A new book has been published exploring Edinburgh's history through maps, some of which have never before appeared in print.

Edinburgh: Mapping the City brings together 71 maps, including the earliest known map of Edinburgh which was drafted around 1530 by exiled Scottish Lutheran theologian Alexander Allane.
The earliest detailed map of the Lothians was printed around 1610 in Amsterdam, from the pioneering survey of Scotland by Timothy Pont.
It lists many tower houses and farms whose names live on in Edinburgh today, as the city has grown to include them.
Another map contained in the collection shows the arrival of the main railways into Edinburgh in the 1840s.
The map below, from 1851, by W & AK Johnston, shows the "Joint Railway Station" that would become Waverley.
It is a fraction of its later size and includes the Edinburgh, Leith and Granton Railway leaving to the north through the Scotland Street tunnel.
The next map shows the distribution of tuberculosis cases recorded in 1892.
It shows marked concentrations in poorer, high-density housing in the Old Town.
Dr Robert Philip, who recorded these cases, would go on to set up the influential Edinburgh Anti-Tuberculosis Scheme.
The book also includes this snapshot of the city centre's drinking dens from 1923, produced by the temperance movement in an attempt to limit the number of licensed premises.
Chris Fleet, map curator at the National Library of Scotland, has produced the book with Daniel MacCannell.
Mr Fleet said: "Today we may think of maps as tools to get us from one place to another but they are important historical documents in themselves.
"They can show how people's lives have changed over time and how the city has been adapted around them."
He added: "Edinburgh: Mapping the City is an anthology of historic maps which have been specially selected for the particular stories they reveal.
"It provides many surprises and we hope people will find it an accessible, enjoyable, attractive and browsable history of Edinburgh as seen through maps."
The book is published by Birlinn, in association with the National Library of Scotland.
One of the more unusual entries is a Soviet army map of Edinburgh from 1983, intended for use by Soviet commanders in the event of an invasion of Scotland.
It is colour coded for different buildings - military in green, administrative in purple, industrial in black and residential in brown.
This confidential map has text in Cyrillic and includes significantly more information about Edinburgh than Ordnance Survey maps.
It would have been perfect for planning a tank invasion.
The book also contains a map used to measure the speed of sound from the firing of the One o'clock gun on Edinburgh castle in 1879.


Northampton Town have named Barnsley under-21 coach Paul Wilkinson as assistant to new manager Rob Page.

Former Watford and Middlesbrough striker Wilkinson, 51, finished his playing career, in which he played more than 650 games, with the Cobblers.
Since then, has held a number of coaching roles, including a spell as assistant boss at Sheffield Wednesday.
"I know Paul very well and he'll prove a really good addition to the staff," said Page, who was appointed in May.
"He has plenty of experience, both as a player and a coach, and I am sure the players will enjoy working with him."


An Iranian actress has said she is going to boycott the Oscars in protest at Donald Trump's "racist" visa proposals.

Taraneh Alidoosti stars in The Salesman, which is nominated for best foreign language film.
On Thursday, she tweeted: "Trump's visa ban for Iranians is racist. Whether this will include a cultural event or not, I won't attend the Academy Awards 2017 in protest."
The Oscars take place on 26 February.
The Salesman tells the story of a couple whose relationship begins to disintegrate during their performance of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman.
It is not yet clear whether cast members from foreign language film nominees have been invited to this year's ceremony.
Oscars 2017: Full coverage
President Trump called for a "total and complete shut-down of Muslims entering the United States" during his presidential campaign last year.
On Wednesday, he told ABC News his plan was not a "Muslim ban", but targeted countries that "have tremendous terror".
According to some press reports, the US president is on the verge of announcing his intention to stop issuing visas for travellers from seven Muslim countries for a period of 30 days.
Iran is likely to be one of those countries, along with Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Somalia and Yemen, according to a draft executive order which has been published by The New York Times.
The eight-page document that appears to the draft order suggests President Trump will suspend the Syrian refugee programme and stop issuing visas for countries deemed to pose a threat to the security of the US.
But the White House has refused to comment on the document, and it may be revised before being signed.
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Gordon Ramsay has been fined £500 for driving at 70mph in a 40mph zone.

The celebrity chef pleaded guilty to breaking the limit in a Land Rover travelling over Bodmin Moor in Cornwall.
Ramsay, 49, of Spencer Park, London, did not attend court. He was given six penalty points and ordered to pay costs of £85 by Bodmin Magistrates on Wednesday.
The chef has a £4.4m house in the nearby coastal village of Rock.
Ramsay was caught out on 23 March on the A30, where there is a temporary 40mph limit in place while the road is expanded from one lane to two.
The multi-Michelin starred chef owns a string of restaurants around the world and is the star of television shows in the UK and the US.
A spokesman for Ramsay declined to comment on the case.


So what is the verdict on India's Narendra Modi-led BJP government's third annual budget today?

Clearly, it is aimed at boosting farm growth and appeals to the rural poor - the government has proposed spending $12.7bn (Â£9.15bn) on rural development and promised higher incomes to farmers.
"We need to think beyond food security and give back to our farmers a sense of income security," said Finance Minister Arun Jaitley.
"The government will, therefore, reorient its interventions in the farm and non-farm sectors to double the income of the farmers by 2022."
This isn't surprising given that farm growth has been very low - 0.5% per year, over the last two years - due to bad monsoons. It is expected to be 1.2% this year, much lower than India's overall growth of 7.6%.
There are plans to allow farmers better access to the market, introduce judicious use of fertilisers increasing crop yields in unirrigated farms, and offer incentives for the production of pulses.
That is the good part.
Before Mr Modi's government came to power in 2014, the Congress-led government with Manmohan Singh as prime minster, was in power for a decade.
Mr Singh's government wrote off loans to indebted farmers and introduced the landmark federal jobs guarantee scheme - the government's most ambitious employment generation scheme for poor people - and the Food Security Bill which made food a legal right.
In July 2014, Mr Modi had criticised the food security scheme: "The government in Delhi thinks that just by bringing in the Food Security Bill there will be food on your plate".
In February 2015, he also mocked the jobs guarantee scheme, saying he would ensure that it is never discontinued.
"It is proof of your failings. After so many years of being in power, all you were able to deliver is for a poor man to dig ditches a few days a month," he said.
The jobs guarantee scheme aims to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed employment in a financial year to every household whose adults are willing to do unskilled manual work.
The trouble is that it has essentially became another scheme where money is simply given away without any substantial assets being created.
But Mr Modi's government has done a u-turn here and allocated $5.62bn (Â£4bn) to the scheme for 2016-2017 - the highest ever.
That is why Mr Modi is now looking more and more similar to Manmohan Singh.
He is a better marketer though than Mr Singh and his regime is not seen to be as corrupt as the previous government.
Mr Modi had promised "minimum government and maximum governance". But with allocations to the jobs guarantee scheme at their highest ever level, this promise has gone out of the window, at least for now.
The food security scheme provides cheap rice and wheat to the poor.
But the government itself admits that nearly 54% of the wheat, 48% of the sugar and 15% of rice, meant to be distributed through through government-licensed "fair price shops", is stolen and sold on the open market.
Nevertheless, no effort has been made to plug this leakage which costs the country a lot of money.
Further, what India needs is the creation of a huge number of jobs - two years ago, Mr Modi had promised 10 million jobs.
Only some 30 millions Indians work in the organised sector. And nearly 58% of its population continues to be dependent on agriculture which generates around 16-18% of India's GDP.
What this tells us is that there is huge over-employment in an unproductive sector and that jobs need to be created in other sectors so that people can move away from agriculture. And that is clearly not happening.
The government is betting on the creation of road and railway infrastructure for the creation of semi-skilled and unskilled jobs required for moving people away from agriculture.
Will this be enough to move people away from farms by creating a substantial number of jobs?
There are no easy answers.
Vivek Kaul is the author of the Easy Money trilogy. He tweets @kaul_vivek


The Scottish government has called for Scotch to be defined in UK law in order to protect whisky exports after Brexit.

Scotland's Economy Secretary Keith Brown has written to UK ministers calling for protection of the Scotch whisky industry.
The industry is worth about Â£4bn to Scotland in exports. An EU definition of whisky currently protects sales from sub-standard products.
The UK government said it would support the industry so it continued to thrive.
Mr Brown's call follows International Trade Secretary Liam Fox's visit to the US last week.
The economy secretary said: "Aside from being a key part of Scottish culture and identity, our whisky industry supports around 20,000 jobs.
"The US made clear in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership discussions that they would support a relaxation of the definition of whisky, which would open the market up to a number of products which do not currently meet that standard."
He added: "It is vital that we continue to have robust legal protection of Scotch whisky, which is why I have sought clarification from the UK government as to whether Scotch whisky featured in discussions during last week's trade visit by the Secretary of State for International Trade.
"I am also demanding that the current EU regulations are guaranteed post-Brexit.
"After reports this week that the UK government is contemplating trade deals that threaten the value and reputation of Scottish produce, once again we can see the confusion which is at the heart of the UK government's Brexit position.
"We need to be sure that any future deals work for Scotland and are not threatening the livelihoods of our farmers and producers."
He said all four UK governments should have oversight of the negotiations to ensure, as far as possible, "that the right outcomes for everyone are secured".
A UK government spokeswoman said: "Scotch is a UK export success story and we will support the industry so that it continues to thrive and prosper post-Brexit.
"The UK government has a strong relationship with the Scotch Whisky Association and is working closely with the industry as we aim to secure the best possible deal for the whole of the UK."


