Guinea began their Fifa Under 20 World Cup bid with a 3-0 defeat to hosts South Korea in Jeonju on Saturday.

Lee Seungwoo gave South Korea a first half lead in the Group A encounter.
The hosts secured the victory through second half strikes from Lim Minhyeok and Paik Seungho.
Earlier in the day, England beat Argentina 3-0 in the first match of Group A, also at the World Cup Stadium in Jeonju.
Click here for Under 20s World Cup results from the Fifa website
Guinea are making only their second appearance at the tournament, having last played at the Under 20 World Cup in 1979.
The young Syli National along with Senegal, South Africa and Zambia are representing Africa at the 2017 edition of the tournament in South Korea.
Zambia, who won their continental trophy on home soil earlier this year, have been drawn in Group C alongside Iran and Costa Rica and will also play twice former champions Portugal in their opening match in Jeju on Sunday.
Senegal will take on Ecuador, USA and Saudi Arabia in Group F and South Africa will be in Group D against Japan, Italy and Uruguay.


Uber says it will ban a secret software tool from being used to evade undercover regulators.

The software, called Greyball, seeks to identify officials around the world trying to catch Uber drivers operating illegally. It then denies them service.
The ride-hailing firm has been using the tool to secure early access to cities where its operations had not yet been authorized.
But having defended the system just a few days ago, it has now done a U-turn.
"We are expressly prohibiting its use to target action by local regulators going forward," said Uber's chief security officer Joe Sullivan.
He said the same technology had also been used for many other purposes, including for marketing promotions and deterring Uber riders using the app in violation of the company's term of service. These are understood to include stopping users aiming to physically harm drivers and targeting competitors looking to disrupt operations.
These uses will not be affected by the ban.
Mr Sullivan said that because of the way the system was configured, it would take some time to ensure the prohibition was fully enforced.
Greyball identified regulators posing as ordinary passengers, by collecting data on the location used when ordering a taxi and determining whether this coincided with government offices.
A report by The New York Times found that it also checked credit card information to establish whether the user was linked to an institution or law enforcement authority.
Uber, the report added, even visited phone shops to trace smartphones bought by city officials setting up multiple accounts in an effort to catch the company's drivers.
Once individuals suspected of attempting to entrap drivers were identified, they would be served a "fake" version of the Uber app, with fictitious cabs on view. If there were they were successful in ordering a real one, they would have their booking cancelled.
Uber has been hit by a series of controversies recently. A video of its chief Travis Kalanick swearing at a driver appeared on social media, and there had also been allegations the company had routinely ignored cases of sexual harassment.


Scottish Championship leaders Hibernian moved 10 points clear of title rivals Dundee United with a fractious victory.

Both teams had a man sent off - the Terrors' Lewish Toshney, and solitary goalscorer Jason Cummings who picked up two yellow cards apiece at Tannadice.
Cummings volleyed in the only goal after 38 minutes, shortly after Toshney's dismissal.
But his 75th-minute sending off for punching the ball into the United net made for a nervous finale for Hibs.
Neil Lennon's side extended their lead at the Championship summit to nine points, ahead of second placed Falkirk, who play Ayr United on Saturday. Ray McKinnon's United are 10 points adrift in third place, having played a game fewer than Hibs.
Clearly, the home side had to start on the front foot and pressure their opponents. With games running out they really had to win to close the gap the Easter Road side.
United's eagerness to play at pace and be in Hibs' faces ultimately cost them, epitomised by Toshney's rashness.
The right-back was lucky to escape one early reckless challenge, but was correctly punished for another on Andrew Shinnie, and when he clattered the midfielder once again, it was a simple decision for referee Don Robertson.
Hibs quickly asserted themselves by going in front and it became too big a task despite Cummings' offer of assistance.
United didn't lack fight. They lacked composure and quality on the night. A first home defeat this season was badly timed.
They're not entirely out of the title race, but the smart money would be on a play-off place for the Tannadice side.
Head coach Lennon might not admit it but few will back anyone other than Hibernian to take the Championship title now.
Cummings' fabulous first-half finish was timely, not too long after Toshney's red card.
The striker stole in behind a defence that seemed intent on playing a high line. Shinnie exposed that with a lovely lofted ball into Cummings' path and he made no mistake with a vital, instinctive goal.
Cummings was also unlucky to be flagged offside when clean through and might have earned a penalty when William Edjenguele appeared to catch him near the goalline just before half-time.
It was the 21-year-old's 20th goal of the season - great work from him all-round, until later.
Martin Boyle should have ended the contest when he had time, and space six yards out, but volleyed wildly over.
The impressive Shinnie thought he had sealed the win after great work from Boyle, only for Cammy Bell to parry his shot over the bar.
Hibs rarely looked troubled with goalkeeper Ofir Marciano a virtual spectator.
This was a massive step for Lennon's men, and with three home games to follow, they are very much on track for the top flight.
For all his positives, Cummings risked this win with few minutes of madness. He was unnecessarily booked for throwing the ball away when ruled offside.
Minutes later he threw himself at a cross, blatantly punched the ball in the net and was correctly ordered off.
It was utter madness and offered United a lifeline from nowhere. Luckily for him, his team mates saw it through.
In total, 10 players were booked, and Lennon was ordered to the stand late on. However, Hibs got the job done, and deserved to finish with three valuable points.
Dundee United manager Ray McKinnon: "It was extremely difficult when we went down to 10 men.
"I thought we started the game excellently and controlled the first 15 minutes, but the sending-off certainly had a massive impact on the game.
"I haven't seen it again, but Lewis has gone for the ball and then he has pulled out. It was clear for everybody on our bench.
"The ref is entitled to make that decision, but we were very disappointed. You have to look at all the decisions that were made and some of inconsistencies and tackles that went unpunished.
"But what is important is what we do from now until the end of the season and focus on winning every game.
"I thought we showed great character to battle back hard with 10 men. We will take the positives out of that and fight for every point until the end and see where we end up."
Hibernian head coach Neil Lennon: "Jason's got to learn to control his temper.
"I've been there - I got many a telling off from Martin O'Neill in my younger days - but he's an outstanding talent and he's come up with a really big goal in a big game and he does it consistently and it's not a coincidence.
"We were outstanding. The only disappointment was the sending off really, which put us on the back foot for 10 minutes.
"The rest of the game, we played really strongly and we looked a very good side. Thoroughly deserved to win.
"I wanted them to put down a marker for the rest of the season and hopefully they've done that.
"It is a difficult place to come and win, but I thought we were head and shoulders above Dundee United.
"I underplayed it this week, but it is probably the biggest game we've had league wise for two or three seasons and they've responded brilliantly."
Match ends, Dundee United 0, Hibernian 1.
Second Half ends, Dundee United 0, Hibernian 1.
Foul by John McGinn (Hibernian).
Paul Dixon (Dundee United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Brian Graham (Hibernian) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Willo Flood (Dundee United).
Hand ball by Willo Flood (Dundee United).
Jordan Forster (Hibernian) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Jordan Forster (Hibernian).
Mark Durnan (Dundee United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Substitution, Hibernian. Jordan Forster replaces Martin Boyle.
Foul by John McGinn (Hibernian).
Frank van der Struijk (Dundee United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt blocked. Paul Dixon (Dundee United) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
John McGinn (Hibernian) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by John McGinn (Hibernian).
Simon Murray (Dundee United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Darren McGregor (Hibernian) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Mark Durnan (Dundee United).
Substitution, Dundee United. Nick van der Velden replaces Scott Fraser.
Lewis Stevenson (Hibernian) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Thomas Mikkelsen (Dundee United).
Attempt saved. Andrew Shinnie (Hibernian) left footed shot from the left side of the six yard box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Corner,  Hibernian. Conceded by Cammy Bell.
David Gray (Hibernian) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Thomas Mikkelsen (Dundee United).
Substitution, Hibernian. Brian Graham replaces Grant Holt.
Attempt missed. David Gray (Hibernian) header from the centre of the box misses to the right.
Attempt blocked. Grant Holt (Hibernian) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Hibernian. Conceded by Mark Durnan.
Second yellow card to Jason Cummings (Hibernian) for hand ball.
Hand ball by Jason Cummings (Hibernian).
Attempt blocked. Jason Cummings (Hibernian) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Jason Cummings (Hibernian) is shown the yellow card.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Scott Fraser (Dundee United) because of an injury.
Delay in match David Gray (Hibernian) because of an injury.
Attempt blocked. Jason Cummings (Hibernian) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Hibernian. Conceded by Frank van der Struijk.
Attempt blocked. Andrew Shinnie (Hibernian) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.


There are not many who have genuine affection for two fierce rivals but John McGovern is one of them.

The Scotsman won the Division One championship with Derby County in 1972, and later went on to lift two European Cups with Nottingham Forest, in 1979 and 1980.
The Rams and Reds will do battle at Pride Park on Tuesday with both sides hoping to salvage something from frustrating seasons.
After spending much of the first half of the campaign in and around the play-off places, Derby have only won one game in nine and have slumped to 15th in the Championship table.
Forest are in a relegation scrap but have won three out of their last five games taking them five points clear of the bottom three.
"Derby had a flying start, but reality kicked in," said McGovern.
"Nottingham Forest. who reached the play-offs last season. have been way below par on the field but it looks as though their loanees have helped change things around."
McGovern will be fulfilling his normal role of covering Nottingham Forest for BBC Radio Nottingham on the night but he has plenty of great memories from playing for both clubs.
"I had a fantastic time at Derby," he said.
"I served my apprenticeship there, if you like and after an unhappy time at Leeds United it was great going to Nottingham Forest.
"As a mature player at Forest it was more satisfying. It was an incredible time."
McGovern played 190 times for Derby County, between 1968 and 1974, before Brian Clough took him to Leeds United.
Clough lasted only 44 days at Elland Road and McGovern only made four appearances but the glory days were just around the corner.
He captained Forest for seven years, playing 253 times, and lifted the First Division championship, two League Cups and two European Cups.
Irrespective of which team he lined up for, McGovern loved playing in Forest and Derby games.
"There's a lot at stake," he said. "There will be a great atmosphere, you can forget everything else that has come before in the season, it's all about local pride."
His most memorable match came in a 4-2 win for Derby against Forest, at the City Ground, in 1970, when he scored with his left foot in the top corner.
"I enjoyed all of them. They were frantic, full blooded. They're much more controlled now but if you win the derby match, you're top dog."
How would Brian Clough prepare a player for a local derby?
"It would be a totally relaxed approach," said McGovern.
"We'd have very light training, have lunch and go to bed in the afternoon, because we rested there was no excuse for nothing but a full-blooded exchange."
And McGovern's affiliation to both teams means, that unlike the supporters, he can enjoy the match and occasion no matter who wins.


