A Las Vegas man has pleaded guilty to fraud and criminal contempt after he sent more than 27 million spam messages through Facebook.

Sanford Wallace, who is known as the "Spam King", faces a maximum prison sentence of three years and a fine of $250,000 (Â£160,000).
Wallace tricked people into revealing their login details which he then used to access half a million accounts.
He then used those accounts to send spam to other Facebook users.
The charges against Wallace included fraud and criminal contempt in connection with misusing electronic mail, according to a statement from the district attorney.
One of Wallace's strategies for distributing spam involved targeting Facebook users with bogus "friend requests", which were in fact disguised advertisements.
As part of the guilty plea, he admitted to knowingly violating an order not to access Facebook's computer network.
The move to prosecute Wallace relates to a complaint filed in 2011, which was the result of an FBI investigation.
He will be sentenced on 2 December.


Police Scotland has said "maximising public safety" is its main focus for Saturday's Old Firm clash between Celtic and Rangers.

The Glasgow clubs will meet at Celtic Park in a league fixture for the first time in four years.
A crowd of nearly 60,000 is expected, with hundreds of thousands more watching the game in pubs and at home.
Ch Supt Brian McInulty said officers would take "all reasonable steps" to keep people safe.
Launching a national policing operation, Ch Supt McInulty said: "Officers will be in attendance in and around the stadium at Celtic Park, but also there will be a licensing plan which will operate across the country.
"We'll also have local plans in each of the national local policing divisions throughout Scotland making sure that we're taking all reasonable steps to protect people and to keep people safe.
"Part of that will be a domestic abuse action plan that will be very much delivered at a local level."
Ch Supt McInulty said he expected "a fantastic atmosphere" at the game and appealed to supporters to contribute in a positive manner.
He said: "If anybody has any other intentions such as causing any disorder, engaging in any level of sectarianism or indeed involving themselves in any violence, then they will be dealt with by the officers in attendance.
"We will have an absolutely robust policing approach but it doesn't mean you'll be arrested at the time necessarily.
"Don't think that if you don't get arrested at the time that you're not going to be dealt with by the police. We will follow up and it may well mean that you are dealt with retrospectively."
He also urged supporters: "We are at the start of the football season. Don't make this your last game.
"Don't let yourselves down. Let's enjoy the game and respect each other and let's respect local communities."
The match kicks off at 12:00 and police have advised fans to get to the stadium early to avoid travel disruption.


A Sudanese court has sentenced a woman to hang for apostasy - the abandonment of her religious faith - after she married a Christian man.

Amnesty International condemned the sentence, handed down by a judge in Khartoum, as "appalling and abhorrent".
Local media report the sentence on the woman, who is pregnant, would not be carried out for two years after she had given birth.
Sudan has a majority Muslim population, which is governed by Islamic law.
"We gave you three days to recant but you insist on not returning to Islam. I sentence you to be hanged to death," the judge told the woman, AFP reports.
Western embassies and rights groups had urged Sudan to respect the right of the pregnant woman to choose her religion.
The judge also sentenced the woman to 100 lashes after convicting her of adultery - because her marriage to a Christian man was not valid under Islamic law.
This will reportedly be carried out when she has recovered from giving birth.
Earlier in the hearing, an Islamic cleric spoke with her in a caged dock for about 30 minutes, AFP reports.
Then she calmly told the judge: "I am a Christian and I never committed apostasy."
Amnesty International said the woman, Meriam Yehya Ibrahim Ishag, was raised as an Orthodox Christian, her mother's religion, because her father, a Muslim, was reportedly absent during her childhood.
In court, the judge addressed her by her Muslim name, Adraf Al-Hadi Mohammed Abdullah.


A man has been arrested on suspicion of murdering a six-year-old boy who was found strangled in woodland more than 20 years ago.

Rikki Neave's naked body was found about five minutes' walk from his home on the Welland Estate in Peterborough in November 1994.
An investigation into his murder was reopened in June last year and a fresh appeal was launched.
A man in his 30s from Peterborough was arrested on Tuesday morning.
Rikki was last seen leaving for school on the morning of 28 November.
More on this and other stories from Cambridgeshire
Post-mortem tests found he had died as a result of compression to the neck.
His mother, Ruth Neave, was cleared of his murder at a trial in 1996. She later admitted child neglect and cruelty and was jailed for seven years.
Despite extensive investigations at the time, no-one was ever convicted of Rikki's murder.
A BBC Crimewatch television appeal in November resulted in 17 calls to investigators.
Information from the public led officers to release an e-fit of two teenage boys they wanted to talk to in connection with the case.
They had been seem walking out of the woods where Rikki's body was found on the morning of 29 November.
Cambridgeshire Police said it was unable to comment on whether the arrested man was one of the two teenagers pictured.


Two adventurers have kayaked from Greenland to Scotland, a journey of about 1,200 miles (1,931 km).

Olly Hicks and George Bullard took 66 days to complete the paddle.
The adventure was to show that Inuit could have made the same journey in kayaks made of sealskin and driftwood in the 17th and early 18th centuries.
Mr Hicks was inspired by a story of what is said to be an Inuit man who came ashore at Belhelvie in the 1700s.
The man, who was found exhausted on the shore near Aberdeen, died a few days later.
The kayak he was found with is in the care of the University of Aberdeen.
There are also historical accounts of Inuit, known at the time as Finnmen paddling to the Orkney Islands.
Starting out from Greenland on 1 July, Mr Hicks and Mr Bullard paddled to Iceland and then crossed a stretch of open ocean known as The Devil's Dance Floor to the Faroe Islands.
The first part of Scotland they reached was the small island of North Rona off the north Highland coast.
On Sunday, Mr Hicks, from Thorpeness, Suffolk, and Mr Bullard, of Gressenhall in Norfolk, completed their paddle when they came ashore at Balnakeil Bay near Durness in Sutherland.
Mr Hicks said: "Overall the expedition was like the curates egg - good in parts.
"It was a really tough trip physically and perhaps more so mentally, but we're both delighted to have pulled it off against improbable odds - and hopefully reawakened the legend of the Finnmen."
He added: "We are delighted to have successfully completed this original adventure that's been over five years in the planning and not only by George and I, who only had to paddle, but to the dozens of people who supported and backed the project in one way and another.
"It's testament to the goodwill and magic generated by feats of human endeavour.''


Residents have been evacuated from Sochi in Russia after flash flooding submerged part of the city that staged the Winter Olympics in 2014.

Several hours of torrential rain brought trains to a standstill and rendered roads impassable in the Black Sea resort.
Sochi international airport had to be closed and a Formula 1 circuit in the nearby Adler district was flooded.
A state of emergency was declared but there were no reports of casualties.
"There's no water, no gas, no electricity. They say it could be back tonight or maybe tomorrow," Alla Atakyan, a resident of Adler, told Reuters news agency.
Footage showed residents with water up to their knees, one attempting to clear her property with a broom. In one village, a snake could be seen swimming through the floodwater.
Anatoly Pakhomov, the mayor of Sochi, told Russia's Interfax news agency that a state of emergency had been declared.
Sochi saw more than three weeks' worth of rain in an hour, environmental officials told Interfax, flooding the Hosta, Kudepsta, and Herota rivers.
Local authorities have reportedly warned that tornados may form off the coast and move inland.
The flash flooding follows a similar but worse episode last week, further south in the former Soviet republic of Georgia.
Severe flooding in the Georgian capital Tbilisi killed at least 19 people and caused extensive damage. Dozens of animals escaped from Tbilisi zoo, including a tiger which killed a man before being shot dead.
A zoo near Sochi was spared flooding on Thursday. Jeanne Zazina, Deputy Director of the Sochi zoo, said: "We are closer to the central area, not in the Adler. We are fine, no one swam away."


The man suspected of shooting dead nine people at an African-American church in Charleston has been charged with nine counts of murder and one weapons possession charge, police say.

Suspect Dylann Roof, 21, is due to make his first court appearance on Friday.
Police are treating the killings at the Emanuel AME Church on Wednesday night in South Carolina as a hate crime.
He was arrested the following day more than 200 miles away in North Carolina and then flown back to Charleston.
South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley has said Mr Roof should face execution.
"We will absolutely want him to have the death penalty," she told NBC News.
Mr Roof's first court hearing is set for 14:00 local time (18:00 GMT), but it is likely he will appear via a video feed and not in person.
The victims of the shooting, which took place during a bible study group, included the pastor.
Mr Roof reportedly sat with them for nearly an hour before pulling out his handgun and perpetrating the massacre.
One survivor recalled him saying: "You all rape women and you're taking over our country."
President Barack Obama described the event as yet another tragedy caused by guns in society.
His wife Michelle, who is travelling in Italy, said: "I pray for a community that I know is in pain with the hope that tragedies like these will one day come to an end."
The city's mayor Joseph Riley called the massacre an act of "pure, pure concentrated evil".
He said that while the community had faced challenges, nothing in the past century matched this shooting.
The victims of the Charleston shooting
After the shooting, Mr Roof was arrested in Shelby when police received a tip from a florist who noticed his distinctive haircut.
"I saw the pictures of him with the bowl cut. I said, 'I've seen that car for some reason.' I look over, and it's got a South Carolina tag on it," florist Debbie Dills told the Shelby Star.
She followed Mr Roof for 25 miles until police made the arrest.
More details have been emerging about the 21-year-old, with one acquaintance saying he had complained that "blacks were taking over the world".
Joey Meek said that he and Mr Roof got drunk a few weeks ago, and his friend said "someone needed to do something about it for the white race".
When Roof was identified as the suspect, a photo emerged showing him standing in a wooded area wearing a jacketed emblazoned with flags from apartheid-era South Africa and Rhodesia - now black-led Zimbabwe.
Whether Mr Roof had a connection to any of the 16 white supremacist organisations that operate in South Carolina is not clear.
However, the massacre in one of the nation's oldest and most prominent traditionally black churches has served as a reminder that black churches have long been a target for violence throughout the history of US race relations.
Charleston officials are planning a prayer vigil for Friday evening.


