived in Europe. Countries struggled to cope and division arose in the EU over how best to deal with resettling people.
An EU-Turkey pact to try to stop migrants crossing to Greece and moves by Balkan nations to close their borders have driven down the number of people using the so-called eastern Mediterranean route.
However, migrants from African countries such as Eritrea and Somalia as well as West African nations such as Nigeria and the Gambia are continuing to attempt the crossing from Libya to Italy.
A note on terminology: The BBC uses the term migrant to refer to all people on the move who have yet to complete the legal process of claiming asylum. This group includes people fleeing war-torn countries such as Syria, who are likely to be granted refugee status, as well as people who are seeking jobs and better lives, who governments are likely to rule are economic migrants.


A second man has died after being taken ill at an event marking the last Cream club night at the Liverpool venue where it first started.

The 47-year-old man from the Isle of Man died on Tuesday night after being taken to hospital in the early hours of Sunday. His family has been informed.
A post-mortem examination is due to take place, Merseyside Police said.
John Milburn, 19, of Crosby, died on Sunday after he also became ill at Nation in Wolstenholme Square.
Officers are continuing to investigate the circumstances surrounding what happened to both men.
Det Ch Inspector Andy Ephgrave earlier said: "We are exploring a number of lines of inquiry and it is unclear if both men took illegal substances. The men were not in a group together."
He added: "We would like to take this opportunity to remind people of the dangers of taking illegal drugs."
Cream, a so-called "super club" first opened its doors at Nation in 1992 and went on to become an international brand branching out into Cream Ibiza and the Creamfields festival.
Nation is closing to be replaced by a new music venue.


Rwanda, a small landlocked country in east-central Africa, is trying to recover from the ethnic strife that culminated in government-sponsored genocide in the mid-1990s.

In the genocide, an estimated 800,000 ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed by dominant Hutu forces in 100 days.
The country has struggled with its legacy of ethnic tension associated with the traditionally unequal relationship between the Tutsi minority and the majority Hutus.
Today, Rwanda is striving to rebuild its economy, with coffee and tea production among its main exports. The World Bank has praised Rwanda's recent "remarkable development successes", which it says have helped reduce poverty and inequality.
Population 11.2 million
Area 26,338 sq km (10,169 sq miles)
Major languages Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), English (official), Swahili
Major religions Christianity, indigenous beliefs
Life expectancy 54 years (men), 57 years (women)
Currency Rwandan franc
President: Paul Kagame
Paul Kagame has run Rwanda since his rebel army ended the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of people in 1994.
He was sworn in as vice-president and defence minister in the new, post-genocide government in July 1994, but was widely seen as the real power in Rwanda.
In 2000 parliament elected him president. He won presidential elections in 2003 and again in 2010, and gained approval by referendum to stand for an unprecedented third term in 2017.
To his admirers he is a visionary leader, but to his critics he is a despot who tolerates no opposition.
Mr Kagame has been criticised for trampling on freedoms, building up the army to assert his authority, and using anti-genocide legislation to clamp down on opponents.
Mr Kagame, born in 1957, left the country as a young child when around half a million fellow Tutsis fled following a bloody Hutu-led uprising. His family settled in Uganda, and Mr Kagame later helped Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni come to power.
From 1990 he led the military arm of the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPF) in its war against the Hutu-controlled government.
Newspaper readership is limited and press often exercise self-censorship.
Critical bloggers are often based abroad, notes US-based Freedom House.
State TV and radio reach the largest audiences, and state-owned publications predominate in the print sector.
Radio - the main source of news - had a role in the 1994 genocide. Notorious "hate" station Radio Tele Libre Mille Collines (RTLM) was a vehicle for virulent anti-Tutsi propaganda.
Some key dates in the history of Rwanda:
1300s - 1916 - Tutsis migrate into what is now Rwanda, which was already inhabited by the Twa and Hutu peoples. In the 1600s the Tutsi King Ruganzu Ndori subdues central Rwanda and outlying Hutu areas; by the late 1800s it is a unified state until it becomes part of German East Africa in 1890. It is occupied by Belgian forces 26 years later.
1959 - Tutsi King Kigeri V, together with tens of thousands of Tutsis, forced into exile in Uganda following Hutu-Tutsi violence.
1961 - Rwanda proclaimed a republic.
1963 - About 20,000 Tutsis are killed following an incursion by Tutsi rebels based in Burundi. Fighting between the two ethnic groups continues intermittently over the next three decades.
1994 - Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana and Burundi President Cyprien Ntaryamira are killed in a rocket attack on their plane. Habyarimana's death triggers 100-day orgy of violence, perpetrated mainly by Hutus against Tutsis and moderate Hutus. About 800,000 people are killed. Hutu militia flee to Zaire, taking with them around 2 million Hutu refugees.
1996-2003 - Rwanda's invasion of DR Congo marks the beginning of its lengthy involvement in the neighbouring country's civil war, first helping to oust President Mobutu and install Joseph Kabila, and later to oppose Kabila.
2003 - Voters back a draft constitution which bans the incitement of ethnic hatred. Paul Kagame wins the first presidential elections since the 1994 genocide.
2005 July - Government begins the mass release of thousands who confessed to involvement in the 1994 genocide. Rwanda's 12 provinces are replaced by a smaller number of regions with the aim of creating ethnically-diverse administrative areas.
2010 - A former army chief who fell out with President Kagame and fled to South Africa survives apparent assassination attempts in 2010 and 2014. A former Rwandan spy chief, another exiled opponent of Mr Kagame, is murdered in South Africa in 2014.


