9th century -  Founding of Kievan Rus, the first major East Slavic state. The traditional account, a matter of debate among historians, attributes its founding to the semi-legendary Viking (or Varangian) leader Oleg, ruler of Novgorod, who went on to seize Kiev, which owing to its strategic location on the Dnieper River, became the capital of Kievan Rus.
10th century  - Rurik dynasty established and the rule of Prince Vladimir the Great (Prince Volodymyr in Ukrainian) heralds start of a golden age. In 988 Vladimir accepts Orthodox Christianity and begins conversion of Kievan Rus to the Byzantine rite, thus setting the course for Christianity in the east.
11th century - Kievan Rus reaches its peak under Yaroslav the Wise (grand prince 1019-1054), with Kiev becoming eastern Europe's chief political and cultural centre.
1237-40 - Mongols invade the Rus principalities, destroying numerous cities and ending Kiev's power. Tatars (as the Mongol invaders became known) establish the empire of the Golden Horde in southern Russia and the Khan of the Golden Horde becomes overlord of all the Russian princes.
14th century - Ascendancy of grand princes of Moscow (or Muscovy) under the Mongols. Ivan I is granted the title of Grand Prince after helping to defeat an anti-Tatar uprising in the principality of Tver, Moscow's great rival.
15th century -  The Muscovite princes pursue a policy of "gathering the Russian lands", a drive to annex all East Slavic lands. Ivan III (the Great) subdues most of the Great Russian lands by conquest or by the voluntary allegiance of princes. The Battle of the Ugra in 1480 marks the end of Tatar dominance.
1547-84 - Grand Prince Ivan IV (the Terrible) is first ruler to be proclaimed Tsar in 1547. Seeking to impose military discipline and a centralised administration, he institutes a reign of terror against the hereditary nobility.
1581 - Cossacks begin conquering Siberia for Russia.
1613 - National Council elects Michael Romanov as tsar, ending a long period of instability and foreign intervention. Romanov dynasty rules Russia until 1917 revolution.
1689-1725 - Peter the Great introduces far-reaching reforms, including a regular conscript army and navy, subordinating the Orthodox Church to himself and reorganising government structures along European lines.
1721 - Russia acquires territory of modern Estonia and Latvia after decades of war with Sweden, establishing naval presence in Baltic Sea and 'window on Europe'.
1772-1814 - Russia conquers Crimea, Ukraine, Georgia, and what later became Belarus, Moldova, as well as parts of Poland.
1798-1815 - Russia takes part in the European coalitions against Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, defeating Napoleon's invasion in 1812 and contributing to his overthrow.
Army officers return home bringing liberal ideas from Europe, spurring efforts to rein in Romanov autocracy.
1825 - Abortive attempt by liberal army officers to establish constitutional government crushed in Decembrist Revolt.
1834-59 - Russia faces determined resistance to their bid to annex North Caucasus.
1853-57 - Russia suffers setback in attempt to seize territory from declining Ottoman Empire through its defeat in Crimean War.
1861 - Emancipation Edict ends serfdom but keeps peasants tied to the land through continuing labour obligations; rapid industrialisation leads to growth of a small working class and the spread of revolutionary ideas.
1864-65 - Kazakh steppes and Central Asian Muslim states annexed.
1877-78 - Russian-Turkish War sees Russia seize land from Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus and establish client states in the Balkans.
1897 - Marxist Social Democratic Party founded, and in 1903 splits into Menshevik and more radical Bolshevik factions.
1904-05 - Russian expansion in Manchuria leads to war with Japan - and the 1905 revolution, which forced Tsar Nicholas II to grant a constitution and establish a parliament, the Duma.
1906-1911 - Constitutional rule in tempered by authoritarian government of Peter Stolypin, whose attempts to reform land ownership were only partly successful.
1914 - Russian-Austrian rivalry in Balkans contributes to outbreak of World War I, in which Russia fought alongside Britain and France.
1917 March - Poor performance in the war and mismanagement of the economy at home prompt mutinies in the armed forces and street disturbances in major cities.
Liberal leaders force Tsar Nicholas to abdicate; series of Provisional Governments seek to continue war against Germany despite disintegrating military and unrest at home.
November - Bolsheviks overthrow provisional government, suppress elected Constituent Assembly, establish ruthless 'Dictatorship of the Proletariat' under Communist Party rule that crushes religious and political dissent.
1918 - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ends war with Germany at price of major territorial losses in eastern Europe and Baltic, which are steadily recovered over following 30 years.
1918-22 - Bolsheviks win civil war against White Russians, aided by Britain, France, Japan and the US. Defeat in war with Poland ends Soviet expansion westwards until the Second World War.
1922 - Bolsheviks reorganise remnants of Russian Empire as Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
1920s - Experiments with market mechanisms and private business under New Economic Policy give way to state-run command economy under Joseph Stalin, who becomes virtually unchallenged as dictator in 1929.
Social permissiveness and relatively generous approach to minority nationalities gradually yield to a conservative and Russocentric policies.
1930s - Stalin carries out a second revolution to consolidate his power, concentrating land ownership in massive state-run holdings, forcing the pace of industrialisation, and killing his enemies - real and imagined - in the Party, economic management, civil service, military and security services.
Economic disruption and deliberate policy of repression leads of mass famine in Ukraine and deportation of hundreds of thousands of people to work in huge network of forced labour camps, usually in remote and harsh parts of the country.
1939 - Stalin concludes non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, seizing eastern Poland, parts of Romania and Czechoslovakia, and then the Baltic States after the start of the Second World War.
1939-40 - Inconclusive Winter War against Finland reveals poor state of Soviet armed forces, prompting Stalin to build up military in expectation of eventual war with Germany.
1941 - Soviet Union left reeling by surprise German attack in July. German advance only halted on outskirts of Moscow in December. Soviet Union forms alliance with Britain and United States, who provide it with military supplies throughout rest of war.
1942 - Soviet military steadily pushes back German forces after Battle of Stalingrad.
1945 - Allied victory over Nazi Germany followed by swift establishment of Soviet hegemony in Central and Eastern Europe, and Balkans.
The annexations of 1939-40 are retained, client governments are formed elsewhere, and parts of Germany and Austria are occupied. Stalin extends policy of heavy industrialisation into these areas.
Cold War
1947 - 'Cold War' with the West begins in earnest as Soviet Union consolidates power in Eastern Europe and promotes pro-Soviet revolution in China, the Middle and Near East, and Asia.
1949 - Soviets explode their first nuclear bomb; Cold War rivals begin nuclear arms race.
1950s - Soviet competition for power with West extends into Latin America and former European colonies in Africa, making Cold War global.
1953 - Death of Stalin ushers in less repressive rule at home, although Communist Party political dominance is firmly upheld.
1957 - Soviet artificial satellite Sputnik becomes first to orbit Earth, spurring the Cold War beyond the atmosphere in a Space Race.
1961 - Yuri Gagarin becomes first person to orbit Earth in Vostok spacecraft.
1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis brings world to brink of nuclear war; perceived defeat for Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev hastened his ouster two years later by more conservative faction, eventually led by Leonid Brezhnev.
Stagnation
1965-1970 - Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin tries to introduce profit and bonus elements and some decentralisation of planning in order to boost flagging economic output and competitiveness, but is thwarted by disappointing results and opposition by Party conservatives.
1970s - Consolidation of Leonid Brezhnev's rule sees economic stagnation and widespread corruption, undermining public faith in any superiority of the Soviet model.
Efforts to rein in Cold War tensions through US-Soviet detente collapse in aftermath of Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in 1979.
1985-91 - Rise to power of Mikhail Gorbachev heralds serious efforts to reform moribund economy (perestroika), free up political debate (glasnost), and end crippling cost of continuing Cold War.
Gorbachev gradually loses control of reform processes at home and abroad, leading to the collapse of Communist rule in Eastern Europe and the eventual implosion of the Soviet Union itself.
Yeltsin era
1991 - Russia becomes independent as the Soviet Union collapses and, together with Ukraine and Belarus, forms the Commonwealth of Independent States, which is eventually joined by most former Soviet republics except the Baltic states.
Chechnya declares unilateral independence, beginning a decade of conflict with Moscow.
1992 - Russia takes up the seat of the former Soviet Union on the United Nations Security Council, and retains control of its nuclear arsenal.
Acting Prime Yegor Gaidar launches controversial programme of lifting central controls on economy to prevent total collapse.
Opponents complain it is poorly managed and directly responsible for hyper-inflation and the rise of the 'oligarchs' - businessmen who benefit from crash privatisation of massive state enterprises.
1993 September-October - President Boris Yeltsin sends in troops to seize parliament from opponents of his rule.
A dispute between MPs and President Yeltsin in 1993 ended when the army shelled parliament
1993 December - Referendum approves new constitution giving president sweeping powers.
Communist and nationalist opposition makes large gains in elections to new Duma parliament.
1994 - Russia joins Nato's Partnership for Peace programme.
Russian troops launch two-year to recapture the breakaway republic of Chechnya, which ends with compromise agreement on substantial Chechen autonomy.
1995 - Communist Party emerges as largest party in parliamentary elections, with more than a third of seats.
1996 - Yeltsin re-elected despite concerns about his health.
Russia admitted to the G-7 group of industrialised countries. Suspended in March 2014.
Thousands of lives were lost in Russia's bid to prevent Chechnya from becoming independent
Regions and territories: Chechnya
1998 September - New Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov stabilises collapsing rouble, ends danger of debt default, and carries out major taxation reform.
