A 15-year-old boy has been arrested after a car was tipped over by a fork-lift truck.

Officers and a police helicopter were called to Hazel Gardens in Sonning Common, to reports of a truck "driving erratically" at 20:25 BST on Tuesday.
The boy, from Henley-on-Thames, was also arrested on suspicion of possessing a firearm, as well as criminal damage.
He remains in police custody. Any witnesses are asked to contact police.


The UK government may wish to seek "special status" for Northern Ireland's electricity market after Brexit, a group of MPs has said.

A single electricity market operates across the island of Ireland.
The Northern Ireland Affairs Committee says Brexit "potentially challenges the future viability" of that arrangement.
The all-island market is possible because the UK and Ireland are both members of the Internal Energy Market (IEM).
All EU members participate in the IEM along with Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein.
Participation requires alignment with EU rules including industrial emissions regulations and restrictions on state aid.
The UK government will have to decide whether to remain in the IEM, withdraw entirely or negotiate a new bilateral relationship.
The NIAC says the government "should give particular consideration" to how any changes to the UK's relationship with the IEM will affect Northern Ireland.
It says withdrawal would be significant for Northern Ireland as a smaller, less efficient market would likely mean higher electricity costs.
It adds that the government "may wish to seek a special status or derogation" for Northern Ireland.
It calls for long-term policy clarity as soon as possible.
The NIAC inquiry heard there is "a clear desire from electricity market stakeholders in Northern Ireland to retain the existing market arrangements".


Scotland's four main party leaders are preparing for a live debate later.

The SNP's Nicola Sturgeon, Scottish Labour's Jim Murphy, Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson and Liberal Democrat Willie Rennie will take part in the BBC1 programme.
BBC political correspondent Glenn Campbell will chair the debate at 19:30.
It will be held in Edinburgh just four days before the country goes to the polls.
During the day the parties will continue their campaigning around the country.
What are the top issues for each political party at the 2015 general election?
Policy guide: Where the parties stand
The general election takes place on 7 May.
To find out who is standing in your area, check out the BBC's constituency profiles.
You can watch the Leaders' Debate at 19:30 on BBC1 Scotland or on iPlayer.


A French minister has criticised the selection of an English song as the official anthem for French supporters at the Euro 2016 championship.

Andre Vallini, Secretary of State for Development and Francofonie, said it was "incomprehensible" for the French team's song to be in English.
Mr Vallini also berated the French entry at the Eurovision song contest, because of its English chorus.
The minister urged Francophones on Twitter to "rise up".
"At a time when we are defending the place of the French language in international institutions, and especially European institutions... it is incomprehensible that for these two big popular events, the French language throws in the towel," Mr Vallini added.
France is hosting the football tournament, which begins next month.
The song, I Was Made for Lovin' You, was originally performed by Kiss and is being performed for the event by French group Skip The Use.
The Eurovision entry, performed by Amir, is called J'ai Cherche (I Have Searched).
Groups & Schedule - European Championship 2016 - Football - BBC Sport
Euro 2016 draw: Meet the finalists


At a global conference a few years ago, former US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers revealed that Americans would really prefer to be the G1.

Not the G7 grouping of the biggest economies, or even the G3, but the G1 - where America would be the sole decision-maker. It may not be too surprising since the US has been the sole economic superpower for most of the post-war period.
But times are changing.
A big sign of the shift was when the British and other Europeans, as well as allies such as Australia and South Korea, all signed up to the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) to be founding members.
Their actions were over the objections of the Americans, who are not only concerned about China leading the AIIB - which is a competitor to the World Bank, a multilateral institution led by the US - but also about not being consulted beforehand by the Brits who have a "special relationship" with America.
I was reminded of this when I was recently in Indonesia chairing a session at the World Economic Forum. The chair of Asean, the organisation of the 10 nations of south east Asia, confidently told me that the Asean Economic Community (AEC) that they are concluding by the end of the year will rival not only the European Union, a single market with a similar population, but the United States as well.
It struck me that for countries who were rescued by the Bretton Woods institutions based in Washington DC (the IMF and the World Bank) just a decade and a half ago during the Asian financial crisis, it was quite a shift that south east Asia now see themselves as competitors to the world's biggest economy.
The confidence of Asians - not just the Chinese but other Asians too - was notable.
Just a decade or so ago, Asians couldn't push through the establishment of an Asian IMF in the aftermath of their financial crisis as America objected to competing multilateral organisations. Now, there's not only the AIIB, there's also the Brics bank that is set up by the emerging markets of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
Perhaps that's one sign of declining influence. After all, America as the sole superpower holds effective vetoes over the main multilateral institutions which have led not only development but how countries are rescued and economies are managed for most of the past century. Those days look numbered as China in particular wields its economic muscle globally.
If a country doesn't like the programmes offered by the IMF or World Bank, it could presumably go to the AIIB. Though the Chinese would insist that the AIIB is focused largely on Asia and infrastructure, the World Bank too started out focused on reconstruction in Europe - so institutions evolve. And the changes are in one direction: towards greater control by China of international policies.
For some economists, this isn't surprising. The weight of global economic activity has been shifting East. The IMF finds that China is as important a driver of global growth as America, and that trend is set to continue even with the slowing down of Chinese growth.
Having another engine of demand surely helps a world economy that is struggling to get back to robust growth rates after the 2008 financial crisis. Wouldn't Americans like to have other nations shoulder some of that burden?
That's a question that I have posed to American audiences over the years. Wouldn't it be better not to have all of America's actions scrutinised for global impact? Ending quantitative easing and raising interest rates because it suits the US economy wouldn't be a subject of criticism, for one.
Of course, America will remain in the spotlight because despite being challenged, the US is still the most important economy and its policies hold worldwide consequences. Even if China overtakes it in terms of aggregate size, Americans will be richer in per capita terms and therefore be a more important consumer market for the rest of the world for some time to come.
But it's the relative decline of power that stings. After all, the Brits and other nations decided that any political repercussions from a displeased America weren't enough to outweigh the economic gains of supporting China. Other nations are hedging their bets as they position themselves in a new multi-polar world where the US is no longer the sole economic engine.
To be clear, they're not turning their backs on America. The US remains important - not just economically, but in political and military terms.
But for the US, it's hard to get used to not being the sole superpower. The AIIB and Brics bank sitting alongside the World Bank and IMF will be stark reminders.
Britain was overtaken by America in the early part of the last century. Perhaps there are lessons to share there.


Two-time world champion Fernando Alonso has rejected claims he could walk away from McLaren-Honda during this season.

Honda's new engine is less powerful and less reliable than last year's and McLaren are struggling towards the back of the field as they go into this weekend's Chinese Grand Prix.
But Alonso said: "I prefer to be here than in a supermarket in my home town."
He said claims from friend and former driver Mark Webber that he could quit mid-season were "definitely not true".
"If one ex-driver is interviewed, there is always one question about Alonso, on the situation, how difficult it is," the 35-year-old Spaniard said.
"Everyone [acts like they are] close to me and it's like I have a depression, and it's not like that.
"In F1, I am delivering at my best, I am more prepared than ever. I perform at my best."
Alonso was on course to earn an unexpected point for 10th place last month in the season-opening Australian Grand Prix after what he said was "one of the best races of my life".
He held off two other cars until damage caused by a broken brake duct forced a late retirement.
"The team is not very competitive now; there's nothing we can do from one day to another," he said.
"At the same time, the team is expecting an extra result from me now, as we did in Australia, when the predictions say we are last.
"If in China they say we are last, hopefully Alonso will be in the points."
However, Alonso said it was "a little bit difficult to understand" how the engine could have "done a step backwards this year".
He added: "We are working very hard for the last couple of months to fight for podiums and victories and if we can't do that we need to change the situation.
"It is what we are asking for. We are here to win and we are not winning so we need to change something."
BBC Sport revealed last month that McLaren had approached Mercedes about the possibility of using their engines in the future.
Alonso said: "I have nothing really to say. I know there is some media speculation about things. I read also the things. But as far as I am concerned there is no news."
Alonso's contract with McLaren runs out this season and there is continuing speculation that he could switch to Mercedes in 2018 to partner Lewis Hamilton, whose team-mate Valtteri Bottas has signed only a one-year deal.
Alonso said: "It is a question for the future. Nothing is ruled out.
"I respect [Hamilton] a lot. We like to compete and beat the best. Same with Michael [Schumacher]. It was fantastic to win titles when Michael was on the track as well, because if not they do not have the same value."


After a festive season of indulgence for many, including grown-ups and children alike, parents are now being urged to sign up for a free app which tells them the sugar content in food and drink.

