Pearl Mackie has been named as the new Doctor Who companion alongside Peter Capaldi's Time Lord in the Tardis.

The Londoner's role was announced on BBC One during half time of the FA Cup semi-final match between Everton and Manchester United.
Mackie, 28, replaces Jenna Coleman, whose character Clara Oswald left the show in 2015.
Filming for the next series of the long-running science fiction show will start this year but air in 2017.
Mackie, who graduated from Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in 2010, played Anne-Marie Frasier in Doctors in 2014 and is currently performing in the National Theatre's West End production of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time.
"I'm incredibly excited to be joining the Doctor Who family," she said. "It's such an extraordinary British institution, I couldn't be prouder to call the Tardis my home."
She added: "Peter Capaldi is such a brilliant actor, and his Doctor is such a wacky and wonderful character, I can't wait to see what adventures are in store for him and Bill throughout time and space."
Mackie said her new character "Bill" was "wicked", describing her as "cool, strong, sharp, a little bit vulnerable with a bit of geekiness thrown in".
Capaldi said: "It is a genuine delight to welcome Pearl Mackie to Doctor Who. A fine, fine actress with a wonderful zest and charm, she's a refreshing addition to the Tardis and will bring a universe of exciting new possibilities to The Doctor's adventures."
Doctor Who, which was first shown in 1963, is heading for its 10th season since it was reintroduced to schedules in 2005 after a gap of nine years.
Coleman joined the show in 2012, and starred alongside two Doctors, Matt Smith and Capaldi, the 12th Doctor who joined in 2014.
She asked to be written out and left to take on the role of Queen Victoria in a major ITV drama series.
In January, it was announced that the head writer and executive producer of Doctor Who, Steven Moffat, was stepping down from the show.
The next series will be his last, after which he will be replaced by Broadchurch writer Chris Chibnall.


Celebrated British composer Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, a former Master of the Queen's Music, has died at the age of 81.

He was known for his modern and avant-garde works, most notably Farewell to Stromness, a haunting lament for solo piano.
"He was right to the end a pioneer," Stephen Lumsden, Managing Director of music agency Intermusica, said.
The Salford-born musician, who had leukaemia, died at home in Orkney.
Famous for pushing boundaries, Sir Peter's earlier works have been described as unplayable, generating controversy among audiences and critics alike.
He often referenced plainchant and medieval music, which he incorporated into avant garde serial compositions (simply put, pieces which repeat passages over and over for a significant period of time).
But he made it his mission to connect with as many audiences as possible over his career, writing pieces for children, ballet, theatre and string quartet.
Known to most as Max, he composed some 300 works, including 10 symphonies, 10 so-called Strathclyde Concertos and the operas Taverner, The Lighthouse and Eight Songs for a Mad King.
He moved to the Orkney Islands in the early 70s, leading to a calmer style of music, which often incorporated Scottish motifs.
In 1987 he was knighted, and in 2004 he became Master of the Queen's Music - a post considered to be the musical equivalent of the poet laureate.
The holder is expected to write music to commemorate important royal events.
In the 2014 New Year Honours List he was made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour for "services to music". Last month he was awarded the Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medal, considered to be the highest accolade the society can bestow.
As a conductor, Davies held positions at the BBC Philharmonic and Royal Philharmonic orchestras and appeared with many major orchestras in Europe and North America.
He was also a proud advocate of classical music and music education.
"The roots of a thriving classical music scene need three nutrients," he said in the 2005 Royal Philharmonic Society Lecture. "The first is music education, and the second, resources...  The third nutrient is new music. Classical music cannot become a museum culture."
"Max was a truly unique musician," said Sally Groves, a close friend and former creative director of sheet music shop Schott Music.
She added that he was "a remarkable composer who created music theatre works of searing power, great symphonies, intense chamber music, works of truly universal popularity" and "a fierce fighter for music in the community and in education, and on environmental issues".
Sir Peter was diagnosed with an aggressive form of leukaemia in 2013, but continued to work through successive rounds of chemotherapy.
His tenth symphony, premiered in 2014, his 80th birthday year, was seen as a reply to the illness.
"It felt as if Maxwell Davies was simultaneously bowing his head to mortality, and shaking his fist at it," said Ivan Hewett, reviewing the work for The Telegraph.
The composer's most recent work was an opera for children called The Hogboon, which will be premiered by the London Symphony Orchestra on 26 June.
"His vision for music education and the wealth of wonderful pieces he has left for young people is unparalleled in recent times," said the LSO's managing director, Kathryn McDowell. "He will be sorely missed."
BBC Radio 3 will be pay tribute to Sir Peter on today's edition of In Tune, live from 16:30 BST.


Workers at Vauxhall UK's Ellesmere Port plant have said they are "in the dark" following a deal to sell General Motors' European unit, including Vauxhall, to a French firm.

The 2.2bn euro (Â£1.9bn) sale of General Motors to the PSA Group has also raised job fears at Vauxhall's Luton factory.
The two plants employ 4,500 workers.
BBC assistant political editor Norman Smith said government sources were "cautiously optimistic" about the future of car production at Vauxhall.
Live: Reaction to Peugeot deal
It is understood Business Secretary Greg Clarke received assurances there will be no change to pensions, jobs or production at Vauxhall up to 2020-21 and the chairman of PSA Group's managing board, Carlos Tavares, said he was not interested in closing plants.
The Unite union said the workers at Ellesmere Port and Luton have been through a "nerve-wracking fortnight" and its priority was to safeguard their jobs.
One of the workers arriving at Ellesmere Port - which employs more than 2,000 staff - said earlier: "Everybody is in the dark at the moment.
"Job-wise we just don't know what will happen."
He added: "Hopefully, we'll find out more today."
Another said they had been told "it was fine until 2021", but the future of the site was uncertain after then.
He said: "I think the deal is a good deal for GM and Vauxhall employees themselves... but is there a future for young ones after 2021?"
He also raised concerns about pensions, adding: "Are they going to takeover GM pensions that we've all been paying into for 32 years? Is the money still there? We don't know."
Justin Madders, Labour MP for Ellesmere Port and Neston, vowed to fight to keep the plant open.
He said: "There is no doubt if it was shut down there would be a significant devastating effect on the economy, not just in Ellesmere Port but in the wider region.
"We have got to make sure we fight every step of the way to keep the place open."
The MP for the Luton plant, which produces Vivaro vans, said the government needs to strike a Brexit deal that will reduce uncertainty around the future of Vauxhall in the UK.
Labour MP Gavin Shuker welcomed the takeover, but said assurances needed to be made around the "very profitable, very efficient" plant which has eight years of production left.
The Luton South MP said freedom of movement is "hugely helpful", suggesting the government be prepared to bail out Vauxhall in a Nissan-style deal if Brexit negotiations do not go to plan.
The Ellesmere Port car plant was "close to closing" in 2012 when General Motors restructured its European operations.
An agreement to build new Astra cars safeguarded the future of the plant until 2020. It now produces almost 150,000 Astras every year.
Alison McGovern, Labour MP for Wirral South, tweeted she was working with Mr Madders and Unite for clarity on the future.
Labour councillor Phil Davies, leader of Wirral Council, said he has urged to government to keep the Ellesmere Port car plant open "for years to come".
He said it was "absolutely crucial" to the economy and if it closed it would have "devastating effects... in terms of families and their ability to make ends meet and quality of life".
The boss of a supply chain consultants company said there was "clearly concern" the Ellesmere Port plant could close, because 75% of Astra components are sourced from the EU and the vast majority of the vehicles made at Ellesmere Port are sold outside the UK".
Richard Gane, from Vendigital, said: "Building cars requires a web of suppliers all feeding parts to assembly plants.
"If rumours are correct and PSA Group is planning to combine platforms with Peugeot's next new model, there would be a strong reason to exit the UK."


The cost of so-called paupers' funerals to Welsh councils has risen by almost 30% to more than £90,000 in five years.

The number being carried out has also risen - from 67 in 2009-10 to 81 in 2013-14 - an increase of 17%.
Public health funerals, as they are known, happen when a person dies alone or has no relatives who can pay.
Councils spent £92,619 in 2013-14, up from £66,245 in 2009-10, and recovered £27,031 and £47,408 respectively from dead peoples' estates.
A Freedom of Information request by BBC Local Radio revealed that across the UK, councils spent £1.7m on public health funerals in 2013-14.
Izzi Seccombe, of the Local Government Association's community wellbeing board, said: "It is a sad fact that there are thousands of people across the country with no family or friends to arrange, attend or pay for their funeral."
The average cost of the funerals rose from £924 to £1,324 in this time, dropping to £585 and £619 once the money recovered is taken into account.
Sandra Evans, assistant director of bereavement services at Cardiff council, has been searching the home of Sandra Horner to sort out her personal effects.
The former head teacher was 67 when she died - she was divorced and had no children.
"It's always quite sad. You see how a person lived, and you come across letters and photographs... a little insight into what their life was like," said Ms Evans.
With no close family still alive, it is the council that has to arrange and pay for Ms Horner's cremation.
Ms Evans said public health funerals used to be a last resort - used mainly for the homeless - but they are becoming more common.
Ms Horner was cremated at a simple service attended by about 12 of her friends.
Mark Woollard, from the National Society of Allied and Independent Funeral Directors, said: "I think there's been an increase in public health funerals because people don't have as much disposable income, and also, people are living longer and alone," he said.
"A lot of [the cost] is due to third-party costs such as crematorium fees, cemetery fees, and the minster's fees - [which] have gone up much more than the funeral directors' costs."
Most people who have a pauper's funeral are buried or cremated with no gravestone or lasting physical memorial.


Child abuse linked to exorcism and witchcraft accusations is on the rise, figures obtained by the BBC suggest.

