Russia should be banned from athletics competition, a World Anti-Doping Agency commission report has recommended.

Wada's independent commission examined allegations of doping, cover-ups, and extortion in Russian athletics, which also implicated the IAAF, the sport's world governing body.
It says London 2012 was "sabotaged" by "widespread inaction" against athletes with suspicious doping profiles.
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Russia was also accused of running a "state-supported" doping programme.
The report recommended that five athletes and five coaches should be given lifetime doping bans.
IAAF president Lord Coe told the BBC that the Russian athletics federation, Araf, had been asked to respond to the allegations by the end of the week. The 59-year-old said that after reviewing the feedback the IAAF "would look at a range of options, including sanctions", which could result in suspension from the sport.
"I'm not putting in a time frame but I will do whatever is necessary. This is not a swift road back," he added.
The commission's chairman, Dick Pound, who led a Wada news conference on Monday, also recommended that the Russian federation is banned from next year's Olympics.
"One of our hopes is they will volunteer to take the remedial work," he said. "If they don't the outcome may be no Russian track and field athletes in Rio. I hope they recognise it is time to change."
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Russia's sports minister Vitaly Mutko told Interfax news agency that recommendations made on the basis of the report would be fulfilled, while the acting head of Araf Vadim Zelechenok said it was not for Wada to call for suspensions.
He also told the R-Sport TV station: "Any suspension should be discussed at the meeting of the IAAF in November. It should be proven that any violations were the fault of the federation and not individual sports people. We should be given a chance to clear our names."
The international police body Interpol says it will be co-ordinating a global investigation into the suspected corruption and doping.
The report's co-author, sports lawyer Richard McLaren, believes it shows "a different scale of corruption", even compared with football's ongoing Fifa scandal, saying actual results at international athletics competitions had been changed because of cheating.
The report also:
The report was commissioned on a "very narrow mandate" to "determine the accuracy" of allegations made in a German TV documentary about Russian athletics last December.
It claimed Russian athletes paid 5% of their earnings to domestic doping officials to supply banned substances and cover-up tests, while athletics' world governing body the IAAF was implicated in covering up the abuse.
The programme's claims of widespread doping were made by former Russian Anti-Doping Agency (Rusada) official Vitaly Stepanov and his wife Yulia (nee Rusanova), formerly an 800m runner who was banned for doping.
It included testimony from Russian athletes admitting to using banned substances and evidence of doping and corruption.
Separate doping claims were made in August when The Sunday Times and a German broadcaster claimed that leaked blood tests from 5,000 athletes over 11 years showed an "extraordinary extent of cheating". The IAAF said the allegations were "sensationalist and infuriating" and the commission's remit was widened to include them. It will report back on those claims later in the year, Pound said.
IAAF chief Lord Coe said the sport's governing body would wait for Russia's response before deciding whether to punish the country's federation.
"It is the right thing to do to get them to give us an answer," he told the BBC.
"I am responsible for the conduct of my sport and I want answers from the Russian athletics federation. I am tough enough to defend my sport but the point I would emphasise is this is not just limited to athletics or Russia.
"We clearly have to understand full scope of allegations. We will look at ourselves. We will move quickly on this. I want to see a sport which is transparent and accountable and I will do what I can to do that. It will not be a swift road."
BBC 5 live Track & Field special - Including former athletes Steve Cram, Paula Radcliffe and Darren Campbell examining the independent report on claims of corruption and cover-ups in world athletics.


Tim Peake is scheduled to become the first British astronaut ever to do a spacewalk on Friday 15th January at 12.55pm.

It will be NASA's 35th spacewalk, and should last around six hours.
He will be stepping outside the ISS, and taking a walk in space, 250 miles above the earth.
Here's everything you need to know:
It's not just Tim Peake, the spacewalk will be a team effort. Here are the other key players:
ON THE SPACEWALK
INSIDE THE ISS
ON EARTH
Every detail of the six hour spacewalk has been carefully planned.
The spacesuits are carefully checked, and even the order that different tools and equipment are attached to the suits is decided in advance.
On the day of the spacewalk, Peake and Kopra will get into their suits hours before they go outside.
They will breathe pure oxygen in their suits for hours before they go outside, to get rid of a gas called nitrogen in their bodies which could make them ill in space.
Once they're suited up, Peake and Kopra will enter the airlock and get ready to leave the spacecraft.
As EV1, Tim Kopra will go outside first, and then will give the 'GO' for Peake to follow him.
The astronauts will check all of their equipment, and get used to the new environment. It feels very different outside in space, compared to inside the ISS; it's a bit like being underwater.
The astronauts are always attached to the spacecraft, with a special rope to stop them floating away.
Because there isn't any gravity, or any ground to stand on, astronauts hardly use their legs during the spacewalk. They use their arms instead to find their way around the outside of the space station.
Peake and Kopra have several tasks to complete during the spacewalk, including:
It can be tiring work, and the astronauts don't get any food, and don't even have the chance for a toilet break.
The Space Station will still be orbiting the earth every 90 minutes, so it will change from daylight to darkness every 45 minutes.
When it's dark, the astronauts can use lights on their spacesuits to see.
All of this will take about six hours and 20 minutes, and if they're quick enough to finish early then there are extra 'bonus tasks' around the station for them to do as well.
For more amazing space facts, check out this guide on BBC Bitesize.
Good luck Tim!


Jason Smyth's hopes of competing in the Olympics appear over after he missed out on the 100m standard in his last chance before the London deadline.

Smyth was beaten by Paul Hession at the Irish Championships and the Derryman was again some way outside the Olympic standard of 10.18.
Hession took the title in 10.37 - .01 of a second ahead of Smyth.
Smyth will have to content himself with a place at the Paralympics where he will defend his 100m and 200m titles.
Helped by a one metre per second following wind, the Derryman got a great start in the final but was overhauled by Olympics-bound Hession in the final stride.
City of Lisburn's Amy Foster won the women's 100m title while there were silver medals for Paul McKee and Jason Harvey in the 400m and 400m hurdles.
Foster took a comfortable victory in 11.60 while McKee [47.67] rolled back the years to take a superb second behind Brian Murphy [46.97] in the 400m final.
McKee's protege Harvey ran a season's best in the hurdles of 51.43 to finish behind Thomas Barr [50.86] while Barr's sister Jessie won the women's 400m hurdles in 57.33 as she missed out on the Olympic standard of 55.50.
Earlier, Smyth had clocked 10.40 to win his heat at Santry.
The Derryman clocked times of 10.63 and 10.47 in Loughborough on Saturday.
After running 10.24 in his opening race of the season in the US in May, the visually-impaired Smyth's performances have deteriorated in recent weeks and he clocked 10.47 and 10.52 at the recent European Championships.
Meanwhile, Derval O'Rourke missed the women's 100m hurdles final because of a muscle spasm after clocking times of 13.20 and 13.23 in Loughborough on Saturday.
The injury could be a worry for the Cork athlete ahead of the Olympic Games where her challenge is scheduled to begin on 6 August.
Letterkenny athlete Darren McBrearty had to be content with third in the men's 1500m after being overhauled by winner Colin Costello and Eoin Everard in the closing 50 metres.
With Ciara Mageean running in Finland on Sunday night, Orla Drumm took the women's 1500m title.
Joanne Cuddihy was named athlete of the meeting after winning the women's 400m in a superb 51.89 which added to her 200m victory on Saturday.
Steven Colvert was chasing the 200m Olympic standard of 20.55 in Saturday's opening day at the Irish Championships but suffered heartbreak as he was denied by an illegal wind reading.
The Dubliner clocked 20.40 in Saturday's first round but the wind reading of three metres per second means it didn't count as an Olympic qualifying time.
He later clocked 20.78 in the final, which had another illegal wind reading of 2.8, and his chance of joining Hession in the 200m entry in London has now gone.
Colvert's personal best is an agonising .02secs outside the London standard.
Olympian Tori Pena won the pole vault with a 4.35m clearance where she finished ahead of Northern Ireland athletes Zoe Brown [3.95m] and Claire Wilkinson [3.55m].
Other Saturday winners included Maria McCambridge [5000m 16:02.50], Kelly Proper [long jump 6.33m] and Brian Maher [10,000m 30:17.06].
On Saturday evening, Mark English clocked 1:46.20 for 800m in Madrid in his final outing before his challenge at this week's World Junior Championships in Barcelona while Brian Gregan ran 46.09 for 400m at the same meeting.


Voting has begun in elections being held in Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire.

Seats on Milton Keynes, Welwyn Hatfield, Stevenage, St Albans, Broxbourne, Watford, North Herts and Three Rivers councils are being contested.
Police and crime commissioners (PCC) for Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire and Thames Valley will also be elected.
Across England, elections are being held at more than 120 councils.
There will also be elections for 36 PCCs.
Polling stations opened at 07:00 BST and will close at 22:00 BST.


A British father and his wife have been reunited with their newborn son after accusing a doctor at a hospital in El Salvador of swapping him.

Richard Cushworth and his Salvadoran wife Mercedes Casanella said they had been victims of child traffickers.
A Salvadorean judge ordered the switch following a DNA test, four months after the baby was born. The other child has been returned to his family.
The doctor, who denies any wrongdoing, is being prosecuted by the authorities.
At a hearing on Monday, a court ruled the case against Dr Alejandro Guidos should proceed and he could not leave the country. It also ordered that a new DNA test should be carried out following a request from Dr Guidos' lawyers.
Mr Cushworth and Ms Casanella, who attended the hearing, had originally travelled to El Salvador from the US in May to have their baby in his mother's homeland.
But Ms Casanella says she became suspicious because the skin colour of the baby she was handed to take home was darker than that of the boy she saw after giving birth and their features were different.
When the couple returned to the US they eventually decided to have a DNA test which they say confirmed the baby was not theirs.
Mr Cushworth, who is originally from Bradford, West Yorkshire, said: "It's a horrible situation for me, for her (his wife) for my family, her family. A child is an experience you have for a lifetime... this is a life-long injury that's very, very deep, and it's horrible."
Francisco Meneses, the couple's lawyer, said: "We don't have anything against the people who were involved during the baby's birth, but we want all these people to put their hands on their hearts because from the doctor who performed the surgery, the paediatrician, anaesthesiologist, and the two nurses who were in the delivery room, it's very important for them to tell us what happened."


Thirty years ago this week, Richard Branson entered the history books with the first successful transatlantic crossing in a hot air balloon.

