Arundhati Roy's long-awaited second novel has made the longlist for the Man Booker Prize - 20 years after winning the award with her first.

The Ministry of Utmost Happiness is one of 13 novels longlisted for the prize.
Two British Smiths, Ali and Zadie, also make the cut, as do first-time novelists Emily Fridlund, Fiona Mozley and George Saunders.
The longlist includes four US writers, one year on from the prize going to its first American recipient.
They include veteran writer Paul Auster, recognised - at the age of 70 - for 4 3 2 1, his first novel in seven years.
American writers have been eligible for the Â£50,000 prize since 2014, a move labelled "daft" by 2011 winner Julian Barnes.
Colson Whitehead, Saunders and Fridlund make up the rest of the US contingent, while Mozley and Jon McGregor complete the quartet of UK contenders.
The longlist is completed by two Irish authors - Sebastian Barry and Mike McCormack - and two novelists who were born in Pakistan, Mohsin Hamid and Kamila Shamsie.
The list was chosen from 144 submissions published in the UK between 1 October 2016 and 30 September 2017.
Indian author Roy won the Booker in 1997 with her best-selling debut novel The God of Small Things.
Her second novel, published in June, is described by the Booker judges as "a rich and vital book [that] comes from the bowels of India".
Barry's longlisted book, Days Without End, saw the author become the first novelist to win the Costa Book of the Year prize twice.
The 62-year-old has been shortlisted for the Booker before, as have Ali Smith, Zadie Smith and Mohsin Hamid.
Baroness Lola Young, chair of the 2017 judging panel, said the 13 books "showcased a diverse spectrum - not only of voices and literary styles but of protagonists too".
This year's list of contenders has a ratio of seven men to six women - the same gender split as last year's longlist.
A six-strong shortlist will be announced on 13 September, ahead of the winning book being announced on 17 October.
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Ulster Unionist leader Mike Nesbitt has said he is not seeking vengeance on the DUP for its previous criticism of his party's power-sharing with republicans.

This week, a security report said the IRA's ruling army council still existed and has influence over Sinn Féin.
DUP ministers who resigned last month returned to the Northern Ireland Executive after the report's release.
Mr Nesbitt said the report's findings vindicated his party's decision to pull out of the executive in August.
He will address his party's annual conference at a hotel on the outskirts of Belfast later.
Speaking at the conference on Saturday, former UUP leader Sir Reg Empey said that after the report on paramilitary activity stated that PIRA members believe that the provisional army council exists and oversees both PIRA and Sinn Féin with an overarching strategy "[First Minister] Peter [Robinson] goes back to business as usual sending the clear signal to Sinn Féin that they can get away with it again. How awful".
He also said Sinn Féin's denials about the IRA were "sapping credibility out of politics and must be reversed if we are to create effective and acceptable devolution at Stormont".
Sir Reg added: "It is true that Stormont has taken some good decisions, but conference, the present administration is the worst so far and is failing on nearly all fronts. This cannot be as good as it gets."
The Ulster Unionists withdrew from government during the current political crisis at Stormont after allegations that IRA members had been involved in the murder of Kevin McGuigan Sr, one of its former members, in August.
Party leader Mr Nesbitt said he "never set out to be the avenger of David Trimble", his predecessor, who was the first person to hold the position of first minister in Northern Ireland.
But he added that if Mr Trimble had been avenged, "maybe that's no bad thing".
Mr Trimble faced criticism from the DUP over sharing power with republicans.
When the DUP agreed to the restoration of devolution in 2007, it insisted Sinn Féin should accept the police and the IRA should completely decommission its weapons.
But the findings of an assessment of paramilitary activity in Northern Ireland earlier this week indicated that the IRA still has access to weapons, although its focus is wholly political.
Mr Nesbitt said he had "set out to do the right thing" by removing the UUP from the executive, and the report had shown his decision was justified.
"I took a principled stand, I took an unambiguous stand that everybody understands, but having said all that, has David Trimble been avenged?
"People seem to think that he has and perhaps that is no bad by-product."


Swansea City manager Bob Bradley says he faces a "huge" job to save his side from relegation.

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The Swans are second from bottom and five points from safety in the Premier League after losing 3-1 at Stoke on Monday, Bradley's third game in charge.
The defeat was Swansea's ninth match without a win, their worst run since promotion to the top flight in 2011.
"It's a test of everybody's character and determination every single day," said the former United States coach.
"Let's face it, that's where we are. When things are going in the wrong direction, it takes a real strong effort from everybody to turn it around.
"When a team has gone through a bad stretch, there's no magic way of getting some confidence back.
"It's a huge job we have. I knew that from the start. Let's be honest, when there's a managerial change, it's because things have not gone well."
The defeat at Stoke was Bradley's second in three matches since his appointment on 3 October, following a 3-2 loss at Arsenal and a goalless draw at home against Watford.
Swansea's last Premier League win was away at Burnley on the opening day of the season, and the slump which followed led to the sacking of Bradley's predecessor Francesco Guidolin.
Performances have improved sporadically during the campaign but the Swans were outplayed by Stoke, who claimed a third successive league victory.
Former Swans striker Wilfried Bony scored his first goal for Stoke before Wayne Routledge headed the visitors level in a frenetic first half.
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The volume of Stoke chances eventually told as visiting defender Alfie Mawson turned Ramadan Sobhi's shot into his own net, and Bony then nodded in a third after Joe Allen's shot was saved.
"In the Premier League, there's no free points. To win games you need a combination of your football and your mentality, and I don't think we were good enough in either category," Bradley added.
"We were a little fortunate to go in level at half-time, but then we talked about needing belief and needing to raise our level.
"We said we had to be able to match them physically better than we had in the first half, but I think that was a factor in the game.
"We also made mistakes. There are a lot of things we need to work on."


Former England cricket captain Charlotte Edwards has hinted she may retire after playing for Southern Vipers in this season's Super League.

Edwards, 37, returns as captain of holders Vipers for the second edition of the T20 competition this month.
"It might be my last one, but I haven't made a full decision on it yet," she told BBC Radio Solent.
"The body and mind need to be at the best to play in this competition, I'm looking forward to the next few weeks."
Edwards, who retired from international cricket in 2016, was a radio and television pundit as England won July's Women's World Cup in dramatic fashion at Lord's.
After a number of weeks behind the microphone, the right-hander - who led England to World Cup and World T20 titles in 2009 - is keen to return to playing.
"I'm carrying a bit of a hamstring niggle at the moment, but it's been a long summer so far and I'm looking forward to playing," she said.
"This is a really good tournament at this stage of the season and T20 is a great format to market women's cricket. I love being around this group of players."
The Vipers start their Super League defence on 10 August against Western Storm at the Ageas Bowl in a repeat of last season's final.


Hearts were knocked out of the Scottish League Cup after drawing with second-tier Dunfermline Athletic, who progress from round one as Group B winners.

Don Cowie's opener for Premiership Hearts was cancelled out by Joe Cardle's stylish finish.
Declan McManus fired the Pars in front but Isma Goncalves equalised before Dunfermline secured a bonus point by winning the penalty shoot-out.
Also in Group B, Peterhead beat Elgin City 3-0 to seal the runners-up spot.
However, the Blue Toon's hopes of going through as one of the four best second-placed teams depends on either Dundee or Dundee United sustaining a heavy defeat in Sunday's derby.
The contrasting form of both sides gave advance warning of what might happen at Tynecastle.
Dunfermline had put five on Peterhead earlier in the group whereas Hearts lost to them. Dunfermline scored six against Elgin whereas Hearts toiled for a 1-0 win. The visitors to Edinburgh were full of confidence; the hosts stymied by lack of pace, creativity, leadership and defensive stability.
What all of this means to head coach Ian Cathro's job is hard to know, but there were cries of "sacked in the morning" from the home support in the second half. What reason do they have to believe in him now? Cathro has been given time but nothing is improving. Those who were completely with him when he was appointed in December are deserting him fast, their faith exhausted.
Hearts, with only seven wins in 2017 so far, did take the lead when Cowie's angled shot from decent set-up play from Kyle Lafferty gave Cathro the beginning he was hoping for. The optimism was short-lived.
To be precise, it lasted eight minutes. John Souttar stood off Cardle and the winger took advantage, curling in a beauty past Jack Hamilton.
Hearts needed energy and trickery but the man they usually turn to, Jamie Walker, was not in the squad, left out for footballing reasons said his manager.
Amid speculation about a move to Rangers, Cathro remarked that Walker has shown a "drop-off" in performance level and focus.
It has to be said that Walker finished last season poorly and has not been good in the early games of this season either. He has one goal in his last 18 games for Hearts.
The best chance the hosts had to go back in front came from a Dunfermline player - Callum Morris - who almost knocked one past his own goalkeeper only for Sean Murdoch to make a superb save.
Boos at the break for Hearts and then, early in the new half, a second goal for Dunfermline.
Panic-ridden defending was at the root of it, Souttar selling himself and opening up the space that Dunfermline executed with composure and precision. McManus received Callum Smith's pass and smashed in his third goal in four games in this competition.
Dunfermline were pushed back in the latter stages. As Hearts grew desperate they managed to cause the Championship side some bother, Nate Wedderburn and Cardle knocking efforts off the line in quick succession.
Hearts did get the equaliser when another deep cross sent into the Dunfermline box led to Goncalves bundling home and they could have pulled off a dramatic comeback in the dying seconds had substitute Cole Stockton not blasted wide on the turn from three yards out.
Dunfermline advanced even before the spot-kicks had taken place and Hearts were out. And how Tynecastle let Cathro know how they felt about it. Cathro cut a lonely figure at the end.
Hearts then added to the feeling of rancour inside the stadium when they lost the most meaningless of penalty shoot-outs. Jordan McGhee, Malaury Martin and Cowie could not even hit the target on a desperately bleak day. One wonders how many more of these experiences Cathro will be allowed.
At Borough Briggs, Paul Cairney struck an early opener for Peterhead and David McCracken headed their second before the break. Jamie Stevenson fired a third for the visitors after the break.
Match ends, Heart of Midlothian 2(1), Dunfermline Athletic 2(3).
Attempt saved. Prince Buaben (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from more than 40 yards on the right wing is saved in the bottom right corner.
Penalty Shootout ends, Heart of Midlothian 2(1), Dunfermline Athletic 2(3).
Penalty missed! Bad penalty by Don Cowie (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot is too high. Don Cowie should be disappointed.
Goal!  Heart of Midlothian 2(1), Dunfermline Athletic 2(3). Nathaniel Wedderburn (Dunfermline Athletic) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the high centre of the goal.
Penalty missed! Bad penalty by Malaury Martin (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot is high and wide to the right. Malaury Martin should be disappointed.
Penalty saved! Declan McManus (Dunfermline Athletic) fails to capitalise on this great opportunity,  right footed shot saved  in the centre of the goal.
Goal!  Heart of Midlothian 2(1), Dunfermline Athletic 2(2). Kyle Lafferty (Heart of Midlothian) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the top right corner.
Goal!  Heart of Midlothian 2, Dunfermline Athletic 2(2). Scott Lochhead (Dunfermline Athletic) converts the penalty with a left footed shot to the top left corner.
Penalty missed! Bad penalty by Jordan McGhee (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot is too high. Jordan McGhee should be disappointed.
Goal!  Heart of Midlothian 2, Dunfermline Athletic 2(1). Michael Paton (Dunfermline Athletic) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom right corner.
Penalty Shootout begins Heart of Midlothian 2, Dunfermline Athletic 2.
Second Half ends, Heart of Midlothian 2, Dunfermline Athletic 2.
Attempt missed. Cole Stockton (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from the left side of the six yard box is high and wide to the right.
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Lee Ashcroft.
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Lewis Martin.
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Nathaniel Wedderburn.
Substitution, Dunfermline Athletic. Jean-Yves Mvoto replaces Joe Cardle.
Goal!  Heart of Midlothian 2, Dunfermline Athletic 2. Esmael Gonçalves (Heart of Midlothian) left footed shot from very close range to the bottom left corner.
Scott Lochhead (Dunfermline Athletic) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Jamie Brandon (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Scott Lochhead (Dunfermline Athletic).
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Nathaniel Wedderburn.
Attempt blocked. Kyle Lafferty (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Lee Ashcroft.
Christophe Berra (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Kallum Higginbotham (Dunfermline Athletic).
Attempt blocked. Lewis Martin (Dunfermline Athletic) right footed shot from more than 35 yards is blocked.
Esmael Gonçalves (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Scott Lochhead (Dunfermline Athletic).
Cole Stockton (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Lee Ashcroft (Dunfermline Athletic).
Attempt blocked. Scott Lochhead (Dunfermline Athletic) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Malaury Martin (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Substitution, Heart of Midlothian. Malaury Martin replaces Arnaud Sutchuin-Djoum.
Foul by Arnaud Sutchuin-Djoum (Heart of Midlothian).
Michael Paton (Dunfermline Athletic) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Cole Stockton (Heart of Midlothian).
Lee Ashcroft (Dunfermline Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Dunfermline Athletic. Scott Lochhead replaces Calum Smith.


