A few hours after acceding to the throne of Saudi Arabia, King Salman sent out a message via Twitter in which he asked God to help him "maintain security and stability" and "protect the kingdom from all evils".

In the normal course of events these remarks might have been dismissed as routine rhetoric. But on this occasion they reflect what are likely to be the priorities of the new king. For Saudi Arabia finds itself surrounded by challenges, external and internal.
The last thing that the ruling family needed at such a sensitive time was a messy succession process. So it moved with uncustomary speed to deal with a number of potentially contentious issues.
The immediate announcement that Salman's half-brother Prince Muqrin would step up from deputy crown prince to the position of heir to the throne resolved one of them.
There had been mounting speculation on social media and among Saudi Arabia analysts that the new king might favour his full brother Ahmed over Muqrin.
Then came the announcement that a new deputy crown prince had been named. He is the Interior Minister, Prince Mohammed bin Nayef, the first of the younger generation of princes to step onto the ladder that leads up to the throne of Saudi Arabia.
The expectation was that the contentious decision of which of the younger princes should be given this honour would be postponed for as long as possible. Suddenly it has happened.
Clearly not all senior Saudis will be happy with the turn of events. Prince Ahmed himself must now know that he will never be king.
The sons of the late King Abdullah had looked well-placed to be leading candidates for the post of deputy crown prince - head of the National Guard Prince Mitaib in particular had been mentioned as a favourite.
But the differences of opinion within Al Saud will continue to be resolved in private and will not be allowed to undermine the solidarity of the family as a whole in a way that might threaten the kingdom's stability.
For maintaining security will be King Salman's chief priority. Hundreds of young Saudis have fought with Islamic State (IS) and are returning home inspired by jihadist ideology.
The policy of trying to prevent them carrying out attacks within Saudi Arabia will be accompanied by an intensified strategy of encouraging Islamic preachers and the teaching profession to warn young Saudis of the dangers of signing up to IS beliefs.
As part of the process of battening down the hatches King Salman is likely to be less inclined than Abdullah in seeking to intervene in the region's trouble spots.
While the kingdom will continue to support the Syrian opposition, for example, it might now look more favourably than in the past on initiatives that include a transitional solution that sees some members of the Assad regime remaining in power.
Likewise in Iraq, King Salman will remain committed to the anti-IS coalition but will also stand by Abdullah's refusal to commit troops there. The view among Saudi leaders is that the chief task of the armed forces is to protect the country's borders.
Indeed extra forces are likely to be sent to the southern border with Yemen. The recent rapid expansion of the Houthis, allegedly with support from Iran, at the expense of the Saudi-backed Yemeni government, is of increasing concern to the kingdom.
Then there is the continuing danger stemming from al-Qaeda activity in Yemen.
On the domestic front one should not expect major changes. King Salman is believed to be less in favour than his predecessor of political and social reform.
He is not likely to undermine the measures of the late king, but it would be a major surprise if women won the right to drive during the Salman monarchy.
Nor should one expect changes in policy that would appease critics of Saudi Arabia's human rights performance.
The elderly king will not be interested in risking a clash with the powerful religious establishment by trying to persuade them to agree to such amendments to Islamic law as would be necessary to make such changes.
A question mark hangs over the kingdom's oil policy. Will Saudi Arabia continue with its controversial policy of refusing to lower production - a move that has led to the global price collapsing?
The confirmation of Petroleum Minister Ali Naimi in his post suggests that it will. The longer that Saudi Arabia and other oil exporters can live with low prices, the thinking in Riyadh goes, the tougher the conditions will be for the North American shale oil and gas industry which is eating away at OPEC's market share.
So, some major changes and surprises have been seen at the top. But the underlining message seems to be that for Saudi Arabia under King Salman it will be pretty much business as usual - as long as the leadership succeeds in protecting the kingdom "from all evils".
Gerald Butt, a former BBC Middle East correspondent, is a regional analyst for Oxford Analytica and Petroleum Policy Intelligence


Tyson Frizell is on the verge of being called up for the Australia squad for this autumn's Four Nations but he has made five appearances for Wales.

The St George Illawarra second row even played in the 2011 Four Nations and 2013 World Cup for Wales, but now the half-Welsh, half-Tongan forward seems destined to play for the Kangaroos.
How did this happen? BBC Wales Sport looked for some answers.
Born in Wollongong, Australia, the 24-year-old qualifies to play for Wales through his father who was born in Swansea.
Despite playing league when he grew up, Frizell crossed codes at 16 to play union and toured Europe with the Australian Schoolboys team.
During the tour, he received offers from National Rugby League (NRL) side Cronulla Sharks and Super Rugby union side the New South Wales Waratahs.
Frizell opted to return to rugby league and made his debut in the NRL in Cronulla's 16-46 defeat by Brisbane on 29 July 2011.
In the same year, he made his made his debut for Wales in their 30-6 defeat by Ireland in a friendly and went on to play in Wales' defeats by England and New Zealand in the 2011 Four Nations.
In 2015, Frizell received a call-up from Tonga, who he qualifies for through his mother, but reaffirmed his commitment to Wales.
He was left out of the Wales squad for the 2017 World Cup Qualifiers with Serbia and Italy in October, after telling coaching staff he was unavailable for selection.
Earlier in 2016, Frizell became the first Wales international to play in Australia's State of Origin competition, widely regarded as the highest level of rugby league in the world.
He was also awarded the People's Choice Award following a fine spell in games two and three of the State of Origin, which echoed his impressive club form for St George in the NRL this season.
Frizell has signed a three-year contract extension that will see him remain at St George until at least the end of 2020.
To cap off an impressive year for the second row, Frizell scored a try for the Australian Prime Minister's XIII in their 58-0 victory over Papua New Guinea on 24 September.
That match is seen as a trial game ahead of the Four Nations.
If Frizell plays for Australia in the Four Nations tournament this year, he will not be the first rugby league player to play for two nations in his career.
Jarryd Hayne has played for both Fiji and Australia while Aidan Guerra played for Italy as well as Australia.
This is possible because as well as playing for a nation by birth or family, players can switch from a 'tier two' nation - in the case of Wales - to play for a 'tier one' nation if eligible.
Frizell has made five appearances for Wales but can play for Australia as they are one of the big three 'tier one' nations, along with England and New Zealand.
As Wales are a 'tier two' nation, which comprises of teams ranked fourth to 10th in the world, Frizell is free to switch and play for Australia.
The governing body, the Rugby League International Federation, forbids players from switching between tier one nations, however.
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Hosts Russia kicked off their Confederations Cup campaign with a comfortable Group A victory over New Zealand in St Petersburg.

Fifa president Gianni Infantino opened the tournament with a speech inside the St Petersburg Stadium, with Russian president Vladimir Putin and legendary Brazil footballer Pele in attendance.
Russia took the lead through Michael Boxall's first-half own goal.
Fedor Smolov scored a second from close range after the break.
Also in Russia's group are Mexico and Portugal, whose squad includes Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo.
Group B consists of Cameroon, Chile, Australia and world champions Germany.
The tournament, which first took place in 2005, is being held in the country hosting the World Cup next year.
Russian fan leader Alexander Shprygin was prevented from attending the opening match, according to Reuters.
Shprygin said he had been notified by Confederations Cup organisers that his fan-ID - required to attend matches - had been cancelled.
"No-one explained the reasons for this," he told Reuters.
"They gave me a fan-ID and then two hours [before the match] they cancelled it, apparently on purpose so I don't have the time to complain."
Shprygin was expelled from France after violence occurred before and during Russia's Euro 2016 match against England in Marseille.
Read: World Cup hosts come under the spotlight
Match ends, Russia 2, New Zealand 0.
Second Half ends, Russia 2, New Zealand 0.
Hand ball by Aleksandr Bukharov (Russia).
Corner,  Russia. Conceded by Michael Boxall.
Corner,  Russia. Conceded by Andrew Durante.
Attempt missed. Bill Poni Tuiloma (New Zealand) right footed shot from long range on the left misses to the right.
Hand ball by Denis Glushakov (Russia).
Substitution, Russia. Aleksey Miranchuk replaces Fedor Smolov.
Attempt saved. Fedor Smolov (Russia) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Aleksandr Golovin.
Corner,  Russia. Conceded by Michael Boxall.
Foul by Giorgi Jikia (Russia).
Monty Patterson (New Zealand) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Russia. Conceded by Michael Boxall.
Substitution, New Zealand. Monty Patterson replaces Kip Colvey.
Attempt missed. Ryan Thomas (New Zealand) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the left. Assisted by Bill Poni Tuiloma.
Attempt missed. Yuri Zhirkov (Russia) left footed shot from the left side of the box misses to the right. Assisted by Dmitriy Tarasov following a set piece situation.
Fedor Smolov (Russia) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Tommy Smith (New Zealand).
Dmitriy Tarasov (Russia) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Michael Boxall (New Zealand).
Attempt blocked. Tommy Smith (New Zealand) header from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Michael McGlinchey with a cross.
Corner,  New Zealand. Conceded by Igor Akinfeev.
Attempt saved. Ryan Thomas (New Zealand) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Substitution, Russia. Dmitriy Tarasov replaces Aleksandr Erokhin.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Giorgi Jikia (Russia) because of an injury.
Fyodor Kudryashov (Russia) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Michael Boxall (New Zealand).
Substitution, New Zealand. Shane Smeltz replaces Marco Rojas.
Foul by Fyodor Kudryashov (Russia).
Marco Rojas (New Zealand) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Hand ball by Fedor Smolov (Russia).
Goal!  Russia 2, New Zealand 0. Fedor Smolov (Russia) right footed shot from the left side of the six yard box to the centre of the goal.
Foul by Aleksandr Bukharov (Russia).
Michael McGlinchey (New Zealand) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Aleksandr Golovin (Russia) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Marco Rojas (New Zealand).
Substitution, Russia. Aleksandr Bukharov replaces Dmitriy Poloz.
Attempt missed. Aleksandr Samedov (Russia) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high from a direct free kick.
Substitution, New Zealand. Bill Poni Tuiloma replaces Kosta Barbarouses.


Nick Pollard, the former head of Sky News, has delivered his report - commissioned by the BBC - looking at whether there were any failings in the corporation's management of BBC Newsnight's investigation into allegations of sexual abuse by Jimmy Savile.

