Donegal's football hopes for 2017 have suffered another blow after Odhran MacNiallais followed Leo McLoone in opting out of the squad for this year.

Gweedore player MacNiallais, 24, confirmed to the Donegal Democrat that he will be "taking a year out" from Rory Gallagher's squad.
MacNiallais is mulling over spending part of this year in the US.
"There was no fall out or anything with management or players. It is just for personal reasons," added MacNiallais.
The Gweedore man helped Donegal win the 2014 Ulster Championship and his ability to score long-range points has been a feature of the team's play in recent seasons.
McLoone confirmed before Christmas that he had opted out of the panel for this year but did not give a reason for his decision.
Donegal's season opens with their Dr McKenna Cup game against Ulster University of Sunday but the county has picked an under-21 squad for the season-opening competition.
Killybegs' Eoghan Ban Gallagher, Kilcar's Stephen McBrearty and Michael Carroll are the only members of the McKenna Cup squad with senior experience.
Under-21 boss Declan Bonner will be in charge of the team in the competition as the senior members of the squad have been given an extended break ahead of the Football League which starts in early February.


Hundreds of drivers have been issued parking tickets after an app wrongly told them they could park for free in Edinburgh on the day after Boxing Day.

The error was made by RingGo payment system, which is managed by City of Edinburgh Council's contractor NSL.
Motorists who tried to use RingGo on Tuesday will have their tickets cancelled.
The council said it clearly stated on its website and parking machines that 27 December was a paid parking day.
The council said about 300 motorists had been affected by the blunder.
A council spokeswoman said: "Details relating to parking restrictions during the festive period are advertised very clearly through our website and social media and are provided on ticket machines throughout the city.
"We are aware, however, that there was an error for a time with the RingGo payment service managed by our contracted partner NSL.
"We are liaising with NSL to ensure that RingGo users who were issued with a parking ticket, due to the system failure on Tuesday, have their tickets cancelled."
An NSL spokesman said: "NSL has confirmed that parking restrictions and charges in the city of Edinburgh do apply on Tuesday 27 December and Monday 2 January as stated on all Pay and Display machines and on the City Of Edinburgh Council's website.
"Full enforcement procedures apply on both dates in order to maintain safe and fair access for anyone visiting the shops and facilities in and around the city centre.
"The company has confirmed that it has been made aware of an incorrect instruction on the RingGo app and RingGo website and has asked for the instructions to be amended as a matter of urgency."


Centurion Chris Gayle described himself as the "universe boss" after his stunning innings defeated England in their first game at the World Twenty20.

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The West Indies batsman struck 11 sixes on his way to scoring 100 from just 47 balls as England slumped to a six-wicket loss in Mumbai.
"The world is watching, so the universe boss got to deliver and he did today," the 36-year-old left-hander said.
"The Gayle force got the better of England today."
Gayle said his thrilling innings was inspired by the words of West Indies team-mate Sulieman Benn.
"Sulieman said to me I had to go out and entertain him, that gave me the spark," the Jamaican said.
"I just try and keep people entertained around the world. That's my objective."
Gayle's century was the joint-third fastest in T20 internationals, saw him become the first man to score two tons in the World T20, and took West Indies to their target of 183 with 11 balls to spare.
"It was a fantastic innings and I'm really happy to have finished the game, I didn't leave it for anyone," he added.
"It was always good to bat second. A target of 183 we always had a chance of chasing down. We didn't panic. Now we're on to the next one against Sri Lanka."
For England, Joe Root made 48 in a total of 182-6, the highest score they have failed to defend in a Twenty20. Captain Eoin Morgan described the total as "competitive".
"We would have liked 200, 220 probably would have been a wining total, but we never really took the game away from them," he added.
"They bowled well and probably in the chase there was not a lot on offer for us apart from the first few overs when it swung. Once Gayle gets himself in, though, he's hard to stop."


A teenager who admitted killing two people in separate attacks while they were out walking is to face trial for murder, prosecutors have said.

The 17-year-old pleaded guilty to the manslaughter by diminished responsibility of James Attfield, 33, and Saudi student Nahid Almanea, 31.
He denied a more serious murder charge, which prosecutors have decided to pursue.
His trial will begin in April, the Crown Prosecution Service said.
The boy, who was 15 at the time, cannot be named for legal reasons.
As it happens: Read updates on this story and others in Essex
The Daily Gazette, which first reported the story, said prosecutors had been given time to consider whether to pursue the murder charges or accept the lesser pleas.
Both died in Colchester in 2014.
Mr Attfield was found stabbed at Lower Castle Park and died in hospital on 29 March 2014.
Miss Almanea was attacked and died on on 17 June 2014, at Salary Brook Trail near the University of Essex where she was studying English.


A firefighter delivered a baby when a woman went into labour near the scene of a blaze in north London.

Ewelina Zimnicka and husband Jaroslaw were on their way to hospital when they got stuck in traffic in Ponders End in the early hours of Wednesday.
An ambulance was called but before paramedics arrived fireman Ross McLaren delivered the boy in the back of the couple's car.
Mrs Zimnicka said she was surprised her son Antoni arrived so quickly.
"When I went into labour at home I thought I had a lot of time as my first baby's labour had taken a long time. But then the contractions started coming quicker and I told my husband we had better go," she said.
"We set off in the car but we got stuck in traffic almost straight away because of a fire. Both ends of the road were sealed off and there were fire engines all around us. My husband rushed out of the car and told police we needed help.
"The fire brigade put a barrier around us and helped me and, just as the baby was born, the ambulance crew arrived in time to cut the cord."
She added: "I was so surprised how quickly the baby arrived. He was healthy and he cried almost straight away. The firemen were excellent, I can't thank them and the ambulance crew enough."
Mr McLaren said when he arrived to help, the infant's head was already visible.
He was helped by colleague Richard Hall.
Amanda Salmon, of London Ambulance Service, said: "Mum was holding the baby when I arrived. The cord hadn't been cut yet so I did that."
Mr McLaren, who has been a firefighter for 15 years, said he had no first aid training but his wife watched the TV programme One Born Every Minute.
"It has definitely been one of the highlights of my career and it's not something I ever expected that I would do in my life," he said.
"Someone said to me the other day that as firefighters we usually enter people's lives at their worst moments, so being there at such a joyful occasion makes a nice change."


The Labour AM behind a law that made it compulsory for new homes in Wales to have sprinkler systems has said she was "astonished" by how UK ministers would "inflate" the costs of installing them.

Ann Jones said she had huge opposition from ministers and officials who feared a "knock-on effect in England".
Ms Jones said fitting sprinklers in older homes should now be considered.
Thirty people are now known to have died and many more are missing after Tuesday night's Grenfell Tower fire.
The blaze broke out shortly before 01:00 BST on Wednesday in the block of flats in west London which was built in the 1970s.
The Vale of Clwyd AM said her law, which applies to all houses and flats built in Wales since January 2016, was strongly opposed by the Department for Communities and Local Government (CLG).
She told BBC Radio Wales: "I got it through despite huge opposition from UK ministers in CLG and officials in CLG who didn't want to see this legislation going through because they were aware that if it goes through in Wales it would then have a knock-on effect in England.
"I was astonished to see how UK ministers could inflate costs of installing sprinkler systems and yet we see the tragedy that's happened today and if the Lakanal House recommendations [after a 2009 tower block fire in south east London in which six people died] had been carried out and if there had been more emphasis put on the recommendation that tower blocks should be retro-fitted with sprinklers then perhaps we wouldn't be seeing the tragedy that we've got."
Ms Jones said that whilst her the legislation does not require the "retro-fitting" of sprinklers "I would urge everybody to look at whether they can".
"Wales has become the first country to make the fitting of sprinkler systems mandatory, and I would like to see the UK government and the ministers put a commitment that they will put fire safety higher up the agenda - that they will stop talking about the costs because, for me, it's a small amount of money to have...to have a fire fighter ready and waiting in every room 24/7," she added.
Regulations in England mean that only buildings constructed since 2007 and which are taller than 30m are required to have sprinklers fitted. This requirement wasn't applied retroactively so did not apply to Grenfell Tower, which was built in 1974.
Existing high-rises in England must have them fitted if a fundamental change is made to the structure or use of the building.
These regulations are the same in Northern Ireland. In Scotland all new residential buildings taller than 18m must be fitted with sprinklers.
Although in Wales, since last year, all new and refurbished residential accommodation must have sprinklers nowhere in the UK is it a requirement to retroactively fit sprinklers in existing buildings.


Lending from parents to help their children get on the UK property ladder will amount to £5bn in 2016, according to data from Legal & General (L&G).

L&G says it means the so-called Bank of Mum and Dad will help to finance 25% of all UK mortgage transactions this year - at an average amount of £17,500.
If this lending prowess was combined into a formal business, it would be a top 10 UK mortgage lender, adds L&G.
But it warns this method of lending is coming under increasing pressure.
"The Bank of Mum and Dad plays a vital role in helping young people to take their early steps on to the housing ladder," said Legal and General chief executive Nigel Wilson.
But he said it highlighted a number of important issues, including house prices being "out of sync with wages".
Many of those accepting money from their parents are being given substantial sums.
Dan Howdle bought a three-bedroom semi-detached a year ago in Rugeley in the West Midlands, thanks to £50,000 from his parents.
"I wouldn't have had a chance of doing it without them, certainly for the next five years," Mr Howdle, who works for a broadband company, told the BBC.
"Before this gift, I was expecting to be a renter for the rest of my life," he said.
In London, Mr Wilson said this funding method was reaching "tipping point", with more than half of average household net wealth (excluding property assets) going towards helping their offspring on to the housing ladder.
Mr Wilson also said that not all young people were able to access parental support, while many who could were still unable to afford a home.
He added: "We need to fix the housing market by revolutionising the supply side - if we build more houses, demand can be met at a sensible level and prices will stabilise relative to wages."
Research from L&G and economics consultancy Cebr suggests the Bank of Mum and Dad will provide deposits for more than 300,000 mortgages, purchasing homes worth £77bn this year.
The Bank of Mum and Dad's average financial contribution is £17,500 or 7% of the average purchase price, it says.


