At a small laboratory in a Bangkok suburb, a group of scientists has come up with what they hope is the answer to an old conundrum: how to tell if a Thai dish is authentic or not.

It carries the simple name e-Delicious, and it takes the form of a box about the size of a large printer, containing sensors, and some computer circuitry, which act as an electronic tongue and nose.
It was developed by Thailand's National Innovation Agency, at a total cost of $1m (£640,000), after former Prime Minister Yingluck Shinwatra complained about the poor versions of Thai food she was subjected to during her overseas trips.
A Thai Delicious committee was formed - a bit like the French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée for food and wine - and around 200 people were invited to sample different versions of classic Thai dishes like tom yum gung (sour prawn soup) and kaeng khiao wan (green curry).
Whichever version was the consensus winner was taken as the standard, although the designers acknowledge that as the sampling was done in Bangkok, inevitably their standards for now are Bangkok versions.
The e-Delicious machine has nine sensors in it to measure the balance of six Thai flavours - sweet, sour, bitter, salty, savoury and spicy - and the food's aroma.
There is also a sensor to assess the dish's visual presentation, which is always very important in Thai cooking.
But can it actually tell you if the dish is any good?
"The machine can't tell you if something is delicious or not," says Nakah Thawichawatt, an entrepreneur who carries the grand title of Innovation Ambassador.
"The sensors give a taste-reading that we can understand. So if we like a certain taste, but can't explain what that taste is to someone else, the machine will able to decipher it, and record the data as a standard for other dishes."
We decided to give the e-Delicious a test. We had seen it sample low-cost versions of the recipes in its database - only three for now, but soon to reach 10 - and found them all wanting.
But how would it cope with the tom yum gung that is judged by many in Bangkok to be the finest in the city?
You won't find it in a ritzy restaurant in Bangkok's upmarket neighbourhoods, where Italian or Japanese cuisine is popular.
Jay Fai, a formidable-looking woman in trademark beanie-hat and fire-engine slash of lipstick, is sometimes called the Mozart of the Wok, for the lightning speed and instinctive flair with which she wields that most essential tool for East Asian cooking.
Her pad kee mao, or drunken noodles, is renowned: thick strips of white rice noodles fried in seconds over a roaring charcoal brazier, the meat, seafood, vegetables and chillies seared, glazed and smoky.
But it is her tom yum gung they queue up for, despite a price tag that reaches $50 (£32) for a large bowl.
Jay Fai tells me she learned her recipes from the old women who used to cook for the community on the village where she grew up.
She is meticulous about ingredients, searching for the very freshest jumbo prawns, the most fragrant herbs - and tom yum gung relies a great deal on the galangal, lemon grass and lime leaves that flavour it, along with the fermented fish sauce, tamarind, lime juice, chillies and red onions.
Watching her hurling great handfuls of herbs into the furiously boiling pot, it is hard to see any precision.
And yet, after a couple of minutes she produces a soup of exquisite, overpowering taste and aroma. Once eaten, never forgotten, and for this reviewer, never equalled.
At the Thai Delicious lab we spooned some of Jay Fai's soup into two glass beakers - one for taste, one for smell - and slid them into the e-Delicious machine.
After a minute's processing, it delivered its verdict; for taste, 90%. For aroma, 100% - the highest score of any tom yum gung it had assessed.
So perhaps a machine can judge great cooking.
For a final view I called the chef at the first Thai restaurant ever to win a Michelin star: David Thompson, a true global culinary celebrity.
His Bangkok restaurant Nahm has repeatedly been voted as one of the world's finest.
"It's an impossible dream, to set one standard," he said. "Taste is so subjective."
"There are standards, but the art of cooking is the epitome of humanity, with differences in taste, seasoning and technique that express the cook's character."
And what about a taste robot?
"It's a gimmick, a foolish idea," he said. "Any cook, any sound practitioner or craftsman knows that a robot can never analyse the product of the human hand."
The developers of the e-Delicious machine are undeterred.
Despite its high cost - at least $18,000 (£11,455) per unit - they hope they can sell a few to each country where Thai food has taken off, to offer at least a consistent standard by which Thai restaurants can come and have their versions of the Thai classics judged.
And if that does not take off, they have also come up with a Thai Delicious app for smartphones.


US singer Ariana Grande is returning to Manchester to take part in a benefit concert, along with a host of singers, less than two weeks after 22 people died and 116 were injured in a suicide bombing at the end of her concert in the city in May.

Everyone who attended that concert has been invited to apply for free tickets to the event on Sunday 4 June, which will include acts such as Katy Perry, Robbie Williams, Coldplay, Little Mix and Black Eyed Peas.
Some of the concert-goers have been in touch with the BBC to share their experiences.
Joe Woolrich is looking forward to the gig, which he says will be a form of closure for him.
"It was a traumatic time for everybody involved. We were near to the explosion when it happened. My friend ran into the toilet to inform me. At first I thought it was another encore when I heard the loud boom and the screams.
"We ran from the explosion area to the other exit where there were wheelchairs at the top of the stairs and no way out. So we carried on down, and stuck around to try to help outside the arena before the emergency services arrived.
"It was absolute chaos, but everybody did what they could to help.
"The fact that Ariana is coming back so soon, has helped to reassure me we are stronger together.
"She is doing the victims, fans and the city of Manchester a great service."
Rachel Whorton's two daughters aged 10 and 18, want to attend but have so far been disappointed.
"They were at the original concert at Manchester Arena so they qualify for free tickets for the benefit concert.
"I have been on the phone to Ticketmaster since 9am this morning trying to get tickets. I didn't think they would want to go but they do and I think it will be good for them.
"I'm frustrated. All you hear is a a long automated message, and are then told that Ticketmaster is busy helping other customers before getting cut off.
"I don't understand why this process is so difficult. Surely they have records of who bought original tickets. I have even tried to contact them on social media without success."
Compiled by Sherie Ryder and Rozina Sini, UGC and Social News


"Germany remains a safe country with a strong police force, with well organised security agenciesâ€¦ We are good [at security] but we want to be better."

Germany's interior minister, Thomas de Maiziere, has recently unveiled a long list of anti-terror measures: thousands of new police officers, billions of euros for the security services, better cyber intelligence and faster deportation of foreign criminals.
This was, of course, in one sense about reassuring the German public. It is not the first time the government has announced anti-terror measures. But it is also the response to what are thought to have been the first terror attacks on German soil inspired by so-called Islamic State (IS).
Last month, in the town of Ansbach, a Syrian man wounded 15 people when he blew himself up at a music festival. A few days earlier, a teenager attacked passengers on a train with an axe.
But Germany has not experienced a major co-ordinated terror attack on the scale of those perpetrated on Paris or Brussels - yet. Security sources fear it may be a matter of time.
The deputy head of the Bavarian intelligence agency, Manfred Hauser, says "the risk is abstract but very high that we have hit squads and sleeper cells in Germany... We have clear signs that an IS command structure exists. There may be someone within it who is responsible for planning attacks in Germany."
Mr Hauser says his agents are investigating a substantial number of reports that suggest IS has exploited the migrant crisis, sending in teams of people - the "hit squads" - disguised as refugees to prepare attacks.
IS is also believed to be targeting young asylum seekers whose experiences may have left them traumatised and vulnerable to radicalisation.
"One reason it's hard to be certain is we don't know exactly who's come into the country as a refugee," says Mr Hauser. "Many of the refugees weren't registered. That makes it very difficult for the intelligence services to determine which dangerous individuals have come into the country."
And, he adds, there's another group of people which worries the authorities - "people who have returned from Syria or Iraq who have had weapons training there, were trained in terrorism and have been brutalised by taking part in armed fighting. This is a very dangerous group of people."
It's estimated that more than 800 Germans may have fought in Syria or Iraq. Around a third are thought to have returned to Germany. Those with dual nationality will be stripped of their German citizenship, the interior minister said on Thursday.
Recent polls suggest around three quarters of Germans are worried by the threat of terror. The co-author of one study, Prof Manfred Schmidt from Heidelberg University, was quoted as saying: "People used to worry about money, health and the environment. This has been replaced by terrorism and extremism."
The perceived link between that terror threat and the arrival of more than a million people seeking asylum in the country (both of last month's attackers entered the country as asylum seekers) is problematic for Germany's politicians.
Two questions - how to keep Germany safe and how to integrate the new arrivals - already dominate what is, in effect, unofficial campaigning for next year's general election.
Bear in mind the mainstream parties here have lost votes to the populist, right-wing Alternative fuer Deutschland. And the fierce political, and public, debate around the terror threat now goes well beyond the question of domestic security.
Mr de Maiziere, for example, is under pressure from some of his fellow conservatives to impose a ban on the burka and to outlaw dual citizenship.
Arguably, Germany is at a crossroads, facing profound questions about what kind of society it wants to be.
Take the country's defence minister, Ursula von der Leyen, who wants to call in the military to work alongside the police in the event of terrorist attacks.
Armed German soldiers haven't deployed on German soil since World War Two. With this call, she has raised a sensitive - and for many, taboo - subject.
Prof Michael Wolfssohn, a German historian, believes there is a fundamental shift in German thinking. In Europe, he says, "we are going through an historic change. As long as we had no real terrorist threat in Germany but rather a theoretical one, this discussion remained theoretical.
"But we have a new reality and that's why ordinary citizens, not right-wingers but ordinary citizens, are afraid and therefore it will become ever more easy for politicians to persuade the public... that they will have to react."
Equally unnerving for many are the debates around privacy. There are calls for more video surveillance and for the use of facial recognition software in public places.
The government wants to begin talks with doctors about how and when it's appropriate to share information with the authorities about a patient who may pose a risk to public safety.
These are highly-charged debates for Germany, a country which values privacy and where many still remember life under a regime which routinely spied on its own citizens.
Modern Germany prides itself on its civil freedoms. The dilemma facing its leaders now is how to keep its citizens safe while safeguarding the values they cherish.


Didier Drogba refused to play for Montreal Impact after being told he would not be starting against Toronto, according to coach Mauro Biello.

