Weaknesses in Police Scotland's roll-out of its new national call-handling system have been highlighted in an Inspector of Constabulary report.

Derek Penman said the oversight of the project was inadequate and made 30 recommendations.
Justice Secretary Michael Matheson said the report included some "hard messages" for the force and pledged the recommendations would be implemented.
The report followed the M9 crash in which Lamara Bell and John Yuill died.
Ms Bell, who was discovered critically injured in the crashed car, had been in the vehicle next to her dead partner Mr Yuill for three days. She died later in hospital.
Police Scotland admitted they did not investigate a report they had received about the crash until three days after it happened.
The father and grandfather of Ms Bell's five-year-old son Kieran, said the report delivered "a damning indictment on Police Scotland's call-handling processes".
In a statement, Kieran's father Lee Burt and grandfather James McMillan said "such a catastrophe should never happen again", and that Police Scotland were "guilty of failing communities across Scotland".
They added: "At the heart of this tragedy is Kieran who never stops speaking about his mum.
"Some mornings he will wake up a happy boy because he dreamt of Lamara, but it is heartbreaking when a little boy tells you he misses his mum and the sound of laughter changes to silence."
Ms Bell's brother Martin said he was no closer to understanding why the call reporting his sister's vehicle had crashed down an embankment was not investigated.
He said he would have to wait for the results of an inquiry by Pirc (Police Investigations and Review Commissioner) to get the answers to those specific questions.
The HM Inspectorate of Constabulary report, which concentrates on police call-handling more generally, found examples of call handlers being under pressure to end calls quickly and grading of calls being dependent on resources available.
Mr Penman said staffing levels at Bilston Glen - where the call regarding the M9 crash was received - were insufficient and had resulted in poor call-handling performance, although the force had made "considerable efforts to address this".
The report also said:
Read our guide to 10 things we have learned about police call-handling from the report.
The report offered assurances on areas including staffing levels, the effective handling of emergency and high priority calls, and training arrangements for new staff.
Its recommendations included a review of the use of ad hoc "scribble pads" by service advisors and to "provide definitive guidance on their use, issue and proportionate supervision".
Scribble pads are used by some staff to note information rather than inputting it directly into the computer system.
Mr Penman said there were "a number of weaknesses" in Police Scotland's approach to the roll-out of its new national call handling system.
"This model is a critical element in the delivery of frontline policing and a key part of the bringing together of Police Scotland post reform," he said.
"The oversight of this project has been inadequate with key risks and other issues not being identified or highlighted to senior managers.
"There was an initial focus on meeting deadlines and increased productivity rather than a well-managed project with a focus on customer service, good staff relations and thorough process design."
Mr Penman also said that Police Scotland should focus on stabilising the existing call-handling arrangements before making any further changes.
Plans to close control rooms in Aberdeen and Inverness have already been postponed and Mr Penman said that should not change in the near future.
Speaking in the Scottish Parliament, the justice secretary said independent experts would be brought in to provide strong assurances before any decision was considered regarding the implementation of proposed changes to Aberdeen, Dundee and Inverness control centres.
In January 2014, Police Scotland announced proposals to cut the number of police control rooms, retaining five of its 11 sites.
Dumfries was first to close, followed by Stirling, Glenrothes, and Pitt Street in Glasgow in March 2015.
Aberdeen, which has two control rooms was scheduled for the end of this year.
The reform plan saw Motherwell and Govan becoming a West Area Control centre, Bilston Glen near Edinburgh given responsibility for the East Command Area and Dundee the North Area Command.
Inverness was to lose its police control room but would instead become the new hub for the command and control of major incidents and national events anywhere in the country.
Following the interim HMICS report in September, plans to close Aberdeen and Inverness were put on hold.
Mr Matheson said that, in future, "any dip in performance such as experienced in Bilston Glen earlier this year will become quickly apparent and will trigger rapid intervention".
He also said unannounced visits would be made to call centres which would begin with immediate effect and would be ongoing until the restructure was complete.
"The report also includes some hard messages for Police Scotland and I have been assured that all 30 of the recommendations will be accepted and actioned by them," he said.
"It is my strong conviction that investment in staff is as important if not more important than investment in systems."
Police Scotland's Deputy Chief Constable Rose Fitzpatrick said the force would be implementing the recommendations of the report "through a detailed and comprehensive action plan".
She said maintaining the eight previous systems had not been a "viable option" and that the changes required had been "highly complex".
"We acknowledge there have been challenges. Today's report recognises that we have already made progress in addressing these issues to ensure we can further strengthen call handling."
Brian Docherty, chairman of the Scottish Police Federation, which represents police officers, said: "We have consistently stated that the drive to save money was resulting in an erosion of service and creating intolerable pressures on those working within it.
"We have also stated that there is little point answering calls quickly if there are no police officers available to respond to them.
"This report leaves no doubt that this was indeed the case and that our concerns were fully justified."
The HMICS report is the first of two reports into the incident.
The Police Investigations Review Commissioner (Pirc) is investigating the incident itself while the HMICS review examined the broader issue of call-handling.
Chief Constable Sir Stephen House, who will stand down next month, admitted the information received about the M9 crash near Stirling on Sunday 5 July in the initial call had not been entered into police systems.


An outbreak of norovirus at a Cumbria hospital has forced the closure of three wards.

Patients and staff at Furness General Hospital have had diarrhoea and vomiting.
Surgical and medical wards four, six and nine have been closed to admissions and transfers.
Visitors to affected wards are being advised not to visit with young children or if they have had symptoms within the previous 48 hours.
The trust has apologised for any disruption.


A police officer, whose vehicle collided with a girl leaving her with serious head injuries, was driving "below standards set out in force policy," an inquiry has found.

The officer was responding to a "violent incident" in Camborne, west Cornwall when he hit the 12-year-old.
A police watchdog investigation found the officer had a case to answer for misconduct.
That decision was not upheld by Devon and Cornwall Police though.
The police watchdog, the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC), said in its report the officer was on his way to an immediate response domestic violence case when the collision occurred on a 30mph road at about 08:00 GMT on 6 January 2016.
Evidence showed the car's blue flashing lights had been illuminated but the sidelights, siren and headlights were not on.
Because of the time of day, the use of sidelights was obligatory but there was no legal obligation for the car's headlamps to be on as the street lights were on.
The IPCC said the police officer had a case to answer for misconduct for failing to drive at a speed that permitted him to stop safely, contrary to the force's policy on driving police vehicles in an emergency.
Devon and Cornwall Police agreed the officer's driving had fallen below the level of performance required and proposed he would receive management action.
In a statement, the force said: "We are pleased to hear the girl who was injured, who cannot be named due to her age, has made a good recovery.
"This incident was incredibly upsetting for everyone involved including the officer driving the police car.
"He has been dealt with accordingly and lessons have been learned as a result."
The girl, who lives in Camborne, has since made a significant recovery but is still receiving medical treatment for her injuries.


A new king has been crowned World Conker Champion after taking part in the annual games for the first time.

Tom Dryden, from Earls Barton in Northamptonshire, described the news as "absolutely outstanding".
Lorna Clarke, from Oxford, took the the women's title. It's the second time she has entered the games.
Organisers said 190 competitors from countries including Russia, the USA and Japan took part in the event in Southwick, Northamptonshire.
Read more about England's events on Pinterest
Since it began in 1965, the event has raised about Â£400,000 for blind and visually impaired charities.
Ms Clarke, a digital marketing manager said: "Its amazing.  The trick was skill, accuracy and a little bit of luck.  My colleagues will laugh but will be very impressed."
Mr Dryden, who is a Cub Scout assistant, said: "I never thought I'd win the first time I entered.  The cubs will be over the moon."
A new conker is used for every round. StJohn Burkett said preparations had been tough this year because of a shortage of decent conkers.
He said: "We collect a couple of thousand and we have to get the proper Championship-sized conkers. They're quite rare.
"We usually rely on two secret trees but even they haven't produced this year so we've had the whole committee out collecting."


Hollywood star Michael Sheen has said plans to use culture to eradicate poverty in Wales do not go far enough.

In seven "Pioneer Areas" the Welsh government is to work with councils, community groups and arts organisations to bring culture to the disadvantaged.
But Mr Sheen told BBC Wales "you can't just bring people out of poverty by putting on plays".
Deputy Culture Minister Ken Skates said involvement in arts and culture "boosts self-esteem and confidence".
The Port Talbot-raised actor told Sunday Politics Wales: "You can certainly make people aware of the issues, you can make sure people have the ability to empathise with other people's situations and hopefully inspire people, but ultimately it's the policy makers that are going to have to make the difference".
Responding to a report by Baroness Kay Andrews, on how engaging with culture can reduce poverty, Mr Skates said Pioneer Areas would seek to "realise the core vision set out in the report".
The areas are likely to be Swansea, Cardiff, Newport, Merthyr Tydfil, Torfaen, Gwynedd and Wrexham.
Mr Skates said "physical access" problems or "psychological barriers" stopped people in the most deprived communities enjoying arts and cultural activities.
"We want to tear down those barriers and open the doors to every possibility in terms of arts and culture for those people who have thus far been excluded or felt excluded", he said.
But the Welsh Local Government Association wants a commission to make an "urgent re-evaluation of what local councils can realistically be expected to deliver in such a challenging economic climate".
"Local councils face an unprecedented level of pressure on their budgets, and many of Wales' discretionary but highly valued cultural services are having to pay the price," it warned.
Welsh ministers have been criticised for focussing on arts provision for the least well-off when cuts to services are making it harder for everyone to access culture.
Viv Buckley, artistic director of the West Glamorgan Youth Theatre Company, which has lost a significant amount of local government funding, said: "We as a group work to try and increase the skills sector that we have in Wales and if the funding and all of the work is going to be focussed on more underprivileged young people, what happens to your middle of the road young people?"
However Mr Skates said ministers made "no apology for concentrating our efforts on people who right now are suffering the most".
Sunday Politics Wales is broadcast on BBC One Wales at 11:00 GMT on Sunday 30th November


A woman who was murdered at the home she shared with her 10-year-old son in Mauritius had wanted to return to Scotland after being robbed two weeks ago, it has emerged.

