It is not quite astrophysics, but monetary policy is undergoing a radical rethink.

Setting interest rates is not the only thing the Bank of England focuses on anymore. But what does the newly expanded powers of the central bank mean for rates?
To answer that question (and pretty much everything about post-crisis monetary policy), the Bank of England organised a conference with a live webcast to discuss how to make its research suit its new policymaking tools.
It is one of the central banks that now has the task of ensuring financial stability in addition to targeting inflation.
In other words, the Bank sets what is called macroprudential policy, which aims to prevent another banking crisis. It also oversees individual banks, under what is called the Prudential Regulatory Authority.
So, the Bank of England has these new tools, but how to make them work well together? You might think it should have figured that out beforehand.
Well, governor Mark Carney said that the Bank is trying to get "theory to catch up with practice".
I can hear the jokes about economists being trotted out.
Here's a classic: An economist is someone who finds something works in practice and wonders whether it works in theory.
There's the former Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke's version: "The problem with QE is that it works in practice, but it doesn't work in theory."
Or, in the words of former US Congressman Dick Armey: "Economics: the science of telling you things that you have known your whole life, but in a language that you can't understand."
Now, for the important question - how does what the Bank of England is doing affect interest rates?
It is clear that inflation is not the only concern anymore.
Although it is unclear what the target is when it comes to financial stability (that's hardly reassuring), managing it is a goal.
The instruments are not interest rates, but macroprudential tools, such as countercyclical capital requirements (essentially an insurance policy against unemployment, or other bad economic conditions) or leverage ratios (the amount of debt a bank can have in relation to its holdings).
Still, it is all connected. For instance, if banks are lending too much or too little, then the cost of borrowing - the commercial interest rate - will be affected by the supply and demand for credit.
In other words, the interest rate we pay on our mortgages and business loans is not directly set by the Bank of England.
It is commercial banks and other financial institutions that base the cost of our loans on the rate of the Bank.
Even how much they lend can be affected by the Bank, since it can ask for more or less capital to be set aside by banks.
But, for the businesses frustrated by the low amount of bank lending since the crash, regulation does not seem to be the main issue.
One way to think about the new system is that the central bank sets the interest rate, which remains focused on the 2% inflation target.
The Bank also now directly influences more of the monetary transmission mechanism that transmits that base rate through the financial system. By regulating banks and the financial sector, the central bank has more sway over the operations of the lending system.
The Bank officials themselves asked where the boundaries of macroprudential policies end and those that govern monetary policy that targets interest rates start.
It is not very reassuring, but the answer was that no one knows.
One chart that seemed to sum up the day was presented by the Bank's chief economist, Andy Haldane.
He showed a word count of the minutes of the Monetary Policy Committee, the body that sets rates. It showed that the word "banks" rarely appeared in discussions before the collapse of Northern Rock that led to the first bank run in a century a few years ago. Now, it appears frequently.
What that means for how the MPC operates alongside other parts of the Bank with these new mandates will evidently require more research in the years to come.
But, one thing that struck me throughout the conference was that there was little discussion about how interest rates should be set to meet the inflation target. There will be changes in the future, but for now, we will still be mainly watching inflation.


Human Rights Watch has said that it has seen evidence suggesting high-ranking army officers in Colombia knew of the extrajudicial killings of civilians.

More than 800 members of the Colombian army have been jailed so far in the "false positive" scandal.
Civilians were murdered and their bodies passed off as those of rebels or paramilitaries to boost the army's combat kill rate.
Colombia's attorney general is investigating thousands more cases.
All of them are alleged to have happened between 2002 and 2008, when the scandal broke.
In a report published on Wednesday, Human Rights Watch (HRW) said that it had seen evidence strongly suggesting that "numerous generals and colonels knew or should have known about 'false positive' killings, and may have ordered or otherwise actively furthered them".
Most of the soldiers convicted so far in connection with the scandal are of low rank, although some did command units or even battalions.
The rights group said that it had reviewed transcripts or recordings of testimony provided to prosecutors directly accusing several of Colombia's highest ranking officers of "having known of, planned, or attempted to facilitate false positive killings while holding those positions".
Among those named in the report as those who knew or should have known of the crimes are the former head of the Joint Caribbean Command, retired Gen Gonzalez Pena and the former army commander, retired Gen Mario Montoya.
One of the brigades implicated by the evidence is the 15th Mobile Brigade.
According to the report, the brigade is under investigation for 38 extrajudicial killings allegedly committed between 2006 and 2008.
Sgt Carlos Eduardo Mora was a member of the 15th Mobile Brigade and has been a key witness.
In 2007, he was working for the unit's intelligence division. He told the BBC that when he noticed suspicious activities he tried to alert some of his superiors.
He said that his superiors warned him that his family would be killed if he told anyone about what he knew.
Despite the threat, Sgt Mora reported his suspicions to the attorney general's office at the end of 2008.
The evidence he provided led to the conviction of a number of members of his former brigade.
Its former chief of operations, Jesus Rincon Amado, was sentenced to 35 years in jail for a murder committed in 2007.
Col Santiago Herrera Fajardo, who commanded the brigade, is currently on trial.
Prosecutors are also investigating members of the 4th Brigade for at least 44 alleged extrajudicial killings carried out between 2001 and 2003.
During that time, the battalion was under the command of Gen Mario Montoya, who was later promoted to lead the Colombian Army.
Earlier this week, the attorney general's office announced that it had summoned the now retired Gen Montoya and three other generals to give evidence in July.
According to the HRW report, the battalions which were led at the time by the current commanders of the Colombian army, Gen Jaime Lasprilla, and of the armed forces, Gen Juan Pablo Rodriguez, are also among those being investigated.
Colombia's President Juan Manuel Santos defended the two officers.
He said that both men had shown him documents which demonstrate that "there is not one single investigation against" them.
President Santos said that although wrongdoing should be punished, that the army should not be "tarnished".
HRW says the investigations have been hampered by threats and attacks on key witnesses.
A ministry of defence official told the BBC that they were "providing every possible protection" to the witnesses.
Lt Col Carlos Javier Soler Parra said that the government had put a protection scheme in place for members of the armed forces who have acted as witnesses.
But Sgt Mora has said that he fears for his life.
In its report, HRW also quotes prosecutors as saying that members of the armed forces "placed obstacles in the way of obtaining files crucial to their investigations".
In a statement, the army denied this, arguing that it had put teams in place specifically tasked with providing the required information to investigators.
"We are the first ones interested in clarifying the facts," it said.
Regardless of the obstacles, the attorney general's office is currently investigating at least 3,700 extrajudicial killings that took place within more than 180 battalions and other tactical units, according to HRW.


Almost 30 years ago, 10,000 striking miners clashed with 5,000 police officers in what became known as the Battle of Orgreave.

With the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) asking police forces to search their archives for notes about the event, what memories do those who were there have of what happened on 18 June 1984?
Three months into their strike over pit closures, miners gathered outside Orgreave coking plant near Sheffield for their largest picket so far.
A confrontation with police ensued and dozens of people, both miners and officers, were injured. The clashes led to more than 90 people being arrested.
The police operation on the day involved officers from forces around the country, who were drafted in to help handle the pickets.
South Yorkshire Police referred itself to the IPCC in 2012 after claims in a BBC documentary that some officers may have colluded in writing court statements.
For many of the miners, an IPCC investigation does not go far enough and a public inquiry should be launched.
For those who were there, memories are vivid of the events of the day - memories of the violence, of the conduct of the miners and the officers, and of the aftermath.
Chris Skidmore was a 22-year-old miner from the Bullcliffe Wood pit in West Yorkshire when he arrived at Orgreave.
He said it was "an unusual day because usually the police would try and stop people heading to the picket".
"But that day they were happy to wave everybody through and even showed them where to park.
"Everybody in our surrounding area worked at the pit, so you could imagine the amount of people heading to Orgreave."
He said the scenes were "incredible, it was more like something from the Civil War".
"At the top of the hill were the miners from the north of England and Scotland, and down the bottom were ones from the south.
"In-between were the police."
Arthur Scargill, leader of the National Union of Miners (NUM), had called on miners to picket the plant to try and stop British Steel's coke convoys.
Hundreds of police formed lines around the miners to try to stop them getting to the coke lorries.
Speaking on the day of the clash, the chief constable of South Yorkshire Police at the time, Peter Wright, said the police action had been "gauged to match the reaction of the pickets".
"The numbers of police officers there has been increased as the number of pickets increased and any police reaction was to something the miner pickets were doing."
Mr Skidmore, who is now the chairman of the NUM's Yorkshire branch, said officers had "pulled some of the miners out of picket".
"We could see they weren't just frogmarched off - they were being beaten up. That inflamed the situation.
"The officers then broke their ranks and the horses charged.
"It was terrifying having several tonnes of beast galloping at you with a man on top swinging a big stick.
"Everybody was running away looking for shelter."
He said he ran to "an ice-cream van, which I tried to get under, but there were already four or five people hiding there who told me to get on my way because there wasn't enough room".
"I remember passing one big lad who was eating an ice-cream, and a copper just smashed his nose in with his baton.
"He was no threat to anyone.
"They had cleared the picket and the lorries could get through, so why were they chasing after everyone?
"It was ferocious - sheer panic."
Speaking to the BBC, former police officer John Vipond said the hot day led to cans of drink being given to officers.
"Just as you heard the click of the cans, the miners kicked off," he said.
"They started to throw things at us and we had to put these cans down and stand shoulder to shoulder.
"It became rather nasty after that, with surges back and forward."
He said there were "bricks flying and people going down".
"One or two bricks were thrown back from the police into their end."
Those arrested at Orgreave were held for a variety of offences, with several being put on trial for rioting.
The trial collapsed after 16 weeks when it became clear police evidence was unreliable.
One of the defendants, Arthur Critchlow, said he was "arrested, badly injured by two police officers with truncheons, then remanded and charged with unlawful and riotous assembly, which carried a life sentence".
"We went on trial for 48 days at Sheffield Crown Court.
"During the whole 48 days, I totally believed that the state could do what they wanted.
"No one has ever been held to account for the grave miscarriages of justice that happened on that day."
Mr Skidmore said the anger felt by Mr Critchlow was not unique and that many of those who were at Orgreave still harboured strong feelings.
"All we could see was that a way of life was going to disappear," he said.
"It still resonates to this day - there are some people who don't talk to others, because they scabbed and others who don't even speak to some family members."
South Yorkshire Police was contacted by the BBC but did not supply a comment.