Also opposes Nato campaign against Yugoslavia, marking start of Russia's distancing itself from US foreign policy. He eventually falls out with President Yeltsin, who dismisses him in May 1999.
Flawed torchbearer of Russian democracy died in April 2007
Obituary: Boris Yeltsin
1999 August - Armed men from Chechnya invade the neighbouring Russian territory of Dagestan.
President Yeltsin appoints ex-KGB officer Vladimir Putin prime minister with brief to bring Chechnya back under control.
1999 December - Yeltsin resigns in favour of Vladimir Putin, who takes over buoyed by popularity over major military campaign against Chechen rebels.
2000 March - President Putin wins election.
2000 August - Mr Putin faces criticism over sinking of Kursk nuclear submarine, given his slow response and official obfuscation.
2000 December - Mr Putin begins steady process of rehabilitating Soviet era by re-instating 1944-1991 anthem with new words.
2002 May - Russia and the USA announce a new agreement on strategic nuclear weapons reduction.
Russian and Nato foreign ministers set up Nato-Russia Council with equal role in decision-making on terrorism and other security threats.
2002 October - Chechen rebels seize a Moscow theatre and hold about 800 people hostage. Most of the rebels and around 120 hostages are killed when Russian forces storm the building.
2003 June - Government axes last remaining nationwide independent TV channel, TVS, citing financial reasons.
2003 September - Kyrgyzstan grants Russia first military base abroad in 13 years to counter Islamist terrorism.
2003 October - Yukos oil boss and prominent liberal Mikhail Khodorkovsky arrested on charges of tax evasion and fraud, an early casualty of President Putin's campaign to drive Yeltsin-era 'oligarchs' out of politics.  In 2005 he is sentenced to nine years imprisonment, and is pardoned and goes into exile in 2013.
2003 December - President Putin's United Russia wins landslide Duma election victory, buoyed by economic recovery.
2004 March - Mr Putin wins second presidential term by landslide, consolidating his power.
2004 August - Authorities seize Yuganskneftegaz, Yukos's key production unit, over alleged tax debts, in move widely seen as punishment for Yukos boss Khodorkovsky's opposition to Putin. State formally purchases Yuganskneftegaz in December.
2004 September - More than 380 people, many of them children, killed when mainly Chechen and Ingush Islamists besiege school in North Ossetia's Beslan. Prompts boost in state security powers, despite widespread public criticism of handling of siege.
Survivors commemorate the school siege in which more than 330 people died
How the siege unfolded
Mr Putin scraps direct election of regional governors, who will henceforth be government appointees.
2005 February - Moscow and Tehran sign agreement by which Russia will supply fuel for Iran's Bushehr nuclear reactor and Iran will send spent fuel rods back to Russia.
2005 March - Chechen separatist leader Aslan Maskhadov killed by Russian forces.
2005 June - State gains control of Gazprom gas giant by increasing its stake in the company to over 50%.
2005 September - Russia and Germany sign major deal to build Nord Stream gas pipeline under Baltic Sea between the two countries. Comes on line in 2011.
2006 January - Putin signs law giving authorities extensive new powers to monitor the activities of non-governmental organisations and suspend them if they are found to pose an alleged threat to national security.
2006 July - Russia's most-wanted man, Chechen warlord Shamil Basayev, killed by security forces.
Murdered reporter Anna Politkovskaya exposed Chechnya abuses
Obituary: Anna Politkovskaya
Politkovskaya talks to Woman's Hour
2006 November - Former Russian security service officer Alexander Litvinenko, an outspoken critic of the Kremlin living in exile in London, dies of polonium poisoning. Britain accuses Russian former security officers of murder.
2007 March - Dozens detained as riot police break up St Petersburg protest by demonstrators accusing President Putin of stifling democracy.
2007 July - Diplomatic row between London and Moscow over Britain's bid for the extradition of Andrei Lugovoi, an ex-KGB agent accused of Mr Litvinenko's murder.
President Putin earned praise for restoring stability but has also been accused of authoritarianism
2007 August - Russia mounts an Arctic expedition apparently aimed at expanding its territorial claims and plants a flag on the seabed at the North Pole.
2007 November - President Putin signs law suspending Russia's participation in the 1990 Conventional Armed Forces in Europe treaty that limits the deployment of heavy military equipment across Europe.
2007 December - President Putin's United Russia party wins landslide in parliamentary elections, which critics describe as neither free nor democratic.
2008 January - Russia revives Soviet-era Atlantic navy exercises in neutral waters in the Bay of Biscay off France in demonstration of resurgent military muscle.
2008 March - Putin ally Dmitry Medvedev wins presidential elections as Mr Putin cannot serve a third consecutive term, later appoints Mr Putin prime minister.
2008 August - Tensions with Georgia escalate into war after Georgian troops attack Russian-backed separatist forces in South Ossetia. Russia drives Georgian forces from South Ossetia and Abkhazia, then recognizes both as independent states.
Russia's intervention in South Ossetia led to tension with the West
Q&A: Conflict in Georgia
Georgia 'started unjustified war'
2008 November - Parliament votes overwhelmingly in favour of a bill that would extend the next president's term of office from four to six years.
2009 January - Russia stops gas supplies to Ukraine after the collapse of talks to resolve a row over unpaid bills. Supplies to southeastern Europe are disrupted for several weeks as a result of the dispute.
2009 April - Russia formally ends operations against rebels in Chechnya, although sporadic violence continues.
2009 July - President Medvedev and Barack Obama, on his first official visit to Moscow, reach an outline agreement to reduce nuclear weapons stockpiles in move aimed at replacing 1991 Start 1 treaty.
2009 September - Russia welcomes the US decision to shelve missile defence bases in Poland and the Czech Republic.
2009 October - Opposition parties accuse the authorities of rigging local elections, as the governing United Russia party wins every poll by a wide margin.
2010 April - President Medvedev signs a new strategic arms agreement with US committing both sides to cut arsenals of deployed nuclear warheads by about 30 percent.
2010 June - Presidents Medvedev and Obama mark warming in ties on the Russian leader's first visit to the White House. Obama says the US will back Russia's World Trade Organisation accession, and Russia will allow the US to resume poultry exports.
2010 July - A customs union between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan comes into force despite Belarusian complaints about Russia retaining duties on oil and gas exports to its neighbours.
2010 October - President Medvedev sacks the powerful mayor of Moscow, Yuri Luzhkov, after weeks of criticism from the Kremlin. Mr Luzhkov had been in office since 1992.
2011 December - United Russia suffers drop in share of the vote at parliamentary elections, but keeps a simple majority in the State Duma. Tens of thousands turn out in opposition protests alleging fraud, in first major anti-government protests since the early 1990s.
2012 March - Vladimir Putin wins presidential elections. Opponents take to the streets of several major cities to protest at the conduct of the election, police arrest hundreds.
2012 July - Law goes into force requiring non-governmental organisations receiving funds from abroad to be classed as "foreign agents" as part of a wider crackdown on dissent.
2012 August - US, EU and human rights groups condemn jail sentences imposed on three members of punk band Pussy Riot over an anti-Putin protest in a Moscow cathedral. The women were sentenced to two years for "hooliganism".
Russia formally joins the World Trade Organization after 18 years of negotiations.
2012 December - Angered by a US bill blacklisting Russian officials in connection with the death in custody of lawyer Sergei Magnitsky, Moscow bans Americans from adopting Russian children and stops US-funded non-governmental organisations from working in Russia.
2013 July - Anti-corruption blogger and leading opposition activist Alexei Navalny is sentenced to five years in prison after being found guilty of embezzlement in a trial he rejects as politically motivated.
2013 September - Mr Navalny comes second in the Moscow mayoral election after being released pending appeal, coming close to forcing the Kremlin's candidate into a run-off.
2014 February-May - After flight from Ukraine of pro-Moscow president Viktor Yanukovych, Russian forces take over Crimea, which then votes to join Russia in a referendum. This sparks biggest East-West showdown since Cold War, with the US and its European allies criticising Russia's further intervention in eastern Ukraine. Russia suspended from G-8 group of industrialised countries.
2014 May - Russia's Gazprom sign 30-year deal to supply the China National Petroleum Corp with gas, estimated to be worth over $400bn.
2014 July - Following the downing of a Malaysian Airlines passenger plane over eastern Ukraine in a suspected missile strike, Russia comes in for international criticism over supplying rebels with heavy weaponry.
The EU and US announce new sanctions against Russia. The IMF says Russian growth is slowing down to zero.
2014 October - Russia agrees to resume gas supplies to Ukraine over the winter in a deal brokered by the EU.
2014 December - The Russian rouble begins to drop rapidly against the US dollar, losing about half its value in the next two months.
2015 February - Opposition activist and former first deputy prime minister Boris Nemtsov is shot dead in Moscow. Police charge two Chechens with murder amid widespread scepticism.
2015 September - Russia carries out first air strikes in Syria, saying it targets the Islamic State group. But West and Syrian opposition say it overwhelmingly targets anti-Assad rebels instead.
2015 November - Turkey shoots down Russian warplane on Syria bombing mission. Russia, Turkey's second-largest trading partner, imposes economic sanctions.
2016 January - British public inquiry concludes President Putin probably approved murder of of former Russian intelligence officer and Kremlin critic Alexander Litvinenko in London in 2006.
2016 September - Parliamentary elections: The ruling United Russia party increases its majority, with the remaining seats won by other pro-Putin parties. Key opposition figures such as Alezei Navalny barred from standing.
2016 November - Economy Minister Alexei Ulyukayev is accused of taking a $2m (£1.6m) bribe from state oil company Rosneft to endorse a takeover deal.
2016 December - Military plane carrying members of the Alexandrov army music ensemble crashes in Black Sea en route to entertain Russian troops in Syria, killing all on board.
2017 April - a bomb attack on the St Petersburg metro rail system kills 13 people. A Kyrgyz-born suspect dies in blast, and police defuse an other bomb in a flat.


