A County Antrim man convicted of inciting racial hatred was given an 18 month probation order on Tuesday.

Colin White, 19, was convicted of displaying written material which was likely to incite hatred or cause fear in December.
White placed the offensive material on the eleventh night bonfire in the Ballycraig estate in 2014.
The judge said: "Not withstanding the serious nature of the charges, you were lead and influenced by others.
"Their hateful agenda, perhaps by your personal difficulties, you didn't understand the implication of it."
White did not deny being present at the bonfire, but denied writing the message.
The judge said that White was guilty of "pernicious conduct" in a society where there are almost weekly race-related attacks.
He said White's action was capable of stirring up "this type of behaviour."
Legal counsel for White said the father-of-one admitted his guilt, and described the incident as "unsavoury".
"He will do anything that makes him think he will fit into his peer group," his legal counsel said.
White's lawyer revealed that he had lost his job at the airport as a consequence of the incident.
The judge told White that if he co-operated with the probation, he could "get back on track and get away from this hateful behaviour, which is causing so much distress in this community."


The owner of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts and Kenco coffee will pay $7.5bn (Â£6bn) to take control of US bakery and sandwich chain Panera Bread.

JAB Holdings also controls coffee brands Douwe Egberts and Peet's, as well as the luxury shoe maker Jimmy Choo and beauty firm Coty.
The acquisition is the biggest US restaurant deal, according to S&P Global Market Intelligence.
Shares in Panera closed more than 14% higher following the announcement.
JAB, a Luxembourg-based investment firm, is owned by the billionaire Reimann family, which paid $1.35bn for Krispy Kreme last year.
Panera's origins began 36 years ago, under the Au Bon Pain name, with one outlet in Boston.
In 1993 the company bought Saint Louis Bread Company which had 20 branches at the time. Four years later it changed the chain's name to to Panera Bread.
In 1999 it sold all its other businesses, including Au Bon Pain, to concentrate investment on Panera.
Panera now has more than 2,000 restaurants across the US. It employs about 100,000 people and has annual sales of $5bn.
The chain focuses on healthier, additive-free foods.
Founder and chairman Ron Shaich said: "Panera has been the best-performing restaurant stock of the past 20 years - up over 8,000%. Today's transaction is a direct reflection of those efforts and delivers substantial additional value for our shareholders."
JAB will also take on about $340m of Panera's debt, the companies said.
It is paying 41 times earnings to take control of Panera - a very hefty premium the level of which is more common in the technology sector.
Olivier Goudet, chief executive of JAB, said:  "We have long admired Ron and the incredible success story he has created at Panera. We strongly support Panera's vision for the future, strategic initiatives, culture of innovation, and balanced company versus franchise store mix."


An ancient Elm tree of "national significance" crashed into three homes and damaged two vehicles in Suffolk.

Neighbours told the BBC they had heard "a terrific crack" as part of the 30-metre Caucasian Elm, thought to have been planted in 1760, fell.
Firefighters helped residents from their homes in Park Drive, Worlingham. One of the properties was left structurally unsafe.
Suffolk County Council, which owns the tree, said it was inspected regularly.
Waveney District Council said the tree was considered of "national significance" because of its size and species.
Ray Pagram, who lives in one of the damaged bungalows, said he was woken at around 02:30 BST.
"There was terrific crack and I thought it was thunder at first," he said.
"Then I heard the sound of running water coming through the ceiling and I realised the tank in the loft had been struck."
No-one was hurt by the tree fall.
Derek Oldham, of Suffolk County Council, said the tree had a "visual inspection" in February 2015 and in January 2014 and there were no outward signs of damage.
They had installed a root barrier to stop "root infiltration" to other homes. Asked if this could have brought the tree down, he said: "It's a bit early to say.
"Our initial inspection suggests not - the side of the tree that is collapsed is not on the side where the root barrier is and there's no obvious sign of movement within the ground," he said.


Boxing legend Muhammad Ali, who died at the age of 74, became a sporting icon during his career.

An Olympic gold medallist, he was also three-time world heavyweight champion and took part in some of the most memorable fights in boxing history.
He had a professional career spanning 21 years and BBC Sport takes a look at his 61 fights in more detail.


Vincent Kompany says he still believes Manchester City can succeed in Europe - despite the club being in danger of another early Champions League exit.

City are bottom of Group E after a 2-1 home defeat by CSKA Moscow.
But captain Kompany insists the side, who had two players sent off against CSKA on Wednesday, is still learning.
"Everyone will jump on the bandwagon," he said. "I go the other way. I believe in my team. I back everyone at this club 100% to turn it around."
Now in their fourth Champions League campaign, City have twice failed to make it out of their group and have never gone beyond the last 16.
That form contrasts sharply with their domestic achievements, with two Premier League titles and the League Cup won in the same period.
"Let's put things into perspective," said Kompany. "We are not a club who has been there for 20 years and you don't just go from never playing in the Champions League to winning it.
"We are trying to put milestones down every year and so far we have been quite successful."
The second-half dismissals of Fernandinho and Yaya Toure compounded a miserable night at the Etihad Stadium. And the fact that Greek referee Tasos Sidiropolous booked the wrong man when he should have sent off CSKA's Pontus Wernbloom added to Kompany's frustrations.
"Getting the wrong man is laughable," he said. "I do believe a bit in karma so we are being unlucky now [and] at some point in the season it has to go our way."


Hundreds of jobs are at risk at a factory which makes chilled desserts.

Greencore Ltd confirmed it is "proposing to discontinue production" at its Evercreech plant in Somerset where about 400 people are employed.
It said "there are no financially sustainable solutions" to repair the 126-year-old site and it was "in need of significant refurbishment".
Greencore said it could not comment further until after a 45-day consultation process.


Around a quarter of a million children are still thought to be trapped in Syria in the Middle East.

31 August 2016 Last updated at 07:09 BST
Many of them are in areas under siege, which means that they are surrounded by soldiers and can't get out.
Sieges are against important rules called international law, because soldiers attack ordinary people who aren't fighting and can't escape.
There has been a civil war going on in Syria for five years.
It's difficult to contact children who are living under siege, but refugees who left Syria recently have told us what life was like for them when they were still there.


Members of the European Parliament have backed a call for an investigation into "anti-competitive practices" in Formula 1.

South East Labour MEP Anneliese Dodds called for an investigation in an amendment to the parliament's annual competition report, which passed by 467 votes to 156, with 86 abstentions.
The European Commission could now launch an inquiry.
Dodds says smaller teams are "unfairly punished" because of the way F1 is run.
She has also previously expressed concerns over the sport's takeover by Liberty Media and its UK tax arrangements.
Dodds pointed to the recent collapse of the Manor team as an example of how the sport is failing some teams.
"Smaller teams are unfairly punished by an uncompetitive allocation of prize money that will always give the biggest teams more money, even if they finish last in every race," she said.
In 2015, two of F1's smaller teams, Force India and Sauber, asked the EU's Competition Commission to investigate the sport due to perceived unfairness over the way revenues were divided and rules decided.


Plans for a new prison to be built in Port Talbot have been unveiled by the Ministry of Justice.

BBC Wales understands it will be a Category C prison for up to 1,600 prisoners, although that has not been confirmed by the MoJ.
The development is likely to be on land in the Baglan area, it is understood.
Aberavon AM David Rees said: "It will bring jobs and we must welcome that but we must also be cautious as to the implications of it on the communities."
He continued: "Local businesses have a chance to grow from this. Maybe when visitors come we'll have opportunities for cafes and taxis to benefit. It's an opportunity we cannot afford to miss and those jobs are important to us.
"We also need to make sure the site is the appropriate site - that the safety of the communities around the site is catered for and that communities feel comfortable with what is being built."
Mr Rees added: "We need to speak to communities and I've written to the ministry to ask that a full consultation takes place - they've told me there will be and that will be a chance for people to give their views on this development."
Neath Port Talbot council's chief executive, Steven Phillips said: "The council hasn't received any planning application from the Ministry of Justice but any application it receives will be dealt with in the normal way, which will include a full consultation with the local community."
A new prison will also be built at Full Sutton, in Yorkshire, with existing sites in Hindley, Wigan, and Rochester, Kent, redeveloped.
It is part of the UK government's commitment to creating up to 10,000 modern prison places by 2020, backed by Â£1.3bn to transform the estate.
Last month HMP Berwyn opened in Wrexham -  the UK's biggest prison.
Analysis by BBC home affairs correspondent Danny Shaw
There is the possibility -  and it's just speculation at the moment - that [the opening of a prison in Port Talbot] might enable the government to close down Swansea Prison, which is an older prison, and which has a far smaller number of inmates.
And it does beg the question: if you're going to have a prison holding 1,600 inmates at Port Talbot and you have got the prisons at Swansea, Parc Prison and Cardiff are you going to need all those institutions? It just raises the question, certainly in my mind, as to whether the government is looking at possibly closing a prison in Wales - it could be Swansea.
Justice Secretary Elizabeth Truss said: "We cannot hope to reduce re-offending until we build prisons that are places of reform where hard-work and self-improvement flourish.
"Outdated prisons, with dark corridors and cramped conditions, will not help offenders turn their backs on crime - nor do they provide our professional and dedicated prison officers with the right tools or environment to do their job effectively."
She added: "This significant building programme will not only help create a modern prison estate where whole-scale reform can truly take root, but will also provide a thriving, economic lifeline for the local community - creating hundreds of jobs for local people and maximising opportunities for businesses."
Welsh Secretary Alun Cairns said he was "delighted" about the decision, saying Wales was "leading the way" in providing facilities "designed with rehabilitation in mind" alongside the "traditional security which the public rightly expects".
However, Plaid Cymru reiterated previous calls for the devolution of issues relating to Welsh prisoners and raised questions about the impact on safety and services for the local area.
Plaid AM for South Wales West Bethan Jenkins added: "We need to look at prison reform, not just build new prisons and assume that it is the only answer. So I cannot warmly welcome this news today."
A Welsh Government spokesman said: "We will work with Ministry of Justice, local companies and the community to maximise the opportunities this will bring to Baglan and the wider south Wales area in terms of employment during the construction phase and at the prison once open."