The Duchess of Cambridge has given her first official speech abroad, while visiting a hospice in Malaysia.

She described the support provided for terminally ill children, by the centre in Kuala Lumpur, as "life-changing".
The duchess and her husband travelled to Malaysia from Singapore, where they had begun their nine-day tour of South East Asia to mark the Queen's Diamond Jubilee.
She said the couple were "hugely excited" to be in Malaysia.
They were given a guided tour of the hospice, meeting staff and patients.
The duchess sat with 15-year-old leukaemia sufferer Zakwan Anuar, who had postponed a blood transfusion in order to meet the royal.
Asking him about his treatment, she said: "You must be very, very brave. Are you in pain? You're a brave boy. Thank you so much for coming to see me."
Zakwan told the duchess that she was "very pretty", to which she replied: ""Thank you. You're very handsome."
Afterwards, the boy's mother, Norizan Sulong, said: "Zakwan is normally very sleepy and in pain, crying, almost giving up hope, but today - my God - it was as if the leukaemia had gone."
She added: "God bless her. I cannot repay that kindness."
In her speech, the duchess said she had learned the importance of the care provided by such centres through her role as patron of East Anglia's Children's Hospices.
"Providing children and their families with a place of support, care and enhancement at a time of great need is simply life changing," she said.
"With effective palliative care lives can be transformed. Treatment, support, care and advice can provide a lifeline to families at a time of great need.
"This is a very special place and so much has already been achieved".
Institutions dedicated to providing palliative treatment for those with terminal illnesses are rare in Malaysia and across the Far East.
Doctor Ednin Hamzah, the chief executive of Hospis Malaysia, said the presence of the duchess and the duke at the hospice would send a message across the region about the importance of such facilities.
He said: "I think the duchess could become the champion for the hospice movement worldwide if she wants to take on that mantle.
"She is very natural with the patients, you can see a warmth and connection there".
The royal couple arrived in the country on a scheduled Malaysian Airlines flight, before meeting Prime Minister Najib Razak at his official residence.
Their last engagement in Singapore was to visit a memorial for Commonwealth casualties from World War II, where they laid a wreath on behalf of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh.
The couple are scheduled to visit a Malaysian tropical jungle, on Borneo island, before heading to the Solomon Islands on Saturday. They will finish their tour in Tuvalu.


Chelsea boss Jose Mourinho claims he pulled out of a bid to sign left-back Luke Shaw this summer because his wage demands would have "killed" the club.

Shaw became the fourth-most expensive defender in history when Manchester United signed him earlier this month from Southampton for £27m.
Mourinho says Shaw's reported wages of around £100,000 a week were too large.
"If we pay to a 19-year-old boy what we were being asked for, to sign Luke Shaw, we are dead," said Mourinho.
"We would have killed our stability with financial fair play and killed the stability in our dressing room, because when you pay that much to a 19-year-old kid - a good player, fantastic player - but when you pay that amount of money, the next day, we would have had players knocking on our door.
"They would have been saying, 'How is it possible I play 200 games for this club, won this and that, yet a 19-year-old comes here and gets more money than I get?"'
Shaw, a Chelsea fan as a youngster, made his Premier League debut in November 2012 and earned his first England cap in the friendly against Denmark in February.
The left-back has agreed a four-year contract with United, with an option to extend for a further year. The fee could rise to £31m, depending on his performance.
He became the youngest player to feature at the 2014 Fifa World Cup in Brazil when he played the entire 90 minutes of England's 0-0 draw with Costa Rica.


More than 120 years after it was built, Blackpool Tower has won a heritage award.

The structure was given the first North West Civil Engineering Heritage Award by the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE).
ICE said the tower was "possibly the most instantly recognisable work of civil engineering in the country" and "all about having fun".
It beat 12 other entries including Manchester's Victoria Station.
The Â£44m redevelopment of the railway station won instead the Large Project Award at a ceremony held in Cumbria on Friday.
Other contenders for the heritage award were Thomas Telford's Nantwich Aqueduct in Cheshire, John Rennie's Old Tram Bridge in Preston and the 200-year-old Wigan Flight of 23 locks on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.
North West regional director of ICE Darrell Matthews said the tower was "a really interesting nomination" because civil engineering was usually associated with "highly practical things like railways and bridges" whereas Blackpool Tower is "all about having fun".
But he added: "There's no doubting the engineering skill that went into designing and building it, so it's a very worthy winner. The Blackpool Tower is possibly the most instantly recognisable work of civil engineering in the UK."
Chris Hudson from ICE's Lancashire branch said: "Blackpool Promenade itself is a fantastic showcase of civil engineering old and new - the piers, the sea defences, the tramway - and they're all amazing works of engineering in their own ways.
"But Blackpool Tower literally stands tall. In fact it's 518 feet and nine inches of monument to civil engineering genius."
Source: The Blackpool Tower


A firm that plans to drill for oil and gas on the Jurassic Coast in Dorset is seeking an extension to its drilling licence.

InfraStrata has planning permission to drill onshore at California Quarry near Swanage to a well offshore 2,000 metres (6,600ft) beneath the seabed.
Its licence states an exploration well must be drilled by February 2016.
The firm said the extension was needed as it had been unable to complete its analysis on the site.
It was given planning permission by Dorset County Council for the exploratory drilling in December 2013.
The energy company plans to use conventional drilling methods, not hydraulic fracturing - otherwise known as fracking - on the site near Durlston Castle.
Campaigners claim oil or gas extraction would "destroy" the landscape, as rigs would be close to a historical site and conservation area.
If no commercial oil or gas is found, the well will be plugged and abandoned and the well site restored to its original state.


Singer Noel Harrison has died at his home in Devon, aged 79.

The son of the actor Rex Harrison, he was best known for recording the hit song The Windmills Of Your Mind on The Thomas Crown Affair soundtrack.
It won best song at the 1968 Oscars and was later covered by artists including Dusty Springfield.
Harrison spent much of his life in America, as an actor and performer, but moved back to the UK in the last decade or so to live in South Devon.
He once said, of recording The Windmills Of Your Mind: "It didn't seem like a big deal at the time. I went to the studio one afternoon and sang it and pretty much forgot about it."
Harrison continued: "I didn't realise until later what a timeless, beautiful piece Michel LeGrand and the Bergmans had written. It turned out to be my most notable piece of work."
After moving to the US, he starred in the TV series The Girl from UNCLE and had chart hits with A Young Girl and Suzanne, by Leonard Cohen.
On his website he wrote: "I was part of the 'British Invasion' spearheaded by The Beatles. I bought a nice house in Los Angeles.
"There was another US charts record and four years of endless TV appearances, theatre tours and star-studded social occasions."
However he revealed he "didn't like being a celebrity" and spent his sixties mixing performing with construction work before moving back to the UK, adding, "I was well out of the goldfish bowl and I liked it."
Harrison was born in London on 29 January 1934, to Rex Harrison and his mother, Collette Thomas, the first of six Mrs Rex Harrisons.
They later divorced and he lived in Bude, Cornwall, with his mother's parents before she took him to live in the Swiss Alps at 15.
Harrison never went to school again but indulged his passion for ski-racing instead, becoming British champion in 1953.
He was married three times and had children and grandchildren from his first two marriages.
An admirer of Jacques Brel, Harrison created a one-man musical, Adieu, Jacques in the 1980s and, in 2002, released an album of songs from the show.
Harrison played Glastonbury Festival's Spirit of '71 stage in 2011, marking 40 years since his first appearance at the festival.