The "sugar smart app", from Public Health England, scans barcodes and reveals the total sugar count in cubes or grams.
The app prompted a mixed response via emails to the BBC, and on Facebook and Twitter.
Alex Whittenbury comments via the BBC News Facebook page: "It's a very interesting app. Having just scanned my daughter's cereal and juice choice for breakfast, it appears she has already consumed her daily allowance of sugar. It certainly gives us 'food for thought' (no pun intended) as to the choices we will make for the rest of the day."
Her comments have also sparked a lively debate:
Cath Mc from Scotland advocates moderation via Twitter, with the help of Mary Poppins:
Martin Stevens calls for a more "common sense" approach, tweeting:
Craig Grant from Leeds is one of the sceptics. He emails a list of questions in response: "A good idea for an app but I wonder whether it can be trusted. Will the results be doctored to make a drink look less sugary than it is? How much data will it grab from your phone? Will the information actually be correct? Who is going to maintain the database? And if there is a sugar tax then where does the money go? Who gets it? What will happen with it? And is it another excuse to just take money from people?"
Rob Holland, meanwhile, tweets his support for the app:
Norman Todd in Derby is optimistic, but cautious. He emails: "Brilliant app. Shocking revelations. The BBC should push this as part of their 'public service' remit. Now what about an app for fat and calories? This is not just for sugary drinks but works with other food products as well. It is also for everyone to use not just parents. The 'drinks' and 'parents' line is misleading. Only downside is that some big name everyday products are missing from the database."
Stephanie Cavanagh from Aughton, Lancashire, adds via email: "I think this new app would be fantastic. I would use it and I am sure other mums I know would use it, not only for our children but the whole family. Any app that can help you with a healthy life would be well worth downloading. Fantastic idea."
Sam Kilpatrick and Amy Oakley, meanwhile, question the need for an app at all, on the BBC News Facebook page:
Finally, Eatonlow from Guyana sounds an alarmist note on the subject, via email: "I think that sugar is an addictive monster that has power over young children."
Food for thought, indeed.
Compiled by Stephen Fottrell


Most people know that a bull market is one that's headed higher, trampling over obstacles as if they were hapless pieces of crockery in a China shop.

And they know its opposite is a bear market, which isn't so much a cute panda as an angry grizzly, ready to maul investors as they try to flee as plummeting stocks.
Many also know about unicorns; those rare start-ups that prance majestically on rainbows to a market value of more than a billion dollars, while rivals end up looking more like donkeys with carrots glued to their foreheads.
But they aren't the only beasts used to describe market activities.
As China becomes increasingly integrated into the global economy, it has been making its own colourful additions to this investors' menagerie.
Here's a quick guide:
Crocodiles - a large crocodile can eat an entire horse (and may even try its luck with a unicorn, if it can find one).
In the financial world, it refers to China's major global dealmakers swimming across the national border with Chinese money to hook their teeth into foreign companies.
The government hasn't specifically said who these crocodiles are. But it is looking a little more closely at giants like HNA and Dalian Wanda, who have gone on massive buying sprees, swallowing Western companies whole.
Grey Rhino - You can't miss a rhino.  It's as big as a small car, with a thick hide and an intimidating horn.  But mostly these languid vegetarians tend not to do much other then chew on leaves.  It's only when they get riled up that everyone's forced to pay attention.
The term refers to obvious, clearly visible economic problems which get ignored until they start smashing everything.
In China right now, it specifically refers to corporate giants who are big, well-connected and powerful and yet potentially vulnerable too because of how much they've borrowed and bought.
Again firms like Dalian Wanda fit into this category. A cross between a rhino and a croc. Wouldn't fancy meeting one of those on a dark night.
Hunting rhinos: What Dalian Wanda saga says about China
Why is China so fascinated by unicorns?
Ants - They're tiny, but look at how they swarm...
Once upon a time, all the ants in the world weighed about the same as all the humans (until our numbers and bellies swelled). The lesson here is that the little things can really add up.
Chinese officials have used the term to describe individuals who are loading Chinese money on their backs and marching it overseas.
The Chinese government is concerned about capital flight, and has a system of capital controls in place to slow down this line of ants, but somehow they find a way.
Tigers and Flies - This is President Xi Jinping's rather poetic turn of phrase for corrupt officials.
The tigers are the powerful leaders, while the flies are the petty bureaucrats. President Xi used the term to emphasise a need to address corruption at all levels.
While not exactly a financial term, the integrity of any financial market is dependent on rules being enforced fairly and uniformly, instead of being distorted by strong but belligerent tigers or small but irritating flies.


David Haye has undergone surgery on the Achilles tendon he ruptured during Saturday night's heavyweight defeat to Tony Bellew in London.

The 36-year-old suffered the injury in the sixth round and was knocked down in the 11th to give Bellew a surprise win.
"David would like to thank everyone for their many messages of support, as well as the staff at the hospital," read a statement from Haye's representatives.
WBC cruiserweight champion Bellew, 34, broke his hand in the fight.
"I broke my right hand in the second or third round," Bellew told BBC Radio 5 live's Sportsweek.
"It is sore now but I don't feel the pain - all I think about is winning."
Liverpudlian Bellew, who described his injured hand as being 'the size of a small bowling ball', says he now wants time to reassess his options.
"We will sit down and I need a few days to take on board what I have done because it doesn't feel real at the minute," he added.
Speaking after the fight, Bellew said he had feared for Haye's safety during the bout and asked the heavyweight and his corner to end the fight at the O2 Arena before he scored the stoppage.
"Just before the stoppage I looked at David and said 'stop now'," said Bellew. "He shook his head.
"He went beyond the call of duty."
Promoter Eddie Hearn, speaking on Sportsweek, said that representatives of both American WBC heavyweight champion Deontay Wilder and WBO champion Joseph Parker of New Zealand had contacted him about the possibility of taking on Bellew.
"Tony's got big decisions to make - stay at cruiserweight, defend that, unify the division. Maybe even a rematch with David Haye or, I think more likely, to challenge for the world heavyweight title," he said.
"Why can't he beat Wilder or Parker? I believe he can and two world titles would secure his legacy."
After the fight Bellew labelled boxing a "freak show" in which he was happy to play the "pantomime", but when asked why he would not bow out now, he said any offer for his next fight "would be too big" to turn down.
The WBC cruiserweight champion defied most pre-fight predictions to win on his heavyweight bow but told reporters this would be his final 12 months as a fighter.
"There's a certain number of times you can keep doing this and it's not many more times I'll be honest," added Bellew, who now has 29 wins and a draw from 32 fights.
"This circus is going to keep following me now. I don't actually like all this, I've grown to hate it. I'm not a perfect person, I make bad moves and bad mistakes in my life, I just want to be left alone now and enjoy time with my kids."
Bellew's trainer Dave Coldwell added: "I would be happy if he walked away. He won a world title, he secured his family's future, so for me, I would be happy if he said 'that's us done'."
A rematch with Haye was briefly mentioned in the ring but Hearn appeared cold at the prospect, stating the former WBA heavyweight champion's camp had no desire to insert a rematch clause before the bout.
Bellew added: "The biggest one-punching heavyweight in the world couldn't put a dent in me. There's a new sheriff in town."
Bellew was moved to tears when explaining a video chat with his son before the fight where he was urged to "come home safe".
Controversial comments from both fighters, including Haye's graphic descriptions of the harm he hoped to cause his rival, had marred fight week.
The British Boxing Board of Control (BBBofC) will discuss the acrimonious build-up next week.
Hearn said that there was no place in the sport for a lot of the things which were said to Bellew.
"David Haye was told time and time again by us, by the BBBofC and Sky Sports to refrain from using those kind of words," he said.
"We saw it at the first press conference where he threw a punch at Bellew. In every public event we put on after that we put measures in place and never let them within an arms' length of each other.
"In that respect he behaved. But from a verbal respect some of the things he said were disgusting.
"I'm sure the BBBofC will deal with that."


Very few people pay inheritance tax (IHT) and it raises relatively little money for the Treasury.

But thanks to the controversy around gifts to David Cameron from his mother, IHT is now under the political spotlight.
Just 40,100 families - that's around 8% of estates - will pay any IHT at all in 2016/17, according to the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR).
Thanks to rising house prices, that number is set to rise over the next few years, but much more slowly than was originally expected.
That's because the chancellor, George Osborne, has finally been able to make changes to IHT - changes that were blocked by the Liberal Democrats during the years of coalition government.
So how does IHT work - and what reforms are already in the pipeline?
If you pass on property, or anything else of monetary value, to your descendants, you will pay IHT, but only if the total value exceeds £325,000 in 2016/17.
Anything above that amount will incur tax at 40%.
Since married or civil partners can transfer assets free of tax between each other, one partner automatically inherits the other's allowance.
So in practice, the IHT allowance is often doubled to £650,000.
In other words, if a father passes wealth to a mother, who subsequently also dies, she can pass on up to £650,000 without having to pay IHT.
From April 2017, the government will introduce a new Transferable Main Residence Allowance (TMRA), to help people pass on property to their descendants.
Initially this will be set at £100,000, rising to £175,000 by 2020/21.
When added to the IHT threshold of £325,000, it will allow each individual to pass on £425,000 with no tax payable - or £850,000 per couple.
By 2021, the tax-free limit will be £500,000 each, or £1m for married or civil partners.
Further details of TMRA can be found here
Even if a parent sets up a trust in favour of a child, inheritance tax is still payable. In most cases, IHT will be charged at 20% on money or property when it goes into the trust, if it exceeds the IHT allowance.
If the parent dies within seven years, an additional 20% is charged, to equal the 40% non-trust rate.
In addition, assets within a trust are usually re-assessed every ten years, to take account of changing property valuations, for example.
Under the existing rules, you can pass on money, property or possessions without paying any tax, as long as you survive for seven years after giving it to the recipient.
If you die within the seven year period, and you gift more than the allowance, a taper system exists. If you die six years after making the gift, for example, you will only pay 8% IHT. See table below.
In addition you can give up to £250 a year to as many people as you like without paying tax.
Usually it is the estate which is liable for IHT. However if you are the recipient of a gift, and the giver has died within 7 years, and has already given away more than £325,000, you could be liable to pay IHT yourself.
More details on gifts
Anyone can give away up to £3,000 a year, and pay no tax. This is known as the annual exemption. If unused, this allowance can be carried over to the following year, up to a maximum of £6,000.
In addition, if you can show that the gift was funded out of income - as opposed to savings - you will not pay IHT. But you may have to prove that the living standards of the deceased person were not reduced as a result.
The rules around wedding - or civil partnership - gifts are different again. Providing the gifts are made at the time of the wedding, there are allowances as follows:


It is a "fair assumption" that Russian President Vladimir Putin was behind US election hacks, secretary of state nominee Rex Tillerson has said.