Ten years after the cult TV series was broadcast on the BBC, what is Buffy the Vampire Slayer's legacy and why there are so few "daughters of Buffy": strong and complex fictional creations, who aren't simply the sole female lead in a predominantly-male cast.

Believe it or not, it's 10 years now since the last episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer aired in the UK.
If it doesn't feel that long - and it doesn't - it's because the show was ahead of its time in so many ways: the quick-witted teen-speak which influenced conversation; the craze for stories about vampires who are in love with high school girls in a slightly disturbing way.
Creator Joss Whedon's perfect management of "season arc" plots revolutionised television and is still spoken of with awe and wonder by writers today.
And most importantly - but most disappointingly - Buffy still feels ahead of its time in its portrayal of women characters.
And it's because of my disappointment about the lack of "daughters of Buffy" I chose to make a Front Row special about Buffy the Vampire Slayer and her legacy.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer was a small mid-season replacement show based on a terrible movie, which quickly outstripped its origins to become a cult hit and then a mainstream phenomenon. And in a way, Buffy's legacy is everywhere.
It was the first show to perfectly balance a "monster of the week" plot - in which a single problem is encountered and defeated in every episode, so that new viewers can easily get the gist - with a season-long "arc" plot around a scary "Big Bad" villain who takes the whole 22-episode season to be brought to book.
Everyone's doing this now, with varying levels of success; we can see it in everything from the new Doctor Who, Sherlock and Being Human to American shows like Sleepy Hollow and Fringe.
Buffy was also incredibly creative, playful television, weaving what might have been gimmicks - a musical episode, an almost-entirely-silent episode - seamlessly into the story in a way which has often been imitated but rarely equalled.
But in the crucial central aspect - the way the show dealt with its female characters - most television and movies are still lagging way behind Buffy's decade-old example.
"But no!" I hear you cry from across the land. "The strong female character is a very common figure in all sorts of media now, from women kicking ass in videogames to sassy wisecracking super heroines in outfits which show off their toned buttocks and muscular, um, breasts. Just look at how the movie posters show off how strong they are!"
Well, yes. Buffy was a "strong female character" in the sense she had super-strength and could push a stake through a vampire's breastbone with as little effort as most of us would expend pushing a toothpick into a festive canape.
But her strength wasn't just about that - and that's where so many so-called strong female characters fall down, even today.
For one thing, Buffy was written strongly - meaning she was a fully-rounded character, with weaknesses and vulnerabilities to go along with her super-powers.
Not only was she physically strong, her role in the drama was also central - unlike so many female characters, she wasn't primarily there to be a man's love interest, or a femme fatale.
She had relationships, she fell in love, had her heart broken, got dumped, and sent the love of her life to hell - well, who hasn't? - but those relationships weren't what defined her.
Contrast that with Twilight's Bella Swan, utterly subsumed by her relationships with men.
And equally importantly - she was surrounded by other strong, interesting, complex women.
What's astonishing even now is to look at the cast line-up of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Not just Buffy herself, but also best friend Willow the witch, Willow's girlfriend Tara, nemesis-come-wary-ally Cordelia, ex-demon Anya, mother-in-a-trying-situation Joyce and latterly, the mystically-created sister Dawn.
So often now, a "strong woman" in a TV show or a movie will be almost entirely isolated from other women - from Katniss Everdene trying to survive the Hunger Games to Sandra Bullock's character in Gravity, from Carrie Mathison in Homeland to Daenerys Targaryan in Game of Thrones - female friendship, let alone having conversations with several women, seems utterly impossible for many of today's female characters.
When I raised this question with show creator - and now Hollywood director - Joss Whedon, he agreed perhaps the wrong lessons had been learned from Buffy's success.
"The romance and the supernatural and the lure of the vampire… all seemed to go over pretty well," he said.
"The self-actualised female who was in charge of things didn't land quite as solidly…. I, too, have been somewhat disappointed… it feels almost like a backlash - we want to inoculate ourselves against this by giving you everything [Buffy] had without the feminism."
Even its main cast of three friends, two women and a man - Buffy, Willow and Xander - was extraordinary.
As Jane Root, controller of BBC Two when Buffy aired and now founder and chief executive of production company Nutopia, pointed out to me when I interviewed her, the set-up for sci-fi or fantasy is most often still "two boys and a girl".
Think of Harry, Ron and Hermione, or Aidan, George and Annie in Being Human, or The Doctor, Rory and Amy in Doctor Who, or Walter, Peter and Olivia in Fringe.
What Buffy showed us is that having one strong female character per show - even if she's well-written, interesting and complex - just isn't enough. After all, you can't pass the Bechdel Test with just one woman in the cast.
When I first saw Buffy the Vampire Slayer, I naively thought it would spell the beginning of a new wave of television and movies - ones where the women characters could be written as well as the men, where women would take the lead as often as men and where they would be surrounded by many other female characters.
It hasn't happened yet. But I continue to hope that it will. And until we've made TV like that, Buffy will continue to seem new, fresh and revolutionary.
The Front Row special on Buffy the Vampire Slayer is on 26 December at 19:15 GMT on Radio 4.


The Ukrainian military says it has clashed with rebel armoured vehicles that crossed from Russia and headed to the south-eastern port of Mariupol.

One commander said rebels might be trying to open up a new southern front. Russia did not comment on the issue.
Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko voiced his "extreme concern" about the alleged crossing, his office said.
More than 2,000 people have died in fighting between Ukrainian forces and the separatists in recent months.
Some 330,00 people have been displaced.
Mr Poroshenko made the comments during a telephone conversation with EU Council President Herman Van Rompuy, his office said.
He was reacting to Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, who said the Kremlin planned to send a second humanitarian convoy "in the next few days" as the situation there was "deteriorating".
The first convoy, which returned at the weekend, crossed the border without Ukraine's authorisation. Ukraine feared it was carrying military equipment to pro-Russian separatists and denounced it as an invasion.
Mr Lavrov also said he had not heard the reports about the alleged incursion into Ukraine, but complained of regular "disinformation about our 'incursions'".
The Russian and Ukrainian presidents are scheduled to meet in Minsk, Belarus, on Tuesday for talks on the crisis.
Ukraine's military said border guards had halted the column about 5km (3 miles) north-east of Novoazovsk, which is about 10km from the frontier in the far south-east of Ukraine.
Heavy clashes were reported at the village of Markyne.
One commander of a Ukrainian national guard unit in the area told Reuters news agency: "A war has broken out here."
Ukraine's National Security and Defence Council later said in a statement that two tanks were destroyed and several members of a "sabotage and reconnaissance" group were seized.
It said the area was blocked by Ukrainian troops.
Ukrainian sources earlier said the armoured vehicles had crossed the border bearing symbols of the self-styled Donetsk People's Republic.
Officials said 10 tanks and two armoured personnel carriers were in the column although other reports said the number of vehicles was as high as 50.
Mariupol, a major port on the Azov Sea, is in the hands of Ukrainian government forces, who ousted rebels from the city in June after weeks of fighting.
A Ukrainian military spokesman said government forces still controlled Mariupol and the road to Novoazovsk.
Spokesman Andriy Lysenko said it was an attempt "by the Russian military in the guise of Donbas fighters (rebels) to open a new area of military confrontation". The scene of most of the fighting has been much further north.
Mr Lysenko said there were enough resources to repel any attack.
Ukraine and Western powers have accused Russia of arming the rebels, charges Moscow has denied.
There have been numerous previous reports of armoured vehicles crossing Ukraine's eastern border.
Mr Lavrov said he had also sent a note to the Ukrainian foreign ministry on Sunday informing it of the new aid convoy.
"The humanitarian situation is not improving but deteriorating," he said.
"We want to reach an agreement on all conditions for delivering a second convoy by the same route... in the coming days".
Russia said the first convoy had delivered generators, food and drink.
Asked about Tuesday's presidential meeting, Mr Lavrov said: "We are ready... for any format as long as there is a result," adding that Russia wanted "to help Ukrainians agree among themselves".
Mr Lavrov also commented on the parading of captured Ukrainian government soldiers by rebels through the centre of Donetsk on Sunday.
Crowds lined the streets chanting "fascists" as the dishevelled-looking prisoners walked by.
Mr Lavrov said this was "nowhere near mistreatment" and that Ukrainian fighters' actions often amounted to "war crimes".
"I saw images of that parade and I didn't see anything close to what could be considered as humiliating," he said.
The violence in east Ukraine erupted in April when pro-Russian separatists in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions declared independence from Kiev. This followed Russia's annexation of the Crimean peninsula from Ukraine in March.


The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or CNMI, is a chain of 14 islands in the north-west Pacific.

A self-governing commonwealth of the United States since 1976, the islands lie just 1,500 miles south of the Japanese coast.
Those born on the islands are US citizens but not eligible to vote in US presidential elections. The territory receives millions of dollars in aid from Washington.
Most of the population live on the island of Saipan and only four other islands are populated. Native Micronesians outnumber the indigenous Chamorro and Carolinian populations.
Population 63,500
Area 457 sq km (176 sq miles)
Major languages English, Chamarro, Carolinian
Major religion Christianity
Life expectancy 74 years (men), 80 years (women)
Currency US dollar
Head of State: Barack Obama
Head of government: Ralph Torres
Ralph Torres was sworn in as governor of the Northern Marianas in December 2015 following the sudden death of his predecessor Eloy Inos.
At 36, he became the youngest governor in Northern Marianas history.
During his inaugural speech, Mr Torres pledged "to do what's right".
The Northern Marianas government has sought to rebuild public trust since former governor Benigno Fitial was convicted of corruption in 2015.
Broadcasting is regulated by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC).


