NHS England says it is taking urgent measures to tackle the over-medication of people with learning disabilities.

A report by Public Health England estimates that up to 35,000 adults with a learning disability are being prescribed an antipsychotic, an antidepressant or both without appropriate clinical justification.
A letter is being sent to patients and professionals as a call to action.
Anyone concerned about a prescription is urged to consult their doctor.
People should not stop their medication unless they have been advised to do so by their clinician, experts advise.
The issue first came to light following a review into an abuse scandal at a private hospital. The government report into the events at Winterbourne View, noted "deep concerns" about the over-use of medicines in people with learning disabilities and autism.
When used appropriately and kept under review, the drugs can be useful.
But sometimes they are used wholly inappropriately, as a "chemical restraint" to control behaviour, in place of other more appropriate treatments, despite guidelines recommending against this.
NHS England commissioned three reports - from the Care Quality Commission, Public Health England and NHS Improving Quality - which found a much higher rate of prescribing of medicines associated with mental illness among people with learning disabilities than the general population.
NHS England will be hosting an urgent summit on the issue on 17 July to formulate a plan.
A delivery board will then be established to drive through the necessary changes.
Dominic Slowie, NHS England's national clinical director for learning disabilities, said: "This is a historic problem, but one that nobody knew the true scale of; that's why we worked with patients, carers and professionals to get to the bottom of the issues once and for all.
"We are determined to take action to protect this group of patients from over-medication."
The Royal College of Psychiatrists condemned inappropriate use of antipsychotic medication, warning: "There will not only be very few benefits to the individual, but a strong likelihood of undesirable neurological and metabolic side-effects."


Starbucks is taking its boldest step yet by opening its first store in Italy.

The American coffee chain promised to enter the birthplace of the espresso "with humility and respect".
The first Starbucks will open in Milan early next year, in partnership with Italian developer Percassi.
President Antonio Percassi said: "We know that we are going to face a unique challenge with the opening of the first Starbucks store in Italy."
It was a trip to Milan in the 1980s where he saw locals gathered at coffee bars that inspired Howard Schultz, chairman and chief executive of Starbucks, to set up a coffee shop in America. The chain now has 22,000 outlets in 67 countries.
"The dream of the company always has been to sometime complete the circle and open in Italy, but we haven't been ready," Mr Schultz said.
Mr Percassi said: "We know that we are going to face a unique challenge with the opening of the first Starbucks store in Italy, the country of coffee, and we are confident that Italian people are ready to live the Starbucks experience, as already occurs in many other markets."
Despite the country's long cultural and historical links with coffee - the espresso machine was invented in Italy - it is only the seventh-largest consumer of the beverage in Europe.
According to the European Coffee Federation, Finland consumed the most coffee in Europe in the year to May 2014 - the most recent figures available - followed by Austria and Sweden.
Mr Schultz said the Milan store will be designed with "painstaking attention to detail" to "honour the Italian people and their coffee culture".
"Visually, it has to be a very seductive place where Starbucks comes alive," he added.


The songs of World War 1 often speak of disillusionment, bitterness, boredom and a very dark sense of humour, says Scottish folk singer and producer Ian McCalman.

He says there was no talk of heroics in the songs the soldiers were singing in the trenches or in the music halls back in Blighty.
"Another surprise was that there were very few songs with any animosity towards the Germans, who they were fighting," says McCalman.
"It was quite unbelievable that the wrath of the soldiers was directed at their own Command."
Last week, England's education secretary Michael Gove sparked a heated debate when he hit out at "left-wing academics" and TV comedies and dramas which had led people to view the conflict as a "misbegotten shambles - a series of catastrophic mistakes perpetrated by an out-of-touch elite".
McCalman, whose show Far Far From Ypres will be performed at Celtic Connections later, says the theme of disillusionment with their situation and their commanders carries through all the songs, the poetry and the letters of the time.
One song - Hanging on the Old Barbed Wire - asks why various army members are not to be found in the combat zone or anywhere near the trenches.
The popular song has the quarter-master "miles and miles behind the line", the Sergeant-major is "stealing the privates' rum" and the Commissioned Officer is "down in a deep dug-out".
The final line of the song asks, where are the "old battalion"? It answers poignantly: "They're hanging on the old barbed wire."
It is a simple song, says McCalman, but one of the saddest in the show.
Far Far From Ypres began life as an album of songs and poems from WW1, which were recorded by Scottish folk singers.
McCalman, who says he is "not very proud" to admit that he knew very little about World War One or its songs before he began the project, was then inspired to write a narrative around the songs.
It tells the story of Jimmy MacDonald who "comes from any village, town or city" in Scotland.
Everyman Jimmy is full of enthusiasm and joins up as soon as he can, as so many did.
Jimmy gets his basic training on Salisbury Plain before heading off to the trenches of Flanders field.
The show, which is narrated by broadcaster Iain Anderson, features 28 of the finest singers from the Celtic Connections family, such as Barbara Dickson and Dick Gaughan.
It will play out at Glasgow's Royal Concert Hall against a backdrop of images from the war.
It was such a success when first performed in 2012 that it has been brought back to the festival to mark 100 years since the start of the "war to end all wars".
McCalman says the show is a labour of love for the performers, whom he jokes are "appearing for World War One wages".
The songs, simple as many of them are, give a vivid insight into the attitudes and concerns of the troops in the trenches, he says.
"They survived on bitter humour. They just had to grin and bear it.
"The simplest song of the whole lot was called 'We are here because we're here'."
This song just repeats its title over and over, betraying the trapped, futility of their situation.
"There was nothing else, there were no other words that they could say. They were stuck there," McCalman says.
Another song shows a surprising amount of solidarity with the German soldiers in the opposing trenches.
'Keep your head down Fritzie boy' has British troops in the trenches "up to their eyes in clay" when they spy a German "sticking up his snout".
Remarkably the Tommies shout at their enemy, warning him he is going to get shot if he is not careful.
Other songs such as Gassed last night bemoan the shortage of equipment, in this case respirators to survive the chemical gas attacks.
The bitterness and disillusionment in the songs continues for those who survive the war.
"I wore a tunic, a dirty khaki tunic" is about the perception that people who had not gone to the war had done much better by it.
It contains the line "You were with the wenches/While we were in the trenches/Facing an angry foe".
McCalman says despite the bitter tone of the songs they leave him, the singers and the audience with nothing but admiration for the sacrifices of the thousands of Scots who went to war.
He says: "If I had been there I would have been shot in the back by the Sergeant major because I would have been the first to run.
"So there is an element of hypocrisy in my admiration because I could never be as brave as they were."


Qualcomm, the largest maker of mobile phone chips, has cut its profit forecast, warning investors that Apple is withholding royalty payments amid a legal battle.

Apple sued Qualcomm in January, accusing the company of overcharging for its patented technology.
Qualcomm said on Friday it would defend its right to receive "fair value" for its "technological contributions".
The licence agreements had been in place for a decade, it said.
"These licence agreements remain valid and enforceable," Don Rosenberg, executive vice president and general counsel of Qualcomm, said.
Qualcomm's share price dropped 3% following the latest update, which came less than two weeks after the company reported quarterly earnings. Qualcomm said its forecast at that time involved scenarios with reduced payments - not their complete absence.
Qualcomm derived 40% of its revenue from Apple and Samsung Electronics in its most recent financial year.
In a statement, Apple said:  "Without an agreed-upon rate to determine how much is owed, we have suspended payments until the correct amount can be determined by the court."
Apple's legal action in January followed a complaint by the Federal Trade Commission, a US regulator, alleging Qualcomm had used "anticompetitive practices" to maintain a monopoly over key technology.
Apple has also sued Qualcomm in China and in the UK.


The captain of Lazio has been arrested by police investigating claims of match-fixing.

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Midfielder Stefano Mauri, 32, was held along with former Genoa midfielder Omar Milanetto, police said.
Juventus coach Antonio Conte, who just led the club to the Serie A title in his first season in charge, is among those being questioned by police.
Officers also visited Italy's pre-Euro 2012 training camp to question left-back Domenico Criscito, 25.
Police are searching more than 30 homes, including those of players, trainers and administrators of clubs in Serie A, Serie B and lower divisions.
For many months now this investigation into match-fixing in the Italian game has been widening and deepening. While up to now much of the suspicion has fallen on teams and players in the lower divisions of the game, the prestigious Serie A is increasingly being drawn into the scandal. None of this will come as any great surprise to those who are following this scandal closely. More painful and damaging, allegations and revelations lie ahead. Of course the fans hate it all, but many will continue to believe that the great bulk of players are clean. And some will argue that at least Italy is trying to tackle the match-fixing issue - while leagues in other countries may be choosing to look away.
Five people were also arrested in Hungary on suspicion of being part of an illegal international betting ring.
Police said Conte was being investigated on suspicion of sporting fraud and fraudulent association over allegations concerning a match between his previous club Siena and Novara in April 2011.
However Conte's lawyer, Antonio De Rencis, said: "Conte's reaction is that of someone who is completely innocent and strongly determined to prove his total innocence."
Later on Monday Italian football federation vice president Demetrio Albertini announced that Cristico, a former Genoa and Juventus defender who is now at Zenit St Petersburg in Russia, would not be selected for Euro 2012 'in order to clear his name'.
"We are disappointed but we have to remain close to the player," Albertini said. "Arrests have been made today but until proven otherwise, we are talking about innocent people even though they are considered suspects.
"I know Domenico and he is incredulous. He is an extraordinary guy and he has already seen his lawyers this morning. It is a strange day for us.
"These are things that we would not like to have had to go through."
Monday's operation was part of a wider investigation which has already seen a number of arrests of current and former Italian players. In June last year, the Interior Ministry set up a special match-fixing task force in response to a number of high-profile cases.
Juventus defender Leonardo Bonucci has also been linked to match-fixing in testimony from a probe in Bari, where he used to play, but is not under formal investigation and will go to the tournament in Ukraine and Poland.
Former Atalanta captain and Italy midfielder Cristiano Doni was banned for three-and-a-half years in August for his part in the 'Calcioscommesse' scandal involving Serie B matches last season. He was also arrested in December 2011 over match-fixing and betting allegations.
Atalanta, promoted from Serie B, were deducted six points in the top flight this season as a result of the scandal.
Former Lazio and Italy striker Giuseppe Signori was banned for five years and 15 other players were banned for between one and five years for their parts.
Mauri, who joined the Rome club from Udinese in 2006 and has 11 caps for Italy, made 16 league appearances last season as Lazio finished fourth in Serie A.
Milanetto, 36, signed for Serie B side Padova last summer after five years at Genoa and made 15 starts last season.