A peregrine falcon has been shot in the fifth attack of its kind in a month, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) said.

The female bird was found injured in Tavistock, Devon, on 6 March.
The RSPB said the bird, which was found next to Milton Abbot Primary School, is still alive and being cared for by a local falconer.
In a blog, the charity said there had been four similar incidents, in Hampshire, Cumbria and Gloucestershire.
A Devon and Cornwall Police spokesman said: "The birds internationally have the same protected status as giant panda and tigers which shows how precious they are."


Labour will campaign this weekend over claims that millions of people are missing from the electoral register.

The government has brought forward a plan to switch voters from "household" to "individual" registration.
Labour says this will mean a disproportionately high number of its supporters will end up being left off the new rolls.
The Cabinet Office said the new deadline was simply to ensure voting was as fraud-free as possible.
However, Labour said the move was a "cynical attempt to rig the system".
It says private renters, ethnic minority voters and young people are among the most likely not to have been transferred to the new system.
People must now register to vote individually rather than one member of a household filling in a form.
Party leader Jeremy Corbyn will speak at a rally in Leicester, addressing students - who some claim are most at risk of disenfranchisement.
Labour says that by ending the transition a year earlier than the original December 2016 deadline, the Conservatives are guilty of "gerrymandering" before next summer's Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly and London mayoral elections.
Labour peer Lord Falconer told BBC Radio 4's Today programme that the situation was "very bad".
"The consequence of this is going to be that you're going to find, for example, in inner city constituencies, or constituencies with big representations of black, minority ethnic groups, they are going to be underrepresented in Parliament," he said.
John Penrose, minister for constitutional reform, said the government had been carrying out checks for 18 months and everyone who was not on the register had been contacted nine times.
"Every single genuine elector who's out there will have been confirmed and put on the register," he said.
"The only ones therefore taken off will be people who've either moved house, or died or in some cases never existed, because they were put on the register fraudulently."
It made sense to "clean up register", he added.
The Electoral Commission is recommending that peers vote against the timetable change when it is debated in the Lords on Tuesday because it fears people will be disenfranchised.
This could spell defeat for the government which has no majority in the upper house.
Officials said anyone who disappears from the register would still still be able to apply for a vote until two weeks before the elections.
The new system of voters having to register individually has been rolling out across England, Wales and Scotland since last year.
To ease the transition to the new system, nobody has been taken off existing electoral registers - but anyone who has not individually registered by 1 December will be removed.


Ireland's Michael McKillop and Jason Smyth are determined to repeat their London 2012 heroics at the World Para Athletics Championships which begin in the Olympic Stadium on Friday.

Both Northern Irishmen will have the opportunity to match the two gold medals they won five years ago.
If all goes to plan, the friends could win 100m and 800m titles within 15 minutes of each other on Sunday night.
"Whenever we won at London 2012, the stadium turned green," says McKillop.
"It will be great to have that opportunity again for the island of Ireland. Fingers crossed, it will be another amazing night."
However, while McKillop is bubbling with confidence after clocking his best 800m time in three years (1:58.25) at last week's Belfast International, the 27-year-old North Belfast Harrier, who has a mild form of cerebral palsy, is mindful that the standard in the T37 and T38 middle distance events is "rising all the time".
"I know Canada's Liam Stanley, who took the silver behind me in the T37 1500m final in Rio, is getting better all the time so it's not going to be easy.
"But I still want to win. There is no greater feeling that being on the podium, hearing your national anthem and looking at the people in the crowd clapping and celebrating what you have achieved. I love that."
McKillop has been beset by injury since 2012 and his annual stint on the treatment table this year was caused by a calf problem in January.
However, "unbelievable" physio work by Kerry Kirk at the Sports Institute in Jordanstown got the Glengormley man back on the track much quicker than he expected.
An impressive 4:04 for 1500m at the Northern Ireland Championships in early June suggested McKillop was peaking at the right time and while he then clocked a disappointing 4:09 metric mile a couple of weeks later, his 800m time last Wednesday was a "huge confidence booster".
"I got back sooner than I normally would after such an injury. That's why you saw me run 1:58 for 800m last week and not 2:05.
"I feel back as an athlete and I'll be in a stadium in front of 60,000 people believing I can run my fastest," adds McKillop, who has not lost at paralympic level since 2006.
Visually-impaired Smyth, who recently turned 30, has been unbeaten at Paralympic level since beginning his international career at the 2005 European Championships.
The county Londonderry man joined able-bodied stars such as Dwain Chambers and Christophe Lemaitre at the 2010 European Championships in Barcelona when he narrowly missed out on qualifying for the 100m final.
A year later, Smyth was alongside Usain Bolt in the 100m entry at the World Championships in Daegu and the Derryman's personal best of 10.22 seconds saw him missing out on qualifying for the London Olympics by 0.04 seconds.
Smyth regrouped from that disappointment to star at the London Paralympics as he clinched the T13 100m and 200m titles in world record times of 10.46 and 21.05.
Since 2012, the Eglinton man's track times have been slowed by injury but he has remained far too good for the opposition at paralympic level - most recently last year's Rio Games when he took a third successive 100m gold.
Heading into London, Smyth, who dashed home from the last world championships in Doha two years ago for the birth of his daughter Evie, insists his motivation to win remains "as strong as ever".
"At the end of my career, I will want to be able to look back and think that I did everything possible to keep improving as as an athlete.
"I will want to leave my sport on a high rather than dwindling away," adds Smyth who intends to remain in competition until at least Tokyo 2020.
With the Mark Kirk-trained Ballyclare man James Hamilton representing the host nation at the London championships, McKillop will be the first of the Northern Ireland trio in action when he competes in the T38 800m heats on Friday evening (20:25 BST).


Great Britain's Chris Langridge and Marcus Ellis will play for the Olympic bronze medal after defeat in the semi-final of the men's doubles.

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They lost 21-14 21-18 to Chinese fourth seeds Fu Haifeng and Zhang Nan.
The pair will face China's Hong Wei and Chai Biao for bronze on Thursday, bidding to become Britain's first badminton medallists since 2004.
"I'm really disappointed and a bit frustrated. I don't think we really put 100% into that match," Ellis said.
"Obviously we tried but for some reason today it just didn't quite come out.
"I'm not forgetting the occasion that it is but I feel like we could have done so much better," he added.
The Britons, who have performed above their ranking of 22nd in the world in reaching the last four, battled hard in the match but lost to opponents who both won gold medals at London 2012.
Langridge said: "It is frustrating. We gave everything and have to give full credit to them, they are a world class pair and were better than us.
"It's hard for us but the day after tomorrow we have to come back and try and win that bronze medal for Team GB."
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Two men from Rochdale have been charged with slavery-related offences after a Greater Manchester factory was raided by police.

Thirteen Slovakian immigrants were found at Iqbal Bros picture frame factory in Rochdale, on Monday.
Mohamad Iqbal, 51, of Belmont Way and Najum Mohammed Iqbal, 40, of Harrison Close are both charged with knowingly requiring another person to perform forced or compulsory labour.
Both have been remanded in custody.
The pair are due to appear at Bury and Rochdale Magistrates' Court on Wednesday.
Three other men arrested as part of the police operation have been released on bail pending further enquiries.


Welsh farmers are among those "with most to lose" if the UK fails to negotiate a trade deal before it leaves the EU, it has been claimed.

Welsh meat promoter Hybu Cig Cymru said it was "not realistic" to attract enough new markets to make up for "the likes of France, Italy and Germany".
It has this week helped broker a deal to supply 300 supermarkets in Canada, after "a number of years" of work.
Currently more than 90% of Welsh red meat exports are destined for the EU.
Dai Davies, chairman of HCC, said Wales had led the way in terms of lamb exports, selling more to markets beyond Europe than any other EU region.
But he said it could take years to have a "breakthrough".
"When you get access to a market, the retailers don't suddenly go 'come on then'.  You have to displace someone else to get your product into a shop."
"As far as the US is concerned, we've been involved in developing that market for the last eight years and we're still not there yet."
Unless a trade agreement is struck with the EU after Brexit, HCC claimed farm gate prices would drop significantly as exports would be subject to tariffs.
For sheep meat, the current tariff rates are 12.8% plus Â£1.50/kg (â‚¬1.71/kg).
That would "have a considerable impact", Mr Davies explained, arguing that politicians would need to react with some sort of "cushioning effect" through imposing similar tariffs on goods imported into the UK.
Industry representatives are gathering in Llanelwedd, Powys, for a conference on farming in Wales post-Brexit.
Hundreds are expected to attend the event, organised by the Farmers Union of Wales.
The opening lecture will be given by economist Warwick Lightfoot, head of research at the think tank Policy Exchange on the opportunities Brexit provides.
He told BBC Wales that farmers would "have to learn to operate in a new world where there will not be a semi-protected market".
But at the same time he said Brexit gave the UK a chance to form a better targeted farming policy.
"What we don't want is expensive, poorly focused subsidies helping big international businesses - often against the interests of the traditional farm and the consumer," he said.
"You [in Wales] need to make your case nationally - there are farming communities up and down the UK where one size doesn't fit all.
"We should be able to get a better focused approach and look at things afresh."
Farmers' Union of Wales president Glyn Roberts said one opportunity he saw was the chance to ensure more procurement of Welsh food and drink within the public sector.
"Within the EU, procurement deals have to be tendered within Europe - we could change the criteria to buy local and focus on mitigating carbon emissions," he said.
"That would create a bigger market domestically for our meat."


Mark Williams says he threw away his second round match with England's Tom Ford in the UK Championship.