The intrepid entrepreneur set off from Maine, USA, on 2 July 1987.
Along with his partner Per Lindstrand, Branson crossed 3,075 miles of open water during their record breaking feat.
About 32 hours after take-off, it touched down momentarily just outside Limavady, County Londonderry.
However, it was far from the planned arrival for which they had been hoping.
In a documentary last year, the Virgin founder revealed that he feared for his life after the balloon was badly damaged and hurtled out of control as it crossed over Northern Ireland.
"Just these horrible flashes going on," Branson explained. "The brain was desperately wanting to go to sleep and the body was desperately wanting to go to sleep but there was no way I was going to let it happen.
"Suddenly I saw what looked like chunks of flame falling all around the top of the dome.
"For a second I thought: 'I'm beginning to hallucinate out of tiredness' and then I realised 'we're on fire'.
"You could see these lumps of burning snowballs falling around the dome, one lump of that propane hitting the dome would have exploded it."
The stricken Virgin Atlantic Flyer descended from nearly 30,000 feet, scraped through a field and demolished a dry stone wall near Limavady, before swooping back into the air towards Rathlin Island.
After a number of attempts to land, both pilots bailed out into the Atlantic and were later rescued by the Royal Navy.
Cue a scrum by the world's media. One of the first to interview him, was BBC Radio Foyle's Mairead Devlin.
"In those days we didn't have mobile phones, we didn't have sat navs, so when someone of the celebrity status of Richard Branson was dropping in, quite literally, everybody was sent all over the place," Ms Devlin said.
"We all headed off in cars, rallying around the back roads, turning corners on two wheels because I had to keep up with the television crew.
"I had the radio car and whoever the presenter was said to me: 'we're coming to you soon' and Richard Branson was going to head off with someone else so I had to hold on to him, grip hold off his arm and not let him away and we got the story."
Surviving a high altitude battle with death is one thing, but how did Branson deal with the swarm of reporters?
"He was utterly charming," Mairead remembers, "he was very thankful to all the rescue people. He just said that he really did think that it was over, it was curtains for him, and he was going to die.
"He did promise that he would come back and see Northern Ireland properly, I'm just not sure if he did ever come back.
"I'm sure he won't remember our interview but I'm sure he'll remember his very dramatic visit to Northern Ireland," she added.
In the years to follow, Branson made several attempts to circumnavigate the globe but was eventually pipped to the post by the Breitling Orbiter, piloted by Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones, in 1999.
Despite that disappointment, Branson is surely glad that his 'brush' with a field in Limavady, was enough to put him in the record books.


An Air France plane carrying more than 330 passengers may have come as close as 100km (62 miles) to a intercontinental ballistic missile launched by North Korea, officials say.

The flight passed the spot where the missile landed about 10 minutes later.
Air France says its plane was not in danger but that it is extending its no-fly zone around North Korea as a precaution.
The Pentagon says the missile flew through busy airspace.
US officials have frequently warned of the dangers posed by missiles to commercial aircraft in the area.
The flight path of the Boeing 777 shows that it was west of Hokkaido, the northernmost of Japan's main islands, as the North Korean missile was in the air.
Japanese and US estimates say the missile came down as close as 100km to 150km to the airliner.
"It flew into space. It landed in Japan's exclusive economic zone, an area that's used by commercial and fishing vessels," Pentagon spokesman Capt Jeff Davis said.
"All of this completely uncoordinated."
Air France has insisted that the missile did not interfere in any way with its flight path and that Friday's service went ahead without any problems.
"The information available to Air France at this stage indicates that the missile was damaged at sea more than 100km from the trajectory of its aircraft," airline officials told RFI (in French). However, even if this distance was proven, it would not question the safety of the flight, the firm said.
The airline added that it continuously assessed possible risks and often adjusted flight plans as a precaution, which was why the no-flight zone around North Korea has been expanded.
In July 2014, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, going from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, crashed after being allegedly hit by a Russian-made Buk missile over eastern Ukraine. A total of 283 passengers were killed.


A man has been held on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving after a girl was struck by a car.

Four-year-old Violet Grace Youens died on Saturday, a day after the vehicle mounted the pavement in St Helens.
The girl's 55-year-old grandmother, Angela French, was also hit by the car and remains in a serious but stable condition in hospital.
The man held, 27 and of St Helens, is also detained on suspicion of causing serious injury by dangerous driving.
Another man, aged 23, is believed to have left the country, said Merseyside Police.
"He left approximately three hours after the incident," said Det Ch Insp Chris Sephton.
"We have been in contact with the authorities of the country where we believe he is... We are doing everything we can to try and identify where he is now and get him back over here."
A third man, aged 23 and of Prescot, was arrested on suspicion of being a passenger in a stolen vehicle.
He has been released pending further inquiries, police said.
The crash in Prescot Road involved a black Ford Fiesta, which then crashed into a lamppost.
Police issued CCTV images of two men, aged about 15-20, they want to speak to who were seen running away from the area.
Violet's mother Rebecca agreed to donate her daughter's pancreas and kidneys following her death, police said.
She posted a tribute to her daughter on Facebook, saying "my brave baby girl saved two lives by donating her kidneys and pancreas. I am truly heartbroken but proud of my little fighter!"
An online page raising money for Violet's family has so far reached Â£9,000.


UK graduates looking for employment face a brighter landscape than in previous years, research suggests.

The annual survey of the Association of Graduate Recruiters (AGR) indicates a 13.2% increase on 2014 in vacancies being offered by graduate recruiters.
It also suggests a £1,000 rise in average starting salaries, to £28,000.
But the study also says the number of female graduates being recruited by AGR employers is lower than it should be and more must be done to address this.
The AGR research suggests London continues to attract large numbers of graduates, with a 46% share of vacancies.
The West Midlands and the South East  are  the next largest regions, with a  8% and 7% share of graduate recruits respectively.
The study indicates employers in the accountancy or professional services sector continue to offer the highest proportion of graduate vacancies, at 23%.
The public sector offers the second highest proportion (15%), followed by engineering or industrial companies (12%).
The median starting salary for graduates in 2014-2015 was £28,000 - up from £27,000 in 2013-14 and a continuation of the steady increase from £25,000 in 2010-2011, £26,000 in 2011-2012 and £26,500 in 2012-2013.
Law firms offered the highest starting salaries, at a median of £37,000, while banking or financial services companies continued to occupy second place but at a slightly lower starting salary of £31,250.
Consulting or business services, fast-moving consumer goods companies and information  and telecommunications companies were the next highest, with median starting salaries of £28,500.
The study also suggests the proportion of women being recruited averaged 42% per employer in 2013-14, despite the fact that 59% of all university graduates are female (according to the UK's Higher Education Statistics Agency).
"While the reasons for this mismatch are still unclear, it appears that more could be done to attract female candidates to graduate recruitment programmes," the AGR report says.
The lowest share of female recruits was in engineering and industrial companies (24%) and construction companies (28%).
But women made up the largest share of graduate recruits in the public  sector (59%) and retail sector (57%) in 2013-14.
The proportion of black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) graduates hired averaged 16% per employer in 2013-2014, which "compares well with the graduate talent pool", the report says, as 19% of university graduates are BAME.
AGR chief executive Stephen Isherwood said: "Gender diversity is an issue which requires more of our attention.
"Although our data cannot explain why women aren't securing more graduate placements, it indicates there is more to be done to attract female graduates who in turn need to make the most of the opportunities available."
A spokesman for the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills said: "Today's figures continue to show the significant benefits of a degree for young people.
"Graduates under 30 are enjoying falling rates of unemployment and record earnings, on average. Our reforms are raising education standards across all ages, giving young people the skills to succeed."


Detailed plans for millions of pounds of government investment around Bournemouth Airport have been revealed.

The £40m Bournemouth International Growth programme (BIG) will see roads, cycle routes and bus services around the airport improved by 2021.
Projects include 60 hectares of land near the airport at Aviation Business Park being released for new businesses.
A development of 350 new homes at Parley Cross also feature in the project.
The Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) said the programme could generate up to 10,000 local jobs over a decade.
Gordon Page, Dorset LEP chairman said: "Bournemouth International Growth programme is undoubtedly Dorset's most important and bold economic development project this decade."
The money will come from the £79m secured by Dorset LEP through the government's Growth Deal.
Dorset LEP was awarded £66.4m in July 2014 and an additional £12.6m was awarded in January 2015.
The A338 Bournemouth Spur Road rebuild is the first of the projects by DLEP in the programme to get under way.
The £22m scheme, due to finish in June, has been funded through £19.8m from the Dorset LEP and £2.2m from Dorset County Council.


Plans to redevelop a former Port Talbot school site into flats have been given the go-ahead by councillors.

Neath Port Talbot council has approved a planning application for the former Glan Afan Comprehensive School site.
The school closed its doors in July and pupils were transferred to the new "superschool" Ysgol Bae Baglan.
The plans, submitted by Coastal Housing Group, are part of a Â£35m regeneration programme for the town
The Victorian building's red brick facade will be maintained and will house a commercial unit along with 12 flats.
Other buildings to the rear of the site will be demolished to allow the construction of more flats, detached and semi-detached houses and another commercial unit.
Council leader Ali Thomas said the redevelopment would provide "much needed" housing for the town centre.


MPs have endorsed the findings of a UN climate panel that says humans are the dominant cause of global warming.