The former CEO of Exxon Mobil told his Senate confirmation hearing the intelligence report on Russian tampering "clearly is troubling".
His comments came after Senator Marco Rubio pressed Mr Tillerson to admit Mr Putin's role in the cyber-breach.
Mr Tillerson's reported good ties with Mr Putin have alarmed some in the US.
The 64-year-old former corporate titan faced tough questions from the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on Wednesday.
In a heated exchange, Mr Rubio grilled him on whether intelligence reports about Russia's involvement in hacks on the US election were accurate and if Mr Putin had directed the attacks.
Mr Tillerson said he had no inside information on the detailed intelligence about Russia's hacking, but he had read the declassified US report released last week on the issue.
The Florida senator suggested that Mr Putin was responsible for war crimes because of Moscow's support for Syrian President Bashar Assad and bombing of Aleppo.
But the Texan multimillionaire told Mr Rubio he would not describe Mr Putin as a war criminal.
"I would not use that term," Mr Tillerson said. "Those are very, very serious charges to make and I'd want to have much more information before reaching that conclusion," he added.
The Florida senator - who was one of Mr Trump's rivals for the Republican nomination - said he had "serious concerns" about Mr Tillerson as America's top diplomat.
In other testimony: Mr Tillerson said:
It looks like secretary of state nominee Rex Tillerson has his work cut out for him if he wants to win the support of Florida Republican Senator Marco Rubio.
In a blistering 10 minutes of questioning, the former presidential candidate, who was once belittled by Donald Trump as "little Marco", peppered the president-elect's chosen man with a series of questions about his views on Russia.
Mr Tillerson's answers clearly didn't satisfy Mr Rubio, who said they were "discouraging", as he shook his head throughout the exchange.
Given the narrow majority Republicans have in the Senate, if Mr Rubio - and a handful of other Republicans - fail to back Mr Tillerson, his nomination could be on shaky ground.
In fact, the Florida senator, through his position on the confirmation committee, could join forces with Democrats to delay or even derail Mr Tillerson's bid to be secretary of state before it reaches a vote in the full Senate.
With Mr Trump's relations with Russia in the US political spotlight over the past few days, it's Mr Tillerson's nomination that may be in the greatest jeopardy.
While Mr Tillerson was grilled by senators in Washington DC, up in New York Mr Trump was rejecting claims that Russian intelligence agencies have compromising information about the president-elect.
In his first news conference in nearly six months on Wednesday, at Trump Tower, Mr Trump dismissed the allegations against him as "fake news" and "phony stuff" crafted by "sick people".
Russia has called the allegations "pulp fiction" and a "clear attempt to damage relations".
In his Senate statement, Mr Tillerson warned that Americans should be "clear-eyed about our relationship with Russia".
"Russia today poses a danger, but it is not unpredictable in advancing its own interests. It has invaded Ukraine, including the taking of Crimea, and supported Syrian forces that brutally violate the laws of war.
"Our Nato allies are right to be alarmed at a resurgent Russia," he continued, adding: "But it was in the absence of American leadership that this door was left open and unintended signals were sent.
It is Mr Tillerson's connections to Russia that have drawn the most flak in recent months.
He has forged multi-billion-dollar deals with Russia's state oil company, Rosneft, spoken out against international sanctions imposed on Moscow and in 2013 was awarded an Order of Friendship by the Kremlin.


With her Brexit speech, Theresa May has for the first time revealed some key details about her approach to negotiations with the EU.

Here's what we know now:
What it is: The single market aims to make it easy for EU nations to trade with one another. It allows free movement of goods, workers, services and capital around the EU, without any tariffs, pretty much as if it was all one country. While it remains in the EU, the UK is a full member of the single market, and much of the Brexit debate has been about what will happen when it leaves. Some non-EU countries - such as Norway - have arrangements with the EU that allow them to be part of the single market if they meet certain conditions.
UK government position: Having previously not publicly committed either way, Theresa May confirmed the UK cannot remain a member of the single market after it leaves the EU.
She said this was because, as European leaders have stressed, the UK would have to accept EU rules and regulations and be bound by the European Court of Justice.
Instead, she said, the UK will push for a new "comprehensive free trade agreement", giving it "the greatest possible access" to the single market.
The deal might contain "elements" of the current arrangements, she said, singling out the the motor trade and financial services as examples.
What it is: A customs union is an arrangement between countries who agree not to impose tariffs on each other's goods. They also agree to impose common external tariffs on goods from countries outside their customs union. Setting common external tariffs is what distinguishes a customs union from a free trade area, where members are able to set their own tariffs on goods from the rest of the world. As an EU member, the UK is currently part of its customs union.
What we know: The PM specified that the UK will leave the EU customs union, saying elements of it (the Common Commercial Policy and the Common External Tariff) prevented the UK from striking trade deals around the world.
At the same time, she said she wanted the UK "to have a customs union agreement with the EU".
She added: "Whether that means we must reach a completely new customs agreement, become an associate member of the customs union in some way, or remain a signatory to some elements of it, I hold no preconceived position."
The 28 member states are in the EU customs union, but the EU also has separate customs union agreements - which vary in scope, for example in relation to the type of goods covered, with a number of other countries.
The government has made clear that there will be restrictions to EU migration as a result of the referendum.
This was reiterated by Mrs May in her speech, saying: "The message from the public before and during the referendum campaign was clear: Brexit must mean control of the number of people who come to Britain from Europe. And that is what we will deliver."
But the precise model to be used has not yet been confirmed.
During the referendum campaign, Vote Leave called for a "points-based" system, similar to that used in Australia.
But this model, which would involve applications being accepted on the basis of skills, has been rejected by Mrs May, who says it would not give sufficient control to the government.
An alternative, which Home Secretary Amber Rudd has said is under consideration, is to require migrants to have a work permit before coming to work in the UK, with ministers able to prioritise different sectors.
The government has said all possibilities are being considered.
The fate of EU citizens currently living in the UK and of UK citizens living in the rest of the EU has become another pressing question.
The government has repeatedly stated that the UK could not make commitments on the right of EU citizens to remain in the UK without securing a reciprocal deal for British citizens living abroad in Europe.
"I have said on many occasions that I expect to be able to, and wish to be able to, guarantee their status here in the UK, but we do need reciprocity - we need to have care and concern for UK citizens who are living in the European Union," Mrs May told MPs last month.
In her speech, she said many countries wanted a deal, but "one or two others do not", and called for a resolution as soon as possible.
Mrs May confirmed: "l will put the final deal that is agreed between the UK and the EU to a vote in both Houses of Parliament, before it comes into force."
After her speech, Brexit Secretary David Davis told MPs the UK would be leaving the EU whatever the outcome of the vote.
The government will also be forced to consult Parliament before starting negotiations if it loses the legal challenge over Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty.
The prime minister has been clear the UK will no longer be bound by the Luxembourg-based European Court of Justice, which ensures the application of EU legislation, after Brexit.
"We are not leaving only to return to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice," she told the Conservative Party conference.
"That's not going to happen."
There has been much talk of an interim deal between the UK and the EU before the final terms are agreed.
But different versions of what this could mean have been put forward.
In her speech, Mrs May said there would be no "unlimited transitional status", which would leave the UK in "some kind of permanent political purgatory".
However, she proposed a "phased process of implementation" after a deal has been reached, to allow each element of the deal to be introduced.
As it will not be in the single market, the UK will not pay "huge sums" to EU budgets, Theresa May said.
In some circumstances it may have to make an "appropriate contribution" to be part of European schemes, she said.
"But the principle is clear: the days of Britain making vast contributions to the European Union every year will end."
The PM gave her strongest warning yet to her opposite numbers ahead of the negotiations, saying a "punitive deal that punishes Britain" would be "an act of calamitous self-harm for the countries of Europe" and would "not be the act of a friend".
She added that "no deal for Britain is better than a bad deal for Britain".
There was another warning for the EU in the PM's speech, as she told leaders to "respect difference", rather than "trying to hold things together by force, tightening a vice-like grip that ends up crushing into tiny pieces the very things you want to protect".
The government had already set itself a Brexit deadline - Theresa May will give notice of the UK's departure from the EU under Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty before the end of March.
This allows two years for the negotiations to be completed before the UK leaves. The government has insisted neither a pending Supreme Court judgement nor the political upheaval in Northern Ireland will delay its timetable.
What will happen to EU funding currently given to projects and different regions across the UK?
We know that during negotiations with the EU, all rights and obligations from EU membership will continue as normal. This means that the UK will continue to contribute to the EU budget and that all projects in the UK that currently benefit from EU funding will continue to do so while the UK remains a member of the EU.
In August, the Treasury said it would guarantee to back EU-funded projects signed before the Autumn Statement (23 November).
Agricultural funding now provided by the EU will also continue until 2020.
In October, Chancellor Philip Hammond told the Conservative Party conference the Treasury would guarantee payments for multi-year EU funding secured before Brexit after Britain left the EU.


Shetland ponies may offer clues to help allergy sufferers, Edinburgh University researchers have found.