I love butter - a scraping of it on a slice of toast is a thing of joy.

So when a series of newspaper headlines declared saturated fat is not as bad as once thought and that "butter is back" then wow that's the kind of news story I can get behind!
But they do run against decades of health advice to cut the amount of sat fat we eat.
So what's going on here and what should make it into the supermarket trolley?
One of the big problems seems to be that simply declaring saturated fat is bad or that butter is back loses all nuance.
The World Health Organization's advice is to have no more than 10% of total calories coming from saturated fat.
The argument has been that sat fat increases the amount of bad cholesterol in the blood, although it also increases the good type too.
The bad cholesterol furs up arteries and ultimately leads to a heart attack or stroke. Meanwhile trials of statins show cholesterol-lowering drugs can reduce the risk of a heart attack.
Read: Is breakfast a waste of time?
Watch: How healthy is your breakfast?
Read: Low-fat or high-fat - does it matter?
But getting the best evidence in nutrition is always a bit of nightmare.
Some studies rely on food questionnaires asking people what they ate in the past year and then seeing what happened decades later. Now I can't tell you what I had for dinner three weeks ago and diets also change with time.
And it's ever so slightly unethical to lock people up and experiment with their diets for decades to see if they have a heart attack. So the evidence ends up being a patchwork quilt of studies that gives an overall impression that saturated fat is bad.
Public Health England, which advises people to cut down on saturated fat, says one of the key pieces of science on which they base their recommendations on is a review of 15 clinical trials which changed more than 59,000 people's diets for at least two years.
However, even this starts to show why there can be confusion about saturated fat.
It showed no impact on deaths from heart disease or any other cause of dying.
And the analysis concludes that if you cut saturated fat out of your diet and replace it with carbohydrates or protein then it makes no difference to your risk of a heart attack.
Carbs, and especially the refined ones in white bread rather than the complex ones in vegetables or wholegrains, are as bad for you as the saturated fat we've been warned off for years.
It is only when saturated fats are replaced like-for-like by polyunsaturated fats that you see a significant reduction in heart attacks.
Dr Lee Hooper, who led the study at the University of East Anglia, said: "What we've realised in the last few years is that saturated fat isn't quite as much a villain as we thought."
Saturated fat - Found in meats including processed foods such as burgers and sausages as well as butter, dairy and coconut oil
Monounsaturated fat - Found in avocados, olive oil, and many types of nut.
Polyunsaturated fat - Found in oily fish, vegetable oils and seeds.
Trans fat - Found in biscuits, cakes and margarines
Source: British Heart Foundation
I put it to Public Health England's chief nutritionist, Dr Alison Tedstone, that just telling people to cut saturated fat was too simplistic.
She was adamant that saturated fat is a bad thing in our diets but "it's a fair point that sometimes the fat message gets oversimplified".
Dr Tedstone continued: "The data over the years has flip-flopped slightly as new studies have emerged and that's because you're looking at subtle things on whether it should be monos or polys or wholegrain carbohydrate.
"I agree it's inappropriate to give the population messages to increase your carbohydrate intake without thinking about what that carbohydrate intake is."
The advice from both Drs Tedstone and Hooper is to cook in sunflower oil instead of butter and have a low-fat spread.
But some have argued that even this is wrong and that butter and other foods rich in saturated fat belong in a healthy diet.
A study by the University of Cambridge in 2014 is often quoted after it concluded there was no "clearly supportive evidence" for the guidelines that encourage cutting saturated fat from the diet.
It led to a flurry of headlines announcing that "butter is back".
"That is an oversimplification, we never said that," one of the researchers Dr Nita Forouhi, from the MRC epidemiology unit at the University of Cambridge, told me.
The review did show no significant relationship between the amount of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat or a type of polyunsaturated fat and heart disease.
But Dr Forouhi warned there needed to be a stronger focus on not what should be cut from the diet, but with what it should be replaced.
The study could not take that into account.
She said saturated fat had become a "very, very reductionist debate" and warned people to "be careful about giving oversimplified messages".
But she is at the forefront of research that might transform the saturated fat debate, bringing some saturated fats in from the cold.
Once upon a time doctors thought all "cholesterol" was bad, until they discovered it came in both "good" and "bad" forms.
Well, now there is a growing realisation that not all saturated fats are the same and emerging evidence hints that some types may be beneficial.
A saturated fatty acid is a string of carbon atoms chained together, but the length of the chain varies.
Saturated fatty acids range from those with four carbons (butyric acid) to those with 24 carbons (lignoceric acid). Common ones include palmitic acid (16 carbons) and stearic acid (18 carbons).
When you look at the levels of the different saturated fatty acids that end up in the blood then interesting patterns start to emerge.
People with higher levels of 16 and 18 carbon saturated fatty acids in the bloodstream had a higher risk of heart disease.
But those with more saturated fatty acids with a length of 15 or 17, which is linked to eating dairy, had a lower risk and the same pattern emerges in type 2 diabetes.
"These are very exciting findings and could really advance our understanding," added Dr Forouhi.
So-called "even-chain" saturated fatty acids such as those with 16 carbons come from dietary fat, but are also made by the body because of high intakes of refined carbs and alcohol.
So not only could refined carbs be having a negative effect on blood sugar levels, they could also be boost "bad" saturated fats in the blood.
The "odd-chains" come exclusively from the diet and notably from dairy products.
And Dr Forouhi added: "Our new findings may also help to explain the reports from studies that some types of dairy products may cut diabetes or heart disease risk, somewhat contrary to expectation."
But wait a minute - were all those headlines right? Should cheese, yoghurt, whole milk and butter should be firmly on the menu?
Dr Forouhi warned that it was dangerous to take her early evidence and make such pronouncements.
"We cannot assume that the beneficial effects of dairy products are solely from the 'good' saturated fatty acids, after all foods contain a combination of ingredients."
She warned there was still a "powerful link" between butter or saturated fat and bad cholesterol and more targeted studies should now take place on sub-types of saturated fat.
And specifically on butter she said that most scientific studies don't actually include it in their definition of dairy.
More research in this whole field is taking place, it could dramatically change our understanding of fat. Or equally it could come to nothing.
Dr Forouhi concluded: "While that research is going on I don't think we should just go changing everything.
"It's too premature to give the public the impression that they have a licence, based on this preliminary research, which is exciting but not yet definitive, to say butter is back."
Follow James on Twitter.


The 2012 Olympic heptathlon champion Jessica Ennis-Hill has given birth to a boy.

Announcing the birth on her Twitter account, she said: "Our beautiful baby boy Reggie Ennis-Hill was born yesterday. We couldn't be happier."
Ennis-Hill, 28, from Sheffield, plans to defend her Olympic title at the 2016 Rio Games.
The athlete, who married Andy Hill in May 2013, was the poster-girl of London 2012.
Ennis-Hill revealed in January she was pregnant with her first child, ruling her out of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, which start on Wednesday.
She said at the time she was "100% set on returning to full-time athletics" after the birth.
Fellow athletes, including 21-year-old Katarina Johnson-Thompson, who is the favourite for the heptathlon title at Hampden Park in Ennis-Hill's absence, were quick to post tributes on Twitter.
Johnson-Thompson, from Liverpool, has spoken of her excitement at going head-to-head with Ennis-Hill when her rival returns to the sport.
Olympic swimming stars Rebecca Adlington and Keri-anne Payne also tweeted their congratulations on the birth, as did UK Sport and Scottish Athletics.
Double Olympic gold medallist Adlington also complimented her fellow athlete on the choice of the new baby's name.
Ennis-Hill's last heptathlon was at the Olympic Stadium two summers ago. She missed last year's World Championships with an Achilles injury.


It is nearly 35 years since Sandy and Danny danced their way into the nation's hearts in hit film Grease, but John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John have finally shimmied their way back into the recording studio.

The clue to what they are doing now is in the video for the duo's new single, I Think You Might Like It, which imagines the Grease characters getting back together for a Christmas celebration.
The single is written by John Farrar, whose last song for the couple was You're The One That I Want, which is the fifth best-selling single of all time in the UK.
When Newton-John texted Travolta to tell him of the single's success, his response was immediate.
"I texted her back and said let's do a Christmas song," he tells the BBC.
But instead of one song, they decided to do a whole album and headed into the studio in July to record it.
"The chemistry was right where we left it" says Travolta, who chose songs that "allowed us to be the voice quality that we were in Grease".
Newton-John decorated the studio in Christmas decorations, and she says: "John bought reindeer antlers and Santa hats so we got right in the spirit".
The proceeds from the album will be divided between the Jett Travolta Foundation, set up in honour of his late son, and the Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre in Melbourne.
The album, a compilation of Christmas classics, also features a few of Travolta's famous friends.
"They all knew my son. When I called Barbra Streisand, she didn't hesitate at all," he says.
"Neither did James Taylor, Tony Bennett, Kenny G or Chick Correa. All said yes immediately. Probably the most touching thing of all is the lack of hesitation. "
Newton-John was keen to get Cliff Richard on board.
"It was really important to me that he was a part of it, as he was so important to my career and starting me off in the UK," she says.
"It's a project that we're hoping turns into a perennial one, that can continue to raise money for these causes year after year. A gift that keeps on giving."
And the burning question - now they've reignited the Grease partnership, are they tempted to make another film?
"Paramount is relentless about trying to get a third one up but there's just such magic to that first one that it's hard to compete with that," says Travolta.
The pandemonium that surrounded them at the height of Grease's fame saw barriers strained, girls fainting and Travolta being rushed with a police escort through crowds, as he ran a gauntlet of grabbing hands.
The occasion was the UK premiere of Grease in July 1978 - and the star remembers it like it was yesterday,
"I have a phenomenal memory of the intensity," he says.
"Our limo rocked, the ceiling started to cave in because of the fans, and the police couldn't control them.
"I don't know what it compares to - other than when The Beatles came to the US for the first time. We were getting that kind of reaction in the UK."
Archive footage of the event proves he is not exaggerating (the Australian premiere was even more frenzied).
Fans had fallen in love with Sandy and Danny before the film even came out, thanks to the success of the single, You're The One That I Want, which topped the charts around the world in May.
Grease told the story of the couple's summer romance at Rydell High School, complete with quiffs and tight trousers. But it ended with the characters flying into the sunset in the famous Greased Lightning car.
So what happened to Sandy and Danny after the credits rolled? Are they still together like shoo bop shoo-wadda wadda yipitty boom de boom?
"In our minds they absolutely are" says Travolta. "You'll never see Danny and Sandy apart from each other".
Except, as Olivia Newton-John points out: "Danny's gone from the flying car to the aeroplane."
But the video, has left some critics scratching their heads.
Courtney Hazlett from NBC Today. wrote: "How the video and song - which features Travolta descending from a private jet, contrived two-stepping, and lots of pasted-on smiles and melodramatic reunions - continues the story told in You're the One That I Want is something of a mystery."
The Washington Post suggests watching the video but then, "wash out your brain and refill it with more pleasant images of Travolta and ONJ".
But it is not all negative. E Online says the clip proves "that Sandy and Danny haven't lost their groove, all these years later".
The director, Rav Holly, explained to OMG! that the whole project was funded by Travolta and Newton-John and that the budget was limited,
To keep costs down they filmed at the Ocala airport, behind the gates of Travolta's exclusive community of Jumbolair. where nearly every resident has a private jet.
The result was scenes of Travolta and Newton-John toe-tapping on the Ocala air strip.
But despite them rekindling their old chemistry, it seems that they are reluctant to bring Sandy and Danny into the 21st Century.
He concludes: "I almost feel like we have to do a Christmas movie or some other movie that reminds you of Sandy and Danny but that isn't them in order to do it correctly."
So die-hard fans will have to content themselves with re-runs of Grease, but with the popularity of the film showing no sign of waning, it should be hitting the small screen for many years to come.