Five adults and two children have been taken to hospital following a two-car crash.

A grey Seat and a blue Mitsubishi were involved in the collision on Falkirk Road in Bannockburn.
The incident took place at around 08:25 on Friday.
The road was closed for more than three hours while police investigators examined the scene of the crash for clues.
The man and two children in the Seat and the four occupants of the Mitsubishi - three men and a woman - were taken to Forth Valley Royal Hospital for treatment to their injuries.
Any witnesses to the crash are urged to contact Police Scotland on the non-emergency number 101.


Wales could take 1,600 Syrian refugees over the next five years as part of Britain's response to the crisis, the Welsh Refugee Council (WRC) said.

David Cameron announced on Monday the UK would accept up to 20,000 people from camps surrounding Syria with priority given to vulnerable children.
First Minister Carwyn Jones will hold a Wales summit on the refugee crisis next week.
The WRC is happy to take its share, but it wants it to happen more quickly.
Hannah Wharf, policy manager for the WRC, said: "We welcome the UK government's commitment and this rapid change in political and social support for the resettlement and relocation of refugees from Syria.
"But 20,000 over five years isn't fast enough and we can't wait until 2020 for this to happen. This needs to happen in the next year or so.
"At the moment Wales takes 8% of refugees who seek asylum across the UK.
"We don't know the details of how that will pan out with this new scheme unfolding but we do know that Wales is ready to take its fair share of 8% of 20,000 - that's just about 1,600 refugees to be taken across Wales.
"Local authorities have been having ongoing conversations across Wales about how best to support people who come into local communities.
"We know there's a huge surge of support."
Local authorities in Wales have said they are willing to "play their part" but asked for help to meet the costs.
The Welsh government has said the UK government should pay as the matter is not devolved.


Doctors dealing with the family of Tania Clarence, who killed her three disabled children by smothering them, had raised concerns about neglect.

The 43-year-old admitted suffocating her three-year-old twin sons Ben and Max, and daughter Olivia, aged four, due to diminished responsibility.
After the killings she took painkiller tablets and drank a bottle of wine in a suicide bid.
The details were revealed at a mitigation hearing at the Old Bailey.
The children, who all had type 2 spinal muscular atrophy, were found at their home on 22 April.
Her husband Gary had taken the couple's eldest daughter on a holiday to South Africa a few days earlier, leaving Clarence alone with the other three children in New Malden, and had given the nanny a day off.
Prosecutor Zoe Johnson QC, told the court up to 60 professionals were involved in the care of Clarence and her children, sometimes visiting the family home unannounced.
The court heard doctors were considering "child protection measures on the basis of neglect," and there was a "fundamental tension" between the couple and medical staff over care recommendations.
Ms Johnson said Mr Clarence's decision to consent to a stomach operation on the couple's oldest daughter, was a "substantial trigger" for the killings, because she wanted palliative care over more invasive treatment.
"She smothered the boys first whilst they were sleeping using a nappy so they would not smell her," Ms Johnson said.
"She found it much harder to kill Olivia, and wrote a letter to her husband in the time between killing the boys and killing Olivia."
The letter read: "Gary, I cannot live with what I have done. I took the tablets but they didn't work. Please do not save me. Love you.
"This life is better without me. I am nothing," it continued.
"The only thing that gives me solace is that the boys are playing in heaven like they cannot play here. I can see them running around already."
The mother of four was discovered bleeding and crying by her nanny, Jade Cuelo, and a neighbour, who had gone to the home after becoming concerned for her safety.
After she was found, Clarence told her nanny: "It's too late, it's too late, there's nothing you can do to help them, you can't help them."
In a separate letter to Ms Cuelo, Clarence wrote: " I also could not leave the children with Gary. It would have been too much for him.
"You have been such an amazing person in our lives over the last few years. Without you I most likely would have done this a lot sooner."
Concluding the prosecution case, Ms Johnson asserted: "Although Mrs Clarence and her husband believed that the only appropriate care for their children was palliative care, the children had not reached the stage when palliative care was required.
"Tania Clarence's rational belief that she didn't want to prolong her children's lives became distorted into an irrational decision to kill her disabled children, a decision she had formed well in advance of the killings."
The court has previously been told Clarence had been suffering "from an abnormality of the mind" and was depressed when she killed three of her four children.
The court also heard of tension between the Clarences and the social services department of Kingston upon Thames Council.
Social services managers replaced the family's social worker because they felt she was "getting too close" to the family, said Ms Johnson.
"This was perhaps an ill-conceived decision by the social services department," the barrister said.
Clarence had told a friend that Kingston social services had "made the children's care 1000 per cent worse," she said.
She had twice told family doctors of her desire to take the children away to South Africa so they could "all die together".
Jim Sturman QC, defending, said there was no evidence Clarence would have "harmed a hair on their head but for the illness she suffered" and urged the judge to impose a hospital order.
Clarence will be sentenced by Judge Mr Justice Sweeney on Tuesday.


Gordon Strachan is to remain as Scotland head coach after the Scottish FA board gave the 59-year-old its "unanimous" backing.

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Chief executive Stewart Regan issued a statement after its review of a poor start to their World Cup campaign.
"The board are convinced that he still has the hunger for this challenge and we have four home qualifiers in 2017 to rejuvenate our campaign," he said.
"We support Gordon unanimously in improving our qualification prospects."
There had been speculation about Strachan's position after Friday's 3-0 defeat by England at Wembley.
It left the Scots in fifth place, with only four points from their opening four games in Group F.
The SFA explained that Strachan had provided his feedback on the campaign and his views on the team's prospects in 2017 to the eight-strong board.
"The board have considered the team's performance since the start of the campaign and subsequently discussed the disappointing points total after four matches," said Regan.
"Gordon shared the disappointment of the board and, of course, the fans.
"He is adamant, however, that we can recover the position and believes a play-off place still to be attainable."
Only the nine group winners are guaranteed a place at the 2018 finals in Russia and the Scots trail section leaders England by six points.
However, the eight best-placed runners-up will have a second chance via play-offs and Strachan stressed his belief in the players and their ability to qualify.
"We were all extremely disappointed with the result on Friday night," he said.
"But, having reflected on our performance, I still believe we can get ourselves back into contention in the group.
"There are still 18 points to play for and the players, the staff and I, as in previous games, will give everything we have to turn things around.
"I have said consistently that our fans deserve success and a return to a major tournament finals.
"Although we have had a difficult start to the campaign, I firmly believe that this group of players, together with our supporters, can maximise our chances of a play-off place, starting with the home match against Slovenia in March."
Strachan's assistant, Motherwell manager Mark McGhee, earlier gave an impassioned defence of the management team's performance, stating that their excellent start at Wembley convinced him they could revive the campaign next year.
"We have not had one of those big results and performances yet," he admitted. "But that's what we are working towards.
"We were close to it at Wembley in some ways and that's what we will take into the next game - that we want that big performance.
"I feel if we go into that game and it was to be abject then there are clearly questions that need to be asked.
"But I feel so far that Gordon has done just about as well as we could be expected to do."


Oldham Athletic are to face a winding-up petition brought by HM Revenue and Customs.

In a statement the League One club says its legal advisors are 'dealing with' the petition, which is due to be heard in London on Monday.
"The liability on which the petition is based was paid in full last month," the club added on their website.
Last December the club had difficulty paying their players with the Oldham squad being paid late for three months.
Oldham finished 17th in League One last season and are currently looking for a new manager.
Former boss John Sheridan left SportsDirect.com last month to take over League Two side Notts County.


Arctic sea-ice extent is unlikely to see a new record this summer, claim polar experts at Reading University, UK.

The floes have experienced much reduced winter coverage and go into the warmest months tracking below the all time satellite minimum year of 2012.
But the Reading team says current ice extent is actually a poor guide to the scale of the eventual September low point.
A better correlation is with the fraction of the floes in May topped with melt ponds - and that metric suggests 2016 will not be a record year.
Ponding water accelerates melting by changing the reflectivity, or albedo, of white ice. The darker liquid absorbs more energy from the sun, promoting further melting and a larger fraction of standing waterâ€¦ and so on.
However, despite some remarkable conditions during the Arctic winter, this feedback process has not become a dominant factor in the right places and at the right time to really suppress sea ice in the coming weeks, contends Dr David Schroeder from the Nerc Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM).
"2016 certainly looks to be an interesting year when you consider how low the extent has been through the winter, together with the strong sea-surface temperature anomalies. But the winter months are not when melt ponds start forming; this happens in the second half of May and the beginning of June. And during this period, although there were still positive anomalies in some locations, in the most important areas for melt pond fraction - such as in the east Siberian sea towards the central Arctic, for example - the temperatures were not very high."
The CPOM team has developed a model to forecast the evolution of melt ponds in the Arctic and has incorporated this into a more general climate sea-ice model. Its simulations suggest sea-ice extent for the end of this coming summer will be 4.5 (+/- 0.5) million square km. This number is for an average across the entire month of September - traditionally the period of minimum coverage.
It is slightly lower than last year (4.6 million sq km), but larger than the extraordinary September of 2012 when the floes retreated to just 3.6 million sq km.
Past forecasts have shown a high degree of skill. 2014 was pretty much spot on; 2015 came in a bit high but just on the edge of the error range.
"There is still an irreducible level of uncertainty associated with the weather conditions," said colleague Prof Daniel Feltham.
"We can't predict the atmospheric chaos that happens every year, and this places fundamental limits on how well we can predict the Arctic ice cover."
And to illustrate this point, 2012 was notable for an intense storm that blew up over the central Arctic Ocean during the early part of August. This gave the summer melt season an additional kick. Something similar could very easily happen again this year.
Reading's outlook has just been submitted to the Sea Ice Prediction Network (SIPN) - a community forum for scientific and stakeholder groups that aim to compare and improve forecast tools. These groups all have their own perspectives, and the SIPN is expected to publish their individual forecasts online in the coming days.
Nasa's Dr Walter Meier is on the leadership team at SIPN.
He told BBC News: "I'd say we're at a stage where we're looking at people's different methods, looking at how they are performing, trying to understand why and how they get things right or wrong, and then hopefully working out how that might play into improving forecasts in the future.
"Making seasonal forecasts is a really hard problem because in the three-to-four months before September so much can happen that is weather-related: how much sun versus how much cloud; the temperature; the winds, and which way they're blowing. Do the winds blow to compress the ice together or blow to spread it out? Do they blow the ice into warmer water where it melts? This is really tough."
There is no doubt having better models for sea-ice forecasts would be useful to many sectors.
Shipping, tourism and oil industries - all are looking to exploit the opportunities that will emerge in an Arctic that is expected to become more open in a warming climate.
"For many stakeholders - they're not so much interested in the amount of ice in total; rather, they are interested in the amount of ice where they happen to be. So, it's the spatial variation that's of interest and that's something we're working on as well and hope to improve for the future," said Prof Feltham.
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos


South Africa is home to some amazing wildlife, and now kids who live in the cities there are getting a chance to see the country's wild animals for the first time.

12 May 2016 Last updated at 07:12 BST
A conservation group is taking the school kids on safari.
With rhino poaching a big problem in many parts of Africa the species has become endangered and could face extinction.
It's hoped that by taking part in school trips into the wild, students will learn about why the country's animals are important and should be respected.
Watch the video for the lowdown from Ayshah.


An artist who uses sexual imagery in her surrealist work is one of the four nominees for this year's Turner Prize.

Anthea Hamilton, Michael Dean, Helen Marten and Josephine Pryde have been selected to compete for the Â£25,000 prize.
Hamilton has been included for her work that focuses on fetishism, while sculptor Dean was chosen for pieces made from salvaged materials.
The winner will be announced on 6 December after an exhibition of works.
Painter and sculptor Marten's art is described as "slippery and elusive" and Pryde's work shows a fascination between art and photography.
Pieces by the shortlisted artists will be shown at the Tate Britain in London from September to January.
The prestigious prize is awarded to a British artist, under the age of 50, considered to have put on the best exhibition of the last 12 months.
Its stated aim is to "promote public debate around new developments in contemporary art".
Every other year the Turner Prize - which was traditionally always presented at the Tate Britain - has for the last few years sought to move outside London.
In 2017, it will be presented in Hull - next year's City of Culture - but this year it will again be back in London.
Hamilton lives and work in London. She is nominated primarily for her exhibition at the SculptureCentre, New York, called Lichen! Libido! Chastity! Her work is the most offbeat of the shortlisted artists as it brings in surrealism, comedy and uncompromising sexual imagery. One of her most notable pieces is an enormous sculpture of a man's bare buttocks.
Hamilton uses a wide range of formats for her pieces and has therefore produced sculptures, installations, performances and video.
The Tate says Hamilton brings "a surrealist sensibility to popular culture and the mind-bending proliferation of stylised and sexualised imagery in the digital world".
Dean is from Newcastle Upon Tyne. He is nominated for two solo shows: Sic Glyphs at South London Gallery and Qualities of Violence at de Appel arts centre in Amsterdam.
Dean is known mainly for being a sculptor and likes to makes pieces from "unnoticed" materials such as the corrugated metal on a shop-front shutter.
Dean's preoccupation and inspiration is trying to put words into a physical form through his work.
The Tate says Dean "creates work that is concerned with the physical manifestation of language" and his "vigorous sculptures and installations reference the everyday urban environment... updating the influential legacies of art after minimalism in the late 60s".
Marten hails from Macclesfield and is shortlisted for a show called Eucalyptus Let Us In at Green Natfali in New York and a project entitled Lunar Nibs at the 56th Venice Biennale.
Marten is also known for her sculptures but she also creates tableaux. Also like her some of her competitors, Marten likes to use a range of found objects to make her works.
The Tate says Marten's art is "slippery and elusive in both form and meaning: it attracts and intrigues while also resisting interpretation and categorisation".
Pryde is from Alnwick, Northumberland and is nominated for her solo show at CCA Wattis in San Francisco. She is known for her fascination with the relationship between photography and art.
One of her standout pieces was a model of a Union Pacific freight locomotive pulling two box carriages which members of the public could ride around while in the gallery in San Francisco.
The Tate says Pryde "explores the very nature of image making and display" and her work places "as much importance on the staging of the work as the images themselves".
iWonder: Is the Turner Prize worth winning?
The Turner Prize exhibition will be at Tate Britain from 27 September until 8 January 2017.


A man has been jailed for eight years after he fatally crashed his car into a student at a bus stop while racing at speeds of more than 100mph.

Sukvinder Mannan, 33, ploughed his car in to a bus shelter near Bearwood in Birmingham in May 2014.
The crash killed 21-year-old Rebecca McManus, who was waiting to go to a hen party, and badly injured her friend.
Inderjit Singh, 31, who was racing Mannan, has been sentenced to 12 months for dangerous driving.
Mannan, of Roundhills Road, Halesowen, reached speeds of more than of 100mph in a 40mph zone, Wolverhampton Crown Court heard.
He lost control of his Mitsubishi Evolution on a bend, causing it to crash into the bus stop where Miss McManus and her friend were standing.
During an earlier hearing, he admitted causing death and serious injury by dangerous driving, plus failing to provide a blood sample.
Singh, of Cranbourne Avenue, Wolverhampton, had been racing Mannan on Hagley Road West on the evening of 31 May. He was cleared of causing death by dangerous driving.
Miss McManus, who had just finished a three-year English Literature and Creative Writing degree at the University of East Anglia, died at the scene.
Her friend, who was also standing at the bus stop, is still recovering in hospital.


Mercedes say Lewis Hamilton is "likely" to suffer a grid penalty for using too many engine parts at this weekend's Belgian Grand Prix.

The team say they will know for certain on Thursday, but a decision to take the extra engine parts Hamilton needs would mean a drop of at least 20 grid places.
A series of failures early in the season meant that Hamilton used up more engine components than planned.
He heads into the race 19 championship points ahead of team-mate Nico Rosberg.
Six wins in the past seven races for Hamilton have turned around what had been a 43-point advantage for the German after the first four races of the season.
A spokesman said the team were still working through the requirements and consequences related to any decision to take the penalty in Belgium.
The other option is to wait until the Italian Grand Prix the following weekend.
Drivers are allowed to use a maximum of five of each of the six parts of an engine before a grid penalty is incurred.
Hamilton has already used the maximum permitted five items of two elements of the complicated turbo hybrid engine - the turbocharger and the MGU-H, the electric motor that recovers energy from the turbo.
Teams are given a 10-place grid penalty each time they use a sixth example of any component, so using one new of each of these means a 20-place grid penalty for Hamilton.
There are only 22 cars on the grid and a driver can only go to the back no matter how many theoretical grid penalties he suffers for using additional engine components.
So Mercedes may choose to take two new examples of each of these parts to bring them into line with the number of the other parts of the engine he has used.
Hamilton has so far used three each of the internal combustion engine, MGU-K, energy store and control electronics.
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Five more teenagers - two males and three females - have been arrested over the murder of a man in west Belfast's Twinbrook estate at the weekend.

Christopher Meli, 20, was found dead near houses at Glasvey Close. Detectives said he had suffered a sustained and vicious assault.
The youths were detained on Tuesday evening.
On Tuesday, three teenagers, two aged 18 and a 16-year-old youth, appeared in court charged with Mr Meli's murder.
Two teenagers aged 18 and 17, who were arrested by detectives on Sunday, have been released on bail pending further inquiries.


Malawi's new President Joyce Banda has said she does not want Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir, accused of war crimes, to attend a summit in July.

She says she fears the "economic implications" if Mr Bashir attends the African Union meeting in Malawi.
Her predecessor, Bingu wa Mutharika, who died last month, last year defied calls to apprehend Mr Bashir.
The International Criminal Court has issued an arrest warrant for Sudan's leader, over the Darfur conflict.
Mrs Banda is trying to improve relations with donors, who had cut aid to Mr Mutharika's government, accusing him of political repression and economic mismanagement.
The African Union has urged its members to ignore the warrant issued by the ICC, accusing it of only targeting African leaders.
After Mr Bashir visited Malawi in October 2011, the ICC referred the country to the UN Security Council.
Mrs Banda said she had asked the AU to urge Mr Bashir not to attend the July summit.
"Let the AU decide on his position. He [Bashir] should forgive us this time as we are struggling to fix the economy," the Reuters news agency quotes her as saying.
Mr Bashir was the first head of state to be indicted by the ICC, which accused him of genocide and war crimes in Darfur.
He denies the charges, saying they are politically motivated.
Chad, Kenya and Djibouti have also been referred to the UN Security Council for refusing to arrest Mr Bashir, even though they recognise the ICC.
Some 2.7 million people have fled their homes since the conflict began in Darfur in 2003, and the UN says about 300,000 have died - mostly from disease.
Sudan's government says the conflict has killed about 12,000 people and the number of dead has been exaggerated for political reasons.


A warning has been issued for heavy rain across south and parts of mid Wales on Saturday.