Arsenal recovered from their opening-day defeat by West Ham to record a hard-fought victory at Crystal Palace.

Alexis Sanchez had three shots blocked as the Gunners began aggressively before Olivier Giroud got the opener.
The Frenchman's superb scissor kick put away a Mesut Ozil cross but the lead lasted 12 minutes until Joel Ward's driven shot drew Palace level.
Connor Wickham hit the post on his home debut before Damian Delaney sliced a Sanchez header into his own net.
Jordon Mutch almost inadvertently grabbed a late equaliser when the ball struck his head and went over from a corner, while Petr Cech held a Ward header in a frantic finish.
But despite Palace's combative display, Arsene Wenger's side ultimately deserved the three points for the quality of their movement and resilience in defence.
Relive Arsenal's win at Crystal Palace
Gunners boss Arsene Wenger said the way in which his side responded to the 2-0 home defeat by West Ham last Sunday would define their season.
Sanchez returned for a first start since his extended break following the Copa America and injected the Gunners with an immediate dose of urgency in attack.
The Chile international was a constant menace in the opening stages and his hard running set the tone, but Wenger will be more pleased by the way in which the Gunners reasserted their dominance after being pegged back.
Ozil, Cazorla and Aaron Ramsey continued to pester Palace with their crisp passing and aggressive movement and Sanchez's determination was the key factor in re-taking the lead.
He leaped over right-back Ward at the back post to force Delaney into the own goal, but Giroud's effort will live longer in the memory. The 28-year-old showed beautiful technique to retain his balance and strike the ball sweetly as he controlled his fall away from goal.
Arsenal definitely rode their luck at times. Wickham was close to putting Palace ahead after the break and Jason Puncheon finished tamely when presented with a brilliant chance.
Francis Coquelin was perhaps fortunate to have picked up just the one yellow card before being replaced, with referee Lee Mason taking a lenient view of the Frenchman's persistent fouling.
Cech was at fault for both of West Ham's goals but there was little he could do about Palace's equaliser as Ward's driven strike was clipping the inside of post by the time he had reached the full length of this dive.
There were still a few nervy moments for the goalkeeper - most notably when clearing high balls as Palace looked to make the most of set pieces - but overall Arsenal looked more likely to score a third than Palace equalising for a second time.
Crystal Palace manager Alan Pardew, speaking to BBC Sport: "The game changed on two incidents. We hit the post at 1-1 and you have to argue they are lucky to have 11 players. Everyone knew in the stadium Francis Coquelin should have gone.
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"The game was very even, they play a different style. They were good, much better than against West Ham. Sharper in the mind and we still feel aggrieved we haven't come out with anything.
"Arsenal were a hurt animal but the early period was bad for us, we made a lot of mistakes."
Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger, speaking to BBC Sport: "Our fluency was good in the first half and our mental response was good at 1-1.
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"It was a bit scary to look at the chances we missed - you thought we would be punished after that but we dug in and hung on in the last 10 minutes, and that too is important in the season.
"Alexis Sanchez has only had two weeks of training but still he had the mental resources to score us a vital goal today. We know it's not a 100%-fit Sanchez but a 100%-motivated Sanchez, and that at times can be enough."
Arsenal face Liverpool at the Emirates Stadium next Monday (20:00 BST), while Palace are at home to Aston Villa on Saturday (15:00).


David Cameron has said the British people must "have their say" on Europe as he pledged an in/out referendum if the Conservatives win the election.

The prime minister said he wanted to renegotiate the UK's relationship with the EU and then give people the "simple choice" between staying in under those new terms, or leaving the EU.
The news was welcomed by Eurosceptics who have long campaigned for a vote.
France and Germany both warned the UK could not "cherry pick" EU membership.
During noisy Prime Minister's Questions exchanges in Parliament, Labour leader Ed Miliband said Mr Cameron was "running scared" of the UK Independence Party, whose poll ratings have been rising.
Mr Miliband, who said he opposed holding an in/out referendum, said Mr Cameron was "going to put Britain through years of uncertainty, and take a huge gamble with our economy."
In his long-awaited speech, welcomed by many Conservative MPs, Mr Cameron pledged to hold a referendum during the early part of the next parliament - by the end of 2017 at the latest - if the Conservatives win the next general election.
He said it would be a decision on the UK's "destiny" and, if he secured a new relationship he was happy with, he would campaign "heart and soul" to stay within the EU.
"It is time for the British people to have their say," he said. "It is time to settle this European question in British politics. I say to the British people: this will be your decision."
However, Mr Cameron did not spell out what powers he would like to see the UK take back as part of a new settlement or what would happen if the negotiations did not go his way.
The Conservative leader has been under pressure from many of his MPs to give a binding commitment to a vote on Europe.
By Iain WatsonPolitical correspondent, BBC News
It has taken quite some time for the prime minister to go from promising a major speech on Europe to delivering it.
But today marks the beginning of a process, not the end.
The many Eurosceptics in his party will be pleased that he is offering an in/out referendum on Britain's membership of the EU - although some will regard the timescale as tardy.
But there are important hurdles. He has to win the next election with an overall majority. His European partners will have to be willing to renegotiate Britain's relationship.
And while the promise of a referendum will unite many in his party this side of an election, the process of renegotiation might  re-open divisions. What the PM didn't say today is what would he do if the negotiations deliver less than he would like.
Would he still proceed with an in/out referendum? Would he still argue for a yes vote? Would others in his party who would be prepared to stay on the EU on the right terms defect to the No camp if they don't like the deal the PM strikes with Brussels?
Labour and the Lib Dems say David Cameron is creating damaging uncertainty for business, but he has thrown down the gauntlet to them.
Can they allow him to be the only major party leader to offer voters a say on EU membership after the next election?
Annotated transcript: Cameron speech
Mr Cameron said "disillusionment" with the EU was "at an all-time high" and "simply asking the British people to carry on accepting a European settlement over which they have had little choice" was likely to accelerate calls for the UK to leave.
"That is why I am in favour of a referendum," he said. "I believe in confronting this issue - shaping it, leading the debate. Not simply hoping a difficult situation will go away."
Setting out the conditions for a future poll, he said he would seek a "mandate" for a renegotiation and a referendum in the next Conservative election manifesto.
"And when we have negotiated that new settlement, we will give the British people a referendum with a very simple in-or-out choice to stay in the EU on these new terms; or come out altogether.  It will be an in/out referendum."
But he said holding such a referendum now would be a "false choice" because Europe was set to change following the eurozone crisis and it would be "wrong to ask people whether to stay or go before we have had a chance to put the relationship right".
Mr Cameron said he understood "the appeal" of Britain going it alone and he was sure the UK would survive outside the EU. But, he said, the UK must think "very carefully" about the implications of withdrawal for its prosperity and role on the international stage.
"If we left the European Union, it would be a one-way ticket, not a return," he added.
The prime minister rejected suggestions that a new relationship was "impossible to achieve", adding that he would prefer all other EU countries to agree a new treaty but would be prepared to seek negotiations on a unilateral basis.
However French foreign minister Laurent Fabius warned: "You can't do Europe a la carte... to take an example which our British friends will understand - imagine Europe is a football club and you join, once you're in it you can't say 'Let's play rugby'".
German foreign minister Guido Westerwelle said Germany wanted the UK to "remain an active and constructive part of the European Union... but cherry picking is not an option" before adding that Europe needed more, not less, integration.
Conservative MPs who want a looser relationship with the EU said Mr Cameron's promise a "watershed" moment.
Douglas Carswell told the BBC it was the speech he had "been waiting to hear from a Conservative prime minister all my adult life", while Mark Pritchard said it was "a major triumph" and would unite his party.
Mayor of London Boris Johnson said the British people had not been consulted on Europe since 1975, and it was "high time" they were.
But the former European commissioner and Labour cabinet minister Lord Mandelson told the BBC that Mr Cameron was putting forward a "completely bogus and rather phoney set of demands and circumstances" designed to appease critics in his party.
Shadow foreign secretary Douglas Alexander added: "We understand the need for change but I don't honestly believe the best way to get change in a club of 27 is to stand at the exit door demanding change or threatening to leave."
Former Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair said it was a worrying that the UK had put its departure from the EU "on the table".
He told BBC Radio 4's The World at One: "It reminds me a bit of the Mel Brooks comedy Blazing Saddles where the sheriff, at one point during it, holds a gun to his own head and says: 'If you don't do what I want I'll blow my brains out.' - you want to watch that one of the 26 (other EU members) don't say just go ahead."
The Lib Dems, who are the junior partner in the UK's governing coalition, say pursuing a wholesale renegotiation of the UK's membership will cause uncertainty.
Lib Dem leader Nick Clegg, who is also deputy prime minister, said "years of uncertainty" caused by a future referendum would hit jobs and growth and this "was not in the national interest".
And former Lib Dem leader Charles Kennedy told the BBC he could not see his party agreeing to a referendum if the Conservatives failed to win a majority at the next election and approached it to form another coalition.
The UK Independence Party said the "genie was out of the bottle" about a possible exit from the EU.
"Winning this referendum, if and when it comes, is not going to be an easy thing but I feel that UKIP's real job starts today," the party's leader Nigel Farage said.
John Cridland, director-general of employers' group, the CBI, said "closer union of the eurozone is not for us" but Mr Cameron "rightly recognises the benefits of retaining membership of what must be a reformed EU".
John Longworth, director general of the British Chambers of Commerce, said the announcement showed Europe had to take the PM seriously, but added: "The lengthy timescale for negotiation and referendum must be shortened, with the aim of securing a cross-party consensus and the outline of a deal during this Parliament."
The BBC's Steve Evans in Berlin said opinion was hardening in Germany and France, with many politicians believing that those opposed to further European integration would be better off "leaving gracefully".
The speech, which has been in the planning for six months, had been scheduled for last Friday in the Netherlands, but was postponed because of the Algerian hostage crisis.