Plans to axe more than 100 jobs at Wakefield Council have been revealed in a bid to cut spending by almost £27m.

The frequency of street cleaning and the number of children's play areas will also be cut under the Labour-run authority's plans.
It said its budget has reduced by £144m since 2011 and it must cut a further 15.4m by 2018 and find £11.5m for social care over the same period.
A spokesman said it would have a "major impact on nearly all council services".
For more stories from across Yorkshire
The proposals are to be discussed by cabinet on 14 February and, if approved, will be presented to full council on 28 February.
Among the plans announced, the council said it hopes to save £159,000 by reducing street cleaning and scrapping its dedicated fly-tipping removal team and £54,000 by reducing the number of play areas and ongoing maintenance.
It said it would save £650,000 through the closure of Knottingley Sports Centre and Castleford Swimming Pool.
It also plans to cut 100 full-time posts from its workforce of 4,916.
The council is also proposing to raise council tax by 1.99% and implement a 3% adult social care precept.
Council leader Peter Box said: "We are making tough choices and it will get even tougher, but the needs and welfare of our residents and this district remain at the heart of every decision we make."


China's two biggest cities have banned the use of electric scooters and segways on public roads because of safety concerns.

Beijing and Shanghai traffic authorities this week started issuing verbal warnings and fines of 10 yuan ($1.50; Â£1.1).
Modified bicycles, scooters and segways have been growing in popularity in China as a way to beat traffic jams.
However, many do not have proper brakes or lights, and can exceed speed limits.
Electric scooters and segways are supposed to have a maximum speed of 20km/h, but the Beijing Consumers' Association found that most of them are able to exceed that.
China's third-largest city Guangzhou is also reportedly considering a ban on electric scooters.
There are no national safety standards for such vehicles, which do not fall in the category of either motor vehicles or non-motorised ones according to Chinese law.
Though the ban on stand-up electric scooters is now in place in Beijing and Shanghai, you can still see plenty of them on the streets.
There are only three possibilities: people are not yet aware of the new rule changes, some have decided to risk being busted or riders will simply pay the small fine if they get caught.
If you talk to the mostly young people who own and love these scooters, they say they're cheap, convenient and easy to recharge. They also say that the problem instead lies with the sea of cars clogging up China's major cities every day.
The government response is that this may be the case, but it doesn't make the scooters any safer.
People - using all manner of vehicles - can been seen doing crazy, dangerous things every day on China's roads, so when cool kids were seen standing up on their electric scooters and whizzing through traffic, nobody thought it was in the slightest bit strange.
Transport officials didn't see it this way.
To them, these scooters move way too quickly and brake way too slowly.


It is "vital" for farming powers are transferred from the European Union direct to Holyrood, Nicola Sturgeon has told the National Farmer's Union.

The first minister told the NFU Scotland conference that agriculture was more important to the Scottish economy than that of the UK.
She said future decisions must reflect "Scotland's distinct priorities".
Scottish Tory leader Ruth Davidson told delegates that "we are moving toward a system of shared power in the UK".
Speaking on Monday, Ms Davidson predicted "an almighty political row over the coming months about whether Holyrood or Westminster should be running agriculture".
Ms Sturgeon told the conference that Brexit "presents the biggest challenge to farming in Scotland in our generation".
Her 'Scotland's Place in Europe' paper of proposals for the Brexit process includes calls for new devolved powers over areas including agriculture and fishing.
She told delegates: "Agriculture is a more important part of Scotland's economy than the UK because of our landscape and climate. So it's important for the agriculture sector that Scotland has a strong say in the negotiations with the EU.
"It's vital to ensuring that the settlement which is reached meets your needs and the Scottish government will work with the industry to make the sector as sustainable and efficient as possible.
"In addition, it is also vital that any powers which are transferred from the European Union, at the time of Brexit, must go to the Scottish Parliament rather than to Westminster. It is the best way of ensuring that future decisions on farming reflect Scotland's distinct priorities."
The first minister also apologised to delegates for issues with administering farm payments from the EU's Common Agricultural Policy in 2016.
Ms Sturgeon has appointed Prof Russel Griggs to chair a group to review of the "greening" farm subsidy system.
The UK government's white paper on Brexit has suggested there could be fresh devolution of "repatriated" powers, highlighting agriculture as a potential example.
The document says Brexit provides an opportunity to "ensure power sits closer to the people of the UK than ever before", adding that the government will "continue to champion devolution" - but that the final settlement will be one which "works for the whole of the UK".
On Monday, Ms Davidson told the conference she backed a "pragmatic" approach to where farming powers would lie.
She said: "I think it would be foolhardy for us to place barriers within our own UK domestic market. I don't see the up side in leaving one complex regulatory regime in Brussels, only to burden farmers with two regulatory regimes within the UK.
"At the same time, I think it is vital that the distinctive needs of Scottish farmers are heard and that the welcome moves towards regionalisation within the EU over recent years are not stymied.
"There will, I am sure, be an almighty political row over the coming months about whether Holyrood or Westminster should be running agriculture.  I don't see it as a binary choice. Increasingly, we are moving towards a system of shared power in the UK - as we will soon see with welfare provision in Scotland."


Hundreds of fans of the Dutch football team Ajax have staged an emotional rally outside the family home of a player who suffered brain damage after collapsing in a friendly match.

Tributes have been pouring in for 20-year-old Abdelhak Nouri who collapsed in a game in Austria a week ago.
The club says the midfielder suffered "serious and permanent brain damage".
Nouri, known as Appie, has been transferred to an Amsterdam hospital for further treatment.
In an emotional display of support for the player, Ajax fans gathered outside his parents' home in the Geuzenveld district of Amsterdam, applauding, lighting flares and chanting "Appie, Appie".
Nouri suffered cardiac arrhythmias - heart rhythm problems - during the game against German team Werder Bremen, Ajax said in a statement,
He received emergency treatment on the pitch and was flown by helicopter to a hospital in Innsbruck.
The club has said there is no chance of him recovering from the damage.
"The diagnosis was made that a lot of [his] brain is not functioning. All this probably occurred due to a lack of oxygen supply," the statement said.
Shock at the news has been reflected in Dutch media.
"News that the Ajax super-talent Abdelhak Nouri has suffered severe brain damage burst like a bombshell," the Algemeen Dagblad newspaper said.
"It doesn't get more bitter than this," commented De Telegraaf, adding that the "friendly, soft-spoken but roguish Appie who once put a smile on everybody's face has now become the centre of dismay and sadness".
Nouri made his debut for Ajax last September and played 15 league and cup games, scoring a goal in a cup tie.


A company which provided Wi-Fi services to Rangers is bidding to have £300,000 of the club's cash ring-fenced.

802 Works Ltd claims the club has not paid a bill for work at Ibrox and wants the cash frozen to ensure payment if Rangers go bust.
Rangers say the firm breached the contract as the system cannot be used by 50,000 people at the same time.
A sheriff will rule on Friday whether an arrestment warrant granted two weeks ago should remain or be lifted.
At Glasgow Sheriff Court, lawyers for 802 Works said the firm wanted the money ring-fenced to ensure payment if the club goes into insolvency.
The court was told that Rangers "over a considerable period", had been operating at a loss of £7.5m per year.
Various accounts were lodged at the court, including an audited report dated October 2015, showing financial information and an account showing more recent figures that were taken from the club's account system.
The most recent figures were objected to by the representative of 802 Works.
Solicitor advocate Simon Catto, representing 802 Works, said the audited report showed a full year's accounts and a loss of around £7.5m per year should be preferred.
He said: "These are the only documents that should be looked at when considering if there is a risk of insolvency."
Counsel for the club, Christopher Wilson, told the court that the sum sued for is 2% of the turnover.
He said: "The company is turning over that amount each week."
The court heard Rangers have repaid a £5m loan from Sports Direct.
Mr Catto said the defence case, that only 10,000 users could access the Wi-Fi in the stadium and that constituted a breach of contract, was "feeble".
The court was told it was "quite clear from documents" that there was no intention that anything like 50,000 people would be able to use the system simultaneously.


Meet the UK's robo-footie team who've been training hard for this year's RoboCup World Championships.

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17 July 2015 Last updated at 13:23 BST
The robots were built by a team at the University of Hertfordshire, and put in a cracking performance last year by grabbing second place in Brazil.
Each robot is programmed with around 50,000 different lines of code to help them to know what to do.
The RoboCup is an annual football competition, which first started in 1997.
Around 500 teams from more than 45 countries will take part in this year's contest, which kicks off in China on 19 July.


The independence-minded region of Catalonia has asked the Spanish central government for an extra 9bn euros (£7.7bn) in bailout money.

Catalonia's regional government said it needed the money to pay down debts and meet deficit reduction targets.
It adds to the 5bn euros the debt-stricken region initially requested from Spain in August last year.
The move comes just a month after Catalonia's new leaders pledged to hold a referendum on independence.
Catalonia is prosperous and accounts for around a fifth of Spain's GDP, but faces debt repayments totalling 13.6bn euros this year alone.
The regional government said it would spend 7.7bn euros to pay down debt and the rest on meeting deficit reduction targets set by the Spanish government.
Last year Spain set up a regional liquidity fund to provide money to regions unable to borrow on the international markets as a result of the financial crisis.
This year it has 23bn euros available to regions struggling with debt, raised from the treasury, Spanish banks and the national lottery.
Spain has been among the eurozone countries worst hit by the financial crisis.
It has been forced to borrow heavily as a result of a collapsing property market, recession and the highest unemployment rate in the eurozone.
Catalonia's nationalist leaders have blamed the Spanish government for the region's financial problems, and the economic crisis has broadly strengthened nationalist sentiment.
Catalan President Artur Mas formed a pro-independence coalition following elections in November, and in December agreed with coalition partners to hold an independence referendum by 2014.
The Spanish government led by Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy is fiercely opposed to Catalan secession, and argues that a referendum would be unconstitutional.


