Aston Villa manager Remi Garde refused to criticise supporters for walking out during the 3-1 home defeat by Everton.

Thousands of fans headed for the exits after 74 minutes - the club was formed in 1874 - in protest at the team's plight and owner Randy Lerner.
"I am concentrating on my job," said Frenchman Garde, whose side are bottom of the table, eight points from safety.
"I don't have any comments about the fans. It's something very deep, very old. My job is difficult enough."
Villa fans have directed a lot of anger towards American Lerner, who bought the West Midlands club in 2006.
They are upset at the lack of investment and the decision-making at the club, but the players have also been criticised for a perceived lack of desire.
Aston Villa fan Mark Bricknell, one of the organisers of the protest, told BBC Radio 5 live: "This has been coming for six years.
"We can't say we're happy to be having to do this.
"The club have failed to halt what supporters have seen coming and it's down to total incompetence from the owner."
BBC Radio 5 live football reporter Pat Murphy, who has been covering Villa for more than four decades, added: "The mood is turning ugly.
"I remember the demonstrations against Doug Ellis, but he must seem a great chairman in retrospect.
"This is the worst team I've seen in 41 years of reporting on Villa."
A crowd of 29,755 were at Villa Park on Tuesday to watch the loss to Everton, Villa's 18th league defeat of the season.
In the top flight since 1988, Villa have won just three of their 28 league games so far this season and have only 16 points.
They are not mathematically down yet but face fourth-placed Manchester City and Tottenham - who will go top of the table with a win at West Ham on Wednesday - in their next two games.
Garde, appointed at the start of November, still believes Villa can retain their Premier League status but admits the situation is "getting more difficult".
"We have to stick together," said the 49-year-old former Lyon boss. "If not, we have no chance."
If Villa do go down, Joey Barton - who has been relegated from the Premier League with both Newcastle and QPR - thinks they could struggle in the second tier.
"I feel sorry for manager Remi Garde as the ship had massive holes in it when he took over," the Burnley midfielder, whose are top of the Championship, told BBC Radio 5 live.
"It is not a team equipped for Championship football. The Villa fans are showing discontent and you can't blame them.
"Randy Lerner and the board - I've called them muppets before - and nothing has changed.
"If you don't spend in January and say that you are going to prepare for life in the Championship, then why not start playing some kids from the academy?
"At least they'll show some passion."
Watch Match of the Day on Wednesday on BBC One and online - 22:45-00:15 in England, 23:45-01:15 in Scotland & NI; 23:20-00:50 in Wales.


Ten of the biggest banks have agreed to pay $8.5bn (£5.2bn) to settle a review of home foreclosures by US regulators.

Banks and mortgage lenders including Bank of America, Citigroup and JP Morgan Chase will pay $3.3bn directly to eligible homeowners, regulators said.
The lenders will also pay $5.2bn to modify and forgive loans.
The investigation began in 2011, and looked into whether borrowers had unlawfully had their homes repossessed.
The regulators were the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), which is an independent bureau of the Department of the Treasury, and the US central bank, the Federal Reserve.
The US mortgage market boomed in the middle of the last decade. Banks made huge profits by buying home loans and repackaging them as complex products.
The housing bubble collapsed in 2008, making many of the homes worthless and causing the loans and their derivatives to become toxic. Many people lost their homes and all the major banks had to be bailed out.
The OCC said that more than 3.8 million borrowers, whose homes were subject to foreclosure proceedings in 2009 and 2010, would receive cash compensation "ranging from hundreds of dollars up to $125,000, depending on the type of possible servicer error".
But one homeowner advocacy group estimates that only about 400,000 homeowners would be eligible for compensation under the settlement.
"This is outrageous," Bruce Marks, head of the Neighborhood Assistance Corporation of America, a non-profit homeowner advocacy group, told the BBC. "The banks want to move on, the regulators want to move on. The homeowners, they are left on the side of the road as roadkill."
More than 1,000 consultants were combing through the loan documentation to see how much wrongdoing actually occurred, a process now stopped by this settlement. "We will now never know what the banks did in modifications of the loans.
"There is not enough money in there for the victimised homeowners," added Mr Marks, who used to work for the Fed in New York.
The banks involved in the settlement are Aurora, Bank of America, Citibank, JPMorgan Chase, MetLife Bank, PNC, Sovereign, SunTrust, US Bank, and Wells Fargo.
The regulators said that eligible homeowners whose homes were unlawfully foreclosed upon should expect to be contacted by the end of March with payment details.
"Borrowers will not be required to execute a waiver of any legal claims they may have against their servicer as a condition for receiving payment," the OCC said, leaving the door open for more legal action.
Earlier, Bank of America agreed to pay US government mortgage agency Fannie Mae $3.6bn to settle claims relating to residential home loans.
Fannie Mae argued the bank sold it toxic debts and should be responsible for the losses it suffered as result.
In February 2012, five banks -  Bank of America, Citigroup, Wells Fargo, JP Morgan Chase and Ally Financial - agreed to provide $25bn to homeowners to settle claims over improper foreclosure practices in a deal struck with the US government and most US states.


A coach hire boss has raised concerns over a Welsh Government-funded free weekend bus pilot scheme.

Mel Evans, who runs Mid Wales Travel in Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, said there was not enough detail about how firms like his would be compensated.
Announcing the plan, Economy Secretary Ken Skates said other bus operators would be reimbursed if their passenger numbers fell as a result.
But Mr Evans said there could be issues calculating the right amount.
"It's going to be interesting to find out how much, or how, they're going to work it out - if you work it out from a month ago and in a month's time when the [school] holidays start, there's going to be a big difference in the amount of people," he added.
The scheme, allowing free weekend travel to passengers across Wales, covers buses using the TrawsCymru network.
It began on Saturday and will run every weekend until May 2018, with up to Â£1m set aside to cover the costs.
The Welsh Government said it would act as a "catalyst for bus travel in Wales" and boost passenger numbers.
But Mr Evans said: "If passengers can get their service for free through one of these T routes, they're not going to put their hands in their pockets."
The pilot applies to all buses on the TrawsCymru network:


It is one of the more memorable moments from the 2007 Holyrood election.

After the final seats were declared, Alex Salmond, then SNP leader, addressed supporters in Edinburgh.
"I heard a rumour" he said, pausing for effect. "I think we won the election".
He claimed victory on the basis that the SNP had one more seat than Labour: 47- 46.
By the narrowest of margins, the nationalists had become the largest party in a parliament of minorities.
Mr Salmond went on to argue that in these circumstances Labour had lost its "moral authority" to govern Scotland.
Labour's coalition partners, the Liberal Democrats, took a similar view.
But in the immediate aftermath of the election, Labour's line was different.
A statement issued by the Labour group of MSPs said that "no party has the moral authority to govern without securing the support of others".
Labour's Kezia Dugdale, who is now the party's deputy leader in Scotland, was even clearer in her blog.
"If two parties form a coalition with more MSPs than the party with the single largest number of MSPs, then the views of a larger number of people will be represented in government and I think that's absolutely right," she wrote.
Fast forward from Holyrood's proportional representation election of 2007 to Westminster's first past the post contest in 2015.
The two sides seem to have swapped arguments.
SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon does not say that if the Conservatives remain the largest party they'll have the "moral authority" to govern.
Instead, she argues that if there are more anti-Tory MPs than Tory MPs the SNP would work with Labour and others to "lock David Cameron out of Downing Street".
On BBC2's Newsnight, she was asked if this would apply even if the Tories were the largest party by up to forty seats.
Ms Sturgeon replied: "If they can't command a majority, they can't be a government".
By contrast, the Scottish Labour leader, Jim Murphy, often declares that "the largest party gets to form the government".
While there is no rule making it so, that has tended to be the outcome in recent history, usually because the largest party also has an overall majority in the Commons.
You have to go back to 1923, when Ramsay MacDonald became prime minister, to find a party other than the largest party forming the UK government.
As the BBC's Douglas Fraser has noted, in the event of a "hung" parliament, the serving prime minister gets the first go at putting together a government that can win votes in parliament.
Mr Murphy seemed comfortable with this convention in 2010 when Gordon Brown sought alliances to sustain Labour in office, even though the Conservatives had won more seats.
Mr Murphy, as Scottish secretary, said his boss had the "constitutional and moral right" to try to form a government.
At that time, Alex Salmond was also expressing interest in an "alternative government scenario" excluding the Conservatives.
In the end, the Liberal Democrats were the kingmakers, choosing to negotiate a coalition agreement with the Tories.
They did so, at least in part, because the Tories were the largest party and Labour had been seen to lose the election.
The Liberal Democrat leader, Nick Clegg, has indicted that he would take a similar approach after 7 May.
He told the Financial Times, the Lib Dems would speak first to the biggest party because a "coalition of the losers" could lack "legitimacy".
"You cannot provide stability, you can't take difficult decisions, if people are constantly questioning the birthright of a government" he said.
That points to another really important factor: public opinion.
Ultimately, it is for the public to decide whether or not any particular power-sharing deal has "legitimacy" or even "moral authority".
Opinion could vary widely across the United Kingdom, depending on the combination of parties involved and the policies pursued.


A man has admitted stabbing his mother to death in the street, leaving her with 37 separate knife wounds.

Amina Begum, 47, from Fambridge Close, Maldon, Essex, died as a result of the "very violent" attack on 24 March.
Her son, 26-year-old Javid Ahmed, rang 999 to report he had killed his mother.
Ahmed admitted manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility at a Chelmsford Crown Court hearing earlier. Prosecutors accepted his plea.
He will be sentenced on 19 September.
Live: Updates on this story and other Essex news
Det Insp Danny Stoten said: "The investigation into this incident has established that at the time Ahmed was very unwell and his mental capacity was significantly impaired.
"Members of the public tried to intervene to help Mrs Begum and I would like to thank them for their bravery during what must have been a very frightening incident."


