Leeds Rhinos clung on to record only their third Super League win of the season against a gritty Hull FC.

The hosts led at the break when Jordan Lilley converted a penalty goal after Jimmy Keinhorst and Chris Green exchanged first-half scores.
Kirk Yeaman looked to have extended Hull's winning run with his try, but Lilley crossed to overhaul the deficit.
Jamie Jones-Buchanan battered his way over late on to put Leeds 20-12 up and Danny Houghton's try came too late.
It was Leeds's first win in five and ended Hull's run of five straight wins.
The game was played in near-constant rain and the subsequent conditions certainly affected the standard.
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Keinhorst's try, as much as Leeds looked more like their 2015 vintage in scoring it, came on the back of Hull errors.
Big forwards and short balls were the key to Green's crash over, as the vaunted expansive game of Hull's recent wins was sacrificed for direct running.
Lilley's penalty goal option emphasised the need to take points opportunities before the break.
Yeaman's score was tinged with controversy as it looked like he might have been ahead of play from the kick.
However, Lilley's smart finish gave Leeds hope and Jones-Buchanan had Headingley rocking with his drive over.
Houghton added anxiety to the mix with a late score but the hooter came to lift Leeds spirits.
Leeds head coach Brian McDermott:
"I'm pleased for the players and the fans have been great throughout this tough period.
"You don't realise how good a club you've got until you go through some tough periods. The club has been really supportive.
"There's some benefits in winning that one and I'm pleased, but at the same time it wasn't great and we've got some work to do.
"All the way through that second half, we certainly defended anxiously and looked tired. We're not that tired, but they're walking around like they're mega tired at the moment. That's the situation we're in.
"The thought of losing again would have probably got to them."
Hull FC coach Lee Radford told BBC Radio Humberside:
"We could've won it, but we could've lost it. I think Leeds deserved it, but there was nothing in it.
"They're a phenomenal side. They've got players missing, but if you look at that team out there it's the team that did the treble last year.
"We knew it was going to be really tough, but we gave it a real go and it was a real ding-dong.
"Conditions played a massive part in being able to play much rugby, it was horrible to watch from both teams."
Leeds Rhinos: Hardaker; Golding, Watkins, Keinhorst, Handley; Sutcliffe, Lilley; Galloway, Burrow, Garbutt, Ablett, Achurch, Jones-Buchanan.
Replacements: Mullally, Singleton, Falloon, Delaney.
Hull FC: Naughton; Michaels, Fonua, Yeamn, Talanoa,; Washbrook, Sneyd; Taylor, Houghton, Watts, Pritchard, Manu, Bowden.
Replacements: Palea'aesina, Green, Thompson, Hadley.
Referee: Joe Cobb


An exhibition marking the 200th anniversary of Jane Austen's death will feature writings from her teenage years and the original ending she wrote for her novel Persuasion.

About 80 items, including artwork, letters and clothing from collections around the world will go on display in Winchester in the summer.
Exhibits will include the author's silk pelisse coat, her purse and sewing box.
A portrait, not been seen in public for more than 40 years, is also included.
It is one of five to be brought together for the show.
The exhibition takes place at The Gallery in Winchester Discovery Centre - a few miles from Austen's birthplace of Steventon - from 13 May to 24 July.
Co-curator Louise West said: "The bringing together for the first time of five portraits of Jane Austen will, we hope, provoke reaction and excite argument about the mysterious Miss Austen.
"This is a new way of exploring Austen's identity and we are thrilled to be sharing this opportunity with the public."


Lord Coe has launched his manifesto for election to the IAAF presidency, promising to transform the athletics calendar and attract more young people into the sport.

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Coe, a vice-president of athletics' world governing body, is bidding to succeed Lamine Diack in 2015.
The proposed reforms were outlined by Coe, 58, in London on Wednesday.
He said the plans were designed to increase the appeal of athletics "in a world that is rapidly changing".
"To many within and outside our sport, our calendar seems disjointed, lacks a narrative and the essential glue to build excitement and a loyal and passionate following," the two-time Olympic 1500m champion said.
"We need to be more innovative in how we project and present our sport to the world, both in venue and on screen, give serious consideration to an 'IAAF Street Athletics' circuit to help reach new audiences, and create a new IAAF division that has the sole purpose of focusing on youth engagement, especially via social media.
"I believe that it is essential that we open up a real debate and take a long hard look at the 'product' of athletics."
Having led the team that staged the London 2012 Games, Coe has been widely tipped to become the most powerful man in world athletics.
He has made no secret of his desire to succeed Senegalese Diack, 80, in charge of the International Association of Athletics Federations but is expected to be challenged by fellow vice-president Sergey Bubka, Ukraine's former pole vault world record holder.
The deadline for candidates to register as candidates for the presidency is May 2015. The election will take place at the IAAF Congress in Beijing in August.


A South African man has won his legal bid to force leading mobile phone firm Vodacom to pay him for inventing a popular messaging service.

The country's highest court ordered the firm to compensate ex-employee Nkosana Makate for the Please Call Me service.
He waged a nine-year court battle, accusing Vodacom of breaching an agreement to pay him.
Please Call Me was introduced in 2001, allowing prepaid phone users to send a free text asking to be phoned back.
"I have no hard feelings towards Vodacom. I love the company. I worked for it since I was 18-years-old‚" a visibly elated Mr Makate said after the judgment, South Africa's Times Live news site reports.
"I've been on this road for 16 years‚ nine years now in trial‚ after three dismissals by the lower courts. It's been a long journey for me‚" he added.
The Constitutional Court overturned a ruling of a lower court, which said that while Please Call Me was Mr Makate's idea he could not claim payment as he only had an oral agreement with Vodacom's director of product development, Philip Geissler, who lacked the authority to make a deal on behalf of the firm.
Mr Makate has previously told local media that the invention had generated about 70bn rand ($5bn; £3bn) for Vodacom and he wanted a 15% cut of that.
A lawyer for Vodacom was quoted by local media as saying they were studying the judgement.


Former Labour leader Ed Miliband has said he is "deeply disturbed" by claims of anti-Semitism at Oxford University Labour Club (OULC).

He has pulled out of a scheduled talk after the club's co-chairman Alex Chalmers resigned over it voting to support Israel Apartheid Week.
Mr Chalmers said many members had "some kind of problem with Jews". Labour Students has launched an investigation.
Mr Miliband, a former OULC member, had been due to give a talk on 4 March.
Updates on this story and more from Oxfordshire
This has now been postponed until after the investigation.
Mr Miliband's office said: "It is right that the executive of the club has roundly condemned the comments and fully co-operates with the Labour Students' investigation.
"Ed and the Labour Club have agreed that his talk should be postponed until the investigation is resolved."
Mr Chalmers, an Oriel College undergraduate, posted a statement on Facebook announcing his resignation.
He said certain members' attitudes at the club were becoming "poisonous" and "a large proportion of both OULC and the Student Left in Oxford more generally have some kind of problem with Jews".
He said the decision to endorse Israel Apartheid Week illustrated the "uneven and insincere" attitude of some members "when it comes to liberation".
According to its website, Israel Apartheid Week takes place across 150 universities and cities and "aims to raise awareness about Israel's ongoing settler-colonial project and apartheid policies over the Palestinian people".
OULC said it would fully co-operate with Labour Students - the national youth body of the political party - in its investigation into allegations of anti-Semitism.
A spokesman for the Labour Party said it supported the investigation.
Universities minister Jo Johnson wrote on Twitter: "Concerned by reports of vile antisemitism on campus - Oxford Uni needs to undertake urgent investigation."
Oxford University did not comment on whether an investigation was being launched. It said students were encouraged to officially report harassment to the university authorities.


A plan to unofficially rename the assembly as the Welsh Parliament has been watered down.

AMs had been due to vote on the idea on Tuesday, but the Welsh Government-led motion was postponed.
It has been re-tabled for next Tuesday, but with the term Welsh Parliament dropped and Presiding Officer Elin Jones asked to examine renaming the body.
The Welsh Tories said the government had "overestimated its influence".
The Welsh Government said it had worked with Ms Jones to agree the motion.
There have been calls made for the assembly to be renamed to the Welsh Parliament for a number of years, with Welsh Conservative leader Andrew RT Davies saying in 2012 the assembly was a parliament "in all but name".
Jane Hutt, Labour's chief whip in the assembly, had originally tabled a motion to be voted on by AMs that said that the National Assembly for Wales agrees "its name should be changed to the 'Welsh Parliament' at the earliest opportunity".
The motion added that the institution "should be known unofficially by that name until such a name change can be formalised".
But the revised motion now says "the assembly should change its name to reflect its constitutional status as a national parliament".
Ms Hutt's new motion also "invites the presiding officer and assembly commission to consider the implications of such a change and how best to give it effect".
Bethan Jenkins, Plaid Cymru AM for South Wales West, will try to amend the motion to say that the Welsh language word Senedd - currently used to refer to the building that houses the assembly chamber - should be used to the institution itself.
The word Senedd is also used in Welsh to refer to the UK Parliament.
Spokespeople from the Welsh Government and the assembly said the presiding officer and ministers were happy to work with each other on the wording of the motion.
A Welsh Conservative spokesman said: "The original phrasing of the motion would suggest that the Welsh Government had originally overestimated its influence in this matter."
"Their mistake is evident from the subsequent re-phrasing of the motion," he said.
"We welcome the role of the Presiding Officer in defending the autonomy of the assembly and look forward to this proposal being taken forward if it secures the majority vote of the assembly."


The spacecraft which made a spectacular landing on a comet last year has discovered a rich array of carbon compounds.

