The Nigerian army says it has freed 97 women and girls from Boko Haram, including one of the more than 200 girls abducted from Chibok school.

However, Chibok campaigners say that while the girl in question was a pupil at the school, she was actually kidnapped from her home elsewhere.
This comes days after the first of the Chibok girls was freed.
The Islamist militant group has seized thousands of women and girls in northern Nigeria, rights groups say.
But it was the abduction of the girls from Chibok that gained international attention through the #BringBackOurGirls campaign, which was supported by US First Lady Michelle Obama and Pakistani activist Malala Yousafzai.
The army has made several mistakes in its statements about the Chibok girls - in its initial statement after the first girl was found on Wednesday, it used the wrong name.
It has claimed to have freed more than 100 of them before later backtracking.
In all, 218 girls remain missing since they were seized from Chibok secondary school in Borno state, north-eastern Nigeria, in April 2014.
The girl rescued earlier this week told a Chibok community leader that six of the kidnapped girls had died but the rest were still in the Sambisa forest where she was found.
It would have been ideal for the Nigerian army to rescue two of the Chibok girls in three days - only it did not happen, despite the speed and enthusiasm with which the press statements were sent out.
The military has been trying to win over the public following heavy criticism it has received for its inability to bring back the schoolgirls. Such has been its focus that it has not capitalised on the work of its troops in rescuing thousands of Boko Haram captives.
In fact, army records show it freed 11,595 people between February and April this year. That has barely been publicised - although the abductions of those people also did not make headlines, unlike the schoolgirls whose disappearance raised concern around the world.
As important as the Chibok girls are, it appears their fate is being used as a measure of success in the fight against Boko Haram.
In a statement, army spokesman Col Sani Usman said the 97 women and girls had been found on Thursday in the Demboa area of Borno, during an operation in which 35 militants were killed.
"Among those rescued is a girl believed to be one of the Chibok Government Secondary School girls that were abducted on 14 April 2014," he said.
However, the BringBackOurGirls group said it had established that the rescued girl had been abducted from her home in Madagali, in neighbouring Adamawa state.
Earlier on Thursday, the first Chibok girl found was flown to the capital Abuja to meet President Muhammadu Buhari.
Mr Buhari said he was delighted she was back and vowed to help her resume her education.
"But my feelings are tinged with deep sadness at the horrors the young girl has had to go through at such an early stage in her life," he added.
She was found by an army-backed vigilante group in the huge Sambisa Forest, close to the border with Cameroon, along with her four-month-old baby.
She was with a suspected member of Boko Haram who claimed to be her husband.
Chibok rescue revives Twitter campaign
Inside Mbalala, the town that lost its girls
Chibok abductions: What we know
On patrol in the Sambisa forest
Torment of a freed Boko Haram 'bride'
During the April 2014 attack, Boko Haram gunmen arrived in Chibok at night and raided the school dormitories, loading 276 girls on to trucks.
More than 50 managed to escape within hours, mostly by jumping off the lorries and running into roadside bushes, leaving 219 in the hand of Boko Haram.
Who are Boko Haram?


Manchester City have signed 19-year-old Brazilian winger Gabriel Jesus from Palmeiras for £27m plus add-ons.

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Jesus has agreed a five-year deal but will stay with Palmeiras until the end of the Brazilian season in December.
City regard the player as the best young talent in South America and fought off interest from Barcelona.
Jesus was voted the best newcomer in the Brazilian top flight last season and is part of his country's squad at the Rio Olympics.
He has scored 26 goals in 67 first-team appearances for Palmeiras and is the top scorer in the Brazilian Serie A this season - but is yet to make his senior international debut.
The add-ons in the deal are believed to be worth £4m, depending on his success at Etihad Stadium.
"We have many great talents in the team and a fantastic manager in Pep Guardiola that I can learn so much from," said Jesus.
"I'm looking forward to showing the City fans what I can do and I think we'll have a great future together."
Jesus is capable of playing across the forward line and further boosts new manager Guardiola's attacking options following Tuesday's £37m capture of Germany international Leroy Sane from Schalke.
Guardiola has now spent around £100m on players so far this summer and also signed Ilkay Gundogan, Nolito, Oleksandr Zinchenko and Aaron Mooy.
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DUP MP Ian Paisley Junior has said he is "relaxed" about the rise in the number of applications for Irish passports.

8 August 2016 Last updated at 14:23 BST
The number of people in Northern Ireland applying for the documents rose by more than 60% in July, compared to the same period last year.
In the first full month since the UK's vote to leave the EU, there were 6,638 applications for Irish passports from people living in Northern Ireland.


Public consultation is being held over plans to turn a former Denbighshire abattoir site into a food recycling plant.

Councils for Denbighshire, Flintshire and Conwy want to use the site in Waen, Rhuallt, near St Asaph, to recycle 22,000 tonnes of food waste a year to produce electricity.
Planning permision has yet to be secured.
Meetings are being held in Waen Parish Hall on Friday and Saturday.
The council consortium first announced the Â£7.5m project last year.
Since then, a new preferred bidder, BiogenGreenfinch, has been announced after an initial prospective partner withdrew.
In March the company obtained permission to build and manage an anaerobic digestion plant at Llwyn Isaf, near Caernarfon, for Gwynedd council to process local-authority collected food waste.
Anaerobic digestion is the process of recycling food waste and agricultural waste into renewable fuel to generate electricity, heat and fertiliser for farmland.
Representatives of BiogenGreenfinch and Denbighshire council will explain the project and answer any questions.
The proposed plant will generate electricity for the national grid proviiding enough to power homes in St Asaph for a year.
It will treat food waste from local households and businesses, all of which could be sent to landfill, said the company.
Meetings are being held in Waen Parish Hall on Friday, 16:00-20:00 BST, and Saturday, 10:00-14:00 BST.


You can't move for Kardashians at the moment, they seem to be everywhere.

Quite literally - LA-based street Artist Plastic Jesus (famous for his cocaine-snorting Oscar statue) got annoyed with being held up in traffic recently by a paparazzi scrum surrounding one or another of the sisters leaving a shop.
So he decided to do something about it.
He came up with the idea of banning the family from parking in several Los Angeles hotspots.
The artist created several signs which he bolted to other notices around Melrose Avenue, Robertson (near the Ivy restaurant) and elsewhere, reading No Kardashian Parking Any Time.
The artist explained to Newsbeat what the signs were inspired by.
"There is gridlock caused whenever one of the Kardashian family do simple basic things, shopping, eating out or pumping gas.
"The Kardashians have become a media cultural phenomenon, sadly at the expense of real news."
He said that the installation was intended not as an attack on the Kardashians, but on "us, both the media and the consumer".
He went on: "Media is circulation-driven, or more recently by hits on websites. Without our unending desire to consume this content this will continue."
The LAPD reportedly view the signs as vandalism, something Plastic rejects.
"The signs are only intended to be a temporary installation, like many other parking and driving signs around LA, they will be removed in the very near future."
UPDATE: As of Thursday morning, the official Plastic Jesus Twitter account confirmed his team has taken down the signs.
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Rio 2016 chiefs are confident the Olympic and Paralympic Games will be successful despite the potentially negative effects of the lacklustre Brazilian economy.

Latest figures show that Brazil fared worse than almost any other major economy in 2015, with its GDP contracting by 3.8%, according to the national statistics agency IBGE.
It was Brazil's worst set of figures since 1990, as economic growth in the world's seventh-largest economy has fallen sharply in recent months.
It is all very different from when Rio was awarded the world's biggest sporting event in 2009, a time when the nation's economy was coming out of recession and was seen as possessing huge growth potential.
Then, the Games were seen as a showcase for the country, not just to promote it on the world stage, but also as a fillip for the economy, with then-President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva saying the "financial crisis hit us last and we got out of it first".
"In 2009 it was a different scenario," admits Carlos Nuzman, the president of the Rio 2016 organising committee, who is adamant the country will deliver a "spectacular Games".
Mr Nuzman, on a recent visit to London, said that from an organisational point of view the "economic issues that we have have not affected the Games".
"We have the support of the three levels of government - the Federal, state and city authorities - and the organising committee are all working together," he added.
The 73-year-old says organisers are operating a balanced budget before the Games, which run from August 5-21, and that the only cuts have been to the "excess".
Organisers are scaling back in a number of areas to balance their operating budget of Â£1.35bn, with cost-cutting measures of some $500m (Â£353m).
These include ditching plans for a 4,000-capacity floating stand at the Olympic rowing site on the Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon.
"We are not changing anything about the field of play, we are doing everything for the athletes, nothing has been cut," adds Mr Nuzman.
"We have not used any public resources - I think we are the single organising committee who have done this. That is a victory - especially in the moment we are living in our country and we are proud of this."
That flatlining economy may also be the reason for the slow ticket sales to date, as Brazilians hold onto hard-earned cash.
With between 12% and 15% of Paralympic tickets and 47% of Olympic tickets sold, the last thing organisers need is for their showpiece event to be played out in front of half-empty stands.
Of the 6.6 million Olympic Games tickets available, just 3.1 million have been snapped up, but Mr Nuzman remains confident.
"Many, many sports are already sold out," he says. "If we had more tickets, we'd have sold more.  For the other sports, we have a campaign."
He adds: "Brazilians love to buy tickets at the last moment. This happened with the World Cup and other events. I am confident we will have full stands, and I hope sponsors can give the tickets they have to their guests."
On the business front, Mr Nuzman says organisers have signed more than 700 commercial contracts with 1,272 suppliers.
Coca Cola, Nissan and Bradesco have signed up to be sponsors of the Olympic torch relay across Brazil, beginning on 3 May.
With regards to sponsorship of the event itself, Rio 2016 communications executive Mario Andrada said the sponsorship sales programme has reached 95% of its target.
He said he was confident of the sponsorship programme being completed in the next few months.
As well as the IOC's sponsorship strata of Worldwide Olympic Partners, such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Samsung and Visa, there are currently six official sponsors and 11 partners of the Games.
They include Brazilian businesses such as Bradesco, Embratel, Correios, TAM, Batavo, Globo and Skol, and international brands such as Nissan, Cisco, and EY.
As far as infrastructure development is concerned, Mr Nuzman says the velodrome is the only Olympic venue that has experienced delays, caused by a hold-up in the delivery of wood for the track, but that the arena is 85% completed.
Meanwhile, he says that the canoe slalom water venue in the Deodoro zone of the city - an area with a large number of under-18-year-olds - is already being used by 12,000 youngsters each weekend.
He adds that only one of more than 40 sporting test events - cycling - has been delayed to date, by two weeks, with more than 50% of trials completed.
But it is not just on the economic, ticketing, and sponsorship fronts, that Rio is under the spotlight.
The Zika health virus scare has been widely covered in the world's media for the past few months, which may means some officials, spectators and competitors think twice about attending.
Mr Nuzman points out that Dr Margaret Chan, the head of the World Health Organisation has expressed confidence that Brazil can host the Rio Olympics safely despite the Zika threat.
Meanwhile, he says the Games organisers will install air conditioning in all apartments in the athletes' village to combat the mosquitoes that spread the virus.
Another concern has been that the water at Marina de Gloria - where seven of the 10 sailing events will launch - will be too dirty.
Mr Nuzman, who played for the Brazil volleyball team at the 1964 Games, said that the water would be inspected weekly for stagnant water, moving to daily during the Games period.
"The field of play of the Olympic Games is the other side of the [Guanabara] bay," he adds. "The international federation gave the approval and we will keep a very strong team to clean, which will start and continue during the Games."
However, despite the organisers' ability to seemingly juggle many challenges simultaneously, the underperforming Brazilian economy continues to overshadow preparations.
With the economy predicted to contract again this year by about 3%, Rio 2016 will hope it can provide a much-needed feel-good factor.