Ferrari dominated final practice at the Russian Grand Prix with Sebastian Vettel heading team-mate Kimi Raikkonen in a one-two.

Mercedes continued to lag behind the Italian team, Valtteri Bottas third fastest and 0.363 seconds behind Vettel and 0.178secs ahead of Lewis Hamilton.
Mercedes appear to have improved their one-lap pace after problems on Friday.
But Ferrari seem to have an advantage over one lap for the first time this season.
However, Mercedes - who have taken all three pole positions this season - always make a step in qualifying, believed to be because of a potent extra engine mode they can access for the crucial one-off laps that decide the grid.
That suggests the battle for pole position will be extremely closely fought when qualifying starts at 13:00 BST.
Vettel, winner of two of the three races so far this season and leading Hamilton in the championship by seven points, looks in formidable form, 0.337secs ahead of Raikkonen, who snuck ahead of Bottas by just 0.026secs.
The top two teams were far ahead of the rest of the field. Max Verstappen, flinging his Red Bull around the Sochi track in spectacular fashion, was nearly a second slower than Hamilton.
The Dutchman's team-mate Daniel Ricciardo suffered a breakdown close to the end of the session and was down in eighth behind Williams' Felipe Massa and Renault's Nico Hulkenberg.
The German's team-mate Jolyon Palmer failed to set a time because of an engine problem and the Englishman needs a new power-unit for qualifying.


A man and woman have died in a multi-vehicle crash on the M3 in Hampshire.

The collision between three lorries and an Audi happened on the northbound carriageway of the motorway near Winchester at 10:15 BST on Monday.
Police have appealed for witnesses who may have seen or captured the accident on a dashboard camera to contact them.
The motorway was closed between junction 10 for Winchester and junction 9 at Winnall throughout the afternoon. It has since been reopened.
More on this and other stories from across the South of England.
The man and the woman who died were both travelling in the Audi.
Hampshire Constabulary said the man was from Dorset and the woman from Buckinghamshire and their next-of-kin had been informed.
The force said a 63-year-old man had been interviewed under caution and later released under investigation.
Two of the lorry drivers were taken to hospital with minor injuries.


Denbighshire council needs to cut its CCTV budget by a third while making it more efficient, councillors were told.

A report discussed on Thursday said the county's CCTV/out of hours calls team must cut spending from £341,000 to £228,000 per year by 2014/15.
Proposals - which have not been made public - were being discussed by councillors on Thursday.
Plans to establish one CCTV control room for north Wales were recently abandoned after a feasibility study.
A review of CCTV in north Wales, led by Conwy council, was commissioned in 2009 and was funded by a Welsh government loan of £805,000.
The study explored establishing one regional monitoring operation for CCTV across north Wales, to replace the existing six stand-alone operations.
A report being considered by Denbighshire's Performance Scrutiny Committee said: "Members will be aware that a long-running feasibility project for a single CCTV control room for north Wales was only recently concluded.
"The findings being that it was not a project the region wanted to pursue."
The council is considering how to make its CCTV and out of hours call team more efficient, which "must be done against the backdrop of the council's medium-term financial plan".
Some £50,000 has already been saved, said the council, leaving £63,000 to be cut from the budget within 18 months.
The report said that "a number of the proposed options will require extensive consultation prior to implementation".


As concerns are raised about how the government will fulfil its pledge to boost free childcare for working families to 30 hours a week, the BBC News website asks key questions about how the scheme may work.

Currently, all three- and four-year-olds are entitled to 15 hours free childcare a week.
This is funded by the nursery education grant from local authorities of about £3.80 per chid, per hour.
If the child attends a state-maintained nursery or a local authority funded children's centre, it is unlikely that the parent will be asked to contribute anything further.
But those with children in private nurseries, and even in pre-schools run by voluntary organisations, will know the government entitlement is rarely truly free at the point of use.
Some of the poorest two-year-olds are also entitled to 15 hours free childcare under a separate scheme.
Nurseries and pre-schools say no.
Research by the National Day Nurseries Association from January 2015 suggests funding for every three- or four-year-old falls short by an average of £800 a year.
Underfunding has been reported by the NDNA in six successive surveys over the past four years.
Despite rising costs, driven by pay, utilities and business rates, funding paid to nurseries by local authorities has been stagnating, with most local councils giving no increase.
Local authorities set different rates for the hourly nursery grant, the NDNA research suggests £3.80 is the average for nurseries, per child, per hour.
And at about half the national minimum wage, it is clear why nurseries in the independent and voluntary sector are having to get parents to make up the difference.
The Pre-School Learning Alliance says grants for the the existing 15 hours fall, on average, 20% short of the true cost.
The short answer is - from parents.
But as extra hourly fees are not legal, nurseries have worked out canny ways to get round this.
The most common technique is requiring parents to take more than the total number of free hours and charging a set fee for the extra time.
This extra time can be as little as 15 minutes on top of a three-hour session.
One nursery in south-west London, requires parents of three- and four-year-olds to pay £28 per three-and-a-half hour morning or afternoon session.
That's effectively £28 for the extra half an hour each day. At five mornings a week, it's a total of £140.
Another way is limiting the flexibility of the way sessions are used.
One in east London requires parents to use the free hours in specified three-hour sessions, but limiting these to two sessions per day.
So a mother needing to cover two full working days, of say nine and a half hours or 19 hours a week, would only be able to use 12 hours of her 15-hour entitlement. And yet she is required to pay the full day rate (pro-rata) for the rest of the hours used.
Nurseries are also cross-subsidising from other parents of younger children, who typically pay a higher hourly fee - in part because the staff ratios to babies are lower - and use registration fees and one-off administration charges, not to mention paying to go on waiting lists for places, to fill gaps.
Many of the details are not yet clear.
The existing three- and four-year-old offer is a universal one, with nearly 90% of children of that age group accessing it.
The extra 15 hours, however, are for children from families where both parents are working.
Although the upper earnings threshold has been determined at £150,000, it is not clear how much or how long parents will have to work in order to qualify for the extra childcare time.
Therefore, it is not clear how many children would be entitled to the scheme.
But ministers have said up to 600,000 families could benefit, saving each as much as £5,000 a year.
During the general election campaign, the Conservatives pledged £350m for the extra hours.
This prompted cries of derision from early-years providers, who said it would bring the sector to its knees without a substantial increase in the rates.
The Pre-School Learning Alliance's research suggests £350m is a quarter of what is needed to make good existing shortfalls and roll the scheme out nationally.
Its chief executive, Neil Leitch, says: "I think we are at breaking point with just the 15 hours. Extend that to 30 and you will see a different position altogether."
Yes, the government has committed to increase the average childcare funding rates.
The Department for Education is to begin a review overseen by Childcare Minister Sam Gyimah before the summer.
And Employment Minister Priti Patel is to set up a task force, with providers and stakeholders, to look at how the plans can be progressed speedily.


If you want to understand why Minecraft-maker Mojang is being bought by Microsoft, just play the game.

The single-player version is about a lone individual surviving in a harsh world with only their ingenuity to keep them safe. Their very survival depends on them building a home and battling monsters employing only tools and weapons they make with their hands.
If computer games were subject to the same analysis applied to novels it would be easy to read this as a metaphor for the life of Markus "Notch" Persson, the game's creator. He's talked in the past about growing up "relatively poor", about making his own entertainment, and about whether he will have to conquer the same "demons" that troubled his father.
Family, friends and the success of the things Notch made with his hands helped him prosper in this harsh world, but that success has led to other challenges. And ones that are much harder to conquer.
Just what had changed was evident at Minecon in 2012 where it was impossible for Notch to walk more than a few feet before he was grabbed by yet another fan keen to shake his hand, slap him on the back, take a photo or get him to sign their foam sword.
This transformation from humble programmer responsible only for his own code to the leader of a global movement was one he was never happy with. His heartfelt explanation of why he is leaving Mojang - "it's about my sanity" - underscores that.
He knows that Minecraft is now about overseeing a community - much, much more than it is about maintaining and developing a codebase.
And therein lies the potential problem for Microsoft.
With Xbox Live and its other cloud services there is no doubt that it has solid experience of running a massive computer infrastructure that serves millions of paying customers. That will be vital when it starts running the behind-the-scenes systems that keep Minecraft going.
But Microsoft will alienate that community if it does not realise how personal the game is, not just for Notch, but for many of the people who play it. It's where they meet their friends and make new ones, where they express themselves, where they show off their technical and creative prowess, where they find themselves.
I have seen that with my own children who play it in very different ways. One is a big fan of modified versions that involve arena battles or capture-the-flag-type competitions. The other spends hours crafting intricate homes built around swooping minecart tracks. Sometimes he builds treehouses that span forests. They also regularly go adventuring with their friends seeking treasure, avoiding creepers, and battling spiders, zombies and skeletons.
They, and millions like them, can only do this because of the freedom and openness of Minecraft. The malleability of the game lets them change it to suit their mood. It does this by giving people a degree of access that Microsoft, in its business software, has never embraced. And that is what has got the millions who play Minecraft worried. Those fans do not want Microsoft to mess with their freedom to tinker with it as they please. They have a deep-rooted sense of ownership about the things they create in the game.
There's no doubt that will be a tricky job for Microsoft to achieve given how critical that community can be.
It will have to work hard to battle those sworn enemies of every online gamer - downtime and lag (aka delay).  It is likely that any problem with the game's availability in the future will be blamed on Microsoft - whether it is the company's fault or not.
Making more drastic changes to the running of the game such as limiting how people can modify it, charging them for things that are currently free or imposing restrictions on how they can tell the world about what they have done, might, if handled poorly, turn a big chunk of that community against Microsoft.
That would be bad, given that many of its players are now children who will grow up to be the gamers of the future. No doubt Microsoft is hoping to impress them with the way it handles Minecraft. If it gets it wrong, it could end up being one of the monsters that people want to take on and slay.