The ex-Chelsea striker, 38, was absent from the Saputo Stadium where the Impact claimed a 2-2 draw to seal a Major League Soccer play-off spot.
Montreal had earlier said he had a back injury to explain his omission.
But Biello said: "He didn't accept that he would come off the bench and, in the end, he didn't want to be in the 18."
The coach added: "There was tightness in his back, yes, but he was capable of playing. The organisation will have to handle this."
Drogba, who left Chelsea in July 2015, has been used as a substitute in two of the Impact's past four games.
He has scored 10 goals in 21 appearances this season.


The bicentenaries of the births of the Bronte siblings are to be marked with a five-year programme of events.

Charlotte Bronte will be celebrated in 2016, the brother Branwell in 2017, Emily in 2018 and Anne in 2020, while 2019's events focus on father Patrick.
Events include a new exhibition by author Tracy Chevalier and a short film by playwright and critic Bonnie Greer.
The Bronte Society and Bronte Parsonage Museum revealed the plans on what would have been Charlotte's 199th birthday.
Titled "I Shall Go Off Like a Bombshell", the exhibition by Girl With a Pearl Earring author Chevalier focuses on Charlotte Bronte's work and is due to open in February at the museum, which is based in the literary family's home in Haworth, West Yorkshire.
Chevalier is also editing a collection of short stories influenced by Charlotte's writing for publication next spring. It will feature writers including Helen Dunmore, Susan Hill, Emma Donoghue, Audrey Niffenegger and Jane Gardam.
"I have long loved Charlotte Bronte and am thrilled to be involved in the upcoming celebration of her bicentenary," she said.
"The Parsonage is a unique house. It's incredible to see the place where so much creativity arose. I'm hoping to sprinkle some surprises in amongst the dresses and writing desks - including a Twitter tour of the house and exhibition, and even a knitted Jane Eyre."
Charlotte - born on 21 April 1816, she was the eldest of the siblings to reach adulthood but the last to die. She wrote Jane Eyre, Shirley and Villette, and died on 31 March 1855, aged 38.
Branwell - born in 1817, was the only Bronte brother. He was a writer and painter and died in 1848, aged 31.
Emily - born on 30 July 1818, wrote Wuthering Heights but died of tuberculosis aged 30 in December 1848, two months after the same illness killed her brother.
Anne - born on 17 January 1820, wrote Agnes Grey and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. She died in May 1849, aged 29.
They had two older sisters, Maria and Elizabeth, who died during childhood.
Source: BBC History.
A touring exhibition titled "Celebrating Charlotte" is also planned and will run at the National Portrait Gallery in London and the Morgan Library and Museum in New York.
The society said its president Bonnie Greer was "developing an award named after Patrick Bronte" - the siblings' father, who outlived all his children, dying in 1861 at the age of 84 - and was also working on an initiative with Bradford Council to commemorate Branwell Bronte.
The playwright was also making a short promotional film with the museum to "invite people to come to Haworth during the bicentenary celebrations" and planning a "Jane Eyre fan fiction" workshop in London.


Scotland's modern apprenticeship programme will expand to provide work for 30,000 young people a year by 2020, the first minister has announced.

Alex Salmond told the Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC) in Dundee that "significant progress" was being made in fighting youth unemployment.
The annual target for new modern apprenticeships is currently 25,000.
Mr Salmond also announced a Â£4m three-year funding deal for lifelong learning programmes for union members.
He said the expansion of the modern apprentices scheme was a mark of how successful it had been so far.
"Scotland currently has the eighth lowest rate of youth employment in the European Union," he said.
"It is still far too high but we have made significant progress. We are delivering 25,000 modern apprenticeships a year, up from 15,000 when we took office."
He added: "This policy has been an overwhelming success. Ninety two per cent of people are still in work six months after they finish their apprenticeships.
"We will create thousands of additional apprenticeship places by 2020 - focused on the highest level jobs and highest level schemes."
An Audit Scotland report earlier this year confirmed the government was hitting current apprenticeship targets, but said more specific long-term goals for the programme were needed.
As well as continuing support for Scottish Union Learning, Mr Salmond also promoted women's employment, noting that the Scottish government's Cabinet was now 40% female after recent promotions.
He said: "Angela Constance and Shona Robison have been proposed for promotion to the Cabinet because they are the best people to lead on policies which are crucial to Scotland's future.
"This merit-based approach is the route by which we believe all boards - public and private - can achieve better representation of women.
"There is a fundamental point here. It is unacceptable for the talents and expertise of half of our population to be under-represented in the boardroom or in the workforce more widely.
"It's an obstacle to prosperity and an affront to social justice."
Grahame Smith, STUC general secretary, welcomed parts of the speech but said even more modern apprenticeships should be created.
He said: "The STUC enthusiastically welcomes the first minister's confirmation that the Scottish government will continue to fund Scottish Union Learning for the next three years.
"However, his commitment to increase the target for modern apprenticeships to 30,000 by 2020 seems modest in light of the youth employment challenge we face. "


A medical student accused of plotting to carry out a "drive-by" shooting in London had pictures of himself posing with a gun, a jury has heard.

Tarik Hassane, 22, sent his friends a photograph of himself holding a handgun and a book about Osama Bin Laden, his trial at the Old Bailey was told.
After his arrest in 2014, he denied he supported so-called Islamic State.
Mr Hassane and three co-defendants, all from west London, deny conspiracy to murder and preparing terrorist acts.
In a handwritten statement, Mr Hassane told police officers "any foolish posing on my part was just that and not in any way criminal".
The jury was also shown photographs of Mr Hassane and his three co-defendants Nathan Cuffy, 26, Nyall Hamlett, 25, and Suhaib Majeed, 21, being followed during a five-week surveillance operation.
Prosecutors claim the images show how a Russian-made pistol, silencer and bullets were passed between some of the accused men and were later thrown out of a bedroom window when police moved in to make arrests.
The court has heard how Mr Hassane - who is accused of pledging his allegiance to IS during his time studying in Sudan - is said to have carried out online reconnaissance of targets at Shepherd's Bush police station and the Parachute Regiment Territorial Army Barracks at White City.
In social media chats with his friend Mr Majeed, Mr Hassane used coded language, telling the physics undergraduate to get a gun and an untraceable moped for an attack, prosecutors claim.
The jury was shown photographs taken by surveillance officers in early September 2014 in which it is claimed Mr Majeed can be seen on his laptop in Regent's Park carrying out secret online conversations.
Photographs taken on 23 September are alleged to show how the men acquired a firearm for the attack.
Two of the accused men - Mr Cuffy and Mr Hamlett - can be seen shaking hands in the street.
Mr Cuffy has admitted transferring a prohibited firearm but denies conspiracy to murder and preparing terrorist acts.
The surveillance shots show that an hour later Mr Hamlett met Mr Majeed when, according to the prosecution, he passed the weapon on to him.
The following day officers raided Mr Majeed's flat where they saw the Baikal pistol, the silencer and the ammunition being thrown out of an upstairs bedroom window.
In a statement, Mr Majeed told police he did not agree with a religious ruling or fatwa issued by IS calling for attacks on civilians in the West.
He said: "I believe these views are against the teachings of Islam."
Mr Hassane was arrested after returning to London from Sudan the following month.
He told police "I am in total disagreement with Isis [another name for IS]... I have been involved in no terrorist activity anywhere."
He said the coded conversations on social media were about buying trainers, not guns.
The trial continues.


A cheesemaker whose products were linked to a fatal E.coli outbreak has won the latest round in a court battle over a sales ban.

Food Standards Scotland imposed the ban after finding strains of the bacteria in Dunsyre Blue and Lanark Blue.
Producer Errington Cheese has insisted its products are safe.
A judge has now ruled the action taken by South Lanarkshire Council was unlawful and granted an interim measure in favour of owner Humphrey Errington.
Lord Bannatyne said the products must not be marketed for a week to allow the local authority to consider alternative action.
Carnwath-based Errington Cheese was linked to an E.coli outbreak in July in which a three-year-old girl from Dunbartonshire died. A total of 11 people received treatment in hospital.
In September, Food Standards Scotland (FSS) imposed a ban on all cheese produced by the firm.
People were advised not to eat the cheese and to return it to the seller.
After an initial legal challenge to the order was dropped, the watchdog confirmed it had issued a revised order in relation to Errington Cheese products.
It stressed that the full product withdrawal remained in place as the cheeses were "regarded as a risk to health".
Errington Cheese has raised a judicial review against the council over its decision to serve notices on it earlier this month under Food Hygiene (Scotland) Regulations.
At the latest court hearing, lawyers acting for Errington Cheese argued that the measure blocked the firm from challenging the FSS decision in court and potentially securing compensation.
Ronald Clancy QC, for Errington Cheese, told the Court of Session in Edinburgh that the company had operated since 1984 and was "a well-established business in Lanarkshire which made high-quality artisan cheese".
He said they made seven different types from cow and ewe milk, but the present proceedings were concerned with only Lanark Blue and Corra Linn, which are both produced from ewes' milk.
Mr Clancy said the results of FFS tests on the cheese were "highly contentious". The cheesemaker maintained that, properly understood, they did not give rise to concern about the fitness of the cheese for consumption.
"None of the tests which have been done since July last year show any link between Corra Linn and Lanark Blue types of cheese and the E.coli outbreak which occurred last year," he said.
"Nobody is suggesting these two types of cheese were responsible for that outbreak."
Mr Clancy told the court: "E.coli caused by cheese of any kind is a very rare occurrence. Cheese made from ewe's milk has never been blamed."
The FSS issued a notice in November last year asking local authorities to take steps to ensure Errington Cheese products were withdrawn from sale.
Mr Clancy said the notice "effectively directed local authorities throughout Scotland to use their powers to prevent the petitioner's products being placed on the market".
He said it was, in practise, an embargo on all their cheese and the value of their stock was estimated at about Â£350,000.
Mr Clancy said the firm had been taking expert advice and now had the material with which they could legitimately mount a challenge to the FSS claim that their cheese does not comply with food safety requirements.
He said the cheesemaker had decided to take an "incremental approach" to returning its products to the market.
It and had selected Lanark Blue and Corra Linn and written to the local authority informing them of their intention to resume sales of those types.
Mr Clancy said that since the firm's products were taken off the market, the firm has been "paralysed". They had lost sales, cheese had had to be disposed of and there were fears they might lose a skilled workforce.
Ruth Crawford QC, for the council, said they maintained that they had acted lawfully, proportionally and reasonably.
She said the local authority's use of the regulation it acted under was entirely consistent with the guidance issued by the FSS.
A full hearing in the judicial review is to take place next month.