Nurses at Dumfries prison were unable to carry out an ECG exam on an inmate with chest pains because there was no paper to print the results.

They could not get replacement paper as it was locked in a stationery cupboard and the keyholder was on holiday.
A fatal accident inquiry heard 27-year-old Andrew Hamilton, from Livingston in West Lothian, died six hours later.
Sheriff Brian Mohan said staff had acted in good faith but highlighted a "defect" in the working system.
Mr Hamilton died in October 2014.
He was pronounced dead on arrival at Dumfries Infirmary following a series of life-saving attempts by staff and paramedics after being found groaning in pain by a cellmate.
During the inquiry at Dumfries into the death of Mr Hamilton, it was shown that he suffered from chronic heartburn and was also diabetic and administered his own insulin daily.
Evidence was heard that he had complained of chest pains during the afternoon and initially declined the offer of medical attention but when he still complained of a "twisting or grabbing" type pain shortly after 17:00 it was arranged he visit the medical centre and nurses decided on the electrocardiogram (ECG).
However, they were unable to carry out the procedure because there was no paper.
The sheriff said: "Printing was necessary because the nurses were not trained to interpret the results of the ECG test and needed to fax the printed results to a doctor's surgery outside the prison."
Following the failure of the ECG, a consultation took place with the doctor by phone and it was decided to monitor the patient and when he later saw the nurse about 20:00 he seemed "brighter".
He had said that although he was still suffering chest pain, it had eased, and with his blood pressure remaining in the normal range the view was formed that his symptoms were improving and he was returned to his cell.
It was shortly after 23:00 that his cellmate in the double occupancy cell in B Hall said he had heard Mr Hamilton in the bunk below banging on his bed, groaning in pain and unable to speak and had  pressed the emergency cell button.
This resulted in a "code blue" alert which saw an ambulance called and a prison officer administering chest compressions until paramedics arrived and provided treatment with a defibrillator.
However, Mr Hamilton remained unresponsive and he was taken to hospital where he pronounced dead on arrival.
Sheriff Mohan said: "It is important to point out that all of those who dealt with Mr Hamilton on the day of his death and who gave evidence to the inquiry acted in good faith and sought to provide what they believed at the time was an appropriate level of help."
He concluded that there were a number of "reasonable precautions" which might have avoided the death.
They included completing the ECG, more detailed advice from the doctor to nurses in their initial telephone consultation and the nurses calling an ambulance for Mr Hamilton earlier than they had.
He noted the issue with the ECG paper - which he called a defect in the system of working.
He also highlighted the difficulty in accessing the prison's only defibrillator, and criticised the emergency alarm system in operation at the time.
A spokeswoman for the Scottish Prison Service said an internal learning review was done following every death in custody.
She said that following one such review, improvements were made to the emergency call system and the SPS procured additional defibrillators.
NHS Dumfries and Galloway said it accepted the findings and that action had already been taken to address the concerns highlighted.
The health authority said it would also continue to work with the SPS to introduce any further service improvements that were required.


What if you went into work tomorrow knowing that the project you're working on that day would define your whole career and maybe your life?

It will determine your legacy - whether you're remembered as a winner or a nearly man.
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What if you knew you only had one shot at achieving your life's ambition and it was all down to the events of this one day.
How would you cope?
This is the scenario facing Belfast boxer Carl Frampton on Saturday 6 September as he prepares for his shot at becoming a world champion, when he faces Spain's Kiko Martinez for the IBF world super-bantamweight title.
Frampton, who is aiming to emulate his manager and mentor, Barry McGuigan, by becoming world champion, explains what this fight means to him.
"To win the world title will be a dream come true. I started this journey at seven years old, and I have had my ups and downs. To become a world champion in my 20th year, in a stadium built for me - it is what dreams are made of," he says.
Frampton will aim to achieve his dream in front of a hugely expectant home crowd, at Belfast's iconic Titanic venue, in an arena constructed just for this fight, such was public demand.
With this unique opportunity comes unique pressure.
So how can elite-level athletes prepare to try to ensure they produce their optimum performance at the defining moment of their careers?
Bill Cole, a world-renowned peak performance coach based in California, says it involves the athlete making a conscious decision.
"The odd paradox of this situation is to not fall victim to the 'do or die' mindset," he says.
"The athlete can choose to use this excitement for extra energy, or become overwhelmed with the gravity of the situation. It really is a mental decision that has to be made.
"Caring too much is the number one reason why athletes fail to produce their optimum performance on the biggest stage."
Dame Kelly Holmes has experience of competing under the most extreme pressure. Ten years ago at the Athens Olympics, she achieved her dream of becoming a double Olympic champion.
She believes a fear of failure can be both a positive and a negative.
"It can be debilitating for some athletes who start worrying about everything that could potentially go wrong, but the fear of failure drove me on as I hated the thought that I could come off the track feeling I hadn't done absolutely everything I could have to win," she says.
"I always tell athletes I'm mentoring there is nothing worse than leaving the track with any regrets."
Cole considers that having an emotional and mental edge is crucial.
"I call this killer instinct. An athlete does not want to be relaxed and easy-going, they want to be keyed up and ready to pounce," he says.
"They want to be the calm centre inside the raging hurricane swirling about them. Experienced and confident athletes call this 'will to win'. Less experienced athletes call it 'fear of failure'. It's a choice the athlete makes in advance, giving them both energy and peace of mind. That is the potent mix that drives champions to the heights."
The pressure of competing in world title fights or Olympic finals can make or break competitors.
Some crumble with nerves, but four-time Olympic champion Michael Johnson, speaking at London 2012, explained how he embraced the pressure of competing in finals during his career.
"I enjoyed it actually because, all other things being equal, it's the person who handles that pressure best at that particular time who is going to have the best performance," he says.
"You're already under tremendous pressure knowing the significance of the moment and knowing that this is what you have been training for all those years and so I saw it as a dream come true to be there."
Cole always asks an athlete, particularly before an important event: "Would you rather be arrogant or be lacking in self-belief?"
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"If they answer 'I don't want to be considered arrogant', that is a trouble sign. I want my athletes to believe that they are as good, if not better, than anyone they will ever meet," he says.
"Self-doubt is an absolute deal-killer and it can plague any athlete. A good athlete always straddles that fine line between lack of confidence and the overblown arrogant cockiness we see in some athletes.
Give me the over-confident athlete, any day. That person I can throttle back and talk sense into. But if there is a lack of fire in the belly, that is extraordinarily difficult to muster out of thin air; impossible, often, on demand before a big event. By then it's too late."
Holmes has previously revealed that in the run-up to the 2004 Olympics she self-harmed and at one point considered suicide. Reflecting on this period now, she says that it was the pressure of competing and living life in the spotlight.
Self-doubt is an absolute deal-killer and it can plague any athlete
"It came about because of the pressure and all the expectation. Competing at the top level is a roller-coaster of emotion. But I never gave up believing in my dream that I would become Olympic champion," she says.
For the 2004 Olympics games themselves, Holmes recalls being totally meticulous in her preparation and determined to stick to her game plan no matter what.
"Key for me was making sure the team around me were the absolute best people and that my preparation was totally spot on. I'd had so many injuries over the previous seven years, but was still winning medals so I knew the talent was there. If I could just be 100% right, then I knew I could perform well. I realised there would be no second chance.
I took the pressure off by not focusing on it being an Olympic final. I knew how to perform as I had done it thousands of times before, so I focused on doing everything exactly as I always did and didn't alter anything. I stuck to my game plan in the final, even when it meant initially being at the back of the field."
Her advice to athletes preparing for their career defining moment is simple: "Remember all the success you have had in the past which brought you here.
"You've done this thousands of times before, have confidence in yourself and don't worry about things you can't control, just concentrate on what you can control."
Cole agrees it is a huge mistake for an athlete to change his or her normal preparation just because they face a major event.
"I suggest the athlete stick to their well-known schedule and training regimen, as far as is possible, within a month leading up to the event," he says.
"Changes after that require a learning curve and can be unsettling. Better to go with the tried and true with conviction, than a half-hearted attempt with techniques you don't really trust yet.
If they can use a sport psychologist a few months out, great. The best sport psychologists teach mental skills and skills take time to learn and master, so they can hold up under pressure."
Holmes believes the importance of being mentally right cannot be overestimated, given that so little separates elite-level athletes.
"The head will make you fail or win. You can be perhaps not 100% right physically because you're carrying a niggling injury and still win, but if you're not 100% right mentally you'll fail," she says.
"For me, for an athlete to win a major competition it's 20% physical, with the training and what we do every day, and 80% is head - the mental aspect."
So what advice does Cole have for Frampton as he embarks upon his career-defining fight?
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"Carl, this is your opportunity. You know there are no guarantees, nor would you want a guarantee if one were offered. You want an adventure and a memorable experience. Isn't that what life, and boxing, is all about?"
As for the fighter himself, he is single-minded and insists he will remain calm in spite of the crescendo of noise all around him.
"Once I'm in there I'm not worried about the crowd. It's just me and him. I had my first fight when I was seven, so I'm more than ready to take the title. I'm not going to let anyone take my dream from me," he says.
As Frampton's dream world title shot gets under way, could it be one concussive shot from the hard-punching Belfast fighter that closes the show, allowing him to realise a 20-year dream?


Tottenham striker Harry Kane has suffered ligament damage to his right ankle - but it is not thought to be as severe as the injury that sidelined him for seven weeks earlier this season.

The England international was replaced after seven minutes of Sunday's 6-0 FA Cup quarter-final win over Millwall.
He was hurt when defender Jake Cooper blocked his shot close to the byeline.
Spurs said the injury is similar to the one Kane picked up against Sunderland on 18 September.
The 23-year-old missed five Premier League games and two EFL Cup matches after twisting his ankle tackling Sunderland's Papy Djilobodji.
Kane is likely to miss England's friendly in Germany on 22 March and a home World Cup qualifier against Lithuania four days later.
It is not clear if the top flight's joint leading scorer with 19 goals will be available for Tottenham's FA Cup semi-final against Chelsea at Wembley on the weekend 22-23 April.
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Downing Street has criticised US Secretary of State John Kerry for calling the Netanyahu government the "most right-wing in Israel's history".