The experts said the horse immune system could respond to midge bites in a way that prevented, rather than triggered, allergic reactions.
The study of Shetland ponies found horses responded to the irritants in midge bites but their immune systems acted in two different ways.
Some had itching while others were able to prevent an allergic reaction.
Those that did not react were somehow able to block different immune cells that would otherwise trigger symptoms.
Edinburgh University scientists hope this knowledge can be applied to humans, so that the immune system could be primed to respond in a way that does not set off a reaction, possibly preventing people developing allergies.
Dr Dietmar Zaiss, of Edinburgh University's school of biological sciences, said: "To our knowledge, this is the very first study of a natural allergic disease in which we can show that immune responses to allergens can take two directions, either leading to allergy or to tolerance.
"We believe this finding could have direct practical implications, for example by helping immune responses to choose the 'right' direction in individuals who we would like to protect from developing occupation-associated allergies."


Hours before the US House of Representatives voted to tighten visa-free travel to the US, many Iranians, especially those living in America, Europe and Australia, took to social media to express concern at the consequences of the bill.

The measure is designed to make it harder for the likes of those who carried out the Paris attacks and hold EU citizenships to use the programme known as the "visa waiver" to enter the US.
Citizens of 38 countries, many in the EU, can currently fly to the US without applying for a visa under America's Visa Waiver Program.
The new legislation initially said those eligible for the waiver programme who had travelled to "terrorist hotspots" like Iraq and Syria where IS controls territory would need to obtain a US visa.
But the final version included Iran and Sudan to the list of countries because they are considered "state sponsors of terrorism" by the US.
US to tighten visa waiver programme
The bill HR158 means citizens of many EU countries and the rest of the 38 states participating in the programme who travel to Iran for pleasure or business will have to obtain a visa should they ever want to enter the US.
It also adds the same restriction on hundreds of thousands of dual citizens of the EU, Australia and New Zealand who also have citizenship from these countries.
"Once again they punish Iranians for crimes committed by terrorists virtually every one of us despise, oppose and are fighting," Ali Abdi, a prominent Iranian-American human rights activist told BBC Persian.
"In fact we shouldn't punish anyone based on their place of origin."
Narges Bajoghli, a filmmaker in New York, took to Facebook to encourage her friends to contact their representative in Congress in opposition to what she called "singling out a group of people based on their ethnic background".
Twitter accounts and other Facebook pages dedicated to organising to protest against the bill have also been created, including @StopHR158, which references the official number of the bill.
The National Iranian American Council in Washington is lobbying to stop this bill from passing in the United States Senate.
"These provisions impacting Iranian Americans were added in backroom negotiations at the last minute without hearings or accountability," the group said in a statement.
And the ACLU, one of the leading civil rights organisations in the country, cautioned Congress "to avoid passing legislation that would broadly scapegoat groups based on nationality, and would fan the flames of discriminatory exclusion, both here and abroad".
On social media many Iranian Americans expressed shock that such limitations would be imposed on people who travel to Iran but not Saudi Arabia or Pakistan.
Others called it a continuation of presidential candidate Donald Trump's anti-Muslim rhetoric. 'It's so "Trumpesque"' tweeted Shayan, a German of Iranian background who said he was worried that his trip to US may be affected.
EU officials are also alarmed by the legislation.
David O'Sullivan, the European Union Ambassador to the US, told the BBC that he and ambassadors from EU member states have reached out to Congress and White House to raise what he called the "fear that the legislation at its current form could produce unintended consequences".
Mr O'Sullivan said the EU wants to "maintain the highest security of the visa waiver programme" but opposes "introducing new rigidities which would penalise millions of Europeans and Americans" who travel back and forth.
He stopped short of threatening to reciprocate against US citizens and said he remains focused on finding a way to resolve the issue through dialogue.
The US State Department said it does not comment on pending legislation.
Worried Iranians in EU and US are hoping to convince senators to at least take "Iran" out of the final version of the bill, especially after the recent nuclear deal and the prospect of sanctions against Iran being lifted next year.
"It will hurt European tourism and business travel to Iran," said Shabnam Tavasoli, an active member of the Facebook page set up to fight HR158.
"People will be deterred by the fact that one trip there means they will no longer be able to fly to US without the cumbersome process of getting a US visa through an embassy," he wrote, adding it was "preposterous" a British citizen couldn't use the programme if they had inherited Iranian citizenship from a parent.


Ceredigion Museum will be closed until February half term while major works take place.

A new entrance, shop, cafe and lift are being installed at the museum in Aberystwyth, which was once the coliseum.
Residents will work alongside artists to create new displays during the project funded by the Heritage Lottery.
Curator Carrie Canham said it was a "very exciting time" for the museum.
Councillor Gareth Lloyd said the museum had to be closed as there would be a great deal of noise and disruption while the work was carried out.


With deaths from illegal drugs in England and Wales at the highest rate ever recorded one might imagine the Home Office would be desperate to ensure it had a robust and effective strategy for dealing with this current crisis.

So it comes as a surprise to discover that Ministers have quietly abandoned the idea of a formal consultation process in advance of a new drugs strategy later this month.
Traditionally, these five-year plans are put together after weeks of discussions and submissions from experts and the general public.
In 2010 there were 1,850 responses to the drug strategy consultation, including from health professionals, charities, lobby groups, local authorities, government advisors, police and service providers.
Individuals with a close interest in drug policy, often because of the death of a close relative, were also encouraged to participate.
But not this time.
The new five-year strategy has been written with hardly any public discussion at all. You won't find any details on the Home Office website. Nothing.
It is almost as though the department doesn't want to consider alternative options - which is odd because next month UK ministers will be attending the most important United Nations meeting on global drug strategy for decades.
The UN General Assembly will gather in New York to try and agree a new global drug policy.
It will decide whether the "war on drugs" should be consigned to history and a new people-centred approach adopted. In short, it is reviewing the international treaty obligations that will frame everything this country does on drugs.
So one might have thought ministers would be keen to get the views of everyone touched by drugs policy in Britain as they prepare for this historic United Nations meeting.
I understand that just two meetings specifically about the new UK drugs strategy have been held by the Home Office. They were behind closed doors and there were no votes, no reports and no minutes published.
Around the table were representatives of some of the large organisations that get paid by the government to provide drug treatment. But what about everyone else? Where were the other agencies? Where were the campaigners? Where were the victims?
The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs has been sent a draft of the new strategy and a response will be published. But members are doubtful as to whether the council's concerns at record levels of drug deaths and "disinvestment" in treatment services will have much effect on minister's minds.
The Cabinet Office recently published its "consultation principles", guidance for Whitehall on what kind of consultation process they should conduct ahead of introducing policy or legislation.
The "governing principle" is that the type and scale of the consultation should be in proportion to the potential impact of the proposal.
One must assume that in having no formal consultation process, the Home Office has decided the new drugs strategy will have little or no impact. Given record numbers of drug-related deaths in England, with many more people now dying from illicit drug use than in road traffic accidents, this might seem unfortunate. Interestingly, in Wales where they have a different strategy, deaths have been falling.
When I asked the Home Office about all this, their response suggested ministers don't think there is anything to be gained from listening to alternative voices.
"Drugs are illegal where they are harmful to health and society. The UK's approach on drugs remains clear: we must prevent drug use in our communities, help dependent individuals recover, while ensuring our drugs laws are enforced."
"We are currently developing a refreshed drug strategy in line with this approach - working across government and with our external partners. This includes treatment providers, commissioners, service users and our independent experts, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs."
There you have it. Britain doesn't need a "new" drugs strategy.  It just needs to "refresh" the old one - presumably because ministers believe the current approach is operating well.
The Home Office puts out the same line whenever asked about alternative approaches: "Our drugs strategy is working and there is a long-term downward trend in drug misuse in the UK".
But while the second half of the sentence is true, there must be questions about the first half. On an average day, coroners now examine six corpses where cause of death could be described as the failure of the UK's drugs strategy.


Patients are dying from sepsis because of a lack of effective antibiotics, an expert is warning.

Mark Bellamy, president of the Intensive Care Society, told the BBC the problem of resistance would get worse unless new and effective antibiotics were developed.
Sepsis is triggered by infections and causes around 37,000 deaths a year in the UK.
NHS England says hospitals should work together to tackle the problem.
Sepsis usually develops from blood poisoning and involves a dramatic reaction by the body's immune system.
If not treated quickly it can lead to organ failure or death.
Early symptoms can include a high temperature and a fast heartbeat.
The Intensive Care Society recently launched a campaign to raise awareness of sepsis to avoid what it says are thousands of preventable deaths.
There are 37,000 deaths a year in the UK because of sepsis, compared with just more than 35,000 from lung cancer and 16,000 from bowel cancer.
The society, along with the UK Sepsis Trust, argues that there is inadequate recording of sepsis cases by hospitals and insufficient knowledge of the steps required to recognise and treat it early.
Julie Bignone nearly died because of sepsis and spent seven weeks in hospital - some of them in a critical condition.
Feeling feverish, she assumed she had a bad dose of flu. After a weekend in bed, she went to her GP and was told to come back if her condition worsened and antibiotics would be prescribed.
But later that day, with her family growing more anxious she was taken to hospital by ambulance.
Julie was found to have pneumonia in both lungs and sepsis and doctors feared she might not survive.
She only pulled through after several weeks in intensive care and heavy doses of antibiotics.
She feels now that she should have acted on her instinct early on that she was suffering from something a lot worse than flu.
Julie says: "There's a lot of scope for getting it wrong with sepsis because the symptoms are not specific enough - we need to get a system where doctors listen to patients more and allow them to have more of an opinion".
Prof Bellamy, who is based at the Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, said:  "For the first time this year I have had a couple patients for whom we had no effective antibiotic treatment, it's rare - but two years ago it would still have been regarded as a theoretical problem."
He says it is crucial to raise the profile of sepsis, and to ensure it is tackled early to give the patient the best chance of survival.
The diminishing impact of antibiotics, in his view, underlines the urgency of the task.
He said there was a "spectre emerging of moving into a post-antibiotic era".
NHS England has acknowledged the scale of the problem.
Bruce Warner, its deputy director of patient safety, said: "We know there are many preventable deaths due to sepsis each year and our top priority has to be saving those lives we can save and having as big an impact as we can."
NHS England wants to encourage greater co-ordination within hospitals to ensure sepsis is diagnosed and treated quickly.
It cited Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, which has been praised for use of laptops by staff to record patient data and symptoms and ensure they are analysed quickly by clinicians.