Stewart Petrie is the new manager at struggling Montrose, taking over with the club at the foot of League Two.

Paul Hegarty was sacked last month, with the Gable Endies picking up one point from three games since his departure.
Petrie, 46, leaves his post as as assistant manager at Junior Super League side Broughty Athletic.
Born in Dundee, he played for Forfar, Dunfermline and Ross County and had spells in Australia and Singapore.
Petrie has previously served as assistant manager at Forfar and Arbroath.
"He is highly motivated and enthusiastic, comes with a wealth of playing and coaching experience and most importantly understands the lower leagues of Scottish football," said chairman John Crawford.
"I would like to thank John Holt for his support in stepping in and looking after the team since the departure of Paul Hegarty and wish him every success for the future."


Two hundred Labour members in Bristol have been suspended for allegedly breaking party rules, the chair of the local party has claimed.

Eileen Means said the cause of "hundreds" of suspensions was unclear as the party had failed to notify them.
She said the process was "extremely unfair" as those affected "don't know what offence they've committed".
A Labour spokesman said those suspended will also have their votes cancelled in the party's leadership elections.
The party added it has a "robust validation process" to ensure all votes meet "Labour Party rules".
Labour's ruling body, the National Executive Committee (NEC), issued new social media guidelines which party members had to sign up to this week.
Ms Means believes most of the suspensions - from the 6,700 strong Bristol membership - were down to infringements of the new guidelines.
She described the suspensions as "too heavy" for some of the "so-called offences".
"There's a grave suspicion that it is a purge and a lot of members are using that term," she said.
"I think they are suspending anybody who does abuse anybody [else] but there's no doubt that people who support [Jeremy] Corbyn outnumber the people who support Owen [Smith] - certainly in Bristol."
During the past month, three Labour councillors - Harriet Bradley, Hibaq Jama, and Mike Langley - have been suspended, pending further investigations, costing the party its majority on the city council.
In an open letter to the NEC, a number of Bristol Labour members protested against the councillors' suspensions claiming the move had "done serious damage to the local party".
It said the councillors were given "so little information" it was "nearly impossible" to determine why they were suspended.
In a statement, Labour said it would not comment on individual cases but confirmed decisions "about individual members" was taken by the NEC.
"Members who have been contacted by the Labour Party to confirm they are not deemed eligible to vote can contact the party to obtain the evidence considered by the NEC," it said.


A bus carrying staff from the Dallas Cowboys, an American football team, has collided with a van in the US, killing four people, authorities say.

No players were on board the tour bus involved in the accident on a highway in the south-western state of Arizona.
It had been on its way to a Dallas Cowboys fan event in Las Vegas when the collision happened 48km (30 miles) north of the city of Kingman.
Officials said all four fatalities had been riding in the van.
"All on the bus came through OK with some bumps and bruises," the Associated Press news agency quoted Cowboys spokesman Rich Dalrymple as saying.
It was not clear what caused the crash on Sunday afternoon, and investigations are under way.
After the Las Vegas stop, the bus had been due to go on to Oxnard in California for the team's training camp, AP reports.
The Dallas Cowboys topped Forbes' 2016 list as the most valuable sports team in the world, with a value of $4bn (Â£3bn).


A South Korean court has begun hearing evidence in the trial of the captain and 14 crew members of a ferry that sank in April, killing more than 300.

The crew are charged with negligence and abandoning ship. The captain and three officers are also charged with "homicide through wilful negligence".
Captain Lee Joon-sok's lawyer suggested he would contest the murder charge because there was no intent to kill.
The Sewol ferry capsized and sank on 16 April, with 476 people on board.
A total of 304 people are believed to have died. Divers have conducted an extensive search of the sunken ship to recover their bodies and on Tuesday retrieved the remains of a female passenger.
That brings the number of bodies recovered to 293, with 11 people still unaccounted for. Most of those on board the ferry were teenagers on a school trip.
Prosecutors say the ship capsized because it was overloaded, with cargo improperly stowed. Five executives from ferry operator Chonghaejin Marine are also facing charges.
The tragedy has caused shock and outrage in South Korea.
The crew have been accused of prioritising their own safety over that of passengers, and also of causing more deaths by instructing people to remain in their cabins instead of evacuating the ship.
They are being tried at the district court in the southern city of Gwangju.
But, reports the BBC's John Sudworth from the court, questions are being asked about the possibility of a fair trial given the wide assumption of guilt in the South Korean media.
Students who survived the sinking are to testify next month at a court close to their homes near Seoul, instead of at the court in Gwangju, it was also announced on Tuesday.
The decision was aimed at minimising further stress to the students, court officials said.
Meanwhile President Park Guen-hye, whose government has also faced tough criticism over the disaster, suffered another blow when her second nominee for prime minister withdrew from consideration.
The incumbent, Chung Hong-won, has tendered his resignation over the handling of the ferry disaster.
But Ms Park's first choice as his replacement withdrew amid questions over his finances, and her second, Moon Chang-keuk, over controversial Japan-related comments that he made.
In 2011 Mr Moon had described Japan's 35-year colonisation of the Korean peninsula as "God's will".


Fernando Alonso says he expects to find the Indianapolis 500 "difficult" as he attempts to win the prestigious race for the first time on Sunday.

The McLaren Formula 1 driver is missing the Monaco Grand Prix to race in the US and has qualified fifth on the grid.
"Anyone can win the Indy 500 of the 33 drivers because it is an unpredictable race," the 35-year-old said.
"You cannot plan in advance. You need to keep improvising. I know I will lack experience in critical moments."
The Spaniard said he was determined to enjoy the event.
"I want to live the moment, I want to live the experience," said the two-time F1 world champion.
"On Sunday when race time arrives, 300,000, 400,000 people at a sport event has no comparison to any other sport event in the world.
"The Olympic Games and Super Bowl cannot put 400,000 people in one place on one Sunday."
Alonso said he was "surprised" by his speed in qualifying, which puts him in the middle of the second row for the rolling start.
And he could have been faster - a brief engine problem during his four-lap qualifying run cost him a place on the three-car front row.
"When we announced to come here one month ago, we did it without knowing how competitive we could be, if I was able to adapt to oval racing, to these cars," said Alonso, who is driving a McLaren-branded car for Andretti Autosport team, powered by an engine made by McLaren's F1 partner Honda.
"You respect the place, respect the speed. You respect your colleagues out there but at the end of the day, when you are in your car and close the visor, you would like to have one mile per hour more. It's never enough."
Alonso said he felt his biggest handicap in the race would be his lack of experience of running in groups of cars at speeds of 230mph.
The biggest challenge I will face is in the race when you are running in traffic, those groups of cars that form in the race," Alonso said.
"It changes completely the behaviour of the car. You feel the car very loose... we've been practicing that with the team, trying to create our own groups because we are six cars.
"With no experience, for me you're not sure sometimes where you are with that line - if you are over the limits of the car, or over the limits of running with the traffic. Just guessing what the car will do, what you are doing.
"I still lack experience in important moments of the race. I will try to compensate with the speed, with motivation and we will see what happens.
"Taking the opportunity to overtake and to pass will be a difficult decision to make. There are many factors you need to address while you are driving 230 miles per hour.
"You have to stay calm, be ready for the last one-third of the race. That is where it comes."
Alonso had never driven an IndyCar before his 'rookie' test on 4 May, but four-time IndyCar champion Scott Dixon, who has qualified on pole, believes the F1 driver will be a threat for victory in the race.
"He's done amazing and to be honest, to win the race, he's going to be one of the guys you're going to have to beat," the 36-year-old New Zealander said.
"You can typically weed out a group of guys in any formula that are at the top and are slightly different than the rest and he is one of those guys."


Michael Conlan is assured of at least a bronze medal at the World Boxing Championships in Doha after winning his quarter-final in style on Saturday.

The Belfast bantamweight was in control of his bout against Tayfur Aliyev of Azerbaijan throughout and won all three rounds on all three judges' cards, posting a 30-27 victory.
European champion Conlan has already qualified for next year's Rio Olympics.
Light flyweight Brendan Irvine lost his quarter-final to Joahnys Argilagos.
Irvine fought well but had no answer to his Cuban opponent's tight defence and scoring punches.
The Belfast fighter lost each round 10-9, though one judge did award him the final round as he battled hard against elimination one fight before the medal bouts.
Conlan now has his sights set on upgrading his world bronze for silver at least in the semi-finals.
Ireland's other two remaining hopefuls, Michael O'Reilly and Joe Ward, also won through to the semi-finals and ensured at least bronze medals.
O'Reilly, the current European Games and Irish middleweight champion, ranked seventh in the world, defeated Kazakhstan's Zhanubek Alimhanuly, the world middleweight champion, via a split decision.
The Kazakh second seed won Asian Games gold in 2014 but didn't finish amongst the medals at the Asian Confederation Championships this year after going out at the last-eight stage.
Ireland's best gold medal prospect is light-heavyweight Ward and he made the last four by defeating Mikhail Baudhaliavets of Belarus on a unanimous 3-0 decision.
World number five Ward also beat Baudhaliavets on a unanimous decision en route to gold in the quarter-finals of the European Elite Championships in Bulgaria in August.
Ireland have now secured a record haul of three World Championship medals and Conlan and O'Reilly will be in semi-final action on Sunday.
Ward will face Elshod Rasulov of Uzbekistan in the last four on Monday.


United Arab Emirates (UAE) nationals are being urged not to wear national dress outside the region, days after an Emirati man was detained in the US.