The programme did not broadcast its planned report last year, and weeks later BBC TV ran tributes to the late presenter - prompting accusations of a cover-up.
Since then, further allegations against Savile have emerged during a widespread police investigation, and Newsnight had to apologise after broadcasting a report that led to a Tory peer being wrongly identified as a paedophile. Following the second report, BBC director general George Entwistle resigned, after just weeks in the job.
Here is how events have unfolded:
The inquiry into Newsnight's shelving of a report into sexual abuse by Jimmy Savile criticises BBC management but finds no evidence of a cover-up.
A separate report is critical of the Newsnight report which led to Lord McAlpine being wrongly implicated in child abuse allegations. The editor and deputy editor of Newsnight are to be replaced.
Police confirm that the number of alleged sex abuse victims of the late Jimmy Savile has reached 450. Officers on the Operation Yewtree investigation say 589 alleged victims have come forward during their investigation of offences committed by Savile and others.
The chief executive of the Royal Opera House and the BBC's former director of news, Tony Hall, is appointed as the corporation's new director general.
BBC Trust chairman Lord Patten says Lord Hall is "the right person to lead the BBC out of its current crisis". Lord Hall, who starts next March, says he is "committed to ensuring our news services are the best in the world".
The BBC settles with Lord McAlpine over his libel claim about a Newsnight broadcast which led to him being wrongly implicated in child abuse. The damages, agreed 13 days after the broadcast, total £185,000 plus costs.
"The settlement is comprehensive and reflects the gravity of the allegations that were wrongly made," the corporation said in a statement. The Tory peer had said it was "terrifying" to find himself "a figure of public hatred".
The BBC begins disciplinary measures against some of those involved in the decision to run the Newsnight report on care homes in north Wales.
The BBC's director of news Helen Boaden and her deputy Stephen Mitchell "step aside" from their roles, pending the results of Nick Pollard's inquiry into the management of Newsnight's report into Jimmy Savile, which was dropped.
Head of Newsgathering Fran Unsworth becomes acting director of news, while the editor of the Today programme, Ceri Thomas, takes the acting deputy role.
The moves are part of what acting director general Tim Davie calls "getting a grip" on the organisation by creating a "clear line of command".
BBC Scotland director Ken MacQuarrie, who had been asked to look into what happened at Newsnight, finds that there was  "ambiguity around who was taking the ultimate editorial responsibility for the report".
Meanwhile, MPs, including deputy Labour leader Harriet Harman, take issue with George Entwistle's severance payment of £450,000 which is a year's salary rather than the six months he is entitled to under the terms of his contract. Lord Patten issues a letter explaining the BBC Trust's decision.
Separately, Iain Overton resigns as editor of the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, an independent body whose reporter Angus Stickler led the Newsnight investigation into the Wales abuse allegations.
BBC Trust chairman Lord Patten says a "thorough, radical, structural overhaul" of the BBC is necessary in the wake of the director general's resignation. He adds a new director general will be chosen within weeks.
Before his departure, Mr Entwistle had commissioned a report from BBC Scotland director Ken MacQuarrie into what happened with the Newsnight investigation. He reports his findings that day.
George Entwistle resigns as BBC director general saying that "in the light of the unacceptable journalistic standards of the Newsnight film broadcast on Friday 2 November", he had decided it was "the honourable thing to do".
His 54 full days in post make him the corporation's shortest-serving DG.
The chief executive of BBC Worldwide, Tim Davie, is appointed acting director general.
In an interview with the Today programme's John Humphrys, Mr Entwistle says he did not see the Newsnight report, which did not name Lord McAlpine but led to him being mistakenly implicated in child abuse at north Wales care homes, until after it had been broadcast.
He also said that he had not seen tweets prior to the Newsnight report which flagged up its content, nor a front page newspaper article on the morning of the programme which said the story was based on mistaken identity.
Former Conservative Party treasurer Lord McAlpine issues a denial over internet reports linking him to alleged historical child sexual abuse in north Wales, saying they are "wholly false and seriously defamatory".
Within hours, victim Steve Messham apologises for mistakenly identifying the peer, saying police had shown him a picture of his abuser but incorrectly told him the man was Lord McAlpine.
The BBC issues an unreserved apology for the part its Newsnight report played in Lord McAlpine being wrongly implicated in the alleged abuse and announces an "immediate pause" in all Newsnight investigations.
8 Nov 2012: This Morning ambushes Cameron
Live on ITV's This Morning, presenter Phillip Schofield hands Prime Minister David Cameron a list of names which Mr Schofield says have been mentioned online as paedophiles.
Mr Cameron, who does not look at the list, says he is "worried" that speculation about unproven allegations could lead to a "witch-hunt particularly against people who are gay" and advises anyone with evidence of abuse to go to the police.
6 Nov 2012: May announces police inquiry
Home Secretary Theresa May announces a new police inquiry, led by the head of the National Crime Agency, into allegations of child abuse in north Wales in the 1970s and 1980s.
Separately, Mrs Justice Julia Macur will investigate the terms of the Waterhouse abuse inquiry.
Steve Messham, who made the allegation which ended up implicating Lord McAlpine, meets the Welsh Secretary.
The prime minister says he is appointing a "senior independent figure" to look into the way allegations of sexual abuse at north Wales children's homes in the 1970s and '80s were dealt with.
Newsnight broadcasts a report in which a man who was sexually abused when living in a children's home in north Wales in the 1980s, calls for a new investigation.
In the report, Steve Messham says that a leading Thatcher-era Conservative politician abused him a number of times. Although the programme does not name the politician, it leads to speculation on the internet, which either names or implicates former Treasury minister Lord McAlpine.
Hours before that evening's edition of Newsnight, the programme's former political editor Michael Crick tweets "'Senior political figure' due to be accused tonight by BBC of being paedophile denies allegations + tells me he'll issue libel writ agst BBC".
He adds that the person - now known to be Tory peer Lord McAlpine - said he had not been contacted by the BBC for his response to the allegations.
The tweets by Mr Crick, who now works for Channel 4, follow an earlier one made by Iain Overton, editor of the Bureau of Investigative Journalism. Its reporter Angus Stickler led the Newsnight investigation.
In a now deleted post on the social networking site, which has been retweeted 1,574 times, Mr Overton writes: "If all goes well we've got a Newsnight out tonight about a very senior political figure who is a paedophile."
Mr Entwistle tells the culture select committee that the Newsnight investigation should not have been dropped. He is accused by MPs of a "lack of curiosity" after explaining why he did not ask director of BBC News Helen Boaden for further details on the Savile story when she mentioned it to him in 2011.
The director general also tells MPs that he asked Newsnight editor Peter Rippon to step aside because of inaccuracies in his blog, rather than solely to allow the Pollard review to be carried out.
A Panorama Special: Jimmy Savile - What the BBC knew investigates the Savile child abuse scandal and examines the events around the dropping of the corporation's own Newsnight investigation into the subject.
The same day, Newsnight editor Peter Rippon steps aside for the duration of the Pollard inquiry into the dropping of his programme's report. The BBC also issues a correction to Mr Rippon's blog post of 2 October, saying it was "inaccurate or incomplete in some respects".
In the light of the ITV investigation and a slew of further allegations against Savile in the press, Mr Entwistle announces two inquiries regarding the sex abuse claims.
The first will look at whether there were any failings in the BBC's management of the Newsnight investigation relating to allegations of sexual abuse by Savile, including the broadcast of tribute programmes on the BBC, and will be led by former head of Sky News, Nick Pollard.
The second, led by former High Court judge Dame Janet Smith, will examine the culture of the BBC during the years that Jimmy Savile worked there.
ITV airs its investigation: Exposure, the Other Side of Jimmy Savile, in which several women allege he sexually abused them when they were teenagers.
Ahead of an ITV programme to be broadcast the following day, Newsnight editor Peter Rippon writes in a blog that his programme's investigation of Savile at the end of 2011 was dropped for editorial reasons after the CPS said that a case had not been pursued because of to lack of evidence.
He writes: "we had not established any institutional failure and I judged it weakened the story from a Newsnight perspective. I took the decision not to publish".
George Entwistle takes over the BBC's top job, saying he is "the right man for the job" and will put programme makers and "outstanding creative originality" at the heart of the organisation.
The chairman of the BBC Trust, Lord Patten, announces that George Entwistle has been appointed to succeed Mark Thompson as director general of the BBC, a post he will take up in September on a salary of £450,000 per year.
A six-week BBC Newsnight investigation into claims that Savile abused youngsters is dropped. Tribute programmes to the presenter are aired over the Christmas and New Year period.
At the time, director of BBC News Helen Boaden is director of BBC News and George Entwistle is director of BBC Vision, with overall responsibility for TV programme commissioning and scheduling. Mr Entwistle will later tell MPs that the pair had a brief discussion about the Newsnight investigation but that he did not ask Ms Boaden for further details.
Former BBC TV presenter and Radio 1 DJ Jimmy Savile dies at the age of 84, at his home in the Roundhay district of Leeds. He is buried the following month in the seaside town of Scarborough.


Mae rhai o drigolion Cwm Tawe wedi gorfod symud o'u tai oherwydd pryderon am dirlithriad.