It was in the Kent town of Dartford that a young grocer's daughter from the East Midlands cut her political teeth.

Margaret Roberts, soon to become Thatcher, twice lost the general election in the safe Labour seat in 1950 and 1951.
But it was the beginning of a political journey that was to see her become the country's first female prime minister.
She would also be remembered negatively in Kent for the closure of the Royal Navy dockyards in Chatham and the last of the county's coal mines.
But she was fundamental in driving forward plans for the Channel Tunnel between Folkestone and Calais, which brought many jobs to the area.
Dorothy Shakespeare, who campaigned with Lady Thatcher in both elections, remembered her as a "warm person".
However, she doubted whether she would be able to climb the ranks in a male dominated world.
She said: "At the end of her [Lady Thatcher's] speech at an eve of poll meeting, the chairman said, 'ladies and gentlemen I would like you to know that you have just been listening to a future prime minister'.
"And I said to myself, 'not in my time'."
Although Lady Thatcher lost twice in Dartford, it was during her campaign that she met her husband Denis before marrying him in 1951.
Another setback occurred when she put herself forward as the Conservative candidate for the former Kent constituency of Orpington, but was rejected in 1954.
The town's current MP, Jo Johnson, said: "History could've been so different in many ways.
"Orpington, which I have the honouring of representing, unbelievably rejected her as a candidate in 1954 and it almost snuffed out her career.
"Back then it was felt a young mother of twins simply couldn't be a candidate."
She eventually was selected for the safe seat of Finchley in North London where she became an MP in 1959.
It was during Lady Thatcher's tenure as prime minister that the Royal Navy dockyards closed in Chatham in 1984.
She was, however, to make two visits to the dockyards after her retirement.
Paul Clark, who was a union representative and former Labour MP for Gillingham, said the decision to close the dockyard had a devastating effect on the Medway towns.
He said: "Some 400 years... of the Medway towns that had been built on the dockyard and all the people that worked there - suddenly overnight that had disappeared.
"That was as a consequence of the strategic defence review that was undertaken by Margaret Thatcher and her defence minister."
However, jobs were brought to the county with the construction and management of the Channel Tunnel.
John Noulton, who is a former director of public affairs at Eurotunnel and played a key role in negotiations with France over the Channel Tunnel treaty, said the project "wouldn't have happened without her".
He said: "What pleases me most is how popular it is with British people who were root and branch opposed to it when it was first proposed.
"And how little adverse impact it has had on Kent and the benefits it has brought to Kent."


A vast network of forgotten cycle ways across the UK has been rediscovered with the help of Google Street View.

Historian and cycling enthusiast Carlton Reid found the routes, which were created between 1934 and 1940, after scanning for evidence of them online.
They were originally put in place by the Ministry of Transport, but many fell out of use after World War Two.
Mr Reid is now part of a campaign to reinstate some of the routes.
"We might see them every single day and not realise what they are - they're very much hidden in plain sight," he said.
By carefully looking at images on Google Street View, Mr Reid was able to discern residual evidence of the cycle ways - sometimes appearing like second pavements or merely depressions by the side of the road.
A map showing the locations of the routes across the UK has also been posted online as part of the campaign.
"Urban planners often say, 'Oh, there's no place for cycling, we can't put these things in.'
"This project says we have got the space, sometimes [the cycle ways] are already there," said Mr Reid.
The routes had been a vivid red when first created, he told the BBC, but the colour had faded over time in many cases.
"There are some in Manchester and Nottingham that are still pink now in patches," he said.
Mr Reid said the paths were often very wide, allowing cyclists lots of room to use them.
However, they apparently fell out of use after World War Two, when the UK experienced a huge boom in car ownership.
Having spent more than a year researching the routes online, Mr Reid believes he has found 280 miles of the "lost" network.
A Kickstarter campaign to raise funds for the project has been started by Mr Reid and his collaborator, John Dales, an urban planner.
The campaign reached its initial funding goal of Â£7,000 ($9,000) within three days of launching and has now accrued more than Â£10,000 in pledges.
Should the project gather enough support, Mr Dales intends to make formal recommendations to the relevant authorities that some of the cycle ways be reinstated.
"We will also be working hard on getting the Department for Transport to also provide some national cash," said Mr Reid.
"After all, it can be shown that the Ministry of Transport, its predecessor organisation, was 75 years ahead of its time."
The project has received praise from cycling groups.
"It would be wonderful to see this legacy updated, restored and protected, not only because these cycle ways would be useful in their own right, but also because they would serve as an inspiration for developing a comprehensive cycle network, using the space we already have," said Mark Treasure, who chairs the Cycling Embassy of Great Britain.
Reinstating the routes would make cycling safer and improve traffic flow, suggested Charles Hobbs, owner of "Charlie the Bikemonger", a bicycle shop in Dorset.
"It's great to see these rights of way being rediscovered," he told the BBC.
"These are lost assets of cycling, something cyclists have a right to use."


A pregnant woman has been jailed for three years and nine months for the "brutal" stabbing of a mother-of-two.

Ashley McLaughlin, 25, attacked Lynda Christie, also 25, at the victim's flat in Glasgow's Castlemilk area.
Following the attack, in May last year, Ms Christie suffered a punctured lung and required more than 20 stitches.
At the High Court in Glasgow, McLaughlin was jailed after she pleaded guilty to a charge of assaulting Ms Christie to the danger of her life.
Jailing her, judge Lord Boyd told McLaughlin: "During the assault you left and returned with a large knife and stabbed her causing her lung to collapse.
"You also inflicted facial wounds which may require plastic surgery. I take into account you are expecting a child and are remorseful and this was out of character.
"However, you went and armed yourself with a knife and used it in a brutal manner and inflicted life-threatening injuries."
Lord Boyd told McLaughlin that but for her early plea he would have jailed her for five years.
The court heard that the incident took place after Ms Christie had allegedly "bad-mouthed" McLaughlin's friend, Caroline Broadfoot, one week earlier.
A number of people were at the flat when a fight broke out between Ms Christie and Broadfoot.
Ms Christie was initially hit by Broadfoot and then McLaughlin joined in.
As the victim was punched and kicked, she pleaded for help and asked the pair to stop.
McLaughlin then grabbed a knife and stabbed Ms Christie who screamed: "What are you doing? You know I have kids."
Two men - who could see from outside what was happening - burst into the flat and yelled "police" in a bid to stop the attack.
McLaughlin and Broadfoot then fled the blood-splattered property, but were later held by police.
Broadfoot, 37, of the city's Tollcross area, admitted assaulting Ms Christie to her injury.
She was given a two-year community payback order and walked free from court.


Nick Grimshaw has missed out on a Radio Academy award nomination for his Radio 1 show for the second year running.

Chris Evans also failed to make the cut for the best breakfast show prize. But the Radio 2 DJ did get nominated for the music radio personality honour.
Graham Norton is shortlisted in the same category for his own Radio 2 show.
Other nominees include Blur star Alex James, up for a pair of prizes at the 12 May event for his Magical Mystery Show programme on Classic FM.
The cheese-making musician is one of several performers-cum-broadcasters in contention this year, with jazz star Jamie Cullum, Elbow's Guy Garvey and XFM's Scroobius Pip also recognised.
The awards, described by organisers as the industry's most prestigious, were known as the Sony Radio Academy Awards before it lost its sponsor last year.
Evans will again host the event, to be held at its regular home at Grosvenor House Hotel in central London.
"These awards continue to set the gold standard for the UK radio industry," said Paul Robinson, the Radio Academy's CEO
The prizes, he went on, "uniquely embrace everyone, from big established personalities and stations to fresh new talent and local radio stations."
One fresh talent recognised this year is Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, whose weekly LBC 97.3 phone-in show Call Clegg is up for best speech programme and best news and current affairs programme.
The highly coveted award for national station of the year - landed by BBC Radio 5 live in 2013 - will be fought between Radio 2, Radio 4 and talkSport.
In Grimshaw's absence, the BBC is represented in the best breakfast show category by 5 live's Nicky Campbell and Rachel Burden and BBC London's Penny Smith and Paul Ross.
Breakfast shows on Capital, Kiss and LBC are also in contention for the prize, awarded to shows with audiences of 10 million and over.
A full list of this year's nominations is available on the Radio Academy website.


John Boothman is to leave his position as BBC Scotland's head of news and current affairs to work on the corporation's Charter renewal bid.

Confirmation of his departure was made in an email to staff on Tuesday.
The 57-year-old, who has headed news operations since June 2011, will be replaced by interim head Peter MacRae.
Mr Boothman has been with the BBC for 30 years and recently oversaw general election and Scottish independence referendum coverage.
In an email to staff, BBC Scotland Director Ken McQuarrie said: "We are now entering the most important period of work ahead of the forthcoming Charter Review discussions as we shape our plans for the future of BBC Scotland.
"I am writing to let you know that John Boothman, Head of News and Current Affairs will be joining the team working on Scotland's proposals for Charter Review.
"Working to Bruce Malcolm, he will play a key role focusing on service development for Scotland including our news offer for audiences for the new Charter period.
"Pete MacRae will take on the role of Head of News and Current Affairs on an interim basis until a permanent appointment is made."


The Australian government has refused to endorse former Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's bid to become the next United Nations secretary-general.

Conservative Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said he did not feel Mr Rudd was qualified, adding that he would not nominate anyone for the role.
Current Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon steps down at the end of the year.
Mr Rudd has responded by releasing letters in which he says Mr Turnbull had originally promised to back him.
The three letters, published by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, were written by Mr Rudd to Mr Turnbull between April and July this year.
In one of them, Mr Rudd says that the prime minister had assured him in November and December last year of his backing.
"Based on those assurances, in good faith, I have been informally sounding out governments around the world in terms of their support for my candidature," a letter dated 1 May 2016 says.
"You will appreciate that I would not have been in the business of approaching governments, even informally, had you expressed any doubt about my candidature in any of our previous conversations."
UN secretary-general: The other New York race
Will Eastern Europe lose race to lead UN?
Earlier on Friday, Mr Turnbull told reporters that his government would not support Mr Rudd's candidacy.
"There is a fundamental threshold point and it is this: Does the government believe, do we believe, do I as prime minister believe that Mr Rudd is well suited for that role? My considered judgment is that he is not," Mr Turnbull told reporters.
He didn't elaborate on why Mr Rudd was not suitable.
A Chinese-speaking former diplomat who also served as Australia's foreign minister, Mr Rudd was a polarising figure within his government, losing the party leadership to Julia Gillard in 2010.
He briefly returned as prime minister in 2013 before Labor lost the general election to the conservative coalition.
He had been considered a long-shot for the position.
Portugal's former Prime Minister Antonio Guterres recently topped the UN's first informal poll of candidates, followed by Slovenia's former President Danilo Turk.
Other top contenders are Argentina's Foreign Minister Susana Malcorra, and former New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark.


