Whenever the terrorist threat is increased, as it has been since the tragic events in Paris last week, so too are the calls from politicians to increase the powers of the people they employ to protect the public from such threats.

Those agencies can only do their job, the argument goes, if they have full access to the online chatter of those planning terrorist atrocities.
As the UK's Prime Minister David Cameron put it in a speech this week - there should be no "means of communication" which "we cannot read".
But in an era when communication takes many forms, and with the added problem that much of this communication is encrypted, how easy is it to turn this sound bite into reality?
For Mr Cameron the answer lies in a new "comprehensive piece of legislation" that will close the "safe spaces" used by suspected terrorists.
So what are those safe spaces?
Although Mr Cameron doesn't name any, it is likely he is referring to new apps such as WhatsApp and Snapchat which allow people to chat with relative anonymity by keeping their services encrypted.
But the battle is much more wide-ranging as established names such as Google and Apple promise to do more to ensure that encryption is used as default on their services. After the revelations from whistle-blower Edward Snowden about mass surveillance programs, firms are determined to be seen to be putting the control of their data back in the hands of consumers.
In the past, governments with the appropriate warrants could go to firms such as Apple and ask them to unlock the communications on phones.
No more. Apple has changed its infrastructure to make it impossible for it to hand over any data from the iPhone 6's iMessage service, for example.
Such military-grade lock-down of devices inevitably terrifies governments so it should come as no surprise that they are fighting back with new legislation.
Although, it should be noted, that the new legislation Mr Cameron referred to in his speech is probably just a resurrection of an old law.
The Draft Communication Bill of 2012, dubbed the "snoopers' charter" by critics, aimed to extend the range of data that communication companies had to store for 12 months.
It would have included, for the first time, details of messages sent on social media, webmail, voice calls over the internet and gaming. Officials would not have been able to see the content without a warrant but the bill was blocked by the Liberal Democrats.
Politics continues to dog attempts to revive it with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg saying after Mr Cameron's latest speech that his party will continue to oppose any such legislation.
At the heart of the debate is the question about how the government deals with the fact that communication data is increasingly being encrypted.
As Prof Alan Woodward, a security expert from the University of Surrey, puts it: "You can have all the legislation in the world but you still might not be able to read what you've got."
Encryption has long terrified governments.
The so-called crypto-wars began in the 1970s when the US government attempted to classify encryption as munition.
The Clinton administration in the 1990s tried to get industry to adopt the so-called Clipper chip - an encryption chip for which the government had a backdoor.
The US government also tried to introduce something called key escrow - a policy that all encryption systems should leave a a spare key with a trusted third party.
When software developer Phil Zimmermann developed PGP, a free mass-market encryption product for emails and files, the US government attempted to prosecute him because someone had exported his software from the US without government permission.
And, however outrageous this may sound now, those two options remain the only ones for the government as, two decades later, they grapple with exactly the same issues.
So does the idea of a golden key, a backdoor for the security service, make any more sense now than it did in the 1990s?
Certainly the threat from terrorism is greater and few would argue with the sentiment that, if you are in danger and a police officer turns up at your backdoor - you are going to let them in.
But the analogy implies that someone has control over who uses the backdoor and, of course, in the software sense this is impossible.
A backdoor in software is not just something for the security service. Anyone - including the criminals - may discover it and exploit it.
"A UK cryptographic backdoor would become the number one global target for cybercriminals. The UK government would not be able to keep it secure for long, particularly if it needed to give access to police and security services," said Matthew Bloch, managing director of internet hosting firm Bytemark.
All of this has been debated before, of course.  Ahead of the controversial Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, which came into force in 2000, both options of a backdoor and the idea of a key stored by a third party were considered and rejected by lawmakers.
They opted instead for a third way - that someone in possession of an encryption key should be forced to hand it over to the authorities.
That too is fraught with complexities.
Often the person simply doesn't know the key.
"It comes down to passwords on laptops and you can't force someone to hand these over," said Prof Woodward.
And encryption technology is evolving.
"Now there is a way of protecting secret information into the future so if a key is compromised the key agreed for a particular session changes," he explained.
"There are even technologies emerging that can give a false key which makes the system aware that the key was given under duress and wipes the data."
The technology industry tends to have a knee-jerk reaction to attempts from government to interfere in its processes.
Don't mess in things that you don't understand, they warn. The technology genie is out of the bottle and cannot be put back.
In this particular case, some have interpreted Mr Cameron's words as meaning that the government is seeking to ban, in effect, a technology that underpins the global economy.
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) encryption protects financial details when people shop or bank online while so-called end-to-end encryption such as PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) help keep personal messages private.
"Encryption is mathematics, not technology. It can't be suppressed by law," Mr Bloch told the BBC.
Whatever route the government elected in the UK in May decides to go, Prof Woodward hopes that it will listen carefully to the technology industry.
"The government will need to take a lot of wide-ranging advice as this has the potential to go spectacularly wrong."
It is also worth noting, he added, that the men involved in the Paris shootings were known to the authorities and had been under surveillance until it was deemed that the threat from them had lessened.
"The security forces need better resources not more powers."


Recycling rates for Welsh councils have risen in the past year, according to provisional data.

They reused, recycled and composted 62% of municipal waste in the 12 months to September 2016, compared to 58% in the previous year.
Ceredigion was the best performing authority with a rate of 70%, while Blaenau Gwent was the worst at 52%.
The Welsh Government has set all councils a target of recycling 70% of waste by 2024-2025.
The data also showed a quarterly rise in recycling rates, with 66% of waste recycled between July and September 2016 - an increase of 5% when compared to same quarter in 2015.
But the total amount of waste generated in Wales increased from 411,000 tonnes to 425,000 tonnes during the same period.


Hundreds of Indian farmers in Karnataka state are protesting against a court order for the release of water from a disputed river to Tamil Nadu state.

Train and bus services between the state capital Bangalore and the city of Mysore have been partially disrupted by the protesting farmers.
Tension is high between the two states over the ongoing long dispute over sharing water from the Cauvery river.
Both states say they need the water for millions of farmers in the region.
"There is a drought like situation and there is no water for our farmers. How can water be released to Tamil Nadu?" said KS Puttanaiah, leader of the Karnataka State Farmers Association.
Karnataka was forced to release water after the Supreme Court censured it last week for not complying with a direction of the Cauvery river authority, headed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, to release 9,000 cusecs (cubic feet per second) of water to Tamil Nadu daily until October 15.
"It is unavoidable. We have to follow the Supreme Court orders," said Karnataka Chief Minister Jagdish Shettar, after coming under attack from the opposition and farmers groups for releasing the water.
Mr Shettar said Karnataka will appeal against the order in the Supreme Court.
The Cauvery originates in Karnataka and flows into Tamil Nadu and the dispute over sharing of waters originates in the 19th century during the British rule.


Tourists and travellers in Indonesia have been stranded for a third day, as volcanic ash has forced the closure of airports on three islands.

Bali's Denpasar airport has been shut since Tuesday after Mount Rinjani on Lombok island began erupting.
Two airports on Lombok and Java have also been closed due to the risk posed by the drifting ash plume.
About 700 flights - and the transfer of one of Interpol's most wanted men - have been affected.
Debris from Mount Rinjani has spewed 3,500m (11,480 ft) into the air, the National Disaster Mitigation Agency said.
Nearby towns have been blanketed in grey ash, but locals are not in danger, spokesman Sutopo Purwo Nugroho said.
Jetstar said it had cancelled all of its Thursday flights in and out of Denpasar, also known as Ngurah Rai, airport.
"We've been advised Denpasar Airport will remain closed until tomorrow as the Mount Rinjani ash cloud continues to make flying conditions around Bali unsafe," the airline said in a statement.
Virgin Australia and Air Asia have also been forced to ground flights.
All airlines should do their best to help a passenger complete their journey, a spokesman for the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), the UK aviation regulator, told the BBC in July.
"The airline has to get you home," he said. "Outside of the EU, you're on slightly less firm ground, though. Passenger rights are nowhere near as well-developed elsewhere as they are in the EU. European passengers are very well-protected."
If your flight is cancelled and you are in a hurry to travel, but an airline is unhelpful, the CAA spokesman said the best option would be to buy a new ticket and pursue the matter later with your insurance company and the airline's national regulator.
When it comes to compensation however, an ash cloud is outside an airline's control and is classed in the same category as bad weather, meaning there is not a lot companies can do, the CAA said.
The deportation of an alleged Indian underworld don has also been delayed by the airport closure, police say.
Rajendra Sadashiv Nikalje, also known in India as Chota Rajan or "Little Rajan", was detained when he flew into Bali airport from Sydney last month.
Police acted on a tip-off from Australian authorities, who said Nikalje had been living in the country under a different name.
Interpol's website states that Nikalje was born in Mumbai, and is wanted on multiple charges including murder and possession and use of illegal firearms.
Chris Davies from the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre in Darwin in Australia's north told the BBC earlier this year that it does not take much ash to interfere with flights.
"The most dangerous aspect for aviation is that modern jet engines pull in so much air and the ash concentrates in engines and turns into a kind of molten glass," Mr Davies said.
"The ash melts, coats inside of the engine and affects fuel flow, so in the worst case scenario it can cause engines to shut off."


Once the merriment and revelry of London 2012 had dimmed, and the country had returned to focusing on the routine, Max Whitlock held a meeting with his coach Scott Hann.