The Metropolitan Police said there had been 60 crimes linked to faith in London so far this year. It saw reports double from 23 in 2013 to 46 in 2014.
Half of UK police forces do not record such cases and many local authorities are also unable to provide figures.
The NSPCC said authorities "need to ensure they are able to spot the signs of this particular brand of abuse".
London is unique in having a police team, Project Violet, dedicated to this type of abuse.
Its figures relate to crime reports where officers have flagged a case as involving abuse linked to faith or belief. Many of the cases involve children.
Ibidapo was trafficked to the UK from Nigeria in 2007, to work as a servant for relatives in the North of England. They accused her of being a witch, stopped her going to school and physically assaulted her. She escaped with the help of a Nigerian woman living nearby.
"I started living with my aunty at the age of 10, to help her to look after the baby. If my aunty went to work I'd be left with the baby, to do all the housework, wash clothes, cook the food.
"Each time the children got sick my aunty would accuse me of being the one responsible for their illness, start calling me a witch, start beating me up, and there was a time that she took me down to church, to a pastor. They were calling me a witch, they were using a broom to beat me.
"Sometimes my aunty would look into my eyes and call me a witch. It made me feel rejected, like I'm nobody."
Figures obtained by the BBC under a Freedom of Information (FoI) request reveal that half of UK police forces do not routinely record cases.
Only two forces other than the Met have reported incidents over the last three years: Greater Manchester and Northamptonshire each had one case.
A separate FoI request to local councils across the UK revealed 31 cases where a child had been accused of witchcraft or possession by spirits in 2014 - 30 in England and one in Wales.
This compares with 21 cases in 2013 and 10 in 2012. However 88 councils, 40% of those that responded, were unable to provide figures.
This is despite a 2006 recommendation in a  government-commissioned report that cases of child abuse linked to accusations of "possession" and "witchcraft" should be recorded centrally.
Terry Sharpe, from the Project Violet team, said cases remained small in number, but there had been a significant increase, covering a spectrum of seriousness.
"You'll get the actual physical abuse and injuries taking place, and, in the worst-case scenario, we've had some homicides as well," he said.
"We've had a case within the last year where a nine-year-old boy had been called a devil child and thrown out of his address by his parents and was found by social services standing in his bare feet."
In another case a child was attacked by his mother, who bit him on the face and tried to smother him, because she believed he was a "witch possessed by evil spirits".
Debbie Ariyo, founder of Africans Unite Against Child Abuse, said accusations were often made when families experienced problems: "Children are blamed - especially stepchildren."
She added that within churches there was often a financial motivation behind accusations.
"The pastor says there's a witch in this church today; looks around and points to a child.
"That means public humiliation for the family. The next step is exorcism which is not done for free. It's a money-making scam."
She warned against viewing the issue as solely affecting the African community, as her organisation has supported victims from other faiths and cultural backgrounds, including the South Asian community.
She is concerned about the lack of awareness among childcare professionals in the UK.
"We did a training event in July for social workers, teachers, and lawyers. Most of them didn't know anything about witchcraft and juju but they had dealt with [such] cases," Ms Ariyo said.
"It is very important to know the background, so that if a child comes to school on Monday and says 'the pastor called me a witch', they treat it as a safeguarding issue and don't dismiss it."
An NSPCC spokesman said: "While the number of child abuse cases involving witchcraft is relatively small, they often include horrifying levels of cruelty.
"The authorities which deal with these dreadful crimes need to ensure they are able to spot the signs of this particular brand of abuse and take action to protect children before a tragedy occurs."
The government said its statutory guidance made it clear that anyone who had concerns about a child's welfare "should report this to children's social care or the police.
5 Live Investigates is on BBC Radio 5 Live on Sunday 11 October. Listen online or download the programme podcast.


Volatility in UK shares following the vote to leave the EU is "no reason for any of us to panic", the former governor of the Bank of England says.

Lord Mervyn King predicted the long-term effect of a Brexit on GDP would turn out to be "a bit of a fuss about nothing".
In a BBC interview, he also accused the Remain campaign of treating people considering voting Leave like "idiots".
He said voters had not been impressed by "scaremongering tactics".
"If you say to someone 'you're an idiot if you don't agree with me' you're not likely to bring them in your direction," he added.
UK shares remain volatile in the wake of Thursday's vote, with some stocks temporarily suspended.
It came as sterling hit a 31-year low, and yields on 10-year government bonds sank below 1% for the first time.
Lord King, who was Bank of England governor for 10 years until 2013, said: "I don't think people should be particularly worried, markets move up, markets move down.
"We don't yet know where they will find their level and the whole aspect of volatility is that there is a trial and error process going on before markets discover what the right level of stock markets and exchange rates actually are.
"What we need is a bit of calm now, there's no reason for any of us to panic."
He said uncertainty would affect investment in the short term, but predicted the long-term impact to be "much smaller than either side pretend", predicting that "in 25 years' time we'll look back and say a little bit, that at least in economic terms, maybe that was a bit of a fuss about nothing".
Lord King's successor, Mark Carney, has said "extensive contingency planning" makes the UK "well-prepared" for the consequences of the vote to leave.
In a statement aimed a calming markets, Chancellor George Osborne said the UK was ready to face the future "from a position of strength".
But his predecessor, Labour's Alistair Darling, warned that a "vacuum" before a new prime minister is appointed could affect investment in the UK and said he was more worried now than during the financial crisis in 2008.


Conservative Eurosceptics say they fear the UK may have to contribute to a fund as part of the Greek bailout, despite a 2010 political agreement ruling it out.

A source close to Chancellor George Osborne has said the government is "immovable" on the issue and will not contribute to eurozone bailouts.
But Tory MP Steve Baker said Westminster may be unable to stop UK taxpayers' money being spent.
The final decision may be made by EU states under a qualified majority.
Using the EU-wide European Financial Stability Mechanism (EFSM) to pay for a transitional loan to Greece  could be approved if 15 countries representing 65% of the EU's population vote in favour.
So the UK and the Czech Republic, which also objected, could be outvoted by the likes of France, which is in favour, says BBC political correspondent Chris Mason.
Mr Baker, co-chair of the Conservatives for Britain group, said: "UK taxpayers' money could be spent, and there'll be nothing Westminster can do to stop it."
The EFSM is an emergency fund to support any of the 28 EU member states in financial difficulty.
It is funded by borrowing against the EU budget, to which the UK contributes.
EU officials have said the commission has the legal right to use the fund for loans of 12bn euros which could be given to Greece in the coming weeks.
Prime Minister David Cameron said in 2010 he had won a "clear and unanimous agreement" that the EFSM would not be used for further eurozone bailouts, after it was used to assist Ireland and Portugal.
Instead, responsibility was meant to fall on member states using the single currency.
Those close to Mr Osborne had said he was "immovable on the key principle that British taxpayers won't contribute to eurozone bailouts".
The BBC's Chris Mason said: "Downing Street points to the conclusions of a European Summit in late 2010 which spelt out that propping up countries in the eurozone was the responsibility of fellow users of the euro.
"But EU sources suggest this agreement can be overridden.
"So what happens if the government's 'key principle' collides with democracy? 'We'll cross that bridge when we come to it,' a Whitehall source said."


The south Indian state of Tamil Nadu is to get a new chief minister, after a political stand-off that plunged the government into crisis.

Edapaddi Palaniswami, who was nominated for the post by late chief minister Jayalalitha's aide Sasikala Natarajan, will be sworn in this evening.
Sasikala, who only uses one name, was nominated as chief minister by the state's ruling party.
However her conviction in a corruption case means she cannot hold office.
She had to surrender to authorities to serve a four-year jail term on Wednesday, but appointed Mr Palaniswami before she left.
He met State Governor C Vidyasagar Rao on Thursday morning, with proof that he had the support of a majority of lawmakers.
Mr Rao agreed to appoint him as chief minister on condition that he proves his majority in the state assembly within 15 days.
Sasikala Natarajan may have been thwarted by the judiciary, but the jailed general secretary of the ruling AIADMK in Tamil Nadu appears to be on a stronger wicket for now at least.
She has successfully managed to get her confidante, Edapaddi Palaniswami, into power, two days after the Supreme Court convicted her in a corruption case dating back to the 90's.
With the decision of the state governor - who had been delaying choosing the next chief minister - to appoint Mr Palaniswami as chief minister,  Sasikala has the last laugh from her prison cell in Bangalore.
Mr Palaniswami is her trusted man, at least for the moment.  He may be able to gather his own clout and emerge as an independent leader, but as of now that is only a distant possibility.
O Panneerselvam, who was sworn in as caretaker chief minister after the death of Jayalalitha in December, was vacillating between rebellion and loyalty to Sasikala.
He chose to rebel in theatrical fashion, conducting a 40-minute meditation at Jayalalitha's memorial at Marina Beach in Chennai (Madras) before declaring that he was pressured to resign. But his rebellion came rather late in the day.  He could never recover the ground he had lost.
Sasikala's elevation by the party had been questioned by acting chief minister O Panneerselvam, who said he had been "forced" to resign to make way for her.
Her candidacy for the top job had been questioned, since she has never been elected to public office.
Sasikala's role was always that of aide and confidante - she had never been given any formal role by Jayalalitha in the party or the state government.
But analysts say her proximity to power allowed her and her extended family to wield huge influence.


In a rented flat, in a poor district of Amman, it is playtime for Rana, a refugee from Syria.