Homes have been evacuated as flooding brought "chaos" to roads in north Wales, with people rescued from cars and vehicles left stranded.

The A55 has been closed between junction 11 for the A5 and junction 15 at Llanfairfechan.
The A5 was closed near Betws-y-coed, and in Powys, the A487 Dyfi Bridge at Machynlleth has also been shut.
Coastguard teams are helping people from homes near Beaumaris castle, on Anglesey, after its moat overflowed.
Those affected have been taken to Beaumaris leisure centre, while firefighters work to pump water away from affected properties.
There have also been evacuations in the villages of Llandwrog and Bontnewydd, near Caernarfon, and people have been taken to stay with friends or neighbours on higher ground.
Natural Resources Wales (NRW) has issued 13 flood warnings for north, mid and west Wales, along with dozens of alerts.
The Met Office has stepped up its "be aware" warning to "be prepared", which is in place for north west Wales until 23:00 GMT Saturday.
Supt Nigel Harrison of North Wales Police said it had received a "high level" of flood-related calls and the force was working with other agencies to safeguard the public.
"Every effort is being made to ensure all the major road networks are re-opened as soon as possible and people living in the affected areas need to heed the warnings and only travel when it is absolutely necessary," he said.
"We are in close liaison with Natural Resources Wales to ensure the necessary steps are taken should any further evacuation be required."
"Flood water can be extremely dangerous, and people should not attempt to walk or drive through it unless instructed by the emergency services," he added.
Earlier on Saturday, a North Wales Police spokesman said problems were first reported on the A55 and A5 roads late on Christmas Day and they were likely to be closed for 24 hours.
He said the force had received reports of floating cars and some people had to be rescued, adding: "It's chaos at the moment."
In Denbighshire, temporary defences have been deployed in St Asaph to protect homes in the Roe Park area as heavy rain overnight has caused the River Elwy to rise.
Donna Littlechild of NRW said: "Unfortunately, the festive period did not bring any respite from the recent wet weather and we have been monitoring the rivers and taking action to warn people and prepare our defences.
"We're asking people to take care near water and to keep an eye on our website where flood alerts and warnings are updated every 15 minutes.
"We are also asking people to take the advice of the emergency services and to keep themselves and their friends and family safe."


It would surely take something special to inspire a couple to sleep in their car at isolated places during the coldest months of the year.

Most people visit beauty spots such as Capel Curig in Conwy, Gwynedd's Cwm Idwal, Cadair Idris and Llyn Padarn and Penmon, on Anglesey, for a few hours.
But Kingsley, 28 and Amy Summers, 27, have taken the back seats out of their Vauxhall Zafira so they can stay at these places overnight.
And the point of cuddling up with springer spaniels Mollie and Tink as their only "central heating" is not even instantly obvious to them.
Sometimes when darkness descends, the couple cannot even see Snowdonia and the lakes, trees and mountains in front of them properly.
It is only after they return home to Milton Keynes that the reason for a night spent shivering in their car becomes clear.
The couple's aim is to capture the changing scenes around Wales' best-known beauty spots at times when nobody else is around to witness them.
They do this through time-lapse videos, which involves placing their camera on a tripod and setting it to take photographs at regular intervals.
For example, if it took 12 hours for the sun to set and you took a photograph every minute, you would have 720 stills.
By compressing these into a video that shows them at the rate of 24 frames per second, you could show changes in weather and light from sun rise to sunset in 30 seconds.
"At night, you can really absorb the beauty. In places like north Snowdonia, it is so busy during the day, but you won't see another human being from dusk until dawn," Mr Summers said.
"You need to find the right spot, but (through the videos), you can see mist coming up the valley, water freezing and coming off the lake and ice moving along the water."
Some of their favourite locations include Llyn Padarn near Llanberis, Gwynedd, where they have captured the changing colours around "the lonely tree" on its banks.
Mr Summers' love affair with north Wales began when his parents took him on a family holiday to Anglesey when he was four.
Yet, for a man used to climbing down the side of office blocks and living life at a fast pace, sitting quietly overnight photographing its best-known beauty spots may not have been top of his list of priorities.
But it was a near-death experience some 20 years after his first visit to the area that changed all that.
Mr Summers worked as a rope technician, which involved abseiling off the side of big buildings every day, completing various repair and other jobs.
However, in 2012, after an operation to remove his gall bladder, he picked up a bad post-operation infection.
"I spent a lot of time in hospital and if things had been slightly different, I probably wouldn't be here now," Mr Summers said.
"I wasn't able to physically do anything and spent three or four months in bed, with movement very difficult."
As he recovered, Mrs Summers bought him a camera, which was not only the catalyst for a new hobby but a new career as a photographer.
"For quite a while, I was in quite a state when everything was up in the air," he said.
"But setting up a camera to take photographs and sleeping in a tent was something I could just about do."
The couple now take off in the car with the two dogs, and "depending on the weather we will either be under metal or fabric", Mr Summers added.
Other favourite locations include Scotland - in the Highlands and around Stirling, Lyme Regis in west Dorset and places like Grimsby and Kingston upon Hull on the east coast of England.
And just as fate seems to have conspired to turn him into a photographer, it also seems to have ensured he will continue taking pictures around Anglesey and Snowdonia.
"I fell in love with north Wales when I was young and visited for the first time," he said.
"My parents are in the process of moving to Old Colwyn, so it will give me even more excuse to keep going back in the future," he added.


A Canadian man who disappeared 30 years ago is set to be reunited with his family after remembering his identity, Canadian media reported.

Edgar Latulip was 21 when he went missing from a home for disabled people in Ontario province.
He boarded a bus, but soon after suffered a head injury that police believe robbed him of his memory.
Mr Latulip lived in the Niagara region under a different identity for decades before experiencing flashbacks.
He told a social worker who checked the name Latulip and discovered it was the subject of a missing person investigation.
A DNA test confirmed his true identity.
"I've been a police officer for 18 years and this is something I've seen on TV but never been a part of," Niagara Regional Police Constable Philip Gavin told the Star.
"Absolutely, this is quite a rare one."
His mother, Ottawa resident Sylvia Wilson told the Record she was "blown away" by the news.
She said the last time she saw him, he was recovering in the hospital after attempting to commit suicide.
Ms Wilson was convinced he had either been killed or killed himself.
Mr Latulip, who is now 50 years old, has the mental age of a 12-year-old, according to the North American Missing Person Network.
Ms Wilson said she had a difficult relationship with her eldest child, but told the Record: "I want to talk to him and help him out any way I can. I just want to see him."
Waterloo Regional Police officer Duane Gingerich said there was a reported sighting of the man in 1993, which made him think he might still be alive, but there was not much hope.
"I had hopes that he was out there somewhere," he told the Record. "For us as investigators, this is great, this is awesome. It's satisfying because most of these cases don't turn out this way. You expect the worst when a person is missing for that period of time."
People who can't remember who they are or where they came from have long captured our imagination.
Before Edgar Latulip, there was Benjaman Kyle. Found naked in a Burger King car park in 2004 with very little recollection of how he got there, finding his true identity became an American obsession.
And in the UK there was Piano Man, a mysterious German found washed up on a beach with a virtuoso musical talent but apparently no memory.
Of course some cases have turned out to be hoaxes, British 'Canoe man' John Darwin famously faked amnesia to try to escape prosecution for massive insurance fraud.


A one-year-old Labrador finally has a new home after seeing thousands of his animal friends get new owners.

Eastwood was the only animal left after a charity found new homes for 1,571 cats and dogs in just one day.
Eastwood had been poorly when he was younger and the charity thought this may have put people off.
But thankfully the story has a happy ending.
The Bissell Pet Foundation had a free adoption day at 69 shelters in the American state of Michigan, which meant loads of people came to look for new pets.
A thousand animals got new homes in the build up to the big day too.
Lots of people heard about Eastwood being left on his own and tried to find him a new home.
One family who heard about Eastwood was the Van Gundy family.
Steve, the dad of the family, is coach of the Detroit Pistons, a very famous basketball team in the United States.
They had meant to go to the adoption event but missed out.
When they heard Eastwood was still waiting to find a new home they said the knew he was the dog for them.
The family say they are looking forward to taking Eastwood swimming in the lake by their house.


With an office of her own in the White House, Ivanka Trump has cemented her status as one of the most powerful women in the Donald Trump administration.