Aid worker Linda Norgrove was killed by a grenade thrown by a US special forces soldier sent to rescue her, a joint US-UK investigation has found.

Ms Norgrove, 36, from Lewis, Scotland, was taken hostage in Afghanistan in September. She died on 8 October.
It had been thought she was killed by her captors.
Foreign Secretary William Hague said US soldiers had been disciplined for not informing commanders immediately that the grenade was a suspected cause.
He revealed the results of the probe in a statement to the House of Commons.
An investigation team of 10 staff spent almost three weeks in Afghanistan interviewing all involved in the rescue attempt.
They also had access to video footage, reports and post-mortem examination results which showed Ms Norgrove died of "penetrative fragmentation injuries" to her head and chest.
Mr Hague said: "After the investigation it is clear that these injuries were caused by the grenade."
He said US special forces had not immediately notified officers further up the chain of command about the grenade.
Mr Hague said this was in breach of military law and a number of soldiers had been disciplined.
Before making his statement, Mr Hague met with the Scottish aid worker's parents John and Lorna Norgrove.
In a statement, the family said: "We are grateful to have been briefed in detail by the UK and US military officers who led the inquiry into Linda's kidnapping and subsequent failed rescue attempt.
"We would like some time to digest this and the contents of the report before we make any further comment.
"We will issue a statement early next week and would ask the media to respect our privacy in the meantime."
US Central Command said Ms Norgrove's death was a terrible tragedy and those who kidnapped her were ultimately responsible for her death.
Commander Gen James Mattis added: "Ms Norgrove was a remarkably valiant young woman whose courage and compassion were well known to the Afghans she was there to help.
"Her dedication to humanitarian service - and the support of her family - have been an inspiration to us all."
Mr Hague said that with the agreement of the prime minister he had agreed to a rescue bid because of fears that Ms Norgrove's life was in "grave danger".
He said an incredibly difficult operation was launched by highly experienced personnel in extreme mountain terrain at night.
After being dropped off by two helicopters, one of two teams moved along a narrow ledge and came under attack.
Mr Hague said it was believed Ms Norgrove was being held in buildings higher up a mountain.
He said: "A grenade was thrown by a member of the rescue team who feared for his own life and those of his team towards a gully from where some of the insurgents had emerged.
"When the grenade was thrown no member of the team had seen, or heard, Linda Norgrove."
Following the operation Ms Norgrove's body was found in the gully.
She had been working for American-based aid organisation Development Alternatives Inc (DAI).
Louis Susman, the US ambassador in the UK said: "Our thoughts and prayers are with the family and friends of Linda Norgrove as we continue to mourn her tragic death.
"Her life of service to others was an inspiration to us all.
"Her work with Development Alternatives, Inc., an American company working for the U.S. Agency for International Development, was the latest example from a long career around the world devoted to improving the lives of those less fortunate.
"We admire the strength and devotion of Linda's parents, who have established a foundation in her memory to ensure that the communities and initiatives that she gave her life to support will not be forgotten.
"The Norgrove family is an inspiration to us all as we remember and mourn this extraordinary woman."
Ms Norgrove was kidnapped in the Dewagal valley in the Kunar province on 26 September while looking into the development of agricultural projects in the east of Afghanistan.
Her funeral was held on Lewis in the Western Isles.
An inquest into her death was opened and adjourned by Wiltshire coroner David Ridley in Salisbury in October.


Ten years ago, a terror attack aiming to kill hundreds of innocent holidaymakers failed because of a concrete door post and the actions of ordinary people who were at Glasgow Airport that day.

In recent months the UK has seen a number of attacks in which vehicles have been used in an attempt to kill large numbers of people - but a decade ago the attack was unlike any other.
It was also the first time Scotland had been targeted for a terrorist attack.
A Jeep Cherokee laden with propane gas cylinders and petrol cans was driven at speed into the doors of the Glasgow Airport departure area on one of the busiest days of the year.
At 15:11, 4,000 people were already inside the terminal and the departure halls were packed with passengers waiting to board flights on the first Saturday of the Scottish school summer holidays, when the car came smashing towards them.
It was only a concrete pillar at the main door that stopped the Jeep causing a fireball in the departure hall and a horrendous tragedy.
The SUV could not get into the main concourse where holidaymakers watched in horror.
Inside the vehicle were Iraqi doctor Bilal Abdulla, 27, and 28-year-old engineer Kafeel Ahmed, who was born in India and grew up in Saudi Arabia.
When the Jeep failed to explode, Abdulla threw petrol bombs from the passenger seat and Ahmed doused himself in petrol and set it alight.
Then, as stunned holidaymakers began to run for their lives, Abdulla got out of the vehicle and attacked a policeman who had appeared on the scene.
He was tackled by passers-by, including Alex McIlveen, a taxi driver who had just dropped off a fare when he saw the attack.
As Mr McIlveen and others fought with Abdulla, his co-conspirator Ahmed got out of the Jeep, totally covered in flames, and went to the boot of the car.
An off-duty police officer hosed the burning man with a fire extinguisher as he tried to open the boot of the car, which unknown to the officer contained gas canisters and petrol.
Despite his severe burns Kafeel Ahmed carried on fighting as they tried to pull him away from the car.
Alex McIlveen told a BBC documentary in 2008: "I was pure daft because I gave him a kick in the crotch.
"He didnae flinch. He didnae move nor nothing. I gave him a good kick as well."
McIlveen tore a tendon in his foot when he kicked Ahmed in the groin.
Two police officers sprayed CS spray in Ahmed's eyes in order to subdue him but he continued to resist and it was Stephen Clarkson, who was at the airport to pick up family, who brought him to the ground with a blow to the chest.
Mr Clarkson told BBC Scotland: "More or less as soon as he hit the ground the police were on top of him."
Former detective David Swindle, who was in charge of the police operation on the day, told BBC Scotland: "If it had not been for the concrete pillar that vehicle could have been inside the airport and you could never imagine the casualties that would have happened there.
"Looking at CCTV from inside the airport, where you see people running screaming in horror, you would never understand what could have happened there.
"Thankfully only for the sake of that and the intervention of members of the public, who actually challenged these people, we will never know what could have happened."
Det Supt Swindle added: "That was the first time a vehicle had been used as an attack of terror and it was in Scotland. There was always a belief it could never happen here.
"It did happen and it was a shocking spectacular event that everyone in Scotland will remember."
Kafeel Ahmed suffered 90% burns in the attack but he did not die immediately. It was over a month before he was pronounced dead at the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Paisley.
This was the same hospital in which Bilal Abdulla had worked prior to the attack.
Abdulla was found guilty at Woolwich Crown Court in London of conspiracy to murder by planning car bomb attacks, with accomplice Ahmed.
He was sentenced to at least 32 years in jail.
Abdulla admitted in court that he was "a terrorist" as defined by English law.
He went on to say he believed the British government and Army could equally be accused of terrorism for their actions in Iraq.
But he added he had wanted to frighten people rather than murder them.
The year before the attack, Ahmed gave a lecture about the injustices suffered by Muslims all over the world.
Police found a hoard of jihadist material on his computer and he had listened to lectures by Osama bin Laden and other al-Qaeda figures.
The attack on Glasgow Airport appears to have been a response to the failure of two massive car bombs in London the day before.
Abdulla and Ahmed are thought to have been planning the London bombings for months.
They had driven to London in two cars packed with gas canisters, petrol and thousands of nails.
The car were left outside Tiger Tiger nightclub, near Piccadilly Circus, and in nearby Cockspur Street in the city's West End.
The plan was to detonate the bombs using a homemade device of a syringe full of matches and a mobile phone but the cars failed to explode and the attackers knew the police were on their trail.
It was at this point that Abdulla and Ahmed decided to launch a suicide attack on Glasgow Airport.
During Abdulla's court case, prosecutors said that in both attacks it was good fortune alone that there had been no loss of innocent life.
Speaking about the London attacks, the judge said: "Your murderous intent was best shown by the obstructing of the safety mechanisms on two of the cylinders and by the 800-plus nails in one car and 1,000 in the second, designed to do nothing else but constitute a deadly form of shrapnel to maim, injure and kill."
He added: "You were both undeterred and immediately put the second attack into effect, which had probably been designed as the grand finale of your conspiracy."