A Church of Ireland minister who removed and destroyed Royal British Legion flags from two churches in Newry, County Down, has resigned.

Rev Kingsley Sutton said it was "blatantly wrong" to take flags from St Patrick's and St Mary's churches in Newry.
He had replaced them with a white flag featuring a red heart, angering some parishioners.
The Bishop of Down and Dromore, Rt Rev Harold Miller, welcomed the apology.
'Inappropriate and unacceptable'
In his statement of resignation, Mr Sutton said he had been attempting to "provide worship areas in Newry that are more accessible to all people" and free from what he perceived to be "vestiges of the past".
However, he said he realised his actions were "inappropriate" and "unacceptable".
"I completely underestimated the depth of meaning and present day value of the Royal British Legion Standards," he said.
"I truly wish I had sought advice at the time and avoided all the damage I have caused.
"In my misguided thinking and zeal, not only did I remove the Standards, but I also made my decision irreversible by destroying them.
"I utterly regret this inappropriate and unacceptable action.
"I got this so blatantly wrong with my actions, I feel I can do no other at this stage than to offer my resignation as rector of Newry."
Mr Sutton also apologised to members of Protestant loyal orders, in particular the Apprentice Boys of Derry, for making what he described as "insensitive remarks" about their traditions and values.
Rev Miller described Mr Sutton's removal of the flags as "very painful indeed".
He said: "I welcome the statement of apology from the rector, Rev Kingsley Sutton, which was issued last night to the local Royal British Legion and the Select Vestries of St Patrick's and St Mary's.
"I have been in touch with the Royal British Legion, the Select Vestries and the Apprentice Boys of Derry, to arrange to meet with them as we seek a way forward, and would like to thank all concerned for their helpfulness and graciousness."


Sales of Skepta's album Konnichiwa have surged 174% after his Mercury Prize win last week.

His fourth album has climbed 40 places to number 13 in this week's official albums chart.
Skepta beat David Bowie and Radiohead to win the Â£25,000 prize, which is awarded annually to what critics judge the best British album of the year.
Konnichiwa covers topics including police harassment and his anger at British politics.
Bastille held the number one album spot for a second week with Wild World.
The highest new entry was Led Zeppelin's The Complete BBC Sessions, a collection of the group's five live sessions recorded in 1969, which debuted at number three.
Usher scored his sixth UK top 10 album with Hard II Love, which landed at number seven, while Seth Lakeman's Ballads of the Broken Few, debuted at number 18.
On the singles chart, The Chainsmokers feat. Halsey remained at number one for the fourth consecutive week with Closer, which notched up 82,000 combined sales.
They held off competition from former X Factor winner James Arthur, whose latest single Say You Won't Let Go climbed from number 25 to two with 60,000 sales.
The singer has re-signed with Simon Cowell's Syco record label, which originally dropped him two years ago.
DJ Snake and Major Lazer, both of whom have current singles featuring Justin Bieber, each dropped a place to numbers three and four respectively.
Calvin Harris rounded off the top five with My Way.
New entries included Emeli Sande's comeback single Hurts, which debuted at number 22, and US actress Hailee Steinfeld's debut single Starving, which landed at number 40.
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram at bbcnewsents, or if you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


England were denied a place in the European Under-21 Championship final as they lost a gripping semi-final against Germany on penalties.

Julian Pollersbeck saved Nathan Redmond's spot-kick as the Germans edged through in Tychy, Poland.
Aidy Boothroyd's Young Lions had fallen behind when Davie Selke headed home, but Demarai Gray levelled the scores.
Tammy Abraham made it 2-1 to England with a tap-in but Felix Platte's header took the game to extra time.
Germany will face Spain - who beat Italy 3-1 - in Friday's final in Krakow (19:45 BST).
Not for the first time, an England team is left to reflect on what might have been after losing a semi-final against Germany on penalties.
It happened at Italia '90, when Chris Waddle and Stuart Pearce faltered from the spot, and at Euro '96, when Gareth Southgate's penalty was saved.
On Tuesday, Boothroyd's team were 20 minutes from a place in the final when Platte equalised following a corner.
In an action-packed game, Salke had put the Germans ahead when he met Jermey Toljan's cross, before Leicester's Gray was well placed to equalise after Germany failed to deal with Ward-Prowse's corner.
Will Hughes teed up Abraham to give England the lead and both teams missed chances to secure victory in extra time.
Despite this result, the tournament has provided Boothroyd with plenty of positives for the future.
England drew with Sweden before beating Slovakia and host nation Poland to win their group and set up the semi-final with Germany.
This time last year, English football was reeling after the senior team were humiliated and humbled by Iceland at Euro 2016.
The date - 27 June 2016 - will always be a haunting reminder of arguably England's worst-ever defeat.
One year later, the Football Association can reflect on genuine shoots of recovery, with the under-17s reaching their Euro finals and the under-20s winning the World Cup in South Korea.
Former England captain Terry Butcher on BBC Radio 5 live
What a heroic effort from all these England players. They matched Germany - the application and spirit has been magnificent throughout this competition.
Great guts and spirit - they've carried the badge and the jersey, and they've made everyone proud.
England Under-21 boss Aidy Boothroyd:
We're absolutely gutted to go out in the way that we did.
We might not have been at our best for long periods but we showed a real British bulldog spirit.
We could have nicked it but that's football. We've practised, practised and practised penalties but the keeper has made two good saves.
It was a real effort - a real backs against the wall job at times.
It's been a long journey. The tournament has been fantastic. I'm sure there will be future senior players in this team.
Match ends, England U21 2(3), Germany U21 2(4).
Penalty Shootout ends, England U21 2(3), Germany U21 2(4).
Penalty saved! Nathan Redmond (England U21) fails to capitalise on this great opportunity,  right footed shot saved  in the bottom left corner.
Goal!  England U21 2(3), Germany U21 2(4). Nadiem Amiri (Germany U21) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom left corner.
Goal!  England U21 2(3), Germany U21 2(3). James Ward-Prowse (England U21) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the top right corner.
Goal!  England U21 2(2), Germany U21 2(3). Max Meyer (Germany U21) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom left corner.
Goal!  England U21 2(2), Germany U21 2(2). Ben Chilwell (England U21) converts the penalty with a left footed shot to the bottom right corner.
Goal!  England U21 2(1), Germany U21 2(2). Maximilian Philipp (Germany U21) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom right corner.
Penalty saved! Tammy Abraham (England U21) fails to capitalise on this great opportunity,  right footed shot saved  in the centre of the goal.
Penalty saved! Yannick Gerhardt (Germany U21) fails to capitalise on this great opportunity,  left footed shot saved  in the bottom left corner.
Goal!  England U21 2(1), Germany U21 2(1). Lewis Baker (England U21) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom right corner.
Goal!  England U21 2, Germany U21 2(1). Maximilian Arnold (Germany U21) converts the penalty with a left footed shot to the centre of the goal.
Penalty Shootout begins England U21 2, Germany U21 2.
Second Half Extra Time ends, England U21 2, Germany U21 2.
Attempt blocked. Nadiem Amiri (Germany U21) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Maximilian Philipp (Germany U21) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Alfie Mawson (England U21).
Corner,  Germany U21. Conceded by Jacob Murphy.
Maximilian Arnold (Germany U21) is shown the yellow card.
Foul by Max Meyer (Germany U21).
Lewis Baker (England U21) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Maximilian Philipp (Germany U21).
Nathan Redmond (England U21) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Attempt missed. Calum Chambers (England U21) header from the left side of the box is too high. Assisted by James Ward-Prowse with a cross following a set piece situation.
Marc-Oliver Kempf (Germany U21) is shown the yellow card for hand ball.
Hand ball by Marc-Oliver Kempf (Germany U21).
Attempt missed. John Swift (England U21) header from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Dominic Iorfa with a cross.
Second Half Extra Time begins England U21 2, Germany U21 2.
Substitution, England U21. Dominic Iorfa replaces Mason Holgate.
First Half Extra Time ends, England U21 2, Germany U21 2.
Attempt missed. Lewis Baker (England U21) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the left. Assisted by James Ward-Prowse with a headed pass.
Attempt missed. Maximilian Arnold (Germany U21) left footed shot from the right side of the box misses to the right. Assisted by Max Meyer following a corner.
Attempt saved. Yannick Gerhardt (Germany U21) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Dominik Kohr.
Corner,  Germany U21. Conceded by Calum Chambers.
Attempt missed. Maximilian Philipp (Germany U21) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high. Assisted by Jeremy Toljan.
Maximilian Arnold (Germany U21) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by John Swift (England U21).
Hand ball by Yannick Gerhardt (Germany U21).
Attempt missed. Felix Platte (Germany U21) header from the centre of the box is high and wide to the left. Assisted by Max Meyer with a cross following a corner.
Substitution, Germany U21. Dominik Kohr replaces Janik Haberer.


Wales Under-20 head coach Jason Strange insists the team still have a "fighting chance" of reaching the semi-finals of the World Championship despite a shock opening defeat to Ireland.