A spokesman for Prime Minister Theresa May said it was "not appropriate" to attack the make-up of a democratically-elected government of an ally.
Mr Kerry has also warned Israeli policy makes a two-state solution less likely.
Tory MP Crispin Blunt said he was unsure about the UK's intervention as Mr Kerry had been "on the money".
Mr Blunt, chair of the Commons foreign affairs committee, said on its current path Israel could not stay "democratic and Jewish".
The dispute follows a US decision not to veto a UN Security Council motion criticising Israel's policy of building settlements on land occupied since 1967.
The UK voted for the resolution, and Mrs May's spokesman agreed with Mr Kerry that "the only way to a lasting peace in the Middle East is through a two-state solution".
But he said the settlements were "far from the only problem", citing the ever-present threat of terrorism that the Israeli people had had to live with.
The spokesman added: "We do not, therefore, believe that the way to negotiate peace is by focusing on only one issue, in this case the construction of settlements, when clearly the conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians is so deeply complex.
"And we do not believe that it is appropriate to attack the composition of the democratically-elected government of an ally."
The US state department said it was "surprised" by the UK's response.
A spokesman said Mr Kerry's remarks were "in line with the UK's own longstanding policy and its vote at the United Nations last week", adding that the US stance had been welcomed by Germany, France, Canada, Turkey as well as a number of Gulf nations.
President-elect Donald Trump, who will take office next month, has been critical of the current administration's Middle East policy, tweeting earlier this week that Israel had been treated with "disdain" by the US in recent years.
The UK is hoping to build a strong relationship with the new Republican administration.
Earlier this week, the UK's ambassador to Washington Sir Kim Darroch suggested Mrs May and Mr Trump would aim to "build on the legacy" of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan, who were close allies in international affairs during the 1980s and developed a strong personal friendship.
But Mr Blunt defended Mr Kerry's efforts over the past four years at brokering a lasting peace in the long-running Arab-Israeli conflict and suggested Downing Street had been making a "narrow point".
"I have absolutely no idea what was behind Number 10 briefing in the way that they did," he told BBC Radio 4's World At One.
"My only concern is it would seem to indicate that there might be something wrong with John Kerry's analysis in their view. In my judgment there isn't, it was an extremely fine speech.
"On the substance, and finding a long-term solution that's in the interests of the people of Israel and peace for her Arab neighbours and a solution that beings justice for the Palestinians and security for the Israelis, Kerry's analysis is very hard to gainsay."
A row broke out between the US administration and Israel after the vote at the UN Security Council last Friday, as Mr Netanyahu accused Washington of complicity in drawing up the resolution.
In a speech on Wednesday, Mr Kerry said Mr Netanyahu's "public support" for a two-state solution, including the creation of an independent state of Palestine, did not reflect the views of the most extreme members of his government.
"His current coalition is the most right-wing in Israeli history with an agenda driven by the most extreme elements," he said.
"The result is that policies of this government, which the prime minister himself just described as more committed to settlements than any in Israel's history, are leading in the opposite direction [from a two-state solution]. They are leading towards one state."
Mr Netanyahu said the comments "paid lip service to the unremitting Palestinian campaign of terrorism" against Israel.


Scientists say the grime which clings to urban surfaces "breathes out" nitrogen gases when hit by sunlight.

The dark muck was known to absorb such gases from the air, but it appears the nitrogen does not stay locked away.
In rooftop experiments in Germany, the researchers tracked the content of grime in both sunshine and shade.
They say sunlit grime releases nitrogen in two forms: the toxic pollutant nitrogen dioxide (NO2), plus nitrous acid - a key driver of smog formation.
The findings, presented at a conference of the American Chemical Society in Boston, were welcomed by pollution experts - and may explain a "missing" source of smog-producing gas in the skies of London.
"Rather than being a permanent sink for nitrogen oxide gases... grime exposed to sunlight can re-release some of these gases back into the urban atmosphere," said James Donaldson, a chemistry professor at the University of Toronto in Canada who led the research.
Some of Prof Donaldson's previous work had already shown that in a laboratory, artificial sunlight can strip the nitrogen component from grime - which is essentially a cocktail of chemicals belched into city air by exhaust pipes and chimneys.
In the latest experiments he worked with colleagues in Leipzig, Germany, to shift the work outside.
On a tower above the city they set up two large shelves filled with beads of window glass. Both sets of beads received the same air flow - and got thoroughly grimy - but only one was in the sun.
"The ones which were exposed to sunlight showed 10% less nitrate than the ones which were shaded, suggesting that there is a photochemical loss [of nitrogen] consistent with what we saw in the lab," Prof Donaldson told journalists at the conference.
That 10% drop may seem like a small effect, but it reflects a "steady state" difference: as the sunshine eats away at the grime's nitrogen content, fresh nitrogen-rich grime is constantly being deposited.
"In our lab experiments, what we did was take a full bathtub and pull out the plug," Prof Donaldson explained. "In the field experiment, we opened the plug but left the water running."
Back in Toronto, he and his team measured exactly where the nitrogen goes when grime is exposed to sunlight. Two gases emerged, and neither of them were good news.
"What we have seen in the lab is that [what comes out] is likely a combination of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrous acid (HONO or HNO2)," Prof Donaldson told the BBC.
This is important because while NO2 is toxic, HONO can drive the production of ozone - the gas which causes photochemical smog in cities.
Dr James Lee, from the Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory at the University of York, said this production of HONO was the most significant aspect of the findings.
"The amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx) given off by exhausts in the centre of a city will probably be much higher than what grime can take up and then give back off again," he explained.
"But if some of it is transformed into HONO, then that really is important."
Why? In part, because it might explain a puzzling gap in Dr Lee's own observations of polluted London air.
"If you put into a model all the known sources of HONO, from my work in London there's about 30% missing compared to the quantity of HONO that you can measure directly," he explained, adding that this missing source is "very significant" for predicting ozone quantities - which the Met Office does as part of air quality forecasts.
Simon Birkett, of the campaign group Clean Air in London, described the study as "a really worthwhile piece of research", noting that the sheer quantity of grime in London could make it "a big potential source of pollution".
Mr Birkett pointed out that NO2 and ozone are the two gases that are currently regulated for health purposes.
"If grime is contributing, then we need scientists to tell us how much [gas] is coming off and what health effects it has."
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Boston police have arrested several Occupy Boston protesters for refusing to leave a newly renovated green space.

The arrests began in the early hours of Tuesday morning as more than 200 policemen, some in riot gear, arrived at the park and gave protesters two minutes to disperse.
Around 100 people were arrested, according to local media reports.
Occupy Boston is protesting in solidarity with the Occupy Wall Street movement, now in its fourth week.
More than 100 solidarity events have sprung up in other towns and cities across the US, with activists rallying against what they see as injustices and inequalities in the corporate and financial sectors.
Boston police say they had warned around 1,000 protesters to stay in Dewey Square and a small, nearby strip of the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway a few hours after they occupied the main Greenway area.
In response to the warning, Occupy Boston released a statement calling for "any and all people to join the occupation as soon as possible."
They said: "Occupiers have worked tirelessly to maintain a positive working relationship with city officials. Today's threats by the Boston Police Department represent a sudden shift away from that dialogue."
Police spokeswoman Elaine Driscoll told reporters the warning had been issued because the greenway had recently undergone an expensive renovation project.
Many protesters left the greenway and returned to Dewey Square.
The crowds that remained in the greenway were chanting, "The people united will never be defeated" and "This is a peaceful protest" in the minutes before the police moved in, reports say.
The arrests began around 01:20 on Tuesday morning. The National Lawyers Guild says 65 men and 35 women were arrested.
Protesters were individually put on their stomach, cable-tied and dragged off. Police have said nobody was injured.
CNN reported that 60 were held overnight.
But on its website, Occupy Boston called the incident a "brutal attack" on the peaceful demonstrators.
Boston Mayor Thomas Menino defended the arrests, while saying he sympathised with the protesters.
"I agree with them on the issues. Foreclosure. Corporate greed. These are issues I've been working on my entire career. But you can't tie up a city," he told Boston.com.
In New York City, where the Occupy Wall Street movement started more than three weeks ago, a march to wealthy areas of the city is planned for Tuesday as a protest against the planned expiration of a "millionaire's tax", due to end in December.
Marchers are planning to visit the homes of News Corporation chief executive Rupert Murdoch, JP Morgan Chase boss Jamie Dimon and oil tycoon David Koch, according to reports.
Thousands of protesters have been camping continuously since 17 September in Zuccotti Park in Lower Manhattan to protest against corporate greed and economic inequality.
There have been a series of marches and rallies in Manhattan, and some large numbers of arrests on 1 October as demonstrators attempted to cross the Brooklyn Bridge.


Theo Walcott scored a scintillating hat-trick as Arsenal produced one of the great comebacks to take their place in the last eight of the League Cup.