Mark McGhee paid tribute to unlikely goal hero Louis Laing for clinching Motherwell's victory in the Lanarkshire derby and overcoming his demons.

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Laing recently admitted he had felt like quitting football after being unable to hold down a regular place.
But the defender struck the only goal of Motherwell's crucial triumph over rivals Hamilton Academical, moving them to seventh place in the Premiership.
"I think in his own head he had lost his way a little bit," said McGhee.
"He looked to me as if every time the ball was in his vicinity he was having an out of body experience, watching everything and making mistakes."
But McGhee feels the former Nottingham Forest player has eradicated those negative thoughts by grasping the chance to get his career back on track.
"We've brought him back to ground," the manager told BBC Scotland. "He's now playing within himself and he'll benefit greatly from this match, being part of a win away from home and scoring the winning goal.
"It'll be a huge boost for him but he's worked hard to get back to here. Louis has come out of his shell. The day I arrived at the club I looked at him as a player who had huge potential as he's got such ability for a big lad.
"I've worked closely with Charlie Mulgrew at Aberdeen and Scotland and I look at Louis and see him having the same strengths with a range of passing."
Hamilton Academical player-manager Martin Canning felt his side's deficiencies in front of goal cost them dearly.
"There wasn't very much in it," said Canning. "I think in the first half we had the two or three best opportunities by a long distance and if you go in 1-0 up it's a different game.
"But we don't take our chances and at this level the other team's going to create something and they did. They have taken their chance and that's what has won them the game."
Accies have now gone 11 home games without a victory and remain only two points above the relegation play-off spot.
"I don't know why we can't win at home," added Canning. "Again today we had enough opportunities to go and win the game. Putting the ball in the back of the net is so important and we're not doing it regularly enough just now.
"We always knew it was going to be a difficult season. Every game becomes more important now and we've got to refocus, regroup and go again against Inverness next Saturday."


After long being considered part of the problem, Iran is now being seen as part of the solution - at least when it comes to ending the conflict in Syria.

That became apparent on Tuesday as the United States revealed it had invited Iran to take part in multilateral talks in Vienna on Friday, reversing its long-standing opposition to involving President Bashar al-Assad's closest ally in discussions about his future.
The change in US policy seems to be one of the first political dividends of July's nuclear agreement between Iran and six world powers.
The deal was the result of two years of direct negotiations between Secretary of State John Kerry and his Iranian counterpart Mohammad Javad Zarif, during which there was a need for a great deal of mutual understanding and respect.
Iran has now confirmed that Mr Zarif will travel to Vienna on Thursday for preliminary talks with his Russian counterpart Sergei Lavrov.
He will be accompanied by two deputies, including Hossein Amir-Abdollahian, the foreign ministry's point-man on Arab affairs.
Last Friday, Mr Kerry organised a day of meetings with his Russian, Turkish and Saudi counterparts in the Austrian capital, at which they discussed how to start a political process to end Syria's war.
One topic that would surely have been hard for them to avoid was the fate of the Syrian president.
Russia has always insisted that Mr Assad must be part of any political transition in Syria. But the US, Turkey and Saudi Arabia, as well as Syria's main opposition alliance, have until recently been equally adamant that he must play no role.
While stressing that it is not seeking to keep Mr Assad in power forever, Iran meanwhile believes he needs to continue as president to fight the jihadist group Islamic State (IS) and maintain national unity.
Now with Russia launching an air campaign against Mr Assad's opponents in Syria, and Iran reportedly sending hundreds of combat troops to join assaults on rebel-held areas, the political chessboard has been transformed.
Aside from inviting Iran to attend the talks in Vienna, the US has also said it could live with a political transition in Syria that would leave Mr Assad temporarily in power, potentially removing an obstacle to building international consensus.
For some time, Iran has been pushing a four-point plan for Syria that calls for a ceasefire, followed by the formation of a national unity government, constitutional reforms and, finally, free elections. The plan could, conceivably, now be used as a basis for further discussions.
But perhaps more surprising than the change in US policy, has been Saudi Arabia's acquiescence to Iran's involvement in the talks in Vienna.
According to some reports, only hours before the invitation was sent, King Salman was pleading with Mr Kerry not to do so.
Many in the region see the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia as being at the heart of the deepening conflicts in the Middle East.
Aside from potentially ending the destructive and bloody war in Syria, the talks in Vienna might therefore offer a way to calm that rivalry.


Two high-rise buildings in Merseyside have failed cladding fire tests following the Grenfell Tower tragedy.

The fire service said cladding was being "removed immediately" on Cygnet and Wren House on St James Drive, Bootle.
Landlords One Vision Housing said it was to ensure the safety of its tenants "as a precautionary measure".
Cladding on 34 other tower blocks in 17 council areas in England has already failed the tests.
Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service said it had carried out joint inspections with One Vision Housing, Sefton Council and local authority housing teams.
Whilst the cladding met building regulations the fire service said it did not meet the latest Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) test criteria.
One Vision Housing said in a statement on its website: "As a precautionary measure to ensure the continued safety of our tenants, One Vision Housing have taken the decision to remove the cladding from the two blocks with immediate effect, to allow for further investigations."
The tower blocks have not been evacuated while the work takes place.
The fire service said it was working with One Vision Housing to offer advice to residents at the scene.
The Grenfell Tower fire in north Kensington on 14 June started in a fridge-freezer, and outside cladding and insulation failed safety tests, police say.


A fresh three-day strike by staff on Southern rail is under way, with hundreds of trains cancelled.

The action is over plans for drivers, rather than conductors, to operate carriage doors at certain times.
It is due to last until Friday morning, with a further three blocks of strikes planned before Christmas.
The RMT has said the rail company's plans put passenger safety at risk. Southern has urged the union to "move forward".
Southern said it plans to run 61% of its normal timetable, which equates to 1,373 trains.
But the rail company said fans should make alternative plans where possible for getting to and from the Brighton and Hove Albion v Wolverhampton Wanderers match at Falmer, which kicks off at 19:45 BST.
On Monday, Southern told union members a lump sum of £2,000 was back on the table if they end the dispute over conductors.
The £2,000 lump sum was originally offered if conductors accepted new contracts by 6 October.
However, the RMT said the renewed offer was a bribe and did not move the dispute on "a single inch".


A nationwide alert has been issued warning of the dangers of fires caused by exploding e-cigarette chargers.

More than 100 fires have been blamed on the devices over the past two years, according to fire service figures.
The Local Government Association (LGA), representing the 49 fire and rescue authorities in England and Wales, wants e-cigarette manufacturers to display warnings on packaging.
Fire chiefs say many blazes are caused by the wrong chargers being used.
If a charger that is not compatible to the device is used, too much current goes into the batteries, meaning they can overheat and eventually explode.
More than two million people across the UK are estimated to use e-cigarettes, which deliver vaporised liquid nicotine but do not contain tobacco and do not produce smoke.
Many e-cigarette smokers use incompatible or cheap chargers however, the LGA says.
Emergency services received eight call-outs to fires related to e-cigarettes in 2012, according to data from 43 of the 49 fire authorities.
That number rose to over 40 in 2013, and there were more than 60 in 2014.
Cases that have emerged recently include:
Councillor Jeremy Hilton, chairman of the LGA's fire services management committee, said: "The recent spate of fires connected with e-cigarettes is highly disturbing and we are issuing a nationwide alert to users to be vigilant at all times.
"We are warning them that it is simply not worth risking their lives to save a few pounds by buying dodgy, dangerous or incompatible chargers.
"Fire authorities all over the country are being called out more regularly to these types of incidents.
"Alarmingly, there is no way of knowing the true figure as we understand many cases are going unreported."


Cardiff Blues coach Danny Wilson says there was "no malice" in the apparent stamp that saw hooker Matthew Rees sent off in the loss to Harlequins.

Ex-Wales captain Rees was dismissed after connecting with Nick Easter's head at a second-half ruck in the European Challenge Cup clash.
"There's definitely no malice in it. It looks possibly like a clumsy situation," said Wilson.
Rees will face a disciplinary hearing to determine any punishment.
But Wilson hopes the player's record will be taken into consideration.
"Matthew is not that type of player. He's a very diligent professional with an extremely positive record behind him, which hopefully will go with him when it's discussed," said Wilson.
Blues lost Wales captain and flanker Sam Warburton to a virus before kick-off.
That forced a back-row reshuffle in which Ellis Jenkins moved to open-side, but he departed because of injury after 52 minutes.
Quins went on to secure a bonus-point win.


A painting by the late artist Jean-Michel Basquiat has sold at auction in New York for $110.5m (Â£85.4m).