The cherubic little girl sits on the concrete floor, pretending to cook dinner.
She is the same age as Alan Kurdi, the Syrian boy whose body washed up last week on a Turkish beach.
Soon she will take her place in an overcrowded smuggler's dinghy just as he did.
Her doting father, Mounib Zakiya, plans to take his children and grandchildren from the Jordanian capital to the Turkish coast, to be smuggled into Europe.
He says he is leaving Amman, after three years, for one reason - his meagre aid has been cut off.
"It's safe here," said the former estate agent, "and life is good. But we have to buy food and milk for the children. We have to pay for medical care. How can I pay the rent?"
His family of nine was living on about $1 (Â£0.65) a day per person. Now even that has gone.
He says the United Nations and the international community are forcing him to risk all on the open seas.
"They bear 75% of the responsibility," he said, cradling Rana on his lap.
"They have opened a gate to death, and are making us walk through it.
"It's better to die fast on the journey, than die slowly, watching your kids starve."
Mr Zakiya is one of many Syrian refugees in Jordan who have lost their lifeline.
For months the World Food Programme (WFP) has been cutting aid to the bone due to a lack of donations. It reduced the monthly stipend for about 211,000 Syrians by half.
At the beginning of September it went further. Almost 230,000 Syrian refugees - living in cities, not camps - had their aid stopped entirely. Help is still being provided for 100,000 living in camps, but there, too, funds could run out in November.
Aid workers say that if refugees cannot get help where they are, they will risk their lives to find it elsewhere.
"If people were receiving enough assistance and were able to have a somewhat stable life where they are, they would not make that decision," said the WFP's Dina El-Kassaby.
"But unfortunately, some people are pushed to the edge."
Adnan Ghanoum is one of them. The former factory owner from Damascus, aged 61, is weighed down with worries about his extended family.
He has 19 relatives living with him in Amman, including a disabled daughter.
Mr Ghanoum says he almost had a heart attack when he read the SMS saying his aid was ending.
"We have no future here in Jordan," he said. "There is no education, no work, and no money. We have been eating flour and onions for a week."
He is now thinking of returning to the war zone from which he fled. "It's better to go back to Syria to die there," he said, "and rest in peace."
If he goes back home, he will not be the only one.
Aid agencies say the numbers returning to Syria have doubled since the cuts began.
And the flow of refugees from Jordan to Europe is expected to increase substantially.
Western governments are partly to blame because they did not provide enough support in the region, according to one senior aid worker.
He says it would have "made sense" for Europe to invest here but there was "penny-pinching and ineptitude".
Mounib Zakiya says he and his family would stay in Jordan, if their aid was restored.
But he has already packed blankets and winter clothing for their journey to Europe. He knows they could perish on the way - just like his old neighbours from Syria who drowned two weeks ago.
The family of five slipped beneath the waves as they tried to cross the Aegean Sea.
"If we die, I hope it will be on the TV and everyone will see it," he said sombrely.
"Then maybe they will find a solution for Syria."


Thousands of people lined the streets to watch Sheffield United's open-top bus parade in celebration of their League One title win.

The victory parade began at Bramall Lane with the team later taking to the balcony of the town hall.
The team amassed 100 points en route to clinching the title, bringing to an end a six-year stint in the third tier of English football.
Manager Chris Wilder said: "These are fantastic scenes. I'm made up."
Listen again: BBC Radio Sheffield's coverage of Sheffield United's bus parade
The bus arrived at the town hall shortly after 19:30 BST where the players were greeted by huge cheers from supporters waving flags and blowing horns.
Speaking to BBC Radio Sheffield, Wilder added: "It's a great way to put a lid on what is an exceptional, incredible, historic season for this brilliant, brilliant football club.
"[Getting] 100 points, that's an incredible achievement."
Team captain Billy Sharp said: "I feel like I'm in a dream, it's amazing.
"The supporters have had a frustrating six years but they've got something to sing about today, I'm so happy for them."


Trade unions representing workers at the Dounreay nuclear site in Caithness have begun preparations for a ballot on industrial action.

Members of the GMB, Unite and Prospect unions rejected an offer from Dounreay Site Restoration Limited (DSRL) of a 1% increase in pay in October.
The unions warned DSRL's parent company Cavendish Dounreay Partnership of the potential of industrial unrest.
DSRL said the offer was "comparable" to other pay increases in the industry.
Dounreay, near Thurso in Caithness, is being decommissioned.
Built in the 1950s, it was an experimental nuclear power site.
The unions argue that Cavendish Dounreay Partnership could afford to make a better offer on pay because of the profits it has been making.
DSRL said: "The pay offer that DSRL has made is comparable to recent nuclear decommissioning industry pay increases and is above inflation.
"We remain committed to engaging with the trade unions and staff but due to the sensitive nature of these negotiations, we are unable to comment further."


The number of adults in Scotland targeting children under 13 with sexual messages increased by 60% in a year, according to figures from a charity.

Police Scotland recorded 165 indecent communications sent to children in 2014/15 - up from 103 in the previous 12 months.
Only 15 offences were recorded in 2010 when new laws came into force.
The statistics were revealed as part of the NSPCC's annual How Safe Are Our Children? report.
Since 2010, it has been an offence to send written or verbal communications of an indecent nature to children under the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009.
Matt Forde, head of service for NSPCC Scotland, said: "These figures confirm our fears that the internet is playing an increasing role in the sexual abuse of younger children in Scotland.
"These figures show an increasing number of crimes are coming to the attention of the police and are being investigated. However, more needs to be done."
He added: "Behind these figures will be other children who have not reported indecent communications from adults who contact them."
The NSPCC revealed their help service ChildLine has received increasing numbers of calls from youngsters concerned at online abuse.
In one case, a 13-year-old girl told the helpline: "I was being groomed online by men and it went on for years. Then people started finding out and getting involved.
"They didn't know the full extent but I spoke to the police. When they questioned me I felt so ashamed so I didn't tell them the full story.
"I feel like such a coward. I tried to kill myself recently because it's constantly on my mind."
The NSPCC said it believed that younger children were increasingly under threat from predatory adults, who often posed as youngsters to try to make contact.
The charity has urged police forces to ensure officers understand how sex offenders use the internet to carry out crimes against children and how to investigate them.
The NSPCC revealed that ChildLine had held 10,067 counselling sessions last year where the main concern was online sexual abuse, or sexual abuse.
Mr Forde said: "The key to protecting children is the provision of high-quality, age appropriate healthy relationships education across the curriculum.
"We need to ensure that we give children and young people the knowledge and skills to make healthy choices and stay safe."
The Scottish government said the safety and well-being of all children and young people was a "key priority".
A spokesman added: "We will work continuously with Police Scotland, children's charities, Parliament and other relevant stakeholders to protect children from abuse and keep them safe.
"Relationships, sexual health and parenthood (RSHP) education, delivered through Curriculum for Excellence, already plays a crucial role in protecting children and young people from child sexual exploitation and helping young people to identify abuse.
"The Police Scotland National Child Abuse Investigation Unit is also working to target, and bring to justice, those who seek to harm children."


Henrik Stenson will prepare for his Open defence at July's Scottish Open at Dundonald Links.

The Ayrshire course, hosting the event for the first time, is only six miles away from Troon, the scene of the Swede's incredible triumph last year.
"Obviously it is going to make it a special week for me," said the 40-year-old Ryder Cup star.
"It's a tournament which has helped me prepare really well for The Open and I'm looking forward to the new venue."
In a memorable duel with Phil Mickleson, Stenson shot a wonderful final round 63 to land his first major at Troon, setting a championship record score of 20 under par.
"I played the Scottish Open in 2013 and went on to finish second to Phil in The Open the following week," he explained.
"Then I missed Scotland for a couple of years and didn't do that well the following week.
"I played last year the week before Troon and we all know how that turned out, so playing in the Scottish Open definitely helps to fine tune the links game."
Of the last seven Open winners, only Zach Johnson in 2015 did not warm up in the Scottish Open.
Royal Birkdale will stage The Open for a 10th time from 20-23 July, with the tournament returning to Scotland in 2018, with Carnoustie the venue.


Front-foot no-balls will be called by the third umpire in the upcoming England-Pakistan one-day international series, as part of an International Cricket Council (ICC) trial scheme.

The TV umpire will have a split-screen view of the four side-on cameras.
This will allow him to signal the on-field officials via a vibrating watch within a few seconds of the delivery.
On-field umpires will not call front-foot no-balls without the TV umpire's advice unless cameras are unavailable.
The five-match series, which begins in Southampton on Wednesday, will be the first in which the third umpire has been given such authority.
Media playback is not supported on this device
The advance of technology in recent years has meant that unless the overstepping is very clear, international umpires have often tended to wait until a wicket falls before checking whether a no-ball has been delivered, and asking the dismissed batsman to wait before walking off.
This has led to accusations that some bowlers were getting away with entire overs of marginal no-balls.
Adrian Griffith, the ICC's senior manager of umpires and referees, said: "This trial is being carried out to ascertain if there is a way in which front-foot no-balls can be called more accurately and consistently, while also assessing the TV umpire's workload and identifying the impact it will have on the flow of the game.
"The ICC will conduct training sessions with the umpires and match referee in Southampton on Monday and Tuesday."
READ MORE: Understanding the no-ball law


Ireland will consider launching a bid to host the 2023 Rugby World Cup this week, the country's sports minister Leo Varadkar confirmed on Monday.

The ambitious bid would see matches played on both sides of the Irish border, taking in both rugby union and gaelic games venues.
Ireland has been mulling over the idea for over a year, looking to replicate the successful 2011 New Zealand event.
Varadkar will seek approval from cabinet colleagues on Tuesday.
"It's probably the biggest event a country like Ireland could do, we're too small for the Olympics and the Fifa World Cup and for that reason it would engender enormous national pride," Varadkar told an International Rugby Board conference.
"The second thing is that even during the very difficult times of the Troubles, rugby in Ireland was a unifying sport.
"For us in Ireland, it would just be a symbol of how far we've come from the bad times to the better times now."
South Africa, hosts of the hugely symbolic 1995 rugby World Cup and 2010 soccer World Cup, have also indicated that they plan to make a bid.
France, hosts as recently as 2007, have also expressed an interest in the 2023 edition.
Dublin has been working with the Northern Ireland executive on the proposal and also has the backing of Ireland's Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), meaning it can use stadiums like the 82,300-capacity Croke Park.
Alongside Croke Park, there are another 10 gaelic grounds as big or bigger than the second-largest rugby stadium in the country, Munster's Thomond Park, although many will need major renovation to stage an international tournament.
In addition to Croke Park and Belfast's Casement Park, the other GAA grounds which would be part of the IRFU's bid are Pairc Ui Chaoimh, the Limerick Gaelic Grounds, Fitzgerald Stadium in Killarney and Galway's Pearse Stadium.
The GAA had to ask its members earlier this year to allow the stadiums to be opened up to other sports which it had previously done eight years ago.
In 2005 the GAA changed its rules to permit rugby and soccer to be played at Croke Park while the old Lansdowne Road was being upgraded.
Varadkar said it could potentially boost the ailing economy by as much as 800 million euros ($1.1 billion) with hundreds of thousands of fans coming to the country.
The World Cup will be hosted by England in 2015 and then Japan in 2019, the first time the tournament will be staged outside either Europe or the southern hemisphere powerhouses of New Zealand, South Africa and Australia.
"We see this is as having great potential for Ireland as an island and for the sport itself," said Irish Rugby Football Union Chief Executive Philip Browne, who has been working on the bid since 2011 alongside the two governments.