The successful businesswoman, who will not have an official title or salary, is the latest addition to a growing list of high-profile daughters of heads of state around the world.
Maryam Nawaz Sharif, 43, is the daughter of Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
Originally involved in the family's charity organisations, Ms Nawaz played a prominent role in managing her father's successful re-election campaign in 2013.
She now works for his party, the right-wing Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz).
"She is always the focus of attention," says BBC Urdu's Asif Farooqi, who has met her several times. "She has clearly emerged as someone powerful, if not a designated political heir to her father."
Last year her name appeared in the so-called Panama Papers, suggesting she and two of her brothers had links to undeclared offshore companies and accounts being used to acquire luxury properties in London.
Her father dismissed the accusations calling the leaks the work of people "targeting me and my family for their political aims".
The allegations are being examined by Pakistan's Supreme Court and the verdict is expected within weeks.
Russian president Vladimir Putin is notoriously protective of his private life, and until recently very little was known about his two daughters.
"Russian officials treat any media interest in them with utter suspicion," says BBC Russian's Famil Ismailov. "It's left to journalists to test how far they can push and much of the information has never been confirmed by the family."
In 2015, the youngest daughter, Yekaterina, emerged into the spotlight after it was revealed she was living in Moscow using the name Katerina Tikhonova.
Since then Russians have learned from various media reports that she is married to businessman Kirill Shamalov, the son of one of her father's old friends, and that the couple are worth an estimated $2bn through investments in the gas and petrochemicals industries.
Now aged 30, she runs publicly-funded projects on 'intellectual development' at Moscow State University.
She reportedly oversees contracts worth several million dollars and has members of Putin's inner circle as advisors.
Tikhonova is also an enthusiastic acrobatic rock and roll dancer, coming fifth at the 2013 World Championships in Switzerland.
Sumeyye Erdogan, 31, is the youngest daughter of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and widely seen as his favourite.
"Her father refers to her as 'my gazelle,'" says Irem Koker, of BBC Turkish. "In Turkey that's a word used to refer to people who are beautiful and precious."
A US and British-educated political scientist, she served as advisor to her father when he led the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and has accompanied him on numerous diplomatic trips.
In 2015 there was speculation that Sumeyye might run for a seat in parliament, but in the event she did not.
She currently has a lower profile role with a Turkish women's rights advocacy group.
In addition to her campaigning work Sumeyye continues to be an outspoken supporter of her father and his government.
Isabel dos Santos, 43, is the eldest daughter of veteran Angolan President Jose Eduardo dos Santos, who has ruled the country since 1979.
She heads the state-owned oil company Sonangol and in 2013, Forbesmagazine calculated she was Africa's richest woman and first female billionaire, with an estimated net worth of over $3.2bn.
British-educated Ms Dos Santos also has large stakes in finance, telecommunication and the diamond industry, making her one of Angola's most influential businesspeople.
She has further investments in the electricity, oil and gas sectors in Portugal, Angola's former colonial ruler.
In a country which Transparency International says is among the most corrupt in the world, Ms Dos Santos has faced frequent criticism that she owes her wealth to her father's position.  It's a claim she and her advisors strongly deny.
"The success that I have today is not something that came overnight", she told the BBC in 2015. "It's something that took two decades to build."
Ozoda Rahmon, 39, is the daughter of Emomali Rahmon, the long-standing president of Tajikistan.
She has a law degree and began her career in the diplomatic service, before becoming deputy foreign minister in 2009.
In 2016 her father made her head of the presidential administration and she also won a seat in the Senate.
Ozoda is married to Jamoliddin Nuraliyev, the first deputy chairman of the Central Bank of Tajikistan and the couple have five children.
She is not the only member of the Rahmon family with a government job. One of nine children, her eldest brother Rustam is mayor of the capital Dushanbe, and younger sister Rukhshona works at the Foreign Ministry.
Other relatives are reported to have top jobs in business and government, making the Rahmon family among the richest and most influential in Tajikistan.
As daughter of the Cuban President Raul Castro, Mariela Castro is the niece of the late revolutionary leader Fidel.
"Her mother, Vilma Espin, was seen as a champion for women's rights," says BBC Mundo's  Liliet Heredero. "And now the daughter has somehow followed in her footsteps."
Born in 1962, the outspoken Ms Castro is a member of parliament and also a well-known campaigner for the rights of sexual minorities.
She heads the National Centre for Sex Education (Cenesex), a government-funded body in Havana which has played a key role in shaping policy on a range of issues from HIV/AIDs prevention to gay rights.
She was instrumental in lobbying for new legislation passed in 2008 to make gender reassignment surgery available free of charge in Cuba.
"She is however seen as a controversial figure," says Heredero. "Many people say she has been allowed to carry on only because she is the daughter of the president."
BBC 100 Women names 100 influential and inspirational women around the world every year. We create documentaries, features and interviews about their lives, giving more space for stories that put women at the centre.
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A suspect accused of fatally stabbing two people on a train in Oregon, after they intervened in his alleged anti-Muslim rant, has appeared in court.

Jeremy Joseph Christian, 35, is charged with murder, attempted murder, possession of a weapon and intimidation.
During his brief appearance, he shouted slogans such as: "You call it terrorism. I call it patriotism."
He could also be heard shouting "Death to the enemies of America".
"Leave this country if you hate our freedom - death to antifa," he said, using a common abbreviation for the anti-fascist movement.
He did not enter a plea to the charges and is due to appear in court again on 7 June.
President Donald Trump has tweeted that last week's attack was "unacceptable".
Portland's mayor is meanwhile trying to ban a forthcoming right-wing rally in the West Coast city.
The attack unfolded on Friday afternoon after the suspect began spewing "hate speech" towards two young women on a train, police said.
Taliesin Namkai-Meche, 23, and Ricky Best, 53, intervened and were fatally stabbed at the Hollywood Transit Center train station, said investigators.
Another man, Micah David-Cole Fletcher, was slashed in the neck and is recovering. He was in court on Tuesday to see Jeremy Joseph Christian's appearance.
Destinee Mangum, 16, said she had been with a friend wearing a hijab on the first night of Ramadan - Islam's holiest month - when the suspect targeted them.
"He told us to go back to Saudi Arabia, and he told us we shouldn't be here, to get out of his country," she told KPTV-TV.
"He was just telling us that we basically weren't anything and that we should kill ourselves."
The mother of Namkai-Meche, Asha Deliverance, took to Facebook to write an open letter to President Donald Trump, urging him to "take action".
"Your words and actions are meaningful, here in America and throughout the world," she wrote.
"Please encourage all Americans to protect and watch out for one another. Please condemn any acts of violence, which result directly from hate speech & hate groups.
"I am praying you will use your leadership to do so."
Detectives say they are investigating Mr Christian's background of extremist ideology.
At a "Free Speech" rally in Portland on 29 April, police confiscated a baseball bat he had allegedly been using to threaten liberal protesters.
Mr Christian was later filmed performing a Nazi salute, and shouting racial epithets while wearing an American flag as a cape.
On his Facebook page he has praised Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh and posted a death threat against Hillary Clinton.
And he wrote: "If Donald Trump is the Next Hitler then I am joining his SS".
Mr Christian has also voiced support for Senator Bernie Sanders, the Wall Street-bashing, 2016 Democratic presidential candidate.
According to the Oregonian newspaper, Mr Christian pleaded guilty in 2002 to robbing and kidnapping the owner of a store.
In 2010 he was charged with theft and being a felon in possession of a firearm.
Mayor Ted Wheeler said he welcomed the president's tweet on Monday condemning the attack.
But he urged the federal government to revoke a permit for a "Trump Free Speech Rally" scheduled for this weekend in Portland.
He said the organisers are "coming to peddle a message of hatred" and that hate speech is not protected by the US constitution.
A Facebook page for the event says there will be speakers and live music in "one of the most liberal areas on the West Coast", and thanks Mr Trump "for all you have done".
Mayor Wheeler also asked the federal government to deny a permit for a "March Against Shariah" planned in Portland for 10 June.
"Our City is in mourning, our community's anger is real, and the timing and subject of these events can only exacerbate an already difficult situation", said the city leader.
The American Civil Liberties Union defended the rallies, saying in a series of tweets that "the government cannot revoke or deny a permit based on the viewpoint of the demonstrators. Period".
Various fundraising websites for the victims have raised more than $1m (Â£777,000) since Friday.


National League side Braintree Town have signed midfielder Oliver Muldoon from League One side Charlton Athletic on a 28-day loan deal.

The 22-year-old has had previous loan spells at Gillingham and Dagenham & Redbridge, playing 19 times for the Daggers last campaign.
He is new Iron manager Hakan Hayrettin's first signing since he replaced Jamie Day at the helm.
Muldoon could make his Braintree debut on Saturday against Lincoln City.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Every four years, terrified by a potential president, many Americans roll out a well-worn pronouncement: "I'm moving to Canada!"