One leading scientist has even described the chemicals as "a frozen primordial soup".
This supports the theory that comets may have seeded the early Earth with the ingredients for life.
The findings came after the lander, known as Philae, touched down on comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko 67P in November.
It was dropped by the European Space Agency's Rosetta "mothership" in the climactic stage of a ten-year mission.
Results from the lander's seven instruments are published in a special collection of papers in the journal Science.
One team running a device called COSAC found no fewer than 16 organic compounds, four of which had not been known to exist on comets before.
Prof Ian Wright of the Open University, who leads another instrument, Ptolemy, said the results were "really interesting".
"I see this cometary material that we're analysing as frozen primordial soup. It's the kind of stuff that if you had it, and warmed it up somehow, and put it in the right environment, with the right conditions, you may eventually get life forming out of it.
"What we may be looking at here is our abiological ancestral material - this is stuff that went into the mix to produce life.
"In many ways it's quite a humbling thing to be working on, because this is life before life happened."
One of Ptolemy's most significant discoveries is of a compound known as polyoxymethylene, a string of relatively simple molecules forming a polymer of formaldehyde.
Prof Wright said: "The simplest unit of this polymer is a single carbon, two hydrogens and a single oxygen, and this then repeats itself. That same ratio of elements occur in carbohydrates and sugars so it's very interesting and implicated in the biological cycle we have on Earth."
In a separate paper, Fred Goesmann and colleagues describe the 16 compounds found by their COSAC instrument, and their possible importance for the development of life.
Hydroxyethanal is "an efficient initiator in the prebiotic formation of sugars", they write.
And methanenitrile is "a key molecule in the prebiotic synthesis of amino acids and nucleobases and even offers an elegant pathway to sugars".
The authors conclude that the complexity of the comet's chemical makeup, and the presence of organics containing nitrogen, "imply that early solar system chemistry fosters the formation of prebiotic material in noticeable concentrations".
None of the papers suggests the presence of more sophisticated compounds such as amino acids - though further analysis of the findings may yield that.
Professor Charles Cockell, director of the UK Astrobiology Centre, was not involved in the mission but told the BBC the results were "very significant".
"Finding simple organic compounds on a comet out there in space, showing us that they could have been delivered to the early Earth, early in the history of our planet, is tremendously exciting.
"It gives us better ideas about how those building blocks of life may have formed and where they may have come from.
"It confirms there is organic chemistry throughout the universe, that carbon-containing compounds, some of which are very complex, could be being formed on comets in our solar system."
Prof Mark McCaughrean, the European Space Agency's senior science advisor, told BBC News: "Imagine you want to build a house and you go to a forest, where there are trees, mud and rocks. You could make a house out of that, but it would be hard work.
"Well, we've now discovered the comet is more like a hardware shop - lots of pre-made building blocks, like door frames, bricks etc. It gives you a head start.
"One of the big questions, though, is this material made on the comet? Or is it made first in space and then incorporated into the comet? We don't know the answer to that yet."
The data published today was gathered during Philae's chaotic landing on the comet. Ptolemy had been programmed to switch on ten minutes after touching down.
Prof Wright told the BBC: "The idea was we'd just have time for a sniff of the air - there was no great reason to do it, it was to check the instrument had survived landing, an insurance policy to get some data as soon as possible."
As things turned out, Philae did not anchor itself to its original landing zone but bounced back up which meant that Ptolemy's 'sniff' took place while the spacecraft was airborne.
Despite this, the instrument successfully got readings of whatever material had entered its vent pipe.
"We've just got a snapshot of some dust that was flying around as we landed but we've got some very significant data," Prof Wright said.
After a long silence, the Philae lander made contact last month but the link has been intermittent and the spacecraft's fate is unclear.
One theory is that it may have been dislodged or tipped over by a jet of gas emerging from the rocks beneath it.
And gas jets are becoming more intense as the comet approaches the Sun - with its closest approach, known as perihelion, coming up shortly on 13 August.
Another idea is that because Philae is believed to be sitting at the foot of a cliff, it may have been hit by falling debris, dislodged as the surface warms.
But those involved in the mission are determined to remain optimistic that the lander has survived and will resume contact.
Even if it does not, several loads of data, collected and sent back in the Philae's first 60 hours on the comet, are still being analysed and have yet to be published.


Award-winning McGhee's Bakery has announced plans to boost production capacity by a third at its flagship Glasgow bakery.

The firm is to invest Â£3m in extending its facility at the M8 Food Park in Port Dundas.
The extension is due for completion in the spring of next year.
McGhee's, which recently won the 2015 Scottish Baker of the Year award for the first time, has further operations in Kilmarnock and Motherwell.
The company is forecasting revenue growth of about 10% in 2015/16.
Managing director Gordon McGhee said: "The business has enjoyed strong growth following our move to the M8 Food Park 10 years ago and we are fully focused on further building our reputation and offering.
"Our significant investment in extending the bakery will help us consolidate and expand that offering to customers, in particular in the export market and frozen food sectors."


Satellite broadcaster Sky has secured a last-minute deal to keep 12 Discovery channels on its television service.

The US broadcaster behind channels such as Eurosport and TLC had threatened to remove its channels from Sky on 31 January after a dispute over fees.
Discovery said the new agreement would keep its programmes on Sky for "years to come".
Sky's UK chief Stephen van Rooyen said the deal was concluded on the "right terms".
No financial details of the agreement have been released by either company.
Many channels pay thousands of pounds to appear on Sky's platform. However, Sky also pays some channel providers to include their content in subscription packages.
Discovery had claimed Sky did not pay a "fair price" for its channels - but Sky said Discovery's threat to remove the channels was about "commercial self-interest".
Announcing the agreement, Mr Van Rooyen said: "The deal has been concluded on the right terms after Discovery accepted the proposal we gave them over a week ago."
A spokesman for Discovery said the deal was "meaningfully better than our former agreement and their proposal".
He said: "Our new arrangement enables us to control our destiny in more ways, with even more opportunities to invest and launch channels and consumer services."
Tim Westcott, senior principal analyst in TV programming at IHS Markit said Sky was probably looking for ways to save money when renegotiating channel carriage deals, as it copes with large rises in sports rights costs.
"Sky is trying to control its operating costs. One way of doing that is to cut back on what it pays channel providers," said Mr Westcott.
Discovery's portfolio in the UK includes Discovery Channel, Eurosport, TLC, Animal Planet and DMAX.  Its channels are also available on other services such as Virgin Media.
Sky also announced a new deal with PBS America that will bring the US broadcaster's factual programming to Sky, covering history, science, current affairs, arts and culture.


Nigeria's President Muhammadu Buhari has said he feels ready to return home after medical treatment in the UK, and is awaiting his doctor's permission.

The African leader has recently faced questions at home over whether he is well enough to run the country.
Since the start of 2017 he has spent more time in the UK than in Nigeria.
His current period of sick leave is the second this year, after a stint from January to March. The nature of his illness has not been disclosed.
"I feel I could go home, but the doctors are in charge," Mr Buhari said in a statement. "I've now learnt to obey orders, rather than be obeyed."
He added that there had been a "tremendous improvement" in his health.
Some protesters in Nigeria's capital, Abuja, have demanded the president's resignation this week. Others called for more transparency about his condition.
When Mr Buhari first went to London for treatment in June 2016, his office said it was for a persistent ear infection.
His main opponents in Nigeria's 2015 election had claimed he had prostate cancer - which he denied.
Photos released by the presidency show the 74-year-old standing outdoors in sunglasses and smiling as he holds a "Get well soon" card.
Mr Buhari has appointed his deputy, Yemi Osinbajo, to carry out his duties in his absence.
The leader's medical challenges have sparked speculation in Nigeria about whether he will be fit to seek a second term in 2019.
If he does not stand for re-election, observers say, it could prompt tensions between factions in the largely Muslim north and mostly Christian south.
The health of Nigeria's leaders has been a sensitive topic since 2010, when President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua died in office after months of treatment overseas.


A pony and its teenage rider had to be rescued after falling into a peat bog.

The pair were on an organised ride in Rendlesham Forest in Suffolk when they strayed about a foot off the path and plunged into the quagmire.
The 14-year-old girl was pulled out by a member of the Finn Valley Riding Club but it took a further 15 minutes to "encourage" the pony out of the mud. Neither rider nor pony were injured.
The Forestry Commission, which manages the land, said it was investigating.
The riding club's chairman James Smith had marked out the course at about 06:00 BST on Sunday and said conditions were damp, but there was "nothing untoward at all".
More on this and other news from Suffolk
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When he heard about the accident, at about 11:30, he cycled down the path to where the girl and pony had fallen.
The teenager was quickly pulled out by another rider, but the 14.2 hands-high pony had sunk up to its shoulders.
"When I got there it was eating grass at the side of the bog, so it was pretty relaxed. I was more fearful it might be exhausted from thrashing around, but in fact it wasn't," Mr Smith said.
He and others helped the pony out of the mud.
"James went above and beyond, and was up to his waist in that stinking bog," said the girl's mother, who did not wish to be named.
A Forestry Commission spokesman said: "We will review the event with the riding club to fully understand the circumstances of this incident and see if additional controls are needed to try and stop this happening again, and keep riders and their horses safe on the bridleway."


An MP has criticised "the level of misinformation" about a referendum on an elected mayor for Bath and North East Somerset.

The referendum will take place on 10 March, but Bath Conservative MP Ben Howlett said he was concerned about a "lack of awareness" about the issue.
Mr Howlett also said he is worried about the public's level of engagement.
Bath and North East Somerset Council said the referendum had been publicised in press releases and tweets.
It also said it was the subject of a two-page article in the winter edition of the council magazine which was distributed to all households in the region.
A further news release and polling cards will also be sent out to all households this week, the authority added.
Supporters of the referendum say Bath needs a mayor to give local government more visibility.
Directly elected mayors were created by the Local Government Act 2000 as one option for local government, as long as the idea was backed in a referendum.
Mr Howlett said he was "personally concerned" that an elected mayor was not appropriate for an area "as diverse" as Bath and North East Somerset, and that it could "lead to an increase in the cost of local politics".
"The level of misinformation on this issue is worrying - many people seem to still believe this is about a mayor of Bath and not understanding it would cover all of Bath and North East Somerset.
"I hope in the coming weeks more information will be forthcoming to enable residents to make an informed decision," he added.