Members of the Energy and Climate Change Committee said there was "no reason to doubt the credibility of the science" of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
But two MPs, known for their sceptical views, voted against this conclusion.
They said the committee report was more like cheer leading than objective analysis.
The IPCC issued its latest assessment of the causes, impacts and solutions to climate science, in three parts, starting in September last year.
The panel's key conclusion was that the scientists were 95% certain that humans were the "dominant cause" of warming since the 1950s.
But the IPCC has faced criticism about its relevance and methods after a number of small errors were highlighted in its 2007 report.
The cross-party commons body heard from a range of experts and concluded that the panel had tightened its processes and the recent report was the most exhaustive and heavily scrutinised to date.
The panel was sound, the MPs held, and so were its conclusions.
"What is starkly clear from the evidence we heard however is that there is no reason to doubt the credibility of the science or the integrity of the scientists involved," said Tim Yeo, MP chair of Energy and Climate Change Committee.
"Policymakers in the UK and around the world must now act on the IPCC's warning and work to agree a binding global climate deal in 2015 to ensure temperature rises do not exceed a point that could dangerously destabilise the climate."
Scientists involved with the IPCC were delighted with the endorsement.
"I welcome the publication of this report which confirms unambiguously the robustness of the IPCC process and the science of climate change," said Prof Rowan Sutton from the University of Reading, and a lead author on Working Group 1.
"The atmosphere and oceans are getting warmer; Arctic ice is melting and sea levels are rising. CO2 levels are at their highest for almost a million years, and it's clear that man is to blame for these record levels."
But two members of the committee, Peter Lilley (Conservative) and Graham Stringer (Labour), disagreed with the other nine.
They accused their fellow MPs of not holding the IPCC critically to account.
"As scientists by training, we do not dispute the science of the greenhouse effect - nor did any of our witnesses," they said in a statement.
"However, there remain great uncertainties about how much warming a given increase in greenhouse gases will cause, how much damage any temperature increase will cause and the best balance between adaptation to versus prevention of global warming."
The two MPs say that the underlying technical report of the IPCC acknowledges many uncertainties, but these have been omitted from the critical Summary for Policymakers, presented to politicians.
Among a number of issues they highlight the so-called "pause" in global warming since 1997.
"About one third of all the CO2 omitted by mankind since the industrial revolution has been put into the atmosphere since 1997; yet there has been no statistically significant increase in the mean global temperature since then.
"By definition, a period with record emissions but no warming cannot provide evidence that emissions are the dominant cause of warming!"
The Energy and Climate Change Committee, in their report, took a different view. They said that periods of hiatus are consistent with earlier assessments and forced climate change takes place against a background of natural variability.
"The current period of hiatus does not undermine the core conclusions of the WGI (working group 1) contribution to the fifth assessment report when put in the context of the overall, long-term global energy budget.
"Despite the hiatus, the first decade of the 2000s was the warmest in the instrumental record and overall warming is expected to continue in the coming decades."
Follow Matt on Twitter @mattmcgrathbbc.


School transport charges for students with special educational needs are being considered by Derbyshire County Council.

The Labour-led authority said the proposals were part of a number of cuts aimed at combating a budget shortfall of £157m over the next four years.
A range of pupils, from pre-school age to young adults could be asked to pay up to £349 a year.
The move would save the authority £191,500.
Councillor Kevin Gillott, cabinet member for children and younger adults, said: "I know that at a time when families are struggling with rising costs and falling living standards people will be wondering why we are having to consider asking them to pay towards providing transport for their children.
"Sadly, we have no choice  as we're being forced by the government to make savings that mean the council will have to cut the amount of money it spends on providing services to Derbyshire families by a third."
The authority is also looking to reduce its housing-related support budget by £9m.
This would affect a range of groups, including people with learning disabilities and those at risk of domestic abuse.
The county council said it would begin its consultation on Monday.


While Charles Hendry's review has been looking at what tidal lagoons might mean for businesses, jobs, climate change and the environment, Tidal Lagoon Power (TLP) has been developing plans for the next decade.

As well as Swansea, a "fleet" of five other lagoons around the coast of Wales, Somerset and Cumbria are envisaged, generating enough power for 30% of the UK's homes.
Mr Hendry is keen to see how the Swansea lagoon works first before embarking on a far bigger scheme.
He also wants to see competitive tendering for future projects "to deliver the most substantial cost reductions", similar to the nuclear industry.
But he was equally keen to emphasise that tidal lagoons "at scale" could deliver low carbon power in a way that is very competitive with other low carbon sources.
TLP is already looking beyond Swansea. So what might this look like - and what does it involve?
CARDIFF
The plans for a lagoon in Cardiff have already been submitted to planning officials.
Cardiff council, although it would not make the decision on the plans, has been told the lagoon could create 1,000 permanent jobs and be of "international significance".
A full consent order is expected to be made in 2018.
It aims to take advantage of the sheer power of the Severn estuary and harness the second highest tidal range in the world.
The Cardiff project is much bigger than Swansea and would be the first full scale lagoon. In fact the plans are for it to be so large - a potential installed capacity of around 3GW - that it would generate enough electricity for every home in Wales.
Its breakwater wall would be twice the length of Swansea's, running to 11 miles (18km).
It would be expected to provide work for 3,000 construction workers with the potential, according to TLP, to sustain 8,000 jobs in the supply chain.
The company argues that because the Cardiff project is so much bigger, the electricity generated would be the cheapest electricity of all the new power stations in the UK.
COLWYN BAY
Tidal Lagoon Power says that the Colwyn Bay project would not just generate electricity but would also protect the north Wales coast from flooding.
Winter storms in 2013/14 significantly damaged the coastline and TLP argues that a Colwyn Bay tidal lagoon would act as protection to people living along the north Wales coast.
NEWPORT
Plans for the Newport lagoon are at a relatively early stage.
If given the go-ahead it would include conservation and restocking programmes and generate enough electricity for 500,00 homes.
As with the other sites, TLP has been holding numerous meetings with the local community.
The total cost could be £7bn.
Until now, while work has continued on these projects, the big question was whether the UK government would support this new way of generating clean energy?
BRIDGWATER BAY
The company is keen to emphasise the environmental sensitivities here, as well as saying that more detailed work is still needed.
It said the lagoon would benefit tourism, local business and contribute to flood management from storms and tidal surges.
WEST CUMBRIA
There has already been a consultation with business, conservation groups an and residents about what would be a "full-scale" lagoon north of Workington.
Emphasising economic benefits and offering more protection against coastal erosion, the West Cumbria project is called a "significant and exciting addition" to the network of planned lagoons.
Reaction: 'End dithering on project'
Until now it has often been said that nuclear power produces the most reliable and cheapest electricity.
Mr Hendry said harnessing the power from the tides through lagoons could change that, as the cost would be spread over 120 years, making lagoons cheaper.
He said in effect the lagoons would be producing electricity free of subsidy for 30 years.
Unlike wind power, the amount of electricity generated by the lagoons would be entirely predicable, he added.
The recommendations have an element of compromise in them in response to concerns from environmental groups.
Addressing concerns that the Swansea lagoon could damage the marine ecosystem, Mr Hendry has recommended that if larger lagoons are built, they still need a go-ahead from the UK government.
There should then be a high level of on-going monitoring of environmental impacts.
Pause for reflection
Mr Hendry recommended a "period of separation" - he told BBC Wales perhaps a year or two - between the Swansea pathfinder and the bigger projects.
"The pathfinder should be commissioned and be operational for a reasonable period before financial close is reached on the first larger-scale project," he said.
"The pause would allow in-depth monitoring to be carried out and research to be conducted to address issues as they arise."


Brendan Howlin has been elected unopposed as the new leader of the Irish Labour Party.

He replaces Joan Burton, who stepped down after the party suffered major losses in February's general election.
The party's deputy leader Alan Kelly failed to secure the necessary support to contest a leadership battle.
The new leader served as public expenditure minister in the last government, in which the Labour Party was a junior partner with Fine Gael.


Oil services company Wood Group is looking to cut about 300 jobs.

The company is starting a consultation process with 1,000 of its onshore employees around the UK.
Wood Group said it was in response to "continuing cost and efficiency challenges affecting the oil and gas sector".
David Kemp, Wood Group's chief financial officer, said: "We are streamlining our structure and our processes to reduce costs."
He added: "As ever, our commitment is to act compassionately and sensitively, supporting our people through this consultation process and we will make every effort to minimise the impact on them."
Jake Molloy, of the RMT union, said it was more bad news for the industry, and that 300 posts was significantly higher than the union had estimated.
Wood Group employs about 6,200 people onshore in the UK.
The company announced last week it had won a new $500m (Â£342.5m) contract to provide services for BP-operated offshore projects in Azerbaijan.


The prime minister's proposals to reform the UK's relationship with the EU "lack clarity", according to Scotland's Secretary for Europe.

Fiona Hyslop was setting out the Scottish government's case for remaining part of the EU during a Holyrood debate.
She said there was a "strong consensus" among MSPs of the benefits to Scotland.
It comes as the EU Referendum bill is being debated for the first time in the House of Commons.
Ms Hyslop said it was unclear what David Cameron hoped to achieve from negotiations over the UK's membership of the EU.
She said: "The prime minister says that he wants to renegotiate the UK's relationship with Europe. It is far from clear what he actually wants or indeed whether his proposals will require treaty change."
She said the Scottish government would continue to "spell out" the advantages of EU membership to Scotland.
She said: "In making the positive case we ensure the facts are set out to tackle head-on the unfounded fears and smears of those who want to see an EU exit as they present them from a narrow isolationist position."
The debate was dominated by statements in favour of the UK's continued EU membership.
But Claire Baker MSP, Labour's Europe spokeswoman, warned against complacency.
She said: "We cannot ignore that there are a range of views in Scotland, we do have a UKIP MEP elected to represent Scotland and there will be many who come to this debate with a fairly open mind looking to understand the arguments and be persuaded one way or the other."
Ms Baker said she supported the Scottish goverment's call to allow 16 and 17-year-olds to vote in the referendum, but was "not convinced" by calls for a double majority system - meaning each of the UK's four constituent parts would have to agree before an exit was possible.
Scottish Liberal Democrat leader Willie Rennie called on the SNP to "see the bigger picture", claiming "defeatism and pessimism" lies at the heart of the party's double majority proposal.
He said: "I would suggest that the double-lock proposal is simply another means to advance (the independence) ambition.
"That debate was last year, we need to move on.
"We all need to put all our shoulders to the wheel to win this campaign.
"Pro-Europeans will never forgive the SNP if they devote too much effort to highlighting the divisions within the UK and insufficient effort to the greater goal of membership of the EU."
Scottish Conservative MSP Jamie McGrigor said the SNP had adopted a "mischievous" approach.
He said: "This should not be a divisive debate.
"We intend to make Europe work better, so why doesn't the Scottish government get behind us, provide support and help us deliver a better deal for Scotland?"


Cash can no longer be used on any of London's buses in a move that Transport for London (TfL) says will save £24m a year.