Ahmed al-Menhali, a businessman, was detained while wearing traditional robes in a hotel in Avon, Ohio.
Media in Ohio said a hotel employee feared he was pledging allegiance to so-called Islamic State group (IS).
The UAE's ministry of interior issued advice on Saturday urging citizens to be careful about what they wear abroad.
UAE nationals should avoid wearing traditional costume "to preserve their safety", the ministry said (in Arabic) without referencing the Ohio incident.
Ohio broadcaster WEWS reported that police received a call from the sister of a hotel clerk who had said there was a man "in full headdress with multiple disposable phones pledging his allegiance to Isis" [another name for IS].
Police later received a call from the employee's father alleging the same thing.
A video of Mr Menhali's arrest, filmed by police, was published by WEWS on Friday.
It shows armed police approaching him outside a hotel and forcing him to lie on the floor, before searching him.
Mr Menhali, who is wearing white robes, the ghutra headdress and the agal - cords to hold the headdress in place - is heard repeatedly asking why police had stopped him.
"They were brutal with me," Mr Menhali told the UAE newspaper The National. "They pressed forcefully on my back. I had several injuries and bled from the forceful nature of their arrest."
Avon's mayor and police chief have since apologised to Mr Menhali, who was recovering in Ohio after treatment following a stroke.
After meeting him, Muslim community leaders invited the officials to break fast with them as part of the holy month of Ramadan.
The UAE ministry of interior warning was distributed on Saturday. A day later, the ministry also issued travel advice to Emirati citizens, urging them to respect bans of the full-face veil where they are in place.
The note also urges people "to take caution while abroad due to the security developments in some European countries, triggered by the unfolding unrest in the Middle East region, and their fallout, especially the refugee crisis".
In April, an Iraqi university student in California was escorted off a Southwest Airlines flight for having a conversation in Arabic.


The number of men in low-paid part-time work has increased fourfold over the past 20 years.

New research by the Institute for Fiscal Studies has found that one in five low-paid men aged 25 to 55 now work part-time.
While 95% of top-earning men normally work full-time, 20% of the lowest paid now work part-time.
That means wage inequality for men has risen over two decades, but for women the opposite is the case.
More women have had a better education in recent years and more have moved into full-time jobs. As a result their pay has improved and they have had less incentive to leave the workforce.
However, the research does not reveal why increasing numbers of low-paid men are working part time.
Jonathan Cribb, senior research economist at the IFS and author of the report, said: "To understand the drivers of inequality in the UK it is vital to understand the growing association between low hourly wages and low hours of work among men."
There are two schools of thought about what might be happening. It may be that increasing numbers of men want to work part-time, although this seems unlikely.
The second theory is based on the sectors where these low-paid jobs are found.
Six in ten of them are in the retail, wholesale or hospitality sectors.
That might suggest men who previously worked in low-paid but secure, full-time jobs in sectors such as manufacturing have lost that type of employment.
Instead they have been forced into the traditionally poorly paid and less secure services sector of the economy.
Yet those are the sectors of the economy that traditionally have employed large numbers of poorly paid and part-time female workers.


Two newly hatched osprey chicks have been stolen by magpies in Cumbria.

A chicks' mother and father had returned to the nest in Bassenthwaite at Easter for the fourth year running, producing a trio of eggs in six days.
The first of the three chicks hatched on Thursday, with the other two birds arriving over the weekend.
But the Lake District Osprey Project said Monday was a "sad day", when the team saw only one chick was on the nest.
A spokesman said it was a "bleak" outlook for the remaining chick as it is "very likely" that the magpies would return.
It is not known if the birds, which often take scraps of fish from the osprey's nest, had eaten the chicks.
Ospreys returned to the area in 2001 after an absence of more than 150 years, and nearly 30 chicks have been raised at the nest since.
The birds fly south to Africa during late autumn, returning to the UK towards the start of April.


One Direction have announced that a gig they cancelled at the last minute in Belfast on Tuesday will now take place on Friday, and two other concerts in the city will go ahead as planned.

Harry Styles said the band was "very sorry" for cancelling Tuesday's show.
Fans were already inside the city's SSE Arena when the gig was pulled at 21:00 BST after singer Liam Payne fell ill.
Styles told BBC Radio 2's Chris Evans that the band had been "trying to get on and then it was just impossible".
Payne was "just very, very ill", he said.
"We very, very much apologise to everyone."
And Payne tweeted: "I'm so sorry to everybody I disappointed last night. I'm feeling better now.
"I really hope everyone can make the rescheduled date on Friday.
"I really can't wait to perform and make it up to everyone later."
Disappointed fans booed as staff instructed them to leave the venue, and one witness said "hundreds" of girls and women had been left weeping.
Concert promoter Aiken Promotions said: "The show tonight has been cancelled as Liam has taken ill, and whilst not serious, he is unable to perform tonight."
And in another statement on Wednesday, the promoter apologised for the cancellation.
That show has been rescheduled for Friday and original tickets are valid.
"We thank everyone for their understanding and their good wishes to Liam," Aiken Promotions added.
Fans unable to attend Friday's concert have been told they will be refunded.
It was the first time in the band's five-year career that they had been forced to cancel a show.
Previously, members had filled in for each other when illness struck.
"To be honest, we feel kind of lucky that we've got to this point and never cancelled one," said Styles.
But the rescheduled show has come at a cost for ice hockey fans in Belfast.
The Belfast Giants had been due to play a game against the Sheffield Steelers at SSE Arena on Friday night.
That has now had to make way for the One Direction gig.
Neil Walker, the arena's general manager, said "all possible options" had been assessed before the decision was made and he apologised to supporters of both teams.
"We are very grateful to them for their understanding and accommodation of the nearly 10,000 young concert fans who were so devastated by the cancellation last night," he added.
"We are now looking forward to three great nights of concerts."


Brentford midfielder Jota has joined Spanish La Liga club Eibar on an 18-month loan deal.

The 24-year-old has also agreed an option to extend his Bees contract until the end of the 2017-18 season but moves to Spain for personal reasons.
Jota moved to Griffin Park from fellow La Liga side Celta Vigo in the summer of 2014, scoring 11 times in 51 games.
Brentford have the option to recall Jota during the next two transfer windows - this summer and January 2017.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


A majority of Northern Ireland Assembly members have voted in favour of same-sex marriage for the first time.

But the motion has been blocked after the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) deployed a petition of concern that required the proposal to achieve a cross-community majority.
While 41 nationalists backed the proposal, it was approved by only four unionists, meaning it could not pass.
Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK where gay marriage is not legal.
Fifty-three MLAs supported the motion brought by the SDLP and Sinn Féin, while 52 voted against.
One MLA, the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) leader Mike Nesbitt, abstained, while the SDLP's Alban Maginness was not present for the vote.
It is the fifth time same-sex marriage has been considered by the assembly.
Four earlier votes on the issue have fallen on a simple majority basis.
The previous vote, in April, was rejected by 49 MLAs, with 47 voting in favour.
Sinn Féin's Caitríona Ruane said "history had been made" with the proposal receiving majority support for the first time.
"This signals a major shift in society with more and more people supporting marriage equality for our LGBT community.
"This is a historic day but the campaign for marriage equality is not over and will not be until we have equality enshrined in legislation."
But the DUP MLA Peter Weir said many people had been "notably quick to dismiss the other four occasions that a majority rejected this same proposal".
"If it requires a process of attrition to alter a result it does not demonstrate a great deal of force behind the argument," he added.
The SDLP's Colum Eastwood said a majority of MLAs had sent a message "to the young people struggling with their sexuality that they are loved".
But he added: "The abuse of the petition of concern by the DUP in this way is wrong and it cannot continue.
"These institutions must be reformed so that no party can pervert such a critical instrument for protecting minority communities."
The measure was designed as a way to safeguard minority rights in Northern Ireland's power-sharing assembly.
If a petition of concern is presented to the assembly speaker, any motion or amendment will need cross-community support.
In such cases, a vote on proposed legislation will only pass if supported by a weighted majority (60%) of members voting, including at least 40% of each of the nationalist and unionist designations present and voting.
Effectively this means that, provided enough MLAs from a particular community agree, that community can exercise a veto over the assembly's decisions.
Trevor Lunn, of the Alliance Party, backed the proposal for the first time, having either opposed it or abstained from voting on previous occasions.
He said the vote had been a "moral victory" for those supporting marriage equality, but criticised the DUP's use of the petition of concern.
Kieran McCarthy was the only Alliance Party MLA to reject the motion.
Ulster Unionist Andy Allen was the only member of the two main unionist parties to support the proposal, and said his view was one of "live and let live".
But his party leader, Mr Nesbitt, said he had abstained as the vote had been "rendered utterly meaningless by the DUP's pre-cooked petition of concern".
John O'Doherty, director of the Rainbow Project, an LGBT support organisation, said, it had been a "momentous day".
The human rights organisation Amnesty International said the "battle for equality in Northern Ireland will now move to the courts".
Two couples won permission in June to challenge Northern Ireland's ban on same-sex marriage by way of a judicial review.
Patrick Corrigan, of Amnesty International, said the majority vote showed that "slowly but surely, politicians are catching up with public opinion".
Last week, same-sex marriage legislation was signed into law in the Republic of Ireland after it was passed in a referendum in May.


Universities might have a reputation as bastions of Guardian-reading liberalism.