A 13-year-old black boy has been shot dead by police in the US state of Ohio after allegedly pulling an air gun from his waistband while being arrested.

Officers responded to a report of an armed robbery of $10 in Columbus when they saw three male suspects matching descriptions given by the victim.
Two then ran off and were followed by police to an alley.
There, police say, Tyree King pulled out the gun and was shot multiple times by a white officer.
Police later established that the boy had actually been carrying a BB gun - a type of sporting air gun that is designed to shoot pellets - with an attached laser sight.
The victim of the robbery told officers the group had approached him and demanded money. One of them reportedly had a gun.
After the shooting, Tyree King was taken to a children's hospital, where he later died.
The other suspect found with him in the alley was questioned and released pending further investigation.
More suspects are being pursued, police say.
In a 911 call recorded during the incident, obtained by The Columbus Dispatch, the alleged victim said the amount involved in the robbery was just $10 (Â£7.55).
Minutes later in the call, sirens can be heard in the background before a witness says "he's shooting him! Oh, my God!'"
In a press conference on Thursday morning, Chief of Police Kim Jacobs showed reporters a photo of the kind of BB gun found at the scene.
"Our officers carry a gun that looks practically identical to this weapon," she said, holding the printed image up for cameras. "It turned out not to be a firearm in the sense that it fires real bullets but as you can see, it looks like a firearm that could kill you."
Columbus police said the officer involved, a nine-year veteran of the service named Brian Mason, would receive mandated psychological counselling and would be offered leave to help cope with the "traumatic experience".
Police chief Jacobs said Mr Mason had "just recently transferred to that area of town."
Social media users are comparing Tyree King's death to the shooting of another black child in the state.
In 2014, Tamir Rice, 12, was shot and killed by a white police officer in Cleveland while he was playing with a pellet gun outside a recreation centre.
The city agreed earlier this year to pay $6m (Â£4.14m) to his family.
His death sparked local protests at a time when the deaths of black people at the hands of police had sparked a national debate.
Asked about the comparisons being made by members of the public, Police Chief Jacobs said: "I don't know how they would know that. We don't have enough facts to know how this relates to any other shooting."
She said the investigation, once complete, would be referred to a grand jury, who would decide if any criminal charges should be brought.
City mayor Andrew Ginther appealed for patience during this "difficult time".
"It is a dangerous time to be a police officer in this country," he said. "It is our job to support them, as well as the people they protect."
"It is critical that we remain calm and committed to the investigative process."
Both the mayor and police committed to sharing information from the investigation publicly as it became available.


New GCSE and A Level courses in Wales should not be introduced next year unless English and Welsh textbooks are published simultaneously.

The demand being made by the Welsh education schools group, Cymdeithas Ysgolion Dros Addysg Gymraeg (Cydag).
It highlights severe delays in publishing Welsh language textbooks, with examples of teachers giving up summer holidays to translate.
The Welsh Government said it was "committed" to Welsh-medium resources.
But Cydag, which represents about 57 Welsh-medium schools, has voiced their concerns in a letter to the education secretary Kirsty Williams.
The body told BBC Wales' Newyddion 9 that it wanted "principled" Welsh Government decisions and called the current situation a "crisis."
Cydag secretary Arwel George said: "We see documents and policies which state that the Welsh Government intends to treat both languages equally and encourage more pupils to study through the medium of Welsh.
"The implementation of policies falls very short of this."
Nine new GSCE and six A level courses will be introduced in 2017, yet only two have so far been approved by the regulator, Qualifications Wales.
Cydag claims any delay will give the examining board, WJEC, little time to prepare Welsh language resources.
"Qualifications Wales and WJEC are working closely together in the development of specifications and sample assessment materials for those subjects planned for first teaching in September 2017," a spokesperson for Qualifications Wales said.
"The process is on schedule and draft specifications are available in all subjects bilingually. We currently expect final approved materials to be available in line with the schedule published on our website."
"We are absolutely committed to getting the right resources available to support teaching and learning through the medium of Welsh," stated a Welsh Government official.
"That is why we invest over Â£2.6m annually in developing and publishing Welsh-medium resources across all curriculum and vocational subjects for 3-19 year olds.
"We understand the challenge in getting texts by commercial publishers translated.
"We expect WJEC to work with publishers to make sure that this process continues to improve."


Over 100 vintage cars, including Sir Malcolm Campbell's record breaking Sunbeam Bluebird, have been taking over the streets of a Herefordshire town.

Hundreds of car enthusiasts have been at Bromyard's Festival of Speed which organisers said is to celebrate the area's motoring history.
The chairmen of the Austin, Bean and Morgan all lived locally and parts for Morgan three wheelers were made there.
The vehicles have paraded through the town and also on display.
Mr Campbell first gained the world speed record in 1924 for travelling at more than 140 mph in a Sunbeam he called Bluebird.
The vehicle has also taken part in the parade, alongside about 120 other vintage and historic cars.
Organisers said the town and its immediate locality has been linked to the British motor industry since the birth of the motor car.
"Automotive engineering was first started in Bromyard by the Pettifer family, who manufactured chassis components for the iconic Morgan Three Wheeler in 1910, prior to the building of the Malvern factories.
"For this, our first year, Morgan who are proud to be the UK's last privately owned motor manufacturer, will be the featured company in line with their special association with Bromyard."
The car maker was founded by HFS Morgan in 1909.
It began producing three wheeler cars in 1910, but the firm's reputation is based on hand-built small sports cars.


UK media regulator Ofcom has concluded that BSkyB is a "fit and proper" company to hold a broadcasting licence.

Ofcom was investigating the broadcaster in the wake of the phone hacking scandal that engulfed Rupert Murdoch's media empire, which owns 39% of BSkyB.
However, Ofcom has criticised former BSkyB chairman James Murdoch, Rupert's son, for his role in the scandal.
Ofcom said his actions "repeatedly fell short" of what was expected. But News Corp hit back, defending his record.
Under the Broadcasting Act 1990, Ofcom has to ensure holders of broadcasting licences are "fit and proper".
Amid allegations that senior executives at News International, Rupert Murdoch's newspaper arm, knew the extent of the phone hacking, Ofcom decided to investigate if the affair had any bearing on BSkyB.
In a ruling on Thursday, Ofcom said: "In July 2011, in light of the public debate about phone hacking and other allegations, Ofcom confirmed that it had a duty to consider whether Sky was fit and proper to continue to hold its broadcast licences.
"Ofcom considers that, on the evidence currently available and having taken into account all the relevant factors, Sky is fit and proper to hold its broadcast licences."
Ofcom said, however, that "should further evidence become available" it may review the issue. Criminal investigations into phone hacking continue and several court cases involving senior executives from News International are pending.
BSkyB welcomed the decision, saying: "Ofcom is right to conclude that Sky is a fit and proper broadcaster. As a company, we are committed to high standards of governance and we take our regulatory obligations extremely seriously."
'Difficult to comprehend'
However, the conduct of James Murdoch, who resigned as chairman of BSkyB in April (but remains a non-executive director) and has also relinquished his role at the UK newspaper group, was questionable, Ofcom concluded.
The regulator said: "Ofcom considers on the basis of the evidence available to date... James Murdoch's conduct in relation to events at NGN [the newspaper group] repeatedly fell short of the conduct to be expected of him as a chief executive officer and chairman.
"However, Ofcom considers that the evidence available to date does not provide a reasonable basis to conclude that James Murdoch deliberately engaged in any wrongdoing."
While acknowledging that many of the circumstances over phone hacking were outside of Mr Murdoch's control or unknown to him, Ofcom criticises severely his failure to make himself aware of the deepening  scandal.
"We consider James Murdoch's conduct, including his failure to initiate action on his own account on a number of occasions, to be both difficult to comprehend and ill-judged.
"We consider that the events... raise questions regarding James Murdoch's competence in the handling of these matters, and his attitude towards the possibility of wrongdoing in the companies for which he was responsible," Ofcom said.
The regulator said that Mr Murdoch's non-executive role on the BSkyB board did not impact on its "fit and proper" test, because there were other "experienced individuals who would be expected to be capable of exercising effective independent oversight".
Ofcom continued: "We recognise that whether it is appropriate for James Murdoch to be a director in light of the events is a matter for the board and shareholders of Sky."
News Corp - Rupert Murdoch's main holding company - welcomed Ofcom's decision but defended James Murdoch, saying he deserved credit for helping build BSkyB into an outstanding broadcaster.
In a statement to the Press Association, News Corp said: "We are pleased that Ofcom recognises BSkyB as a fit and proper holder of a broadcast licence and remain proud of both News Corporation's and James Murdoch's distinguished record in facilitating the transformation of Sky into Britain's leading pay television and home communications provider.
"We disagree, however, with certain of the report's statements about James Murdoch's prior actions as an executive and director, which are not at all substantiated by evidence."
Last May, the Commons media committee concluded that Rupert Murdoch was "not a fit person" to run a major international business. However, four of the 10 committee members disagreed, as the MPs split on party lines.
Tom Watson, MP, a leading campaigner on phone hacking, told the BBC on Thursday that Ofcom may "come to regret" its fit and proper clearance. "We are half-way through a criminal investigation and there may be further evidence," he said.
However, David Elstein, a former BSkyB executive, said he was "not surprised" by Ofcom's decision on BSkyB's broadcasting licence. "It's an interesting verdict, but life goes on".
John Whittingdale, chairman of the Commons Culture Media and Sport committee, which looked into phone hacking, said that Ofcom had came to the same conclusions as the MPs.
He told the BBC: "We concluded that James Murdoch was guilty of failing to carry out his duties as properly as he might, but that we couldn't see evidence to prove that he had any knowledge or involvement in phone hacking and that is essentially what Ofcom have concluded as well.
"They have been very critical of him, saying that he has failed to meet the standards expected on several different matters, but they too have said that there is no proof that he had any involvement."
Public outrage over phone hacking last year forced News Corp to drop its $12bn (Â£7.7bn) bid to buy the 61% of BSkyB it did not already own.
However, some analysts believe the Ofcom ruling could pave the way for a fresh BSkyB bid. News Corp plans to split its operations into two: publishing (including newspapers) and the more profitable News Entertainment division, which includes Fox television and film studios.
Investment bank Morgan Stanley said: "This (Ofcom ruling) is very positive for Sky. It removes the regulatory overhang from the company and potentially opens up the way for the entertainment arm of the demerged NewsCorp to bid for Sky in due course."
The previous regulatory hurdles of media plurality and the "fit and proper" test have been lowered, the  bank said.
"News Entertainment, shorn of the UK newspaper titles, should present no issue as an owner of BSkyB," Morgan Stanley said. "The fit and proper issue - this would appear now to be resolved."