Janice Farman, who was 47 and originally from Clydebank, told her husband she wanted to leave the Indian Ocean island on Wednesday.
Mrs Farman was asphyxiated on Friday after three masked men raided her home.
She had been in Mauritius since 2004 and was working for a data group.
Mrs Farman's estranged husband, Jean-Baptiste Moutou, told the BBC: "I talked to her on the phone on Wednesday and she had expressed her wish to return to Scotland.
"She asked for my help in initiating the proceedings."
Mr Moutou, who was in China at the time of the attack, said Ms Farman was robbed two weeks ago after moving to the Albion region of the country.
He added: "She decided to move to Albion and when I asked her the reason she told me she loved the beautiful beach in this region."
Police said they had yet to make an arrest in the case, contradicting earlier reports from local media that a man had been detained.
Daniel Monvoisin, from the country's western criminal investigation division, said Mrs Farman had been beaten and smothered with a cushion by the intruders.
They fled with a number of items, including jewellery and her car, a Nissan Tiida, which was later found abandoned by the side of the road.
Mrs Farman's 10-year-old son remains under the care of local child services.
The British Foreign Office said it was in contact with local authorities in Mauritius about the case.
An online petition has been set up by Mrs Farman's friends and work colleagues urging government action in the case.
The Justice for Janice petition read: "Janice was a gregarious lady who wholeheartedly embraced life as an islander.
"She worked tirelessly to support charitable causes and was protective towards her employees. Janice was snatched away from us by three brutes and this crime is beyond comprehension.
"How many more Janices are we going to lose because our criminal justice system is flawed?"


Jacob Butterfield says confidence has returned to Derby County's play after successive victories under new head coach Darren Wassall.

The Rams beat Brentford 3-1 on Saturday and followed it up with a 1-0 home win over Blackburn Rovers.
Tuesday's matchwinner Butterfield, 25, told BBC Radio Derby: "The last two performances have been very positive.
"We have such good players. If we are all at it we are going to beat anybody in this league."
Derby are now fifth in the Championship table - just six points adrift of leaders Hull City - despite having gone eight matches without a league win before beating the Bees.
Butterfield, whose side host Wolves at the iPro Stadium on Saturday, said Wassall has given the players "freedom to express themselves".
"He wants us to get on the ball, show courage, and play when we can play," added Butterfield. "It's quite a simple message.
"The lads are responding to that. We have been on the front foot, very aggressive and quick with our play. We have got two great results and we are very pleased.
"It's back-to-back wins and we go to Wolves full of confidence. If we can get a win it will be a fantastic week.
"We had not won for eight games and had dropped off the pace a bit, but we are still in a fantastic position."


The family of a man who died in police custody has backed calls for a Scottish government review of all such deaths.

Sheku Bayoh, 31, died after being detained following an incident in Kirkcaldy in Fife on 3 May.
His death is being investigated by the Police Investigations and Review Commissioner (Pirc).
Speaking at the launch of the "Justice for Sheku Bayoh" campaign in Glasgow, his family said there were still many unanswered questions over his death.
The campaign got underway at an event organised by the Scotland Against Criminalising Communities' organisation which was also attended by other people who have lost loved ones through deaths in police custody elsewhere in the UK.
The call for a Scotland-wide probe into deaths in custody came after the UK government announced an independent review of the issue in England and Wales.
Aamer Anwar, solicitor for the Bayoh family, said: "The family wants the truth because they know that without the truth they are never going to get justice.
"The Home Secretary announced, some two days ago, that there would be an independent review in England and Wales into deaths in custody.
"Sheku Bayoh's family are saying they are not willing to wait 10 years for Scotland to catch up.
"It is essential that no family has to go through again what the Bayoh family has gone through and it's imperative that lessons are learned as soon as possible."
Mr Bayoh's sister, Kadi Johnson, has previously claimed that police officers' use of "excess force" was to blame for his death.
Speaking at the campaign launch, she said: "At the moment were are grieving but it's difficult when you don't know the truth surrounding his death - that still hurts.
"We want to know the truth and that could help us move on a bit."
Mr Anwar also called for answers about why Mr Bayoh was apparently viewed as a "terrorist threat" by some police officers.
He said: "The family of Sheku Bayoh want Chief Constable Stephen House to explain why his police officers believed that they were dealing with a terrorist threat and whether that had any role in Sheku Bayoh's subsequent treatment."
A spokesman for the Pirc said its report on Mr Bayoh's death would be submitted to the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service in due course.
He added: "We fully empathise with the deceased's family at this very difficult time and their need for answers in relation to the circumstances surrounding the death of Sheku Bayoh.
"Our investigators are carrying out an extensive enquiry, which has many different facets that require to be thoroughly investigated.
"For that reason, it is only right that such serious matters are given careful consideration and the Lord Advocate is aware of progress made by the enquiry."
A Scottish government spokeswoman said responsibility for the investigation of deaths in custody in Scotland was a matter for the Pirc.
She added: "The Pirc is currently conducting an independent investigation, it is important we all await the findings of this robust and thorough investigation.
"The Scottish government believes that the investigative powers the Pirc has are sufficient, and the Pirc has not indicated they require any additional powers in order to undertake their role effectively."
The Scottish government also said a review of police custody arrangements in August 2014 found they had "improved significantly".
Previous criticisms of the police by Mr Anwar have been dismissed as "completely inaccurate and misleading" by the Scottish Police Federation (SPF), which represents rank and file officers.
The federation has said that police were responding to reports of a man armed with a knife at the time, with a female officer suffering "significant" injuries during a struggle.
Calum Steele, general secretary of the SPF said: "The SPF is as eager as anyone for the outcome of the circumstances surrounding the death of Sheku Bayou to be made known.
"Reacting to snippets of information that may or may not be true whilst an investigation is underway is not in anyone's best interests."
Others attending the event in Glasgow included Janet Alder, the sister of Christopher Alder, 37, who choked to death on the floor of a Hull police station in April 1998, and Marcia Rigg, sister of Sean Rigg, who died after being restrained at Brixton police station, south London, in August 2008.


Robots could be used in the future to help after natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, and respond to terrorist attacks.

That's according to Professor Nick Jennings who is working on a multi million pound project for the goverment to see if remote controlled drones could save lives.
These unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) would be launched to hover over a disaster area and assess the situation.
This information is then sent to emergency services to so they can co-ordinate a response and send help to the right place.
Robots would also be sent to areas on the ground that are too dangerous for humans, where they could defuse bombs or rescue people who are trapped.
The research has only been tested on a computer so far but Prof Jennings wants to test his robots out in a real-life situation.
He said, "The next stage is to run some mock disasters in open spaces, and have human actors in there, interacting with the robots, doing it for real."


Astronauts who spend months on end in orbit have to learn to make do and mend in the best tradition of sustainability.

Missions to bring fresh supplies are expensive and time consuming. For any astronauts who take on a mission to Mars, planned for the 2030s, with the round trip likely to take two years, life would be even tougher.
That prospect has helped focus minds at America's space agency, Nasa, on clever ways to provide for daily needs in challenging conditions. But the lessons being learned are also proving to have knock-on benefits down here on Earth.
As Cady Coleman, a current Nasa astronaut and innovation lead, explains: "We basically have a limited environment in space, and it causes us to think about how we get stuff there, how we maintain it, and how we get most use out of it."
Ms Coleman says space can be a fantastic "technology accelerator" - and that sustainable technologies devised by Nasa often find themselves repurposed for use on Earth.
Firms such as Nike, DIY giant Kingfisher and Ikea are already pursuing so-called closed loop business models - where waste is eliminated through repurposing and recycling - in the hope of being greener and cutting costs. And with pressure on water and fertile land growing, farmers are seeking less input-intensive methods.
So what can be learned from Nasa's research?
Take Nasa's decades of research into growing vegetables in space, which culminated in astronauts harvesting and eating lettuces aboard the International Space Station (ISS) last year.
The crew grew the produce in "seed pillows" - a modified version of the common grow bag - and used specially designed, energy-efficient LED lights to power photosynthesis, an idea that originated with Nasa back in the late Nineties.
The lights, which use more growth-inducing red and blue-coloured LEDs than green ones, have also become instrumental in the rise of so-called vertical farming back on Earth, a highly sustainable form of agriculture.
Such farms grow produce on shelves indoors to optimise use of space and water, and could help feed a rapidly growing global population in the future, say proponents.
Green Sense farm near Chicago, for example, re-uses most of its water, is about 10 times more space-efficient than a traditional farm, and harvests 26 times a year compared to the usual two or three.
"NASA's need to conserve all resources in space has caused technologies to trickle down to earth," says Green Sense's chief executive Robert Colangelo.
"A good example is energy and heat-saving LED lights that maximise photosynthesis. We have also developed a closed-loop system for capturing nutrient water and evapotranspiration from plants, inspired by NASA water management systems."
In space, water is in short supply, so Nasa has developed an innovative way to filter waste water on the ISS using chemical and distillation processes. This lets it turn liquid from the air, sweat and even urine into drinkable H2O.
In fact, since 2008, more than 22,500 pounds of water have been recycled from urine alone on the ISS - something that would have cost more than $225m (Â£160m) to launch and deliver to the station from Earth.
"Most people are horrified when they see what we drink!" says Ms Coleman. "But the filtered water up there just tastes beautiful, it really is delicious."
Nasa has since licensed the technology to companies on Earth, which have created portable filters for use in places where fresh drinking water is scarce.
Filters produced by US firm Water Security Corporation, for example, have been installed in villages across Mexico and Iraq, allowing residents to purify water from contaminated sources.
"The inspiration to use this technology inâ€¦ developing countries was directly related to what was required for it to be successful in space," says Ken Kearney, vice president of sales and marketing.
"It is incredibly reliable and requires no skilled maintenance. It can be deployed in regions where there is little or no electricity, using only gravity pressure to push water through the system."
Nasa is also funding research into whether human faeces can be recycled into food on long space missions - although it seems unlikely that such an extreme solution would catch on back on Earth.
But Nasa's efforts go way beyond food and drink.
Ms Coleman points out that "down here, we can pretty much all go to the hardware store to buy tools - but our situation in space drives us to be more resourceful and to renew, reuse or recycle tools."
As such, Nasa is experimenting by 3D printing tools out of hard plastic on board the ISS.
"We could need a tool, get a design for a tool sent up, print a tool and then reuse that material to print other tools," says Ms Coleman.
Researchers from NASA's Ames Research Centre in California are also looking into the problem of litter, which can clutter up a shuttle or space station.
Crews try to avoid jettisoning trash in space, as it can create a hazard for other spacecraft and contaminate planets or moons. And so Nasa is testing a trash compactor that melts down rubbish, such as plastic water bottles and foil drink pouches, transforming them into eight-inch-diameter tiles.
These could potentially be used to strengthen radiation shielding on a spacecraft.
Nasa's technology could lead to greener buildings down on Earth, too.
Nasa's Ames centre has constructed a green building on its campus in Moffett Field, California, where energy-saving technologies of the future are being tested.
Sustainability Base leaves "virtually no footprint" and uses several innovations from space, including solid oxide fuel cells of the type found on Nasa Mars rovers to generate electricity, and a system that reuses wastewater to flush toilets.
These buildings represent the culmination of an overall philosophy that consuming resources should be done, wherever possible, according to closed loop principles, without exhausting supplies or creating unnecessary waste.