Passengers will need a prepaid or concessionary ticket, Oyster card or a contactless payment card to travel.
TfL said only 0.7% of all bus journeys were paid for with cash and that tourists were unlikely to be affected.
But the Green Party said more ticket outlets were needed and questioned how vulnerable passengers would cope.
TfL said its research showed the move, which came into force at 04:30 BST, was unlikely to affect tourists "as the vast majority use a prepaid ticket, such as a Visitor Oyster, to get around the capital".
Its drivers have been asked to guide vulnerable people.
Last month TfL introduced the "one more journey" feature for Oyster users, allowing passengers to make one further trip if they have insufficient credit on their card, which TfL said had benefitted around 44,000 customers a day.
Mike Weston, TfL's director of buses, said: "Removing cash from our bus network not only offers customers a quicker and more efficient bus service but it enables us to make savings of £24m a year which will be re-invested to further improve London's transport network."
But Green Party London Assembly member Darren Johnson said questions remained over whether passengers who lost or damaged their Oyster cards would be allowed to travel at all, saying that more than 2,100 Oyster cards were lost, stolen or stopped working on the average day last year.
Mr Johnson said: "I am very concerned that TfL are only planning 19 new Oyster ticket stops in preparation for the cashless switchover. This seems highly inadequate, especially when every ticket office across the tube network is going to be closed.
"I also have serious concerns about the impact which this sweeping change could have on vulnerable passengers."


Barcelona football star Lionel Messi and his father will appeal against a Spanish court decision to sentence them each to 21 months in jail for tax fraud, the player's lawyers say.

Argentine Messi, aged 29, was also fined €2m euros (£1.7m; $2.2m) by the court in Barcelona.
In addition to the prison term, Messi's father, Jorge, was fined €1.5m for defrauding Spain of €4.1m in 2007-09.
However, neither man is expected to serve time in jail.
Under the Spanish legal system, prison terms of under two years can be served under probation.
The pair also face millions of euros in fines for using tax havens in Belize and Uruguay to conceal earnings from image rights.
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"The sentence is not correct and we are confident the appeal will show the defence was right," Messi's lawyers said in a statement several hours after the guilty verdict was delivered.
The lawyers said that "there is a good chance that the appeal will succeed", adding that Messi had always acted in good faith.
The sentence can be appealed against via the Spanish supreme court.
The footballer and his father were found guilty of three counts of tax fraud.
As well as the jail terms, Messi and Jorge were also fined. They made a voluntary €5m "corrective payment", equal to the alleged unpaid tax plus interest, in August 2013.
Messi earns an estimated €36m per year at Barcelona, and his income of about €315m in the past decade has placed him 10th of Forbes magazine's list of the highest-earning athletes in the world.
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"FC Barcelona expresses its full support to Leo Messi and his father in relation to the conviction for tax fraud...
"The club... considers that the player, who has corrected his position with the Spanish tax office, is in no way criminally responsible with regards to the facts underlined in this case."
Statement in full (in Spanish)


A campaign group has questioned how the Scottish government's flagship pledge on childcare will be delivered.

The first minister has promised an expansion in free childcare if the SNP is voted back into power next year.
It would see the number of hours eligible youngsters receive being nearly doubled to 1,140 a year over the course of the next parliament.
But Fair Funding For Our Kids claimed about 26,000 extra nursery places would be needed for that to be fulfilled.
The group said it had met Education Secretary Angela Constance on Tuesday to discuss the issue.
But it claimed Ms Constance had been "unable to answer basic questions" about how she planned to ensure the childcare pledge was met.
The Scottish government said the figures estimated by Fair Funding for Our Kids assumed that "nothing will change between now and 2020 to deliver this increase in funded hours and fail to take account of Scotland's 5,500 childminders."
A spokeswoman said: "They also assume that doubling the hours of free childcare available will mean that we will need to double the number of childcare places.
"This is not true. We can reassure parents that preparations are well underway to deliver this massive expansion of 1,140 hours and ensure a place for every eligible child."
She said delivery of the pledge would cost about Â£800m and result in a significant increase in the early years workforce, and said the government was working with councils to plan for a "significant infrastructure expansion" to meet the increased demand.
Council nurseries, private nurseries and childminders currently provide the government-funded childcare that all three and four-year-olds and some vulnerable two-year-olds already receive.
Jenny Gorevan, of Fair Funding For Our Kids (Glasgow), said an estimated one in five youngsters was missing out on the current entitlement and added: "How will the first minister deliver this new, bigger promise if she cannot even give children what they are entitled to now?"
She added: "We added up all the nursery places in Scotland. If every single place was used to meet the first minister's 2020 promise there would still be a shortfall of around 26,000.
"The most basic sum tells you the 2020 promise needs a minimum of 650 new nurseries and 3,250 new nursery staff from nowhere within four years.
"That is before you factor in variations in demand, staff retirement, geographical spread, parents wanting to pay for two-year-olds not eligible for a free place and so on. The real numbers are likely to be much, much higher."
Ms Gorevan was speaking as First Minister Nicola Sturgeon announced a new best practice standard for childminders to ensure children are left "in the best possible hands".
While all childminders have to be registered and inspected, they do not have to have any qualifications to gain registration.
But in future it is expected the new training and induction course, which will be developed with the Care Inspectorate, will be completed by childminders before they register.
Ms Sturgeon said: "Childminders play a vital role in children's development, which helps to reduce social inequality and close the attainment gap.
"They will be central to our ambitions for a massive expansion of early learning and childcare in the years to come."
The first minister, who visited a childminder in Edinburgh, added: "As recently highlighted, well-trained, supported and suitably qualified staff are fundamental to improving quality and have a key role in addressing our most entrenched problems of poverty, poor health and poor attainment.
"These new standards will help drive up quality and ensure parents can rest assured that their children are in the best possible hands."


The Mexican navy has rescued two Colombian and two Ecuadorean fishermen off the coast of the southern state of Chiapas.

The fishermen said they had been adrift at sea for 30 days after their boat ran out of petrol.
They said the currents carried them north from the waters off Ecuador to Mexico.
Doctors said the four were dehydrated. It is not clear what they lived off while adrift.
Navy personnel carrying out a routine night flight spotted their boat 260km (162 miles) off the coast of Chiapas.
The four said they had sailed from the port of Esmeraldas in Ecuador on 24 September and had run out of fuel on 1 October.
Currents have been known to carry castaways for thousands of kilometres.
In 2006, three Mexican fishermen were rescued off the Marshall Islands in the Pacific after what they said was about nine months drifting across the Pacific Ocean.
And in February 2014 a Salvadorian castaway was rescued also off the Marshall Islands more than a year after he said he sailed in a fibreglass boat from Mexico.


A former Russian MP who fled to Ukraine last year has been shot dead outside a hotel in the capital, Kiev.

Denis Voronenkov and his bodyguard were attacked as they left the Premier Palace hotel in the centre of the city, reports say.
The bodyguard fired back at the attacker and both were wounded, according to local media.
Mr Voronenkov was a controversial figure, who left Russia amid accusations of fraud.
Witnesses say they heard seven shots fired outside the hotel. The attack was most likely a contract killing, Kiev police chief Andriy Kryshchenko told 112 Ukrayina TV.
President Petro Poroshenko went further, accusing Russia of "state terrorism". He also linked the shooting to the series of explosions at a munitions dump near Kharkiv, in Ukraine's north-east, describing it as the "signature style of Russian special services"
Denis Voronenkov was elected as a Communist MP in 2011, married an MP from another party and backed a law limiting foreign ownership in Russian media.
But he left for Kiev late last year with his young son and wife, United Russia MP and opera singer Maria Maksakova.
Investigators were reportedly preparing a corruption case against him but were waiting for his parliamentary immunity to run out in December.
Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny had also questioned how he had managed to build a fortune including two luxury flats on his salary.
In recent months Mr Voronenkov had given evidence to Kiev prosecutors in a high treason case against deposed Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and had condemned Russia's annexation of Crimea as illegal.
Although he had earlier backed the annexation in a vote in 2014, he said later that he had not been present at the time of the vote and another MP had used his card.
Russian opposition activist Ilya Ponomarev said Mr Voronenkov had been on his way to meet him and he insisted he was not a criminal.
"I'm speechless," he said. "Voronenkov was no crook but an investigator who was deadly dangerous for the Russian siloviki [security services]."
The deputy head of Ukrainian police, Oleksandr Vakulenko, also suggested Russian involvement because the ex-MP had "important information". Chief prosecutor Yuri Lutsenko said he had provided "very important" testimony in the Yanukovych treason case.


Football fans have applauded for one minute in memory of a student from Sheffield whose body was found in a river last month.

Sheffield Wednesday supporters made the tribute to 18-year-old Caroline Everest in the 18th minute of their home match against Derby County.
Ms Everest disappeared after leaving a nightclub in the city centre on 22 November.
Her body was found in the Porter Brook river two days later.
Ms Everest was a Sheffield Wednesday fan and was studying Biosciences and Chemistry at Sheffield Hallam University.
The cause of her death has not yet been determined after a post-mortem examination proved "inconclusive".
South Yorkshire Police said a 31-year-old man arrested last month on suspicion of rape had been bailed pending further inquiries.


Police are looking for a shirtless man who sexually assaulted a 28-year-old woman on a disused railway line.

The suspect banged into the woman before assaulting her at The Miley, near Harefield Road in Dundee at about 15:50 on Wednesday.
Officers said the woman was "shocked but unhurt" in the incident.
The man was described as aged between 17 and 25, 5ft 10in tall, of stocky build, with broad shoulders, with a red top tied around his waist.
He was also wearing dark tracksuit bottoms, white trainers and a two-tone coloured baseball cap.
Police said they were keen to trace a female cyclist in her 60s with long grey hair who was in the area at the time.


A report proposing an agreement between the Church of England and the Church of Scotland has been published, ahead of a debate by the Churches' ruling bodies.

The Columba Declaration commits the Churches to "grow together in communion and to strengthen their partnership in mission".
Founded in two different branches of Protestantism, England's Church is Anglican and Scotland's Presbyterian.
The two Churches will be debating the report over the coming months.
The Church of England's General Synod will hold a debate in February and the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland will consider the report in May.
The Columba Declaration appears within the Growth in Communion, Partnership in Mission report, which sets out the history of partnership between the two Churches and their shared beliefs.
The report states: "The new arrangements we are proposing are modest and 'light touch' with a small contact group meeting yearly and reporting to the ecumenical bodies within each Church."
The declaration has been authored by Kirk minister the Reverend John McPake, and the Church of England's Bishop of Chester, Peter Forster.
They say the agreement will allow clergy and lay people from each Church to be welcomed into the other when they move across the border.
The pact also recognises that the two Churches have constitutional responsibilities in separate parts of the UK.
Rev Alison McDonald, convener of the Church of Scotland's ecumenical relations committee, said: "The joint report sets out clearly the shared foundations of faith of the Church of England and the Church of Scotland, which enable us to recognise one another formally for the first time.
"This provides a sound basis for our ongoing co-operation and for exploring future partnership."
The Reverend Dr Jeremy Worthern, Church of England secretary for ecumenical relations and theology, said the Church valued its "ecumenical relationship with the Church of Scotland and our relationship within the Anglican Communion with the Scottish Episcopal Church".
He added: "There are opportunities for deepening both relationships as this report continues to be discussed and received by the Churches."