Williams led 5-4 and had a 69 point lead in the 10th frame before missing a key shot at York's Barbican Theatre.
Ford cleared to draw level and took the deciding frame to knock the two-time former winner out of the tournament.
"I have to be careful what I say because I could get into trouble. He made some good clearances, I've got to take my hat off to him," said Williams.
Williams stopped short of criticising the table, but was clearly unhappy with some "bounces" in the latter stages of the match.
"I wish I won because it might sound like sour grapes and I'm not like that. I lost and he made some great clearances," added Williams.
"But I was very unlucky, some of the bounces I had towards the end it was just incredible really and that's what cost me but that's the way it goes.
"I probably threw that match away but at the end of the day I've just lost 6-5. Does anyone really care? I don't."


In the aftermath of the Manchester Arena bomb attack, Home Secretary Amber Rudd has said that suicide bomber Salman Abedi was known "up to a point" by security services and it's believed he had recently returned from Libya.

Twenty-two people were killed and 64 injured after Abedi detonated a homemade device at the concert venue on Monday
It's not known if he was on any watch-list.
What powers do the police currently have to stop suspected terrorists from travelling?
Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000 gives the police the power to stop, search and hold individuals at ports, airports and international railway stations.
As well as being questioned for up to nine hours, the police also have the power to inspect electronic devices such as phones and laptops.
The police do not need prior knowledge or suspicion to use Schedule 7 - although the Home Office says it's done after "informed considerations".
A total of 23,717 people were stopped under the power in the year ending June 2016, a fall of 23% on the previous year.
Despite fewer people being stopped, the number detained under the power has increased by 7%, rising from 1,649 to 1,760 in the same period.
Of those detained, 41% categorised themselves as Asian or Asian British.
The police have the power to temporarily seize travel documents if they believe someone is travelling in order to engage in terrorist activity. It was a power granted in the 2015 Counter-Terrorism Security Act.
Travel documents can be held for 14 days. The police can apply for an extension through the courts, but this must not exceed 30 days in total.
Between February and December 2015, the power was used 24 times. The Home Office says that in some cases this led to further action, such as cancelling passports.
As a British passport is the property of the Crown, Royal Prerogative can be used to confiscate, cancel or refuse them.
The criteria changed in 2013, allowing a home secretary to withdraw passports if they are satisfied there is a public interest to do so.
The power was used 23 times in 2015 in relation to national security. This means that passports were either revoked or the application was refused.
The decision to take away passports can be challenged in the courts.
The authority to carry scheme prevents certain individuals from travelling to or from the UK - essentially it is a no-fly list.
The carrier - such as an airline - is liable to a financial penalty of up to Â£50,000 if it fails to comply and the individual manages to travel.
The scheme came into force in March 2015 and in its first year, a total of 1,132 people were refused travel.
Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures, or TPims, are a form of house arrest. It applies to people who are deemed a threat but cannot be prosecuted or deported if they are a foreign national. They were first introduced in 2012 and replaced controversial control orders.
Those under TPims can be subjected to electronic tagging, having to report regularly to the police and surrendering travel documents. A suspect must live at home and stay there overnight - possibly for up to 10 hours.
The suspect is allowed to use a mobile phone and the internet to work and study, subject to conditions.
In 2015, TPims were toughened by granting the ability to relocate subjects up to 200 miles away from their normal residence.
TPims initially last for one year, although they can be extended to two. It is possible for them to remain beyond the two-year maximum if there is suspicion of further terrorism activity. A breach of the TPims can lead to imprisonment.
As of November 2016, seven people were subjected to TPims - six of whom were British citizens.
Temporary Exclusion Orders (TEOs) were created by the 2015 Counter-Terrorism and Security Act. They apply to British citizens suspected of involvement in terrorist activity abroad. They are designed to stop suspects from re-entering the UK unless they give themselves up at the border.
Those subjected to TEOs are only allowed to return if they make contact with the UK authorities. If they do come back, they are likely to face either prosecution or close supervision under monitoring powers.
The Orders last for up to two years at a time and can be renewed. Breaches could lead to a prison sentence.
The home secretary applies the TEO where they "reasonably suspect that the subject is or has been involved in terrorism-related activity while outside the UK".
Since they came into force two years ago, nobody has been subjected to a TEO.
The 2014 Immigration Act granted the home secretary the power to strip citizenship from dual nationals or from immigrants who have become naturalised citizens and are now fighting overseas, even if that renders them stateless. An individual can mount a legal challenge to the decision.
In 2015, five people were stripped of British citizenship on the basis it was "conducive to the public good".
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Iran and six world powers have extended into next week their talks on finding a comprehensive agreement of Tehran's nuclear programme.

The deadline for reaching an agreement was 30 June, but all parties agreed to extend it by another week, to 7 July.
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said on Tuesday that a deal was now "within reach".
But US President Barack Obama has said he will still "walk away from the negotiations if... it's a bad deal".
And Iran's President Hassan Rouhani warned: "If the other side breaches the deal, we will go back to the old path, stronger than what they can imagine."
The so-called P5+1, which includes the US, UK, France, China and Russia plus Germany, want Iran to scale back its sensitive nuclear activities to ensure that it cannot build a nuclear weapon.
Iran, which wants international sanctions that have crippled its economy lifted in exchange, has always insisted that its nuclear work is peaceful.
The extension of the talks for a few days was widely expected, the BBC's Bethany Bell reports from Vienna, where the talks are being held.
She said differences on the key issues remained, including the timing of sanctions relief and the question of access for UN nuclear inspectors.
However diplomats say the sides are closer to a deal than they have ever been, she notes.
Iran's Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif returned to the talks on Tuesday, along with Atomic Energy Organisation of Iran (AEOI) chief Ali Akbar Salehi and Hossein Fereidoun, President Rouhani's younger brother and special adviser.
The presence of Mr Salehi was a sign of Iran's serious desire to accelerate the negotiations and achieve a comprehensive deal, Iran's state news agency Irna said.
On Monday, the US warned that a framework deal agreed in Switzerland in April had to remain the basis for a comprehensive agreement.
It followed a speech by Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who has the final say on all state matters, in which he rejected the key demands of the P5+1.
He insisted Iran would only dismantle its nuclear infrastructure if the sanctions were lifted first. He also ruled out a freeze on research and development for 10 years, as well as inspections of military sites.
In the US, President Obama has until 9 July to submit details of a final accord to Congress, triggering a 30-day review period before it can be signed and any US sanctions waived.
If a deal is submitted after 9 July, the review period will be doubled to 60 days.


Eddie Jones's unbeaten start to his England coaching career continued with a win over Italy in Rome that started slowly but ended at pace.

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A disjointed first half was enlivened by George Ford's try off turnover possession, although Carlo Canna's boot kept the Azzurri within a score.
But two quick tries from Jonathan Joseph, his fifth and sixth in his past seven Six Nations matches, calmed English anxieties.
And the Bath centre completed his hat-trick with a powerful run into the left-hand corner before Owen Farrell gathered Jamie George's classy offload to score England's fifth try.
Having beaten the two traditionally weakest nations, England now face the sterner test of Ireland in a fortnight before Wales come calling two weeks further on.
But with their next two matches at home they have the opportunity to build on these early if predictable successes and lay down the blueprint for what a Jones team will really look like.
After an early exchange of penalties in a messy opening period, England opened a lead when Mike Brown won a turnover in the Italy 22, Billy Vunipola's smart inside pass finding Ben Youngs down the left and Farrell spotting Ford free on the wing for the fly-half to slide over for his first international try away from home.
Farrell had been off for a head injury assessment, forcing a comprehensive if brief reshuffle of the back line, but it was Italian injuries that really began to count - Marco Fuser, Alessandro Zanni and Gonzalo Garcia all being replaced in the first half-hour.
Canna's third penalty narrowed the visitors' lead to just two points at half-time, not quite the "good hiding" that coach Jones had asked for in the build-up.
England were looking to put the Italian back three under pressure with high kicks but just as last weekend at Murrayfield, silly mistakes and infringements slowed their momentum.
There was limited sign of the fluency Jones had hoped for, and had Canna not hooked a kickable penalty England would have trailed after 50 minutes.
Instead Italy gifted them a second try, Leonardo Sarto's looping, obvious pass on his own 22 picked off by the predatory Joseph for his sixth try in 18 caps.
With Danny Care on for Youngs, Joe Marler for Mako Vunipola and the highly-rated Maro Itoje on for his debut at blind-side flanker, at last the points and panache followed.
Care's cute grubber off a 10-man rolling maul was gathered by Joseph for his second, and with 20-year-old Paul Hill a second debutant off the bench, England's forward power enabled them to take a tighter grip.
Joseph fought through three tackles to score in the left-hand corner off more turnover ball and Care fed George who popped a pass out of contact to Farrell as a tiring Italy fell away.
It might be just two matches since an England player last grabbed a Test hat-trick - both Nick Easter and Jack Nowell scored three against Uruguay - but Joseph confirmed his value to England with three contrasting yet equally impressive scores.
Italy: McLean; L Sarto, Campagnaro, Garcia, Bellini; Canna, Gori; Lovotti, Gega, Cittadini, Biagi, Fuser, Minto, Zanni, Parisse.
Replacements: Pratichetti for Garcia (32), Padovani for Canna (60), Palazzani for Gori (75), Zanusso for Lovotti (62), Giazzon for Gega (41), Castrogiovanni for Cittadini (58), Bernabo for Fuser (14), Steyn for Zanni (30).
England: Brown; Watson, Joseph, Farrell, Nowell; Ford, Youngs; M Vunipola, Hartley, Cole, Lawes, Kruis, Robshaw, Haskell, B Vunipola.
Replacements: Goode for Brown (69), Care for Youngs (49), Marler for M. Vunipola (47), George for Hartley (69), P Hill for Cole (69), Launchbury for Lawes (47), Clifford for Robshaw (62), Itoje for Haskell (54).
Ref: Glen Jackson (New Zealand).


The new plastic £5 note is being launched in England and Wales on Tuesday, but most people may have to wait up to a week to get one.