Jason Roberts, a Laurent Koscielny own goal, Mikele Leigertwood and Noel Hunt put Reading 4-0 up after 35 minutes.
Walcott found the net before the break and in injury time, while Olivier Giroud and Koscielny also struck.
Marouane Chamakh scored in extra-time before Pavel Pogrebnyak levelled, but Walcott and Chamakh had the final word.
It was an extraordinary cup tie, the archetypal game of two halves. Reading were magnificent for 44 and a half minutes before Walcott scored his first goal to give the Gunners hope.
During the first half, Arsenal looked set to be on the end of a Sunday League scoreline with what resembled a Sunday League performance.
And yet somehow Arsene Wenger's side produced a scarcely believable comeback to recover from three goals down for the first time in their history and take their place in the quarter-finals for the 10th successive season.
They created for themselves an utter disaster and somehow rose to find hope, and with it, power, purpose and direction.
When they were trailing 4-0 Saturday's Premier League trip to Old Trafford, the scene of last season's 8-2 humbling at the hands of Manchester United, looked a daunting prospect but now this result has the hallmarks of a turning point.
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That it was left to Chamakh, starting his first Arsenal match since January, to score two crucial goals made it all the more incredible.
At the club's annual general meeting last week, Wenger had made it clear the League Cup was fifth on his list of priorities and during the first half his players appeared to have taken those words a little too literally.
Arsenal made 11 changes but that did not excuse the naivety with which Carl Jenkinson, Johan Djourou, Koscielny and Ignasi Miquel defended before half-time.
The Reading onslaught began in the 11th minute when Hunt, midway inside the Arsenal half, swept the ball wide to Hal Robson-Kanu on the left flank and his delightful low cross was thumped into the net by Roberts, who left Koscielny, his marker, all too easily.
Six minutes later, Reading were two up as Chris Gunter's low cross deflected off Koscielny's leg and beyond Arsenal goalkeeper Damian Martinez at the near post.
Premier League, Newcastle 4-4 Arsenal, 5 February, 2011
Arsenal led 3-0 inside 10 minutes at St James' Park and 4-0 at half-time but were pegged back with Cheick Tiote's stunning late volley capping the comeback.
Champions League final, Liverpool 3-3 AC Milan, 25 May, 2005
Liverpool were down and out after going into half-time 3-0 down but scored three times in six minutes to turn the game on its head.
FA Cup fourth round, Tottenham 3-4 Manchester City, 4 February, 2004.
Spurs were 3-0 ahead at half-time before Joey Barton was sent off. But somehow City fought back and Jon Macken scored a dramatic late winner.
Premier League, Tottenham 3-5 Manchester United, 29 September 2001.
Again Spurs went in at half-time 3-0 ahead but were ripped apart in the second half by a breathtaking United performance.
FA Cup final, Blackpool 4-3 Bolton, Wembley, 2 May, 1953.
Bolton had led 3-1 and, were still leading with three minutes to go until Stan Mortensen and Bill Perry struck.
The full house at the Madejski could scarcely believe its eyes as Leigertwood fired in from the edge of the area, thanks in large part to an awful error by Martinez.
And a fourth followed 15 minutes later when Hunt headed in Garath McCleary's right-wing cross.
The travelling support had seen enough. Chants of "we want our Arsenal back" rang round the stadium and the response was immediate, Walcott reducing the arrears in first-half stoppage time as he raced on to Andrey Arshavin's through ball before lifting his shot over Reading goalkeeper Adam Federici.
Walcott raced forward time after time following the break, and the England winger drove in a corner which Giroud headed beyond Federici to make it 4-2.
With a minute left the hosts looked to have done their job, only for an unmarked Koscielny to head in Walcott's corner, and five minutes into injury time Walcott levelled the scores with a shot which crossed the line despite the desperate attempts of Nicky Shorey to keep it out.
Jenkinson stabbed the ball home seconds later but the goal was given to Walcott.
The momentum felt irreversible in extra time and Chamakh fired a low shot through the legs of Kaspars Gorkss to put Arsenal ahead for the first time, but with Reading fans heading for the exits the game burst into life once more.
Pogrebnyak headed beyond Martinez to level the scores again but the drama was still not over.
Walcott crashed home from eight yards to put Arsenal back in front and as Reading crumbled, Chamakh completed a famous victory with a lob that floated up and over Federici to finally decide an incredible football match.
The whistle goes and the game ends after extra time.
The assist for the goal came from Theo Walcott.
Goal!  - Marouane Chamakh -    Reading 5 - 7 Arsenal        Marouane Chamakh finds the net with a goal from just outside the penalty box to the bottom right corner of the goal. Reading 5-7 Arsenal.
Centre by Jobi McAnuff, save made by Damian Martinez.
Andrey Arshavin takes a shot. Blocked by Nicky Shorey.
Andrey Arshavin provided the assist for the goal.
Goal!  - Theo Walcott -    Reading 5 - 6 Arsenal        A goal is scored by Theo Walcott from inside the six-yard box high into the middle of the goal.  Reading 5-6 Arsenal.
Chris Gunter produces a cross, comfortable save by Damian Martinez.
Olivier Giroud produces a left-footed shot from just outside the box that misses to the right of the goal.
Unfair challenge on Hal Robson-Kanu by Francis Coquelin results in a free kick. Free kick taken by Nicky Shorey.
Carl Jenkinson crosses the ball, Sean Morrison manages to make a clearance.
Nicky Shorey takes the direct free kick.
Booking      Thomas Eisfeld goes into the referee's book.
Unfair challenge on Hal Robson-Kanu by Thomas Eisfeld results in a free kick.
Assist by Chris Gunter.
Goal!  - Pavel Pogrebnyak -    Reading 5 - 5 Arsenal        Pavel Pogrebnyak scores a headed goal from inside the six-yard box. Reading 5-5 Arsenal.
The ball is crossed by Hal Robson-Kanu. The ball is delivered by Chris Gunter,
The ball is delivered by Jernade Meade, save made by Adam Federici.
Booking      Damian Martinez receives a caution.
A cross is delivered by Hal Robson-Kanu.
Andrey Arshavin produces a cross, clearance made by Nicky Shorey.
Jernade Meade takes the direct free kick.
Booking      The referee shows Sean Morrison a yellow card.
Unfair challenge on Jernade Meade by Sean Morrison results in a free kick.
Free kick awarded for a foul by Johan Djourou on Simon Church. Nicky Shorey delivers the ball from the free kick left-footed from right channel. The offside flag is raised against Sean Morrison. Indirect free kick taken by Damian Martinez.
Corner taken by Nicky Shorey, Header from close range by Sean Morrison clears the bar.
Theo Walcott takes a shot. Save by Adam Federici.
The referee blows to get the second half of extra time under way.
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Jay Tabb by Olivier Giroud. Kaspars Gorkss takes the free kick.
Substitution      (Arsenal) makes a substitution, with Jernade Meade coming on for Ignasi Miquel.
Jobi McAnuff sends in a cross, Pavel Pogrebnyak takes a shot. Damian Martinez makes a comfortable save.
The ball is sent over by Olivier Giroud, Nicky Shorey makes a clearance.
A cross is delivered by Theo Walcott, save made by Adam Federici. Andrey Arshavin takes a shot. Adam Federici makes a comfortable save.
Assist on the goal came from Andrey Arshavin.
Goal!  - Marouane Chamakh -    Reading 4 - 5 Arsenal        A goal is scored by Marouane Chamakh from just outside the penalty box to the bottom left corner of the goal. Reading 4-5 Arsenal.
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Marouane Chamakh by Chris Gunter. Ignasi Miquel restarts play with the free kick.
Unfair challenge on Hal Robson-Kanu by Marouane Chamakh results in a free kick. Adam Federici takes the direct free kick.
A cross is delivered by Theo Walcott.
Corner taken right-footed by Andrey Arshavin.
Unfair challenge on Pavel Pogrebnyak by Marouane Chamakh results in a free kick. The ball is sent over by Nicky Shorey, Header from deep inside the area by Sean Morrison goes harmlessly over the crossbar.
Andrey Arshavin delivers the ball, Nicky Shorey makes a clearance.
The ball is sent over by Chris Gunter.
The ball is sent over by Jobi McAnuff, Laurent Koscielny manages to make a clearance.
Andrey Arshavin has an effort from just inside the box that misses to the left of the goal.
The assistant referee flags for offside against Simon Church. Carl Jenkinson takes the free kick.
Jobi McAnuff takes a shot. Save by Damian Martinez.
The whistle goes for the end of normal time.
Assist on the goal came from Marouane Chamakh.
Goal!  - Theo Walcott -    Reading 4 - 4 Arsenal        Theo Walcott finds the back of the net with a goal from inside the six-yard box to the bottom right corner of the goal. Reading 4-4 Arsenal.
Substitution      Simon Church joins the action as a substitute, replacing Jason Roberts.
Foul by Laurent Koscielny on Pavel Pogrebnyak, free kick awarded. Jay Tabb takes the direct free kick.
Corner from the right by-line taken by Theo Walcott, Pavel Pogrebnyak makes a clearance.
Theo Walcott takes a shot. Blocked by Kaspars Gorkss.
Laurent Koscielny gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Jason Roberts. Free kick taken by Jobi McAnuff.
Assist by Theo Walcott.
Goal!  - Laurent Koscielny -    Reading 4 - 3 Arsenal        Laurent Koscielny scores a goal from close in to the bottom right corner of the goal. Reading 4-3 Arsenal.
Corner from the left by-line taken by Theo Walcott,
Shot on goal comes in from Nicky Shorey from the free kick, save by Damian Martinez.
Booking      Laurent Koscielny is cautioned.
Free kick awarded for a foul by Laurent Koscielny on Jason Roberts.
Olivier Giroud takes a shot. Chris Gunter gets a block in.
Andrey Arshavin takes a inswinging corner from the left by-line played to the near post, clearance by Chris Gunter.
Thomas Eisfeld takes a shot. Blocked by Kaspars Gorkss. A cross is delivered by Carl Jenkinson, Jobi McAnuff makes a clearance.
The assistant referee flags for offside against Jason Roberts. Johan Djourou restarts play with the free kick.
Foul by Francis Coquelin on Jay Tabb, free kick awarded. Direct free kick taken by Nicky Shorey.
Shot by Andrey Arshavin from deep inside the penalty area misses to the left of the goal.
Corner from the left by-line taken by Andrey Arshavin, Header from close range by Marouane Chamakh misses to the right of the target.
Andrey Arshavin sends in a cross, Sean Morrison manages to make a clearance.
Inswinging corner taken left-footed by Nicky Shorey from the right by-line, Sean Morrison produces a header from close range which goes wide of the left-hand post.
Adam Federici takes the free kick.
Booking      Olivier Giroud is cautioned.
Thomas Eisfeld delivers the ball, Olivier Giroud takes a shot. Adam Federici makes a fantastic save. Unfair challenge on Kaspars Gorkss by Olivier Giroud results in a free kick.
Effort from outside the penalty box by Thomas Eisfeld goes wide right of the target.
Pavel Pogrebnyak concedes a free kick for a foul on Thomas Eisfeld. Shot on goal comes in from Olivier Giroud from the free kick.
Substitution      Garath McCleary goes off and Jobi McAnuff comes on.
Substitution      Pavel Pogrebnyak replaces Noel Hunt.
The ball is swung over by Ignasi Miquel.
Drilled left-footed shot by Olivier Giroud. Kaspars Gorkss gets a block in. Olivier Giroud takes a shot. Save made by Adam Federici.
Theo Walcott has a direct shot on goal from the free kick.
Booking      Mikele Leigertwood receives a yellow card.
Thomas Eisfeld fouled by Mikele Leigertwood, the ref awards a free kick.
Unfair challenge on Johan Djourou by Jason Roberts results in a free kick. Direct free kick taken by Carl Jenkinson.
Jason Roberts is flagged offside by the assistant referee. Laurent Koscielny takes the free kick.
The ball is crossed by Ignasi Miquel, clearance by Sean Morrison.
The assist for the goal came from Theo Walcott.
Goal!  - Olivier Giroud -    Reading 4 - 2 Arsenal        Olivier Giroud grabs a headed goal from inside the area. Reading 4-2 Arsenal.
Corner taken right-footed by Theo Walcott,
The offside flag is raised against Noel Hunt. Free kick taken by Laurent Koscielny.
Substitution      Serge Gnabry goes off and Thomas Eisfeld comes on.
Substitution      Emmanuel Frimpong leaves the field to be replaced by Olivier Giroud.
Unfair challenge on Johan Djourou by Jason Roberts results in a free kick. Johan Djourou takes the direct free kick.
Andrey Arshavin produces a cross.
Foul by Noel Hunt on Andrey Arshavin, free kick awarded. Theo Walcott takes the direct free kick.
Carl Jenkinson crosses the ball, Kaspars Gorkss makes a clearance.
Foul by Mikele Leigertwood on Andrey Arshavin, free kick awarded. Francis Coquelin takes the direct free kick.
Carl Jenkinson crosses the ball, Effort from inside the six-yard box by Theo Walcott goes wide left of the target.
Jason Roberts is caught offside. Laurent Koscielny takes the indirect free kick.
Adam Federici takes the free kick.
Booking      Caution for Marouane Chamakh.
Chris Gunter fouled by Marouane Chamakh, the ref awards a free kick.
Close range effort by Serge Gnabry misses to the right of the goal.
Noel Hunt is penalised for a handball. Emmanuel Frimpong takes the direct free kick.
Theo Walcott takes a shot. Save by Adam Federici. Inswinging corner taken by Andrey Arshavin from the left by-line played to the near post, clearance by Noel Hunt.
Garath McCleary delivers the ball, Ignasi Miquel gets a block in.
Effort on goal by Mikele Leigertwood from just inside the penalty box goes harmlessly over the target.
Johan Djourou gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Jason Roberts. The free kick is delivered left-footed by Nicky Shorey from left wing, clearance by Laurent Koscielny. Shot from long range by Chris Gunter goes wide of the left-hand post. The assistant referee signals for offside against Noel Hunt.  Free kick taken by Damian Martinez.
Outswinging corner taken by Nicky Shorey, Unfair challenge on Damian Martinez by Sean Morrison results in a free kick. Damian Martinez takes the free kick.
Inswinging corner taken by Nicky Shorey from the right by-line, clearance made by Ignasi Miquel.
The ball is sent over by Mikele Leigertwood, clearance by Ignasi Miquel.
Outswinging corner taken left-footed by Nicky Shorey from the left by-line.
Garath McCleary fouled by Ignasi Miquel, the ref awards a free kick. Free kick crossed by Chris Gunter. Hal Robson-Kanu takes a shot. Save made by Damian Martinez.
The match restarts for the second half.
Half Time    The ref blows to signal half-time.
Assist on the goal came from Andrey Arshavin.
Goal!  - Theo Walcott -    Reading 4 - 1 Arsenal        Theo Walcott gets on the score sheet with a goal from just inside the area to the bottom left corner of the goal. Reading 4-1 Arsenal.
The referee blows for offside. Laurent Koscielny takes the free kick.
Carl Jenkinson has an effort at goal from just inside the box that misses to the left of the target.
Corner taken right-footed by Andrey Arshavin. Effort from outside the area by Emmanuel Frimpong goes wide right of the goal.
Serge Gnabry takes a shot. Blocked by Mikele Leigertwood.
Marouane Chamakh takes a shot. Save by Adam Federici.
Ignasi Miquel delivers the ball, blocked by Garath McCleary.
Free kick awarded for a foul by Jason Roberts on Laurent Koscielny. Direct free kick taken by Damian Martinez.
Free kick awarded for a foul by Johan Djourou on Jason Roberts. Nicky Shorey takes the free kick.
Garath McCleary provided the assist for the goal.
Goal!  - Noel Hunt -    Reading 4 - 0 Arsenal        Noel Hunt finds the net with a headed goal from close in. Reading 4-0 Arsenal.
Garath McCleary delivers the ball,
Garath McCleary produces a cross, clearance by Laurent Koscielny.
A cross is delivered by Carl Jenkinson, save made by Adam Federici.
The referee blows for offside against Jason Roberts.  Johan Djourou restarts play with the free kick.
Booking      Ignasi Miquel is shown a yellow card for unsporting behaviour.
Noel Hunt takes a shot. Save made by Damian Martinez.
The ball is delivered by Theo Walcott, save by Adam Federici.
Theo Walcott takes a shot. Blocked by Kaspars Gorkss.
Free kick awarded for a foul by Serge Gnabry on Chris Gunter. Adam Federici takes the free kick.
The assist for the goal came from Jay Tabb.
Goal!  - Mikele Leigertwood -    Reading 3 - 0 Arsenal        Mikele Leigertwood finds the net with a goal from the edge of the penalty area to the bottom left corner of the goal. Reading 3-0 Arsenal.
Corner taken by Nicky Shorey, clearance made by Ignasi Miquel.
Garath McCleary takes a shot. Blocked by Laurent Koscielny.
Assist on the goal came from Chris Gunter.
Goal!  - Laurent Koscielny -    Reading 2 - 0 Arsenal        Laurent Koscielny concedes an own goal. Reading 2-0 Arsenal.
A cross is delivered by Chris Gunter, blocked by Laurent Koscielny.
Andrey Arshavin challenges Hal Robson-Kanu unfairly and gives away a free kick. Free kick crossed left-footed by Nicky Shorey.
Inswinging corner taken left-footed by Nicky Shorey, Ignasi Miquel manages to make a clearance.
The ball is delivered by Garath McCleary, blocked by Serge Gnabry.
Chris Gunter crosses the ball, clearance by Ignasi Miquel.
Corner taken by Nicky Shorey.
Chris Gunter sends in a cross, clearance by Laurent Koscielny.
Assist by Hal Robson-Kanu.
Goal!  - Jason Roberts -    Reading 1 - 0 Arsenal        Jason Roberts gets on the score sheet with a goal from inside the six-yard box high into the middle of the goal. Reading 1-0 Arsenal.
Hal Robson-Kanu sends in a cross,
Andrey Arshavin takes a inswinging corner from the left by-line played to the near post, Kaspars Gorkss manages to make a clearance. Andrey Arshavin takes a shot. Chris Gunter gets a block in. Corner from the left by-line taken by Andrey Arshavin, Adam Federici makes a save.
Outswinging corner taken by Nicky Shorey from the left by-line, Noel Hunt concedes a free kick for a foul on Damian Martinez. Direct free kick taken by Damian Martinez.
Jay Tabb takes a shot. Save by Damian Martinez.
Corner taken by Andrey Arshavin.
Free kick awarded for a foul by Jay Tabb on Emmanuel Frimpong. Emmanuel Frimpong takes the direct free kick.
Unfair challenge on Francis Coquelin by Mikele Leigertwood results in a free kick. Andrey Arshavin takes the direct free kick.
Corner from the left by-line taken by Nicky Shorey, Sean Morrison produces a header from deep inside the area and strikes the post.
The ball is swung over by Hal Robson-Kanu, blocked by Carl Jenkinson.
Corner taken left-footed by Nicky Shorey from the left by-line, Johan Djourou makes a clearance.
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Serge Gnabry by Chris Gunter. Ignasi Miquel restarts play with the free kick.
The game begins.
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A minute's silence has been held at a peace centre in Warrington to mark the 10th anniversary of terrorist attacks on London transport.