Body cameras worn by armed Met Police officers are "unfit-for-purpose" and should be replaced, the police watchdog has said.

The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) analysed footage from the non-fatal shooting of Nathaniel Brophy, 34, in Clapham on 21 August.
It said the positioning of the cameras on officers' bodies obscured and impacted the quality of the footage.
The Met said it was testing different locations as part of an ongoing trial.
Officers across 10 London boroughs are currently involved in the trial using about 1,000 devices, to boost transparency and speed up convictions, with aims for a further 20,000 to be used by March next year.
Often placed just below the shoulder the camera can be obscured if the officer raises their arm to aim a weapon.
Jennifer Izekor from the IPCC said: "They will be good tools but they're not fit for purpose for firearms incidents at the moment."
The introduction of body cameras followed criticism of the Met over the death of Mark Duggan, who was shot by armed officers in August 2011, sparking riots across England.
The cameras enable officers to store material from each incident for a month which can then be used for evidential purposes.
But Andrew Dismore from the Labour London Assembly group said: "I'm surprised that it's taken the IPCC to point out this particular problem to the Met.
"I would have thought it was pretty obvious that if a firearms officer points a rifle at something that the camera ought to be able to follow what the officer is doing. At the moment they can't do."
The Met said: "The cameras issued to armed MPS officers are capable of a variety of mounting options and these are being tested as part of this pilot...helping to inform any future roll-out.
"No decisions have yet been taken as the pilot is still ongoing and there are still lessons to be learned."


Gary Ballance and Tim Bresnan made half-centuries as Yorkshire tightened their grip on the Division One game against Durham at the Riverside.

Ballance (78) and Bresnan (63) steered the defending champions to 323 all out, a first-innings lead of 151.
Youngsters Josh Shaw and Ben Coad helped Bresnan add 87 for the final two wickets to earn a third batting point.
Chris Rushworth took 5-93 for Durham, who were 98-3 at the close, still 53 behind, with Keaton Jennings on 46.
There was another failure for England Test hopeful Scott Borthwick, who followed being run out for two in the first innings by making only four before he was bowled by off-spinner Adam Lyth.
Jennings and Michael Richardson played out the final 6.1 overs after Jack Burnham was lbw for eight to Steven Patterson, his seventh wicket of the match.
Yorkshire began day two on 129-4, but lost four wickets during the morning session including Ballance, who was taken at second slip off Graham Onions, having hit 11 fours in his innings.
Bresnan reached his fifty off 106 balls after Shaw was bowled by Borthwick for 24, before he was last to go, caught at deep mid-wicket.


Central banks like the Bank of England are something of a confidence trick.

Their ability to maintain the value and integrity of the currency, their success in promoting economic and financial stability, depends in some measure on our conviction that they are up to the job - even if for much of the time we don't really know how they do it (and even if for much of the time, they don't really know how they do it).
Which is why it matters that they are the most scrupulously honest of institutions. Without a reputation for putting the public interest first, they don't have very much.
And at any moment that we might fear that they or their employees are motivated other than by our financial and economic welfare, well at that point the game is up.
That is one powerful reason why the disclosure, last night in the FT, that the Serious Fraud Office is probing whether so-called liquidity auctions held by the Bank of England in 2007-08 were rigged to generate fraudulent profits is as shocking as any of the revelations about alleged City wrongdoing over the past few years.
As I understand it, the SFO is looking at potential malpractice by the staff of our commercial banks, but has not ruled out that there may have been collusion by Bank of England staff.
Now the encouraging news is that the Bank is not taking disciplinary action against those who currently work for it. But it can't be confident that the SFO will not find evidence of wrongdoing by present and past employees.
Anyway, one important point is that as and when the SFO's enquiries are complete, it really matters that the Bank of England is as transparent as it can be about what happened, so that UK citizens - as owners of the Bank - can be certain that sunlight has cleansed it.
All that said, the kneejerk reaction of most to the disclosure is probably a deep sigh, that there appears to have been no opportunity lost by traders at our biggest commercial banks (you know who I mean) to scam any market that was remotely scammable.
And many will see this apparent instance as particularly nauseating, since the whole point of these liquidity auctions was to prop up the banks during the worst financial crisis arguably in history. In other words the suspicion is that they were scamming a rescue scheme, whose whole point was to keep their institutions alive and them in gainful employment.
How would any scam have operated? It is too early to say.
But I am told that the main auction being looked at by the SFO was the 2008 Special Liquidity Scheme, in which the Bank lent 32 banks and building societies £185bn, in return for collateral of £287bn, in the form of assets that the banks could not shift to anyone else (such as mortgage backed bonds).
It was a way of pumping into them cheap money that they desperately needed to keep lending and - more importantly - to meet the increasing demands of their creditors for repayment.
Without it, some of them would have been in dire straits.
For the Bank of England, it was a big, ambitious and innovative scheme, invented in the crucible of extreme financial crisis, and therefore massively open to abuse because of its novelty.
The disclosure that it may have been abused paints some of those who work for our banks as in need of serious psychiatric help.


Organisers of the Henley Royal Regatta are supplying hours of CCTV footage to police after a woman was raped.

The woman, aged in her 20s, was attacked after leaving the event's Chinawhite enclosure early on Sunday, with men she met there.
She walked with them to the Harpsden Road and Reading Road area and was raped outside a car, which the men then drove off in.
A passerby found the victim near the Three Horseshoes pub shortly after.
Daniel Grist, secretary of the regatta, said: "We have been liaising with Thames Valley Police, regarding this terrible incident, which took place after Regatta facilities had closed and racing had finished for the day on Saturday 1 July.
"The Chinawhite area is not located on land managed by Henley Royal Regatta but we will continue to assist Thames Valley Police and are working with them to secure CCTV footage to assist in identifying the perpetrators."
Thames Valley Police is appealing for witnesses, and specially-trained officers are supporting the woman, who left the Chinawhite enclosure between 00:00 and 02:30 BST.
Det Ch Insp Lis Knight said such incidents were rare in the area.
The Â£3m rowing regatta sees more than 200 races take place on the river Thames over five days.
The annual regatta, which has been held since 1839, was expected to attract 200,000 spectators to this year's event.


Welsh Labour MP Owen Smith has told a political magazine it would be an "incredible honour and privilege" to lead his party in the future.

But the shadow work and pensions secretary said there was no vacancy at the top and Jeremy Corbyn would take Labour into the next general election.
The Pontypridd MP's comments came in an interview for the New Statesman.
Cardiff Central Labour MP Jo Stevens told BBC Wales she would like to see him in the post in the future.
Mr Smith told the magazine: "I don't think there's any vacancy right now.
"But I think any politician who comes into this to want to try and change the world for the better, starting with their own patch and working outwards, I think they're either in the wrong game or fibbing if they don't say, 'if you had the opportunity to be in charge and put in place your vision for a better Britain would you take it?'
"Of course, it would be an incredible honour and privilege to be able to do that."
But Mr Smith reiterated support for his leader: "He won a stonking great majority. Jeremy is going to be taking us into the election in 2020. End of."
Quizzed about the comments on Radio Wales' Sunday Supplement programme, Jo Stevens said Mr Smith was not "out on manoeuvres" and putting himself forward to replace Mr Corbyn.
"Owen is someone who doesn't dodge questions. He was asked the question and he answered it honestly - and all credit to him for doing that," she said.
Ms Stevens was herself promoted to the Labour front bench this week, following resignations over shadow cabinet sackings during the Labour reshuffle.
She said her colleague was a "straight talking man", adding: "He doesn't think there is going to be a leadership vacancy."
Ms Stevens said: "Would I see him as a future leader? I think he is a very, very talented politician and I'd like to see him leader of the Labour Party in the future."


Gruffalo author Julia Donaldson has given families a sneak preview of her forthcoming new book in a charity event at Blair Drummond Safari Park.

Her safari-inspired picture book, named The Ugly Five, focuses on wildebeest, hyenas, warthogs, vultures and marabou storks.
Julia gave live performances of her work during two sessions at the park on Saturday.
She took time out from performing to meet the park's vulture, Kevin.
The event was in aid of the Stirling-based charity Artlink Central, which works with disadvantaged or marginalised people in society.
Julia, who lives in England, said: "When I am up in Scotland it's nice to do something with them because they're such a worthwhile charity."


Dundee United progressed to the quarter finals of the Scottish Cup thanks to a late strike from substitute Scott Fraser.