The polymer note - which is much more durable than the old fiver - will initially only be available from a handful of banks and cash points.
ATMs in London, Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Hull and Cardiff will be among the first to stock them.
But only about 7% of cash machines dispense £5 notes in any case.
However, most bank branches are expected to have the notes within a week or so, suggesting those who want to obtain one may have to go into a bank and ask for one.
In Scotland, some plastic notes have been available on a limited basis since March 2015.
The Clydesdale Bank will stage a full roll-out of plastic notes later this month, followed by the Bank of Scotland and the Royal Bank of Scotland in October.
In Northern Ireland the first plastic notes were issued in October 1999 by the then Northern Bank - now known as Danske Bank.
Two million notes were put into circulation to mark the millennium.
The new fiver will depict Winston Churchill on the back.
The governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney, said the new note would be cleaner, safer and stronger.
"The use of polymer means it can better withstand being repeatedly folded into wallets or scrunched up inside pockets, and can also survive a spin in the washing machine," he said.
However, the notes are not indestructible.
New security features - such as a transparent window - will make the note harder to counterfeit.
The polymer notes are expected to last an average of five years - compared to the current note's two years.
The old fiver will continue to be valid until 5 May 2017, by which time the Bank expects most of them will have been removed from circulation.
A total of 440 million new £5 notes have been printed.
A new polymer £10 note featuring Jane Austen is due to be released in a year's time, with a £20 note, featuring the artist Turner, to be launched by 2020.
The new notes will also be easier for blind or partially-sighted people to use.
"To help blind and vision impaired people distinguish between denominations, the notes retain tiered sizing and include bold numerals and similar colour palettes to the current notes," said Victoria Cleland, the Bank of England's chief cashier.
"In addition, polymer £10 and £20 notes will each have a tactile feature created by a series of raised dots, and the £5 note will be distinguishable by the absence of a feature."


A Muslim Frenchwoman says she was fined and faced racial abuse for wearing a hair-covering veil on a Cannes beach.

The woman, a Toulouse native named only as Siam, was strolling on the beach while on holiday with her two children.
She said she was told by three police officers that her clothing was "not correct". Meanwhile, she says, a crowd gathered, some shouting: "Go home!"
The Cannes mayor earlier this month banned full-body swimsuits known as "burkinis" from the beach.
David Lisnard said they were a "symbol of Islamic extremism" and might spark scuffles, as France is the target of Islamist attacks.
The working of his ruling suggests it could be applied to any "beachwear which ostentatiously displays religious affiliation".
In this case, Siam, 34, says she was wearing not a burkini but a hijab covering only her hair, along with leggings and a tunic.
"I wasn't intending on bathing, just dipping my feet in the water," Siam told L'Obs news website (in French).
Approached by the police officers, Siam says they asked her whether she was aware of the order in force in Cannes, and she said she had not followed it closely.
She says she was then told that beach users had to wear "proper dress". The officers suggested she could remain on the beach if she rearranged her scarf as a headband around the head.
She refused, and was fined €11 (£9.45; $12.45) - a fine which, reports suggest, she will contest.
Siam says that by this point a crowd had gathered, and although some defended her, others began applauding the police, telling her to "go home" and saying "Here, we are Catholic!"
This account was confirmed by a journalist who also came across the scene.
"Racist speech was completely unleashed," Siam said. "I was stunned."
"Because of people who have nothing to do with my religion have killed, I no longer have the right to go to the beach!"
Siam said she thought hard before going public about the incident, which happened on 16 August, but "could not let it go in our country".
"Today we are forbidden from the beach. Tomorrow, the street?"
Approached for comment by AFP news agency, Mayor Lisnard insisted women wearing a "simple veil" should not be booked by police, but said he had no reason to believe the fine had been imposed improperly.
"If this woman believes she has been unjustly booked, which unfortunately can still happen, she must contest it," he said.


Rooms for the visually impaired will be retained when a hotel which formerly catered exclusively for blind people is reopened as a mainstream venue.

The Belmont Hotel in Llandudno was one of the few hotels in the UK catering entirely for blind guests.
It closed in January due to financial reasons with visitor numbers falling.
The 27-room hotel was sold by the Royal Blind Society (RBS) to developer Mbi, and the two are now working to refit six rooms for the visually impaired.
The venue is due to reopen under its new name, the Heritage Hotel, in April or May.
The company says the rooms will feature "tactile signage, colour contrasts, talking alarm clocks and lifts and large-print menus".
Eileen Harding, chief executive of RBS, said: "We are delighted to work with MBi, who we believe have the interest of our charity at the heart of the project."


Japanese messaging app Line is set to raise up to $1.3bn (Â£1bn) when it lists its shares later this week.

The company set its flotation price at 3,300 yen ($33; Â£25) per share, at the top end of the expected range.
Line will list its shares in a dual offering in New York and Tokyo on 14 and 15 July.
Line is the most popular messaging app in Japan, Thailand and Taiwan, and its flotation is set to be the world's biggest tech listing so far this year.
The messenger app was started in the wake of the 2011 earthquake and tsunami to offer a communications platform when many phone services where down.
Line is owned by South Korea's Naver Corporation and hopes the share sale will not only raise funds but also boost its profile to tie in with global expansion plans.
While dominant in a number of Southeast Asian markets, the company has been struggling to expand its user base further.
Line has about 218 million monthly active users and makes its money from advertising as well as selling its virtual stickers and games.


Miranda Hart is the latest British comedian to make her Hollywood debut, starring in the new action film from Bridesmaids director Paul Feig.

Best known for her self-penned BBC One series Miranda and TV drama Call The Midwife, the Bafta award-winning actress stars alongside fellow Britons Jason Statham and Jude Law, as well as leading lady Melissa McCarthy.
"It's still sinking in to be honest" the 42-year-old admits. "God bless Paul Feig!
"He knew my British sitcom and said he wanted to write me a part in one of his films four years ago, but I never thought it would actually happen".
"So now I owe him my life, which is really annoying," she quips.
Hart takes on the role of frumpy Nancy, a dissatisfied desk-bound CIA analyst, working in a basement littered with rats.
But when agent Bradley Fine (Law) goes missing, Nancy is thrown into the world of international espionage as she attempts to protect her colleague and best friend Susan Cooper (McCarthy).
The action comedy sees Statham take on the role of stubborn British agent, Rick Ford, while Rose Byrne plays an intimidating Bulgarian arms dealer.
'Womance'
"Nancy is an earpiece girl, like Susan," Hart explains.
"She's tacky, geeky, great at her job, but socially quite awkward.
"Nancy is terrified of the world and begins screwing things up for Susan.
"She gets everything in a complete muddle, which is where a lot of the high comedy happens.
"They are two fish-out-of-water, in the same empty fishbowl. They have a 'womance,' you might say"
Standing at more than 6ft, Hart dwarfs McCarthy, but a shared sense of humour and love of life meant the ill-fitting pair developed a genuine off-screen friendship.
"Paul really hoped me and Melissa would work well together and I knew from the minute we shook hands that it was going to work," she says.
"We clicked on-screen and off, and genuinely became friends, which is so lucky - what you see on screen is just so natural."
The Call The Midwife actress had an equally strong bond with rapper 50 Cent - who takes a cameo role in the film.
Yet Hart admits she was "slightly apprehensive" about her opening scene with the Candyshop hitmaker and has bruises to show for it.
"There's a scene where I have to run at him and tackle him to the ground, but it was shot on the very first day of filming.
"It was like, 'OK, welcome to 'Spy', meet 50 Cent, how do you do, now can you just literally run at him?' 'OK!'"
"It was completely surreal. I never would have thought I would be filming in Budapest sprawled all over Mr Cent."
"I mounted him rather aggressively after the tackle and we lay on each other for hours of shooting, which made for a somewhat awkward hello the next day."
'Subjective'
Hart, who waved goodbye to her self-autobiographical series earlier this year, is not the first British comedian to take on Hollywood, with the likes of Stephen Fry, Hugh Laurie and Simon Pegg having forged successful careers across the Atlantic.
So despite being relatively unknown in America, the Torquay-born actress hopes she will over fans.
"I hope that people in America will watch me for the first time and like my work - but it's so subjective," she admits.
"It's a weird career path, acting.
"People expect you to have a plan, but you can't really. You never know where the next job will come from."
As director Feig prepares to start shooting his next film, an all-female Ghostbusters, also starring McCarthy, Hart says that you "don't need to be an intelligence officer" to see the attraction of a Spy sequel, something Feig is rumoured to be considering.
"We all want to do another one," she says.
"I am going to lock him in a the hotel suite until he agrees to it - hopefully, fingers crossed he will! "
Yet despite eyeing up a Hollywood sequel, Hart has no plans to relocate, wanting to keep her feet firmly on British soil
"People always ask if I want to break American now, but I have no plans to move to Los Angeles, I simply love British TV too much."
The actress is keen to quash rumours which suggested her next career move would be hosting a reboot of the BBC's Generation Game, after appearing on a one-off special of the show for Comic Relief in 2011.
The classic show, previously presented by the likes of Bruce Forsyth, the late Larry Grayson, and Jim Davidson, was reported to be returning to our small screens.
"It was literally an informal chat with the BBC," she explains.
"We talked about it, and whether the format would work for a modern audience - but that is literally all it was, just a chat, nothing more."
Hart adds: "It got massively blown out of order in the press and, no, we are not doing it right now."
Spy is released in UK cinemas on Friday 5 June.


A senior Aberdeen councillor has promised a review into the way cremations of babies are handled.

It comes after a string of recommendations from Dame Elish Angiolini in her report into the handling of the issue at Mortonhall crematorium in Edinburgh
Aberdeen has always maintained that the powerful burners in place at Hazlehead left no ashes.
Neil Cooney said Aberdeen would have to change in line with technology.
Dame Elish said any crematorium that cannot guarantee ashes to return to bereaved families should stop cremating babies.
Mr Cooney, convener of housing and environment at the city council, told BBC Scotland: "We broke no rules, we followed the criteria that was demanded under the old regime, and we really handled it with as much sensitivity as we could.
"The technology has changed and we have got to change with it."
He said any residual ash left under new modern techniques would be returned to undertakers.
A separate inquiry into how infant remains have been dealt with throughout Scotland is expected to report at the end of May.
Former high court judge Lord Bonomy has chaired the Infant Cremation Commission, which will recommend changes to the law to prevent a similar scandal happening again.


The government and French energy giant EDF have signed the key contract for the new £18bn Hinkley Point C nuclear power station.

