Poles have marked the 1981 imposition of martial law with marches, and thousands used the occasion to protest against the conservative government.

Dozens of activists died when Poland's last communist leader Gen Jaruzelski cracked down on dissidents.
Hours before the rallies, the leader of the ruling centre-right Law and Justice party, Jaroslaw Kaczynski, branded the current opposition as "anti-state".
He went on to threaten to "bring order" to opposition activity.
Mr Kaczynski, widely seen as the power behind Poland's government, did not specify what he had in mind during a radio interview. Addressing a pro-government rally later, he ridiculed opponents for resisting plans to change a system which he said had harmed the majority of Poles.
However, the Committee for the Defence of Democracy (KOD) commemorated the anniversary of martial law with anti-government marches across the country, and a large crowd snaked through the centre of Warsaw.
Protesters highlighted government policies on women's rights as well as reforms to education and the top legislative court.
Many members of Poland's current governing Law and Justice (PiS) party were part of the opposition Solidarity movement, which the communist regime set out to crush under martial law.
Thirty-five years on, Poland's opposition leaders say PiS, and its head Jaroslaw Kaczynski, are behaving as badly as the communists, restricting democratic freedoms and hobbling the Constitutional Tribunal so it is unable to veto the government's programme.
Mr Kaczynski says the opposition refuses to accept PiS's victory in last year's elections and its continuing popularity, branding the accusations "absurd".
Simple comparisons to the communists are overblown, of course, but Mr Kaczynski continues to give more liberal-minded Poles cause for concern, branding them "anti-state" and warning that the government plans to introduce measures to bring "order" to the opposition's activities.
Gen Wojciech Jaruzelski argued that he had imposed martial law on 13 December 1981 to deter a Soviet invasion.
But in the subsequent crackdown, thousands of members of the pro-democracy Solidarity movement were arrested and as many as 100 people died. Martial law was lifted two years later and Gen Jaruzelski eventually stood down in 1990. He died in 2014.
Poland's defence minister said on Tuesday that the government would act to strip the late general and his late deputy, Gen Czeslaw Kiszczak, of their military ranks.


Fernando Alonso has been declared "provisionally fit" to take part in this weekend's Chinese Grand Prix.

The McLaren driver, who broke a rib in a crash in last month's Australian Grand Prix, faces further tests before being given the full go-ahead.
The Spanish two-time champion, 34, will be given a second check-up after taking part in first practice on Friday.
Governing body the FIA took six hours to make this decision after testing Alonso on Thursday.
The FIA medical delegate Jean-Charles Piette barred Alonso from racing in the second race of the season in Bahrain two weeks ago because of his injuries.
Speaking before the decision was made public, Alonso said that he felt "100%" but expected the FIA to want to examine him after first practice.
"I guess the normal thing will be after the first session that I feel OK because F1 is a very unique sport," he said.
"It doesn't matter what activity you do before racing, with the unique position I am sitting in, with the G-forces, everything can change in the car.
"So after the first couple of laps I will feel if I am OK from my side. And if it is OK from their side, that is the normal thing or logical thing to follow."
Chinese Grand Prix coverage details
Alonso said he would not have flown to China for the race had he not been confident in his condition.
He spent the weekend in Bahrain working with the team on the sidelines, helping his replacement - reserve driver Stoffel Vandoorne - with his debut.
"If I was not sure, I would not have been flying here," Alonso said. "I did it once in Bahrain and it was quite tough to be there all weekend.
"Last Sunday I took a flight from Milan to Shanghai and I am 100% confident I will be OK."


A popular secure browsing tool has been pulled from web stores following a privacy lapse.

The Web of Trust (WoT) add-on is used by millions of people to check if sites safeguard data and are safe to visit.
An investigation by German broadcaster NDR found that the firm behind it sold user data without properly anonymising it.
NDR was able to identify individuals' sexual preferences, health and surfing histories from data that was sold.
WoT said the lapse was "unacceptable" and said it hoped to earn back trust by overhauling its data-handling policies.
The Web of Trust add-on has been downloaded more than 140 million times and rates websites on how safe they are to visit using information provided by users.
The investigation by NDR found that WoT gathers large amounts of data on people's browsing habits including terms they search for, sites they visit, documents they share as well as information about the devices they use and where they live.
The data is shared with marketing firms and online agencies who use it to target advertising.
NDR got hold of some information that WoT had sold to one firm and found that it included personal data, including email addresses and phone numbers, that were not obfuscated. This, it said, made it straightforward to identify individuals and tie them to browsing histories and other personal details.
WoT's poor anonymisation practices left users "naked on the net", said the broadcaster.
In a statement on its website, the software firm apologised for the "anxiety" the incident had caused. It said it made a "great effort" to anonymise data but NDR's investigation showed that, in some cases, identification remained possible.
"If the data allows the identification of even a small number of WoT users, we consider that unacceptable," it said.
In response to the NDR investigation it said it was overhauling its anonymisation system to minimise the chance of it being used to identify individuals. It said it would also introduce a way for users to opt out of the data-gathering process.
WoT would also update its privacy policy to ensure users knew what data was gathered about them and what would happen to that information.


A surgeon who has operated on people in war zones across the world has been awarded an honorary degree.

David Nott, who was brought up in Trelech, Carmarthenshire, was given a honorary doctorate by the University of Wales Trinity Saint David on Monday.
The NHS consultant surgeon has worked voluntarily in Syria, Sierra Leone and Afghanistan, among other places.
Mr Nott said: "It's the biggest accolade I've ever been given by anybody and it's from my hometown."
The London-based surgeon was born in Carmarthen - his mother was a nurse who met his father, an Indo Burmese doctor, at the Royal Gwent Hospital in Newport.
Since 1993, he has taken up to three months unpaid leave each year to work in war zones all over the globe.
Mr Nott and his wife Elly have also set up the David Nott Foundation - a charity that helps bring surgeons to the UK for training.
He said: "Being brought up in Trelech and having that Welshness in me - and having the importance of family, love and support instilled in me from an early age - it gave me the inspiration which made me feel one could do something with one's life.
"I'm not sure exactly what happened but I developed a passion in life which made me want to go and help people because I hate to see people suffer."


England opener Alastair Cook scored a half-century as Division One leaders Essex dominated Middlesex on day one.

Stevie Eskinazi (66) and Dawid Malan (60) put on 124 for the third wicket and Paul Stirling (77) hit five sixes to help Middlesex recover from 2-2.
But Simon Harmer (5-77) was the catalyst as the visitors slipped from 219-5 to 246 all out inside 60 overs.
Essex closed on 106-0, trailing by 140 runs, as Cook (64 not out) passed 500 Championship runs for the season.
Cook, who is set to play for England in the first Test against South Africa next week for the first time since relinquishing the captaincy, led the opening partnership, with fellow opener Nick Browne ending the day unbeaten on 40.
Essex, who are yet to lose in the four-day game this season, were in control for much of the first day of the first day-night Championship encounter to be held at the County Ground.
The visitors lost Nick Gubbins for a nine-ball duck to debutant Mohammad Amir (2-53) and Nick Compton for two to Jamie Porter (2-58) inside the first three overs.
Malan, who scored 78 on his England debut in Sunday's T20 19-run victory over South Africa in Cardiff, led the Middlesex recovery and the visitors briefly looked in a good position on 126-2.
But Malan's dismissal saw three wickets fall for the addition of 32 runs and the visitors were grateful to Stirling's 50-ball 77 to see them past 200.
South African Harmer's third five-for in successive innings, following his 14-wicket haul against Warwickshire, helped Middlesex to within four runs of a second batting bonus point.
Essex spinner Simon Harmer told BBC Radio Essex:
"The seam is a little bit different. It didn't spin or turn as consistently as I thought it would, which may be played to my advantage.
"There was a lot of bounce with the pink ball and it comes off the bat a lot better. All the bowlers felt there was extra bounce with it. We could have done better with the new ball, but it's going to take time to adjust.
"If I hadn't dropped Stirling, Mohammad Amir would have cleaned up the tail pretty quickly. He was in a nice rhythm. Five wickets went into my column that probably should have been his.
Middlesx's Paul Stirling told BBC Radio London:
"We expected it to swing for a lot longer than it did and, from what we've practised with, and what the lads have experienced in the Abu Dhabi pink ball games.
"We thought it would have done a lot more towards the end of the day as well, but it's done less than we thought. Harmer has been bowling well so he was going to be tricky on a pretty dry pitch.
"Combating him was going to be one of the tougher asks to do and we didn't quite get it right. He was getting a lot of bounce especially from the River End. When he gets a few revs on the ball you feel it can turn. "


A Denbighshire hospice could be forced to lose staff due to a lack of funding.

Bosses at St Kentigern Hospice, St Asaph, broke the news to 40 workers at a board meeting.
Trefor Jones, the new chairman, said he hoped any redundancies would be voluntary and called for the public's help.
The 15-year-old centre is facing a funding crisis because it costs £1.6m a year to run but only has an annual income of £1.3m.
Mr Jones, who is Lord Lieutenant of Clwyd, said he hoped appealing to the public could plug the funding shortfall and avoid the need for job losses.
He said: "With escalating costs and increasing complexity in the levels of care required, the immediate challenge is to ensure the financial viability and integrity of the hospice.
"The board is working with NHS partners to try to reduce the impact while exploring ways of adapting the service.
"One of the things we are looking at is how we can meet the needs of people in their homes with support for family members, and how these can link effectively with in-patient and day-care services.
"These are very difficult times for the hospice but I am confident with the employees we have and the community we live in we can get through this."
The hospice covers an area stretching from Colwyn Bay to Flint and, since it opened, has had about 1,900 day-patients. Since 2003 there have also been more than 1,500 in-patients.
At present its income comes from four main sources: Fundraising and donations contributing £500,000; charity shops £300,000; a total of £300,000 in grants from Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board and the Welsh Assembly Government; and £200,000 from legacies.
Mr Jones said the centre needed £4,400 a day just to maintain its current service, with the greatest proportion of its expenditure going on the £1.2m annual wage bill.
He added: "We need to increase substantially the donations and regular income we receive, and joining the lottery is an easy way for people to help. In the longer term, remembering the hospice in your will would also be a big help to us."
The hospice shares a site with the HM Stanley Hospital which faces possible closure, although the future of St Kentigern Hospice is not currently in doubt.
St David's Hospice in Llandudno said it would be offering its support.
Chairman Gladys Harrison said: "We at St David's Hospice are sympathetic to the news of financial difficulties experienced by St Kentigern Hospice and, like many hospices, we rely heavily on the continued support of the communities we serve.
"We will, of course, offer our support to the health board and St Kentigern in any review or adaptation of the present provision of specialist palliative care services by hospices."