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It was a match of few chances and little free flowing football in the torrential Tayside rain.
Partick had their chances but they lacked the killer touch in front of goal.
It leaves Mixu Paatelainnen's men dreaming of Hampden and celebrating their second win in a row.
The last time these two faced each other in the Scottish Cup United went all the way to win it in 2010.
Distant and almost unbelievable memories for the Tannadice faithful who have gone from celebrating silverware to praying for top flight survival in a relatively short space of time.
Alan Archibald's Partick started with the confidence of a side with two league wins against their opponents already this season.
Sean Welsh in particular fancied his chances from distance against Eiji Kawashima in the United goal - his first effort blazed over the bar but his second was spilled before Gavin Gunning swept it clear.
After initial signs of promise though the first half descended into drudgery - occasional flurries of football broke out in-between the ball being bludgeoned from end to end but serious chances dried up as the rain began to fall.
Simon Murray had the best of the home side's efforts but his shot on the angle was saved comfortably by Tomas Cerny.
The second half started as the first ended, with wayward passes and niggling fouls conspiring to stifle any threat of free-flowing football.
Alan Archibald threw on Mathias Pogba on the hour and the visitors instantly looked more of a threat.
But despite four corners in quick succession, United dealt with the pressure.
They started to create a few chances of their own as the game started to open up.
John Rankin flashed a ball across the six yard box after great running on the left hand side but it eluded everyone including the onrushing Billy McKay.
Minutes later substitute Scott Fraser watched in frustration as his 20 yard goal bound effort was deflected past.
But frustration turned to delight shortly afterwards when he put the home side ahead.
Blair Spittal found him in space at the edge of the box and he shaped and curled a sumptuous strike low past Cerny and into the back of the net.
The fans jumped to their feet to celebrate knowing if their side held on, it would be back to back wins and Scottish Cup progression.
They did and it is.
Dundee United manager Mixu Paatelainen: "It was a fighting performance from both teams.
"I'm quite surprised really. I was hoping one or two players would be a bit calmer and put their foot on the ball, be a bit more patient instead of that very quick football.
"The attitude again was the most important thing."
Partick Thistle manager Alan Archibald: "It was a great opportunity today to go and have a good run in this cup.
"We've seen other teams do it and we had good backing from our fans today as well. So we're bitterly disappointed."


More than 6,000 deaths a year could be caused by a 30% fall in the effectiveness of antibiotics in the US, a report in The Lancet suggests.

It said most of the extra deaths would happen in patients having colorectal surgery, blood cancer chemotherapy and hip replacements.
UK experts said the study confirmed their fears that antibiotic resistance would affect routine surgery.
England's chief medical officer has called the issue a "ticking time bomb".
In this report, a team of scientists from a number of different American institutions estimated that as many as half of all bacteria that cause infections after surgery are resistant to antibiotics in the US.
They also estimated that one in four infections treated with antibiotics after chemotherapy treatment was now drug-resistant.
For the report, the researchers looked at what could happen to people having common operations and being treated for cancer with chemotherapy if antibiotic resistance increased by a third - in line with current trends.
They calculated that in the US there would be 120,000 more infections and 6,300 more deaths each year.
Lead study author Prof Ramanan Laxminarayan, director of the Centre for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy in Washington DC, said antibiotics were the bedrock of modern medicine but their reduced effectiveness was a "significant challenge".
He explained: "The danger is that antibiotic resistance is squeezing the value out of modern medicine."
He said antibiotic resistance was already killing newborns in the developing world and mostly elderly people in the developed world.
And as the elderly population increased, they would have more operations and be more at risk of infections, he said.
He urged public health experts to come up with "new strategies for the prevention and control of antibiotic resistance at national and international levels".
Prof Laura Piddock, director of Antibiotic Action and professor of microbiology at the University of Birmingham, has previously warned of the potential effects of antibiotic resistance on routine operations.
"It is good to see evidence from the US that supports these serious concerns that antibiotic resistance will impact upon many areas of medicine, including that it is undermining the treatment of cancer patients."
She said she hoped the report would be "a loud 'wake-up call' to pharmaceutical companies" to research and develop new treatment for bacterial infections.
"Without them, patients will be less likely to survive cancer and so unable to take advantage of new life-extending cancer therapies," she said.
However, in the UK at present, there are no major signs of antibiotics failing to control infections after routine surgery.
In fact, data shows that UK infection rates are falling slightly, according to a Public Health England report.
But Prof Nigel Brown, President of the Microbiology Society, said the study was relevant to the UK.
"Antibiotic resistance is a global problem and it is likely that routine surgery such as hip replacement and elective caesarean sections will become much rarer in the UK, unless steps are taken to prevent its spread."
BBC iWonder - Human vs superbug: Too late to turn the tide?


The 2017 Grand National Festival takes place from 6 to 8 April with the Grand National on Saturday, 8 April at 17:15 BST.

The iconic race has £1m in prize money up for grabs but first the 40 horses and jockeys taking part will have to navigate a series of fences including Becher's Brook, The Canal Turn and The Chair.
And it can be anyone's race, as 33-1 Rule the World demonstrated when winning in 2016.
There is comprehensive live coverage of the Grand National on BBC Radio 5 live and the BBC Sport website, while Radio 5 live sports extra has live commentary of Ladies' Day.
Full race schedule and BBC coverage (all times BST, distances in miles and furlongs):
Thursday, 6 April - Grand Opening Day
13:40: Manifesto Novices' Steeple Chase 2m 4f
14:20: Doom Bar Anniversary 4YO Juvenile Hurdle 2m 1f
14:50: Betway Bowl Steeple Chase 3m 1f
15:25: Betway Aintree Hurdle 2m 4f
16:05: Randox Health Foxhunters' Steeple Chase 2m 5f
16:40: Red Rum Handicap Steeple Chase 2m
17:15: Goffs Nickel Coin Mares' Standard Open NH Flat 2m 1f
BBC coverage:
13:00-16:10 - BBC Radio 5 live
Friday, 7 April - Ladies' Day
13:40: Alder Hey Handicap Hurdle 2m 4f
14:20: Crabbie's Top Novices' Hurdle 2m ½f
14:50: Betway Mildmay Novices' Steeple Chase 3m 1f
15:25: JLT Melling Steeple Chase 2m 4f
16:05: Randox Health Topham Steeple Chase 2m 5f
16:40: Doom Bar Sefton Novices' Hurdle 3m ½f
17:15: Weatherbys Champion Standard Open NH Flat 2m 1f
BBC coverage:
13:00-14:00 - BBC Radio 5 live
14:00-16:10 - BBC Radio 5 live sports extra
Saturday, 8 April - Grand National Day
13:40: Gaskells Handicap Hurdle 3m ½f
14:25: Betway Mersey Novices' Hurdle 2m 4f
15:00: Doom Bar Maghull Novices' Steeple Chase 2m
15:40: Betway Handicap Steeple Chase 3m 1f
16:20: Ryanair Stayers' Hurdle (Registered as the Liverpool Hurdle) 3m ½f
17:15: Randox Health Grand National Steeple Chase 4m 2½f
18:15: Pinsent Masons Handicap Hurdle 2m ½f
BBC coverage:
11:30-17:00 - Build-up on BBC Radio 5 live. Live text commentary from 13:00 on BBC Sport website
17:00-18:06 - Live commentary on BBC Radio 5 live, plus text coverage on the BBC Sport website


A British backpacker was allegedly raped, assaulted and choked during a two-month hostage ordeal in Australia.

The 22-year-old woman was subjected to repeated attacks in locations across Queensland, police say.
The ordeal ended on Sunday when police made a routine stop of a vehicle being driven by the woman, and noticed she had serious facial injuries.
An Australian man was arrested after being discovered in a storage alcove at the back of the vehicle, police said.
Authorities allege the pair met three months ago and agreed to go on a road trip that led to the backpacker being held against her will. Police say she was attacked repeatedly between 2 January and 5 March.
The woman appeared distressed when the vehicle was pulled over on the Warrego Highway at Mitchell, 560km (350 miles) north-west of Brisbane, police said.
She was treated for injuries including facial fractures, bruising and cuts to her body.
The 22-year-old man, from the northern city of Cairns, is facing charges including four counts of rape, eight counts of assault occasioning bodily harm, four counts of strangulation and two counts of deprivation of liberty.
He is also facing charges of causing damage, possessing drugs and drug equipment, and obstructing police.
The man faced the Roma Magistrates Court on Monday and will reappear at a later date.
Police have urged anyone with information to come forward.


A trust that runs a troubled school on the Isle of Wight has been accused by councillors of "appalling behaviour" following a proposed merger.

Academies Enterprise Trust (AET) intends to merge its Sandown Bay and Ryde academies.
Councillors called an extraordinary meeting on 17 May following protests against the plan.
AET had said falling numbers and the consequent impact on finances had prompted the merger decision.
The head teacher of Sandown Bay resigned and the board of governors was replaced earlier this year.
Four members of staff - one teacher and three support staff - currently face compulsory redundancy.
Five Isle of Wight councillors have backed a motion calling for AET to be banned from managing any school on the island.
It also seeks to find an "accountable new local body" to take on the running of the school.
AET previously said it understood it was "an uncertain time for the students and their families".
It added the current public consultation on the proposed merger would "allow full opportunities for everyone to have their say, and will ensure that views on all aspects of the proposed merger...can be put forward and considered before any decision is made".
It has not yet commented on the extraordinary meeting.
A final decision on the proposed merger will be made by the government after the general election.
Sandown Bay Academy came out of special measures two years ago, but is still seen as underperforming.
Pupil numbers have fallen to fewer than 1,000 from 1,252 in 2012.


US allegations that United Arab Emirates (UAE) warplanes based in Egypt bombed Tripoli in recent days puts into stark relief the way in which the domestic conflict in Libya has been dragged into a wider crisis emerging in the Middle East.