Defending champion Jonathan Rea's run of five successive World Superbike victories ended when Chaz Davies won race two at Aragon on Sunday.

Northern Ireland's Rea finished second after an exciting duel with Welshman Davies at the Spanish circuit.
Rea led for most of the race after starting ninth on the grid and briefly hit the front again on the last lap.
Despite not winning for the first time this year, Rea has extended his championship lead to 50 points.
Marco Melandri of Italy was third with England's Tom Sykes in fourth place.
Davies crashed in Saturday's race one while leading in the closing stages, and the victory sees him regain second place in the overall standings.
Rea, 30, is attempting to become the first rider to win three successive WSB titles.
"I tried my hardest but it wasn't enough," said Rea.
"I had a good first few laps and got stuck into a rhythm but, with the slipstream, the group stayed together.
"It was so windy, it was quite scary.
"On the last lap, Chaz made a mistake and opened the door but then he quickly closed it again.
"Congratulations to Chaz - he did a good job after what happened yesterday."
Rea started the season with double wins at Phillip Island and Thailand, and made it five out of five by winning the first race at Aragon.


A German nuclear fusion experiment has produced a special super-hot gas which scientists hope will eventually lead to clean, cheap energy.

The helium plasma - a cloud of loose, charged particles - lasted just a tenth of a second and was about one million degrees Celsius.
It was hailed as a breakthrough for the Max Planck Institute's stellarator - a chamber whose design differs from the tokamak fusion devices used elsewhere.
The Sun's energy is created by fusion.
Physicists are in a worldwide race to create stable fusion devices that could not only mimic the Sun but release abundant energy, without the volumes of toxic waste generated by nuclear fission - the splitting of the atom.
The team at Greifswald, in northeastern Germany, aim in future to heat hydrogen nuclei to about 100 million C - the necessary conditions for fusion to take place like in the Sun's interior. They will use deuterium, a heavier type, or isotope, of the element.
The stellarator's plasma was created on Thursday using a microwave laser, a complex combination of magnets and just 10mg of helium. The Max Planck Institute calls its machine Wendelstein 7-X.
The project began nine years ago and has cost 1bn euros (Â£720m; $1.1bn) so far.
The EU's main nuclear fusion project is called Iter, at Cadarache, in the south of France. But it will not be fired up until the 2020s. It is controversial, having already cost more than â‚¬10bn.
Iter will be a tokamak device - the word comes from Russian, meaning a ring-shaped magnetic chamber.
Scientists have been working on nuclear fusion for more than 50 years but the extreme temperatures involved and the difficulty of controlling plasmas mean progress is slow.


A man has pleaded not guilty to selling fake car airbags on eBay.

Robert Czernik, 36, of Blackbird Close, Poole, denied two counts of selling goods likely to be mistaken for a registered trademark.
City of London Police began an investigation in January 2016 after being contacted by Honda UK.
Mr Czernik was bailed by a judge at Inner London Crown Court to appear for trial in the week of 11 September at the earliest.
More on this and other stories from across the South of England


Environmental groups claim Shell's plans to decommission one of the North Sea's most iconic fields could breach international law.