Experts from the bird charity RSPB say some of the UK's most impressive seabirds could be disappearing from England's coastline.

18 April 2012 Last updated at 18:34 BST
They say climate change is to blame - the birds need fish for their food, and the fish are staying in colder seas further north of Britain.
To work out what's really happening, researchers are starting a massive count at one of Britain's most important homes to seabirds - Bempton Cliffs in East Yorkshire.
Bempton Cliffs is the biggest mainland colony for birds in England. Around 200,000 seabirds flock there, but the experts are seeing a decline in numbers of several species including the puffin.
Watch Joe's report to find out more.


Ridley Scott's return to directing a film in the Alien franchise has received mixed reviews ahead of its UK and US release.

Alien: Covenant, which is out in the UK on Friday, is the sequel to Scott's 2012 Prometheus and stars Michael Fassbender and Katherine Winterston.
The Guardian said the "parasitic space alien has returned for this watchable if unoriginal sci-fi thriller".
But The Telegraph said the film was "grandiose" and "exhilarating".
"To want more Alien after this... would be to want to see something very odd indeed," Robbie Collin continued. "But Covenant leaves the mythos feeling riper and more vitalised than ever."
In The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw went on to say: "The vu has never been so deja: It's a greatest-hits compilation of the other Alien films' freaky moments.
"The paradox is that though you are intended to recognise these touches, you won't really be impressed unless you happen to be seeing them for the first time."
The Independent described it as a "mightily impressive piece of cinematic engineering".
"Every second here is tinged with dark foreboding, with the relentless tension that marked the 1979 original," the paper's Clarisse Loughrey said.
The Mirror was equally effusive, saying: "Scott's final theatrical flourish sends the franchise spinning out in a new direction. This is screamingly great cinema."
In the US, where the movie comes out on 19 May, Variety magazine was firmly on the fence, saying the film was "more of the same, which is both a relief to fans and a letdown to those hoping it might pave new ground".
Its reviewer Peter Debruge concluded: "As acts of creation go, Scott has made an Alien movie for that segment of the audience that has always rooted for the monster."
In the Hollywood Reporter, the verdict was considerably more enthusiastic, saying the film was "gripping through its full two hours and spiked with some real surprises".
"This beautifully made sci-fi thriller will immeasurably boost fan interest in the run of prequels which Scott has recently said will consist of at least two more films until the action catches up to the 1979 original," it said.
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A man was pushed on to the tracks at a Glasgow railway station as a gang hurled racist abuse at him.

He was pushed between a stationary train and the platform at Anniesland station at about 18:15 on Sunday.
The two men and woman responsible for the attack also racially abused their victim.
When he got back on the platform, he was assaulted by a third man who also racially abused him.
A man has been arrested in connection with the second assault.
British Transport Police have issued an appeal for information in the wake of the attacks.
Det Sgt Dougie Gallacher said: "Remarkably, the victim is relatively uninjured as a result of being pushed on the tracks and the following assault on the platform, however this could have easily been a lot more serious.
"We believe the man was assaulted on two separate occasions, the first being when he was pushed on to the tracks and the second when he was back on the platform.
"The train that was at the station at the time was the 16:40 service from Edinburgh to Helensburgh and we're appealing to passengers on the train and station who may have witnessed what happened to get in touch with us."
The force has issued descriptions of those involved in a bid to indentify them.
Anyone with information should contact British Transport Police on 0800 40 50 40 or text 61016.


England eased to a 79-run win over the United Arab Emirates in their only warm-up game before the Twenty20 series against Pakistan.

Jason Roy hit 59 and Alex Hales 40, putting on 92 for the first wicket inside seven overs in Abu Dhabi.
Although the tourists faltered as they posted 174-6, the UAE managed only 95-9 in reply, with off-spinner Moeen Ali taking 4-11 and Chris Jordan 2-14.
The first T20 of the three-match series is in Dubai on Thursday at 16:00 GMT.
Eoin Morgan's side are building towards the World Twenty20 in India, which starts in March 2016.
Pakistan won the Test series 2-0 before England took the one-day series 3-1.


Avon and Somerset Police will not be renewing its contract with the joint venture company Southwest One, the BBC has learned.

A 10-year-long deal is due to end in June 2018, and chief constable Andy Marsh confirmed he had "given notice" that the contract will not be renewed.
Instead he said he wants to work with neighbouring police and fire services.
Southwest One, which is 75% owned by IBM, carries out administrative, IT and human resources tasks for the force.
Mr Marsh said: "We will be finding a new way of providing those services. It is my intention to collaborate with other forces.
"I do believe I can save some money and I want to protect frontline numbers."
A partnership with Southwest One was set up between the police, Somerset County Council and Taunton Deane Borough Council in 2007.
The aim was to save about £180m over 10 years.
But in 2012 the private firm launched legal action against Somerset County Council, in a dispute over allegations the firm was failing to deliver promised savings.
The issue was eventually settled out of court the following year with the authority paying a £5.9m settlement.
Somerset County Council subsequently terminated its contract with the company in December last year.
There has so far been no formal comment on Avon and Somerset Police's decision from Southwest One.


Plans to make all children who fail their end-of-primary-school tests sit them again in secondary have been scrapped in a government U-turn.

The plans had sparked outrage from teachers who feared some children would be labelled as failures on arrival at secondary school.
Education Secretary Justine Greening said instead children would be offered support to catch up lost ground.
She also assured teachers no new tests would be introduced before 2018.
Additionally, the spelling and grammar test for seven-year-olds introduced in 2015-16 is to remain non-compulsory for schools next year.
The changes come after a difficult academic year for the Department for Education over assessment.
As new tests were introduced, teachers complained materials and information were slow to materialise and there were a number of leaks live test material.
In a written statement, Ms Greening said: "Summer 2016 saw the first pupils taking the new assessments in English and mathematics at the end of primary school.
"They were set against the new national curriculum, which has been benchmarked against what the highest-performing countries around the world are teaching their children.
"As a result, the new assessments rightly raised the bar on what we expect pupils to have been taught by the age of 11, better preparing them for secondary school and beyond."
But she said teachers had risen to that challenge with 66% of pupils meeting or exceeding the new "expected standard" in reading, 70% in maths and 74% in writing
Ms Greening said: "The pace and scale of these changes has been stretching.
"Our objective is to make sure that children are ready for the next stage of their education.
"We know, and Ofsted inspectors understand, that the 2016 assessments and results mark a break with the past and are not comparable with the preceding years."
In recognition of this, Ms Greening said no school would face any intervention, such as being taken over and turned into an academy, on the basis of these results alone.
On the climb down over Year 7 resits, she said: "Rather, we will focus on the steps needed to ensure a child catches up lost ground.
"High-quality resit papers will be made available for teachers to use if they wish, as part of their ongoing assessments.
"In addition, we will introduce a targeted package of support to make sure that struggling pupils are supported by teachers to catch up in year 7."
Shadow education secretary Angela Rayner said: "Under the Tories parents and teachers are struggling to navigate their way through the government's constant chopping and changing to exams and assessments.
"The chaos surrounding results year on year is creating confusion for parents, who are struggling to identify how to support their child to improve, and extra bureaucracy for school leaders and teachers, who are finding it extremely difficult to plan ahead to ensure high quality education for children."
Kim Johnson, president of National Association of Head Teachers, said: "Secondary leaders will welcome the government's plans to halt planned resits of Sats in Year 7.
"These tests would not have helped children or teachers."
Christine Keates, head of the Nasuwt teaching union, said: "It appears that the Secretary of State has now recognised the real challenges around statutory end of key-stage assessment.
"The recognition that there were problems with the 2015/16 data, and that because of this no schools should face harsh sanctions solely on the basis of that data, is a welcome step towards relieving the pressure and anxiety some schools have been experiencing."


A petition calling for police animals to be given the same status as officers if they are injured at work will be debated in Parliament.

The Finn's Law campaign is named after the Hertfordshire police dog who, along with his handler, was stabbed in Stevenage while chasing a suspect.
It wants people who attack police animals to face charges similar to those for attacking a person.
It will be debated on 14 November after topping 100,000 signatures in a month.
More on this and other news from Hertfordshire
German shepherd Finn was stabbed in the head and chest and his handler, PC Dave Wardell, received a hand injury in Denton Road after they pursued a suspect in the early hours of 5 October.
A 16-year-old boy from London has been charged with the assault of the officer and criminal damage relating to the dog.
The petition, set up on the UK government's petition site days after the attack, proposes that police animals "be given protection that reflects their status if assaulted in the line of duty" and has now received more than 120,000 signatures.
Mark Tasker from the campaign said: "We are absolutely elated, we always knew this was something that would capture the public's imagination and it seems that Parliament recognises just how offensive it is to classify the killing or serious attack on a police dog or horse as criminal damage."
Assistant Chief Constable Dan Vajzovic from the Joint Protected Services for Beds, Cambs and Herts said: "It has been uplifting to see how much the public have got behind the issue and given their support.
"Naturally we support any legislation that offers an effective mechanism for reducing the likelihood of officers and their police dogs being subject to assault and injury."
The injured dog underwent emergency surgery and is now recovering at home.
The officer required treatment in hospital.


Joseph Mendes scored early in each half as Reading climbed back up to fourth in the Championship by ending Aston Villa's five-match unbeaten run.