A woman who conned her former husband into believing he was the father of her IVF baby has been ordered to pay £39,000 in damages at the High Court.

The London businesswoman carried out "six years of deception" on her ex-partner, a judge was told. Neither can be identified for legal reasons,
The man said the boy, now nine, was five when she told him the truth.
He had claimed the child was created without his knowledge with the use of sperm from a former boyfriend.
He was said to have suffered considerable "distress and humiliation" when he found out.
Judge Deborah Taylor made the ruling following a hearing of the evidence at Central London County Court at which the couple were referred to as X and Y.
She ordered the woman to pay the damages, plus interest.
The couple married in 2002 and two years later they travelled to a clinic in Spain for IVF treatment, where the man gave a sample of his sperm.
A few months later the woman returned to the clinic with a former boyfriend.
Barrister Thomas Brudenell, who represented the man, said during the later visit the woman was impregnated with her former boyfriend's sperm.
The boy was born in late 2005 and when he was around six months old the couple separated.
The man looked after the child when the woman was working and paid more than £80,000 in maintenance, his lawyer told the court.
When a dispute arose over the amount of contact he was having with the child in 2011, the woman revealed he was not the "biological father" and this was confirmed when he took a DNA test.
Mr Brudenell said the couple had drawn up an agreement prior to the IVF treatment under which the man said he would not have the "normal" financial responsibility for any child and it seemed the agreement had "upset" the woman.
The woman had asked whether any "normal, loving, caring, husband" would have "forced his wife" to sign such an agreement.
"He didn't want to go back [to the Spanish clinic]," she said. "The only reason I took [my ex-boyfriend] was because my ex-husband gave me that document to sign.
She told the court there was "no merit" in the damages claim, saying she had always believed her former husband was aware he was "not necessarily" the boy's father.
She said there had been no deceit, no fraud and no misrepresentation.
Mr Brudenell told the court that the man wanted damages for "distress and humiliation", damages to cover the amount he had paid in maintenance, and compensation for loss of earnings.
Speaking anonymously to BBC Radio 4's PM programme the man revealed he had been refused the right to continue seeing the child after a separate court case.
"Now I have to wait until he is 18 and by then who knows," he said.
"I don't regret any of the time I spent with my child at all. I don't regret that ever, but when someone actually comes along years later and spoils everything that way, you're revisiting all those experiences thinking, that wasn't right was it, and not for him either."
Cara Nuttall, a lawyer who specialises in family cases said the judge had sent a "clear message to parents that concealing the truth from each other is unacceptable".
"What parents must remember however is that whilst financial damages are one thing, the emotional and psychological impact such deceit can have can have far more devastating consequences."


Fleetwood and Blackpool remain in relegation trouble after the near neighbours played out a goalless draw.

The Cod Army had the first chance of the match with Bobby Grant finding Wes Burns, who tested keeper Colin Doyle with a fierce low shot.
Fleetwood's Jimmy Ryan went closest, hitting the bar after the break.
Despite a late goalmouth scramble Fleetwood could not find a winner and stay one place and two points above the Seasiders in the last relegation spot.
The result leaves Fleetwood with just one win from their past 11 games, while the league's lowest scorers Blackpool are without a win in three games and in danger of suffering a second successive relegation.


Slovakia's justice ministry has drafted a law to stop nationalist vigilantes patrolling trains.

Since April, green-shirted members of the People's Party Our Slovakia (LSNS) have been mounting their own "security patrols" aboard trains.
On its website (in Slovak) the LSNS said it had had to act after a 21-year-old woman was "assaulted by a hooligan gypsy [Roma]" on a train near Levice.
Train security is the job of police and rail authorities, the ministry says.
Justice Minister Lucia Zitnanska said nobody could replace the police in protecting citizens. A legal amendment will go before parliament to stop the vigilante patrols.
The LSNS organised patrols on the Zvolen-Levice line, in central Slovakia, alleging that the police were failing in their duty to the public.
The new timetable of the Slovak Railway Company says that nobody can perform activities aboard its trains, unrelated to passenger services, unless they have written authorisation.
In March the LSNS won more than 8% of the vote in Slovakia, entering parliament for the first time, with 14 seats.
Party leader Marian Kotleba is an admirer of Slovakia's wartime existence as a Nazi puppet state, and used to wear a uniform modelled on that state's pro-Nazi militia.
On its website the LSNS says it wants a Slovakia "safe for all decent citizens so they are not terrorised by gypsy or other extremists and corrupted politicians".
It also names pro-Nazi wartime leader Jozef Tiso among "our national heroes". Tiso, a Roman Catholic priest who persecuted Jews in line with Nazi policy, was hanged for treason after World War Two.


Up to 100 jobs are at risk with the closure of Frankie & Benny's and Chiquito restaurants in Northern Ireland.

Restaurant Group, which owns both chains, announced on Friday that it would sell or close 33 outlets across the UK.
It confirmed that Frankie & Benny's in Londonderry, Coleraine and Ballymena would close.
The Chiquito store in Belfast's Victoria Square is also set to shut.
Restaurant Group said they had suffered a "challenging trading period".
It said its Frankie & Benny's chain had "suffered due to insufficient focus on value, unsuccessful menu development and poor operational execution".
Those outlets had lost customers after "significant price increases and the removal of popular value offers".
The company said it was "taking action" to change this, adding it would stick with the Frankie & Benny's brand as it remained "relevant and popular".


The Netherlands reached the last eight of Women's Euro 2017 with victory over Belgium, and Denmark joined them by beating 2013 finalists Norway.

After Sherida Spitse's penalty gave the Netherlands the lead, Belgium's Tessa Wullaert levelled from long range.
But a deflected shot from Barcelona winger Lieke Martens ensured the hosts topped Group A with a 100% record.
Norway exited without scoring a goal in their three losses, as Katrine Veje's early goal gave Denmark second spot.
The Netherlands had looked set for a nervy finish when Wullaert's bizarre, looping effort dropped in over unsuspecting Arsenal keeper Sari van Veenendaal.
Belgium still needed another goal to have a chance of going through, and Martens' winner settled matters.
Norway have reached two of the past three European finals, but their disappointing 2017 campaign was summed up by a frustrating night in Deventer.
They fell behind to a fifth-minute opener from Veje, as she tucked in a left-footed effort from Pernille Harder's well-timed pass.
The two-time winners had a great chance to level after Sanne Troelsgaard brought down BBC Women's Footballer of the Year Ada Hegerberg in the area, but Wolfsburg forward Caroline Graham Hansen's penalty was saved.
Norway - who knew they had to win to have any hope of avoiding elimination - hit the woodwork twice in quick succession late on, as first Graham Hansen hit the post, then Ingrid Wold struck the bar.
Graham Hansen then thought she had equalised, but her effort was ruled out as Hegerberg was offside in the build-up. Lisa-Marie Utland then had a header brilliantly saved.
Denmark will play the winners of Group B in Rotterdam on Saturday, while the Netherlands will meet the runners-up in Doetinchem.
Two of Sweden, holders Germany and Russia will progress from Group B, which concludes on Tuesday.
Match ends, Belgium Women 1, Netherlands Women 2.
Second Half ends, Belgium Women 1, Netherlands Women 2.
Offside, Belgium Women. Davina Vanmechelen tries a through ball, but Tessa Wullaert is caught offside.
Foul by Shanice van de Sanden (Netherlands Women).
Davina Philtjens (Belgium Women) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Jana Coryn (Belgium Women) header from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Tessa Wullaert with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Belgium Women. Conceded by Vanity Lewerissa.
Corner,  Belgium Women. Conceded by Kika van Es.
Attempt blocked. Heleen Jaques (Belgium Women) header from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Tessa Wullaert with a cross.
Corner,  Belgium Women. Conceded by Sari van Veenendaal.
Attempt saved. Tessa Wullaert (Belgium Women) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top centre of the goal. Assisted by Davina Vanmechelen.
Attempt missed. Davina Philtjens (Belgium Women) with an attempt from outside the box is too high from a direct free kick.
Stefanie van der Gragt (Netherlands Women) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Stefanie van der Gragt (Netherlands Women).
Jana Coryn (Belgium Women) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Netherlands Women. Vanity Lewerissa replaces Vivianne Miedema.
Attempt saved. Vivianne Miedema (Netherlands Women) header from the left side of the six yard box is saved in the bottom left corner. Assisted by Shanice van de Sanden with a cross.
Sherida Spitse (Netherlands Women) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Davina Philtjens (Belgium Women).
Lieke Martens (Netherlands Women) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Laura Deloose (Belgium Women).
Vivianne Miedema (Netherlands Women) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Heleen Jaques (Belgium Women).
Foul by Liza van der Most (Netherlands Women).
Yana Daniels (Belgium Women) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Netherlands Women. Jill Roord replaces Jackie Groenen.
Corner,  Netherlands Women. Conceded by Laura Deloose.
Attempt blocked. Lieke Martens (Netherlands Women) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Jackie Groenen.
Lieke Martens (Netherlands Women) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Laura Deloose (Belgium Women).
Attempt saved. Liza van der Most (Netherlands Women) right footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Jackie Groenen.
Substitution, Belgium Women. Yana Daniels replaces Lenie Onzia.
Substitution, Netherlands Women. Kelly Zeeman replaces Daniëlle van de Donk.
Goal!  Belgium Women 1, Netherlands Women 2. Lieke Martens (Netherlands Women) right footed shot from the left side of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Jackie Groenen with a through ball.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Lenie Onzia (Belgium Women) because of an injury.
Vivianne Miedema (Netherlands Women) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Vivianne Miedema (Netherlands Women).
Lenie Onzia (Belgium Women) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Offside, Belgium Women. Davina Vanmechelen tries a through ball, but Jana Coryn is caught offside.