The Met Office has said the showers will be scattered and are likely to develop through the afternoon with thunder, lightning, hail, with localised flooding possible.
The heaviest showers could bring 20-25 mm of rain within an hour in a few places.
A yellow "be aware" warning is in place for south Wales and Ceredigion.
It runs from 12:00 to 21:00 BST.
On Friday, fire crews dealt with flash flooding in parts of mid and west Wales.


At least nine people have been reported dead as torrential rain caused flooding that paralysed most parts of the Philippine capital, Manila.

The flooding - neck-deep in some areas - forced tens of thousands of people to flee their homes, closing schools, offices and the stock exchange.
Nine members of one family died after a landslide hit shanty houses in Quezon City, a government report said.
More than 50 people died when Typhoon Saola struck more than a week ago.
Widespread flooding has been reported in the capital and the surrounding provinces, according to a statement from the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council.
It said "the south-west monsoon enhanced by Tropical Storm 'Haikui' located 300km [184 miles] north-east of Taiwan" was expected to bring more rain.
By Kate McGeownBBC News, Manila
What worries many people here is that it has been raining almost continuously for more than 24 hours now. That is what caused such bad floods after Typhoon Ketsana in 2009.
This time, the government is better prepared - tens of thousands of people have been evacuated.
But many do not want to leave, especially if they cannot take their belongings. I've seen one family going repeatedly back into the floodwaters to salvage all they could.
"Expect landslides and flashfloods in mountainous areas and floods in low-lying areas."
President Benigno Aquino met civil defence officials to discuss the situation. "Everybody who is supposed to do something is doing what he is supposed to do," he said.
The severity of the rain since Monday afternoon - in an already saturated city - has led officials to issue the highest level of alert, says the BBC's Kate McGeown in Manila.
Four members of another family were rushed to hospital in the landslide that killed the family in Manila's Quezon City, according to the government's disaster council.
"This is where my house used to be, this one is the end of our fence," Jessie Bailon, one of those affected by the landslide, was quoted by the Associated Press news agency as saying.
Floods: Eyewitness accounts
He said that his wife, two children and one grandchild were still missing.
Another resident said that "the ground was shaking" and that he barely made it before the landslide hit his home.
A local police official was also quoted as saying that four people had drowned in another province, but this has not been confirmed.
Weather officials warn that the floods could get worse as the overflowing La Mesa dam, which holds back Manila's main reservoir, spills more water.
"If we put it in a percentage, at least 50% of Metro Manila is flooded," Jean Navarez, from the state weather service, was quoted by AFP as saying.
Residents living in slums and shanty towns on low ground have taken shelter in community buildings, reports said.
Several key roads were impassable and power had also been cut in some areas, mostly as a precaution, officials said.
Dams and waterways in affected areas are also being closely monitored. Rescue efforts are now underway to help stranded residents.
"As of now, it's difficult to rescue the trapped residents, as we are battling strong currents with our life crafts," police rescuer Eric Baran told Reuters news agency.
"It's been raining continuously for over 24 hours now," resident Justin Robertson told the BBC from Quezon City.
"We live on a hill and at the bottom of the hill there is a junction which is covered in water. Most offices and schools are closed today and we've decided to remain indoors as the main roads are either flooded or blocked with broken down vehicles."


A "serial liar" who made a series of false rape allegations has been convicted of perjury and perverting the course of justice.

Jemma Beale claimed she had been sexually assaulted by six men and raped by nine, in four different encounters.
One allegation led to the conviction of a man who was jailed for seven years.
The 25-year-old from Hounslow was found guilty following a six-week trial at Southwark Crown Court. She is due to be sentenced on 24 August.
Kevin Lynott, who led the investigation by the Metropolitan Police into the false allegations, said Beale had "been exposed as a serial liar".
"I can only think that she was motivated partly by financial reward, but mainly the attention and control over her partners and family at the time she made the allegations," he added.


A man has died in a collision between a tractor and a motorcycle in Lincolnshire.

The crash happened at about 14:15 BST on the B1191 at Thornton, near Woodhall Spa.
Lincolnshire Police said the motorcyclist killed in the collision lived locally, but has not released any further details. The tractor driver was not injured.
The force has appealed for witnesses to the collision to come forward.
The B1191 was closed in both directions between the B1192 Tattershall Road junction in Woodhall Spa and the A158 Jubilee Way junction in Horncastle


An urgent investigation has been launched after a software error was discovered in an online form used by divorcing couples in England and Wales.

The error on the Ministry of Justice website had been present since April 2014 but has only just been uncovered.
The issue with the form, which records couples' financial details, could mean thousands of financial settlements are based on incorrect calculations.
The Ministry of Justice said it was trying to identify those affected.


Money worries and the distractions of social media mean people are having sex less frequently, researchers say.

A once-a-decade poll of 15,000 Britons found those aged 16-44 were having sex fewer than five times a month.
The figure compared with more than six times a month on the last two occasions when the official National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles was carried out, in 1990-91 and 1999-2001.
The study's authors say modern life may be having an impact on libidos.
Dr Cath Mercer, from University College London, said: "People are worried about their jobs, worried about money. They are not in the mood for sex.
"But we also think modern technologies are behind the trend too. People have tablets and smartphones and they are taking them into the bedroom, using Twitter and Facebook, answering emails."
She also said the survey suggested that couples aged 16 to 44 may be using online porn as a substitute for sex.
Men polled in 2010 to 2012 reported having sex 4.9 times a month and women 4.8. In both previous surveys the averages were more than six for both sexes both times.
The survey carried out by NatCen Social Research and analysed by researchers from University College London and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine also asked older people about their sex lives.
It found 42% of women and 60% of men aged 65 to 74 had had sex in the past year.
Nonetheless, they were the age groups having the least sex - 2.3 times a month for men and 1.4 for women.
Among men, the 25-to-34 age group were having the most sex - 5.4 times a month - and for women it was the 16-to-24 age group, 5.8 times.
The latest survey, which is carried out every 10 years, also shows the age at which people start having sex is lower in the younger age groups.
The average age for the under-25s is 16 compared with 19 for men and 18 for women in the 65-to-74 age group.
Among other findings:
Genevieve Edwards, from Marie Stopes International, said: "A key insight from the survey is that people are having sex earlier and having children later, which means that, on average, women in Britain spend about 30 years of their life needing to avert an unplanned pregnancy, yet many are not being informed about or offered the full range of services.
"Long-acting contraceptives, for example, can be extremely effective and convenient but too many are never offered the choice."
But the poll - the full details of which have been reported in the Lancet - also revealed the extent to which people are forced to have sex against their will.
One in 10 women and one in 70 men said they had experienced it.
However, fewer than half had told anyone about it and even fewer (13% of women and 8% of men) had reported the crime to the police.
A selection of your comments:


Ireland lost by 11 runs to Papua New Guinea in Townsville but finished as 2-1 winners in the three-game T20 series.

Sese Bau (25) and Charles Amini (24) helped Papua New Guinea post 116-8 in Tuesday's dead-rubber while Tim Murtagh picked up three wickets.
Niall O'Brien top-scored with 27 in Ireland's disappointing response and captain Gary Wilson hit 15 on his 200th appearance.
Ireland slipped from 49-2 to 105 all out on a sluggish pitch.
Papua New Guinea managed just three fours and two sixes in their innings, giving an indication of the difficult conditions.
Murtagh (3-23) was the best of the Irish attack while spinner George Dockrell (2-15) picked up two wickets.
Chad Soper (3-13) removed openers Paul Stirling (eight) and Andrew Balbirnie (five), but a steady stand of 31 between Niall O'Brien and Wilson looked to be steering Ireland towards victory.
However, Wilson's dismissal was followed by Kevin O'Brien's first ball, and Ireland were on the slide.
Despite brief cameos from Stuart Thompson (10) and Andrew McBrine (10no), the visitors were dismissed in the last over for 105.
Ireland travel to the United Arab Emirates to play a warm-up against a club side on Saturday before taking on the hosts in two T20s on Sunday and Tuesday.


Fiji World Cup centre Josh Matavesi has signed a new three-year contract with Ospreys.

The 24-year-old made 29 appearances in his first full season with the Welsh region after signing from Worcester Warriors on a two-year deal in January 2014.
Matavesi's new contract will see him stay at the Liberty Stadium until the summer of 2018.
"It was an easy decision" said Matavesi, who was born in England.
"I feel that I've grown in this environment, which is geared to improving players, and I think that I can continue to develop here."
Matavesi, who has also played for Exeter Chiefs and Racing Metro, has been an unused replacement in Fiji's opening two World Cup matches.
He is part of the squad preparing for Thursday's Pool A game against Wales at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium.
Ospreys rugby general manager Andrew Millward said Matavesi had made an impression during his first season with the region.
"When he gets back from the World Cup we'll be expecting him to pick up where he left off last season and continue to be a key figure for us," Millward said.


For seven months, Brendan Rodgers and Mark Warburton forged an alliance.