That is nearly double the price of his previous most expensive work, bought by the same person a year ago.
It has broken several other records including becoming the most expensive work by any US artist.
It is also the highest price fetched for any art by a black artist and the first piece created since 1980 to break the $100m mark.
The untitled work was done in oil stick, acrylic and spray paint, and depicts a face in the shape of a skull.
It was sold to Yusaku Maezawa, a 41-year-old Japanese fashion entrepreneur who plans to set up a museum in his home town of Chiba.
Bidding for the piece during the auction at Sotheby's lasted 10 tense minutes. Cheers and applause erupted in the room when the work was sold to Mr Maezawa by telephone.
He later posted on Instagram that the painting made him feel "so much excitement and gratitude for my love of art", a feeling he wished to share with "as many people as possible".
Mr Maezawa last year set the previous record for a Basquiat piece, when he paid $57.3m for a painting of a horned devil.
Basquiat, a native New Yorker, died in 1988 of a heroin overdose aged 27. He had been an artist for just seven years.
Most of his works depict the problems faced by African Americans in the US, reports the BBC's Laura Bicker in Washington.
Once a graffiti rebel from Brooklyn who sold drawings for $50, he is now in the same league as Pablo Picasso and Francis Bacon, she says - part of a rare group of artists whose work has sold for more than $100m at auction.
"Breaking $100m for a work which is that recent is definitely extraordinary," said Gregoire Billault, head of contemporary art at Sotheby's.
"I think it just speaks about the talent of this guy. It's just pure emotion. He's bringing something never seen before."


A charity is set to plant 1,000 apple trees in Pembrokeshire.

Hanes Llandoch, in St Dogmaels, will plant the apple tree Pig Aderyn, which is believed to have been first brought to the abbey by monks from Normandy in the 12th Century.
The charity has received nearly £250,000 from the Big Lottery Fund for the three-year initiative.
The orchard's produce will eventually be turned into cider and work is expected to begin in September.
It will also provide training and education opportunities for people in the community, including workshops on how to brew cider.
Nia Siggins, who works for the charity, explained: "Two years ago we organised that evacuees who came to St Dogmaels during the war visited the village again.
"They were in their eighties and we went around the area showing them what had changed.
"One of the things that came out of those discussions was the fact that many said there were more apple trees when they were children.
"They were asking, 'where have they gone, where have all the apple trees gone?'"
The trees will be planted in fields close to the ruins of the monastery and the charity hopes to sell the cider in the future.
Ms Siggins said: "There's a famous anecdote [that] the Bishop of St Davids came to the monastery in St Dogmaels once and he found that some of the monks were getting drunk often.
"That's been documented. So we hope to have a blend Drunk Monk or something."
The project would offer something "for all ages",  she added.


Failing schools risk causing plans for the government's so-called Northern Powerhouse to "splutter and die", the Ofsted chief has warned.

Secondary schools in Liverpool and Manchester are "not firing on all cylinders" due to deteriorating GCSE performances, Sir Michael Wilshaw said.
This could result in a "lack of skills" for the northern economic growth plan, a letter from the watchdog said.
Manchester City Council said "measures are in place to overcome the dip".
Liverpool City Council said the Northern Powerhouse would be an "empty political slogan" unless it has "more powers to influence education" to deliver the skills businesses want.
In a speech to the Institute of Public Policy Research think tank, chief inspector of schools Sir Michael said: "These are the cities that built Britain.
"They pioneered a modern, civic education when students at certain other universities spent most of their time studying the New Testament in Greek."
He said Manchester and Liverpool "boast eight universities between them, two of which are among the top 200 in the world".
"If these cities can provide a world-class education for youngsters at 18, why on earth are they failing to do so for too many at 11?" he said.
"At some point, politicians in Manchester and Liverpool will have to accept that the Northern Powerhouse will splutter and die if their youngsters lack the skills to sustain it."
Ofsted figures show three in 10 Manchester secondaries and four in 10 of those in Liverpool are rated below good.
The proportion of teenagers gaining at least five C grades at GCSE, including English and maths, has dropped in both cities.
In separate letters, Ofsted's regional director has written to education authorities in Greater Manchester and Knowsley, Merseyside, about "concerns" over pupil outcomes.
Inspector Christopher Russell highlighted Knowsley because almost two thirds of students failed to achieve five or more GCSE A* to C grades including English and maths.
"This is a shocking statistic," he said.
The education system in Knowsley "has already failed a generation" and "is set to continue for yet another generation", Mr Russell said.
Leader of Knowsley Council, Andy Moorhead, replied to Mr Russell in an open letter saying he was "disappointed" by the "lost generation" comment.
"We do not write off our children simply because they do not achieve five or more A*-C."
"In Knowsley, we work in a very open and transparent way with all our partners and with Ofsted - indeed you personally complemented my officers on their approach when they met with you in January," he said.
Performance levels in Greater Manchester, he said, "present a worrying picture for the employment prospects" and "a real risk to the economic and social stability of the area".
Councillor Rosa Battle, of Manchester City Council, said: "We've been working non-stop with schools over the last few years to improve outcomes in the city.
"Latest figures show the number of pupils now attending good or better schools in Manchester is the same as that nationally - with a rate of improvement on this measure over the last four years that far outstrips national improvement."
"Measures are in place to overcome last year's dip because we're simply not prepared to sit back and watch our pupils fail," she said.
Nick Small, Liverpool City Council's cabinet member for Education, Employment and Skills, said: "Sir Michael Wilshaw makes an excellent point.
"If our residents - and our young people in particular - don't have the right skills for the jobs of the future then the Northern Powerhouse will be an empty political slogan.
"If we're going to balance the UK economy so that cities like Liverpool can contribute more to UK growth then we need more powers to influence the whole education and skills system to make sure we're delivering what Liverpool businesses want."
The Northern Powerhouse is a government initiative aiming to bridge the economic gap between the north and south by attracting investment and improving transport links between its towns and cities.


A former official at Celtic Boys Club has been charged in connection with alleged historical sexual offences.

The BBC understands that the man is Frank Cairney who was a former coach and manager at the boys club.
A spokeswoman for Police Scotland said: "An 81-year-old man has been detained and charged in connection with non-recent sexual offences."
It is understood that Mr Cairney will appear in court on Wednesday.


Dogs and cats are to be used to help hospital patients across north Wales.

The Pets As Therapy initiative was launched at Ysbyty Glan Clwyd in Bodelwyddan by former Coronation Street actress Pauline Fleming.
The health board said research showed that animal companionship can help speed up the rate of recovery.
Pets will visit elderly mentally infirm patients, and dementia care, stroke rehabilitation, paediatrics, psychiatric and oncology departments.
Pauline Fleming - who played Mike Baldwin's wife in Coronation Street - was at the hospital as the scheme officially got under way.
The Pets As Therapy (PAT) charity organises visits by volunteer pet owners and their animals to people who are residents in hospitals, hospices, residential homes, nursing homes, day car centres, and special needs schools.
Dawn Cooper, of the Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, said the charity already had long standing links with the mental health service at Glan Clwyd hospital.
"This new development will ensure patients across the health board will be able to access this service," she added.
The health board said research showed animal companionship could help rehabilitation in a variety of ways.
Pets As Therapy co-ordinator Anne Jones said the volunteers and their dogs looked forward to visiting people missing their own pets while in hospital.
"All our PAT dogs and cats must pass a rigorous independent health and temperament test before they can enter hospital premises," she said.
"Twelve months ago the mental health Ablett Unit at Glan Clwyd hospital introduced Pets As Therapy as part of their 'star wards' project.
"The dogs have been a huge success in the unit and the feedback from the patients has been extremely positive," she added.


If you're planning to hit the dance floor in Brussels, beware of a new tax and a strange request.

Few people are aware of it, but a law requiring clubs and music cafes to pay a "dance tax" is being enforced in the capital of the EU.
This is not EU bureaucracy gone mad. It's the homegrown, Belgian kind imposed by the City of Brussels authorities.
For every dancer, establishments have to pay 40 cents (34p/$0.43) per night.
The law was adopted two years ago, but some cafes are only now being audited.
"The tax inspector explained that the tax is based on the number of people dancing," Nicholas Boochie, artistic director of the Bonnefooi venue, told local website Bruzz.
"I first thought it was a joke, but it really does turn out to be true."
At 40 cents per dancer per night, the amount can add up to â‚¬2,000 (Â£1,700) a year, he said, a large sum for a business with a small turnover. It's money he would rather put into hiring more performers.
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The city authorities say on their website that clubs and music cafes lead to additional expenses for the city in terms of security and public order, and that the tax is needed to cover some of the extra costs.
Some point out that the law has been in force for some time, and that the Bonnefooi is lucky not to have been charged before.
"Sometimes taxes are applied, but there are not enough officials to collect them," Marc Van Muylders, of Horeca Bruxelles, told Bruzz.
So is there any room for tax avoidance? Nicholas Boochie wondered about the criteria for dancing. "Is throwing your arms in the air dancing?" he asked.
The cafe is set to pay the bill, but not without a little peaceful protest.
The windows of Bonnefooi now have stickers asking customers not to dance. "Can you stop dancing guys?" a message on the cafe's Facebook page asks, tongue firmly in cheek.
If the answer is no, Mr Boochie is thinking about organising a "dance-protest" against the tax.
Expect some nifty - if costly - footwork.


A 10-year-old boy was hit in the face by a bottle thrown at a minibus as he travelled to Sunday's Celtic v Rangers football match in Glasgow.

The boy, who was going to the game for the first time, was treated in hospital for a hairline fracture to his face and has three teeth missing.
The 10-year-old was in a minibus of Rangers fans sitting in traffic at Cathcart Road, near Hampden Stadium.
A group of Celtic fans surrounded the bus and hurled abuse at the occupants.
Det Con Kenneth MacEwan said: "This was an appalling assault on the boy who was with his dad and fellow supporters going to his first Celtic v Rangers game.
"He never got to the match but instead was detained overnight in hospital and has a facial injury and teeth missing."
Det Con MacEwan said it appeared that the bottle was deliberately thrown at the minibus but the boy was not specifically targeted.
The man who threw the bottle was described as white, 5ft 11in tall and of heavy build. He was wearing green clothing and possibly a white beanie hat.
He and the men he was with continued along Cathcart Road and into Cathkin Park towards Hampden.
Earlier, police said 37 people were arrested for offences connected with the league cup semi-final, which Celtic won 2-0.
As well as minor public order offences, 12 of the arrests concerned alleged sectarian breaches of the peace.
Of those arrested, 23 people were due to appear at Glasgow Sheriff Court; 11 have been reported to the procurator fiscal and three were ordered to pay fixed penalty fines.
Match commander Ch Supt Andy Bates said: "As usual the vast majority of the 50,000 fans were here to enjoy the game and support their respective team; they deserve credit for their excellent behaviour.
"However, again, it is the minority of fans who spoiled the occasion by for example setting off flares and singing sectarian songs.
"We dealt with any incidents swiftly and with minimum disruption."