Two hundred and fifty skulls have been found in a mass grave in the eastern Mexican state of Veracruz, says state prosecutor Jorge Winckler.

Speaking to TV network Televisa, Mr Winckler said that drug traffickers had used Veracruz for many years as a dumping ground for bodies.
He said only part of the site had been searched so far and did not rule out that more bodies could be found.
According to Mr Winckler, some of the remains could be years old.
He told Televisa that "Veracruz is an enormous mass grave".
"In my view, once we have opened all the mass graves in the state, [Veracruz] could become the biggest mass grave in Mexico, or even the world," he said.
"For many years, organised crime disappeared people with the connivance of the authorities and they went and dumped them in mass graves created for that purpose."
He also blamed the previous state government led by the now-fugitive governor Javier Duarte for not doing enough to find and identify the bodies of people reported as disappeared.
However, he did not say when and by whom the remains had been discovered.
Disappearing Duarte: Where is the Veracruz governor?
Mexico's violent reality
Discoveries of mass graves are not unusual in Mexico.
Following the disappearance of 43 students in Guerrero state and the subsequent search for them, scores of mass graves were found in that region.
Mr Winckler said that the former Veracuz governor who went on the run after a corruption investigation against him was launched was to blame for reports of disappearances not being investigated earlier.
Relatives of disappeared people have long been campaigning for more to be done to help them find their loved ones.


A panel from the Great Tapestry of Scotland has been stolen while the work was on display in Fife.

The section, which showed the story of Rosslyn Chapel, was taken from Kirkcaldy Galleries at about 10:00 on Thursday.
Fife Cultural Trust has appealed for help track down the missing panel and is helping police view CCTV footage.
The Great Tapestry features 160 individual panels which were stitched by more than 1,000 volunteers.
It took more than 50,000 hours to complete the work and at 143m long it is the world's longest embroidered tapestry.
The design tells the "story of Scotland" across  intricate panels.
Each covers a different period of Scottish history, from the Battle of Bannockburn to the reconvening of the Scottish parliament in 1999.
The tapestry has been on display at Kirkcaldy Galleries since 20 June.
The stolen panel was designed by artist Andrew Crummy.
Author Alexander McCall Smith, who came up with original idea for the tapestry, said: "This is a terrible blow for a project that has brought so much joy to so many people.
"I appeal to those who have taken this panel to return it. Words cannot express how shocked I am that somebody should damage in this way what is now widely seen as a great national treasure."
Laurie Piper, from Fife Cultural Trust, said: "The people of Fife have taken the tapestry to their hearts and we are now hoping that they will help us to bring it back where it belongs - alongside its 159 companions."


The bodies of all five workers killed in a wall collapse at a recycling plant in Birmingham have  been recovered.

Two bodies were retrieved from the rubble at Hawkeswood Metal in Nechells on Thursday, with the third being removed on Friday morning.
The men, originally from Gambia, died when a 15ft wall of concrete and scrap metal fell on them as they worked.
Relatives wanted the bodies recovered for burial as soon as possible, in accordance with Muslim custom.
The fourth and fifth bodies were removed from the scene on Friday afternoon and it is thought they have been taken to a mortuary in Coventry.
Wall collapse deaths: Live updates
"This is killing me. My brother is there."
Community rallies to help bereaved families
Forensic post-mortem examinations will then be carried out on Monday.
Det Supt Mark Payne, of West Midlands Police, said some identification "may not be straightforward" and DNA methods maybe used.
He said officers were in contact with all of the families and the coroner's office "to take the families through the next stage of the process".
"Today we will be carrying out the final stages of the search and making everything safe," he said.
"Then we will work with the HSE [Health and Safety Executive] to see exactly what the cause of this incident was. Then we will take appropriate action once we know."
The men, Spanish citizens of Gambian heritage, have been named locally as Bangaly Dukureh, Ousman Jabbie, Alimamo Jammeh, Mohammed Jangana and Saibo Sillah. All are believed to married with children.
A sixth man, who escaped with a broken leg, is also a Spanish citizen of Gambian heritage.
Lamin Yaffa, chairman of the Gambian Islamic Centre, on Raglan Road in Cape Hill, Smethwick, said the man, who he knows as Kamera, was recovering well in hospital.
"Some people have been to see him and they say he is doing well," he said.
Simon Hardiman, group commander of West Midlands Fire Service, said they had to juggle the safety of its crews and respect the dignity of the victims.
He said that although scenes of crime officers were at the site, the incident was not being treated as a crime.
Money has been pouring into a fundraising initiative launched by the Birmingham Mail and the Lord Mayor of Birmingham, with more than Â£15,000 raised.
Crowds gathered at the gates of Hawkeswood Recycling during the morning but most left at lunchtime to attend Friday prayers.
The local branch of the Gambian Association, based in Ladywood, said it was "devastated" by the news.
Fizar Mahmood, who lives next to the recycling site, said he heard the sound of the wall collapsing but only found out what had happened when his brother called him later.
"I heard the noise in the morning, I didn't expect that this would be happening here," he said.
I've been at a meeting between West Midlands Police and the Gambian community at a mosque in Smethwick.
The force wants to reassure people that it will do what it can to support the victims' families.
Supt Andy Parsons said specially trained officers were helping relatives and that uniformed police would remain at the site all weekend while investigations continue.
Lamin Yaffa, from the Gambian Islamic Centre, said there were several more members of his community who worked at the Hawkeswood Metal plant.
He said he hoped the incident would highlight the difficult conditions some poorly paid people are working in.
"Not just in my community, but in every community there are these problems," he said.
He said the Gambian people would now unite to help them through the tragedy.
"We are a very strong community. As Muslims, this is our way of life. This is what motivates us - to come together at these times."
The Spanish Embassy has been in touch with West Midlands Police offering support to the families.
Mr Yaffa said the Gambian community in Birmingham, which numbers about 10,000 people, had been deeply affected by the deaths.
"There are quite a lot of Gambians in Birmingham, it's a close community and we all know each other. Gambians are still like the olden days of the UK, people are very close," he said.
At the meeting with the Gambian community in Smethwick earlier, Supt Andy Parsons promised to keep the community informed of the investigation.
But he warned that the bodies could not be released for the funerals until the cause of death had been established and initial investigations had been carried out.
Detectives have said they had a "reasonable idea" about what happened.
Several members of the audience voiced their concerns about health and safety at the site, highlighting a serious accident there in 2012 when a worker trapped his arm in machinery.
Hawkeswood Metal Recycling Ltd, which employs about 50 people, was fined Â£50,000 for the incident. It also pleaded guilty at Birmingham Crown Court to a breach of health and safety law.
The company, which was established more than 40 years ago, says it deals with more than 500,000 tonnes of scrap metal each year at its Nechells site.
The plant was also the scene of a major fire in February this year, as 700 tonnes of scrap metal went up in flames.


Firefighters are tacking a large fire that has broken out on a scrapyard in the Tower Park area of Dorset.

Dorset Fire and Rescue were called at 20:20 BST to the site at Charles Trent Yard in Poole.
There are 11 fire engines, two water carriers, and as a command unit on site, with some roads around the area closed.
A spokesperson for Dorset Police said officers were assisting the fire service.


Great Britain's Steven Scott beat compatriot Tim Kneale to win the bronze medal in the men's Olympic double trap shooting event.

Scott's perfect score of 30 against Kneale's 28 secured Britain their second Rio shooting medal, after Ed Ling's trap bronze on day three.
"I can't describe what this means, but I've worked my butt off," Scott said.
Kuwaiti Fehaid Aldeehani beat Italy's Marco Innocenti 26-24 in the gold medal final at the Olympic Shooting Centre.
Australian world number one James Willett was eliminated following a shoot-off against Scott and Kneale.
Aldeehani is the first competitor from Kuwait to win Olympic gold, but he is competing in Rio under the International Olympic Committee flag, as his country has been suspended by the Games' governing body because of government interference in sport.
He had previously won bronze at Sydney 2000 and London 2012.
Bronze medallist Scott was self-taught until late 2012, when he began training under 2004 Olympic gold medallist Sheikh Ahmed Al Maktoum.
The 31-year-old, based in Battle, East Sussex, became Commonwealth double trap champion in 2014 and won a silver medal at the Gabala World Cup meet in Azerbaijan in 2015.
"It's a very emotional time for me," said Scott after his victory over Kneale. "There is a little part of me that wanted him to win as well because we worked so hard together.
"I think the expectation coming into the event was to medal, but personally I just wanted to make the final and give myself a good chance. It made me a little bit more relaxed knowing that I'm shooting off with my team-mate."
Find out how to get into shooting with our special guide.
And the all-British bronze medal match between Scott and Kneale left a "bittersweet" feeling for the shooting club at which both men train.
"It's a very odd emotion," said Ed Barker, who runs the Nuthampstead Shooting Range in North Hertfordshire.
"Unfortunately, one of them is coming back empty-handed," he said, adding Kneale would be "over the moon" for Scott but also "distraught".
"I think the whole shooting community does feel a little bit sorry for Tim, but at the end of the day that's what it's all about."
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Journalist Adam Harris looks at the forgiveness shown in the Charleston courtroom and how it is a strength that has long been espoused in black American spirituality.