The Frenchman fired home his first after being played in by Lewis Grabban, but James Chester soon headed home Conor Hourihane's corner to equalise.
Mendes squandered an easy chance, but made no mistake after the break as he swept home his second of the game.
Grabban sealed the win from the spot after Leandro Bacuna fouled Liam Kelly.
The victory was Reading's first in a league game at Villa Park and put them just one point behind third-placed Huddersfield, but perhaps more importantly six points clear of Fulham in seventh, with just four games remaining.
It was a tremendous turnaround by Jaap Stam's side after a 7-1 defeat by Norwich in their previous game, and the Dutchman left top scorer Yann Kermorgant on the bench as one of four changes.
Villa had won their five previous home games without conceding a goal, but that record was soon ended as Mendes marked his first league start by firing past Sam Johnstone.
Reading keeper Ali Al-Habsi made a superb save from Mile Jedinak, only to let himself down from the resulting corner by failing to get anywhere near the ball as Chester levelled.
Johnstone twice denied Grabban before the interval but he could do nothing about Reading's second just a minute after the restart, as the forward produced a perfect ball for Mendes to restore their lead.
Sub Scott Hogan wasted Villa's best chance of the second half, and they remain 12th in the table after Grabban converted the penalty to make the points safe.
Aston Villa boss Steve Bruce:  "I don't like getting beaten and I don't like getting beaten by sloppiness. I thought that was a thing of the past, a performance like that.
"I couldn't fault their effort but it was how they handled making a mistake, if you're going to play for a big club like this you've got to be able to handle that.
"We made more individual errors than we have done in the past three months. We have been punished and given really, really bad goals away."
Reading manager Jaap Stam:  "I'm very happy with the character of my team throughout the whole season. Okay, sometimes we get defeats but we're not too worried about defeats.
"We're very confident in how the team can play. You can have an off day - look at PSG against Barcelona - but it's about what you do after.
"For Joseph it wasn't the easiest season because he came from France and had some injuries. He has worked hard in the last couple of months.
"As a player you can respond by talking in the press, by calling the manager certain names, but you can also respond by working hard in the game and scoring goals."
Match ends, Aston Villa 1, Reading 3.
Second Half ends, Aston Villa 1, Reading 3.
Attempt saved. Yann Kermorgant (Reading) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Attempt missed. Jack Grealish (Aston Villa) right footed shot from the left side of the box is high and wide to the right. Assisted by Conor Hourihane.
Jonathan Kodjia (Aston Villa) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by George Evans (Reading).
Attempt missed. John Swift (Reading) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left. Assisted by Garath McCleary.
Attempt missed. James Chester (Aston Villa) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Conor Hourihane with a cross following a set piece situation.
Substitution, Reading. George Evans replaces Liam Kelly.
John Swift (Reading) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Alan Hutton (Aston Villa) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by John Swift (Reading).
Corner,  Reading. Conceded by Alan Hutton.
Attempt missed. Conor Hourihane (Aston Villa) left footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left. Assisted by Jonathan Kodjia.
Alan Hutton (Aston Villa) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Yann Kermorgant (Reading).
Goal!  Aston Villa 1, Reading 3. Lewis Grabban (Reading) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom right corner.
Leandro Bacuna (Aston Villa) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Penalty conceded by Leandro Bacuna (Aston Villa) after a foul in the penalty area.
Penalty Reading. Liam Kelly draws a foul in the penalty area.
Corner,  Aston Villa. Conceded by Liam Moore.
Attempt blocked. Jonathan Kodjia (Aston Villa) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Leandro Bacuna.
Substitution, Aston Villa. Jack Grealish replaces Nathan Baker.
Liam Moore (Reading) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jonathan Kodjia (Aston Villa).
Attempt blocked. John Swift (Reading) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Yann Kermorgant.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Yann Kermorgant (Reading) because of an injury.
Substitution, Reading. Yann Kermorgant replaces Joseph Mendes.
Attempt missed. Scott Hogan (Aston Villa) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high. Assisted by Mile Jedinak.
Attempt saved. Lewis Grabban (Reading) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal. Assisted by Garath McCleary.
Attempt blocked. Alan Hutton (Aston Villa) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Mile Jedinak (Aston Villa) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Jonathan Kodjia.
Corner,  Aston Villa. Conceded by Jordan Obita.
Jordan Obita (Reading) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Jordan Obita (Reading).
Alan Hutton (Aston Villa) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Substitution, Reading. Garath McCleary replaces Adrian Popa.
Corner,  Reading. Conceded by Mile Jedinak.
Chris Gunter (Reading) wins a free kick in the defensive half.


The first minister of Wales and Plaid Cymru's leader have published a plan for Brexit, calling for freedom of movement rules to be linked to whether migrants have a job.

The white paper, launched by Carwyn Jones and Leanne Wood in London, demands full single market access.
Ms Wood said on Monday that free movement was "not a problem".
UKIP's Neil Hamilton dismissed the Labour/Plaid white paper as a "white flag of surrender" to the EU.
Last week, Prime Minister Theresa May said the UK should leave the single market as she outlined her 12 principles for Brexit.
Mr Jones said the plan respected the Welsh vote to leave the EU but would give the UK "full and unfettered access" to the single market.
He said freedom of movement rules could require EU migrants to have a job offer before entering the UK, adding UK legislation could be enforced to stop workers being exploited.
"Our plan explains how we can strike a balance between the message the Welsh people gave us with the economic reality that we face," he said.
According to the paper, 79% of EU migrants aged 16-64 in Wales are in employment.
The Welsh Government white paper called for:
It also called for social and environmental protections, and workers' rights to be maintained, and for transition arrangements to be properly considered so the UK does "not fall off" an economic "cliff edge".
Ms Wood said that, in engaging with the process of drawing up a plan, Plaid Cymru had "prioritised the Welsh economy".
"We have done this because two thirds of all of our exports go to the European single market," she said.
Speaking on BBC Radio 4's Today programme on Monday, Mr Jones said it made "no sense" to place barriers between Wales and its biggest market.
The document follows an agreement between Labour, Plaid Cymru and the Liberal Democrats.
UKIP Wales leader Neil Hamilton dismissed the proposals, saying: "It's not so much a white paper as a white flag of surrender to the EU before negotiations have actually started.
"If Theresa May were to take this blueprint to Brussels then the EU would get everything they wanted.
"It would mean that we weren't leaving the EU in any meaningful sense at all."
Nathan Gill, UKIP Wales MEP, said the paper proved "just how out of touch the political elite in Cardiff Bay are with the majority of Welsh voters".
"The latest YouGov poll released at the beginning of this month showed that the majority of Welsh voters want full control over immigration," he said.
"The only way to control the quantity and quality of people coming to Britain is to leave the single market."
Welsh Conservative leader Andrew RT Davies said he would have tried to reach a wider cross-party agreement but claimed the first minister had not invited him.
"We have a disorganised message coming from Wales," he said, adding Europe also needed to respond on the issue of immigration.
"When the single market was created and the tenets that underpin the single market, this mass movement of people around Europe wasn't a consideration," he said.
"It is a consideration today."
Mr Davies told BBC Radio Wales that, given Scotland had tabled a paper at the joint ministerial committee on Brexit last Thursday, the Welsh Government plan was "a bit late in the day".
But the first minister has defended the decision to publish the plan a week after Mrs May set out the UK government's objectives, saying the Welsh plan was more detailed and comprehensive.
The leaders' launch comes ahead of the expected decision by the Supreme Court on Tuesday on whether Parliament should have a say before Article 50 is invoked.


Police investigating a mass disturbance in the Castlemilk area of Glasgow in which a man was shot dead have made a fourth arrest.

Jamie Lee, 22, died and another five people were injured near a play area in Ballantay Terrace on 8 July.
Police said a 17-year-old man had been arrested and detained in connection with an alleged assault.
On Thursday, a 45-year-old man was arrested for assault. Two teenagers have previously appeared in court.
Police have also said they want to trace 23-year-old Jordan Owen - whom they described as "dangerous" - following the fatal shooting.
Officers have warned the public not to approach him.
He is described as 5ft 8in tall, with a slim build and short brown hair.


Finance ministers from Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales have said they should be included in the UK's negotiations to leave the EU.

The ministers were speaking after they met in Cardiff to discuss the implications of the EU referendum vote.
Voters in Scotland and Northern Ireland opted to remain in the EU in the referendum, while Wales voted to leave.
Northern Ireland Finance Minister Máirtín Ó Muilleoir described the meeting as "positive".
"We want to speak with one voice to the chancellor - when we speak together, in a united fashion, we speak for 10m people," Mr Ó Muilleoir said.
"So despite the fact that we voted in the north of Ireland to remain, the Scottish voted to remain, the Welsh voted to leave, despite that, I think we have made common cause today around some issues we want to bring to the chancellor's table.
"We do seek resolution, particularly around this austerity agenda hampering our economic growth."
His Welsh counterpart Mark Drakeford said all three nations relied on EU funding.
"All three of us have to be determined to hold the United Kingdom to account in delivering the promises that were made to people that money would come in Wales' case to Wales - and that Wales would be better off, not worse off, as a result of leaving the European Union," Mr Drakeford said.
"That's a common cause for us all," he said.
Scottish Finance Secretary Derek Mackay said: "We want the UK government to respect our position.
"We will be issuing a letter to the UK government and we call upon them to give us some financial stability and ensure that we are represented in discussions going forward.
"So maybe with a new prime minister we'll get a new attitude from the UK government."


The Premiership game between Ards and leaders Crusaders on Tuesday night will go ahead after power was restored in the Bangor area.