But when it comes to the top academic jobs they stand accused of failing to give women a fair chance.
In the UK, only 24% of professors are women, even though half of lecturers are women. There are even fewer female university heads, with women accounting for 18% of vice chancellors or principals.
This isn't unique to the UK - a report from the United Nations shows a similar pattern of a lack of female professors across universities in the United States, Japan, China, Brazil, France and South Africa.
Elizabeth Nyamayaro, senior adviser to UN Women, says there needs to be direct intervention to change this, including the controversial idea of imposing quotas.
"There is a need to be pro-active, otherwise it will never happen," she says.
The UN identifies 10 "impact champions" trying to resolve this gender gap - including Paul Boyle, vice chancellor of Leicester University.
Prof Boyle has a target for a 1.5% increase each year in women professors, with the aim of having 30% of professorships held by women by 2020.
"I'll be frank, if we felt we could go faster than that we would," says Prof Boyle.
Other universities are going for bigger increases from lower starting points. The University of Hong Kong will use "compulsory diversity" in its shortlists to almost treble the proportion of women in dean-level positions from 9% to 26%.
The University of Nagoya in Japan will have women-only jobs, with the aim of a 75% increase in senior faculty positions, but only up to 20%.
But why is there such a huge gap in the first place?
Dame Athene Donald, professor of experimental physics at the University of Cambridge, blames a "subtle blend of cultural expectations".
This includes women not aiming high enough and a lack of relevant mentors to support their ambitions.
They can also face bias, "unconscious or otherwise", she says.
Prof Donald, who was her university's gender equality champion, says this might not be overt prejudice, but a corrosive form of "holding women to a different standard".
She has seen "appalling references" for female academics, using words such as "feisty", which would never be used to describe a man.
"It's a system that expects more of a woman than a man," she says.
Prof Donald also believes "blokeishness" among undergraduates is getting worse rather than better, with a "lad culture" of excessive drinking and online sexism.
Ms Nyamayaro, who runs a UN project to engage male support for gender equality, says part of the problem has been that the gender gap has not been presented as everyone's responsibility.
"It's been seen as a women's issue, lead by women and for women. We haven't done a good job in engaging the other half of society," she says.
Another practical obstacle for women academics is that they are more likely to have career breaks to raise a family, disrupting the trajectory of promotions.
Leicester University is adjusting the selection process to address this.
"At the moment we're not judging the CVs and the backgrounds of people fairly, we're not taking into account that women are more likely to have had breaks in their career," says Prof Boyle.
More stories from the BBC's Global education series looking at education from an international perspective and how to get in touch
The number of academic papers and research grants are "often taken as a pretty strong measure of your academic credibility".
Prof Boyle says this can work against women who might have produced less work, but of a higher standard.
"We're working with interview panels to prioritise quality over quantity," he says.
He argues this isn't positive discrimination, but a fairer way of choosing candidates.
But he also says "expectations" can play a part in who gets the top jobs.
"It's driven by the personal expectations of men and women and by the expectations of those who are assessing them."
But Prof Donald says she is "nervous" about the use of quotas. Women who are appointed can face the accusation that they only succeeded because of their gender.
"It's not healthy to feel that might be how you got the job."
But what makes the lack of female professors even more glaring is that universities have an increasingly female population.
The problem at undergraduate level is the shortage of male applicants.
The head of the Ucas admissions service, Mary Curnock Cook, this summer made the remarkable forecast that if present trends continue "girls born this year will be 75% more likely to go to university than their male peers".
This also raises another and unknown part of the current professorial gender gap. Is it a time-lagged, fossilised reflection of the peer group who entered academic jobs 30 or 40 years ago, in a much more male-dominated era?
Two of the world's most famous universities - Harvard and Oxford - have their first ever female heads. In the case of Louise Richardson at Oxford, she is the first woman to lead the university after almost 800 years.
Are the universities already catching up?
Prof Donald is not convinced by this time-lag theory, saying that rising numbers of women students and lecturers has not translated into equivalent increases in female professors.
Either way Prof Boyle says it's not enough to wait for time to resolve this inequality - because it would take another 39 years to even out at the current rate of change.
Is there also something about university cultures that can appear to be full of innovation, but below the surface remain deeply entrenched in tradition?
In the US, Ana Mari Cauce last year became the first female president of the University of Washington.
She said universities can have a strong cultural identity which can make those who don't quite fit in feel like outsiders.
Dr Cauce warned that universities could appear to be publicly supportive of diversity, while at the same time avoiding "difficult conversations" about putting it into practice.


A social housing company was forced to demolish four garages after it discovered it did not own the land it had built them on.

Cross Keys Homes put the garages up in Fellowes Gardens, Peterborough, for its residents about five years ago.
However, after the receiver stepped in for the landowner, they were forced to pull them down, giving residents just days to remove belongings.
Cross Keys apologised and said it was working to find alternative garages.
The housing association said it built them to "help improve the amenities" but "unfortunately, it has recently come to light that some of the land in question was not in our ownership nor was it owned by the city council either".
More news from Cambridgeshire
A spokeswoman said Cross Keys had made a "competitive offer" to buy the land from the receiver.
"[This] was sadly refused, leaving us with no alternative but to demolish the four garages and return the land to its previous state."
Although the company has not said who does own the land, or why it took the owner several years to complain, the situation was an "unfortunate oversight on our part", she added.
The garages were dismantled on Monday, leaving just the concrete bases and wire mesh fencing in their places.
One resident, whose garage was filled with her elderly mother's possessions, described it as "stupid" and said she did not know what she would do with the belongings.
Cross Keys said it would offer "interim suitable storage" while it looked for alternatives.


"Of course, Viking conquests of England are nothing new."

For Iceland's Reykjavik Grapevine newspaper, the result was not a big surprise. History was on their side.
Throughout Euro 2016, the newspaper has provided coverage of Iceland's sparkling campaign, which is rivalled only by the breathless TV commentary of Gummi Ben. Even before a ball was kicked, Iceland was ready for "Brexit 2 - The Smiting".
But elsewhere England's shock defeat to the tournament debutantes was greeted with a mixture of shock, sensationalism and not a little schadenfreude.
Germany's Sueddeutsche Zeitung calls England's laboured attempts to gain control of the game a "testament to the helplessness of a team of the disillusioned".
Der Spiegel is baffled by Roy Hodgson's approach to the game, and calls his resignation "his best decision of the day".
For Spain's El Pais, England's plight was not a matter of tactics or team selection, but a product of a mindset built on past tournament failings.
"A throw-in was enough to instil the doubt and everlasting stench of defeat that always accompanies England."
Iceland will go on to face France in the quarter finals and the host nation's media are careful not to underestimate their opponents.
"They are not afraid of anybody," says Le Monde, while Le Figaro warns the French team not to give in to complacency.
"Les Bleus will have celebrated. But they hope one thing: not to become the next victims of these incredible football players who have come in from the cold."
Few nations will have enjoyed the result as much as Wales. Popular website Wales Online posted on Facebook: "Nope, no sympathy."
However, the jeering was too much for leading Welsh-language campaigner and Rhyl FC fan Ffred Ffrancis, who wrote on Twitter:
"Instead of revelling in England's loss, Wales should congratulate Iceland, another small country that's shown how to win at #EURO2016."
In Russia, a country that endured an even worse Euro 2016 campaign, the focus is less on a humiliating defeat than a stunning victory.
Sport Express asks: "How many exclamation marks are needed to reflect the emotions brought on by Iceland's victory?"
SovSport notes that Iceland "draw strength from collectivism", adding: "In the north it is difficult to survive without esprit de corps. The 'Vikings' are patient and courageous at the same time - running, guns blazing, towards the enemy's gates just to test their mettle."
But state-run Channel One TV could not resist a jibe at England's travelling support, stating:
"In contrast to English fans, the Icelandic supporters are extremely peace-loving, although overflowing with emotions. Experts say Iceland's victory is further proof that money does not play football."
Naturally, most papers could not resist drawing parallels to last week's EU referendum. Switzerland's La Tribune de Geneve sas: "England woke up this morning with a terrible hangover for the second time in less than a week. This time it is not the vote of its people which is to blame, but its national team which has disappointed on all fronts."
The result reverberated beyond Europe.
Iran's Khabar Online calls the result "humiliating", and for South Africa's Daily Maverick, England were "a shambles".
In Australia's Daily Telegraph, Martin Gibbes says: "To understand the true depth of England's defeat to Iceland you need every letter of the alphabet." Gibbes then goes on to list every letter: A for apologies, B for blunders, C for clueless... Y for yawn... and so on.
But it was the Reykjavik Grapevine that provided the most insightful explanation for the result.
"This team is playing for the #ISL people, because this team *are* the #ISL people
#ENGISL #ICELANDSMITES"
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring  on Twitter and Facebook.


First Minister Nicola Sturgeon has told the United Nations that Scotland wants to play its part.

She said an independent Scotland could play a bigger role at the world body to help promote human rights, gender equality and peace.
Ms Sturgeon was addressing diplomats at UN headquarters in New York.
"We are a relatively small country, but a country that potentially can have a big, positive and powerful voice," she said.
The first minister is on a five-day tour of the US.
Ms Sturgeon has insisted her visit is focused on trade rather than pushing for independence.
The Scottish Conservatives have accused the SNP leader of using "her taxpayer-funded trip to America to promote independence, and an unwanted referendum".
Last week, the Scottish government asked UK Prime Minister Theresa May for a second referendum on independence after Britain launched the process of leaving the European Union.
But the UK government has already declined Ms Sturgeon's request to be given the powers to hold a legally-binding independence referendum before the Brexit process is complete.
Ms Sturgeon told BBC Scotland's Glenn Campbell that she had "no plans to go to court" to challenge the UK government's decision.
She said: "It is absolutely essential that if the will of the Scottish Parliament is for a referendum then that should be respected.
"I don't think there is any need, nor is there any intention, to see a matter that should be settled politically end up in the courts."
Nicola Sturgeon 'would agree to meet Trump'
FM sets out global vision for Scotland
Sturgeon signs climate agreement with California
Ms Sturgeon used her address to the UN to raise her international profile and draw attention to Scotland's credentials as a "good global citizen."
The first minister said she wanted to "explore ways in which the Scottish government can further support the UN and its various different forums," in particular in the area of human rights and gender equality.
Scotland is working with the United Nations to offer training to women in Iraq, Syria, Yemen and other conflict areas in the Middle East to help them play a larger role in promoting peace.
Last year, 50 women took part in the Scottish programme and the same number will take part in the initiative every year until 2021, said Sturgeon.
"My country will take a lead in trying to drive forward progress both within Scotland, but also where possible by helping to promote gender equality," she said.
"Women's rights have to be the concern of everybody, not just women."
"In order to advance women's rights, we need to make sure that women are in key areas and key positions of influence," she said.
Earlier this week, Sturgeon spoke to US investors in California.
She is scheduled to address the Women in the World summit in New York on Thursday.