Strange's side must now go on to defeat New Zealand in their group, a feat Wales achieved in the 2012 tournament.
"Even though it is going to be more difficult, we've got a fighting chance," said Strange.
After Wales' 26-25 defeat to the Irish, New Zealand beat Georgia 55-0.
Wales took two losing bonus points from the match, and face Georgia in Manchester on Saturday, 11 June, before tackling the top seed All Blacks in Salford on Wednesday 15 June.
"That's not impossible by any means, we'll be preparing well and looking forward to the challenge," Strange said of the New Zealand match.
Grand Slam winners Wales took a 17-point lead against Ireland but were stunned by an Ireland fight-back, while Keelan Giles' 78th minute corner try went unconverted as replacement Jarrod Evans sent a difficult kick wide.
Fly-half Dan Jones created two of the early tries but could only land two kicks from five attempts at goal.
"It's painful after an outstanding first 25 minutes with everything going to plan. But Ireland frustrated us and we gave some soft penalties away, so the momentum quickly changed," Strange told BBC Wales.
"We left [goal-kicking] points out there, but I don't think we lost because of the goal-kicks. There were a number of reasons. We lost composure, we conceded soft penalties and to be fair to Ireland, their recycling game was very good."
It represented a turn-around in fortunes from the Six Nations, when Wales came from behind in the second half against Ireland, France and Scotland to win the title.
"It's all part of their learning, much as you enjoy winning. They'll stay tight, you have highs and lows in rugby but how we respond now as a group is important" Strange added.
Scotland pulled off the surprise of the opening round, beating Australia 15-10.


Asthma inhalers will go on sale in supermarkets for the first time this month, allowing sufferers to get the medicine without seeing their doctor.

Asda said it would start selling blue reliever inhalers over the counter without prescription from Tuesday.
Customers over 16 will be able to buy two inhalers for £7.
The Department of Health said that medicines must be dispensed by qualified staff "in line with all legal requirements".
In England such items would incur a charge of £7.65 if obtained on prescription; in the rest of the UK prescription charges no longer apply.
There are two different types of inhalers, "relievers" and "preventers", available to the 5.2 million people in the UK who suffer from asthma.
Blue reliever inhalers - the ones Asda will be selling - contain the drug salbutamol and are used if someone is feeling wheezy or suffering an attack.
Preventer inhalers are taken twice daily to help keep asthma under control.
Faisal Tuddy, deputy superintendent pharmacist at Asda, said the service was designed to be easy and convenient but would be closely monitored.
"All of our pharmacists have been trained and know they mustn't sell the inhalers without due care," he said.
Dr Samantha Walker, executive director of research and policy at Asthma UK, said the scheme was interesting in principle but she was uncertain how it would work in practice.
She said: "We applaud anything that is going to help asthma suffers but this new service has raised a few questions for us.
"Our main worry is people will overuse their inhalers when they know this service is available. If you use your inhaler too much you may end up in hospital."
Customers will be limited to two inhalers at a time which will have to last them eight weeks.
They will need to fill in a questionnaire about their condition before buying the medication.
Qualified pharmacists and an online doctor service will oversee the sale of the inhalers.
A Department of Health spokesman said: "Medicines should be dispensed by appropriately qualified staff and in line with all legal requirements."


Charlton saw off already-relegated Swindon with a comfortable win at The Valley.

The last game of the season saw the visitors start the stronger with Anton Rodgers hitting the bar from a free-kick.
But it was Charlton who took the lead on 15 minutes when Chelsea loanee Jay Dasilva's cross was headed home by striker Josh Magennis.
In a game which saw flares and balloons launched in more protests against Charlton's owner Roland Duchatelet, Nathan Byrne and Magennis came close to doubling the hosts' lead.
The Addicks were dominating and got their second on 43 minutes when Jake Forster-Caskey turned in a Byrne cross from close range.
Johnnie Jackson was then prevented from scoring by Will Henry when the keeper saved well from the Addicks' captain.
An offside flag then saw a Islam Feruz goal for Swindon chalked off.
Charlton's third came on 66 minutes when Ricky Holmes slid a shot past Henry from a Byrne pass to wrap up the points.
Match report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Charlton Athletic 3, Swindon Town 0.
Second Half ends, Charlton Athletic 3, Swindon Town 0.
Foul by Charlie Colkett (Swindon Town).
Ricky Holmes (Charlton Athletic) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Attempt missed. Jake Forster-Caskey (Charlton Athletic) header from the left side of the six yard box is too high.
Substitution, Charlton Athletic. Aaron Barnes replaces Chris Solly.
Attempt blocked. Karlan Ahearne-Grant (Charlton Athletic) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Substitution, Charlton Athletic. Joe Aribo replaces Nathan Byrne.
Attempt missed. Luke Norris (Swindon Town) right footed shot from the right side of the six yard box is high and wide to the left.
Corner,  Swindon Town. Conceded by Patrick Bauer.
Attempt missed. Josh Magennis (Charlton Athletic) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the right.
Attempt saved. Josh Magennis (Charlton Athletic) right footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Foul by Luke Norris (Swindon Town).
Patrick Bauer (Charlton Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Luke Norris (Swindon Town) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the right.
Attempt blocked. Luke Norris (Swindon Town) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Foul by Jonathan Obika (Swindon Town).
Ricky Holmes (Charlton Athletic) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Substitution, Charlton Athletic. Karlan Ahearne-Grant replaces Johnnie Jackson.
Conor Thomas (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Josh Magennis (Charlton Athletic).
Attempt missed. John Goddard (Swindon Town) left footed shot from the centre of the box is too high.
Substitution, Swindon Town. Scott Twine replaces Islam Feruz.
Substitution, Swindon Town. John Goddard replaces Jesse Starkey.
Substitution, Swindon Town. Jonathan Obika replaces Ellis Iandolo.
Goal!  Charlton Athletic 3, Swindon Town 0. Ricky Holmes (Charlton Athletic) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Nathan Byrne.
Attempt saved. Luke Norris (Swindon Town) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Charlie Colkett (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Johnnie Jackson (Charlton Athletic).
Attempt missed. Ricky Holmes (Charlton Athletic) left footed shot from the right side of the box misses to the left.
Fankaty Dabo (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Ricky Holmes (Charlton Athletic).
Corner,  Swindon Town. Conceded by Jay Dasilva.
Attempt missed. Ellis Iandolo (Swindon Town) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the left.
Foul by Fankaty Dabo (Swindon Town).
Ricky Holmes (Charlton Athletic) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Luke Norris (Swindon Town).
Jake Forster-Caskey (Charlton Athletic) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Charlie Colkett (Swindon Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Jay Dasilva (Charlton Athletic).


Hamilton will be without captain Mikey Devlin for both legs of the Premiership play-off final against Dundee United.

A scan revealed the defender suffered a tear to his anterior cruciate ligament in Saturday's 4-0 win over Dundee.
A club statement said: "He will deal with our medics on the proposed operation or rehab as appropriate. All at Accies wish him a full recovery."
Hamilton travel to Tannadice for the first leg on Thursday before hosting the return game on Sunday.
"He was out of Sunday anyway because he was suspended, so he was going to miss the second leg regardless," said manager Martin Canning of 23-year-old Devlin.
"It is a blow as he's been great for us all season, but hopefully we can get Georgios Sarris back for Thursday as it would be replacing like for like."
Sarris missed the weekend win over Dundee with a back problem.
Accies' victory ensured that they finished the season one point clear of Inverness Caledonian Thistle, who have been automatically relegated.
Canning is hopeful that Accies can build on that win, which ended a run of four straight defeats.
"It was a very similar performance to the Tuesday night game against Ross County when we didn't get any breaks at all and when we played really well," he added.
"The last two performances have been of a good standard and the pleasing thing about Saturday is there was a lot of pressure on that game.
"So to go and perform that way hopefully bodes well for Thursday, because there'll be a lot of pressure on this game as well.
"Maybe Dundee weren't bang at it as they normally would be because they couldn't go down, but I think United will be.
"So we've got to be careful of falling into the trap of thinking 'we've turned up, beaten Dundee comfortably, the games gone great'.
"It isn't going to be the same on Thursday. It can be if we go and play as well as we have, but we need to win the battles first."


Scottish netball fans have plenty to celebrate.

The Scottish Thistles are taking part in the Commonwealth games this year for the first time, and this weekend they hope to qualify for the 2015 World Cup.
But while the Fifa World Cup, in a couple of weeks, might spark a flurry of football fans at local five-a-sides pitches, can netball's success on the elite stage have a similar impact at grassroots level?
Most women in Scotland will have played netball at primary school at some point. Yet few keep playing recreationally.
Now the sports governing body has announced that it will set up a campaign in an attempt to address this.
Due to be launched in September, Bounce Back to Netball will be a "pay as you play" scheme for anyone who wants to give the sport a go. It will be piloted in Grampian before being rolled out across the country.
Netball Scotland's plans were revealed during a meeting between Sports Secretary Shona Robison and Molly Rhone, president of the International Netball federation.
But will it be a hard task persuading Scottish Thistles armchair fans to get down to a local court themselves?
At a recent test match against Trinidad and Tobago, I asked women leaving the match whether they played. Excuses included work-life balance, fitness levels and age.
Their position reflects a 2008 sportscotland study of Scottish Household Survey data, which showed only 3% of women who exercise play a team sport.
It suggested that most women, who exercise at least once a month, choose swimming or keep fit classes instead.
In comparison, about a fifth of men play team sports at least once a month - mostly five-a-side football.
However, netball converts are passionate about the game - as I found out when I went to meet a group of women at The Dunblane Centre in Perthshire.
Most are mums who met each other at the school gates.
Karen Figliolini, 37, said: "In the past I tried lots of other sports like keep fit, aerobics and I really didn't enjoy it. I found it really boring.
"So I came along about six years ago and I've been coming ever since."
Ashley Shepherd, 41, said the social aspect was a big draw.
"I mean we do play for the hour, but we also stop and have a chit chat in between," she said. "It's just good fun and sociable, and nobody takes it too seriously either."
The main barrier for most had been to turn up for the first time.
"I hadn't played sport for a long time, I was overweight and I was quite nervous about going along for the first time," said 42-year-old Lorna McIntosh.
"But when I came along everybody was so friendly. They filled me in on the rules I didn't know, and I wasn't the most unfit, or the most fat or the smallest."
Scotland's governing body's recent plan of attack has been to target schoolchildren. More than 400,000 pupils took part in netball sessions last year.
Netball Scotland CEO Maggie Murray now hopes to emanate the success of the Back to Netball campaign in England for women over the age of 16, which has seen almost 2,000 new netball initiatives set up over the past four years.
"In my generation almost every woman has played netball at some point in primary school," she said.
"It's what have we done to lose that volume of people coming through.
"So I think that's about resources, and trying to pull people together again - a call to arms."
Sports Secretary Shona Robison welcomed the initiative, which she said would "allow women to turn up an play in the same way men can for five-a-sides, without having to commit to a big training schedule".
"So women who are inspired by what they see at the Commonwealth Games can go back to netball or take it up for the first time," she added.
Molly Rhone, president of the International Federation of Netball said England and Australia had both run successful recreational programmes.
"It's not just about competing for your country, it's about keeping active. Netball is a fun game, a cheap game. It offers great camaraderie, and it offers something to do at the weekend or whenever."
So perhaps then, we shouldn't consign our gym slips to the history books just yet.
If you would like to try netball, go to our Get Inspired netball page. More information about the Bounce into Netball campaign will be posted by Netball Scotland  in due course.