A man from Strabane, County Tyrone, who was being questioned about dissident republican activity has been released unconditionally.

The 42-year-old was arrested in the Ballycolman estate on Tuesday morning.
He was taken to the serious crime suite in Antrim for questioning.


Too many babies born with a cleft palate are being diagnosed late, causing unnecessary distress, the Royal College of Surgeons says.

Figures for England, Wales and Northern Ireland showed more than a quarter of cases were not picked up within the required 24 hours after birth.
Health campaigners say the problem can affect crucial early days of bonding.
A cleft palate is a gap in the roof of the mouth leading to difficulties sucking adequately and trouble feeding.
The condition can also lead to hearing and speech difficulties, and may indicate other problems with the heart or nervous system.
Unlike a cleft lip, a cleft in the palate is hard to identify in a scan during pregnancy. National guidelines say the problem, which affects about 500 babies every year in the UK, should be diagnosed within 24 hours of birth.
This allows quick referral to a team of experts including surgeons, nurses, orthodontists and speech and language therapists.
But figures published by the Royal College of Surgeons show a cleft palate is often missed at birth.
They come from the Crane Database, which is a national register of information on those born with a cleft lip or palate in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The Crane annual report says last year 28% of babies with a cleft palate alone did not get a diagnosis within 24 hours. And 5% of cases had not been picked up after a month.
The clinical lead of the database, Scott Deacon, says there is a need for stronger guidelines.
He says in the past health staff have been trained to use a finger to feel for the defect, but he insists that a thorough visual check is needed.
"What we're asking for is for people to visibly examine the mouth using a torch and a spatula to get the tongue out of the way. Because obviously a baby is small and it's not the easiest thing to see unless you're getting the tongue depressed and out of the way."
When Tomas Lewis struggled to feed, his mother Elizabeth was told he might have just been sleepy as a result of her epidural during labour.
It was only four days later, back at home, Tomas's uncle spotted a hole in his mouth as he yawned.
The family did an internet search and made their own diagnosis of a cleft palate - which was confirmed by a health professional the following day. Mrs Lewis says those first few days, when Tomas was losing weight, were "horrendous".
But they were then supported by a specialist team, and when he was seven months old Tomas had corrective surgery.
His mother says from that moment he was "a different little boy".
Mr Deacon says a failure to diagnose the problem can cause parents great anxiety and distress.
That was the experience of Elizabeth Lewis 16 months ago following the birth of her son Tomas. He struggled to feed and lost weight, but it took four days until his cleft palate was identified.
"I just wasn't able to feed him and give him that important nourishment that he needed. And that is very hard. You start blaming yourself, thinking I must be doing something wrong, there's something wrong with my child.
"It's awful and I wouldn't wish it on anybody," she said.
Tomas has had corrective surgery on the cleft, but will require further checks on his speech and hearing.
Rosanna Preston from the Cleft Lip and Palate Association backed the call for better early diagnosis: "For any parent, noticing that your baby is not eating, feeding properly or gaining weight is terribly worrying.
"Many parents will initially blame themselves until the cause is found and worries about their baby's health can affect those crucial early days of bonding; the sooner they can get support the better."
A spokesman for the Department of Health said newborn babies deserved nothing less than the best possible care.
"We expect that NHS organisations will want to follow NICE [National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence] guidelines on postnatal care, so that mothers and new babies receive the vital support they need."


Plaid Cymru increased its majority on Anglesey but fell short of a majority with the council remaining with no party in overall control.

The party gained two seats, overtaking the independents to become the largest group on the island's authority, with 14 seats.
Meanwhile in Gwynedd, Plaid held its majority, with 41 seats, Llais Gwynedd won six and independents got 26. Labour and Liberal Democrats had one each.
Conwy remains in no overall control.
Independents took 20 seats, Conservatives 16, Plaid Cymru 10, Labour eight and Lib Dems four, while one seat went to a candidate with no named party.
Turnout on Anglesey was 45.9%, down from 51% in the previous local election.
In Gwynedd, lots had to be drawn after a dead heat between Plaid Cymru's John Wynn Jones and an independent candidate Richard Medwyn Hughes for the Hendre ward seat.
The council's chief executive Dilwyn Williams drew the lot - and Richard Medwyn Hughes was duly elected councillor for Hendre.
In Conwy, actor and TV presenter James Lusted was voted in as a Conservative Councillor for Rhos-on-Sea.
Mr Lusted, who has dwarfism and is 3ft 7in, featured in a 2014 BBC Wales programme called Real Families: Born Small, which looked at his condition and his life.


The Duke of Edinburgh will meet Royal Marines in his final public engagement before he retires from royal duties.

The 96-year-old announced his retirement in May, after decades of supporting the Queen, as well as attending events for his own charities and organisations.
Prince Philip has completed 22,219 solo engagements since 1952.
On Wednesday, he will meet servicemen who have taken part in a 1,664-mile trek in aid of charity.
As Captain General of the Royal Marines, the duke will attend a parade to mark the finale of the 1664 Global Challenge - a series of strength and endurance challenges raising funds and awareness for charity.
While his diary of engagements will come to an end, Buckingham Palace has said the Duke may still decide to attend certain events alongside the Queen in the future.
The Queen's public schedule will continue as normal.
96
years old
70
years as Queen's companion
22,219 solo engagements since 1952
5,496 speeches given
785 organisations have him as patron, president or member
4 million people have taken part in Duke of Edinburgh Awards
On announcing his retirement earlier this year, the royal consort was praised for his years of service, with prime minister Theresa May offering the country's "deepest gratitude and good wishes".
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn wished him "all the best in his well-earned retirement".


Cardiff University will be home to one of six UK centres aimed at finding new ways to diagnose and treat dementia.

£13m will go to the university, with the potential for another £17m in the next five years.
Up to 60 scientific researchers will be employed in Cardiff by 2022.
Prof Julie Williams, the centre's lead, said dementia could follow in the footsteps of cancer research and "reap the benefits" of therapies brought about by significant investment.
This UK Dementia Research Institute (DRI) Centre is set to be the biggest investment Wales has ever received for scientific study into the disease.
It is part of a £250m initiative, funded by the Medical Research Council, Alzheimer's Society and Alzheimer's Research UK.
Prof Bart De Strooper, director of the UK DRI, said centres were chosen on the basis of "innovative, excellent science".
Prof Williams said: "We've identified 30 genes in the last seven years that increase your risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
"What's exciting about this centre is that we can now take that information forward, find out the disease mechanisms and produce treatments and preventative therapies for the future."
The university's Hadyn Ellis building will house the centre and the research aims to identify and treat the disease at an earlier stage.
Prof Valentina Escott-Price, a data analyst at Cardiff University, said: "I think for those people with dementia, we can give hope.
"I think our research will help to design drugs. To cure, or to fix the problem, there's a long way to go, but just to modify, to slow down the progression, that we could help with."
Karen Kitch, 54, from Llanharry, Rhondda Cynon Taff, was diagnosed with early onset dementia in 2014.
"There's nothing he [the doctor] could tell me. He couldn't tell me how long before I was into the final part of my journey, how it was going to be through the process because he told me it was an individual disease.
"I had to stop work. I was on quite a good wage, so that disappeared overnight.
"Financially we nearly lost the house because we couldn't keep up with all of the payments because all of the money had gone and it took about six months for the benefits to be sorted out.
"I've done a degree in literature, I don't read any more because I start reading and I read so far and I put it down and I come back the next day and I've forgotten what I've read.
"Research is fantastic, it's really needed. I don't think it will be for my time but it will be for my children, or for my grandchildren... and if by that time they can find a cure, that would make me happy."


Tony Blair has said the international community must be prepared to do "everything and more" to support those fighting Islamist militants in Syria.

The ex-UK prime minister told the BBC Syria had "virtually disintegrated" but there would have to be a political settlement there, involving Russia and other allies of the Assad regime.
But the West must be able to negotiate from a "position of strength".
David Cameron has urged more help for the "legitimate opposition" in Syria.
It comes as the Russian defence ministry said it flew 20 air sorties in Syria on Tuesday, striking 12 targets of the so-called Islamic State.
A US-led coalition has been conducting air strikes against IS in Syria and Iraq since September last year, which rights groups say have also caused civilian deaths.
Syria's conflict between President Bashar al-Assad and various rebel groups began in 2011. It has left more than 250,000 dead and about half the country's population displaced.
Speaking in New York after making a speech at the 9/11 museum about jihadist ideology, Mr Blair said it was "not acceptable that they (Russia) attack parts of the opposition that we see as acceptable, and who represent a majority of people in Syria" - an accusation strongly denied by Moscow.
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What can Russia's air force do? The US-led coalition has failed to destroy IS. Can Russia do any better?
Russian actions in Syria, Mr Blair argued, should be seen as an attempt to secure "leverage" ahead of negotiations about the future of the country and he said the US, UK and its allies could be doing more to shape the dynamics on the ground.
"We have got to do everything we can and more to support those groups who are fighting them on the ground because you can't defeat them by air power alone. That is clear," he said.
"What is important for the west, is that we are very clear that we are going to obtain our own leverage to have an outcome that is fair and reasonable."
Mr Blair, who stepped down as a Middle East envoy earlier this year, said despite some progress in confronting Islamic State, the organisation was "far too powerful" and it was in the UK's direct national interest to throw its weight behind military and diplomatic efforts to rid Syria of its presence.
"It is not simply to do with a struggle that is in a faraway country," he added. "The truth is now we have hundreds of thousands of refugees coming from Syria to Europe.
"The first wave of this will be refugees. The second wave, I fear, will be terrorism and problems of terrorism arising out of what is happening in Syria.
"And we have both got to deal with that problem which is the outcome of the crisis in Syria and to try and resolve the actual crisis in Syria itself."
Also speaking on Tuesday, current UK Prime Minister David Cameron rejected claims that the UK would be prepared to back extremist groups opposed to the Assad regime and said he was willing to try again to work with Russia and Iran to identify an administration which could deliver a peaceful future for the country.
"We are working with our allies - and frankly we have tried to work in the past with the Russians, with the Iranians and with others, and we must try again - to identify a team of leaders and a structure where Sunni, Christian, Alawite, Kurd can all feel that they will be properly looked after in Syria."