Two kittens whose fur was coloured in with permanent marker are being repeatedly bathed to help wash out the ink.

The four-week-old kittens, called Shrek and Smurf, were found in Bradford and are being cared for at the city's Cat Watch Rescue centre.
Volunteers have been bathing the kittens in the hope of washing out the stubborn blue and green ink.
Several well-wishers have also offered to take the kittens into their homes.
Volunteer Katie Lloyd said: "It's been really busy, the phone has not stopped, but the care of the kittens is paramount.
"I am sure in the future we will have no problem re-homing them."
The kittens had been coloured in with a very dark royal blue and an emerald green.
Ms Lloyd said: "They are black and white kittens and all the white bits had been coloured in. Its horrific, and meticulously done.
"We have to be very careful to ensure that the ink does not go down their nose or throats or in their eyes.
"But I am fairly confident that over time the colour will completely come out. If not by washing then it will grow out."
The kittens' plight has attracted global attention and also prompted an American author to set up a donation page to help with their care.
New York-based Gwen Cooper, who wrote Homer's Odyssey: A Fearless Feline Tale, said on her Facebook page that making a donation would show that "most humans are caring and compassionate".
She said she hoped to raise around $2,000 (Â£1,370) and early on Wednesday had pledges of $1,336 (Â£915).


Ballymena teenager Katie Morrow missed out on a Paralympics medal after the GB wheelchair basketball team were beaten 76-34 by the Netherlands in the bronze medal play-off.

The Dutch led 33-17 at half-time and continued to dominate the encounter.
Great Britain were beaten 89-78 in the semi-finals by the USA, who will play Germany in decider on Friday evening.
The British were aiming to clinch the country's first ever women's wheelchair basketball Paralympics medal.
Morrow, 16, was introduced to wheelchair basketball three years ago by Disability Sport Northern Ireland's Wheelchair Basketball Performance Officer Phil Robinson.
2015 was a remarkable year for the Cullybackey College student as she helped the British senior team win European Championship bronze after making her debut earlier in the season, in addition to helping the British Under-25 squad clinch World Championship gold.
Away from the basketball court, Katie is a highly talented swimmer having been a club-mate of Ireland star Danielle Hill in a Larne squad which claimed relay medals at Irish and British Age-Group Championships.


The head of the US Federal Reserve has said a UK vote to exit the European Union "could have significant economic repercussions".

Janet Yellen told the Senate Banking Committee that a split would lead to uncertainty that could create market instability.
She said the Fed would closely monitor the vote, which could impact global investor confidence.
Supporters of Brexit argue the UK would be more prosperous outside the EU.
Ms Yellen said a UK exit from the EU was unlikely to send the US economy into a recession. But it could result in a "flight to safety" by investors that could push up the value of the dollar and other currencies that are considered havens in time of uncertainty.
She stressed that she was not offering advice to the British public but "simply saying the decision could have economic consequences to the US economy".
Last month, official figures showed a sharp slowdown in US job creation.
The Labour Department reported that employers added just 38,000 jobs last month, the fewest since September 2010.
The jobless rate fell to 4.7% but much of that was caused by individuals leaving the labour market altogether.
While the job gains across all demographic groups in the US have slowed, Ms Yellen said it was "troubling" that unemployment among African Americans and Hispanics remained below the national average.
Persistently low inflation and weak productivity growth in the US were noted as concerns for the Fed's board.
Ms Yellen said a lack of investment had contributed to the weak growth.
Earlier this month the Fed opted not to raise interest rates.
The Fed raised interest rates by 0.25 percentage points for the first time in nine years last December and has left them unchanged since.
Ms Yellen said the central bank was likely to keep rates low in the near term. But she warned that low interest rates left the Fed with fewer options to address an economic downturn.
"I would not at this time say that the threats from low rates to financial stability are elevated. But, of course, it is something that we need to watch because it can have that impact," she said.
One positive sign for the US economy that she pointed to were gains in household spending.
Low oil prices and wage growth have helped, but international uncertainties remain that could derail trade and economic growth.
Ms Yellen cited China's efforts to rebalance its economy towards more domestic spending as one vulnerability to the global economy.
"In the current environment of sluggish growth, low inflation, and already very accommodative monetary policy in many advanced economies, investor perceptions of and appetite for risk can change abruptly," she added.


Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn has defended his party's record in government in Wales, but said there were "issues" about some areas of health and education.

He has praised the record of Health Minister Mark Drakeford but acknowledged "issues about speciality treatment".
He said these were being tackled by link-ups with large English hospitals.
Mr Corbyn said the Welsh government's record on schools was improving.
A YouGov poll of voters in Wales for Cardiff University and ITV Wales suggested support for the Labour party had risen since Mr Corbyn was elected as leader.
42% of the 1,010 people questioned said they would vote Labour in a general election, a rise of five percentage points since June, while 39% would choose the party in an assembly election, up four points.
Speaking in his first interview in Wales since being elected, Mr Corbyn said where Wales has lagged behind the other UK nations in international performance league tables for schools, its record would improve further.
The new leader told BBC Wales he would be campaigning in Wales "plenty of times" in the run-up to next year's assembly elections as Labour fights to stay in power in Cardiff Bay.
Asked if he is "fiercely pro-business" - as First Minister Carwyn Jones says his administration is - he said he was pro-economic expansion and development.
Mr Jones denied his pro-business principles were at odds with Mr Corbyn.
"It's the same thing. If you're pro-business you're pro-economic development," he told BBC Radio Wales' Good Morning Wales.
He added: "If you're pro-economic development, you're pro creating jobs and you're pro-business. There's no conflict between saying we want to support business to create jobs and at the same time saying we want to have good public services."
Mr Corbyn, who is opposed to nuclear weapons, dismissed a suggestion from Mr Jones that Britain's Trident nuclear submarine system would be welcome in Wales if forced to leave their current base in Scotland.
"I don't think it could be placed anywhere in Wales anyway and it's not going to be placed anywhere in Wales," he said.
Challenged on Labour's record on the NHS, with the independent Nuffield Trust suggesting performance in key areas has declined since 2010, he said: "There's a 95% approval rating from patients using the NHS in Wales.
"Mark Drakeford has done very well on ending the internal market, thus creating greater efficiencies.
"There are issues about speciality treatment in Wales because of the size of the population and the size of the hospitals that are needed for very specialist treatment.
"Therefore the link-up with big hospitals in Bristol or Liverpool or indeed in Shrewsbury to achieve that kind of service for everybody in Wales.
"And so that's the importance of an NHS for the whole of the UK as well as obviously within Wales, but I think Wales should be very proud of the fact that it produced the founder of the NHS."
On schools, he said: "It's improving and it will improve and it will improve further.
"I think everyone accepts that because if we don't provide the best education for children during their school years then clearly all their other life chances become more limited as a result of that.
"And so, there are issues surrounding why some children do better than others in school, issues surrounding accessibility, issues surrounding home poverty but Welsh Labour is working very hard to provide the best possible opportunities for all young people and an improving environment."


Armagh 1-15 2-08 Down
Derry 2-17 0-05 QUB - latest score
Monaghan 1-13 0-10 St Mary's College
Fermanagh 0-19 0-05 Antrim
Cavan 0-15 0-19 Ulster University
Tyrone 2-23 0-06 Donegal


Singer James Blunt has clashed with Labour politician Chris Bryant about diversity in the arts after the MP said the singer was part of a public school educated elite "dominating" culture.