Cafodd teuluoedd ar Heol Cyfyng yn Ystalyfera wybod bod rhaid gadael eu cartrefi yn syth oherwydd bygythiad gwirioneddol i'w diogelwch.
Mae dirprwy arweinydd Cyngor Castell Nedd Port Talbot, Anthony Taylor yn dweud bod pryder am 10 o dai.
Mae'r cyngor yn rhoi cefnogaeth i'r rhai sydd wedi gorfod symud ac yn gwneud ymdrechion i'w hail gartrefu.
Digwyddodd tirlithriad yn yr ardal am y tro cyntaf yn 2012 ac mae'r tir wedi symud eto ym mis Chwefror a Mehefin eleni, gan amlygu problemau newydd meddai Mr Taylor.
Mae peirianwyr wedi dweud bod posibilrwydd y gallai tirlithriad arall ddigwydd mewn tywydd garw.
Mae Morgan Bendle yn 24 ac yn byw yn Ystalyfera, a bu'n rhaid iddi symud allan o'i chartref pan gafodd ei theulu wybod am sefyllfa'r tir.
"O'dd e'n horrendous, mae mam 'di bod yn llefen non-stop ers i bopeth ddigwydd, fi 'di bod yn llefen.
"Jyst ddim yn gw'bod ble ni'n mynd i aros am y nos yw'r peth gwaetha'."
Mae hi wedi bod yn ddibynnol ar gyfeillgarwch teulu a ffrindiau, tra bod ei mam a'i brodyr a chwiorydd mewn gwesty.
Dywedodd bod y teulu wedi cael gwybod bod y ty'n ddiogel yn wreiddiol.
"Ni 'di cal pobl yn dod.. A dweud bod e'n ddiogel, sdim angen i ni fynd, ni 'di teimlo'n gwbl ddiogel yma.
"A nawr, syndod yw e, ni 'di bod yn aros yma a dyw e ddim yn saff, a dim ond nawr ni'n cael ein symud mas."
Mae un arall sy'n byw yno, Paul Harris yn dweud bod arolwg o'i dŷ ar ôl y tirlithriadau diwethaf wedi dangos nad oedd dirfod, ond cafodd wybod bod "risg" y gallai ei gartref "ddisgyn i lawr" dau ddiwrnod yn ôl.
Nid yw Mr Harris ddim yn bwriadu symud. Mae'n dweud bod y cyngor wedi cynnig llety gwely a brecwast iddo ond does dim lle i'w gŵn.
"Falle bod 'na berygl gwirioneddol, dwi ddim yn gwybod," meddai.
"Dwi'n meddwl bod angen i'r cyngor benderfynu ar gynllun pendant. Dyw hi ddim yn ymddangos eu bod nhw'n rhoi'r wybodaeth mae trigolion yn gofyn amdano.
"Os oedden nhw yn gwybod bod hi'n debygol y byddai yn rhaid iddyn nhw wneud hyn, pam na wnaethon nhw drefnu llety yn gynharach. Pam nawr?"
Dywedodd Dewi Hopkins wrth BBC Cymru: "Mae'r Cyngor, mae nhw'n gorfod neud pethe fel hyn. Os oes rhywbeth yn digwydd pwy fydd pobl yn beio?"
"Fi'n teimlo am y bobl hŷn, peidiwch a meddwl nag ydw i, fi'n nabod nhw, ond mae'r Cyngor yn gorfod gwneud hyn."
Mae dirprwy arweinydd Cyngor Castell Nedd Port Talbot wedi dweud ar raglen Good Morning Wales y gallai'r sefyllfa bara am beth amser am nad oes yna ddatrysiad cyflym.
Dywedodd fod y cyngor yn ceisio helpu'r trigolion lleol ac mae llinell gymorth a chanolfan gynghori wedi ei sefydlu.
"Rydyn ni yn cydymdeimlo yn fawr gyda'r trigolion ac mae'n adeg anodd iawn iddyn nhw.
"Rydyn ni yn gweithio gyda'r teuluoedd yn unigol am fod yr amgylchiadau yn unigryw iddyn nhw i gyd ac mi ydyn ni yn ceisio dod o hyd i lety iddyn nhw mor agos â phosib i'w cartrefi."


Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan has said he supports the use of the death penalty for some drug offenders.

Chan, whose son was jailed for drugs offences, said that with drugs "you're hurting thousands of young children".
Jaycee Chan spent six months in prison in China after police found marijuana in his home.
Jackie Chan is Singapore's first celebrity anti-drug ambassador. He was named official Narcotics Control Ambassador by Chinese police in 2009.
Both Singapore and China have enforced capital punishment for drug trafficking.
In an interview with journalists conducted in both English and Mandarin, he said drugs were not only hurting young people, they were hurting his family.
"On some issues, I do support the death penalty," he said.
"When you're hurting thousands and thousands of young children, I think these kind of people are useless.
"You should get the right punishment."
He added: "[Young people say] 'it's okay, it's just like a cigarette'. I say 'it's not okay, not in my family'."
Jaycee, 32, was imprisoned for not just using drugs, but for the additional and more serious crime of "providing a shelter for others to abuse drugs", Beijing police said at the time.
When asked about Jaycee's time in prison, Chan said he felt "ashamed" and "shocked" and that he was now more focused on his son.
"I'm more concentrating on him now, used to be just, 'you are a grown man.' But now I find out, he's still a boy," Chan said.


Two new environmentally-friendly compost urinals equipped with miniature gardens on top have opened in Paris near the Gare de Lyon station.

The hope is they will encourage men to relieve themselves more hygienically near the station, which is a notorious black spot for urinating in public.
If the scheme is successful, it will be expanded to other stations in France.
Men will relieve themselves in the open air into the front part of the urinal, and help plants grow.
The bright red urinals are fitted on top of bins containing straw and sawdust so that compost can be made.
"We're re-using two waste products... to make something that really will make plants grow," Uritrottoir co-designer Laurent Lebot, told the Reuters news agency.
Mr Lebot said that bigger versions of his device could absorb the urine of 600 people before they needed to be emptied.
Parts of Paris have long had a reputation for smelling strongly of urine, dating back to its emergence centuries ago from swamps adjoining the river Seine.
Supporters of the scheme quoted by The Local say that the urinals provide a more convivial environment, especially when compared to the numerous grey and overflowing street urinals that can be found all over the centre of Paris.
They say it should help to discourage men from urinating elsewhere in public.
"People urinating on the streets of France is a serious problem," co-designer Victor Massip told The Local.
"We knew there was a big demand for a solution, so we've come up with one.
"People are laughing, many of them are amazed, but most agree that it's a good idea to test out."


A threatened strike by drivers who deliver Argos goods has been suspended, the union Unite said.

Drivers at Argos's main distribution centre had voted on Tuesday to strike for three days from 20 December.
The industrial action has now been called off, pending another union vote, after a pay deal was struck during talks.
An Argos spokesman reassured customers that it was "business as usual this Christmas".
The drivers work for Wincanton, a logistics firm used by Argos to make deliveries from its national distribution centre near Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire.
They had claimed Wincanton failed to pay holiday back pay for two years, amounting to an average of Â£700.
"I would like to thank our members for the solidarity they have shown during this dispute and we look forward to a positive relationship with the management at Wincanton going forward," said Unite regional officer Rick Coyle.
The Burton-on-Trent site supplies Argos's other warehouses that then deliver to Argos shops.
A Wincanton spokesperson said: "All industrial action has now been suspended pending a ballot on the terms of the agreement among Unite members, and at this important time of year, the Argos business will be unaffected."
Argos was taken over by Sainsbury's earlier this year.


A man has denied raping a 15-year-old girl near a car park in Sunderland.

The attack happened at about 22:00 GMT on 27 February on a grassed area close to the city's St Mary's car park.
David Carney of Hart Square, Sunderland, is accused of two counts of rape. He pleaded not guilty to both charges at Newcastle Crown Court on Wednesday.
The 27-year-old was released on bail and is set to appear for trial on 12 December.


United Airlines is to restore its year-round service from Belfast to New York.

The route between Belfast International Airport and Newark is the only direct link between Northern Ireland and the United States.
The service did not operate between 6 January and 11 March this year but will fly three times a week during that period in 2016.
Belfast International Airport said the decision was "wonderful news for Northern Ireland".
Graham Keddie, the airport's managing director, said: "United's commitment is both welcome and substantial.
"We have been working with stakeholders to achieve this outcome and we are delighted it is now being delivered."
Bob Schumacher, United's managing director of sales in the UK and Ireland, said: "We're pleased to offer our Northern Irish customers a year-round direct link to New York."


Britain's biggest Islamic charity says an audit of its activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territories has found no evidence to support accusations it has funded terrorism.

Islamic Relief Worldwide denied claims made first by Israel and later the United Arab Emirates and hired leading auditors to review its West Bank work.
The charity works with international organisations and governments, such as Unicef and the World Food Programme.
Israel has not responded so far.
Islamic Relief Worldwide works in more than 40 countries.
It started 30 years ago in Birmingham, where it was founded by a group of post-graduate students.
The UK government, through its international development arm DfID, gave Islamic Relief Â£3.2m in 2013.
The kind of work the charity does ranges from health and education projects, to help with orphans.
But earlier this year Israel claimed the charity was using its donations to fund the Palestinian group Hamas, which it and others sees as a terrorist organisation.
Islamic Relief suspended its work in the occupied West Bank - where the allegations were focused on - and commissioned the audit.
It says the audit, carried out over a few days in September this year, shows "absolutely no evidence" of any link to terrorism.
The audit saw projects run by the charity visited, the organisation's paperwork and procedures were examined, and staff and recipients of aid spoken to.
The report does throw up some minor accounting and procedural errors, but finds no evidence that funds have been diverted to Hamas or anyone else.
It also details a thorough screening process of staff, donors, and recipients of aid.
The charity is not publicly saying which company they paid to do the audit - but they do say it is a leading global audit firm.
Islamic Relief says because of what it calls the "sensitivities in the region" it has agreed with that firm not to identify it.
Neither the Ministry of Defence in Israel nor the Israeli embassy in London would comment on the report.
The UK's Charity Commission, which regulates charities, is understood to have received a copy of the report. It says Islamic Relief has done everything it should in keeping them informed of the Israeli allegations and its inquiry.
The UK government has suggested that they see no reason not to continue their relationship with the charity.
The Disasters Emergency Committee, which brings together 13 leading UK charities to deal with acute crises, said in a written statement that it "has considered the independent audit report which reviewed Islamic Relief's operations in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories".
It added: "We are satisfied that Islamic Relief has robust systems in place to ensure aid money is properly accounted for and spent appropriately. The DEC is not aware of any evidence that Islamic Relief has used aid funds inappropriately in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories."
Israel's shutting down of the charity in the West Bank has led to its Â£5m programme in that area ending. The charity say that has had an impact on the 78,000 people it had been helping.
Meanwhile, there is a wider concern among some development agencies concerning the work of other charities and NGOs in areas where proscribed groups are operating.
Workers in the field fear charities could be forced to limit their work in places like Somalia, Syria and Iraq, because of government and corporate fears that money destined for humanitarian projects in those areas could fall into the wrong hands.
Update 17 December 2014: In a statement, Israel's Shin Bet security agency said it was not possible to respond to IRW's announcement "without an in-depth examination of [the audit's] findings, its scope or who it was carried out by". It said the Israeli government's decision to declare IRW illegal was "based on information that has been accumulated over years, that the fund is a central player in financing of Hamas... [and] on accumulated knowledge and experience in fighting terror and financing of terror organisations".