A man in his 20s has been taken to hospital after he was stabbed during an incident in Belfast city centre.

A woman, also in her 20s, was punched in the face during the incident in the Castle Street/King Street area at about 12:00 BST on Monday afternoon.
Police have said the man suffered two stab wounds to his body.
His injuries are not thought to be life-threatening.


Witnesses have been describing the dramatic events in France, where two sieges came to a violent end.

The first incident, in Dammartin-en-Goele, north-east of Paris, involved the brothers Cherif and Said Kouachi, who carried out the deadly attack on the Charlie Hebdo magazine on Wednesday.
The second was at the Hypercasher supermarket, near Porte de Vincennes, in Paris, where gunman Amedy Coulibaly had taken hostages.
"When I arrived at the printers office, my client came out accompanied by an armed person who had introduced himself as a policeman.
"The person who pretended to be a policeman told me: 'Go away as we do not kill civilians', that struck me profoundly, then I decided to call the police.
"I guess it was one of the terrorists. It could have been a policeman if he hadn't told me 'we don't kill civilians'.
"They were heavily armed like elite police. I didn't know it was a hostage situation, or robbery. I just knew something wasn't right."
"I am hidden on the first floor. I think they have killed everyone. Tell the police to intervene."
Michel Catalano, manager of printworks company, held hostage for two hours:
"I remained calm throughout with one thing on my mind - saving Lilian.
"We are ordinary people who survived something extraordinary. Now we have to rebuild our lives."
"We are really scared... we have to wait in the high school."
"In the school there are about 900 persons, and they [told] us to stay in the school. We are really scared."
"My daughter told me: 'Don't be scared mummy, we're well protected'. She was calm but me, I was scared."
"My nephew Johan and the others were terrified that they would be discovered by the terrorists and were forced to huddle together like frightened animals to avoid hypothermia.
"He was shopping for the kosher cakes and meat delicacies which we Jewish people enjoy on the Holy Day when he heard shots being fired above on the ground floor and immediately took cover with other shoppers in the basement.
"Johan was to speak to my brother Haim by phone for only two or three minutes and told him to stay quiet and wait until help arrived. Then we just stood at the barriers for five hours and waited for news.
"It was absolutely terrible - the longest five hours of my life.
"We know these people are monsters and would not hesitate to kill Jewish people.
"They targeted the supermarket because it was run by Jews."
"My daughter, she's in the supermarket. She's with her Jewish boyfriend. They went shopping. She called me 10 minutes ago. She said mum - there's dead people."
"I saw a lot of police. I didn't panic, I thought they were there to protect the shop, and I heard something that sounded like an explosion.
"Actually it turned out to be gunshots - a burst of gunfire. I couldn't tell you if it was a Kalashnikov or another weapon...
"There are about 50 police that I can see but there are probably more. They are in small groups of five and 10. All the roads are blocked - there is no one in the streets any more.
"There is a big Jewish community in the area - this area is actually in the middle of three Jewish communities.
"Do I feel threatened? Yes. For the Jewish community, once again we are being attacked."
Police closed many shops, including his own, "because they are afraid that there may be another terrorist on the street".


Captain Eoin Morgan says England had themselves to blame for their heavy tri-series final loss to Australia.

Mitchell Johnson took 3-27 on his international return as England fell to a 112-run defeat in their final competitive match before the World Cup.
But Morgan insisted his own team's shortcomings were the reason for defeat, not old adversary Johnson.
"I don't think he was the biggest threat," Morgan said. "We were. We pushed the self-destruct button."
Johnson - whose last competitive match was on Boxing Day - destroyed England during the last winter's Ashes whitewash, taking 37 wickets as he was named player of the series.
Having been told that England were reportedly unconcerned about the pace bowlers' efforts in a one-sided contest in Perth, Australia's Glenn Maxwell - who finished with figures of 4-46 - said: "They should be concerned. He had three for 11 at one stage and tore through their top order.
"They can be not worried, but if they're getting skittled by him they probably should be."
Morgan, though, preferred to look at the positives from a tri-series in which England have twice beaten India and some individuals have shone.
Ian Bell's batting has been outstanding, helping him to become England's leading run-scorer in ODIs while Steven Finn took career-best one-day figures of 5-33 against India.
"I am happy with this series as a whole," Morgan said. "Apart from today's game we've made big inroads, and getting to the final was an achievement in itself."
Despite some success, England's new-look one-day side have yet to beat Australia.
They next meet on 14 February in the World Cup, but coach Peter Moores denied that Australia have the measure of England.
"I don't think Australia have a stranglehold over us, they are just playing really good cricket," he said.
"We are getting better fast and we are one of the improving teams in the world. Today we just didn't get it right."
The only downside for Australia was a side injury to James Faulkner, who hit an unbeaten 50 and dismissed Joe Root with his first ball.
"He's down at the moment with such an amazing thing coming up for us - a home World Cup," said Maxwell, who as well as starring with the ball, top-scored for Australia with 95. "We can only hope it is nothing serious."


Scottish health boards are chasing overseas patients for £1.86m in unpaid hospital bills, according to data obtained by BBC Scotland.

Most debt is for treatment given in the past year, but one boards is still pursuing a bill from 2003.
The bulk of outstanding charges are due from citizens of the USA, Canada, Nigeria and India.
The Scottish government said it represented a small proportion of the NHS budget.
Half of the overall debt - £893,368 - is owed to NHS Greater Glasgow.
The figures, obtained by BBC Scotland through a series of coordinated freedom of information requests, also reveals the total of unpaid bills has more than doubled over the past two years.
In April 2013, it was reported Scottish health boards were owed £1.1m by overseas patients - compared to £712,182 in 2012.
And the data shows part of the problem is the exponential build-up of patient debt from previous years.
NHS Fife is still chasing a US citizen for £2,602 for treatment dating back to 2003; NHS Grampian is trying to recoup £2,485 from an Indian citizen for treatment they received in 2007.
A spokeswoman for NHS Grampian said the overdue debts were often due to "claims against the estate of deceased persons, insurance companies disputing charges, lack of insurance or an ability to pay."
"Occasionally a write off is processed, for example when the person is deceased, and we have tried all legal recourse or it would be uneconomical to pursue the estate."
A NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde spokeswoman said: "Despite our best efforts some bills remain outstanding."
She added: "A proportion of the current outstanding monies is owed by patients who have pending insurance claims or who have every intention of paying their bill and we have already recouped over £250,000 in owed monies since April 2013."
However, the data obtained by BBC Scotland reveals that since April 2013, an additional £337,368 has been accrued in unpaid bills.
And the amount owed to NHS Lothian has nearly trebled to £493,533 since 2008.
The board has written off 8% of unpaid bills in the past five years and is still owed more than £180,000 from as far back as 2012.
Susan Goldsmith, director of finance at NHS Lothian, said: "Our invoice and collection systems have improved vastly in the last six years.
"It means that while the amount of money owed has increased during that time, it is a direct result of more invoices being created within a streamlined and more effective system.
"Figures show that the money owed by overseas patients once stood at 50 per cent of our expected income. Since we improved our systems, that figure has fallen to 16 per cent.
NHS Lothian says it has recovered £1.4m in the last five years.
A Scottish government spokeswoman played down the figures, saying the outstanding bills represented just 0.02% of the country's £12bn health budget.
She said: "Scotland does not have a significant problem with overseas visitors failing to pay for NHS healthcare, and we welcome that the vast majority of overseas visitors settle their healthcare bill promptly.
"In addition, a proportion of the current outstanding monies will be owed by patients who have pending insurance claims or who have every intention of paying their bill."
Some of the costs incurred will never be recoverable by Scottish health boards because certain services in the UK - such as ambulance services, A&E care, and wards associated with A&E - are free to everyone.
But patients whose condition was not life-threatening, and whose normal residence is outside of the European Union, have to pay for services with certain exceptions.
Health boards must then try and recoup other treatment costs from individuals or insurance companies.
The UK also has reciprocal agreements with most European countries and 28 other nations, including countries such as Canada and Australia.
But travelling to the UK deliberately for health treatment - so-called "health tourism" - is not allowed.
A 2013 report estimated health tourism in the UK cost the NHS between £20m and £100m.
Scottish health boards can pursue debt via the Central Legal Office which has a contract with an international debt recovery company.
Boards are also required to pass details of those with outstanding bills to NHS Scotland's Counter Fraud Service (CFS), who liaise with the UK Border Agency.
Non-payers can then be refused re-entry to the UK until they settle their outstanding health bill.
A spokesperson said that in 2014-2015 so far, 129 cases have been referred to the CFS from various sources including health boards, GP practices and the UK Home Office.


Inter Milan chief executive Michael Bolingbroke can see the merit in the idea of Champions League wildcards.