The immediate cause of the incidents has been an intensifying dispute between Islamists and nationalists in Libya about legislative elections that created a new parliament in June.
The new House of Representatives was to replace the interim assembly, the General National Congress (GNC), elected in 2012.
Moderate Islamists fared far worse than they had in the previous elections and have been unwilling to accept the legitimacy of the new body.
Instead, they claim, the GNC, sitting in Tripoli is the only legitimate legislative body and the House of Representatives, sitting in Tobruk, over 1,000km (600 miles) to the east, is not.
GNC members are particularly opposed to calls by the new body for foreign intervention to improve security in Libya, where 350 militias have taken the place of the national army and police force.
In Tripoli, the dispute erupted a month ago into a struggle to control the international airport.
The Libya Dawn alliance, which backs the Islamists, has just wrested control of the facility from the Zintan militia coalition, which supports the nationalists.
Libya Dawn, which is now in complete charge of the capital, was targeted by the raids.  It regards the bombing as flagrant interference in Libya's internal affairs by the UAE - which has denied involvement.
Meanwhile, since June, a motley collection of militias, air-force units and army groups under a former general, Khalifa Haftar, has been trying to eliminate pro-Islamist and extremist militias in Libya's second city, Benghazi.
It has been relatively unsuccessful and Islamist militias there have forced out his key ally, the al-Saiqa elite army unit.
Despite this, Gen Haftar has warned that he would extend his campaign across north-western Libya. The bombing raids, which he claimed his forces had carried out, seem to be the harbinger of this.
Whoever was behind the raids, other countries have always been involved in Libya's problems.
Britain, France, the US, the UAE and Qatar intervened in the 2011 civil war that toppled Col Muammar Gaddafi.  Qatar has supported moderate Islamist groups since then.
That support has now drawn in other countries, too, for there is a wider crisis in the Middle East as well - the struggle to eliminate the Muslim Brotherhood as a political force in the wake of the Arab Spring and the July 2013 army-backed coup in Egypt.
Misrata-led alliance (Libya Dawn):
Zintan-led alliance:
Why is Libya lawless?
Guide to Libya's militias
Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the UAE have come together to confront the Muslim Brotherhood and similar groups wherever they appear - in Egypt, the Gaza Strip or Libya, for example.
The three anti-Brotherhood allies have also targeted Qatar, for its support for the Islamist groups they oppose, hence the raids on Tripoli.
Egypt has also denied being involved in the attacks, but it soon will be, simply because of its fears that radical Islamist militias in Benghazi will soon spill over its borders.
That is no doubt why Gen Haftar is a frequent visitor to Cairo.  Indeed Egypt must also be very worried about the situation in the eastern town of Derna, where local extremists have declared a caliphate in imitation of the much-feared Islamic State - which controls swathes of Iraq and Syria.
Nor are the Egyptians alone, as Europe begins to worry that such extremism may soon cross the Mediterranean.


Sigmundur Gunnlaugsson has resigned as prime minister of Iceland after leaks from Panama law firm Mossack Fonseca showed he owned an offshore company with his wife.

Mr Gunnlaugsson, his wife and other Icelandic ministers were named in the Panama Papers. He had said no rules had been broken but was accused of concealing millions of dollars worth of family assets.
Icelandic readers have been sharing their views on the current political situation and how the protest may have played a part.
"I am shocked at how he chose to resign. He should have done that a long time ago. He didn't speak to his governmental department beforehand. The way he did it was entirely unacceptable.
"My gut feeling is that there is something very rotten in Iceland.
"Monday's protests were definitely something that Iceland has never seen before and the current situation is entirely unprecedented in Icelandic politics.
"I was inside looking out of the window and was startled by the egg thrown at the window, but the protest was 99% peaceful.
"I heard there could have been 22,000 at the protests. That would be 6% of the whole population - one of the largest protests we have had.
"It was a good atmosphere. I have never seen Iceland react in this way before.
"People are hurt and disappointed by Gunnlaugsson - it is not what they voted for.
"Even people who are loyal to the government are baffled - they have no words.
"One of the reasons why the government got a big following was that they said they'll take a strong hold of the economy.
"But the normal Icelander lost everything - their jobs, their homes, their future."
"I'm not surprised he has resigned. It was obvious this would happen eventually. I'm happy about it.
"He did the right thing but it should have been sooner. I hope they call for snap elections now. We won't stop protesting until we get that.
"The protests definitely put more pressure on Gunnlaugsson and everyone else in the coalition.
"It showed that we as a nation were not going to back down.
"There is definitely excitement and changes in the air here in Iceland."
"The prime minister, the finance minister, and the interior minister have all been named in the Panama Papers.
"I feel a mixture of anger, shame and betrayal - it's the same feeling I had during the financial crisis.
"Recently, Sigmundur Gunnlaugsson and the finance minister talked about the Icelandic Kronur being stable.
"But they keep their money elsewhere like they don't trust the system with their own money.
"In Iceland our welfare system is horrible - they are trying to privatise the hospitals and healthcare system because there's no money in the budget.
"If everyone paid their taxes we would have a good welfare system.
"The taxes go up on food but don't raise them for rich people.
"There's almost a divide in our country."
"Like half the nation, I've been watching TV live. It's been disrupting my work!
"Sigmundur Gunnlaugsson suggested his vice-chairman of the party would take over as PM. In my opinion that's not a good move.
"His resignation is like a scapegoat to allow the government to survive.
"It's obvious that the protests on Monday influenced this in one way or another.
"It's clear as day that this government has fallen and that we'll see a new election soon. It is purely based on the enormous reaction from the citizens of Iceland in the wake of the Panama television expose and his disregard to the public's reaction.
"On Monday you could not see a spot of grass at Austurvollur where the protests took place.  It was hard to wade through the crowds.
"Different kinds of people were there from the far left to the far right, from the old and the young - I was there with my children.
"The prime minister declined interviews with national TV for the last two weeks but he made an appearance elsewhere and said he hadn't thought of resigning, and that people wouldn't go out to protest in their numbers.
"Monday's protest was a blunt message to him. I was already planning to go to the protest but after Sunday's broadcast, I got really angry.
"I was flabbergasted after hearing about the Panama Papers, but it didn't surprise me. Both the prime minister and finance minister are businessmen so we could have guessed.
"They might not have done anything illegal but it was still wrong."
Comments compiled by Andree Massiah and Sherie Ryder


Ben Stokes was England's driving force on Friday as they set themselves up for an Ashes-winning party.

The Durham all-rounder has always had pace and energy in the field, and we've seen glimpses of his prowess with the bat, but his bowling has lacked control.
Today, however, he bowled with brilliant control, swinging the ball both ways on a full length and luring the Australian left-handers to nick outside off stump.
To be a true all-rounder you have to contribute in every aspect of the game.
In this match, Stokes missed out with bat, but his bowling was brilliant and his fielding - one of England's strongest suits throughout the series - has been something else.
He took an outrageous catch to remove Adam Voges yesterday and another superb one today at point to account for Steve Smith.
Stokes has a lot in common with the great England all-rounders Sir Ian Botham and Andrew Flintoff, even though he has some way to go to match their achievements. All three are enforcing cricketers who stamp themselves on the game. They don't over-think it, they just do it.
All-rounders always want to be involved. Whereas a fast bowler will normally retreat to long leg, all-rounders often field in the slips, putting themselves right in the heart of the action.
In hindsight, the ironic send-off Stokes received from West Indies batsman Marlon Samuels when he was dismissed in April probably did him some good. It embarrassed him and made him realise that sledging is often a waste of energy.
The Stokes you see today is entirely focused on his cricket. One day he might even thank Marlon for what could be a turning point in his career.
From a player on the road towards Test greatness, to another whose days at the top appear to be numbered.
Australia captain Michael Clarke is grotesquely out of form, and although he fought desperately hard on Friday afternoon, he didn't produce the miracle innings his team so badly needed.
With Ashes defeat now certain, it will be up to him to decide whether he has what it takes to regain his form and up to the selectors to decide whether he continues as captain.
We've been there many times with England. After defeats as crushing as this one, people do lose their jobs and Clarke will be looking over his shoulder.
He has been a magnificent servant for Australian cricket, but this will be his fifth Ashes defeat and all careers do come to an end.
While Clarke will no doubt be dreading tomorrow, England fans with tickets for Saturday at Trent Bridge can look forward to celebrating something really special.
They might only see three balls of cricket, but they will see England win the Ashes - and that is something that no-one could possibly forecast at the start of the series.
Come and get the party started.


The US army says it has mothballed plans to deploy a robot developed in conjunction with Google because it is "too loud".

The Legged Squad Support System - referred to by some as "the big dog" - is capable of carrying 400lbs (181.4kg) of equipment over rugged terrain.
But the US Marines now say its petrol-powered engine is too noisy for them to use in battle.
Google has long said it planned to move away from its military contracts.
The LS3 was developed by Boston Dynamics - a robotics firm acquired by Google in 2013 - as part of a tie-up with the Pentagon's research arm, the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa).
The robot can follow troops on foot through rugged terrain, carrying their gear.
It can also interpret verbal and visual commands.
However, after a major field trial in 2014, flaws in the robot also became apparent, according to Kyle Olson, a spokesman for the Marines' Warfighting Lab.
"There was the challenge of seeing [its] potential... because of the limitations of the robot itself," he told Military.com.
"They took it as it was: a loud robot that's going to give away their position."
The machine, which has a gas-powered engine, is said to emit a lawnmower-like noise that would be unviable in combat situations.
It is also thought to be difficult to repair.
In response, Boston Dynamics did create a quieter, electric-powered alternative, called Spot. But despite successful trials in September 2015, the Marines have decided not to take it forward either.
This, they said, was because Spot is smaller, can only carry up to 40lbs, and lacks the automation capacity of the LS3.
Google said as far back as 2013 that it planned to move away from its military contracts, which it inherited as part of its acquisition of the company.
The tech firm has said it intends to develop robots for use in manufacturing and industry instead.
Noel Sharkey, co-director of the Foundation for Responsible Robotics, told the BBC: "Spot ... lacks the autonomous operation of Big Dog, but that really is not so much of a problem and would not require a vast amount of research.
"The problem is that to take the extra steps need to upgrade the battery-driven Spot to the level of Big Dog could require a couple of years development or more and thus a new Darpa contract.
"So, what this looks like is a face saving statement by the Marine Corps to make it look like they are dumping Google/Boston Dynamics before they they got dumped themselves."