The oil giant lodged plans to decommission the Brent field with the UK government in February.
It wants to leave the legs of three of the platforms in place rather than removing them, which Shell has described as the safest option.
Environmentalists say the plans are not detailed enough to justify the move.
Each of the platform legs are made of concrete and steel and weigh about 300,000 tonnes.
Brent is iconic because it lends its name to the benchmark of the North Sea, Brent Crude.
WWF, Greenpeace UK, the Marine Conservation Society, Friends of the Earth Scotland, International Environmental Organisation Kimo, Whale and Dolphin Conservation, the Scottish Wildlife Trust, and RSPB Scotland have joined forces to reject the plan.
WWF Scotland director Lang Banks said: "Despite some 3,000 pages of documents, it has not been possible to come to a view on Shell's decommissioning proposal due to insufficient information being provided by the company across several key areas.
"The internationally-agreed Ospar rules set out very clear criteria and procedures for operators to follow in carrying out such assessments, but we do not believe they have been adhered to with regard to disposing of the Brent platforms.
"The material presented by Shell cannot be clearly cross-referenced to the Ospar requirements meaning we cannot assess whether or not there is a solid case for the derogations sought.
"We are therefore left with no choice but to reject Shell's plans in their current state and have asked for key further information to adequately assess their proposals."
Shell doesn't want a repeat of Brent Spar.
When it proposed sinking the oil storage installation at sea in 1995, it prompted direct action by Greenpeace.
Greenpeace UK chief scientist Dr Doug Parr said: "The plans in their current form don't allow international law to be upheld, because it's not possible for regulators to really understand what the proposition is.
"We don't think they have explored options fully, we don't think they have justified the options we want to carry through and we think they should go back and properly do their homework.
"We won't rule in or out taking direct action on this or frankly any other campaign because we don't talk about our campaign plans in detail in advance. What I can say is that we are going to continue to monitor and to watch and make sure international law is upheld and Shell does the right thing in doing so."
A 60-day consultation on Shells decommissioning programme for the Brent field has now closed.
A Shell spokesman Shell said: "Shell welcomes the feedback, which has been received from stakeholders and members of the public during the 60-day public consultation period for the Brent field.
"The consultation concludes today and, over the coming weeks, we will continue to review and respond to the comments received.
Government ministers will now decide whether to accept the plans.
A spokeswoman for the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy said: "Any decommissioning plan will be carefully considered by the government, taking into account environmental, safety and cost implications, the impact on other users of the sea and a public consultation."


Andy Flower has signed a new contract to remain as England team director.

The former Zimbabwe captain, 43, took over from Peter Moores in January 2009 and has since overseen successive Ashes series victories over Australia.
"I am delighted to have been given the opportunity to build on the considerable progress we have made to date as a squad," he said.
He has accepted a fresh staff contract with the England and Wales Cricket Board, rather than a fixed-term deal.
Flower had been India's first choice as their new coach before they appointed Duncan Fletcher in April.
However, the approach soon faltered as the former Essex batsman was unwilling to consider uprooting his family.
England begin a four-Test series against India in July, after Sri Lanka arrive in mid-May to play three Tests.
"We have made no secret of our determination to become the number one side in the world and challenge for global titles and I feel we have been making steady progress," added Flower.
Now that Flower's continuing services have been secured, the ECB's next task is to determine whether Andrew Strauss wants to stay on as one-day captain
Read more from Alison's blog
"I firmly believe we have the talent amongst the playing squad and management team to help us realise our ambitions."
Despite an underwhelming campaign in the recent World Cup, Flower has built a formidable reputation during his spell with England.
In addition to Test series victories over Australia, he guided England to their first major tournament win at the ICC World Twenty20 in May 2010.
During his tenure England have risen from sixth place in the International Cricket Council's Test rankings to third behind India and South Africa.
In contrast to the fractious relationship between then-captain Kevin Pietersen and his predecessor Moores, Flower has led a united dressing room.
Since taking the job on a permanent basis in April 2009, after an initial period as interim coach, he has forged a close and successful partnership with Test and one-day international captain Andrew Strauss.
Flower also won admiration for the manner in which he managed skin cancer - having a melanoma removed from his right cheek during the during the second day of the opening Ashes Test in November.
"Andy's outstanding leadership, commitment, and his open and honest approach have been key factors in the success the England squad has enjoyed over the last two years," said England Cricket managing director Hugh Morris.
Although there is no specific clause in Flower's new contract giving him more control over the team's future schedule, he will meet Morris and his support staff in the next few weeks to discuss players' workloads.
Flower blamed injuries in the run-up to the recent World Cup on the length of the Ashes tour that preceded it, prompting fears he could walk away from his post.
England played their first tour match against Western Australia on 5 November and completed the trip with their seventh one-day international on 6 February.
Flower is keen to ensure England do not endure a similarly congested fixture schedule again, ensuring he has sufficient recovery time from intensive Test, one-day and Twenty20 series.
"The volume of cricket played is tough for anybody," former England fast bowler Angus Fraser told BBC Radio 5 live.
"Andrew Strauss has a huge workload, players are rested so why shouldn't coaches?
"It is difficult for coaches to be fresh to maintain their enthusiasm over a period of time."


Late strikes from Tom Naylor and Nasser El Khayati ended Burton's three-game goal drought as they beat Port Vale at the Pirelli Stadium in a game in which both teams were reduced to 10 men.