At least 30 people have been killed and 35 injured in a bus crash in Nepal.

The bus veered off a mountain road in the Rasuwa district, about 80km (50 miles) north of the capital, Kathmandu.
It was travelling from Kathmandu to the village of Chilime when it fell 150m down a slope. The cause of the accident is unclear. The injured have been taken to hospitals.
Chief District Officer Shiva Ram Gelal said the bus was overcrowded, with passengers riding on the roof.
The BBC's Phanindra Dahal in Kathmandu says overcrowding has worsened in Nepal because few buses are available as a result of fuel shortages.


The EU's top court says an airliner's arrival time is not when it lands but when its doors are opened - a ruling that affects compensation claims.

The budget airline Germanwings had argued that a plane had touched down with a delay of just under three hours - so compensation was not due.
But the European Court of Justice (ECJ) said on-board rules inconvenienced passengers until they left the plane.
A passenger can claim 250 euros (Â£198) for a delay of three hours or more.
Ruling in the case Germanwings v Ronny Henning, the ECJ said "the concept of 'arrival time', which is used to determine the length of the delay to which passengers on a flight have been subject, refers to the time at which at least one of the doors of the aircraft is opened".
Thursday's ruling was prompted by a delay to a Germanwings flight from Salzburg to Cologne/Bonn, but it is binding across the EU. An Austrian court had asked the ECJ to clarify the definition of "arrival time".
EU compensation rules apply to passengers departing from any airport in the EU or passengers arriving in the EU with an EU carrier or one from Iceland, Norway or Switzerland.
The flight in question touched down with a delay of two hours and 58 minutes. The delay was more than three hours by the time the doors were opened.
While 250 euros is the compensation awarded for a short-haul flight delayed by three hours or more, the compensation applying to a flight of 1,500km (930 miles) or more is at least 400 euros.


Twelve months ago Simon Church was enjoying the high point of his football career, a member of the Wales squad that defied the odds to reach the Euro 2016 semi-finals.

The adventure seemed set to continue with a move to join Dutch Eredivisie side Roda JC Kerkrade.
But just four games into the campaign Church suffered a serious hip injury that wrecked his season.
The contrast of fortune could not have been more stark, as Church endured surgery followed by a lengthy rehabilitation.
"It's been a frustrating season for me off the back of last summer," said the 28-year-old.
"I had the opportunity to play in a different country, a different league and then four games in I had to have hip surgery.
"That ruined everything, ruined my plans... it was really, really frustrating.
"It's something [the hip problem] I've had over the years but I've never missed a day of training or a match through it.
"It's been niggling away in the background but I've always managed to get a hold of it to stop it getting in the way.
"But as soon as I went to Roda I didn't realise they played on astroturf and near enough half the teams [in the Dutch Eredivisie] play on astroturf.
"We were training in an artificial pitch every day and I think that was the main reason why, my hip couldn't really handle the impact of it.
"I remember playing against Feyenoord and after taking a shot I was in so much pain I couldn't carry on."
Scans confirmed the severity of the injury and surgery was followed by 10 weeks on crutches.
Roda allowed Church to stay home for three months to convalesce, before he returned to the Dutch club last January to continue his rehabilitation.
But with his one-year contract due to expire and Roda in the midst of a troubled takeover involving financier Aleksei Korotaev, Church left the club two weeks ago.
"It was was my decision to stop it prematurely because I'd worked so hard to get back as soon as I can... and be ready for the new season," Church said.
"I knew there's a lot of things going on at the club as well with the new owner, new manager, new staff and I knew straight away it wasn't something that I was going to be doing next year.
"We agreed to go our separate ways before the end of the season and I've managed to keep my fitness up, working hard and getting myself ready for whatever opportunity comes up next."
Church began his career at Reading, before signing for Charlton Athletic in 2013 and then MK Dons two years later, but was unable to command a regular first-team place.
The striker went on loan at the end of the 2015-16 season to Aberdeen, flourishing in the Scottish Premiership with nearly a goal every other game - the type of form that helped cement his place in the Wales squad for the Euro 2016 finals.
"The back of last season I went to Aberdeen, really had a good time and scored a lot of goals," Church said.
"Then in the summer was just amazing - to play in the semi-finals of the Euros was a dream come true.
"I want more of the same feeling and action from last summer, and I want to get back to playing at the top level."
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Now Church, back to fitness, is eager to recommence his playing career and says there is good interest from clubs for his signature.
"There's a lot of talks going on with clubs... so I'm just keeping tight, keeping focused on staying fit," he added.
"We've had interest from back in England, which is nice, but also ever since I made the move abroad a lot more options have come up all over the place.
"But we need to sit down; I've got a young family so we need to figure out what's going to be the best for them, and what's going to be the best opportunity for me in my career.
"I'm 28 now so I need to get back to what I was doing. The last five years haven't gone as well as I'd planned, so we really need to make sure the next move is the right one.
"The clubs know I'm a free agent now, I'm feeling fit, I know I can play at Championship level. I haven't played in League One since I was 18 or 19 on loan a couple of times.
"I know what I'm capable of, I'm sure clubs know all about me now... and I'm still really hungry."
While a frustrated Church has looked on from the sidelines, Wales have struggled to repeat their success during the current World Cup qualifying campaign.
Chris Coleman's side sit third in Group D, four draws from their five games leaving them four points behind leaders Serbia - who they face in a crunch game on Sunday.
The last time Wales played in Belgrade in 2012 they suffered a 6-1 humiliation in a World Cup qualifier.
Church played every painful minute of that defeat but the 38-cap man does not believe there will be any repeat of that result on Sunday, even with leading scorer Gareth Bale suspended.
"That 6-1 defeat was probably the lowest point in a lot of our Welsh careers, we didn't really know where to go from there," said Church, who made his international debut in 2009.
"Where we are now from where we were then is two different places... we've just got to put that focus in and that comes from the manager, and the players know how to win games now.
"We've got players who can do something out of nothing all over the pitch and we've got great leaders as well.
"Everyone knows the team we are and the quality of our players, but we've had a bit of bad luck and obviously now expectations are so high.
"Expectations are we should win the group and sail through to the finals but it's never as easy as that and that's shown throughout the campaign.
"It was always going to be tough off the back of getting to the semi-final.
"We've got such a good squad but this campaign we've been hit with injuries and suspensions, and looking at the squad it's a chance for players to come in and show what they can do.
"It just shows the level of the squad that we are today, especially compared to the last time we lost against Serbia."
Wales boss Coleman has said this campaign will be his last as Wales manager and the 47-year-old is admired by Premier League clubs including Crystal Palace.
"It doesn't surprise me at all that he's linked with a lot of Premier League teams," Church said.
"He's a fantastic manager and someone who I've loved working with. He's given me the opportunity, he talks to you, tells you what he's thinking.
"He's a great man and the whole squad absolutely loves him and the staff, and it's a real pleasure - an honour - to be part of Wales.
"When you're training with the squad and the manager it's an amazing place to be."


Fifa has said its reform taskforce will be chaired by an independent person from outside of football.

Fifa president Sepp Blatter announced plans last week to form an 11-person panel to review football's scandal-hit world governing body.
Domenico Scala had earlier said he would only lead the taskforce if he is guaranteed full independence.
The Swiss businessman is already the independent chair of Fifa's audit and compliance committee.
Scala was believed to have been prepared to lead the taskforce, after meeting presidents of three of Fifa's six continental confederations.
But a spokesman for Scala told BBC Sport: "Domenico Scala never applied for such a chairmanship."
He added that the post would only be considered "under the strict condition" that "independence was guaranteed".
As well as an independent chair, the taskforce will have two representatives from the AFC (Asia), CAF (Africa), Concacaf (North, Central America and the Caribbean) and Uefa (Europe), as well as one representative from each of Conmebol (South America) and the OFC (Oceania).
In a statement, Fifa said representatives from federations would not necessarily have to be "members of the football community" and the confederations could decide that themselves.
Blatter, who has announced his intention to stand down as president, has said presidential term limits and integrity checks for top officials are potential areas of reform.
Recommendations are due to be presented at the next meeting of Fifa's executive committee in Zurich on 24 and 25 September.
The prospect of Scala leading an independent review of Fifa was described as "laughable" by campaign group New Fifa Now.
And Alexandra Wrage, who resigned from Fifa's independent governance committee in April 2013 in protest at a lack of meaningful action, said even an independent chairman of the reform taskforce "can't work".
She told BBC Sport: "The process needs to be taken out of Fifa's hands. Short of that, it's another reform dead-end."
Blatter's resignation on 2 June followed the arrest of seven Fifa officials as part of a United States investigation that saw 14 people indicted on corruption charges.
A separate criminal investigation by Swiss authorities into how the 2018 and 2022 World Cups were allocated is also under way.


A nursery given £245,000 by the Welsh Government and Wrexham council will shut in September, just two years after it opened.