Their work together, mostly at Watford's London Colney training ground, was based on shared views on how football should be played.
When Rodgers left Chelsea's youth set-up to become Watford manager in November 2008, Warburton was already academy manager at the club. The working environment was collegiate and open, leading to relationships that have endured.
Now, Rangers boss Warburton and new Celtic manager Rodgers are preparing to be drawn together by a different dynamic: the Old Firm rivalry and a Scottish Premiership season in which promoted Rangers will be striving to challenge champions Celtic for the title.
There is no mistaking teams coached by Rodgers and Warburton. Details can change but the foundation is possession, circulating the ball while working space for attacks based on wide players coming infield to play between the lines and support a central striker.
It is contemporary football, well organised and well coached, with trigger points during build-up play that inform the movement of players in the final third. The two men come from different backgrounds, but there was a meeting of minds when they worked together.
"The format of the play is similar, definitely on the tactical side," said Sean Dyche, the Burnley manager who was a youth coach at Watford and a contemporary of both.
"Brendan came in and put his own mark on what he wanted Watford to do. But he was quite flexible because of the quality of the player against what he'd had previously at Chelsea and he did play a more mixed style.
"Since he's gone on to Swansea and Liverpool particularly, he's mainly trying to build on possession-based games. We had loads of open discussions and they are ongoing."
Rodgers' tactical flexibility was evident at Anfield, as he switched formations - often during games - to maximise the work of Daniel Sturridge, Raheem Sterling and Luis Suarez.
Warburton has been less pragmatic, although he may have to consider tweaking his 4-3-3 to accommodate Jordan Rossiter, an accomplished ball-winner and reader of the game, and Joey Barton, who also tends to sit deep.
Rangers also found their tactics picked apart last season by St Johnstone, whose manager Tommy Wright devised a strategy that took advantage of the space behind the attacking full-backs in a League Cup win at Ibrox.
"Warbo has spoken openly of his idea of if it's not quite working, do it better, which suggests that he'd stick mainly to his beliefs on how the team should play," Dyche said.
"Brendan has shown that he is willing to change shape, but I don't think he'll go far away from a possession-based game.
"For Rangers it's a different challenge from last season when everybody knew how strong they were going to be and they proved that on a weekly basis.
"It's a higher level of football now - can they take that strength and consistency into the higher level and do they need to change things?
"It's quite clear from Warbo's signings that he's felt there's a need for experience. That's one thing he's been pragmatic with; he's maybe looked and thought: high level of football, a bigger demand in handling the occasions and delivering performances."
Rodgers and Warburton both felt a calling towards coaching, although at different stages of their lives. The impetus was the same since neither achieved their ambitions of a top-flight playing career.
Injuries played a part in halting their progress, and Rodgers moved immediately into youth coaching. Warburton spent several years working as a city trader but decided to devote himself to football again when he found himself sketching out passing drills for an under-13 team rather than focusing on a major currency trade.
Both owe some of their initial progress to relationships forged in the past - Steve Clarke recommended Rodgers as a potential youth coach to Jose Mourinho at Chelsea while Warburton's time at Brentford was enabled by his relationship with the owner, Matt Benham, who was also involved in the NextGen European youth tournament that Warburton helped to devise.
"Having seen them work, even though the thoughts on how they want to format a team may be similar, how they coach is different because they're different personalities," Dyche said.
"Both their lifestyles to where they are now will have formed them into what they are. Warbo has his business background and some of the processes he used there, how they cross over into football, and Brendan has more of a pure football background and has been coaching from a young age all the way through the system.
"They'll both put their stamp on their different groups. As people, they're different characters."
When Warburton was appointed Rangers manager last summer he received a message from Rodgers. They have spoken since the latter took over at Celtic in May. There is a deep mutual respect.
Warburton engaged in a few verbal jousts with former Hibernian head coach Alan Stubbs last season and Rodgers knows what it is to operate in the scrutiny of the top flight of English football.
Separating their relationship from the demands of this campaign will be a challenge in itself. There is unlikely, though, to be a spikiness in the way they deal with the rivalry and the pressure in their media appearances.
"There's a lot of respect as football people and as friends but I don't think there's that kind of intimate friendship between Warbo and Brendan," Dyche added.
"When the whistle blows, the competitive nature comes out and most people in football have a very high thirst and drive to win. When it's game time, they'll both be making sure their players are on top form to win a game.
"Away from that, even with the rivalry between the two clubs, there will be that respect between the two men."


Hearts moved clear into third place in the Premiership with victory over Dundee at Tynecastle.

Hearts pressed heavily in the first half with Callum Paterson, Conor Sammon and Tony Watt all going close.
Dundee improved after half-time with Tom Hateley, Kostadin Gadzhalov and Yordi Teijsse all hitting the woodwork.
Callum Paterson finally broke the deadlock when he rose highest to head into the far corner, before Bjorn Johnsen smashed home a late goal.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Hearts created numerous chances, but so too did Dundee.
In the first half it seemed only a matter of time before the home side would find the back of the net. But the simple fact is the Hearts strikeforce are not scoring enough goals - Sammon and Watt only have one goal each this season.
That struggle may last a little longer with winger Sam Nicholson ruled out for three months after going under the knife to fix a knee problem, but Faycal Rherras, who was taken to hospital in Morocco after falling ill on international duty, should return to training next week.
Watt was replaced before the hour, with Robbie Muirhead given his chance. Sammon ploughed on until he was replaced by Bjorn Johnson, who scored the late goal that sealed the win.
It is strange that right-back Paterson is the biggest goal threat. He always carried a danger every time he loped forward, and once again he found the back of the net.
It has just not really happened for the new Dundee strikeforce so far either.
Manager Paul Hartley talked before the match how hard it was to replace the 40-odd goals of Kane Hemmings and Greg Stewart.
It was always going to be difficult to repeat the alchemy of turning lower league players into gold star material.
Tiejsse struggled to make the ball stick up front, but he did have a great chance when he flashed a shot off the post. He also put a header wide of the post.
There were sporadic flashes from Faissal El Bakhtaoui, who won the free-kick from which Tom Hateley grazed the bar. It was probably always going to take time for El Bakhtaoui to make the step up, and he is not there yet.
Dundee, to their great credit, hit the woodwork four times - Hateley twice, Teijsse and Gadzhalov once.
If you are struggling to score goals, you can at least tighten up at the back. Dundee started with a back three which at times was more of a back five.
Overall Dundee looked pretty solid, until Hearts finally found a way through. Kevin Gomis was not perfect but overall he provided a commanding presence at the back. He looks like a top signing by Hartley.
But Dundee need goals, simple as that.
Hearts boss Robbie Neilson: "A good three points, tough game. I thought we created a lot of good chances, but didn't take them which was frustrating.
"Dundee had a period when they were on top and pretty dominant, hit the woodwork a couple of times and it became end to end.
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"We made a couple of changes, brought Robbie Muirhead on and he changed the game for us to be honest. He gave us energy, great delivery and allowed us to get a bit more width which I think was key to the game."
Dundee manager Paul Hartley: "It was a good performance from the players. I thought we were terrific. We should have taken something from the game.
"The amount of chances we created, the set-piece delivery was brilliant and we just weren't clinical enough."
Match ends, Heart of Midlothian 2, Dundee 0.
Second Half ends, Heart of Midlothian 2, Dundee 0.
Foul by Jamie Walker (Heart of Midlothian).
Paul McGowan (Dundee) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Igor Rossi (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Faissal El Bakhtaoui (Dundee).
Attempt saved. Rory Loy (Dundee) right footed shot from a difficult angle on the right is saved in the bottom right corner.
Goal!  Heart of Midlothian 2, Dundee 0. Bjorn Johnsen (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from very close range to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Jamie Walker with a cross.
Alim Ozturk (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Yordi Teijsse (Dundee).
Substitution, Heart of Midlothian. Prince Buaben replaces Don Cowie.
Substitution, Dundee. Rory Loy replaces Kostadin Gadzhalov.
Attempt missed. Yordi Teijsse (Dundee) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Corner,  Dundee. Conceded by John Souttar.
Attempt saved. Callum Paterson (Heart of Midlothian) header from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Kevin Holt.
Attempt blocked. Arnaud Djoum (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Jamie Walker (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Danny Williams (Dundee).
Corner,  Dundee. Conceded by Igor Rossi.
Foul by Perry Kitchen (Heart of Midlothian).
Faissal El Bakhtaoui (Dundee) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt saved. Arnaud Djoum (Heart of Midlothian) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Substitution, Dundee. Cameron Kerr replaces Tom Hateley.
Substitution, Dundee. Michael Duffy replaces James Vincent.
Attempt missed. Igor Rossi (Heart of Midlothian) header from the centre of the box is just a bit too high.
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Kevin Holt.
Substitution, Heart of Midlothian. Bjorn Johnsen replaces Conor Sammon.
Foul by Callum Paterson (Heart of Midlothian).
Faissal El Bakhtaoui (Dundee) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Goal!  Heart of Midlothian 1, Dundee 0. Callum Paterson (Heart of Midlothian) header from the centre of the box to the top left corner. Assisted by Robbie Muirhead following a set piece situation.
Paul McGowan (Dundee) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Igor Rossi (Heart of Midlothian) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Paul McGowan (Dundee).
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Kevin Gomis.
Corner,  Dundee. Conceded by Igor Rossi.
Foul by Igor Rossi (Heart of Midlothian).
(Dundee) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Heart of Midlothian. Conceded by Kostadin Gadzhalov.
Yordi Teijsse (Dundee) hits the left post with a right footed shot from outside the box.


Britain's Brydan Klein has been knocked out in the second round of the Auckland Open in straight sets by Joao Sousa.

The world number 324 lost 6-3 6-4 in one hour, 13 minutes to the Portuguese world number 44 on Wednesday.
He fired five aces and twice broke Sousa's serve, but was unable to take a set off the fellow 27-year-old.
Qualifier Klein had reached the second round thanks to a 6-1 6-7 (6-8) 7-6 (7-3) win over Argentina's Facundo Bagnis - ranked 269 places above him.


Textbooks might have to be re-written when it comes to some of the earliest land creatures, a study suggests.