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It was during that one-on-one talk that the boy from Hemel Hempstead said he wanted to be a great, wanted to be remembered, wanted to inspire a nation.
It was a stirring speech from the winner of two bronze medals at his home Olympics. It excited Hann, it roused him. It was the start of their journey to Rio, to double Olympic gold, to history.
"I asked if he wanted to be just a pommel horse specialist," remembers Hann. "He said, 'I want to be an all-around gymnast and I want to be one of the world's greatest. I don't want to be a flash in the pan.' That inspired me."
The pair shunned big-money competitions, World Cups and stage events, as Whitlock dedicated himself to his sport so, on a glorious Brazilian Sunday afternoon, the boy who dreamed big could fulfil his teenage ambition.
Whitlock, who ended a 116-year wait for a British gymnastics Olympic champion, would have been celebrated had he won once at the Olympic Arena, but he did it twice - on the floor and pommel horse - and did it coolly and with flair.
Britain has never produced a gymnast of Whitlock's calibre, but then there has been no-one quite like the quiet, single-minded 23-year-old who dazzles through actions rather than words.
British team-mate Dan Keatings has known Whitlock since he was seven and remembers him as the boy who did "amazing" things on the pommel horse.
Keatings and Louis Smith, the double Olympic pommel horse silver medallist and pioneer of his craft, were Britain's leading lights on the apparatus, but knew there was a special talent in their slipstream.
"In the gym he's quite quiet, gets his head down, but you notice he's there because of the amazing stuff he's doing," says Keatings, the 2009 world all-around silver medallist.
"He puts everything into this sport. He makes sure he gets the right amount of sleep every single night without fail. I don't think he's had an alcoholic drink this year.
"He works harder than everyone else in the gym. He doesn't seclude himself, he'll be involved in every group activity that we do, but he sits in the background while he's working away.
"He does the absolute most to make sure he's at his best in the gym, hence he's Olympic champion. He's an amazing character. In training he'll be having more goes than everyone else. Usually us gymnasts have a go on a piece of apparatus, which will take 30 seconds, take a rest and do it again. Some will rest for two minutes, he'll rest for one, so he's having two goes to everyone else's one. He's dedicated and determined."
Whitlock's story isn't a tale of an uninterrupted rise to the top. In the spring of last year the Englishman's powers were waning as his muscles weakened and his coordination failed him. He isn't the sort to anger quickly, says his coach, but this "hit him hard".
With just a year and a half until the Olympics, the gymnast who had known only of excellence since the age of seven could not accomplish routine twists and tricks. In one training session, on the parallel bars, he nearly landed on his head, while any training routine longer than 30 seconds was beyond him.
The illness which had completely drained the three-time Commonwealth gold medallist was glandular fever, its gravity hidden from the media, its effects still lingering.
"We've tried to hide how ill he was," says Hann.
"Even now, to this day, we've had to adjust training to make sure we don't overdo it because he's not quite back to what he used to be."
While it was glandular fever that debilitated Whitlock, he says it was the viral infection that pushed him to further success. The medals back up the Essex-based gymnast's claim because since recuperating and recovering, Whitlock has become the first British man to win a world gymnastics title, and is now the first to win Olympic golds.
He is the owner of 24 major medals, five of which have been won at the Olympics. He is the equal of Sir Ben Ainslie and three adrift of Sir Bradley Wiggins' record Olympic haul of eight. He is keeping company with knights of the realms, the greatest of British sporting greats, and that is what he has always wanted.
When asked by a journalist whether he was prepared for the inevitable life-changing impact of his never-to-be-forgotten feats, Whitlock puffed out his cheeks and looked down. He could not answer. The magnitude of his achievements had yet to sink in.
But the world and Olympic champion is not the sort to be alarmed or frightened by the consequences of continued historic triumphs.
While Smith talked on Sunday of taking a year out from the sport, to make more money and further boost his profile, Whitlock is unlikely to follow his team-mate down the path towards reality TV.
"He's got a good representative looking after him," says Hann. "Max's personality is very calm, he's humble. He's a really lovely, chilled-out guy. I think he'll be able to handle it no problem at all, though I'm not sure if he realises at this moment how much this could possibly change his life."
Whitlock is an ad man's dream, an athlete whose star is constantly rising. He is a clean-living boy, who will marry his fiancee next year, and has a flair for design and numerous party tricks  - one a back flip with a football between his feet, directing the ball into an open boot of a car.
Last year he was chosen by British designer Paul Smith to be the face of a new advertising campaign, and videos of him pivoting and rotating in expensive designer clobber were projected onto Tokyo skyscrapers. Whitlock likes taking part in slick advertising campaigns and, after winning pommel horse gold at last year's World Championships, said he enjoyed being recognised. More adoration and big businesses will come his way, but on a level he has never experienced before.
Keatings, who celebrated with Whitlock on Sunday, believes his friend "will be fine".
"He was world champion last year, so he's had a taste of it and it's prepared him for what's to come, although that will be nothing of this magnitude," says Keatings.
Whitlock will enjoy the rewards that come his way and says his double gold makes him feel complete. He has fulfilled the goals he set for himself four years ago - to inspire a nation and be remembered. "He'll be remembered in gymnastics history for a long, long time," says Keatings.
But one day the celebrating will be put to bed and, just as he did after his surprise bronze medals at London 2012, he will set new targets and aim to further his greatness, because that is what history-makers do.


A former professional golfer who raped a teenage girl and sexually assaulted two others has been jailed.

Gavin Samuels, 26, was convicted after two trials at Luton Crown Court.
Sentencing Samuels on Friday Judge Lynn Tayton QC described him as "predatory and manipulative".
Samuels, the 2011 winner of the Faldo Series Grand Final and who coached two of the victims at a Bedfordshire golf club, was jailed for 14 and a half years.
Samuels, of Melfort Drive, Linslade, near Leighton Buzzard, was convicted of four counts of rape and six charges of various sexual assaults on two girls aged under 16.
Judge Tayton QC said: "I have been told that golf was your life but you were not deterred that you could lose your career. You were in a position of trust.
"There is evidence of a long history of your interest in young girls which manifested itself when you were 15 and continued until you were reported to police," said the judge.
The offences were committed between 2006 and 2014.
The first victim was about 12 when the abuse began and he was aged between 15 and 16 years.
She was 13 when he first raped her.
The two other victims were aged between 14 and 16.
He urged the girls not to tell anyone, saying it would ruin his career.
Sasha Bailey, defending, said before the sentence was passed: "Golf has been a major part of his life and career. He knows he is going to receive a lengthy sentence."
Det Insp Grant Maxted said after the case: "Samuels took advantage of the youth and naivety of his victims in a bid to sexually abuse them.
"He gave them gifts and items such as cigarettes in exchange for attention and sexual acts, as well as bombarding them with inappropriate messages."


The father of a Liverpool boy who died of a heart condition has criticised the government for "ignoring" a petition to put defibrillators in public buildings.

Mark King said he believes Oliver, who died during a school swimming lesson in March 2011, could have been saved if a machine was nearby.
An online petition requesting they are put in all public buildings by law gained 22,800 signatures.
The government said the matter had been devolved to local ambulance trusts.
A spokesman said the Department of Health set up the National Defibrillator Programme in 2000, to place the machines in public places, but from 2007 responsibility for the programme was devolved to ambulance trusts.
He added: "Most of the ambulance trusts across the UK have community resuscitation departments or similar, which work to place defibrillators in the community, and in areas of need."
Mr King said he was "bitterly disappointed" by the government's response to the petition.
"We feel they have just paid us lip service and have not acknowledge the strength of the public feeling regarding this matter," he said.
He has urged more people to sign the petition as if it gets 100,000 signatures a debate in Parliament will be triggered.
Mr King added: "If you're a parent you can't afford to ignore this request - we feel certain had there been a defibrillator available Oliver would still be here with us today. Together we can make a difference."
Liverpool councillor Jake Morrison, who created the e-petition, said: "It has taken us since September to get this response, which is completely inadequate and unhelpful.
"The government have buried their head in the sand on this issue. We need legislation so that all public buildings require defibrillators."
Oliver King, who was a pupil at King David High School in Childwall, suffered a cardiac arrest due to Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome (SADS), which campaigners say takes the lives of 12 young people aged between 12 and 35 every week.
The Oliver King Foundation, a charity set up in his honour, has started a project to put defibrillators in all 122 Liverpool primary schools.


Incoming British Cycling performance director Stephen Park says discussions with the organisation have allayed fears he had about taking on the role.

Park, 49, was appointed in December, since when chairman Jonathan Browning has apologised for "failings" at the governing body following accusations of bullying and sexism against elite cyclists.
"From the interactions I've had with British Cycling, what I read in the paper doesn't represent what I see on the ground now," Park told BBC Sport.
Asked whether recent revelations have caused him concern about his new role, which he has yet to start, he added: "Of course, it would be a little bit disingenuous to say I've not had those thoughts at some time.
"From the reviews going on there are going to be lessons learned."
And Park, who joins British Cycling after overseeing British Sailing for 15 years, added: "Not being directly involved in the performance end of cycling historically, I very much hope that will be a benefit.
"Going in as a non-cyclist perhaps gives me the opportunity to ask those questions that people haven't asked for a while - to reassure ourselves that the processes we have and systems we have are appropriate."
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An investigation into alleged failings at British Cycling is to be published imminently, but a draft version of the report has been leaked.
Responding to the leaked details, British Cycling acknowledged it had "focused on medal delivery without sufficient care and attention to the overall staff and athlete culture and environment".
The body claims it has instigated steps to improve its culture, but Sport England has asked for "more work" to be done if it is to grant £17m of funding.
Park admits public confidence in British Cycling's decision-making needs to be restored.
"We're the third highest participation sport in the UK," he said. "It's important to all of those cyclists to get British Cycling back, in terms of a governance and organisational perspective, to where we would all like to see it."
Park is British Cycling's first performance director since 2014, when Sir Dave Brailsford left the role to focus on duties at Team Sky.


The trainers of a kidnapped greyhound, believed to be worth up to 1m euros (£847,000) in stud fees, have said they are "delighted" the dog has been found.