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Barcelona want to invite teams into the competition that have not qualified through their league position.
Major English sides discussed it and Bolingbroke uses Serie A to show how a club's history can carry more weight.
"The TV income distribution here is based on performance not just in the last year but the last five and last 50," he said. "There is merit in that."
News of the Premier League's most wealthy clubs meeting to talk about the concept was greeted with scepticism, particularly as three of them - Manchester United, Liverpool and Chelsea - would not qualify for next season's Champions League on their current Premier League performance.
Like the three English clubs, Inter Milan are a former Champions League winner, lifting the last of three titles in 2010, when Jose Mourinho was in charge.
They have not qualified for the tournament since 2012 and did not play in any European competition for the second time in three seasons this term.
Bolingbroke said: "There are clubs who have not got to the competitions they think they need to. Many of these clubs have huge fan bases. That drives Uefa and drives revenues.
"The question is: do you need to find a balance between that and having the clubs in the competition that have performed well in the last 12 months?
"The conversations we have had with Uefa indicate to me that they fully understand what the concerns are and are going to address them."
In relative terms, Inter's income is falling.
The Italian club were 19th in the 2016 Deloitte Money League with a turnover of £114.45m. However, by the time the new Premier League TV deal takes effect at the start of next season, they may not be able to match the incomes of teams such as Stoke and Crystal Palace.
"The league in Italy is slipping and it needs to make some changes," said Bolingbroke. "It requires an embracing of international markets as well as domestic.
"Rather than being concerned by Stoke or Palace, as a club and a league we need to learn from the Premier League.
"It is not an accident the Premier League is doing as well as it is. It has taken years of planning. When you see a Premier League game, every seat is sold. The lighting is better. The grass is greener. It is one of those products you see on TV and say 'I wish I was there'. When you see a match and the stadiums are half empty it doesn't have the same appeal."
Inter estimate they have 265 million fans worldwide, of which 190 million are in Asia.
Yet four of their next five fixtures are evening games and their past six league games, including Saturday's 1-1 draw at Roma, were also played under floodlights.
Bolingbroke, former chief operating officer at Manchester United, feels it is a major flaw in the drive for increased commercial income.
"When we broadcast matches at 20:45 it is the middle of the night in Asia, so we miss 75% of our fan base," he said.
"Decisions like that need to be discussed at the league. People want to see matches live. That is the excitement of football. It is not much good when the game is shown at 03:00."
With a capacity in excess of 80,000 the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza - San Siro - used by both Inter and AC Milan is the fourth largest club ground in Europe and will host the 2016 Champions League final.
Opened in 1926, it was refurbished for the 1990 World Cup, when it hosted the opening game between Argentina and Cameroon.
It has only 30 executive suites compared to 146 at Arsenal's Emirates Stadium. Inter's matchday income in 2014-15 was £16.9m, 63% of Newcastle's £26.8m.
"In the UK, most stadiums are owned by the clubs so if the owner wants to invest in it, they can," said Bolingbroke.
"In Italy it is slightly different. Most of the stadiums are owned by the local councils, so they need to see the business case for doing the refurbishment. That makes it more complicated. The Italian economy has gone through difficult times in recent years as well, so money has been prioritised in other areas.
"But there is an understanding that investment is needed. As a league, we need to prioritise that."
Indonesian businessman Erick Thohir bought a 70% stake in Inter in October 2013. Of the 18 Serie A clubs, only Roma and Bologna also have overseas owners.
Bolingbroke says it is only by widening their ownership, as the Premier League has done, that new ideas will be generated to give the Italian league a chance of returning itself to the position of the 1980s, when it was able to attract top stars such as Diego Maradona, Michel Platini and Marco van Basten.
Some of the problems England was forced to tackle three decades ago, specifically racism and hooliganism, are an issue in Italy now.
Inter boss Roberto Mancini spoke out after his side's Coppa Italia game against Napoli in January, accusing opposition coach Maurizio Sarri of making homophobic slurs towards him. Sarri was given a two-match touchline ban and fined £15,000 for "highly offensive" comments.
"You can draw parallels with what we are facing here and what England faced in the mid to late 1980s," said Bolingbroke.
"But it is a minority who act in that way and there is a will to deal with it."
In the short term, Inter are battling to qualify for next season's Champions League. They are fifth, five points behind Roma, who occupy the third and final slot.
Beyond that, Bolingbroke is pushing forward with a job he began in July 2014.
"Inter is built on an extraordinary heritage," he said. "We are probably one of the top 10 football clubs in the world from a brand perspective.
"I would like to see Inter in a position in the Deloitte table that reflects its position in the brand table.
"That would mean we were back playing Champions League football on a consistent basis, that we were filling a renovated San Siro, that we were pulling in audiences across the world, which would mean kick-off times had been moved and we would be playing in the afternoon. That would be a great legacy."


The lawyer for a woman who is pursuing Trump International for damages has made his closing submission.

Rohan Beyts, 62, is accusing the company of breaching data protection law by filming her without her permission or notice.
She claims she was filmed by male employees as she urinated in sand dunes while out walking at the Menie Estate in Aberdeenshire a year ago.
Trump International has denied the claims.
Ms Beyts is claiming Â£3,000 from the company which was run by Donald Trump before he became the US president.
Her lawyer, Solicitor advocate Mike Dailly, told the small claims court in Edinburgh that staff from Trump International took photographs of her despite the fact the company was not registered under the data protection act.
He said it was clear Ms Beyts, from Montrose in Angus, had indicated she was distressed as a result.
Mr Dailly told the court: "The evidence led by the pursuer shows that she was clearly left distressed by the incident.
"It is my submission that the pursuer has set out and established her case and that damages should be awarded to her."
Trump international contests the claim.
The lawyer for Trump International also made his final submission in case.
Paul Motion said there was a question if Ms Beyts suffered distress as she claims.
He said she elected to go public about the fact she was initially charged for urinating in public.
Mr Motion said she made mention of this in numerous posts on Facebook and in media interviews.
He questioned if her true rationale was to publicise her opposition to the golf course.
Ms Beyts told the court on Monday that she had gone walking with a friend in April last year and had to pass through the Trump International Golf Club to get access to the beach.
She said that while on the beach she had gone into the dunes after realising that, due to a medical condition, she needed the toilet urgently.
Ms Beyts said she had taken notice of Mountaineering Scotland's guidelines for what to do if you need to urinate outside, and that she would have been horrified if anyone had seen her.
She told the court she "needed to go as a matter of urgency" and there were no golfers visible.
Three days after her walk, police officers arrived at her house to charge her with urinating in a public place that could cause annoyance.
After speaking to police on a further occasion, she was told three men had mobile phone footage of her urinating.
The court also heard from the golf course irrigation technician who said he had taken a photograph with his mobile phone of Ms Beyts urinating.
But Edward Irvine, 23, said he had not filmed Ms Beyts.
He told the court that he took her picture "for evidence that she was urinating in a public place", which he believed to be a criminal offence.
Mr Irvine then gave a statement about what he had witnessed to a police officer.
The green keeper also told the court that he had seen golfers urinating on the course. He said those golfers went into bushes before going to the toilet.
He said Ms Beyts did not do this and he was able to photograph her.
Ms Beyts was reported to the procurator fiscal, but no action was taken against her. She in turn launched a claim for damages against Trump International.
The hearing continues.


Somerset were left frustrated by Hampshire's batsmen and the weather on a rain-hit third day of their County Championship game at the Ageas Bowl.

Hampshire resumed on 18-1 needing 237 runs to avoid an innings defeat and had reached 173-4 when rain arrived at tea.
Tom Alsop made 53 for the hosts and Michael Carberry was on 37 when play was called off at 16:45 BST.
Seamer Lewis Gregory starred with the ball for Somerset, claiming 3-26, as Hampshire closed 82 runs behind.
With Wednesday's forecast for Southampton looking poor, Somerset may well have to settle for their seventh draw in eight Division One games this season.
A draw for bottom side Hampshire would see them close the gap to Surrey to 14 points with a game in hand.
In the two sessions of play possible, 20-year-old Alsop made his second four-day fifty of the season for the hosts before he edged Peter Trego to Marcus Trescothick at second slip.
Captain Will Smith and Liam Dawson were soon dismissed by Gregory to leave Hampshire 121-4, but Carberry, batting at number four, and Sean Ervine (34 not out) steadied things with a watchful stand of 52.


Mae'r Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet dros Gymunedau, Carl Sargeant wedi dweud bod fflatiau sydd wedi methu profion diogelwch tân yn "llefydd diogel i fyw ynddyn nhw".

Dywedodd Mr Sargeant fod angen profion pellach i gael darlun cyflawn wedi i fflatiau yn Abertawe fethu'r profion cyntaf.
Daeth y profion i'r gorchudd ar fflatiau yn Abertawe wedi tân tŵr Grenfell yn Llundain.
Daw'r casgliadau ar Gwrt Clyne yn Sgeti wedi i ganlyniadau tebyg gael eu cofnodi ar 149 o dyrau yn Lloegr.
Ychwanegodd bod methiant y profion yn "destun peth pryder", a dywedodd bod gweinidogion yn disgwyl cyngor gan lywodraeth y DU er mwyn gweld a oes angen profion pellach neu i symud trigolion o'r adeiladau.
Mae Cyngor Abertawe yn gofyn am eglurder, gan ddweud fod y fflatiau "yn cwrdd â'r rheoliadau adeiladu presennol".
Dywedodd Llywodraeth Cymru y bydd "yn parhau i weithio'n agos gydag Abertawe ar y dilyniant i ganlyniadau'r profion hyn, er mwyn cytuno ar ffordd bwyllog a chymesur ymlaen".
Cafodd samplau o'r un math o gladin a gafodd e defnyddio ar dŵr Grenfell o saith tŵr yng Nghymru eu profi yn dilyn cais gan Lywodraeth Cymru.
Dywedodd Cyngor Abertawe fod y Sefydliad Ymchwil Prydeinig (BRE) wedi edrych ar samplau o bedwar o'u 11 bloc o fflatiau - tri yng nghwrt Clyne ac un yng nghwrt Jeffrey ym Mhenlan, sy'n cynnwys deunydd alwminiwm cyfansawdd (ACM).
Dywedodd y cynghorydd Andrea Lewis, aelod cabinet ar dai: "O ystyried fod pob awdurdod lleol yn Lloegr a gafodd brofion wedi'u methu nhw, dydy'r canlyniad ddim yn ein synnu ni.
"Serch hynny, rydym eisiau eglurder gan Lywodraeth Cymru a BRE am natur y profion, gan nad ydyn ni'n dal i wybod sut rai oedden nhw.
"Beth rydyn ni'n wybod yw fod y deunydd anfonon ni i gael ei brofi yn cwrdd â'r rheoliadau adeiladu presennol.
"Yn ychwanegol at y deunydd cladio, mae'n systemau yn cynnwys deunydd ynysu gwrthlosgi a rhwystrau tân metal sy'n mynd y tu hwn i ofynion y rheoliadau adeiladu."
Brynhawn Llun dywedodd Carl Sargeant bod y gwasanaeth tân wedi "rhoi peth sicrwydd am safonau'r adeiladu" ar flociau yn Abertawe a Chasnewydd lle'r oedd samplau wedi eu gyrru am brofion.
"Maen nhw'n credu bod yr adeiladau mewn cyflwr da, ac ar hyn o bryd - fel mesur dros dro - eu bod yn llefyd diogel i fod ynddyn nhw ar y foment."
Dywedodd llefarydd ar ran Llywodraeth Cymru: "Yn dilyn y drychineb tŵr Grenfell, fe ddwedon ni wrth awdurdodau lleol a landlordiaid cymdeithasol yng Nghymru y dylid profi unrhyw ddeunydd Alwminiwm Cyfansawdd (ACM) oedd ar flociau, neu os oedden nhw'n amau eu bod yn bresennol.
"Mae Abertawe hefyd wedi cadarnhau i ni bod yr holl fesurau diogelwch tân dros dro a argymhellir yng nghyngor y DCLG ar 22 Mehefin wedi cael eu cyflwyno. Mae'r gwasanaeth tân wedi eu harchwilio ac yn adrodd fod y mesurau diogelwch tân yn iawn.
"Byddwn yn parhau i weithio'n agos gydag Abertawe ar y dilyniant i ganlyniadau'r profion hyn, er mwyn cytuno ar ffordd bwyllog a chymesur ymlaen, sydd â diogelwch y preswylwyr wrth ei wraidd."