EDF boss Jean-Bernard Levy joined officials from the UK, France and China at the behind-closed-doors ceremony in London on Thursday.
Earlier this month, the government gave the go-ahead for the plant which will power nearly six million homes.
It will be the UK's first new nuclear plant in a generation.
The meeting was a second attempt at finalising the deal after Prime Minister Theresa May unexpectedly announced in July that she wanted time to scrutinise it.
With her approval now granted and the contracts updated, the formal signing took place at a ceremony attended by Business Secretary Greg Clark and French Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault.
China's National Energy Administration director, Nur Bekri, and the chairman of Chinese firm CGN, He Yu, also attended.
Mr Clark said that signing the contract was a "crucial moment" and that Hinkley played "an important part in ensuring our future low-carbon energy security".
Mr Ayrault said he was pleased that the UK government had decided to go ahead with the project.
Q&A: What is Hinkley Point and why is it important?
How much would Hinkley C cost bill payers?
What does China get out of Hinkley?
Dozens of contracts running to thousands of pages for the huge project in Somerset are believed to have been prepared ahead of the event.
The key document is the Contract for Difference, or CfD, which gives a guaranteed price for the electricity Hinkley will generate for 35 years.
In return EDF, along with CGN, will finance the project and shoulder the risk of any delays.
Critics say the guaranteed "strike price" - which is more than twice the current wholesale cost of electricity - will provide a windfall for EDF for decades to come.
The formal go-ahead for Hinkley also cements China's foothold in Britain's nuclear industry.
The last government signed a series of co-operation agreements in civil nuclear power with Beijing which opened the UK's market to Chinese firms.
CGN will pay about a third of the cost of Hinkley. Under its agreement with EDF, it will also have a stake in a new plant at Sizewell in Suffolk.
The Chinese will then be allowed to develop their own reactor technology at Bradwell in Essex, subject to planning and regulatory approvals.
The government is now expected to publish some of the key documents linked to the deal. These will include the Contract for Difference and the waste transfer agreement that covers nuclear waste generated by the plant.
After numerous delays, EDF's board agreed to proceed with the controversial project back in July.
But just weeks after taking office, Prime Minister Theresa May ordered a review of the deal, leading to questions over the UK's openness to foreign investment.
Her government gave its approval two weeks ago on condition that it could prevent EDF from selling its controlling stake before completion of the project.
EDF's board approved the new terms on Tuesday, paving the way for the formal signing of the deal.
You can follow John on Twitter at @JohnMoylanBBC


Theresa May insists Donald Trump was "being a gentleman" when he held her hand during her US visit shortly after he became 45th president.

In an interview with the style magazine American Vogue, she says: "We were about to walk down a ramp, and he said it might be a bit awkward."
Asked what she made of Mr Trump, she adds: "I like to think we got on."
Mrs May also admits that at home she cooks and her husband Philip, a banker, loads the dishwasher.
In the wide-ranging article, the prime minister appears in a series of photographs by Annie Leibovitz and answers questions on a variety  of issues, including the constant comparison between her and the only other British female PM, Margaret Thatcher.
"There can only ever be one Margaret Thatcher," she says. "I'm Theresa May. I do things my way."
Asked what she made of Donald Trump during their first meeting in Washington DC visit in January, Mrs May said: "I like to think we got on.
"I mean, obviously he has, uh... it was a stunning election victory, in that he's someone who has not been involved in politics."
Pressed on whether she confronted the president about his comments about women, which she had previously described as "unacceptable", she replied: "Well, I don't... We don't comment on private conversations that take place.
"All I would say is, I've been very clear: I'm not afraid to raise issues and the nature of the relationship is such that we should be able to be frank and open with each other."
In the interview, journalist Gaby Wood asks Mrs May, an only child, about her marriage to Philip, which took place shortly before both her parents died.
"I've been fortunate that he's been very supportive of me," she said. They have known each other so long "there's something, which is the bond between you, that develops over time."
On not having a family of her own, she comments: "Look, it's one of those things. We didn't have children. You just get on with life."
She says at home she enjoys cooking, but has been amazed to discover her husband is a dab hand at mushroom risotto. "We have a very good system," she says. "I cook, and he puts everything in the dishwasher."
Trouser-gate
Asked what the couple argue about, she remarks: "Do you know, I think we argue about the same things that most people argue about - like, who has the remote? And what we're watching tonight. His history programme? No - [the American TV drama] NCIS."
Mrs May says "it's a great honour" to be prime minister, and answers brusquely about whether she feels the need to be liked. "It's not a popularity stakes, being prime minister. I think what's important is for people to feel that I'm delivering for them."
She admits she did vote to remain in the EU referendum, but insists "what's important is that the country feels, I think, that it wants to come together".
Asked if she was surprised about the media storm surrounding her decision to wear a pair of leather trousers worth almost Â£1,000 in an interview with a Sunday newspaper magazine, she said: "Look, throughout my political career, people have commented on what I wear - that's just something that happens and you accept that.
"But it doesn't stop me from going out and enjoying fashion - and I also think it's important to be able to show that a woman can do a job like this and still be interested in clothes."


A cat from Portadown, who is a companion to an eleven-year-old girl with a rare brain tumour and autism, has won a special award.

Faith Downey, from Cushenny Road in County Armagh has found a purr-fect pal in her black and white cat, Mittens.
Mittens won the "Furr-ever Friends" category in the Cats Protection's National Cat Awards this year.
The award "celebrates tales of friendship" between cats and children. Faith's family say he helps her cope.
"Mittens is very special to me because he always sticks by my side and we love playing together ," Faith told BBC Radio Ulster's Good Morning Ulster.
"Whenever I'm worried or upset he'll come over on to my knee and cuddle up to me," she said.
"He has  a strange fascination for hair bobbles so whenever  I throw him a hair bobble he'll run after it and pick it up in his mouth."
Mittens has been Faith's special friend for four years and she was excited by the trip to the awards ceremony.
"I was very privileged that Mittens was recognised as the special cat he is," she said.
Her mum, Elizabeth, said: "Living with autism can be very hard and Faith faces lots of challenges.
"Earlier this year, she was also found to have a brain tumour, and doctors are still deciding how to treat this.
"Faith finds it difficult to interact with people, yet has formed an amazing bond with Mittens.
"When she's sad, Mittens will curl up on her and he is never bothered by her meltdowns."
Elizabeth said Mittens makes a real difference to Faith's emotional state - and has learned to respond to Mittens' body language.
She has also become more aware of the world around her.
"Through Mittens, Faith has learnt so many new skills but also has a constant, reliable and fun friend by her side. He really is a one in a million and we all love him to bits," said Elizabeth.
Cats Protection's awards organiser Kate Bunting said: "Mittens and Faith's story is a truly inspiring one and just goes to show how important cats can be to family life.
"It's wonderful to hear how Faith's bond with Mittens has helped her on so many levels, from being a fun and playful friend to helping her understand the world around her."


Who do you trust to give you a straight answer on the effects of the UK leaving the European Union?

The blizzard of claims and counter-claims by politicians can seem bewildering, so what faith should voters put in the views of their employer?
The BBC has today seen three examples of big employers intervening, by warning staff of the dangers of leaving the EU.
While all of them stressed it is up to individual voters to decide for themselves, they all made it clear on which side the company's bread was buttered. One company's chairman takes the opposite view.
Microsoft told its employees: "As a business that is very committed to this country, our view is that the UK should remain in the EU."
Aviva went further, warning that "the pound is already slipping, the stock market could fall steeply, interest rates could rise and the economy could go into reverse".
And United Technologies - the US manufacturing company behind engine maker Pratt and Whitney and Otis lifts - had the strongest warning. An internal memo to staff warns that leaving the EU "would create years of uncertainty, jeopardising investment and jobs".
In the Leave camp, Tim Martin, chairman of pub chain Wetherspoons, has already penned a long pro-leave article in the company magazine which finished with the line: "Continuing to give away power to the unelected elite in Brussels is a dangerous and unpredictable path."
Is it appropriate for company bosses to get involved in this way?
Yes - According to the CBI, "Responsible business leaders should give their employees the choice to hear what impact a Brexit would have on company growth, their jobs and their local community"
No - Vote Leave said the implicit threat to jobs amounted to intimidation.
John Longworth, chairman of the Vote Leave Business Council, said: "I've never seen such an establishment stitch-up. It's highly regrettable to see big corporate bosses plotting to gang up on their staff and lecture them on how to vote."
As I've said before in this blog, the lessons from the Scottish Referendum on these tactics are inconclusive.
Did the warning from major employers such as RBS and Lloyds (both partly owned by the government) that they would move their HQs to London scare voters into voting to stay, or did it antagonise floaters and end up backfiring?
After all, the referendum is by secret ballot and employers will never know how their staff voted.
There is one common denominator. In both cases, the leavers feel outgunned on the campaign trail. Vote Leave points out that the government's decision to spend £9m of public money on a single pro-EU leaflet is more than the £7m it is allowed by the Electoral Commission to spend over the entire campaign.
That is not to say that Vote Leave is struggling for money - it has plenty of rich friends of its own.
Donations to groups favouring Brexit currently stand at £8.2m - 10% more that the £7.5m raised by the Remainers.
Vote Leave say that is not enough of an equaliser when you are up against "the establishment".
Has your employer contacted you? Let us know...


Northern Ireland's women earned a surprise 1-0 friendly win over Euro 2017 qualifiers Portugal in Agueda on Thursday night.

Captain Marissa Callaghan's second-half goal proved enough for Alfie Wylie's side as they avenged a 1-0 defeat by the Portuguese earlier this week.
Northern Irish keeper Jackie Burns made several fine saves but Kerry Montgomery also went close for the visitors.
Avilla Bergin set up Callaghan's winner with a superb cross.
As Portugal chased an equaliser, Jessica Foy and Ashley Hutton made a couple of crucial interventions while substitute striker Lauren Brennan also held the ball up well, when the Northern Irish did attempt to counter.
Manager Wylie made three changes from the starting line-up that lost last time out with Lauren Wade, Ciara Sherwood and Bergin replacing Kirsty McGuinness, Laura Rafferty and Caragh Miligan.


Two men targeted in a racist attack at their north Belfast home on Sunday have left their home and said they plan to leave Northern Ireland.