Walsall left-back Rico Henry was just a few days past his 16th birthday when picked for the Saddlers' first team for the first time in July 2013, for a pre-season friendly against Leeds United.

Two years on, he has signed an extended three-year deal and is tipped for the very top by his manager Dean Smith.
Added to that, he is the latest Midland talent to be voted Football League Young Player of the Month.
"I can honestly say there was never any risk in my mind with Rico," said Smith.
"He was 16 when I threw him in against Leeds in a pre-season friendly. And he's a quick learner. You give him a bit of information and he takes it on board.
"He fully deserves the award as he's been excellent. If I were to liken him to anyone it would be a young Ashley Cole. And it's up to him how far he can now go in the game.
"I've recommended him a couple of times to the England Under-19s because, if there's a better left-sided player in the country at 18 years of age, I'd like to see them.
"That's probably me being a little bit biased because I know the kid and what he has to offer. He's got a great desire and a will to win. His attitude and application to everything he does is spot on."
Smith added: "If he keeps developing and keeps his feet firmly on the ground - his parents will make sure of that - then he'll go the right way. He's a pleasure to coach and to have around the place, not just as a footballer but as a person. He's got a great personality, which will hold him in good stead.
"He's got a good engine and pace, he can get up and down the pitch and he's got two goals already this season which is very good for a left-back."
Mention of Henry's obvious knowledge of where to find the opponents' goal is the single-most thing that brings a gleam to the Birmingham-born youngster's eye.
Currently, since earning a regular place in Dean Smith's line-up, they are going in at the rate of one a month. He hit a late winner to dump Championship leaders Brighton out of the Capital One Cup, then got the only goal of the game at Scunthorpe in League One a month later.
"The goal against Brighton is definitely my highlight," he said. "Until getting this award," he quickly added. "I feel very honoured to win it.
"My targets are to score goals and do well here. And I want to get to the Championship with Walsall. We've shown that we've got the ability to stay near the top and hopefully we can get promoted.
"The gaffer believes in me. He's good to work with. He chucks me in difficult games but I deal with the pressure. I want to keep progressing."
For a young footballer on the up like Henry, one of the biggest plus points in his future development is being brought through in the safe hands of Smith, Richard O'Kelly, John Ward and the rest of the stable background provided by Walsall's backroom team.
Saddlers manager Smith, in fact, touched on this with a cautionary word on the last young Saddlers player to win this award - striker George Bowerman - not so very long ago in September 2012.
Bowerman won the award for a marvellous month in which he netted five times in six matches. But he failed to find the back of another League One net all season - and he was released, since when he has been at Woking and Accrington Stanley before his current club Altrincham.
"It was clear from his debut at the age of 17 that Rico Henry was some prospect. His poise, calmness and excellent distribution belied his tender years and he's gone from strength to strength since.
"Dean Smith, quite rightly, speaks very highly of him and, if he keeps developing, listening and learning, then Rico is destined to go to the very top - Premier League, Champions League, England, the lot.
"He's that good, in my view."
Rob Gurney (BBC WM 95.6)


Swansea City boss Paul Clement says star player Gylfi Sigurdsson is purely focused on helping the club avoid relegation from the Premier League.

The Icelandic midfielder has recently been quoted as saying it would be a "dream" to play for one of the big European clubs.
Clement has previously said Sigurdsson would flourish at that level.
But the Swans' head coach said: "[He] is very motivated to play well here and to help us remain in this league."
Clement said he had no problems with Sigurdsson, 27, having aspirations to better himself.
"I think it's good for a young player to have ambition to play at the very highest level. I don't have any problem with him saying that", said the former Paris St-Germain and Real Madrid assistant manager.
"I have had no conversation with him at all about anything else, about going elsewhere or playing elsewhere.
"Everything has been about training hard and doing the best he can at Swansea. I see that every day in training.
"If anyone asks me and has asked me about the top players, what divides the top players from the not so top players? It is 'yes' they have talent. But they have an unbelievable work ethic.
"All the best players I have worked with have this work ethic. Gylfi has this work ethic."
Sigurdsson's contribution to Swansea City's season has been formidable. He has scored eight goals and has 11 assists.
Clement realises this is sure to make him a target - with Newcastle, West Ham United and Everton linked in recent months.
"That will always be the case. It will always be the case for all clubs that are below the very very top ones in Europe," Clement added.
"They will always be looking for better players so that is no surprise."
But the Swans boss urged fans not to worry about Sigurdsson's future.
"No not at all. They should not worry about this," he said.
"The focus is on now. The focus is on preparing for Middlesbrough, then it will move onto preparing for Tottenham.
"It will move on to the remaining nine games and when it gets to the end of the season we will know very clearly about where we will be playing next season and plans can move forward from there."


The jailed leader of Turkey's main Kurdish rebel group has urged followers to end a 30-year armed struggle.

In a statement read out on TV by a Kurdish MP, Abdullah Ocalan said he was seeking a "historical decision" to reach "a democratic solution".
He called for a special congress in the spring intended to make a declaration ending the armed conflict.
More than 40,000 people, mostly Kurds, have died in fighting for a Kurdish homeland in Turkey's south-east.
Mr Ocalan leads the Kurdistan Workers' Party, or PKK, but has been in prison since 1999 serving a life sentence for treason.
Announcing his latest view, Kurdish politician Sirri Sureyya Onder read a message on Turkish TV.
"We are in the process of bringing an end to the 30-year of conflict, in the form of a perpetual peace, and our main goal is to reach a democratic solution," Ocalan's message said.
This is the most important step in Turkey's efforts to resolve its Kurdish question since 2013, when Ocalan declared a ceasefire. Many at the time predicted that the peace process would be short-lived, but two years on the ceasefire has held with some minor breaches.
Now, it seems that the group has agreed to decisively end the armed campaign against Turkey. Ocalan previously made it clear he would not make such an announcement unless the government entered into formal negotiations, discussing concrete steps for a peaceful resolution.
His statement, read in the presence of senior government officials, suggests that the government might have agreed to that demand.
"I am calling on the PKK to convene an extraordinary congress in the spring months, to make the strategic and historical decision about ending the armed struggle based on mutually agreed principles.
"This call is a historical declaration of intent on replacing the armed struggle with democratic politics."
Abdullah Ocalan retains influence over PKK commanders and soldiers and analysts say his messages from prison are often heeded.
He declared a ceasefire in 2013 that holds despite ongoing mistrust between the two sides.
The BBC's Rengin Arslan, in Turkey, says Abdullah Ocalan's call comes at a critical moment for the country, which is facing parliamentary elections in 2015 and a national debate over a security bill seen as draconian by critics.


Bayern Munich will activate the clause to make Kingsley Coman's transfer from Juventus permanent at the end of the season.

The France winger, now 20, joined Bayern on a two-year loan deal in 2015 and they had until the end of April this year to make the deal permanent for 21m euros (£17.75m).
Coman has scored eight goals in 58 games for Bayern.
The former Paris St-Germain player's Bayern contract will run until 2020.
"Kingsley Coman is an important building block for the future of our team, so we decided to take the option," said Bayern chief executive Karl-Heinz Rummenigge.
"Kingsley is a hopeful player with great potential. We are convinced he will help us in the coming years."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


A six-year-old girl suffered fatal head injuries when she fell from a stool while mimicking Peppa Pig, a defence lawyer has suggested.

Ben Butler, 36, denies murdering his daughter Ellie by causing the "catastrophic" injuries.
She may have fallen and hit her head as she watched the popular children's cartoon, the Old Bailey heard.
The pathologist who carried out the post-mortem test said he had never seen someone die from similar injuries.
During his cross-examination of Prof Anthony Risdon, Mr Butler's defence counsel Icah Peart QC said Ellie had been a fan of the cartoon, and there were "Peppa Pig artefacts about her room".
He asked the pathologist if he knew a rhyme from the show, where Peppa jumps and falls from a bed.
"What I am talking about is someone jumping up and down on the bed and, as Peppa Pig does, jumps over backwards, falls down and hits her head on the concrete floor," he said.
Mr Peart QC then asked Prof Risdon if such momentum may have resulted in Ellie's injuries.
He replied: "I have seen a large number of head injuries in children.
"I have never come across a scenario like that and I have never come across a short distance fall that results in a similar injury."
He said Ellie died from a "considerable blunt impact to the head" and not from a short fall from a stool or chair.
There was a "strong possibility" that four marks on her jaw were caused by "gripping", he added.
Earlier, Prof Risdon told jurors he had not been influenced by a colleague who had suggested Ellie was killed by her parents.
Jurors have been told Mr Butler had previously been convicted of assaulting Ellie when she was a baby, but was cleared on appeal.
She was returned home 11 months before her death in October 2013.
The jury also heard from consultant neuroradiologist Neil Stoodley, who told Mr Butler's 2007 trial at Croydon Crown Court Ellie, then a baby, had suffered injuries as a result of being shaken.
He also reiterated his findings at the Court of Appeal in 2012, following which Ellie was returned to her parent's custody.
Challenging the doctor on his earlier evidence, Mr Peart asked whether Mr Stoodley thought his previous diagnosis was "incorrect".
The consultant replied: "No, not on the basis of the evidence as I understand it."
On Tuesday, jurors heard that Ellie had suffered four distinct periods of injuries.
Skeletal pathology expert Professor Anthony Freemont said a healed skull fracture could have dated back to the first allegation of assault by Mr Butler in 2007.
Three to five weeks before her death, Ellie suffered a broken shoulder bone.
Then she sustained "bruising" to the skull, two to three weeks before the fatal injury, the court heard.
Consultant orthopaedic surgeon Michael Uglow said Ellie would have been in "acute pain" which she would not have been able to hide for 10 days after her shoulder was broken.
Mr Butler, from Sutton, south-west London, also denies child cruelty.
Her mother Jennie Gray, 36, denies child cruelty but has admitted perverting the course of justice over allegations she destroyed evidence and lied to police to protect her partner.
The trial continues.