A soldier who assessed candidates on an SAS selection exercise said their will to complete the march was a "key factor" in their deaths.

L/Cpl Craig Roberts, 24, of Conwy county, died on a Brecon Beacons march on one of the hottest days of 2013.
L/Cpl Edward Maher and Cpl James Dunsby also died after collapsing while attempting the same exercise.
Soldier 1B also said training prior to the test "may not have been good enough".
"I think one of the key factors would have been the determination and the willpower of James, Edward and Craig to successfully complete the march," soldier 1B said.
When asked why a logbook entry said an ambulance was called for L/Cpl Roberts at 15:40 BST but later altered to 16:00 - a time confirmed by ambulance control - soldier 1B said there was "no rhyme or reason as to why that would have been changed".
Soldier 1B said he was unaware of official MoD risk assessment documentation which gives guidance on control measures in relation to heat illness.
But he argued asking soldiers for positions on a map was an appropriate way of checking if they were suffering from dizziness or confusion - signs of heat illness.
"Having taken students through nine courses, I would argue that it is very difficult to plot a six figure grid reference on a map with a compass and then plot another six figure grid reference... I would argue it is very difficult if not impossible... if you're suffering the symptoms."
The coroner, Louise Hunt, put it to him that another soldier, 2P, presented heat illness signs to him that day, but he was allowed to continue.
"Not a chance," 1B replied.
"To put it into context, if a person presents themselves with those signs and symptoms I would not have sent him on.
"He would have had to have pointed to his next checkpoint with the corner of his compassâ€¦ then filled his water bottles.
"He never presented his symptoms to me."
The coroner said: "But to be fair, 1B, you can't remember him, so how can you be sure? I'm putting it to you that simply didn't do the assessment fully enough."
He replied: "I accept what you're saying, but I disagree. I would have done the assessment fully enough.
"Yes, they're going to present themselves tired because they have a 60lb bergen on. Yes, they are going to be sweatingâ€¦ but if someone is suffering from confusion they are not going to be able to pass that [heat illness] test.
"I say that having taken 600 students through this course in the last nine courses."
The inquest continues.


An assembly probe into funding for a motor-racing track is being "fobbed off" by the Welsh Government, a committee chairman has claimed.

Two officials pulled out of a public accounts committee (PAC) hearing into the proposed Circuit of Wales near Ebbw Vale in Blaenau Gwent next Monday.
Committee chairman Nick Ramsay said it was "not acceptable" that alternative dates before summer were also rejected.
A Welsh Government source dismissed his comments as "pathetic grandstanding".
Developers claim the Â£425m project could create 6,000 jobs in one of the most deprived areas of Wales.
Monday's hearing takes place the day before a crucial cabinet meeting, where ministers are expected to discuss whether to approve a Â£210m guarantee.
It follows a rigorous due diligence process that has scrutinised plans for the scheme. Although it would be privately funded, the developers have asked for a taxpayer-backed guarantee worth around half the cost of the project.
The committee wanted to hear from sectors and business director Mick McGuire and deputy director for business solutions Chris Munday.
Both are involved in the Welsh Government's handling of the Circuit of Wales and would have faced questions about a damning report into Â£9.3m of grants and loans to the scheme.
The Wales Audit Office said there were "significant shortcomings" in the way the government tried to manage risks to the taxpayer.
Mr McGuire and Mr Munday were due to appear alongside James Price, the deputy permanent secretary for the economy. Instead, Mr Price will be accompanied by Tracey Mayes, head of governance and compliance in his department.
In a letter to the committee, Mr Price said: "I am sure you will appreciate the priority focus for Mr McGuire and Mr Munday must be ensuring the completion of the rigorous due diligence process and associated work so that cabinet has the right information to consider the project comprehensively, and takes its decision in a thoroughly informed way."
Monday's meeting has been in the diary since 12 May, but AMs were told about the changed line-up on Wednesday. One AM said it was "outrageous".
BBC Wales understands the committee invited the two men to other meetings on 10, 11 and 17 July, but the Welsh Government said none of those dates were convenient and suggested AMs send follow-up questions in writing.
"It does look like we've been fobbed off and that's not acceptable," said Mr Ramsay.
"We think it's vitally important that the officers involved in this decision are available for scrutiny by the committee and we are going to be pressing the Welsh Government to make sure that happens before the summer."
The Conservative AM for Monmouth said the committee had powers to summon witnesses but added: "It's not an ideal way to proceed.
"At the end of the day scrutiny should be a two-way process and we want the Welsh Government to engage with us fully.
"I am hopeful we can reach a solution without having to use any draconian measures."
A Welsh Government source said:  "This is nothing but pathetic grandstanding from Nick Ramsay.
"Far from being fobbed off, the PAC will be questioning the most senior civil servant in the department and the second most senior civil servant in the Welsh Government."


Police have named a 52-year-old man who died after the forklift truck he was driving toppled over.

Mohammed Anwar, from Thornliebank, was trapped underneath the forklift when it appeared to hit a kerb, causing it to crash.
The incident happened at about 10:30 on Friday as Mr Anwar was driving along Glenburn Road in East Kilbride.
Emergency services attended but he died at the scene. There were no other vehicles involved.
Police Scotland said there were several people around at the time of the crash and officers are appealing to people who were in the area at the time to contact them.


Even light and moderate drinking - up to one drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men - could increase the risk of cancer, say researchers.

The work in the British Medical Journal looked at two large US studies involving more than 100,000 adults.
The clearest link was for breast cancer.
Experts say the findings reinforce the health message that people should limit how much they drink and have some alcohol-free days.
There is no guaranteed safe level of drinking, but if you drink within the recommended daily limits, the risks of harming your health are low, they say.
Source: Alcohol facts and evidence - Cancer Research UK
The NHS recommends that men should not regularly drink more than three to four units (two cans of 4.5% lager) a day and women two to three units (two small glasses of 12% wine) a day - although these drinking guidelines are currently under review and so could change.
In the American studies, light to moderate drinking was defined as up to 15g alcohol (a small glass of wine) per day for women and up to 30g alcohol (two 355ml bottles of beer) per day for men.
For women, the researchers observed, the risk of alcohol-related cancers - mainly breast cancer - increased even after one alcoholic drink a day.
No significant link was found in men who had never smoked, but among men who were current or ex-smokers, light or moderate drinking appeared to increase the risk of certain cancers.
In an accompanying editorial, Dr Jurgen Rehm at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, said people with a family history of cancer "should consider reducing their intake to below recommended limits or even abstaining altogether, given the now well-established link between moderate drinking and alcohol-related cancers".
UK experts stressed that the overall risk for an individual person who drinks a light or moderate amount of alcohol is likely to be small.
Sarah Williams, Cancer Research UK's health information manager, said: "Cutting down on alcohol helps reduce the risk of cancer, so try having more alcohol-free days each week or swapping every other drink for something soft on a night out."
Dr Richard Roope, of the Royal College of GPs, said: "GPs do not want to be killjoys - but we want our patients to live long and healthy lives, and lifestyle habits, such as smoking and drinking alcohol, are very real risk factors in developing cancer that can't be ignored."
A Department of Health spokesman said: "Whilst we have seen a fall in the number of people drinking heavily on a regular basis, drinking even small amounts of alcohol regularly can increase the risks of some health conditions.
"We want advice for the public about alcohol to be as clear and relevant as possible, which is why the Chief Medical Officer has brought together a group of experts to review current guidelines."
Prof Sir Ian Gilmore, chairman of the Alcohol Health Alliance UK, called for mandatory health warnings on alcohol labels to help consumers make an informed choice.
"We all have a right to know what we are putting into our bodies and, at the minute, consumers are being denied this right."


Huddersfield goalkeeper Joe Murphy has agreed to sign a one-year deal with League One Bury for next season.

The 35-year-old has been on loan at Gigg Lane since January, keeping seven clean sheets in his 11 appearances.
The ex-Tranmere, Scunthorpe and Coventry player has not appeared for the Terriers since January 2016.
"I am delighted to have secured the services of Joe Murphy for next season on a permanent basis," said Bury manager Lee Clark.
"He has been an impressive performer since I arrived at the club in February and, coupled with his attitude, desire and winning mentality, it was important we secured his services as soon as possible."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Former PM Margaret Thatcher feared teenagers would be "harmed" by an Aids awareness campaign which detailed how the disease spread, but was overruled, newly-released files show.