Fifty-two people died and more than 700 were injured in the July 2005 bombings on three Tube trains and a bus.
The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace is holding a memorial event involving invited schoolchildren.
The centre was set up in memory of of Tim, 12, and Johnathan, three, who were killed in the 1993 Warrington bombing.
The 7 July suicide attacks - carried out by four bombers linked to al-Qaeda and carrying rucksacks of explosives - was the worst single terrorist atrocity on British soil.
Pupils from Priesthorpe School in Leeds - where the London transport bombers were from - and Burnage Academy for Boys in Manchester are at the foundation's event which includes an anti-terror workshop.
It was a very moving session to remember the victims of the London bombings with schoolchildren from Manchester and Leeds taking part.
In a room, chairs were arranged in the form of a Tube carriage. Each person took their seat in one of the seats before reading out words written on a card about a victim or a survivor.
On a screen to the right, there were photographs of some of the victims of the 7 July attacks.
Each child was given a prop - a book, a newspaper, an umbrella - to represent the people who were thrown together in this carriage.
The service had a big impact on those children who were here as part of the centre's THINK project which addresses extremism and goes out to schools across the north.
For the past 10 years, the foundation has worked with survivors of the 7 July terror attack, providing support through initiatives such as the counter-extremism education project THINK.
Chief executive Nick Taylor said: "We are fully aware that violent extremist groups use prejudice and discrimination as a way to gain support.
"It's vital, therefore, that we make young people realise that there is another way so they can turn their back on extremism, and become positive leaders within their peer group and society as a whole."


Thames Water has admitted it has been too slow to react to flooding caused by burst pipes in London.

The company's bosses told the London Assembly Environment Committee its response to flooding in December was "not adequate".
Many properties were evacuated after broken water mains flooded areas including Angel, Lewisham and Hackney.
The situation was described as "completely unacceptable" by the Labour group on the London Assembly.
Hundreds of people were evacuated from their homes last month following a number of burst mains.
Thames Water's Danny Leamon told the committee it was aware of the Stoke Newington leak but it "didn't respond quickly enough to assess and resolve the situation".
He also confirmed the London Fire Brigade called it to alert them to the problems in Angel but the mains were not shut off for four hours.
The company's Richard Aylard said they were investing in devices that could provide warnings before bursts occurred.
However, only one of the burst pipes last year had this in place and it provided a warning of just three minutes.
Leonie Cooper, Labour London Assembly spokesperson for the environment, said: "It is also completely unacceptable that Thames Water has no idea which of their pipes are most at risk of bursting in the future.
"The maintenance and risk assessment system is clearly inadequate and while I welcome their review into this, for those forced out of their homes at Christmas it will seem too little, too late."
Mr Leamon told BBC London Radio: "To replace one kilometre of our largest pipes can take six to eight months, so that means taking out some the largest roads in London for a very long time.
"That's a 30 to 40 year programme and that's something we need to do faster and we have to get the investment in place to do that."


Police in a County Down village have said they were unable to respond to other calls because they were monitoring drunken teenagers.