The singer, who was educated at Harrow, said the politician was a narrow-minded "classist gimp" who was motivated by the "politics of jealousy".
Politicians, he said, should celebrate success wherever it came from.
Mr Bryant responded by urging Mr Blunt not to be "so blooming precious".
The spat started after Mr Bryant, who was recently appointed Labour's shadow arts minister, told the Guardian that there needed to be more working class actors and "gritty" subject matter in drama output to properly reflect contemporary Britain.
While he was "delighted" that Eton-educated Eddie Redmayne had won a Golden Globe for his portrayal of Stephen Hawking in a new film, Mr Bryant - who himself was privately educated at Cheltenham College - suggested that "we can't just have a culture dominated by Eddie Redmayne and James Blunt and their ilk".
Mr Blunt, a former soldier who sprang to fame when his song You're Beautiful went to number one in 2005, took Mr Bryant to task in a letter to the newspaper.
He said his background - both in terms of his schooling and his time in the army - counted against him when he was trying to break into the music industry and despite his success was still regarded as being "too posh".
"And then you come along, looking for votes, telling working class people that posh people like me don't deserve it and that we must redress the balance," he wrote.
He suggested that Mr Bryant's "populist, envy-based, vote-hunting ideas" were more likely to hold the country back than "my  shit songs and my plummy accent".
Mr Blunt, who has a million followers on Twitter, contrasted carping attitudes to people's success and background in the UK with the US, where he said people "don't give a stuff" about that kind of thing.
"What you teach is the politics of jealousy," he added.
"Perhaps what you have failed to realise is that the only head start my school gave me in the music business, where the vast majority of people are not from boarding school, is to tell me that I should aim high.
"Perhaps it protected me from your kind of narrow-minded, self-defeating, lead-us-to-a-dead-end, 'remove the G from GB thinking' which is to look at others' success and say 'it's not fair'."
In his original interview, Mr Bryant said the system that had produced British talent such as Albert Finney and Glenda Jackson in the 1950s and 1960s had been "more meritocratic".
He questioned whether the BBC, ITV and Channel 4 were committed to funding the kind of drama which looked at Britain as it was now rather than "Downton (Abbey) programming ad infinitum".
Responding to Mr Blunt, the Labour MP insisted he was not singling out the performer and he was "delighted" at his success.
"Stop being so blooming precious," he wrote. "I'm not knocking your success. I even contributed to it by buying one of your albums.
"But it is a statement of the blindingly obvious that that is far tougher if you come from a poor family where you have to hand over your holiday earnings to help pay the family bills."
He added: "You see the thing is I want everyone to take part in the arts. I don't want any no-go areas for young people from less privileged backgrounds. And I'm convinced that we won't be Great Britain if we waste great British talent in the arts."


Thousands of patients taken to hospital by ambulance face long delays before being seen by accident and emergency staff, figures for England show.

Data obtained by Labour showed the number of waits of more than an hour had nearly trebled in two years.
NHS bosses blamed "increasing demand" for the problem - ambulances should be able to hand over patients to A&E staff within 15 minutes of arrival.
There were 76,000 waits over an hour in 2015-16, up from 28,000 in 2013-14.
The number of waits of more than 30 minutes rose by 60% over the same period, from 258,000 to nearly 413,000.
Ambulances made 4.7 million journeys to A&E units last year.
Ambulance crews said the most-life threatening cases would be prioritised when delays occurred, but the figures once again demonstrate the growing pressures on the system.
Delays occur when there are no A&E staff available for the ambulance crews to hand patients over to.
They then have to wait with their patients, meaning the ambulance is unavailable for 999 calls.
Ambulance crews say the delays are part of the reason they are struggling to meet their target of reaching the most seriously ill patients within eight minutes.
Shadow health secretary Jon Ashworth said the figures illustrated the "scale of the crisis" facing the NHS.
"The figures speak for themselves," he said.
"It is clear that this government has failed to grasp what is happening in our overstretched hospitals."
The data provided by ambulance trusts also showed some waits of more than six hours, although it is unclear whether that represented a "true wait".
Ambulance crews sometimes take care of multiple patients to allow other crews to get back on the road, so some of the long waits may reflect the total length of time multiple patients waited.
Errors in the way waits are recorded could also explain some of the extremely long waits - although West Midlands Ambulance Trust confirmed a wait of more than four hours seen this year was genuine.
Christina McAnea, of Unison, which represents ambulance staff, said the delays were happening because A&E units were simply "overwhelmed".
"There's a national crisis in the ambulance service because of an extreme lack of funding across every part of the NHS," she added.
An NHS England spokeswoman conceded there was a problem, saying the waits were down to "increasing demand".
But she pointed out patients who were delayed were still receiving care from "skilled ambulance staff".
"Staff work hard to keep these occurrences to a minimum," she added.
Meanwhile, the Department of Health said it expected hospitals and ambulance trusts to "work closely" together to address the issue.
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An historic, previously unpublished picture has been found, showing preparations for the final RAF wartime bombing raid against Nazi Germany.

This weekend marks the 70th anniversary of the last Bomber Command raid on Germany during World War Two.
The photograph shows an RAF crew with a Mosquito aircraft and a bomb to be used on a raid against the Kiel canal.
The ground and air crew were photographed on 2 May 1945 at RAF Downham Market in Norfolk.
The photograph, capturing preparations for a final bombing raid, was found by Brian Emsley, from Welwyn Garden City, whose father Edward Emsley is on the far left of the frame.
The date is chalked on the side of a bomb, suggesting someone recognised that this was a moment in history to be recorded.
The Ministry of Defence's Air Historical Branch has confirmed that this was Bomber Command's last raid against Germany.
The raid took place two days after the death of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler and as Nazi forces in Berlin were formally surrendering to the advancing Soviet army.
The Air Historical Branch, using the records of The Bomber Command War Diaries, by Martin Middlebrook and Chris Everitt, says there had been no attacks by Bomber Command for several days before this final raid, with Germany's armed forces facing imminent defeat and the expectation that the war was almost over.
But there were concerns that ships were being gathered at Kiel to take German forces to Norway where they would continue to fight.
In response, Mosquito bombers were sent to attack airfields around Kiel and then to carry out two raids against the port itself - and within 36 hours the town had been occupied by Allied forces.
The photograph shows one of the crews, in an airfield in Norfolk, getting ready for this last raid.
These were the final phases of the war.
On 4 May, Field Marshal Montgomery took the surrender of all German forces, including naval ships, in north-west Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands.
The final unconditional surrender of all forces was delivered on 7 May.
Mr Emsley, who found the picture in an old album, says his father had been in a reserved occupation at the outbreak of the war, at the De Havilland aircraft factory in Hatfield, Hertfordshire.
But he volunteered to join the RAF in 1941, and Mr Emsley says he suspects his father had joined after many local people were killed at the Hatfield factory when a German bomber made a lone raid that struck the paint shop.
His father, who died in 1979, had never mentioned this historic picture, and the identities of the other people in the photograph, recorded in the closing chapter of the Allied air raids on Nazi Germany, are not known.
Mr Emsley says that his father must have felt "elated and relieved at the prospect of peace about to dawn after six years of war".
"He wouldn't have enjoyed the idea of bombing because he was a peaceable, decent man. But he would have loathed tyranny and, by the courage of RAF aircrew whom he supported, totalitarianism in Europe was avoided."


Former Liverpool, Real Madrid and West Ham defender Alvaro Arbeloa has announced his retirement.

The 34-year-old former Spain full-back made three Premier League appearances for the Hammers last season before being released.
He spent three years with the Reds before returning to Madrid, for whom he made his senior debut, in 2009.
Arbeloa won one La Liga title and the Champions League twice at Madrid before signing for West Ham last August.
"It's time to say goodbye," he said. "Physically I was OK to keep playing."
He made more than 200 appearances in total for Liverpool, Madrid and West Ham between 2007 and 2017 and was capped 56 times by Spain.
He was part of his country's World Cup-winning squad in 2010 and helped them win the European Championship in 2008 and 2012.
In an interview with Spanish newspaper Marca he suggested he would be open to a return to the Bernabeu.
"Madrid is the club of my life, I will never call to ask for a job, but I am always available to offer myself," he said.


French striker Christian Nade has been released by Hamilton Academical.

The Scottish Premiership club tweeted to say the move was "to allow him to sign elsewhere."
Nade, 31, joined the New Douglas Park side in July last year after previous spells in Scotland with Hearts, Dundee and Raith Rovers.
He played 18 times this season for Martin Canning's side, netting three goals including one in his last appearance in a 4-3 loss to Inverness.


Organisers of one of the biggest St Patrick's Day parades in the UK have said it will retain its quality despite council funding cuts.

Thousands of people were expected to attend the 19th annual event in Birmingham, the last one to benefit from £20,000 council funding.
Plans to axe financial support for major public events in the city were confirmed last month.
The £20,000 equates to about 30% of the £70,000 running costs.
And the situation is set to get worse in 2017, when the city council is also expected to withdraw logistical support previously offered free and valued at a further £6,000.
But festival committee head Anne Tighe said: "Obviously the council funding was nice but that was a fraction of what it cost.
"We are absolutely not looking at a smaller scale festival."
Birmingham City Council announced plans to stop funding major public events as part of moves to cut £113m from its 2015/16 budget.
Pride and Vaisakhi are among the other council funded events affected.
Ms Tighe said they were looking at other fundraising streams for St Patrick's Day and planned to apply for additional grants to make up the shortfall.
She also said they would seek extra sponsorship and wanted to develop a scheme where businesses pay to be a friend of the festival.
"We also want the Irish community to put their hands in their pocket to support it," she said.
"If we want to go on we will need to build up a reserve fund so there's money in the bank if we are struggling."
The event on Sunday, themed the Irish Contribution to Birmingham, is expected to feature 20 floats.
Nine bands will take part in the parade and a stage in Bradford Street will house performances from six groups.
Father Pat Brown, who traditionally starts the St Patrick's Day celebrations in Birmingham with a mass at Anne's Church in Digbeth, said: "There is a strong Irish heritage in Birmingham and a strong sense of Irish culture. I don't think that will dwindle.
"The people here are proud of their Irish roots and want to maintain this tradition."


Big macroeconomic changes happen slowly, sometimes they aren't clearly visible until years later.