Cabinet papers from 1986, released by the National Archives, reveal the then prime minister repeatedly queried the wording of advertisements and leaflets.
One document shows she was warned of the health hazard facing the UK.
Mrs Thatcher responded by questioning the need for a section on "risky sex".
"I should have thought it could do immense harm if young teenagers were to read it," she wrote at the top of a February 1986 memo from David Willetts, then a member of the Number 10 Policy Unit.
In it, Mr Willetts - who later served as a minister under David Cameron - said the health secretary Norman Fowler was proposing to place "explicit and distasteful advertisements about Aids in all the Sunday papers".
Mr Willetts, who had already warned Aids "was one of the most serious public health hazards facing this country for many decades," told her the problem was now so serious the government had to do what Mr Fowler was proposing.
At this time, an estimated 7,500 people had been diagnosed with HIV in Britain after the new disease had crossed the Atlantic. However, there was massive ignorance about how it spread and there were an unknown number of people who had the disease but did not know.
As part of the Aids public awareness campaign a leaflet was sent to every household in the country, there was a week of educational programming and the now-iconic television advertisements, voiced by actor John Hurt, appeared on British screens.
Another document released by the National Archive shows Mrs Thatcher's reservations were put forward by her deputy, Lord Whitelaw, who was chairing a Cabinet sub-committee discussing Norman Fowler's text the following day.
After the meeting Mr Whitelaw wrote to her, saying he had raised the question, but had been told by health ministers and the chief medical officer, Sir Donald Acheson, that avoiding the riskiest practices was the only way to stop the spread of the disease and that the passage in question was essential.
"As there was no support at all for the doubts I had aired, the committee agreed that the publicity should go ahead next month," he told her.
On 3 March she tried again. Was the advertisement acceptable to the Advertising Standards Authority, she asked, and had someone checked that it did not fall foul of the Obscene Publications Act?
Yes, she was told.
She still was not happy. "I remain against certain parts of this advertisement," she wrote. "I think the anxiety on the part of parents and many teenagers who would never be in danger from Aids exceeds the good it may do... adverts where every young person will read and hear of practices they never knew about will do harm."
Number 10 wrote to Norman Fowler's office relaying her displeasure, saying: "Your secretary of state will now wish to consider how to proceed in the light of the prime minister's firmly-held views.  He may wish to consider showing the prime minister an amended advertisement which omits the parts which, in the prime minister's view, would be likely to offend."
This was as close as a civil servant could get to issuing a cabinet minister with an order.
The health secretary responded by offering a very minor concession, replacing a section on anal sex with a single phrase.
When a second series of advertisements was planned for June the health department withdrew even the one concession it had made earlier. Documents show Mrs Thatcher agreed.


The Kenyan government has named Mohamed Kuno as the mastermind behind the Garissa University College attack and has put a $215,000 (Â£145,000) reward for his capture.

He has several aliases but is best known as Mohamed Dulyadin, which means ambidextrous in the Somali language. His exact age is not known but is thought to be in mid-30s.
Kuno is a Kenyan-Somali and was a headmaster at a madrassa, or Islamic school, in Garissa, Kenya until 2007.
But then he crossed the border into Somalia to join the Union of Islamic Courts (UIC), which at one point controlled much of the country.
When the UIC collapsed he joined the militant group Hizbul Islam, which in 2010 merged with al-Shabab.
A BBC Somali service reporter says that Kuno is well-known as a hardliner in Somalia and is one of al-Shabab's leading operatives in the southern Jubaland region, which shares a long border with Kenya.
He is alleged to have been behind several attacks on Kenyan soldiers who are fighting al-Shabab in Jubaland. He is also blamed for attacks on Kenyan civilians in Kenya itself.


Ten-man Notts County picked up their first win in four matches after an impressive 2-1 win over promotion-chasing Portsmouth at Fratton Park.

After a strong start from the home side, it was County that found themselves ahead after 21 minutes.
A good ball from Richard Duffy allowed Adam Campbell to go one-on-one with goalkeeper David Forde, who watched as the striker coolly lofted the ball into the far corner of the net.
Six minutes later, though, and Portsmouth were level when Conor Chaplin latched onto a neat cut-back from Gary Roberts and confidently guided the ball home.
Kyle Bennett then had the chance to give Portsmouth the lead five minutes into the second half but his header from a Carl Baker cross was nodded agonisingly wide.
Campbell then restored Notts County's advantage after 71 minutes when he capitalised on some sloppy defending and neatly slotted past the helpless Forde.
The away side were reduced to 10 men with fifteen minutes remaining after Aaron Collins was shown a straight red for a late challenge on Forde, but despite a strong Portsmouth onslaught the scores remained the same.
Reports supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Portsmouth 1, Notts County 2.
Second Half ends, Portsmouth 1, Notts County 2.
Attempt missed. Gary Roberts (Portsmouth) left footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the right.
Attempt missed. Carl Baker (Portsmouth) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left.
Corner,  Portsmouth. Conceded by Adam Collin.
Attempt saved. Carl Baker (Portsmouth) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Foul by Tom Davies (Portsmouth).
Alan Smith (Notts County) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Notts County. Alan Smith replaces Adam Campbell.
Substitution, Notts County. Alex Rodman replaces Jonathan Forte.
Corner,  Portsmouth. Conceded by Louis Laing.
Corner,  Portsmouth. Conceded by Matt Tootle.
Attempt saved. Milan Lalkovic (Portsmouth) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Notts County. Conceded by Gareth Evans.
Corner,  Notts County. Conceded by Tom Davies.
Foul by Kal Naismith (Portsmouth).
Adam Campbell (Notts County) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt saved. Curtis Main (Portsmouth) header from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
David Forde (Portsmouth) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Aaron Collins (Notts County) is shown the red card.
Foul by Aaron Collins (Notts County).
Substitution, Portsmouth. Milan Lalkovic replaces Kyle Bennett.
Michael Doyle (Portsmouth) is shown the yellow card for hand ball.
Hand ball by Michael Doyle (Portsmouth).
Goal!  Portsmouth 1, Notts County 2. Adam Campbell (Notts County) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Jonathan Forte.
Substitution, Portsmouth. Curtis Main replaces Conor Chaplin.
Foul by Michael Doyle (Portsmouth).
Haydn Hollis (Notts County) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Corner,  Portsmouth. Conceded by Haydn Hollis.
Corner,  Notts County. Conceded by Gareth Evans.
Gareth Evans (Portsmouth) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Robert Milsom (Notts County).
Substitution, Portsmouth. Kal Naismith replaces Enda Stevens.
Foul by Michael Doyle (Portsmouth).
Louis Laing (Notts County) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Kyle Bennett (Portsmouth) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Matt Tootle (Notts County) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Enda Stevens (Portsmouth).
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Gareth Evans (Portsmouth) because of an injury.


The US defence department is investigating reports that a number of marines shared naked and semi-naked photographs of female colleagues on Facebook.

The pictures were posted within a members-only group called Marines United, and were accompanied by vulgar and highly aggressive sexual messages.
The group has now been closed down.
"[This] is a direct attack on our ethos and legacy," said top enlisted marine Sgt Maj Ronald Green.
The Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) has also launched an investigation.
"This behaviour hurts fellow marines, family members, and civilians," said Sgt Maj Green in a written statement.
The Facebook group included around 30,000 active and retired male marines.
Its activity was uncovered by The War Horse, a non-profit news organisation run by marine veteran Thomas Brennan.
In January, a Marines United member posted a link to a shared folder, hosted on Google Drive, which contained photos of numerous female marines in various states of undress, according to The War Horse report.
Members encouraged each other to find and upload more images, it said. They also identified the women by their names, ranks and units.
The Google Drive has been deleted, and Facebook and Google have closed social media accounts of those posting the images, following a Marine Corps' request.
The photo sharing began in the same month that the first US Marine infantry unit began receiving women.
Some of the photos are believed to have been taken surreptitiously. Other images are thought to have been consensual, but posted without permission.
The War Horse spoke with five of the women in the photographs. Two of them said they believed former partners might have leaked the images. Some said they worried their own accounts might have been hacked.
Lance Corporal Marisa Woytek told The Washington Post images were taken from her Instagram account and posted to Marines United page without her consent.
She said someone alerted her to the usage, and she found comments alluding to sexual assault and rape.
"Even if I could, I'm never reenlisting," Ms Woytek said. "Being sexually harassed online ruined the Marine Corps for me, and the experience."
Marine Corps spokesman Capt Ryan E Alvis said, "We are thankful that Thomas Brennan, a Marine veteran, notified the Marine Corps and NCIS about what he witnessed on the Marines United page. It allowed us to take immediate action to have the explicit photos taken down and to prepare to support potential victims."


Young adults in the UK are less likely to start their own business than others around the world, a survey seen by Newsbeat claims.

The poll by O2's parent company Telefonica asked 6,700 people aged 18-30 about their career aspirations.
It suggests a fifth of those in the UK wanted to set up their own business compared to nearly a third in Latin America.
Of those surveyed, 13% said computer science was an important subject.
But there are some who are bucking the trend and becoming their own boss.
This weekend teenagers who've started their own companies will be trying to inspire others to do the same at TEDxTeen.
The event is being held outside the US for the first time and Newsbeat met some of the key speakers to find out the secrets to their success.
Dropping out of high school in Idaho was the best thing Erik ever did.
"Teachers would tell me, 'Why don't you just drop out, flip burgers for the rest of your life?" he says, describing the US education system as "unfixable".
He hasn't looked back, turning a $1,000 (Â£600) inheritance from his grandmother into $100,000 by starting a company which pairs students looking for work experience with intern positions.
"Learning how to code is the most important thing," he says.
"It's probably going to be more important than knowing English because it gives you the power to not only communicate but make something, actually change the world."
Trisha Prabhu, 14
Trisha says she knew she wanted to do something about cyberbullying after reading a story about a girl who killed herself.
"That to me was just absolutely unacceptable," she said.
After growing frustrated with what she describes as the "stop, block, tell" approach to bullying online she devised Project Rethink, which aims to make teenagers think twice about posting abusive messages.
"Using complex algorithms, it's able to detect what is truly an offensive message, alert them and given a second chance."
Trisha agrees coding skills are key.
"Coding is the future," she says. "It's shaping our world. You don't have to be a tech bro. It's really not that hard."
James can count Virgin boss Richard Branson, Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales and actor Stephen Fry among his supporters.
He's just finished school and will not be attending university, choosing instead to focus on his plan to "change the face of retail".
His project aims to "fuse together physical and digital" and create "a retail store full of experiences you can indulge in".
James admits his age is an advantage.
"It means more people listen and they're generally more supportive," he says.
Describing the world as a "playground for innovation", James says "the best ideas come from frustration in the real work".
He started coding when he was seven.
People spend far too much time in front of screens for Hannah's liking.
"I spent most of my childhood outdoors, I thought it was a bit of a sad way that things were going."
With a Â£300 grant from O2's Think Big programme she developed Pocket Explorers, which recently launched on the Apple App Store.
"It is exciting and also very terrifying," she says, admitting it would be much easier to get a 9 to 5 job.
"There are so many days when I think, 'Why am I doing this?'"
Her advice to others wanting to do their own thing in the digital world is, "just start, don't worry about failing, because you'll learn anyway".
Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter and Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube


Lucy Quist, managing director of Airtel Ghana Limited, on how she helps people see female leaders as less of a novelty.