However, this year they have help to make that often empty threat a reality.
The 2016 election campaign has been full of surprises, the biggest is Donald Trump. His divisive campaign has turned some American voters off. But he's on track to become the Republican nominee after receiving more support than his contenders. His lack of political experience is refreshing for his supporters who believe his business background shows he can get things done.
Before entering the race he was best known for being the host of US reality TV show The Apprentice. During his campaign he's made controversial remarks including proposing a ban on Muslims entering the country, building a wall between Mexico and accusing Mexicans of being rapists.
A website called MapleMatch.com is promising to save Americans from "the unfathomable horror of a Trump presidency" and its slogan takes inspiration from the campaign: "Making dating great again."
Google searches for "how can I move to Canada" spiked after Mr Trump won seven out of 11 primaries during "Super Tuesday", according to the search engine's data editor Simon Rogers.
The American founder of MapleMatch Joe Goldman saw an opportunity to connect those wanting to leave the US with Canadians through dating. He says the website is more than just about trying to escape Donald Trump and is a real chance for Americans and Canadians to find love across a border. The unexpected demand means there is work to be done on how to match people when it launches.
Aubrey Knotts said escaping a Trump presidency was "a big reason" why she signed up but not the only reason. "I also just really love the country, I went on a trip to Toronto during my senior year of high school and fell in love."
She said it was a silly thing to sign up for but though it was worth a shot and she was seriously considering moving but as a student she'd have to think about whether she had the money to move.
But not everyone is taking it as seriously. Edie Harris from Chicago said she signed up as a joke and didn't think she'd leave the US. She said: "I can't see myself taking an escape route from something I could feasibly help change again four to eight years down the road, in another election cycle."
The idea to lure dissatisfied Americans to Canada is not new. Rob Calabrese, a radio DJ set up a website to attract them to the Canadian island of Cape Breton. The website was visited by "over one million people" and Mr Calabrese said he was "honoured" to have brought so much attention to the island. The offer wasn't just for those fleeing the possibility of President Trump. "We welcome all, no matter who you support, be it Democrat, Republican or Donald Trump."
A Canadian technology start-up company called Sortable advertised job opportunities on Facebook targeting Americans looking to live abroad.
The founder, Chris Reid, told Vox: "Just the whole thing seems bizarre. And that's why we thought, 'Oh, we should do some bizarre recruiting around it'" â€” placing Facebook ads encouraging American engineers to come work at Sortable and escape the Trump." Despite the ploy they admitted on their website they didn't think Americans would move en masse to Canada because of the election.
Mr Goldman said it's "exciting to be able to be a conduit" for people finding love and has always been interested in Canada. It's not surprising then, that as a single American dreading the idea of President Trump he's also signed up - although he adds there'll be no preferential treatment for him.
While the service aims to help Americans escape a possible Donald Trump presidency, for Canadians Mr Goldman says it could widen their dating pool and "meet people they wouldn't usually meet". The service hasn't gone live yet but there are already around 10,000 people signed up, and the site has seen so much traffic they've struggled to keep up.
Finding a Canadian to date isn't the only option for Americans who are seriously considering emigrating. Moving temporarily for work is quite easy under current agreements between the two countries. Although if choosing to stay permanently the special treatment for US citizens ends and they are treated the same by Canada's points-style system as someone from Norway or Yemen.
There are also threats from the other side of political spectrum. A pro-Bernie Sanders Facebook group called "If Hillary Clinton becomes President, I'm moving to Costa Rica" is encouraging people to join to show the Democratic National Committee "we will not settle for Hillary". Although it hasn't gained many followers and is using the threat as a way to get their voice heard, rather than seriously leaving the US.
In March a Global News Ipsos poll suggested that 19% of Americans would head to Canada if Mr Trump won and it also found that 15% would leave if Mrs Clinton became president. But similar sentiments in previous elections haven't materialised. The number of US citizens permanently moving to Canada has been relatively stable around 9,000 since 2005. There was a slight peak in 2008 - the year President Barack Obama was elected - although the reasons why people left America is unknown.
President Obama isn't phased: "Every time we have a presidential election, our friends to the north have to brace for an exodus of Americans who swear they'll move to Canada if the guy from the other party wins. But, typically, it turns out fine."
"I am absolutely certain that, in 2012, when there was the possibility that I might be re-elected there were folks who were threatening to go to Canada, as well.  And one of the great things about a relationship like Canada's and the United States' is it transcends party and it's bipartisan in terms of the interest that we share."
The Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau agrees that he's heard it all before during the elections and re-elections of George W Bush and Barack Obama. He told Vox, the threats showed Americans were realising how important the election was and needed "to make sure their voices get heard".
Despite the rarity there have been some politically motivated moves.
Tom Kertes moved with his husband from Seattle to Canada after President George W Bush proposed to ban same-sex marriage in 2005. He told the Guardian: "If Americans want to live in a country where there is an investment in public education, where people aren't afraid of going bankrupt because they get sick, and where democracy is taken seriously, they should move, because an alternative exists."
David Cohen, a Canadian immigration attorney, is sceptical any Americans would actually make the move, quoting Shakespeare he said: "it's much ado about nothing."
Americans are extremely patriotic people and politics doesn't really play a part in why people move, he said.
But things could change if Mr Trump became president and carried out some of the controversial policies he's talked about. America would change, says Mr Cohen and "all bets would be off".


An eighth Harry Potter book is to be released this summer - containing the script for a new stage play telling the wizard's story.

A hardback edition of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child - Parts I & II will be released on 31 July, the day after the play has debuted on stage.
It sees Harry as a father and an overworked Ministry of Magic employee.
The play is from an original new story by JK Rowling, Jack Thorne and John Tiffany.
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child will tell the "untold part" of the boy wizard's story, including the story of the lives of his murdered parents, Rowling has said.
It will pick up the story 19 years after Harry was last seen in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, waving his two eldest children off to Hogwarts.
The script's ebook will be published simultaneously with the print editions.
David Shelley, chief executive of the publishers Little, Brown Book Group said: "We are so thrilled to be publishing the script of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child.
"JK Rowling and her team have received a huge number of appeals from fans who can't be in London to see the play and who would like to read the play in book format - and so we are absolutely delighted to be able to make it available for them."
The special rehearsal edition of the script book will comprise the version of the play early in the production's preview period and is therefore subject to being changed before the official opening.
Previews of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child begin in May at London's Palace Theatre, with both plays set to open on 30 July. The hardback and ebook will go on sale at 0001 on 31 July.
Jamie Parker, currently starring in the West End show Guys and Dolls, will star as an adult Harry in the production.
Noma Dumezweni, known for her 2006 Olivier Award-winning role in A Raisin in the Sun and for stepping in at the last minute to replace Kim Cattrall in Linda at the Royal Court, will play Hermione Granger.
London Road star Paul Thornley will play Ron Weasley.
The play was first announced in December 2013, after the author said she had "received countless approaches" over the years "about turning Harry Potter into a theatrical production".


Russian roubles would not get me a coffee at a south Crimean service station on Monday, but they did buy a smile in a restaurant.

"We don't take them yet," said the waitress. Would they be good next month? "Let's hope so," she replied breezily.
As I counted out my Ukrainian hryvnya, I reflected that people in this charming resort town might be glad of any currency when the holiday season begins.
Western sanctions, pariah status, TV images around the globe of soldiers and gunmen and, perhaps worst of all, dependence for years to come on a hostile Ukrainian mainland for road and rail links. Quite a bill for breaking away.
Then there is Ivan Mamykin, who picked up his Ukrainian pension on 5 March and is expecting to be paid by Russia come April.
"What if it's all an April Fool's Day joke on you, sir?" I asked across the tea glasses.
In the great cackle of laughter from the 82-year-old former agricultural expert, it seemed the nervous tension dissipated.
"I will get it on time and it will be better," was what he finally said. "I am sure of that because I know the Russian character: if they say they will do something, they do it."
Speaking as if 60 days had passed, not 60 years, he conjured up an image of a Russia positively groaning under the weight of cheap groceries back in 1954, in contrast to Ukraine. That was the year the Kremlin attached Crimea to Ukraine.
The last Ukrainian flags in Yalta were taken down on Sunday, he said, and now only Crimean and Russian flags flew over the city.
"I voted honestly yesterday and woke up happy today," Mr Mamykin said. "It felt like I was living in my home country, Russia. Which is as it should be."
And what if Ukraine shuts the borders?
"We'll take the ferry to Russia," he said, brushing aside the question.
Leonid's ambitions clearly go a little further than a ferry ride to Russia across the Strait of Kerch.
At 21, the Yalta local is a year away from completing his studies in graphic design at the town's university.
He still stands to obtain a Ukrainian degree next year, but after that any further qualifications will be Russian.
"I don't know how they are going to regard Russian academic qualifications in Europe or America," he said.
The other issue for him is whether or not Russia will help his university by maintaining its academic status and boosting its teaching staff with new specialists.
In Leonid's opinion, the only thing that really changed in Yalta on Monday - a new public holiday in Crimea - was that the mood among most of the people had lifted.
Otherwise, everything stayed the same, he said, apart from on the news channels.
People I met in Yalta appeared solidly pro-Russian, including two ethnic Ukrainian women, but the fact that aggressive pro-Moscow radicals were prowling around the main square must have intimidated dissenters from speaking.
When I tried to interview a third person near the Lenin monument by the sea front, we were hassled by three very aggressive young men who stuck a video camera in the face of my interviewee and demanded to know his address.
I abandoned that interview out of concern for the safety of the man who wanted to speak to the BBC, even though he had voted to join Russia on Sunday.
The pro-Russia activists had pitched a tent on the square, apparently to replicate the Maidan camp in Kiev in miniature, only with diametrically opposed views.
Yes, the last official Ukrainian flag came down overnight, but nobody had removed any other Ukrainian state symbols or street signs yet, they complained.
In a restaurant, I talked to two men who were out for a drink to celebrate the referendum result. Quite senior officials in Moscow and Crimea, they did not want to be identified.
The man down from Moscow was a little bleary-eyed, possibly also because of the two-hour time difference which the new Crimean leadership plans to scrap at the end of this month.
What he could not understand, he said as he showed me some roubles, was why his Russian mobile phone had suddenly become blocked on Monday, while a local mobile he carried worked just fine.
I asked his friend if the seemingly irresistible move to Russian jurisdiction would hurt Crimeans working in the public sector.
Not really, he assured me, as most had already worked under Crimea's own autonomous authorities.
The exception was the Ukrainian military, he added, where officers who had sworn an oath to Ukraine were now torn between changing allegiance or leaving a place they regarded as home, where they had brought up their families and put down roots.
One of the saddest sights I witnessed in Crimea this week was an embarrassed Ukrainian naval officer turning back foreign media who wanted to visit his base.
Yes, there would have been plenty of military detail to film inside. But the real conflict is surely the one within these men, out of the camera's range, as the country they elected to serve slips further away by the hour.


Virtual private network Hola has downplayed concerns that its 47 million users could become part of a botnet.

A botnet is a network of hijacked computers that can be used for criminal activity without the knowledge of their owners.
Hola says it has always been open about sending other data via users' devices when they are not in use.
The Israeli company offers a free service but on the condition it can use customers' bandwidth "securely".
It also operates a commercial network called Luminati, which can be used to "route data through any of our millions of IPs [computer addresses] that are located in every city around the world", according to its website.
The website goes on to say the Luminati network consists of "personal PCs, laptops and mobile devices of participating users".
They are the private devices of Hola users, it has been claimed.
"The concern with Hola is that it appears to operate like a botnet, and one that is potentially insecure at that," said cybersecurity expert Prof Alan Woodward, from Surrey University.
"There is mounting anecdotal evidence that the network is being used as a real botnet.
"I haven't seen that in practice but the way in which the service can use your machine appears to have the potential to do something like that."
Last week, the founder of message board 8Chan said the site had suffered a distributed denial of service (DDOS) attack - when a website is overwhelmed by false requests from computers - that could be traced back to the Luminati network.
Hola founder Ofer Vilenski confirmed that a hacker had claimed to have used the Luminati network in the attack on 8Chan.
But Mr Vilenski told tech news site Torrent Freak that the network had just been unlucky.
He said: "8chan was hit with an attack from a hacker with the handle of BUI.
"This person then wrote about how he used the Luminati commercial VPN network to hack 8chan.
"He could have used any commercial VPN network, but chose to do so with ours."
The account belonging to BUI had been terminated, he added.
Hundreds of people have posted on community site Reddit, calling for users to uninstall the network over fears that their devices could unintentionally be used for criminal activity, and Android users have been leaving warning messages in the review section of the app on Google's Play Store.
Mr Vilenski said: "We have always made it clear that Hola is built for the user and with the user in mind.
"We've explained the technical aspects of it in our [frequently asked questions] and have always advertised in our FAQ the ability to pay for non-commercial use."
In the FAQ section on its website, updated on 29 May, Hola explains how its "peer-to-peer" model works.
"When your device is not in use, other packets of information from other people may be routed through your device," it says.
"Hola does this securely, not allowing any access to any of your information. Your device is used only as a router."
It also says that users of its premium service, for a monthly fee of $4.99 (Â£2.28), are not part of the network.