The number of raffle groups on Facebook has grown rapidly over the last few years, but so have the number of people being scammed.

"It just makes me so angry. [The scammers] keep changing their names and Facebook just let them do it," says Maggie Hughes, who says at one stage she was a member of between 25 and 30 online raffle groups on the social media site.
Anyone can set up a raffle group on Facebook and then begin inviting contacts to join, although Facebook says it shuts down illegal raffle pages - those not licensed by the Gambling Commission - as soon as they are reported.
The page owners then choose a prize, and sell tickets - using PayPal or a bank transfer.
From then on, it works just like a normal raffle. A number is drawn at random and the winner earns a prize.
At least that is how it should work.
Maggie became suspicious of one woman online when she says she won some prizes.
"I played her tombola [raffle] and I have not received any prizes from her at all," she says.
Maggie is disabled and her husband has dementia. She says the £40 to £50 she estimates she has lost is a lot of money to her.
"It's very hard, it just upsets me. It makes me angry that this girl is getting away with it."
The woman Maggie says she dealt with, Lauren Brattle, appears to have a number of online aliases.
Her raffles were among the many mentioned on a Facebook page that raises awareness of possible scams.
Ms Brattle says the allegations against her are false and she has not done anything wrong.
The page is moderated by Liz Hodgson, who deals with problem raffles run all over the country.
"[The problem] is huge," she says. "It's so big at the moment. Everybody's creating their own groups.
"There are daily posts in the 10s, of people having issues with admins on these raffle groups.
"They're not drawing them correctly, the [players] aren't receiving their prizes."
Tracie Morgans, a member of Liz's online page, said she knew of one woman who "walked away with £400 worth of people's money" without giving out prizes.
"She was boasting that she was taking her kids on holiday," she adds, having been scammed twice in the past herself.
"There are so many nasty, selfish, greedy, money-hungry idiots," says Karen Evans, also a member of Liz's page. "I didn't realise how rotten the world was."
Karen says she has also been cheated out of money on a raffle group.
"I played a page and I paid for the raffle and all of a sudden the page wasn't there any more. I tried to inbox the girl and she blocked me."
The Gambling Commission, which regulates all gambling activities in the UK, says complaints about social media raffles have been greatly on the rise in recent years.
The prizes on offer, it adds, have included a shotgun, a monkey and a pregnant spaniel.
In order to be legal, online raffles must be licensed by the Gambling Commission.
Facebook says it shuts down raffle pages as soon as they are reported and found to be illegal, and the Gambling Commission says almost all of the raffle groups reported to them are now no longer active.
For some users, the possibility of being scammed is not the only issue associated with the raffle pages.
It is also the fact they allow people to freely gamble online.
Liz says she "would absolutely say people are becoming addicted".
"Quite a lot of the posts on the scammers group are where people have placed their last £50 or £60 on one raffle.
"And they've got children and they're spending their children's money."
Some raffle groups say they are raising money for charity.
The BBC understands Ms Brattle - the woman Maggie says scammed her - had previously claimed her raffles made money for the Sick Person's Trust, but the charity says it has not received any money from her.
She denies this.
The police told us they are investigating a complaint.
"It's absolutely disgusting that this charity hasn't received a penny," explains Maggie.
But the wider question surrounding raffle groups is - with so many popping up daily - how to stop them.
Watch the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme on weekdays between 09:00 and 11:00 on BBC Two and the BBC News Channel.


Hundreds of nursery schools in England could close if the government presses ahead with plans to offer 30 hours a week of free childcare, a union warns.

Pre-schools will not cope financially after a planned two-year package of taxpayer support ends, says the National Association of Head Teachers.
In 2017, free care for three-and four-year-olds is set to rise from 15 to 30 hours a week in term-time.
Ministers say the extra funding will provide stability for nursery schools.
There are 400 maintained nursery schools in England, offering an early years education to three- and four-year-olds.
Two-thirds are in the most deprived areas of England, and 99%  are rated as good or outstanding.
The NAHT carried out analysis with the charity Early Education.
They found those in the local authority areas with the highest number of nurseries - including  Birmingham, Lancashire and Hertfordshire - would see huge cuts in funding if the proposal to double the current 15 hours of free time was introduced.
They say:
NAHT general secretary Russell Hobby said: "The Department for Education's [DfE] own data shows that any funding approach that does not reflect these costs on an ongoing basis will be a body blow for early years education in nursery schools.
"There is additional funding available, but only for two years.
"After that point, England's nursery schools will cease to be financially viable.
"The 30 hours offer will be doomed before it even gets started, additional places won't materialise and current places will be lost as nursery schools across England close their doors for good.
"The government has the data - it must rethink before thousands of families, many in the poorest areas of the country, are left high and dry.
"In contrast to grammar schools, high-quality nursery education is a proven method of helping the most disadvantaged families.
"It is inexplicable that a government serious about social mobility would focus on one at the expense of the other."
The NAHT claims come on the final day of a government consultation on early years funding and the 30 hours of free care in term time.
A spokeswoman for the DfE said the proposals for supplementary funding would be for at least two years.
"This extra funding will provide stability for nursery schools, which make a valuable contribution to improving the lives of some of our most disadvantaged children.
"The funding is part of our record investment in early years - £6bn per year by 2020.
"We will be consulting with the maintained nursery schools' sector on future funding in due course."
Valerie Daniel, head  of Washwood Heath Nursery School, in Birmingham, said: "The government seems to recognise the quality of early years education such settings provide, but has no plans to secure their future beyond the two years of transitional funding set out.
"This will lead to a massive loss for nursery schools, with larger settings potentially losing more than £200,000 from their current budgets, which have already been hit by local budget cuts.
"I fear that a significant loss to maintained nursery budgets will create a ripple effect on safeguarding the most vulnerable children in the region."
In April, a poll of childcare providers carried out by the Pre-school Learning Alliance found almost feared they could have to close as a result of the 30-hour offer.
The online poll also found that 48% of the providers felt they would have to reduce the number of places they offered to other age groups.


Babies born weighing less than 4lb (1.8kg) could be more prone to developing autism than children born at normal weight, a study suggests.

Writing in Pediatrics journal, US researchers followed 862 New Jersey children born at a low birthweight from birth to the age of 21.
Some 5% were diagnosed with autism, compared to 1% of the general population.
But experts say more research is needed to confirm and understand the link.
Links between low birthweight and a range of motor and cognitive problems have been well established by previous research.
But the researchers say this is the first study to establish that these children may also have a greater risk of developing autism spectrum disorders.
The babies in the study were born between September 1984 and July 1987 in three counties in New Jersey.
They all weighed between 0.5kg and 2kg or a maximum of about 4.4lb.
At the age of 16, 623 children were screened for risk of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Of the 117 who were found to be positive in that screening, 70 were assessed again at age 21.
Eleven of that group were found to have an autism spectrum disorder.
From these results, the researchers calculated an estimated prevalence rate of ASD of 31 out of 623 children, which is equal to 5%.
Jennifer Pinto-Martin, professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing and director of the autism centre where this research was conducted, said: "Cognitive problems in these children may mask underlying autism.
"If there is suspicion of autism or a positive screening test for ASD, parents should seek an evaluation for an ASD. Early intervention improves long-term outcome and can help these children both at school and at home."
But Dorothy Bishop, professor of developmental neuropsychology at the University of Oxford, said it was important to put the findings in perspective.
"The association looks real, but nevertheless, most low birthweight children don't have autism, and most children with autism don't have low birthweight."
Georgina Gomez, action research leader for The National Autistic Society, said more research is needed to confirm the link between low birthweight and autism and better understand why babies born underweight may be more prone to developing autism.
"Low birthweight has been linked to a range of motor and cognitive problems and often goes hand-in-hand with premature birth and birthing complications.
"It is important to dig down further to try to understand the biological processes and events that could explain this proposed connection."


A former youth worker who watched a live stream of a six-year-old boy being raped has been jailed for 11 years.

Darren Williams watched the abuse of children more than 3,500 miles away in America on his computer in Blackwood, Caerphilly county.
Cardiff Crown Court heard the 44-year-old posted during a live steam: "Prove the video is live and smack him."
He admitted encouraging or assisting the rape of a child and encouraging the distribution of indecent images.
The court heard he watched the live streams from Pennsylvania between July and October 2015.
The American man who hosted the chats was arrested in the US and handed a "substantial" prison sentence.
Williams was caught when police tracked the IP address of his computer.
Prosecutor Charlotte Newell said: "Children were being raped and forced to perform sex acts.
"During the abuse the participators contributed to a rolling group chat that was visible to all."
Recorder of Cardiff Eleri Rees QC said: "There was a man raping children with you encouraging him for your sexual gratification.
"You all shared responsibility for the undoubted psychological and physical harm done to the children.
"You had enthusiastic participation in the streaming of videos of young children being raped for the sexual gratification of men like you."
Williams was ordered to sign the sex offenders register for life.
Speaking after the sentence, specialist CPS prosecutor Laura Tams said Williams had taken "sadistic pleasure in the pain and horrendous sexual abuse being inflicted on very young children".
Colin Radcliffe, of the National Crime Agency, said: "As it's clear that he believes children can be horrifically abused for his pleasure, his arrest was a vital intervention."