Four men have been arrested after the greyhound, Clares Rocket, was found "safe and well" by Irish police.
The dog is believed to have been stolen from kennels run by the Holland family in Golden, County Tipperary, on Monday.
They said they were "very emotional" when they were reunited with the dog and he was "very glad to be home".
"His feet are a bit sore but he had been fed and had not dehydrated," the family added.
The greyhound is owned by the Limerick-based Full House Syndicate but is trained by Graham Holland and his family at Riverside Kennels in County Tipperary.
In a statement on their website, the family said: "The whole thing has been a nightmare for the team, and his owners.
"We were away in Belfast visiting our son Christopher and we assume the dog was taken in the early hours of Monday morning.
"Our other son Timmy found the dog missing and contacted us immediately."
The theft of the champion dog was widely reported in the Irish and UK press, sparking comparisons with the IRA kidnap of the Irish racehorse Shergar in 1983.
At one stage, it was speculated that thieves might demand a ransom for the safe return of the dog.
Clares Rocket is considered to be a "superstar" in greyhound racing, according to pundit Ian Fortune.
"He's already captured under 54,000 euros (£45,800) in prize money and he's not even two-and-a-half years of age yet," Mr Fortune told the BBC's Good Morning Ulster programme.
"Purely just in terms of pace, determination, track craft - this is just a serious greyhound.
"He's a dog that seems to have everything. He has great early speed, flies down the back straight, stays strong. He's well bred."
The Racing Post said Clares Rocket is "regarded as one of the fastest - and best - greyhounds seen in years".
The Holland family said they were informed on Tuesday evening that four men had been arrested and that the dog was safe.
"We picked Rocket up at about midnight and it was very emotional," the family added.
"He was very glad to be home and we were delighted to see him again. At one stage, naturally, we all feared the worst.
"Thank you to all our family, friends and followers who supported us during this time."
Detectives are questioning two men in Tipperary Garda (Irish police) station while the other two suspects are being interviewed at Clonmel Garda station.
A Garda spokesperson said the four men were detained on suspicion of the theft and possession of the stolen greyhound.
However, Clares Rocket has "found safe and well", police confirmed.


A plan for a helipad on top of a new multi-storey car park at a Nottingham hospital has been approved.

Patients will be transferred from air ambulances to a lift and then a land ambulance, which will take them for treatment at Queen's Medical Centre.
The £3m helipad will reduce transfer time from around 20 minutes to two to three minutes, Nottinghamshire University Hospitals NHS Trust said.
A ground-level helipad would have been preferable but not possible, it said.
Helicopters currently land at a helipad at Highfields Park a mile away and are then transferred by road ambulance.
Under the plans approved by the city council earlier, patients will reach the East Midlands Major Trauma Centre on the QMC site within three minutes via a dedicated ambulance which will travel along the hospital's own service road.
"We're the biggest major trauma centre in the UK. We see an awful lot of patients," clinical lead Adam Brooks said.
"Our results are excellent but by minimising that time we can further improve the care we deliver."
The Air Ambulance Association's advice is that helipads should be at ground level but Mr Brooks said the layout of the QMC did not make that possible.
The County Air Ambulance Trust, which is giving £250,000 to the project, said every possible solution had been investigated.
"It's not the best solution but it's the only solution at the QMC," chief executive Robert Bertram said.
A fundraising campaign is underway to raise a total of £3m needed for the helipad.
The six-storey car park for more than 650 vehicles will be for staff and visitors and will cost the trust £1.5m. It is set to open in the Spring.


Grimsby Town returned to the Football League after a six-year absence with victory over Forest Green Rovers in the National League promotion final.

Two quickfire Omar Bogle goals just before half-time gave Grimsby control.
Forest Green fought back after the break and Keanu Marsh-Brown's superb goal reduced their deficit after Jon Parkin had missed from six yards.
But Grimsby - playing in the play-offs for a fourth consecutive year - struck a late third through Nathan Arnold.
Paul Hurst's side, who lost to Bristol Rovers on penalties in last year's final, had seen Arnold's long-range strike tipped onto the post shortly before taking the lead at Wembley.
Bogle then glanced in Jon Nolan's free-kick via Rovers' Darren Carter's back to open the scoring, before volleying in from six yards on the rebound to double Grimsby's lead just one minute later.
Forest Green introduced substitute Parkin at half-time and the 34-year-old former Preston striker's presence changed the game.
Parkin could only hit the side netting from Forest Green's best chance, inside the six-yard box, before Marsh-Brown's sweet, dipping strike gave them hope.
But Forest Green, who had finished nine points above Grimsby in the league table, could not find an equaliser despite a spirited fightback.
Rovers, who sacked manager Ady Pennock one week before the start of their semi-final against Dover to "boost their chances in the play-offs", had set a fifth-tier record of nine consecutive wins to start the season, before being beaten to the league title by Cheltenham Town.
Having finished in their highest-ever league position in second, they were led at Wembley by caretaker boss Scott Bartlett, while next season's manager, Mark Cooper, offered guidance from the dugout.
But the Nailsworth club - who had hoped to make their home town the smallest settlement to ever host a Football League club - saw their promotion hopes dashed in the play-offs for the second year running.
Arnold, who had a low shot saved with 15 minutes to play, completed the win in stoppage time, tucking in on the rebound to end Forest Green's hopes of a late twist.
The promoted Mariners return to Wembley on 22 May for the FA Trophy final against FC Halifax.
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Grimsby boss Paul Hurst told BBC Radio Humberside: "I'm quite relaxed. I feel quite calm. It's a fantastic achievement.
"Those players, rightly so, will go down in the club's history.
"It's far from job done yet - we want to make sure that we're a Football League club for a long time to come and, if possible, see if we can move the club even further forward."
Forest Green Rovers striker Jon Parkin told BBC Radio Gloucestershire: "It was just a mad five minutes in the first half that put us on the back foot.
"In the second half, we've come out and had a real go. (We had) a couple of chances, should have scored and it's a totally different game.
"But that's the difference - they took their chances, we didn't."


He is the drug lord who defined an era, turning the cocaine trade into a multi-million dollar business and killing whoever dared to stand in his way.

Now, more than 18 years after being gunned down on a rooftop in the city of Medellin, everybody in Colombia is once again talking about Pablo Escobar.
The country's biggest television network, Caracol, is currently showing a 63-episode drama series about the life of the boss of the Medellin drug cartel.
The fierce debate about the series, which began even before it started, shows how controversial a figure Escobar remains.
Colombian television has dealt with the world of drug trafficking many times before.
But Escobar: The Boss of Evil is not your run-of-the-mill soap opera.
With a cast of some 1,300, and filmed in more than 450 different locations, it is one of Caracol's most ambitious productions.
The series was produced by relatives of two of Escobar's most high-profile victims: Luis Carlos Galan, a presidential candidate who made the fight against drugs the cornerstone of his campaign, and Guillermo Cano, the publisher of the daily newspaper El Espectador.
The producers say their aim was historical accuracy.
The show is also the first to openly use the name of the man who once was the world's biggest drug trafficker and Colombia's public enemy number one.
"It was like something really bad happened within the family and we needed to wait for time to pass before we could address the issue," series director Carlos Moreno told the BBC.
Mr Moreno says he wanted the series to be as much about Escobar as his many victims, who included rival drug traffickers, policemen, politicians, and journalists.
Many innocent civilians were also caught up in his war against the Colombian state as he resisted efforts to extradite him to the US.
In the 1980s and early 1990s, Escobar and his cartel turned Medellin into a byword for violence, and the most conservative estimates hold him responsible for some 4,000 deaths.
But Escobar was not universally despised.
His memory is still cherished in some of Medellin's poorest neighbourhoods, where he used to build houses and football pitches and was regarded by some as a local Robin Hood.
"There still are people who hate him and people who love him dearly," Andres Parra, the actor who plays Escobar in the series, told the BBC.
"He was a very complex character: a great son, a great husband, a great father, a great friend, who also had the capacity to inflict a great deal of pain and terror.
"He claimed to be a defender of human rights who was also able to order the bombing of a commercial plane."
For Mr Parra, Escobar's contradictory personality is what makes him such a compelling character to play.
And it can also explain why the first episode of the series, broadcast on 28 May, attracted a record 11 million viewers.
Many Colombians also seem to have adjusted their routines in order to not miss the programme, which is on every weekday night.
But in a country that is still waging a painful and bloody war against the cocaine trade, not everybody approves of giving a drug lord such top billing.
Colombia has tried hard to overcome the association with drugs and violence it earned during the Escobar era.
There are fears his rags-to-riches story could inspire  a new generation of drug traffickers.
Indeed, as a self-made man who made it to Forbes magazine ranking of the world's 10 wealthiest men, Escobar embodied the ambitions and dreams of many poor Colombians.
And, by doing so, he also offered them a rationale to justify the cocaine trade.
"Drug trafficking has been the promise of social change," said Mr Moreno.
For the director of The Boss of Evil, that is precisely why it is also important to make sure younger Colombians fully understand the pain caused by the biggest drug lord of them all.
"I know who Escobar was, but what I know about him I know because of my family," Marcela Mendez, a 18-year-old student, told the BBC.
"I was only three years old (when Pablo Escobar died) but those things are never forgotten, because of what our families had to go through, bombs exploded when they were on the streets," said Antonio Pinillos.
"I think in Colombia everybody knows who Escobar was, although I'm not so sure my generation knows all the truth."
Mr Pinillos said he believed Caracol Television's main aim in dramatising such a painful period of the country's recent history was big ratings.
But he also feels the show can help to fill in some gaps.
For director Carlos Moreno, the silence about some parts of the Escobar story is explained by the close ties the drug lord had with many politicians and businessmen.
"And there still are many (uncovered) links: political, economic, social," Mr Moreno said.
That might be why the series has proved so controversial. But it may also be the reason why it was necessary.


Four City traders have been ordered to serve jail sentences after being convicted of rigging the Libor rate.