21 November 2016 Last updated at 11:52 GMT
Women of Africa is a BBC season recognising inspiring women across the continent. The third series, Power Women, introduces six women who are chief executive officers or company heads, who are finding success in their country and beyond.


Trevor Noah, who took over as host of The Daily Show in September, has undergone emergency surgery to removed his appendix.

Comedy Central cancelled Wednesday's live show and aired a repeat, but said "the procedure went well" and Noah was "currently recuperating from surgery".
"We expect he and the show will be back with an original episode tomorrow," said a statement on Twitter.
The South African replaced Jon Stewart, who stepped down after 16 years.
Actress Regina King, star of US shows American Crime and The Leftovers, is lined up to be Noah's guest   on Thursday, said Comedy Central.
Fellow late night TV host Jimmy Fallon, of The Tonight Show, was one of the people who wished Noah well on Twitter.
He tweeted: "Hey @Trevornoah, tell everyone at the hospital I said hey! Get better soon buddy!"
Before taking over as host on The Daily Show, Noah, 31, made his debut as an international correspondent in December.
Noah appeared on three different occasions on The Daily Show before being offered the top slot. His first show on 28 September received mixed reviews from critics.
The Hollywood Reporter wrote:  "No memories of Stewart and his storied reign have been usurped or replaced. Nor, however, have they been sullied."
Deadline called the evening "mostly inoffensive but also mostly flat".
But during the first four weeks as host, audience figures rose 20% among young adults aged 18-24.
Noah is the third host of the nightly show. Prior to Jon Stewart,  Craig Kilborn was the first face of the series from July 1996 to December 1998.
Noah, the son of a black South African woman and a white Swiss man, comes from South Africa's biggest township of Soweto.
He is a popular comedy star in his home country largely due to his humour cutting across the racial divide.


Out-of-work couples with children face "a decade of sharply declining living standards" owing to changes made to benefits, anti-poverty campaigners say.

A jobless couple with two children will be Â£221 short of what would be needed for an acceptable standard of living every week by 2020, according to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF).
Pensioners, in contrast, will have Â£15 more a week than the minimum level.
The calculations are based on JRF's estimate of an acceptable income level.
Research for the Foundation suggested that families with two parents in full-time employment, workers without children, and pensioners would typically become better off over the next five years owing to the changes made in Chancellor George Osborne's Budget in July.
Lone parents and families with more than two children would see their living standards stagnate or fall, it claimed.
Major Budget announcements including the introduction of a National Living Wage and cuts to benefits such as tax credits would affect people's finances over the coming years, it said.
"The summer Budget has transformed the relationship between pay, benefits and work incentives. The National Living Wage is a game changer for some on low incomes as the new, higher rate will make work pay for more people," said Julia Unwin, the JRF's chief executive.
"But the wage rise comes hand in hand with changes to in and out of work benefits. Families will only be able to make ends meet if they have two parents in full-time work, but those who are able to find extra work will face a difficult juggling act as they try and make longer hours fit around family life.
"Lone parents, even those working full time, and people who are searching for work face a decade of sharply declining living standards."
Immediately after the Budget, the independent Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) said that 13 million UK families would lose Â£260 a year on average owing to the Budget's tax and benefits changes.


The parents of a teenager from County Down who was found dead have called for a ban on "legal high" drugs.

Adam Owens, 17, was discovered on Monday, lying on grass outside a house in Bristol Park in the Westwinds estate, Newtownards.
He was taken to hospital by ambulance but pronounced dead a short time later.
His parents said the drugs transformed him "from a happy intelligent young man into a suicidal teenager".
His father, Carl, and his stepmother, Dawn Carlile, said the drugs changed their son so that "he didn't care about anything" and lied when they tried to help him.
It is understood Adam had been using the drugs for three years and his family had been trying to get him help.
Police are investigating the death and a post-mortem examination is to be carried out. But his parents believe legal highs killed him.
In July 2013, Sean-Paul Carnahan, 22, died five months after he had been admitted to a Belfast hospital with a brain injury.
Mr Carnahan, from Beechmount, west Belfast, had tried to take his own life.
He had been a regular user of legal highs and was left brain-damaged by the suicide attempt.
His mother, Tracy, said that after he took the drugs his personality began to change.
She said he had made a number of suicide attempts, with one of them resulting in him being "severely brain damaged".
Legal highs, officially known as psychoactive substances, are synthetic drugs that can be bought online and, sometimes, in shops.
They are often created in laboratories in the Far East and are rushed to European and other markets before authorities have time to ban them.
Several deaths in the UK have been linked to legal highs.
More than 200 of the substances have been banned since the coalition government came to power in 2010.


Motor insurance premiums are unnecessarily high for all drivers owing to the complex chain of claims, the Competition Commission has said.

The higher premiums come from the cost of courtesy cars and repairs which is paid by the insurers of motorists who caused the accident.
The Commission discovered that post-accident repairs were often shoddy.
It also raised concerns about difficulties for motorists trying to identify the best value products.
The Commission has been studying the £11bn private motor insurance market for more than a year, following a referral from the Office of Fair Trading (OFT).
It agreed with the OFT that the system was not working well for motorists.
It found that premiums were pushed up because the insurer of a driver who was not to blame in an accident arranges for a replacement car or repair, but the at-fault driver's insurer foots the bill.
"This separation of control and liability creates a chain of interactions which result in higher costs for replacement cars and for repairs being passed on to at-fault insurers," it said.
"The Commission estimates the extra premium costs to be between £150m and £200m a year.
"There is insufficient incentive for insurers to keep costs down even though they are themselves on the receiving end of the problem."
The Commission will now consider ways to fix the market, with a final report published by September 2014.
The options include a cap on the cost of replacement vehicles, or making an insurer of the not-at-fault driver responsible for providing the replacement vehicle.
Alternatively, the insurer of the at-fault driver could manage the claim.
Other concerns raised by the Commission, affecting drivers of 25 million privately registered vehicles in the UK, include:
The Commission will consider the idea of compulsory audits of repairs and the requirement of clearer information on price comparison websites.
"[These] possible remedies are a further step along the road to getting a market that enables insurers to deliver fully for consumers," said James Dalton, of the Association of British Insurers (ABI).
"We look forward to continuing to engage with the Competition Commission as it carries forward its work and we hope that this will lead to further improvements in the market and lower premiums for customers."
The Commission believes that premiums could be reduced by £6 to £8 per policy if changes were made to the claims process.
But Martin Andrews, director general of the Credit Hire Organisation - which represents replacement vehicle providers - said that the Commission had focused on the wrong target.
"Premiums need to come down, but not at the erosion of the legal rights of motorists who are in accidents that aren't their fault," he said.
"Insurance companies have no incentive to provide a replacement car to a non-fault driver and can easily bully motorists into believing they are not entitled to one.
"If these reforms go ahead, we're going to be back to the situation we were in 20 years ago when accident victims were forced to take the bus."


The government has confirmed it wants to scrap the 30-year-old Pacer trains on railways in northern England.

Companies bidding for the government's new rail franchises in the North will be required to replace them by 2020, the Department For Transport said.
Northern and TransPennine bidders will have to add 200 new train services daily and accommodate 19,000 extra Manchester commuters.
Built in the 1980s, Pacers were intended for short-term use.
Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin said: "Pacers have had their day, they are not suitable for modern commuting.
"There was a bit of pressure on us not to push this forward because people were arguing the financing did not match up, we have decided we are going ahead."
102 trains are operated by Northern Rail
50 were first ordered in 1984
48 people can be seated with standing room for 19
75mph is their top speed
But Mick Cash, general secretary of the RMT transport union, said: "Any new trains are light years away with passengers forced to endure the misery of the clapped-out Pacers, and the ancient London Underground rolling stock that's heading north, way off into the future.
"The tender documents allow bidders to axe guards and move to driver-only operation, compromising safety in the interests of private profit."
Shadow transport secretary Michael Dugher added: "If we had a new piece of rolling stock for every time ministers 'announced' the end of the Pacer trains, the network would be full of shiny new carriages."
The Pacer trains would contravene disability discrimination legislation from 2020.
The transport select committee is meeting next month to take evidence from Mr McLoughlin to examine the specification for the Northern and TransPennine Express franchises and question him on the future of Pacer trains currently in use in Wales and the south-west.
The chairman of the committee, Liverpool Riverside MP Louise Ellman, said: "It is unacceptable that Pacer trains - built in the mid-1980s and of questionable safety - are still in use on busy rail lines."
Judy Hobson, Environment Correspondent, BBC North West Tonight
Boneshakers, cattle trucks, bus bodies... call them what you like, no-one likes pacers.
They're outdated, cramped and uncomfortable - they screech when they go round corners and when they pull into stations.
They were built in the 1980s as a stop-gap due to a lack of rolling stock - but a lack of investment in the northern rail network has kept them in service.
Commuters at Manchester's Victoria Station said they were delighted to hear the pacers' days are numbered.
One woman said the carriages shake so much she'd given up trying to read books, while a man said he didn't feel safe on them when they were crowded.
There are no details yet on what will replace them and it won't happen overnight, but passengers clearly can't wait to see the back of them.
Resembling the body of a bus with train wheels bolted on, Pacers are still being used on the railways across the north of England even though they were supposed to be a temporary solution to a rolling stock shortage.
It was thought the trains would have a 20-year lifespan but they currently run on routes in Greater Manchester, Merseyside, Lancashire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, Teesside, Northumberland and Cumbria.
Prime Minister David Cameron signalled in November that the Government was considering scrapping Pacers.
The Northern franchise operates local, commuter and rural services and long-distance services linking major cities and towns such as Leeds, Sheffield, Nottingham, York, Manchester, Bradford, Preston and Blackpool.
The TransPeninne Express (TPE) franchise provides longer-distance intercity-type services, connecting Newcastle, Leeds, Sheffield, Manchester, Hull, Liverpool, Edinburgh and Glasgow, as well as Manchester Airport.
Companies shortlisted to run the new franchises were announced in August. Competing for Northern are Arriva, Govia and Abellio, while on the shortlist for TPE are FirstGroup, Keolis/Go Ahead and Stagecoach.
Firm Vivarail is in talks with some of the operators competing for the franchises, offering them the use of converted London Underground trains.