Exeter missed out on the chance to go top of the Premiership after an error-filled encounter against Northampton.

The only try of the game came when Saints' hooker Mike Haywood went over from a driving maul after 17 minutes.
JJ Hanrahan kicked a penalty to give Northampton an 8-0 lead going into the break at Franklin's Gardens.
Exeter failed to take a number of chances in the Saints 22 after half-time and only got on the scoresheet with Gareth Steenson's late penalty.
Exeter remain in second place behind Saracens after getting a losing bonus point, while Saints stay fifth.
In an ugly encounter in front of a modern-day record crowd of 15,430, Saints defence did well to stifle Exeter, stopping the previously free-flowing Chiefs from getting much ball, especially in the first half.
Haywood crossed for the only try after Jamie Gibson gathered a line-out close to the Exeter try-line and the front-rower was forced over with the help of his team-mates.
Hanrahan hit the post with the conversion but found his mark nine minutes from half-time as Northampton's dominance in the scrum led to a penalty.
Hanrahan missed a chance to extend the lead just after the break and while Exeter had more ball, Saints doggedly forced turnovers every time Chiefs went close.
Steenson kicked a 74th-minute penalty for their only score of the game after winning a penalty at the breakdown, but it proved to be the final action of a dour game.
Northampton: Foden (capt); Collins, Pisi, Burrell, North; Hanrahan, Fotuali'I; A Waller, Haywood, Hill, Lawes, Matfield, Gibson, Harrison, Dickinson.
Replacements: Hartley, E Waller, Denman, Day, Paterson, Dickson, Myler, Mallinder.
Exeter: Dollman; Nowell, Campagnaro, Whitten, Woodburn; Steenson, Chudley; Moon, Yeandle (capt), Francis, Lees, Parling, Armand, Johnson, Waldrom.
Replacements: Taione, Rimmer, Low, Atkins, White, Lewis, Hooley, Short.
Attendance: 15,430
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Olympic gold medallist Elinor Barker is targeting a medal in the madison and scratch race at the Track Cycling World Cup in Los Angeles on Saturday.

Barker, 22, will team up with Ellie Dickinson for the first time in the madison and is happy with the pairing.
"We have found it quite easy to get along. We've been practising a lot back home in Manchester," she said.
"We're both a similar size, similar weight, so it makes swinging each other in really easy."
She told BBC Wales Sport: "Ellie is really good and really fast so I've got a lot of confidence that we can get a decent result out here."
Barker is confident about her chances of winning medal in the scratch race too after clinching gold in Alpendoorn in November 2016.
"It's the first big international bunch race that I've ever won so that's exciting, hopefully I can win my second won this weekend," Barker added.
"We've got a pretty young team at the moment so I don't feel like there is too much pressure, certainly not on myself.
"I'm trying some new things that I've not been specifically training for, It's all relatively new to focus on bunch racing events, so I'm enjoying the differences in training."
Barker's two races are only ten minutes apart but she is aware there will be a lot of athletes in the same situation.
"It's going to be pretty difficult but I think there will be a lot of people in the same situation," Barker said.


Peter Betham has left Leicester Tigers less than five months after signing a new deal and joined Clermont Auvergne.

The Australia winger, 28, has agreed a two-year contract with the French side, starting in July.
Betham seemingly committed to Tigers in January, saying: "I have found a home here and wouldn't want to be anywhere else."
However, he has now opted to join the European Cup finalists, who hope to become French champions on Sunday.
Clermont play Toulon in the Top 14 final after last Saturday's 37-31 win over Racing 92.
When news of Betham's new contract at Welford Road was announced, he said: "I'm ecstatic. I am very humbled and blessed to be able to spend a couple more years here."
But in a statement on Clermont's website, announcing Betham's arrival, the French club's coach Franck Azema said: "Through our recruitment network, we learned that Peter could potentially be released from Leicester and join us. We seized this opportunity."
Confirming the move, Tigers head coach Matt O'Connor said: "We thank Peter for his contribution over the last two seasons with the club and we all wish him well in his new challenge with Clermont."
Betham, who has two international caps, joined Leicester in 2015 from Super Rugby's Waratahs.
He scored 11 tries in 55 appearances, including in the Premiership play-off defeat by Wasps.


Two people have been rescued from a burning fishing boat in Peterhead harbour.

About 25 firefighters were involved in tackling the flames aboard the Tranquility. No-one was injured.
A search was launched by Peterhead's lifeboat at about 22:30 on Thursday, to look for potential casualties in the water.
One man was rescued from the harbour but he was not believed to have been aboard the fishing vessel.
The cause of the fire will be investigated.


The Murrayfield crowd can help Scotland get their Six Nations campaign back on track against Wales, says former Scotland captain Gavin Hastings.

Despite what he calls the "massive blow" of losing captain Greig Laidlaw to injury, Hastings believes Vern Cotter's side can win next Saturday.
And the Scots will be aiming to recover from the defeat by France in Paris.
"It's a big match and I think home advantage might be just about enough to get them over the line," said Hastings.
Scotland began this year's tournament with a 27-22 win over Ireland but fell short away to France on Sunday, losing 22-16.
Over the same period, Wales have enjoyed a 33-7 triumph in Italy and endured the pain of a 21-16 home loss to England.
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"It's an interesting game, with both teams having lost by the narrowest of margins last weekend," Hastings told BBC Sport.
"I just hope we see a game played with the same level of intensity that we saw in Cardiff and Paris at the weekend.
"It's going to be a cracker."
Hastings lamented the absence of Scotland's "great leader" Laidlaw, the influential scrum-half who will miss the rest of the campaign with ankle ligament damage.
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"He's got a cool head, his kicking is immaculate and he leads by example and I think he'll be a big loss to Scotland," said the former British and Irish Lion.
"But Scotland did a pretty good job against Ireland and came close to France but they will have to keep it up against Wales because they are a very fine team."
Another former Scotland captain, Al Kellock, told BBC Radio Scotland that the absence of Laidlaw's skills both as a scrum-half and as a captain "would be a loss to anybody".
On who might replace the Gloucester number nine as skipper, Kellock said: "I think they'll have to wait and see who is in good shape after the weekend.
"John Barclay took over as captain, closely followed then by Jonny Gray. Ryan Wilson will come back to fitness, who I would imagine will have his hat in the ring. Henry Pyrgos has already captained Scotland; he might be somebody who could come in and take over from Greig."
The former Glasgow Warriors lock praised Ali Price for his contribution from the bench against France, as he replaced Laidlaw, and predicted the kicking duties against Wales would fall to fly-half Finn Russell, with full-back Stuart Hogg taking the long-range penalties.


Wartime sweethearts are to get married - 70 years after they first called off their engagement.

Roy Vickerman proposed to 89-year-old Nora Jackson on his 90th birthday.
The couple, from Stoke-on-Trent, met at school in 1940 and got in engaged in 1946, but plans were halted when D-Day veteran Roy suffered post-traumatic stress from his wartime efforts.
Now, after being reunited through Graham Torrington's BBC radio show, they will finally tie the knot.
Romance blossomed again when Roy went to visit his former fiancee and hand her flowers, but as soon as Nora saw him on the door she threw her arms around him.
He proposed with exactly the same ring from their original engagement and said he could not be happier.
"I always thought a lot about Nora," he said.
"I still love her just the same as I did before."
Nora, who has been widowed, said she never expected to see Roy again, and was looking forward to their wedding.
"It's so wonderful, because I've been on my own here [for] 14 years," she said.
"Everything has been so happy for me to see him and be with him."


A study has suggested that average survival times of people diagnosed with cancer in London accident and emergency departments is less than six months.

The research looked at 1,000 patients diagnosed with cancer at 12 A&E departments in London and Essex.
A quarter of them did not live beyond two months of diagnosis, and on average they did not survive for six months.
The study's author said it "hammers home" the importance of early diagnosis.
Researchers from London Cancer, a network of care providers and academics, found people diagnosed in an emergency tend to have cancer that has spread around the body and also often have cancers that are harder to treat.
Average survival was less than six months for the overall group of patients, with only 36% still alive one year after diagnosis.
Half of all patients under 65 had died by 14 months. For older patients aged 65 to 75, half had died five months after diagnosis, while only 25% were alive beyond a year.
For those aged over 75, half had died after three months, with only a quarter surviving past one year.
Study author, UCL's Professor Kathy Pritchard-Jones, said: "These shocking figures hammer home what we already know to be true: early diagnosis can make a huge difference in your chances of surviving cancer.
"Around a quarter of all cancer cases are being diagnosed following presentation in A&E and the vast majority of these are already at a late stage, when treatment options are limited and survival is poorer."
Harpal Kumar, Cancer Research UK's chief executive, said: "Too many people are still diagnosed in hospital A&E departments and that must change."


A ward treating patients during Scotland's worst Clostridium difficile (C.diff) outbreak had poor record-keeping, an inquiry has heard.

Between 2007 and 2008, 55 patients at Dunbartonshire's Vale of Leven Hospital developed the bug and 18 died.
The manager of ward six insisted that despite absences in documentation, patient care was not absent.
Lesley Fox was responsible for the ward where a number of women tested positive, some of whom later died.
She told the inquiry, taking place at Maryhill Community Central Halls, that patients were the top priority for her and her staff.
Sister Fox said there had been "absences" in some care plans for patients and she was aware of the situation during that period.
"What I must say is that although there was an absence of nursing documentation, there was never an absence of care," she added.
She also told the inquiry, being chaired by Lord MacLean, there were times of "extreme activity levels" with nurses being interrupted during their tasks by things such as telephone calls and people coming on to the ward.
Sister Fox said: "It delayed care but I don't think it put my nurses' competence in doubt."
But she agreed with a suggestion by Colin MacAulay QC, senior counsel to the inquiry, that nurses being busy may have been a reason for the poor record-keeping.
Bigger picture
Speaking after the hearing, Michelle Stewart, whose mother-in-law Sarah McGinty died of C.diff at the hospital, said every new testimony brought families "one step closer to the answers and lasting change in the NHS that we all want to see".
She added: "We remain convinced that the reasons behind the suffering at the Vale of Leven don't just lie with the individual nurses involved - they are one part of a bigger picture."
This section of hearings is to run until 15 September.
A final report and recommendations are expected to be published by September 2012.