Folk trio The Staves came to Glastonbury to play three shows in three days  - then ended up closing the festival on the Pyramid stage.

The band are friends with headliners Mumford and Sons, who called them at the last minute to ask for help with their closing number, A Little Help From My Friends.
Prior to the festival, the three Watford sisters had been away since April, criss-crossing America in a minibus to promote their debut album, Dead and Born and Grown.
Battling heroically against jetlag, they proved a hit at Glastonbury, where their gorgeous, bluegrass-inspired harmonies soothed even the most "refreshed" of revellers.
Across the weekend, Emily, Jessica and Camilla updated the BBC with their Glastonbury diary.
Jessica: We've three shows left to play in the US. Today we're in Oregon, and we have two days to get to California. Unfortunately, the private jet is under maintenance at the moment, so we're travelling in a pimped-out school bus.
We get back from this tour with a day to spare, and then we're going to head to Glastonbury. It's going to be our welcome home.
Emily: Last time we played there, I was working in a call centre for Mothercare. You know how angry people normally are when they call those places? Well these were pregnant women and they were livid.
I asked my boss if I could have three days off to go and play Glastonbury and he said no. So I quit. That was the last time I had a proper job.
Jessica: Our show hasn't changed drastically over the intervening years. You'll often see me tuning things up and plugging in guitars. I like packing down and plugging in. I'm just a roadie at heart.
Emily:  We've just arrived in Glastonbury! We had to drive through the site, as opposed to taking the backstage route - so we got to drive through the heart of the chaos. Loads of people not wearing very much. Already a bit of mud. Already a bit wasted.
Jessica: Then we immediately got a flat tyre, and spent an hour-and-a-half trying to change the tyre.
I say "we" - I didn't necessarily help with any of it. But I was there.
Camilla: We've just come off stage. I think it went ok. We had some sound issues and we were finding our way through it. But the audience helped with that.
Jessica: The audience was awesome. I can't believe how many people came out to see it.
Camilla: It wasn't just that there were loads of them, they were just so quiet - which you don't really associate with festivals. A lot of the time it's loud, drunk people.
Emily: It's good to have a gig under our belt before the big show tomorrow morning.
Camilla: We've just found out we may be doing an extra performance that we hadn't planned with some friends on Sunday.  In a nice place, with a good slot. Has one of those friends had brain surgery recently? No, no, no, no, no. No.
Emily: It's the Daft Punk slot.
Emily: We're up extra early to play on the Radio 4 Today Programme. While we were getting ready, I literally saw Michael Eavis, then looked down and saw a four-leaf clover.
Jessica: He leaves a trail of them wherever he walks.
Emily: We're about to play The Other Stage.  I imagine people will still be in their tents sleeping off Friday night. The first time we came to Glastonbury, 11:30 in the morning didn't exist. So who knows?
Emily: That was awesome. Definitely the biggest crowd we've played to at a festival. We started with Motherlode. I thought "what would I want to hear as my first song of the day?" and that song has a morning feel to it.
We had to concentrate pretty hard on what we were hearing, especially because the drum kit was further away, so we had to look at each other a lot to get a sense of what people were doing, and make sure everyone was in time. Luckily it went great. Glastonbury have pretty good gear, so that helps.
Camilla: I saw a lot of strange things in the Arcadia field last night. Fatboy Slim was playing inside a giant spider that was throwing out fire. We're going to get one for our next tour, but instead of flamethrowers, it'll have t-shirt cannons.
Jessica: This evening, we're two acts above Bruce Forsyth on the Avalon Stage. I don't know what to make of that. We're all very confused but slightly excited.
Emily: We're going to try to get our photo taken with him and, if he agrees, that'll be the t-shirt for our next tour.
Camilla: I'm sure he won't have a problem with us using his face.
Emily: Bruce Forsyth - what a legend! I was actually too star-struck to approach him. But what I did do was eat the remainder of his rider, which was a pack of digestive biscuits
Camilla: We've just finished what was supposed to be our last show of the festival on the Avalon stage. But we're running straight down toâ€¦ er, a different stage for a secret rehearsal. We'll see you at Mumford And Sons.
Jessica: In the audience, though.
Emily: Yes, definitely in the audience. We'll meet you by the flag.
BBC Glastonbury Festival - 2013
The Introducing Stage
Line-up by day
Camilla: We just played on the Pyramid stageâ€¦.
Emily: â€¦On the last song of the last night of Glastonbury with Mumford and Sons!
Jessica: The last time we sang that song was in our local pub in Watford, with a Joe Cocker tribute band.
Emily: I think we only ran through it three times with Mumford and Sons.
Jessica: It was two or three times before the show, and then the guys had to go on and play.
Camilla: When they asked us to sing with us, we thought that would be really, really fun. Then we realised it'll probably be the only time we'll ever step on the Pyramid stage.
Emily: It was literally the best thing ever. The audience just didn't end. It was, like, people, people, people, people.
Jessica: It's the perfect end to a perfect weekend.
The Staves were speaking to BBC Entertainment reporter Mark Savage. Their album Dead And Born And Grown is out now.


Skulls and bones stored under a church date from 1250 to as recently as 1900, tests have revealed.

Holy Trinity Church in Rothwell, Northamptonshire - home to one of only two 13th Century crypts in the UK - contains the remains of 2,500 people.
Radio carbon dating found some skulls were older than first thought.
But scientists from the University of Sheffield, who "assumed the ossuary was a medieval thing", were also surprised to find bones from the last century.
"It seems people continued to put skulls and bones down here, not only into the post-medieval period but even as late as around 1900," Dr Lizzie Craig-Atkins said.
Read more about this story and other Northamptonshire news
The Holy Trinity crypt is just one of two 13th Century sites in the UK, with the other being at St Leonard's in Hythe, Kent.
Testing on five skull samples was carried out by scientists at the University of Sheffield, using facilities based at the Queen's University in Belfast.
The process, which took weeks to complete, involved the bone samples being crushed, chemically separated and freeze dried before graphite was extracted.
Professor Paula Reimer, from the University of Belfast, said: "We know what the rate of change of the amount of radio carbon is, so we measure what is still in the sample and from that we can calculate how long it has been since death."
Dr Crangle said the bones, which legend said belonged to soldiers or plague victims, would actually have been the remains of local people placed in the crypt by their families.
"They were deliberately built so people could be prayed for. They were built to protect the dead, and were built to be visited," she said.
Researchers now plan to gather further samples to gather a fuller picture of when bodies found in the crypt were laid to rest.


UK share indexes have closed at record highs as the value of sterling slipped.

The benchmark FTSE 100 index ended the day up 29.92 points or 0.4% at 7,547.63, while the FTSE 250 closed up 57.34 points or 0.29% at 20,024.92.
The 250-share index was helped by a 10.5% rise in the shares of Restaurant Group.
The company - which owns chains such as Frankie & Benny's and Garfunkel's - said like-for-like sales fell 1.8% in the 20 weeks to 21 May.
However, this was an improvement on the 5.9% drop seen in the previous quarter.
In the FTSE 100, business media group Informa was the best performer, up 5.8%.
In a trading update, the company said it had seen "continued improvement" in the first four months of the year, adding it was on track to hit full-year expectations.
Banking stocks were out of favour, however, and saw some of the biggest falls in the FTSE 100. RBS shares dropped 1.65% while Barclays was down 1.1%.
The pound lost ground on the currency markets, which analysts put down to political uncertainty. Sterling fell 1.2% against the dollar to $1.2784 and was also 0.9% lower against the euro at 1.1442 euros.


A couple badly injured in the Boston Marathon bombings have marked the third anniversary of the attack by donating £10,000 to a charity appeal helping flood victims in Cumbria.

Eric and Ann Whalley, originally from Cockermouth and Maryport, have given the money to the Cumbria Community Foundation's Flood Recovery Fund.
The appeal was launched in the wake of heavy storms in December.
The Whalleys, who now live in Boston, emigrated 27 years ago.
Mr Whalley lost sight in one eye and suffered shrapnel damage to his brain when terrorists detonated two bombs close to the finish line of the city's annual marathon on 15 April 2013.
His wife sustained shrapnel and burns injuries to her limbs, neck and face.
They underwent more than 20 operations each in the aftermath.
A social media campaign launched following the attack raised £100,000 for the medical bills of the former Cockermouth Grammar School pupils.
In a statement accompanying their donation, the couple, who are both 68, said: "We were so touched by the well wishes, kindness, support and generosity from family, friends and fellow west Cumbrians which helped significantly with our recovery.
"We are sad to learn about the devastation resulting from the floods in Cumbria and we would like to thank you all by giving forward."
Andy Beeforth, chief executive of the foundation said the Whalleys "embody the true 'Spirit of Cumbria' which we have seen time and again since the terrible floods".