Jay Merchant was sentenced to six-and-a-half years, while Peter Johnson, who pleaded guilty, and Jonathan Mathew were each jailed for four years.
Alex Pabon received two years and nine months. All four worked for Barclays.
Judge Anthony Leonard told Southwark Crown Court: "What this case has shown is the absence of integrity that ought to characterise banking."
Libor - or the London inter-bank offered rate - is used by banks to set prices of financial products. It underpins trillions of pounds in loans for households and companies worldwide.
The former Barclays employees are the only other people to be jailed in the Libor rigging scandal since Tom Hayes was convicted last year.
The Serious Fraud Office (SFO), which brought the investigation, pointed to comments from the judge that the bankers' behaviour showed "an absence of integrity".
The judge added that the four men would serve half their sentences in prison and then be released, the SFO said.
Judge Leonard said he gave Merchant the longest sentence because he judged him to "bear greatest responsibility for what happened".
"I do not judge that you were the originator of the scheme, but it was under your leadership the manipulation took off," the judge said on Thursday. "You abused a position of power and authority."
Mathew, of Shenfield, Essex, and Merchant and Pabon, who both live in the US, were convicted of conspiracy to defraud on Monday after an 11-week trial.
Johnson, of Tunbridge Wells, pleaded guilty of the same charge in October 2014, but was only sentenced on Thursday.
The convictions are a victory for the SFO after five City brokers were cleared in January of helping Hayes to manipulate the Libor rate.
Hayes, a former star trader, was initially sentenced to 14 years in prison, although that was later reduced to 11.
The US Justice Department said it is dropping charges against three former brokers acquitted in the January ruling.
The Libor rigging scandal erupted in 2012 when Barclays was given a Â£290m fine and its chief executive Bob Diamond was forced to resign.
Royal Bank of Scotland, UBS, Deutsche Bank and broker Icap have also received heavy fines for attempting to manipulate the rate.


Chrissie Wellington made a winning return to the Ironman World Championships in Hawaii.

The Colorado-based Briton lifted her fourth title in a time of eight hours, 55 minutes and eight seconds, to beat Mirinda Carfrae and GB's Leanda Cave.
The 34-year-old from Feltwell, Norfolk suffered heavy bruising in a training accident, preparing for the race.
"It's the hardest-fought victory of my career and definitely the one I'm most proud of," she told BBC Radio Norfolk.
"The grazes on my leg and elbow were the least of my worries, the internal bruising to my upper chest and hip caused the most pain.
"That's why I feel so proud. The mind is an amazing thing. The body may scream in agony but you can overcome that."
World record holder Wellington, unbeaten over the 140-mile distance - which comprise a 2.4 mile swim, 112-mile cycle and full marathon - finished just under three minutes ahead of Australia's reigning champion Carfrae in Kona.
"I'd have preferred a bigger cushion," she said. "But it was a true race. Normally, I lead from the front but I had to dig to the very depths of myself emotionally and physically.
"I came off the bike in sixth and had to run my way to victory, so it was a very different event this year, a phenomenal race."
Wellington, who missed the event in 2010 due to illness, was particularly pleased to claim back her title.
"To be crowned four-times world champion means everything," she said. "I'm so proud to hold that title and wear that crown.
"To be the figurehead and representative of our amazing sport is a dream come true," she added.
Fellow Britons Cave and Rachel Joyce finished third and fourth respectively, making it the nation's best-ever World Championships.
In the men's race, Australia's 2008 and 2009 champion Craig Alexander secured a third title with fellow Australian Pete Jacobs second and Germany's Andreas Raelert third.
In September, GB's Alistair Brownlee was crowned tritahlon world champion after pipping his brother Jonathan in the season-ending Grand Final in Beijing.


Wales international striker Sarah Wiltshire has left Manchester City Women and rejoined Women's Super League Two side Yeovil Town.

The 23-year-old returns to the Glovers less than six months after signing for City, having made just two appearances at the Academy Stadium.
Wilshire was Yeovil's top scorer in 2014 with 11 goals in 16 appearances.
"I am looking forward to being back at Yeovil, they are a club with a lot of ambition," she told the club's website.
"Jamie (Sherwood) knows how to get the best out of players and has put a strong squad together who are competing at the top of the table. He is a good coach so it will be a good to be working with him", she added.


Goals from Billy Sharp and Stefan Scougall gave Sheffield United a 2-1 victory over nine-man Shrewsbury that lifted them into the automatic promotion places.

Louis Dodds scored for the visitors during a fiery encounter at Bramall Lane in which Jim O'Brien and Abu Ogogo were sent off.
United took the lead in the eighth minute as Sharp collected a neat through ball from John Fleck and slotted the ball into the net.
Shrewsbury were reduced to 10 men in the 22nd minute after O'Brien fouled Daniel Lafferty in the box. Sharp saw his penalty saved by Mark Halstead, however.
United doubled their lead minutes later, as substitute Scougall stabbed home from inside the area.
With just seconds remaining in the first half, Ogogo was shown a red card for a high studs-up tackle on United's Paul Coutts.
Against the run of play, Shrewsbury's Dodds finished well from Gary Deegan's left-wing cross.
Halstead tipped a low Matt Done strike wide and Sharp saw his late close-range effort hit a post.
Report supplied by Press Association.
Match ends, Sheffield United 2, Shrewsbury Town 1.
Second Half ends, Sheffield United 2, Shrewsbury Town 1.
Attempt blocked. Ethan Ebanks-Landell (Sheffield United) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Jack Grimmer.
Attempt blocked. Matt Done (Sheffield United) left footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Gary Deegan.
Chris Basham (Sheffield United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Sylvan Ebanks-Blake (Shrewsbury Town).
Daniel Lafferty (Sheffield United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Junior Brown.
Billy Sharp (Sheffield United) hits the left post with a header from the left side of the six yard box.
Stefan Scougall (Sheffield United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Adam El-Abd (Shrewsbury Town).
Attempt blocked. Ethan Ebanks-Landell (Sheffield United) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Mark Halstead.
Attempt saved. Billy Sharp (Sheffield United) header from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Mark Halstead.
Attempt saved. Matt Done (Sheffield United) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Stefan Scougall (Sheffield United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Junior Brown (Shrewsbury Town).
Hand ball by Harry Chapman (Sheffield United).
Attempt missed. Jack O'Connell (Sheffield United) left footed shot from the centre of the box is too high.
Attempt missed. Harry Chapman (Sheffield United) header from the centre of the box is just a bit too high.
Attempt saved. Harry Chapman (Sheffield United) right footed shot from a difficult angle on the right is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Junior Brown.
Goal!  Sheffield United 2, Shrewsbury Town 1. Louis Dodds (Shrewsbury Town) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Junior Brown.
Attempt saved. Stefan Scougall (Sheffield United) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Sylvan Ebanks-Blake.
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Mark Halstead.
Attempt saved. Harry Chapman (Sheffield United) right footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Corner,  Sheffield United. Conceded by Adam El-Abd.
Attempt missed. Billy Sharp (Sheffield United) left footed shot from very close range is close, but misses to the left.
Foul by Harry Chapman (Sheffield United).
Gary Deegan (Shrewsbury Town) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Attempt missed. Chris Basham (Sheffield United) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the right.
Attempt blocked. John Fleck (Sheffield United) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Harry Chapman (Sheffield United) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Matt Done (Sheffield United) left footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Substitution, Sheffield United. Harry Chapman replaces Kieron Freeman because of an injury.
Attempt saved. Billy Sharp (Sheffield United) right footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the top left corner.


Plans for a £6.2m archive centre for Dumfries have failed to secure Heritage Lottery Fund support.

A site at the Ewart Library was picked as the preferred location by Dumfries and Galloway Council last year.
It later agreed to take forward plans for the most expensive of three potential options for the project - including a revamp of Loreburn Church.
However, a bid for lottery funding to support the project has not proved successful.
The scheme aims to create a new home for a vast collection of historic documents currently held by the council in various locations.
The council said the development of the centre could also contribute to local regeneration and cultural tourism.
The project was designed to safeguard the historic documents - some of which date back as far as 1452 - while also improving public access to the archives.
A £6.2m price tag was attached to the option for the development which was finally selected by the council.
Annual running costs were estimated at £250,000.


Alex Danson scored her 90th international goal as Great Britain secured series victory over Olympic and world champions the Netherlands with a 1-1 draw in Amsterdam on Thursday.

The 31-year-old cancelled out Eva de Goede's penalty with three minutes left to clinch the two-match series 1-0.
Great Britain had beaten the Dutch 2-1 in Tuesday's opener.
"We can come away feeling very positive and know that we still have good growth to come," said head coach Danny Kerr.
"I'm very proud of how the girls have been on the front foot in both matches despite it being an anxious time around selection for the Champions Trophy and the Olympics."
Great Britain, the Netherlands, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and United States will compete for the Champions Trophy, which gets under way in London on 18 June.
The Olympics in Rio, Brazil, begin on 5 August.


Cardiff bus station will shut on Saturday night ahead of a major redevelopment of the site.

The closure will allow work to start on the development of Central Square, which will include a new BBC Wales headquarters and a bus interchange.
The last buses will leave at about 23:10 BST and after that time services will run from nearby streets.
The new station will link to the neighbouring railway station and is expected to open in December 2017.
Detailed plans for the new facility are expected to be submitted later this year but it will be created on the current NCP car park site.
Foster and Partners will design the building, which will be created around a public concourse and include shops, offices and a 200-bed hotel.


UK astronaut Tim Peake has performed a challenging remote control experiment on the International Space Station.