World champion Adam Peaty says athletes who deliberately take restricted substances to enhance their performance should be banned for life.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Swimmers currently face permanent bans only if they fail a second test after serving a suspension for an earlier, separate, offence.
Earlier this month, The Times alleged widespread doping programmes are in operation in Russia and China.
"It should be a life ban," Peaty told BBC Sport.
"It's a message to those people out there that it [cheating] shouldn't happen at all.
"If it happens any more, then people are going to be looking at the TV and saying 'he's a cheat'.
"I'm not a cheater, but if I win Olympic gold and people are looking at me and saying I am a cheat because I've won, it's hugely disrespectful given the hard work I've put in.
"I am going to go out there [at this year's Olympics] and hopefully be racing 100% clean athletes, not 50% athletes, 50% drugs.
"Hopefully it won't affect me as I'm going out there to win, but it's for those people who come fourth and miss out on a medal because someone doped - that's bad for those who believe in the sport."
Media playback is not supported on this device
A lifetime ban from the sport is a possibility facing suspended Russian Olympic medallist Yuliya Efimova, who failed the second drug test of her career after meldonium was found in her in blood in January.
It was the latest in a series of doping cases to hit the Russian Swimming Federation, which had 27 athletes serve bans between 2010 and 2015.
The revelations saw leading British coach Jon Rudd call for an 'athletics-style' investigation into swimming programmes around the world.
Swimming's international governing body, Fina, said it would look into specific claims made against the Russian and Chinese Federations, but denied an in-depth investigation of the sport was required.
It will also review a decision by the Chinese Swimming Association to let two Chinese swimmers off with warnings for failing drug tests.
Fina recently announced that by working alongside the World Anti-Doping Agency (Wada), it aimed to have all potential Rio Olympic swimming medallists tested between five and seven times before the Games.
Peaty believes Fina could have done more in the past, and states that after being tested three times in as many weeks, he would like to see other nations adopt similar strict anti-doping strategies.
"I think Wada have got it right and Fina have got it right sometimes," he said.
"Samples [of blood] are going to be kept for 10 years and those people will be caught and hopefully caught before the competition begins.
"It is bad for the young ones who look up to those [role models] in the sport, but Britain is one of the cleanest nations on the planet and hopefully we can keep it that way."
Learn more about Adam Peaty's attempt to become Great Britain's first male Olympic swimming champion since 1988 in BBC One's Saturday Sportsday programme at 12:50pm this weekend.


The first private clinic to offer abortions to women in Northern Ireland is due to open next week.

The service, run by Marie Stopes, will operate in the centre of Belfast from 18 October.
It says it will provide terminations within Northern Ireland's current legal framework - abortions are not illegal but are very strictly controlled.
An anti-abortion group has called for the clinic to be shut down, but Abortion Rights welcomed its opening.
Northern Ireland, unlike the rest of the UK, is not covered by an Abortion Act.
Abortions can be carried out only to preserve the life of the mother or if continuing the pregnancy would have other serious, permanent physical or mental health effects.
There is strict assessment regarding any impact on mental well-being and the woman must consult with two clinicians.
I travelled to Scotland to terminate my first and so far only pregnancy in 2006.  I was 26.  My pregnancy was terminated at 11 weeks.
I am still angry that despite living in the UK, I did not have the same access to a termination as women in Scotland, Wales or England.
An already upsetting and difficult situation was made so much harder, so much more traumatic, by having to make travel arrangements and lie to friends and colleagues about my "trip to Scotland".
I find it immensely sad that the issue of abortion is still too taboo for many women to feel able to speak up about their experiences.
I wonder how many other women in Northern Ireland feel similarly today but are staying silent?
Anonymous, County Londonderry
________________________
BBC Ethics: The abortion debate
The Marie Stopes clinic says it will carry out medical, not surgical, procedures only up to nine weeks gestation and only within the existing legal framework.
It says that the health professionals in the clinic will be from Northern Ireland and that they will make the assessments, although the views of the woman's own GP will be taken into consideration.
The clinic's services will also be available to women from the Republic of Ireland, if they meet the legal criteria in Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland Health Minister Edwin Poots said: "I note that Marie Stopes International state very clearly that they will work within the law.
"An operation in Northern Ireland for the termination of a pregnancy may not result in criminal liability when it is necessary to preserve the life of the woman or there is a risk of real and serious adverse effect on her physical or mental health, which is either long term or permanent.
"This condition applies no less strongly before nine weeks than longer into the pregnancy."
Only 1% of abortions in England and Wales are carried out because the child might be born with a serious disability.
The former Progressive Unionist Party leader, Dawn Purvis, who is the centre's programme director, said the Belfast clinic would be "providing early medical abortion within the law as it exists in Northern Ireland".
By Branwen JeffreysHealth correspondent, BBC News
Unlike the rest of the UK, Northern Ireland does not have an Abortion Act. Instead an 1861 law makes it a criminal offence to procure a miscarriage.
In 1945 an exception was added that abortion could be permitted to preserve the life of the mother.
Despite the fact that between 30 and 40 medical terminations are carried out by the NHS in Northern Ireland every year, the exact circumstances in which is it is allowed remain vague.
Revised official guidelines initially drafted in in 2010 have still not been completed and published.
Sections on counselling and conscientious objection were withdrawn for rewriting. The Family Planning Association has been granted leave to seek a judicial review of the Department of Health's decision not to publish information on terminations.
Ms Purvis said the clinic would also provide advice and treatment for sexually transmitted disease and reproductive health, but it was prepared for any possible controversy.
"Our clients' needs are of paramount importance to us and how they access our services in a safe and secure route," she said.
"We will be focusing on this and will obviously carry out a risk assessment of our needs and our security and we'll have to revise those as time goes on.
"But we would hope that any client who comes to us can do so and access those services freely, safely and can come to a centre that will be supportive and non-judgemental."
Ms Purvis said the regulatory body, the RQIA, had been informed of and consulted on plans for the centre.
But Bernie Smyth, of the anti-abortion group Precious Life, told the BBC members wanted the centre shut before its scheduled opening.
However, the clinic has been hailed as "groundbreaking" by Darinka Aleksic, of the Abortion Rights group, who said women in Northern Ireland were "treated like second-class citizens when it comes to abortion".
"Having to travel [to the rest of the UK] or further abroad to access safe, legal abortion exacts a huge financial and emotional cost," she said.
"Over 50,000 women have had to make this journey over the past 40 years and it is an injustice that must not be allowed to continue.
"The opening of this centre will not solve all these problems and the fight for Northern Irish women to have the same rights as women in England, Scotland and Wales has a long way to go. But this is a real step forward."
MLA Jim Allister said he believed that Marie Stopes was attempting to extend the availability of abortion.
Mr Allister agreed the group was pro-choice, "except for the unborn child, who has no choice, in their view, and who should be put to death, because that's what abortion is".
A Department of Health spokesperson said it would be a "matter for the RQIA" to determine if the clinic needed to be "registered for regulation and inspection by RQIA".
"The department would encourage anyone who has concerns or is seeking advice or treatment regarding any of these areas to contact their GP, local family planning clinic or genito urinary medicine clinic," the spokesperson said.
In August, Mr Poots told the Stormont Assembly that between 2006 and this year 262 pregnancy terminations had taken place.
The strict rules on abortion in Northern Ireland do not prevent women from travelling to the rest of the UK for the procedure.
A 24-week limit for abortion applies in England, Wales and Scotland, where abortions are allowed under certain conditions, including that continuing with the pregnancy would involve a greater risk to the physical or mental health of the woman, or her existing children, than having a termination. The permission of two doctors - or one in an emergency - is also needed.
Abortions after 24 weeks are allowed in Britain but only in extreme circumstances - if there is grave risk to the life of the woman, evidence of severe foetal abnormality, or risk of grave physical and mental injury to the woman.
Figures for 2011, show that just over 1,000 women travelled to England and Wales for terminations.
No figures are available for the Northern Ireland women who availed of so called "back-street abortions" or who procured abortion-inducing medication online.


Hull has lost out in its bid to turn aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious into a tourist attraction on the city's waterfront.

Hull City Council confirmed it had missed out on the Ministry of Defence shortlist for the decommissioned ship.
The vessel would have been docked next to aquarium The Deep, for Hull's City of Culture celebrations in 2017.
The 20,000-tonne carrier has been retired from the Royal Navy after 32 years of service.
Labour leader of the council Stephen Brady said he was "disappointed" at the decision.
"We've had a significant amount of public support throughout," he said.
"And although we gave it our best shot, it was made clear during the bidding process that the MoD intended to strip the vessel of its historic assets, and were unwilling to provide any long-term funding which, in fact, made it economically unviable as a heritage attraction.
Mr Brady said the city intended to continue with its plans to develop a cruise ship terminal.
Lib Dem councillor Claire Thomas criticised the Labour authority for spending money on the bid.
She said: "There are some really serious questions to ask now about why the council decided that it was a good thing to do to spend over Â£500,000 on trying to get HMS Illustrious to Hull when actually now it turns out it's not coming."
In a statement, the council said it had set aside Â£540,000 to develop a riverside berth that could be used for cruise ships and other vessels as well as a home for HMS Illustrious.


Westminster attacker Khalid Masood had a history of violence, but how typical is his past of those who go on to carry out acts of terror?