We may currently be living through a structural change in the global economy as big as any since World War II without fully realising it.
The world economy may be becoming less integrated, with one of the important drivers of globalisation swinging into reverse.
This week the Dutch Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis  released its latest estimates of world trade.
This widely-followed measure showed that world trade grew by 3.3% in 2014, that's up from 2.7% in 2013 and 2.1% in 2012 but still well below the long term average of growth of 5%.
Global trade grew strongly from the late 1970s until 2008 when the global recession caused it to collapse.
It rebounded strongly as the global economy recovered in 2010 and 2011 but since then trade growth has been weak.
Before the crisis world trade generally grew faster than world GDP, so trade as a share of world output rose.
Since the recession, world trade has been sluggish and outpaced by growth. As a share of global GDP, trade has been falling.
In other words, on one important measure the world economy is becoming less integrated, as a share of world output, fewer goods and services are crossing borders.
There are reasons to think that the weakness of trade may reflect longer term factors than just the immediate aftermath of the credit crisis.
A report this week from Oxford Economics was optimistic that trade growth would pick up but identified structural reasons for its recent weakness - factors which may endure.
The first is the process of "reshoring" or bringing manufacturing that was previously outsourced abroad back to the home country.
Cheaper energy costs driven by the shale oil revolution have been one large driver of this in the US, but it appears to be a broader trend across the developed economies.
That relates to the weakness in the global goods trade, but the global trade in services has also been weaker post-financial crisis.
One reason for that may be a pulling back from overseas activity by banks.
RBS has announced it was pulling out of operations in 25 countries, driven by tighter regulation and need to conserve capital, more and more banks are choosing to focus more on their domestic markets. That slows the growth of global services trade.
Finally, Oxford Economics identified a lack of trade liberalisation. This is not to say that protectionism (using tariffs or quotas to limit imports and try to protect domestic firms) is on the rise, but that if trade is not being more regulated, it is becoming more liberalised at a slower pace.
Trade treaties and deals are estimated to have contributed around 20% to the growth of world trade between 1994 and 2007. Without the spur of additional deals, world trade growth could be slower.
An IMF report in January reached similar conclusions, arguing that there were signs of a slowing of global trade even before 2008 and it was driven by a "slower pace of expansion of global supply chains".
So, if the world economy really is becoming less globalised, what would this mean?
The traditional answer, for the advanced economies such as the UK, is to say that a more open economy has meant the destruction of certain kinds of jobs, but overall a welfare gain for the country through importing cheaper goods.
There are potentially serious consequences for countries in the developing world if the era of ever deepening globalisation is truly over.
Export-led growth has been a key development strategy for many nations and a slowing of global trade will have consequences.
Counter-intuitively enough, a less globalised economy might actually have a positive impact on financial stability.
In a speech in 2011, the then Governor of the Bank of England Mervyn King argued that "global imbalances" had played a key role in the run up to the financial crisis.
He noted that during the era of the Bretton Woods agreement (by which countries fixed their exchange rates against each other and globalisation was, to an important extent, limited) between the late 1940s and early 1970s, global growth was strong and less volatile than before or since and banking and financial crisis were rarer.
On the broader topic, I highly recommend this talk by Professor Dani Rodrik.
It makes sense that weaker global trade flows leave less room for imbalances which can endanger the development of financial stability.
All of which leads me to two thoughts.
The first is that neither faster nor slower global trade growth is necessary desirable.
There are costs and benefits to rapidly increasing global trade and there are costs to diminishing global trade.
At heart, macroeconomics is all about trade-offs. But when considering something like the pace of globalisation itself, it is unclear who (if anyone) is considering these trade-offs.
We may stumble into second-best solutions - a world less globalised than is ideal, or more globalised than is ideal by accident.
A lack of policy co-ordination between economic policy authorities across borders makes this more likely.
The second is that for years our politics has taken increasing globalisation as a given.
Those who have occasionally advocated slowing have been accused of saying "stop the world I want to get off".
The world might not be stopping, but it could well be slowing.


A Cub Scout from Bolton, England, has earned what's thought to be the most badges of any Cub in the country.

10 January 2016 Last updated at 14:03 GMT
10-year-old Harry has been awarded 41 activity badges, all earned for a variety of skills from cooking to martial arts.
Hayley met up with Harry to talk more about his big achievement and what he wants to do next.


The man who killed 86 people in Nice by driving a lorry through a crowd has been named as a Tunisian delivery man, Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel - not a known jihadist.

French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve said the killer had apparently been radicalised very quickly.
Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, 31, was identified by his fingerprints after his driver's licence, mobile phone and credit card were found inside the vehicle by police who had shot him dead.
He had reconnoitred the area in the lorry on the two days before the 14 July Bastille Day attack, when he smashed into the crowd on Nice's famous beachfront, the Promenade des Anglais.
So-called Islamic State (IS) says he acted in response to its calls to target civilians in countries that are part of the coalition ranged against the group.
Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was from the north Tunisian town of Msaken, about 10km (6 miles) outside the coastal city of Sousse.
It has emerged that he had a history of violence and mental instability.
Neighbours in Nice described him as a violent loner who liked to drink, lift weights and go salsa dancing.
He lived a life "far from religion", eating pork, taking drugs and indulging in a "wild" sex life, French prosecutor Francois Molins said.
But he had a "clear and recent interest" in radical Islamist movements, Mr Molins said.
From 1 July, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel made more or less daily internet searches for verses of the Koran and "nasheeds" - jihadist propaganda chants. He also researched the Islamic holiday of Eid al-Fitr.
Investigators found photos of dead bodies and images linked to radical Islamism on his computer, including the flag of so-called Islamic State, the cover of an issue of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo - attacked by gunmen in January 2015 - and photos of Osama bin Laden and Algerian jihadist Mokhtar Belmokhtar.
In the eight days leading up to the attack, he grew a beard and told friends this was for "religious reasons".
He also told them he did not understand why IS could not hold territory and showed them a video of a beheading on his mobile phone. In response to their shock, he said he was "used to it".
However, there was no evidence that he had pledged allegiance to any radical groups or had contact with known Islamists.
Examinations of Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's browsing history also showed he had carried out research for his attack.
On 1 July he searched for details of the Bastille Day celebrations in Nice as well as videos showing "terrible" fatal traffic accidents.
He had also read about recent attacks in Orlando, where a man proclaiming allegiance to IS shot 49 people in a gay nightclub, Dallas, where a black army veteran shot five police officers, and Magnanville near Paris, where a French jihadist stabbed two police officials to death.
In the days before the attack, he twice drove to the Promenade des Anglais in his rented lorry, sold his van and attempted to withdraw money, Mr Molins said.
This showed that his act was "premeditated and deliberate", he said.
He reserved the 19-tonne refrigeration lorry on 4 July and collected it on 11 July in Saint-Laurent-du-Var, just west of Nice.
During his reconnaissance trips, he sent a selfie photo from the driver's cabin.
Just minutes before launching his attack, he sent text messages asking accomplices to give him more weapons and boasting about having obtained a pistol. He fired that pistol at police during his rampage, before police shot him dead.
"Bring more weapons, bring five to C," one of the messages said.
Police are trying to identify who the message was sent to.
Four men who knew Lahouaiej-Bouhlel are being questioned by police, as are an Albanian couple suspected of having given him logistical help.
Police say Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was married with three children, although he no longer lived with his wife. She was detained for questioning by police on 15 July but has since been released.
A woman who knows the family told the BBC Lahouaiej-Bouhlel had been thrown out of their home in the Le Ray area of Nice more than a year ago after allegedly beating his wife.
Lahouaiej-Bouhlel last visited Tunisia four years ago, people in his hometown Msaken told the BBC's Rana Jawad. They said many people knew his family and were shocked by his actions.
"We remember him as a normal person from a wealthy family," a town resident told her.
While many who knew him described Lahouaiej-Bouhlel as being secular, other witnesses pointed out that more recently he had displayed outward signs of becoming more religious.
A psychiatrist, Chamseddine Hamouda, carried out a mental assessment of the killer a few years ago after his father became concerned about his "troubling behaviour of a psychotic nature".
"He was a stranger to himself," Mr Hamouda said. "I advised his parents that he needed treatment.
"At the time he exhibited violent behaviour towards his family... I'm sure that in the past 12 years something else happened that perhaps influenced how he thought."
He was "quiet", a "loner" who did not respond to greetings, according to several neighbours in the four-storey block of flats in the Abattoirs area of Nice where he lived.
He had a van parked nearby and would often be seen climbing the stairs to his first-floor flat, carrying his bike.
Anan, who lived on the ground floor, said she had been suspicious of him because he was "a good-looking man who kept giving my two daughters the eye".
One woman recalled that he had been nice to her and had helped her all the time. But, she added, his behaviour had sometimes been "strange".
Lahouaiej-Bouhlel had been in trouble with police between 2010 and 2016 for threatening behaviour, violence and petty theft.
In March, a court in Nice convicted him of assaulting a motorist with an improvised weapon - a wooden pallet - during an altercation. He was given a six-month suspended prison sentence and ordered to contact police once a week, which he did.
Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was "never flagged for signs of radicalisation", officials say, and he was not on France's "Fiche S" high-security watch list.
The majority of attacks carried out in the country since January 2015 have been staged by men designated "Fiche S", and also linked to IS.
In 2014, IS spokesman Mohammed al-Adnani told supporters in an audio message: "If you can't detonate a bomb or fire a shot, manage by yourself... run them over with your car."
Many of France's jihadist killers, starting with Mohammed Merah in Toulouse in 2012, also began their journey towards militant Islam as petty criminals.


Ding Junhui equalled the record for centuries scored by one player in a World Championship match as his sixth ton helped build a 14-10 lead over Alan McManus in an enthralling semi-final.