Previews of Wednesday's three games in the Scottish Premiership, as leaders Celtic host Dundee and Aberdeen travel to bottom side Dundee United.

Celtic v Dundee
Dundee United v Aberdeen
St Johnstone v Partick Thistle


The mayor of the eastern Guatemalan town of Jutiapa has been shot dead as he waited to have his hair cut at a barber's.

Witnesses say Carlos Enrique Castillo Medrano, 39, was killed by two unidentified men who shot at him six times before escaping on a motorbike.
His death came as President Otto Perez Molina addressed the nation to mark his first year in office and hailed "a historic decline in violence".
Murders were down by some 10%, he said.
"We have had 526 fewer homicides in 2012 than in the previous year," said Mr Perez Molina in his state-of-the-nation address.
According to government figures, there were 5,174 violent deaths in Guatemala in 2012.
The president also highlighted a reduction in other crimes.
"Kidnappings are down by 33% and we have managed to dismantle many criminal organisations," he said.
In recent years, Guatemala has had one of the highest per capita murder rates in the world, according to the United Nations.
Figures from 2010 indicated a rate of 40 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.
Guatemala has struggled to deal with the violence generated by the drug gangs.
Much of the cocaine and other drugs produced in South America is smuggled through Central America to reach the United States.
Powerful gangs, with ramifications across the region and the United States, are behind much of the crime and are known to co-operate with the big Mexican drug cartels, such as the Zetas.
Mr Castillo Medrano is one of many mayors and local government officials who have been killed, kidnapped or injured in the last few years.
He was an experienced politician, who had served as mayor of a nearby town for three terms before being elected to the same post in Jutiapa in 2011.
The motive for his killing is unclear.
His brother,  former congressman Manuel de Jesus Castillo Medrano, is serving a jail sentence for the murder of three politicians from neighbouring El Salvador.


Last month was the hottest June ever recorded worldwide, and the 14th straight month that global heat records were broken, scientists say.

The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) says global sea temperatures were fractionally higher than for June last year while land temperatures tied.
Its global temperature records date back 137 years, to 1880.
Most scientists attribute the increases to greenhouse gas emissions.
They also say climate change is at least partially to blame for a number of environmental disasters around the world.
The combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces for June was 0.9C above the 20th Century average of 15.5C, the NOAA said in its monthly report.
Last year was the hottest on record, beating 2014, which had previously held the title.


When Hong Kong was handed back from the UK to China in 1997, only a quarter of the population spoke any Mandarin.

Now, two decades later, that figure has nearly doubled.
But even as people get better at communicating in Mandarin, also known as Putonghua, some in Hong Kong are losing interest, or even downright refusing to speak it.
Chan Shui-duen, a professor of Chinese and Bilingual Studies at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, said that among some of her students, speaking Putonghua can almost be taboo.
"Especially among young people, the overall standard of Putonghua is rising," she said. "But some of them just reject it."
This is because, for many, Putonghua has become an unwelcome reminder of the increasing "mainlandisation" of Hong Kong.
The social rejection of Putonghua has come as people question their Chinese identity, which has alarmed both the Hong Kong and mainland Chinese governments.
Last June, an annual poll by the University of Hong Kong found that only 31% of people said they felt proud to be Chinese nationals, a significant drop from the year before, and a record low since the survey first began in 1997.
Even as resentment against Putonghua builds, there is grudging awareness that - with nearly one billion speakers in the world - fluency in the language may hold the key to wealth and success in Hong Kong.
When my eldest child turned two, I started looking for a suitable kindergarten.
It surprised me that the most sought-after schools in Hong Kong taught in English or Mandarin, rather than Cantonese, which is the default language for nearly the entire population.
And I was shocked to hear from Ruth Benny, founder of the Hong Kong-based education consultancy Top Schools, that 99% of her clients, both local and expatriate, strongly preferred Mandarin.
"I believe Cantonese is not valued in the context of formal education much at all," said Ruth Benny, the Hong Kong-based founder of Top Schools.
She said Cantonese families are happy for their children to be "socially fluent," but preferred them to learn Chinese literacy in Mandarin, with a standard form of written Chinese.
The rising educational preference for Mandarin at the expense of Cantonese is causing anger and anxiety among Hong Kong residents, 20 years after the city was handed back from the UK to China.
They worry the city's distinctive culture and identity will eventually be subsumed by mainland China, with some questioning if the language - and the city so closely identified with it - is dying.
Before the 1997 handover, most local schools in Hong Kong officially used English as the medium of instruction, but in practice also taught in Cantonese.
Mandarin, also known as Putonghua, was introduced in schools in the 1980s and only became a core part of the curriculum in 1998.
Cantonese is believed to have originated after the fall of the Han Dynasty in 220AD, when long periods of war caused northern Chinese to flee south, taking their ancient language with them.
Mandarin was documented much later in the Yuan Dynasty in 14th century China. It was later popularised across China by the Communist Party after taking power in 1949.
"As expected, after the handover, Putonghua became more privileged and popular," said Brian Tse, a professor of education at the University of Hong Kong.
By 1999, the Education Bureau had started publicising its long-term goal of adopting Putonghua, not Cantonese, as the medium of instruction in Chinese classes, even though it offered no timetable on when this should be achieved.
About a decade later, the Standing Committee on Language Education and Research (Scolar), a government advisory group, announced plans to give $26m to schools to switch to Putonghua for Chinese teaching.
It said a maximum of 160 schools could join the scheme over four years.
Cantonese concern groups estimate that 70% of all primary schools and 25% of secondary schools now use Putonghua to teach Chinese.
Officially, the city government encourages students to become bi-literate in Chinese and English and trilingual in English, Cantonese and Mandarin.
But Robert Bauer, a Cantonese expert who teaches at several universities in Hong Kong, said Scolar and the Education Bureau were essentially "bribing" schools to make the switch from Cantonese to Mandarin as the medium of instruction in Chinese language classes.
"They're taking orders from the people of Beijing," he said. "Cantonese sets Hong Kong apart from the mainland. The Chinese government hates that, and so does the Hong Kong government."
Those who support this view point to a gaffe made by the Education Bureau in 2014.
On its site detailing Hong Kong's language policy, it stated that Cantonese was a "Chinese dialect that is not an official language".
It caused an outcry, as Hong Kong residents certainly believe theirs is a proper form of Chinese, and not just a dialect.  The bureau was forced to apologise and delete the phrase.
In 1997, there was hope and expectation that the city, unlike the rest of China, would soon enjoy universal suffrage.
But the Chinese government's interpretation of reform angered the public.
Tens of thousands of people took to the streets in unprecedented protests in 2014.
The reform proposal was vetoed by pro-democracy politicians in 2015, and today, Hong Kong seems stuck in a political stalemate.
Against this backdrop, Cantonese has not just survived but thrived in a totally unexpected way, according to linguistics expert Lau Chaak-ming.
Starting about 10 years ago, writing in vernacular Cantonese, in addition to standard Chinese, began appearing in public in advertisements.
Mr Lau said this trend has greatly accelerated in the past four years.
"We can now use our language in the written form," he told me proudly.
Previously, advertisements and newspapers used only standard written Chinese, which is easily comprehensible to all Chinese-literate readers, whereas non-Cantonese speakers might struggle to understand the written vernacular.
898m
Speak Mandarin
73m
Speak Cantonese
Mr Lau dates the rise in written Cantonese to greater awareness of a local Cantonese identity, as opposed to a more general Chinese sense of self.
Mr Lau and a number of volunteers are compiling an online Cantonese dictionary, documenting its evolution.
Working in parallel, Mr Bauer, the Cantonese expert, will soon be publishing a Cantonese-English dictionary, which will be available online and in book form.
According to these experts, Cantonese isn't dying at all. For now.
"From a linguistic point of view, it's not endangered at all. It's doing quite well compared to other languages in the China region," said Mr Lau.
But he and others worry about the long-term consequences of the rise of Putonghua in Hong Kong, especially as more schools seem to be keen to teach in the medium.
"Speaking, and writing, Cantonese has now become an political act," said Robert Bauer. "If present trends continue, children are not going to speak Cantonese down the road. It will become endangered."
He cited the history of Cantonese in Guangdong province, where he believes efforts to spread Putonghua have been too successful, with children now not using their mother tongue.
But Ms Chan of Hong Kong Polytechnic is less pessimistic.
Contrary to what had been predicted, she says, Cantonese has maintained, and even extended, its dominant position after the handover in the areas of politics and law.
It has been "transmuted", she maintains, from a low-status dialect to a high-status form that displays all the full functions of a standard language - which is something quite unique and unprecedented in the Chinese context.
Cantonese may not entirely enjoy the "prestige" of a national language, but it is quite important - and indispensible for anyone living and working in Hong Kong.


The final inmates at a prison due to close by the end of the year have left the jail, the BBC has learnt.

The Ministry of Justice (MoJ) announced the closure of Northallerton Prison, North Yorkshire, in September as part of a modernisation programme.
A member of the prison's Independent Monitoring Board told the BBC the final two inmates were released this morning having completed their sentences.
The MoJ said the prison was on track to close by the end of the year.
Northallerton prison was built in 1783 and housed up to 252 male inmates when its closure was announced.
The government said the modernisation programme would replace prisons that were either too expensive to run or needed substantial capital investment.
David Kerfoot, a member of the Independent Monitoring Board at the prison for 26 years, said: "It is a very emotional day for me.
"Much as I hate to say it I can understand some of the reasons why they want to close it. The majority of the cells are very small and for two people to be in a small cell is not as dignified as it should be perhaps."
One of the two former prisoners who left today told BBC Radio York it was the "best prison" he had ever been in.
The man, who did not give his name, said: "It is the only prison I've been in that has ever given me a chance.
"I've been in 14 jails now and that's the only one that has ever done anything for me. They have time for people."
About 135 people are employed at the jail and many officers have been temporarily deployed to other prisons in Yorkshire, the Prison Service said.


To play a rough sleeper in Jake Gavin's directorial debut film, Hector, 56-year-old actor Peter Mullan says he didn't need to do any research for the role - he'd already experienced homelessness himself at 15 years-old.