Melania Trump has insisted that her husband is a "gentleman" and that the women who allege that he sexually assaulted them are lying.

She also said that lewd comments Donald Trump made about women that were caught on videotape were unacceptable but did not represent the man she knows.
The Republican presidential nominee was guilty of "boy talk" but was "egged on" by TV host Billy Bush, she added.
The tape prompted dozens of Republicans to drop their support for him.
In the video, Mr Trump tells Mr Bush, who was then host of NBC's Access Hollywood, that he can force himself on women because he's a star.
Several women have since come forward and accused Mr Trump of sexual assault, which he denies.
"I know he respects women but he is defending himself because they are lies," Mrs Trump said in an interview with CNN.
"I believe my husband," she said. "My husband is kind and he is a gentleman and he would never do that."
She claimed the scandal had been "organised and put together to hurt his candidacy" by Hillary Clinton's campaign team and the media.
"With the details [the media] have got, did they ever check the backgrounds of these women? They didn't have any facts," she added.
Speaking for the first since the scandal began, Mrs Trump defended her husband's conduct with women, saying he had never behaved inappropriately over the years.
Women commonly approached her husband in front of her to give him their phone numbers and behave inappropriately, she said.
Reflecting on the 2005 Access Hollywood videotape leaked to the media 10 days ago, she said: "I said to my husband that, you know, the language was inappropriate. It's not acceptable.
"And I was surprised, because that is not the man that I know."
After the taped remarks became public, Mrs Trump issued a statement saying she found the words he spoke to be offensive but she accepted his apology.
Now she believes Billy Bush, who was fired by NBC over the tape, was the main culprit.
Mr Trump, she said, "was led on - like, egged on - from the host to say dirty and bad stuff".
She also justified her husband's tactic of appearing with the women who have accused former President Bill Clinton of sexual assault.
With three weeks to go before Americans cast their vote, polls show Mr Trump with considerable ground to make up on Democratic rival Hillary Clinton in key battleground states.
Who is ahead in the polls?
48%
Hillary Clinton
44%
Donald Trump
Last updated November 8, 2016


A bookshop involved in a spat with Piers Morgan has been "overwhelmed" with support after announcing it had six days "to pay the bills".

On Sunday, the Big Green Bookshop asked its Twitter followers for help to raise Â£10,000 to pay suppliers.
Orders have been "pouring in" since the tweet, co-owner Simon Key said.
Mr Morgan blocked the shop on his Twitter feed after it tweeted 800 lines from a Harry Potter book to him following a row he had with JK Rowling.
Mr Key acted after the Harry Potter author expressed glee at Mr Morgan being sworn at by Australian comedian Jim Jefferies on Twitter.
In response Mr Morgan told Ms Rowling "this is why I've never read a single word of Harry Potter".
Later Mr Key said Mr Morgan "clearly needs a bit of a break from all the abuse, so as he mentioned that he hasn't read any JK Rowling, rather then having to tear himself away from Twitter to read it, I'd tweet him".
Mr Morgan said the bookshop's project "creeped" him out and blocked its Twitter account after being sent the opening 800 lines of "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone".
Book orders have left the bookshop, in Wood Green, north London, in a "lot better position" since its plea, Mr Key said.
The social media response has "re-invigorated the shop" and "we are overwhelmingly grateful", Mr Key told the BBC.
He said: "When you're going through a tough time it helps to show you people care.
"We have a few more days to pay but the bill is considerably less than it once was."
This is the second time the store has benefited from Twitter users' generosity.
In April 2016,  an editor of the Guardian set up a JustGiving page to help recoup Â£600 stolen from the shop.


Record numbers of sixth-formers are thought to have taken a dissertation-style project this year to give them an edge in their university applications.

Education expert Prof Alan Smithers estimates 35,000 pupils have submitted an Extended Project Qualification (EPQ) which counts as half an A-level.
This is twice the number who took EPQs in England and Wales five years ago.
Taken alongside A-levels, it is used by top universities as a tie-breaker to tell talented students apart.
Head teachers said the qualification was becoming increasingly popular and could help to strengthen a candidate's university application.
Students choose a topic, plan and research the issue, and present their results, often as a written report, but sometimes as a production such as a fashion or sports event.
Figures published by the Joint Council for Qualifications (JCQ) show that last summer, 33,245 candidates took the qualification, up by 108% from 15,958 in 2010.
Professor Smithers, director of the Centre for Education and Employment, Research at Buckingham University, suggested there have been around 2,000 more entrants this year.
The final numbers for this year will be published by the JCQ when data on A-level results is published next week.
The rise in recent years may be down to schools seeing the qualification as good for helping students adjust to the demands of university, he added.
Malcolm Trobe, deputy general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders (ASCL), said: "Extended projects are becoming more and more popular.
"They are liked by universities and can help to strengthen a candidate's application.
"They are phenomenally valuable in giving young people the opportunity to prepare themselves for university where they will spend much of their time studying and learning through their own research and reading."


Motorists will soon be limited to 20mph in parts of Cardiff after the council revealed plans to slash speed limits in residential areas.

A map reveals zones will be introduced in Riverside, Canton, Gabalfa, Grangetown, Plasnewydd, Adamsdown, Penylan, Splott, and Butetown by 2021.
A pilot scheme in Cathays will also be upgraded.
Cardiff Council hope the scheme will improve public safety and encourage walking and cycling.
Councillor Ramesh Patel said the 20mph zones aimed to make residential streets less attractive as short cuts.
"Cardiff's population continues to increase so we have to plan for this growth by encouraging more people to leave their car at home and consider using public transport, cycling or walking," he said.
Main roads in the areas affected will remain at 30mph, with residential areas reduced to 20mph zones.
A consultation into the plans will take place with residents.


X Factor winner Matt Terry has entered the UK singles chart at number three with When Christmas Comes Around.

The tune, which was written by Ed Sheeran, reached the top three after being available to buy and stream for five days rather than the usual seven.
Nine of the 12 previous UK X Factor winners have gone straight in at number one.
But Terry has fared better than last year's winner Louisa Johnson, who only managed to get to number nine.
Clean Bandit have held the number one spot for a sixth week with Rockabye, while One Direction star Louis Tomlinson's collaboration with Steve Aoki, Just Hold On, has landed at number two.
All three singles are now in a closely-fought competition for the Christmas number one slot.
But the bookmakers' favourite for the festive chart-topper is a tribute single to murdered Labour MP Jo Cox.
You Can't Always Get What You Want, which features Ricky Wilson of the Kaiser Chiefs, KT Tunstall, David Gray, Steve Harley of Cockney Rebel and the cross-party parliamentary band MP4, will raise money for the Jo Cox Foundation.
The government has waived VAT on the single, while Mick Jagger and Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones, who wrote the song, are donating their royalties to the campaign.
The Inspiral Carpets' 1994 indie hit Saturn 5 is also aiming for the top 10 as fans pay tribute to drummer Craig Gill, who died earlier this year.
Terry Wogan's TOGs are also hoping to send his version of the Floral Dance back into the chart, with the aim of improving on its 1978 chart placing of number 21.
Some of this week's new entries and high climbers have also set their sights on the upper reaches of the festive top 40.
Zara Larsson's I Would Like has jumped nine places to number 12 following her appearance at the BBC Music Awards on Monday, while Little Mix's performance on the X Factor finale has sent their new single Touch from number 159 to 23 in just five days.
Taylor Swift's duet with Zayn Malik, I Don't Wanna Live Forever, is a new entry at 16, while Lady Gaga's country ballad Million Reasons has made its first top 40 appearance at 39.
The Christmas charts will be unveiled at 18:00 GMT on Friday, 23 December.
Meanwhile, on this week's album chart, Michael Ball and Alfie Boe's album of duets has finally reached number one after six weeks on release.
Together, which sees the pair singing standards like When You Wish Upon a Star, has sold consistently well since November, but was kept off the top spot by Little Mix and Robbie Williams.
It has sold 96,000 copies in the past week, its highest tally so far.
"This is absolutely fantastic," said Ball. "We didn't expect this. It is just unbelievable."
With no high-profile new releases this week, the album is also likely to top the Christmas charts next Friday.
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Arsenal forward Danny Welbeck has returned to full training after seven months out with a knee injury.

The England international, 26, has been sidelined since injuring his right knee during the Gunners' 2-2 Premier League draw at Manchester City on 8 May.
He had missed the first seven months of last season with another knee injury.
Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger said: "It is fantastic. For him, it is like starting a new career because he has been out for such a long time."
Wenger, whose team host West Brom on Boxing Day (15:00 GMT), added he would be "patient" with Welbeck.
Welbeck has scored 13 times in 49 appearances for the Gunners since joining from Manchester United for £16m in September 2014.


Engineering group Dyson has reported record profits in 2014, driven by demand in Asia and a strong performance of its new technology.

The company, which made its name manufacturing distinctive bag-less vacuum cleaners, said profits were up 13% to £367m.
It now sells 90% of its products outside the UK with a turnover rising to nearly £1.4b.
Dyson said it had doubled the size of its business in China.
It has a strong presence in other Asian markets, such as Japan and also showed strong sales in Europe.
It has focused research on cordless technology, sales of which grew by 68% last year.
Half the 2,500 workforce at its Wiltshire headquarters work in research and development, helping to produce new technology such as bladeless fans, purifiers and humidifiers.
Sir James said "We spent an additional 40% on research and development last year and now spend £3m a week as we develop expertise in entirely new areas."
Previously he has said the government should do more to encourage engineers to stay in Britain so they can produce hi-tech exports.
In 2014 the company invested £1.5bn  in its global technology programme


Northern Ireland farmers have criticised processors over the price they are being paid for their milk.