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China's Ding led his fellow qualifier 6-2 overnight and he hit a fifth century on his way to a 9-3 advantage.
McManus scored two tons of his own in winning five frames to get back to 9-8.
Ding recovered to end the evening session back in control but messed up a 147 chance after potting the 15th red.
The world number 17 missed a tricky black on 113, but had been struggling for position for several shots when his potting finally failed him.
In the afternoon's semi-final, Hong Kong's Marco Fu came from 5-3 down to draw level with Mark Selby at 8-8.
But the day's main drama came during a record-breaking, high-quality encounter between Ding and Scotland's McManus.
World number 17 Ding's six tons drew him level with both Ronnie O'Sullivan (against Barry Hawkins in the 2013 final) and Mark Selby (against Stephen Hendry in the second round in 2011).
It also gave him the record for most three-figure breaks in a semi-final.
McManus weighed in with three tons during an incredible demonstration of break-building by the pair, which set a new record of nine tons in a World Championship match.
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The match seemed likely to finish a session early, such was Ding's dominance and destructive form on Thursday and in the early part of Friday's morning session.
As well as his five tons, the 29-year-old, who is hoping to become the first Asian player to reach the final, also scored two breaks in the 90s and two fifties on his way to a 9-3 lead.
But McManus, at 45 the oldest player to reach the last four at the Crucible since Ray Reardon in 1985, had done little wrong and he raised his game to rekindle memories of the last time he made the final four in 1993.
A sensational 136 in frame 14, which was rounded off with an exhibition-style final black off four cushions, made it 9-5.
He compiled another century and then closed to 8-9 and 10-12, but Ding stayed composed, getting over his fluffed 147 and regaining the four-frame lead he started the day with.
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Selby and Fu's match lacked the style and fluency of the other semi-final but provided plenty of tension, as well as a bizarre moment when Fu's tip came off as he was chalking his cue.
At that stage the world number 14, who was last a semi-finalist in 2006, had tied the score at 7-7 in the best-of-33 match, scoring two centuries in a three-frame burst.
The 38 year old looked crestfallen when his tip flew off while on 33 in frame 15 but, after it was re-glued during a 10-minute delay, he returned to complete a break of 81 and take an 8-7 lead.
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The 2014 champion Selby, who struggled to find his best form throughout, ensured he ended the session all square after an error-strewn final frame.
Fu and Selby resume at 10:00 BST on Saturday and play to a conclusion in the evening, while Ding and McManus play their final session in the afternoon from 14:30 BST.
One player who was mightily relieved was world number 19 Kyren Wilson, who still has the highest break of the tournament thanks to his 143 against Mark Selby in the quarter-finals.
Wilson is getting married in the summer and was quick to express his relief that he still in prime position to claim the £10k prize for the top break.
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Business leaders are demanding a new direction for Brexit negotiations in reaction to the General Election.

The Federation of Small Businesses has called for a delay in the start of talks due to the political fallout.
Aston Martin has warned that future investment could be at risk without clear indications for future EU relations.
And other groups have insisted new ministers refocus their positions ahead of the start of official Brexit talks.
Few individual chief executives or companies have commented on the shock election result, with many privately waiting to see how a potential Conservative-DUP coalition is formed.
But the boss of luxury car maker Aston Martin, which has invested heavily in a new plant in Wales, spoke out.
Chief executive Andy Palmer said: "We cannot stress strongly enough the need for rapid and decisive policy direction.
"Clarity over our relationship with Europe must be established quickly together with the wider reassurance to our key trading partners that Britain remains a dynamic and thriving business environment."
Lobbying groups representing small and large organisations across the country were quick to call for a renewed focus and more specifics on Brexit.
Stephen Martin, director general of the Institute of Directors, said: "Businesses have shown in the last year that they are resilient to surprise results, but they have now been thrown into political limbo.
"Now is the time to move on from the rhetoric of the election campaign and focus on preparing for Brexit talks. The issues of access to EU markets and the need for skilled workers are still paramount."
His views were echoed by the FSB, which went further in calling for a delay to negotiations.
FSB national chairman Mike Cherry said: "It is important to go into the Brexit talks from a position of strength, focused on getting the best deal possible for trade and access to workers and skills.
"We call for a delay to the scheduled start of negotiations rather than a rush to begin in 10 days' time.
"The need for a transition period now becomes even stronger, providing the time to get Brexit right."
Terry Scuoler, chief executive of EEF, the manufacturers' organisation, said: "The Brexit negotiating strategy requires a careful rethink.
"Industry should be at the table, alongside whatever administration is formed, to help ensure we have the right negotiating position, which is something that's been sadly lacking until now."
Elsewhere, Carolyn Fairbairn, director general of the CBI, and her counterpart at the British Chambers of Commerce, Adam Marshall, both demanded clear objectives over Brexit.
Ms Fairbairn said: "With only 10 days before Brexit talks begin, the UK needs to be fast out of the blocks.
"Agreeing transition arrangements and guaranteeing EU citizens' rights should be early priorities to get the talks off to a good start and show to the world that trade and people come first."
Mr Marshall added: "No business would walk into a negotiation without clear objectives, an agreed starting position, and a strong negotiating team. It is hard to see how Brexit negotiations could begin without answers on these important questions."
Official Brexit negotiations are due to start on 19 June in Brussels.


Tottenham defender Ben Davies has signed a new contract that will keep him at the club until 2021.

The 23-year-old joined Spurs from Swansea in 2014 and has made 68 appearances in all competitions.
"It's a fantastic club to be part of at the moment and you can only see it getting better," the Welshman said.
"If you'd have said this before the start of my career I would probably have been in shock, I wouldn't have believed it."


Partick Thistle boss Alan Archibald is urging his players to learn the lessons of their recent defeat to Celtic when the sides meet again on Tuesday.

The league leaders won 4-1 at Firhill 10 days ago and Archibald says his team did not make life difficult enough for Celtic on that occasion.
"You believe every game's different," Archibald said.
"They know the things they did poorly in that game and if we can rectify them then it gives us a chance."
Archibald believes it is "possible" their opponents could go through the league season unbeaten - they have won 15 and drawn one of their first 16 games - but says the onus is on other Premiership clubs to end that run.
"It will be tough for them [to remain unbeaten]," he said.  "They have got a tough run of fixtures coming up.
"I'm not saying it's not possible, but it's down to the rest of the teams to stop that happening. We'll give it a go.
"You saw Hamilton had a late flurry at the end of the game [last Tuesday], just at 1-0, but one thing you take from Hamilton and Dundee's performances is that you don't give them any goals.
"They had to work for their goals and that's something we didn't do out there [in the 4-1 defeat], we gave away two goals after half-time which gave us a mountain to climb."
Thistle are currently bottom of the Premiership by one point, but a draw at Celtic Park would lift them up to 10th and a win would take them up to eighth.
Archibald's players have taken confidence from their second-half display against Hearts on Saturday, when they equalised and might have gone on to win the game if it had not been for the goalkeeping of Jack Hamilton.
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Thistle also switched from the back three they have been using in recent weeks to a back four, showing a versatility that Archibald believes might help against Celtic, who have also changed formations this season.
"It's a good tool to have, that versatility in the squad and the personnel, trusting them and knowing we can do that at half-time," the Thistle manager added.
"It helped on Saturday. I don't know if it affects Celtic as much as it does us, because even if they are a three or a four at the back, they have a lot of bodies forward. It definitely helps us, because we can shuffle bodies about to stop them."
Winger Christie Elliott says the Jags needs to build on the second-half performance against Hearts.
"It will be brilliant for us to stop that [Celtic's run] and get the three points, which is more important for us," said Christie, who takes heart from scoring against Fraser Forster in March 2014, only weeks after the former Celtic goalkeeper's record run of clean sheets was ended.
"We go into every game knowing three points is vital for us. A good run and you're back into the top six."


Northern Ireland's health minister has backed the establishment of an all-Ireland children's heart surgery centre in Dublin in the Republic of Ireland.