Solidarity has launched its manifesto for the Holyrood election with a call for a second independence referendum to be held within the next two years.

The socialist party, which is headed by Tommy Sheridan, is fielding 40 candidates across the eight regional lists.
Solidarity said its MSPs would organise "coordinated resistance to further Tory austerity cuts".
It also wants to ban fracking and nuclear weapons from Scotland.
And its manifesto calls for the Council Tax to be replaced with a Scottish Service Tax, which would be based on earnings and see the wealthiest people pay a higher rate than those on lower incomes.
Mr Sheridan was a Scottish Socialist Party MSP between 1999 and 2007, but was jailed for perjury in 2011 after being convicted of telling lies during his defamation case against the News of the World newspaper.
He launched the manifesto at an event in Glasgow alongside his wife Gail, who is also standing as a Solidarity candidate in the election on 5 May.
The document commits Solidarity to tabling a bill at Holyrood within three months of the election that would lead to a second independence referendum in 2018.
Solidarity believes the people of Scotland were "subjected to a tsunami of lies, bullying, distortions and dangerously biased media reporting" during the 2014 referendum campaign.
Mr Sheridan said: "We are supremely confident that the people of Scotland realise they were lied to, bullied and conned.
"People realise the British establishment used everything in its power to lie and bully the ordinary people of Scotland and it had an effect, particularly on the pensioner community, who had people phoning them telling them 'if you vote Yes you're going to lose your pension'.
"Despicable lies from the unionist parties. Those unionist parties deserve to be punished at the election for the lies they told. We will win in 2018."
Among Solidarity's other policies are the creation of a publicly-owned pharmaceutical company, which the party says would be based on the Cuban model.
The manifesto states that Scotland "possesses the brains, research facilities and manufacturing capacity to build our own public pharmaceutical company to supply our public NHS at a fraction of the costs imposed by the multi-million big pharma corporations."
It also sets out plans for MSPs to face a Right of Recall if they "fundamentally renege on a promise given to the electorate prior to election".
The by-election would be triggered if 5% of the registered electorate signed an online petition.
Solidarity also wants people to vote to leave the EU in June's referendum, and for cannabis to be legalised, licensed and taxed.
And it wants the Offensive Behaviour at Football Act and the Named Person scheme to be scrapped.


Two airlines will start operating extra flights to Doha, the Qatar capital to help stranded Indians return home.

State-owned Indian Airlines and the private carrier Jet Airways will begin the extra flights from Thursday, a government statement said.
A number of Arab countries, including Saudi Arabia and Egypt, have cut diplomatic ties with Qatar, accusing it of destabilising the region.
Indians are the largest group of migrants in Qatar.
The move came after India's Aviation Minister Ashok Gajapathy Raju held talks with Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj, and assured her that additional flights would be operated to allow Indians who had been unable to book tickets, to return home.
The government statement said Air India would run extra flights between the southern city of Trivandrum and Doha from 25 June to 8 July while Jet Airways will operate Mumbai-Doha-Mumbai flights on 22 and 23 June.


Police in Pakistan have registered a complaint against "unknown persons" in the terror attack on an India air base.

An official of the Interior Ministry of Pakistan filed the complaint, which mentions some Pakistani mobile numbers provided by Indian authorities.
The move comes a day after Indian Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar said Pakistan was "sleeping" over the case.
India had blamed Pakistan-based groups for the four-day attack on the Pathankot air base in January.
Indian troops killed six militants during the four-day battle. Seven Indian soldiers also died in the clashes.
Delhi subsequently blamed Pakistan-based Islamist militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed, and gave Islamabad "specific and actionable" information on the attack.
The BBC's M Ilyas Khan in Islamabad says there are doubts over how serious a move this could be given that neither the group Jaish-e-Mohammad nor any of its members have been named in the complaint.
The investigation is going to be "open-ended" and likely to dabble through a maze of clues to chase "unknown functionaries" of "a proscribed organisation", our correspondent adds.
The assault started on 2 January when a group of gunmen - wearing Indian army uniforms - entered the residential quarters on the base. Three days of heavy gunfire followed as Indian troops battled the attackers.
The attacks had also temporarily derailed the renewed peace initiative between India and Pakistan.
Hopes for Delhi-Islamabad detente were raised in late December after Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid an unexpected visit to his counterpart Nawaz Sharif on his way back from Afghanistan, and the two sides announced plans to resume peace talks.
On 14 January, officials from both sides said the talks remained on the agenda, but they are yet to announce a date for when their foreign secretaries would meet.
The neighbours have a history of mistrust and have fought three wars.


Paracanoe world champion Anne Dickins led the way as Britain won gold and bronze on day one of the European Championships in the Czech Republic.

Dickins dominated the women's KL3 200m final in Racice, while Martin Tweedie took bronze in the men's VL3 200m.
Robert Oliver and Nicholas Beighton earned places in Saturday's finals.
The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) recently confirmed only kayak events will feature when the sport makes its Paralympic debut at Rio 2016.
"I really feel proud to be the first gold medallist in the new KL3 category and I'm really pleased that paracanoe now has a robust classification system moving forward," said Dickins.


Two of the big success stories of Scottish exporting have taken a dive.

While Britain's taste for a dram may be on the rise again, mostly thanks to higher-value single malts, that doesn't appear to be the case overseas.
And while salmon exports have recently been leaping ahead of other Scottish food and drink sales, they have taken a big dip in the past year.
Overall, new figures for Scottish exports of goods in 2015 saw them falling sharply, from £19.6bn to £17.5bn.
It can't all be down to the strength of sterling, as other food and drink exports are not taking anything like the same pounding, and nor is the UK
Scotland's total exports fell 11%, while the UK total was also down, but by less than 3%.
This is not just a one-year problem. The value of exports from England, Wales and Scotland decreased since 2012 by 4.8%, 8.3% and 12.9% respectively.
There is a lot of effort going into encouraging Scottish firms to get into exports. Yet the total numbers are going backwards. Scotland and the English Midlands are the only parts of the UK to see the number of exporters fall last year, according to the latest statistics.
And amid referendum-linked discussion of the importance of the European Union as an export market, it's striking that goods exports from Scotland to the rest of the EU last year fell by 20%, while UK goods exports to the EU fell 9%.
A lot of that was because output from oil refining was of much lower value, down two-thirds in Scotland's export figures, or £1.1bn. But there's more to it than that.
According to HM Revenue and Customs - with its first take on full-year figures issued on Thursday - exports of "beverages" from Scotland (overwhelmingly whisky) were down 4.4%, or £205m.
More widely, Scottish exports of food and drink fell 5% last year, and 6% the year before, while the UK figure was 3.6% last year, and steady the year before.
Those two years have seen increasing problems hit the whisky market - just when everyone thought it had found a sweet spot and was poised for years of expansion.
Exports had been surging ahead with the growth of middle class demand in emerging economies, across Asia to Latin America.
Nine new distilleries have opened recently, and the big distillers have spent vast amounts on expanding capacity.
Whisky came to represent around a quarter of all Scotland's exports (a worrying over-dependence?), and also a quarter of all food and drink exports from the UK.
That demand has come off the boil. The HMRC figures for Scottish "beverage" exports point to a 13% drop since 2012.
It seems there has been some cutting back on stockpiles of whisky held overseas. Chinese authorities have frowned on conspicuous entertaining and gifts of prestigious foreign liquor.
And two important Latino markets, Brazil and Venezuela, have hit very hard economic times.
That's why the British market has started to look a little more important. We learned on Wednesday that the number of Scotch whisky bottles released to the market in the UK was up from 83.3m to 84.9m bottles.
That goes against a trend of decline. British sales are down from 107m bottles a decade ago, and 111m back in 1995, when British tippling accounted for a tenth of output.
With rapid exports growth in the past decade, that share has fallen to around 7%.
Britain wasn't seen as the place to be lavishing marketing budgets, when Asia to Latin America were growing so rapidly and offered the promise of so much more.
These figures may get the marketing teams thinking again. The growth in British demand, according to the Scotch Whisky Association, is at the premium end of distilling, with single malts.
In 2005, distillers released 96m bottles of blended (lower-value) whisky to the UK market. In 2009 - the worst of the recession - demand dropped 10%, and it didn't come back.  Last year, demand was down to 72m bottles.
There was also a sharp drop in demand for single malts in 2009, down 14%. But it bounced back the next year.
In the decade to 2015, the number of single malt bottles sold into the UK market has risen from 11.5m bottle to 12.3m - up 4% and then 8% in the past two years.
Similar trends can be seen in the United States.  In mature markets, where the single malt used to be a profitable sideline, it is fast becoming vital to the industry's prospects.
And what of salmon? Scottish salmon also benefited from the growth in export markets. When China wanted to punish Norway for the Nobel peace prize going to a Chinese dissident, Scotland was given official trade approval and picked up the opportunity (it's mostly Norwegian owned, of course).
Chile, the world's other big salmon producer, suffered a hit to production due to fish disease, and again, Scottish fish farming was able to benefit.
But with Chile recovering, sterling strong, and Russia embargoed, there is tougher competition out there in the salmon cages.
According to the UK Food and Drink Federation, issuing its annual figures this week, salmon exports (and they are almost all farmed in Scottish lochs) were down a whacking £139m to £496m. That's a 21% drop in value. By volume, there was a big, but lesser, decline, of 8.6%.
That helps explain why Marine Harvest, one of the industry's biggest producers, has been laying off staff this week.
There is only one category that exports more food and non-alcoholic drink from the UK than salmon: chocolate.
The weakening of demand and strengthening of sterling helps explain a 1.7% drop in value last year, and 2.2% by volume. But at £580m, chocolate exports remain quite chunky.
If you're the kind who has to know, the Food and Drink Association tells us the next biggest British export categories that sell to foreigners are: cheese, beef, sweet biscuits, soft drinks, breakfast cereals, vegetables, chicken and sauces.
Only the biscuits, cereals and veg were on the rise last year. Overseas sales of chicken went down nearly as sharply as salmon.
If not whisky and salmon, and if the European Union is becoming less important, where are the growth areas for Scottish exports?
The latest HMRC trade figures show that the US remains the dominant export market. However, the fastest-growing export market is Saudi Arabia, up 35% or £127m.
And the fastest-growing export category, up eight-fold or £103m, is "military arms and ammunition".
The weapons aren't all destined for Saudi use, of course. But it's an odd combination, and not the image you might expect of Scotland the Brand.