When relatives of those shot dead at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston faced the suspected gunman, Dylann Roof, in a court hearing on Friday, they met him with words of forgiveness.
"I forgive you and my family forgives you," said a representative of Myra Thompson, 59, one of those killed on Wednesday night. "Repent and give your life to Christ and change your ways. You'll be better off than you are now."
Dr Eddie S Glaude, professor of religion and African American studies at Princeton University, says: "What we saw in court today was the best of the black tradition - that your evilness, your hatred will not distort the faith.
"There is a tendency to normalise black forgiveness and, in doing so, lose sight of what a miracle it is."
The African-American church has a deep history of forgiveness rooted in faith and tied into the history of white supremacy in the US.
"It has long been recognised in the Christian community that we live in a social order that has been other than friendly," says Dr Alton Pollard III, dean of the Howard School of Divinity.
"Still [members of the black church] believe in the ethos of the founding figures. All persons are created equal in the sight of God."
That notion is what makes it easier to forgive.
"God is always greater and because of that, even in horrific conditions, we can still be faithful," says Dr Pollard.
"Because of faithfulness, we have the capacity to forgive."
The ability to forgive has emerged as both an act of mercy and a tool against oppression.
Martin Luther King, himself a reverend, famously said: "We must develop and maintain the capacity to forgive. He who is devoid of the power to forgive is devoid of the power to love.
"There is some good in the worst of us and some evil in the best of us.
"When we discover this, we are less prone to hate our enemies."
As she stood in the courtroom addressing Mr Roof, Bethane Middleton-Brown, the sister of victim Rev Depayne Middleton-Doctor, said it simply.
"We have no room for hate so we have to forgive."
Dr Pollard echoed the sentiment. "Where there is no forgiveness there can be no love. The only thing more endemic to humanity than pain is the love of God.
"These families have forgiven but they have not forgotten. They still feel rage, they still hurt."
The victims of the Charleston shooting


Two teenage students have died after a one-vehicle crash between Markethill and Newtownhamilton in County Armagh.

The Vauxhall Astra they were travelling in struck a tree when it left the Cladymilltown Road on Thursday morning.
Paramedics were called to the scene of the crash at 08:30 GMT.
The 17-year-old boys studied at the Southern Regional College in Armagh.
A third boy who was in the car was injured.
He is in a stable condition in hospital.
The three boys, who studied fabrication and welding, were on their way to Portadown in County Armagh to take part in a skills competition when their car left the road.
Brian Doran, the chief executive of the Southern Regional College, said staff and students were in shock after hearing of the boys' deaths.
"It's an absolute tragedy. We are deeply saddened and our sincere condolences go out to both families and to the third student that survived the accident," he said.
In September, two young students at the same college were killed in a car crash near Rostrevor in County Down.
"It's a repeat of the tragedy that struck us then," Mr Doran added.
"It's something that you cannot get over, we're all traumatised."
Police said the victims were the driver of the car and the front seat passenger.
The car has now been removed from the scene and the road has been reopened.
John McPoland of the Northern Ireland Ambulance Service said "two rapid response paramedics, two A&E crews and a doctor" were sent to the scene when the crash was reported.
A forensic team is trying to establish how the crash happened.
Democratic Unionist Party MLA William Irwin said "the whole community will be shocked".
"Almost every other day we're hearing about young people being killed on our roads," he said.
"This morning two young lads lost their lives and one was injured on their way to technical college.
"My thoughts and prayers will be with the families involved."


Welsh bowls player Laura Daniels continued her preparations for the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Australia by winning the British Isles singles title on Saturday.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Daniels had to come from behind to beat Bernie O'Neill 21-19 in the final at Llandrindod Wells, having trailed the Irish player 18-9 at one point.
Wales' Alis Butten and Anwen Butten had to settle for silver in the pairs.
The duo lost 25-13 to England's Sophie Tolchard and Natalie Chestney.


Dundee United are attempting to sign Hearts striker Conor Sammon on an emergency loan basis.

The Tannadice outfit, level on points with Championship leaders Hibernian, are keen to secure the 30-year-old before Saturday's game with St Mirren.
If the two clubs and Sammon can reach agreement, he may stay at United until the end of the season on a loan basis when the January transfer window opens.
But Hearts boss Ian Cathro insists Sammon remains part of his plans.
Head coach Cathro says the Republic of Ireland cap has not been affected by Hearts fans booing his appearance as a substitute in Saturday's 1-1 draw with Partick Thistle.
Sammon joined Hearts in the summer on a three-year contract but has scored just twice in 19 appearances.
The former Derry City player first came to Scotland's top flight by moving to Kilmarnock in 2008 and subsequently had spells with Wigan, Derby and Sheffield United, among others. He has scored 76 goals in his 372 senior club appearances and has nine international caps.
"There's nothing there," Cathro said of the speculation. "I can understand it from their point of view, if that's the type of player they're looking for.
"From our side, no, and [he'll be in Friday's squad to face Dundee]. He's a strong player, a very focused guy, a top professional.
"His work every day has been exemplary, so there's no call for him to need support [after the booing]. Trust me, he's fine and he's an important player."
Hearts face Dundee, Kilmarnock and Aberdeen before the January transfer window opens.
"Business is something which is going to happen, but what's important is that I'm at a point of trying to do a lot of things very quickly but we've also got to stay focused on the most important thing, the game on Friday, the game on Tuesday and the game on the following Friday," added Cathro, who replaced Robbie Neilson earlier this month.
"We don't have a massive number of players and we need everybody pushing and fighting to give each other the absolute best shot they have at what we have ahead of ourselves in the next 10 days.
"Whilst that's going on, I have a job to do in assessing how things are and to have an idea of where I would like to move the squad when we can do business in January.
"We will begin work on that but we're not in a position where we can take even 1% off the focus on the next 10 days."


Scotland's high streets are facing drastic change because of pressure from online sales and changing consumer habits, according to a new report.

A study by professional services firm PwC found an average of six high street chain stores closed every week across Scotland last year.
The figure was similar to 2013's but fewer new stores took their place.
Overall, a net 66 shops disappeared from Scotland's high streets over the course of the year.
The research found that mobile phone shops, bank branches and fashion stores were among those hardest hit.
PwC said high streets were transforming as consumers increasingly adopted newer digital channels, mobile technologies and smartphone apps, adding that retailers were now favouring "clicks over bricks".
Bruce Cartwright, head of business recovery services at PwC in Scotland, said: "The Scottish high street continues its drastic overhaul in response to the advance of online sales and changing consumer demand, with last year's numbers exposing the harsh impact of 'macro' changes on the high street, especially in certain sub-sectors.
"Regulation has blindsided the money shops, the advance of technology has hammered some phone operators and the internet continues to dent the clothing sector.
"Despite the Scottish economy reflecting healthy, sustainable growth during 2014 and into 2015, the net loss of shops has accelerated.
"The insolvencies of Phones4U, Blockbuster, Albemarle & Bond and La Senza - a diverse cross-section of the retail market - epitomise these factors."
He added: "Despite the continuing problem of closures, new sub-sectors - such as discount shops and charity shops - keep growing.
"The strength of the restaurant and fast-food sectors is also a boost for the high street."


Three officers who were hurt during personal safety training were among 26 injury claims by West Midlands Police staff that cost £589,000 in 2013/14.

The 26 successful claims for damages at the force cost £328,100 in compensation and £260,900 in legal costs.
They included one officer hurt by a colleague's baton as they tried to break a car window and one who fell from a faulty office chair.
The force said it took health and safety "extremely seriously".
Another officer was injured when a colleague opened a car door on them during a pursuit, a defective car park barrier injured one officer, while another's claim came after a trip in a "dark corridor".
Payments were also made for an asbestos-related disease and the stress caused to an officer exposed to HIV.
Assistant Chief Constable Marcus Beale said officers faced "dangerous situations on a daily basis" and the force had "robust liability insurance".
Accidents involving officers dropped by 7.5% in the past year, he added.
He said: "We are responsible for our employees when they are on duty and when we fall short of meeting that responsibility, they are entitled to protection under the law and seek redress through the courts.
"Compensation payouts are only made following the assessment of appropriate medical evidence by our legal team, insurers and solicitors, who then make a recommendation to the force as to what payment should be made."
The force has made £126m cuts since 2010, and is expected to make £23m savings in the current financial year.


Lewis Hamilton cut his championship points deficit to Nico Rosberg as he cruised to a comfortable victory in the United States Grand Prix.