Aberdeenshire-born Mullan, a star of the Harry Potter franchise as well as independent British films, and the writer-director of 2002's award-winning Irish drama The Magdalene Sisters, recalls that he was briefly without a roof over his head.
"Twice during my teenage years - when I was 15 for just over a week, and then again at 18 for three or four days," he says. "It was just one of those things, but it was all the research that I needed to do for Hector."
Hector is a long-term rough sleeper, who embarks on a road trip from Scotland to London at Christmas time. Mullan describes his character as "a lovely gentle old soul, a rare part for an actor to have".
But he admits that he found his own time on the streets terrifying. "I remember that every minute felt like an hour, and every hour like a day," he says.
"You're very vulnerable when you're sat out and you've barely enough to keep yourself warm. You're always looking for a back door into a building, or at least an open doorway where you can bed down for the night.  It gets desperate and it gets lonely, you are always trying to protect yourself."
British-born Jake Gavin, who until now has worked as an art photographer, calls the film "my snapshot of homelessness" but believes he's made "a true Christmas tale - it's an uplifting story. The best Christmas I ever spent was helping out in a homeless shelter and I based the script on those experiences".
Mullan agrees that the story combines "compassion, humility and optimism, which doesn't happen often". He feels few British directors have shown the trauma of living on the streets since Ken Loach made the BBC TV play Cathy Come Home in 1966, a depiction of a family's slide into homelessness which prompted national outrage about the housing crisis of the time.
"Fifty years on, it's the same situation and these people are invisible to society, never mind film-makers," says Mullan. "We hear a lot about the British social realist tradition of film-making but actually there's not many of them out there, particularly in the age of the franchise and the Marvel comics. It's good to see one break through at least.
John Bird, the founder of the Big Issue magazine and a recent addition to the House of Lords, has supported the release of Hector and called upon cinema audiences to remember "what a time of dislocation Christmas can be for the lonely anyway, and how much worse it is if you don't have a roof over your head".
"Yes, there are mechanisms in place to take care of the homeless at Christmas, but imagine how awful it is to know you have to return to that terrible world in January."
Mullan, nominated for an Emmy for the TV series Top of the Lake, also won best actor at the Cannes Film Festival in 1998 for playing an unemployed alcoholic in My Name Is Joe, and starred in 1996's Trainspotting.
He says he likes roles "right from the fringes of society, the people who are invisible" and encourages everyone else to suspend judgement.
"It's all too easy to fall off the radar once you've pursued a certain course of action in your life, be it drugs or alcohol.
"In Hector's case it was a breakdown, and homelessness to him is a long means of self-punishment. Believe me, it takes commitment to sleep outdoors for 15 years. You've got to have a very fragile psyche to do that, and he is emotionally flagellating himself every waking moment.
"I really hope that Hector helps put a human face to this, and a human story that's not some piece of social propaganda. He's lovely, he's had his problems and over the decades he's just lost himself.
"He takes a bit of a road trip that turns into an odyssey and, in the process, this gentle man finds love again. And that's very much a Christmas story."
Hector is released in the UK on 11 December.


Exeter City have sold youth-team central midfielder Sean Goss to Manchester United.

The 16-year-old from Crediton, who has been at Exeter for eight years, moves to Old Trafford for an initial fee of around £100,000.
Goss scored 13 times for the League Two side's under-16s last season earning him a trial with United.
He played for them in a youth tournament in the Netherlands and will join their academy side.
"The last few days haven't felt real - seeing all the first-team players around and the training facilities is like a different world," Goss told the club website.
"I can't wait to get started now and we've got pre-season games coming up.
"I just have to continue working hard and my aim now is to just push higher and higher through the ranks."


Alex Salmond opened his first Edinburgh Fringe chat show by welcoming to the stage his "good pal" - Brexit minister David Davis.

The former first minister surprised the crowd of 350 at Edinburgh's Assembly Rooms with his choice of guest.
He introduced Mr Davis as "the next prime minister of the United Kingdom, perhaps the last prime minister of the United Kingdom".
Mr Salmond will perform 18 sold-out shows at the Fringe.
He has promised light-hearted banter and a few behind-the-scenes-revelations from his time in office.
As he kicked off his first show, the former SNP leader jokingly warned the audience: "Remember, all the guests are my pals so watch how you treat them."
Mr Salmond said the subject of his first show was Scotland In Europe and after talking about William Wallace and the country's European history, he introduced Mr Davis.
In a light-hearted discussion, Mr Davis was pushed on cabinet divisions and the timescale for Brexit and replied Mr Salmond was "trying to make me lose my job".
Mr Salmond told how they had worked together to try to impeach Tony Blair over the war in Iraq but Mr Davis had to remove his name from the motion when he was appointed to Cabinet.
Questioned about his leadership ambitions should Prime Minister Theresa May step down, Mr Davis laughed and said: "I am really a very, very bad leadership candidate."
Mr Salmond said his friend was "the acceptable face of the Brexiteers and certainly the one who knows what he's talking about".
Questioned by the audience, Mr Salmond said Nelson Mandela was the most impressive politician he had seen and that the only time he was nervous was the first time he met Sir Sean Connery.
He ended the show by raising Â£1,000 for charity with a member of the audience paying to have lunch with Mr Salmond and Mr Davis in Edinburgh.


The emergency services have been tackling a wildfire in Lossiemouth.

The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service said crews battled the grassland fire in the Covesea Links area in a bid to prevent it spreading further.
Crews were called out at about 10:45. Smoke could be seen over a wide area.
Police Scotland said some roads closed as a result. Moray Council said more than 20 people staying at the nearby Silver Sands caravan site were moved as a precaution.
The council later said firefighters brought the gorse fire under control by the early afternoon, allowing the caravan site to reopen.
Teams were remaining at the scene to make sure it was safe.


People are being asked to "chronicle the nation's missing history" by sharing details of key sites.

Historic England is looking for photos of the country's first mosque set up in Liverpool in 1887 by English Muslim convert Abdullah Quilliam.
The Gloucestershire site of the first smallpox vaccination by Edward Jenner is also on a list of 21 places that require updated details.
Historic England said it wanted people to help "unlock the secrets".
"We want people and community groups across England to share their knowledge and pictures, so we can record important facts about places," it said.
The organisation curates the official list of England's 400,000 most significant historic places and items for the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Roger Bowdler, director of listing at Historic England, said: "Many buildings on the list are well-known and even world-famous. But in some cases there is much that remains unknown."
Details and photos are also being requested on:


LinkedIn members opening their email inbox with a groan at yet another message from the professional networking site can rest easy.

The firm has pledged to send less frequent and "more relevant" messages after "many" customer complaints.
"Less is more ...we get it," Aatif Awan, senior director of product management, wrote on the firm's blog.
Instead of emailing a member each time they get a connection request, it has now started sending a weekly round-up.
And LinkedIn users who are part of groups, such as professional networks, are now being sent a weekly summary instead of individual emails for each update.
The changes will reduce the number of emails it sends members by 40%, the company said.
Mr Awan said the results so far had been "very encouraging".
"Already, members' complaints have been cut in half. And this is just the beginning," he wrote.
LinkedIn, which started out in the living room of co-founder Reid Hoffman, launched in 2003, and now has more than 350 million members.
Mainly, the site's members use it to find new jobs and make contacts for career purposes.
LinkedIn's move comes ahead of Thursday's second quarter results.


Substitute Kurtis Guthrie scored a last-gasp goal to defeat Southport and send Forest Green top of the table.

Mike Phenix had the best chance of a cagey first half, stabbing his effort wide for the home side.
Southport's Louis Almond and Forest Green's Jon Parkin had shots saved as both teams searched for an opener.
James Jennings' effort was spilled by Max Crocombe and Guthrie turned in the rebound 30 seconds into stoppage time for Rovers' fifth straight win.
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The result saw Forest Green leapfrog Cheltenham into first place, while Southport remain 15th.
Forest Green boss Ady Pennock told BBC Radio Gloucestershire:
"It's great, it's a difficult place to come and Southport have done unbelievably well recently and it just shows the true character of us.
"With the Cheltenham result at Dover on Sunday, it was a great way to respond and I'm very proud of the players.
"We've got that never-say-die attitude and it really showed, it's another clean sheet which I'm very pleased with."


The first and deputy first ministers have said there was widespread support at a meeting in Downing Street for their argument that Northern Ireland is facing "unique circumstances".

Their comments relate to Northern Ireland's position in the wake of the UK's decision to leave the EU.
Both ministers emphasised to the leaders of the other devolved administrations that Northern Ireland was the only region with a land border with an EU state.
Arlene Foster and Martin McGuinness made the comments at a Joint Ministerial Committee meeting chaired by Theresa May on Monday.
They told the prime minister Northern Ireland must be "fully represented" in the UK's negotiations to leave the European Union.
Both the First and Deputy First Ministers said it was imperative Northern Ireland remained involved in the Brexit process on a "high level" and on a "continuing basis".
Mrs May attempted to allay their concerns by telling the devolved administrations she would strike a bespoke Brexit deal that works for the whole of the UK.
Mrs May said that how the UK leaves the EU should not be seen as a series of binary choices and will instead amount to a bespoke agreement for the UK.
"We have important work to do for the UK in terms of negotiating a smooth exit from the EU and getting the best possible deal for the whole of the UK," she said.
"The UK has chosen to leave the EU and we're going to make a success of it," she added.
The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland James Brokenshire failed to provide reassurances that EU citizens would not be able to exploit a so-called "soft border" to gain access to the UK through Ireland.
He told BBC Radio 4's World At One: "It is precisely these issues of policy that are being debated to reach an agreement.
"But no decisions have been taken as yet," he said.
"It is why the work we have with the Republic as well as the Executive matters so much in relation to the border."


The Civil Service has paid Jeremy Corbyn more than £1,000 for him to lecture government officials.

David Cameron and foreign secretary Philip Hammond have said Labour under Corbyn poses a threat to national security.
But the body that trains civil servants decided government staff would benefit from his experience.
Records show Corbyn was being paid to give some of the lectures while he was campaigning to become Labour's leader.
Between May 2014 and July 2015 Corbyn gave nine lectures, three of them after nominations closed for the Labour leadership.
He was paid £1,350 by Civil Service Learning, the body that trains civil servants, over the period for lecturing.
Last month Hammond said Corbyn embarrassed and weakened Britain, and left foreign leaders "aghast".
It is understood Corbyn lectured staff on the workings of Parliament. Sources say other backbenchers have provided officials with similar guidance.
Corbyn, along with other MPs, is also credited with helping Civil Service Learning write a handbook called "Working with Ministers".
The Labour leader has never been a minister. Among its advice, the handbook reminds civil servants "ministers are human".
It also says officials must "retain the confidence of the Opposition, who must be sure that the Civil Service would serve them in government as assiduously as it is serving the present Government".
The Cabinet Office confirmed Corbyn had been hired to make presentations to civil servants.
A spokeswoman for the department said: "Long-serving MPs from all parties are often invited to speak to groups of civil servants about the workings of Parliament."