"Sizzling stories by India's most desirable woman," twinkles the blurb on the smartphone screen, flashing an image of a smiling woman in a red dress.

The author is porn star turned Bollywood actress Karanjit Kaur, also known as Sunny Leone - the name that made her famous in the adult entertainment business in the US.
Last month, Juggernaut, a Delhi-based publication house, released Sweet Dreams, a collection of 12 erotic stories by Leone.
It is the first time an original short-fiction collection has been released on mobile phones in India.
Leone's stories are varied: one set in New York sees an Indian IT expert romping with an Indian stripper; in another a dutiful Indian woman has sex with her late husband's ghost.
"I would write on my laptop at all times, in Mumbai or in the quiet of my home in Los Angeles, or during time off on a Bollywood set and it took me four months to come up with the first draft," Leone tells the BBC.
Erotic romance was what Leone says was on her mind while writing the book.
"I've never written before; but I took up the offer from the publishers as a challenge and had a go," she says.
Leone can't recall reading as a child. Growing up in Canada to Punjabi Sikh parents, she recalls being into sports and photography.
The first erotic fiction she ever read was EL James's Fifty Shades of Grey on Kindle. "I remember reading and thinking, 'this is intense', and giggling."
Indian authors and experts in the publishing business say Leone's erotic fiction has come at the right time in the market.
Ananth Padmanabhan, an erotic fiction author, says that India has also succumbed to the "bold erotic effect of 50 Shades of Grey" in the same way Harry Potter influenced fantasy across books and films.
"India has an appetite for erotic fiction despite moral policing and Leone's stories are part of that wave to titillate the market that wants more."
Chiki Sarkar, Juggernaut's publisher, says: "Erotica is one of the high-selling genres for e-books globally and we felt it would work for the smartphone as well."
Moreover, Leone has a massive fan following across India and on social media platforms.
"Leone has about 22 million followers across Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, including many women who have all been enthusiastic about her foray into writing," says Ms Sarkar.
Leone's own story is of an adult entertainment star who has become the most-searched person on Google by Indians.
In 2011, Indian television viewers were first introduced to Leone in the fifth season of the reality TV show, Bigg Boss.
The show, an Indian version of Celebrity Big Brother, had Leone, as a wild card entrant, bringing her closer to Indian television audiences who had until then known her as an American porn star of Indian origin.
Leone dropped out from her studies in Canada when she was 18 to enter the adult entertainment business in the US.
She initially worked as an erotic model and later moved to the adult film business.
Leone recalls she was criticised by many Indians who condemned her job as an adult film star in the US.
"I  was called every name in the book," she recalls, adding that she took her time to research about the popularity of Bigg Boss in India before deciding to participate in the show.
Since her Bigg Boss stint, her popularity has been soaring in India.
She has acted in 15 Hindi films, including erotic thrillers, adult comedies, racy entertainers, and a couple of glamorous cameos in south Indian films.
"I am a risk taker and since I was young I always would try as many things as possible to see what was comfortable to me."
She says entering the porn industry, or her acting career in Bollywood and her newly minted author role are all offers that she took on as challenges.
But her rising popularity has also brought criticism from India's moral police.
"I would say there are more important things than me or my job to fight over. Fight to better the plight of poor, naked children on our streets, make your cities cleaner else, plant trees," she says.
When a male TV anchor asked her some uncomfortable questions about her past in an interview in January, she remained calm and dignified.
Her responses won praise from social media users, while the anchor received criticism.
"It (her job as a porn star) just happened; I have no horror story to narrate and I am not ashamed of it. Everything that's happened since then has been only good," she tells the BBC.
As for the future, she has made a song with Bollywood superstar Shah Rukh Khan for his upcoming film Raees. And she is also planning to release a range of perfumes called Lust by Sunny Leone.
"She is the epitome of a strong woman who is unapologetic about the decisions she has taken and choices that she has made in life," says Ms Sarkar.
Rosalyn D'Mello, author of an erotic memoir, says that "by not surrendering to predictable sermons about shame and women's sexuality, Leone challenges existing notions about how a woman can be in charge of how she is perceived".
Sudha G Tilak is an independent Delhi-based journalist.


The gaming industry needs to get behind a centre dedicated to videogames or risk losing it forever, Games Workshop founder Ian Livingstone has said.

Mr Livingstone, along with other developers, has helped set up The National Videogame Foundation in support of Nottingham's National Videogame Arcade (NVA).
He said it should be to gaming what the National Gallery is to art.
The NVA was close to folding just one year after it opened.
Mr Livingstone, who helped launch the Lara Croft franchise, said it was his and the gaming industry's "duty" to support the NVA - the only institute of its kind in the UK.
He said it was only when it nearly closed that its profile was raised.
"There were people [in the industry] who didn't know about it," he said.
"They asked 'what is it?', 'how can we help?'"
Visitor feedback was positive, scoring an average of 4.5 out of 5 on Tripadvisor, but for a number of reasons, including funding delays, the business ran out of money.
The NVA's co-director, Iain Simons, said the arcade's staff took "deferred payment" to keep the doors open.
He also appealed to videogame developers for help with investment, with Mr Livingstone one of the people who answered the call.
It was not surprising that Ian Livingstone, the co-founder of games company Games Workshop, stepped in to help the NVA.
He has been a huge supporter and says the National Videogame Arcade should be to gaming what the National Gallery is to fine art.
He was at its launch in March 2015 and spoke of how pervasive gaming was - everywhere you go people of all ages are playing games on smartphones, on consoles.
Mr Livingstone also likes to remind people how much the games industry is worth, a cool $100bn.
But he said gaming was much more than entertainment, it is a "genuine art form" and should be recognised as such.
He said the NVA should not just be a museum but explore the "cultural impact" of videogames.
The National Videogame Foundation will concentrate mainly on education.
Mr Livingstone said it was a "call to action" and a "vital moment for videogames' cultural confidence".
The foundation will deliver the GameCity Festival, held every October, and operate the arcade.
Richard Wilson, CEO of TIGA, which represents the UK's games industry, said the NVA was a "great project" and the largest videogame developers could have a "bigger role to play" there.
However, he said smaller companies were "up against it" and could not always give up time and resources.
National Videogame Arcade timeline


Dutch defender Nathan Ake has signed a new five-year deal with Chelsea and will be loaned to Watford for the rest of the season.

The 20-year-old former Feyenoord player is set for his second loan spell having spent a month at Reading last season.
Ake, who helped Chelsea win the FA Youth Cup in 2012, featured five times for the Blues last season.
He is Watford's first loan signing of the summer, with Italy midfielder Alessandro Diamanti set to follow.
Diamanti has been training with the club and Hornets manager Quique Sanchez Flores said: "Watford and [Chinese club] Guangzhou Evergrande are talking to arrange the last details and I expect him to come to us.
"It will be difficult for Saturday but the deal is close."


A policeman touched a woman's thigh and kissed her while driving her home from a police station, a court has heard.

PC Neil Culham, 42, is accused of touching the woman, who cannot be named, after she was arrested in Clacton, Essex, in 2012.
She said he also forced her to touch him in the groin area when she answered bail at the police station two months later.
Mr Culham, of Ardleigh Road, Dedham, denies both charges.
He was working for Essex Police when the woman was arrested on suspicion of harassing her former partner.
Ipswich Crown Court heard how Mr Culham drove her from Clacton Police Station to her home in the town, after she had been questioned.
The woman said he pulled over on the way and kissed her, and then tried again as they approached her home.
"As we came to a stop he still had his hand on my thigh," she said in a statement read to the court.
"When he came to a stop he kissed me."
When the woman returned to the police station to answer bail she was warned over the harassment of her former partner.
While in a side room at the station, the woman said Mr Culham put her hand over his genitals and said: "Look what you've done to me."
She said she asked to leave, but was told by Mr Culham she had to put her tongue down his throat.
As she got up to go towards the door, the woman said Mr Culham put his right hand between her legs.
Defence lawyer Allan Compton disputed her version of events.
He suggested she had been emotional on the drive home from the police station, and Mr Culham had put his hand on her arm and told her to "calm down".
Mr Compton said nothing untoward happened at the police station.
The trial continues.


Ricky Miller scored a superb hat-trick as Dover made it two wins on the bounce with a thrilling victory over National League leaders Forest Green.

Rovers made a positive start and took the lead in the seventh minute thanks to Liam Noble's deflected free-kick, but the hosts were soon back on level terms.
Miller was in the right place to convert a cross from Aswad Thomas, and the striker added a second early in the second half with a coolly-taken penalty.
The see-saw nature of the contest continued as Rovers equalised through Rhys Murphy before Ross Lafayette restored Dover's advantage with a smart finish in the 68th minute.
Christian Doidge looked to have rescued a point for the visitors in the 85th minute, but there was still time for Miller to complete his treble and clinch victory with a fine strike.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Dover Athletic 4, Forest Green Rovers 3.
Liam Noble (Forest Green Rovers) is shown the yellow card.
Second Half ends, Dover Athletic 4, Forest Green Rovers 3.
Charlie Clough (Forest Green Rovers) is shown the yellow card.
Goal!  Dover Athletic 4, Forest Green Rovers 3. Ricky Miller (Dover Athletic).
Goal!  Dover Athletic 3, Forest Green Rovers 3. Christian Doidge (Forest Green Rovers).
Substitution, Dover Athletic. Loui Fazackerley replaces Sammy Moore.
Substitution, Forest Green Rovers. Kieffer Moore replaces Rhys Murphy.
Substitution, Forest Green Rovers. Elliott Frear replaces Drissa Traoré.
Substitution, Dover Athletic. Tyrone Sterling replaces Sam Magri.
Goal!  Dover Athletic 3, Forest Green Rovers 2. Ross Lafayette (Dover Athletic).
Substitution, Forest Green Rovers. Christian Doidge replaces Matt Tubbs.
Aswad Thomas (Dover Athletic) is shown the yellow card.
Goal!  Dover Athletic 2, Forest Green Rovers 2. Rhys Murphy (Forest Green Rovers).
Goal!  Dover Athletic 2, Forest Green Rovers 1. Ricky Miller (Dover Athletic) converts the penalty with a.
Second Half begins Dover Athletic 1, Forest Green Rovers 1.
First Half ends, Dover Athletic 1, Forest Green Rovers 1.
Dale Bennett (Forest Green Rovers) is shown the yellow card.
Drissa Traoré (Forest Green Rovers) is shown the yellow card.
Aarran Racine (Forest Green Rovers) is shown the yellow card.
Goal!  Dover Athletic 1, Forest Green Rovers 1. Ricky Miller (Dover Athletic).
Goal!  Dover Athletic 0, Forest Green Rovers 1. Liam Noble (Forest Green Rovers).
First Half begins.
Lineups are announced and players are warming up.