Wales could make its own agreements with the EU if there is a Leave vote in Thursday's referendum, First Minister Carwyn Jones has suggested.

Mr Jones cited EU member states with territories outside the union, such as Greenland and the Canary Islands.
He told BBC Wales he did not trust the Leave campaign's leaders to negotiate with Brussels on Wales' behalf.
But UKIP Wales leader Nathan Gill said: "Britain joined the EU together and will leave the EU together."
Mr Jones told BBC Wales: "There's no reason why the EU in the future can't look at having a way of dealing with nations that are not member states and looking at getting agreements with them, why not?"
"If it's possible to do it where a country is a member state, why not if a country isn't a member state," he asked.
Mr Jones said: "If there is a Leave vote on Friday we have to take steps to talk to the EU ourselves in Wales.
"I'm not going to rely on that lot in the Brexit campaign to represent Wales in Brussels, or at all.
"So it's hugely important that we get the best deal for Wales whatever happens."
Mr Jones argued that there were no guarantees that aid Wales received from the EU would be matched by UK ministers after a Brexit.
"For years we've been fighting Whitehall for a fair-funding settlement," he said.
Mr Jones was appearing next to Leanne Wood, the Plaid Cymru leader, to call for a Remain vote.
She said: "We are standing here united together, asking people to trust us on this question we because we believe Remain is in the best interests of Wales."
Responded to Mr Jones's comments, Mr Gill said: "Britain joined the EU together and we will leave the EU together.
"And it is Westminster that will argue and fight for the best deal for us.
"But they will fight for the will of the British people and what we've said.
"The links will be retained because obviously Europe wants to trade with the whole of Britain."


BBC Sport's football expert Mark Lawrenson is pitting his wits against a different guest each week this season.

Lawro's opponent for this weekend's Premier League fixtures is singer-songwriter Amy Macdonald.
Macdonald has been a fan of Scottish Premiership side Rangers since she went to watch them for the first time, aged 10.
"It was Walter Smith's testimonial match at Ibrox against Liverpool in 1998," she told BBC Sport. "Rangers won 1-0 and from that moment I was pretty hooked.
"I was a bit of a tomboy at school. I loved to sit with the boys and discuss football and I was always a bit of a statto - I knew everything that was going on with every team.
"Growing up in Glasgow, it is such a massive footballing city that it is hard not to be involved in that. I don't know anybody who is not interested in football - everyone has got an opinion."
Macdonald, who is engaged to St Johnstone right-back Richard Foster, has experienced good and bad times as a Rangers supporter, with the club now back in the Scottish top flight after being liquidated and placed in Division Three in 2012.
"It has been a crazy few years," she explained. "When I first became a fan and started to get really into football it was the Dick Advocaat era and at that point there were so many amazing players that were signed.
"There were people like Lorenzo Amoruso, who became cult heroes at Rangers. Someone like him would be my ultimate favourite, but there were so many incredible players in the team that it was an absolute pleasure to be a fan back then.
"Obviously everything that has happened since then has proved that being a football fan is a massive roller-coaster and you have incredible highs and terrible lows, which has happened over the past few years.
"I think a lot of fans were glad when Rangers got back in the top division but I still think there is a long way to go to get the team back to where they were and back to where a lot of the fans expect them to be."
You can make your Premier League predictions now and compare them with those of Lawro and other fans by playing the BBC Sport Predictor game.
A correct result (picking a win, draw or defeat) is worth 10 points. The exact score earns 40 points.
All kick-offs 15:00 BST unless otherwise stated.
Tottenham 4-0 Watford
Lawro's prediction: 2-0
Amy's prediction: 3-1
Match report
Man City 3-1 Hull City
Lawro's prediction: 3-0
Amy's prediction: 4-0
Match report
Middlesbrough 0-0 Burnley
Lawro's prediction: 0-2
Amy's prediction: 0-1
Match report
Stoke City 1-2 Liverpool
Lawro's prediction: 1-1
Amy's prediction: 1-3
Match report
West Brom 0-1 Southampton
Lawro's prediction: 2-1
Amy's prediction: 1-1
Match report
West Ham 1-0 Swansea
Lawro's prediction: 2-1
Amy's prediction: 2-1
Match report
Bournemouth 1-3 Chelsea
Lawro's prediction: 0-2
Amy's prediction: 0-3
Match report
Sunderland 0-3 Man Utd
Lawro's prediction: 0-2
Amy's prediction: 0-2
Match report
Everton 4-2 Leicester
Lawro's prediction: 0-2
Amy's prediction: 2-1
Match report
Crystal Palace 3-0 Arsenal
Lawro's prediction: 1-1
Amy's prediction: Arsenal are in danger of missing out on a top-four finish for the first time in years but their win over West Ham in midweek put them back in contention - and I think they will win this one too. 1-3
Match report
Lawro was speaking to BBC Sport's Chris Bevan.
*Does not include scores from postponed games.
Lawro's best score: 140 points (week 22 v James McAvoy)
Lawro's worst score: 20 points (week 28, but only five games played so far) or 30 points (week four v Dave Bautista)
From the midweek Premier League games, Lawro got five correct results, including two perfect scores, from 10 matches for a total of 110 points.
He beat DJ, artist and drum and bass pioneer Goldie, who got six correct results but with one perfect score, for a tally of 90 points.


Scientists studying the splendour of Saturn's rings are hoping soon to get a resolved picture of an embedded object they know exists but cannot quite see.
The moonlet is named after London researcher Carl Murray's mother-in-law, and was first noticed in 2013. Its effect on surrounding ice and dust particles has been tracked ever since.
But no direct image of Peggy's form has yet been obtained, and time is now short.
The Cassini spacecraft's mission at Saturn is edging to a close and its dramatic end-of-life disposal.
In September, the probe will be driven to destruction in the atmosphere of the giant planet, at which point the constant stream of pictures and other data it has returned these past 13 years will come to an abrupt end.
Carl Murray and his team at Queen Mary University of London know therefore they have only a few months left to get the definitive image.
Fortunately, Cassini will spend its remaining time flying close in to the planet and the moonlet's place in the so called A-ring.
The best ever chance to see the face of Peggy is now at hand.
And such is the fondness for this little object, the probe will even be commanded to take one last picture just before the big plunge.
"Peggy is such an interesting object, and for people who work on the mission and even with the public - it's captured their imagination. It's like an old friend to us, and so as you say goodbye you'd like to get a picture. Peggy will be one of the last targets for Cassini," Prof Murray told BBC News.
The study of objects like Peggy goes to the core objectives of the multi-billion-dollar international space mission.
The wide band of ice and dust that surrounds Saturn is a version in miniature of the kind of discs we see circling far-off new stars.
It is in those discs that planets form, and so seeing the processes and behaviours that give rise to objects like Peggy delivers an insight into how new worlds come into being. It is a model even for how our own Solar System was created.
"Peggy is evolving. It's orbit is changing with time," explained Prof Murray. "Sometimes it moves out, sometimes it moves in, by just a few kilometres. And this is what we think happens with proto-planets in those astrophysical discs. They interact with other proto-planets and the material in the disc, and they migrate; they move. We see that when we look at exoplanets around other stars: some can’t possibly have formed in the places we detect them now; they must have migrated at some point."
Peggy was discovered by accident. Prof Murray was using Cassini to try to image Prometheus - a bigger, very obvious moon connected with the F-ring.
He got that no problem, but his eye was drawn to a 2,000km-long smudge in the background.
That was 15 April 2013 (his mother-in-law's birthday). And a subsequent trawl through the Cassini archive revealed that a disturbance in the A-ring was actually evident from a year before.
Peggy is certainly smaller than 5km across. So to produce that showy smudge, it must have been involved in a collision that kicked up a cloud of ice and dust.
Follow-up observations have monitored the ongoing disturbance. If moonlets are big enough they can clear a gap in Saturn’s rings. But tiny objects like Peggy merely produce small bumps in the surrounding band of particles, or a sort of wavy pattern that looks akin to a propeller.
This indirect evidence of the presence of a moonlet is the all Cassini can achieve when the target is so small and the onboard camera is producing a best resolution of about 5km per pixel. But in the next few months, the orbits the spacecraft will fly around Saturn should bring the resolution down to one or two km per pixel.
This might be enough to picture Peggy directly, and to confirm an intriguing possibility… that Peggy has recently become two objects.
"When Cassini came out of its ring plane orbit in early 2016, we went back to look where Peggy should be; and we found Peggy and we've been tracking it ever since.
"But a few degrees behind we could also see another object, even fainter in the sense that it had an even smaller (disturbance) signature. And when we tracked back the paths of both objects, we realised that in early 2015 they would have met.
"So, probably, Peggy 'B', as we call it, came from a collision of the sort that causes Peggy to change its orbit, but rather than a simple encounter that deflected the orbit slightly, this was more serious."
Prof Murray gave an update on Peggy at the recent Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union. At that same conference, Dr Linda Spilker, the Nasa project scientist on the Cassini mission, outlined the end-stage activities of the probe, culminating in its disposal on 15 September.
She said the same close-in manoeuvres that hopefully will enable Carl Murray to get his resolved pictures should also finally help to determine a key property of Saturn's rings - their mass.
"The mass of the rings is uncertain by 100%," Dr Spilker told BBC News.
"If they're more massive, maybe they're really old - as old as Saturn. If they're less massive, maybe they're really young, maybe only a mere 100 million years old."
Age is important to this idea that rings, or discs, are the medium in which objects form.  Some of Saturn's moons, even a number of its bigger ones, likely emerged by accumulating the material around them and displaying, certainly in the early phases of growth, the sorts of behaviours now seen in Peggy.
But making moons takes time and if the largest of Saturn's satellites came out of this same process, it demands the present ring system to be very old indeed.
Want to hear more about Cassini and its discoveries at Saturn? Listen to this week's The Life Scientific, which featured Imperial College London's Prof Michele Dougherty, the principal investigator on the spacecraft's magnetometer instrument.