He had to command a robot rover on Earth, driving it across a big sandpit in Stevenage, near London, that simulated the surface of Mars.
The Briton experienced some software glitches, but achieved his objectives.
These involved finding a series of painted targets in a darkened room that had been set up to represent a cave on the Red Planet.
It was all part of a European Space Agency (Esa) project which aims to learn how astronauts can control remote systems on other worlds.
Known as Meteron (Multi-Purpose End-To-End Robotic Operation Network), the programme has already seen Danish ISS crewman Andreas Mogensen get a robot on Earth to precisely place some pegs in a set of holes.
But Major Tim's job, which got under way at 15:00 BST (14:00 GMT), took things up a notch in terms of complexity.
One of his big obstacles was time. His control link had to transmit down to Earth, bounce through numerous communications nodes, before reaching the robot in its simulation "Mars yard" at the Airbus Defence and Space Company.
It meant every command - and all the feedback - had several seconds of associated delay. His link also had some drop-outs.
At one point, he hit a big rock, which required the intervention of local Airbus engineers to sort out; and then there were some software glitches on the laptops he was using in orbit.
But despite all this, Major Tim managed to race through his tasks, finding and mapping five targets in the cave. These targets were boulders that had been painted to show up in the UV light shone from the rover's masthead.
The astronaut managed to get in and out of the cave within two hours.
"That was great driving," Esa's operations centre in Darmstadt, Germany, told the Briton. "Everyone on the ground is really proud of you. You succeeded to mark five targets. One was actually marked twice due to a software reboot."
Major Tim responded: "Thanks for everyone's help and support. It was an awful lot of work on everyone's behalf to get this up and running, but it was great to see, and I'm really happy everything went so smoothly."
Both of the US space agency rovers on the Red Planet today, and those planned in coming years, use a high level of autonomy. Once instructed to go to a location, the vehicles will sense their surroundings and compute the most efficient route. But it is a very slow process.
The scenario suggested by Friday's simulation is the possibility that we might one day have an astronaut in orbit above Mars who could assist a surface robot in investigating a location that engineers would normally try to avoid.
Going into a cave would be extremely risky. The lack of light would make it harder for the sensors on the autonomous navigation system to discern hazards. And with no sunlight falling on the robot's solar panels, the amount of energy available to operate in the cave might very quickly become an issue.
Having a human in the loop could help speed up decision-making, ensuring the rover completes its science investigations with enough time to get back outside the cave and start recharging its batteries.
Airbus DS is leading the development of the rover that Esa will send to Mars in 2018 or, more likely, in 2020. As part of this project, it uses a number of "breadboard" robots to test flight hardware and software.
For Friday's experiment, Major Tim was controlling the breadboard known as Bridget.
A webcast of the trial was streamed on the Airbus DS website and the Principia website of Major Tim himself. Updates were also posted on the Twitter feeds of @esaoperations and @esa_meteron.
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos


An educational card game is going to change its name because of negative associations with the US President-elect, Donald Trump.

The game - Eco Action Trumps - has been produced by a UK-based environmental games company.
"It is a branding disaster for us, so we are dumping our brand name," said Paula Owen, of Eco Action Games.
The company said children now assumed the game was connected to the president-elect.
After the new president is inaugurated in January, the game will be renamed as Eco Action Toppers.
"The awful irony of a positive, educational, eco-themed game bearing that man's name became just too much for us to bear - he simply had to go," said Dr Owen, cofounder of the games-maker.
"Working in schools since the election result, we have been struck by how much children know about Trump and what he stands for.
"It is becoming impossible to get our eco messages across using our card game any more as the kids now think it is about the president-elect."
The card game, promoting environmental awareness, has been available for five years, and 50,000 packs have been sold.
But Mr Trump's growing political prominence has created a "bit of a branding crisis", with the connection with the future resident of the White House described as "toxic".
The company is going to rename the game and will give away any unsold stock of the "Trump" versions.
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A tram driver has been taken to hospital with face and chest injuries after a large rock was hurled through his windscreen in a "reckless" attack.

The rock was thrown from a footbridge near the Derker Metrolink stop on Monday evening, Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM) said.
The driver managed to continue driving to the next stop near Oldham, where he was met by emergency services.
No passengers were injured in the attack.
Danny Vaughan, TfGM's head of Metrolink, said: "This one reckless action has injured the driver and left him, understandably, very shaken.
"We condemn such behaviour in the strongest possible terms and are working closely with the police, operator and other partners to tackle problems of anti-social behaviour along the line."
New Greater Manchester Mayor Andy Burnham said: "Attacks on Metrolink will not be tolerated.
"The consequences of last night's incident were disgraceful. Nobody in Greater Manchester should be made to feel unsafe while travelling or at work."


South Africa risks turning into a "mafia state", a senior governing party official has warned, as pressure grows on President Jacob Zuma over his links with a wealthy family.

Gwede Mantashe made the comments after deputy Finance Minister Mcebesi Jonas alleged the Gupta family had offered him a government promotion.
During a rowdy parliamentary session, Mr Zuma denied the family had influenced cabinet appointments.
The opposition called on him resign.
Mr Mantashe is the third most powerful person in the governing African National Congress (ANC), and his remarks suggest Mr Zuma may be losing the confidence of influential members of the party as well, correspondents say.
Mr Zuma's presidency has been marred by allegations of corruption, cronyism and incompetence, amid a worsening economic situation.
The crisis deepened on Wednesday, when Mr Jonas said that a member of the Gupta family had made "a mockery of our hard-earned democracy" by offering to promote him to the minister's job last year.
The family also denied the allegation.
In an interview with Bloomberg, Mr Mantashe, the ANC secretary-general, said: "We need to deal with this; it will degenerate into a mafia state if this goes on."
He told the BBC that Mr Zuma was not "untouchable", but denied that the party planned to oust him.
The ANC would, however, deal with the "corporate capture" of government, Mr Mantashe said.
Questioned by the opposition in parliament about Mr Jonas' allegation, Mr Zuma said: "I'm in charge of the government. There is no minister who was ever appointed by the Guptas."
The speaker ordered opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) leader Mmusi Maimane to leave the chamber for breaching parliamentary rules, prompting the party's MPs to walk out in solidarity with him.
Earlier, Mr Maimane said power had shifted from the government to the Guptas.
"You and your family are getting richer while South Africans are getting poorer," he told Mr Zuma.
The party said in a statement that Mr Zuma's position was becoming "increasingly untenable", and he should resign or be sacked by the governing party.
The left-wing Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) party boycotted the parliamentary session, saying it did not recognise Mr Zuma as leader of South Africa.
Analysis: Milton Nkosi, BBC News, Johannesburg
President Zuma's simple denial of his toxic relationship with the Gupta family seemed to sum up the view held by many here, that he is not fully engaged in running the country.
"Deny, deny, deny" is the same strategy the 73-year-old employed when he came under fire over the use of government money to upgrade his private home in the rural area of Nkandla - until he was forced to make a U-turn when the opposition took him to South Africa's highest court.
The court is yet to make a ruling on whether he breached his oath of office by failing to repay the money, despite an anti-corruption watchdog finding that he had "unduly benefited" from the renovations.
In parliament, Mr Zuma seemed detached from the crisis gripping South Africa.
Nor did the speaker, a senior member of the governing party, inspire confidence in South Africa's 22-year-old democracy when she threw out opposition leader Mmusi Maimane, as he challenged the president.
The opposition has long accused Mr Zuma of letting the Guptas wield excessive influence.
The Guptas, who arrived in South Africa from India in 1993, have huge interests in computers, air travel, energy, and technology.
They said Mr Jonas' statement was political point-scoring.
In 2013, there was an outcry after a private jet carrying guests to the wedding of a Gupta family member was allowed to land at a South African military air force base in Pretoria.
The opposition has said that links between President Zuma and the Guptas were so close that they have been nicknamed the "Zuptas".


Bake Off presenters Mel and Sue have said they will not be presenting the series anymore, when it moves to Channel 4.

It was announced that the Great British Bake Off series would be moving to Channel 4, after the BBC lost the contract with the company who make the hit programme.
Mel and Sue have been the main presenters for all seven series of the popular baking show, since it started in 2010.
They said: "We were very shocked and saddened to learn yesterday evening that Bake Off will be moving from its home. We made no secret of our desire for the show to remain where it was."
Love Productions who make the Bake Off series have said: "We would like to thank Mel and Sue for bringing their own unique humour to the tent over the past years and we respect their decision not to be part of the Bake Off team on Channel 4."
We asked you who should replace Mel and Sue as the new presenter or presenters. Here's a selection of your comments.
It will never be the same Again!!!!!!
Danny, 17, Gravesend
No one can replace them! I watched every episode last year, and they made the whole thing funny!!!
Arshiya, 9
I will miss Mel and Sue!!! I love it when they "try" someone's bakes and how they help them is hilarious! No-one could replace them.
Hussam, 13, Saudi Arabia
No it will not because they are super funny.
Mackenzie, 8, Edinburgh
No it won't be the same without Mel and Sue no one could ever replace them!!!
Milly, 11, Plymouth
Thank you for your comments. The chat page is now closed.


Michael Crawford, the original star of Phantom of the Opera, made a surprise appearance on stage as the musical celebrated its 30th anniversary.