Masood, 52, who has been claimed by so-called Islamic State as a "soldier of the Caliphate", had spent time in prison for offences including violent assaults and possession of offensive weapons.
In one instance, when in his mid-30s, Masood slashed a man's face with a knife following an argument in a pub, for which he served two years.
While this criminal past may contradict stereotypes of those involved in religious extremism, Masood is only the latest manifestation of a criminal-turned-jihadist.
Throughout Europe, there has been a pattern of criminals being drawn to violent jihad.
Those who travel to Syria as foreign fighters are typically already known to police for something other than extremism.
In Germany, two-thirds of foreign fighters had criminal records and more than half of those from Belgium and the Netherlands had a similar background.
Among perpetrators of terrorist attacks, criminal pasts are also common.
Berlin Christmas market attacker Anis Amri had convictions for theft and violence, and had sold cocaine in the months before the attack.
Among the perpetrators of the November 2015 Paris attacks, a number had previous convictions for robberies and drug dealing.
This is no mere coincidence, as the extremist narrative often resonates with criminals.
At the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR) in King's College London, we recently published a report analysing the criminal backgrounds of European jihadists and found their radicalisation is often linked to their criminality.
Indeed, jihadism is sometimes used to legitimise further crime against "non-believers", with some extremists stating that crime and violence is permissible when living in the West.
They also claim that jihadism offers redemption from previous sins, the search for which typically comes after a period of crisis in the perpetrators' lives.
That crisis is often prompted by criminality - such as being imprisoned - but it need not be.
However, it is striking that Masood does not fit the typical profile of a criminal-turned-jihadist, simply due to his age of 52.
Older jihadists are usually more involved in extremist support networks - as radicalisers and recruiters, rather than as attackers.
While Theresa May said Masood had been investigated in relation to concerns about violent extremism, he was considered a peripheral figure and was not part of current investigations into extremism.
In one crucial respect, however, Masood does fit the picture of the criminals-turned-jihadists that we have examined - he was familiar with violence.
If a terrorist has a criminal background, it is very often a violent one.
Stabbings, assaults, and violent behaviour are recurrent patterns amongst perpetrators of terrorist attacks with existing criminal records.
This violent group is disproportionately represented when compared with those convicted of non-violent crimes.
For Masood, this familiarity with personal violence may have made the "jump" into ideologically motivated violence that much smaller than it would otherwise have been.
Rajan Basra is a Research Fellow at the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation, in the Department of War Studies, at King's College London. Follow him @rajanbasra
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The Apprentice Boys' annual Lundy's Day parade has taken place in Londonderry on Saturday.

The event commemorates the 17th century siege of the city.
In keeping with tradition, an effigy of Lt Col Robert Lundy, known as Lundy the Traitor, was burned.
PSNI Ch Insp Alan Hutton said there was one arrest in relation to disorderly behaviour. He added that there had been "tremendous support and co-operation to make the day work".


Understanding the genes that determine human facial shape could one day provide valuable information about person's appearance using just their DNA.

The discovery of five genes involved in facial form could have applications in forensics, say the authors of a study.
Virtually nothing was known about the genes responsible for facial shape in humans.
The study of almost 10,000 individuals is published in Plos Genetics.
Lead author Manfred Kayser from the Erasmus University Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, said: "These are exciting first results that mark the beginning of the genetic understanding of human facial morphology.
"Perhaps some time it will be possible to draw a phantom portrait of a person solely from his or her DNA left behind, which provides interesting applications such as in forensics."
The researchers used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of people's heads together with portrait photographs to map facial landmarks, from which facial distances were estimated.
They then conducted what is known as a genome-wide association study, which is designed to search for small genetic variations that occur more frequently in people with particular facial types.
Prof Kayser and his colleagues identified five candidate genes associated with different facial shapes - known as PRDM16, PAX3, TP63, C5orf50, and COL17A1.
These associations mean the likelihood of a certain face shape can be estimated, and a full DNA-to-portrait mapping still remains a distant prospect.
But together with recent findings that suggest DNA can also be used to predict hair and eye colour and a 2010 study in which age can be inferred from blood, forensics is set to add a suite of powerful new DNA-based tools to its arsenal.


Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba is being investigated by US regulators over its accounting practices.

The company confirmed the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) had requested further information into several of its accounting methods, including its records for Singles Day.
Singles Day is the world's largest shopping day, beating Black Friday.
Alibaba said the SEC told it the probe was not an indication by the agency that the firm had broken the law.
"Earlier this year, the SEC informed us that it was initiating an investigation into whether there have been any violations of the federal securities laws," said a spokesperson for Alibaba.
"The SEC advised us that the initiation of a request for information should not be construed as an indication by the SEC or its staff that any violation of the federal securities laws has occurred."
The investigation includes Alibaba's accounting for its logistics unit, Cainiao Network, and the reporting of operating data from Singles Day.
Investors consider the Cainiao Network to be a separate business. It was valued at $7.7bn (Â£5.2bn) during a round of fundraising earlier this year.
Alibaba's shares were listed in the US in September 2014. Its share price fell 4% on Wednesday.


Greenhouse gas emissions fell further in Scotland than the rest of the UK in 2014, according to the latest report from the Committee on Climate Change.

This is the first year annual targets have been met, with net emissions falling by 13%.
But the committee said the reductions were partly down to the relatively warm winter weather.
The Scottish government said the report highlighted the "excellent progress" made in reducing greenhouse emissions.
The committee produces an annual report assessing the Scottish government's actions on tackling the greenhouse gas emissions which lead to climate change.
Emissions in 2014 were almost 46% lower than 1990 levels, the report found.
The committee praised the government for generating more electricity from renewables, but said "strong, credible policies" were needed in the transport and agriculture sectors, which are the next biggest emitters after power stations.
Schemes working to reduce emissions from transport and agriculture were "largely failing to deliver" at the moment, the report added.
Other findings include:
The committee's chairman, Conservative peer Lord Deben said the success had been achieved by Scottish ministers setting "tough" targets.
He told BBC Radio Scotland's Good Morning Scotland programme: "There's no doubt that Scottish government action has helped considerably in the reduction of emissions and Scotland is certainly doing better than any other part of the United Kingdom."
However, he added that serious challenges remained, particularly in sectors such as agriculture.
He said: "The whole problem is that agriculture is one of the biggest contributors to green house gases and we're going to have to learn to grow our crops and look after our animals in a more effective way to reduce those gases.
"That's not going to be easy and we'll need to work very closely with the Scottish farming unions and also with those who own the land in Scotland to make this work."
Responding to the report, Tom Ballantine, chairman of Stop Climate Chaos Scotland, said: "The forthcoming climate action plan and proposed new Scottish Climate Act are huge opportunities for all parties in the Scottish parliament to show willing, work together and present a fresh plan with a clear timetable for all sectors to play their part.
"This must include transport, where our emissions remain stalled at 1990 levels and housing, where emissions have reduced only 3% since 2009."
Climate Change Secretary Roseanna Cunningham said the Scottish government had exceeded 2020 targets six years early.
"In the coming year, the Scottish government will publish a new energy strategy that will reaffirm our commitment to reducing energy demand and supplying clean energy," she said.
"The committee also acknowledges that we have delivered our commitment to make energy efficiency a national infrastructure priority and we will support that with more than Â£500m of public funding over the next four years, helping to deliver warmer homes and combat fuel poverty."
Ms Cunningham said the government accepted that more needed to be done to meet "ambitious future targets".
A new climate change plan will be published in draft this winter.
The minister added: "In response to the historic Paris Agreement, we will outline proposals for a new climate change bill, including a new and more testing target for 2020, in early 2017.
Claudia Beamish, Scottish Labour's spokeswoman for environment, climate change and land reform, said: "This report makes clear that meeting Scotland's ambitious emissions targets in the future is set to get more difficult, and that the SNP government needs to go further than it has previously.
"The SNP government should look carefully at proposals to develop new policies for tackling emissions from agriculture and transport."
She added: "Scottish Labour has made clear that we need a new approach to hitting emissions targets - the SNP government should take this report seriously by scrapping their plan to slash air passenger duty, which will only serve to increase emissions in Scotland."


Volunteers are not being used as a replacement for paid staff in libraries, the minister overseeing them in England has said.

Ed Vaizey said councils should invest in branches to save money, after a BBC investigation revealed almost 8,000 jobs in UK libraries have gone.
He said the way people used libraries had changed but was not "doom and gloom".
Author Philip Pullman said libraries should not rely on volunteers.
The BBC found a quarter of library jobs had disappeared since 2010, while the number of volunteers nearly doubled, rising some 15,500.  About 350 libraries and mobile libraries have closed across the UK.
Your stories: What my library means to me
Libraries 'facing greatest crisis' as hundreds close
Mr Vaizey said councils should invest in libraries, despite funding cuts, and help them provide a range of "modern services".
"It's always a changing picture," he said. "And what I find frustrating as the libraries minister is that people try and portray the scene in libraries as complete doom and gloom. There's a huge amount of initiative going on and a great story to tell about libraries."
24,044
Paid staff now
31,977
Paid staff in 2010
31,403 unpaid volunteers now
15,861 unpaid volunteers in 2010
He said people were borrowing fewer books but that libraries were providing people with new services, including free internet access.
"Libraries have a huge range of functions. You can go as a small business, with a laptop. A lot of people go to libraries when they are starting up their business. And I'm emphatically in favour of library buildings staying open but providing a range of modern services."
The minister also denied claims by campaigners that libraries were being "hollowed" out and professional staff replaced by unpaid helpers.
The number of paid staff in libraries fell from 31,977 in 2010 to 24,044 now, a drop of 25% for the 182 library authorities that provided comparable data.
"People need librarians, that goes without saying," Mr Vaizey said. "The use of volunteers is, I think, a win-win, because volunteers live locally so they can really shape the local library in terms of providing services.
"We've never said volunteers are a substitute for paid staff."
Library campaigners say volunteers cannot replace professional staff, particularly as more of people's day to day lives are conducted online.
Lauren Smith, of the Voices for the Library campaign, said: "Nobody is using volunteers in libraries by choice. They are saying to people that if you want the library to be open you have to run it yourself.
"Libraries are being seen as a non-essential service."
Philip Pullman, the author of the fantasy trilogy His Dark Materials, said library services should not rely on volunteers.
"It is exploiting people's goodness and willingness to work and so on," he said.
"I am in favour of volunteering but relying on volunteers to provide a service that ought to be statutory is not a good policy. What next? Are we going to rely on volunteer teachers because we can't find new teachers because all the staffing levels in schools are going down?"
Tap here to find out how many libraries have closed near you


Former BHS owner Sir Philip Green will meet the pensions regulator by the end of the week to try to secure a deal over the collapsed retailer's pension fund, the BBC has learned.