Posting on Facebook, police said they had the "sad task of removing a number of underaged children from licensed premises in Waringstown" on 28 October.
"Sad because some of these teenagers (as young as 15) were quite clearly drunk."
Police have said they are investigating the matter.
The post added: "We do not want to spoil anyone's fun but the fact is that it is illegal to consume alcohol when you are under the age of 18 and it is illegal for licensed premises to serve alcohol when you are under 18.
"While at the premises we were able to see adults dropping teenagers off.
"We were then tied up and unable to respond to other calls as we waited with the children for parents to pick them up.
"The licensee of the premises was asked to close proceedings immediately."
Police said this "may seem like a harmless event for teenagers but when alcohol is involved, everyone becomes a little more vulnerable and events can take place that spiral out of control quickly".
"In this instance a number of those attending used fake identification to gain entry - this is an offence and criminal convictions can have long lasting consequences on work, travel and education opportunities," the post added.


Take That have confirmed that they will be performing on stage at the Brits next month.

They join already announced stars including Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran, Sam Smith, Paloma Faith, Royal Blood and George Ezra.
There are online rumours that Madonna is set to perform new material from her new album Rebel Heart, but as yet there is no official confirmation.
The Brits will take place at London's O2 Arena February 25.
This will be the sixth time Take That have performed at the Brit Awards since 1994, but the first time as a threesome since the departure of Jason Orange.
This year's Brit Awards will be hosted by Ant and Dec, who are up for a number of National Television Awards, including best presenters - their 14th nomination in a row.
Take That have won a total of eight Brit Awards and still hold the crown as the UK's most successful live act.
Last week, at the nominations, Clean Bandit star Neil Amin-Smith said this year's list was dominated by "white boys".
In response, the British Phonographic Industry, who organise the Brits, said that the process of nomination is an "open and transparent process driven by a combination of market data and personal taste".
It's also been announced that Take That will headline the annual War Child Brits Award Show on 23 February at Shepherd's Bush Empire.
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A total of 282 secondary schools in England are deemed to be failing by the government, as they have not met a new set of national standards.

From this year, schools are being judged by new measures, which take greater account of pupil progress and their basic ability than raw results.
The Department for Education says the measures present a clearer picture of how well schools are performing.
Head teachers say the results come amid a funding and recruitment crisis.
Up until this year, schools have been rated predominantly by raw GCSE results - based on what proportion of pupils get five A* to C GCSEs, including English and maths.
Last year, under the old measures 312 schools were considered to be failing.
Now, a new measure is being used, based on GCSE results from grades A* to G across eight subjects, known as Attainment 8, along with another measure, known as Progress 8.
These changes mean this year's results cannot be compared with previous years, as this is the first year that schools and pupils have been assessed under the new system.
Progress and Attainment 8 measure how a student progresses through secondary school, taking into account their ability at the end of primary school.
Most schools will achieve a score between -1 and 1, with 0 being average.
This year, secondary schools are considered under-performing if their Progress 8 score is below -0.5 (well below average) and below a further complex calculation that shows government statisticians are confident that score is accurate.
Depending on individual scores, schools will be placed in one of five bands for progress - average, above average, well above average, below average or well below average. Parents are likely to find these descriptors easier to read than the raw numbers.
The data shows wide variations in regional performance.
In the North West of England,  one in six secondary schools is under-performing, while at the other end of the scale, London has the lowest proportion of under-performing schools.
In total, 3.1% of the capital's secondary schools fall below the new threshold, while just 2.2% of its secondary-age pupils are at a school that failed to make the target.
Knowsley on Merseyside was the worst performing local authority, with all six of its secondary schools falling floor below standards, while in Darlington, 42.9%, of schools are labelled failing and 38.5% sub-standard in Oldham.
Looking at the gender gap, girls made more progress on average than boys, despite any higher prior attainment they may have had.
Girls made above average progress, at 0.11, while boys made below average, at -0.17.
Disadvantaged pupils (those qualifying for free school meals) made significantly less progress on average than non-disadvantaged pupils nationally during secondary school.
The Progress 8 score was -0.03 for all pupils in all state secondary schools, compared with -0.38 for disadvantaged pupils.
This is significant because it shows that disadvantaged pupils are held back at secondary school by more than lower prior attainment.
The national average result for Attainment 8 was 49.9 - this is expressed as points out of 80.
It is a total of the raw results across individual pupils' best eight GCSE subjects at grades A* to G, including English and maths, with more points attached to higher grades.
Girls got better results nationally than boys. They scored an average of 52.3 and 47.7 respectively.
School Standards Minister Nick Gibb said the results "confirmed that the hard work of teachers and pupils across the country was leading to higher standards".
He added: "Under our reforms, there are almost 1.8 million more young people in good or outstanding schools than in 2010, and through our new, fairer Progress 8 measure, we will ensure that even more children are supported to achieve their full potential."
Malcolm Trobe, interim general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, said schools and pupils should be congratulated on the results, which had been achieved "against a national backdrop of a funding and recruitment crisis".
He said Progress 8 was a fairer way of measuring school performance as it better reflected the fact that children start secondary school at different levels of academic ability.
But he warned that parents should remember no system of measuring school performance was perfect.
"It is their [parents'] judgement which is most important and they should base that judgement on the whole picture of the school's curriculum and culture and whether it is the best fit for their child," he said.
Kevin Courtney, head of the National Union of Teachers, said a majority of teachers questioned the validity of Progress 8, as they believed the Key Stage 2 results used to provide children's prior attainment did not provide a reliable benchmark from which to measure.
"Key Stage 2 tests are not just narrowly based, but notoriously unreliable. Yet this benchmark is being used to hold schools accountable.
"The union is concerned that in progress 8 the DfE has introduced another measure that simplifies learning, boils down progress to a single number, and prevails upon teachers and the school leaders to organise their work around it."


Twelve regeneration projects will receive a share of £12.8m, creating more than 400 jobs and 50 traineeships.

Communities Minister Lesley Griffiths announced schemes including an employment hub at Swansea's Kingsway and a family entertainment zone in Rhyl, Denbighshire.
The money will also help provide affordable and private sector homes.
It brings the Welsh Government's total investment in regeneration projects to £118m.
Ms Griffiths said: "As well as improving important local services, the funding will create hundreds of jobs and traineeships and boost Wales' housing supply."


A woman who stabbed her husband of 32 years to death claimed he had collapsed in their flat after drinking at the pub all day, police have said.

Anthony Culley, 56, was found lying face down with a stab wound to his chest and a deep laceration on his arm.
Lesley Culley, of Unsworth Way, Oldham, told a 999 call operator she did not know what had caused his bleeding.
The 58-year-old was jailed for six years after pleading guilty to manslaughter at Manchester Crown Court.
Greater Manchester Police said she had called emergency services on 8 December 2016 over two hours after the pair left the pub, claiming he had fallen down after drinking all day.
She told the call operator she did not know what had caused his wound or what he had hit when he fell over.
However, a post mortem examination found the stab wound had been delivered with "severe force".
Culley admitted manslaughter on the grounds of loss of control, a defence which the police spokesman said was "supported by a number of psychiatric assessments".


A night service at a minor injuries unit in Somerset is running again after a staff shortage led to its closure.

NHS bosses shut the Minehead Community Hospital unit between 23:00 and 07:00 in March and warned it could take until August to recruit more staff.
However, a solution has been found to redirect an emergency nurse to Minehead to reinstate the overnight shift.
Somerset's NHS Trust is in the process of recruiting four new nurses to help maintain its minor injury units.
It said there remained a shortage of "appropriately qualified" emergency nurse practitioners (ENPs).
But it added that taking on temporary medical cover in Bridgwater had meant a member of staff could be released to help elsewhere in the county.


Finance Minister Máirtín Ó Muilleoir has welcomed a "U-turn" by the chancellor that lifts a threat to some EU peace and structural funding.

Mr Ó Muilleoir had warned as much as £300m was at risk of being lost.
He said Philip Hammond has "seen sense and will underwrite all letters of offer made between now and when Brexit negotiations are concluded".
Previously, the chancellor's guarantee only covered the period until his Autumn Statement next month.
But, his new position was outlined at the Conservative Party conference in Birmingham on Monday.
The move has also been welcomed by the Ulster Unionist Party.
Its finance spokesman Philip Smith said: "This will increase confidence levels of businesses and the community and voluntary sector who are reliant on structural and investment funds."
But Mr Ó Muilleoir said the chancellor has made no commitments on what will replace EU funding once Brexit happens, currently due in 2019.
He also said Northern Ireland is facing "economic turbulence" as the government "is cutting our resource budgets by 4% between now and 2020".
"Removing that threat to our budgets would be the single biggest stimulus the British government could provide to ensure we can navigate the choppy economic waters ahead."


Cardiff City have launched a fresh investigation into the signing of Andreas Cornelius in July 2013.

The Danish striker, then 20, arrived for a club record fee of an initial £7.5m but failed to score in 11 games.
Cardiff owner Vincent Tan believes the club paid too much - and has instructed lawyers to take a detailed look into the transfer. Tan says he has new information on the matter.
It comes as Tan renewed his attack on former boss Malky Mackay.
Tan called Mackay an "idiot" over the Cornelius signing.
The striker was Scotsman Mackay's first purchase after guiding Cardiff to promotion to the Premier League, but he rejoined FC Copenhagen after just six months in Wales.
Cornelius rediscovered his form at Copenhagen with a tally of 45 goals over his two spells with the club.
Cornelius joined Italian Serie A side Atalanta this summer.
"It was unfortunate that we only stayed in the Premier League for one season," said Tan.
"You know the main reason, I always say, and I have told Mehmet [Dalman, Cardiff's chairman] the same, is that we spent a lot of money there - I think it was £50m.
"What did we get? We paid £10.5m [based on add-ons] for Cornelius who didn't even play 45 minutes and then the manager said he was a project.
"I'm in the Premier League, I need to survive. What an idiot he [Mackay] is."
Tan added, "You pay for a big striker £10.5m you should play him 90 minutes, not 45 minutes, five minutes, 10 minutes. Because he's a project he [Mackay] says, finally, he says he [Cornelius] is a project.
"How come I'm in the Premier League and you're finding time to do a project for the future? What rubbish is that? And you pay £45,000 a week for a project? Rubbish!"
Chris Nott, a senior partner at Cardiff law firm Capital Law, confirmed he's been instructed to look into the Cornelius transfer.
"Mr Tan has asked for this particular transfer to be looked at in micro detail," said Nott.
Mackay's representatives told BBC Wales Sport they had nothing to say regarding the new investigation.
Tan's acrimonious sacking of Mackay - who is now the Scottish Football Association's performance director - was one of several flashpoints in what has been a tumultuous tenure since the Malaysian businessman bought the Welsh club in 2010.
Cardiff subsequently sent a dossier to the Football Association alleging that Mackay and former head of recruitment Iain Moody shared racist and sexist texts, with the governing body deciding that both men would face no action.
The club engaged law firm Mishcon de Reya, whose investigators obtained a search order from the High Court to enter the property seizing work computers and phones and taking electronic imagery of evidence.