The actor received a standing ovation from a delighted audience as he joined cast members to sing "happy birthday" during a special finale at Her Majesty's Theatre on Monday night.
"It's quite thrilling to be back," Crawford told the BBC afterwards.
"It's a very, very special show in a very, very special theatre."
Crawford had dashed to join the celebrations after performing in his own West End musical, The Go-Between, which ends its run this week at the Apollo Theatre.
"I have to pray I've got a voice tomorrow," Crawford quipped, "we've still got five days to go."
Andrew Lloyd Webber's Phantom of the Opera opened at Her Majesty's on 9 October 1986 with Crawford starring opposite Sarah Brightman as Christine.
It is the third longest running show in the West End after The Mouse Trap and Les Miserables.
Crawford said one of the perils of playing the Phantom was having to avoid the holes where candles came up through the stage floor.
"I was always worried the candles were going up my trouser leg," he said.
"It's wonderful to see the amazing company tonight," he added. "It's the most superb show. This was one of the last great musicals where a lot of money was spent."
The birthday celebration also featured former cast members Michael Ball singing alongside current members Ben Forster (The Phantom), Celinde Schoenmaker (Christine) and Nadim Naaman (Raoul).
Sierra Boggess, who will play Christine in the first French version of Phantom, performed the song Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again accompanied by Lord Lloyd-Webber on piano.
The opening of the French production was cancelled after a fire last month at the Mogador Theatre in Paris. The show had been due to begin on 13 October.
Speaking onstage at Her Majesty's Theatre on Monday night, Lord Lloyd-Webber recalled how Crawford had been recommended to him by the singing teacher of his then-wife Sarah Brightman.
He went on: "Everybody says what a huge spectacle Phantom is, but it is in fact a very simple set."
"But it's quite expensive," added the show's producer Sir Cameron Mackintosh.
Sir Cameron told the BBC that he and Lord Lloyd-Webber were "thrilled" that Phantom had reached its 30th anniversary.
"We both loved musical theatre," he said. "We wanted to do something new with it, but at the same time embrace its past."
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A Singaporean couple have been jailed for starving their domestic worker from the Philippines, in a case that has shocked the city-state.

The woman lost 20kg (44 lbs) - about 40% of her body weight - while working for them, and was given only bread and instant noodles to eat.
Her employers received jail sentences of three weeks and three months.
Many Singaporeans hire live-in helpers from neighbouring countries, and abuse cases are not uncommon.
In the latest case, Filipino domestic worker Thelma Oyasan Gawidan was starved over a period of 15 months, where her weight dropped from 49kg to 29kg.
She testified in court that she was fed only small amounts of food twice a day, and her requests for more food were denied. She was also made to sleep in a storeroom, and allowed to shower only once or twice a week.
Ms Gawidan said she was unable to seek help earlier as her employers had confiscated her mobile phone and passport.
She finally fled in April 2014 and sought help from a migrant workers aid group.
Her employers, finance trader Lim Choon Hong and his wife Chong Sui Foon, pleaded guilty.
They claimed they treated Ms Gawidan the same way they treated themselves, as they ate and showered infrequently due to Chong's "obsessions" with food and cleaning her home. Psychiatrists testified that she had obsessive compulsive disorder and anorexia.
Prosecutors pointed out that the family ate better food and in larger quantities. They sought the maximum jail sentence of one year for the couple.
Lim was jailed for three weeks and fined S$10,000 ($7,175, Â£5,700), while Chong was jailed for three months.
The case has horrified and outraged Singaporeans, with many on Monday commenting online that the sentences were too lenient.
"Too little... it's too inhumane to starve a person," said one Facebook user.
The BBC's Leisha Chi in Singapore says Ms Gawidan received S$20,000 in compensation, but in today's sentencing the judge's primary concern was whether giving money, be it "one dollar or one million dollars", demonstrated genuine remorse.
Singapore's courts have seen a rising number of cases of domestic helper abuse in recent years.
The city-state has a highly regulated system for employing maids, but activists say not enough is being done to protect migrant workers' rights.


A UK soldier decorated for bravery in the 2004 Iraq battle of Danny Boy has told an inquiry prisoners he held were not mistreated.

Former Cpl Mark Byles said some Iraqi prisoners were hooded with sandbags.
He said he saw well over 20 Iraqis dead on the battlefield and had killed "a handful" himself by rifle fire.
The Al-Sweady inquiry is examining claims - denied by the Ministry of Defence - that troops mistreated and unlawfully killed Iraqi detainees.
After his deployment to Iraq, the former corporal was awarded the Military Cross for "immense professionalism under fire" and bravery in leading an assault on an enemy position.
However, his experiences during the war had a major impact on the soldier's life, and he left the Army in 2008 suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder.
Appearing via video link, Mr Byles said he had never spoken to the Sun, and had not killed up to 20 Iraqis as it reported - but that an account of his role in the battle in the Sunday Times had been accurate: "I could see some dead bodies and (four) blokes, some scrambling for their weapons. I've never seen such a look of fear in anyone's eyes before.
"I'm over six feet, I was covered in sweat, angry, red in the face, charging in with a bayonet and screaming my head off. You would be scared too."
He told the inquiry that he had taken the decision to fix bayonets, even though there had been no explicit order to do so, and used his rifle to kill several Iraqi insurgents pointing weapons at him.
However, Mr Byles insisted that he had not witnessed "any mistreatment of the Iraqi dead on the battlefield or in the vehicles".
"They were all treated with respect. All the injuries looked sustained from battle," he said.
Iraqi witnesses have claimed at the inquiry that some Iraqis were taken alive from the battlefield but later killed at a British camp outside Majar-al-Kabir in southern Iraq, an allegation denied by the military witnesses.
Towards the end of the fight, as he stormed a trench, Mr Byles admitted that he had to use force on the enemy "to get them to surrender".
He told the inquiry that he had had to use his fists and the back of his rifle because "they were standing up in the trench at the time, being violent, aggressive, still armed, wouldn't put the weapons down.
"I had to get them down onto the ground to prevent ourselves from getting shot, myself from getting shot and the others from getting shot," he said.
Mr Byles said detainees had initially had sandbags put over their heads, and were put in plastic handcuffs.
He said he did not recall any instruction saying that sandbags were not to be used to deprive prisoners of their sight.
He also described being issued with radios that could not communicate with one another, or on the frequencies provided, a point made by many of the British soldiers at the inquiry.
In 2005, Mark Byles's address was found on a potential "hit-list" compiled by market stall-holder Abu Mansha from Thamesmead in south-east London.
The trader was jailed for six years, and the court heard that he had singled out Cpl Byles after reading a story in the Sun newspaper describing how the soldier had led a bayonet charge in which he killed "up to 20" Iraqi insurgents.
The former soldier is one of more than 200 witnesses giving evidence to the inquiry in the run-up to Christmas. It is due to report back next year.
The public inquiry was set up in 2010 and is named after one of the Iraqi men, 19-year-old Hamid al-Sweady, who is alleged to have been unlawfully killed while being held after the battle.
Specifically, the inquiry is examining claims that 20 or more Iraqis were unlawfully killed at Camp Abu Naji military base on 14 and 15 May 2004 after being taken prisoner during the battle, and that several other detainees were ill-treated after capture.


A collection of letters written by Audrey Hepburn has sold for £11,250 - more than twice its estimate.

The 10 letters were penned between 1951 and 1960 to her mentor and lifelong friend Sir Felix Aylmer.
They reveal details of a dramatic decade of the actress's life as she rose from an unknown ballerina to Hollywood fame.
They had been estimated to sell at the Bonhams auction in London for up to £4,000.
In one letter, the actress wrote that "with a heavy heart" she had broken off her engagement to socialite James Hanson.
"It is all very unhappy-making," she said. "I fear I thought it possible to make our combined lives and careers work out."
It was followed by joy at finding her future husband, actor Mel Ferrer, whom she married in private in 1954.
"We want to keep [the wedding] a dark secret in order to have it without the 'press'," she wrote.
At the same auction, Freddie Mercury's personal song writing notebook sold for £62,500, while a Dalek from BBC series Doctor Who sold for £16,250.
A rare album cover of The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band signed by all four members of the band sold for £74,500.
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram at bbcnewsents, or email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


The Russian ambassador to the UK has accused the British government of delaying the granting of visas to staff at its embassy in London.

Alexander Yakovenko said the embassy was "shrinking" and questioned whether the UK wanted "an adequate Russian diplomatic presence".
He also criticised the prime minister and foreign secretary for giving what he said were "anti-Russian statements".
The Foreign Office said there was no policy to delay visas.
Mr Yakovenko said Russia did not have enough diplomatic staff in London because as people returned home or went on to other postings, visas for their replacements were not being issued.
"The embassy is shrinking and if it continues the embassy will be reduced further. People cannot be replaced because the visas are not being issued," he said.
"I hope this problem will be resolved under present government."
He added: "Here in London, we simply do not understand the strategy of this country on visa issues."
Mr Yakovenko's comments come amid public clashes between the UK and Russia over Syria, Ukraine and the killing of former KGB agent Alexander Litvinenko in London in 2006.
Earlier this month, Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson told MPs Russia risked becoming a pariah nation over its involvement in bombing the Syrian city of Aleppo and urged protesters to demonstrate outside its embassy.
And Prime Minister Theresa May this week urged European leaders to send a "robust united message" to Moscow over the bombing campaign.
Also on Friday, there was further attention on the relationship between the countries as two British warships shadowed an aircraft carrier and other Russian naval ships as they passed the UK on their way to Syria.
A Foreign Office spokesman said: "We have made clear to the Russians that the queues need to be cleared on both sides, and they have agreed work with us on this.
"We regularly discuss the visa exchange process with the Russians at official level and this requires both the UK and Russia to work together to ensure the effective operation of our respective embassies."


Rory McIlroy is heading "back to the drawing board" after a second successive winless year in the majors.