One of the Pakistani men was treated in hospital after being attacked at the house in Parkmount Street.
Earlier a north Belfast pastor who made controversial comments about Muslims visited the men.
James McConnell said he had told them there was "no justification for such an attack" whatever their religion.
One of the men, Muhammad Asif Khattak, said he had been warned by friends not to leave London to go to Northern Ireland.
"I'm regretting what happened to me. The friends told me yesterday 'we were right what we told you before, not to go, not to leave London'," he said.
Mr McConnell said he had offered to help pay for damage caused to their home on Sunday.
Last month,  the pastor described Islam as "heathen" and "satanic", and said he did not trust Muslims.
Northern Ireland's First Minister Peter Robinson came under fire for defending Mr McConnell's remarks, telling the Irish News he would not trust Muslims involved in violence or those devoted to Sharia law.
However, the DUP leader said he would "trust them to go to the shops" for him. Mr Robinson later said his remarks had been misinterpreted, and met Muslim leaders in Belfast to apologise.
Mr McConnell, of the Metropolitan Tabernacle church in north Belfast, said he had told the two men he was appalled by the incident at Parkmount Street on Sunday.
The church said in a statement: "A very profitable discussion took place about how the pastor has reached out to all sides of this community for over 60 years and he will continue to do so."
Meanwhile, figures show the number of hate crimes reported to the police in Northern Ireland increased by 30% in the last year.
In the 12 months from 2012 to 2013, 750 racist incidents were reported. That went up to 982 last year.
The figures also show that the police only solve one in five hate crimes. In England that figure is over 50%.


A gunman has killed three people and wounded 14 more before being shot dead in the US state of Kansas, police say.

Ten people were left critically injured at a lawnmower factory in Hesston on Thursday, where the attacker worked.
Police say the gunman, Cedric Ford, had been served a court order hours before, which may have been the trigger.
The attack comes less than a week after a man was charged with killing six people and wounding two others during a shooting rampage in Michigan.
A number of mass shootings in the United States have elevated gun control as a campaign issue in this year's presidential election.
'Random' Michigan shootings kill six
Obama considers unilateral action on gun violence
Local police say the gunman, identified as 38-year-old Cedric Ford, began shooting at around 17:00 local time in the town of Newton.
Harvey county's Sheriff T Walton said the attack happened hours after the suspect was served a "protection from abuse" order - a civil court order telling a person not to have contact with someone - suggesting it could be a possible motive.
"I believe that probably is the trigger, and it went from there," Sheriff Walton told reporters on Friday.
He had a history of convictions for previous offenses, including burglary, theft and fleeing a police officer, according to public records.
The gunman shot a truck driver in the shoulder, and another man in the leg as he drove towards the Excel Industries site where he worked.
He then opened fire in the car park, killing one person, before killing two more people inside the factory site.
Factory employee Martin Espinoza described how the gunman, a colleague who he said usually had a calm demeanour, attempted to shoot him.
The gunman pointed his weapon at Mr Espinoza and pulled the trigger, but the weapon was empty. Mr Espinoza then ran away as the gunman took out a second gun.
"I looked right at him and he looked right at me," Mr Espinoza said.
Another witness described scenes of panic.
"All I know is I'm seeing people running and so I'm assuming fire, and so I take a few steps and I hear pop, pop and I'm thinking just some paint cans or something going up, and more people running and all of a sudden, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop and I'm going, ahh, I start running too," said one man.


A publishing company is taking legal advice after it described a new Netflix logo as bearing more than a passing resemblance to its own.

Manchester-based Prolific North, which has been using its logo since it launched in January 2013, said even an "amateur eye" could see the similarity.
Editor David Prior said readers alerted him to the new Netflix icon, which was unveiled on Monday on the company's social media accounts.
Netflix has declined to comment.
An article highlighting the similarity on Prolific North's website said some people "found the red strip, folded into an 'N', strikingly familiar".
"They say imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, so I suppose we should all be feeling fabulous at Prolific North this week," it read.
Mr Prior said this "may or may not cause problems in the future" and was "probably completely accidental" but the company would not consider changing their "very well-established logo".
Prolific North's logo was designed by Origin and reworked by Don't Panic in March 2015.


About 70 households are still without power in north Wales after heavy rain and high winds brought disruption.

Engineers worked through the night and morning to restore electricity to 550 homes in Conwy and Corwen, Denbighshire after 700 lost power on Saturday.
Overnight, firefighters pumped water from the cellars of properties in Beaumaris, Anglesey, as well as from the moat of the town's castle.
Meanwhile, RNLI crews from north Wales are helping with flooding in Cumbria.
Rescue team members from Gwynedd, Vale of Glamorgan, Bridgend, Anglesey, Pembrokeshire, Ceredigion, Neath Port Talbot and Denbighshire have gone to assist.
In Wales, two flood warnings remain in place, but the Met Office said rain was expected to ease across Wales on Sunday.
Scottish Power said the high winds and flooding had hampered their work to restore electricity to homes but engineers were continuing to reconnect properties.
Penmon Coastguard Rescue Team said it was called out on Saturday evening to support police with flood prevention work and sandbagging at the seaside town of Beaumaris.
Meanwhile, trains have started running again between Bangor and Holyhead after earlier cancellations due to flooding at several locations, although Arriva Trains Wales said there could still be delays.
On Saturday, two people were rescued from their cars after becoming trapped in flood water.
A 33-year-old man was winched to safety in Llandygai near Bangor, and a woman was helped by firefighters from her stranded car in Beaumaris, Anglesey.
North Wales Police also had to close a number of streets surrounding Mostyn Champneys Retail Park, Llandudno, Conwy, after wind damaged Currys and Home Bargains.


Citizens of Romania and Bulgaria can work without restrictions across the European Union from Wednesday.

Transitional controls were imposed by some member states on nationals of the two countries - the poorest in the bloc - when they joined the EU in 2007.
Their rights to work and claim benefits were limited for their first seven years of EU membership.
Some in wealthier western EU nations fear mass migration from the two countries.
The controls were lifted as Greece took over the six-month rotating presidency of the EU.
BBC Europe correspondent Duncan Crawford says that it gives Greece the opportunity to influence the EU's political agenda.
Athens has been making reforms to overcome an acute debt crisis - a condition of a 240bn-euro (Â£200bn; $331bn) bailout that started in 2010.
The Greek crisis put the future of the eurozone and its common currency, the euro, at risk.
By Mark LowenBBC News, Bucharest
It's a special new year for Romanians and Bulgarians, finally gaining equal rights to work freely across the EU seven years after their accession.
Some, particularly Britain, fear large numbers will come, mindful that a decade ago the government expected 15,000 per year from Eastern Europe but a million and a half came.
No extra flights have been planned from Bucharest but one coach company has tripled services to London.
Many here talk of their hopes of a better life with higher salaries - but nobody knows quite how many will finally leave.
Q&A: Bulgarian and Romanian immigration
Latvia became the 18th country to adopt the euro on 1 January 2014.
EU commissioner Olli Rehn said joining the eurozone marked "the completion of Latvia's journey back to the political and economic heart of our continent, and that is something for all of us to celebrate".
But some Latvians have expressed scepticism over the move at a time of financial difficulties in Europe, as well sadness at giving up the lat, a potent symbol of the country's independence from the Soviet Union in the 1990s.
The authorities in Bucharest and Sofia say there will not be an exodus, and that many of those who wanted to leave the country to seek work had already done so.
Romanians and Bulgarians were able to travel to other EU states without a visa after the two countries joined the bloc.
However, nine of the 26 other member states imposed temporary restrictions on the kind of jobs they could take.
France, the Netherlands, and Belgium required that they obtain work permits.
In Britain, prospective employers had to apply for work permits and Bulgarians and Romanians migrants for an "accession worker card". Low-skilled workers were restricted to existing quota schemes in the agricultural and food processing sectors.
The UK government is tightening the benefit rules to ensure that migrants cannot claim out-of-work benefits for three months after arriving and will only qualify for support after six months if they have a genuine chance of employment.
A spokeswoman for the Romanian foreign ministry told the BBC that some of the media coverage in the UK had bordered on racism, and there had been an "outright campaign" against Romanians and Bulgarians.
"There isn't going to be an invasion of Romanians," Brandusa Predescu said.


A hole has opened up on the A30 and closed part of the main road through Cornwall on National Pothole Day.

The Highways Agency said the hole was 4ft (1.2m) wide and closed the westbound carriageway near Scorrier.
One lane of the carriageway remains closed as engineers examine the extent of the damage.
A mining expert said it was probably part of an old copper mine and approximately 200-years-old.
The hole, on the verge of the road, is thought to be approximately 15ft (4.5m) deep.
Stuart Dann, director of Mining Eye Ltd, has seen the hole and said: "There's a nice clean wall of rock that tells me that this is the top of a workings site - not a shaft.
"It's the top of an old copper mine and probably about 200-years-old.
"The whole of the area is absolutely riddled with mine workings."
Highways Agency area manager Julian Strong said: "At the moment we do not know what has caused the hole but we are working as quickly as we can to understand what has happened and identify a solution."


Firefighters have sent a large amount of specialist equipment to volunteer colleagues in Portugal after an appeal for equipment.

South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service (SYFRS) delivered a load of redundant tools, clothing and kit to Albufeira on the Algarve.
Nine out of ten firefighters in Portugal are volunteers who rely on gear donations, the fire service said.
The shipment included hose-reel fittings, ropes and tools.
The equipment will now be repaired and used by the Albufeira fire service.
Nuno Correira, of the Albufeira fire service, said: "It's completely overwhelming and the equipment really will make a big difference."
Andy Strelczenie, of SYFRS, said: "When the request came to help our colleagues overseas we were only too happy to help."


The European Commission will be attentive to anything that could "weaken dialogue and peace" in Northern Ireland, says its chief Brexit negotiator.