The worst affected area of the 7.8-magnitude earthquake which hit south-western Pakistan on Tuesday is the dust-strewn town of Mashkel, located just a few kilometres from the Iranian border in the province of Balochistan.

Mostly made up of narrow streets, date trees and mud houses, the paramilitary Frontier Corps have a strong presence here as they do in the rest of the province.
And it was the Frontier Corps which found itself at the forefront of the violent tremors which flattened much of the town.
Lieutenant Colonel Mohammed Arif is the officer in charge of the area, and saw his headquarters collapse before his eyes.
"My residence is on a small hill. From there, I saw the shockwave ripping through the town and destroying houses with it."
"It was a terrible sight which I can never forget."
Officials estimate that about 80% of the houses in the Mashkel area collapsed - either partially or completely - in the quake.
Army helicopters have been delivering tents from the provincial capital, Quetta.
But we saw family after family sitting amid the ruins of their mud-brick houses under open skies with no shelter.
Mashkel social worker Lareef Baloch says that most houses in the town are uninhabitable.
"The structures still standing are dangerous because they have cracks in them," he told the BBC.
"We see army helicopters flying in and out of town, but we haven't received any tents, blankets, medicines or food."
The relief operation has been hampered by the remoteness of the affected area. The road journey from Quetta to Mashkel is long and dangerous.
Since Tuesday, small aftershocks have continued to hit the area.
One survivor told the BBC that he was traumatised by the experience and now has difficulty sleeping at night.
The Pakistani army says it has tried its best in the rescue and relief effort.
But an army spokesman told the BBC that people of the area will need help from national and international aid groups in the rehabilitation and reconstruction process in the weeks ahead.
It could be that ties on the ground will also play a role in providing help to quake victims.
Residents of Mashkel have close ties with ethnic Balochs in Iran's Sistan province.
Many people have families and relatives on both sides of the border.
The town's economy depends on oil smuggling from Iran and the annual date harvest.
The BBC saw several vehicles with Iranian registration plates being used to transport people on sandy tracks.
When the earthquake struck this week, many people preferred to take their injured across the border to the city of Zahidan in Sistan province.
The Iranian authorities were quick to relax border movements to facilitate the relief effort.
The road journey from Mashkel to Zahidan takes a few hours, compared with  the 15 to 18 hours it takes to reach Balochistan's capital, Quetta.
So far, one of the few Islamic charities that has managed to reach the remote town is  Jamaat-ud-Dawa.
The group, considered close the Pakistani army, is led by Hafiz Saeed, the founder of the banned jihadist outfit, Lashkar-e-Taiba.


Harzand held off the challenge of favourite US Army Ranger and Idaho to win the Derby at Epsom.

Dermot Weld's three-year-old, who overcame a late injury scare, was a 13-2 shot for the world's most famous flat race and was ridden by Pat Smullen.
The son of 2009 Derby winner Sea The Stars hit the front with more than a furlong to run, with US Army Ranger and Idaho pushing hard.
But Harzand beat the favourite by a length and a half with Idaho in third.
"I spotted the white face of US Army Ranger, but this horse responded to me," Smullen, 39, said.
Harzand, winner of the Ballysax Stakes at Leopardstown in April, had been a doubtful runner on Saturday morning after spreading a plate - when the horseshoe becomes detached from the hoof.
"The trouble we had with him this morning, I didn't know if he would get here, but it's a great team effort. I'm delighted for them." Smullen added.
Winning owner-breeder Aga Khan, had previously tasted Derby glory with horses including the legendary Shergar and most recently Sinndar in 2000.
It was also a first derby triumph for two-time Melbourne Cup winning trainer Weld.
"I won my first Classic here with Blue Wind many moons ago, when I probably didn't have horses like this to win this great race," Weld said.
"It's wonderful to do it. We had a huge worry this morning as he spread a plate travelling over and he was a very doubtful runner right up to about an hour ago.
"But with the tremendous help of all my colleagues and my team, we made it."
Cornelius Lysaght, BBC Sports racing correspondent
"Tremendous stuff from Harzand as he swept aside concerns following a late foot scare and dug deep to see off the fast-finishing favourite, so recording a fifth Derby success in the Aga Khan silks, once ubiquitous in Britain but rarely seen these days.
"The owner prefers to concentrate on racing in France and Ireland where Dermot Weld has his base a stone's throw from the Curragh training grounds.
"From there, he's planned major-race raids around the world, and though there's no indication the 68-year-old's anywhere near slowing down, Pat Smullen expressed the view it would be 'a travesty' if he had retired without an Epsom Derby win."
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Powys council has elected its first woman leader, following the local elections earlier this month.

Independent Rosemarie Harris was the only nominee for the position after Barry Thomas announced he was standing down.
She said she hoped to put Powys "more on the Welsh stage" but warned of further austerity.
She received 49 votes in favour, one ballot was spoiled and there were 20 abstentions.
"I recognise the challenge that we all face," she told the meeting on Thursday.
"We've had to take a lot of money out of the budget in the last few years and austerity is still with us so there will be more to take.
"There are tremendous opportunities available, all we need to do is grasp them."
Ms Harris, who represents Llangynidr, added she hoped to better promote Powys, particularly on social media.
"We have so much to offer in this county," she said.
Meanwhile, Berriew councillor Dai Davies will succeed retiring chaiman Keith Tampin, who was praised for his hard work and fairness during his time in office.
The council offers the title to councillors from different areas, with Montgomeryshire having been due its "turn" this coming year.


A new book by a leading landscape photographer has captured striking images from south west Scotland.
Galloway is the latest work by Allan Wright who has lived and worked in the area for many years.
It is part of a series of landscape photography books being launched across Scotland this summer.
The Mersehead nature reserve, seaside village of Carsethorn, Southerness, Shambellie woods and Sweetheart Abbey are among the spots included.
"Fleeting, multi-faceted and so often full of surprises, I have never tired of communing with the Galloway landscape, it's amazing and it's just there right outside the door," Mr Wright said.
"In fact, I reckon you could devote an entire lifetime's worth of rambling without exhausting its possibilities and I think most residents and happy visitors know this to be true."


German Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 have renamed their stadium in memory of a supporter who died in March.

Jonathan Heimes raised hundreds of thousands of euros for charity before he died from cancer, aged 26.
The Merck-Stadion am Boellenfalltor will be known as the Jonathan-Heimes Stadion am Boellenfalltor for the duration of the 2016-17 season.
"Everyone who identifies with us identifies with Jonathan," said club captain Aytac Sulu.
Darmstadt, who played in the third division of German football until 2014, finished 14th in the Bundesliga last season, following back-to-back promotions.
"Jonathan was a strong companion of Darmstadt success," said club president Rudiger Fritsch. "Despite his illness, Jonathan has repeatedly given the team a lot of energy."
Heimes' father Martin said the club and its sponsors had made a "great gesture".
SV Darmstadt's first game at their newly named stadium is Saturday's Bundesliga meeting with Eintracht Frankfurt (14:30 BST).
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Newcastle's winless start to the season continued as Odion Ighalo's double led Watford to a second successive victory.

Nigeria international Ighalo, who has now scored 20 goals in 24 league games in 2015, beat Tim Krul at the near post for the 26-year-old's first early on.
The striker then took Troy Deeney's pass to round Krul before the break.
Daryl Janmaat gave Newcastle a lifeline from close range but Steve McClaren's side struggled to create chances despite moving off the bottom.
The Magpies overtook fellow strugglers Sunderland after their 2-0 defeat by Bournemouth, representing one of the few positives on another miserable day for home supporters at St James' Park.
They have seen their team win only three of 25 Premier League games in 2015 and despite a second-half improvement led almost single-handedly by Dutch right-back Janmaat, they have only scored three goals in six league games this season.
Their depressing form matches last term when Newcastle were winless in their first seven league games before winning five in succession under former boss Alan Pardew.
Click here to relive Watford's victory over Newcastle
Click here for reaction from all of Saturday's games
Former England boss McClaren said before the match that trying to turn around the fortunes of Newcastle, who narrowly missed out on relegation last season, was "a little bit like a car crash".
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And his side looked bereft of drive in the first half where Watford broke quickly and had the finishing touch required in the form of the impressive Ighalo.
Newcastle repeatedly attacked down the wings, but with only four of 40 crosses finding their target, and Papiss Cisse being withdrawn at half-time after missing one decent chance, there was a lack of cutting edge.
Florian Thauvin was the most lively of Newcastle's attackers but it took Janmaat's intervention to get them back into the game, the full-back finishing well after a one-two with Moussa Sissoko.
Boos rang out from some home supporters at the end of the game, and with Chelsea and Manchester City up next, McClaren's task is not about to get any easier.
Ighalo provided the composure in front of goal that Newcastle were lacking as he extended a fabulous scoring run that has made him the most prolific striker in England's top four divisions this year.
However, he was indebted to Watford skipper Troy Deeney, who was tireless in his support play and set up the second goal with a clever ball in behind the Newcastle defence.
Three of Ighalo's four Premier League goals this season have been assisted by his strike partner.
Deeney was not alone in putting in an impressive shift for the visitors.
Once Watford had established their lead they defended superbly as Newcastle threatened from the flanks.
A solid display by the Hornets' back four was aided by convincing performances from defensive midfielders Etienne Capoue and Ben Watson, who made his first Premier League start of the season.
Watford boss Quique Sanchez Flores was beaming at full-time, and with good cause after a performance in which his players always seemed to offer support to team-mates, whether in attack or defence.
Newcastle boss Steve McClaren: "I am trying to change a lot and being here two-and-a-half months, it is very difficult to change things around quickly. I think Newcastle have won three games in the last 25, after a good run in November last year, so there is history there that needs changing and turning around."
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Watford boss Quique Sanchez Flores: "We deserved it because we played really well. We have a very positive mentality and we always think we can win games.
"I am really pleased we have so much confidence. We are building a new team but we are playing as if we have played together for a long time."
Match ends, Newcastle United 1, Watford 2.
Second Half ends, Newcastle United 1, Watford 2.
Offside, Newcastle United. Tim Krul tries a through ball, but Daryl Janmaat is caught offside.
Attempt missed. Nyom (Watford) left footed shot from the centre of the box is high and wide to the left. Assisted by Steven Berghuis.
Jack Colback (Newcastle United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Jack Colback (Newcastle United).
Odion Ighalo (Watford) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Newcastle United. Gabriel Obertan replaces Florian Thauvin because of an injury.
Substitution, Watford. Adlène Guédioura replaces Ben Watson.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Daryl Janmaat (Newcastle United) because of an injury.
Jack Colback (Newcastle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Odion Ighalo (Watford).
Foul by Florian Thauvin (Newcastle United).
Nathan Aké (Watford) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Etienne Capoue (Watford) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Georginio Wijnaldum (Newcastle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Etienne Capoue (Watford).
Substitution, Newcastle United. Rolando Aarons replaces Massadio Haidara.
Substitution, Watford. Nathan Aké replaces Jurado.
Foul by Moussa Sissoko (Newcastle United).
Jurado (Watford) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Attempt saved. Siem de Jong (Newcastle United) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom left corner. Assisted by Georginio Wijnaldum.
Offside, Newcastle United. Daryl Janmaat tries a through ball, but Moussa Sissoko is caught offside.
Substitution, Watford. Steven Berghuis replaces Almen Abdi.
Attempt missed. Florian Thauvin (Newcastle United) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the right. Assisted by Georginio Wijnaldum.
Attempt blocked. Troy Deeney (Watford) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Sebastian Prödl.
Florian Thauvin (Newcastle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Etienne Capoue (Watford).
Foul by Ayoze Pérez (Newcastle United).
Craig Cathcart (Watford) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Siem de Jong (Newcastle United) header from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Daryl Janmaat with a cross.
Attempt missed. Massadio Haidara (Newcastle United) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left following a corner.
Corner,  Newcastle United. Conceded by Heurelho Gomes.
Attempt saved. Daryl Janmaat (Newcastle United) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top right corner. Assisted by Florian Thauvin.
Corner,  Newcastle United. Conceded by Ikechi Anya.
Attempt missed. Troy Deeney (Watford) header from a difficult angle on the left is high and wide to the left. Assisted by Almen Abdi with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Watford. Conceded by Chancel Mbemba.
Georginio Wijnaldum (Newcastle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Ben Watson (Watford).