The driver of a police van caught apparently texting behind the wheel has been confirmed to be a police officer.

In the video, filmed by car passenger Paul Bent and sent to the BBC, the other man can be seen holding a phone in one hand while driving.
Mr Bent said he was "outraged" when he spotted the Nottinghamshire Police van in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, on Monday.
The force said the driver was a police officer and was being investigated.
Updates on this story and more from around South Yorkshire
Mr Bent said he captured the mobile phone footage in Centenary Way.
"He wasn't trying to be discreet," he said.
"He didn't seem to even be looking up from his phone.  He was just totally oblivious that we were at the side of him filming him."
Paul Murphy, for Nottinghamshire Police, said action was "taken swiftly".
"In advance of a formal interview, appropriate action will be taken to refer the officer to our driver training team for reassessment to drive police vehicles.
"Nottinghamshire Police officers and staff are not above the law."


A memorial service will be held at Chinese club Beijing Enterprises on Tuesday for former Newcastle United player Cheick Tiote.

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Tiote, who was 30, collapsed and died during training in China last week.
A statement said: "Tiote's family will be there with his team-mates past and present. On Wednesday, Cheick will be flown back home to the Ivory Coast."
In his seven years at Newcastle the Ivory Coast midfielder played over 150 games, including three last season.
It is understood that Tiote's Ivory Coast team-mate Gervinho and former Newcastle United colleague Papiss Cisse- both of whom are currently at clubs in China - will attend the service.


Britain's Marcus Willis will play Slovakian Andrej Martin on Monday in the first qualification round for the Wimbledon main draw in Roehampton.

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Willis, 26, won six matches last year to qualify before losing to seven-time champion Roger Federer on Centre Court in the second round.
Now ranked 387th in the world, he must win three matches to qualify.
Martin, the world number 146, beat top-15 player Lucas Pouille in straight sets at the 2016 French Open.
Willis will be second on Court 11 on Monday. If he beats Martin, 27, he could face fellow Briton Liam Broady in the next round.
Qualification runs from 26-29 June, with the main draw to be made on 30 June.
Willis has received a wildcard for the men's doubles at Wimbledon.
Seven Britons have been given wildcards for the singles: Naomi Broady, Heather Watson, Laura Robson, Katie Boulter in the women's draw, and Brydan Klein, Cameron Norrie and James Ward in the men's.
Wimbledon runs from 3-16 July.


A Sikh postman at Disney World has won his fight over claims he had been made to work away from customers so they would not see his beard and turban.

Lawyers for Gurdit Singh said he had been segregated from staff and customers at the Florida theme park because he violated a "look policy".
Disney now says Mr Singh can deliver post on all routes, in full view of customers.
The company says it does not discriminate based on religion.
Mr Singh, who has worked at the theme park since 2008 but always out of sight of visitors, said he was "incredibly thankful" Disney had decided to change course.
"My hope is that this policy change opens up the door for more Sikhs and other religious minorities to practise their faith freely here at Disney.
"My turban and beard serve as a constant reminder of my commitment to my faith... these articles remind everybody that we're all equal. That's not just a Sikh value, that's an American value."
In May, lawyers from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and The Sikh Coalition, an advocacy group for the religion, wrote to Disney expressing their concerns over Mr Singh's treatment.
They said he had been assigned to only one delivery route which kept him away from customers, while other staff were rotated through different assignments where they were visible to guests.
They argued this was "specifically, because of his racial/ethnic and religious appearance", and was a violation of his civil rights.
Disney restored him to all the routes and said it is an "employer of choice that is committed to diversity and prohibits discrimination based upon religion."
Mr Singh remains in his job in Florida, delivering post at the park, and says he is happy to work for the company.
Gurjot Kaur, a lawyer acting for the Sikh Coalition, said that her client first applied for a job at Disney in 2005, and was told he would have to work in the back, cleaning the car park or in the kitchen.
"The interviewer indicated that he could not work in front of guests because of his turban and beard," his lawyers said.
Mr Singh didn't take up the position, but applied again in 2008, initially to work as a doorman.
Despite extensive experience in hospitality, Ms Kaur says her client was denied the position "because his 'costume' did not match the 'costume' necessary," - Singh took "costume" to mean his turban and beard.
Follow Rajini Vaidyanathan on Twitter - @rajiniv


Syrian refugee Asmaa Al Fashtaki, 29, arrived in the UK last November and was five months pregnant.

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17 September 2015 Last updated at 18:43 BST
She is now settled in Cardiff with her baby son Nabil, although her husband is still a refugee in Jordan.
Her story starts in 2011 with bombing in her home city of Daraa, when the couple fled.
Asmaa spent three years as a refugee, but under pressure to return to Syria, she took a journey via Turkey, Italy and France before arriving in Kent as a stowaway in the back of a lorry.
She said she looked to the UK as a place where she could be safe with her baby.


Celtic's Stuart Armstrong is eager to make his mark in Sunday's Scottish Cup meeting with Rangers after missing out on last year's semi-final.

Midfielder Armstrong was ineligible for Celtic's 3-2 extra-time defeat by Inverness Caledonian Thistle last term.
However, he helped Dundee United overcome Rangers at the last-four stage the season before.
"If we could experience those sorts of emotions again this weekend it would be great," said Armstrong, 24.
"It's useful that you have experienced these kind of big games before, those pressurised games. This one will be slightly different but again the stadium will be full, so it's nice I've had that experience before.
"I was cup-tied for last year's Scottish Cup semi-final against Inverness but played the year before for United against Rangers at Ibrox.
"That was a great game for us. I scored and it was an all round great day."
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Armstrong joined Celtic from United shortly after Ronny Deila's side had beaten Rangers in last season's League Cup semi-final.
"I don't think you can treat it like any other game because it's not," he explained. "It's a big tie, a chance to get to the final. It's Celtic against Rangers.
"I think it will be a good experience. It's something I've never seen live, something I've never experienced before. It's exciting.
"I haven't given it too much thought, what it will be like. I haven't really had a chance to speak to the other guys who have played in them before.
"But I'm sure there will be a bit of chat about that this week leading up to the game.
"I think it will be a good game with lots of chances. They like to score goals and so do we, so I'm sure it will be a good one to watch.
"There will be a lot of pressure on both sides and a lot of expectation."


The family of an amateur cyclist who died in a crash during a race in France has paid tribute to him.

Ian Bashford, 60, from Bromley, London, died when he hit a support vehicle during the 35th Duo Normand race.
His son, Neil, described him as "loyal" and someone who "doted on his young grandkids".
The Foreign Office said it was in contact with local authorities and was ready to provide assistance to the father-of-two's family.
Mr Bashford said: "Dad was the straightest arrow you ever met. His sense of right and wrong shaped his character, and he couldn't have been more loyal to those around him.
"He loved his cycling, and doted on his young grandkids.
"He will be sorely missed by his family, and all those close to him at work and in the world of cycling."
Mr Bashford had been taking part in the 54km (33 miles) time-trial in Normandy when he died during the final descent of the road race.
His cycling partner Peter Gray said: "They [emergency services] worked on him for about 30 to 40 minutes to try to revive him but he died."
Police are said to be investigating why a vehicle swerved into his path 200m (650ft) from the finish line.


A former ship's captain held hostage by Somali pirates got a red-faced welcome from fancy dress pirates at a Devon Women's Institute (WI).

The Parkham WI thought Colin Darch was going to be speaking to them about piracy, not realising he was held hostage for 47 days in 2008.
"They were more embarrassed than me," said Mr Darch, 75.
WI treasurer Steph George, 54, said: "He was such a good sport, but we won't be dressing up again for a while."
The WI group has dressed up to match guest speakers' themes in the past.
So when Mrs George heard that Mr Darch was going to talk about piracy, she and the 14 other members of the group decided they knew what to wear.
"I unfortunately thought it would be a good idea to dress up as pirates," said Mrs George.
"Mr Darch came in and said he had been held hostage by Somali pirates.
"It was embarrassing, but he was such a great chap and he wasn't offended."
Mr Darch, from Appledore, said: "They were a bit nonplussed, but it didn't bother me. They had all made an effort.
"Most of them seemed to be wearing false moustaches and funny hats, it looked like a rehearsal for Pirates of Penzance.
"One lady even had a parrot on her shoulder, but it was actually a fluffy chick."
Mr Darch had been delivering a tug to Singapore when it was boarded by pirates off the coast of northern Somalia.
"Certainly it was the biggest test of my career," said the former Merchant Navy captain.
"There were nine pirates, all armed, with another 20 to 25 who kept coming and going."
The pirates asked for $2.5m (Â£1.6m) but eventually settled for $678,000 (Â£437,000) before Mr Darch and his crew of five were allowed to continue.
After 12 days he and the crew hid in the bilges thinking that a coded message they had sent would bring help from a US Navy ship.
When that failed to happen, negotiations with the tug's owner became "like a poker game".
He said: "The pirates started to fall out. I feared they might shoot one of us to bring some urgency into the situation."
Mr Darch, who is now retired, never took another ship back to that area.
But he found some willing takers at the WI for his book about his experiences.
"His book is very good," said Mrs George. "What a  horrific thing to go through, but he made it very humorous and we had a great evening."


Intelligence papers on a reported UFO sighting known as the "Rendlesham incident" have gone missing, files from the National Archives reveal.