A man said he froze in fear when he found one of the world's largest tarantulas dumped near his house.

The Brazilian salmon pink bird-eater was left in a plastic box at the junction of Narborough Road and Ivy Road in Leicester on Friday.
It was found by Michael Fields as he left his home.
Mr Fields called the RSPCA and the spider - the third largest breed of tarantula in the world - has been found a new owner.
Updates on this story and more from the East Midlands
Mr Fields estimated the spider measured about eight inches (20cm) long.
He said: "I absolutely froze on the spot. It's my worst nightmare - I hate spiders.
"Even as a grown man I was nearly in tears - this thing was massive. I then had to stay with it until the RSPCA came."
Brazilian salmon pink bird-eaters can grow to have a leg span of 10 inches (25cm) but are relatively harmless to humans.
The RSPCA said the tarantula had been re-homed with a specialist exotic animal keeper.
Animal collection officer Steve Smith said: "We are concerned that someone abandoned a spider in the street like this.
"These tarantulas live in a warm and humid environment in the wild and need the same provided in captivity.
"It is likely that the spider was an unwanted pet which someone decided to dispose of for whatever reason.
"We would recommend that anyone interested in keeping a tarantula as a pet thoroughly research the particular species' needs carefully first before deciding to get one."


Northern Ireland riders enjoyed mixed fortunes at the third round of the British championship at Brands Hatch.

Michael Laverty was sixth in the first Superbike race of the day but failed to finish the second because of a blown engine, so drops to fifth spot overall.
Jordanstown rider Andy Reid was fourth in both Supersport events but heads the standings on 85 points.
Fermanagh's Josh Elliott was third in the Superstock 1000cc race while Carl Phillips won the Superstock 600cc race.
For Phillips, 22, from Derriaghy, it was his maiden triumph in the series, and he leads his championship by 13 points.
Keith Farmer, a winner at Oulton Parjk on May Day, failed to finish the Superstock 1000cc outing, while Andrew Irwin was fifth and eighth in the Supersports.
Record-breaking North West 200 hero Alastair Seeley was 14th and 17th in the Superbike class on his BMW, with Glenn Irwin 13th in race one, but retiring in race two with just a third of the race completed.


A Birmingham secondary school is set to close in August despite a campaign to save it by hundreds of residents.

Pupils and staff at the Baverstock Academy, Druid's Heath, were told of the plans at an assembly earlier.  A four-week consultation has begun.
The Department for Education (DfE) said a new sponsor had not been found for the school, which has been in special measures since 2014.
The school featured in a BBC Panorama film in 2014.
The documentary looked at whether the academy could honour its pledge to keep disruptive pupils in school and help them achieve five GCSEs.
Its future was plunged into uncertainty in 2015 following financial difficulties.
Nearly 2,400 people signed an online petition which called the school "a constant force of stability to the community".
However, regional schools commissioner Chris Quinn said potential sponsors felt the "financial and educational issues" affecting the school were "too complex to guarantee the improvements needed".
She has asked for views on the proposed closure by 7 February.
Steve McCabe, Labour MP for Birmingham Selly Oak, said the government had treated the parents, pupils and community "with utter disregard".
"It is a complete disgrace and my constituents will not forgive this betrayal," he said.
He called for an urgent meeting with the education secretary to ask what efforts were made to save the school and about costs of closing it.
The DfE said the school was "undersubscribed", adding it would be working with LEAP, the trust which runs the school, and the local authority to find alternative places to ensure students' education "is not disrupted."


Southend moved to within a point of the League One play-offs with a 2-0 win at bottom club Coventry.

Early goals from Nile Ranger and Ryan Leonard handed the visitors a first win in four games.
Shrimpers boss Phil Brown read the riot act to his squad following last weekend's defeat to Bristol Rovers, and they wasted little time in making amends at the Ricoh Arena as Ranger poked the ball past Coventry goalkeeper Lee Burge from six yards with just two minutes on the clock.
Southend doubled their lead in the 23rd minute courtesy of a deflected 30-yard free-kick from Leonard.
Coventry's main attacking threat came down the left from wing-back Ryan Haynes, who hit a shot over the bar in the 25th minute in the home side's first meaningful attack.
It took 49 minutes for the Sky Blues to register their first shot on target through Callum Reilly but it was not enough to trouble Southend goalkeeper Ted Smith.
The result left Coventry rooted to the bottom of the table after a fourth defeat in five, while Southend remain in seventh place.
Match report supplied by the Press Association.


Mae'r heddlu yn chwilio am ddynes o Abertawe a'i mab sydd ar goll.

Dywedodd Heddlu De Cymru bod Angharad Bullock, 39, a'i mab, sy'n dair oed, ar goll ers 28 Ebrill.
Mae swyddogion yn pryderu am ddiogelwch y ddau.
Dylai unrhyw un sydd â gwybodaeth gysylltu gyda'r heddlu ar 101.


Cheltenham hit back to claim a deserved 1-1 draw at home to Luton.

Daniel O'Shaughnessy cancelled out Danny Hylton's opener as the struggling Robins held high-flying Luton.
The visitors opened the scoring in the 52nd minute when Hylton received a pass from young full-back James Justin, skipped past Aaron Downes, cut into the box and beat Daniel O'Shaughnessy before calmly rounding goalkeeper Russell Griffiths and slotting into the net.
It was the striker's sixth goal of the campaign and came after Luton had been second best for most of the first half, but Christian Walton was rarely troubled in the Hatters' goal.
Cheltenham hit back 12 minutes later as Jack Munns' corner was headed towards goal by Danny Wright and, after the striker's effort was blocked on the line, O'Shaughnessy followed up to slam in his second of the season.
Former Luton man Asa Hall sent a shot just over the bar with 15 minutes left, while at the other end Griffiths failed to hold a free-kick from Cameron McGeehan, but Downes cleared the danger.
Another effort from Hall took a deflection and was then well saved by Walton to his right.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Cheltenham Town 1, Luton Town 1.
Second Half ends, Cheltenham Town 1, Luton Town 1.
Attempt missed. Jonathan Smith (Luton Town) right footed shot from the centre of the box is just a bit too high.
Attempt blocked. Asa Hall (Cheltenham Town) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Daniel Wright (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Scott Cuthbert (Luton Town).
Attempt saved. Olly Lee (Luton Town) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Foul by Jordan Cranston (Cheltenham Town).
Jordan Cook (Luton Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Cheltenham Town. Conceded by Christian Walton.
Attempt saved. Asa Hall (Cheltenham Town) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Attempt blocked. Asa Hall (Cheltenham Town) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Aaron Downes (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Danny Hylton (Luton Town).
Substitution, Luton Town. Alex Gilliead replaces Pelly Ruddock.
Harry Pell (Cheltenham Town) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Cheltenham Town. James Dayton replaces Jack Munns.
Foul by Amari Morgan-Smith (Cheltenham Town).
James Justin (Luton Town) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Attempt saved. Cameron McGeehan (Luton Town) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Aaron Downes (Cheltenham Town) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Danny Hylton (Luton Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Aaron Downes (Cheltenham Town).
Substitution, Luton Town. Jonathan Smith replaces Jack Marriott.
Attempt missed. Asa Hall (Cheltenham Town) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Substitution, Cheltenham Town. Amari Morgan-Smith replaces Billy Waters.
Delay in match Pelly Ruddock (Luton Town) because of an injury.
Corner,  Cheltenham Town. Conceded by James Justin.
Attempt missed. Harry Pell (Cheltenham Town) header from the centre of the box is too high.
Jordan Cranston (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Cameron McGeehan (Luton Town).
Goal!  Cheltenham Town 1, Luton Town 1. Daniel O'Shaughnessy (Cheltenham Town) right footed shot from very close range to the bottom right corner following a corner.
Attempt saved. Daniel Wright (Cheltenham Town) header from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Cheltenham Town. Conceded by Scott Cuthbert.
Foul by Daniel Wright (Cheltenham Town).
Alan Sheehan (Luton Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt saved. Harry Pell (Cheltenham Town) header from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Cheltenham Town. Conceded by James Justin.
Attempt missed. Cameron McGeehan (Luton Town) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right.


Thousands of people have been left with no phone service after what BT described as "malicious damage" to cables in west London.

The telecommunication company said 11 cables were vandalised in Ealing on Saturday affecting people in the capital and parts of the South East.
BT said the vast majority of customers had been reconnected but engineers were still working on the problem.
The issue has also affected some Plusnet and Talk Talk customers.
BT said broadband, TV and mobile services were unaffected.


Former British and Irish Lions captain Brian O'Driscoll believes Scottish tour contenders suffered for not having a representative on the coaching panel.

Only two Scots - Stuart Hogg and Tommy Seymour - were selected in Warren Gatland's 41-man squad for the summer trip to New Zealand.
Glasgow boss Gregor Townsend and Scotland attack coach Jason O'Halloran both turned down Lions roles.
"Because there was no Scottish voice, I think they lost out," O'Driscoll said.
"You have to have someone pushing your name forward in those very, very tight selections. There was no Scottish coach in the selection meetings batting for any Scotland players."
Head coach Gatland, who is on a break from leading Wales to take charge of the Lions, included 12 members of the Welsh squad that finished fifth in this year's Six Nations and were beaten by Scotland at Murrayfield.
O'Driscoll, who earned a place on four successive Lions tours - but was unexpectedly dropped by Gatland for the decisive third Test against Australia in 2013 - is not surprised the New Zealander has trusted those he knows.
"I'm not shocked at that at all," the former Ireland centre told BBC Sport. "You see it the world over.
"We've seen it in Ireland for the first couple of years of Joe Schmidt's tenure as Ireland coach. He went, time and time again in the 50-50 decisions, back to the Leinster players that he knew well, knew the personalities, that had done a job for him."
Gatland has insisted player nationalities did not influence the selection of the squad, which also features 16 England players and 11 from the Ireland squad.
"I didn't realise the split in the numbers," he said this week.
"We put together a group of players in each position we felt were in contention and then we went through and individually selected those players."
O'Driscoll, 38, captained the Lions on their last visit to New Zealand in 2005, but his involvement in the tour was curtailed by injury less than two minutes into the first Test.
He warns facing the back-to-back world champions on their own patch is the toughest task in rugby, but believes the Lions can upset the odds.
"They need their best players out on the park, they need to make sure they don't have a big injury toll to some of their key players," he added.
"It's not a three-Test tour down there, it's like playing 10 Test matches against New Zealand opposition. They're fighting for their lives, they're fighting for history, to be remembered as the side that beat the Lions.
"It's the most difficult place to go and play, and that's before you come up against the mighty All Blacks, so you need a lot of things to go your way. You need a little bit of luck, you need a very good gameplan, and you need everyone playing on form, and then you've got a chance, such is the difficulty of playing down there.
"I definitely think they can win a Test match, and if they can win one, they can squeeze a second one. There's no doubt the All Blacks are strong favourites to win the series, but you don't think it's a foregone conclusion."