A power cut earlier on Tuesday put the fixture at the Bangor Fuels Arena in doubt.
It is a vital match in the title race with Crues boss Stephen Baxter calling on his team to bounce back from the Linfield defeat by beating Ards.
Linfield won 2-1 at Seaview on Saturday to close the gap to four points.
"The important thing is for us to get about our business on Tuesday night and respond," said Baxter.
"We don't want a flat performance after this defeat - the big test is how we respond to it."
He added: "There's a long way to go this season and it's a big challenge, but we are looking forward to it."
Linfield midfielder Jamie Mulgrew was sent-off in the win over Crusaders and he is suspended for the Windsor Park encounter against Coleraine.
Cliftonville go into their Solitude game with Carrick Rangers on the back of a defeat and a draw in their festive outings.
However, the Reds remain third and just eight points off the pace.
Tiarnan McNicholl will be in the Cliftonville squad for Tuesday's game after ending a successful loan at Carrick which included helping the East Antrim club reach the League Cup final.
"We want to get back on track - we had a great first half of the season but the last week has been a bit ropey," said Cliftonville manager Gerard Lyttle, who will have Jay Donnelly and Jude Winchester available again following respective suspensions and injuries.
"The boys know what they have to do. Get back to working harder and get back to winning games."
Meanwhile, Carrick have signed defender Kyle McVey on loan from Ballymena United until the end of the season.
Basement boys Portadown have brought in three players as they prepare for the Shamrock Park game against Glentoran.
Jordan Lyttle and Marcio Soares return to the Ports after brief spells with Crusaders while Shea McGerrigan joins from Armagh City.
Fourth-placed Ballymena United slipped up with a defeat by Ards on Saturday and the Braidmen take on Glenavon at the Showgrounds.
Ballinamallard United will be without the suspended Ross Taheny for their trip to Dungannon Swifts.
There's live coverage of Tuesday night's games on BBC Radio Ulster MW and the BBC Sport website


An investigation into whether actor Brad Pitt was abusive towards his son in September has ended with no finding of wrongdoing, US media report.

Social workers in Los Angeles had been examining claims Mr Pitt hit his 15-year-old son Maddox on a private jet.
His wife Angelina Jolie filed for divorce the day after the incident. They had been married for two years, but together for more than a decade.
Mr Pitt is seeking joint custody of their six children.
A spokesman for the LA Department of Children and Family Services said the agency could not confirm it investigated Pitt.
Ms Jolie cited "irreconcilable differences" when she filed to end the marriage on 19 September.
Hollywood couples with staying power
Mr Pitt and Ms Jolie grew close while shooting the 2005 film Mr & Mrs Smith, in which they played a couple in a stagnant relationship. They got married in 2014.
Their union was Mr Pitt's second marriage, after a divorce from Friends star Jennifer Aniston, and Ms Jolie's third after Billy Bob Thornton and Jonny Lee Miller.
The couple have six children together - Maddox, Pax, and Zahara, who are adopted, and biological children Shiloh and twins Knox and Vivienne.
Mr Pitt, 52, and Ms Jolie, 41, married privately at their French estate in Provence. Their children served as ring bearers and helped illustrate Ms Jolie's white Versace dress with their drawings.
Both actors are known for their philanthropic work away from the screen.  Angelina Jolie was a UNHCR goodwill ambassador for more than a decade.


The end of Bernie Ecclestone's stewardship of Formula 1 has appeared close on a number of occasions over the last few years, so it is with a degree of caution that one discusses the latest episode that may seem to signal it again.

But the likely takeover of the sport's commercial arm by US giant Liberty Media does look like one of those occasions that could well signal the beginning of the end for a man whose diminutive stature belies his giant influence over the huge arena he has dominated for 40 years.
The smart money in F1 says Liberty will not divest themselves of the 85-year-old's influence immediately and that Ecclestone will stay on for a while, even if it is only to allow some form of transition.
Meanwhile, his remarks to The Times that he will "say adios" if he does not like the "noises" coming from the new bosses are a reminder that he likes to be in control. It is the very essence of the way he has run the sport all these years.
But whether Ecclestone is kept on in the interim or not, his time at the top of the sport must surely be running out - if only because of the inevitability of time passing.
When he does finally go, it will signal the end of one of the more remarkable careers for administrators and impresarios in any sport.
During his stewardship, Ecclestone has turned an essentially niche activity into a global phenomenon, a sporting spectacle whose reach is surpassed only by the Olympics and football World Cup.
His success in doing so is beyond doubt, but even before the Liberty takeover, uncomfortable questions were being asked about whether the time for change was not already overdue.
Ecclestone has been reluctant to embrace the internet age, and even now seems to struggle with the concept of how to move on from his tried and tested formula - or even accept whether he needs to.
His success was built on a simple plan based around selling F1 as a complete package to a major broadcaster in each country for the highest possible amount.
Significant revenue was also secured by extracting fees so large from race organisers for the privilege of hosting a grand prix that it has become almost impossible to stage one without support from a national government.
This creates an annual global revenue in the region of $1.5bn but younger minds in F1 wonder whether it should be much larger given the sport's reach. Some have talked about reshaping the model for the digital age.
Under Liberty that seems inevitable, but how successfully it is done remains to be seen.
Even as F1 is poised for a takeover that values the sport at $8.5bn, there are questions about just how healthy the sport really is.
Apart from Mercedes, Red Bull, Ferrari and McLaren, pretty much all the teams are struggling to make ends meet.
Many races in Europe, the heartland of the sport and its main fanbase, are struggling to meet Ecclestone's high demands - even if historic races such as Silverstone and Monza attract huge attendances and TV figures are holding up well in traditional markets such as Britain and Germany.
Meanwhile the 'new' races, many in countries with questionable regimes, struggle to attract spectators and create a decent spectacle.
The need to satisfy the demands of owners CVC, a private equity group, has meant F1 is increasingly moving away from terrestrial television in favour of pay channels.
This inevitably shrinks the audience, raising questions about how it will attract younger fans.
These declining audiences have led to new regulations for 2017 aimed at increasing the sport's apparently diminishing appeal - but it is questioned whether the rule changes will actually achieve what is intended.
F1's tyre supplier has been chosen owing to its willingness to pay large amounts of money and bend to Ecclestone's demands rather than its product satisfying teams and drivers.
Those tyres have had a questionable effect on the racing, guaranteeing pit stops and differentiations of pace while preventing drivers from pushing to the maximum as they have in the past.
After six years, this has finally been recognised as a problem and there is a new tyre design for 2017. Again, though, it remains to be seen whether it works.
Addressing the issues Liberty bosses will find in their in-tray will not be easy.
That said, the group only wants to buy F1 because of the level Ecclestone has taken it to.
He started his involvement with the commercial side of the sport in the early 1970s, when he owned the Brabham team.
The path to his current position began when he offered to look after the team's commercial relationships with key outside bodies - the circuits, governing body, and particularly negotiating the television rights, which had previously been handled on a haphazard race-by-race basis.
It's unlikely Ecclestone foresaw then the billion-dollar business F1 would become, but he certainly recognised the chance to make a lot of money, and wasted little time in building his influence.
He persuaded television companies to buy F1 as a package, rather than pay for individual races. That vastly increased exposure, and the sport's popularity grew, at first slowly then increasingly quickly.
The system endures to this day; in exchange for being granted permission to run the TV rights, he gave the teams an annual payment.
Already very rich, the sheer scale of his current wealth - he is reputed to be worth more than £2bn - arose from two key decisions made by the sport's governing body, run at the time by Ecclestone's friend and long-time associate Max Mosley.
The first, in the mid 1990s, meant Ecclestone's own company became the rights holder of F1, taking over from the teams' collective body Ecclestone previously ran.
The second, in 2000, granted Ecclestone the commercial rights to F1 until the end of 2110 for a one-off fee of $360m. Even then, many were shocked by the relatively paltry amount of money that changed hands to secure such a lucrative and lengthy deal.
Some of the teams opposed the granting of the TV rights, saying they were being robbed. But the complainants were eventually bought off, and he set about monetising his new asset with a dizzying number of deals that sold the rights through a series of companies.
One of the many financial transactions that led to F1's current ownership was the sale by German bank BayernLB of its 47.2% stake in F1 to CVC in 2006.
This ultimately led to the court cases on bribery charges that Ecclestone fought and survived a couple of years ago - and which he ended by paying the German courts $100m to end the case, without a presumption of guilt or innocence.
More than a few people marvelled at the perfectly legal arrangement that allowed a man charged with bribery to pay to end a criminal trial.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Those court cases were the biggest threat to Ecclestone's position, but have not been the only ones - some arising from the ill-advised public comments he occasionally makes.
He has referred to women as "domestic appliances", praised Adolf Hitler for "being able to get things done", and suggested it would be a good idea if Vladimir Putin ran Europe. That he wasn't sacked for any one of those remarks is a reflection of his ability to make money for his employers.
However in recent years CVC has hinted at less tolerance while his ability to run the sport unchecked has diminished as the manufacturers have worked together to ensure he cannot run amok.
Ferrari, Mercedes, Renault and Honda joining forces in 2014 to prevent him dumping the expensive but revolutionary turbo hybrid engines is one example.
Despite his flaws, he remains a skilled deal maker and if the Liberty deal is to prove the development that finally sees Ecclestone off, replacing him will not be easy.
The likelihood is a more corporate structure will be adopted, with a chairman and bosses of the various arms of the company working together to do what one man has run largely singlehandedly for the last few decades.
When Ecclestone does ultimately leave, F1 will clearly evolve.
A US-based media group is likely to want F1 to have more of a foothold in America than just one race in Texas, a move that will compromise Ecclestone's preferred modus operandi of simply finding someone rich enough to put up the money for a race.
A more equitable distribution of revenue to the teams would increase F1's stability, and a US-style franchise system guaranteeing their position would take that a step further.
The possibilities of the internet and social media to grow the audience will surely be pursued with much more vigour too.
Whenever he finally goes, one thing is certain - F1 would not be what it is today without the efforts of this remarkable man.