Two common drugs - one used for treating athlete's foot and another for alleviating eczema - may be useful therapies for multiple sclerosis, scientists believe.

In early animal studies, the medicines repaired some of the cell damage and paralysis seen in MS.
The drugs encouraged new growth of myelin to coat and protect the nerves.
Experts say although the results in Nature journal are promising, people should not be tempted to self-medicate.
Much more work is needed to check that the treatments will work in people.
Lab tests on human cells already hint that they might.
The two drugs in question - an antifungal called miconazole and a steroid called clobetasol - are currently topical medicines that are applied as creams to the skin.
They already have a good safety history for treating these conditions, says lead researcher Dr Paul Tesar, from Case Western Reserve School of Medicine in the US.
He says the formulation of the drugs would need to be changed so that they could be better targeted to the nervous system where MS strikes.
In MS, the body's immune system mistakes myelin for a foreign body and attacks it.
This leads to progressive disability.
Current medications for MS can help slow or prevent this attack, but they cannot replace myelin.
A number of researchers are looking at existing drugs to see if they can be reclaimed for treating MS.
Dr Tesar's team screened a library of more than 700 existing drugs to find any that would promote new myelin production by the individual's own cells.
Dr Tesar said they were working tirelessly to get a safe and effective drug for clinical use.
"We appreciate that some patients or their families feel they cannot wait for the development of specific approved medications.
"But off-label use of the current forms of these drugs is more likely to increase other health concerns than alleviate multiple sclerosis symptoms."
Prof Daniel Altmann, an expert in immunology at Imperial College London, said: "There has been tremendous progress in recent years in development, clinical trials and licensing of new drugs that aim to block the immune attack and thus ameliorate progress of disease.
"The problem that has been much harder to crack is what to do about the fact that this still leaves patients with irreversible disability through the damage to the myelin sheaths in the central nervous system that has been sustained."
He said the fruits of this approach to treating MS were still "a little way off".
Dr Sorrel Bickley of the MS Society said: "More than 100,000 people in the UK live with MS, which is why there is a huge unmet need for new therapies that can repair the damage to myelin that occurs in the condition.
"While this is an early study, it's exciting to think that there is now a growing list of potential myelin repair therapies that have been identified in laboratory and animal model studies. The next step will be to test these treatments in clinical trials to establish whether they can bring real benefits in slowing or stopping the progression of MS."


The Supreme Court of Bangladesh has ordered the release on bail of magazine editor Shafik Rehman following his arrest on suspicion of sedition.

The 81-year-old was held in April after police linked him to a conspiracy to murder the son of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.
Mr Rehman, a UK and Bangladeshi national, has been granted bail for three months.
His supporters describe his arrest as politically motivated.
Mr Rehman was the editor of Jai Jai Din, a mass-circulation Bengali daily, and, at the time of his arrest, he edited Mouchake Dhil, a popular monthly magazine.
He was also an adviser to opposition leader Khaleda Zia, who has continually demanded his unconditional release.
Several press freedom groups recently signed a letter urging Bangladesh to release him.
Prior to his arrest, Mr Rehman convened the international affairs committee of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and headed a pro-opposition think-tank called G-9.
Mr Rehman is the third pro-opposition editor to be detained since 2013.
Mahfuz Anam, editor of the English-language Daily Star newspaper, has been accused of treason for accusing Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina of corruption in 2007 when the country was run by a military government.
BBC South Asia correspondent Justin Rowlatt reported in February that both The Daily Star and its sister publication Prothom Alo were being subjected to a clandestine attempt to undermine their finances and stifle their operations.


The Republic of Ireland's official statistical agency is to review how it presents the country's growth figures.

There was widespread mockery of figures published on Tuesday that showed the country's gross domestic product (GDP) had grown by a staggering 26% in 2015.
The figures were heavily distorted by the activities of multinational companies that use Dublin as a centre for financing and taxation operations.
Economist Paul Krugman described the GDP number as "leprechaun economics".
The Financial Times said the presentation was on a par with the works of James Joyce and Flann O'Brien.
The Central Statistics Office said it now intends to convene a "high-level cross-sector consultative group to examine how best to provide insight and understanding of all aspects of the Irish economy".
It said the group would look at how it presents national accounts information and the potential of developing new growth indicators.
The GDP figure was inflated by one-off figures such as companies moving intellectual property rights to Ireland.
Those moves expand the country's stock of assets while adding little to the real economy.
The country's real growth rate in 2015 was probably between 4% and 6%, which is still strong by the standards of developed countries.


The Dutch capital Amsterdam is following in the footsteps of Cardiff in a bid to reduce violent behaviour.

It is adopting a Cardiff University professor's approach which he says has made the Welsh capital safer than similar sized UK cities.
It works by using information from victims to identify violence hotspots, such as in nightclubs and parks.
The method has already been adopted by Western Cape in South Africa and Milwaukee in the USA.
The man behind it, Professor Jonathan Shepherd of Cardiff University's School of Dentistry, said there was no reason it could not work anywhere in the world.
One of the most significant breakthroughs was the sharing of information and joint action by police, councils and emergency departments to try to curb violence.
Every time someone comes through accident and emergency with any sort of injury where alcohol is a contributory factor the police are informed.
It is claimed that the approach has reduced hospital admissions for violence by 42% in Cardiff, relative to 13 similar cities in Wales and England.
More than 100 hospitals across Wales and England have since copied Cardiff.
"It's very low tech and the basic requirements are that the police and local government and health meet from time to time in an organised way," Prof Shepherd said.
"That's not rocket science, so we think this is applicable widely, including poor countries [and] low and middle income countries.
"We would very much like to see this implemented in a country like Nigeria, Uganda or South American countries where there's a lot of violence.
"It's in the World Health Organisation-recommended approach but it's easier said than done."
Prof Shepherd, who was a surgeon at Cardiff's University Hospital of Wales, started his work in 1996 after realising that a great deal of violence which resulted in hospital treatment was not known to the police because victims did not report it.
He also noticed trends in the types of facial injuries he was treating.
Patients were being regularly admitted who had been glassed, and one early success was putting pressure on clubs and city centre pubs to adopt plastic glasses.
The move brought about an immediate decline in facial injuries connected to alcohol.
However, there were continuing problems with drink-related crimes in the city so Prof Shepherd and his violence and society research group continued their innovative approach.
The research group's research into violence, alcohol and late-night safety was recognised with a Queen's Anniversary Prize for excellence in higher education in 2009.
Amsterdam decided to adopt the approach after a delegation from the city, including the chief inspector of the police force, visited Cardiff last year.
Hidde Toet, from the Dutch Consumer Safety Institute and who led the delegation, said after the visit: "The Cardiff model provides us with an effective method to improve the way we share information and implement preventative measures by police and local government to effectively reduce violence."


Actor Johnny Beattie is to retire after 13 years on the BBC's River City and more than six decades in entertainment.

Mr Beattie, 88, has played the role of Malcolm Hamilton in the soap since the show's launch in 2002.
His final storyline will centre on Malcolm's ailing health due to vascular dementia and the impact it has on him and his loved ones.
Mr Beattie's last scenes with River City were filmed on Friday.
They will be broadcast in June.
He said: "I'm one of the original River City cast members and I've had a wonderful time working with great people who have become lifelong friends.
"It's strange to say goodbye to Malcolm but the time is right for me. River City, its cast and crew, hold a very dear place in my heart - I'm going to miss them all."
Mr Beattie's showbusiness career has spanned variety, stand-up comedy, TV and film roles and quiz shows as well as his panto dames.
His many performances established him as one of the giants of Scotland's comedy scene alongside Rikki Fulton, Jack Milroy and Stanley Baxter.
The 1960s saw the broadcast of Johnny Beattie's Saturday Night Show which ran until 1970 and his screen roles have included the movie The Big Man with Billy Connolly and Liam Neeson, Taggart, Rab C Nesbitt and Scotch and Wry.
River City's series producer Donald MacKinnon said: "It truly is the end of an era for River City and the Scottish entertainment industry.
"Johnny has been at the heart of the show from the very start and will be sorely missed by all cast and crew.
"A terrific storyteller, Johnny always had a tale to tell about his vast career and was a real joy to have on set.
"Everyone at River City wishes him a happy retirement and he's always welcome to pop back to Shieldinch anytime."


At least 24 people in 13 countries have been arrested in a US-led sting operation targeting illegal trafficking of credit card information.