The developers of the proposed Swansea Bay tidal lagoon have accused Natural Resources Wales (NRW) of publishing a "grossly misleading" analysis of the project's likely impact on fish.

Earlier this month, NRW estimated the lagoon would mean 21% of salmon and 25% of sea trout dying each year, as they migrate to and from local rivers.
Tidal Lagoon Power (TLP) said the claims had no "clear scientific basis".
NRW said its figures were based on the "best available evidence" it received.
In a briefing note sent to AMs and seen by BBC Wales, TLP disputed NRW's figures and claimed that the regulator refused to share its methodology for calculating them.
"Without clear scientific basis NRW has recently published figures based in these 'what if' scenarios despite our request to consider the evidence needed to back them up prior to publication," the briefing said.
"These scenarios give unrealistic and grossly misleading impact figures [on fish]," the briefing adds.
TLP said that computer modelling carried out by experts on its behalf estimated a "worst case scenario" of the lagoon killing 2% of all species of fish.
The Â£1.3bn Swansea tidal lagoon project is being viewed by the firm as a test bed for much larger and more cost effective versions around the coast, including Cardiff, Newport and Colwyn Bay.
UK government ministers are considering the findings of a six-month review of the viability of the scheme, which is yet to be published.
Wales' Environment Secretary Lesley Griffiths said the Welsh Government was "very supportive" of the scheme.
But she said both it and the industry needed clarity on the UK government's position in the "very, very near future."
NRW said it strongly disagreed with TLP's criticism, which it was "very surprised and disappointed by".
Gareth O'Shea, an NRW executive director, said: "We have received a vast amount of evidence on this subject from the applicant and have held detailed discussions with the developer for a year-and-a-half where we have shared a huge amount of information, data and our methodology.
"This has been assessed by independent experts and our own technical experts, and we have the utmost confidence that it is the best evidence available to enable us to make the right decision for the environment in Wales, as we are legally bound to do."


England winger Anthony Watson is likely to miss the autumn Tests after breaking his jaw.

The Bath player, 22, was injured earlier this week during regular practice at England's training camp.
Flanker Sam Jones is also set to miss the matches against South Africa, Fiji, Argentina and Australia after breaking a leg in a judo session in training.
The Wasps man, 24, fractured a fibula while grappling with lock Maro Itoje at the training camp in Brighton.
It was England's final session before head coach Eddie Jones names his squad for the four Test matches.
Watson, who has scored 12 tries in 24 Tests, has been a regular starter for Jones' side, playing every game of their successful Six Nations campaign and the 3-0 whitewash in Australia.
"It's too early for a full medical prognosis on how long he'll be out for, but it's likely he'll miss the autumn internationals," said Bath director of rugby Todd Blackadder.
"He's in great hands with our medical team and we look forward to seeing him back on the pitch when he's ready."
Flanker James Haskell, back rower Jack Clifford and centre Manu Tuilagi will also miss all of England's autumn Tests through injury.
Fly-half Owen Farrell and captain Dylan Hartley have both yet to play this season because of back problems.


It was a telling moment in a day that was supposed to be a perfectly orchestrated piece of corporate theatre.

In a bid to prove to assembled reporters that he was all too aware of Sports Direct employees' daily vexations, billionaire founder Mike Ashley demonstrated a routine search procedure at the company's Shirebrook warehouse.
In his pockets? A huge wad of red £50 notes - like a caricature of a 1980s tycoon.
A brash, outspoken and often controversial figure, Mr Ashley is in many ways moulded by the business culture of the decade in which he founded the sports retail empire.
But the charm offensive on display at this year's annual general meeting was an attempt to rebrand himself, and Sports Direct, in an image more appropriate for an age when negative publicity can hammer a firm's bottom line, as well as its reputation.
The title of the main presentation was "Time To Change", and as if to emphasise this point, Mr Ashley told shareholders he "totally agrees" with Theresa May - who has pledged to give workers a greater say in corporate governance.
For most of the meeting, the entrepreneur answered questions courteously, but his underlying frustrations were betrayed in a short skirmish with a Unite representative, in which he blurted: "It is probably your fault that we are in this mess".
Ultimately, despite a protest vote by institutional shareholders, no heads rolled. The board, including the heavily-criticised chairman Keith Hellawell, were all re-elected, promising reforms and pleading for time to right Sports Direct's wrongs.
For his part, Mike Ashley sought to emphasise the sheer size of the Sports Direct operation, repeating several times that it was "impossible to get it all right" in a warehouse that housed seven million pairs of shoes.
But he appeared genuinely repentant, not avoiding difficult questions from attendees, and vowing that conditions in the site branded a "Victorian workhouse" would improve.
"If the headline is 'Sorry' then so be it," he told the quote-hungry group of reporters.
"Because clearly I could have done a better job."
The question is: would we have been treated to the same mea culpa had the share price remained at the level it was a year ago?


Online retailer Amazon has said it will buy Goodreads, a book discovery and recommendation website.

San Francisco-based Goodreads was founded in 2007, has 16 million members and is one of the most prominent online communities for readers.
The financial terms of the deal were not disclosed, and it is expected to be completed in the next quarter.
Amazon's electronic book service competes against a number of rivals including Google and Apple.
Goodreads is a social network for readers, where they can recommend, review and discover books. Users can also buy books from online retailers, including Amazon and Barnes and Noble.
"Amazon and Goodreads share a passion for reinventing reading," Russ Grandinetti, vice-president for Kindle content at Amazon, said in a statement.
Goodreads co-founder, Otis Chandler, said the deal would allow the company to move faster in bringing its user experience to more people around the world.


Ireland recovered from a jittery start to earn a 34-run win over the United Arab Emirates in Sunday's Twenty20 international in Abu Dhabi.

The Irish slumped to 19-4 in their innings but a 55-run partnership by brothers Niall (38) and Kevin (23) O'Brien helped them post 134-8.
UAE wickets fell regularly with Kevin O'Brien finishing with 3-14 as the hosts were out for 100 in 19.2 overs.
Craig Young also took three dismissals with Boyd Rankin notching two wickets.
The UAE's best partnership was a paltry 21 as Shaiman Anwar top-scored with 24.
Ireland were in trouble early in their innings as captain William Porterfield and fellow opener Paul Stirling departed cheaply along with Stuart Poynter and Gary Wilson.
However, the partnership put on by the O'Brien brothers steadied the Ireland innings with tail-enders Tim Murtagh (12 not out) and Rankin (16 not out) also chipping in with valuable late runs.
Ireland will meet UAE again on Tuesday as they continue preparations for their World T20 campaign which starts against Oman in the Indian city of Dharamsala on 9 March.
Speaking after Sunday's win, Kevin O'Brien backed Ireland's top order to come good despite their latest struggle.
"I'm not worrying at the moment about the top order collapses," said the Irish all-rounder.
"We just need to assess pitch conditions and perhaps play accordingly.
"But we are looking to be positive when batting, so we can't go into our shells."


A fire station that underwent a £1m transformation into an arts venue is to have its official opening later.

The building, on Carlisle's Warwick Street, has performance spaces for music, comedy, theatre and exhibitions as well as a cafe-bar.
It also has studios for workshops and conferences. Construction work began in October 2014.
Carlisle City Council said the "ambitious" development would "bring people here and keep people here".
Stephen Dunn, arts officer for Carlisle City Council, said: "I think the million pounds is an investment. Over the next two or three years that money will be seed money.
"It's public money and it has to be invested right and it has to come back in and that's why the Old Fire Station has to be a business and stand on its own two feet."


Burton Albion's better-than-expected start to life in the Championship should make it easier to sign players, says manager Nigel Clough.

The 19th-placed Brewers, one of the favourites to go straight back down to League One, are three points clear of the relegation zone after 19 games.
Clough told BBC Radio Derby he has mixed feeling about their progress.
"We would have taken it at the start of the season but we think we have played better than that," he said.
"For the chances we have created we haven't scored enough goals."
This week the 50-year-old passed 12 months as Brewers manager in his second spell in charge and said it had been a "good year".
He added getting to the stage they are at is no mean achievement given their budget and standing in their first season in the second tier of English football.
"We knew we would not be first choice on a lot of players' lists for where they wanted to play in the Championship," Clough added.
"Hopefully come January, and if we manage to stay up in the summer, that [signing players] will become an easier task.
"In the first 19 games people have seen us play and I think we have played a little bit better than people anticipated.
"If we can replicate the first 19 games and have 44 points after 38 games that would be a very good target and would gives us eight games to get to 50 points."
Clough had just over 10 years at the Brewers during his first stint, but left to take over as Derby County manager in January 2009.


Nine men have been convicted of being part of a child sexual exploitation ring in Greater Manchester.

The men, from Rochdale and Oldham, "groomed" girls, one as young as 13.
Liverpool Crown Court heard the men plied their victims with drink and drugs so they could "pass them around" and use them for sex.
The case, involving Asian defendants and white victims, sparked protests by far-right groups but police insist the grooming was not "racially motivated".
The offences which centred on Heywood included rape, trafficking girls for sex and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with a child.
Two of the defendants on trial, Qamar Shazad and Liaquat Shah both of Rochdale, were acquitted and walked free from court.
The court was told that the abuse, which began in 2008, took place at two takeaways in the town involving a group of men aged between 24 and 59. The takeaways are now under new management.
A failed police investigation in 2008 allowed the abuse to go undetected for another two years.
The oldest defendant, a 59-year-old man from Oldham was found guilty on all counts but cannot be identified for legal reasons.
Some of the girls were beaten and forced to have sex with "several men in a day, several times a week", the jury was told.
One teenager told the jury she was forced to have sex with 20 men in one night.
Another recalled being raped by two men while she was "so drunk she was vomiting over the side of the bed".
Police said the victims were from "chaotic", "council estate" backgrounds. The girls were targeted in "honeypot locations" where young people were seen to congregate, such as outside takeaways.
Rachel Smith, for the prosecution, told the jury: "No child should be exploited as these girls say they were."
In court, many of the defendants argued that they were not aware the girls were underage.
But Senior Investigating Officer Det Insp Mike Sanderson said this was no defence.
"What we are dealing with here is the deliberate targeting of young, vulnerable girls by a group of older and in most cases much older men who simply saw them as 'fair game'.
"They preyed on the fact that the young girls were extremely vulnerable and impressionable."
Mohammed Shafiq, chief executive of of the Ramadhan Foundation, accused Pakistani community elders of "burying their heads in the sand" on the issue of on-street grooming.
"There is a significant problem for the British Pakistani community," he said.
"There should be no silence in addressing the issue of race as this is central to the actions of these criminals.
"They think that white teenage girls are worthless and can be abused without a second thought; it is this sort of behaviour that is bringing shame on our community."
But Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood of Greater Manchester Police (GMP) denied that the ethnicity of either the defendants or the victims was a factor.
"It is not a racial issue," he said. "This is about adults preying on vulnerable young children.
"It just happens that in this particular area and time the demographics were that these were Asian men."
It was also revealed in court that a 15-year-old victim who became pregnant by one of the defendants went to the police in August 2008.
After the verdicts, GMP and the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) apologised for failing to bring her case to trial following her cry for help.
The Independent Police Complaints Commission is spearheading an investigation into that failed inquiry.
It can also now be reported that the trial was delayed by two weeks when two Asian barristers quit saying they had been intimidated outside Liverpool Crown Court.
All those convicted were found guilty of conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with girls under the age of 16.
A 59-year-old Oldham man - who cannot be identified for legal reasons - was convicted of two rapes, aiding and abetting rape, sexual assault and trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation.