The council-run Sprouts Nursery lost just under £94,000 in that time, accounts have shown.
Council officials said the financial position was "no longer sustainable".
Consultation with staff at the Rhosddu Road site will now take place, with the plan to shut the facility in mid-September.
"The decision to close was not taken lightly," said council leader, Mark Pritchard.
"Sprouts opened in 2015 following an identified need for out-of-hours nursery provision in Wrexham.  Unfortunately this need never fully materialised and we find ourselves in the position we do now."
The nursery can accommodate up to 40 children, opening 12 hours a day in the week, and also offered childcare places on a Saturday.
Details released under Freedom of Information requests show the nursery cost £155,000 to set-up when it was officially opened by the then communities minister, Lesley Griffiths.
The cash from the government was part of its £100m Vibrant and Viable Places programme for regeneration in town centres, coastal and deprived community areas.
However, the nursery lost £44,000 in 2015-16, and £49,700 in 2016-17.
Councillor for the Grosvenor ward, Marc Jones, said: "It's been clear for some time that the nursery was losing significant amounts of money - approximately £5,000 a month.
"Questions must now be asked of the initial business plan, which led to more than £150,000 of Welsh Government and Wrexham council funding to be spent on the venture."


The parents of a French student who went missing in Edinburgh have said they are desperate to find him.

Antoine Maury, 21, was last seen on Monday at 22:30 after leaving friends at Edinburgh College's Milton Road East Campus.
His mother, Laura Maury, issued an appeal to him to come home, saying he was not in any trouble.
She urged people living in the area to check their outbuildings and garages.
Mrs Maury also appealed for information from anyone who may be sheltering her son.
Police said there was a possible sighting of a man matching Mr Maury's description near the Duddingston Village area of Holyrood Park, heading into the park, on Monday between 22:45 and 23:00.
The man was topless.
Laura and Pascal Maury, who have flown in to Edinburgh, said their son's disappearance was completely out of character.
Mrs Maury said her son was well liked and had been enjoying his studies in Scotland.
He has been a student at Edinburgh College for three months.
They plan to organise a search on Saturday with family and friends.
Divers from the Borders Water Rescue Team are continuing to search Duddingston Loch.
Duddingston Village has been searched using police sniffer dogs.
Ms Maury said: "We are desperate to find Antoine and are appealing to anyone who might have information as to where he is or know if someone is sheltering him.
"We want him to know that we love him, he is not in trouble and for him to come home.
"We ask that anyone living in the area to please check their outbuildings and garages again to confirm that Antoine is not hiding there.
"He is a very happy young man and there is no reason to believe my son would run away."
Mr Maury was described as white, of medium build, 6ft with short brown hair, a beard and has a bleeding hand tattoo on his forearm.
He has a good level of English, but was unfamiliar with Edinburgh.
He has lost his glasses and his eyesight is not very good.
Insp Alan Carson of Police Scotland, said:  "We are continuing our search to find Antoine today and are still appealing to the public for their assistance.
"This is a live missing person investigation and we are very concerned for Antoine's welfare. I would urge anyone with information about his whereabouts to contact us immediately.
"Any information passed to police may hold the key to finding Antoine."


A virtual reality (VR) headset could help football club doctors diagnose concussion more accurately, researchers have claimed.

Dr Michael Grey, who is trialling the technology, said the Â£500 Oculus Rift system can quickly help medics detect "subtle changes" in players.
Trials of the technology follow several studies linking heading of footballs to degenerative brain disease.
The FA said it took the issue "extremely seriously".
Dr Grey, who has worked on the trial at the University of Birmingham and the University of East Anglia, said virtual reality technology helps to establish whether a player is concussed by testing their ability to balance at the same time as following instructions.
It would come into use when club doctors are forced to make decisions on the sidelines as to whether players should continue to play, he said.
'250 more' footballers with degenerative brain disease
"With our virtual reality balance test we're having the brain do one thing and then challenge it by tilting the room and it's only by doing this we see subtle changes that might not show up in a standard neurocognitive test."
"You will have players who say: 'No I'm fine, I want to go on'. But you do this test - or one like it - I think those questions go away," he added.
BBC reporter Laura May McMullan took the technology to West Bromwich Albion Football Club.
Baggies legend Jeff Astle died 15 years ago. A coroner ruled his death was caused by brain trauma, brought on by heading heavy leather footballs.
His family has campaigned to football authorities for more research into the link between football and dementia.
The club's director of performance, Dr Mark Gillett, said: "I think we're looking for functional tests that allow us to make a quick decision and technology such as that could potentially be very helpful."
At present, players have a baseline test - a clinical, physical and cognitive test at the start of the season.
Machinery is used, but it is far from state-of-the-art.
Currently, a pitch-side doctor is forced to make a decision on whether a player is concussed using more basic methods.
Virtual reality would work alongside the clinical tests to give the medics concrete neurological responses.
The daughter of a former professional footballer who died from brain trauma has walked out of a meeting with a top official in the game.
Dawn Astle was meeting Gordon Taylor, chief executive of the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA), who she believes has a duty of care towards former players. But frustrated with his response, she leaves the room.
Her father Jeff Astle died in 2002 at the age of 59. A coroner ruled his brain trauma was caused by heading footballs.
The Astle family has campaigned for more research into the link between football and dementia.
Former Aston Villa, Wolverhampton Wanderers and West Bromwich Albion striker Andy Gray has backed the technology.
He tells the programme: "What football has no excuse about is embracing modern technology. It has no excuse. It can't say we don't have the money, it's awash with money.
"Paying millions and millions of pounds to footballers and then worrying very little about their health."
The FA's head of medicine, Dr Charlotte Cowie, said it established an expert panel in 2015 which issued new guidelines on concussion.
"These guidelines were designed to help recognise and manage concussion - from the time of injury through to a player's safe return to football," she said.
"The expert panel further agreed that research is particularly required into the issue of whether degenerative brain disease is more common in ex-footballers."
"We have recently agreed with the PFA to jointly fund and support this research as we believe that a collaborative approach will strengthen the credibility and resource available to the project."
You can see this story in full on BBC Inside Out West Midlands at 19:30 GMT on BBC One on Monday 20 March or via iPlayer afterwards.


Imagine a country whose inhabitants work fewer hours than almost any others, whose workforce is not particularly productive and whose children spend less time at school than most of its neighbours.

Hardly a recipe for economic success, you might think.
But the country described above is none other than Germany, Europe's industrial powerhouse and the world's second largest exporter; a country whose economy has single-handedly stopped the eurozone falling back into recession and the only nation rich enough to save the euro.
When you consider that only the Dutch work fewer hours among the 34 members of the OECD, that German children spend 25% less time in the classroom than their Italian counterparts, and that there are six more productive economies in Europe alone, these facts appear all the more remarkable.
So why is the German economy so powerful, and what lessons can the rest of us learn from it?
There is no doubt that Germany has benefited greatly from the euro.
By getting into bed with more sluggish economies in southern Europe, Germany adopted a much weaker currency than would otherwise have been the case - as one of the very few countries in the world running a balance of payments surplus, the deutschmark would have been a great deal stronger than the euro.
This has provided a terrific boost to German exports, which are cheaper to overseas consumers as a result.
But this goes only some way to explaining Germany's current economic might.
Just as important are the relatively low levels of private debt. While the rest of Europe gorged on cheap credit throughout the 1990s and 2000s, German companies and individuals refused to spend beyond their means.
One reason for this, says David Kohl, deputy chief economist at Frankfurt-based Julius Baer bank, is that real interest rates in Germany remained stable, unlike those in other European economies.
"In the UK, Italy, Spain and Portugal, for example, higher inflation meant real rates moved down, so there was a huge incentive to borrow money," he says.
But cultural differences are just as significant - quite simply, Germans are uncomfortable with the concept of borrowing money and prefer to live within their own means.
"In German, borrowing is 'schulden', [the same word for] guilt. There is an attitude that if you have to borrow, there is something wrong with you," says Mr Kohl.
This has been particularly beneficial to Germany in recent years - unlike its European counterparts, consumers and businesses did not need to slash spending to cut their debt levels when banks stopped lending during the recession.
But there are other, deep-rooted reasons behind Germany's current economic pre-eminence in Europe, not least in fact the relatively low number of hours spent at work and in the classroom.
Germany embarked upon a programme of fundamental labour market reform in 2003, sparked by the excesses of post-unification wage increases.
Strong employment protection legislation and a degree of trust on behalf of the workforce in well-capitalised companies that had not over-borrowed, meant the Social Democratic government was able to use its close ties with labour unions to push for moderation in wage inflation.
The reforms laid the foundation for a stable and flexible labour market. While unemployment across Europe and the US soared during the global downturn, remarkably the jobless number in Germany barely flickered.
German workers were simply willing to work fewer hours, knowing that they would keep their jobs because of it.
They were all the more willing to do so due to the stronger bond that exists between workers and employers compared with many other countries.
"There is a culture of business owners acknowledging and rewarding the efforts of the workforce," says Andreas Woergoetter, head of country studies at the OECD's economics department.
No wonder, then, that Germans work fewer hours than most.
More important still to Germany's industrial strength is the country's education system.
School finishes at lunchtime across much of Germany due to what Mr Woergoetter calls a "societal preference", designed to allow children to spend more time with their families.
But it's in the later years of schooling that the German model really stands apart.
"Half of all youngsters in upper secondary school are in vocational training, and half of these are in apprenticeships," says Mr Woergoetter.
Apprentices aged 15 to 16 spend more time in the workplace receiving on-the-job training than they do in school, and after three to four years are almost guaranteed a full-time job.
And in Germany, there is less stigma attached to vocational training and technical colleges than in many countries.
"They are not considered a dead end," says Mr Woergoetter. "In some countries, company management come from those who attended business school, but in Germany, if you're ambitious and talented, you can make it to the top of even the very biggest companies."
The German education system, therefore, provides a conveyor belt of highly skilled workers to meet the specific needs of the country's long-established and powerful manufacturing base, which is rooted in the stable, small-scale family businesses that have long provided the backbone of the economy.
There is clearly much to learn from the German model, but blind replication may not be the answer.
Many economies jealously covet Germany's manufacturing prowess, particularly while demand for its industrial products in emerging markets such as China continues to boom.
And yet, not so long ago, the roles were reversed.
"Ten years ago, we in Germany were looking at the much higher value-added potential of the UK service sector," says Mr Kohl.
"There are limits to adding value in manufacturing. If you want to be rich and move up the value chain, you need to be in services."
As unlikely as it seems, perhaps one day Germany will once again look to others for inspiration.