The swoop came after a two-year undercover FBI investigation spanning four continents.
Operation Card Shop tracked those buying and selling information through a fake, FBI-run online forum on such "carding" schemes.
Twelve of the arrests were in the United States, with six in the UK.
All of the detained are men ranging in age from 18 to 25. Some face 40 years in prison if convicted on fraud-related charges.
One of the men, Mir Islam, known online as "JoshTheGod", was charged with trafficking in 50,000 stolen credit card numbers.
In total, investigators notified credit card providers of more than 400,000 compromised accounts.
US officials said the operation prevented losses of $205m (Â£131m) from debit and credit cards.
The sting focused around an online forum called Carder Profit, set up by the FBI in June 2010, where users could exchange stolen account and card numbers.
Investigators identified alleged cybercriminals in the US, Europe, Asia and Australia.
US district attorney Preet Bharara
          said in a statement
: "Clever computer criminals operating behind the supposed veil of the internet are still subject to the long arm of the law."


A Scottish band has triumphed at the World Pipe Band Championships, fighting off a strong challenge from last year's Northern Irish victors.

Inveraray and District Pipe Band won the contest, beating Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band who came second.
Almost 35,000 people attended the two-day event held on Glasgow Green.
A total of 219 bands including 8,000 pipers from 15 nations took park in the contest, now in its 70th year.
Inveraray and District Pipe Band, from Argyll,  was re-formed in 2004 by its current leaders Stuart Liddell and Steven McWhirter. The previous pipe band in Inveraray had disbanded in the 1930s.
Field Marshall Montgomery have won the contest five times in the past six years, including four victories in a row between 2011 to 2014.
Glasgow's Lord Provost Eva Bolander, who was Chieftain of the World Pipe Band Championships 2017, said: "My heartiest congratulations to everyone who competed at the World Pipe Band Championships.
"As a former pipe band member I know exactly how much work goes into producing such magnificent performances.
"Next year will mark 70 years since the Worlds were first held in Glasgow and we are already looking forward to another fantastic occasion."
Ian Embelton, chief executive of the Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association, said: "We have enjoyed two outstanding days of musical performances of extraordinary quality.
"It's been a competition full of drama, excitement and above all some brilliant playing from the best bands in the world who continue to set new standards."
The first ever World Pipe Band Championships were held at Murrayfield in Edinburgh in 1947.
The event was first held in Glasgow in 1948 and has been staged in the city continuously since 1986.


Zimbabwe's President Robert Mugabe has read out the wrong speech at the opening of parliament.

He gave the same one during his state-of-the-nation address on 25 August, when he was heckled by opposition MPs.
His spokesman told the state-run Herald paper the error was because of a mix-up in the president's secretarial office.
The BBC's Brian Hungwe in Harare says tensions were high ahead of the speech and the state broadcaster cancelled its live feed fearing further disruptions.
At least six MPs from the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) received a text message from a sender called "Death" warning them to behave.
"Warning: Immunity ends in parliament... act wisely by not disturbing the proceedings of parliament," the message on opposition MP Nelson Chamisa's phone said.
Before the 91-year-old president spoke, the parliamentary speaker also warned against disrupting proceedings.
After Mr Mugabe began speaking, it was not long before it dawned on those present that they had heard it all before, our reporter says.
But during the speech, the MDC members sat quietly, while ruling Zanu-PF party supporters clapped at regular intervals, Reuters news agency reports.
The president made reference to the country amending labour laws to protect workers from arbitrary termination of employment, efforts being made to stimulate investment and the country registering modest growth in tourism and agriculture, our correspondent says.
The first time Mr Mugabe read the speech opposition MPs sang protest songs against his 10-point plan to solve the country's economic crisis.
Presidential spokesman George Charamba said the error in delivering the wrong speech was "sincerely regretted".
He added that the president would read the correct speech later at a hotel in the capital Harare, Reuters reports.


Northampton flanker Tom Wood has been recalled to the England squad for the autumn internationals.

Coach Eddie Jones had left out Wood, 29, since taking charge after the 2015 World Cup, but picks him for the first time amid a back-row injury crisis.
Wood, who has 42 caps, is part of a 33-man squad named for the four Tests.
The uncapped trio of Sale full-back Mike Haley, Saracens fly-half Alex Lozowski and Bath lock Charlie Ewels are also included.
Australian Jones said he had been in touch with Wood after leaving him out back in January and had been impressed by his "work-rate".
England will play South Africa, Fiji, Argentina and Australia on successive weekends, starting with the Springboks on 12 November.
Regular starters George Kruis, Maro Itoje, James Haskell, Jack Nowell and Anthony Watson have all been ruled out, as have back-row forwards Jack Clifford, Sam Jones and Mike Williams.
Other uncapped players included are Harlequins prop Kyle Sinckler, Wasps forward Nathan Hughes and Worcester centre Ben Te'o.
There are also returns for the Gloucester pair Ben Morgan and Jonny May, along with Bath second row Dave Attwood.
The open-side flanker position has been problematic since Haskell, who filled the role for the duration of the Six Nations and in two of the three Tests in the summer whitewash of Australia, was ruled out with a broken toe.
Northampton's Teimana Harrison was promoted to the seven shirt for England's whitewash-sealing win in Sydney, but only lasted 31 minutes before being hauled off by Jones.
With the possibility of deploying the versatile Itoje there now ended by injury, Jones could switch Chris Robshaw across from blind-side to fill the vacancy.
Robshaw played as open-side under Jones' predecessor Stuart Lancaster, but, before getting his current role, Jones questioned the Harlequins captain's ability to play the role, calling him a "six and a half at best".
"It is always an option," said Jones as he made light of his previous comments. "He always has that six and a half jersey tucked away and half a point doesn't matter too much."
The squad will fly to Portugal on Sunday for a training camp ahead of meeting South Africa at Twickenham.
Jones oversaw a three-day training camp in Brighton earlier this month that was criticised by the country's top clubs after Nowell, Watson and Sam Jones were injured during it.
But the former Japan and Australia coach said he had no intention of toning down his squad's sessions.
"There is nothing to change. We want to train with intensity. We have not beaten South Africa since 2006 and we need to be at our best," he added.
BBC Radio 5 live rugby union reporter Chris Jones:
Eddie Jones' plans in the back row have been thrown somewhat into disarray because of the number of injuries, so he has turned to the experienced Wood, a man who was a central part of Stuart Lancaster's regime.
Wood was jettisoned following the Rugby World Cup, and admitted Jones felt his performances were - quote - "distinctly average", but the Northampton man is experienced and durable, and his line-out expertise could be invaluable in the absence of George Kruis.
Another experienced operator Dave Attwood has been recalled to give England options in the second row, while the exciting Sale back Mike Haley is one of six uncapped players.
Forwards: Dave Attwood (Bath), Dan Cole (Leicester), Charlie Ewels (Bath), Ellis Genge (Leicester), Jamie George (Saracens), Teimana Harrison (Northampton), Dylan Hartley (Northampton), Nathan Hughes (Wasps), Joe Launchbury (Wasps), Courtney Lawes (Northampton), Joe Marler (Harlequins), Ben Morgan (Gloucester), Chris Robshaw (Harlequins), Kyle Sinckler (Harlequins), Tommy Taylor (Wasps), Billy Vunipola (Saracens) Mako Vunipola (Saracens), Tom Wood (Northampton Saints)
Backs: Mike Brown (Harlequins), Danny Care (Harlequins), Elliot Daly (Wasps), Owen Farrell (Saracens), George Ford (Bath Rugby), Alex Goode (Saracens), Mike Haley (Sale), Jonathan Joseph (Bath), Alex Lozowski (Saracens), Jonny May (Gloucester), Semesa Rokoduguni (Bath), Henry Slade (Exeter Chiefs), Ben Te'o (Worcester), Marland Yarde (Harlequins), Ben Youngs (Leicester)


When infidelity website Ashley Madison was the victim of a hacking attack in 2015, its 36 million global users were suddenly very worried indeed.

The business, a dating site for married people who wish to cheat on their spouse, had the data of its customers stolen and released on to the internet. All their names, passwords, phone numbers and addresses.
While it was a very bleak time for Ashley Madison's users, the company itself faced a major crisis, and it was found to be lacking.
As customer numbers and revenues plummeted, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) - the US agency tasked with protecting consumers - ruled that the business had not done enough to protect people's information, both before and after the attack.
The FTC fined Ashley Madison $1.6m (Â£1.3m), and said that the financial penalty was only that low because it didn't think that the business could afford to pay any more, such was the impact of the hack on its earnings.
Where Ashley Madison failed was its insufficient crisis management - it hadn't prepared enough for something bad happening, and how it would react.
While the company tells the BBC it has subsequently overhauled all its systems, how should all firms best plan for and then respond to a crisis, be it a cyber-attack, financial scandal or other serious issue?
With the UK government confirming last year that two-thirds of large British companies had experienced a cyber-attack in the previous 12 months alone, businesses who have an online presence anywhere in the world simply have to prepare for how they would react to a hack that breaches their system.
A business can make its website as secure as possible, but being 100% protected is just not achievable, say IT experts.
Thankfully for UK employment agency Page Group it knew exactly how to react when it suffered a data breach of its cloud computing system in October last year.
"We have senior staff in place from across different parts of our organisation that form an issues management team who are well equipped to deal with a crisis, should it arise," says Eamon Collins, Page's group marketing manager.
"That is why when we were alerted to a data breach by our IT vendor Capgemini, this team was able to act fast, review the issue, and provide counsel on the best course of action.
"The most important part of the process is putting your customers' interests first."
He adds: "Once we had sufficient information around what had happened, and the impact, we could undertake a transparent and open dialogue with the customer."
At former US mining group National Coal, the crisis it faced was repeated protests in the early 2000s by environmentalists who objected to its opencast mining in east Tennessee.
Its then chief executive, Daniel Roling, said the company had plans in place for how it responded to everything it faced - from trespassers, to staff being threatened, entry roads being blockaded, and bomb threats.
"We held a number of run-throughs to test the effectiveness of both communications and operation responses," he says.
"The plan should, at a minimum, include an acceptable and effective means of communication, as well as an outline of who can and should provide direction."
Mr Roling, who left National Coal before it was sold to Ranger Energy Investments in 2010, adds: "We had everything planned right down to where we would hold a press conference, and how we would set it up.
"In crisis planning, you are looking to create an effective auto-response, so that everyone heads in the right direction, without too much deliberation."
At UK tourist attraction, the Jorvik Viking Centre, in York, its crisis was a major flood in December 2015 that caused significant damage.
Although there was no scandal to manage, director of attractions Sarah Maltby says the team worked hard to remove precious artefacts before they were damaged.
"Every company needs solid staff to assist, offer advice, and manage elements of disaster recovery," she says.
The centre is now due to finally reopen in April this year.
Crisis management expert Jonathan Bernstein says it is vital that a company responds quickly to a crisis. "The crisis moves at its own pace, but you need to be faster."
He adds that firms should be honest about the crisis at hand, especially if it is something they are to blame for, such as a financial scandal.
"Be honest about how you screwed up, and illustrate how you are going to ensure this doesn't happen again," says Mr Bernstein.
"Provide clear information to customers on what happened exactly, and what new protocols will be in place."
Damon Coppola, founder of Shoreline Risk, a company that assists businesses with their risk management, says that when it comes to a firm preparing for a possible crisis "the public might not necessarily expect perfection".
But he adds: "[The public's] judgement will be hard if it is perceived that the company failed to act on an obligation to limit or prepare for a known risk, if they were dishonest in their communication, and perhaps in the worst case, if profits came before people."
These are views echoed by UK public relations expert Benjamin Webb, founder of media relations firm Deliberate PR.
He says: "At a time of fast-moving crisis, particularly when people's well-being is at stake, transparency to customers and their family members must exceed any responsibility to shareholders."
At Toronto-based Ruby Corporation, the owner of Ashley Madison, chief executive Rob Segal, says the company has worked hard to rebuild trust since the 2015 hack.
Mr Segal, who joined the firm after the attack, says: "We partnered with Deloitte's world-leading security team following the breach, and they've been helping the company with privacy and security enhancements and 24/7 monitoring.
"The go-forward lessons for chief executives is to always stay vigilant about cybersecurity, and to continually invest in privacy and security safeguards."