Michel Barnier singled out the decision to leave the customs union, which will mean some form of customs controls between NI and the Republic.
The UK and Irish governments have said they do not want customs posts.
But Ireland will have to agree customs arrangements with its EU partners.
Mr Barnier said Brexit had created uncertainty about the new borders of the EU.
He said the EU has had a role in supporting the Good Friday Agreement and would therefore be "particularly attentive... to the consequences of the UK's decision to leave the Customs Union."
Prime Minister Theresa May will officially notify the EU of the UK's intention to leave on 29 March.
A summit of EU member states will be held on 29 April to agree the guidelines for the EU's negotiating team which is headed by Mr Barnier.


Jeff Smith beat ninth seed Gary Robson to qualify for the men's quarter-finals of the BDO World Championships.

The 39-year-old led 3-1 and was pegged back to 3-3 by Northumberland's Robson before winning in a deciding set.
Qualifier Smith is the first Canadian to reach the last eight at Lakeside since John Part won the title in 1994.
Three-time champion Anastasia Dobromyslova and Fallon Sherrock both progressed to the semi-finals of the women's event.
Russia's Dobromyslova, who is based in Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, lost just one leg in her 2-0 win over 22-year-old Zoe Jones from Redditch, Worcestershire.
Sherrock, 20, lost the first set to Dutch third seed Aileen de Graaf but the sixth seed from Milton Keynes fought back to claim victory in a sudden-death leg.
Smith, who is the only overseas player left in the men's competition, missed six darts for the match before finally landing double eight to beat Robson.
"I came out like a house on fire but you've got to give Gary credit where it's due. He came back so hard and it basically turned my legs to jelly," said Smith.
"I had a couple of opportunities to put the match away, but he played so well and I couldn't shake him off."
The men's quarter-final line-up will be completed on Thursday evening, with 2013 champion Scott Waites taking on Ross Montgomery and Jamie Hughes up against Glen Durrant in the two remaining second-round matches.
The inaugural World Youth Championship was won by 16-year-old Colin Roelofs of the Netherlands, who put in an impressive performance to beat Derbyshire's Harry Ward 3-0 without dropping a leg.


Hibernian head coach Neil Lennon has been given a two-game touchline ban and his club fined after their stormy game against Morton.

The 45-year-old was found guilty of adopting an aggressive attitude towards counterpart Jim Duffy and match officials at the 0-0 draw on 29 March.
Lennon's ban begins immediately, with a further two games suspended should he offend again in 2017.
Hibs were fined £750 for player behaviour at the final whistle.
The Edinburgh club, who have won the Scottish Championship title and promotion, will have to pay a further £250 should they transgress again before the end of the year.
Lennon will watch games against Raith Rovers and Ayr United from the stands but can return for the final day of the season at home to St Mirren when Hibs are presented with the league trophy.
A Scottish FA tribunal upheld a complaint that "on or around the 93rd minute, three or more players and/or members of team staff from your club were involved in a confrontation with opposing players and/or members of team staff".
Lennon was accused of adopting "an aggressive attitude to... Jim Duffy and/or a player from Greenock Morton FC".
He was also charged with "immediately following on from the dismissal of Darren McGregor of Hibernian FC, you did adopt an aggressive attitude to the match officials".
However, a charge that he had also adopted an aggressive attitude towards Morton striker Kudus Oyenuga was "not proved".
Tempers flared after Oyenuga was dismissed for a foul on Hibs defender Jordon Forster in front of the home dugout.
Hibs' Darren McGregor was also red carded for confronting Oyenuga, but that was later reduced to a booking after an appeal against referee Nick Walsh's decision.
Duffy has already been served with a two-match ban, with another game suspended should he transgress further.
Morton were fined £500, with £250 suspended.


The last scheduled NI executive meeting before the assembly elections is being held at the Magee Campus of Ulster University in Londonderry today.

It is the second time the executive has met away from Stormont this year.
The last time ministers met in Enniskillen Town Hall.
First Minister Arlene Foster said that meeting away from Belfast showed a "commitment to ensure that local people are not isolated from the political process".
Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness said the meeting "offers a welcome opportunity to highlight all the north west has to offer".


Cardiff City forward Anthony Pilkington believes the Bluebirds can challenge for promotion this season.

Cardiff narrowly missed out on the Championship play-offs last term, finishing eighth in the table.
But under new head coach Paul Trollope, Pilkington thinks the Welsh side are capable of better.
"We fell just short [last season] and we were all really disappointed with that. We felt we had the squad to get in the play-offs definitely," he said.
"It's going to be a tough season again, just like it was last year, but hopefully we can be right up there come the end of the season."
Pilkington, 28, scored Cardiff's first goal in their 4-0 friendly win at Shrewsbury on Saturday.
The Republic of Ireland international played in attack, having moved from the wing to a central forward role last season.
Pilkington made the transition under former Cardiff boss Russell Slade, who was replaced by Trollope in May.
Trollope had been working under Slade before then, and Pilkington believes that smooth transition has helped the Bluebirds in their preparations for the new campaign.
"The gaffer was working with us last season so we know how he works," he added.
"We know what he's about and we know we have to be on our toes all the time.
"He's come in and changed a few things. It's been good up to now so hopefully we can carry on working really well."


A passenger plane had a near-miss with a drone at 10,000ft as it approached Heathrow Airport.

Pilots spotted a gadget with multiple arms and up to eight rotors pass by the right hand side of the plane as it was preparing to land.
Both pilots exclaimed: "Was that a drone? At 10,000 feet!", air safety experts UK Airprox Board (UKAB) said.
The drone was estimated to be about 98ft (30m) away from the plane and "safety was not assured", UKAB added.
Large drones are not permitted to fly above 400ft (121m) or within proximity of airports or airfields.
It happened on 11 November 2016, so quickly the Airbus A320 pilots said they had "no time to react".
The risk posed was classified as 'b', the second most serious out of five in which the safety of the aircraft may have been compromised.
Police officers were alerted at the time but they did not find the operator.
It was one of four near misses between aircraft and drones in the latest UKAB monthly report, and brings the total in the past 12 months to 59.
Ministers are considering mandatory registration for new drones to help regulate their use and the Department of Transport is consulting on how to improve drone safety.


A mother who died hours after being given her hospital discharge papers may have lived if a doctor had read her medical notes, an inquest heard.

Sian Hollands, 25, suffered a pulmonary embolism after leaving Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, in November 2015.
Dr Kamran Khan previously claimed he had not seen Ms Hollands' notes and was unaware of the seriousness of her pain.
However, during cross-examination he admitted having the notes but not reading them.
The General Medical Council is now investigating him.
Ms Hollands, a mother of three, went to Darent Valley Hospital complaining of breathing difficulties and chest and stomach pain. She had suffered an ectopic pregnancy three weeks earlier.
Gravesend Coroner's Court heard the former drug user was taking methadone to treat her addiction, but had stopped for a few days.
Ms Hollands was given an electrocardiogram (ECG) and methadone, and was given her discharge papers.
Her former partner Carl Alleyne said she was in pain and not breathing properly, but was told the hospital "needed the bed space".
He refused to take her home and she died a few hours later from a blockage in the artery carrying blood from the heart to the lungs.
Dr Khan put her symptoms down to drug withdrawal, the inquest heard.
He claimed not to have seen the medical notes labelling her as "at risk" and detailing her chest pain, which would have made him consider a pulmonary embolism.
But the medical notes were found with Dr Khan's own writing on the back, proving he had seen, but not properly read, the vital information on the paper.
Ms Hollands' family's barrister, Edward Ramsay, asked the doctor: "It means you could not have read what was staring you in the face?"
"Yes," he replied.
"Simply turning over the page and Sian may well be alive - do you accept that?" Mr Ramsey added. Dr Khan agreed.
Mr Ramsay said Ms Hollands was "labelled a heroin addict and nobody considered any other diagnosis".
Her mother, Nicole Smith, said that more than 500 days since her daughter's death, they were finally getting the truth.
"She was recovering, trying to put her life right, and they condemned her and stopped her from ever moving forward."
A spokesman for Darent Valley Hospital said: "We extend our sincere condolences to the family and friends of Sian Hollands. We await the outcome of the coroner's inquest."
The inquest has been adjourned until 10 April.


Toymaker Mattel has launched new versions of Barbie's "boyfriend" Ken in three body sizes: "slim, broad and original".

The dolls have different skin tones and hairstyles, including a man bun, and corn rows.
The move comes after Mattel expanded its Barbie range at the beginning of 2016.
Barbie sales slumped 13% in the first quarter, the second consecutive quarter of falling sales for the doll brand.
"By continuing to expand our product line, we are redefining what a Barbie or Ken doll looks like to this generation," said Barbie general manager Lisa McKnight.
"Evolving Ken was a natural evolution for the brand and allows girls to further personalise the role they want him to play in Barbie's world."
Mattel, which is one of the world's biggest toy companies, said the Barbie brand "has always reflected the times, so modernising Ken is the next step in the brand's evolution to offer more diverse products".
Barbie sales increased for the first nine months of 2016, aided by new marketing efforts and the launch of the dolls.
The new Ken dolls will be sold through various UK national retailers.
Mattel launched Ken, full name Ken Carson, as Barbie's boyfriend in 1961.
According to the fictional back story of Ken and Barbie, they met on the set of their first television commercial in 1961. He has always stood half an inch taller than her.
The two original versions had him with moulded plastic hair in either blond or brown, and wearing red swimming trunks and cork sandals.
Ken has been marketed as having some 40 occupations and modelling a range of the decades' fashions, including 1993's Magic Earring Ken.
As part of Mattel marketing efforts, Ken and Barbie "broke up" with each other on Valentine's Day in 2004, and then got back together on Valentine's Day 2011.
The two have never officially been married, a Mattel spokeswoman said, although they have been sold in "dream wedding" sets.
The marketing hasn't been overly romantic as it is aimed at children, she said.
The spokeswoman declined to say how much Mattel had spent on market research and manufacturing to launch the new Ken dolls.


Richard Bland believes he has the game to help him "push on" from his most successful year on the European Tour.