The missing files relate to a report of mysterious lights from US servicemen at RAF Woodbridge in Suffolk in 1980.
The disappearance came to light with the release of 8,000 previously classified documents on UFOs.
Officials found a "huge" gap where defence intelligence files relating to the case should be, the papers show.
The documents are the latest MoD files on UFOs released into the National Archives which will be free to access on its website for a month.
Is the truth out there?In pictures: UFOs in the UK
Photographs and sketches of UFOs made by members of the public are included, as well as their eyewitness reports.
Among the documents is testimony from an airline pilot and his son who say they spent five minutes watching an object made up of three circles fly past their garden in Hellingly, East Sussex.
The pilot reported it to Air Traffic Control in West Drayton, and an official labelled his sighting as one by "a credible witness".
But another defence official later wrote a memo saying the report "contains nothing of air defence significance".
More attention is given to the crew of an RAF Tornado who encountered an object the size of a C130 Hercules transport aircraft while flying over the North Sea in 1990.
The pilot describes flying at Mach 0.8 but being overtaken by an aircraft the like of which he had never seen before.
He talks about lights and even "an engine area" but the files also show how a possible explanation emerges -  a Russian rocket booster was re-entering the earth's atmosphere on that same night.
Another file released reveals six small "flying saucers" were found by members of the public in locations across southern England in 1967. Four police forces and the army were mobilised before it emerged the incident was a rag-day hoax by engineering students from Farnborough Technical College.
There is also a report from a London man who believed he may have been abducted by aliens.
The files reveal that key documentation relating to the Rendlesham Forest incident has disappeared.
Some UFO researchers believe the episode, which happened over two nights in 1980 is a classic example of a "close encounter".
The incident took place near the fence of RAF Woodbridge - at that time being used by the US Air Force. A group of servicemen reported seeing strange lights in the trees near the base and after investigating found marks on the ground and damage to vegetation.
The files reveal the MoD received a request for its own records of the incident in 2000, but when officials looked they discovered a "huge" gap where defence intelligence files relating to it should be.
The hunt generated a series of notes, with one official speculating that the files could have been taken home by someone and another remarking that "it could be interpreted to mean that a deliberate attempt had been made to eradicate the records covering this incident".
However, among intelligence papers released in 2009, it was revealed that former Admiral of the Fleet Lord Hill-Norton wrote to the defence secretary about the incident in 1985, speculating that an unauthorised aircraft may have entered and left UK airspace at the time.
But it is not the only gap in the official record. In 2002 the MoD received a request for information from Lord Hill-Norton. He wanted to know about reports of a UFO sighting made by HMS Manchester while on exercise in the 1990s.
It emerged in the file that HMS Manchester's log for one of the periods was lost overboard after "a gust of wind" and the vessel's captain cannot remember anything unusual taking place.
This latest tranche of documents covers not just people who contacted the Ministry of Defence after seeing lights or objects, but also sheds some light on official thinking about this aspect of the paranormal.
Concern about UFOs and what they might be went up to senior level and lasted several years.
Officials were dismayed when in 1977 the then Prime Minister of Grenada Sir Eric Gairy wanted to call for the United Nations to set up a unit to investigate the phenomenon.
The files show how Britain was concerned the idea would drag the UN into disrepute. The premier was persuaded to withdraw his proposal but went on to call for 1978 to be designated "the year of the UFO". He was deposed in a coup the following year.
UFOs have only ever received one debate in Parliament. It came in  the House of Lords in 1979, at the height of the "winter of discontent", and the files show how officials laboured to prepare a government position on the topic.
At the end of the discussion the government spokesman Lord Stabolgi summed up what remains the official position now.
"There is nothing to convince Her Majesty's government that there has ever been a single visit by an alien spacecraft. As for telling the public the truth about UFOs, the truth is simple.
"There really are many strange phenomena in the sky, and these are invariably reported by rational people. But there is a wide range of natural explanations to account for such phenomena."


Part of the aircraft wing found on Reunion Island is from the missing MH370 plane, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak has confirmed.

Mr Najib said international experts examining the debris in France had "conclusively confirmed" it was from the aircraft.
The Malaysia Airlines plane carrying 239 people veered off course from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing in March 2014.
The debris was found on the remote French Indian Ocean island a week ago.
The plane is believed to have crashed into the southern Indian Ocean - though no evidence had been found despite a massive search operation.
"It is with a very heavy heart that I must tell you that an international team of experts has conclusively confirmed that the aircraft debris [...] is indeed MH370," Mr Najib told reporters.
"We now have physical evidence that [...] flight MH370 tragically ended in the southern Indian Ocean," he added.
Mr Najib said he hoped the discovery "will at least bring certainty to the families" of the victims, saying the burden they had faced was "unspeakable".
French prosecutor Serge Mackowiak later confirmed the wing fragment, known as a flaperon, was from a Boeing 777 - the same make and model as the missing Malaysian airliner.
He said initial tests showed there were "very strong indications" that it was from flight MH370. But he said confirmation would only come after further tests on the fragment, which would begin on Thursday.
"[Investigators] will try to do it as soon as possible in order to provide total and reliable information to the family of victims, who are on our minds at the moment," Mr Mackowiak added.
The Paris prosecutor failed to be as categorical as the Malaysian prime minister in asserting that the wing piece does come from MH370. All he said was that there are very strong reasons to presume that it is from the missing plane.
That does not mean that the prosecutor has any reason to doubt the prime minister's conclusion - simply that he is exercising supreme legal caution.
In the coming days there will be more tests on the flaperon and it's expected that these will prove the piece's origin. After that, it will probably be many months before deeper analysis allows any tentative deductions about how the plane may have come down.
The debris is being examined at an aeronautical test centre near Toulouse.
There is little doubt now that the flaperon will be declared the first evidence of MH370 in the coming days as no other Boeing 777s are thought to have crashed in the region.
Relatives of the victims were told about the initial results shortly before Mr Najib's news conference on Wednesday.
Jackqita Gomes, the wife of crew member Patrick Gomes, said: "Now that they have confirmed it as MH370, I know my husband is no longer of this world but they just can't leave it with this one flaperon."
"We urge them to continue searching until they find the plane and bring it back," she told reporters. "It's not over yet."
She said she still hoped to get her husband's body back so that the family can give him a proper burial and say goodbye.
Malaysia Airlines described confirmation of the flaperon as "a major breakthrough".
In a statement, it said it hoped further evidence would be found in the coming days that would "help resolve this mystery".


Tougher dog control measures could soon be implemented in Oxford.

The city council has proposed that owners face harsher fines for dog fouling and is asking the public to take part in a consultation.
Dogs could be banned from play areas in parks and owners set limits on the number of dogs they take for walks in public.
Authorised officers would also have the power to request dogs be put on a lead.
Councillor John Tanner, board member for the Cleaner Greener Oxford campaign, said: "There is nothing more annoying than getting dog mess on your shoe or in the wheels of the pushchair.
"Oxford City Council wants to get tough with irresponsible dog owners."
The consultation runs until 31 January and a report is presented to the city's executive board in March.
If approved, the new dog control orders would come into effect on 1 April.


A gem from 17th Century India, believed to have been worn by Mughal emperors, has been auctioned for more than a quarter of a million pounds.

The ruby-red Mughal spinel pendant is inscribed with the names of royal patrons and was lost for several weeks in England during the 1920s.
A US newspaper at the time reported that it was found by a Leicestershire railway worker before it was reclaimed.
It was bought by a private collector for £272,750 on Wednesday.
The estimated guide price for the auction on Wednesday was between £60,000 and £80,000.
Benedict Carter from Sotheby's auctioneers said the gem was a symbol of "power and prestige" and was expertly inscribed in "flowing Persian script" with the names of three Mughul emperors.
The spinel pendant is walnut-sized and hangs on a gold chain with a tassel of pearls.
Mr Carter said he found the American newspaper article in the archives but was unable to confirm the details because the paper had closed down in 1930s.
"The story was in the Shamokin Dispatch in Pennsylvania but I wasn't able to find any other references to it in papers in the US or here in Britain.
"I have no reason to believe it's not true, though," he said.
Mr Carter said the jewel probably came back to England with the wife of the UK deputy high commissioner in Lucknow in the 1920s.


US Republican front-runner Donald Trump has softened his stance on torture, saying he would not order the military to break international law.

Mr Trump had indicated in a TV debate on Thursday he might order troops to carry out water-boarding "and tougher" on terrorism suspects.
On Friday, he said "as president I will be bound by laws".
The US has now banned water-boarding and it is widely considered a form of torture.
Water-boarding is the practice of pouring water over someone's face to mimic drowning as an interrogation tactic.
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The legal classification of water-boarding is not clear, although many human rights and legal experts as well as politicians regard it as torture.
It became debated in the US after the administration of George W Bush said legal counsel allowed it to be used in the interrogation of suspects. However, the practice was later halted.
In the Fox News TV debate for Republican hopefuls on Thursday, Mr Trump said: "Can you imagine? Can you imagine these people, these animals over in the Middle East, that chop off heads, sitting around talking and seeing that we're having a hard problem with water-boarding?
"We should go for water-boarding and we should go tougher than water-boarding,"
When asked what he would do if troops refused to carry out the procedure, he said: "They won't refuse. They're not going to refuse me. Believe me."
But on Friday he issued a much softer statement, saying he would use "every legal power" to stop terrorists.
"I do, however, understand that the United States is bound by laws and treaties and I will not order our military or other officials to violate those laws and will seek their advice on such matters.
"I will not order a military officer to disobey the law."
Earlier on Friday, Mr Trump dropped out of a major conservative political conference, opting instead to campaign in Kansas and Florida.
He was scheduled to speak on Saturday at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), a gathering of conservative activists in Maryland.
Organisers CPAC tweeted: "Very disappointed Donald Trump has decided at the last minute to drop out of CPAC - his choice sends a clear message to conservatives."
His fellow Republican presidential candidates are all expected to speak.
The statement said Mr Trump looked forward to attending next year, "hopefully as president of the United States".
The decision could further damage an already-strained relationship with the Republican party establishment.
Mr Trump was attacked on Thursday by former Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney, who remains a central figure within the party.
Mr Romney called the businessman a "phony" and a "fraud" and said his controversial policies threatened to make the world less safe.
At the TV debate, Mr Trump also came under attack from Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz, who criticised him for changing his position on various issues.
Mr Trump admitted he had changed his stance on issues but argued that flexibility was a strength.
Republicans in four states - Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana and Maine - go to the polls on Saturday. The billionaire  has won 10 of the 15 states that have voted so far, with his promise to "make America great again".
5 March: Kansas caucuses, Louisiana primary, Kentucky and Maine caucuses (Republican), Nebraska caucuses (Democratic)
6 March: Maine caucuses (Democratic)
8 March: Hawaii and Idaho caucuses (Republican), Idaho primary (Republican), Michigan and Mississippi primaries
15 March: Florida, Illinois, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio primaries


Renewable energy sources, like wind, solar and tidal power are ways of generating power.