The news comes as MPs prepare to debate stripping him of his knighthood.
One MP voiced scepticism to the BBC about the timing, arguing it made the issue "essentially cash for honours".
BHS, sold by Sir Philip last year, subsequently collapsed with 11,000 jobs lost and a £571m pension deficit.
Sir Philip has vowed several times to sort out the pension problem, telling MPs in June that his advisers were working on a "resolvable and sortable" solution.
On Monday, he told ITV that he was in a "very strong dialogue" with the pensions regulator to find a solution, but would not put a number on the level of financial support he would be willing to give.
A damning MPs' report on the High Street chain's failure, published in July, concluded Sir Philip had extracted large sums and left the business on "life support".
At the time Sir Philip described the report as "the pre-determined and inaccurate output of a biased and unfair process".
A debate in the House of Commons on Thursday will discuss whether Sir Philip's knighthood, awarded in 2006 for services to retail, should be removed.
Should they vote on the issue, any such vote would not be binding.
The issue would be for the Honours Forfeiture Committee - part of the Cabinet Office - to decide.
Sir Philip's knighthood hinges on whether he makes good on a promise to secure the future of 20,000 BHS pension scheme members.
As things stand, many of them face a cut in their pension benefits if the scheme ends up in the industry backed pension protection fund.
Despite repeated assurances, so far he has tabled no firm offer.
But, the BBC has leaned that a meeting with the pensions regulator to work through obstacles to a final deal is scheduled before the end of the week.
The decision on whether to have a vote on Thursday on his knighthood rests with the speaker of the House of Commons. It falls to him to decide whether it is worth waiting to see if Sir Philip can produce a deal before MPs vote on whether to start the process of removing his title.
MPs contacted by the BBC have expressed scepticism about this latest offer - one described it as essentially "cash for honours".
BHS pension scheme members will care more about their retirement income than this game of parliamentary poker.
Read more from Simon


A man has raised nearly £50,000 for gorilla conservation by crawling around the 26.2-mile London Marathon course in costume over six and a half days.

Metropolitan Police officer Tom Harrison, from Amersham, Buckinghamshire, used the name Mr Gorilla during the challenge.
All sponsorship money would go to The Gorilla Organisation, he said.
After crossing the finishing line he was congratulated by TV celebrity and conservationist  Bill Oddie.
Mr Harrison missed out on the marathon finishers' medal, awarded to runners who complete the course within eight hours, but was given a trophy and a stuffed gorilla toy.
He slept at friends' homes overnight and spent 10-12 hours most days covering the course.
Mr Harrison said it was difficult crawling on his knees and he eventually decided to walk on all fours - feet and hands.
"When people saw the marathon number on my back they realised what I was doing and support grew.
"People even stopped to cheer me," he said.


A man has appeared in court charged with attempting to abduct two young girls from a play park.

John Bermingham is also accused of assault causing injury and breaching a Sexual Offences Prevention Order.
The incident is alleged to have happened in Glenburn Road, Hallglen, Falkirk, on Friday.
Mr Bermingham, who is 50 and from Falkirk, made no plea or declaration at the petition hearing at Falkirk Sheriff Court.
Procurator fiscal depute Michael Maguire opposed bail and Sheriff Derek Livingston committed Mr Bermingham for further examination and remanded him in custody.
A spokesman for the Crown Office said it was anticipated Mr Bermingham would appear in court again within eight days.


The Premier League has voted to introduce goal-line technology from the 2013-14 season.

Media playback is not supported on this device
British-based Hawk-Eye has been awarded the contract to provide the system.
Hawk-Eye uses seven cameras per goal to detect the ball and claims its system is "millimetre accurate, ensuring no broadcast replays could disprove the decision".
The Football Association will install a system at Wembley Stadium in time for August's Community Shield.
Top-flight clubs voted to adopt the system during a meeting of the 20 Premier League chairmen on Thursday.
Hawk-Eye is known for providing tennis and cricket with ball-tracking technology. Its football system notifies the referee if the ball has crossed the goal line via a vibration and optical signal sent to the officials' watches within one second.
Inventor Paul Hawkins said: "It will not slow the game down - it is not going to become like rugby.
"In under a second we will provide the information to the watch, then afterwards we will show a TV replay that will definitively prove what we showed the referee was correct.
"Football's a great game. It does not need enhancements to add to the drama. Our technology is there to ensure decisions are correct."
England manager Roy Hodgson welcomed the Premier League's move, saying it would prevent "gross injustices" affecting results.
"It is something that people in football have wanted for a long time. There's been a big debate, and for a while it was pushed back but now everyone's on the same page and we've introduced it," said Hodgson.
"At least it will stop some of those gross injustices that we have seen in recent years where goals have obviously been scored and not allowed."
Once work is under way, installation of the system for the 17 Premier League clubs who avoid relegation and the three teams promoted from the Football League is expected to take up to six weeks to complete.
Richard Scudamore, chief executive of the Premier League, added: "When these incidents come along, they are so controversial, so seismic, that it is all about getting it right.
Some involved in the game hope that this is the start of a technological revolution. Off-side decisions and contentious fouls could also benefit from video analysis, something that Fifa insist will not happen. But many believe that the game has opened Pandora's box by approving systems for goal-line decisions.
While English football looks set to embrace change, the Champions League will continue to live without digital help as the European football authority Uefa remains ideologically opposed to its use. And that's something that looks set to persist for as long as Michel Platini remains as its president.
"If there is some technology available to help the officials get it right then it is right we should be doing it."
Stoke City chairman Peter Coates also welcomed the decision, but was wary about whether the use of technology should be extended to look at other areas, such as offside decisions.
"I think we should be careful," he said. "The great thing about our game is that it should be simple, free-flowing and that it carries on. We don't want to become like a rugby game, so I'm probably in favour of simplicity and keeping a lot as it is."
West Ham co-owner David Gold was open-minded on further use of the technology.
He said: "It's a start, who knows where it will take us? Fans will have a big say in this, and also TV will have a big say.
"We want to take the big, bad decisions out of football, and this kind of technology will do that. It's been a good day for football."
Momentum for the introduction of goal-line technology increased after Ukraine were denied an equaliser when the ball appeared to cross the line in a 1-0 defeat by England at Euro 2012.
The following month, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) in Zurich approved two systems for use in the sport. At this time the Premier League said it wanted to see its introduction "as soon as is practically possible".
After the IFAB vote, Fifa president Sepp Blatter said Frank Lampard's "ghost" goal at the 2010 World Cup played a decisive role in the decision. Lampard's "goal" came when England were 2-1 down in the second round against Germany. Fabio Capello's team went on to lose 4-1.
Lampard welcomed the Premier League's decision, saying: "It's a no-brainer. It's been a long time coming but they got here in the end.
"It's a simple thing that will bring an excitement factor when it's used. And it will give you the correct answer which I think, when it's used at this level, is so important. We need that."


It has been a traumatic week for many Nigerians with a bomb explosion at a busy bus station in the capital followed on the same day by the abduction of teenage girls by suspected Islamist militants in the north-eastern town of Chibok.

As Nigeria correspondent it certainly feels as if insecurity in the country is spiralling out of control.
It is often hard to know which incidents to report on such is their frequency.
This week, I had been planning to head to Benue state to look into the deadly communal clashes in that part of central Nigeria - to try to move beyond the alarming statistics to answer the hows and whys.
There had been reports of more than 320 deaths there since March as villagers came under attack from heavily armed people described as nomadic herdsmen - and more than 1,000 have fled their homes from what appear to be well-armed militias.
I would also like to get back to the oil-rich Niger Delta and find out whether throwing hundreds of millions of dollars at the former militants is really the answer to building long-term stability in an area where the guns once ruled.
Since an amnesty in 2009, they have been given monthly salaries to stop them kidnapping oil workers and disrupting the country's vital oil production.
But then bloody Monday got in the way.
Of course the words "Abuja" and "bomb" together in the same sentence ring all kinds of alarm bells and the messages of condemnation and sympathy flooded in from all over the world.
It was the capital that came under attack, but did the bombing of the packed bus station, which killed more than 70 people, really hit close to the seat of power?
Not really. Let's face it, Nigeria's political elite are not seen queuing for buses in the rush hour.
Nor are they seen selling bus tickets to earn a living like 23-year-old Abdullahi Mohammed; his father Mohammed Kinafa has still not found his first son's body.
"I have concluded he is dead but after searching all the hospitals in Abuja, we have not found him," he said.
Politicians from across the divide have visited the gory scene and appeared on TV in hospital with the bandaged, dazed victims who are all asking: "Why did they attack us?"
President Jonathan Goodluck blamed the Boko Haram Islamist militant group for the attack and vowed that the country would overcome their insurgency, describing them as a "temporary problem".
Nigerian students living in fear
What is Nigeria's Boko Haram?
But what about the north-east, where Boko Haram seem to operate with ease from bases in remote forests despite nearly a year of emergency rule in the area?
In just the last three months there have been more than 1,500 killings in the north-east.
Now Islamist militants are driving around in convoys abducting schoolchildren.
Some distraught parents from Chibok have set off into the dangerous forest themselves to look for their daughters, about 100 of whom are still missing.
It is not the first time schools have been targeted. Boko Haram - whose name means "Western education is forbidden" - frequently targets educational institutions.
A school in Yobe state was hit in February with 29 boys butchered in their dormitory.
The military has failed to bring peace to the north-east and with a divisive election looming next year the politicians struggle to even sit in the same room to work out how to stop all this carnage.
But then their daughters do not go to remote boarding schools in Borno state.
Maybe that is why they get accused of ignoring the bullets and bloodshed and focusing on the ballot box.


The 2016 Olympic Games started in spectacular style with the opening ceremony at the Maracana Stadium in Rio on Friday.

6 August 2016 Last updated at 13:57 BST
Spectacular fireworks, a parade of nations from around the world and the lighting of the famous Olympic torch launched the Games in Brazil.
Ricky was there for Newsround.
Check out the video to get a taste of the excitement.