They say that a rise in world prices after an 18 month slump is not being reflected in what they are being offered.
And they have criticised the big processors here, which are co-operatives run by and for farmers.
For a year and a half dairy farmers have been losing money on every litre of milk they have produced.
Oversupply in world markets has depressed prices for products like milk powder.
Darren McCormick milks 150 cows near Bessbrook, County Armagh.
He says dairy farmers like him have been existing on "extended lines of credit" from the banks.
Darren added that patience is bound to run out and as global markets picked up farmers had been expecting a better return from processors. But that has not happened yet.
"Just when we see light at the end of the tunnel, the tunnel seems to be getting longer," he said.
The Ulster Farmers' Union (UFU) has been highly critical of dairy processors and relationships have come under pressure.
Deputy President Ivor Ferguson has questioned why the companies that make milk powder, butter and cream "can make profits while the farmer is losing money".
He has claimed the biggest processor here, Dale Farm, has refused to engage with the UFU.
In turn Dale Farm has described the "tone and wording" of recent statements from the union as surprising and disappointing.
There is a delay between milk prices rising to reflect world commodity prices.
Mike Johnston of Dairy UK, which represents processors, said they forward sell their produce.
That means they are now finalising the quantities of product and the prices they will get paid for it, for the first quarter of 2017.
Mr Johnston said if they get a better price, they will be in a position to pass it on to farmers.
But farmers say they have been patient and it is now time for the processors to pass the benefit on.
Prices are beginning to move upwards as supply control measures across Europe kick in.
Famers at Dale Farm's AGM were told on Thursday that there would be a 2.5p per litre increase in the base price of their milk, with a further 2p per litre winter bonus for all milk supplied in October, November and December.
That brings the current price, including bonuses for Dale Farm suppliers, up to 26.17p per litre.


An armed gang of kidnappers has abducted three tourists and killed a fourth in the city of Timbuktu in northern Mali, security sources said.

Two of the hostages are Dutch and the third a South African who may have lived in the UK, reports say. The nationalities have not been confirmed.
The dead man, said to be German, was shot dead trying to resist the gang.
It is believed to be the first time foreigners have been abducted in Timbuktu, once popular with tourists.
However, a group linked to al-Qaeda has attacked Westerners in nearby regions.
Following several kidnappings, the UK has warned its citizens not to travel to northern Mali, including Timbuktu.
On Thursday, two French geologists were kidnapped by an armed gang in the eastern village of Hombori.
The Timbuktu gunmen burst in as the four were dining in a restaurant on the central square of the ancient city.
They ordered the tourists there to follow them, a customer at Amanar restaurant told the Associated Press.
The owner of a hotel, where the four have previously stayed during their travel around Mali, told the BBC News website that one of them, a German, had been shot dead when he refused to get into the attackers' vehicle.
He said he had been told by colleagues in Timbuktu that all foreigners in the city had been gathered at the police headquarters and would be flown to the capital, Bamako, on Saturday.
The incidents are the latest in a series of abductions of foreigners believed to be the work of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (Aqim).
Correspondents say Aqim has bases in the northern Mali desert from which it organises raids and kidnappings, and traffics weapons and drugs.
French soldiers have joined Mali's army in the hunt for the French pair kidnapped in Hombori, according to AFP.
The pair were the first Westerners in Mali to be kidnapped south of the River Niger.
The captives were named as Philippe Verdon and Serge Lazarevic, in documents seen by AFP.
They had been sent by the company Mande Construction Immobiliere to take soil samples in the Hombori region where it planned to build a cement factory.
A security guard at their hotel said that "the kidnappers were armed to the teeth".
"I was tied up and told to point out the rooms of the Frenchmen, whom they brutally took away," he said.
Al-Qaeda-linked fighters have in the past brought hostages into northern Mali from neighbouring countries, such as Niger where four French nationals - still being held - were kidnapped in September 2010.
Huge swathes of the Sahel region south of the Sahara Desert have been rendered off-limits to foreigners.
Timbuktu is one of the many former tourist destinations in Mali that foreign embassies have deemed too dangerous for visitors due to the risk of kidnapping by Aqim.
The UK Foreign Office website says there is a "high threat from terrorism" in Mali.
"Terrorists have been involved in kidnaps in the region, on a number of occasions leading to the murder of the hostages," it said.
"We believe that further kidnap attempts are likely."


Environmental groups have urged the prime minister to avoid watering down legislation on climate change and wildlife protection after Brexit.

The letter, signed by WWF, Greenpeace and others, says action is needed to halt ongoing environmental decline.
The UK government previously said it would leave the environment in a better state for future generations.
But the letter expresses concern that Brexit could force ministers to backtrack on this promise.
Newspaper reports based on leaked documents have suggested that trade and growth would be prioritised at the expense of efforts to tackle global warming and the illegal trade in wildlife.
A government spokesperson said the UK's commitment to the environment was as strong as ever.
The spokesperson said the documents referenced in the media were old "unclassified notes" based on a conference from several months ago.
The letter from campaigners says: "We are alarmed by recent media reports suggesting that the UK's commitments to tackling climate change and ending the illegal wildlife trade could be watered down to secure post-Brexit trade deals."
It added: "To be a great, global trading nation, the UK must deliver on its promises for the environment and the climate and honour our international commitments.
"In doing so we will help build a greener, better and more prosperous future for everyone, rather than driving an environmental race to the bottom."
Campaign groups that have signed the letter include WWF, the Born Free Foundation, Cafod, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace and Oxfam.
A number of high-profile individuals are also signatories: they include Andy Murray, Anna Friel, Will Young, Lord Stuart Rose and environmentalist Sir Crispin Tickell.
"A majority of environmental protections derive from the EU - we've probably got the world's leading environmental framework. So as the UK leaves the EU, the risk is that some of those protections don't get brought over into UK law," Trevor Hutchings, director of advocacy at WWF-UK, told BBC News.
These protections include a package of legislation to ensure the EU meets climate and energy targets for 2020. He said the EU institutions also provided a strict system of accountability, so that fines could be invoked if member states did not deliver on their obligations to the environment.
"We, on the one hand, welcome the government's commitment to nature and to bringing these laws over through the Great Repeal Bill... but in recent weeks a number of things have happened that question that commitment," Mr Hutchings explained.
He said this included not only the leaked memo, but also the delayed release of the government's 25-year plan for nature in England and the Clean Growth Plan on reducing carbon emissions, which Mr Hutchings said was expected before March this year.
"Things like access to environmental information, the 'precautionary principle', the 'polluter pays' principle are all established in EU treaties. The sense is that those might not come across [into UK law]," he explained.
A government spokesperson said: "The UK is a global leader in tackling the Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) and a key part of worldwide efforts on climate change, including implementing the commitments made under the Paris Agreement. Our commitment to both issues is as strong as ever.
"The Government also has a clear ambition to be the first generation to leave the natural environment in a better state than we found it while securing the best deal for the country as we leave the EU."
Some observers within the environmental community have expressed concerns that green issues could become bargaining chips in the effort to secure trade deals.
"Environmental regulations and standards do make up so-called non-tariff trade barriers - as some people might perceive them," said Mr Hutchings.
"It probably doesn't come as a surprise that some of these non-tariff barriers could become a central negotiating point for trade deals with countries that have lower standards. That's the fear, though we don't have any clear evidence of that."
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Ghanaian Sellas Tetteh is to continue as caretaker coach of Sierra Leone after his loan agreement was extended.

He will take charge of Sierra Leone's upcoming matches against Gabon.
The games are on the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying schedule but no points are on offer as Gabon are hosting January's finals.
"After the Gabon matches we will decide whether to make it permanent or not," Abu Bakarr Kamara, of the Sierra Leone Football Association, told BBC Sport.
The Ghana Football Association have replaced Tetteh as coach of their under-20 side with the appointment of Mas-Ud Didi Dramani.
Tetteh, who has previously coached Black Stars and Rwanda, was initially loaned to Sierra Leone for three months after the search for permanent coach was put on hold by the football association.
That initial loan expired last October after Leone Stars were eliminated in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers by Chad.
Coach Tetteh, who rose to prominence when he won the 2009 Under-20 World Cup with Ghana, was in charge of Leone Stars' last three games.
As well as the overall loss to Chad he also managed a draw with African champions Ivory Coast in a 2017 Nations Cup qualifier.
The matches upcoming matches against Gabon will be played in Franceville on 25 March, and in Freetown three days later.
The tie on 28 March will be the first time the Leone Stars have played on home soil since they hosted Seychelles in Freetown in a 2015 Nations Cup qualifier 20 months ago.
Sierra Leone together with their neighbours Guinea and Liberia were banned by the Confederation of African Football from hosting international matches because of the outbreak of Ebola.
All three countries have now been cleared to host matches.


The livelihoods of young people are being written off due to cuts to youth services budgets, union Unison has claimed.