Vale's on-loan striker Uche Ikpeazu received a second yellow card halfway though the first period for diving.
Robbie Weir was then shown a straight red for a foul 10 minutes from time, just before Naylor fired Burton ahead.
El Khayati secured victory, finishing a fine solo run to slot past Jak Alnwick.
Vale, who have slipped to 17th after four league games without a win, also had four other players booked in an ill-tempered game of six yellow cards and two reds.
Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink's promotion-chasing Burton remain third, just two points off top spot, following their first win in four matches.
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Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink told BBC Radio Derby:
"I must say, we deserved it. We were the better team. They made it very difficult for us and it is all respect to the boys for what they have done.
"We will see more teams coming here, trying to upset us, trying to shut up shop, not to give nothing away. We have to find a way to break them down. It took a while but we found the net and it was important for morale.
"I've no complaints about the red cards. The only thing I didn't understand in the first half was the yellow for their striker. When you see an elbow it's a straight red."
Port Vale manager Rob Page told BBC Radio Stoke:
"You give a performance like that, when they're throwing their bodies on the line in defence and do what they've done for a large part of the game with 10 men, it's harsh to come away with a 2-0 defeat.
"It's a big ask for anybody. They've given me everything. They had to work their socks off. The fans were superb. They really got behind the lads. They could see and appreciate the work the lads put in.
"We're all frustrated, but it's important we all stick together and get through this tough spell. We can't feel sorry for ourselves now. Only we can change it."


Family members of some of those killed in the Glasgow bin lorry crash have been speaking to BBC Scotland.

In a documentary to be broadcast on Tuesday evening they have described their feelings after the accident and have spoken about their frustrations at the subsequent inquiry.
Six people lost their lives when the lorry veered out of control in Glasgow city centre last December.
"Lies, Laws and the Bin Lorry Tragedy" will be on BBC 1 Scotland at 19:00.
The fatal accident inquiry (FAI) into the crash was adjourned at Glasgow Sheriff Court on 28 August by Sheriff John Beckett who is due to report his findings next year.
The inquiry heard that the bin lorry driver, Harry Clarke, was unconscious at the wheel when the Glasgow City Council travelled along Queen Street and crashed into the side of a hotel in George Square three days before Christmas last year.
Erin McQuade and Jack and Lorraine Sweeney, from Dumbarton, West Dunbartonshire, Stephenie Tait, 29, and Jacqueline Morton, 51, both from Glasgow, and Gillian Ewing, 52, from Edinburgh, were killed.
In the documentary, Lucy Ewing, whose mother Gillian died in the crash, recalls how the they had been on a trip to Glasgow and were making their way up Queen Street when tragedy struck.
In an interview with presenter Jackie Bird, she said: "After we'd been told that mum had been killed, I had obviously lashed out a little bit and obviously said something about the driver having had a heart attack and the police instantly said, 'I don't know where you've heard that from, but that's not what happened'.
"All they said was they weren't able to tell us anything but they could confirm that the driver had not had a heart attack."
I keep thinking that one day I'm going to take my girls to see their granny Jackie at the grave and they're going to ask: 'What did happen to granny Jackie, Daddy?'."
Adam Russell's mother Jacqueline Morton was also killed in the crash.
He told BBC Scotland: "I just keep on thinking that one day I'm going to take my two girls up to see their granny Jackie at the grave and they're going to turn round and go 'What did happen to granny, daddy?'
"I'm just going to say 'Granny lost her life because a man lied' and that's what I just keep on driving. That's what drives me."
The programme also hears for the first time from two women who were injured in the crash and from a former senior prosecutor who raises questions about the Crown's investigation of the tragedy.
Driver Mr Clarke resigned from his Glasgow City Council job last Friday, shortly before he was due to attend a disciplinary hearing.
The hearing was called after it emerged at the FAI that he had failed to tell his employers and the DVLA of his history of blackouts.


A "technical hitch" has been blamed for leaving 180 passengers stuck on British Airways's i360 attraction in Brighton.

East Sussex Fire and Rescue Service said it was called at 18:39 BST and two fire engines were sent to the scene to assist.
The i360 pod was carrying a private party, including a heavily pregnant woman, who boarded the pod at about 17:00.
It was lowered to the ground about two hours later.
The BAi360 Twitter account said: "Our engineers are resolving the problem & expect it to be working normally soon."
A local firm of building and quantity surveyors, MacConvilles, tweeted saying: "Our Director is enjoying the hospitality of the #i360. Technical hitch has halted ride but help is on its way!"
Tim Jones, one of the party organisers, said: "We weren't very high up when we juddered to a halt and we were told by staff to move to one side of the pod to 'recalibrate the weight' - which made some people a bit nervous.
"It was an interesting experience, and quite ironic as the party was organised by four local businesses who wanted to come together to celebrate the tower's opening."
"Only two interactions were made over the two hours and they kept pretty quiet about the free bar and the emergency toilet until we were nearly on the ground," he added.