Chatter about his putting problems is reaching deafening levels, but the 27-year-old from Northern Ireland is well equipped to bounce back.
Since missing the cut at last week's PGA Championship, pundits have queued up to give their views on what he should be doing to properly capitalise on his prodigious shot-making skills.
There are those who advocate finding a new coach, others who say it is time to ditch caddie JP Fitzgerald or consult a shrink. Perhaps he should practise more, play more, play less, smile more, be less accessible, be more amenable... and so it goes on.
McIlroy always generates noise. Opinions fly in all directions. But he is the best judge of what to do to improve.
Think back to 2013 when he missed the cut at the Open at Muirfield. He commented: "I feel like I'm walking around out there and I'm unconscious." Describing his golf as "brain dead", he looked a lost soul before embarking on a largely unseen and arduous process of finding solutions to turn around his game.
McIlroy finished in the top 10 of the PGA the following month but did not make the top 30 who contested the Tour Championship that year. It wasn't until the end of 2013, when he won the Australian Open, that he started to turn the corner.
Currently 34th in the FedEx Cup standings, McIlroy has been the sideshow while Jordan Spieth (twice), Zach Johnson, Jason Day, Danny Willett, Dustin Johnson, Henrik Stenson and now Jimmy Walker have been winning majors.
McIlroy's ball-striking remains better than almost anyone else's on the planet but he is found wanting on and around the greens. At Baltusrol last week, he was 151st out of 156 in putting - and the field included 20 club professionals.
The four-times major champion branded his short game "pathetic" and vowed to improve. "I need to have a good, hard look at my putting and go back to the drawing board," he said. "I need to do something."
Former European Ryder Cup captain Paul McGinley told Sky television: "The guys coming behind him have really closed the gap and have maybe even overtaken him."
Day, Dustin Johnson and Spieth are still the only three players above McIlroy in the world standings so now is not the time to push panic buttons. The biggest danger for the Ulsterman is to overstate his frailty on the greens in his own mind. If he starts telling himself he is a bad putter, he will become one and it will become even harder to escape the malaise.
Perhaps he should seek counsel again with greens guru Dave Stockton. Or Phil Kenyon, who has worked wonders with Stenson. Or Dave Pelz, who has helped Phil Mickelson and is the author of the "The Short Game Bible".
Finding the right person for McIlroy is not straightforward. He is a feel player, prone to peaks and troughs. His technique, throughout his game, does not lend itself to consistency, but his talent is such that his high points are of Everest proportions.
Caddie Fitzgerald and coach Michael Bannon understand this more than anyone else. Their employer knows it, too. This explains to date his stout loyalty to those closest to his golf.
McIlroy is not afraid to make changes in his life. We have seen it with management companies, sponsors and fiancées. But when it comes to his golf, he has always had faith in what works. He is stubborn and those who think he is not committed enough to being the best player in the world are way off the mark.
McIlroy hates to play bad golf and this year will hurt. Battered and softened by the New Jersey rains, Baltusrol was made for him and the PGA was a big missed opportunity. But it is the Masters that provides the biggest motivation. It is the major he has yet to win and it is the tournament we have all suggested is the one that best suits his game.
Each year, he turns up at Augusta with such a sense of expectation, especially after leading by four shots going into the final round in 2011. McIlroy blew up on that occasion, only to land his first major at the very next opportunity, by winning the US Open by eight shots.
That victory at Congressional scratched the major itch, but the Masters one is starting to fester. Whenever he departs Augusta winless, you know he has failed in his prime objective of the year.
It is a long time until next April with a lot of big golf in between - the FedEx Cup, Ryder Cup and Race to Dubai are all up for grabs - but McIlroy's priority is sorting out his short game in time for the Masters. The pressure to perform next spring will be immense.
He knows what he has to do and his overall record suggests he is capable of finding the solution. And, as someone with such an uncanny knack for making news, he also knows there will be plenty of noise, unsolicited advice and comment to contend with along the way.


Uganda's parliament has voted to suspend all new deals in the oil sector following claims that government ministers took multi-million dollar bribes.

MP Gerald Karuhanga said in parliament on Monday that UK-based Tullow Oil paid bribes to influence decisions.
Tullow said it rejected the "outrageous and wholly defamatory" allegations.
The vote is a big blow to President Yoweri Museveni, who has been in power since 1986, analysts say.
The BBC's Joshua Mmali in the capital, Kampala, says it means the government will not be able to sign new oil deals until a petroleum law is enacted.
During a heated parliamentary debate on Monday, Mr Karuhanga tabled documents alleging that Tullow Oil bribed Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi, Foreign Minister Sam Kutesa and former Energy Minister Hilary Onek.
Mr Onek, who was accused of receiving about 17m euros ($23m; Â£15m), strongly denied the allegation.
"I am thoroughly hurt by these lies because if such an account really exists I deserve all the punishment on Earth," Mr Onek told MPs.
Mr Kutesa accused Mr Karuhanga of abusing parliamentary privilege by making false claims.
"Is he in order to make defamatory statements against me which are false and well-knowing that he cannot repeat them outside this chamber," Mr Kutesa asked.
Mr Karuhanga replied that he was prepared to repeat the allegations outside parliament.
Mr Mbabazi read a letter to MPs from Tullow Oil chief executive Aidan Heavey.
"These accusations are demonstrably false and appear to be founded on misunderstandings about how the global oil and gas industry works," the letter says.
"Tullow would welcome the opportunity to appear at an appropriate forum in parliament to refute these serious allegations and to explain, with other representatives from the industry, how the industry in which we are proud to work operates."
Our reporter says MPs demanded greater transparency in the oil sector and urged the government to disclose details of what they call secret deals with Tullow Oil.
The company operates three oil blocks in Uganda's oil-rich Lake Albertine Rift.
Correspondents say the parliamentary vote was carried with the backing of ruling party MPs, suggesting that Mr Museveni is losing his grip over them.
Mr Museveni won elections marred by allegations of fraud in February.
Uganda has been hit by a series of protests this year over the rising cost of living.
Mr Museveni warned that he will not tolerate an Egypt-style uprising against his rule.


As the true extent of the Paris attacks becomes clear, we are reminded yet again how the internet - or more specifically, social media - is changing what it means to cope with disasters affecting people on a global scale.

It may seem trivial to even care about social media during moments like this - in happier moments it can seem like a place for selfies, holiday photos and banal arguments in 140 characters.
But during a crisis social media becomes the single most significant platform for news to be spread, eyewitness experiences to be shared and official statements to be made.
And inevitably, these same channels amplify misinformation, allowing rash judgements and prejudices to boil to the surface, fuelling fear and ignorance.
But it can also be a powerful tool for those trying to cope - and we've seen this in full swing in the immediate aftermath of the Paris attacks.
Moments after the news broke, Facebook rolled out its Safety Check feature for Parisians to reassure friends and family that they are safe.
The system, first used earlier this year during the Nepal earthquake, targets users it knows to be in or around the affected area and asks them to "check in".
Facebook said: "Communication is critical in these moments both for people there and for their friends and families anxious for news.
"People turn to Facebook to check on loved ones and get updates which is why we created Safety Check and why we have activated it today for people in Paris."
It's an effective way for Facebook users to inform possibly hundreds of friends at once. In terrorist situations, mobile phone networks often collapse under the stress of everyone calling using their phones at once - this is one way to help solve that.
On Twitter, the #porteouverte hashtag was being used to offer places to stay for people affected by the tragedy.
In the coming days, we'll no doubt see viral expressions of solidarity with Parisians.
Reporting of what was being shared on social media was restrained -  not only by traditional broadcasters and press but also by some of the newer news platforms, like Reddit Live.
This stems partly from what happened after the Charlie Hebdo attacks - where media companies were accused of endangering hostages by broadcasting their location based on information posted to social media. One company was even sued.
In this latest attack, one image on Instagram showed a picture of the gig taking place at the Bataclan concert hall - the scene where more than 100 people were killed.
The Instagram account it was posted to has not been updated since.
On Facebook, one status update, reportedly also from inside the concert hall, described how gunmen were killing people, one-by-one - a description which matched with other eyewitness accounts gathered by the media.
Social media brings the real horror of an atrocity closer to all of us. Images that, in the past, would have not made it to air, are now appearing in our newsfeeds.
Donald Trump, a man who hopes to win the White House next year, tweeted about the attacks.
"My prayers are with the victims and hostages in the horrible Paris attacks," he wrote. "May God be with you all."
But that wasn't the tweet that people shared. Instead, it was a post he wrote in January, making reference to the Charlie Hebdo attacks, and noting that France has strict gun laws.
But while all tweets have their date clearly visible, this didn't stop the tweet being shared rapidly - with Mr Trump getting bombarded with abuse for using the incident for political gain.
Elsewhere, others tweeted that a "revenge attack" was taking place at a refugee camp in Calais - when it appears an electrical fire was the cause of a blaze.
And the Eiffel Tower was apparently "turned dark" in respect for the victims, when in fact the lights are turn off every night to save electricity.
Why do people spread misinformation during major events? Attention seeking, perhaps - no made up story is ever boring. Naivety plays a role, people wrapped up in a moment don't always give themselves a moment to apply common sense, or to check.
But increasingly, misinformation seems to be a method of making ourselves feel better about the world. Seeing scenes of solidarity - even if they're not true - acts as a small distraction from the real horrors at hand.
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC


The body of a man from south Wales who went missing while hiking in the Highlands has been found.

Charlie Clift, 56, was last seen buying outdoor clothing on Tuesday 30 January in Fort William.
Searches had been carried out and police said a body was discovered on the lower north slopes of Meall Nan Cleireach at about 11:00 on Saturday.
Mr Clift's family was informed. Police Scotland said there were not thought to be any suspicious circumstances.


Seven people have been rescued from life rafts in the sea after abandoning a sinking cargo ship near Kent.

An extensive rescue operation was carried out overnight by search teams after the boat went down about 35 nautical miles (40 miles) off Ramsgate.
Rescue helicopters, a lifeboat, and Dutch helicopter and several merchant vessels all came to the aid of the sinking 90m-long vessel.
Coastguards said the crew sent a Mayday alert before abandoning the ship.
Ian Guy, from the UK coastguard, said an emergency call came shortly before midnight.
"They were taking on water rapidly and planning to abandon the ship," he said.
"When they made the call, I understand the boat was already going under and by the time they finished the call, they didn't make it to the life rafts.
"The boat was under the water and they were themselves in the water."
He said the crew managed to get on the life rafts from where they were rescued, but added they had all been in the sea in January and were airlifted to hospital with potential hypothermia but no serious injuries.
Weather conditions were "challenging" with severe gale-force winds, he added.
Ships nearby managed to reach the stranded crew first, but a merchant ship near the scene was unable to deploy its fast rescue inflatable craft because of the conditions.
It is not yet clear whether it was the weather or another problem which caused the ship to sink, or whether any cargo was on board.