A PSNI recruitment event which was cancelled after a bomb find at the original venue has been rearranged.

It was due to be held at the Waterfoot Hotel in Londonderry but its owner called the event after voicing concerns about "health and safety".
The dissident republican bomb was discovered in the hotel grounds last Friday.
The session will now take place at St Columb's Park House, on the Limavady Road, Derry on Saturday.
There were also security alerts at two other venues last week where recruitment events were due to take place.
Belfast Met's Millfield campus and Omagh's Strule Arts Centre were evacuated but nothing untoward was found.


A yachtsman has been airlifted to safety after his vessel got into difficulty off the west coast.

The man made a distress call just after midnight after his 40ft boat hit rocks near the Skerryvore lighthouse, to the south west of Tiree.
The rescue effort was carried out in very rough seas and severe gale force winds, according to the Maritime and Coastguard Agency.
They said the man was not injured and required no hospital treatment.
A commercial cable-laying vessel provided some shelter from the weather during the rescue mission.
Two RNLI lifeboats were also involved. The Islay attempted to secure a line to the yacht and a vessel from Barra was also sent to assist.
Angus MacIver, the UK Coastguard maritime operations controller, said both rescue vessels were being returned to base.
He added: "The winds in the area were gusting at severe gale force with very rough seas which created a very testing environment in which this rescue could be carried out."


Counter-terrorism police in Australia have stopped a suspected plot to bring down an aeroplane, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull has said.

He was speaking after four people were arrested in raids in the city of Sydney.
Mr Turnbull said the raids had been a "major joint counter-terrorism operation".
He said extra security had been put in place at domestic and international airports.
The raids took place in the suburbs of Surry Hills, Lakemba, Wiley Park and Punchbowl, Australian broadcaster ABC reported.
Police were acting on information that the plot involved an "improvised device", it added.


The world's first baby has been born using a new "three person" fertility technique, New Scientist reveals.

The five-month-old boy has the usual DNA from his mum and dad, plus a tiny bit of genetic code from a donor.
US doctors took the unprecedented step to ensure the baby boy would be free of a genetic condition that his Jordanian mother carries in her genes.
Experts say the move heralds a new era in medicine and could help other families with rare genetic conditions.
But they warn that rigorous checks of this new and controversial technology, called mitochondrial donation, are needed.
It's not the first time scientists have created babies that have DNA from three people - that breakthrough began in the late 1990s - but it is an entirely new and significant method.
Mitochondria are tiny structures inside nearly every cell of the body that convert food into usable energy.
Some women carry genetic defects in mitochondria and they can pass these on to their children.
In the case of the Jordanian family, it was a disorder called Leigh Syndrome that would have proved fatal to any baby conceived. The family had already experienced the heartache of four miscarriages as well as the death of two children - one at eight months and the other at six years of age.
Scientists have devised a number of fertility methods to help such families.
The US team, who travelled to Mexico to carry out the procedure because there are no laws there that prohibit it, used a method that takes all the vital DNA from the mother's egg plus healthy mitochondria from a donor egg to create a healthy new egg that can be fertilised with the father's sperm.
The result is a baby with 0.1% of their DNA from the donor (mitochondrial DNA) and all the genetic code for things like hair and eye colour from the mother and father.
Dr John Zhang, medical director at the New Hope Fertility Centre in New York City, and his colleagues used the method to make five embryos - only one of them developed normally.
The UK has already passed laws to allow the creation of babies from three people.
But the science does raise ethical questions, including how any child from the technique might feel about having DNA from three people.
Fertility experts say it is important to push ahead, but cautiously.
Some have questioned whether we are only now hearing the success story while failed attempts could have gone unreported.
Prof Alison Murdoch, part of the team at Newcastle University that has been at the forefront of three person IVF work in the UK, said:  "The translation of mitochondrial donation to a clinical procedure is not a race but a goal to be achieved with caution to ensure both safety and reproducibility."
Critics say the work is irresponsible.
Dr David King from the pro-choice group Human Genetics Alert, said: "It is outrageous that they simply ignored the cautious approach of US regulators and went to Mexico, because they think they know better. Since when is a simplistic "to save lives is the ethical thing to do" a balanced medical ethics approach, especially when no lives were being saved?"
Dr Zhang and his team say they will answer these questions when they presents their findings at a meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine in October.
Prof Darren Griffin, an expert in Genetics at the University of Kent, said: "This study heralds a new era in preimplantation genetics and represents a novel means for the treatment of families at risk of transmitting genetic disease.
"With radical new treatments like this there are always challenging ethical issues, however any concerns need to be balanced against the ramifications of not implementing such a technology when families are in need of it."
Nucleus: Where the majority of our DNA is held - this determines how we look and our personality
Mitochondria: Often described as the cell's factories, these create the energy to make the cell function
Cytoplasm: The jelly like substance that contains the nucleus and mitochondria
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Jerry Sexton has signed a permanent contract with London Irish following a loan spell with the club last season.

The 23-year-old back row joined from Exeter in February but was unable to prevent Irish's relegation to the Championship in his six appearances.
"I'm really looking forward to helping the club achieve promotion back to the Premiership at the first time of asking," he said.
An Ireland Under-20 international, Sexton is a Leinster academy graduate.
He is the younger brother of Ireland fly-half Johnny Sexton.


No proposal has been made for a sea border between the UK and the Republic of Ireland after Brexit, the Irish foreign minister has said.

A newspaper report on Friday suggested that the taoiseach (Irish prime minister) wants customs and immigration checks at ports on mainland Britain after the UK's withdrawal from the EU.
The Democratic Unionist Party rejected that idea, describing it as "madness".
But Simon Coveney denied that the Irish government preferred that option.
"There is no proposal that is suggesting that there be a border in the Irish Sea," he told Irish national broadcaster RTÃ‰.
He sad the onus was on the UK to "come up with imaginative and if necessary unique solutions" to avoiding a so-called hard border between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic.
Mr Coveney added that a political solution was required, rather than a technical fix, which has been suggested by Brexit Secretary David Davis.
The Irish government will not support proposals that result in checkpoints along the border, he said.
The Irish border is one of the key issues that needs to be resolved by the UK and the EU before talks begin on a new trade deal.
Mr Davis has proposed using measures like surveillance cameras to allow free movement between the north and south of the island.
The Times reported that the Taoiseach Leo Varadkar is said to be "unconvinced" by the UK's plans to introduce a "high-tech land border".
Sources told the paper that Mr Varadkar thinks a land border would jeopardise the peace process.
The DUP MP Sir Jeffrey Donaldson said the taoiseach "needs to get a reality check" because any suggestion of a border in the Irish Sea is "just madness".
"That's just not going to happen," he told BBC Radio 4's Today programme.
"There is no way that the DUP would go for an option that put a border between one part of the UK and another.
"That would be a bit like saying we're going to create a border between California and the rest of the USA."
He asked: "Why on earth would it be in the interests of Northern Ireland's economy to create a customs border between Belfast and London, between Northern Ireland and Great Britain?
"It would be utter madness."
He also rejected the idea that a land border would encourage terrorism, saying that to suggest that would be "dangerous".


Scotland manager Gordon Strachan took heart from how a new-look side adjusted to an early onslaught to earn a welcome friendly win over the Czech Republic.