Exeter City have signed former Watford and Brighton striker Will Hoskins.

The 29-year-old was a free agent after being released by Oxford United at the end of last season having suffered a serious groin injury.
"He's had a couple of interrupted seasons with injury and we thought it was a good opportunity to bring him in on trial," Exeter manager Paul Tisdale told BBC Sport.
"He's a proven player with a pedigree in football higher than League Two."
Exeter have not divulged how long Hoskins' contract at St James Park will last for.
Hoskins, who is a former England Under-20 international, missed all of the 2013-14 season after injuring knee ligaments in a Championship match for Brighton in February 2013.
"The expectation we have of him is to ease himself through pre-season, which he has done," added Tisdale.
"He's got some real quality about him and we're hoping he'll force his way onto the bench in the first month of the season - and beyond that we'll see what happens."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Slower economic growth has meant Chancellor George Osborne has rethought how he will meet his target to spend less money than he brings in by 2020.

The Office for Budget Responsibility now sees 2016 growth of 2%, down from the 2.4% expected in November.
That is the effect of what he describes as a "dangerous cocktail" of global economic risks and slower economic growth than was predicted.
It means a cut of nearly £30bn to close the gap in the last year of the decade.
In 2019-20, the government plans a surplus of £10.4bn.
In the year before, it is a deficit of £21.4bn. How will he pull this off?
According to the chancellor's numbers, nearly £10bn of the swing comes from a change of heart in how large companies will pay tax.
The government had wanted companies to start paying their tax in the year they earn profits. That plan has been put on hold for two years. The effect is a lot less tax paid in the financial year to 2019 - almost £4bn less - and almost £6bn more in the year to 2020.
This £10bn change is part of what OBR chief Robert Chote referred to as "shuffling" money around.
Another £3.5bn comes from cuts in government departments, this being the "50p in every £100 the government spends" Mr Osborne unveiled on Sunday. But he doesn't know where the cuts will come yet.
"There will be an efficiency review to inform future spending decisions," the Treasury said. The review will report in 2018.
The government will bring forward infrastructure spending, which means just less than £1bn more spending in the 2019 year and more than £1.5bn less spending in the 2020 financial year, a £2.5bn difference.
It will cut £2bn in spending for public service pensions.
Most of the remainder of the gap is formed of cuts already planned by the chancellor.
"He's reacting to a deterioration" in the economic environment, according to Ian Stewart, chief economist at Deloitte. Mr Osborne is betting that the economy "will be in a better position to take the spending cuts than it is now",  he said.
Mr Osborne is increasing spending in places, or cutting his potential income. A longer school day and breakfast clubs will cost £350m in the 2020 year, while bigger tax-free savings allowances will cost £590m.
Budget figures show a tougher economic environment meant 2020 would have seen a £3.3bn deficit without Mr Osborne making more cuts


An Edinburgh man who built potentially lethal firearms from items found in the streets and skips has been jailed for five years and nine months.

Gary Owens, 38, previously admitted a string of firearms offences committed between 1 February and 16 April 2014 at his home in Jamaica Mews.
The offences included manufacturing a prohibited weapon and possessing homemade firearms.
Owens said he had made the weapons in order to commit suicide.
Unemployed Owens, who was said to suffer from depression, said he had built the firearms through a process of trial and error and had bought matches and party poppers to supplement parts he had found abandoned.
He created the weapons in his flat and test fired one in his hallway, where shotgun pellets were found embedded in a door.
Lord Uist said the firearms could have come into the hands of others who could have used them for any purpose they wished.
He pointed out that Owens had a lengthy criminal record and a chronic drug abuse problem, and said Owens had made the devices knowing the harm they could cause.
Advocate depute Susanne Tanner had earlier told the High Court in Edinburgh: "He claimed not to have researched it in any way on the internet saying he had never used a computer in his life."
Defence solicitor advocate Robbie Burnett said of Owens: "He is very much a loner. He tells me he has no real friends. He has been depressed for some considerable time and had on various occasions attempted suicide."


The bin lorry which killed six people in Glasgow travelled too quickly for people to react effectively, a fatal accident inquiry (FAI) has heard.

Crash expert Mark Hill told Glasgow Sheriff Court that within 19 seconds, the lorry initially accelerated to 25mph, then dropped to 19mph and 10mph.
He said the lorry crew and pedestrians had as little as five seconds to react as the tragedy unfolded on 22 December.
The inquiry is examining the lorry, its route and driver Harry Clarke's health.
The court previously heard that the 58-year-old driver was unconscious at the wheel as the Glasgow City Council bin lorry went out of control on Queen Street in the city centre, killing six pedestrians and injuring 15 others.
Mr Hill, a consultant with the Transport Research Laboratory, was giving evidence on the fifth day of the FAI, which is being overseen by Sheriff John Beckett QC.
On Monday, he told the inquiry that the six people who died were killed within 19 seconds.
In his second day of evidence, Mr Hill said the bin lorry initially accelerated as it hit the pavement and pedestrians in front of it would have had "very short notice" to take evasive action.
The witness told the court that the two rear-seated crew members could not have known how long the crash would last.
Mr Hill said that when the bin lorry began striking buildings, road signs and pedestrians, this would "confound clear thought" of the crew on board.
The witness told the court that the crew would probably have expected the bin lorry to stop after it crashed into the Virgin Money building.
He said that in the "intense environment" of an ongoing crash, the crew would be likely to revert to "innate" self-preservation.
They would have experienced "perceived dread" - a fear of not being in control of the situation and of suffering serious harm.
Mr Hill said the crew's perception of time could have been distorted as the bin lorry veered out of control, further impacting on their decision-making.
The inquiry has previously heard that the two crewmen, Matthew Telford and Henry Toal, made no attempt to apply the brake and believed they could not reach it.
Neither of the men could drive and they had not been given any training on what to do if a driver fell ill at the wheel.
Mr Hill's report on the crash said Mr Toal and Mr Telford would have had about five seconds in which to react.
He described Mr Telford's first actions, in trying to rouse the driver Mr Clarke as "logical".
Mr Hill noted that the crew had limited knowledge of driving and were physically constrained by the railing separating them from the front of the cabin.
He said any consideration of how to stop the bin lorry would have required "far more in-depth" knowledge and experience.
The witness said the crew would have had enough reaction time to reach the handbrake but said it was "questionable" if they could have made a decision during the confusion.
Mr Hill also said that engaging the handbrake could potentially have led to other buildings and people being hit.
He concluded that there was "insufficient time" for Mr Toal and Mr Telford to react from detecting the altered course of the bin lorry to it hitting the Millennium Hotel in George Square.
Mr Hill was later cross-examined by Mark Stewart QC, who is representing the bereaved Sweeney and McQuade families.
He noted that parts of Mr Hill's report dealt with the psychological reactions of the crew, yet he was not a psychologist.
Mr Stewart noted that there was an incident in Glasgow in 2014 where a bin lorry driver took ill and untrained crew steered the vehicle through a hedge.
Mr Hill, who previously noted that the bin lorry crew were not trained in how to stop the vehicle, agreed that a trained crew could have made "better, informed decisions about how to intervene".
He confirmed, under questioning from Mr Stewart, that a trained crew operating the handbrake could have stopped the bin lorry before it reached the St Vincent Place junction with Queen Street.
The QC then noted that about 2% of road collisions were attributed to a "driver medical event".
Mr Hill agreed that, given this statistic, driver medical conditions were a "foreseeable risk".
Under cross-examination from Glasgow City Council's QC, Peter Gray, Mr Hill agreed that "interfering with the handbrake" would be a "last resort", even for a trained crew.
He said that in cases such as this crash, there was "a matter of seconds" to react, and anyone doing so would need a "cool head".
The witness said they would need to make a "calculated decision", as applying the handbrake could lead to "very much worse consequences".
Mr Hill agreed with Mr Gray's assertion that any training for such an event would be "very challenging indeed".
The witness said he found no evidence that such training existed, or that there had even been discussion of it or guidance issued from regulators.
Mr Gray then asserted that "expert guidance" would be needed to put together such training and would involve psychologists and crash experts.
Mr Hill said that while he was no training expert, crews would need a far greater knowledge of the workings of a bin lorry under such a training scheme.
The QC then concluded his cross-examination by saying that while training was "a positive thing" it also had "to be practical" and any employer offering such advanced training would have to give "serious consideration" to the qualifications of bin lorry crew.
Liam Ewing, the representative of the bin lorry's two rear-seated crewmen, Mr Telford and Mr Toal, also cross examined Mr Hill.
He highlighted a previous Glasgow City Council bin lorry crash when the vehicle went into a garden after the driver fainted.
Mr Ewing noted that this incident was "quite dissimilar" from the George Square crash in that the lorry was going at low speed and the driver was alone in the cab.
Mr Hill then agreed that the crew on board the George Square lorry would have been aware it was speeding up and would have had a limited view from their rear seats.
He also agreed that they would have been in danger of hitting the windscreen if they had attempted to apply the handbrake without wearing a seatbelt.
Erin McQuade, 18, her grandparents Jack Sweeney, 68, and his 69-year-old wife Lorraine, all from Dumbarton, died in the incident in the city's Queen Street and George Square.
Stephenie Tait, 29, and Jacqueline Morton, 51, both from Glasgow, and Gillian Ewing, 52, from Edinburgh, were also killed when the truck mounted the pavement before crashing into the side of the Millennium Hotel.
A further 15 people were injured.
The Crown Office has already concluded that there will be no criminal prosecution over the crash, with senior lawyers deeming it a "tragic accident".