Three separate trials are planned for the prosecution of the six men facing charges over the Hillsborough disaster, the Crown Prosecution Service says.

Former Ch Supt David Duckenfield will face 95 charges of manslaughter and five other senior figures are to be prosecuted over the 1989 disaster.
Mr Duckenfield was match commander at the FA Cup semi-final when 96 Liverpool fans were fatally injured in a crush.
It has not yet been decided where the trials will take place, the Crown said.
The defendants, excepting Mr Duckenfield, will appear at Warrington Magistrates' Court on 9 August.
He was prosecuted privately in 1999 and the CPS is applying to the High Court to lift a court order imposed, which must be removed before Mr Duckenfield can be charged.
The judge will be updated on the progress of this application by 6 September and if successful, the case will proceed directly to crown court.
On the same day, the next hearing for the other five is due to be held at Preston Crown Court.
If each of the men plead not guilty, the CPS said it anticipated three separate trials being held.
One would comprise Mr Duckenfield and Graham Mackrell, who was the company secretary at Sheffield Wednesday at the time of the disaster.
A separate trial would be held for ex-South Yorkshire Police (SYP) Ch Insp Sir Norman Bettison.
Another trial would include Peter Metcalf, who was a solicitor for SYP, and two SYP officers - former Ch Supt Donald Denton and former Det Ch Insp Alan Foster.
The six men charged over Hillsborough
Hillsborough: Criminal charges explained
BBC News profiles of all those who died
Last year, new inquests into the disaster at the Liverpool v Nottingham Forest match, held at Sheffield Wednesday's ground, concluded the fans had been unlawfully killed.
The inquests found that Liverpool supporters were not responsible for the dangerous situation at the Leppings Lane turnstiles.
The full list of individuals and charges are:
The CPS brought charges following referrals from the Operation Resolve investigation into the causes of the disaster and the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) probe.
Â£56.5m
cost of Operation Resolve
Â£42m
cost of IPCC investigation
17,000 lines of inquiry by Operation Resolve
11,000 statements taken by Operation Resolve
190,000 documents reviewed by IPCC investigation
23,000 images reviewed by IPCC investigation


The Kentucky clerk who was jailed for refusing to issue gay marriage licenses has said she "needs time to rest" before she returns to work.

Kim Davis, an elected official, has said that her Christian faith should exempt her from signing the licences.
She was released from jail on Tuesday the under the condition she not interfere with her deputies as they issue licences.
The US Supreme Court declared gay marriage legal in June.
According to her lawyers, Ms Davis will return to her work on Friday or Monday.
Ms Davis and her lawyers would not say whether she would comply with federal Judge David Bunning's conditions. If she does not, she could be jailed again.
After she was released, Ms Davis was greeted by thousands of cheering supporters who gathered outside the Carter County Detention Center.
Ms Davis has become a heroine among conservative Christians who view marriage as only between a man and a woman.
Her case has also become an issue in the Republican presidential campaign with several candidates - including former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee and Texas Senator Ted Cruz - championing her cause.
Two federal courts and the US Supreme Court have ruled against Ms Davis after she repeatedly refused to issue marriage licences since June.
Ms Davis, a Democrat who serves Rowan County, a rural area in eastern Kentucky, was found in contempt of court on Thursday and jailed.
Because Ms Davis is an elected official, she cannot be fired. She could be impeached by the Kentucky legislature, but the body is not in session.
In support:
In the middle:
Against:


A motorised transporter the size of a tablet computer has been developed by a Japanese engineer.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
10 August 2015 Last updated at 15:08 BST
The WalkCar can reach a top speed of just over 6mph (10km/h) and can support riders weighing up to 120kg (265lbs).
Inventor Kuniaki Sato said the device was designed for recreational use as well as for business.
He told Reuters: "I want to show the world that Japan can also be innovative."
Mr Sato is hoping to secure crowdfunding before the gadget can be mass produced.


The Arts Council for England (ACE)  says its spending plans for the three years from 2015 will help strengthen and promote activity outside London.

Some 670 arts organisations will receive annual grants worth a total of £340m per year.
Three quarters of those have had their funding frozen. Among the losers is the English National Opera which has a funding cut close to 30%.
Here, some of the other winners and losers reflect on their positions.
The news that Richmond's Orange Tree Theatre had lost all of its funding came on new artistic director Paul Miller's first official day in the job. The funding represents almost a quarter of the theatre's income.
"I think the big, national contradictory pressures that are on the Arts Council were just so great that something had to give - and on that occasion it was us," Mr Miller told the BBC.
"I think there is an element of rebalancing out of London. Perhaps there was a perception about the kind of work that the Orange Tree was doing that was not easy to shift.
"Once upon a time, the Orange Tree was a fledgling start-up company that had its first Arts Council funding. For new younger companies to get into the system, it means that existing organisations cannot simply take for granted that they will continue to be regularly funded."
He said talks with the Arts Council would continue while until he developed a new business model.
"There are still many ways in which we can continue to take wonderful theatre in our lovely space. We just have to find a financially different way of doing it."
Salford's The Lowry arts centre had a 22% funding drop to £800,000 per year. But it also received a £3m capital grant from the Arts Council and a £1 million private donation - the largest in its 14-year history.
"It's a mixed result for us but one that we're broadly pleased with," said chief executive Julia Fawcett.
The Arts Council funding currently represents about 6% of The Lowry's total budget, and this will drop to about 4% from 2015.
"It means we'll have to recalibrate, refocus and work harder," said Ms Fawcett.
She didn't see "too many seismic shifts" in the way funding had changed outside the capital.
"The shift out of London is so marginal it hardly bears attention. It does look as if London-based organisations have taken a cut but it's at the margins.
"There's been some degree of restoration for some of our significant touring companies - like Birmingham Royal Ballet and Opera North."
Unicorn Theatre, which specialises in arts for young people, had a 30% boost taking its annual grant to £1.3m from April.
"Children's theatre has come a long way since the Unicorn was founded in 1947 and it's a terrific milestone to be recognised in this funding round as being equally important to the cultural life of the nation as any of the country's leading theatres," said artist director Purni Morell.
"We're absolutely committed to making this vital public investment count, not just for the Unicorn but for the whole of children's theatre in the UK, as we embark on an ambitious programme of commissions, productions, tours and talent development. As ever, working with some of the best artists around and continuing to push expectations of what can be achieved in children's arts ever higher."
Create, which commissions art in public spaces, is one of the 46 new organisations to receive Arts Council funding. Primarily working in east London, it is launching its first project outside of London - an artist-designed playground in the east end of Glasgow.
Hadrian Garrard, director of Create, said: "It's now becoming more broadly acknowledged that publically-funded arts organisations need to do more to reach different demographics. We see ourselves as emerging leaders in how to do this well and this is a great acknowledgment of that by the Arts Council.
"It will allow us to produce more ambitious projects involving communities in east London and other cities across the UK. We're thrilled that the Arts Council have chosen to acknowledge our track record of bringing ambitious and challenging new art to people from all backgrounds."


The disgraced former mayor of Tower Hamlets is trying to form a new political party, the BBC understands.

Lutfur Rahman was banned from standing for office for five years in 2015 after being found guilty of electoral fraud.
It is understood Mr Rahman is starting the party with his former deputy Ohid Ahmad who is bidding to be elected at the 2018 mayoral election.
Mr Ahmad said "everyone has the right to start a new political party or to support and existing one".
Campaign literature featuring both Mr Rahman and Mr Ahmad appears under the banner of the "Tower Hamlets Together" party.
The same name and logo also appear on an application sent to the Electoral Commissioner to set up the new political party.
The government has sent a letter to the commission asking it to "forensically review" any application for a new party involving Mr Rahman.
In the note, Minister for the Constitution Chris Skidmore MP said he "would be grateful if you could indicate" if a disqualified individual "should be involved with the registration of a political party".
In a statement, Mr Ahmad said he was standing in the 2018 mayoral election but had "yet to finalise whether I will stand as an independent or under a party banner".
A group of voters took legal action against Mr Rahman in 2015 over a series of allegations of election fraud including ballot paper tampering.
Mr Rahman was removed from office and the 2014 mayoral election was declared void after he was found guilty of corrupt and illegal practices.
He maintained there was "little, if any" evidence of wrongdoing against him and later unsuccessfully challenged the ruling of the Election Commissioner Richard Mawrey.
Current Mayor of Tower Hamlets, John Biggs, who won a new election in June 2015 for Labour says Mr Rhaman "clearly hasn't learned".
"I'm hopeful the people of our borough will recognise that he left us in a dead end and that we need to move forwards" he added.


Previously unseen photographs and film footage are the focus of a new exhibition that documents the time West Germany's 1966 World Cup squad spent based in a small market town in the Derbyshire Dales.