Ikechi Anya's early goal was decisive, but keeper Allan McGregor kept the hosts at bay with several fine saves.
"McGregor was fantastic, he made a couple of great saves. I wish he didn't have so much to do," Strachan said.
"We didn't actually close people down but once we sorted that out and passed it better, it became a different game."
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Strachan gave Aberdeen midfielder Kenny McLean a debut from the start, while on-loan Blackburn striker Tony Watt and Birmingham right-back Paul Caddis also won first caps as late substitutes.
Ross McCormack, back for the first time in two years and only a late call-up after an injury to Steven Naismith, set up Anya's goal and held the ball up well, while Robert Snodgrass impressed on his return after missing the entire Euro 2016 qualifying campaign through injury.
But Strachan was keen to stress his satisfaction with the collective response rather than individuals.
"It was maybe a bit of a gamble having two squads, but it means you can see more players, how they play, and how they work within the group," he said.  "That is the bonus.
"There are a lot of players that weren't here who would expect to start, but the group have made it a good night. There are a lot of guys who have done themselves proud, especially in the second half.
"We are not a great side but we can turn ourselves into a decent side by working hard. It was great learning from the first half to the second half about how small things can change a game."
Of the players who featured in Prague, only Anya and Charlie Mulgrew are also in a different 19-man squad for Tuesday's friendly against Denmark.
Gordon Greer, an unused substitute in Prague, is also in the party to face the Danes, while Steven Whittaker - who withdrew from the Czech game with his wife due to give birth - and Steven Fletcher, who was suffering with a virus, are also in the squad.


Crime on the railways fell by 11% in Wales last year, while the number of sexual offences reported rose, new figures show.

British Transport Police (BTP) said there were 150 fewer incidents recorded in 2014/15, but sex attacks rose by 16% from 19 to 22.
Overall, 1,172 crimes were reported - down on 1,322 the previous year.
BTP said crime in Wales remained low, but there was still much for the force to do.
Supt Andy Morgan, sub divisional commander for Wales, said sex crime figures in the region were the lowest of any of BTP's eight areas.
He said although it was concerning so many people were affected by this type of crime, the force had expected to see a rise after launching its Report It To Stop It campaign, which encourages victims to come forward.
The force said there were 42 fewer theft offences last year and instances where cables were stolen were down from 102 last year to 53 this year.
As a result, the number of travel minutes lost to the offence is down by 87% nationally since 2008/09.
Violent offences also decreased in Wales, at a time when there was an 8% rise across Britain.
The force said it had put more officers on night trains to deter problem behaviour and it was enhancing its CCTV coverage by trialling the use of body-worn cameras.
The report said there were 16 deaths on the tracks in Wales last year and BTP had introduced a hotline for staff to alert emergency services when staff are concerned about a person planning to harm themselves.


A limited state of emergency is in force in several areas of Trinidad, as the government moves to tackle a recent spike in violent crime.

The measures, announced on Sunday by Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar, include an overnight curfew.
She said they were targeting what she called "hot spots" as part of efforts to tackle "wanton acts of lawlessness".
The opposition said it was a "panic response" by the government.
The declaration of emergency rule in six areas in Trinidad, which will last 15 days, came after the country saw 11 murders in just a couple of days.
Ms Persad-Bissessar said the killings were a reaction by drug gangs to recent major seizures by the police of consignments worth millions of dollars.
"These large sums of money simply do not disappear from the drug trade without consequences," she said.
The aim of emergency rule was to halt the current spike in gang activity and crime in general in the shortest possible time, the prime minister said in a televised address.
"The nation will not be held to ransom by marauding gangs of thugs bent on creating havoc on our society. The limited state of emergency in hot spots across Trinidad and Tobago is merely part of a larger aggressive reaction response by the government."
The measures include a 21:00 to 05:00 overnight curfew, as well as increased powers for police to conduct searches and make arrests.
Opposition leader Keith Rowley said the measure showed that the government had no plans to deal with rising crime.
"Our initial thought is that this is a panic response which has not been the product of any serious deliberations," he told local radio.
The measures took effect after being approved by President George Maxwell Richards..


Armed thieves masquerading as police have carried out a robbery at Johannesburg's international airport in South Africa, reports say.

The thieves are said to have driven into a restricted zone on Tuesday evening and taken containers of cash.
Estimates vary but reports suggest that millions of dollars in different currencies may have been stolen.
The company that operates OR Tambo Airport, the continent's busiest, confirmed a robbery had taken place.
"No shots were fired and no injuries have been reported. The robbers fledâ€š" Airports Company South Africa said in a statement.
The Hawks, an elite police unit, declined to release details, but has said that a high level investigation by all law enforcement agencies is now under way, the BBC's Milton Nkosi reports.
The police have described the robbery as bearing the hallmarks of an inside job.
A source within the Hawks has described the robbery as looking like "something scripted from a Hollywood movie", South African journalist Graeme Hosken told the BBC's Newsday programme.
The journalist added that the thieves, who used special access passes to get into the airport, knew exactly which containers to take and were careful to get hold of small denomination notes, which are thought to be easier to pass on.
A police spokeswoman, Athlenda Mathe, was quoted by South African broadcaster eNCA as saying she could not comment on "how much money exactly was stolen".
Guards from a private security firm protecting the valuable cargo were stopped by the robbers, who were travelling in a vehicle marked with "police", the TimesLive news website reports.
There have been reports of other high-value cargo robberies in recent years at the airport.
OR Tambo is operating normally and no passengers were affected by the robbery.


Drivers on motorways around Birmingham face disruption until July as two maintenance projects get under way, the Highways Agency said.

One is at the M6 Gravelly Hill Interchange, known as Spaghetti Junction, and the other at junction 8 of the M6, where it joins the M5.
Repairs will be made to the concrete and drainage work will be carried out.
There will be lane, full carriageway and slip road closures and temporary speed limits in place, the agency said.
Jess Kenny, project manager for the schemes, said: "By undertaking the work now, we will reduce the need to carry out in the future emergency road surface repairs which are frustrating for road users, and will therefore minimise disruption in the long-term."
The work on the M6/M5 link road will involve maintenance to bridges, including the Ray Hall Viaduct, the River Tame Bridge and Wigmore Viaduct.
The road will be reduced to a single lane and the M6 junction 9 southbound slip road will be closed. A 50mph speed limit will be in place.
The project started on Monday and is due to be completed at the end of May.
The scheme on viaducts at Spaghetti Junction will involve work to four of the slip roads.
It is due to begin on 11 January and will be completed at the end of July, the agency said.


Former Wales captain Barry Horne has admitted there is pressure on Wrexham boss Gary Mills ahead of the derby with Chester at the Racecourse on Saturday.

Wrexham board member Horne, who won 59 international caps, believes a negative result against their rivals could make things "turn for the worse."
Horne said the Dragons' board fully supported Mills, but admitted results have not been satisfactory.
"On the pitch it's been disappointing," Horne told BBC Radio Wales Sport.
He continued: "Inconsistency is costing us really. Automatic promotion certainly already looks very, very difficult.
"Even the play-offs are not going to be easy, but it's not impossible."
Wrexham are 14th in the National League and nine points off top spot with a section of fans booing the manager in recent weeks.
"I won't deny there is some dissent in the stands. It's strange how that has built up. It seems to have bubbled up quite seriously of late," Horne said.
"At the moment the fans are still with us in our quest to get back to the Football League.
"Everyone on the board are diehard Wrexham fans. We feel the same as the fans. We are aching to get back up there."
Horne says Mills still has the support the hierarchy at Wrexham, but admits he can ill-afford a derby defeat.
"Gary Mills has the full support of the board. We've got a massive game coming up on Saturday and Gary is preparing for that," he said.
"It's bigger than usual because it comes at what might could viewed as a critical time.
"The unrest and discontent amongst fans could be put aside for a little while with a good performance and good result.
"But if it was to go horribly wrong against Chester and they took the spoils, things could take a turn for the worse. There is no doubt about that."


At least 24 people have died in a stampede as tens of thousands of people attended a religious event in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

Twenty others were injured in the crush, on the outskirts of Varanasi, a town sacred to many Hindus.
A police officer said that 3,000 devotees were expected at the event but 70,000 showed up.
Some of the injured people are in a serious condition in hospital. Of the 19 dead, 14 are women.
Raj Bahadur, one of the organisers, told the Press Trust of India news agency that after police started turning people back from an overcrowded bridge, a rumour spread that the bridge was broken and people started to run for safety.
According to The Times of India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has announced 200,000 rupees (Â£2,460; $2,997) compensation for the families of the dead.
"I have spoken to officials & asked them to ensure all possible help to those affected due to the stampede in Varanasi," Mr Modi tweeted.


Hull City have unveiled a new crest for the 2014-15 season, which does not feature the club's name.

The latest redesign follows owner Assem Allam's plans to change the club's name to Hull Tigers, which was rejected by the Football Association in April.
The FA has no jurisdiction over badges, but this undermines their judgement
The badge bears only a tiger's head and the year of the club's formation, 1904.
"Why, when the club is more successful than ever, would you not tell everyone your name," said Mark Gretton, of fans' group City Till We Die.
According to the club's vice-chairman Ehab Allam, the new crest is a "more stripped back and modern approach which still celebrates the club's heritage and history".
Yet, as the Premier League club prepare for their Europa League debut after reaching last season's FA Cup final, the move has angered the supporters' group.
They have described the move as "extremely foolish".
"It is ludicrous," Gretton told BBC Sport.
"The FA has no jurisdiction over badges, but this undermines their judgement. We have become the club with no name. It is remarkable. We have a global brand already. It is Hull City. Our nickname is the Tigers."


A man who raped a woman in 1984 has been jailed after DNA advances enabled detectives to link him to the crime.

The victim, who was 29 at the time, was sleeping when Henry Drennan broke into her Manchester home.
New forensic techniques matched samples to Drennan, whose details were on the DNA database.
The 58-year-old, from Lanarkshire, was arrested at his home last year. He was jailed for ten years at  Manchester Crown Court.
He entered a guilty plea in December.
The victim still suffered "vivid flashbacks of the whole terrifying ordeal", Greater Manchester Police (GMP) said, adding she was "incredibly brave" to support the reopened investigation.
On the morning of 13 January 1984, the victim's husband left home while his family were asleep in their beds.
Drennan broke into the house and threatened the woman with a sharp instrument before raping her.
After Drennan fled, she went to check on her child, before calling her husband, who alerted police.
Drennan moved to Scotland and raped another woman in Edinburgh in 1984, for which he was jailed.
But DNA profiling had not been fully introduced at the time, so no link was made between the attacks.
GMP's cold case unit re-opened the investigation in 2009.
But it was only in 2015 that detectives had the forensic technology to solve the Manchester investigation and arrest Drennan at his Lanarkshire home.
Det Con Michaela Clinch said the initial impact on the victim meant she was "scared to be alone in her own home, scared to go out, scared to take the bus to visit family, scared to live her day-to-day life".