But along with the traditional wind farms and solar panels, scientists have also been adding some fun and creativity into the mix with these unusual designs.
This is the world's first ever full-scale floating wind farm, which is being built in the north-east of Scotland.
It's called Hywind, and is a trial project that's been set up in Peterhead.
The revolutionary technology will allow wind power to be harvested in waters too deep for the current conventional bottom-standing turbines.
It's hoped they'll produce power for around 20,000 homes.
This is a solar farm like you've probably never seen one before.
Solar panels are normally arranged in a grid of rows and lines, but these designers decided to be a bit more creative.
This solar farm in Datong, China, is based on China's national animal - the Giant Panda.
The power plant is as big as two football pitches, and the company behind it say when it's fully completed, it will have enough energy to power around 16,400 homes.
Back in 2015, Dutch renewable energy company Qurrent surprised people with their plans to turn a wind farm into the "world's first sustainable theme park".
The idea was not only to power the rides using wind, but also to turn wind turbines themselves into amusement park rides!
They also wanted to create a spiralling water slide winding around a wind turbine tower, and a ride that would be based around a turbine blade booster.
But don't expect to see a theme park like this just yet.
The designs were just part of a study to see if something like this could work, and the company say they currently have no plans to build it.
We're 'big fans' of the idea.
This man-made forest is found in Singapore's Bay South garden.
The 18 "super-trees" each have solar panels and convert the energy into electricity for lighting and to power air vents.
They also act as vertical gardens. The plants growing on them help keep the city cool by providing shade.
And their special shape allows them to collect rainwater, releasing clean water back into the environment.
This special design for wave power technology is the creation of a company in Australia called Carnegie Wave Energy.
But it's different from other tidal power devices because it works underwater where it is safer from large storms and invisible from the shore.
So how does it work? Well it converts wave energy into electricity in the same way as most other tidal plants would.
But the main difference is that it's completely under water so has very little impact on beachgoers and on the environment.


Celtic manager Brendan Rodgers said it was as if left-back Kieran Tierney had "never been away" after playing in 3-0 Scottish Cup win over Albion Rovers.

Tierney, 19, made his first start since late October following ankle ligament damage sustained in training.
"There were a number of items I was really pleased with, one Kieran coming back," Rodgers told BBC Scotland.
"His thrust, his combinations with Scotty [Sinclair] up that side is very important for us."
While Tierney lasted an hour against the League One side, Dedryk Boyata was also a surprise starter, and Rodgers insists the central defender has a future at Celtic Park.
"I was also really pleased with Dedryk Boyata, he's hardly played at all but has been doing really well in training," he said. "He was flawless. Sharp in the tackle, defended well, good speed, and passed the ball simple.
"All the players we have, I want to be here. If some want to be playing more they need to look at it themselves. I'm happy with the squad. Because of the form of the other players, Boyata hasn't played but you saw his professionalism."
Sinclair's stunning opener and further goals from Moussa Dembele and Stuart Armstrong helped Celtic ease into the fifth round.
They now face Inverness Caledonian Thistle at home in the next round, the only side to have stopped Celtic taking maximum points in the Premiership this season.
"We have that quality in the team to create goals out of nothing, it was a wonderful finish by Scotty," said Rodgers.
"In the second half we upped the tempo a bit more and we should have more goals, but the clean sheet was important for us."
Sinclair insists Celtic are not thinking about a possible treble, but warned the winter break has refuelled the champions for the remainder of the campaign.
"Having that break has freshened us up," said Sinclair. "We feel much more sharper and we're ready to go again.
"We've just got to take every game as it comes. Obviously we want to win as many trophies as we can. But we've got to make sure the games that count, we win them."


There were a lot of calls for Arsenal to sign a new defensive midfielder before this transfer window opened but, in the last few weeks, the Gunners have found a new way to win without needing new players to do it.

Former Arsenal defender and MOTD2 pundit Martin Keown expands on his TV analysis of the Gunners' 5-0 win over Aston Villa and explains how manager Arsene Wenger adjusted his existing system in January, instead of bringing in new faces, to make his side more solid at the back.`
Arsene Wenger's side were seen as having a soft centre when they lost to Southampton on New Year's Day, and the lack of protection given to their defence has been frequently criticised this season.
But, since that defeat by Saints, Wenger has improved them massively at the back.
Sunday's 5-0 win over Aston Villa was Arsenal's third-straight Premier League victory, and their third-straight clean sheet.
He has done it by adjusting his midfield system to make it work with the players he has already got, rather than signing any more.
Wenger might still feel that he needs to buy a new defensive midfielder before the window shuts on Monday.
But, rather than filling a problem position, it would be as cover if Francis Coquelin gets injured, so he has someone else who can do his job.
Coquelin's impact since he came into the first team in December has been a huge bonus for Arsenal.
He has been at the club since 2008 but, before this season, he had made only nine Premier League starts in six years and spent the whole of the previous campaign on loan at German club Freiburg.
His recent progress shows you why some players are worth waiting for, because I think by the age of 23, a lot of managers would probably have given up on him before now.
Wenger, however, kept seeing something there.
When I spoke to him recently, Wenger explained to me that, earlier in the season, every time he saw Coquelin train he told him that he should be in the first team but felt he had to go out on loan first because he needed the experience.
Coquelin ended up being sent to Championship side Charlton in November to get some games under his belt.
Since returning, Wenger has pretty much put him straight in his team. Coquelin has taken his chance superbly, and he fully understands his job for the team.
At the start of the season, Wenger was playing with one deep-lying midfielder, usually Mathieu Flamini, with two men either side of him.
But Flamini was dropping so deep in front of the defence that he ended up out of the midfield itself.
People might think that Coquelin has just replaced Flamini as the deep-lying player but in fact he has been playing higher up the pitch.
Another thing that has changed is that Coquelin is not being asked to do the defensive job on his own either.
But he is the team's anchor in that he does the crucial job of dragging the other Arsenal midfielders back to wherever he goes.
He always takes up a good position, and that means Aaron Ramsey or Santi Cazorla know where they have to return to as well.
Cazorla has the ability to stitch himself into the play going forward when Arsenal attack and he is working hard defensively too, as we saw in Arsenal's impressive win over Manchester City.
But Ramsey is the player who Wenger primarily wants to see coming back to form a two-man shield in front of their defence.
Against City and Villa, the Wales international was far more team-aware of where he needed to be to fill any holes.
For me, that is a big reason why Arsenal are conceding possession at the moment - they had less of the ball than Villa did on Sunday, despite winning 5-0, and against City their possession rate of 35% was their lowest since Opta's records began in 2003.
Arsenal are quite happy for the other team to have the ball because, with Ramsey and Coquelin both back, they know the opposition cannot hurt them.
Ramsey can still gamble and go forward when Arsenal have good possession, but he is picking his moments far more carefully than before, and he does not join attacks as much as he did.
It was great to see that he had the same discipline against Villa as he did against City and, in both games, knowing when to go and when to sit gave Arsenal the right balance in defence and attack.
When they lost to Swansea in November, my MOTD2 analysis was all about how the Gunners got that balance wrong and sent too many players charging forward.
That is not the case now, and they are not conceding goals either. Nobody is talking about them having a soft centre any more.
Martin Keown was speaking to BBC Sport's Chris Bevan.


An historic pump house at one of the most photographed National Trust sites in the country has been restored as part of a £640,000 project.

The Lower Pump House at Stourhead has been "brought back to its former glory" after falling into disrepair.
It needed £60,000 of work, made possible following a £260,000 grant from the Sita Trust.
Work included repairs to walls and replacing the roof, as well as restoring the waterwheel itself.
The trust is continuing to fundraise to repair other features in the garden, near Mere, and work has recently started on King Alfred's Tower.
Alan Power, Stourhead's head gardener, said: "It will be good to see the wheel turning and one of the more functional parts of the estate back in good condition once more.
"It doesn't pump water anymore but it still represents part of the history of how the garden was operated 100 years ago."
The pump house was built in 1897 and was an important part of the water supply to the village of Stourton, and Stourhead House itself.
Water from the lake powered a waterwheel, which then pumped fresh spring water for the local houses.
The whole system continued to work until the 1960s when mains water arrived to replace it.
The wider £640,000 project aims to conserve the buildings, features and structures around the grounds at the Stourhead estate.


European academic bodies are pulling back from research collaboration with UK academics, amid post-Brexit uncertainty about the future of UK higher education.

While post-Brexit Britain might remain inside the European research funding system, academics in other countries are nervous about collaborating with UK institutions.
UK-based academics are being asked to withdraw their applications for future funding by European partners.
BBC Newsnight is aware of concerns raised by academics at Bristol, Oxford, Cambridge, Exeter and Durham.
Chris Husbands, the vice-chancellor at Sheffield Hallam, says that his researchers are already seeing significant effects.
He told Newsnight: "Since the referendum result, of the 12 projects that we have people working on for submission for an end-of-August deadline, on four of those projects researchers in other European countries have said that they no longer feel that the UK should be a partner because they don't have confidence in what the future is going to hold."
He added: "Leaving the EU doesn't necessarily mean being outside the European research network. Norway, Switzerland - they are part of the European research network [despite being out of the EU]. And it may be that there's where we end up.
"But it's not where we are now and in that uncertainty people are making decisions about what might happen - and like all people planning for the future, they're planning on a worst-case scenario."
Three other vice-chancellors, who have asked to remain anonymous, have confirmed similar problems for their researchers.
They also say they are fielding calls from prospective future EU students about their access to student loans and their immigration status.
They also report that staff members and prospective staff members have notified them of their decisions to seek work elsewhere in the EU.
At the moment, the UK and its universities remain full members of the EU. Jo Johnson, the science minister, has asked for academics to report any examples of British academics being discriminated against.
But academics in other countries are quite open that they are concerned about working with people who may become ineligible for future grants. Others have told Newsnight they fear the EU might not fund research in a country on the cusp of leaving the EU.
Stephan Koppe, an academic at University College Dublin, tweeted that he did not invite British academics to join with him recently, even before the referendum, because he feared the outcome.
The higher education sector was fiercely in favour of remaining in the EU.
Across the whole sector, more than 125,000 non-UK EU students are currently studying at UK universities, making up 5% of the entire student body.
At the London School of Economics, they make up 18% of the student body. The EU is also estimated to contribute about 15 per cent of the higher education workforce.
UK universities also won more than Â£800m in funding from the EU for research.
The critical concern for most vice-chancellors is research collaboration. In any given field where a researcher is hoping to make novel progress, there may only be a few experts on the cutting edge who can help them with their particular problems.
By making it easier for academics to work in other EU countries, and organising cross-border funding, researchers believe the EU enabled European science to do better.
Impediments to accessing the European research network would be keenly felt.
Universities UK, the umbrella body for the sector, estimates that more than 60% of the UK's international research partners are from other EU countries - and collaboration with other EU institutions is growing at a faster rate than relationships with other partners, such as the US or China.
There are also serious concerns about funding shortfalls in particular areas, prioritised by the EU, which - if the UK leaves the European research infrastructure - a future UK government may choose not to back.
Jonathan Adams, chief scientist at Digital Science, which analyses research effectiveness, says: "Leading groups which are critical to economy and society such as nanotechnology and cancer research receive significant amounts of funding from Europe."
So, he said do "smaller universities regionally distributed that are important to the regeneration of industry".
Watch Chris Cook's report on BBC Newsnight at 22:30 BST on BBC Two - or catch up afterwards on iPlayer


Anthony Crolla was outclassed in his bid to regain the WBA lightweight title as talented Venezuelan Jorge Linares produced a superb display at Manchester Arena.