About 100 centres have closed with 360 jobs cut in Wales in four years.
The union's Dominic MacAskill, called on councils to provide at least a "baseline" service.
But the Welsh Local Government Association said the lack of standard success measures made it a complex area for authorities.
Spending on youth work in Wales has dropped from Â£23m in 2013 to Â£19.3m in this financial year.
Full-time employees working in the sector have also fallen from 803 to 655, while numbers registered to a scheme are down from 102,700 to 93,400.
Across Wales, only 23% of eligible youngsters are engaged in youth schemes offered.
And a Welsh Assembly inquiry in December 2016 found an "alarming" decline in the number of services available.
Trade union Unison has called for fair funding and the involvement of youths in determining the future of provisions.
Its head of local government in Wales, Dominic MacAskill said: "At a crucial stage in their lives, young people desperately need the support well-qualified youth workers can provide."
He added cuts were "writing off the livelihoods and potential of so many Welsh youngsters" and called for a "baseline" or minimum standard of service across councils.
He believes supported youth workers alongside provisions in schools, open-access centres and on the streets is the "optimum solution".
"They [youth services] are not widely understood - most council tax payers don't use them," he said.
"So few voters protest [when they are changed or discontinued]."
The WLGA's Tim Opie believes that a lack of a universal measure of success of youth work could be a reason for the spending drop in such services.
He said often the results of youth work may not be seen until many years later - and so is not a priority for cash-strapped councils.
Mr Opie said: "You can never be sure if it's the [youth] work or something else has changed in people's lives. It is very difficult to link the intervention with the result."
He added that in addition to the lack of a success measure, councils also faced challenges in terms of the demographic area they served with a variation in the levels of affluence and poverty as well as the broad age range of the users of youth services going from 11 to 25.
It has led to a broad approach being adopted by Wales' councils.
Rural areas often employ more youth workers in order to reach as many young people as possible whereas urban areas need fewer staff as services are more accessible to young people.
Councils also use different measures of success according to the differing needs of areas. In Cardiff the focus is on the number of NEETs (Not in Employment, education or Training) whereas Gwynedd looks at the numbers attending youth clubs.
Other success measures are used across Wales including youth satisfaction surveys as well as how many of the youth population are reached.
Focuses also vary; in Pembrokeshire, workers visit an under-18s disco helping youngsters under the influence of drugs and alcohol get home, while in Merthyr Tydfil youth workers engage with young people in anti-social behaviour hotspots.
The Welsh Government called on local authorities to be "innovative" in their approach and look at different delivery methods, adding it intended to explore rollout of the provision across Wales.


Poortown Quarry is the best place for 18,000 tonnes of dredged silt from Peel Marina, the Manx government has said.

Work began on the seven-week project on Monday but some residents say there has been a lack of consultation.
Infrastructure Minister Phil Gawne it is the best temporary solution which is "safe, practical and controlled".
German Parish Commissioners have called a public meeting at St John's Methodist Hall on Thursday and invited Mr Gawne to attend.
A spokesman for the Commissioners said they were "very disappointed" that the work has commenced before any "meaningful public consultation".
They said residents had been alarmed when "potentially hazardous waste" was spilled on roads and pavements around Peel from lorries.
Mr Gawne said it is "collected river sediment" and not some sort of "toxic waste."
He said the project to dredge the multi-million pound Marina has been "urgently needed since 2011."
"Effectively we had three options; do nothing and allow Peel marina to close; dump large quantities of silt at sea and risk valuable commercial fisheries; or progress a properly engineered facility on land owned by the Department."
He said the Poortown Quarry site was chosen after detailed analysis of several land-based options.
The silt is being transferred by lorry to the pit, which is lined with an impervious membrane.
The Department of Infrastructure said it was preparing a retrospective planning application.
Both the site and run-off will be "carefully monitored", a government spokesman said, adding that they are working to find a "permanent solution".
It is believed Peel Marina generates the government about Â£30,000 a year.


Rory McIlroy flourished on his first appearance at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera in California, carding a four-under opening round of 67.

The world number three, 26, had five birdies and one bogey but trails early leader Camilo Villegas by four shots.
Colombia's Villegas carded a sublime 63 but bogeyed the ninth as he fell one short of tying the course record.
Americans Chez Reavie, Bubba Watson and Luke List are on five under but Jordan Spieth shot an eight-over 79.
World number one Spieth made eight bogeys as well as a double-bogey on the 18th in the worst opening-round score of his professional career.
Scotland's Martin Laird finished with a three-under 68 alongside Englishman Luke Donald, while Wales' Jamie Donaldson and England's Justin Rose are a shot further behind.


Four climbers have spent a night on Ben Nevis after getting into difficulty descending the peak.

Lochaber Mountain Rescue Team found the party high in Observatory Gully and walked them down to a spot from where they could be airlifted from the hill.
A coastguard helicopter made the airlift.
Fort William-based Lochaber Mountain Rescue Team said the climbers were well equipped but had to endure a "very wet" night on the mountain.
None of the group were thought to have been hurt during their ordeal.


The UK Independence Party would not scrap Trident, Nigel Farage has said, describing the manifesto that contained the policy as "drivel".

He told LBC 97.3 radio the party had never advocated unilateral disarmament but was currently reviewing its policy.
In recent days, the UKIP leader has faced questions about pledges made in its 2010 general election manifesto.
David Campbell Bannerman, who drew up the 2010 document, said Mr Farage was "in terrible trouble over policies".
Mr Farage said the 2010 manifesto had been binned and the party was working on new policies to be unveiled later this year.
Mr Farage stepped down briefly before the last election to concentrate on winning a seat in Parliament and says he was not involved in drawing up the manifesto.
His successor, former Conservative peer Lord Pearson, appeared not to be familiar with much of the policy programme during the 2010 campaign.
Among other things, the manifesto called for taxi drivers to be required to wear uniforms, for British weights and measures to be "safeguarded" and for the burka to be banned in public buildings.
In a phone-in on the radio station, Mr Farage said he had already acknowledged that much of the manifesto was "nonsense" and UKIP had gone back to a "blank sheet of paper" in terms of its preparations for the next election in 2015.
He claimed the document was nothing more a collection of disparate policy papers.
Mr Farage is understood to have fallen out with the main author of the manifesto, David Campbell Bannerman - an MEP who has since rejoined the Conservative Party.
Mr Campbell Bannerman said in an interview to be broadcast on BBC Radio 4's The World Tonight: "I think Nigel is in terrible trouble over policies. He's never believed in them. He's on the ropes.
"We had 18 policy groups, very professional people. It was a very serious paper, but Nigel could not be bothered to read it, anything to do with policy. I'm afraid it's not good enough for someone who claims to be a serious political leader.
"You're dealing with someone who isn't bothered, isn't serious, is a bit of a joker, and it's not good enough. It's not a political party. It's a pressure group".
Mr Farage signed the foreword to the 2010 manifesto as the "chief party spokesman," along with Lord Pearson and Mr Campbell Bannerman.
It said "While withdrawal from the European Union superstate is central to UKIP's message, the party has a full range of policies that have helped it grow to become Britain's fourth largest political party."
Mr Farage also launched the manifesto at a press conference in Westminster, saying it was time for "straight talking" in British politics.
Explaining why he had now disowned the document, he told LBC: "Malcolm Pearson, who was leader at the time, was picked up in interviews for not knowing the manifesto.
"Of course he didn't - it was 486 pages of excessive detail. Eighteen months ago I said I want the whole lot taken down, we reject the whole thing...
"I didn't read it. It was drivel. It was 486 pages of drivel...It was a nonsense. We have put that behind us and moved onto a professional footing."
But he said he was "really annoyed" by suggestions that UKIP, whose main policy remains taking Britain out of the EU, was not committed to Trident - the independent submarine-based ballistic missile weapons system which dates back to the 1960s.
He rejected suggestions that calls to scrap Trident had appeared at one stage on the party's official website.
"On a discussion forum, about a year ago, someone put up an idea, a policy proposal saying 'what if we scrapped Trident'.
"It has never been adopted or accepted as UKIP policy. It has never formally been put out there as UKIP policy."
UKIP's 2010 manifesto called for Trident to be retained and ultimately be replaced by "four British-built submarines armed with US missiles".
The policy is currently being reviewed and would set out it in detail during the summer, Mr Farage added.
"We have been thinking very hard what to do with Trident...but it will not involve scrapping Trident.
"I think there is an argument that, in tight times, we could go down from four to three submarines, but I think we need to maintain the independent nuclear deterrent."
The government has delayed a decision on the future of Trident until 2016 amid divisions between the two coalition partners.
The Conservatives back like-for-like renewal, but the Lib Dems want a "slimmed-down" version, with a maximum of three submarines.


Claims the government could delay the UK's departure from the EU have been described as "idle chatter" by a senior Brexit campaigner.