A daily guide to the key stories, newspaper headlines and quotes from the campaign for the 7 May general election.

Follow all the reaction, key points and analysis of the debate on our rolling live coverage.
Hustings, ballot boxes, election broadcasts, the leaders of two mighty parties battling it out for the "keys to Number 10". Why does so much about the general election seem to belong to a bygone era? Brian Wheeler has been taking a look.
The election campaign might have slowed down a bit over the weekend, but Twitter users who needed their political fix found a light-hearted way to fill the void. The hashtag #constituencysongs took off on social media over the weekend. We've collated some of the best suggestions.
"Do we really think this is the time in which to put into play our very membership of the European Union, the largest commercial market and most developed political union in the world? And the one on our doorstep?" - Former Prime Minister Tony Blair.
"The election isn't just a choice between parties; it's a choice between two different types of United Kingdom. One that lives within its means, or one that heaps more debt on our children. We've got just one month to make sure people choose the right path" - Prime Minister David Cameron.
"We will give whatever they need - it might be more than Â£8bn, it might be less"- Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt on funding for the NHS in England.
"The Citizens' Income, the commitment to that, is in this manifesto - but we've seen the difficulties that Iain Duncan Smith has got into in introducing Universal Credit, so we're saying it would take more than the term of one parliament to actually introduce this" - Green leader Natalie Bennett.
"Gone are the days of compassionate conservatism. Now they promise to cut and cut and cut. Not because they have to, but because they want to" - Lib Dem leader Nick Clegg
The BBC's Reality Check team have been busy asking questions about the political claims of the day
Tony Blair in a hi-viz jacket, David Cameron on the Game of Thrones set and other visual treats from Tuesday's campaign trial have been lovingly collated on our day in pictures page.
* Subscribe to the BBC Election 2015 newsletter to get a round-up of the day's campaign news sent to your inbox every weekday afternoon.


Virgin Money has posted a sharp rise in profits on the back of strong growth in its core mortgages, savings and credit card businesses.

The Edinburgh-based bank's underlying pre-tax profit increased by 33% last year to £213.3m.
Gross mortgage lending was up 12%, at £8.4bn, giving the bank a 3.4% share of the UK mortgage market.
However, its impairment charges rose by £7.3m to £37.6m, with most of the rise coming in its credit card business.
The bank said that reflected increased credit card lending, which climbed by 55% to £2.4bn.
Meanwhile, retail deposit balances were up by 12%, at £28.1bn.
Virgin Money's overall customer base increased at a rate of more than 35,000 customers per month, to reach 3.3 million.
The lender said that rise was driven "predominantly" through digital channels.
Chief executive Jayne-Anne Gadhia said: "We continue to target high-quality lending growth and the combination of strong new mortgage lending and improved customer retention resulted in 17% growth in mortgage balances to £29.7bn, significantly outpacing the market.
"Our credit card business continues to flourish and 55% growth in prime credit card balances to £2.4bn means we remain well-placed to reach our target of £3bn high-quality credit card balances at the end of 2017.
"The performance of our Essential current account was particularly strong and customer balances increased more than fivefold over the year."


Lady Gaga says she was "betrayed" by people around her, resulting in the delays and problems she has had with her latest album, Artpop.

Her comments come as she explained that the video for her new single, Do What You Want, was behind schedule.
"It is late because, just like with the Applause video unfortunately, I was given a week to plan and execute it.
"Those who have betrayed me gravely mismanaged my time and health and left me on my own."
The day before she posted the statement on her Little Monsters website, the singer responded to a fan who had questioned Lady Gaga's record label and the media.
She said the media had been supportive of her work and added that Interscope, her record label, "love me very much and will see Artpop to the end".
She added: "My heart breaks from the people I have trusted and loved, who I've worked so closely with, who have used me, lied to me, worked me into the ground for the personal gain."
The 27-year-old singer, who is known for her close relationship with her fans - who she calls Little Monsters - asked for her followers to forgive her.
"I never thought after all the years of hard work that those I called friends and partners would ever care so little at a time I needed them the most," she said.
"Give me a chance to show you the meaning of seeing art all around you."
Last February, Lady Gaga cancelled the remaining dates on her Born This Way world tour after she started experiencing pain in her hip.
She later said surgery revealed "a broken hip" and "giant craters".
In the statement on her Little Monsters website, she wrote: "Unfortunately after my surgery I was too sick, too tired, and too sad to control the damage on my own.
"Millions of dollars are not enough for some people. They want billions. Then they need trillions. I was not enough for some people."
The singer stopped working with her long-term manager, Troy Carter, in November.
Artpop debuted in the UK at number one and has sold more than 170,000 copies.
Although it has sold more than half a million copies in the US, her previous albums have been far more commercially successful.
Born This Way shifted more than two million copies in America, while The Fame sold more than three million.
Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter


A Swansea man owes his life to his sister who happened to be driving past after his car plunged down an embankment, medics have said.

Luke James, 25, almost severed his right leg completely and could have bled to death if Sammy-Jo James had not applied a tourniquet before emergency services arrived.
At the time, they both worked for a private ambulance company.
Trauma consultant Ian Pallister said: "She saved his life."
Mr James, the father of an 18-month-old daughter, had lost control of his van a few hundred yards from his home in Caerbont, Swansea Valley, in December.
He has no memory of the crash but his sister, a trained first responder, said: "My training kicked in and I kept a calm head."
The fire service, ambulance and Wales' flying doctors all attended the scene.
Mr James underwent hours of specialist trauma surgery at Swansea's Morriston Hospital and faces another operation and months of physiotherapy.
Mr Pallister, from the hospital, said: "He lost a very serious amount of blood and if it hadn't been for his sister's intervention, I doubt he would have made it to hospital at all.
"She saved his life. For her to be on the scene, with her training, was absolutely incredible."
Mr James said: "I want to get back to work. It's going to be a long process but I know how lucky I am - it could have been a lot worse."


A busy motorway was brought to a standstill by a lone pig trotting around on the carriageway.

Highways England said the porcine interloper was spotted on the M62 between junctions 28 and 29, south of Leeds, at about 19:00 BST.
Traffic was held in both directions for more than an hour while the animal was recovered near Tingley.
The West Yorkshire Police Dogs unit aided in the capture of the pig. The motorway was reopened at about 20:30.
A Highways England spokesman said the road was closed at about 19:20 causing a 3.5 mile (5.6km) queue eastbound and a 1.8 mile (3km) tailback westbound.
West Yorkshire Police Road Policing Unit said the seven week-old piglet had escaped from a moving vehicle.
The force tweeted later to say the animal had been reunited with its owner.


South-east Australia has been hit with extreme hot weather, with temperatures of over 40C (104F) in some areas, and several bushfire warnings in place.

In Victoria, lightning strikes sparked more than 250 fires on Tuesday night, fire authorities said. A fire ban has been issued across the state.
In Melbourne, a tennis player and a ball boy at the Australian Open collapsed in the heat.
Temperatures in the city remained above 30C for much of Tuesday night.
Country Fire Authority chief officer Euan Ferguson said in a statement: "The extreme temperatures [in Victoria] over the coming three days will test fire services and the community. It's critical we minimise the risk of any fires before Friday."
Firefighters have been able to contain most of the fires in the state, although a number of fires remain out of control.
Emergency fire warnings have been issued for the Victoria communities of Yaapeet and Nypo, with fire authorities urging residents to evacuate due to "a fast moving, out of control bushfire travelling in a south easterly direction".
In 2009, fires in Victoria killed 173 people and destroyed 2,000 homes.
Meanwhile Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, experienced its fourth hottest day on record, reaching 45.1C (107F).
More than 14,000 properties have experienced power cuts, with many thought to be caused by thunderstorms and lightning strikes, ABC reported.
In Tasmania, there were reports of road tar melting in the heat.
Croatian tennis players Ivan Dodig feared he "could maybe even die" before retiring from his match as heat was once again a significant factor on day three of the Australian Open.
After temperatures of 42C (107.6F) on Tuesday, there was a peak of 41.5C, with greater cloud cover, on Wednesday.
Dodig, 29, withdrew two hours and 22 minutes into his second-round match with Damir Dzumhur in Melbourne.
"Thirty minutes after the match, I could not walk," he said.
Bush fires in Western Australia destroyed more than 50 homes earlier this week, the BBC's Jon Donnison in Sydney reports.
Last year was recently declared Australia's hottest on record, further raising questions about the impact of climate change, our correspondent adds.


Paul Wellens has taken up a player performance coach role at St Helens after his retirement.

He announced he was quitting playing in June because of a hip injury and was told he would take up a coaching position which is now confirmed.
The 35-year-old has taken up an assistant coach role with England but will mainly work with Saints Academy.
"I'm really pleased to remain at the club and help nurture the future talent," he told the club website.
"I'm here to mentor and develop the youngsters to not only become better players but responsible and professional people too."


Saturday's Championship reports as leaders Burnley battle it out for a draw against Brighton while Hull put four past Bristol City.

Blackburn Rovers 1-2 Preston North End
Brighton and Hove Albion 2-2 Burnley
Bolton Wanderers 0-1 Reading
Cardiff City 2-1 Derby County
Charlton Athletic 2-1 Birmingham City
Fulham 2-1 MK Dons
Huddersfield Town 0-1 Sheffield Wednesday
Hull City 4-0 Bristol City
Nottingham Forest 0-3 Brentford
Rotherham United 2-1 Leeds United
Wolverhampton Wanderers 0-0 Ipswich Town


Dyfed-Powys Police's deputy chief constable and its director of legal services are under investigation after it emerged they had a relationship.