South Sudan's security forces have committed "shocking" acts of violence against civilians, including killings and rapes, Amnesty International says.

In a report, the UK-based human rights group says the abuse has been taking place during a disarmament campaign in the eastern Jonglei state.
Amnesty urges South Sudan to take "immediate action" to end the violence.
The government in Juba has played down the scale of the violations, saying they are isolated cases.
Amnesty says its researches interviewed scores of people in the region, who described widespread torture and abuse against civilians, including children as young as 18 months old.
It also says that in some cases the security forces looted property and destroyed crops.
"Far from bringing security to the region, the SPLA [South Sudan Army] and the police auxiliary forces have committed shocking human rights violations," said Audrey Gaughran, Amnesty's Africa director.
She accused the authorities of "doing very little to stop the abuse".
The government launched Operation Restore Peace in March in response to ethnic clashes in Jonglei in which hundreds of people were killed.
South Sudan's Information Minister Barnaba Mariel Benjamin told the BBC's Newsday programme that any abuse was isolated and was being "handled responsibly by the government because the disarmament programme is being done side by side with the presence of the UN peacekeeping forces".
"To say that there is a widespread abuses... I think that is not true," he said, accusing Amnesty of being unfair by not asking the government for its comment before publishing the report.
BBC Africa analyst Grant Ferrett says the danger is that the alleged abuse could fuel resentment and a new round of conflict.


A health boss on a £150,000-a-year salary has been suspended, the BBC has learned.

An internal investigation will be carried out at NHS Kernow - the organisation which commissions health services in Cornwall.
Joy Youart has been suspended from her post as managing director.
NHS Kernow did not confirm the identity of the suspended member of staff and said no wrongdoing was implied.
In December, NHS England ordered NHS Kernow to produce a recovery plan as it was heading for a year-end deficit of £14m.
NHS Kernow, which has a budget of £700m for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, buys health services on behalf of patients.
Dr Iain Chorlton, chairman of NHS Kernow, said: "We can confirm that a member of staff has been suspended while an internal investigation takes place.
"This is in line with standard procedure and does not imply any wrongdoing."
The reasons for the suspension are not clear.
The annual report of NHS Kernow for 2014-2015 shows Ms Youart's salary as £150-£155,000.
Dr Chorlton said the work of NHS Kernow would continue as normal and not affect patient care.
A spokeswoman for the legal firm Withers which is representing Ms Youart, said she had not had an opportunity to speak with NHS Kernow about the internal investigation and was "disappointed to be suspended from the valuable work that she does there".
The spokeswoman said Ms Youart said she was pleased NHS Kernow "has confirmed that the suspension does not imply any wrongdoing".
A spokesman for NHS England said it would "not be appropriate to comment" on an employment matter for NHS Kernow.


A human rights group is launching a crowd-funded legal challenge to the UK government's so-called "snoopers' charter".

Campaign group Liberty says the powers, which are used by intelligence agencies to collect large volumes of data from electronic devices, amount to an "assault on our freedom".
The Investigatory Powers Act gained royal assent in November.
The government has said it will defend the act.
Powers covered by the act allow state agencies to control and alter electronic devices, read texts, online messages and emails and listen in on calls, regardless of a suspicion of criminal activity.
The act forces communications companies to retain data of the who, where and when, but not the content of people's phone calls, emails, texts and web browsing history.
But Liberty wants to challenge the lawfulness of these powers and is asking the public to fund a judicial review.
Liberty director Martha Spurrier said: "Last year, this government exploited fear and distraction to quietly create the most extreme surveillance regime of any democracy in history.
"Hundreds of thousands of people have since called for this act's repeal because they see it for what it is - an unprecedented, unjustified assault on our freedom."
In November 2016, a petition asking the government to repeal the act attracted more than 118,000 signatures.
Investigatory Powers Act
The act was first proposed by Prime Minister Theresa May when she was home secretary and was approved by the House of Lords on 19 November.
Bulk powers are among the most controversial in the legislation, but security services and the government argue that they play a crucial role in counter-terrorism efforts.
Last month, the government faced calls to amend the act after the European Court of Justice found the "general and indiscriminate" retention of communications data was illegal.
EU judges said communications data could only be retained if it was used to fight serious crime.
The BBC's legal correspondent Clive Coleman said the government has said it will vigorously defend the act, which it says protects both privacy and security, had faced unprecedented parliamentary scrutiny and enjoyed cross parliamentary support.


A Bangladeshi militant group affiliated to al-Qaeda, Ansar al-Islam, says it was behind the killing of a top gay rights activist and his friend.

Xulhaz Mannan, editor of a LGBT magazine, and actor Tanay Mojumdar, were hacked to death on Monday.
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has blamed opposition parties for the killings, claims denied by the opposition.
It comes after a university professor was hacked to death by suspected Islamist militants on Saturday.
At least 20 people - including professors, secular writers and bloggers, foreigners and members of religious minorities - have been killed in attacks blamed on Islamist militants since 2013.
Who is behind the Bangladesh killings?
Lurching from secularism to sectarian terror?
Ansar al-Islam said on Twitter that it had killed Mr Mannan and Mr Mojumdar because they were working "to promote homosexuality... with the held of their masters, the US crusaders and their Indian allies".
The claim could not be independently verified.
Mr Mannan edited Roopbaan, a magazine and activist group for the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) community that had received some support from foreign embassies.
The US ambassador to Bangladesh said he was "devastated by the brutal murder of Xulhaz Mannan and another young Bangladeshi". Mr Mannan had also worked at the US embassy.
On Monday night, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said the opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and its ally, the Jamaat-e-Islami group, were "involved in these killings and committing these murders" as a way to destabilise Bangladesh.
The opposition denied her claims, and local media have criticised the government, saying it is responsible for protecting minorities.
Earlier this month, a Bangladeshi law student who had expressed secular views online died when he was hacked with machetes and then shot in Dhaka.
Last year, four prominent secular bloggers were also killed with machetes.
The four bloggers had all appeared on a list of 84 "atheist bloggers" drawn up by Islamist groups in 2013 and widely circulated.
Two foreigners - an Italian aid worker and a Japanese farmer - have also been killed, with both attacks claimed by so-called Islamic State, although the government denies the presence of IS on its soil.
The grim list of those who have fallen victim to attacks by Islamist militants in Bangladesh is growing ever diverse.
Secular bloggers, academics, gay rights activists, and members of religious minorities including Shia, Sufi and Ahmadi Muslims, Christians and Hindus have all been killed, many of them hacked to death.
That a university professor whose family said believed in God could also be murdered suggests the list of those at risk has widened further.
Who exactly is behind the attacks remains murky. Bangladesh has myriad extremist groups and there have been few convictions over the attacks.
Bangladesh has disputed claims by so-called Islamic State or al-Qaeda-linked groups for the attacks, instead often blaming opposition parties or local Islamist groups.
But until the killings stop the government itself will face accusations of not doing enough to protect minorities in the Sunni-dominated nation.