Researchers have found that our understanding of the anatomy of the first four-legged animals is wrong.
New 3D models of fossil remains show that previous renderings of the position of the beasts' backbones were actually back-to-front.
The findings, published in the journal Nature, may even change our thinking on how the spine evolved.
The scientists looked at a group of animals called the tetrapods, examining three creatures called Ichthyostega, Acanthostega and Pederpes.
These primitive four-legged animals are of great interest to palaeontologists: they were the first creatures to haul themselves out of the oceans, paving the way for all future vertebrate life on land.
Studying how these animals are put together is key to understanding how they made this transition.
The researchers from the University of Cambridge and the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) used the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) to bombard the 360-million-year old fossils with high energy X-rays.
This enabled them to create detailed computer reconstructions of the prehistoric animals.
RVC's Prof John Hutchinson said: "Their vertebrae are actually structurally completely different from what everyone for the last 150 or so years has pictured. The textbook examples turn out to be wrong."
The scientists found that parts of the spine thought to face the front of the animal, in fact faced the back - and vice versa.
They also discovered the earliest known evidence of a breastbone in Ichthyostega.
Prof Hutchinson said the findings provided more clues about how the early animals physically moved out of the water and on to land.
An earlier paper by the same team suggested that the tetrapods dragged themselves out of the sea, using their front legs to haul the rest of their body along the ground. The new anatomical findings backed this up, Prof Hutchinson said.
The study also shed more light on how the modern backbone evolved.
He explained: "All of that anatomy [from these early land animals ] was handed down to later animals.
"It influenced the future evolution of the spine in everything on land. It tells us about our own development and why our own backbones developed they way they did."


Iraqi government forces have made gains in their offensive to drive Islamic State militants from Falluja - one the country's two major cities in IS hands.

The nearby town of Karma, the first line of IS defence, is now in the army's hands, a BBC correspondent says.
Large numbers of elite combat troops have also been deployed near Falluja, about 45km (28 miles) west of Baghdad.
But IS hit back north of Falluja, killing and injuring some Iraqi forces in a suicide car bomb attack.
A counter-attack south of the city was repelled with the help of helicopter gunships, the BBC's Jim Muir in Karma reports.
This comes just days after the IS commander in Falluja, Maher al-Bilawi, was killed along with dozens militants in US-led coalition air strikes, according to Washington.
How tough will it be to take Falluja?
Islamic State: The full story
Karma is now firmly under control of government forces, including rapid reaction troops and federal police, our correspondent says.
Iran-backed Shia militias, which also took part in the fighting, have left graffiti on the walls of buildings in the town, including one saying: "Thank you, Iran."
But Karma is now a ghost town, with not a single civilian to be seen and with rows of shops battered and burnt out and some bigger buildings badly damaged, our correspondent adds.
Large number of the elite Counter-Terrorism Force have been brought up in preparation for an assault on the city itself.
However, it is not clear when the attack will begin.
Some 50,000 civilians remain trapped in the city and have been told via leaflet drops to avoid IS areas and put white sheets on their roofs, the US military says.
The UN says it has reports of people dying of starvation and being killed for refusing to fight for IS.
Falluja fell to IS in 2014, a key moment in its rise that saw it declare a caliphate across swathes of Iraq and Syria.
The other major Iraqi city still controlled by IS is Mosul.


The owner of US stores chain Saks Fifth Avenue, Hudson's Bay, is buying Germany's biggest department store chain, Kaufhof, for €2.8bn (£2.03bn).

Kaufhof, currently owned by Metro, owns 120 stores across Germany.
Hudson's Bay (HBC), based in Toronto, bought high-end retailer Saks Fifth Avenue in 2013 for $2.14bn (£1.38bn).
The deal would give Hudson's Bay more than 450 stores across four countries. HBC's Richard Baker said it been hoping to expand in Europe for some time.
Mr Baker said: "We have been carefully surveying the European retail landscape for many years for a potential expansion opportunity and have watched Kaufhof build on its exceptional real estate to become the #1 department store in Germany."
Retail experts say the deal could be tricky.  "It's difficult for any foreigner to penetrate any developed market," Thomas Roeb, retail consultant, says.  "Whenever you look, entering a mature retail market is always a risky venture."
Mr Roeb also points out that department stores have been in steady decline since the early 1980s.
The world's biggest retailer, Wal-Mart, moved into the German market in 1998, only to retreat in 2006, selling its 85 German stores to Metro


A South African man and his Ukrainian fiancee have been detained in the United Arab Emirates for unlawful sex, a relative says.

Emlyn Culverwellâ€š 29, and Iryna Nohai, 27, were reportedly arrested after a doctor discovered Ms Nohai, who had stomach cramps, was pregnant.
They were arrested for sex outside of marriage, which is illegal in the UAE.
Mr Culverwell's mother has pleaded for their release, saying "the only thing they did wrong was fall in love".
South Africa's foreign ministry has said that it is not able to help the couple as this is a matter of domestic UAE law, News24 reports.
The South African government has advised the couple to get legal assistance, the BBC's Pumza Fihlani in Johannesburg says.
There was no immediate comment from the UAE government.
Mr Culverwell and Ms Nohai have reportedly been held since January, but news of their detention has only emerged now.
Mr Culverwell has been working in the UAE for the past five years.
His mother Linda told News24 that the family is "trying to get messages to the two to say we love them and that they shouldn't be worried".
The couple have not yet been charged as the authorities are still carrying out tests, Mrs Culverwell added.
If found guilty, they could face a long jail sentence.


Chelsea winger Mohamed Salah has signed for Roma on a permanent deal.

The 24-year-old Egypt international spent last season on loan at the Serie A club, making 34 league appearances.
Salah signed for Chelsea from Basel in January 2014 for £11m on a five-and-a-half year deal, and made his debut a month later against Newcastle.
After playing 13 Premier League games, he was loaned to Fiorentina at the end of the 2014-15 season and has remained in Italy since then.


A homeless man found dead in the doorway of a disused shop in Belfast city centre has been described as "a loveable rogue".

The man, in his 30s, regularly slept in the doorway in Donegall Place where he was found dead on Saturday evening.
Donna Connor, from the charity Hope Outreach For The Homeless, said they looked after him on a nightly basis.
"He was a loveable rogue and we treated him as we would treat our own sons," she said.
"It's horrendous to think that this has happened, that he died where he sleeps on a nightly basis.
"Even this morning coming in, it was hard to go past the spot without being upset."
She said the last time she saw the man was on Friday night.
"I hadn't seen him for a few nights and I asked where he was - he'd been in hospital - and he asked me for a hug and that was something that he'd never done before," she said.
"I told him I loved him."
Police have said the man's death is not being treated as suspicious.
Ms Connor said the problem of homelessness was getting worse in Belfast.
She said there would be 27 regular rough sleepers in the city centre at the minute, though the figure tends to drop during particularly bad weather.
Their ages range from 17 to the late 50s and they are both male and female, she added.
"There's a range of issues and reasons as to why they're there, ranging from relationship breakdowns, be it parent-child, husband-wife; there's a lot of mental health issues as well, job losses," Ms Connor added.
"There's no one specific reason as to why these people are where they are - they certainly don't choose to be there.
"The saying is 'everybody's just a paycheque away from losing everything'."
She gave this advice to people walking by someone who is homeless: "Just give them a smile - it's not a lot and it costs nothing."


The White House has denied the president's budget proposal contains an "egregious" maths error.

Former US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers pointed out the spending plan double-counts $2tr (Â£1.5tr).
But White House budget director Mick Mulvaney told reporters: "We stand by the numbers."
Unveiled on Tuesday, the budget proposes deep cuts to welfare programmes.
Mr Summers, also formerly chief economist of the World Bank, was one of the first to spot the apparent mistake.
UN criticises Trump peacekeeper cuts
"It appears to be the most egregious accounting error in a presidential budget in the nearly 40 years I have been tracking them," he wrote on his blog.
He said the spending plan was "simply ludicrous".
The budget forecasts about $2tr in extra federal revenue growth over the next 10 years, which it uses to pay for Mr Trump's "biggest tax cut in history".
But that very same $2tr is then used to reduce the budget deficit.
"My observation is that there appears to be a logical error of the kind that would justify failing a student in an introductory economics course," Mr Summers wrote.
A prominent conservative economist agreed there was a discrepancy.
Douglas Holtz-Eakin, president of the American Action Forum and former director of the Congressional Budget Office, told the Los Angeles Times the numbers "don't seem to match".
Trump budget: Global losers of 'America First' plan
But Mr Mulvaney said during a press briefing on Tuesday that the alleged gimmick was done "on purpose".
"The money can be used to both reduce the budget deficit and offset Mr Trump's proposed tax cuts," he told reporters.
He added: "There's other places where we were probably overly conservative in our accounting."
That is not the only problem with President Trump's $4.1tr federal budget, according to analysts on both sides of the political divide.
It hinges on the country achieving 3% annual growth, but most economists say this is unlikely for the US.
The plan - titled A New Foundation for American Greatness - takes a hatchet to federal programmes for the disadvantaged, such as food stamps, disability payments and healthcare.
Democratic lawmakers have savaged the budget, and even fiscally hawkish Republicans seem taken aback by the magnitude of the cuts.
The austerity measures "are astonishing and frankly immoral", Congresswoman Pramilla Jayapal told Mr Mulvaney as he testified to the House Budget Committee on Wednesday.
"This budget starts by taking away healthcare, then food, then housing, then education, then job opportunities," the Washington Democrat said.
Former Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton said the budget shows an "unimaginable level of cruelty" for millions of Americans and children.
But the spending plan is likely to undergo substantial revisions on Capitol Hill before final approval.


The threat of industrial action by workers building the Hinkley Point nuclear power station has been averted due to an interim pay deal.