Crolla - unanimously outpointed when the pair met in September - was rarely able to get close enough to his opponent to cause damage and was dropped by a stinging Linares uppercut in the seventh round.
Though he responded admirably, roared on by around 15,000 in the arena, Crolla always looked at the mercy of Linares' variety of shots and even when pockets of promise arrived for the home fighter, he often quickly faced blows in return.
The pair embraced on the bell, Crolla sporting a look of frustration as his opponent's hand was raised with the scores 118-109 on all three scorecards.
The hope was this boxing cauldron could witness a Manchester fighter memorably upset the odds some 12 years after Ricky Hatton stunned Kostya Tszyu here on a night those present still talk glowingly about.
The reality was that Linares' combination of pedigree, experience and will to trade with ferocity if needed, proved too much.
A world champion by 21, Linares has held world crowns in three weight divisions. The 31-year-old's 14 years as a professional showed as he picked his shots with guile, the uppercut finding its target on several occasions as his upper-body movement consistently opened up the shot.
Crolla, who admitted he "lost to the better man", deserves credit. His career has been a rollercoaster from the moment he suffered a fractured skull and broken ankle when trying to apprehend burglars in 2014. A draw and victory against Darleys Perez saw him claim a world title within a year, only for Linares to take it in what was Crolla's second defence.
The rematch was never the same contest. Though those in attendance sang passionately for their fighter - a heavy underdog - they could not shake a man who looked ice cool and has now contested 41 of his 45 fights outside of Venezuela.
He will now seek a Las Vegas payday against WBC champion Mikey Garcia, while Crolla will likely need to rebuild domestically if he is to come again at world level.
As Tony Bellew screamed "show no respect Ant, make it ugly" from ringside, Crolla embarked on a workmanlike opening two rounds. His guard was constantly high, Linares by comparison confident to lower his own when not at close range.
It meant Crolla was unable to get up close to his opponent as Linares' free hands were piston-like to keep his man at distance. His shots were blisteringly quick, a two-shot combination ending with a right uppercut in the third.
Crolla gutsily stepped forward to close ring space - a feat he claims he let slip late in the pairs' first meeting - and he finally smothered Linares in the fourth, landing two uppercuts at short range. But Linares snapped the home fighter's head back with a sublime uppercut of his own in six, dipping his body to the left before launching the shot with thrust.
It drew a collective grimace from the crowd. Linares -  at times tip-toeing with grace and constantly exuding confidence - dropped his man with the same shot in seven. Crolla rose and pumped his hands in defiance as the crowd tried to lift him but as both men walked to their corners, Linares sported a grin of satisfaction.
Now cut above his left eye, Crolla responded with the grit which has endeared him to so many in recent years. A left hook to the jaw and later the body landed in the 10th but he was never able to find a pace or land the shots which could fluster an opponent of such class.
"He's a great champion," Crolla said, speaking on Sky Sports.
"Manchester, I am so sorry I couldn't do it for you. Your support means so much to me. He caught me but before that I thought I could get to him. I got beaten by the better man - no excuses.
"I am 30 years old, I am going to rest, but I believe I can go again."
In an interview with BBC Radio 5 live, Crolla added: "I could just not pin him down. I was pleading with Joe (Gallagher) to let me go on (for the last round), and you still believe you can land a shot.
"I'm gutted I couldn't do it in front of these fans."
Crolla's trainer Joe Gallagher told BBC Radio 5 live why he wanted to take Crolla out of the fight after the 11th round.
Gallagher said: "I thought we were not going to win this, but Anthony pleaded and said 'let me go on'. He wanted to go out on his shield.
"Linares was very good and everyone could see what a great world champion he is. You have seen one of the best pound for pound fighters in the world."
Promoter Eddie Hearn told BBC Radio 5 live: "I thought after the first fight Jorge Linares would not perform a career-best performance and he did. He was absolutely brilliant.
"It is so hard when Anthony Crolla comes up to you and says 'I'm so sorry'. You lost on points to one of the best pound for pound fighters.
"We will choose an easier world title. Anthony Crolla will be back 100%, he is an ultimate professional and a credit to himself."
Heavyweight world title contender Hughie Fury on BBC Radio 5 live
Crolla has the heart of a lion. He tried his best to fight him, box him, out-think him, but Linares had too much skill, too much movement.
There is nothing worse than when you miss the shots and then get hit. It is demoralising. He didn't look hurt in there, but he was out-skilled and out-boxed.
BBC Radio 5 live boxing pundit Steve Bunce
The crowd cannot perform miracles and Linares was a magician in there. When you lose to a man like that, there is no shame for Crolla.
BBC Radio 5 live boxing commentator Mike Costello
Linares was simply too good and too classy for the game and the brave Anthony Crolla.


Two pro-gun US senators have called for changes to firearm laws, as the first victims of the 26 victims of Newtown school shootings were buried.

Democrats Mark Warner and Joe Manchin, who have "A" ratings from the National Rifle Association (NRA), now say action is needed after the massacre.
President Obama has held a meeting with three of his cabinet to discuss how the law might change.
Noah Pozner and Jack Pinto, both aged six, were buried on Monday.
They were among 20 children and six adults killed at Sandy Hook school in Connecticut.
Other victims' funerals will be held throughout the week, and the town has already begun removing Christmas decorations in mourning.
Two adults who were injured in the attack survived are recovering in hospital and would be crucial witnesses as police continue their investigation, it was confirmed on Monday.
Lt Paul Vance said they were recovering and would be interviewed at an appropriate time.
Children who witnessed the attack would also be interviewed - in the presence of parents and professionals - Lt Vance added.
The Sandy Hook gunman was named as Adam Lanza, who took his own life at the end of a killing spree that began with him shooting dead his own mother.
Despite a long history of pro-gun views, West Virginia Senator Joe Manchin told US network MSNBC on Monday that it was time to "move beyond rhetoric" on gun control.
Mr Manchin, a gun owner and frequent hunter, said: "I don't know anyone in the sporting or hunting arena that goes out with an assault rifle."
"It's common sense. It's time to move beyond rhetoric. We need to sit down and have a common sense discussion and move in a reasonable way."
Virginia Senator Mark Warner, another Democrat who has backed gun owner's rights, told reporters outside the Virginia capitol that the "status quo isn't acceptable". He later called for "rational gun control" in an interview with a local news broadcaster.
Mr Warner said he had been approached repeatedly over the weekend as people began to seek answers and solutions.
On Sunday President Barack Obama told residents at a vigil in Newtown the US must do more to protect its children.
Rate per 100,000 people
Source: FBI Uniform Crime Reports
In statistics: Guns in the US
Viewpoints: Should gun laws change?
Mark Mardell: Twenty Christmas trees
"We can't tolerate this any more," Mr Obama said. "These tragedies must end and to end them we must change."
On Monday, White House spokesman Jay Carney said tighter gun control laws are part of the answer to violence in the US, but stressed that the president did not have a specific policy to announce.
"It's a complex problem that will require a complex solution," Mr Carney said. "No single piece of legislation, no single action will fully address the problem."
He added that the president supports reinstating an assault weapons ban that expired in 2004.
California Senator Dianne Feinstein, a long-time advocate for gun regulations, said on Sunday she would introduce assault weapons ban legislation in the beginning of the next congressional session.
And New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, a vocal backer of stricter regulation, called on Mr Obama and Congress to pass several gun regulation proposals, including requiring a criminal background check for all gun sales, making gun trafficking a felony and a ban on assault weapons.
Newtown's ordeal entered a new phase on Monday as Jack Pinto was buried in the Newtown Village Cemetery and Noah Pozner was buried at the B'Nai Israel Cemetery in the nearby town of Monroe.
By Jonny DymondWashington correspondent
The family of James Mattioli, six, also held a wake on Monday.
Noah Pozner, the youngest victim, was described by his family as inquisitive and mature for his age.
"It is unspeakably tragic that none of us can bring Noah back," his uncle Alexis Haller said, according to remarks sent to the Associated Press.
"We would go to the ends of the earth to do so, but none of us can. What we can do is carry Noah within us, always."
His twin sister, Arielle, who was assigned to a different classroom, survived.
Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy and Lt Gov Nancy Wyman were both at the funeral, presided over by a rabbi.
In front of the funeral home, well-wishers placed two teddy bears, a bouquet of white flowers and a single red rose at the base of an old maple tree.
Later, hymns played at the funeral of Jack Pinto, described as a sports lover and a huge fan of New York Giants football player Victor Cruz - who wore the boy's name inscribed on his boots during Sunday's game.
At his funeral on Monday, many young children wore Newtown school football shirts.
One mourner, Gwendolyn Glover, told the Associated Press the funeral aimed to reassure others that they were now safe.
"The message was: You're secure now. The worst is over," she said.
The six-year-old was one of the youngest members of the Newtown youth wrestling association, and dozens of boys in gray Newtown wrestling shirts were at the funeral, as was his coach.
Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy has declared a moment of silence for the entire state on Friday morning at 09:00 local time, a week after the shooting. He asked houses of worship with bells to ring them 26 times - one for each victim at the school.
Mr Malloy has also signed an executive order making an unused school in neighbouring town immediately available for Sandy Hook's students - with classes reported to be pencilled in for Wednesday.
It could be months before the school building is available for use again because it remains an active crime scene.