Artist Anish Kapoor has complained of plagiarism following reports that a sculpture similar to one he made for Chicago has been constructed in China.

"It seems that in China today it is permissible to steal the creativity of others," he said in a statement.
According to Chinese media, the stainless steel work in the town of Karamay, north-west China, is intended to represent "a big oil bubble".
Kapoor's original, named Cloud Gate, was unveiled in Chicago in 2006.
The sculpture, which reflects Chicago's dramatic skyline, is known as The Bean. It featured prominently in Source Code, a 2011 thriller starring Jake Gyllenhaal.
"I feel I must take this to the highest level and pursue those responsible in the courts," Kapoor said. "I hope that the Mayor of Chicago will join me in this action.
"The Chinese authorities must act to stop this kind of infringement and allow the full enforcement of copyright."
An employee of Karamay's tourism bureau denied that the Chinese sculpture was a copy of Kapoor's, insisting any similarities were coincidental.
"While we use similar materials, the shapes and meanings are different," Ma Jun told the Wall Street Journal's China Real Time blog.
"Cloud Gate intends to reflect the sky, but ours reflects the ground."
Piracy of goods, brands and copyrighted materials is so rife in China that there is a word for the results - Shan Zhai, a term originally used to describe a bandit stronghold outside government control.
Anish Kapoor is known for works including the Orbit tower in London's Olympic Park and the Sky Mirror in Nottingham.
His more recent works include Dirty Corner, a 60m (200ft) steel tube in the gardens of France's Palace of Versailles, which has caused controversy and has been the target of vandalism.


A battery-powered car will attempt to beat the UK land-speed record for electric vehicles later this month.

Nemesis, a heavily-modified Lotus Exige body, will be driven by estate agent Nick Ponting, 21, from Gloucester.
Dale Vince said he had built the car to "smash the stereotype of electric cars as something Noddy would drive - slow, boring, not cool".
The record attempt is due to be made at Elvington Airfield, near York, on 27 September.
Nemesis was designed and built in under two years by a team of British motorsport engineers in Norfolk.
It can travel from 100-150 miles between charges, depending on driving style, and can be charged from empty in about 30 minutes using a rapid-charger.
The team believes theoretically the motors are capable of about 200mph but "real world" constraints like aerodynamic lift have to be addressed before the attempt.
Mr Vince, who runs the electricity company Ecotricity, said he was quietly confident the team would break the record.
The current record of 137mph (220km/h) was set by Don Wales, from Addlestone, Surrey, in 2000.
A separate attempt to beat the record last August was thwarted after the vehicle's suspension was damaged by a pothole.
The Bluebird Electric was being driven along Pendine Sands in Carmarthenshire by Mr Wales's son Joe, who suffered mild whiplash as a result.


Motorists are saving up to five minutes a day on some journeys on the M62 after the introduction of a "smart motorway" scheme, Highways England has said.

The Â£136m scheme covers 15 miles (25km) near Bradford and Leeds.
Technology has been installed to monitor traffic, provide information and ease congestion with variable speed limits and utilising the hard shoulder.
Up to 160,000 vehicles use the section of road, between junctions 25 and 30, on the busiest days.
Read more updates on this story and more from across Leeds and West Yorkshire.
The greatest time savings are being made by drivers travelling westbound during the afternoon peak, between Rothwell and Brighouse, according to Highways England statistics.
However, the AA has told Parliament it has concerns about the smart motorways, and believes "all lane running" is not sustainable in the long term.
Its concerns include the safety of drivers who have broken down, and access for emergency services who need to reach major incidents.


Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil are holding talks with independent TDs (members of the Irish parliament) and the Green Party about the formation of a new Irish government.

TDs failed to elect a new taoiseach (prime minister) when they voted on 10 March and are still without a leader.
A second vote on nominations for taoiseach will take place on 6 April.
Wednesday's talks will focus on the issues of climate change, justice, equality and disability.
It is hoped the discussions will result in support for a new government.
Caretaker taoiseach Enda Kenny told a meeting of 17 TDs on Tuesday that the options moving forward were stark.
He also ruled out Fine Gael supporting a minority Fianna Fáil government.
Mr Kenny also said Fianna Fáil had ruled out a coalition with Fine Gael.
The Green party leader, Eamon Ryan, said it was unlikely the party would go into government.
As it stands Enda Kenny, who did not receive enough votes to become the new taoiseach, and his party Fine Gael, are continuing to carry out their duties until a new government can be formed.
The other nominations for taoiseach were Fianna Fáil's Micheál Martin, Sinn Féin's Gerry Adams and People Before Profit's Richard Boyd Barrett. None received enough votes.
The Irish general election was held on 26 February Fine Gael won 50 seats, Fianna Fáil 44, Sinn Féin 23 and the Labour Party got seven.
Smaller parties and independents make up the other 34 seats.
The 32nd Dáil has been meeting without a leader.


Swindon's rapid growth needs to be matched with better infrastructure and a new link road, candidates have said.

Labour's Mark Dempsey said it was important the town "gets better as it gets bigger", and James Faulkner, UKIP, said brown field sites should be used.
Liberal Democrat Janet Ellard and Poppy Hebden-Leeder, Green, agreed more needs to be done to develop communities.
Justin Tomlinson, Conservative, said the growth had resulted in Â£19.2m of New Homes Bonuses from the government.
The five candidates were speaking on a BBC Radio Wiltshire election debate programme.
In the last decade, the population of Swindon has grown by over 16% and the borough council is forecasting by 2021 there will be around, 240,000 people living in the town.
Poppy Hebden-Leeder, from the Green party, said the the infrastructure was not "keeping up" with the population.
"We're having to play catch-up very fast and I'm not sure just putting in a [northern link road] is sufficient," she said.
Liberal Democrat Janet Ellard said some areas lacked community feel and the town needed extra "community halls, shops and possibly new churches".
UKIP's James Faulkner said he wanted a new link road but said brownfield sites should be developed.
"There are areas - the park and ride facility and industrial sites behind Stratton Road - which could now be used for house building," he said.
But Labour's Mark Dempsey said a University of Swindon and a "better town centre" were the "big priorities".
Conservative Justin Tomlinson said Mr Dempsey's "grand plans to go on a spending spree" could be jeopardised if Labour came into power.
"The Labour shadow minister confirmed they would scrap the New Homes Bonus because that money should be going to towns where they don't have development," he said.
"Swindon is the fastest growing town. It would rob Swindon of Â£19.2m."
The candidates for the constituency are:
Mark Dempsey, Labour
Janet Ellard, Liberal Democrat
James Faulkner, UKIP
Poppy Hebden-Leeder, Green
Justin Tomlinson, Conservative


Once a prominent journalist and anti-apartheid activist, Helen Zille is the leader of South Africa's main opposition party - the Democratic Alliance (DA).

She had promised to lead a "realignment" of South African politics after the DA's defeat in the 2009 election, hoping to create a united opposition that would challenge the governing African National Congress (ANC) for power in this year's national election.
But on this measure, she has failed.
Ms Zille, 63, did manage to persuade the tiny Independent Democrats (ID) to merge with the DA in 2010.
But a proposed merger with the newly formed Agang party - led by Mamphela Ramphele, a former World Bank managing director and anti-apartheid activist - collapsed within a week of its announcement in January this year.
For Ms Zille's critics, it showed that she lacks the political acumen and credibility to reach out to the black majority in a country still polarised along racial lines after centuries of white minority rule.
Writing in South Africa's leading financial daily, Business Day, journalist and former DA worker Gareth van Onselen argues that she launched the party's 2009 election campaign on a positive note, trying to show that it was "a home for black South Africans".
However, she then slipped back to a position of comfort by launching "vitriolic" attacks on the ANC, designed to generate "fear more than hope".
"When she isn't baiting people, she is trying to bite their heads off or denigrating the ANC... Her brand is entrenched as one defined by hostility and hyper-defensiveness," he wrote.
"There remains an important place for critical oversight in South Africa today but the DA achieves nothing by emphasising a strident message of opposition over one of belonging, solutions and diversity," he added.
Greatest scoop
But for her supporters, Ms Zille - born in March 1951 to German immigrants - is the defender of South Africa's liberal constitution, keeping a check on the ANC's overwhelming power.
For them, this is best reflected in her relentless campaign to haul President Jacob Zuma before the courts following allegations that he took bribes from businessmen and used government money to upgrade his private rural residence at a cost of about $23m (Â£13.8m).
"The ANC doesn't believe in separating party and state. President Zuma believes liberation means unfettered power for the ANC," Ms Zille said in  a 2012 BBC interview.
"The ANC is a mortal threat to our constitution," she added.
Long before pursuing a career in politics, Ms Zille was a journalist with the now-defunct liberal Rand Daily Mail newspaper.
Her greatest scoop as a political reporter came in 1977 when she uncovered how black consciousness activist Steve Biko - Ms Ramphele's partner - had been tortured to death while in police custody.
In doing so, she disproved the official version that he had died of natural causes and established her credentials as an opponent of apartheid.
Later, Ms Zille worked for the Black Sash, a civil rights group which the late Nelson Mandela once described as the "conscience of white South Africa" during the apartheid era.
When apartheid collapsed following the unbanning of the ANC and other liberation movements in 1990, Ms Zille - a married mother of two -  joined the tiny Democratic Party (DP),  which mostly represented South Africa's English-speaking white liberals.
It later rebranded itself as the DA, incorporating many Afrikaners who threw their weight behind it after it vowed to "Fight Back" against their erstwhile enemy, the ANC, in the 1999 election campaign.
Ms Zille became DA leader in 2007, fuelling hopes in party ranks that as a former anti-apartheid activist  fluent in Xhosa, one of the main indigenous languages, she would rebrand the party and win over many black voters.
But recent opinion polls by Ipsos put the DA support among black voters at just 6%.
"If it holds onto that [percentage in the election], or secures a touch more, it would represent about 4% growth among black voters since 2009. Back to the drawing board," Mr Van Onselen said.
Ms Zille is the premier of Western Cape - the only province the ANC did not win in 2009. A majority of the province's residents are coloured, or mixed-race, and they form a key DA constituency.
To broaden the DA's appeal, Ms Zille has elevated black people to top posts in the party - including Lindiwe Mazibuko as parliamentary leader and Mmusi Maimane as its national spokesman and premier candidate in Gauteng - the province which includes Johannesburg and Pretoria, and which the party is targeting in the 7 May election.
Speculation is rife in political circles that Ms Zille is fighting her last election as DA leader, and she will back either Ms Mazibuko or Mr Maimane as her successor to signal her determination to end racial polarisation in South African politics.
She has already shown she is willing to step aside, by saying Ms Ramphele would be the presidential candidate of their short-lived coalition.