Fifa is to set up a taskforce of 11 people to look at reforming football's scandal-hit world governing body.

Proposals for reform will include term limits for presidents and integrity checks for top officials, president Sepp Blatter announced.
Fifa will hold an extraordinary congress to elect its new president on 26 February 2016, he added.
Blatter, 79, announced he would stand down in June - just four days after being re-elected president.
Blatter's resignation on 2 June followed the arrest of seven Fifa officials as part of a United States investigation that saw 14 people in total indicted on corruption charges.
A second criminal case was launched by Swiss prosecutors into the bids for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, to be held in Russia and Qatar respectively.
They followed a number of scandals and corruption allegations that had tainted Fifa in recent years. In December, independent investigator Michael Garcia quit Fifa in protest at the way it handled his report into bidding for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups.
Candidates to replace Blatter in the February election must be nominated before 26 October.
Initial predictions were of a December election, as favoured by several regional football confederations.
By the time of the vote, Blatter will have been in office for almost nine months from the date of his 2 June resignation speech.
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At a news conference on Monday, he did not backtrack on his announcement to stand aside - despite appearing to suggest in June he was reconsidering - confirming: "On 26 of February, Fifa will have a new president. I will not be a candidate for the election in 2016."
Explaining his decision to step down, he said: "I had to do something very special and I did it. In footballing terms I would say I kicked the ball out of the field to stop something, this is what I did on 2 June. I'm still the elected president and today I speak with you as the elected president."
Earlier on Monday, Prince Ali bin al-Hussein - who lost to Blatter in the May election - had called for the Swiss to leave his post immediately.
"President Blatter's resignation cannot be dragged out any longer. He must leave now," he said.
Uefa president Michel Platini has been asked by a majority of world football chiefs to stand for the post.
It is thought 60-year-old Platini has yet to decide whether he will stand. But following Blatter's announcement, Platini said: "We now have a concrete date which means we can look forward to new leadership, which will surely bring with it new ideas and new solutions. This is an exciting time for Fifa."
Term limits for officials, central integrity checks for executive committee members and the disclosing of all salaries and payments to Fifa members will be the main focus of the reform taskforce, Blatter said - although he did not go into more detail.
The set-up of the committee would be like "10 players and a coach", he added, with one key person - the "coach" - driving the process.
Platini said the creation of the panel was "an important step". Speaking after the Fifa executive committee meeting he said: "We must now make sure that the reforms outlined today will be undertaken in a swift and effective manner. We need to reform Fifa and we need to do it now."
Blatter believes the steps to reform could be his legacy. He said: "I am still the elected president by 133 associations and I will use my mandate as president in a responsibility and mission to make sure that at the end of February I can say Fifa has started to reform and to rebuild the reputation of Fifa."
But anti-corruption watchdog Transparency International, citing the fact the committee would not be fully independent of Fifa, said of the move: "This will not be sufficient to win back trust in Fifa."
The organisation's director of communications, Neil Martinson, added: "Fifa has promised reform many times before and failed dismally. They have failed fans and supporters today."
Campaign group 'New Fifa Now' have written to every Fifa executive committee member asking them to consider setting up a reform commission.
They feel the taskforce to be set up by Fifa will ultimately be ineffective and instead prove to be "more of the same".
"Only independent reform led by an eminent person drawing on external governance experts to review, develop and implement substantial bottom-up and top-down reforms will result in the systemic and cultural change needed within world football," New Fifa Now said in a statement.
"Without independent reform, the global community can have little-to-no trust or confidence in worldwide football administration and management."
Monday's news conference to announce the decisions of Fifa's executive committee began in dramatic fashion. The start was interrupted by British comedian Simon Brodkin. Brodkin - better known by his alter ego, Lee Nelson - appeared to offer piles of banknotes to Blatter, before security intervened.
As he was led away, Brodkin threw the notes at Blatter, saying "here you go, Sepp".
He later went on social media, under the guise of another character, footballer Jason Bent, to declare: "Excited to be at Fifa meeting Sepp Blatter to secure the #NorthKorea2026 World Cup."


British Airways cabin crew are to stage a further six days of strikes in February in a dispute over pay, according to the union Unite.

The latest strikes will begin on Sunday 5 February.
BA cabin crew have so far staged two stoppages, resulting in the cancellation of flights.
Unite also criticised BA for spending money on chartering aircraft to cover for striking cabin crew rather than resolving the problem.
In a letter, sent to British Airways on Wednesday, Unite representatives urged BA to take a different route, saying: "Your reluctance to offer a reasonable pay deal to our members, yet spend what we believe is now reaching millions of pounds in trying to quash strike action, suggests money is available and this is a question of ideology."
The proposed strike will begin on 5 February and run until Saturday 11 February but will exclude Wednesday.
BA said in a statement: "We have flown all customers to their destinations during the previous strikes by Mixed Fleet Unite and we will ensure this happens again.
"We will publish more details on Tuesday [31 January] once we have finalised our contingency plans in relation to the strikes called for 5-7 February. On Thursday we will publish more details in relation to the second strike period, 9-11 February.
"Our pay offer for mixed fleet crew is consistent with deals agreed with Unite for other British Airways colleagues. It also reflects pay awards given by other companies in the UK and will ensure that rewards for mixed fleet remain in line with those for cabin crew at our airline competitors."


Derry City winger Michael Duffy has completed his move to Celtic after passing a medical and agreeing personal terms with the Scottish champions.

The clubs had already agreed an undisclosed fee for the 20-year-old.
Derry said on their website: "Michael will be joining the development squad at Celtic Park under manager Stevie Frail with a hope of making the step to the senior team as soon as possible."
Duffy had impressed during two trial periods at Celtic Park.
The Northern Ireland Under-21 international recently signed a two-year contract extension with Derry, who finished eighth in the 2014 League of Ireland Premier Division.
"His departure will be a blow to the Candystripes, although the fee received could help manager Peter Hutton bring in some new faces ahead of the 2015 campaign," added Derry.
The league season in the Republic of Ireland runs from March to October.


An optometrist has had her conviction quashed after failing to spot an eye condition in an eight-year-old boy who later died.

Honey Rose, 35, was found guilty of gross negligence manslaughter after Vincent Barker died in July 2012 when fluid built up on his brain.
She was given a two-year suspended sentence in August after missing the condition during a routine eye test.
Vincent's family said the appeal court ruling had left them "devastated".
Judges found there had been a "serious breach of duty", but that was a matter for regulators and not the courts.
During her trial last year mother-of three Ms Rose, from Newham, east London, told the court she had conducted all the required tests during Vincent's eye examination at the Ipswich branch of Boots on 15 February 2012.
However, a jury heard she failed to notice that the boy had swollen optic discs, an abnormality which is a symptom of hydrocephalus - fluid on the brain.
Vincent, known as Vinnie, died in July 2012, about five months after the eye test.
Sir Brian Leveson, sitting with two other judges at The Court of Appeal, said: "This decision does not, in any sense, condone the negligence that the jury must have found to have been established at a high level in relation to the way that Ms Rose examined Vincent and failed to identify the defect which ultimately led to his death.
"That serious breach of duty is a matter for her regulator; in the context of this case, however, it does not constitute the crime of gross negligence manslaughter."
A statement released by the Barker family after Monday's ruling said: "We are understandably devastated. We feel that the conviction of manslaughter by gross negligence should have been upheld.
"We remain in no doubt that if Honey Rose had not breached her duty of care to our son he would still be with us today."
Not only was Vinnie "let down" by his optometrist, but "he has also been failed by the legal system", they added.