The number of migrants and refugees crossing into Europe by land and sea this year illegally has passed one million, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) says.

This represents a fourfold rise on the total last year.
Most crossed by sea, with more than 800,000 travelling from Turkey to Greece. Half are migrants from Syria.
Eleven more migrants drowned on Tuesday, adding to the IOM toll of 3,695 dying or missing at sea.
Seven people were rescued by Turkish coast guards after the craft went down, apparently en route from Kusadasi in Turkey to the Greek island of Samos. One report said the dead were Syrians.
Migrant crisis in graphics
Shelter or despair in Athens
Desperate journeys
The huge influx of migrants has caused significant political rifts within the EU, with some states inside the border-free Schengen area putting up fences and reimposing frontier controls.
Hungary and Slovakia are taking legal action at the European Court of Justice to challenge EU plans to share asylum seekers across EU states.
Meanwhile, many migrants and refugees are pressing to be allowed to settle in richer northern countries like Germany and Sweden.
Migration passed the symbolic milestone on Monday, the IOM said, with the total for land and sea reaching more than 1,006,000.
Entries via six EU nations - Greece, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, Malta and Cyprus - are covered in the report.
It found among other things that
The IOM gathers its statistics from registrations, law enforcement agencies and its own monitors.
Its director general, William Lacy Swing, said it was not enough to just count the figures.
"We must also act," he said. "Migration must be legal, safe and secure for all - both for the migrants themselves and the countries that will become their new home."
A joint IOM and UNHCR statement said found a "more co-ordinated European response" was beginning to take shape.
However, it said more needed to be done to improve reception facilities, accommodation and  registration, and to identify those who do and do not qualify for refugee protection.
Save the Children campaigns director Kirsty McNeill said: "This is the test of our European ideal. When children are dying on our doorstep we need to take bolder action. There can be no bigger priority."
The EU last week agreed to increase the numbers of Frontex border agency staff in Greece, a key arrival point.
Germany alone has received a million refugees and migrants this year, although many were already within Europe, particularly in the Balkans.
Macedonia is now refusing to allow anyone through its Greek border who does not come from a war zone.
A UN report also last week warned that the number of forcibly displaced people worldwide would "far surpass" 60 million this year.
A note on terminology: The BBC uses the term migrant to refer to all people on the move who have yet to complete the legal process of claiming asylum. This group includes people fleeing war-torn countries such as Syria, who are likely to be granted refugee status, as well as people who are seeking jobs and better lives, who governments are likely to rule are economic migrants.


Leicester's Danny Drinkwater says it would be "one of the best years of my life" if he won the Premier League and represented England at Euro 2016.

Midfielder Drinkwater, 26, has been called up to the national team for the first time for friendly matches against Germany and the Netherlands.
His club side are five points clear at the top of the Premier League.
"If it does happen, as far as football seasons go, it is mad, it's special," Drinkwater told BBC Radio 5 live.
Drinkwater has played an integral role in Leicester's sensational title challenge, appearing in 29 out of 31 games in the top flight.
He ranks as the division's top tackling English midfielder, while his 1596 passes is fourth most for an English midfielder behind Bournemouth's Andrew Surman, Everton's Gareth Barry and Eric Dier of Tottenham.
He was named in the England squad last week.
"It has been a bit crazy," said Drinkwater. "When it was announced, it was a bit of an emotional day for family, friends and my girlfriend."
"The day the list was released, I did not know what to think. I was all over the place. We have had our first training session. Now I am ready to crack on.
"I am buzzing. It is every lad's dream. If you ask any young kid if they want to play football for your country, they would snap your hand off."
What about a fairytale finish to the season with a winner's medal and call-up to the European Championship? "It sounds exactly how I would want it to end," he said. "Personally, it would be one of the best years of my life."
Drinkwater started his career at Manchester United but failed to make a first-team appearance.
After spending time on loan at Huddersfield, Cardiff, Watford and Barnsley, he joined Leicester, who were then in the Championship, in January 2012.
"I wasn't playing week in, week out for Manchester United, I was out on loan a lot," said Drinkwater.
"In that situation, it is tough to think about playing for the national team. I left United and the dream went further away, but I have worked hard to get it closer."
Tottenham's Harry Kane - once a Leicester loanee - leads the league's scoring chart with 21 strikes, but Foxes frontman Jamie Vardy has 19.
Asked if the two players have discussed the race for the golden boot, Vardy replied: "We don't talk about anything like that when we are here. We just know we are here to focus on England in the next two games.
"That is all we are going to work on and how to get results in those games."


At least seven people have been killed in an attack by suspected militants in India's north-eastern state of Assam, police said.

Rebels belonging to the Garo National Liberation Army opened fire on migrant workers who were playing cards late on Sunday in Goalpara district.
Nine workers were also injured in the attack, police said.
Assam has been plagued by ethnic clashes and separatist violence in recent years.
Goalpara has witnessed violence between the Rabha and Garo tribes.
Reports say that Sunday night's violence happened after Garo militants from neighbouring Meghalaya state fired at a group of Hindi-speaking migrant workers who were playing cards and gambling to celebrate Diwali, the festival of lights.
"These militants in army dress came and fired indiscriminately... after the attack, they retreated to Meghalaya," AP Raut, a senior Assam police official, told the NDTV news channel.
Correspondents say many tribespeople resent the presence of outsiders, who they believe are taking their jobs and marrying local women.


Tributes have been paid to Keith Palmer, the police officer killed in Wednesday's attack in Westminster.

His family have described the 48-year-old as a "wonderful dad and husband, a loving son, brother and uncle", and a chapel service was held in the House of Commons.
Prime Minister Theresa May said the PC, who was married with a five-year-old daughter, "was every inch a hero".
The Metropolitan Police Force called him "a fantastic member of staff".
A minute's silence was held at 09:33 GMT in the Palace of Westminster and at New Scotland Yard.
The Rev Rose Hudson-Wilkin led the prayer and vigil service at the House of Commons Chapel of St Mary Undercroft.
Offering prayers "for Keith, our brother and all others affected", the Rev Hudson-Wilkin urged dozens of attendees "to show mercy in the face of the hatred shown in the Westminster terror attack."
A statement released by PC Palmer's family went on to say he was "a long-time supporter of Charlton Athletic. Dedicated to his job and proud to be a police officer, brave and courageous. A friend to everyone who knew him.
"He will be deeply missed. We love him so much. His friends and family are shocked and devastated by his loss."
Charlton Athletic responded to the news by putting a football scarf on PC Palmer's season ticket seat at the Valley stadium and said it would remain there until the next home game on 4 April.
There are also plans to commemorate his life at the game itself.
"Keith was a familiar face at The Valley to many supporters and sat in his same East Stand seat for many years," the club said.
"He was a true hero who will be greatly missed by all the Charlton family and everyone at the club would like to offer their sincere condolences to his family and friends at this extremely difficult time".
PC Palmer joined the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection Command in April last year after serving in the Territorial Support Group (TSG) based in Catford but working across London. He had previously been based in Bromley borough between 2002 and 2009.
PC James Aitkenhead, who worked alongside Keith in the TSG, said: "Keith was a genuinely nice person; nobody had a bad word to say about him. When I heard what had happened I knew it would be him because that's just the sort of guy he was, to step straight in when others might step back.
"He had a great work ethic, he worked on our warrants' car for years, getting up at 04:00 to serve warrants and arresting wanted offenders. He was always so positive, always staying late after everyone else and getting in early.
"In his personal life he was a massive Charlton Athletic fan and had a season ticket.
"We will miss him so much."
PC Palmer was nominated in 2015 for best thief taker in the Commissioner's Excellence Awards, having made more than 150 arrests in 12 months.
Insp Mark Turner said he was "a solid, reliable member of the team - he came in and just got the job done, quietly and efficiently".
"He was a fantastic member of staff and will be sorely missed."
As a mark of respect PC Palmer's shoulder number - 4157U - will be retired and not reissued to any other officer.


Somebody is going to get killed unless action is taken to protect lorry drivers caught up in the growing migrant crisis at Calais, the Road Haulage Association is warning.

Chief executive Richard Burnett said drivers faced "a desperate situation", with gangs of migrants, some of them armed, trying to board vehicles.
"Things are beginning to boil over," he added.
The Home Office said security had been stepped up in recent days.
In the early hours of Saturday, about 150 migrants tried to storm the Channel Tunnel terminal at Calais, entering restricted areas and causing disruption to services.
The situation at the port has escalated in recent weeks with about 3,000 people from countries including Eritrea, Syria and Afghanistan setting up camp nearby.
Wildcats strikes by French ferry workers have compounded the problem, causing long queues of lorries to build up at the terminal and leaving them vulnerable to attempts by migrants to stow away on board.
Mr Burnett reiterated the RHA's call for action from the French military to boost security and help struggling drivers.
"Put yourself in their situation - you are on your own trying to get through and you've got 20 migrants around your truck trying to get on, and you're on your own trying to get them off," he said.
"They are intimidating, some of them have metal bars, knives and, in one incident, a gun was pointed at a trucker."
He added: "Somebody is going to get killed."
Eurotunnel increased security on Saturday night following the earlier disruption, and a full service was able to run.
Operation Stack - in which lorries are forced to queue on the M20 in Kent while awaiting an opportunity to cross the Channel - has also been lifted.
On Saturday, Keith Vaz, chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee, visited Calais and held a meeting with deputy mayor, Philippe Mignonet to discuss the crisis.
Mr Mignonet wants the UK to introduce ID cards and employment controls in an effort to deter migrants.
Mr Vaz said the UK and France must work together to find a solution, and called for much more to be done to stop people arriving "in the EU itself" via countries like Greece and Turkey.
Home Secretary Theresa May and her French counterpart Bernard Cazeneuve agreed this week to increase the joint intervention fund to improve security in at the ferry port and Channel Tunnel terminal.
A Home Office spokesman said: "Law and order in and around Calais is the responsibility of the French authorities, but the UK continues to work with its French counterparts to strengthen the security of the border to stop illegal immigrants entering the UK."