Hamilton's first win since the German Grand Prix in July puts him 26 points behind his Mercedes team-mate with 75 available in the remaining three races.
Rosberg finished second after recovering a position lost to Red Bull's Daniel Ricciardo at the start.
The Australian finished third ahead of Ferrari's Sebastian Vettel.
The world champion has now won 50 races in his career, with only Alain Prost (51) and Michael Schumacher (91) having won more than that number in the history of the sport.
Hamilton's long-awaited and much-needed victory halts the momentum Rosberg had built up since the summer break, since which the German has taken four victories in five races.
But the Englishman is still up against it - the mathematics of the championship situation are that Rosberg is still able to tie up the title by finishing second to Hamilton in the final three races - Mexico next weekend, and then Brazil and Abu Dhabi.
But Hamilton can only do what is within his control, and he grabbed this weekend by the scruff of the neck from first practice and never let go.
An excellent pole position was followed by a solid start, a lead into the first corner and a dominant victory, in which he lost the lead only through the first pit-stop period.
"All I can do is do my best," said Hamilton. "Nico has been driving fantastically well all season but I will keep going."
Rosberg also made a decent start, but his focus on Hamilton into the first corner gave Ricciardo the chance to challenge the Mercedes driver and the Red Bull took second around the outside of the fast kink of Turn Two.
Ricciardo held a de facto second through the first pit stop period, and then made an early final pit stop for medium tyres on lap 25 of 56.
He would have hoped to get second place back from Rosberg when the German made his second and final pit stops a few laps later.
But then Ricciardo's team-mate Max Verstappen suffered a gearbox failure.
That brought out the virtual safety car for more than a lap as the marshals recovered the Red Bull and that gave the Mercedes team a chance to get a "free" pit stop for both cars, and allowed Rosberg to retain second place.
Ricciardo expressed his frustration in swear words over the radio but realised there was nothing he could do.
Verstappen had been running fourth until he made a pit stop by mistake on lap 26, thinking in error that the team had called him in. The mechanics were not ready for him and he was delayed by some time as they scrambled to service the car.
It dropped the Dutchman to sixth but it became academic when the gearbox failed three laps later.
Ferrari's Kimi Raikkonen was on course to take fifth behind Vettel, but the team's decision to put him on a three-stop strategy with a third stint on super-soft tyres ultimately led to his demise.
As he left the pits for the final time, the team told him to stop because a wheel was not attached properly as a result of a cross-thread wheel nut, which would have led to disqualification.
Ferrari were fined £4,500 for an unsafe release.
Behind the big three teams, there was an epic battle for fifth place in the closing laps between Toro Rosso's Carlos Sainz, Williams' Felipe Massa and Fernando Alonso's McLaren.
Sainz was nursing fading tyres and held off pressure from Massa and Alonso for a number of laps.
Massa made no attempt to attack the Toro Rosso but things changed when Alonso grabbed sixth place from Massa with an opportunistic move at Turn 15 with four laps to go after the Brazilian locked a wheel.
The two did touch during the move, however, Massa getting a slow puncture but holding on to seventh place. The incident was investigated after the race by stewards, but no further action was taken.
Alonso then set out after Sainz and closed the two-second gap within a little over a lap and was on to his compatriot and friend's tail with a lap and a half to go. A move into the first corner was defended by Sainz but Alonso then dived for the inside into Turn 12 and took the place.
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Alonso ran wide on the exit but Sainz was unable to take advantage and fifth place was his. "Yee-hah," Alonso cried over the radio in delight.
His team-mate Jenson Button made a strong start to run 11th on the first lap from 19th on the grid, but he was well off the Spaniard's pace - regularly lapping well over half a second slower - and finished ninth behind Force India's Sergio Perez.
US Grand Prix results


A boy's balloon released in Dundee as part of a telescope experiment has been found 370 miles (595km) away.

Lucas Muir, aged four, had signed the McDonald's-branded balloon with his name, age and hometown.
A week later it was found in Banbury, north Oxfordshire. It is now being sent back to Lucas.
Bryan Tomlin, who found the balloon on Sunday morning, put a picture of it on Facebook which was shared 6,000 times.
Mr Tomlin said: "I noticed the writing on there with the little kid's name on it and thought I'll put it on Facebook as it would be nice to see if we could reunite him with it.
"I did that and it absolutely snowballed from there, it went absolutely mad".
Lucas released the balloon to see if he could see it with his telescope
His father Andy Muir said: "I saw the picture on Facebook and there was Lucas' name, his age and his hometown.
"He's only four years old so he doesn't realise what an impact it has had."
He added that he was amazed the McDonald's balloon had travelled so far.
He said: "It's quite a thing for their balloon to be a world traveller."


If you prefer to use your left hand, then you're in luck because it's International Left-Handers' Day!

13 August 2016 Last updated at 14:23 BST
It's believed that around one in 10 people are left-handed.
But no-one really knows why left-handed people like to use their left hands.
Left-handed Martin's been looking at some of the theories, and how life's not always been easy for lefties...


Tackling the attainment gap between rich and poor pupils is the key to improving the performance of schools in northern England, a report has said.

The study by the Institute for Public Policy Research says northern secondary schools lag behind the England average.
The report echoes Ofsted's warning that without better education, the government's Northern Powerhouse economic plan will "splutter and die".
Education Secretary Nicky Morgan said ongoing reforms had helped poor pupils.
The attainment gap between disadvantaged pupils and their peers is "falling", but "the job is not finished yet", she said.
The IPPR report, which was funded by education charity Teach First, said the proportions of pupils achieving the benchmark five GCSEs at grades A* to C were:
And pupils eligible for free school meals at northern schools do worse at GCSE than their counterparts in London, the researchers found.
For free school meals pupils, the proportions achieving the GCSE benchmark are:
Despite a few "beacons of success", there are large attainment gaps in the pre-school years as well as at secondary level, the report said.
However, primary schools are performing in line with national averages and some local authorities have levels of attainment for disadvantaged children to rival London.
A focus on failing schools will not solve the problem, say the authors, as "even good and outstanding schools have attainment gaps".
"Policy makers should focus on tackling variation within all schools," they urge.
This problem is not restricted to small towns and coastal areas, often singled out as areas where pupils perform poorly.
"Even large cities such as Liverpool, Leeds and Sheffield need to raise their game."
The report also points out discrepancies in school funding between regions, and backs government plans to improve funding to northern schools through a new national funding formula.
In the north, annual funding per secondary pupil is about £5,700 compared with about £7,000 in London, the report says.
IPPR associate director Jonathan Clifton said London had not always done well by disadvantaged pupils.
"Two decades ago London was the worst place to attend school if you were from a low income background."
He said the capital's example showed success was possible "through investment, strong leadership and collaboration".
"We need a similar level of ambition for schools in the north."
Colin Ferguson, Teach First's north-west director, said young people were "the future of the Northern Powerhouse" but "urgent action" to unlock their potential would be needed if the government's plan to drive productivity and economic growth in the region was to be realised.
Shadow education secretary Lucy Powell said the report "rightly warned that the government's rhetoric of a Northern Powerhouse will not match reality unless real action is taken to close the growing attainment gap between disadvantaged young people and their peers".
Ms Powell said ministers should focus on the root causes of low attainment "rather than obsessing about the forced academisation of all schools against their wishes".
Mrs Morgan said great teachers were "vital" to raising school standards.
"We are also ensuring that all schools have the resources they need through the introduction of a historic new national funding formula that will ensure funding follows need rather than a historic formula and continuing to invest in the pupil premium, worth £2.5bn this year."


Asian shares traded higher on Monday with investors hopeful that European leaders were on track to reach a deal over Greece's debt crisis.

The Greek Prime Minister, Alexis Tsipras, offered a new package of reforms to creditors - providing hope for a last-minute deal at the emergency summit meeting on Monday.
But, it was not clear how far the new proposal yielded to creditors' demands for more spending cuts and tax hikes.
Japan's Nikkei 225 closed up 1.3%.
The benchmark index was up to 20,428.19 points, leading gains across the region.
Japanese-listed shares in Honda closed up more than 2% despite the carmaker confirming over the weekend its eighth death linked to faulty airbags made by Takata.
In Hong Kong, shares rose on hopes that political tensions in the city were easing after policymakers vetoed a Beijing-backed electoral reform package last week.
Hong Kong's chief executive Leung Chun-ying said on Friday he would bring a series of economic initiatives to lawmakers this week, and asked for support.
The benchmark Hang Seng index closed up 1.2% at 27,080.85 points.
Markets in mainland China were closed for the Dragon Boat Festival after losing more than 6% on Friday.
In Australia, the benchmark S&P/ASX 200 reversed earlier losses to close up 0.2% at 5,610.20.
Meanwhile, South Korea's Kospi index closed up 0.4% at 2,055.16 - gaining for the fourth day.
Shares of  Shinsegae rose 16.4% on expectations the company would get one of two licenses for new duty-free shop in the downtown area.


A 41-gun salute has been fired in London's Green Park to mark the Queen's 65 years on the throne.

Gun salutes also took place in Cardiff, Edinburgh and York.
The Queen has become the first British monarch to reach a sapphire jubilee, after becoming the UK's longest-reigning monarch in 2015, aged 89.
A portrait of the Queen by British photographer David Bailey has been reissued for the anniversary.
In the photo, the Queen wears sapphire jewellery given to her by King George VI as a wedding gift in 1947.
The portrait was among a series taken by Bailey in 2014, with one released for the Queen's 88th birthday that year.
The photographer's subjects over the years include Princess Diana, the Beatles, and criminals the Kray twins.
In the portrait, the Queen, who is now 90, wears a necklace made of 16 large oblong sapphires surrounded by diamonds with a matching pair of drop earrings.
Over the years, she has added to the gifts from her father with a tiara and a bracelet to complement the original jewellery.
It is tradition for the Queen to spend the Accession Day - as the anniversary of the day she became monarch is officially known - in private at her Sandringham Estate and return to Buckingham Palace a few days later.
The world's longest-reigning monarchs
Prime Minister Theresa May offered her congratulations hailing the Queen as "truly an inspiration to all of us".
The prime minister said: "I know the nation will join with me today in celebrating and giving thanks for the lifetime of service Her Majesty the Queen has given to our country and to the Commonwealth."
Mrs May said it was "a testament to her selfless devotion to the nation" that the Queen had made clear she did not want official celebrations to mark the historic milestone.
By Peter Hunt, BBC diplomatic and royal correspondent
Longevity for a hereditary head of state has brought many milestones.
Britain's longest reigning monarch - she overtook her great great grandmother, Victoria, in 2015 - has already commemorated her Silver, Golden and Diamond Jubilees.
Today, after 23,742 days on the throne, it's the start of the first Sapphire Jubilee in British history.
For the Queen, it's a moment for contemplation rather than celebration - as it is also the anniversary of her father's death.
The woman who became Queen in 1952, when butter was still rationed in those post-war years, continues to reign, 65 years on, in a country now fashioning its future outside of the EU.
In the coming months and years, she will, inevitably, do less and other royals will take on more - most notably Prince William, once he finishes his job as an air ambulance pilot in the summer.
The 90-year-old working monarch has another significant moment on the horizon.
In November, she and Prince Philip will mark 70 years of marriage.
Read more from Peter Hunt here
In London, royal gun salutes commemorated the occasion across the capital.
A 41-gun salute was fired by the King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery in Green Park at midday and a 62-gun salute by the Honourable Artillery Company was fired at the Tower of London at 13:00 GMT.
Larger-scale jubilee celebrations are expected to be reserved for the Platinum Jubilee in 2022, when the monarch will mark 70 years.