The 43-year-old, from Southampton, won almost three times as much prize-money in 2016 as his previous best year to finish 28th on the order of merit.
Bland is confident 2017 will see him finally win a tournament after a string of top 10 finishes last autumn.
"If I put myself in contention enough times, I'm going to fall across the line at some point," he told BBC Sport.
Bland lines up at the Abu Dhabi Championship from Thursday having missed the cut at the South Africa Open last week.
"In terms of where my game is at the moment, it's a bit like what footballers say when they're short of match fitness," he told BBC Radio Solent.
"But, rounds of golf will take care of that at this stage of the season in only my second tournament of the year.
"I'm looking forward to the next four events as they will have strong fields that should help me push on into the middle part of the season."
After finishing tied fourth at October's British Masters, Bland believes his first tour win is just around the corner.
"If I can keep doing what I was doing last year, I can put a win in there somewhere," he said. "It would be a dream come true."


Britain's Kell Brook wants to defend his IBF world welterweight title before the end of May in the first of two fights he is planning this summer.

The unbeaten 28-year-old retained his title by stopping Jo Jo Dan in Sheffield last Saturday.
Promoter Eddie Hearn had called for fellow Briton Amir Khan to meet Brook at Wembley on 13 June, but has a show at London's O2 on 30 May.
"Saturday night was fantastic, I want to capitalise on that win," Brook said.
"I have told Eddie Hearn to get me out as soon as possible and I want to fight twice before the end of the summer, starting at the end of May."
Khan, 28, has accepted Brook's challenge to meet at Wembley "within the next 12 months", but is expected to fight before the end of May and could meet former WBC lightweight champion Adrien Broner.
Bolton fighter Khan seemed to end speculation of an immediate clash with Brook by tweeting, "Already given my word to a fighter, will be announcing my next fight very soon."
The winner of the contest on 2 May between Floyd Mayweather v Manny Pacquiao - considered to be the best two fighters of their generation - could be a target for Khan, who suggested he would be interested in meeting Brook if the Yorkshireman beats fighters of the calibre of Khan's last opponent Devon Alexander.
"Originally we were planning Kell's next fight for July but he is itching to fight again and we could bring him back as early as May," Hearn said.
"There is no stopping Kell now and we want to get him back in action as soon as possible."


London mayor Sadiq Khan claims cancelling the Garden bridge across the Thames would cost the taxpayer twice as much as to complete the £175m project.

Speaking at his first Mayor's Question Time, he said £37.7m of the £60m pledged by Transport for London and the government had already been spent.
If the project was scrapped now, this amount would be lost in full.
If built the Bridge's Trust would repay its £20m loan to TfL, plus £22m in tax, meaning taxpayers would have paid £18m.
He said: "I will support the building of the Garden Bridge, but I am demanding that the project is made more accessible and open to all Londoners in return."
The total cost of the bridge is £175m - £30m each from TfL and the government and the rest from private finance.
Questions were raised in March when it was revealed Transport for London officials met the designer of the planned bridge four times before the procurement process began.
Some Labour members of the London Assembly are unhappy as they wanted the bridge cancelled but Mr Khan said officials were drawing up a report for him on any further risks to the taxpayer.
Speaking to Assembly members, Mr Khan said he would ensure that no more public money would be spent on it.
The Garden Bridge Trust has said: "We share the mayor's desire to have the Bridge open to everyone for as long as possible.
"Balancing this and the need to raise the required private funds to operate the Bridge is important."
It added that it had set up a youth board of more than 40 students who would be involved in developing its education and schools programme.
•The bridge to be closed for fewer than 12 days each year for private fundraising events
•The Bridge to be closed for fewer hours when it closes for fundraising events - the current plans are for it to be closed from midnight to midnight
•A guarantee children from local schools will get to visit and be involved in planting and maintenance
•The Garden Bridge Trust to build a strong working relationship with all of London's parks so that plants grown on the bridge can be replanted elsewhere


More than 3,200 buildings have been destroyed or damaged during four months of fighting for the Syrian border town of Kobane, according to an analysis of satellite imagery by the UN.

Kurdish militia fighters took back control of the town from the jihadist group Islamic State (IS) on 26 January. Hundreds of Kurds died in the fighting and more than 1,000 IS fighters perished, activists say.
An initial assessment of the satellite pictures by the UN's Operational Satellite Applications Programme (Unosat) shows that 1,206 buildings were destroyed and 1,169 severely damaged across the town.
A total of 979 impact craters have also been identified within the town and its immediate surroundings.
The satellite images were taken on 22 January and compared with images from 6 September 2014 - just days before IS launched its assault on the town, which is also known as Ayn al-Arab.
Photos taken on the ground inside the town since it was recaptured show scenes of devastation, with many buildings in ruins and streets full of rubble. New cemeteries have been created to bury the dead.
More than 160,000 people who had been sheltering in Kobane fled across the border with Turkey when the fighting began and they are now beginning to return.
The reconstruction work is beginning, but Kobane, which had a population of about 50,000 before the battle with IS started, will take months, if not years, to rebuild.
The last push by the Syrian Kurdish Popular Protection Units (YPG) and Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga fighters came after heavy days of aerial bombardment by US-led coalition aircraft. The US defence department said it carried out 17 air strikes in the 24 hours from the morning of 25 January.
In the four-month battle to recapture Kobane, IS fighters in and around the town were the focus of more than 600 air strikes by the US-led coalition.
The large crater in the image above, was probably caused by an air strike. Many of the smaller craters, identified on the map, were probably caused by mortars and artillery.
One of the biggest issues has been the removal of dead bodies from the streets. Some remain hidden beneath the rubble.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a UK-based activist group that monitors the conflict in Syria, says Kurdish forces have now recaptured more than a third of the villages surrounding Kobane.
They are also planning to re-capture another strategic border town, Tal Abyad, about 65km (40 miles) east of Kobane.


TV weather presenter Fred Talbot has been charged with the sexual abuse of schoolchildren between 1968 and 1983.

The former teacher is accused of nine offences of indecent assault and one serious sexual assault against a total of five complainants, Greater Manchester Police said.
Four of the alleged victims attended Altrincham Grammar School for Boys and one was at Elgin High, Gateshead.
Mr Talbot, 64, is due to appear before Manchester magistrates next month.
Six counts of indecent assault relate to one alleged victim at Elgin High where Mr Talbot previously taught, police said.
The other offences relate to four alleged victims from Altrincham Grammar School for Boys, where Mr Talbot also taught.
Nazir Afzal, of the Crown Prosecution Service, said: "We have carefully considered all the evidence gathered by Greater Manchester Police in relation to allegations from five complainants that Fred Talbot sexually assaulted them between the 1960s and 1980s.
"Having completed our review, we have concluded that there is sufficient evidence and it is in the public interest for Mr Talbot to be charged with 10 sexual offences relating to five complainants, three of whom were under 16 years of age at the time."
Mr Talbot, of Bowdon, is best known for his work on the ITV programme This Morning in the late 80s and 90s when it was hosted by Richard Madeley and Judy Finnigan.
He was also the weatherman on ITV's Granada Reports but has not appeared on the show since the claims emerged last year.


International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutor Fatou Bensouda has told the BBC the court will survive despite a wave of defections.

18 November 2016 Last updated at 11:53 GMT
Burundi, The Gambia and South Africa have recently announced that they are withdrawing their membership.
But Ms Bensouda admitted to the BBC's Anna Holligan during a conference of the courtâ€™s founding members in The Hague that the withdrawals were a step backwards for international justice.


Persistent rain led to the second one-day international between Ireland and Pakistan being abandoned without a ball bowled at Malahide on Saturday.

Prospects for play were grim once bad weather delayed the scheduled 10:45 BST start at the north Dublin venue.
Conditions never looked like improving as heavy rain continued to lash the ground.
Pakistan won the two-match series 1-0 after thrashing Ireland by 255 runs in the first ODI at Malahide on Thursday.
The tourists now face England in a five-match ODI series that begins at Southampton on Wednesday - where a new trial involving TV umpires calling no-balls will be held.


Celtic will meet Rangers in the Scottish League Cup semi-finals with holders Aberdeen meeting Dundee United.

The draw for the last four was made live on BBC One Scotland's Sportscene with United coming out the hat first, followed by the Dons.
The ties at neutral venues will be played on 31 January and 1 February.
Rangers were the first side into the semis by beating St Johnstone on Tuesday, with Aberdeen,Celtic and United winning the following night.
The Dons beat Hamilton 1-0, Celtic thrashed Partick Thistle 6-0 and the Tangerines won 7-6 on penalties after a 3-3 draw with Hibernian.
Scotland's national stadium, Hampden Park, is likely to host both semi-finals.
Celtic last met Rangers in a 2012 league match, when the former triumphed 3-0. The Ibrox side won their last League Cup meeting - the 2011 final.
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Reacting to the draw, Celtic manager Ronny Deila told BBC Scotland: "I haven't been at an Old Firm game before but I am looking forward to experiencing it.
"Of course we are favourites. We are favourites in every game here in Scotland.
"Everybody knows it is unbelievably important in Glasgow. Everyone is looking forward to a fantastic atmosphere. It is two clubs that really want to beat each other.
"You can hear from the dressing room that people are looking forward to it."
Asked if he had wanted to be drawn against the Ibrox side, the Norwegian replied: "Yes, it is no problem for me. There were three good teams there and I think we didn't get the best one."
And Rangers manager Ally McCoist told his club website: "I'm delighted with the draw and judging by the reaction from the boys in the dressing room they're happier than me.
"It's a great draw for us. Everyone has anticipated it and I don't think there's any doubt Celtic will start as favourites. Of course they will.
"It's a smashing game for us though. We feel the boys have come a long way and we're now in a position where we feel we can compete with teams on our day.
"We're not going to get carried away but I think it says a lot about the last couple of years that we're now looking forward to that type of game."
Dundee United boss Jackie McNamara said of his side's meeting with the Dons: "It's a good League Cup draw to to look forward to against Aberdeen in the semi-final.
"It's like going back to the old days with the New Firm and the Old Firm. It's great for everybody concerned.
"Aberdeen have a fantastic backing, as do we. People are talking about Tynecastle or Easter Road but it will need a big venue for both sets of supporters.
"We've filled Hampden before, so there's no reason why we can't do it again."
Aberdeen manager Derek McInnes told his club website: "Any game at the semi-final stage of a tournament is going to be difficult and both teams will see it as a real opportunity to get to a final.
"Hopefully we'll be in good form in the build-up to the game."