Doping, corruption, cover-ups, controversy ... there seems to be an awful lot of bad news around sport at the moment.

With the head of world football suspended and in hospital, calls to ban Russia from athletics, and the fractious fallout sparked by England's early Rugby World Cup exit, every day seems to bring a new low.
So in an attempt to lift the mood, we wanted to invoke the spirit of Sonny Bill Williams, the medal-sharing World Cup winner.
We're calling it 'Feel-Good Thursday' - and here we bring you 10 heart-warming tales to remind us of why we fell in love with sport in the first place.
Get involved with your own favourites on our Sportsday page via #feelgoodthursday.
She made brews for everyone from Alan Shearer to Sir Alex Ferguson, but after more than 50 years of service, Newcastle United's tea lady Kath Cassidy hung up her spoon in October.
The 88-year-old had served beverages to dozens of home and away players, managers and journalists at St James' Park since 1963.
"Players can be replaced, managers can be replaced, but people like you, Kath, are irreplaceable," said misty-eyed former manager Kevin Keegan.
In an BBC Radio 5 live interview, Kath revealed how former captain Alan Shearer shunned sugar and named her favourite of the 48 managers she'd served tea to.
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A young Celtic supporter with Down's syndrome won the Scottish Professional Football League Goal of the Month Award for January with a half-time penalty at Hamilton.
Almost 97% of fans voted for youngster Jay Beatty to win the award.
The 11-year-old was carried around the Celtic Park pitch by his favourite player, Georgios Samaras, during their title-winning celebrations in May 2014.
He was then invited to give the pre-match team talk before scoring the half-time goal to huge cheers and chants of "there's only one Jay Beatty".
Matt Bradley may be one of the most generous football fans in the country, judged on his random act of kindness on Saturday.
After his father was unable to attend a Bournemouth match at the last minute, Matt gave the spare ticket to an elderly homeless man.
He had spotted 86-year-old Gordon Roberts outside the ground and gave him the ticket for free. The pair watched the Cherries lose 1-0 to Newcastle, with Matt buying Gordon a cup of tea at half-time.
"It was nice to give something back and do something for someone in need," Matt told the Daily Mirror.
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When a four-year-old boy got lost and wandered on to the pitch during a rugby league charity match in Australia, there were a few anxious moments.
But players in the August game between New South Wales and Queensland made his dreams come true.
They passed him the ball and sent him running towards the try line.
He needed no second invitation, seeing off a series of half-hearted challenges as he powered up the pitch.
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Michelle Payne made horse racing history last week by becoming the first female jockey to win the Melbourne Cup, known as the "race that stops a nation" in Australia.
The youngest of 10 children, Payne was raised by her father on the family farm in Victoria after her mother died when she was just six months old.
She has fought back from life-threatening race injuries, while her brother and stablehand Stephen Payne has Down's syndrome.
"It's such a chauvinistic sport, I know some of the owners wanted to kick me off, " said Payne, 30. "I want to say to everyone else, 'get stuffed', because women can do anything and we can beat the world."
For a player who cost Manchester United £27m, Morgan Schneiderlin has proved he has not lost touch with his loyal fans.
In fact, the France midfielder replies to all his fan mail - even hand-writing each envelope and including a signed photograph.
A United official told the Sun: "Morgan comes in every week and takes every single one home and reads the lot.
"That's brilliant and shows how humble he is."
Those are a few of the sporting stories from 2015. How about some classics from longer ago?
"When I'm running it feels like my disability disappears."
These are the words of Rick Hoyt, who has cerebral palsy, is quadriplegic and uses a wheelchair - but that has not stopped him competing in more than 1,000 races.
And that is thanks to his dad, Dick, who pushes, pulls and carries his son around triathlons, marathons, half-marathons and even 3,735 miles across the United States.
Rick, 57, and Dick, 75, from Massachusetts, USA completed their first event in 1977 with the Boston Marathon in 2014 their last race.
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"For a split second, I thought I'd been shot" - Olympic 400m medal contender Derek Redmond is describing the moment his hopes of glory at the Games were shattered.
The talented British runner was speeding towards the front in the semi-finals at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics when he suddenly pulled up with a hamstring injury just past the halfway mark.
In emotional and physical pain, he collapsed on the ground as other athletes completed the race.
But determined to finish, Redmond got up and hobbled round before his father came out of the stands to help him over the line.
British sailor Pete Goss was taking part in the treacherous Vendee Globe solo around the world yacht race in 1996 when he received a distress call from Frenchman and fellow competitor Raphael Dinelli, whose boat was sinking in the Southern Ocean.
Goss turned his boat around and sailed for two days, battling to reach the stricken Dinelli, who he found in a freezing life raft, saving the Frenchman's life and nursing him back to health.
He eventually finished the race in 126 days and 21 hours, the fastest time by a British sailor.
For his actions, Goss was awarded a MBE and the Legion d'honneur by the French President.
Twenty years ago, the Rugby World Cup served up an iconic sporting and political image.
Nelson Mandela handed South Africa captain Francois Pienaar the Webb Ellis Trophy after the Springboks' 15-12 victory over New Zealand on home soil.
Mandela, the political prisoner turned unifying president of a nation, was wearing a South Africa rugby shirt bearing the Springbok badge - a symbol previously reviled by non-whites in the country as it was so strongly identified with the apartheid era.
Feeling motivated? Visit the BBC Get Inspired website for exercise or sport hints and tips and an activity finder to help you find activities near you to improve your health and fitness.


Ospreys and Wales scrum-half Rhys Webb will miss the start of the Six Nations as his region say he will not return from injury until the end of February.

Webb, 27, has not played since injuring a foot during a World Cup warm-up match against Italy in September.
Wales begin their Six Nations campaign with an away match against Ireland in Dublin on Sunday, 7 February.
Ospreys will also be without back row Tyler Ardron for eight weeks because of a knee injury.
The 24-year-old, who was injured while playing for Canada at the World Cup, had surgery in October.
Ospreys had hoped Webb would make an early return from injury and be available this month.
But, though he has returned to training, he is still short of match fitness.
"His recovery is going well and we're now concentrating on getting him to the physical level he needs to be in order to perform as we want," said Chris Towers, Ospreys' medical performance manager.
"He has begun running again, starting doing some skills work, and the focus is on getting him available for selection at the end of February, which would be five months post-op."
Webb, capped 16 times by Wales, has renewed his national dual contract with Ospreys and the Welsh Rugby Union.
He turned down offers from elsewhere to stay at the region for whom he made his debut in 2007.


Rangers will not change their January signing targets in light of Hibernian's Championship title challenge, according to Mark Warburton.

The Rangers boss also played down the importance to the title race of Monday's visit to Ibrox by the Edinburgh side.
Asked if he would change his signing policy, Warburton said: "The work's been going on now for weeks.
"Touch wood, we can secure our targets. If we do, we'll be very happy."
Hibs manager Alan Stubbs, whose side are level on points with the Glasgow side at the top of the table, has promised to strengthen his squad during the upcoming transfer window.
But Warburton insisted that any moves at Easter Road would not affect his own squad building.
"If a player becomes available who can add quality, we will move and we have received great backing from the board to do that," he said.
"Nothing will be won or lost longer-term from the game on Monday - it is the next three points.
"It will, no doubt, be a sell out at Ibrox and we are looking forward to the challenge."
Rangers lost to Falkirk on Saturday as Hibs defeated Queen of the South and Stubbs says the Ibrox club have been forced to take the Edinburgh side's challenge more seriously.
However, Warburton insisted there was no extra pressure on himself and his players.
"We analyse our games win, lose or draw," he said. "All I want to do is talk about my own team.
"My focus is Rangers and that hasn't changed since the first game of the season and won't change until the last game of the season."
When pressed, Warburton refused to respond to Stubbs' remarks.
"I'm not going to talk about the opposing team," he said.
"All credit to any team that can put a run together, but any comment other than that will be about Rangers.
"How they see Rangers is their prerogative. It's a democratic world and they can say what they say.
"I know here how we are, where we are and what we're hopefully going to achieve."
Warburton is "not overly concerned" after a run of only two wins in six league games.
"We study those games and we know what we need to do to get the points," he added.
"It is a certain type of player that can put the jersey on handle the pressure and we have a dressing-room of players who are more than capable of doing that."


A man has admitted hacking the websites of British Airways and a number of police forces.

Paul Dixon, 22, of The Avenue, Seaham, had initially denied five offences under the Computer Misuse Act.
However, on the opening day of his trial at Newcastle Crown Court, Dixon admitted attacking websites including Durham Police, Police Scotland and British Airways in October 2014.
He was released on bail to be sentenced on 4 May.


European 1500m bronze medallist Ciara Mageean will be among the athletes in action at the AAI Games at the new National Indoor Arena on Sunday.

Mageean will compete over 800m and it will be interesting to see if she opts to chase the European Indoor Championship standard of 2:03.75.
US-based Siofra Cleirigh Buttner achieved the Belgrade mark with a 2:02.97 clocking last weekend.
Kerry O'Flaherty (1500m) and Emma Mitchell (3000m) also run in Dublin.
Mitchell was just over a second outside the European Indoor 1500m standard of 4:15 when she clocked a new personal best of 4:16.20 when winning the Scottish title last weekend.
Hurdler Ben Reynolds and county Derry long jumper Adam McMullen will also be competing at Abbotstown.
North Down's Reynolds will chase the European Indoor 60m hurdles standard of 7.80 seconds while McMullen will need to add six centimetres to his outdoor best set last year to achieve the Belgrade mark of 7.90m.