Champions Crusaders were held to a draw by Glenavon but extended their lead at the top to seven points as nearest rivals Linfield lost to Portadown.

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Glenavon had taken the lead in the 28th minute through Eoin Bradley whose shot was deflected past keeper Sean O'Neill.
Crues striker Jordan Owens headed the equaliser from Michael Carvill's ball midway through the second half.
Glenavon's Bradley was then sent off after a head-to-head confrontation with home skipper Colin Coates.
Glenavon will be waiting to hear if Bradley is deemed to have been guilty of a head-butt, which would land him with an automatic six-game suspension.
After the match, Glenavon player-manager Gary Hamilton queried why his man was dismissed while Coates got a yellow card.
Bradley himself said: "Colin Coates is supposed to be one of the hard players in the Irish League, but when he goes down like that you have to wonder.
"He did his job and got me sent off."
Crusaders manager Stephen Baxter: "I didn't see the incident at all to be perfectly honest with you.
"Our boys in the dressing room are saying it was a very clean head-butt. You guys can watch it back on television and debate it.
"We should have won by five or six goals. We hit the woodwork and their keeper made some great saves.
"I thought we were awesome and Glenavon will be delighted to be going down the road with a point."


Anthony Martial's winning goal kept Manchester United in the chase for a Champions League place on the day they named a stand after Sir Bobby Charlton.

Martial turned in Tim Fosu-Mensah's cross from close range early in the second half to send Everton to a third straight Premier League defeat.
Phil Jagielka headed against the bar for the visitors, and later had a snapshot saved by David De Gea.
Victory leaves United one point behind fourth-placed Manchester City.
Manchester United's modern-day young players combined to set up victory on a day when the club honoured as great a home-grown talent as they have ever had.
Before kick-off, the South Stand was renamed after Sir Bobby Charlton, the Busby Babe who won the 1966 World Cup with England, and who remains United's record goalscorer.
Accompanied by his wife Norma, a visibly emotional Charlton watched from the pitch before kick-off as fans held up sheets to spell out his name.
The United team of 2016 follows strongly in the club's tradition of blooding young players - three of which were involved in the goal that provided a breakthrough after a turgid first half.
Marcus Rashford has been a revelation since breaking into the United team in February; scoring four times in his first two appearances and hitting the winner at Manchester City two weeks ago.
This time, his backheel freed fellow academy graduate Fosu-Mensah to play a low ball across goal, which 20-year-old Martial - signed from Monaco for an initial fee of £36m in September - touched in at the far post.
From his seat in the stand, Charlton applauded warmly, a smile breaking across his face.
The result will have been pleasing for Charlton, but this was a far from fluent United performance in a largely forgettable match.
For the 10th time in the Premier League this season, a first half at Old Trafford ended goalless, and there was not a single shot on target in the opening 45 minutes.
Everton just shaded that first half, with Marcos Rojo struggling at left-back against the pace of Everton winger Gerard Deulofeu.
United improved after taking the lead, but were never entirely comfortable and - in addition to Jagielka's two near-misses - escaped when the classy Fosu-Mensah made a brilliant clearance almost underneath his own bar to clear Seamus Coleman's low cross.
However, it was a second successive 1-0 victory for manager Louis van Gaal, which keeps his team firmly in contention to qualify for next season's Champions League.
It was a mixed afternoon for Everton defender John Stones, making only his second club start since late January as he attempts to ride through the trickiest spell of his young career to date.
A target for Chelsea last summer, Stones has had to watch on for much of the last two months as Ramiro Funes Mori has partnered Jagielka at centre-back.
Stones has been criticised for errors made when trying to play out from the back; the latest of which came with England on Tuesday, as a slip allowed the Netherlands to begin the move from which they earned a penalty in a 2-1 win.
The 21-year-old showed he still has plenty of confidence on the ball, and made a superbly-timed challenge to deny Martial in the first half.
However, he was at fault for United's winner, as both he and Coleman switched off to allow Martial space at the far post, and Everton fell to only their second away league defeat of the season.
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Everton manager Roberto Martinez: "There were two games within a game. Up until the goal, we were the team with a better tempo and we always looked a threat.
"The goal was a very soft action, it's not up to our standards. The performances were very, very level and we shouldn't have lost the game. It's that sort of game that came down to small margins - the ball hitting the crossbar is the difference between us getting something out of the game.
"We are a young group with great potential, but our home form hasn't been anywhere near good enough."
Manchester United travel to second-placed Tottenham in the Premier League next Sunday before an FA Cup quarter-final replay at West Ham three days later. Everton face a league trip to Watford next Saturday, and then to Crystal Palace the following Wednesday.
Match ends, Manchester United 1, Everton 0.
Second Half ends, Manchester United 1, Everton 0.
Antonio Valencia (Manchester United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Oumar Niasse (Everton).
Jesse Lingard (Manchester United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Jesse Lingard (Manchester United).
John Stones (Everton) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt blocked. Juan Mata (Manchester United) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Antonio Valencia.
Attempt saved. Marcus Rashford (Manchester United) left footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Anthony Martial.
Substitution, Everton. Oumar Niasse replaces Ross Barkley.
Hand ball by Romelu Lukaku (Everton).
Attempt blocked. Tom Cleverley (Everton) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Leighton Baines.
Foul by Anthony Martial (Manchester United).
Aaron Lennon (Everton) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Attempt saved. Phil Jagielka (Everton) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Everton. Conceded by Antonio Valencia.
Substitution, Manchester United. Antonio Valencia replaces Daley Blind because of an injury.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Daley Blind (Manchester United) because of an injury.
Offside, Manchester United. Juan Mata tries a through ball, but Marcus Rashford is caught offside.
Offside, Everton. Kevin Mirallas tries a through ball, but Seamus Coleman is caught offside.
Offside, Manchester United. David de Gea tries a through ball, but Jesse Lingard is caught offside.
Foul by Matteo Darmian (Manchester United).
Aaron Lennon (Everton) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Offside, Everton. Leighton Baines tries a through ball, but Romelu Lukaku is caught offside.
Attempt blocked. Kevin Mirallas (Everton) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Aaron Lennon.
Matteo Darmian (Manchester United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Romelu Lukaku (Everton).
Foul by Jesse Lingard (Manchester United).
James McCarthy (Everton) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Everton. Kevin Mirallas replaces Gerard Deulofeu because of an injury.
Foul by Anthony Martial (Manchester United).
James McCarthy (Everton) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Chris Smalling (Manchester United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Chris Smalling (Manchester United).
John Stones (Everton) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Manchester United. Conceded by John Stones.
Substitution, Manchester United. Ander Herrera replaces Michael Carrick.
Foul by Juan Mata (Manchester United).
Leighton Baines (Everton) wins a free kick in the defensive half.


Gloucester have signed New Zealand-born front row Josh Hohneck from Super Rugby champions Highlanders for next season.

The 30-year-old, who qualifies for England through his English mother, can play at tight-head or loose-head prop.
"His ability to play both sides of the scrum is a huge advantage. He will also make a big impact with ball carrying and defence," director of rugby David Humphreys told the club website.
Gloucester currently lie eighth in the Premiership, 11 points off fourth spot.
Hohneck added: "It's a very big step for me, and one I'm really looking forward to. I've watched a lot of English rugby, spoken to a lot of people who have played there and I can't wait to get involved.
"I've heard that the Gloucester fans love powerful forward play, and I'm hoping to deliver on that front. Having so many fellow Kiwis at the club will also help me settle in quickly."


An Australian woman who killed eight children in a stabbing attack at her home will not stand trial because she was of "unsound mind" at the time.

Raina Thaiday was experiencing a psychotic episode when she turned on her four sons, three daughters and a niece in Cairns in December 2014.
The legal decision - made last month but only now made public - means she cannot be held criminally responsible.
Thaiday, 40, is being held at a high-security centre in Brisbane.
It is unclear if she will ever be released back into the community.
The house where the children, aged between two and 14, were killed has been demolished. It has been replaced with a park to remember Malili, Angelina, Shantae, Rayden, Azariah, Daniel, Rodney and Patrenella.
Thaiday, also known as Mersane Warria, had been charged with the children's murders but Queensland's Mental Health Court ruled she should not stand trial.
Experts said before the killings she had never been treated for mental illness.
Several psychiatrists testified that it was likely that Thaiday's mental state had deteriorated in the months beforehand.
Thaiday believed she was the "Chosen One" and became obsessed with cleansing to protect herself and her family from demons.
A "dove call" - either real or imagined - sent her over the edge.
Forensic psychiatrist Dr Jane Phillips told the court: "She heard the sound of a bird and believed from hearing that sound it was a message she must kill the children to save them."
Psychiatrist Dr Frank Varghese said Thaiday was suffering from an "apocalyptic delusional state".
"This is quite a unique case and a horrendous case, the likes of which I've never seen before," he said.
"This is schizophrenia at its very depth and its worst."
The bodies were discovered by Thaiday's adult son, Lewis Warria. He found his mother in front of the house with 35 self-inflicted stab wounds.
Justice Jean Dalton said there was a convincing body of evidence that Thaiday could not control or understand her actions.
"Ms Thaiday had a mental illness that deprived her of capacity at the time of the killing," Justice Dalton said.
"That is, that she is entitled to the defence of unsoundness of mind - there is just no doubt about that on the evidence, and there is no doubt about the legal conclusion that flows from that."