Hollywood director James Cameron has returned to the surface after plunging nearly 11km (seven miles) down to the deepest place in the ocean, the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific.

He made the solo descent in a submarine called Deepsea Challenger, taking over two hours to reach the bottom.
He spent more than four hours exploring the ocean floor, before a speedy ascent back to the surface.
His craft was kitted out with cameras so he could film the deep in 3D.
"It was absolutely the most remote, isolated place on the planet," Mr Cameron told BBC News.
"I really feel like in one day I've been to another planet and come back."
This is only the second manned expedition to the ocean's deepest depths - the first took place in 1960 when US Navy Lt Don Walsh and Swiss oceanographer Jacques Piccard spent about 20 minutes on the ocean floor in a bathyscaphe called the Trieste.
Lt Walsh, who is now in his 80s, joined Mr Cameron and his team of engineers out at sea for the dive.
"It did bring back a lot of memories, just being out there and remembering what we did there," he told BBC News. "It was really grand."
Mr Cameron has spent the past few years working in secret with his team of engineers to design and build the craft, which weighs 11 tonnes and is more than 7m (23ft) long.
He describes it as a "vertical torpedo" that slices through the water allowing him a speedy descent.
The extraordinary attention to detail prevented him from suffering from too much nervousness.
"I can't say that I wasn't apprehensive in the last few days and even the weeks leading up to this, but there's another part of my mind that really understands the engineering and knows why we did everything the way we did," he said.
"Any apprehension I had I left at the hatch. When I went into the sub, I was all pilot at that point."
Ocean trench: Scroll 11,000m down
The tiny compartment that the film-maker sits in is made from thick steel, which is able to resist the 1,000 atmospheres of pressure he experienced at full ocean depth.
The rest of the vertical column is made from a material called syntactic foam - a solid made mostly of hollow "microballoons" - giving it enough buoyancy to float back up.
The sub has so many lights and cameras that it is like an underwater TV studio - with Mr Cameron able to direct and film the action from within. He intends to release a documentary.
It also has robotic arms, allowing him to collect samples of rocks and soils, and a team of researchers are working alongside the director to identify any new species. He says that science is key to his mission.
But the first task was to get to the inky depths - which despite untold hours of training, still surprised Mr Cameron.
"My reference frame was going to the Titanic 10 or 12 years ago, and thinking that was the deepest place I could ever imagine," he recalled.
"On this dive I blazed past Titanic depth at 12,000 ft and was only a third of the way down, and the numbers keep going up and up and up on the depth gauge.
"You just kind of look at them with a sense of disbelief, and you wonder if the bottom is ever going to be there."
At the bottom, Mr Cameron encountered incredibly fine silt, which he had to be careful not to disturb. He said he spotted a few small, as-yet unidentified life forms but found the depths to be a "sterile, almost desert-like place".
While manned exploration had until now seen a 52-year hiatus, scientists have used two robotic unmanned vehicles to explore the Mariana Trench: Japan's Kaiko made a dive there in 1995 and the US-based Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's vessel Nereus explored the deep in 2008.
Other teams, such as Scotland's Oceanlab, have also been dropping simple landers loaded with bait and cameras into the deepest ocean.
While places like the Mariana Trench were once thought to be of little interest, there has been a recent resurgence of scientific interest in the deep.
Scientists are finding life that can resist the colossal pressures, from deep-sea fish to shrimp-like scavengers called amphipods, some of which can reach 30cm (1ft) long.
They are also trying to understand the role that deep seas trenches play in earthquakes - these cracks in the sea floor are formed at the boundary of two tectonic plates and some believe the push and pull taking place deep underwater could be the cause of major earthquakes, such as the 2011 quake that resulted in such devastation in Japan.
But some scientists question whether manned exploration provides the best platform for scientific research.
Dr Alan Jamieson, from Oceanlab, said: "I think what James Cameron has done is a really good achievement in terms of human endeavour and technology.
"But my feeling is that manned submersibles like this are limited in scientific capabilities when compared to other systems, mostly due to the fact there is someone in it. Remote or autonomous systems can collect a far greater volume of useful scientific data for far less money."
Mr Cameron says he does not want this dive to the deep to be a one-off, and wants to use it as a platform for ocean exploration.
His craft may also soon be joined by other manned submersibles vying to reach the ocean's deepest depths.
One of these crafts, the DeepFlight Challenger, belongs to former real estate investor Chris Welsh, and is backed by Virgin's Richard Branson. It is about to begin its water trials.
Its design is based on a plane, and Mr Welsh says he will be "flying" down to the deepest ocean.
Google's Eric Schmidt has helped to finance another sub being built by a US marine technology company called Doer Marine. They want this sub to carry two to three people, and are placing a heavy emphasis on science.
And Triton submarines, a Florida-based submersible company, intends to build a sub with a giant glass sphere at its centrepiece to take tourists down to the deepest ocean for $250,000 a ticket.


Glasgow-based packaging firm Macfarlane Group has reported its seventh consecutive year of profit growth.

The company said pre-tax profit climbed by more than 15% in 2016 to £7.8m, while sales were 6.3% up at £179.8m.
There was a strong performance from its packaging distribution business, which increased sales by 9% to £155.9m.
Macfarlane said organic sales growth was "challenging" in the first six months of the year, but strengthened in the second half to 3%.
Its performance was boosted by contributions from a series of acquisitions last year, including Nelsons for Cartons and Packaging, Colton Packaging Teesside and the packaging business of Edward McNeil.
Sales in Macfarlane's manufacturing operations were down by 9%, at £23.9m, which the company largely attributed to "management actions to rebalance the mix of products in our labels business".
As a consequence of its acquisitions, the group's net bank borrowing at year-end stood at £15.3m, up from £11.6m the previous year.
Chairman Graeme Bissett said: "We will continue to focus on opportunities in sectors with strong growth prospects (including internet retail, third party logistics and national accounts) and to deliver high standards of service to all customers across a wide range of sectors.
"We will also maintain our programme of acquiring good quality businesses to augment organic growth.
"This is a strategy based on taking positive action, which has served all stakeholders in our business well in recent years and we remain confident that it will continue to do so."


Wales should fear no team at the 2016 European Championship finals in France next summer, says all-time leading goal scorer Ian Rush.

Chris Coleman's team are likely to face a tough draw as they will be one of the lowest-seeded teams.
But former striker Rush believes the biggest nations will not want to face a Welsh side which lost only once in qualifying.
"They won't want Wales in their group," Rush told BBC Wales' Sport Wales.
"I'm not saying we are going to win it but the opposition won't like to play Wales.
"Every game will be a big test and they will learn from it and I think we will win a game."
Rush is the country's all-time leading goalscorer with 28 goals, while Gareth Bale took his tally to 19 with Wales' second goal in the 2-0 win over Andorra.
Real Madrid forward Bale scored seven of Wales' 11 goals in Euro 2016 qualifying, with Aaron Ramsey netting twice and Hal Robson-Kanu and David Cotterill scoring one apiece.
But former Liverpool and Juventus striker Rush is not too concerned by Wales' limited forward options.
"The lads that play there I think you forget the work that they do. They put in a tremendous work rate," Rush added.
"What we may be missing is someone to tap the ball in
"But Robson-Kanu, [Sam] Vokes and [Simon] Church give it 110% so you can't knock that. I think sometimes you need that goal to give you confidence.
"Get the confidence in the friendly internationals and you never know what might happen."
*Watch Sport Wales most Fridays on BBC Two Wales and for seven days after transmission on iPlayer


An amateur photographer has managed to capture a humpback whale performing a backflip in the Firth of Forth.

Allan Brown, 67, grabbed his camera after hearing there had been sightings of a whale near his home.
The pensioner, from Kirkcaldy, Fife, made his way to Kinghorn where he was able to overlook the Forth.
He spotted the animal and waited until it did a huge breach followed by a big splash. He said he had never seen anything like it before.
Mr Brown said: "I heard there had been sightings of a humpback whale and I only stay a couple of miles down the road.
"I saw the whale on the surface about half a mile away. It did three shallow dives and then disappeared. You could tell it was doing a deep dive.
"The fourth time it breached and I was prepared for it. Considering it was quite far away, it was a big splash.
"I've never seen anything like it. It's quite unusual, especially in the Firth of Forth, because it's so shallow compared to the open sea."


A construction worker has been charged with the kidnap and manslaughter of a teenager.

Kaydel Williams died after being found with serious head and chest injuries in Hunton Road, Erdington, Birmingham, on the evening of 7 October.
West Midlands Police said it believed "several people" were involved in the Tipton 19-year-old's death.
Simon Seeney, 34, from Downside Road, Erdington, was due to appear at Birmingham Magistrates Court.
A 34-year-old woman arrested on suspicion of perverting the course of justice and assisting an offender has been released on bail while inquiries continue.
Investigating officer Det Insp Warren Hines said: "The death of Kaydel Williams remains very much a live enquiry.
"We believe that several people may have been involved in the young man's death and we need to hear from anyone who has information about what happened.
"We understand how reluctant some people are to speak to police so the best way to give that information is anonymously through Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111."