Birds travelling from one place to another are arriving at their destinations earlier, as temperatures around the world rise.

In the summer, birds have reached their breeding grounds about one day earlier, on average.
Reaching their summer breeding grounds at the wrong time, even by a few days, could mean birds miss out on food and nesting places.
As a result, this could also affect the timing of when they hatch their offspring and how likely they are to survive.
Birds who travel longer distances, are thought to respond less to rising temperatures. This means that they could suffer the most, as other birds could gain an advantage by arriving at the breeding grounds before them.
The study was carried out by the University of Edinburgh, who looked at hundreds of species of birds across five continents.
The researchers examined records of migrating bird species dating back almost 300 years.
It is hoped the findings of the research will help scientists predict how different species of birds could react to environmental changes in the future.


Cardiff Devils have continued to fill their roster for next season, with the return of Mark Louis and Layne Ulmer.

Defenceman Louis impressed at the back and also weighed in with five goals and 12 assists in 63 games.
Forward Ulmer claimed 23 goals and 46 assists in 65 games, pipped only by Joey Martin and Andrew Hotham in the scoring stakes for the champions.
It will be the second year at the Welsh club for both men after impressive debut seasons last term.
"Ulmer is a winner, it's that simple," said Devils coach Andrew Lord.
"We brought him in to be a leader and because of his proven track record of winning and playing his best in the big games.
"Before he came here, he won six titles in seven years in Italy.  Guys that get a taste for winning know what it takes to win and also can be a calming presence in pressure situations because they have been there before.
"Louis controls the puck so well and obviously his size makes him tough to get by in the defensive zone, but his skating ability is what impressed me so much last season.
"When a guy is that big and skates that well, he is tough to slow down."


A huge leak of confidential documents has revealed how the rich and powerful use tax havens to hide their wealth.

Eleven million documents were leaked from one of the world's most secretive companies, Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca.
They show how Mossack Fonseca has helped clients launder money, dodge sanctions and avoid tax.
The company says it has operated beyond reproach for 40 years and has never been charged with criminal wrong-doing.
French President Francois Hollande hailed the "good revelations" which would "increase tax revenues from those who commit fraud".
The documents show 12 current or former heads of state and at least 60 people linked to current or former world leaders in the data.
They include the Icelandic Prime Minister, Sigmundur David Gunnlaugson, who had an undeclared interest linked to his wife's wealth. He has said he will not resign.
The files also reveal a suspected billion-dollar money laundering ring involving close associates of Russian President Vladimir Putin.
Gerard Ryle, director of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), said the documents covered day-to-day business at Mossack Fonseca over the past 40 years.
"I think the leak will prove to be probably the biggest blow the offshore world has ever taken because of the extent of the documents," he added.
The documents also shed light on how Mossack Fonseca offered financial services designed to help business clients hide their wealth.
One wealthy client, US millionaire and life coach Marianna Olszewski, was offered fake ownership records to hide money from the authorities. This is in direct breach of international regulations designed to stop money-laundering and tax evasion.
An email from a Mossack executive to Ms Olszewski in January 2009 explains how she could deceive the bank: "We may use a natural person who will act as the beneficial ownerâ€¦ and therefore his name will be disclosed to the bank. Since this is a very sensitive matter, fees are quite high."
Ms Olszewski did not respond to the BBC's questions.
In a statement, Mossack Fonseca said: "Your allegations that we provide structures supposedly designed to hide the identity of the real owners, are completely unsupported and false.
"We do not provide beneficiary services to deceive banks. It is difficult, not to say impossible, not to provide banks with the identity of final beneficiaries and the origin of funds."
The data also contain secret offshore companies linked to the families and associates of Egypt's former President, Hosni Mubarak, former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and Syria's President Bashar al-Assad.
Also revealed is a suspected billion-dollar money-laundering ring that was run by a Russian bank and involved close associates of President Putin.
The operation was run by Bank Rossiya, which is subject to US and EU sanctions following Russia's annexation of Crimea.
The documents reveal for the first time how the bank operates.
Money has been channelled through offshore companies, two of which were officially owned by one of the Russian president's closest friends.
Concert cellist Sergei Roldugin has known Vladimir Putin since they were teenagers and is godfather to the president's daughter Maria.
On paper, Mr Roldugin has personally made hundreds of millions of dollars in profits from suspicious deals.
But documents from Mr Roldugin's companies state that: "The company is a corporate screen established principally to protect the identity and confidentiality of the ultimate beneficial owner of the company."
The Kremlin spokesman said it was clear the main target of the reports was Mr Putin, as well as Russia's political stability ahead of parliamentary elections.
Dmitry Peskov dismissed the investigation as insinuation and speculation, and suggested many of the team of journalists behind it were actually former US state department and CIA officials.
Mossack Fonseca data also show how Icelandic Prime Minister Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson had an undeclared interest in his country's failed banks.
Leaked documents show that Mr Gunnlaugsson and his wife bought offshore company Wintris in 2007.
He did not declare an interest in the company when entering parliament in 2009. He sold his 50% of Wintris to his wife for $1 (70p), eight months later.
The offshore company was used to invest millions of dollars of inherited money, according to a document signed by Mr Gunnlaugsson's wife, Anna Sigurlaug Palsdottir, in 2015.
Mr Gunnlaugsson is facing calls for his resignation, but said on Monday that this was not something he was considering.
He apologised for his poor performance in an earlier interview, when he walked out after a question about Wintris.
The prime minister stressed that his wife had always paid taxes in Iceland.
He says he has not broken any rules and his wife did not benefit financially from his decisions.
Mossack Fonseca says offshore companies are available worldwide and are used for a variety of legitimate purposes.
"If we detect suspicious activity or misconduct, we are quick to report it to the authorities," it said. "Similarly, when authorities approach us with evidence of possible misconduct, we always co-operate fully with them."
Jennie Granger, a spokeswoman for the UK's tax authority, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), said the organisation had received "a great deal of information on offshore companies, including in Panama, from a wide range of sources, which is currently the subject of intensive investigation".
She said the ICIJ had been asked to share all its data with HMRC.


Of the seven or so million residents in the former British colony of Hong Kong, nearly 5% - some 340,000 - are foreign domestic helpers.

Nearly half come from either the Philippines or Indonesia, and are indispensable assets for many working parents in the city.
But, as the BBC's Grace Tsoi discovers, the experience of motherhood of one Filipina live-in maid differs enormously from that of the Chinese working mother who employs her.
Marites B Samson chose to leave her native Philippines and head to Hong Kong for work, even though she did not speak the language and had never been a domestic helper.
The money was the draw.
In Hong Kong, a domestic helper earns at least 4,210 Hong Kong dollars ($543) - the minimum wage - while in Samson's hometown, Cabangan, a cashier earns 800 Hong Kong dollars ($103), so roughly a fifth of that.
"In the Philippines, life is so hard, and unless I can work here, nobody will support my two kids' education and they won't have a good future," Marites explains.
When Samson arrived in Hong Kong for the first time, her son Samuel was barely four and her daughter Elazia was three years old.
Samson only sees them every two years when she goes home.
The pay has come at a high price in another sense too.
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During one trip home, Samson discovered her husband had been cheating on her.
"He said he had needs I couldn't fulfil as I was working so far away," says Samson.
She has since decided to leave her husband and her children are looked after by her sister and mother.
"I've done nothing wrong," she adds, "I just live for my kids so they can study and [they] didn't deserve this."
Then the emotional toll gets the better of her.
"As a mother, it's so hard to leave your children. When I left, they were crying, crying. But if I didn't go, nobody would support them," she tells me, wiping tears from her face.
Samson says many of her friends working in Hong Kong experience similar problems.
Labour-exporting countries, such as the Philippines and Indonesia, earn more foreign currency and have lower unemployment rates, but broken homes are often an unacknowledged consequence.
As a college lecturer, Karen Lam works at least nine hours a day - reportedly about 20% higher than the OECD average but the norm in Hong Kong.
While Samson takes care of her five-year-old daughter and handles the chores, Karen Lam pursues her career.
"I love working," says Karen, "and of course I want to achieve my career goals."
Working full-time means she has three or four hours a day to spend with her daughter.
"Sometimes I feel guilty. There was a time when I was still teaching at night so I couldn't see my daughter. I missed her so much then."
Karen will not allow herself, however, to be paralysed by guilt.
"I need to adjust mentally. I make the choice to continue working."
There are also practical reasons for working.
"I have to take care of my family. We also have other expenses and still need to pay the mortgage."
If she stops working, she says she and her husband Felix Tong would have trouble paying their bills and would need to cancel their evening classes, which are important for furthering their careers.
Leisure, like travelling, would also be impossible, she says.
Domestic help is something Karen knew from the start she would need, even though she herself was raised by her grandmother.
This reflects a changing trend.
According to statistics, 67% of families in 2006 were nuclear [two generations, rather than more], compared with 54.4% 25 years earlier.
Karen says she recognises the contribution domestic workers make, saying: "We have to put ourselves in their shoes."


Helen Glover says she is feeling the pressure of defending a major title for the first time at next week's World Championships in Amsterdam.