Ashbourne is more famous for Shrovetide football - its own chaotic and brutal form of the beautiful game - than international soccer.
But the town can claim its own footnote in the story of the 1966 World Cup, having played host to "Die Nationalmannschaft" for 18 days from 8 July.
In an era when football was much less commercial - and some would say was all the better for this - there were no behind-closed-doors training sessions at plush, well-equipped stadia.
Instead, players of the calibre of legendary captain Uwe Seeler and Germany's most celebrated footballer, Franz Beckenbauer, practised on Ashbourne's playing fields, with the Derbyshire hills framing this improbable scene.
Derbyshire was deemed the perfect location for the Germans as all of their group games were being held in nearby Sheffield and Birmingham, and latterly, for their semi-final, to the north at Goodison Park, Liverpool.
The team stayed at Peveril of the Peak hotel, in nearby Thorpe, but frequently forayed into the livelier Ashbourne.
We can only speculate what residents who lived through both world wars might have thought, but those who still remember the "German invasion" of 1966 have nothing but warm stories of their polite and engaging guests.
Helmut Haller, who scored the first goal against England in the final, went for Sunday lunch with one family and Beckenbauer took up an offer to go horse-riding at a farm. "The Kaiser" would later give his shirt to a local policeman who provided security for the team.
A number of the other players were invited to local discos to dance to The Beatles and Rolling Stones.
They happily posed for for residents and press photographers alike - hence the extensive nature of the photographic catalogue - and took the trouble to sign autographs.
"The town seemed to become alive with Germans," said Pat Johnson, who was 18 in July 1966.
"The team brought a load of supporters with them and they were camping locally and everyone became friendly.
"There was banter but we all hoped that England and Germany would be in the final together and, when it transpired, everybody was thrilled.
"When the supporters left town, they left in a convoy, hooting their horns and waving flags."
The team also moved on, staying in Hertfordshire to prepare for the Wembley final.
Of course what happened at Wembley, on 30 July, is the most celebrated achievement in English sport.
However, it is fair to say had Bobby Moore's men not overcome Portugal in the semi-final there would have been a small section of the country rooting for the Germans.
Exhibition organiser John Scott, who was not born until 1969, said the story of Germany's stay in Ashbourne had taken "50 years to come out".
"It has never been marked before," he said.
"I heard stories about it, it got bigger [and then] more people came together [to share memories]."
Billy Webster, who helped with the exhibition, was a 17-year-old painter and decorator during the World Cup.
He took time off work to watch the West Germans play at Villa Park and Hillsborough.
"They were a great credit to their nation, it was absolutely fantastic to have them around," he said.
"We had German players walking around the town, which you'd never see now.
"They were the best team in the world."
Speaking at the opening of the exhibition, at the sports pavilion at the Ashbourne Recreation Ground, Tony Jameson-Allen, from the Sporting Memories Network, said the town's hosting of the West Germans was a "unique event".
The charity is working with the FA on a project supporting people across the UK living with dementia, depression and loneliness.
Mr Jameson-Allen believes sharing stories of 1966 can help.
"Try and put it into context today," he said.
"I'm sure if Wayne Rooney was walking down the High Street he would be mobbed with security guards, fans with mobile phones.
"You look at the pictures in the clubhouse and there's just no-one around, no-one bothering [them], Franz Beckenbauer is just walking down the street.
"What an amazing thought that is."


One in five motorists has driven the morning after a night of drinking, despite knowing they could be over the drink-drive limit, a survey suggests.

A poll of almost 20,000 motorists, commissioned by the AA, found 29% of 25 to 34-year-olds admitted to drinking and driving the following morning.
AA president Edmund King said that it is "relatively easy" to be over the limit the next morning.
"If you have got any doubt it is probably unsafe to drive," he said.
The Scottish Government reduced the alcohol limit for drivers from 80mg to 50mg per 100ml of blood in December 2014, but the legal level in England and Wales remains at 80mg.
Mr King told the BBC: "I think people have kind of got the message when they go out in the evening so they'll book a taxi or they'll have a designated driver and they'll be responsible.
"But once they get home, they go to bed, they have some sleep, and then they kind of think well I'm OK, it's the next day.
"So they're not equating the next day with what they've actually drunk and the problem is if you really have had a lot to drink, your body can only really break down one unit of alcohol per hour... it is relatively easy to be over the limit the next day."
He said 20% of those prosecuted for drink-driving are caught by police between 06:00 and 12:00, so more awareness is needed.
"If you know you've got to be up the next morning and driving then plan for it - don't drink so much the night before," he said.
According to the most recent Department for Transport figures, an estimated 240 people were killed in drink-driving related collisions across Great Britain in 2014. This number has fallen dramatically since 1979, when there were 1,640 deaths.
The first provisional estimates for 2015 suggest there were between 200 and 290 deaths in drink-drive accidents.


Syria's economic output has shrunk by as much as 60% since the conflict began in 2011, according to estimates in a new report released by British think-tank Chatham House.

Syria's mining and construction workers have been hit hardest - with exports dropping from $12bn to around $2bn.
The Syrian pound has also lost 80% of value since the conflict began.
But economist and report author David Butter warned that with few reliable statistics, data remained foggy.
He said the greatest cost of four years of deadly conflict was the quarter of a million people who have lost their lives.
There has been an estimated 23% population decrease, with four million registered refugees in neighbouring countries.
Mr Butter told the BBC that President Assad's team used data to "maintain the fiction" they are governing all of Syria, even though there have been opposition gains in half of the country.
Despite that, he painted a fascinating, if limited, picture of a part state-run economy and part "war" economy in breakaway parts of the country reliant on international funding.
He used data where possible from the Syrian Central Bank, remaining corporate financial institutions and the UN in his report, "Syria's Economy: Picking Up The Pieces".
Of those people that remain in the country, at least 6.5 million people are estimated to be displaced within Syria's borders.
Measuring overall economic output is difficult in a war damaged country, but Mr Butter said studies showed a drop of between 50% to 65%, which he said was "a reasonable assumption".
Residents have suffered greatly. The average price of goods and services in the country increased by 51% between January 2012 and March 2015, according to the government.
The report concurs with the widely held view that government oil production has been decimated by an EU export ban, sanctions and oil fields lost to opposition groups.
Official figures show a drop in the state's oil output from around 387,000 barrels a day in 2011 to just 10,000 barrels a day in 2014.
As a result, the government said it is currently spending around 20% more of national earnings than it receives in income, plugging the gap by borrowing from central and state-owned banks.
To address the shortfall, it has cut fuel and food subsidies.
Surprisingly, the banking sector itself is still functioning.
Recently, all private banks were told that three-quarters of all board meetings must be held within the country. One Syrian businessman, who asked not to be named, said "the government wants to give a sense there is nothing wrong in Syria".
However, he said that 60% of bank loans end up as non-performing loans. He said that warlords have now swapped financial positions with industrialists, traders and merchants as the highest-earning members of society.
He described this as "dangerous for the economy as a warlord will never look at capitalising on investments".
The businessman, who sources machinery for multinational companies, said demand for his work stands at a tenth of what it once was.
He said power cuts now last much longer than the three-hour blackouts experienced before the conflict began. Syria, he said, had been producing 10,000 megawatts of electricity, but now it was closer to 3,000 megawatts.
Mr Butter's report also recorded that Syria's natural gas-fuelled power sector had been badly hit. Despite new projects activated just before the conflict, the report said there has been a 70% drop in capacity since 2011. Production, it said, was down by at least a third.
The report warned that "ISIS gains on the ground threaten to exacerbate the situation," especially if they take a key production area to the west of the recently-captured city of Palmyra.
At present, Mr Butter said the Syrian government only physically controls around half of the country. But he added that it still had "a wider presence, across most of the country" as the Syrian pound remained widely used and most government services operate on a national basis.
Mr Butter said he hoped his research would trigger a dialogue to find out what could be salvaged from Syria's economy, were the political situation to eventually change and international institutions called in to rebuild a post-conflict state.
Right now, he said the "institutional integrity" of much of the government is in question and, at the very least, it is "frayed at the edges".
It is, perhaps, no surprise it is frayed.
Aside from Iranian support for the government, there is the presence of the Islamic State in Raqqa, the Kurds to the North and North-East and an alliance of Islamist forces and the Free Syrian Army in parts of the North and South.
Businessmen report back that it feels like chaos throughout Syria, with so much illegal activity.
Yet at the same time, to their astonishment electricity and water companies function and government employees receive salaries, even in heavily-contested parts of the country.


Dozens of bus and coach companies across England have offered vehicles for rail replacement services during the next Southern train drivers' strike.

Aslef and RMT members are due to walk out for six days from 9 January.
The Confederation of Passenger Transport (CPT) said bus operators from Cornwall to Northumberland were ready to send vehicles to the South East.
Southern said it was still deciding what services might be offered.
A CPT spokeswoman said: "We have had a very good response from quite a few members."
It has sent Southern's parent company, the Go-Ahead Group, a list of operators including family-run firms which are ready to provide buses.
Southern said it planned to announce on Wednesday what rail replacement services might be offered "to some commuters" but warned there would be no trains at all during the strike.
Three weeks ago the government said officials were liaising with CPT "to determine how bus and coach operators can best assist with providing alternative transport".
BBC South East understands the Army was asked before Christmas to prepare contingency plans for soldiers to drive buses.
"Informal" talks between Southern and Aslef ended at ACAS today without agreement.
A commuter group in east Surrey has written to the prime minister to "find out what is wrong and create a solution" to the long-running dispute about drivers, rather than conductors, operating carriage doors.
It said passengers were "suffering daily, fainting or crying on trains, having health problems, receiving extreme mental anxiety and finding their financial position at high risk".
The government said it would respond to the group shortly.
Train fares rise by an average of 2.3%
The politics behind the Southern rail dispute
What's the Southern Rail strike about?
How bad have Southern rail services got?


Australia's government says some communities should consider limiting the sale of the popular Vegemite spread because it is being used to make alcohol.

It says the yeast-based product is contributing to anti-social behaviour in some remote communities.
Indigenous Affairs Minister Nigel Scullion described the salty spread as a "precursor to misery".
He said it was being bought in bulk to make moonshine.
Brewer's yeast is a key ingredient in the spread and is used in the production of beer and ale.
In communities where alcohol is banned because of addiction problems, Mr Scullion said Vegemite sales should also be restricted.
"Businesses in these communities... have a responsibility to report any purchase that may raise their own suspicions," he said.
The minister added that in some cases, children were failing to turn up to school because they were too hung-over, and that Vegemite was an increasingly common factor in domestic violence cases.
But Dr John Boffa of the People's Alcohol Action Coalition, who is based in Alice Springs, in Australia's Northern Territory, says the problem is not widespread.
"We're talking about an isolated problem in a couple of communities around a very large nation, and a nation where there is a very large number of Aboriginal communities, and every community is different," he told the BBC.
He said there might be a need for some local initiatives, but that these should be initiated by the communities themselves.
Vegemite started as a war-time substitute for Marmite, and is now something of an Australian culinary icon, says the BBC's Jon Donnison in Sydney.