Guinea-Bissau reached an Africa Cup of Nations finals for the first time in their history without kicking a ball on Sunday, as Zimbabwe and Ghana also qualified for Gabon 2017.

Kenya beat Guinea-Bissau's closest challengers Congo Brazzaville 2-1 in Group E to secure an historic qualification for the African minnows who defeated Zambia on Saturday.
Zimbabwe were 3-0 winners over Malawi in Harare, and Ghana won 2-0 away to Mauritius.
Guinea-Bissau, from the tiny former Portuguese colony in West Africa, bolstered their chances of a first Cup of Nations appearance after a 3-2 win over 2012 champions Zambia on Saturday in front of a packed 20,000-capacity national stadium in Bissau.
But they needed Congo Brazzaville to lose in Kenya to seal their place in Gabon, and Kenya duly obliged, coming from behind to seal a 2-1 victory in Nairobi.
Congo took an early lead in the Group E match through Ismael Gonzalez who converted a 19th minute penalty.
But the Harambee Stars came back with goals from Ayub Timbe and Eric Johanna to seal Guinea-Bissau's qualification.
Guinea-Bissau, captained by France-based Bocundji Ca (pictured) have 10 points in Group E, four more than Zambia and Congo Brazzaville. Kenya are bottom, two points further adrift.
Guided by local coach Baciro Cande, Guinea-Bissau - who have never been inside the world's top 100 in the Fifa rankings - were considered outsiders when qualifying kicked off last June.
They have a population of just 1.7 million and no professional league, and with their financial problems they have regularly been unable to enter teams in continental competition.
But home and away victories over Kenya three months ago helped them upset the odds to win the group.
Ghana went into their game away to Mauritius as favourites to win Group H even without captain and leading striker Asamoah Gyan, who has a thigh injury.
The Black Stars did not disappoint despite a cagey first half which ended without any goals.
Swansea's Andre Ayew (pictured) broke the deadlock in the 71st minute with a strike from close-range to relieve some of the tension.
Christian Atsu doubled Ghana's score seven minutes later, finding the net following a pass from defender Baba Rahman.
The victory means that Ghana have qualified for their seventh successive Africa Cup of Nations finals since 2006.
Zimbabwe clinched a place at Gabon 2017 with a 3-0 win over Malawi in Harare while their Group L rivals Guinea fell 1-0 in Swaziland.
Knowledge Musona was fouled inside the box and converted the penalty on 16 minutes to set up the convincing home victory for the Warriors.
Recently crowned South African Footballer of the Season, Khama Billiat, doubled the lead on 36 minutes, firing in from close range.
Roared on by a 40,000 crowd at the national stadium, Zimbabwe struck again a minute from time through a Cuthbert Malajila header.
In Group B, the Democratic Republic of Congo moved closer to the finals with a resounding 6-1 win in Madagascar but Central African Republic's 3-1 win over visiting Angola stopped DR Congo from qualifying.
Cedric Bakambu and Paul-José M'Poku both hit a brace for DR Congo in Madagascar, with Crystal Palace's recently married winger Yannick Bolasie, and Jordan Rolly Botaka also scoring.
Jhon Baggio Rakotonomenjanahary did score a consolation goal for the hosts, but they remain bottom of the group with just two points.
CAR's win meant they closed the gap on DR Congo to two points with the group now set to be decided in the final round of qualifiers in September.
It is a similar situation in Group D where Burkina Faso beat Comoros 1-0 on Sunday to go joint top with Uganda ahead of the last round of qualifying.
Group A will also be decided in the final round, after Liberia drew 2-2 with visitors Togo to go joint top with Tunisia.
Togo came from 2-0 down to secure a precious point.
Gizzie Dorbor and William Jebor put Liberia in front before Floyd Ayite and Kodjo Laba drew Togo level.
Liberian players were holed up in their dressing room for more than an hour after the match to avoid an angry crowd waiting outside the stadium.
Elsewhere, two goals from Getaneh Kebede helped Ethiopia win 2-1 away to Lesotho in Group J, to boost their hopes of finishing as one of the best runners-up.
The Group C game between Benin and Equatorial Guinea - originally scheduled for 5 June - has been postponed until Sunday 12 June. as long as Benin fulfil conditions set out by Fifa.
These are the penultimate qualifiers, with the group winners and the best two runners-up qualifying for the finals along with hosts Gabon.
Guinea-Bissau, Zimbabwe and Ghana join Morocco, Algeria, Cameroon, Senegal and Egypt as the nations who have already qualified.
The final round of group matches will be played in September.


Building new Israeli settlements "may not be helpful" to achieving peace with Palestinians, the White House has said.

The statement contrasted with earlier signals from President Trump that he did not object to settlement activity.
But it said he did not see settlements as an "impediment to peace" - a departure from previous US positions.
The fate of settlements in the occupied West Bank is one of the most contentious issues between Israel and the Palestinians.
More than 600,000 Jews live in about 140 settlements built since Israel's 1967 occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem. The settlements are considered illegal under international law, although Israel disputes this.
Israel's pro-settlement government, which had sharp differences with the Obama administration on the issue, felt emboldened when Donald Trump took office last month.
Since then, it has authorised 6,000 new settlement homes, in one of the biggest surges for years.
On Wednesday Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said he was moving ahead with plans to set up a new settlement in the West Bank for the first time in more than two decades.
The announcement came as Israeli police cleared protesters from the unauthorised settler outpost of Amona. Israel's Supreme Court has ordered Amona to be dismantled because it was built on private Palestinian land.
In the statement on Thursday, the White House said: "While we don't believe the existence of settlements is an impediment to peace, the construction of new settlements or the expansion of existing settlements beyond their current borders may not be helpful in achieving that goal."
But it added that the Trump administration had "not taken an official position on settlement activity", and looked forward to discussing the issue during Mr Netanyahu's visit to Washington later this month.
The White House statement was welcomed by the Jewish settlers' representative body, the Yesha Council.
In December Mr Trump, then the president-elect, said a vote at the UN Security Council condemning settlements was a "big loss" for Israel that "will make it much harder to negotiate peace", vowing to "get it done anyway".
The UN resolution - the first since 1979 to condemn Israel over its settlement policy, and effectively allowed to pass by the Obama administration - said the settlements had "no legal validity" and constituted "a flagrant violation under international law and a major obstacle to the achievement of the two-state solution".


President Barack Obama has acknowledged that US agencies underestimated the threat posed by the Islamist insurgency in Syria.

In a frank TV interview, he said that al-Qaeda had been beaten in Iraq by US forces working with Sunni tribes.
But they took advantage of the power vacuum in neighbouring Syria to emerge as Isis, later called Islamic State.
Meanwhile, there has been fierce fighting to the west of the Iraqi capital, Baghdad.
Air strikes helped Iraqi fighters repel an attack at Ameriyat al-Fallujah, a strategic town 40km (25 miles) outside Baghdad.
In a separate development, the BBC's Lyse Doucet was told that in some areas around Baghdad, insurgents were less than 10km (six miles) from the city.
In an interview with the CBS TV programme 60 Minutes, Mr Obama said Syria had become a "ground zero" for militants who had been able to take advantage of the chaos there.
He reiterated that only part of the solution to defeating them would be military and that a political solution was also necessary.
"During the chaos of the Syrian civil war, where essentially you have huge swathes of the country completely ungoverned, they were able to reconstitute themselves and take advantage of that chaos and attract foreign fighters... who believed in their jihadist nonsense," he said.
President Obama said the jihadists had gained a military capacity by absorbing remnants of Saddam Hussein's old army in Iraq.
Mr Obama noted that his director of national intelligence, James Clapper, had acknowledged that the US had "underestimated what had been taking place in Syria".
Asked whether the US had also overestimated the ability or will of Iraq's US-trained military to fight the jihadists, Mr Obama said: "That's true. That's absolutely true."
He said a political solution was key, one that would arise out of an accommodation between Sunni and Shia populations.
A US-led coalition of Arab and Western states has begun an air campaign to help counter Islamic State (IS), striking targets in Iraq and Syria.
Iraq has remained unstable since the departure of US troops, with the Sunni population largely alienated by the former Shia-led government. Syria has been engulfed in a civil war since 2011.
Over the weekend, US-led coalition aircraft targeted four makeshift oil refineries under IS control in Syria, as well as a command centre.
US Central Command said that early indications were that the attacks by US, Saudi and UAE planes were successful.
Blasts at the Tel Abyad refinery sent flames soaring 60m (200ft) into the sky, Turkish businessman Mehmet Ozer, who lives in the nearby Turkish town of Akcakale, told AP news agency.
They continued for two hours, rocking the building from which he was watching, Mr Ozer said.
Both the refinery and the local IS headquarters were bombed, Turkey's Dogan news agency said.
Meanwhile further fighting was reported in the besieged town of Kobane near Syria's border with Turkey.
Syrian Kurd fighters in Kobane have been holding out against militants but the fighting has sent about 140,000 civilians fleeing towards Turkey.
Who are Islamic State (IS)?


A man has been banned from driving after being caught travelling at 157mph on a dual carriageway.