John Redwood said PM Theresa May wanted to "get on with it" and trigger Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty - which officially begins Brexit.
Mrs May has said she will not invoke Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty this year.
It was widely thought it would be triggered at the start of next year.
Earlier Downing Street did not comment on press reports Article 50 might not be triggered in 2017.
Following the UK's vote to leave the EU, some Leave campaigners have been calling for Article 50 - which starts a two-year Brexit process - to be triggered immediately.
Mrs May, who is currently on holiday in Switzerland, has said this will not happen this year, and Brexit Secretary David Davis has predicted the trigger will take place "before or by the start of next year".
Asked about reports in the Sunday Times that the planned timetable could be delayed, the prime minister's spokesman repeatedly said "Article 50 won't happen before the end of 2016" but refused to comment further.
If Article 50 did not happen in 2017, it could mean the UK did not actually leave the EU until 2020.
Downing Street said Brexit was "a serious and very complex task".
"Brexit is a top priority," the PM's spokesman said, "it is important we deliver it and make a success of it."
Conservative MP and veteran Eurosceptic Mr Redwood told the BBC he did not "buy" reports of a delay, saying they were "idle chatter by people who don't know the prime minister's mind".
He said his understanding was that Mrs May did not want the issue dominating the next Parliament and wanted to "get on with it".
Brexit, he added, "can happen pretty quickly".
Over the weekend, former UKIP leader Nigel Farage said he would consider returning to the political frontline if Brexit was not delivered, tweeting that he was "starting to detect a lot of frustration" from people who had voted Leave.
It comes after a reported turf war between two of the ministers responsible for making Brexit happen - Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson and International Trade Secretary Liam Fox.
According to a letter obtained by the Sunday Telegraph, Mr Fox launched a bid to take over some of the powers of Mr Johnson's department.
Mr Fox wrote to Mr Johnson to say responsibility for economic diplomacy should be moved from the Foreign Office to his International Trade Department.
Responsibility for delivering Brexit is split between three cabinet posts and departments: Mr Johnson at the Foreign Office, Mr Fox at International Trade, and Mr Davis, Secretary of State for exiting the European Union.
The latter two departments were created in light of Britain's vote to leave the EU in the referendum on 23 June.
In his letter, Mr Fox suggested that it would be "rational" to hand control of the Foreign Office's overseas economic policy to his department so that it could "take clear leadership of the trade and investment agenda".
He said it had become "clear" to him since taking up his new post that "existing cross-Whitehall structures have meant that HM Government has not taken the holistic approach it might have" in this area.
"For British trade to flourish there are clear requirements on us: to build the trade framework in markets through trade policy, to establish the conditions for trade and investment through foreign diplomacy, and to reap the harvest of those efforts," he said.
"The role played by economic diplomacy is crucial to delivery of the objectives I have been set by the prime minister as international trade secretary and I believe it is imperative that this capacity is fully aligned with government resources delivering trade and investment for the UK.
"If we are to have a rational restructuring I think there is a reasonable proposition to transfer the economic diplomacy function from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office into the Department for International Trade."
He said his proposal would enable the Foreign Office to "retain clear leadership on diplomacy and security", including oversight of the intelligence agencies.
Responding to the Sunday Telegraph story, a Foreign office spokesman said: "We don't comment on leaked documents.
"Alongside other Departments, the FCO are seconding a small number of staff with relevant expertise to the new Department for International Trade.
"This is all part of the cross-government effort to ensure we make a success of Brexit."
Labour said "turf wars" were an inevitable consequence of Brexit policy being split between various departments.
Shadow Foreign Secretary Emily Thornberry said Theresa May "created these three separate departments not because it made sense in terms of coordinating Whitehall's management of Brexit, but just to buy the loyalty of Liam Fox, Boris Johnson and David Davis".
She added: "Now we see the inevitable dysfunction and turf wars, as they fight between them to grab work that should have been co-ordinated out of the Foreign Office alone.
"It is high time that the Tories stopped fighting amongst themselves, started thinking about the good of the country, and focused on clearing up the mess that they have created."
Conservative MP and former Foreign Office Minister Alistair Burt said the Foreign Office should retain responsibility for "all elements" of foreign policy, including its trade and economic policy, which he said the department took "very seriously."
Mr Burt told BBC Radio 4's The World At One it was "inevitable" there would be tensions as new departments tried to establish themselves.
He said Mr Johnson, Mr Fox and Mr Davis did not have a track record as "team players" but that they now needed to "put those personalities together".


Two Green Party candidates have been refused a judicial review over their plans to become job-share MPs.

Sarah Cope, 36, and Clare Phipps, 26, had their nomination to stand as MPs in Basingstoke rejected by the returning officer before May's general election.
They appeared at the High Court in London in a bid to overturn the returning officer's decision.
Ms Cope said they wanted to change the culture of Westminster where "over 450 of the 650 MPs in Parliament are men".
The two candidates planned to share one seat as Ms Cope is the main carer for two young children and Ms Phipps suffers from a disability.
The acting returning officer rejected their nomination as invalid because two people were seeking election in one seat.
Ms Cope and Ms Phipps had argued the rejection breached both human rights and equality laws.
However, Mr Justice Wilkie ruled the returning officer's decision was "unarguably correct" and dismissed their application.
He said there was "no doubt" they were serious issues but added they were "not proper issues for the court to debate".
Speaking after the ruling, Ms Phipps said: "The support we have received for this campaign, from across the political spectrum and electorate, shows just how important this issue is."
"The court has in effect passed the buck back to parliament."
Previously, Ms Cope said: "The 32 million UK women make up 51% of the population. At the moment however, over 450 of the 650 MPs in Parliament are men.
"We need to change the culture of Westminster and stop wasting so much untapped talent. Allowing MPs to job-share is a relatively minor change which could bring about huge benefits."
Ms Phipps job shares a position on the Green Party executive and is researching gender and health as part of a part-time PhD.
Since 2009 she has suffered from a disability known as idiopathic hypersomnia, a chronic condition which means she sleeps for around 12 hours a day.
Counsel for the Green Party members said they had not been trying to overturn the re-election of Maria Miller, who won the Basingstoke seat in the general election.


About 2,400 homes across Aberdeen are without power, SSE has said.

Homes in the Kingswells, Hazlehead, Airyhall and Pitfodels areas of Aberdeen lost electricity on Sunday afternoon.
SSE said it was investigating links to a lightning storm over Aberdeen after some customers reported hearing a "loud bang" before losing power.
Engineers are on site and the company hopes to restore power later on Sunday evening.


A man has appeared in court charged with preventing the burial of a teenage girl found dead in the West Midlands.

The remains of the girl, believed to be Megan Louise Bills, 17, were found in a double wardrobe which was "wrapped in cling film", Dudley magistrates heard.
Ashley Foster, 24, of no fixed address, was not asked to enter a plea to a charge of preventing the lawful and decent burial.
He was remanded in custody to appear at Wolverhampton Crown Court on 5 June.
For more on this and other West Midlands news
The body was found in Highgate Road, Brierley Hill, on Thursday.
Maxine Jarrousse-Jones, prosecuting, said: "The wardrobe was opened and a young female was found inside, deceased, and had been there a considerable amount of time - at least a couple of weeks."
Megan's family said they were "devastated by the loss".
In a statement released by police, Megan's family said: "Whilst nothing can fill the huge gap in our family life that Megan's passing has left, we trust that in time we will have answers that will help us understand why this dreadful event has occurred."
Formal identification has yet to take place, West Midlands Police said.


Game of Thrones has dominated this year's creative Emmy Awards with nine prizes for technical achievement.

The ceremony was split over Saturday and Sunday evenings and featured categories such as best casting, sound and visual effects.
Thrones' success was followed by The People v. OJ Simpson: American Crime Story, which took five awards.
Making a Murderer and Grease Live! each landed four wins.
Thrones won in categories including prosthetic make-up, period/fantasy costumes and production design.
The drama based on the real-life murder trial of American football star OJ Simpson counted casting and picture editing awards among its haul.
Tina Fey and Amy Poehler shared a best guest actress in a comedy Emmy, for hosting last year's Saturday Night Live Christmas episode.
It was a ninth Emmy for Poehler but a first for Fey, and also the first time two women had shared the prize.
British star James Corden was honoured for The Late, Late Show with James Corden (interactive programme) and his Carpool Karaoke Primetime Special (outstanding variety special).
Other British interests included Downton Abbey, which took two awards for hairdressing and production design.
Full list of winners
The Night Manager won for outstanding music composition for a limited series, movie or special and Sherlock: The Abominable Bride won best outstanding special visual effects in a supporting role.
RuPaul picked up his first Emmy win for best host of a reality or reality competition show for RuPaul's Drag Race.
"I really didn't expect this," RuPaul said backstage after accepting the statuette.
"I came here thinking I got invited to the prom and I'm going to dance my ass off tonight, but I didn't expect that I would have this in my hand while I was dancing. It's a very special night not just for me but for all the young people around the world who dance to the beat of a different drummer."
Family Guy's Seth MacFarlane won outstanding character voiceover in an animated series.
American Horror Story picked up the prize for best make-up in a limited series or movie, and best documentary went to What Happened, Miss Simone?.
The Voice won best lighting for a variety series.
The creative awards are a precursor to the main Emmys on 20 September.
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram, or if you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


Gerardo Martino is to step down as Barcelona coach by mutual consent after failing to win La Liga.

Barcelona needed to beat Atletico Madrid in the final game of the season on Saturday, but a 1-1 draw gave the latter the title instead.
I deeply regret not having achieved the goals that this club has always been set and achieved
That meant Barcelona finished the season without a major trophy for the first time since 2007-08.
Martino, 51, said: "I'm sorry I was unable to deliver. I'd like to thank the club for their confidence in me."
Martino replaced Tito Vilanova in July last year, signing a two-year contract at the Nou Camp club.
His arrival at Barcelona marked the Argentine's first job outside of South America since a six-month spell playing for Tenerife in 1991.
Martino oversaw 40 wins in his 59 games in charge of the 2012-13 champions, but failed to deliver domestic or European success.
Barcelona exited the Champions League at the quarter-final stage, when they lost to Atletico Madrid.
They also lost to Real Madrid in the final of the Copa del Rey.
"I deeply regret not having achieved the goals that this club has always been set and achieved," Martino added.
"These are great players. My greatest gratitude goes to the players. They have made me proud."
Barca's sporting director Andoni Zubizarreta said: "We are grateful to 'Tata'. This has been a tough season."
Former Barcelona player Luis Enrique, who is to leave his role as Celta Vigo coach this summer, has been linked with replacing Martino.


Bury had to settle for an FA Cup replay after League One rivals AFC Wimbledon fought back to force a draw.