Kenya's Rita Jeptoo, winner of the Boston and Chicago marathons, has been banned for two years after failing a drugs test.

She became Kenya's first high-profile athlete to fail a test, when she tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs in September.
Jeptoo, 33, says she may have been prescribed some banned substances at a local hospital after a road accident.
She has become the 45th Kenyan athlete to have failed a doping test.
David Rudisha, the Olympic 800 metres champion, said he fears for Kenya's hard-won reputation after repeat allegations of doping.
"Athletics Kenya followed due process in her matter and it was appropriate that she serves a two-year ban," said the governing body's chief executive Isaac Kamande.
The ban comes only a few days after Athletics Kenya announced that eight more Kenyan athletes have been suspended for between one to four years for taking performance-enhancing drugs.
Over the last two years Kenya has been in the spotlight after a German television programme claimed that many Kenyan athletes are doping.
Jeptoo, one of most successful runners in Kenyan history, was due to be crowned world Marathon Major Champion for the year 2014 but the ceremony was called off soon after news of her failed test.
She has won the previous three Boston and two Chicago marathons and also previously won the Stockholm, Paris, Milan and Lisbon marathons.


Early results from Turkey election give ruling AK party 53% of the vote, with more than 40% of votes counted

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Scottish middle-distance runner Laura Muir insists she has no concerns at this stage about the Zika virus ahead of this summer's Olympic Games in Rio.

The infection is suspected of leading to thousands of babies being born with underdeveloped brains in Brazil.
"I trust that the British Olympic Association will keep us best informed," said Muir, 22.
"I'm just going to keep on training and hopefully come the summer time, everything will be OK."
Veterinary medicine student Muir said she would continue to monitor the situation, with Zika having been declared a global public health emergency by the World Health Organisation.
"Because of my background with my studies, I know a little bit about it," she explained.
Last year, Muir finished fourth in the 3,000m in the European Indoor Championships in Prague and fifth in the 1500m at the World Championships in Beijing.
And she is confident she can build on that as she prepares for this summer's Games in Rio.
On Saturday, Muir will compete in the 800m at the Glasgow Indoor Grand Prix at the Emirates Arena.
Mo Farah, Kim Collins and Dina Asher-Smith are also due to appear in the last leg of the IAAF World Indoor Tour.
"It's the biggest indoor meet in the world," said Muir. "It's great to be racing here. Rio's a really big focus this year so we're doing a slightly smaller indoor season.
"This race is really important to see where I am over my speed and then it's back into training for Rio later on in the year."


A Hollywood film-maker believes his son carried out drive-by shootings that killed six people in California late on Friday, a family lawyer says.

Peter Rodger, who was a director on The Hunger Games, thinks the attacker was his 22-year-old son Elliot, the statement said.
The gunman died of bullet wounds after going on a rampage near Santa Barbara.
Police are investigating a video in which a man complains of rejection by women, threatening revenge.
Authorities have not confirmed the identity of the gunman, or that of the young man seen in the YouTube video.
But Peter Rodger's lawyer, Alan Shifman, said on Saturday that the "family believes the child was the perpetrator".
He said the son had Asperger's syndrome, had trouble making friends and had been receiving professional help.
Mr Shifman added that the family had contacted police about "recent posts on YouTube" by Elliot "regarding suicide and the killing of people".
The family is "devastated" and co-operating with police, he said.
Ricardo Martinez, whose 20-year-old son Christopher was one of the victims, spoke of his grief.
"When will this insanity stop? ... Too many have died. We should say to ourselves 'Not one more'," he said.
Santa Barbara County Sheriff Bill Brown told reporters on Friday that police were treating the incident as "premeditated mass murder".
It occurred in the area of Isla Vista, near the University of California-Santa Barbara campus.
Witnesses described seeing a black BMW speeding through the streets, with shots being fired at people.
Police say they were alerted around 21:30 on Friday (04:30 GMT on Saturday). Six minutes later, the suspect and responding officers exchanged gunfire.
The suspect fled. But after a second exchange of fire with police, he eventually crashed into a parked vehicle.
He was found dead in his car with a bullet wound to the head. although police say it is not yet clear whether the wound was self-inflicted.
A semi-automatic handgun was recovered from the vehicle.
Seven other people are in hospital, and being treated for bullet wounds.
The University of California-Santa Barbara said was "shocked and saddened'' by the shootings and that several of its students had been taken to hospital.
Santa Barbara shootings timeline, 23 May
21:27 local time: Shootings begin
21:33: Police exchange fire with gunman, who flees in his vehicle
Seconds later: More police exchange fire. Car crashes in Del Playa Drive, alleged gunman found dead


Murray Davidson scored two first-half headers as a dynamic St Johnstone defeated Hearts to all but secure a top six Premiership finish.

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Davidson twice stooped to nod corner-kicks beyond Neil Alexander, with Darnell Fisher capping a brilliant counterattack with a late third.
Saints climb to fourth in the table thanks to Ross County's Highland derby drubbing.
A poor Hearts side lost at Tynecastle for the first time since September.
Defeat brought to an end a run of four straight wins for the Jambos as Saints captain Steven Anderson created a new club record in making his 362nd appearance.
The visitors started the game brightly with Chris Kane, supported by former Tynecastle midfielder Danny Swanson causing all sorts of problems.
The opening goal game from a corner after just 11 minutes.
Teenage defender John Souttar allowed Davidson to escape and the midfielder had a simple task in converting Liam Craig's delivery.
It was no more than Tommy Wright's side deserved after a very positive opening to the game.
Indeed, only a last-gasp challenge by Blazej Augustyn denied the visitors a second after Alexander had blocked a David Wotherspoon strike from 16 yards out.
Set-pieces were in particular proving fruitful for Saints as the home rearguard's marking continued falter.
Hearts slowly eased their way into the game and came close to an equaliser after 19 minutes, when Juanma's cross was met by Jordan McGhee, but Alan Mannus saved well.
It was from another Craig corner that Saints doubled their advantage. In a carbon copy of his opener, Davidson had space to knock the ball into the empty net.
Hearts head coach Robbie Neilson introduced Sam Nicholson at the break with the ineffective Abiola Dauda making way.
Still though the visitors piled forward, Chris Millar sending in a searching cross that was just wide and Alexander saving well at the feet of Kane.
It was proving a frustrating afternoon for the home fans as they watched their side struggle to find any rhythm to their game.
Neilson made a further switch as captain for the day Augustyn was replaced by striker Gavin Reilly, with Prince Buaben dropping back to centre-half.
Jamie Walker came close to reducing the deficit with a pile-driver of a volley that fizzed just over the crossbar, and Juanma had claims for a penalty turned away by referee Thomson after he clashed with Anderson.
At the other end Craig crashed a terrific 35-yarder off the crossbar as Hearts, who were pouring men, forward left gaps at the back.
The scoring was wrapped up with two minutes left when Fisher finished off excellent build-up from Wotherspoon and Stevie McLean to round off a terrific afternoon for Saints.


Suggestions that freedom of movement will continue after the UK leaves the EU are wrong, Downing Street has said.

On Friday, Chancellor Philip Hammond warned full controls could take "some time", prompting speculation free movement may continue in all but name after the UK leaves in March 2019.
But amid claims of splits in cabinet, No 10 has moved to make clear free movement will end when the UK leaves.
It said: "It would be wrong to suggest it... will continue as it is now."
Downing Street's move followed days of uncertainty over future immigration policy during any transitional phase after Brexit.
The PM's spokesman said plans for a registration system for migrants arriving after March 2019 had been set out last week, and Prime Minister Theresa May had raised, as long ago as January, the prospect of a transition period before the post-Brexit system was implemented.
At the moment, citizens from the other 27 EU member states have the right to come and work and live in the UK.
Ministers have said Brexit will enable the UK to control who comes to the country and in what numbers but there has been debate within government about how quickly this will happen and what its impact will be.
Mr Hammond has said the cabinet is united behind the need for a transitional period of up to three years after Brexit, a period of time in which he said many arrangements would "remain very similar to how they were the day before we exited the European Union".
He has said his goal is to minimise the level of disruption to British business and consumers, by retaining access to European markets both for goods and workers.
But International Trade Secretary Liam Fox has warned that allowing unregulated EU immigration to continue would be a betrayal of last year's referendum result, while a former Brexit minister, David Jones, suggested some ministers were being "kept out of the loop" by No 10 and the Treasury.
No 10 said the shape of post-Brexit immigration controls would become clearer in due course, with legislation due to be presented to Parliament later this year.
"It would be wrong to speculate on what these might look like or to suggest that freedom of movement will continue," the spokesman said.
"Free movement will end in March 2019. We've published proposals on citizen's rights. Last week the home secretary set out a registration system for EU nationals arriving post March 2019."
By assistant political editor Norman Smith
We've had days of rival ministers setting out their different views, with former Remain ministers the loudest - the chancellor saying there might have to be a three year transitional period after the UK leaves and the home secretary saying EU migrants will still be able to come to the UK  provided they register.
Downing Street has now decided that enough is enough and that it is time to stop the bickering. Number 10 says the plan is as Theresa May set out in her big speech at the start of the year. But will this attempt by No 10 to reassert control work?
There are two reasons why this might prove tricky.
The first is the diminution in Mrs May's authority after the election; the second is that there remain very profound differences between the ideologues, who believe the UK must leave to regain sovereignty, and the pragmatists who think the UK's economic well-being comes first.
Downing Street also rejected the possibility of an "off-the-shelf" trade deal with the EU such as that enjoyed by Norway and other members of the European free trade association - which grants them access to the single market. The idea has been floated by Mr Hammond among others.
Cabinet ministers have also sought to play down talks of rifts and factions within Theresa May's top team over the terms of any transitional deal.
Defence Secretary Sir Michael Fallon said future immigration rules would be decided as part of the current Brexit negotiations and dismissed suggestions there were "arguments raging around the cabinet table" while Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt insisted the NHS must still be able to recruit new staff from across Europe.
Lib Dem leader Vince Cable has claimed there is a "deep, unbridgeable chasm" between what he has characterised as Brexit "fundamentalists and pragmatists" within the government while Labour's Peter Dowd said the government had "broken down into farce".