UK manufacturing remained on a "firm footing" last month, with the weaker pound boosting exports, according to a closely-watched survey.

However, the fall in the pound also had a "marked" impact on costs, with the price of imported goods rising.
Markit said about 90% of companies reporting rising import costs made reference to the exchange rate.
The latest Markit/CIPS purchasing managers' index (PMI) for manufacturing stood at 54.3 last month.
That was down from September's figure of 55.5, but still above the 50 mark which indicates expansion.
Price inflation for goods being bought by manufacturers hit its highest rate for more than five years, and was at its fourth-highest since the survey began in 1992.
Rob Dobson, an economist at Markit, said: "The UK manufacturing sector remained on a firm footing in October and should return to growth in the fourth quarter.
"Despite slowing from September's highs, growth of output and new orders continued to defy expectations, rising at marked rates and supporting the fastest job creation in a year.
"The main topic of the latest PMI survey was, however, the impact of the sterling depreciation on manufacturers.
"On the positive side, the boost to competitiveness drove new export order inflows higher, providing a key support to output volumes.
"The downside of the weaker currency is becoming increasingly evident, however, with increased import prices leading to one of the steepest rises in purchasing costs in the near 25-year survey history."
The Bank of England meets this week for its latest policymaking meeting, although it is not expected to announce another cut in interest rates.
"If signs of ongoing solid output expansion and rising price pressures are also experienced elsewhere in the economy, the chances of a further cut in interest rates before year-end are virtually nil," Mr Dobson said.
Figures released from the Office for National Statistics last week indicated that the economy grew by 0.5% in the July-to-September period. That was slower than the 0.7% rate in the second quarter of the year, but was stronger than expected.
Martin Beck, senior economic adviser to the EY Item Club, said: "With activity recovering through Q3, the PMI comfortably in expansionary territory and the renewed plunge in the value of sterling likely to continue to bolster export demand, we would expect to see the manufacturing sector contribute positively to GDP growth in Q4."
However, Samuel Tombs, chief UK economist at economic research consultancy Pantheon Macroeconomics, was less optimistic.
"We continue to expect manufacturers to struggle to capitalise on the weak pound in the near term, given the usual delays involved in finding new business, renegotiating contracts and investing in extra capacity," he said.
"As a result, a slowdown in domestic demand likely will ensure that the recovery in the manufacturing sector disappoints over the coming months."


The body of a man has been found after an "unexplained" garage fire in north London.

Firefighters discovered the man inside the garage near St Paul's Road, Tottenham, as they battled the fire in the early hours of Saturday.
It took fire crews more than an hour to get the blaze under control. Half of the garage was damaged by the blaze.
The cause of the fire is under investigation, the Metropolitan Police said.


England cricket star Monty Panesar has been fined by police after being caught urinating on nightclub bouncers in Brighton, the BBC understands.

The spin bowler, who plays for Sussex County Cricket Club, was fined for being drunk and disorderly outside the Shooshh club early on Monday morning.
Sussex Police said a 31-year-old man had received a fixed penalty notice for being drunk and disorderly.
Sussex County Cricket Club said it was investigating the incident.
It said in a statement: "Sussex County Cricket Club can confirm that an incident took place involving Monty Panesar in the early hours of Monday August 5.
"The matter is under full investigation and the club will make no further comment at this stage."
A spokesman for the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) said the incident was a matter for Panesar's club and the ECB would not be commenting on it.
Simon Hoole, general manager of the nightclub, said: "Unfortunately we can only confirm that there was an incident at that time."
He said the club would not make any further statement because the club valued its customers and their need for privacy.
It is the second drink-related incident involving Ashes players this summer.
In June, Australian batsman David Warner was reprimanded for striking England opener Joe Root in the face during a night out in Birmingham.
Warner missed the first two Ashes Tests against England, but featured in the drawn Test at Old Trafford.
Panesar was part of the 14-man England squad that retained the Ashes at Old Trafford on Monday but did not play in the match.
The left-arm bowler, who has taken 164 Test wickets for England, has not been included in the squad for the next Ashes Test at Durham, which starts on Friday.


Hungary took a step towards qualifying for the Euro 2016 finals by beating Norway in their play-off first leg.

The visitors - wearing black armbands in tribute to former goalkeeper Marton Fulop, who died on Thursday - scored the only goal when debutant Laszlo Kleinheisler smashed in from 15 yards.
In an open and entertaining game, Norway had 21 efforts on goal but could not find a way past Gabor Kiraly.
Hungary have not qualified for a major tournament since the 1986 World Cup.
The two sides will meet in Budapest on Sunday in the second leg with a place at next summer's finals in France at stake.
Only one team have qualified through the play-offs after losing the first leg since their inception for Euro 96 - Netherlands hammering Scotland 6-0 in 2003 after losing in Glasgow.
Kiraly - winning his 100th cap - was a key man throughout, making an outstanding early save to deny Norway skipper Per Ciljan Skjelbred and later dropping a corner which was eventually cleared off the line.
The hosts, who have not been to a major finals since Euro 2000, were on top in the early stages but conceded when 21-year-old Kleinheisler fired in a left-footed drive which goalkeeper Orjan Nyland could not keep out.
Norway piled on the pressure in the second half but found former Crystal Palace keeper Kiraly in inspired form, while Premier League referee Mark Clattenburg denied them a penalty when he instead booked Omar Elabdellaoui for a dive.
In the 88th minute, another Kiraly save kept out Alexander Soderlund, with substitute Pal Andre Heland heading the rebound against the crossbar.
Match ends, Norway 0, Hungary 1.
Second Half ends, Norway 0, Hungary 1.
Tom Høgli (Norway) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Adam Nagy (Hungary).
Substitution, Hungary. Tamas Priskin replaces Ádám Szalai because of an injury.
Attempt missed. Markus Henriksen (Norway) header from the centre of the box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Pal Helland with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Norway. Conceded by Richárd Guzmics.
Attempt saved. Marcus Pedersen (Norway) header from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Pal Helland with a cross.
Corner,  Norway. Conceded by Tamas Kadar.
Corner,  Norway. Conceded by Tamas Kadar.
Pal Helland (Norway) hits the bar with a header from the centre of the box.
Attempt saved. Stefan Johansen (Norway) left footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Marcus Pedersen.
Marcus Pedersen (Norway) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Zoltán Gera (Hungary).
Substitution, Norway. Pal Helland replaces Per Skjelbred because of an injury.
Corner,  Norway. Conceded by Gergö Lovrencsics.
Foul by Even Hovland (Norway).
Ákos Elek (Hungary) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Norway. Conceded by Tamas Kadar.
Attempt blocked. Marcus Pedersen (Norway) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Alexander Tettey.
Tom Høgli (Norway) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Adam Nagy (Hungary).
Substitution, Hungary. Gergö Lovrencsics replaces Balázs Dzsudzsák.
Substitution, Norway. Mohammed Elyounoussi replaces Jo Inge Berget.
Attempt missed. Marcus Pedersen (Norway) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses the top left corner. Assisted by Per Skjelbred with a cross.
Substitution, Hungary. Adam Nagy replaces Laszlo Kleinheisler.
Corner,  Norway. Conceded by Zoltán Gera.
Corner,  Norway. Conceded by Ákos Elek.
Foul by Stefan Johansen (Norway).
Ádám Szalai (Hungary) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Offside, Norway. Alexander Tettey tries a through ball, but Markus Henriksen is caught offside.
Attempt missed. Alexander Tettey (Norway) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the left following a corner.
Corner,  Norway. Conceded by Attila Fiola.
Omar Elabdellaoui (Norway) is shown the yellow card.
Omar Elabdellaoui (Norway) has gone down, but that's a dive.
Attempt blocked. Jo Inge Berget (Norway) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Marcus Pedersen.
Corner,  Norway. Conceded by Zoltán Gera.
Substitution, Norway. Marcus Pedersen replaces Alexander Søderlund.
Stefan Johansen (Norway) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Krisztian Németh (Hungary).


At least 22 people have died in clashes between Arab and Berber communities around the Algerian oasis city of Ghardaia, the state news agency says.

The city has seen clashes for the last two years, with rivalry among communities for jobs, housing and land.
But the two days of clashes in Ghardaia and two nearby cities - Guerrara and Berianne - are the most violent yet.
President Abdelaziz Bouteflika convened an emergency meeting on Wednesday.
A statement by the president urged people in Ghardaia "to help to restore calm and to preserve the age-old bonds of brotherhood which have always marked the region".
Interior Minister Noureddine Bedoui arrived in Ghardaia, a Unesco world heritage site, earlier in the day.
Mozabites - members of the local Berber community - called for better protection in a protest in the capital, Algiers, 600km (373 miles) to the north.
"The situation is very serious," one Mozabite leader told AFP. "This is not just clashes any more, it's terrorism."
Algeria's official news agency, APS, said most of the deaths were from "projectiles". It is not known to which groups the dead belonged.
A cemetery belonging to Mozabites was desecrated in December 2013, leading to fighting between groups. At least a dozen people had been killed before violence flared up again this week, AP said.