A motorcyclist has died after a collision with a car in Lancashire.

The 41-year-old victim died in hospital after the crash, which happened near Windermere Avenue, Burnley, at about 14:23 GMT on Friday.
The collision occurred after a BMW 335 turned into Blacker Street, where a Yamaha 600cc motorcycle was travelling in the opposite direction, police said.
Lancashire Police is appealing for anyone who may have seen either vehicle before the collision to contact them.


China's new Premier Li Keqiang has signalled his government is prepared to start the process of reforming the widely-despised system of re-education camps.

The camps, a gulag-type network created half a century ago, hold thousands of inmates who are made to undergo "laojiao", also known as "re-education through labour".
But the case of one woman, Tang Hui, sent to a camp last year, galvanised public opposition to the system. Reforming it would be a significant legal step.
Tang Hui took us to visit the camp where she had been held, tucked into a fold of hillside, an hour or so from Changsha in Hunan Province.
The Zhuzhou Baimalong Labour Camp is an imposing sight, built like a prison.
At the front there's a giant, curved facade, lined with classical columns, where the main gate stands. Behind it is a sprawling collection of white buildings, some six or seven storeys high, with workshops, vegetable gardens and a parade ground, all surrounded by a high wall and watchtowers.
The camp is just one component in China's sprawling gulag system, known as "laojiao". These camps are a throwback to the years just after China's Communist revolution, and many outside China don't even know they still exist.
There's a constant flow of police vehicles and buses in and out of the camp. It's big enough to hold hundreds of inmates, all sent here to undergo "re-education through labour". You see them every now and again, in lines, walking from one building to another, performing exercises.
Drifting on the wind you can hear the chants of inmates, undergoing their forced re-education. Just an order from a policeman is enough to have you locked up here for as long as four years.
Tang Hui, a former inmate, guides us closer to the huge camp gate. Her incarceration here last year caused outrage in China.
"It was living nightmare. A real nightmare would have been better. I could have woken up from that," she says, dissolving into tears.
Her ordeal began in 2006 when her 10-year-old daughter disappeared from home. Unbeknown to Tang Hui, the girl had been raped and then lured to a local karaoke centre by a man she'd met. There she was gang raped again by four men, beaten and forced to work as a prostitute.
Local police did little to track down the missing girl, saying she'd probably run away from home. Tang Hui didn't give up and, after three months searching her hometown of Yongzhou, discovered where her daughter was being held. Only then did the authorities act, freeing the girl and arresting her captors.
Tang Hui campaigned vigorously for the death penalty for the men who did it. But she says the pimps had powerful connections in the police force, and the bad publicity the case brought may have tarnished the careers of local officials.
So those same police and officials had Tang Hui sent to Zhuzhou Baimalong camp to undergo 18 months of re-education. She says it was an act of revenge to silence her. Her re-education meant being told she must obey whatever the Communist Party says.
"I felt desperate, but I didn't shed a single tear, because I knew they were monitoring me all the time," she says.
"They wanted me to break down. They told me: 'If you promise to drop your case you can leave this place early.' I told them I would never write such a promise."
Like all of those sent to labour camps Tang Hui went through no legal process. There was just a written order and she was shut away. Her lawyers used the internet to spread word of her incarceration. It caused uproar and she was released after nine days.
"After my re-education I realised my mistake," she says.
"I'd pursued justice for my daughter because I thought the Communist Party was there for me. I thought the government and police would back me up. But I don't believe that any more. They've treated me like an enemy. They attack us instead of protecting us."
China's re-education through labour system was set up in the 1950s to silence political opponents. Today it's used to lock up undesirables like drug addicts and prostitutes, along with those like Tang Hui who complain too loudly about injustices, or people who are members of religious movements banned by the Communist Party.
Beijing lawyer Pu Zhiqiang says the whole system goes against China's own constitution and the rights its citizens should enjoy.
"Re-education through labour is illegal and wrong," he says. "People have their freedom taken away without any court case. They can't even appeal the decision until after they've served their time. It's a sign that China remains a police state. Not a country with the rule of law."
China's new leaders, aware the system is deeply unpopular, have indicated they are considering reforming it.
New Premier Li Keqiang, in his first news conference on Sunday, said authorities were "working intensively" on the plan to reform the system, and the plan "might be unveiled before the end of the year".
Some had expected reforms might come sooner. Many believe the police are resisting change, unwilling to give up the enormous powers they enjoy.
So Xi Jinping and China's new government could tinker with the system and leave parts of it intact, or they could opt for more far-reaching reforms. A bolder course may signal that limiting the powers of officials and police and beginning to strengthen the rule of law is a priority for the new leadership.
However, any reform will not affect the far bigger system of prison labour camps, estimated to hold millions.
In some places camps under the laojiao system are already being wound down, albeit slowly. In Yunnan in south-western China several former camps now hold only drug addicts. Dressed in identical uniforms, the addicts, undergoing detoxification treatments, march in squads. In the workshops they sit in ranks at tables making small electrical components.
Four years ago there were 160,000 inmates in the re-education system, according to official government statistics. By last year the number was down to 50,000 being held in 350 labour camps.
Many ordinary Chinese hate the system and want to see it scrapped in its entirety. One of them is Li Zhengtian, a well-known artist, philosopher and musician. He was sent for re-education in a coal mine in the 1970s. His crime? Drawing "big character posters" calling for the rule of law. He says today's China still urgently needs the rule of law.
"I refused to bow my head in submission, so they hit me, again and again," he says.
"I lay in a pool of my own blood for more than three hours. We must abolish it as soon as possible. The law should protect people's rights."
And Tang Hui, who was locked up for seeking justice for her daughter, is adamant, the camps must close for good if China is to build a just and fair society.
"Our leaders talk about social harmony, but there can be no harmony as long as the labour camp system exists," she says.
"It's brought too much pain. The only thing that stopped me from committing suicide in there was thinking about how I could get my revenge on those who sent me to the camp."
For now, at Zhuzhou and dozens of similar camps, life goes on in China's hated gulags. But the pressure for change is growing, and after Tang Hui's incarceration even China's official media have joined the chorus, saying it's time the system was "swept into the dustbin of history".


A seven-year-old who died after she was found seriously injured on a path leading to a playing field has been named by police.

Katie Rough was found in the Woodthorpe area of York on Monday afternoon.
She was taken to hospital but died a short time later. Inquiries into the circumstances surrounding her death continue, North Yorkshire Police said.
A 15-year-old girl was arrested and remains in police custody.
More on this story and others in North Yorkshire
The grass path was sealed off by police, with a white tent beyond the cordon.
Flowers and cards were left at the scene, with one reading: "Night night my darling princess Katie. Love nana and grandad."
Officers appealed for anyone in the area of Morrell Court, Belhouse Way, Osprey Close and Alness Drive who saw two girls on Monday afternoon to get in touch.
North Yorkshire Police said: "Katie's family are devastated by this tragic event and have asked for their privacy to be respected at this extremely distressing time."
Katie was a pupil at Westfield Primary School in the Acomb area of York.
The school said her death was a "terrible loss which has deeply saddened our school community".
Tracey Ralph, head teacher at the school, said: "Katie was a kind and thoughtful child who was well-liked by both pupils and staff.
"She was hardworking and showed a particular talent for creative writing.
"All members of our school are being offered emotional support at this distressing time."
Rob McCartney, who lives nearby, said he came out of his home after hearing sirens and saw a woman shouting for an ambulance to be called.
"I put my shoes on and went to go up the alleyway. I got halfway up and I could see a body lying on the field, the police were already there attending," he said.
Police vehicles were seen at a semi-detached house about half a mile from the scene, with officers carrying out house-to-house inquiries in the area.
Jon Stonehouse, director of children, education and communities at City of York Council, said: "This tragic incident has shocked the city and the council, on whose behalf I offer our profound condolences to Katie's family at this extremely difficult and sad time.
"Our neighbour enforcement officers are also giving additional support to the police and are offering reassurance."
A neighbour of Katie's family, who did not wish to be named, said: "She was usually playing at the front, in the garden, or round the back of the house playing with some friends.
"She was lovely, really sweet."


The first episode of a reality programme based on the lives of glamorous young Glaswegians is to be broadcast.

Glow is a similar format to popular programmes The Only Way is Essex and Made in Chelsea.
It follows the lives of a "young, stylish group of Glaswegians", according to programme makers GRTV. They say it will capture Glasgow's "unique" sense of humour.
It will air on glasglow.tv on Thursday.
Stephanie Docherty, GRTV producer, promised viewers "tears, romance, bust-ups and lots and lots of drama".
She said the company had been "inundated" with messages - both positive and negative.
Ms Docherty added: "Hopefully when people see the first episode they will appreciate that we, and the cast, are having fun with this and taking a light-hearted approach.
"We could never represent everything about Glasgow in 45 minutes each week but hopefully it showcases Glasgow in the positive, stylish and fun way we know and love."


Brad Inman's last-minute penalty miss handed 10-man Blackpool a vital League One win over fellow strugglers Crewe.

Jack Redshaw headed the Seasiders in front on 34 minutes before being sent off for a rash challenge on David Fox.
Crewe levelled through Marcus Haber's neat flick on 83 minutes before Tom Aldred's deflected shot restored Blackpool's advantage 60 seconds later.
Brad Potts then fouled Tom Hitchcock in the box, but top scorer Inman blazed the resulting penalty over the bar.
Blackpool climb two places to 20th, one point above the drop zone, while Crewe stay 23rd, now eight points from safety, having not won in eight matches.