A man from Scotland has been found not guilty of posting a death threat on Facebook to Northern Ireland's Director of Public Prosecutions Barra McGrory.

Gordon Galloway, of Cambuslang, South Lanarkshire, was acquitted after a trial at Glasgow Sheriff Court.
The trial had heard he posted the words "death... plain and simple" under a story about Mr McGrory representing IRA members during his time as a solicitor.
His defence lawyer said it was not a threat but a reply to another comment.
Speaking after the case, Mr Galloway's lawyer added: "His position throughout was that he accepted he sent the message but that it was misunderstood and not a death threat.
"The sheriff concluded in the end that she couldn't be satisfied that he'd meant to do that.
"She found that he sent the message, and he never denied it, but he didn't intend it to be a death threat, it's been misinterpreted."
He said the court case had put a "big strain" on his client.
"It's a serious charge which could've had serious repercussions for him, so he was relieved at the end of it."


More than 50 cases of food poisoning are being linked to a Cumbrian farm selling raw milk, health officials say.

Traces of campylobacter were found in six samples of unpasteurised milk sold at Low Sizergh Barn Farm in Kendal earlier this month.
Now a further 50 possible cases are being investigated by Public Health England (PHE) and the Food Standards Agency (FSA).
Sales of milk from a vending machine at the farm have been suspended.
Campylobacter is the most common cause of food poisoning and can lead to severe diarrhoea and vomiting.
Farm owner Richard Park said he was co-operating with the investigation and had been "shocked" to discover his milk could be contaminated.
The 50 fresh cases were the result of an online questionnaire which people who had recently visited the farm were asked to complete.
Those affected range in age from a one-year-old to 86.
The FSA said the farm would not be allowed to sell any more raw milk until three consecutive tests showed no further traces of the bacteria.
Mr Park said: "For months I have been testing the milk and getting the right procedures in place.
"But campylobacter wasn't one of the bacteria we were asked to test for so it came as rather a shock when I got the phone call.
"If things go reasonably smoothly, I would say that within a month we'll be back up and running and selling it again."
The farm, which began offering unpasteurised milk from its vending machine in March, sold about 70 litres a day.
In August the farm won a National Trust fine farm produce award for its unpasteurised milk.


US rapper Kanye West will receive the visionary award at the Black Entertainment Television (BET) honours.

The 37-year-old is one of five acts to be honoured for their achievements in art, music, theatre, technology and business at the ceremony.
R&B star Usher, whose hits include Yeah and Confessions, will receive the music award for his two-decade career.
Phylicia Rashad, best known in the UK as The Cosby Show's Clair Huxtable, is to receive the theatrical arts award.
Her credits on Broadway and in regional theatre include August: Osage County, Cat On A Hot Tin Roof, Medea and Raisin in the Sun, for which she won a Tony Award.
Director of the National Museum of African Art, Dr Johnnetta Betsch Cole, will pick up the education award.
John W Thompson, who replaced Bill Gates as chairman of Microsoft earlier this year, will be honoured with the technology and business award.
West, who among the acts being rumoured as a headliner for next year's Glastonbury Festival, is one of the most successful rappers of his generation.
His sonically adventurous, genre-defying albums have generated hits like Gold Digger, Stronger and Black Skinhead, while his innovative live performances have incorporated ballet, Margiela masks and striking production design from Britain's Es Devlin.
The performer's notoriously spiky interviews and awards show interventions have also made headlines around the world.
The BET Awards were established in 2001 to honour African Americans and other minorities working in multiple disciplines.
Past honourees include Dr Maya Angelou, who received the literary arts award in 2012 and Whitney Houston, who received the entertainers award in 2010.
The 2015 Honours, presented by Wayne Brady, will take place at the Warner Theatre in Washington on 24 January and will be shown on the BET channel on 23 February.


Barack Obama has delivered an emotional eulogy at the funeral of former Delaware Attorney-General Beau Biden, the son of US Vice-President Joe Biden.

"Beau Biden was an original. He was a good man. A man of character. A man who loved deeply and was loved in return," the president said.
Beau Biden died at the end of last month from brain cancer aged 46.
He was seen as a rising star of US politics but suffered from health problems in recent years.
Beau Biden had intended to run for Delaware state governor in 2016.
About 1,000 people - including Bill and Hillary Clinton and numerous other top politicians - attended the funeral at a Roman Catholic church in Wilmington, the largest city in the state of Delaware.
Vice-President Joe Biden led a procession into the church with his family at the beginning of the service.
Mourners heard President Obama describe Mr Biden as a public servant who learned through early tragedy what mattered most and as a result decided upon living "a life of meaning" that would inspire those around him.
"He was a scion of an incredible family," the president said, "who brushed away the possibility of privilege for the harder, better reward of earning his own way."
The president described Beau Biden as a son, a father, a soldier and a politician who refused to take short cuts in his determination to serve his country and others.
He said that a "cruel twist of fate" killed Beau Biden's mother and infant sister in a car crash four decades ago and left Beau - three years old at the time - and his younger brother Hunter in hospital.
The accident happened shortly after Mr Biden won election to the Senate in 1972
Coldplay singer Chris Martin was a soloist at the service - he volunteered to perform after hearing that Beau Biden liked the band.
Mr Biden was diagnosed with brain cancer in August 2013 and underwent treatment that was initially successful. However, the cancer recurred earlier this year.


She is an East German-born female scientist heading a political party - but there the parallels with Angela Merkel stop.

While Chancellor Merkel believes that Germany can and must cope with the large numbers of migrants seeking asylum there, Frauke Petry has said that German police should "if necessary" shoot at migrants seeking to enter the country illegally.
Ms Petry took over as leader of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) political grouping in July 2015 after an internal power struggle that saw the party's co-founder and first leader, Bernd Lucke, ousted.
The AfD was formed in 2013 by a group of economists concerned at German-backed bailouts for poorer eurozone members.
Under Ms Petry the party has moved to the right, and its focus has changed from eurozone issues to migration, after more than a million people claimed asylum in Germany in 2015.
In local council elections in Hessen on 6 March the party came third, winning more than 13% of the vote - putting it in a strong position ahead of regional elections in three states on 13 March.
Ms Petry is a member of the state parliament in Saxony - the first German state to elect AfD legislators.
The 40-year-old was born in Dresden and moved to west Germany as a teenager after reunification.
She studied chemistry at the University of Reading, gained a doctorate at Goettingen University, and later founded a company in Leipzig which manufactures environmentally-friendly polyurethanes.
After the party wrangling which saw her take over the leadership of the AfD, Ms Petry announced she had separated from her husband, a Lutheran minister with whom she has four children. She is now in a relationship with Marcus Pretzell, one of the AfD's two MEPs.


A student from London who has been diagnosed with leukaemia is appealing for more people from ethnic minority backgrounds to become stem cell donors.

13 January 2016 Last updated at 01:13 GMT
Lara Casalotti, from Hampstead, has Thai and Italian heritage.
She was diagnosed with blood cancer before Christmas and needs a stem cell transplant, but only 3% of donors on the register are currently mixed race.
BBC London's Alice Bhandukravi reports on a campaign that has gone global.


Lawyers for Edward Snowden have filed a lawsuit to seek guarantees that Norway will not extradite him to the US if he visits to receive an award.

Mr Snowden is a former National Security Agency analyst who leaked secret US surveillance details.
The US authorities have already asked Norway to extradite him to face espionage charges.
Mr Snowden, who lives in Russia, is to receive the Ossietsky freedom of speech award in November.
His lawyers said if he were extradited to the US, it would be "a foregone conclusion" that he would be convicted and jailed.
Mr Snowden is due to receive the Ossietzky Prize, for "outstanding efforts for freedom of expression", in Oslo.
The Norwegian law firm Schjoedt filed the lawsuit to "get legally established that Norway has no right to extradite Snowden to the US".
Hallvard Helle, the lawyer representing Mr Snowden, told Reuters: "US authorities have already asked that Snowden will be extradited to the US if he was to arrive in Norway."
Mr Snowden left the US in 2013 after leaking to the media details of extensive internet and phone surveillance by US intelligence.
His information made global headlines when the Guardian newspaper reported that the NSA was collecting the telephone records of tens of millions of Americans.
Mr Snowden is believed to have downloaded 1.7 million secret documents before he left the US.
Although some consider him a traitor for his revelations, many others around the world say he is a champion of civil liberties.
In the US he faces charges that could put him in prison for up to 30 years.
He has been granted asylum in Russia.
Mr Snowden has said that he is willing to be extradited to the United States if the federal government guarantees he will get a fair trial.


A 25-year-old woman has been charged with the murder of a man in Rhondda Cynon Taff.

Wayne Letherby, 42, died on 17 April following an attack in De Winton Street, Tonypandy.
Two men have previously appeared in court charged with murder; Jamie Leyshon from Tonypandy and Dean Doggett from Penygraig, both 26, were remanded in custody on Thursday.
The woman was due before Pontypridd Magistrates' Court on Saturday.


A Dundee van driver caused the death of a mother of three in a crash after overtaking when approaching a blind crest in the road, a court heard.