Police have called off their search at the former home of a Newcastle man jailed for plotting a mass murder.

Liam Lyburd was sentenced to life in 2015 for planning killings at Newcastle College using pistols, pipe bombs and machetes.
Following a tip-off, forensic and bomb disposal officers searched the garden of his former home in the city's west end on Wednesday.
It was concluded after "nothing of concern" was unearthed.
Nearby homes had been evacuated during the search and residents were allowed to return by 22:00 GMT.
Ch Insp Alison Best, from Northumbria Police, said in a statement: "We want to thank local people for their support throughout this operation.
"We received information that there could have been potentially harmful objects in the garden of the property and given the circumstances it was appropriate that we called in the experts to carry out the search.
"We are now satisfied following assistance from the Explosive Ordnance Disposal unit and Tyne and Wear Fire Service that there is nothing of concern at the location."


Remember when Luis Suarez was the most vilified man in football?

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When the Uruguay striker bit the shoulder of Italy's Giorgio Chiellini during a group game at the 2014 World Cup in Brazil, it sparked a frenzy.
Twenty months later, the drama has subsided. Suarez is now making headlines as one third of Barcelona's potent strike force.
The 29-year-old will return to competitive action for his country in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Brazil on Friday, for the first time since receiving a nine-game ban. BBC Sport looks at his evolution during his absence.
Even before the World Cup in 2014, Suarez was no stranger to controversy - or biting his opponents. At Ajax, the striker had chewed on PSV's Otman Bakkal. At Liverpool, he had done the same to Chelsea defender Branislav Ivanovic. During his time at Anfield, he also received an eight-game ban after being found guilty of racially abusing Patrice Evra, then with Manchester United.
The Chiellini incident stoked the fire.
BBC Sport's story attracted a record 3.2m readers, while more than 107,000 tweets per minute were sent in relation to the incident. The UK's newspapers did not hold back in their condemnation of Suarez's actions.
At first, the Uruguay camp went into lock-down and refused to accept the bite had happened. It was even suggested the whole event was an English media witch-hunt against the Liverpool striker.
However, Suarez issued a statement four days later admitting he had bitten Chiellini and "deeply regretted" the incident. A four-month ban from footballing activity followed.
Three weeks into his suspension, Suarez left Liverpool, with four years remaining on his contract, and made his £75m move to Barcelona.
When Suarez was presented as a Barcelona player in August 2014, he revealed that he was seeking help from a psychologist to prevent him from biting in the future.
Alongside this, Barca president Josep Maria Bartomeu said he had never had any doubt about signing Suarez, who the club had targeted for months, after his actions at the World Cup.
"It's a classic way of responding to a crisis," according to brand expert Alun James, managing director at Four Communications.
"When someone does something wrong in a public place, they go through an apology. You need to say 'I've let myself down', while getting others to put perspective around it. You then demonstrate action to improve the situation.
"The thing to then do is keep out of trouble."
Suarez completed his four-month ban and was finally able to make his Barcelona debut in a 3-1 defeat by Real Madrid on 25 October 2014. And soon, the La Liga club's now famous three-pronged attack was firmly established.
Alongside Argentina's Lionel Messi and Brazil's Neymar, the trio - nicknamed MSN - led the Catalans to the treble last season with 122 goals in all competitions.
This season, Suarez has added 43 goals to his own personal tally. And no biting to report.
Perhaps.
Suarez has addressed his controversial past in several recent interviews, and has said he wants to be remembered for his goals, rather than the "bad things".
Speaking before Uruguay's game with Brazil in Recife, Suarez said: "I am going to have the same attitude. I will still run, still pressure, still argue but with moderation, like I am doing now at Barcelona."
But will the general public be able to forget about his much-publicised past?
"If he's playing well, they'll make allowances," says forgiveness expert Professor Ann Macaskill from Sheffield Hallam University.
"This is a really talented guy, so people can rationalise this behaviour. People are also able to distinguish the crimes. Biting someone's shoulder is slightly ludicrous, whereas if someone's involved with a court case, that's more shocking and harder to forgive."
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The World Trade Organisation's former director-general has warned that the UK economy risks a "huge blow" if it relies on the agency's global trading rules in the case of an EU leave vote.

The UK's services would be particularly vulnerable, while manufacturers would face "appalling complexity", Peter Sutherland told BBC Radio 5 Live.
Vote Leave campaigners argue the UK can rely on WTO rules in a Brexit vote.
A high-profile campaigner said Mr Sutherland's fears were misplaced.
Economists for Brexit group member Gerard Lyons, told the BBC Mr Sutherland was just "drawing his own conclusions".
"The reality is that the UK can leave the European Union and trade freely under World Trade Organisation rules," said Mr Lyons.
EU referendum: Gove and Johnson challenge PM on immigration
Escalation of Tory division over Europe
The UK's EU referendum: All you need to know
EU referendum issues guide: Explore the arguments
'Huge blow'
As a European Commissioner during the 1980s, Mr Sutherland helped lay the groundwork for the EU Single Market free trade area in goods and services.
He was director-general of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) between 1993-1995.
Mr Sutherland told Wake Up to Money the WTO could not be depended upon by those who favoured leaving the EU.
"The WTO would not give the right to provide services," he warned.
"At the moment the banking system of Britain provides services all over Europe because by being part of the European Union they have what's called a single passport and they can operate everywhere.
"If Britain left the European Union it would not have a single passport and many financial services companies might say 'we can't have our headquarters in a country that is outside the European Union' and they might well move.
"This would be a huge blow to the British economy," he told Wake Up to Money.
How trade and the UK's economy are affected by membership of the EU.
The World Trade Organisation told the BBC: "the WTO does have financial services agreements but not all members are party to it and it is not a case of uniform commitments."
But Mr Lyons, former chief economist at Standard Chartered and a member of Economists for Brexit, a group of eight independent economists that favour leaving the EU, said Mr Sutherland needed to "look at the reality."
"Some people fear, and it's a misplaced fear, that if London were outside the European Union the City would somehow be affected," said Mr Lyons.
"London has continued to adapt and change and so too has the financial sector. Increasingly financial regulation is set at a global level."
'Appalling complexity'
Mr Sutherland has also warned that manufacturers could be hit if the UK votes to leave the EU, saying they will face more regulation than currently.
"If you sell manufactured goods into the European Union under WTO rules, you have to be able to prove - and this means inspections at borders - that the component parts are from Britain.
"If, for example, you are exporting cars and the engines are made in another country, that will all have to be checked and different tariff rates might be applicable to some of the components.
"You're in a new ball game of appalling complexity and the prospect of that should be extremely worrying to everyone in Britain."
'Under EU regulations, goods imported from outside the EU may be subject to tariffs.
However, Mr Lyons says the prospect should not fill UK exporters with dread.
"There are countries from all over the globe who are not in the Single Market who export into the EU.
"And the other 85% of the UK economy which is domestically focused won't need those rules and regulations."
'Destabilising effect'
Mr Sutherland also warned that a vote to leave the EU could be dangerous for the global economy and for European politics.
"I think it would have a traumatic effect which would roll way beyond Britain's shores.
"One of those consequences could be a destabilising effect on the European Union itself.
"If Britain leaves it will provide oxygen for the nationalism the European Union was created to compete with."
But Mr Lyons dismissed the concerns.
"There is considerable uncertainty for the UK if we tie ourselves to this slow growth region of the world economy and to the instability of the eurozone.
"The problems in the European Union are self made."


Salford Red Devils have signed centre Kris Welham from liquidated Championship side Bradford Bulls on a two-year contract.

The 29-year-old was available after the demise of the Bulls, where he had another year left on his deal.
Welham previously spent nine years at Hull KR, playing in the Super League.
"The unfortunate situation with Bradford means we have been able to benefit with a quality addition," said head coach Ian Watson.


The glass ceiling is still a problem for women trying to rise through the leadership ranks in business.

13 September 2013 Last updated at 08:33 BST
One woman who has well and truly broken through that ceiling in one of the toughest industries around is Dr Marlene Kanga.
She is the head of Engineers Australia and is in Singapore for a global industry conference.
She spoke to Ali Moore about what inspired her to become an engineer.


The former Ukrainian President, Viktor Yanukovych, has spoken to a Ukrainian court via video link from southern Russia, in a trial of five ex-policemen accused of shooting protesters in 2014.