Tottenham have signed defender Davinson Sanchez from Ajax in a reported club record £42m deal, subject to a medical and a work permit.

The Colombia centre-back has agreed a six-year deal and will be the Premier League club's first summer signing.
"I am very excited to be signing for such a famous club as Tottenham Hotspur," said Sanchez, 21.
"I am looking forward to working with [manager] Mauricio Pochettino and the players and meeting everyone there."
He added: "I would like to thank the coach, management, players and fans of Ajax. It is a great move for me to come here to develop my career."
Spurs' existing club record is the £30m paid to Newcastle for France midfielder Moussa Sissoko 12 months ago.
Tottenham boss Pochettino said on Friday he wants four new recruits before the end of the transfer window and "expects the club to sign more players".
Earlier in August, defender Danny Rose spoke of his frustration at Spurs' lack of signings, telling the Sun that the club needed to add well-known players and "not ones you had to Google".
He later issued an apology for the "ill-judged" comments, which was accepted by Pochettino.
Former Spurs midfielder Jermaine Jenas on BBC Radio 5 live
Sanchez is a top player. His performance in the Europa League final, when he came up against Manchester United's Marcus Rashford, was pretty special.
Spurs have got someone they can mould and turn into what they want. My only worry is has it got a little feeling of him being a replacement for Toby Alderweireld, if contract negotiations don't go too well?
I hope not. I hope it's maybe Spurs shifting to a back three, with Jan Vertonghen, or maybe he's a squad player that makes them even stronger than they are.
Also, it just shows the strength they have in the transfer market, picking out the top young individuals in Europe. And that they want to go and play for Spurs is brilliant.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Newport County have signed Scot Bennett on a two-year contract from League Two rivals Notts County.

The 25-year-old can play in defence or midfield and made 15 appearances last season while on loan at Rodney Parade.
"It's good to be back," Bennett said. "I really enjoyed my time here and I'm delighted to sign here permanently."
"The fans loved him during his time here and I'm sure Scot will be a great addition to the squad," County manager Warren Feeney said.
Bennett, who played 141 times for Exeter City, was signed on loan last season from Notts County by then Newport boss John Sheridan.
Sheridan has since been appointed Notts County manager, but Bennett was released by the Magpies this week.
Following the signings of Jamie Turley and Mark Randall, Bennett becomes Newport's third signing of the summer.
They have also retained a player from last season, with Darren Jones signing a new one-year contract extension.
The club also allowed 13 players to depart after they finished one place outside the League Two relegation zone.


The blue-chip Dow Jones held on to slim gains to close at a third consecutive record on Friday.

But the broader S&P 500 and the tech-based Nasdaq closed lower, ending a busy week of earnings results.
The Dow added 0.2% to 21,830.31, while the S&P and Nasdaq were both down 0.1%  to close at 2,472.09 and 6,374.68.
Shares in online retail giant Amazon fell 2.56% after it surprised investors by reporting lower-than-expected profits.
Profits for the April-to-June period fell 77% to $197m as the company invested in overseas expansion and new products and services.
Shares in Goodyear sank more than 8% after the tyre maker's second-quarter sales fell short of expectations and the company cut its forecasts.
Goodyear now expects sales at its tyre unit to fall by about 3.5% this year, compared with its previous forecast of no change.


The makers of Grand Theft Auto 5 have confirmed the game will be getting a first-person perspective mode when it's released later this month.

"We could've put it in the [last-gen version] but we were too busy making the game," said Rob Nelson, Rockstar Games' animation director, in an interview with IGN.
"It's a very intense, in-your-face experienceâ€¦ literally."
GTA 5 arrives on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 18 November.
Nelson said he wanted gamers to experience the world from a different perspective.
"You're eye-level, down with the people on the street, and as you walk past them, you see them sort of look at you out of the corner of their eye. All of this stuff existed in the game before - lots of little details."
It's something the team says it had tried to achieve before, but wasn't able to on the older generation of consoles.
"We were constantly fighting about what we could have and what we could still push in, and what other areas you could steal memory back from - audio, art, maps - for animation.
"We weren't sure the world would have held up the way we would've wanted it to."
But changing the game in to a first-person perspective required a lot of work, with Rockstar saying it had to adapt GTA 5 extensively.
"You have to change pretty much everything," said Nelson.
"I mean, if you want to do it right. We have a very solid third-person animation system, but you don't just put the camera down there and expect to see the guns, aim, and shoot.
"All those animations are new when you switch to first-person, because it all has to be animated to the camera, to make it feel like a proper first-person experience that I think people would expect. All the timings have to be re-evaluated."
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Health trusts have unveiled £70m of cost-saving proposals that the public will have the opportunity to respond to in the coming weeks.

The public consultation of saving plans is an unprecedented move for trusts.
The five trusts have been asked to deliver the savings by the Department of Health.
The proposals were unveiled in five meetings across Northern Ireland at 12:00 BST on Thursday.
Each trust can act independently and have published their own set of proposals.
Out of the almost £70m overall, the trusts have individually been asked to save:
While each trust have made their plans independently, some common themes have emerged such as the cutting of agency or locum staff and a reduction of non-urgent elective surgery.
The Belfast Trust proposals could mean the closure of around 100 bed places while the Northern Trust has also suggested closing two wards in Whiteabbey Hospital.
The proposals could be reversed should the Stormont government return and a health minister be appointed.
The power-sharing institutions collapsed in January after a dispute between the DUP and Sinn Féin about a botched green energy scheme. Northern Ireland has been without a devolved government, or a health minister, since.
DUP MLA and former health minister Edwin Poots said some of the proposals were "alarming" while his party colleague, and North Belfast MP, Nigel Dodds said the suggestion to close two wards at Whiteabbey Hospital was "deeply troubling".
Mr Dodds said the proposals were a direct result of the "intransigence of Sinn Féin and their refusal to restore the Northern Ireland Assembly".
Sinn Féin MLA Carál Ní Chuilín said the "cynical and divisive" consultation was a "direct result of repeated cuts imposed by the Tory government, which have seen more than £1bn slashed from the north's finances".
"These cuts are not the result of the crisis at Stormont - they are the result of austerity policies conceived and implemented by a Tory cabinet in London," she added.
Asking the public to decide where the axe should fall in Health and Social care is as bizarre as it is cruel.
It is also unprecedented.
The local service has been struggling, but this latest measure is further indication of the somewhat precarious position that the system is currently in.
And the plans unveiled by the Belfast Health Trust represent a dire catalogue of proposals.
Read more: 'Cruel' public consultation on cuts
Public meetings took place at Knockbracken Healthcare Park in Belfast, Craigavon Hospital, Ulster Hospital, Antrim Area Hospital and Altnagelvin Hospital.
The public will now have the opportunity to comment on the draft savings during a six-week consultation.
The Department of Health said the "financial challenge remains significant due to inflation, an increasing and ageing population and the cost of new treatments and patient expectations".
"The Health and Social Care service cannot spend money it does not have and savings must be applied to this year's budget in order to achieve financial balance in 2017/2018," said the department.
"In this financial year, trusts are required to generate plans to deliver savings of £70m in order to address the funding gap."
What remains unclear is what will happen in the eventuality of an executive not being in place by the end of the consultation period.
No executive means no health minister to make decisions, meaning power may lie with the permanent secretary of the Department of Health to implement temporary measures.
Of course, another scenario may include the role of a direct rule minister.
In 2014, the Department of Health attempted to make cuts but the targeting of local services resulted in public protests and the threat of judicial reviews.
Many of the proposals were reversed, with then DUP Health Minister Edwin Poots saying he could not implement the cuts as they threatened patient safety.
The £70m of cuts being sought this time may sound considerable but, as part of an annual budget of £5bn, the figure is conservative.
Nevertheless, health trust executives would prefer to be spending £70m, as opposed to cutting services.


The West Midlands has voted to leave the European Union, with the victory margin in Birmingham less than 1%.

The leave campaign won by a hair's breadth in the city, where 50.4% voted Leave and 49.6% Remain.
Cannock Chase, Telford & Wrekin and North Warwickshire were among areas where more than 60% voted to leave - a clear message voters wanted out.
Eurosceptic Bill Cash, Conservative MP for Stone, said the result represented the common sense of the British people.
"They didn't buy the armageddon arguments and above all else they want to govern themselves," he said.
See the results for your area
There were 223,451 remain votes and 227,251 leave in Birmingham where the turnout was 64%.
The polls were also close in Stratford-Upon-Avon where leave won with a 4% margin.
In Worcester Leave won by 8%, with 29,114 votes to exit the EU and 25,125 to stay in, after a 74% turnout.
EU referendum result: What happens now?
The West Midlands voted decisively to Leave the European Union in yesterday's referendum.
North Warwickshire was the first of the region's areas to declare with a decisive 67% to 33% in favour of Leave.
It proved to be the start of a series of convincing victories across the patch as result after result here backed the Brexit option.
There was some brief respite with Remain coming out on top in Cotswold and Warwick but they were scant reward what was a night of misery for pro-EU supporters.
When Coventry and then Birmingham - by a whisker - backed Leave it became clear that there could only be one winner.
The West Midlands delivered a devastating verdict giving a victory for the Leave campaign on an historic night for British and European politics.
In Cannock Chase there was a huge lean towards leaving the EU from the 71% turnout.
The leave campaign won with 69% after gaining 36,894 votes against 16,684 for remain.
The first West Midlands count to finish, in North Warwickshire, was a taste of things to come as one by one regions followed suit.
A total of 25,385 people voted to leave and 12,569 to remain after a 75% turnout.
A total of 40,817 people voted leave and 38,341 remain of an 81% turnout.
In Telford & Wrekin, the leave campaign was also well out in the lead with 63% after a total of 56,649 of votes.
Remain got 37%, with a total of 32,954 votes, and the turnout was 72%.