Jason Barnard was speeding in his BMW 5 Series on the A46 in Lincolnshire when officers spotted him and checked his speed using a hand held device.
The 43-year-old, of Tudor Walk in Watford, admitted dangerous driving and was banned from driving for 15 months.
He was also fined Â£500 and ordered to pay costs adding up to Â£315.
Ch Insp Phil Vickers said the officers on patrol were "quite taken aback" when they realised how fast he was driving.
"It's certainly the fastest that we've seen in Lincolnshire, not one that we would want to repeat, and just highly, highly irresponsible," he said.
The fastest two drivers caught by speed cameras in England and Wales last year were both travelling at 146mph, according to figures compiled by the Institute of Advanced Motorists.
In 2013, a driver was caught on a speed camera travelling at 149mph.
Barnard pleaded guilty at Lincoln Magistrates Court.
He was caught speeding in the Swinderby area, where the A46 has a 70mph speed limit, at 21:57 BST on the evening of 28 April.
Ch Insp Vickers said even police officers who are trained to drive at high speed would not have driven at 157mph on this road.
"The A46 on that stretch has side turnings and obviously it's got the roundabout and slow moving traffic as well, and the stopping distances involved at that sort of speed are quite huge," he said.
"To drive at this speed is unbelievably dangerous and irresponsible."


The 182 MPs who left their jobs at the election claimed a total of £705,000 to wind up their offices, the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority says.

That money includes £11,559 spent on shredding and £2,152 on skip hire - including £30 by Labour's Ed Balls.
MPs who lost their seats will have had to destroy confidential correspondence, and lay off their staff.
Other big areas of claims in the claims for May and June were for travel as well as home and office removal costs.


The former head of the inquiry into child sexual abuse has said she will not appear before MPs to answer questions about her time in charge.

Dame Lowell Goddard said for her to be summoned would compromise the inquiry's "independence and integrity".
She also hit out at "malicious, defamatory attacks" by the British media and said she was disappointed the government had not defended her.
Dame Lowell resigned in August, becoming the third chairwoman to quit.
The inquiry was set up in 2014 to look at the way public bodies investigated and handled child sex abuse claims.
But it has been beset by controversy and is now on its fourth chairwoman, Professor Alexis Jay.
The Home Affairs Select Committee wanted to question Dame Lowell over claims by senior members of her staff that she was "challenging" to work with and that a mediator had to be called in to communicate with her.
But in a letter to the committee, she said there were no "unanswered" questions about her 18 months at the helm.
She said lawyers had advised her not to appear as it could mean allegations against her were repeated under the protection of Parliamentary privilege.
Labour MP and Home Affairs Committee chairwoman Yvette Cooper said her refusal to appear was "disgraceful".
She added: "Dame Goddard has been paid significant amounts of public money to do an extremely important job which she suddenly resigned from, leaving a series of questions about what has been happening over the last 18 months and why the inquiry got into difficulties."
Downing Street said the inquiry was independent and said it was a matter for the committee.
"Who appears at the committee is a matter for them," said the prime minister's spokesman.


Funding for the children's nursery at University of South Wales' Treforest campus could be withdrawn.

GMB union said the university planned to stop the Â£142,000 a year it pays to run the day nursery and play scheme.
The union said the move would have a negative impact on women in the workplace and student parents.
The university said the nursery was heavily subsidised and it was consulting with staff and users on an alternative way of operating it.
GMB said the current makeup of nursery users was 43% staff, 31% students and 26% community users.
A spokeswoman said closing the nursery would impact on staff, largely women, who were already facing job cuts as part of savings announced by the university on Thursday.
"A potential closure of the provision will have a double negative impact on women in the workplace and students who have chosen to study at USW because of the on-site provision.
"Some students will potentially have to reconsider their learning if the play centre provision was to be removed.
"In addition, students studying at USW utilise play centre work placements to compliment their studies for courses at USW i.e. nursing and psychology."
The University of South Wales said it was a parent-friendly institution and it hoped funding support would always be available for student parents with financial hardship.
A spokesman added: "The current play centre provision on one of our campuses is heavily subsidised by the university and used by a relatively small number of staff, with a smaller proportion of students and community users.
"We are open to proposals for different operating models and are consulting on how it could be configured another way without that extra subsidy which comes ultimately from all students, including those on other campuses."


PSNI officers were justified in using a Taser stun gun during the arrest of a man armed with a samurai sword, the Police Ombudsman has said.

The incident happened in August 2015 in Belfast city centre.
The man had complained that he had stopped and given himself up before the Taser gun was used.
However, the Police Ombudsman Dr Michael Maguire said the officer's actions were "justified", given he was alone in a dimly-lit street.
Dr Maguire added that the officer had reported that he was not sure if the man was stopping to give himself up, or to prepare for an attack.
The Police Ombudsman has also ruled that officers were justified in using Taser stun guns in three other incidents in Belfast, Portadown and Antrim.
Dr Maguire said that in each case, the use of Taser stun guns had been "lawful, justified and proportionate", given the risks posed to officers by the situations they faced.


Details have been released of the demolition of the landmark twin chimney stacks at the former Cockenzie Power Station site.

The towers will be brought down by a controlled explosion at noon on Saturday 26 September.
A second controlled explosion soon after will demolish the turbine hall at the East Lothian power station.
An exclusion zone will be in place from 09:00 to ensure that the demolition can be carried out safely.
The safety restrictions will cover the Greenhills, sections of Edinburgh Road and the John Muir Way, as well as extending in to the Firth of Forth.
Traffic restrictions will also be in place around the power station from 07:00.
Scottish Power said viewing locations in the immediate vicinity of the power station would be very limited.
Police Scotland and East Lothian Council recommended people who would like to watch the demolition take the time to plan their position in advance.
Insp Andy Harborow said: "The iconic Cockenzie chimneys have been standing tall within the local community for almost fifty years and we anticipate many members of the public will turn out for their demolition.
"To preserve the safety of those in attendance, we have been working alongside our partners at East Lothian Council and Scottish Power to identify and create a suitable exclusion zone for the demolition.
"No vantage points or parking spaces have been allocated to view this event and so anyone visiting the area is asked to be considerate to the local community and try to minimise any disruption."
The twin chimney stacks are both 149m tall and were constructed in time for the coal station opening in 1967.
The turbine hall structure is predominantly made of steel.
The "button press" to initiate the demolition of both chimneys, will be carried out by East Lothian resident Donald McCulloch, the winner of a charity raffle.


Foreign holidaymakers in the Maldives, one of the world's most popular luxury honeymoon destination, were not happy earlier this year when their hotel bookings were cancelled at short notice.

The reason was that Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Salman bin Abdulaziz al-Saud, had booked out three whole islands for nearly a month.
It is just one example of the growing role of Saudi investment in the archipelago, a factor which may make the Maldives' government unwilling to ruffle the feathers of Saudi Arabia's rulers.
"The well-being of our guests is always our primary concern," a spokeswoman for the Anantara resorts told the British newspaper, the Daily Mail, which reported that some tourists were angry at being moved to make way for the Saudi prince.
Prince Salman, who is also Saudi Arabia's defence minister, was on an official business visit at the invitation of Maldives President Abdulla Yameen, who was elected in November after two years of political turmoil.
This reflects growing co-operation between the two countries. Saudi Arabia has already promised the Maldives a five-year soft loan facility of $300m (Â£181m), pledged last year when the country's previous president visited Riyadh.
The Maldives currently has a yawning fiscal deficit averaging 14% of GDP over the past five years, according to the Asian Development Bank.
Air links are opening, with Maldivian carriers set to fly to Saudi Arabia for the first time - and 14 flights a week are envisaged.
At the same time, the Saudi property company Best Choice says it is building a family holiday resort worth $100m in the Maldives, which it says will have "world-class facilities".
The country is also seeking Saudi partnerships in energy and transport, but the biggest co-operation sector is Islamic affairs.
The Saudi prince has pledged to build 10 "world-class" mosques in the archipelago, seven of them this year, while visiting Saudi scholars recently pledged a grant of $100,000 for Islamic education.
They also announced 50 scholarships for students to study in Saudi Arabia, though the response is said to be sluggish.
Like Saudi Arabia, the Maldives is dominated by Sunni Islam. And Mr Yameen, the half-brother of the former autocratic president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, has laid stress on religious conservatism.
Yet the country has also come under criticism internationally for other issues.
"Nationalisation of large foreign investments, human rights concerns such as continued flogging of under-age rape victims for extramarital sex," says J J Robinson, a British journalist and expert on the country.
"And widespread abuse of the expatriate workers who make up a third of the country's population."
No such criticism comes from Riyadh, whose cash is being sought to sustain the large civil service.
Mr Yameen's government has tightened up laws against permitting other religions and is considering a ban on importing kosher food.
In seeking Saudi investments, however, the Maldives cannot afford to alienate too many tourists as tourism remains by far the archipelago's biggest earner.
A few years ago the Maldives Monetary Authority estimated the sector was indirectly responsible for 70% of the economy and 90% of foreign exchange receipts. Last year 1.2 million tourists visited the country, which has a population of just 330,000.
While the top resorts are owned or managed by international brands such as the US-based Hyatt or the French Club Med, it is China that is delivering more and more of the tourists.
Last year 44% more Chinese tourists came to the Maldives than in 2012. One in four visitors is now Chinese, although they spend far less than European holidaymakers do.
Despite the numbers, China's diplomatic stake in Maldives is often overplayed.
"China already has substantial influence in neighbouring Sri Lanka and Maldives is small fry in comparison," says JJ Robinson.
However, there was widespread dismay in India at one development when, in 2012, the Maldives cancelled the Indian firm GMR's 25-year $500m contract to redevelop the international airport at the capital, Male.
It reflected a growing mood of nationalism after the former pro-western president, Mohamed Nasheed, was forced from office. He called the decision a blow to foreign investment and tourism, and trade between India and the Maldives fell almost 10% the following year.
Delhi is now reportedly pressing for a bilateral agreement to protect Indian investments in Maldives. Meanwhile it will be uneasy at the country's growing defence ties with its rival Pakistan - the Maldives' military chief recently visited Islamabad.
Fisheries is the Maldives' second industry, employing some 20% of the workforce, but there is now a search for new markets after the European Union removed its duty-free status for the country's fish.
In response the Maldives attacked the EU's policy and said it would certify its fish as halal and find new markets - such as Saudi Arabia.
But tourism still reigns supreme as investors know they will get a good return in this high-end sector and they are likely to keep coming as more islands are opened up for hotels.
A visiting official from the International Monetary Fund recently suggested Maldives should raise its tourism tax given its huge deficit.
The government shows no sign of wanting to deter international investment. But ever-watchful for signs of Islamic radicalism, some of the Maldives' Western backers may be looking nervously at Saudi Arabia's influence.