But the Kiev trial was soon adjourned because protesting nationalists prevented the five being brought to court from their remand prison.
Mr Yanukovych is now expected to testify as a witness on Monday.
He fled to Russia after three months of mass protests on Kiev's Maidan Square.
More than 100 people were killed during the clashes between anti-government demonstrators and Ukrainian security forces in February 2014.
The Maidan protests began when Mr Yanukovych first announced he was suspending a planned trade deal with the EU, under pressure from Russia.
Ukraine country profile
Yanukovych regrets Ukraine bloodshed
Ukrainian prosecutors allege that the Berkut riot police opened fire on the orders of a Kiev police commander - former Ukrainian Interior Minister Vitaliy Zakharchenko. He also fled to Russia during the unrest.
The five Berkut officers have been charged over the deaths of 48 Maidan activists. They deny the accusation.
Mr Yanukovych was backed by Russian President Vladimir Putin. After the turmoil in Kiev the unrest spread, and Russia annexed Crimea in March 2014.
"It was my own initiative to act as a witness in this case. This is my personal decision. Therefore I am interested in the truth being established in the case," he told the Kiev court.


A show by comedian Frankie Boyle looks set to go ahead in spite of opposition from a group that has said his jokes "mock children with disabilities".

The controversial Scot is due to perform at the part-publicly funded Féile an Phobail in Belfast next month.
But opponents had demanded its cancellation because of jokes Boyle has told about people with Down's syndrome.
On Monday, they had a "frank and useful meeting" with the organisers, who said afterwards the gig was still happening.
Féile an Phobail, an annual community arts festival, has said it is the fastest-selling comedy gig it has ever put on.
The opposition to the show has been based on remarks Boyle made during a live show in 2010.
The mother of a girl with the condition said he had "made fun of the way people with Down's syndrome speak" and "made a number of references to people with Down's syndrome dying early".
A group of parents of children with disabilities and a number of disability charities had said they were supported by thousands of people in calling for the comedian's appearance at the festival to be scrapped.
And the Belfast Telegraph has reported that one of the founding members of Féile an Phobail, the former Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Belfast Tom Hartley, has become the first high-profile figure to publicly oppose the show.
His brother Stephen has Down's syndrome.
Johnny Lundy, of Féile for Everyone, the group objecting to the show on 7 August, accused the festival of hypocrisy over booking Mr Boyle.
"I don't think its acceptable at a community festival whose claim or remit is that it's a community for all and its disability awareness is second-to-none," he told BBC Radio Ulster's Stephen Nolan Show.
"It's hypocritical to make that claim and then have somebody like Frankie Boyle appear at it.
"This is a community festival, it's part funded by public money, and it is seeking to mock one of the most vulnerable groups in our society.
"I object to my money being used to make my daughter and others like her the butt of his jokes."
A protest against the gig was held outside Féile an Phobail's offices in west Belfast on Friday, and objectors met festival representatives on Monday.
Members of the protest group left after more than an hour of talks and said it had been a "frank and useful meeting".
They added that they would be consulting with the rest of the group.
A spokesman for the festival said the meeting was "positive" and both parties were "happy with the outcome".
"There were some frank opinions exchanged in the meeting and both sides were heard," he said.
A joint statement would be drafted, agreed and issued "in the coming days", he added.
When asked if the gig was now on or off, the spokesman said: "As far as Féile an Phobail is concerned, the gig is going ahead."
Féile an Phobail has said around 2,000 tickets have already been sold and it is expecting a capacity crowd of 2,500 at the show.
Spiked Magazine's Tom Slater said Boyle "is not some sort of anti-disabilist hate-preacher", and said the opposition to his show was hysterical.
"He is not going around inciting violence," Mr Slater said.
"He is going around making very crass, very unpleasant jokes that a lot of people, quite rightly, are upset by.
"We need to make a distinction.
"I think we need to get some kind of perspective on this kind of alarmist rhetoric of whereby we see any kind of offensive statement as potentially damaging."
The BBC has contacted Frankie Boyle's representatives but has yet to receive a response.


It is understood Northern Ireland's chief prosecutor asked his deputy to stay away from decision making over her role in a decision not to prosecute an alleged IRA spy for perjury.

Pamela Atchison was appointed to the role of deputy director of the Public Prosecutions Service (PPS) in 2012.
There is no suggestion of any wrongdoing on her part.
The agent, codenamed Stakeknife, is accused of involvement in up to 50 murders during the Troubles.
He has been named by the media as former west Belfast man Freddie Scappaticci. He has denied the allegations.
The BBC understands that in 2006 Ms Atchison was one of a number of PPS lawyers who came to a decision not to prosecute Mr Scappaticci.
Barra McGrory QC told the BBC's Panorama programme he could not comment on "personnel matters" when questioned about her role.
But it is understood that last summer she was asked to take a period of 'gardening leave' while the perjury decision was reviewed.
She was on this period of extended leave until her retirement at the end of March.
It is understood Ms Atchison's retirement was in line with her contract.
In a statement released on behalf of Pamela Atchison, her legal representative said: "Our client, who has had an exemplary and unimpeachable record as a prosecutor, has at all times acted appropriately and responsibly in relation to this matter.
"She would welcome the opportunity to clarify her role but is constrained by current circumstances.  She is eagerly awaiting the opportunity to explain her involvement in this matter during the Operation Kenova inquiry."
In 2015 Mr McGrory said he had "serious concerns" about the decision not to proceed with the perjury prosecution.
He said: "Having reviewed all the available evidence I consider that the original decision did not take into account relevant considerations and also took into account irrelevant factors."
The BBC Panorama programme said the prosecution for perjury did not go ahead because Mr Scappaticci was expected to have a defence that his life was at risk.
In an unsuccessful case brought against the government, Mr Scapaticci signed a sworn affidavit testifying that he had not been an agent.
Subsequently a former Army officer, Ian Hurst, complained that Mr Scapaticci had committed perjury.
It is understood the handling of the perjury complaint is being examined by a team of detectives led by Bedfordshire Chief Constable Jon Boutcher.
The team is also investigating the wider Stakeknife case, in which the agent has been linked to the murders of people the IRA accused of being informers.
It is understood no final determination regarding the perjury complaint has been made.


A new app to help doctors with referrals for patients suspected of having cancer has been launched.

It features a quick reference guide for health professionals, including information on symptoms, signs and images of what to look out for.
It is available as a free download via the Apple and Google app stores.
The Scottish government commissioned the development of the app version of the Scottish Referral Guidelines for Suspected Cancer.
It was produced by the Scottish Centre for Enabling Technologies, based at the University of the West of Scotland.
The app can be continually updated when the user is in a wi-fi zone, giving them the latest information as quickly as possible. It can also be used offline.
Health Secretary Shona Robison said: "This app, which has been developed in partnership with health professionals and patients, will make it easier and quicker for doctors, pharmacists and senior nurses to access information on referral for those suspected of having cancer.
"The earlier a cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better the survival outcomes.
"Improving the number of patients diagnosed at an early stage will reduce premature deaths from cancer and have a positive effect on overall life expectancy.
"I would therefore urge all relevant health professionals to download and use this free app."
Dr Douglas Rigg, a Glasgow GP who was involved in the development of the app, said: "The app brings us quick access to information to support clinical decision-making.
"Mobile devices are becoming an integral part of GPs' equipment and apps like this are part of the future of primary care and for GPs keeping knowledge up to date."


Nearly 50 new launches amid exotic dances, thumping music and celebrity appearances.