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Hallam Hope opened the scoring in the 27th minute and struck again just 90 seconds later to put the hosts in charge at half-time.
But Lyle Taylor pulled one back just after the hour before substitute Tom Elliott completed the Dons' comeback six minutes later.
Bury's James Vaughan went close twice early on, while Taylor and Tom Beere dragged shots wide for the Dons.
Jacob Mellis then forced James Shea to parry before Hope latched on to Vaughan's flick to lob the visiting keeper.
Moments later Zeli Ismail found Hope in the right channel and the striker fired inside the far post to double Bury's lead.
Chris Robertson went close over as the Dons looked to get back in the game, before Taylor beat the offside trap to fire into the top corner.
Chris Whelpdale was then denied by Ben Williams but moments later fellow sub Dean Parrett crossed for Elliott to head home.
Bury went closest to winning it as Shea denied Hope, with Ismail volleying the rebound over.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Bury 2, AFC Wimbledon 2.
Second Half ends, Bury 2, AFC Wimbledon 2.
Corner,  Bury. Conceded by Jake Reeves.
Corner,  Bury. Conceded by Chris Robertson.
Foul by Tom Elliott (AFC Wimbledon).
Hallam Hope (Bury) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Tom Elliott (AFC Wimbledon).
Antony Kay (Bury) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Jacob Mellis (Bury) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Tom Elliott (AFC Wimbledon) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Jacob Mellis (Bury).
Foul by Tom Elliott (AFC Wimbledon).
Antony Kay (Bury) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt blocked. Tom Walker (Bury) left footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Attempt saved. Lyle Taylor (AFC Wimbledon) header from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Attempt missed. Jake Reeves (AFC Wimbledon) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the right.
Substitution, Bury. George Miller replaces Zeli Ismail.
Paul Robinson (AFC Wimbledon) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Paul Robinson (AFC Wimbledon).
Hallam Hope (Bury) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Zeli Ismail (Bury) left footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt saved. Hallam Hope (Bury) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Lyle Taylor (AFC Wimbledon) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Lyle Taylor (AFC Wimbledon).
Tom Walker (Bury) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Attempt missed. Andrew Tutte (Bury) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the right.
Lyle Taylor (AFC Wimbledon) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Antony Kay (Bury).
Dean Parrett (AFC Wimbledon) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Dean Parrett (AFC Wimbledon).
James Vaughan (Bury) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jonathan Meades (AFC Wimbledon).
Neil Danns (Bury) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Zeli Ismail (Bury) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jonathan Meades (AFC Wimbledon).
Barry Fuller (AFC Wimbledon) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Hallam Hope (Bury).
Goal!  Bury 2, AFC Wimbledon 2. Tom Elliott (AFC Wimbledon) header from very close range to the top right corner. Assisted by Dean Parrett following a corner.
Corner,  AFC Wimbledon. Conceded by Tom Soares.
Attempt saved. Chris Whelpdale (AFC Wimbledon) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.


The popular image of Jersey portrayed by BBC drama Bergerac disguised high levels of deprivation in the island, Jersey's care inquiry has been told.

A former head of social services has told the inquiry he saw extreme poverty in the island in the 1970s and 1980s.
Anton Skinner started as a Childcare Officer in 1973 and was acting chief executive of health when he retired.
He said until recently Jersey was not a particularly democratic society led by the wealthy elite.
Bergerac ran on BBC television from 1981 to 1991 and starred John Nettles as detective Jim Bergerac, solving crimes among often glamorous people on what was portrayed as a busy and exciting island.
"Regarding the image Bergerac portrayed, it certainly wasn't like that. There was enormous poverty," Mr Skinner said.
"Until recently it was a sort of patrician community where the good and the great and the monied decided how the feckless and poor should be dealt with."
Haut de la Garenne was the fictional setting for a police station in Bergerac, but the now-closed children's home has since been examined as part of the Independent Jersey Care Inquiry following abuse allegations.
In 2008, the Guardian reported a ground radar search revealed a number of locations where digging had taken place close to the home, leading to fears children may have been buried there.
However, detectives were later told a number of full-size "graves" were dug for an episode of the TV programme.
Speaking to the inquiry, Mr Skinner described visiting one family in the 1970s who lived in a corrugated iron building with a bare earth floor.
Mr Skinner retired from the States of Jersey in 2004 and estimated there were 360 children in care in the 1970s.
Despite the island's problems, he said social workers had limited options for dealing with troubled children in the 1970s and 80s.


The family of the late Formula 1 driver Jules Bianchi are taking legal action following his death last year.

The Frenchman, 25, suffered fatal head injuries when his car collided with a mobile crane at the Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka in October 2014.
British firm Stewarts Law, acting for the Bianchi family, are planning to sue the FIA, Bianchi's Marussia team and Bernie Ecclestone's Formula One Group.
"Jules Bianchi's death was avoidable," said lawyer Julian Chamberlayne.
The Bianchi family believe the actions of one or more of the three parties may have contributed to the crash.
They claim errors were made in the "planning, timing, organisation and conduct of the race", which they argue "took place in dangerous conditions during the typhoon season in Japan".
Bianchi's father Philippe added: "We seek justice for Jules and want to establish the truth about the decisions that led to our son's crash.
"We have so many unanswered questions and feel that Jules' accident and death could have been avoided if a series of mistakes had not been made."
Bianchi died on 17 July 2015, nine months after he crashed into the recovery vehicle at Suzuka in what was his 34th F1 race.
He was the first F1 driver to die as a result of injuries sustained at a race weekend since Brazilian Ayrton Senna in 1994.
Chamberlayne added: "The FIA Panel Inquiry Report into this accident made numerous recommendations to improve safety in Formula One but failed to identify where errors had been made which led to Jules' death.
"It was surprising and distressing to the Bianchi family that the FIA panel in its conclusions, whilst noting a number of contributing factors, blamed Jules.
"The Bianchi family are determined that this legal process should require those involved to provide answers and to take responsibility for any failings.
"This is important if current and future drivers are to have confidence that safety in the sport will be put first.
"If this had been the case in Suzuka, Jules Bianchi would most likely still be alive and competing in the sport he loved today."


Northern Ireland's top distance runner Paul Pollock claimed a top 10 finish in Sunday's Cardiff Half Marathon.

The 30-year-old from Holywood, 32nd in the marathon at the Rio Olympics, took ninth place in the Welsh capital.
Pollock finished with a time of 65.53 in a race won by Shadrack Korir of Kenya in a course record of 60.54.
Medical doctor Pollock was returning to Cardiff where he ran a superb 62:46 to finish 14th at the World Half Marathon Championship.
In July, Pollock was the top Irishman in the half marathon at the European Athletics Championships in Amsterdam as he took 17th place with a time of 1:04.28.
Last weekend, Pollock ran his first race since the Olympics when he won the Aurora 10k in Bangor.


The Bishop of Gloucester said she has received hate mail over plans for the Gloucester Diocese to sell off land in a Cotswold village for housing.

Campaigners in Willersey near Chipping Campden claim the diocese has failed to keep them informed about the proposals.
The Right Reverend Rachel Treweek said she had been sent rotten food and "not particularly pleasant" emails.
She denied the diocese had "covered up" its plans to sell 35 acres of land for development.
Bishop Treweek attended a public meeting about the plans on Tuesday evening.
Angry campaigners claim the proposals could eventually lead to 450 new houses being built, which would more than double the size of the village.
Resident Phillip Ord said: "The bishop won't come clean and say who is going to take the final decision... I'm not very optimistic about it."
Bishop Treweek said it was "quite unusual" for a bishop to turn up to such a public meeting but she "felt it was important" for people to realise she was being "transparent and honest".
She said it was "incredibly sad and very disappointing" that the diocese had been accused of a cover up.
"Things have not been good in the communication process but to suggest anyone's been underhand or I'm not coming clean is just untrue," she said.
She said she had received "a couple of parcels of food with anonymous notes attached which might have been well intended", but had gone rotten by the time they arrived.
She added that no deal had yet been signed with a developer and she did not want to "overhouse" the village.
"I will take away everything I have heard and feed it back to the board of finance, and we will come to a conclusion about where we go next," she said.


The first zip wire to cross the River Thames will be set up by the London Fire Brigade (LFB) to raise £1m for a children's hospital.

The line will carry people from the roof of St Thomas' Hospital on South Bank to Victoria Gardens, beside the Houses of Parliament.
Twenty people who pledge £50,000 or more will be able to use the crossing when it runs for one day on 2 December.
The money raised will be donated to Evelina London Children's Hospital.
People harnessed to the 463m wire will travel head first at speeds of up to 40mph (64kmh).
It will be built by 30 specialist firefighters over three days.
LFB Deputy Assistant Commissioner Andy Roe said he came up with the idea "to thank the remarkable [hospital] staff" after they treated his nine-year-old son Zaki.
He said: "I realised that I could use my specialist skills to rig up a zip wire from the roof of the hospital."
Evelina London is trying to race £2.7m to build a Clinical Research Facility.
Head of Evelina Hospital's allergy service, Prof Gideon Lack, said the proposed facility would "help find better treatments and cures".
The LFB is also running a competition for one person to win a place to ride on the zip wire.


World number one Mark Selby said he had no idea how he came through a final-frame decider with Welshman Jamie Jones at the UK Championship.

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The Jester from Leicester had not lost a frame in his opening two matches at the York Barbican.
But Selby, 32, was off his best against world number 33 in the third round and was never in front until clinching victory with a fine break of 67.
"I was just scraping through. I don't know how I won the game," Selby said.
"I thought sooner or later I would come out and start performing, but it didn't seem to happen."
Selby, famously described as a "torturer" by Ronnie O'Sullivan for his ability to grind out wins when not at his best, trailed 2-0, 3-2, 4-3 and 5-4, but showed all his renowned battling ability to pull through at the York Barbican.
"Jamie deserved to win the match," Selby admitted. "He played great, scored two centuries and made more breaks. Every time he got chances he seemed to win the frame, in one visit, if not two.
"I had half a chance to win the first frame but he won that and made a great break in the second frame and deserved to be 2-0 up.
"For me to come out at 2-2 at the interval was like winning the lottery.
"I was just happy still being out there at 5-5. The way he played I had no right to be there after 10 frames.
"I thought as long as I get one chance I would be happy. I managed to get two and made a good break and held myself together well.
"And it was probably the best frame I played all match at the end when I needed to."
Selby faces either Dechawat Poomjaeng or Mark Joyce in the last 16, but said he would have to raise his game to continue his run at the tournament he won in 2012.
"Every game is tough and if I play like that, it has probably opened up for them," he said. "I will go on the practise table, work hard and be fresh for Wednesday."