Pakistani rights activist Malala Yousafzai has met Nigeria's President Goodluck Jonathan to press for more action to free at least 200 girls held by Boko Haram Islamist militants.

The militants' leader has reiterated in a new video message that he is prepared to negotiate a prisoner swap for them.
He also expressed support for Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the self-declared caliph of a new Middle Eastern state.
Boko Haram sparked a global outcry when it abducted the girls three months ago.
Mr Jonathan's government has faced strong criticism for not doing enough to curb violence by Boko Haram, especially in the wake of the kidnappings.
Malala met Mr Jonathan in the Nigerian capital, Abuja, and urged him to meet the families of the kidnapped girls.
She met relatives of the girls on Sunday, and expressed solidarity with them.
BBC Nigeria correspondent Tomi Oladipo says it is highly unusual that the president has not spoken to the relatives, exactly three months after the abductions.
The military has also failed to debrief some of the girls who managed to escape from captivity, he says.
But in a statement after his meeting with Malala, President Jonathan said he would meet with the parents before they left Abuja "to personally comfort them and reassure them" that the government was doing "all within its powers to rescue their daughters".
The notion that the government has not been doing enough to find and rescue the girls was "very wrong and misplaced", the statement said.
"Terror is relatively new here and dealing with it has its challenges. The great challenge in rescuing the Chibok girls is the need to ensure that they are rescued alive," Mr Jonathan said.
After meeting the parents, Malala said she understood their suffering.
"It's quite difficult for a parent to know that their daughter is in great danger. My birthday wish this year is... bring back our girls now, and alive."
Two years ago, Malala was shot in the head by Pakistani Taliban militants for campaigning for girls' education.
She survived after being airlifted to the UK for treatment.
On Sunday, Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau released a video mocking the "Bring Back Our Girls" social media campaign pressing for the release of the more than 200 girls it is holding captive.
Underlining Boko Haram's offer for a prisoner swap, he promoted his own slogan: "Bring Back Our Army".
In the video Mr Shekau described several of the world's most prominent militant Islamists as his "brethren".
They included Mr Baghdadi, who claims to head a new Islamic state in Syria and Iraq, Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leader of al-Qaeda, and Mullah Omar, the head of the Afghan Taliban.
He also said that Boko Haram was behind several recent attacks, including the bombing of a shopping centre in Abuja which killed at least 21 people.
Boko Haram, which means "Western education is forbidden" in the regional Hausa language, launched an insurgency in Nigeria in 2009 to create an Islamic state.
The group took the girls hostage during a raid on their boarding school in the north-eastern town of Chibok in Borno state on 14 April 2014.
The government has rejected Boko Haram's proposal to release the girls in exchange for its fighters and their relatives who are currently in prison.
Who are Boko Haram?
Profile: Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau


The tallest concrete structure ever to be knocked down in Britain has been blown up in a spectacular demolition.

7 September 2016 Last updated at 12:43 BST
The chimney was a part of a former power station, on the Isle of Grain, on the east coast of the UK.
The tower is taller than 55 double decker buses stacked on top of each other and is two- and-a-half times the height of London's famous clock tower Big Ben.
The chimney is the latest stage in the demolition of the old the station, which was closed in 2012.


A man has denied brandishing a plastic gun and a knife near two schools.

Richard Gray, 36, is accused of possessing an imitation firearm with intent to cause fear of violence near Heene and St Mary's Primary Schools in Worthing.
Mr Gray was charged on Thursday and pleaded not guilty on Saturday at Brighton Magistrates' Court.
The defendant, of Cortis Avenue, was remanded in custody and will appear at Hastings Magistrates' Court on 15 May.
He has also denied possessing of a knife in Victoria Park.
Police said a man reported being shown a firearm close to Victoria Park and Norfolk Street in Worthing, at 14.15 BST on Thursday.
A woman said she was shown a gun in a bag in Stoke Abbott Road at 21:10.


Hull KR came from 19-6 down to win 20-19 and end Huddersfield Giants' hopes of a top-eight finish in Super League.

Ryan Brierley, Jake Connor and Jamie Ellis' converted first-half tries gave Giants a commanding half-time lead.
But Albert Kelly and George Lawler crossed to bring Rovers back into the game and Ben Cockayne's late penalty gave the hosts a narrow victory.
Hull KR are three points off eighth spot and need two wins to stand any chance of reaching the Super 8s.
Huddersfield lie 11th, having lost two and won two of their four games since sacking coach Paul Anderson, and are now guaranteed to play in The Qualifiers.
After Brierley's opening score, Matthew Marsh's try had drawn the hosts level before Giants seemingly took control.
When Danny Brough - back in the Giants side after a one-match suspension - added a drop-goal after half-time, an away win seemed increasingly likely.
However, an inspired Kelly helped drag the hosts back into the game and, from a penalty 30 metres out with eight minutes to play, Cockayne kicked the Robins ahead for the first time.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Hull KR assistant coach Willie Poching: "The back end was better from us. After the drop goal we seemed to flick a switch and really got going. We upped the tempo and Albert Kelly started to control things.
"It was not the start we had planned. They played quick on us and we regrouped at half-time because we were going away from the game plan.
"A few of the players spoke and got things sorted. It was more or less a tweak in attitude.
"Both teams looked a bit flat but we are so proud of the players. We still have hope with four points to play for."
Huddersfield coach Andy Kelly: "We feel it was like an implosion. We stopped doing what we did in first half and what we've been good at in last game and a half.
"We were undone by errors and penalties after getting in a position to win the game.
"We lost our way, although the players continued to work hard and they are all beat up and disappointed not to have a fighting chance of making the top eight.
"We need to finish as high as we can so we can get four home games in the Middle 8s."
Hull KR: Cockayne; Sio, Minns, Thornley, Thompson; Marsh, Kelly; Tilse, Lunt, Allgood, Clarkson, Larroyer, Lawler.
Replacements: Boudebza, Dixon, Mulhern, Walker.
Huddersfield: Connor; McGilvary, Cudjoe, Wood, Murphy; Brierley, Ellis; Rapira, Wood, Ta'ai, Symonds, Lawrence, Hinchcliffe.
Replacements: Brough, Roberts, Mason, Crabtree.
Referee: Ben Thaler


The family of football mascot Bradley Lowery have said his cancer has spread and he does not have long to live.

The terminally ill Sunderland fan, who has neuroblastoma, is receiving end-of-life care at home. His family said they were "heartbroken".
The six-year-old has received thousands of messages of support from around the world and become friends with Black Cats striker Jermain Defoe.
In a Facebook statement, his family said a scan had revealed new tumours.
It said: "Bradley had a scan on Monday and it showed what we feared. Bradley's cancer is spreading at a very fast rate and he has now got lots of new tumours including in his lungs.
"The lump that was causing pain was originally thought to be an abscess has got bigger and they now believe it's a tumour.
"We are heartbroken this is happening so fast.
"Bradley is now receiving palliative care at home. He is going for radiotherapy at the end of this week and next week, but this is to control the pain in the hope we get him comfortable.
"Lots of people keep asking 'how long has he got to live?' I can't answer this as we don't know, all we know is it's not long."
The family, from Blackhall Colliery in County Durham, also said they were hoping to set up a Bradley Lowery Foundation and that all money raised for him would go towards the new charity.
His birthday party last week featured fire-eaters, a funfair, marquee, jugglers and stilt-walkers, with Defoe and Sunderland goalkeeper Vito Mannone there to celebrate with him.
Defoe also walked out with Bradley at Wembley for England's World Cup qualifier with Lithuania in March.
Last year an appeal to send him Christmas cards ended with the youngster receiving 315,000.


A helicopter is being used to search for the driver of a car which ploughed into a caravan in an Edinburgh garden.

Police said they were called following reports of the car being driven erratically on Groathill Road North at about 08:10.
The car, believed to be a Mercedes, then crashed into a caravan in a garden on the same road.
The driver fled the scene. Nobody was in the caravan when the car crashed into it.
The car has now been removed from the scene.
A Police Scotland spokesman said: "Police in Edinburgh responded to a report of a car driving erratically on Groathill Road North around 8.10am on Wednesday 14 September.
"The vehicle was subsequently involved in a collision with a stationary caravan on Groathill Road North.
"Inquiries are ongoing to trace the individuals believed to have been inside the vehicle.
"The search activity is being supported by colleagues in the air support unit."


Freezing conditions are continuing to disrupt transport in north-west Europe, although heavy snow has eased.

Large parts of northern France have been placed on ice alert, with officials describing the situation as "very complicated".
Frankfurt airport had to cancel more flights on Wednesday, after hundreds of passengers remained stranded overnight.
Meanwhile the Eurostar high-speed train has resumed its service between London, Paris and Brussels but with delays.
The cross-Channel train had been forced to suspend all travel on Tuesday after a severe snowstorm struck France, Belgium, Germany and the UK.
High-speed trains between Paris and other French regions were also restored.
France's SNCF rail company put up more than stranded 1,000 travellers in hotel rooms and sleeping carriages overnight, it said.
"For 24 hours, 10,000 employees have been working to remove snow from the rail lines and re-establish service," SNCF said in a statement.
But while trains have resumed, road conditions in France remain difficult as snow has turned major motorways into ice traps, French Interior Minister Manuel Valls said.
French soldiers were mobilised to help workers restore electricity to about 80,000 homes in the country's north-east, left without power after the snowstorm.
Icy conditions are forecast to last at least until Thursday.
Similarly, drivers in Belgium continue to face treacherous roads, and trains operate at reduced speed.
On Tuesday morning, the total length of traffic jams exceeded more than 1,600km (1,000 miles) at rush hour, according to Belgian emergency road assistance company Touring.
In Germany, Frankfurt airport - Europe's third-largest hub - was forced to scrap at least 80 flights on Wednesday morning, spokesman Mike Schweitzer said.
Although all runways are back in operation, the airport still faces significant delays because of Tuesday's cancellations, he said.
About 800 of 1,200 flights had been annulled after about 12cm (5in) of snow fell.
Hundreds of passengers spent the night on emergency camp beds at the airport.
Snow and freezing conditions also struck southern England.
The severe weather forced the Channel Tunnel's closure, causing a huge backlog of freight traffic as hundreds of lorries remained stuck on the M20 motorway in Kent.
Although the tunnel was reopened overnight, the UK Highways Agency said freight traffic waiting for ferries from the Port of Dover would face another long wait.
The Channel Islands have experienced some of their worst conditions in decades.