The trial of three men accused of helping a Cardiff teenager travel to Syria to fight for Islamic State has been halted.

Kristen Brekke, 19, of Cardiff, Forhad Rahman, 21, of Gloucestershire, and Adeel Ulhaq, 20, of Nottinghamshire, denied assisting another in the preparation for committing terrorist acts.
Judge Rebecca Poulet QC discharged the jury at London's Old Bailey on Tuesday.
A new trial will be held in future.
It is alleged the three men helped Aseel Muthana, 17, go to Syria in 2014 to join Islamic State fighters.


West Brom and England goalkeeper Ben Foster's return from a knee injury has been delayed until December.

The 32-year-old had cruciate-ligament surgery in March and was expected to be back by October.
"It'll be Christmas time I think," said Albion boss Tony Pulis. "We've got to make sure we're careful.
"He had a little setback which pushed him back a little bit. He's up and running again now so fingers crossed he'll be ready to go before Christmas."
In Foster's absence, Burnley's Tom Heaton and Stoke's Jack Butland have broken into the England squad.
Foster will hope he can force his way back into Roy Hodgson's thinking for next summer's European Championship.
Pulis, though, says the former Manchester United player should focus on his club before contemplating more England caps.
"I think, having spoken to Ben, the most important thing is for him to get fit and start playing for West Brom again and if the Euros come for him then brilliant," said the Baggies boss.
"The most important thing is he's got to get fit and get back into the team."


David Cameron says he plans to write a book in a designer garden shed that has been installed at his family home.

The shepherd's hut, thought to have cost the former prime minister £25,000, includes a wood-burning stove, sofa bed and sheep's wool insulation.
Mr Cameron admitted his wife Samantha made all the design decisions about the hut, in which he plans to write his memoirs.
His children have other ideas, however - they want to use it as a playroom.
The former Conservative party leader said there had been "a bit of a fight" over the use of the shed, painted in muted shades called Clunch, Mouse's Back and Old White.
"My children want to use it as a Wendy house," he said. "I want to use it as a book-writing room and my son wants it as an alternative bedroom. So, quite a lot of competition.
"When it first arrived, there was great excitement - who was going to spend the first night in it?"
The humble shed has seen something of a resurgence in recent years, with people choosing to build an extra room in their garden - often in spectacular style.
Owners choose to use them as offices, pubs and even nightclubs.
Some of the very best have been featured on Channel 4's Amazing Spaces Shed of the Year competition, which was last year won by a building made from 90% recycled material and featuring a hidden room behind a bookcase.
Previous contenders for the title have also included a shed replica of the Millennium Falcon.
Another David who is enthusiastic about sheds is David Sproule from St Albans, Hertfordshire, who joked about the former PM's hut: "His shed is nothing compared to mine - he's just starting out in the world of sheds."
He had a recording studio and music room installed in his garden last year, which he christened 'The Shedio'.
"The top of the garden was just nettles and brambles - dead space," said Mr Sproule, who plays in a rock band.
He admits his "four or five guitars - one more than my wife knows about anyway" and amplifiers used to clutter up the house and that he needed somewhere to play music.
Mr Sproule said The Shedio was "the best £6,000 I ever spent".
"I love having a shed - as long as you don't use it to keep smelly lawn mowers in, it's the perfect place to run and hide from the world," he said. "And my wife no longer has to listen to me rehearsing my music - so it's a win-win."
Mr Cameron is understood to have signed a deal late last year to write his autobiography, set to be released next year.
He is not the only one to use a hut for writing - Roald Dahl wrote his books from a shed in his garden,  as did Dylan Thomas.


Stevenage forward Ben Kennedy is out for the rest of the season after injuring his knee in a training session with the League Two club.

The Northern Ireland Under-19 captain, who signed a three-year contract in October, is set to undergo surgery.
"This is yet another blow for the club and for Ben personally," chairman Phil Wallace told the club website.
"I've never seen an injury crisis like this and I can't believe it's got worse."
Stevenage are 19th in the table, having failed to win any of their last five matches, but boss Teddy Sheringham has been cleared to seek reinforcements for his squad.
"Combined with various loan deals expiring, it does leave the squad particularly thin," added Wallace.
"However with the transfer window now open we're working day and night to get the right players in so we can climb the table."


Six men have appeared in court charged with terrorism offences including a suspected suicide bombing campaign.