Unite union members had warned of strikes over bonus pay, but it has now been agreed that interim bonuses will be paid out until the end of August.
A long-term settlement will also be considered by union officials and EDF Energy, which is behind the scheme.
Hinkley Point C is expected to be operational in 2025.
Unite officer, Jerry Swain, said the interim agreement was "crucial" in providing a "breathing space" and "creating the opportunity for a long-term solution".
"I am pleased that following consultation with our stewards and members that we have been able to agree a clear path forward," he said.
"And that the prospect of industrial action, which is always a last resort, can be taken off the agenda in order to allow the panel to deliberate."
Nigel Cann, of EDF, said it has created a "very competitive reward structure" for its workforce.
"We are pleased that these interim arrangements allow constructive dialogue to continue to finalise this important agreement," he said.
"Unite has been a constructive partner in the discussions to date and I look forward to this continuing throughout the construction of the Hinkley Point C power station."


Syrian government forces and their Russian backers have completely recaptured the ancient city of Palmyra from so-called Islamic State (IS) militants, the two allies say.

The army and other pro-government forces were reported to have entered deep into the city after IS pulled out.
It ends the second occupation of Palmyra by the jihadists.
The first time they controlled the area, the militants destroyed some of its most celebrated monuments.
IS fighters were driven out in March last year, but managed to retake the city, its world famous ruins and the surrounding area in December.
Syria's Ambassador to the United Nations Bashar al-Jaafari confirmed the recapture on Thursday. He said the city had been "liberated from the hands of the terrorist organisation" and that President Bashar al-Assad had kept his promise to drive them out.
In Russia, Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu was reported by local media to have told President Vladimir Putin on Thursday that Palmyra had been fully retaken by the Syrian army with help from the Russian air force.
There were clashes and heavy shelling across the historic city as the offensive unfolded on Wednesday, UK-based monitoring group the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said.
IS militants planted mines in several areas of the city before withdrawing, it said.
IS held the ruins and the nearby city, known locally as Tadmur, for 10 months after seizing it for the first time in May 2015. It blew up temples, burial towers and the Arch of Triumph, believing the shrines and statues to be idolatrous.
The jihadists also destroyed the 2,000-year-old Temple of Bel, the great sanctuary of the Palmyrene gods.
The militants were then forced out by a Russian-backed government offensive in March 2016, but regained control while pro-government forces where focused on the battle for the city of Aleppo late last year.
In January, satellite images revealed that the group destroyed the tetrapylon - a group of four pillared structures which were mainly modern replicas - and part of the Roman Theatre.
The head of Unesco, Irinia Bokova, described the destruction as "a new war crime".


Former Rangers owner Craig Whyte has been declared bankrupt in the wake of losing an £18m damages claim.

Ticketing firm Ticketus successfully sued the 44-year-old for damages in 2013 over his part in the takeover of the Ibrox club in 2011.
The bankruptcy petition was filed at the High Court in London after Mr Whyte did not pay a judgment debt, plus costs and interest, currently worth £20.8m.
Mr Whyte also faces criminal charges over his part in the Rangers takeover.
A spokesman for Ticketus said: "Ticketus is pleased with the outcome of today's hearing and will now support the appointment of a trustee in Bankruptcy, who can start the process of claiming any assets that Mr Whyte holds for the benefit of Mr Whyte's creditors."
Ticketus provided cash to help Mr Whyte purchase Rangers in 2011.
The agreement was later terminated when the club entered administration in February 2012.
In its action against Mr Whyte, Ticketus said that he fraudulently or negligently made representations which induced the company to enter into agreements related to the sale or purchase of Rangers season tickets, and claimed damages.
The firm sought £17.6m - the value of what it invested.
Whyte was absent when bankruptcy registrar Nicholas Briggs accepted Ticketus's evidence and ruled "the debts in the bankruptcy petition are true".
The registrar said Mr Whyte "was called six times this morning and staff combed the building" to see if he was present.
The registrar declared Whyte bankrupt, despite his non-appearance, after examining his written submissions to the court.
Matthew Collings QC, appearing for Ticketus, said there had been "a degree of radio silence" from Whyte, as he faces trial in Scotland.
Mr Collings said there was firm evidence that he was currently on bail somewhere in England, but it was believed his address was not being revealed "for his own safety".
The QC told the court: "Mr Whyte has said he is an unpopular man in Scotland.
"It is absolutely plain he has been in England. He himself says he provided an English address for the Scottish proceedings and the purposes of bail."
In April 2013, a High Court master ruled against Mr Whyte prior to a trial after Ticketus argued that the former Rangers boss had "no real prospect" of mounting a successful defence.
The master ordered Mr Whyte to pay £17.6m.
Mr Whyte bid to overturn the ruling on appeal was rejected at the High Court in London in November 2013.


At least 17 Iraqi soldiers have been killed in a series of suicide attacks by Islamic State (IS) militants in Anbar province, security officials say.

The militants reportedly launched a wave of bombings outside the IS-held city of Falluja on Tuesday night.
The attacks came hours after pro-government forces began an operation to drive the jihadists out of Anbar.
On Wednesday, troops and militiamen were said to have taken up positions south of the provincial capital Ramadi.
The city was captured two weeks ago after troops withdrew despite vastly outnumbering the IS forces attacking, prompting the US defence secretary to question their "will to fight".
A source in the Iraqi army's 1st Division told the BBC that 17 of its soldiers were killed in an attack on its headquarters 5km (3 miles) east of Falluja that involved three suicide car bombs.
The source added that suicide car bombs and militants wearing explosive vests were also used to attack troops and Shia militiamen north of the town of Karma, also east of Falluja.
In both cases, the militants took advantage of a sandstorm that engulfed most of Iraq on Tuesday night to get close to their targets.
Jihadists were also besieging troops stationed at one of the locks along the canal connecting Lake Tharthar with the River Euphrates, the source said.
Meanwhile, an Iraqi army colonel told the AFP news agency that troops and fighters from the Popular Mobilisation (al-Hashd al-Shaabi), a force comprising dozens of mostly Shia militias and some Sunni volunteers, had taken up positions on the southern edge of Ramadi, outside the city's ring road.
They took control of the southern districts of Taesh and Humayra and also managed to enter the campus of the University of Anbar, the colonel said.
On Tuesday, a spokesman for the Popular Mobilisation announced that an operation to regain control of Anbar had begun and that pro-government forces would seek to encircle Ramadi before launching an assault to retake it.
The spokesman said the operation would be called "Labayk ya Hussein" ("At your service, O Hussein") - a reference to one of the most revered imams of Shia Islam.
A US defence department spokesman said the choice of name for a military campaign taking place in a predominantly Sunni Muslim province was "unhelpful".
The key to victory against IS would be a unified Iraq "that separates itself from sectarian divides, coalesces around this common threat", Col Steve Warren added.
The US has previously urged the Shia-led government not to send Shia militias to Anbar in case they drove more of Anbar's Sunnis into supporting the jihadists.
IS exploited widespread Sunni anger at the previous administration sectarian policies to seize control of Falluja and parts of Ramadi in January 2014.
Islamic State PR gloss masks Iraqi forces' gains
Fall of Ramadi a "defeat for American strategy"


England women will travel to the West Indies in October for a five-match one-day series.

All matches will be played in Jamaica, with the first two in Montego Bay on 8 and 10 October.
The other three games - in Kingston on 14, 16 and 19 October - will double up as a round of fixtures in England's ICC Women's Championship campaign.
England, sixth in the championship, will qualify for next year's Women's World Cup by finishing in the top four.
The World Cup will be held in England in June and July 2017, with matches to be played at Lord's, Derby, Bristol, Leicester and Taunton.
"We all saw during the ICC Women's World T20 what a talented side they are, and they will be especially dangerous in home conditions," said England head coach Mark Robinson of West Indies, who won the World Twenty20 in April.
"It should be a really exciting tour and a challenge that we will relish."
England, who have won six and lost five of their 12 Women's Championship matches to date, face three home fixtures in the competition against Pakistan in June - at Leicester, Worcester and Taunton - before the West Indies trip.


Eight years ago photographer Brian David Stevens headed to the cenotaph on Remembrance Sunday to take pictures of the war veterans who gathered as part of the commemorations which are held across the UK in honour of those who died in wars and conflicts.

Yet Brian is not taking pictures of the parade, instead he is making portraits of the veterans themselves, compelling photographs of those who have fought for their country.
"The vast majority of veterans are happy to be photographed once I've explained the project," Brian told me. "After the march past they tend to be more relaxed.
"The passing of time is an important part of the project, it is only a 10-day shoot, but spread over 10 years it becomes something different. Obviously there's a lot more pressure to get it right in these later years of the project.
"As the years pass the number of veterans from the World War I has dwindled to nothing and the number from World War II is steadily reduced, but their places are taken by other veterans from newer conflicts, who are also included."
Though each of those pictured must have a compelling story to tell, Brian has embraced the concept of the Unknown Soldier. "The viewer is given no information just a portrait," Brian said.
He added: "These faces then are as of unknown soldiers, no cap badges, no ribbons of spooling medals, no insignia for military rank. They are faces only. Each deep-etched with who they are and what they did, that we might look, and think - and thank them."
The pictures bring to mind the work of Steve Pyke, whose portraits World War I veterans first came to my attention back in the mid-1990s when they were on show at the old headquarters of the Royal Photographic Society in Bath.
Yet whilst those pictures are accompanied with some details of the subject, Brian's decision to use a black cloth to remove any trace of where the pictures are taken, and the lack of any captions is one that works surprisingly well. My initial desire here is to learn more of those who fought, yet somehow that would detract from the overall effect of the work and perhaps influence our reading of the photographs.
"All the pictures are lit with daylight and my assistant holds a piece of black velvet behind the subject," said Brian. "It is a very simple set up and I am currently using a short telephoto lens. It pretty much allows the viewer to concentrate on the face, without any distractions. I want the pictures to be uniform so it holds together as a cohesive set."
It certainly does that, providing the viewer space in which to project their own thoughts and offering of thanks to those pictured, and those who did not return.
You can see more of Brian's from work below and on his excellent blog, Drifting Camera.