Britain's  and  champion teams up with Heather Stanning as she aims to repeat her success in Chengdu in 2013.
"It's the first big title I've had to defend," Glover said.
"There's a little bit of pressure, but it I think it's important to feel the pressure," she told BBC Radio Cornwall.
"If you're going to define the season for us, when we look back at the 2014 season, it'll be 'we did this at the World Championships'," she added.
"In non-Olympic years it's the biggest event by far, it's a really big deal to have that to your name."
Glover and Stanning have resurrected their partnership from London 2012 after Stanning took a year off in 2013 to concentrate on her military career.
Glover and Polly Swann won the world title last year in Stanning's absence and the both women have rowed with Glover this season before Stanning managed to secure the spot alongside the Cornwall rower for the Worlds.
"It's going to be Heather's first chance since the Olympics [to win a world title] and I'd love the opportunity to keep my title so it's important and special to both of us.
"When we first came back together we realised it had been a long time since the Olympics. We needed to find our feet again and found that actually everything was really natural.
"That gave us the confidence over the last month or so away on training camp to not just let it be the same as it was - we've really worked on pushing it on.
"I feel we've moved on and made changes, looking to be a better crew than we were in 2012,"  Glover added.


Police investigating the 2015 General Election expenses of Conservative MP Craig Mackinlay have sent a file to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS).

Kent Police confirmed officers had sent the file to its lawyers following an investigation.
Mr Mackinlay beat Nigel Farage in the seat of South Thanet two years ago.
The CPS will decide whether any charges should be brought against either Mr Mackinlay or his agent.  Mr Mackinlay said he had done nothing wrong.
In a statement, the MP added: "I have... acted honestly and properly throughout."
Mr Mackinlay has said he plans to stand again in the seat in this year's general election.
Police said officers investigating offences under the Representation of the People's Act 1983 submitted the file to the CPS earlier this month.
The CPS confirmed it had received a file but did not comment further.


The Football Association wants a Great Britain women's football team to be revived for the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo.

GB teams played at the 2012 Games in London but will not feature in Rio.
The FA wanted to see a joint side take part this summer too, until its Northern Irish, Scottish and Welsh counterparts objected.
But FA participation and development director Kelly Simmons said: "The door's definitely open from our side to continue discussions."
A change at the top of Fifa, with Gianni Infantino replacing Sepp Blatter as president, has given the FA fresh hope that the home nations could be reassured about their status as stand-alone footballing countries if they support a GB team.
At Wednesday's launch of the Women's Super League season, Simmons stressed the importance of the Olympics for the development of the women's game.
And she rued the lack of a joint women's team in Brazil, to build on the success of England's World Cup performance last summer: "It's a massive blow. Here we are still working hard to promote the game, build a new fan base and take it to new audiences, and those big events are really critical in that."
The other home nations object on the basis that London was a one-off as hosts, and they fear a united British team could risk their independence as football nations within the sport's world governing body, Fifa.
"I hope that somehow we can find a way with the home nations and Fifa in the future, if we qualify, to take part, because the players deserve it and the women's game needs it," Simmons added.
A crowd of 70,584 watched Great Britain's women beat fancied Brazil 1-0 to reach the quarter-finals in 2012.
Simmons' comments echo those of British Olympic chiefs who said they would campaign to restore a GB side for 2020 following a third-place finish at last year's World Cup for England's women.


A woman, whose brother was killed in a traffic accident, has met the man who was given his face in a pioneering transplant operation.

Footage from Channel 9's 60 Minutes programme in Australia shows the moment Rebekah Aversano sees - and touches - the face of her dead brother.
The recipient, Richard Norris, from Virginia, US, was severely injured in a shotgun accident 15 years ago.
Until the operation he had rarely gone outside and lived as a recluse.
Transplant recipients do not normally meet the families of their donors.
But Ms Aversano, from Maryland, came face to face with the man who received some of her brother's facial tissues and structures.
She touched his face and said: "This is the face I grew up with."
Her brother, Joshua Aversano, had been killed in a road traffic accident, at the age of 21.
The decision to donate his face had been difficult, but would have been what he wanted, said his mother Gwen Aversano in a separate interview with CTV News.
She said: "Knowing our son he would have wanted someone else to go on with their lives if he wasn't able to.
"After meeting Mr Norris, seeing him and speaking to him we can definitely see our son in him.
"We were just so pleased we were able to help Mr Norris even though we had such a tragic loss," she added.
The extensive transplant surgery took place at the University of Maryland three years ago. It lasted more than 36 hours.
Mr Norris had lost his lips and nose in a shotgun accident and had limited movement of his mouth.
James Partridge, founder of the charity Changing Faces which supports people with facial disfigurements, told the BBC he did not know of another case where the family of the donor had met the person who had received the face.
And Mr Barry Jones, former president of the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons, said there were many issues to consider.
"It must be rather difficult for any relative to meet a recipient but it must be particularly difficult for faces," he told the BBC.
"On this occasion it seems to have been a happy outcome. But that might not always be the case."
Mr Jones said a family would have to ponder how they would feel about the personality of the person with the new face.
"I am not against recipients meeting donor families if both parties want too, but I hope they have been counselled properly before their meeting," he said.


The "door is still open" for Europe's top clubs to help find a solution to the row over the Heineken Cup's future, says the competition's organiser.

English and French clubs will quit the tournament next year in favour of the proposed Rugby Champions Cup.
European Rugby Cup (ERC), which has run the Heineken Cup since it began in 1995, wants to reopen talks with clubs.
"The future is best served by doing what we have all been doing for 18 years," said ERC chief Derek McGrath.
"ERC wishes to encourage everybody back to the table. There is a lot of activity to try to find solutions.
"We have stated many times that we absolutely believe that we will only find agreement when we have the full engagement of all the parties around the table. We haven't had that yet.
"We haven't had engagement and we haven't had negotiation, which is critical to find progress."
English Premiership and French Top 14 clubs are serving a notice period to leave ERC-run competitions and will not attend talks planned by the organising body next month.
They believe the Heineken Cup structure favours teams from the Pro12, which is made up of sides from Wales, Scotland, Ireland and Italy.
Only the top six in England and France are guaranteed a place in the Heineken Cup, whereas at least 10 Celtic League outfits - including both Scottish, both Italian and a minimum of three sides each from Wales and Ireland - have certain entry into the competition.
With the Pro12 having no relegation, it is argued teams can rest players for league matches to keep them fresh for Europe, while Premiership and Top 14 teams have to fight hard just to qualify.
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The English and French clubs are also unhappy with the way revenues are split between the three leagues and want to keep a greater share.
Pro12 clubs will be allowed to join the potential new tournament, but the Welsh, Scottish and Irish Rugby Unions want "full approval" of the International Rugby Board (IRB) for their clubs to take part.
Despite the English and French clubs' insistence on forming a breakaway competition, ERC chief executive McGrath insists there is still time to reach an agreement for all of Europe's top clubs to continue playing in the Heineken Cup.
"All parties bear a responsibility to find those solutions," he added at Monday's English and French launch of this season's Heineken and Amlin Challenge Cup competitions in Cardiff.
"Walking away is not respecting the obligations to those, in particular, who are not sitting at the table - the fans, the players, the sponsors - who have a significant interest in the future of the competitions.
"I sincerely believe it is in everyone's best interests to come to the meeting."


Two-time Olympic champion Heather Stanning has announced her retirement from rowing, ending her all-conquering partnership with Helen Glover.

Stanning, 31, and Glover became GB's first female rowers to win back-to-back Olympic golds when they retained the coxless pairs title in Rio this year.
Their Olympic gold at London 2012 was the hosts' first of the Games, and also the first in British women's rowing.
"I don't feel I've got anything else to prove to myself," said Stanning.
The double world champion ends her rowing career having not lost a single race alongside Glover since the World Championships in Slovenia in 2011, their dominance in the women's pair since extending to 39 consecutive victories.
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Stanning, promoted to a major in the British army at the beginning of the year, told BBC Sport she knew "quite quickly" after winning in Rio that she would not be competing in Tokyo 2020.
"I wanted things to get back to normal before I made the decision firmly and I wanted to make sure it was the right decision," she added.
"It's about time I made the decision and it has helped me focus on what to do next, certainly with work and the army because I know that's something I want to go back to.
"It seemed the right time to make that decision."
Stanning, who followed her London 2012 gold with a tour of Helmand Province in Afghanistan, said she doubted whether she had the desire to maintain the sporting standards she had set herself.
"If I was honest with myself and said I was going to commit to another four years, would I have the same drive and determination I had four years ago?" she said. "Probably not - therefore is it worth half-heartedly committing to something?
"There was no pressure on me to make a decision this year. I could have taken a whole year to make that choice, but I wanted to know what I was doing.
"As last season progressed I realised I'd achieved all I ever thought I could in the sport and, as you get older, it gets harder. I'm quite content with what I've achieved."
Stanning added that she did not want to start resenting having to make sacrifices for her sport and wanted to "100%" focus on life in the army.
"When you commit so much of your time to one thing you end up sacrificing an awful lot of other things and it's worth it for a time, but there comes a point where you wonder whether it is still worth making those sacrifices," she explained.
Stanning said neither Glover, 30, her coach Robin Williams, nor close family and friends were surprised by her decision.
Her conversation with close friend Glover was not emotional or awkward, she said - adding that her retirement did not signal the end of Glover's rowing career.
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"It does have an impact on her, but it doesn't necessarily change her mind with what she wants to do," said Stanning of Glover, who married naturalist and television presenter Steve Backshall in September.
"It seemed a normal, natural conversation, and I'm sure it was of no surprise to her. She knows me so well.
"It will be the end of our partnership in a rowing boat but it's not the end of our friendship and that's just as important."
Glover has experienced success with a different partner in the past.
In 2013 she forged a winning partnership with Polly Swann. The pair became world champions that year, while Stanning was in Afghanistan, and European champions in 2014 after Stanning took an enforced break because of fitness concerns.
"It was a great success and hopefully people enjoyed watching and supporting us as much as we enjoyed being part of it," said Stanning of her partnership with Glover.
"We both worked hard. Hopefully people will look back and see two individuals who had their opportunities and absolutely made the most of their time while they were able to."