The six, all from Birmingham, appeared at West London Magistrates' Court.
Irfan Nasser, 30, of Sparkhill, Irfan Khalid, 26, and Ashik Ali, 26 both of Balsall Heath, and Rahin Ahmed, 25, of Moseley, have been remanded in custody until 21 October.
Bahader Ali, 28, of Sparkbrook, and Mohammed Rizwan, 32, of Ward End, have been remanded until 24 October.
Mr Nasser, Mr Khalid, Mr Ashik Ali and Mr Ahmed are due to appear at the Old Bailey, while Mr Rizwan and Mr Bahader Ali - who is the brother of Ashik Ali - are to appear before Westminster magistrates.
Mr Nasser and Mr Khalid are accused of preparing for an act of terrorism, including travelling to Pakistan for training in terrorism, making a martyrdom video and planning a bombing campaign.
They are accused of "being concerned in constructing" a home-made explosive device for terrorist acts and stating an intention to be a suicide bomber.
Ashik Ali is accused of preparing for an act of terrorism, which involved planning a bombing campaign, providing premises for the planning of terrorist attack and stating an intention to be a suicide bomber.
Mr Ahmed is accused of helping fund terrorist acts, collecting money for terrorism and helping others travel to Pakistan for training in terrorism.
Mr Rizwan and Bahader Ali are both charged with failing to disclose information about potential acts of terrorism.
It is alleged that between 29 July and 19 September both men had information which they knew may help prevent the commission of an act of terrorism.
Mr Ali is also charged with "arranging the availability of property for terrorist purposes".
Mr Rizwan made no application for bail, while Mr Ali was refused bail.
The offences are alleged to have taken place between Christmas Day 2010 and 19 September this year.
The men were arrested after a police operation in Birmingham last week.
A seventh man from the city, aged 20, who was arrested on Thursday, continues to be questioned. Officers have until 29 September to charge, release or apply for further time.
The men were arrested as part of an operation carried out by the West Midlands Counter Terrorism Unit. Police said the arrests were unarmed, pre-planned and intelligence-led.


An Edinburgh tech firm has won a £1m healthcare development contract from NHS England.

Snap40 uses a predictive analytics software platform to identify, in real-time, those whose health is at risk of deteriorating.
The technology includes a single medical wearable device, worn on the upper arm, to monitor health indicators continuously.
Snap40 said the contract would help it further scale its technology.
It will also help fund ongoing clinical studies with NHS Fife and NHS Lothian's Emergency Medicine Research Group Edinburgh (Emerge).
Co-founder and chief executive Christopher McCann said: "In an ideal world, we'd all have our own dedicated doctor sitting with us, 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
"But, with increasing pressure on healthcare systems and challenges in prioritising competing demands, access to doctors and nurses is at a premium.
"Our society simply cannot afford one-to-one care - Snap40 changes that.
"It allows our world-class healthcare staff to care for many more patients by helping them to prioritise who needs attention most."
NHS Fife, which worked with Snap40 on the company's first clinical evaluation last year, is continuing to collaborate with the company


Jonathan Rea has been named Cornmarket Enkalon Irish Motorcyclist of the Year at the annual awards dinner in Belfast.

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Rea won the World Superbike series for the first time after dominating the championship on his Kawasaki.
William Dunlop was National Road Racer of the Year, with Ian Hutchinson top International Road Racer following his hat-trick at the Isle of Man TT Races.
The late Owen McNally was posthumously inducted into the Hall of Fame, with Rea Short Circuit Rider of the Year.
Janet Acheson, partner of the late Dr John Hinds, who died as a result of an accident at the Skerries 100 road races last July, accepted a Special Recognition Award to mark the significant contribution the 'Flying Doctor' had made to the sport.
British Superstock 1000cc champion Josh Elliott was chosen as Best Rider on UK and Ireland circuits, while Ulster Grand Prix hat-trick hero Lee Johnston picked up an Outstanding Achievement Award, taking into account his work for a charity project.
Hitachi KTM were selected as Team of the Year, with the Injured Riders Fund being recognised for their work by lifting the Services to Motorcycling Award.
Neil Campbell and Ross Graham shared the Off Road Rider of the Year prize and Kevin Keyes is the Young Rider of the Year.
Andy Reid collected the Race of the Year accolade for a British Supersport race at Oulton Park during 2016.


West End musical Shrek is to leave the Theatre Royal Drury Lane next year, making way for a new adaptation of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.