With such fanfare and glitz, it is hard to believe that the Indian car industry is going through its worst phase in over a decade.
Car sales fell 10% last year, and the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers predicts local car sales could fall again this year.
India's inflation rates are the highest in Asia and the economy has slowed to less than 5%.
Customers are hardly coming into the showrooms. Borrowing has become expensive over the last couple of years.
With about two-thirds of the cars delivered in India being sold on loans, higher borrowing costs means that purchase decisions are delayed.
Yet at India's car show, most manufacturers seemed to be focused on the long-term potential of the Indian market.
This year, the Auto Expo 2014 has moved out of the capital Delhi to a new, bigger location at Greater Noida, in the neighbouring state of Uttar Pradesh.
Expecting 100,000 visitors daily, the seven-day show opens to the public on Friday.
Across the board, both small and big car makers say that they hope the show can persuade consumers here to start buying again.
So what's the mood like?
Trying to get back into the spotlight, Tata Motors has launched the first new cars from its stable in nearly four years.
Tata's offerings include a hatchback, Bolt and a basic sedan called Zest.
It may be one of country's biggest car makers, but sales fell by more than a third last year - worse than any of its Indian rivals.
It was not meant to pan out like this.
Tata's ultra-cheap, small car Nano was supposed to be the show-piece vehicle, and the firm expected it to revolutionise the industry.
But sales of the $2,000 (Â£1,200) Nano have been disappointing since its launch in 2009.
The company now wants to change its selling strategy.
"If you look at the market and the demographics of the buyers, we see younger buyers coming in," says Ankush Arora, senior vice president at Tata Motors.
"Obviously cheap is not what they are looking for. They are looking for the right value, something that enhances their identity.
"So we embarked on a complete repositioning of the Nano - really targeting those younger buyers."
Tata Motors has been struggling for a while now, and the man who was supposed to revive it, managing director Karl Slym, died recently after falling from the 22nd floor of a Bangkok hotel.
At the show, Tata officials seemed confident that there would be no delays to the company's turnaround plans because of Mr Slym's death.
Yet the market is not uniformly bad. For instance, US car giant Ford is sitting on months of orders.
Launching an update of its existing compact car and an all-new mid-sized sedan - the company says success in India is critical for Ford's global success.
"We are committed to investing $2bn in India," says Kumar Galhotra, vice-president of engineering at Ford.
"A billion of that is in our new plant in Sanand in Gujarat which will be operational by the end of this year.
"We start producing cars early next year, so we see a great potential in the market."
Mr Galhotra also says he expects small car sales in India to grow from about one million units in 2013 to about two million units in 2018.
That is partly why Ford is looking to make India one of its biggest export hubs. The company exports currently to 37 countries from India and aims to increase to 50 in the coming years.
Nearly one in two new cars sold in India is a Maruti, and now India's largest car maker has a new goal - reaching out to buyers in rural areas.
Launching two new concept cars â€” SX4 S-Cross and Ciaz, managing director and chief executive Kenichi Ayukawa says the good news is in the countryside.
"Our rural volumes have grown steadily. People in the villages have the money and want to access good cars.
"There are 100,000 villages in India and we want to tap into them. We will step up our rural sales outlets and have more mobile service network for rural customers."
Maruti Suzuki is already the strongest player in rural India with 1,300 dealerships. Six years ago only 3% of sales were in rural areas but now it is 30%.
A good monsoon and harvest have ensured that the country's farmers are willing to spend.
The firm now plans to hire thousands of extra salesmen in rural areas and to create mobile car workshops for villagers who buy its cars.
The German luxury car maker surprised everyone by revealing its A3 sedan and its Cabriolet variant at the show.
The company sold 10,000 cars in India 2013, which is more than any other high status car maker.
China may be the world's top luxury car market, but India is fast emerging as the next favourite destination for car firms.
One estimate suggests that India's luxury auto market may quadruple by 2020,  when compared with last year's sale figures - while the overall global car market is forecast to grow by 40%.
Indian buyers tend to choose cars that deliver better value, so by introducing lower priced cars and financing schemes Audi has captured many younger customers.
It has a market share of 32% and plans to increase its dealerships to 40 by the end of the year.
Joe King, who is head of Audi India, says the compact luxury segment is important and the A3 will be best suited for this.
"We see the market in the first half of the year being relatively flat, but post the elections mid-year, we see a spurt.
"So I expect that the market will grow at a similar pace to last year at least in the luxury segment. We plan to exceed our performance."


A young man treated in hospital after taking drugs at a music festival has released a photo of himself in an induced coma to warn others.

Jordan Blackburn fell ill following "substance abuse" at Kendal Calling on 31 July. His friend Christian Pay died.
The group of friends are believed to have taken at least three different types of tablet at the event.
Mr Blackburn, 19, has shared the photo online to highlight the "devastating" impact of taking unknown substances.
His mother, Alison Turnbull, said he wanted to stop other people making his mistake.
She said: "I thought my world was about to end, I really did. I knew about Christian and I just thought, 'this is it', I just thought we'd lost him.
"He just wants to raise awareness. He was laying in his hospital bed and he just looked and he said, 'I've been given a second chance at life, haven't I?' and I said, 'yes you have'.
"Physically he's fine. He's still really tired; his body has been through quite a trauma. Mentally he's coping OK, but I think he's got what I would term as survivor's guilt."
Mr Blackburn, from Haverigg, Cumbria, spent three nights in the Cumberland Infirmary.
Mr Pay, 18, of Millom, was pronounced dead at hospital. He was described by his family as a "fun guy" with "enough personality for everyone".
In total 14 people were treated in hospital after falling ill at the event.
Cumbria Police said four people arrested on suspicion of possession of drugs with intent to supply were on bail.


Lewis Hamilton says he has learned from his difficult weekend at the Russian Grand Prix and hopes Sunday's race in Spain will be better.

The three-time world champion finished fourth in Sochi last month as Mercedes team-mate Valtteri Bottas won.
"You digest the pain of a tough weekend, which you deal with internally, and then you try to put it into a positive," said the Briton.
"It's just making sure you take the right steps moving forwards."
Hamilton heads into the Spanish Grand Prix at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya 13 points behind Ferrari's Sebastian Vettel in the championship, with Bottas 10 further back.
"I hope this weekend is a lot better," said Hamilton.
"I'm always looking forwards. It is a continuation. Second in the championship, still fighting, have another 16 races to go.
"The last race, there were just a lot of small things that led to it, no one thing bigger than another, that just led us in the wrong direction."
Hamilton said the main issue was the car was not working properly with the tyres.
"The whole weekend I generally wasn't in the right window," he added.
"We have a good understanding of where we went wrong on our side of the garage so we have grown from the experience.
"Having a win, a fast car and a car that struggled, I think we're better equipped but I can't really say whether it will be better.
"There are a lot of challenges this weekend, a lot of [car] upgrades for everyone and we will be doing everything we can [in Friday practice] to make sure the car is in the right place."
Hamilton said Bottas' maiden win changed nothing, as he had always considered the Finn a serious rival.
"Of course he's a credible competitor," he said. "He was when he joined. Lots of people had perceptions about how he would perform and he has proved everyone wrong. He will remain a competitor for the rest of the year, the fight will go on.
"It adds to the spectacle. I have to do a better job on more weekends than my team-mate and win the championship so it doesn't really change anything.
"It's great to have a strong team-mate because it helps the team move forward in a good direction."
Spain is traditionally a race at which teams bring their first major development parts of the season, and so far it has not disappointed.
The Mercedes has a raft of aerodynamic changes at the front of the car, including a much narrower nose, under which is a unique aerodynamic shaping device that has been likened by some to a snowplough.
Ferrari and Red Bull also have major upgrades to their cars, one to try to keep them up with Mercedes, the other to try to bridge the gap to the top two teams.
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Vettel is yet to admit Ferrari have become the team to beat, after their huge step forward over the winter.
"I don't feel it is like that," the four-time world champion said.
"Mercedes are still the ones to beat. Maybe not if you look race by race, but overall they have been the dominant team and it is difficult to break that.
"But we are trying our best. We are in a much better position than in previous years but it is still fairly early.
"It matters what you keep doing not what you have done. I know we still have the same people and believe they can bring the upgrades we need to keep fighting."
BBC Sport has live coverage of all the season's races on BBC Radio 5 live, BBC Radio 5 live sports extra, plus live online commentary on the BBC Sport website and mobile app - including audience interaction, expert analysis, debate, voting, features, interviews and video content.


Scientists need to capitalise on a growing body of evidence showing a link between biodiversity and human wellbeing, a US review has suggested.

It said rapid progress could be made if there was better communication and collaboration between researchers and public health and land-use officials.
A global research project was recently launched to examine the impact of urban policies on human health and wellbeing.
The findings have been published in the journal Ecosystem Services.
"This is something that had held my interest for some time, that is the condition of the general environment and human wellbeing in the broadest sense," explained co-author Paul Sandifer, former chief science advisor for the National Ocean Service at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa).
Helping hand
"I have long had a feeling of that there were connections between exposure to the natural environment and improved physiological and psychological health."
Dr Sandifer said he and his fellow co-authors decided if it was possible to "tease out" peer-reviewed examples of "biodiversity providing advantages for human health".
"If there was, how we might usefully categorise those relationships - what were the characteristics and mechanisms that brought about that change," he told BBC News.
One of the main challenges the team faced was attempting to identify key literature from a vast quantity of different sources.
"A little bit comes out in landscape literature, a little bit comes out in psychology literature, a little bit comes out in ecological or city planning publications but rarely are these things put together and assesses what one could do with the knowledge from around the scientific sphere," explained Dr Sandifer, who has recently retired from his Noaa post.
"One of the main findings of the review for me and for my colleagues was the huge amount of information indicating mostly positive health responses of some kind - mainly psychological," he observed.
"Among the vast array of research, there are a number of carefully crafted studies that truly demonstrate cause and effect.
"These carefully define the characteristics of biodiversity or nature that might be of interest and what the effect might be on mental or physiological wellbeing or health. Finally, they looked at what the process was in which that possible effect might be mediated.
Patchy landscape
"The one area we identified where there was a fair amount of new evidence was the study of microbiota and its influence on inflammatory diseases.
For example, a study in 2012 suggested a lack of exposure to a "natural environment" could be resulting in more urban dwellers developing allergies and asthma.
Finnish scientists said certain bacteria, shown to be beneficial for human health, were found in greater abundance in non-urban surroundings.
But Dr Sandifer said his team's review found that there was still "a lot left to be done" even in this field of research.
He added that there was a considerable amount of research looking at the difference between good and bad green spaces in urban areas but almost no data at all when it came to marine or coastal environments.
"Probably the one area where rapid progress could be made is improving communication and collaboration between land-use and city planners, people involved in public health - both research and application, and their connection to ecological science.
"Ecologists are within their field and rarely reach outside it. Biomedical researchers, it seems, rarely have the time to reach out. There is a gap between the two where we really need to do a much better job of communicating.
But there were signs of progress in the right direction, he suggested: "The American Public Health Association has a new policy recognising the value of nature."
But he added: "This needs to be international - the UK, such as the University of Exeter's European Centre for Environment and Human Health, has done a vast amount of research on the value of green spaces."
At the end of 2014, a global scientific research programme was launched in China to examine the unintended consequences of urban policies on human health and wellbeing.
The Urban Health & Wellbeing Programme aimed to better understand what made a "healthy urban environment".
Dr Sandifer concluded: "The communication links is the first step to getting well-rounded policies and getting the value of nature out to wider communities, such as policymakers, than it does at the moment.
"I think that would then drive the availability of resources to do more studies."