Chelsea striker Diego Costa has said he wanted to leave the club in the summer.

Costa joined the Blues for £32m in 2014, and was understood to be close to a return to former club Atletico Madrid after a difficult 2015-16 campaign.
The Spain international has since scored 14 Premier League goals, as Chelsea have taken a six-point lead courtesy of 13 successive victories.
"Did I want to go? Yes, yes, I was about to leave. But not because of Chelsea," said the 28-year-old.
"There was one thing I wanted to change for family reasons but it wasn't to be, and I continue to be happy here."
Costa scored 20 goals in his first season in England, as Chelsea won the Premier League title under Jose Mourinho.
But he had netted only four more by the time Mourinho was sacked in December 2015, finishing the season with 12 before being heavily linked with a move.
Brazil-born Costa says he has also made a conscious effort to curb his aggressive nature on the pitch.
"I knew I had to improve that aspect because here in the Premier League there is no mercy," he said.
"A lot of the time it seemed [referees] were against me. If they're not going to change, I had to change."
Chelsea return to action against London rivals Tottenham on Wednesday (20:00 GMT).


The delivery firm UPS has unveiled a drone-launching truck - but the event did not go completely to plan.

One aircraft failed to launch properly and was then nearly destroyed.
The test in Florida was intended to demonstrate how package-carrying drones could make the company more efficient in rural locations.
However, US rules currently state that commercial use of such aircraft requires pilots to keep them in sight.
The firm acknowledges that until this restriction is eased it cannot carry out its plan to let drivers deploy the drones from one location and then meet up with them at another, letting both humans and machines make deliveries simultaneously.
"Drivers are the face of our company and that won't change," said Mark Wallace, the firm's senior vice-president of global engineering.
"What's exciting is the potential for drones to aid drivers at various points along their routes. Imagine a triangular delivery route where the stops are kilometres apart.
"Sending a drone from a package car to make just one of those deliveries can reduce costly kilometres driven."
The Horsefly octacopter involved was made by Ohio-based Workhorse Group.
The initial test went well, with the aircraft launching from a platform built into the truck's slide-open roof.
But a second attempt was more problematic.
The drone tipped over when it tried to take off, rocked back and was then nearly crushed when the truck's roof began to close over the launch pad where the machine was still sitting.
"For the photographers we tried to do a quick non-traditional delivery and something went wrong," Stephen Burns, chief executive of Workhorse, told the news site Techcrunch.
"We probably shouldn't have tried to do something weird like that with everyone watching."
Mr Burns added that the problem may have been caused by interference from TV cameras filming the trial. Techcrunch has posted footage of the incident on its site.
UPS says it is not sure when or how it will eventually roll out the flying robots.
"We have no idea how all that will play out until we find out how to integrate them into the business," Mr Dodero told reporters.
Drones are, however, already making medical deliveries in Rwanda - a project UPS is involved in - and Amazon is testing the tech in the UK.


More than 100 Russian athletes have written to the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) asking to compete at the Rio Games.

Russia were banned by the IPC after the McLaren report identified evidence of a state-sponsored doping programme.
The decision to ban Russia from the Games was upheld last week by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (Cas).
But the Russian Paralympic Committee (RPC) says scores of athletes are challenging that decision.
"More than 100 Russian sportsmen out of 266 who were selected for the Paralympics have filed individual cases with the IPC," Russian Paralympic Committee (RPC) vice president Pavel Rozhkov said.
London 2012 swimming champion Olesya Vladykina is believed to be among those who have contacted the IPC.
"There is no reason to ban me," said Vladykina, 28, on social media.
"I have sent the IPC documents and facts to allow me to participate in the Games in Rio individually. I will continue to fight for the truth and my name."
The IPC confirmed on Monday that it had received a number of letters from Russian Para-athletes and added that "internal discussions about the letters is ongoing".
Russian long jumper Darya Klishina was the only athlete from her country to participate in the track and field events at the Rio Olympics after she was cleared to compete by Cas.
Athletics' world governing body IAAF had banned Russian athletes from competing at the Games over doping concerns but Klishina took part after she was able to prove that her clean drugs-testing record was established in the United States, where she is based, rather than in Russia.
The Rio Paralympics begin on Wednesday, 7 September.


A Comic Relief sketch starring Rowan Atkinson as a fictional Archbishop of Canterbury is the most complained-about TV moment of the year so far.

Ofcom received 487 complaints from viewers that the monologue was offensive. It featured Atkinson claiming prayer "doesn't work".
However the regulator stated in July the sketch was not in breach of rules, saying it was justified by the context.
Big Brother, with 965 complaints, was 2013's most complained-about TV show.
It is the second consecutive year the Channel 5 reality show has topped Ofcom's complaints list.
It received complaints across the series concerning a number of issues including racism, bullying and fighting.
1. Big Brother: 965 complaints
2. The X Factor: 734
3. ITV News: 574
4. Comic Relief: Funny for Money: 492
5. Celebrity Big Brother: 438
6. Britain's Got Talent: 422
7. Emmerdale: 376
8. BBC News: 354
9. Downton Abbey: 252
10. Coronation Street: 225
Source: Ofcom - data up to 12 December
The second most-complained about programme was the X Factor results show, which generated 734 complaints.
There were 317 complaints about an episode broadcast in October that featured Lady Gaga performing in an "inappropriate" skimpy outfit made of shells and flesh-coloured underwear.
Ofcom also received 122 complaints over Robin Thicke's performance of Blurred Lines a week earlier, but the regulator ruled there were no grounds to investigate either issue.
ITV News was third on the complaints list, with a total 574 complaints including 278 related to its coverage of the killing of Fusilier Lee Rigby.
An Ofcom investigation into the issue will be published following the conclusion of criminal proceedings. BBC News, 5 News, Channel 4 News and Sky News are also among the broadcasters being investigated for showing graphic pre-watershed images.
Celebrity Big Brother, Britain's Got Talent, Emmerdale, BBC News, Downton Abbey and Coronation Street were also in the top 10 most complained-about programmes.
Ofcom said it had received 13,780 complaints so far this year.
The most complained about programme in the past 10 years was Celebrity Big Brother in 2007, which generated 45,159 complaints after series was rocked by a racism row following remarks by Jade Goody to Bollywood actress Shilpa Shetty.
It meant 2008's series was replaced with Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack.


Australia's largest independent beer company has found itself at the centre of a boycott over a video discussing same-sex marriage.

Several Australian bars have dumped Coopers Brewery after it was featured by religious group the Bible Society.
The video shows two MPs debating their opposing views on same-sex marriage - which is not legal in Australia - as they clutch Coopers beers.
It has led to claims Coopers is against marriage equality, a claim it denies.
The backlash has gathered pace in recent days and, by Tuesday, a string of drinking spots in favour of same-sex marriage had boycotted the brand.
The Bible Society posted the "Keeping It Light" video on Thursday. It features conservative MPs Tim Wilson (for same-sex marriage) and Andrew Hastie (against) debating the issue in what they call a "civil and respectful way".
Coopers has since claimed it "did not give permission" to be included in the video. However, the brand recently celebrated the Bible Society's 200-year anniversary with a commemorative beer featuring Bible verses.
In the video, Mr Wilson argues: "I believe that it would be sensible to change the act that deals with issues around civil marriage to include two people regardless of their gender."
Mr Hastie counters: "I'm for retaining the current definition of marriage, which is between a man and a woman."
Despite Mr Wilson's inclusion, critics interpreted the video as one-sided. One commentator said Coopers risked sponsoring a "political act by a religious organisation", while another said "homophobia lite is still homophobia".
"I have respected Coopers all my life, and it was crushing to realise that as a queer person, they don't respect me," wrote Chloe Sargeant for the Special Broadcasting Service.
Opposition to the video has picked up steam since the weekend. By Tuesday, at least eight drinking spots in Sydney and Melbourne had publicly declared they would not stock Coopers. One widely shared video showed two people throwing full bottles in the bin.
Luke Hiscox, from Sydney's Union Hotel, which plans to take Coopers off tap, said people were upset by the phrase "keeping it light".
"That irks people because for them it's not in the slightest a light topic," he told the BBC.
"I don't think they really realised what they were saying."
Another venue, The Old Bar in Melbourne, said it would boycott Coopers because it was "very obvious that our values are at odds".
In a statement, Cooper said it was not "trying to push a religious message" with its commemorative beer range. It maintained it had not sponsored the video.
"We respect the beliefs of our community and do not wish to try and change them," the company said.
In a subsequent statement, it said it had cancelled the release of its Bible Society commemorative cans and would be joining Australian Marriage Equality. ""Our company supports marriage equality," Director of Corporate Affairs Melanie Cooper said.
Bible Society chief executive Greg Clarke said the video sought to have a "civil conversation on a serious issue".
"At first I was surprised the reaction was so immediate and extreme, but then on reflection [I] wasn't surprised because this really seems to be how social media works at the moment,"  he told the BBC.
Mr Wilson has described the boycott as absurd, saying it only proves the value of the discussion.
"I'm disappointed Coopers appears to have distanced themselves from a sensible conversation that they should be proud to align themselves with," he told news.com.au.
Advertising commentator Jane Caro agreed the video was not promoting a view. She said same-sex marriage advocates were often suspicious of religious messaging.
"They have lost patience and lost tolerance for the idea that there should be mutual respect on both sides," Ms Caro told the BBC.
"I think Coopers have probably inadvertently found themselves in the eye of the storm."