Sam Mendes' new musical had been due to open at the London Palladium but will now launch at the Theatre Royal in May.
Shrek, which opened in June 2011, will close on 24 February. There are now plans for it to tour the UK in 2014.
"It is not without sadness that we have decided to leave next year," producer Bill Damaschke said in a statement.
Based on the 2001 Dreamworks animated film, Shrek opened on Broadway in December 2008 and closed around a year later.
The show has fared better in the West End and saw cast member Nigel Harman receive an Olivier Award earlier this year for best supporting performance in a musical.
Amanda Holden and Girls Aloud singer Kimberley Walsh are among others to have roles in the fairy-tale fantasy about a grumpy green ogre.
Warner Bros are behind the Charlie and the Chocolate Factory musical, along with producer Kevin McCormick and Mendes' Neal Street Productions.
Songs for the show will be written by Mark Shaiman and Scott Wittman, the Tony Award-winning team who made the musical Hairspray and US TV series Smash.
Based on the 1964 book by Roald Dahl, the musical will tell of a poor young boy who wins the chance to explore a magical sweet factory.
It is not yet known who will play the factory's owner Willy Wonka, portrayed on film by Gene Wilder and Johnny Depp.
It is also unclear whether its score will include The Candy Man or Pure Imagination, both of which featured in the 1971 film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.
At the Olympic Games closing ceremony on 12 August, Pure Imagination was performed by Russell Brand from the top of a psychedelic bus.


The mummified heart of King Richard I has been analysed by forensic experts.

When the English monarch, nicknamed Richard the Lionheart, died in 1199 his heart was embalmed and buried separately from the rest of his body.
Its condition was too poor to reveal the cause of death, but the team was able to rule out a theory that he had been killed by a poisoned arrow.
The researchers were also able to find out more about the methods used to preserve his organ.
The study is published in the journal Scientific Reports.
The medieval king became known as Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a courageous military leader.
He was central to the Third Crusade, fighting against the Muslim leader Saladin.
Although he ruled England, he spent much of his time in France, and was killed there after being hit by a crossbow bolt during a siege on a castle.
After his death, his body was divided up - a common practice for aristocracy during the Middle Ages.
His entrails were buried in Chalus, which is close to Limoges in central France. The rest of his body was entombed further north, in Fontevraud Abbey, but his heart was embalmed and buried in the cathedral of Notre Dame in Rouen.
The remains of his heart -  now a grey-brown powder - were locked away in a small lead box, and discovered in the 19th Century during an excavation.
But until now, they had not been studied in detail.
To find out more, a team of forensic specialists and historians performed a biological analysis.
Dr Philippe Charlier, a forensic scientist from Raymond Poincare University Hospital, in France, said: "We carried out exactly the same kind of analysis that we would perform on an exhumed body for forensic purposes.
"We did a microscopic examination, toxicological analysis and also a pollen analysis."
Time of death
The heart was too badly decomposed to confirm exactly how the king died - most historians believe gangrene or septicaemia from his wound would have been the cause.
However, another, less widespread theory put forward in a medieval chronicle is that Richard I may have been killed by an arrow coated in poison.
But Dr Charlier said his tests revealed that this probably was not the case.
"Our toxicological analysis showed no presence of any arsenic or any other metals, so we haven't found any proof of any contamination during the end of Richard the Lionheart's life," he explained.
"We have no confirmation that he would have been poisoned: there is no argument for this."
The team found pollen in the sample, including grains from poplar and bellflower. This suggests that Richard I died at the end of April, May or the beginning of June, as these plants are in flower then.  In the history books, his date of death is given as 6 April 1199.
The analysis also revealed much more about the techniques that were used to preserve his heart - providing an insight into medieval religious rituals.
Dr Charlier said: "The spices and vegetables used for the embalming process were directly inspired by the ones used for the embalming of Christ.
"For example, we found frankincense. This is the only case known of using frankincense  - we have never found any use of this before. This product is really devoted to very, very important persons in history."
The heart, which was wrapped in linen, also had traces of myrtle, daisy, mint and possibly lime.
The scientists think these would have been used for their smell, to give the King an "odour of sanctity", which would be "similar to Christ".
They also found mercury, which would have been used stop the heart from decomposing.
Dr Charlier said that during the post-mortem, they used up as little material as possible.
He explained: "We wanted to conserve it for the future generations.
"These are not only samples, they are also human remains and we have to respect them."
Mark Ormrod, professor in history from the University of York, said the research was extremely interesting.
"That consciousness of using very high-quality herbs and spices and other materials that are much sought after and rare does add to that sense of it being Christ-like in its quality," he said.
"Medieval kings were thought to represent the divine on Earth - they were set apart form other lay people and regarded as special and different. So that treatment of the heart strikes me as being absolutely credible."
He added that it was rare to get a forensic insight into the remains of medieval kings - and that this study and the work done on the remains of Richard III, who was recently found buried under a car park in Leicester, were unusual.
He said: "Generally speaking, when human remains are found on consecrated ground, the church, the state and the law all prevent one from undertaking any scientific analysis of them, so the opportunities to do these kinds of things are very rare."