Mae gwraig sy'n ymddeol ar ôl gweithio am chwarter canrif i'r Urdd yn y de ddwyrain yn dweud bod agwedd rhieni tuag at y Gymraeg yn yr ardal wedi newid yn llwyr yn ystod y cyfnod y buodd hi yno.

Yn 1991 y dechreuodd Helen Greenwood weithio gyda'r mudiad yng Ngwent, ac fe fu hefyd yn gweithio gyda'r Cylch Meithrin lleol.
"Mae gen i storis gan rieni yn y Cylch Meithrin pan agorodd o, ymhell cyn i fi ddod, lle oedd pobl yn awgrymu bod nhw off eu pennau yn penderfynu bod nhw eisiau i'w plant fynd i ysgol Gymraeg."
Mae'r agwedd yna wedi chwyldroi erbyn heddiw meddai.
"Hynny yw mae pawb yn derbyn erbyn hyn bod cael ysgolion Cymraeg a chylchoedd meithrin yn rhan normal o unrhyw gymdeithas."
Mae twf addysg Gymraeg yn yr ardal yn arwydd arall bod yna frwdfrydedd dros yr iaith, a'r llynedd ac yn 2015 Gwent oedd yr ardal gyda'r nifer uchaf o aelodau'r Urdd yng Nghymru gyfan - ffaith meddai sydd yn "anhygoel o ystyried cyn lleied o Gymraeg sydd yn yr ardal wir."
Ei chymar wnaeth ei pherswadio i symud i Flaenau Gwent am ei fod yn byw yn yr ardal. Ac o fewn dim roedd hi wedi cael cynnig gwaith.
"Cael galwad ffôn gan rywun oedd yn nabod rhywun, oedd yn gwybod mod i wedi symud, yn dweud bod nhw yn chwilio am swyddog datblygu rhan amser i'r Urdd yn yr ardal. A trio dweud mod i ddim yn adnabod yr ardal, bod gen i ddim syniad o ran yr ysgolion ac ati," meddai ond fe gafodd ei pherswadio i fynd i gael sgwrs efo cadeirydd y pwyllgor rhanbarth yn yr ardal.
"Anne Hughes oedd ei henw hi, oedd hi yn brifathrawes yn Ysgol Gymraeg Trelyn a hi wnaeth fy mherswadio fi. Oedd ei brwdfrydedd hi'n heintus."
Mae Helen ei hun wedi bod yn frwd dros y Gymraeg ac wedi gweithio i Gymdeithas yr Iaith ar un cyfnod er nad oedd hi'n siarad yr iaith ar yr aelwyd gartref.
Dysgu'r Gymraeg wnaeth hi yn yr ysgol gynradd yn Ynys Môn. Yn ôl ei thad, pe byddai'r teulu wedi byw yn Lloegr, fe fyddai ei ferch wedi ymwneud gyda rhyw achos neu'i gilydd am fod hynny yn rhan o'i chymeriad.
"Odd o yn dweud mwy na thebyg byddwn ni wedi cael fy nhynnu mewn i neud rwbath gyda CND, neu fudiad gwyrdd neu rwbath, bod o jest yn rhan ohono i, mod i isio bod yn rhan o fudiadau oedd yn cynnig gweithredu dros gyfiawnder neu yn yr achos yma dros yr iaith."
Yr her pan oedd hi'n cychwyn efo'r Urdd yng Ngwent oedd cynnig ystod o weithgareddau i blant a phobl ifanc oedd ddim yn cael y cyfle i ddefnyddio'r Gymraeg tu allan i furiau'r ysgol. Mae argyhoeddi ysgolion ail iaith fod yna werth bod yn rhan o'r Urdd wedi bod yn her arall.
"Ond mae hwnna wedi mynd yn haws ar hyd y blynyddoedd achos mae o yn rhan o'r cwricwlwm rŵan bod nhw yn cynnig y Gymraeg a phethau o'r tu allan i'r ysgol trwy gyfrwng y Gymraeg."
Sialens arall yw cynnig digon o gyfleoedd i bobl ifanc sydd ddim yn yr ysgolion fel eu bod yn gallu defnyddio'r Gymraeg yn gymdeithasol.
"Mae'n hawdd i ni drefnu gweithgareddau i blant a phobl ifanc tra bod nhw yn yr ysgol. Yr her ydy cadw gafael arnyn nhw, y rhai sydd ddim efallai yn mynd i'r brifysgol, sydd yn aros yn yr ardal.
"Mae angen i'r Mentrau, yr Urdd, y Mudiad Meithrin ddangos iddyn nhw bod yna gyfleoedd i ddefnyddio'r Gymraeg. Achos maen nhw yn colli'r cyfle ac yn troi fyny ac yn dweud, 'O, dw i ddim yn gallu siarad Cymraeg bellach. Dw i wedi gadael yr ysgol. '
"Wrth gwrs diffyg hyder ydy o. Dydyn nhw byth yn mynd i anghofio ond jest cyfleoedd sydd angen."
Ddiwedd yr haf y bydd Helen yn gorffen gweithio gyda'r Urdd ac mae'n cyfaddef fod gwneud popeth am y tro olaf yn deimlad 'od'.
Mae ei diolch yn fawr i'r gwirfoddolwyr a'r athrawon ac yn dweud na fyddai wedi cyflawni nag wedi mwynhau cymaint heb eu help.
"Bydda i'n colli'r gwmnïaeth mae hwnna yn sicr. Bydda i yn colli'r amrywiaeth yr holl bethau 'dw i wedi gwneud.
"Ond mae'r amser nawr i gamu nôl a gadael i rywun ifancach gymryd drosodd."


A man died of undiagnosed heart condition at a dance music festival in Warwickshire, an inquest heard.

Craig William Dearie, 24, from Cheshunt in Hertfordshire, was found dead in a tent at Global Gathering on 28 July.
A verdict into his death ruled he died of natural causes due to Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndrome (SADS), said Warwickshire Coroners' Office.
Up to 40,000 people are thought to have attended the event at Long Marston airfield near Stratford-upon-Avon.
The SADS Foundation website describes the condition as "heart rhythm abnormalities that can cause sudden death in young, apparently healthy people who are undiagnosed".


More than a quarter of adults in Northern Ireland live with multiple deprivation, a study has suggested.

A barometer of poverty, it takes into account a wide range of elements like access to services, levels of education, health and housing.
Those lacking three or more basic necessities like food or heating are said to live with multiple deprivation.
The figure rises sharply for those directly affected by the Troubles, said Queen's University Belfast researchers.
Universities across the UK, led by the University of Bristol, have been involved in compiling the Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK project, which they say is the largest ever study of its kind.
The Northern Ireland part of the study, which included a section on people's experience of violence during the Troubles, found:
Professor Mike Tomlinson of Queen's University, who led the study in Northern Ireland, said: "Experience of violent events in the past increased the chances of suffering from multiple deprivation in the present.
"Research in many parts of the world has shown that violent conflicts can result in long-term problems of poverty and deprivation.
"This is what has happened in Northern Ireland - the evidence is clear.
"Dealing with the past needs to include tackling the deprivation of those whose lives are most blighted by the years of conflict."
The Northern Ireland study was based on two surveys conducted in 2012, in which more than 3,300 people were interviewed.


A man has been arrested on suspicion of murdering an 18-year-old man in the Moss Side area of Manchester.

Abdul Hafidah was stabbed after he was hit by a car on Moss Lane East on 12 May and died later in hospital.
Eight people, including a 14-year-old boy, have previously been arrested in connection with his death and have been released on bail.
A 19-year-old man from Moss Side has been taken into custody for questioning, police said.
Police believe Mr Hafidah had been chased near Greenheys Lane before being struck by a blue Vauxhall Corsa and then stabbed,
Officers are continuing to appeal for information.
Det Sgt Wes Knights said: "This is now our ninth arrest and we will continue to progress this investigation and carry on with our inquiries.
"I would ask anyone who might have been in the area at the time of Abdul's murder to come forward. Every bit of information could help us give his family answers."


The granddaughter of Labour's post-war prime minister Clement Attlee will stand for Parliament for the Liberal Democrats.

Jo Roundell Greene will run in former party leader Paddy Ashdown's Yeovil constituency at the general election next month.
She said she had always felt "comfortable" as a Lib Dems, despite her illustrious family history.
Mr Ashdown said he was "delighted the flame has passed to Jo".
"I didn't think about my grandfather a lot," Ms Roundell Greene said when asked whether her grandfather's legacy overshadowed her own political aspirations.
"I have never, ever been a Conservative and it's fair to say my family were not Conservatives.
"I joined the Lib Dems in 2000 but had always voted Lib Dem before. That is where I am comfortable."
Ms Roundell Greene has been a councillor at South Somerset District Council since 2007 and deputy leader of the council since 2015.
The Yeovil seat is a key battleground for the party at next month's general election.
Paddy Ashdown was MP from 1983 to 2001, with David Laws keeping the Lib Dem flag flying in the Somerset seat until 2015.
But Marcus Fysh secured a Conservative win for the first time in more than 30 years at the last election.
Mr Ashdown said: "David Laws and I are delighted that the flame passes to Jo Roundell Greene, who has been an exceptional councillor and champion for our area."
Ms Roundell Greene takes over after the former Lib Dem candidate pulled out of the race last month as she was in the middle of buying a house.
Daisy Benson said it would be unfair to Yeovil constituents "not to be able to devote 100% of my time to campaigning".
The confirmed candidates for the Yeovil constituency so far are: Marcus Fysh (Conservative), Ian Martin (Labour) and Jo Roundell Greene (Liberal Democrat). Other parties are yet to confirm their candidates.