Labour has called for UKIP AM Michelle Brown to clarify comments she made on Tuesday suggesting there was a hate crime "publicity machine".

Figures released in the summer by police chiefs suggested a year-on-year rise in hate crimes.
Ms Brown said the increase in reporting crime did not "necessarily" mean more crime was being committed.
Labour AM Rhianon Passmore called the remarks "insensitive" and claimed UKIP did not take the offences seriously.
In a debate in the Senedd on Tuesday Ms Brown, who represents North Wales, said any increase in reported crimes was "not necessarily an indication that more of those crimes are actually being committed".
She added: "Increases in reported crime are therefore more a testament to the effectiveness of the publicity machine surrounding hate crime than evidence that our society is become more intolerant."
Ms Passmore, who represents Islwyn, said: "The evidence clearly shows that very many people do not report hate crimes and these insensitive and ill-chosen remarks from UKIP will do nothing to address this, nor the incidents of intolerance that victims face on a daily basis.
"UKIP's attempts to dismiss this shows that they do not take these offences seriously."
In July then-Prime Minister David Cameron described crimes committed in the wake of June's EU referendum "despicable".
Hate crimes are offences where a victim is targeted because of criteria including their race, religion, sexual orientation or disability.


The management of a popular Japanese boy band has apologised after they appeared on national television dressed in uniforms resembling Nazis.

The Simon Wiesenthal Center, a Jewish human rights organisation based in Los Angeles, said it was shocked and dismayed by the broadcast.
The band, Kishidan, wore the uniforms - complete with iron crosses and red armbands - for an interview on MTV.
Sony Music Artists said there was no ideological meaning to the outfits.
The six male members of the band are famous for dressing up as school boys. But their choice of clothing on MTV Japan's Megavector programme proved far more controversial.
The black uniforms resembled those worn by the Nazi SS.
The broadcast on 23 February prompted a complaint from the Simon Wiesenthal Center.
The Jewish human rights group said it highlighted the ignorance of many young Japanese of German war-time atrocities, as well as those committed by Imperial Japanese forces.
Sony Music Artists, a unit of Sony's entertainment subsidiary which manages Kishidan, issued an online apology.
"Although it was not meant to carry any ideological meaning whatsoever, we deeply regret and apologise for the distress it has caused Simon Wiesenthal Center and all concerned," it said.
People in Asia tend to be less sensitive to the use of Nazi themes than those in the West.
In December, a complaint from the Simon Wiisenthal Center caused a major Japanese retailer to stop sales of a Nazi uniform party outfit.
In 2007, a school in Thailand apologised after a Nazi-themed parade at its sports day, complete with students performing Hitler salutes.


Everton goalkeeper Tim Howard will join the Colorado Rapids in the summer.

The 37-year-old has agreed a three-and-a-half-year deal with the Major League Soccer outfit, bringing to an end 10 seasons at Goodison Park.
The United States international will be available for the Rapids from 4 July, when the MLS transfer window opens.
"I will remain an Evertonian for life," said Howard, who joined the Toffees from Manchester United in 2006. "This will always be my team, my club."
Howard signed for United in 2003, winning the FA Cup in his first season at Old Trafford before losing his place to Roy Carroll and, later, Edwin van der Sar.
Since joining Everton, he has, until recently, been the Toffees' first-choice goalkeeper, making 412 appearances for the club in all competitions.
A knee injury and loss of form led to his replacement by Spaniard Joel Robles at the end of January.
Paul Bravo, Colorado's technical director and VP of soccer operations, believes Howard will prove a "pivotal signing".
He added: "Tim is exceptional, both as a player and a person.
"He proved it at the last World Cup for the US national team and he has been proving it for the last decade in the English Premier League.
"He has experience at the very pinnacle of the sport and we feel he has much still to offer on the pitch."
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A "virtual airline" which ran flights between Belfast City Airport and the Isle of Man has gone into liquidation.

Citywing said the decision was taken after an airline which operates flights on its behalf had its permission to fly suspended.
Van Air Europe faced the action after an incident last month at Ronaldsway Airport in the Isle of Man.
Citywing told passengers not to turn up at the airports and said advice would be given on refunds in "due course".
All its flights from Saturday 11 March have been cancelled.
Groups who could be affected are motorbike racers, their families and fans trying to get to and from the Isle of Man.
Motorcycle road racer Conor Cummins told Manx Radio, he hoped there would be a solution soon.
"The TT is coming up when there's a massive influx of fans coming from Ireland," he said. "It could put the brakes on a lot of things".
Mr Cummins and his fiance are also affected personally, as they are due to get married in Northern Ireland in November with many family members and friends set to travel over with them.
The UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), which did not regulate the Isle of Man-based ticket seller, advised passengers with forward bookings to contact their card or insurance provider for refunds.
The firm sold flights on scheduled services between the Isle of Man and various UK destinations.
It also operated a route between Cardiff Airport and Anglesey under a public service contract with the Welsh Assembly Government.
Citywing said it had suffered "considerable losses" and had found it difficult to source alternative aircraft after Czech-registered Van Air lost its licence.
Its licence was suspended by the regulator after one of its flights from the Isle of Man, bound for George Best Belfast City Airport, was forced to turn back because of high winds.
The flight, on 23 February, coincided with Storm Doris.
Another airline was drafted in to run Van Air's routes until an investigation was completed.
However, Citywing released a statement on Friday saying: "The company has tried to offer a service while suffering considerable losses but these have proved unfortunately to be commercially unsustainable.
"It is therefore with much sadness and deep regret that the directors of Citywing Aviation Services Limited have had to take the difficult decision to close the company today and put the company into liquidation."


A man who killed his parents after telling police they had been replaced with imposters like in the film Face/Off has failed in a bid to have his sentence reduced.

Kamil Dantes, from Nottinghamshire, said he wished to "destroy" the imposters, claiming they were wearing his parents' faces as skin masks.
The sentencing judge said cannabis had induced psychotic behaviour.
He gave him a life sentence with a minimum term of 18 years.
The case reached the Appeal Court because his legal team challenged the length of the minimum term, but the appeal was rejected.
Lady Justice Hallett said: "These were the most brutal attacks on two innocent and virtually defenceless human beings.
"It was an impeccable sentencing exercise. No complaint can be made about the length of this minimum term."
Dantes, from Worksop, was originally charged with murder but the prosecution accepted his guilty pleas of manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility.
The 29-year-old, now aged 31, was ordered to be detained in a psychiatric unit when he was sentenced on 20 July 2015.
His minimum term would have been 19 years and 73 days but was reduced to 17 years and 354 days because he had spent more than a year in custody by the time he was sentenced.
Lady Justice Hallett, sitting with Mr Justice Jeremy Baker and Judge Simon Bourne-Arton, rejected claims that Dantes received insufficient credit for his guilty pleas.
She dismissed arguments that the judge should have taken more account of his anguished history of mental health problems.
Lady Justice Hallett also noted that he had taken cannabis and amphetamines shortly before the killings, despite knowing that this could worsen his fragile condition.


Chinese activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo has been cremated in a private ceremony in the north-eastern city of Shenyang.

His ashes were later scattered in the sea, his brother said.
Mr Liu, who had been serving an 11-year prison term for "subversion", died of liver cancer on Thursday. He was China's most prominent dissident.
His wife, Liu Xia, has been under house arrest since 2010. But she attended Saturday's funeral.
An official said that Mr Liu's remains were cremated "in accordance with local customs and the wishes of the family".
Mozart's Requiem was played at the ceremony, he said.
Photographs shared by local authorities showed Mrs Liu and other mourners beside Mr Liu's open coffin, which was surrounded by white chrysanthemums, a symbol of grief in China.
She was visibly distressed.
Later pictures showed Mrs Liu and others on a ship apparently throwing flowers into the sea, during a ceremony to scatter her husband's ashes.
Supporters of Mr Liu say the authorities wanted to avoid providing a burial ground where he could be remembered.
"It was a deliberate move by the Chinese government to hastily arrange the funeral so that no-one can visit his body, which would evoke the most memories," said activist Hu Jia, quoted by the South China Morning Post.
The official who spoke about the funeral said he believed Mrs Liu had been freed, but Mr Liu's lawyer, Jared Genser, rejected this claim and said Mrs Liu had been held "incommunicado" since her husband's death.
"The world needs to mobilise to rescue her - and fast," he wrote in a statement. On Friday, the committee that awards the Nobel Peace Prize said it was "deeply worried" about her and urged China to free her.
At a government-organised news conference, Mr Liu's older brother Liu Xiaoguang said the funeral arrangements had been carried out in accordance with the family's wishes.
Liu Xiaoguang is regarded by Mr Liu's friends as someone who had long disagreed with his brother's views.
Meanwhile in Hong Kong several thousand people held an evening vigil for the dissident, calling him a "people's hero" and demanding "true freedom" for Liu Xia, Reuters reported.
Liu Xiaobo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 for his non-violent struggle for human rights in China.


An Oxford vicar has threatened homeless people with legal action to stop them sleeping rough in his churchyard.

Canon Dr Andrew Bunch took action after three tents were set up among St Giles' Church's gravestones.
He said the church was "sympathetic" to the rough sleepers, but they were causing problems for other people wanting to use the churchyard.
In a letter he said the church would get a court order if they did not leave, which prompted them to move on.
He added that he only wrote the letter after asking the rough sleepers to leave, which they refused to do, and because the police could not intervene.
Canon Bunch said: "It had grown over the last three or fours weeks and was becoming a bit of a problem.
"They were causing us trouble because we found that people were feeling threatened as they were walking through, and it was reported to me that needles had been found around that area.
"So we didn't feel that was the right place for that sort of activity, given the fact that we've got other homeless people in the area and also we've got young children."
He added that the church works with other rough sleepers and hosts the homeless charity Gatehouse in its parish rooms.
Canon Bunch also said in his letter that the rough sleepers should contact Oxford City Council's street population outreach team.
Saint Giles was a 7th Century abbot who lived in France and is the patron saint of beggars, disabled people and convicts.