Championship rugby league club Bradford Bulls have been placed in administration for the third time.

Bradford, who entered administration in both 2012 and 2014, faced a winding-up petition from HM Revenue & Customs in October.
Bulls chairman Marc Green said he had been talking to investors but "pressure from HMRC has forced the club to be put into this position to save its future."
Green has been in charge of the club since 2014.
He added: "There is a dispute between ourselves and HMRC which we have been working hard to resolve since the winding-up petition was issued and despite two adjournments from the courts to resolve this matter we have been unable to do so.
"We were concerned over the ability to secure a third adjournment and therefore this action became unavoidable to protect the club.
"I will be working closely with the administrators over the coming weeks and it is my intention to regain this club from them within the shortest practicable time frame.
"Regardless of whether I remain at the helm of this great club, I will ensure all memberships already purchased for next season will remain valid, as will the offer under which they were purchased. I believe the future of Bradford Bulls is still strong."
Gary Pettit and Gavin Bates, directors of PBC Business Recovery and Insolvency, have been appointed joint administrators of the club.
The Bulls, four-time Super League Grand Final winners, were relegated from the top flight of rugby league in 2014.
They finished fifth in the Championship in 2016.
In a statement, the Rugby Football League said any decision regarding Bradford's membership and possible sporting sanctions would be made in due course at the discretion of the governing body's board.
"It is undoubtedly a painful and uncertain time for supporters, players and employees," the statement added. "In these circumstances the RFL will always seek to support a club in difficulty for the sake of those directly affected and also on behalf of the chairmen and boards of well managed clubs who deserve stability."
Former Bradford Bulls coach Francis Cummins told BBC Radio Leeds: "I was there when the club went through it twice before and what the genuine fans of the club did will stay with me forever. It's sad for the people who are having to live through it now.
"It's a terrible feeling when you go through it. You're not in control and you're waiting for answers but there's no answers to give.
"Bradford have employees who are doing more than just their job. They're doing two or three jobs and they're volunteering extra hours.
"You're hoping that someone will step in and buy the club. It's going to be a tough ask finding someone willing to take it on."


Two people have been arrested over a warehouse fire last year in Oakland, California, that left 36 people dead.

Derick Almena and Max Harris are facing multiple counts of involuntary manslaughter.
Mr Almena was leaseholder at the warehouse, a bohemian collective and living space for about 20 people, and Mr Harris was his deputy.
The 2 December 2016 fire broke out during an illegal rave at the venue, known as the Ghost Ship.
Investigators have not determined the exact cause of the blaze, which was the deadliest in the US for more than 10 years, though local media reports have cited a faulty electrical system as a possible cause.
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A mother's quest to find missing daughter
All the victims - who ranged in age from 17 to 61 - died of smoke inhalation as they struggled to flee down a makeshift staircase made from wooden pallets, investigators say.
Alameda County District Attorney Nancy O'Malley announced criminal charges at a press conference on Monday.
"Defendants Almena and Harris knowingly created a fire trap with inadequate means of escape," she said.
"They then filled that area with human beings and are now facing the consequences of their actions."
"They acting knowingly and disregarded the risk" by allowing people to live in the building and by lying to police about how the space was being used, Mrs O'Malley added.
Mr Almena held the lease for the Ghost Ship, collected rent from sub-tenants and decided who could live or work at the collective.
Harris, who considered himself "creative director", helped collect rent while mediating disputes among tenants and with the building's owners, say prosecutors.
If convicted the two face up to 39 years in prison.
Mr Almena found himself the target of widespread criticism for a social media post after the tragedy when he lamented that "everything I worked so hard for is gone".
The father-of-three had added that his family was safe without mentioning the three dozen deaths.


Around 500 people were forced to leave London Marylebone station after a fire onboard a train that pulled into a platform.

An air conditioning unit is believed to have caught fire, police said. No injuries were reported.
Chiltern Railways services leaving the station were temporarily suspended.
Light smoke could be seen on the concourse and appeared to be coming from platform one, BBC World Service presenter Danny Cox said.
The station was evacuated shortly after 21:00 GMT and five fire crews were called to the station.
"There's been nothing but calm from the start", Mr Cox said.
Chiltern Railways services to the Home Counties and West Midlands were affected until the early hours of Saturday, and have now returned to normal.
Twenty-five firefighters from Paddington, Soho, Kensington and Euston fire stations attended the incident.
The fire service initially said up to 700 people had been evacuated but later confirmed the number was 500.
London Fire Brigade station manager Paul Hobbs said: "The fire was affecting one of the train's carriages but crews worked quickly to put it out."
An investigation into the cause of the fire has been launched.