Northampton Town have sacked manager Rob Page after less than eight months in charge of the club.

The Cobblers, who are 16th in League One, were beaten 5-0 at Bristol Rovers on Saturday, their ninth defeat in 11 matches.
Page, 42, described his team's performance as "men against girls", a comment for which he later apologised.
"Following the recent run of results we feel that a change is necessary," said chairman Kelvin Thomas.
"Paul Wilkinson will take temporary charge of the team while we begin discussions with potential replacements, and all focus will now shift to preparations for Saturday's important fixture against Scunthorpe United."
Page left Port Vale to take over at Sixfields in May after Chris Wilder had left to take charge at Sheffield United, having just guided Northampton to the League Two title.
The Cobblers, who ended last season with a 20-game unbeaten run, extended that streak to 31 undefeated matches under Page, and were in the League One play-off places in October.
However, they have since dropped to 16th in the table, and lost 1-0 at non-league Stourbridge in the FA Cup second round on 13 December.
"Rob has always been extremely professional throughout his time and has only ever wanted the club to be successful," added Thomas.
"It was always going to be a very tough challenge following last year and the expectation that created, so we thank him for his efforts and we wish him very well for the future."


Aaron Cook can compete for Moldova in taekwondo after the British Olympic Association (BOA) reluctantly agreed to his request to switch nations.

Cook, 24, competed for Team GB at the 2008 Olympics, but was overlooked for London 2012, despite being ranked world number one at the time.
His Moldovan citizenship was funded by the country's taekwondo president and billionaire Igor Iuzefovici.
"We are saddened by Aaron's decision," said BOA chief executive Bill Sweeney.
"Despite the fact that there is no legitimate case for nationality change here, the BOA cannot compel any athlete to represent the United Kingdom against his or her will."
Cook left the GB Taekwondo set-up in 2011, a move he believed - and GB Taekwondo has always denied - was behind his Olympic snub.
The Dorset-born 24-year-old insisted he would never compete for Britain again while performance director Gary Hall and chairman Adrian Tranter, whom he held responsible, were still in charge.
The fighter instead represented the Isle of Man and although the BOA, UK Sport, GB Taekwondo and representatives from Cook's team have met on several occasions, no common ground to rebuild the relationship was found.
GB Taekwondo chairman Jeremy Beard said: "We have made exhaustive efforts to engage with him and his team for some time but sadly it seems he has made the decision that his future lies elsewhere."
Cook has no family links to Moldova but had been actively looking for another nation to represent to enable him to go to the 2016 Olympics.
Costa Rica, France and Turkey had been seen as potential destinations, though Cook insisted he would only move to another nation with no -80kg fighter to avoid depriving someone of the chance to represent their country of birth at an Olympics.
He has already received his passport for the East European state and revealed in a statement earlier this month that he felt he had "no other option" but to move.
One of his primary concerns was said to be the lack of clarity over selection criteria for the Rio Olympics, fearing he would again be overlooked despite being the highest ranked -80kg fighter.
It is understood an independent representative and a member of the BOA must now be part of future GB Taekwondo selection processes - but this was not enough to appease Cook, who was set to be named as Team GB's -80kg representative at the inaugural European Games in Baku in June.
"We strongly urged Aaron to re-consider his decision and to make himself available for selection to Team GB in Baku," added Sweeney.
The leading contenders to be the sole -80kg British fighter at the Rio Olympics are London Olympic bronze medallist Lutalo Muhammad - who is ranked world number four - and Damon Sansum, who is currently eighth in the global standings.
Cook's first competitive fight for Moldova is expected to be at the World Championships in Chelyabinsk, Russia, in May.


A former Brighton bus driver has been jailed for sexually assaulting girls and women while he was working.

Two of Mark Spalding's victims were girls aged 13 and 14, police said.
Spalding, of Thakeham, West Sussex, admitted eight sex offences at Lewes Crown Court. He was jailed for four years and ordered to serve five years on licence.
Brighton and Hove Buses apologised and said what happened was "utterly vile".
The company said Spalding resigned during a gross misconduct investigation. The firm then reported him to the police.
Spalding's other victims were foreign students travelling on buses he drove in 2015, said police.
Live: More on this story and other news from Sussex
Det Con Elaine Welsh described him as "a predatory sex offender who took advantage of his access to young women and vulnerable girls".
She said all the victims, in particular the girls, had shown "immense courage".
Spalding, of Furze Common Road, pleaded guilty to four counts of sexual activity with a child under 16, two of causing a child under 16 to engage in sexual activity, and two of sexual assault.
The company's managing director Martin Harris said: "Within 15 minutes of us having the evidence we removed him from duty so he was no longer a danger to our customers."
Criminal record checks were carried out on all employees who worked regularly with children and young adults, he said. A safeguarding policy was in place for the organisation.
Mr Harris said there was a special constable who patrolled buses and acted as a link between the bus company and Sussex Police. The vehicles all had CCTV, he said.


Eddie Jones may only have been England's coach for four games, but already he has a veteran's understanding of how it has to be when his adopted nation succeed in sport.

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Never is it easy. Seldom is it predictable. Only occasionally does it not involve knocking knees and mangled nerves.
The Grand Slam dream is on for England, but this was so nearly a nightmare to out-do even the horrors of the World Cup defeat seven months ago.
England were 16-0 ahead at half-time, a lead that should have been at least seven points wider. With seven minutes to go that had shifted out to 25-7. Game over. Set sights on Paris, start thinking about only a second Slam in 20 years.
Maybe that was the problem. That, a couple of missed tackles, and Rhys Priestland suddenly moving the ball like Rhys Priestland can sometimes, and George North racing away for one try, and then Toby Faletau crashing through for another.
Four minutes, 14 points. Twickenham gone from party to panic, England defending with 14 men, North set free again to accelerate at the left-hand corner flag.
In that World Cup match England had blown a 10-point lead with just over half an hour to play, thrown away a seven-point advantage with 10 minutes left. In 2008, at the start of Wales' own Grand Slam year, they had led 16-6 at the interval and shipped 20 points after it.
This would have been more calamitous still. Had Manu Tuilagi not reached North and shoved him into touch, it might have come to pass. Had the line judge the advantage of the many screen-grabs doing the social media rounds late on Saturday night, he might not have called North out at all.
Tuilagi had been predicted to make a critical impact off the bench. What no-one foresaw was that it would be with a tackle rather than a run.
It should never have got so close, for this was a match not only being dominated by England at the interval but being butchered by Wales.
Wales coach Warren Gatland was full of furrowed-brow fury afterwards. "Only the players can answer the question why they were so flat and lethargic, because we didn't turn up in that first half. At this level it's not acceptable as far as I'm concerned."
You could understand the anger even if you took umbrage at the abdication of responsibility, or neglected to recall that the same thing happened in their opening fixture against Ireland.
In Dublin, Wales had fallen 13 points down before rousing themselves and fighting back for a draw that could have been more. At Twickenham they were not just off the pace but off the scale.
Nineteen missed tackles in the first 40 minutes alone, eight penalties conceded, line-outs lost, hard hands and soft heads everywhere. Alex Cuthbert had one of those games when he looks less like a lethal finisher and more like a man likely only to shoot himself in the foot.
The only complaint about England was one that dogged them under previous coach Stuart Lancaster: a profligacy in attack, a lack of ruthlessness with the line in sight and the defence splintered.
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Twice in the first 20 minutes they blew clear try-scoring chances, once when Mike Brown cut back inside rather than pinning back ears for the empty corner, again when George Ford failed to spot Anthony Watson overlapping and unmarked outside him and held on instead.
Ford endured one of his more difficult games, his charged-down kick leading to the Dan Biggar try that first gave Wales hope, even if Ben Youngs' long, underpowered pass also played its part.
There was so much else that was good about England that it didn't seem to matter. Quick ball from the forwards put Youngs on his toes and the men outside him in space. Smart use of that ball stretched the usually tight Welsh defence one way and then back the other.
Leading the charge was Maro Itoje, described by Jones as a Vauxhall Viva at the start of this campaign, upgraded to an Astra after his first start a fortnight go, on Saturday crashing through tackles like a bulldozer, digging at the breakdown like a JCB and accelerating away from defenders like a Porsche.
For a 21-year-old in his first season of international rugby it was dangerously close to the complete second-row performance: 14 tackles, more than any other England player, two defenders beaten, one clean break made, a turnover won, two Welsh line-outs stolen and all four thrown to him secured.
It is just one reason why England supporters will go into next Saturday's Grand Slam decider against France with significantly more optimism than the last two times a clean sweep was in sight.
They are away once again, just as they were against Wales on the final night of the 2013 season and against Ireland on the last afternoon in 2011.
But while Wales were a team with two Slams of their own in the previous four seasons and a side about to supply the key men in a Lions series victory, and Ireland a team containing two of the all-time greats in Brian O'Driscoll and Paul O'Connell, this is a French side as predictable as those of old were cavalier.
Not since 2011 have they finished above fourth in the Six Nations table. Only once in the past five meetings between these two in this tournament have they emerged victorious, and that with a last-gasp try two years ago.
Springtime in Paris has always held its own special allure. Next Saturday it could be where an English nation falls in love with a small, hard-bitten Australian who used to delight only in winding them up.
"The Grand Slam is on, isn't it?" grinned Jones on Saturday night, eschewing the caution and caveats more familiar to men with his job. "All we need to do is prepare well. We prepare well, we play well, we win the game."
Simple. Or so he will hope, this time at least.