It means surgery in Belfast's Royal Victoria Hospital will cease.
Jim Wells made the announcement to the assembly on Tuesday, following a review of children's cardiac services.
In 2012, it emerged that services at the Royal were not sustainable with many operations taking place in either England or Dublin.
The review was commissioned by health ministers in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
Mr Wells, a Democratic Unionist Party minister, told MLAs he was recommending the implementation of a new cross-border model  of co-operation that would  "deliver safe and effective cardiac care to children in Northern Ireland".
Children's heart surgery for the whole of Ireland will be based at Our Lady's children's hospital in Crumlin, south Dublin.
The Royal in Belfast would develop as a centre for diagnostics and cardio interventions.
Mr Wells said a single children's heart centre in Dublin would see children being treated in accordance the highest standards of care.
He said the model provided significant opportunities for enhancing the support available to families, involving their representatives, as well as clinicians, in governance arrangements and improving communication and the flow of information between clinical teams in Dublin and Belfast.
A leading international surgeon who has advised on the future of children's heart surgery in Northern Ireland has said there is a real willingness to make an "all-island" solution work.
In 2013, Dr John Mayer, was asked by the Department of Health in Northern Ireland to review existing services.
He looked at those in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
His conclusion and recommendations will have major ramifications for the Northern Ireland health service.
In an exclusive interview with the BBC, the professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School said what was required was not difficult and should be achievable in a relatively short space of time.
The international panel that examined the cardiac services was chaired by leading surgeon Dr John Mayer from Boston.
In his report to the Department of Health in Northern Ireland he said surgical care of all children should be transferred to Dublin.
In a statement, Mr Wells and his counterpart in the Republic of Ireland, Leo Varadkar,  said:  "We recognise fully the importance of clarity for patients, their families, clinicians, and other stakeholders on the immediate implications for service delivery.
"The immediate impact of the removal of surgery from Belfast is that more children from Northern Ireland are likely to receive elective surgery at a specialist centre in Great Britain, as required, until appropriate capacity is in place in Crumlin."
In 2012, a national report said that that while safe, the unit at the Royal in Belfast was not sustainable. It said such cardiac centres across the United Kingdom must perform a minimum of 400 children's surgical procedures each year.
Hundreds of families have campaigned for heart surgery to be retained in Belfast.
Sarah Quinlan of the Children's Heartbeat Trust, an organisation that supports families of children with heart disease, said it was "very disappointing" to hear that surgery will be moving to Dublin.
"What this report does offer us, at last though, is an actual roadmap as to how they plan implementing this," she said.
"What really seems to be key within it (the report) is that this is a partnership.
"It isn't about Dublin, a one way road to Dublin but that Belfast is strengthened and enhanced and there's a lot of work and finance put into our cardiology in Belfast to ensure that children can receive the vast majority of their care still in Belfast.
"We would strongly say that at first sight all of these recommendations need to be implemented if this is going to work at all."
•Establishing a family advisory group
•Establishing an single governance committee
•Establishing a database of congenital heart disease patients
•A flow of expert personnel between the two jurisdictions
•Expansion of paediatric cardiac ICU capacity in Dublin to at least 10 fully staffed beds
•Expanding and upgrading telemedicine links between Northern Ireland and the Republic
•Changing focus in Belfast to elective and lower complexity adult congenital cardiac services
•Enhancing services for all patients and their families who do not reside in Dublin
•Integrating the activities of advanced practice nurses to provide patient and family support and manage the transfers between Belfast and Dublin
•Establishing quarterly meetings between paediatric and neonatal transport services in both jurisdictions to facilitate safe transfers between outlying areas and Belfast and Dublin
•Continuing the upgrade of paediatric transport services
•Expanding case conferences to include cardiologists from Belfast Trust
•Monthly review conferences including cardiologists from both jurisdictions
•Mandating an annual symposium to include assessment of the current system


A woman is being treated for stab wounds after being attacked in Derry.

It happened at Creggan Road shortly before 05:00 GMT on Wednesday morning.
The woman was taken to Altnagelvin hospital for wounds to her abdomen and bruising to her face. Her injuries are not believed to be life-threatening.
A 36-year-old man who was arrested by police has been bailed pending further enquiries.


A massive 11,200-tonne section of an aircraft carrier built on the Clyde has begun its journey around the coast of Scotland to Rosyth for final assembly.

The section, called Lower Block 04, is the largest part of the aircraft carrier HMS Prince of Wales.
It is 20 metres high, 80 metres long and comprises a fifth of the overall vessel.
It will take about five days to reach Rosyth in Fife, travelling around the north of Scotland.
The section, which contains the warship's hangar, machinery space, mission systems compartments and accommodation, will arrive at the dockyard in Fife next Friday afternoon.
It began its journey from BAE Systems' Govan shipyard on Sunday morning and passed under the Erskine bridge at about noon.
The section, floating on a sea-going barge, arrived at Greenock at about 15:30 and will be pulled by a sea-going tug, the Carlo Martello.
The Prince of Wales is the second of the new Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carrier to be built for the UK.
Each 65,000 tonne aircraft carrier will provide the armed forces with a four-acre military operating base which can be deployed worldwide.
Even the hull section is bigger than the Type 45 destroyers which were the last vessels to be delivered to the Royal Navy from Glasgow.
The final two smaller sections of HMS Prince of Wales are scheduled for delivery by the end of the year.
The Prince of Wales is due to be completed at Rosyth dockyard in 2017.


More than 1,500 people in Scotland visited a self-help website last year designed to stop them viewing sexual images of children.

Sexual abuse prevention campaign Stop It Now also said 78 men from Scotland had called their helpline in 2016.
The service offers "anonymous, effective support" to those worried about their online sexual behaviour.
It also provides information and support to those worried about the behaviour of friends or family.
Stop It Now, a UK-wide campaign which is run by the Lucy Faithfull Foundation charity, said it had received 28 calls from people in Scotland who were concerned about another adult.
Assistant Chief Constable John Hawkins said child sex abuse was preventable and encouraged people who had sexual thoughts about children to use the service.
"Police Scotland is determined to work with our statutory partners, with support services and importantly with our communities to do all we can to eliminate child sexual abuse," he said.
"Changing offender behaviour is a vitally important element of this work. Stop It Now provides abusers and potential abusers troubled by their sexual thoughts regarding children access to support. In turn this can help them to manage their thoughts and behaviour."
The service also supports the partners and friends of people arrested for - or suspected of - looking at child abuse images online.
Stuart Allardyce, the director for Stop it Now in Scotland, said the campaign had worked with hundreds of men arrested for viewing sexual images of children.
He said: "We make sure these men understand the harm they have caused the children in these images, and also the serious consequences for them and their families if they don't get to grips with their online behaviour.
"Once they understand this, they become far less likely to reoffend. But there are thousands of men out there viewing sexual images of under-18s.
"We need to get to them too, to help them understand what they are doing is illegal and incredibly harmful to the children and young people in the images - and to get them to stop."


A 70-year-old known locally as "the Axe Man" has been given a suspended prison sentence after threatening to stab someone with a machete.

Ian Loak, from Burton Latimer, Northamptonshire, threatened a 22-year-old man who had been making fun of him.
Northampton Crown Court heard Loak had been "very drunk" when he made the threat. He later began to hit a wooden fence with the Gurkha machete.
Loak pleaded guilty to possession of an offensive weapon.
He was sentenced to 12 months in jail, suspended for two years.
Northamptonshire Police had received reports of a man standing in a street with a weapon at 19:20 BST on 21 July.
Police were called to the scene and arrested Loak. They found a knife in his pocket and a search of his home uncovered the machete.
At various times in the case the prosecution referred to the weapon as a "machete" and a "Gurkha Kukri" knife.
The prosecution said Loak had a number of previous convictions for violent offences, the last of which dated back to 1998.
The court heard he had been convicted of a "very serious offence" in 1987, which earned him the nickname of "the Axe Man".
Judge Lynn Tayton asked if the prosecution had any more details of this offence, but was told they did not.
The court heard Loak had suffered a stroke which had "changed his personality".
Judge Tayton told Loak: "If you do anything like this again and despite your age, despite your ill health you will go to prison."
She also ordered Loak to keep to a curfew between 07:00 and 19:00 for the next six months.


Ministers have written to university leaders asking them to clarify advice on allowing men and women to be segregated at talks by guest speakers.

Universities UK (UUK) said that, under some circumstances, such seating would be allowed if requested by speakers from orthodox religious groups.
PM David Cameron told Channel 4 News the guidance "shouldn't say that".
UUK, which has withdrawn part of the guidance, says it may need to be tested in court.
The umbrella body has written to the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) asking it to either seek clarification in the High Court or to "provide a clear and public statement about the law and the relevant policy considerations".
The controversy hinges on a hypothetical case study featuring an external speaker invited to talk about his orthodox religious faith.
In the case study, now withdrawn pending the EHRC review, the speaker requests segregated seating areas for men and women.
The UUK guidance - published last month - stated that, when considering the request, university officials should consider both freedom of speech obligations as well as discrimination and equality laws.
It concluded that "if neither women nor men were disadvantaged and a non-segregated seating area were also provided, it might in the specific circumstances of the case be appropriate for the university to agree to the request".
It added that the guidance was not prescriptive and that its aim was to provide "practical assistance to universities in making decisions about who they choose to invite to speak on campus, steering them through all the different considerations, legal and otherwise, that apply".
Business Secretary Vince Cable, whose department has responsibility for universities, has now written to UUK urging it to clarify its position.
"I am clear that forced segregation of any kind, including gender segregation, is never acceptable on campuses," he said.
"But how the law applies where segregation is voluntary is unclear.
"That is why I am writing to Universities UK asking them to clarify that distinction between private worship on the one hand and public areas of learning on the other, and to amend their guidance accordingly."
On Friday evening, the prime minister said he was "absolutely clear that there shouldn't be segregated audiences for visiting speakers to universities in Britain".
"That is not the right approach - the guidance shouldn't say that," he told Channel 4.
"Universities should not allow this and I'm very clear about that."
UUK chief executive Nicola Dandridge said the organisation agreed with Mr Cameron that universities should not enforce gender segregation on audiences at the request of guest speakers.
But "where the gender segregation is voluntary, the law is unclear," she said.
"We are working with our lawyers and the EHRC to clarify the position.
"Meanwhile, the case study which triggered this debate has been withdrawn pending this review."
EHRC chief executive Mark Hammond, meanwhile, has said that, while segregation by gender in premises being used for religious purposes was legal, it was "not permissible" in an academic meeting or in a lecture open to the public.
Baroness Perry of Southwark, chairwoman of the House of Lords backbench education committee, said she was "outraged" by the guidance.
She told BBC Radio 4's Today programme it was contrary to "the long struggle that the brave women of the early academics in the 19th Century had to get the provision to sit in lectures".
"There is no university campus in the whole of Britain which separates men and women and allows it."
Tariq Ramadan, professor of contemporary Islamic Studies at the Oxford University, said: "Depending on who is organising and when they are asking me, I don't have a problem talking in universities, in rooms and public venues where the people are together men and women.
"And some organisers are separating men and women."
He added: "If every time there is segregation I'm not going to talk then I'm not reaching the people that I want to reach and for them to listen."