Carl Langley, who was appointed to the deputy's role in March 2014, has been "temporarily" redeployed into a Wales-wide role, the force said.
Legal director Samantha Gainard remains in her post.
The investigation is examining any "consequences or otherwise" on internal force matters, a force spokesman said.
The Independent Police Complaints Commission received a referral from Dyfed-Powys Police but determined the case was suitable to be investigated locally.
In a statement, the force said: "Dyfed-Powys Police received allegations of misconduct concerning deputy chief constable Langley and director of legal services Samantha Gainard, which were referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission.
"An investigation has commenced and is being conducted by Chief Constable David Shaw of West Mercia Police.
"Part of the investigation concerns the consequences or otherwise of a former relationship on internal force matters. It is not appropriate to comment any further due to the ongoing investigation."
Regarding Mr Langley's new post, a spokesman said: "The police forces in Wales have been considering for some time re-introducing the role of All-Wales deputy chief constable, in line with the practice in a number of other regions.
"DCC Langley is qualified for this role, and has been temporarily redeployed into it while the investigation is under way.
"He will be working with the four Welsh police forces to improve the effectiveness of collaboration between the forces.  He will continue to receive the same salary."


A university without any teachers has opened in California this month.

It's called 42 - the name taken from the answer to the meaning of life, from the science fiction series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.
The US college, a branch of an institution in France with the same name, will train about a thousand students a year in coding and software development by getting them to help each other with projects, then mark one another's work.
This might seem like the blind leading the blind - and it's hard to imagine parents at an open day being impressed by a university offering zero contact hours.
But since 42 started in Paris in 2013, applications have been hugely oversubscribed.
Recent graduates are now working at companies including IBM, Amazon, and Tesla, as well as starting their own firms.
42 was founded by French technology billionaire Xavier Niel, whose backing means there are no tuition fees and accommodation is free.
Mr Niel and his co-founders come from the world of technology and start-ups, and they are trying to do to education what Facebook did to communication and Airbnb to accommodation.
They aim to do this by combining an extreme form of "peer-to-peer learning" with project-based learning. Both are popular methods among education researchers, but they usually involve the supervision of a teacher.
Students at 42 are given a choice of projects that they might be set in a job as a software engineer - perhaps to design a website or a computer game.
They complete a project using resources freely available on the internet and by seeking help from their fellow students, who work alongside them in a large open-plan room full of computers. Another student will then be randomly assigned to mark their work.
Like in the computer games the students are asked to design, they go up a level by competing a project. They graduate when they reach level 21, which usually takes three to five years. And at the end there is a certificate but no formal degree.
The founders claim this method of learning makes up for shortcomings in the traditional education system, which they say encourages students to be passive recipients of knowledge.
"The feedback we have had from employers is that our graduates are more apt to go off and find out information for themselves, rather than asking their supervisor what to do next," says Brittany Bir, chief operating officer of 42 in California and a graduate of its sister school in Paris.
"Peer-to-peer learning develops students with the confidence to search for solutions by themselves, often in quite creative and ingenious ways."
Ms Bir says 42's graduates will be better able to work with others and discuss and defend their ideas - an important skill in the "real world'" of work.
More stories from the BBC's Global education series looking at education from an international perspective, and how to get in touch
"This is particularly important in computer programming, where individuals are notorious for lacking certain human skills," she says.
The idea of peer learning is not new and many universities and schools already use it, particularly in more collaborative subjects like engineering.
In fact, Aristotle was said to have used "archons", or student leaders, to help teach his students.
But more recent research has shown that peer learning can help students gain a deeper understanding of a subject.
Education expert Professor Phil Race says difficult topics can be easier to understand when they are explained by someone who only recently learned the material themselves.
Professor Dan Butin, founding dean of the school of education and social policy at Merrimack College in Massachusetts, argues that peer learning and project-based learning should be used even more widely in schools and universities.
He says they are "much better learning tools" than lectures, which do not usually challenge the way students think.
But he thinks 42 has gone too far by removing teachers altogether. His research suggests peer learning is most effective when students are under the supervision of an expert teacher.
"The deep reason for a teacher is to guide students to grapple with exactly the complex, ambiguous, and tough issues that are usually outside of students' self-awareness or capabilities," he says.
"Good teachers are able to guide students to what I call these "aha!" moments."
Prof Butin says "the whole point of a university" is to challenge a student's prior knowledge and assumptions about the world. A university without teachers could allow students to simply "reinforce and regurgitate" their existing opinions.
42's model might offer an alternative to Moocs (massive open online courses, which let large numbers of students cheaply study a subject online.
Like a Mooc, it provides a more affordable education than a traditional university. But it also gives students the social benefits of coming to a physical building and interacting with others every day.
The opening of 42 also follows the rise of "coding academies" in the US, which offer short, intensive courses to thousands of students wanting to take advantage of the high demand for software developers.
But could 42's model of teacherless learning work in mainstream universities?
Britanny Bir admits 42's methods do not suit all students. During the month-long selection period, some applicants fell out because of the stresses of working closely together. It is easy to imagine reacting badly to a poor mark if it was given by the student in the desk next to you.
"It suits individuals who are very disciplined and self-motivated, and who are not scared by having the freedom to work at their own pace," she says.
Nicolas Sadirac, director of 42 in Paris, says the model works particularly well for students who have been frustrated and left behind by mainstream education.
"The education system in France fails a lot of passionate students, who feel frustrated by being told what to do and how to do it," he says.
42's selection process ignores previous academic qualifications, and 40% of students at 42 in Paris did not even complete secondary school.
"42 has reminded them that learning can be fun if you follow what you are interested in, rather than being told by teachers to focus on one thing in particular," says Mr Sadirac.


If you ask Western policy makers about the main security threats facing Europe, they come up with two: Jihadists from the so-called Islamic State and President Vladimir Putin's Russia.

The threat from jihadists is clear. But why Russia?
Western governments argue that by annexing Crimea and fomenting war in eastern Ukraine, Mr Putin not only violated Ukraine's sovereignty, he challenged Europe's borders and showed himself to be a dangerous and unpredictable leader.
They worry what he might do next.
So far a full-blown conflagration has not materialised.
Since the Minsk peace deal in February, it feels as though the Ukraine crisis has settled into an uneasy standoff.
Talks on the future of eastern Ukraine proceed with little progress. The ceasefire is being breached by both sides, leading to daily casualties.
Though Moscow denies it, Russian military involvement in rebel areas is widely reported and its soldiers have been captured. Western sanctions remain in place. Russia's relations with the West have soured on many fronts.
But there isn't actually a full-scale war going on.
So what should we expect next?
Assessing that is difficult. One reason Western planners are so nervous is because they are unsure how to read Russian intentions.
So recent comments by Lt Gen Evgeny Buzhinsky, one of Russia's most senior international military negotiators until he retired in 2009, may be helpful.
His long career in the Soviet and then Russian armed forces gave him a frontline role going back to the chilliest years of the Cold War. Now head of the PIR Centre, a prominent military think-tank in Moscow, he is in close contact with his former colleagues on the General Staff and in the Defence Ministry.
His assessment of where we stand is both reassuring and alarming. He rejects the idea of a potential Russian attack on the Baltic states as irrational. No doubt Baltic governments would be wary of taking that at face value.
But it is still interesting to hear a top Russian general argue that it would be foolhardy to attack a country protected by Nato. It suggests the Alliance's Article Five does act as a deterrent - even if some Nato publics seem lukewarm about the idea of coming to other countries' aid.
Gen Buzhinsky also thinks the risk of direct confrontation between Russia and the West has lessened in recent months in part, perhaps, because of the Minsk peace deal.
But he also identifies a shift in Russia's reading of US President Barack Obama's attitude towards arming Ukraine.
"If you supply weapons, then you have to send instructors, and it is a fairy tale that they can be somewhere in western Ukraine training Ukrainians, who then take the weapons and go east," says Gen Buzhinsky.
"Instructors should be on the front line. And if so, there should be casualties, losses, hostages and prisoners. And that would mean direct involvement of the US in the conflict.
"To my mind that is the reason why Obama is so unwilling to send lethal weapons."
Ukraine ceasefire: New Minsk agreement key points
At the same time Gen Buzhinsky issues a warning: He is very clear that if Kiev were to send troops across the ceasefire line to try to take back eastern Ukraine militarily, it would be a red line for Russia.
"If Kiev starts a major offensive on the pretext that they are being shelledâ€¦ then Russia might interfere, and that of course will be war."
Of course, some might argue that Russia is already interfering, deeply involved in the Donbass region in what amounts to a secret war.
But Gen Buzhinsky seems to be talking about a full-scale invasion. It's a message he says he includes in all his conversations with Western officials - to get them to persuade Kiev to show restraint.
President Petro Poroshenko of Ukraine insists any move to escalate the conflict is more likely to come from the Russian side.
One further interesting point: In the last year many top Russian military and security figures, including on occasion President Putin himself, have started to argue that the US is out to weaken and dismantle Russia in order to ensure its own supremacy.
This, they claim, is why Russia needs laws to denounce some NGOs as "foreign agents" and to shut down any "undesirable" organisations which are deemed to have overstepped the mark.
Yet Gen Buzhinsky does not see the West as his country's natural enemy.  He openly dismisses the foreign agent law as "stupid".
Yes, he says, Russia has felt more of a threat from the West in the past two years. But no, he does not see Russia and the US as opponents.
"It is my strong belief that though we occupy part of Asia and part of Europe, Russia is a European country - in our way of thinking and everything. We are much closer to the US and Europe than to China, India and Korea.
"I do not think the Russian people even at the time of the Cold War considered Americans as enemies."
Can Russia and the West be allies? Or is Russia better off going it alone, or turning east?
This is the deeper issue behind the current crisis, which drives policy in Moscow. It is also a fundamental question about Russia's identity and culture which drives a fault line through Russian society.
Gen Buzhinsky's comments reveal that it divides the military elite as well.