President Donald Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner will tell a Senate panel later that neither he nor any member of the Trump campaign team colluded with Russian officials over the US election.

He will say he had no improper contacts and had not relied on Russian funds to finance his business activities.
Mr Kushner released his opening statement ahead of the panel meeting.
The Senate, along with the House and a special counsel, are all investigating Russian interference in the election.
Mr Kushner, 36, is a senior adviser to the president and was in charge of the Trump campaign's digital strategy. He is married to Mr Trump's daughter, Ivanka.
Mr Kushner, who keeps a very low media profile, will attend a session on Monday before the Senate Intelligence Committee, and then appear before the House version on Tuesday.
In the statement to both congressional committees he released on Monday, he says: "I did not collude, nor know of anyone else in the campaign who colluded, with any foreign government."
"With respect to my contacts with Russia or Russian representatives during the campaign, there were hardly any," he says. At the end of the statement he speaks of "perhaps four contacts with Russian representatives" both during the campaign and after.
He does refer to a meeting with Russian lawyer Natalia Veselnitskaya in June last year. She had allegedly promised damaging material on Hillary Clinton.
Mr Kushner said he arrived late at the meeting, realised little of note was being discussed and that it was "time not well-spent".
He said: "I actually emailed an assistant from the meeting after I had been there for 10 or so minutes and wrote 'Can u pls call me on my cell? Need excuse to get out of meeting'."
Mr Trump Jr said former campaign chief Paul Manafort was also at the meeting and that no compromising material on Mrs Clinton was provided.
Anthony Zurcher, BBC North America reporter
In his Senate testimony Jared Kushner says he has nothing to hide and is "happy" to share information with those investigating possible Russian meddling in the 2016 presidential campaign.
His written statement, however, is an exercise in caution and lawyerly discretion. He addresses only the controversies already in the public sphere, then offers his explanation for why they are no big deal.
He receives hundreds of emails a day and didn't read his brother-in-law's forwarded message that said the Russian government wanted to help the Trump campaign.
Reports of an effort to set up back-channel communications with Russia after the election were a halted effort to get information about Syria from Russian generals.
He met with an influential Russian banker because the Russian ambassador - whose name he couldn't initially remember - was so persistent.
The incomplete security form was the result of a "miscommunication" with an assistant who submitted it too soon.
Beyond that, there are no new revelations; no new disclosures. If what's already out is all there is, Mr Kushner and his lawyers have done their best to defuse the bombs. When walking in a minefield, it's the ones you don't know about that pose the greatest risk.
One matter on which Mr Kushner may face a grilling is his security clearance declaration, as he accepts he failed initially to reveal his contacts with Russians.
He says the first form, a "rough draft that still had many omissions", was filed by an assistant in error on 18 January and that declarations on his foreign contacts, not just with Russians, were added over the next six months "in the normal course".
Mr Kushner is not expected to invoke his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination at the Congress meetings.
In his statement, he says: "I am happy to share information with the investigating bodies. I have shown today that I am willing to do so and will continue to co-operate as I have nothing to hide."
His statement concludes: "Hopefully, this puts these matters to rest."
Mr Kushner is also not expected to be under oath on Monday. However, what he says could be used against him at a later date and may well be passed to the special counsel, Robert Mueller, to help his investigation.
Adam Schiff, the top Democrat on the House intelligence panel, said: "There's a lot we want to know. We have a lot of ground to cover."
Mr Trump Jr and Mr Manafort had been scheduled to appear before Congress on Wednesday to testify but that has been delayed indefinitely as lawyers negotiate on the documentation and information to be discussed.
President Trump has repeatedly denied any collusion with Russia.
He continued his tirade against the investigation process on Sunday, tweeting: "As the phony Russian Witch Hunt continues, two groups are laughing at this excuse for a lost election taking hold, Democrats and Russians!"
Russia has also denied any involvement.


The Labour Party has begun the process of selecting a candidate to stand in the by-election triggered by the death of Batley and Spen MP Jo Cox.

Applications from members must be submitted by 16 September, with interviews held ahead of the selection of a shortlist.
A hustings event will take place on 23 September, with the by-election expected to be held on 20 October.
Mrs Cox was shot and stabbed in Birstall, West Yorkshire on 16 June.
Last month, former television soap star Tracy Brabin told the BBC she was considering putting her name forward to become the Labour candidate.
The ex-Coronation Street, EastEnders and Emmerdale actress' Twitter handle has now been changed to @Tracy4MP.
The Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and UKIP have all said they will not be fielding a candidate in the by-election.
However, Liberty GB and English Democrats have both announced plans to contest the seat.
Thomas Mair, 52, was charged with murder in relation to the death of Mrs Cox and is due to go on trial in November.
He was also charged with grievous bodily harm, possession of a firearm with intent to commit an indictable offence and possession of an offensive weapon.


Leading church figures in Northern Ireland have welcomed the election of Pope Francis as the new head of the Catholic Church.

Catholic Bishop Donal McKeown said he hoped the new Pope would help the Church to begin a "new chapter".
He said he was confident Pope Francis would "deal with the terrible mistakes of the past" and bring hope for the future of the Church and its followers.
The Church of Ireland and Methodist church also welcomed his appointment.
Dr Richard Clarke, the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh, offered prayers for Pope Francis as he begins his new ministry, and Rev Kenneth Lindsay, president of the Methodist Church, offered his congratulations.
Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina was elected in Rome on Wednesday evening, becoming the first pope from outside Europe in 1,300 years.
The Right Reverend Donal McKeown, auxiliary bishop of the Down and Connor diocese, said the appointment "marks a complete new beginning for all of us" and said Pope Francis "will break the mould in many ways".
"That fact that we have somebody from a developing country, the fact that we have someone who is not in any way connected with the real centre of power, that fact that we have someone who has a clear reputation in his own country for leadership, for spirituality, is a sign that we're not looking for a power maker or a power broker," he said.
"We're looking for someone who will have the strength of his faith to lead and inspire a new generation to follow Christ."
The Rt Rev Donal McKeown said that although he did not know the new Pope in personal capacity, he was "excited" by the appointment .
He added that he was confident that the cardinals had chosen someone who could help lead the Catholic Church through "these difficult times" and "deal with the terrible mistakes of the past".
The Catholic Church in Ireland has been plagued by a series of high profile child sex abuse scandals in recent years, and its hierarchy has been severely criticised for mishandling abuse allegations and failing to protect children in its care.
The Rt Rev Donal McKeown added: "The one striking thing about the new pope is that he's quite an old man and yet he must have the energy to tackle many of the challenges that certainly will face him."
The auxiliary bishop said it was very significant that the new pontiff had chosen the name Francis, in tribute to the "humble" monk from Assisi.
"I think this man is saying 'yes you've elected me and yes, you know the sort of person I am, and I am prepared to start out on a new chapter in a development of God's people.
"Working for simplicity, working for purification and working most of all to give hope and renewal, as the original Francis did in the Middle Ages, at a time when all in our society need so much encouragement.
"We've had politicians who let us down, the banks let us down, the media let us down, the Church let us down and I think it's wonderful to have someone who says 'I want to give a simple message of hope'," Bishop McKeown added.
Monsignor Eamon Martin, coadjutor archbishop to the archdiocese of Armagh, said the new pontiff would have an approach based on humility.
He said before the Pope gave his blessings "he turned to the people and asked them to pray for him first for them to bless him, so that he in turn could bless them.
"So he's really appealing to the Church on the ground, to people of faith on the ground, to be the Church."
Pope Francis is the first Jesuit to become pontiff.
Belfast Jesuit Father Alan McGuckian said he was "totally shocked" as the order believed their role was to serve the Pope.
"I never believed there would be a Jesuit Pope," Fr McGuckian said.
"I always felt that was our role (to serve the Pope) and the idea that one of us would be a Pope never seemed to be on the cards.
"I get the impression that there's is a quality about him of austerity, humility and simplicity.
"He's the sort of man who's gone against the grain - as well as being humble, he's also a strong leader."
Margaret McGuckin, of Survivors and Victims of Institutional Abuse, said the new Pope needed to bring change.
"It was lovely pomp and ceremony, but at the end of it, we just wanted to know is this new Pope going to be different," she said.
"Is he going to get this debacle sorted out, face it, and not cover it up, or allow it to be covered up?
"In drawing younger people to the Church, the younger people would need to see action and this new Pope and the people around him dealing with sexual abuse.
"They've got to do this, they've got to face it."
In a statement, Dr Clarke of the Church of Ireland said the new pontiff "has been a champion of the needs of the poor and dispossessed, and, in the simplicity of his own lifestyle, he has sought to reflect the life of the much-loved saint whose name he now carries in the future, Saint Francis".
Methodist president, the Reverend Kenneth Lindsay, said Pope Francis brought "humility as well as intellectual and pastoral skills" to the papal office.
His humility was also something that struck the Irish journalist Gerard O'Connell, who previously met the new pope during a visit to the former cardinal's diocese of Buenos Aires.
"The first time I met him, I called him cardinal and he said 'no, please, I am father'. He said 'we don't need these titles, father is the perfect title'," Mr O'Connell said.
The journalist described how the then Cardinal Bergoglio lived a simple lifestyle in Buenos Aires, moving out of the bishops' palace in the city, opting instead to move into "two little rooms" in a church office.
He said he was also noted for his preference to take a bus rather than accept the offer of a limousine.
"I think we're going to see a very different style of papacy and I think Francis is right - that the central civil service of the Catholic Church is going to change," Mr O'Connell added.