Andrew Reilly made no attempt to avert the head-on collision with a car in which Audrey Thom was a passenger.
Mrs Thom's daughter Louise could not avoid Reilly's van, heading directly at her on her side of the road.
Reilly, 29, will be sentenced in April after admitting a charge of causing death by dangerous driving.
The High Court in Edinburgh was told Miss Thom was unable to take evasive action as there were trees on the left-hand side of the road and another vehicle on the right-hand carriageway.
The crash occurred on the A914 Balmullo to Dairsie roundabout road in Fife in November 2015.
Emergency services took Miss Thom, 27, and her 58-year-old mother to hospital but Mrs Thom's condition worsened and she died two days later.
Advocate depute Adrian Cottam said police investigators concluded that Reilly had made a decision to carry out a late overtaking manoeuvre as he approached, and then got to, solid white lines on the road. He then drove on to the opposite side of the road.
The court heard that the plumbing and heating engineer had previous convictions for driving without insurance and speeding.
Michael O'Grady QC deferred sentence on Reilly for the preparation of a social enquiry report and remanded him in custody.


The Anthropocene - a new geological time period that marks the "Age of man" - began in 1610, a study suggests.

Scientists believe that the arrival of Europeans in the Americas had an unprecedented impact on the planet, marking the dawn of this new epoch.
The findings are published in the journal Nature.
Others say that the industrial revolution or the first nuclear tests better signal the start of the Anthropocene.
While some believe the exact date for a new epoch can only be determined with the benefit of thousands or even millions of years of hindsight.
An international Anthropocene Working Group is currently reviewing the evidence and will announce its favoured start date next year.
Golden spikes
Geologists carve up Earth's history into chunks that reflect times of significant change on the planet, perhaps as a result of continental movement, a big asteroid strike, or a major shift in climate.
We are still formally in the Holocene Epoch. It started more than 11,500 years ago as the last Ice Age came to an end.
But now scientists say that humanity has dramatically altered the Earth again.
To pinpoint the start of this new phase, geologists are looking for a clear signal, described as a "golden spike", that will be captured in rocks, sediments or ice.
Prof Mark Maslin, from University College London, a co-author of the paper, said: "We look for these golden spikes - a real point in time when you can show in a record when the whole Earth has changed.
"If you look back through the entire, wonderful geological timescale, we have defined almost every boundary in that way."
The study suggests that one such golden spike places the start of the Anthropocene in 1610.
The researchers say the arrival of the Europeans in the Americas 100 years earlier was the start of a major global transformation.
Co-author Dr Simon Lewis, also from UCL, said:  "The rapid global trade after that time moved species around.
"Maize from Central America was grown in southern Europe and Africa and China. Potatoes from South America were grown in the UK, and all the way through Europe to China. Species went the other way: wheat came to North America and sugar came to South America - a real mixing of species around the world.
"We saw these species jump continents, which is a geologically unprecedented impact, setting Earth off on a new evolutionary trajectory."
Ancient pollen found in sediments provides a record of this change, but the team says another golden spike relates to deadly diseases brought into the Americas from Europe.
"Around 50 million people (in the Americas) died, and most of those people were farmers," Dr Lewis told the BBC World Service's Science in Action programme.
"And this farmland grew back to the original vegetation - tropical forest, dry forest or savannah. And about half the dry weight of a tree is carbon, so all that growing vegetation removed enough carbon from the atmosphere to see a pronounced dip in the global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration that can be seen in ice core records.
"It provides an exact marker of the Anthropocene at 1610, the lowest point of CO2 in the ice-core record at that time."
The researchers also said another date for the new epoch could be 1964, when the nuclear tests of the 1940s, 50s and early 60s came to an end after a ban came into force.
A golden spike is provided by an increase in radioactive carbon in the atmosphere while the tests were taking place, followed by a very sharp drop off when they stopped.
But Prof Maslin said that while the signal was very sharp, the radioactivity was not related to other great changes taking place at that time.
He explained: "In the mid-1960s, there is a huge change in everything around the planet, which is called the 'great acceleration' - with the population increasing by 2% per year, unprecedented changes in agriculture and food production - but the marker doesn't link to that in any shape or form."
Commenting on the research, Dr Jan Zalasiewicz, from the University of Leicester, who chairs the Anthropocene Working Group, said it was an interesting piece of work with some "intriguing ideas".
"The working group will certainly be discussing them," he told BBC News.
"It adds positively to the overall debate on the Anthropocene, and to the growing number of suggestions about where it should start.
"The 1610 suggestion clearly reflects a historically important event, though it would need more evidence, I think, whether the criteria they suggest would work better than the multiple signals now known to be associated with the mid-20th century 'great acceleration'."
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Nearly 250 prison officers are being bussed across the country to fill gaps at other jails because staff shortages are so acute this Christmas, according to leaked documents.

Some officers have been asked to travel more than 200 miles on short-term attachments because of the crisis.
Thirty-two officers are being sent to maximum security Woodhill prison, in Milton Keynes, the documents show.
The Ministry of Justice insisted "most prisons are appropriately staffed".
It said a recent rise in the prison population was being managed "through sensible and proportionate measures".
It is attempting to recruit 1,700 new officers to ease the difficulties.
Documents obtained by the Howard League for Penal Reform - and shared with Newsnight - show that more than 50 prisons have been asked to provide officers to plug gaps elsewhere in the system.
In all, 239 officers were asked to move to other prisons during November and December.
The distances included travelling from Exeter to Swaleside, Kent - 227 miles; from Garth, in Lancashire, to London's Wormwood Scrubs - 218 miles; and from Frankland, County Durham to Woodhill - 228 miles.
All of the staff being sent to Woodhill are being taken away from other category A jails.
The attachments often involve prison officers being put up at hotels for a fortnight at a time.
A specific document about staffing on Christmas Day, Boxing Day and New Year's Day indicates that about 56 officers will be asked to work in other prisons.
The document suggests some officers will be required to work more than 60 miles away.
Peter McParlin, chairman of the Prison Officers Association, told Newsnight: "It means that prisons are permanently in a state of flux.
"We have 250 prison officers traversing the country day in, day out to prop up failing and restricted regimes in prison.
"It means the much-vaunted rehabilitation revolution isn't taking place."
Frances Crook, chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: "The prisons are in complete meltdown as a result of government policy, so they have to move people round in order to deal with that emergency.
"It's very costly and very disruptive. People are fetching up to a prison who don't know where anything is."
She said it was a "chaotic policy to deal with an emergency".
The Howard League said it was particularly concerned that staff were being taken out of young offender institutions to plug gaps in adult prisons.
One former prisoner, who asked for anonymity, said staff shortages had had a big impact on life behind bars.
"There were a lot of vulnerable prisoners, particularly some young prisoners, who were subject to quite severe physical assaults, even sexual assaults.
"I think there was a general feeling, because of the shortage of officers in particular, that bullying was on the rise, extortion, what's called taxing in prison, where prisoners basically have to pay protection money to those cons who are controlling wings.
"And we are also seeing a massive upswing in drugs consumption and availability in prison and that in itself fuels debt, bullying, violence and of course people under the influence of drugs often make very violent and irrational decisions.
"For most of the closed prisons, they are really on top of a volcano at the moment and it is only a matter of time before this could potentially turn into something much more violent and destructive."
The Ministry of Justice said the National Offender Management Service (Noms) had speeded up its recruitment process and that it was on track to recruit another 1,700 staff by March 2015.
It said measures to manage the rise in prison population included an ongoing officer recruitment campaign and the establishment of a reserve force of staff to be called on when needed.
The Ministry of Justice said it did not know how much money was being spent on the short-term attachments because the costs were taken from individual prison budgets.


Russell Slade has been sacked as manager of Coventry City, who are bottom of the League One table.

The 56-year-old only won three of his 16 games in charge of the Sky Blues following his appointment on 21 December.
Coventry are 13 points adrift of safety in the third tier following Saturday's 0-0 draw at Shrewsbury.
However, the club have reached the final of the EFL Trophy where they will play Oxford at Wembley on 2 April.
Coventry picked up seven points from a possible 39 on offer in the league after former Leyton Orient, Cardiff and Charlton boss Slade took charge.
A short statement on the Coventry website confirmed the club had parted company with Slade, and that they aim to "make a replacement appointment imminently".
The Sky Blues spent 34 years in the top flight between 1967 and 2001 but are likely to drop into the fourth tier for the first time since 1958-59.
Coventry are now looking for their ninth manager at the Ricoh Arena inside six years - and their fourth this season.
Tony Mowbray started the campaign in charge but resigned on 29 September and technical director Mark Venus had a 12-game spell as interim boss before Slade was appointed on 21 December.
Slade was City's 10th manager since owners Sisu (now registered as Otium) took over the club in 2007.


Exeter Chiefs rugby club has been urged to change its name and stop "playing Indian" by an expert in Native American history.

Dr Rachel Herrmann from the University of Southampton has denounced the team, which rebranded as Chiefs in 1999, for its use of Native American imagery.
She said it evoked "Britain's forgotten imperial American past".
A spokesman for the club said they had no comment to make on the claims, nor the call to change its name.
More on this story about the Exeter Chiefs, and others from Devon and Cornwall
In the US, Native American campaigners have been calling on teams like the Washington Redskins to change its name, describing it as racist and offensive.
Dr Herrmann said: "I think changing [Exeter's] name would be the ultimate step but I don't know whether that is likely to happen.
"I would at least like to see an engaged discussion between the team and Native American groups that could better explain why the name might be offensive."
Dr Hermann criticised rugby fans who waved tomahawks, wore Native American headdress and war paint, and said it evoked a history of settler colonialism.
The expert said it also ignores modern Native Americans who no longer dress in that way and the protests of those who have spoken out "against such cultural appropriation".
Exeter Rugby Club rebranded as Exeter Chiefs in 1999 shortly after the team turned professional.