Former Football Association executive Adrian Bevington has left his advisory role at relegated Aston Villa after less than two months in the post.

The departure of Bevington, who was appointed in March, comes a month after David Bernstein and Lord King resigned from the club's board.
Villa, who finished bottom of the Premier League, were relegated to the Championship in April.
Owner Randy Lerner has been seeking a buyer for the club since May 2014.
The club are also awaiting to appoint a new manager after the sacking of Remi Garde in March.
Bevington said he told chairman Steve Hollis that he would not be taking on a full-time role with the club.
"I know how hard Steve is working on a number of levels and I hope he can conclude the ownership and managerial positions very soon," Bevington said in a statement.
"There is a huge amount of work ahead for Aston Villa. A club of its size with its great support should be competing at the higher levels of the Premier League, not in the position it currently finds itself.
"To move forward, now more than ever, it is crucial the club makes the right calls on the big decisions it is faced with."


Britain's Aljaz Bedene has replaced Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the main draw at the Aegon Championships at Queen's Club.

Tsonga, 31, has pulled out with the same adductor problem which forced him to retire from the French Open.
It will be the first time Slovenia-born Bedene, 26, has represented Britain at Queen's Club, following his nationality switch in 2015.
He reached the third round at Roland Garros last month - the furthest he has progressed at a Grand Slam.
Queen's is part of the ATP World Tour 500 series and leads up to Wimbledon, which runs from 27 June to 10 July.
Defending champion and British number one Andy Murray will be aiming for a record fifth title when the event starts on Monday.
Former French Open winner Stan Wawrinka, and fellow top 10 players Milos Raonic and Richard Gasquet, are also part of the line-up.
Find out how to get into tennis in our special guide.
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The BBC is to begin trialling a new hour-long news programme that could replace both Reporting Scotland and the Six O'Clock News in Scotland.

The broadcaster has drawn up three options for a new format, but said no decision had yet been taken on which, if any, would be introduced.
The BBC said it aimed to deliver "the very best news" for Scottish audiences.
But the National of Union of Journalists said there had been no consultation with staff.
It is understood that BBC Scotland is to make a series of pilot episodes over the next three weeks before a final decision is taken.
The so-called Scottish Six has been a long-running controversy within Scottish broadcasting, with previous proposals being ruled out by the BBC's then-director general Mark Thompson in 2006.
The proposals are in response to criticism that the BBC's main Six O'Clock News programme often features stories - for example on education and health - that have no relevance to Scottish audiences.
The Scottish government has argued that the BBC needs to "catch up" with devolution, and to give its Scottish operation greater control of budgets, staffing and decision making.
The new programme could provide "an hour of UK, Scottish and international news", according to a document drawn up by senior BBC Scotland managers.
It would be edited and presented in Scotland, and would aim to "shape the day's news in a way relevant to Scottish audiences".
The Scottish news hour would also "use the best of BBC News' talent around the country and the world", the document states.
A team of producers would be based at the BBC's New Broadcasting House headquarters in London to ensure key correspondents around the world were available to the Scottish programme.
And about 70 new correspondents, producers and other staff could be recruited to work on the programme.
The document outlines three possible formats for the programme.
The first of these would see an hour-long programme presented entirely in Scotland, while the second would see a main Scottish presenter accompanied by a London-based journalist who would front a 10-minute roundup of UK and international news.
In both options, the document stresses that BBC Scotland would have editorial responsibility for the programme.
A third option would retain the current structure of the Six O'Clock News followed by a half-hour Reporting Scotland.
But the Six would place greater emphasis on explaining how stories differ in different parts of the UK - for example why junior doctors are on strike in England but not Scotland.
And Reporting Scotland would be improved through a "new, more rigorous editorial brief, a focus on more analytical specialist journalism, and higher production values".
The document said focus groups set up around the country had suggested "participants want local news and news from Scotland, and there was also a strong interest in a UK perspective on UK and international stories, and in 'big news' happening around the UK".
It also acknowledged that "support for a Scottish Six was muted" among those taking part in the focus groups, and that "BBC Scotland would have to address perceived quality issues first, and any launch would have to be an immediate success from day one".
It said audience research had suggested that some viewers believed Reporting Scotland was of a lower quality than UK-wide news programmes, and that Scottish news was not covered in sufficient depth.
But the document stressed that any new hour-long programme would not simply be a longer version of the existing Reporting Scotland.
It also said the Audience Council for Scotland had said that more depth and analysis of Scottish news was required, and that the "Scottish Six is a great opportunity which must not be squandered".
The proposals were discussed by BBC Scotland journalists at an NUJ meeting on Wednesday, with staff expressing concern that they first learned of the plan when details were published in a newspaper on Monday.
There was also anger at the document stating BBC Scotland "has some strong talent but not enough depth of specialism", and that the "ideal" editor of any new programme would have high-level experience of network TV.
The NUJ said this implied that many senior Scottish-based journalists would not be considered experienced enough to edit the programme.
The union has threatened to put the proposals into dispute unless BBC Scotland director Ken MacQuarrie agrees to a full consultation with staff.
BBC Scotland's head of news Gary Smith spoke to staff on Thursday afternoon in an attempt to address the concerns.
A BBC Scotland spokesman said: "We've said very publicly that we are conducting a news review at present and we'll be looking at various different programme formats and carrying out audience research as part of that process.
"We have told our news teams that we will be carrying out some non-broadcast pilots and we'll obviously talk to staff as we proceed with this work and discuss fully any implications on them.
"No decisions on our future output will be taken until that work is concluded, but ultimately our aim is to deliver the very best news for our audiences here in Scotland."


A man who killed a police officer and then dissolved his body in acid was taken off the suicide watch list a month before he hanged himself, an inquest has heard.

Italian national Stefano Brizzi, 50, died at Belmarsh high-security prison in south-east London, on 5 February.
When he was jailed last year for murdering Gordon Semple, he was being monitored for mental health issues.
He was taken off the list on 28 December, a pre-inquest review heard.
Days later on 4 January, "suicide watch ceased", senior coroner Dr Andrew Harris told Southwark Coroner's Court.
A noose and a letter "indicating he was thinking about death" was found in a cell he occupied on his own, the hearing was told.
The noose was said to have been discovered on 6 December while he was still on suicide watch. It was not clear whether the letter was found on 10 December or was dated 10 December and discovered later, the court heard.
Dr Harris queried the potential "non-disclosure" of the letter to healthcare staff. He also said there was a suggestion Brizzi made the noose as a result of being bored.
He gave the cause of death as hanging, adding there were no injuries "implying altercation with another party".
The Italian national was serving a minimum of 24 years in prison after he was found guilty in December for murdering PC Semple who was from Greenhithe in Kent.
He had strangled him during a bondage session and then cooked and tried to eat him.
A full inquest, which will take place on 23 April, will seek to determine the "management of information found in his cell indicating he was thinking about death", Dr Harris said.


Work has started on dismantling the remains of two of Glasgow's Red Road flats after they failed to fall in last weekend's massive demolition explosion.

A controlled explosion was intended to bring down six tower blocks, but substantial parts of two of the buildings remained in place.
High-reach machinery is now being used to bring down the top storeys.
Some local residents had voiced their concern over the safety of the operation ahead of Sunday's demolition.
Glasgow Housing Associaiton (GHA) said the blowdown "'didn't go completely to plan".
Contractor Safedem started dismantling 123 Petershill Court, with the work involving weakening the steel frame enough to enable it to be brought down to ground level under controlled conditions.
A exclusion zone within the site has been set up so that parts of the structure can be dismantled safely.
A GHA spokesman said: "Although two of the blocks did not fall exactly as predicted on Sunday, all blocks are now at a height that the demolition can be completed as planned.
"The contractor has now begun work on dismantling the remaining floors of the blocks. This work will be carried out under strict health and safety conditions and with minimum disruption to residents."


Former Congolese Vice President Jean-Pierre Bemba has been found guilty by the International Criminal Court (ICC) of bribing witnesses.

Bemba was found guilty earlier this year of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and jailed for 18 years.
On Wednesday he was convicted of corruptly influencing witnesses and falsifying evidence in that trial. Four close aides were also found guilty.
It is the first such corruption trial in the history of the ICC in The Hague.
The court heard that Bemba and his co-defendants had tried to corrupt 14 key witnesses in the original trial by bribing them with money and laptops.
Delivering the verdict, Judge Bertram Schmitt said the case was "about clear, and downright criminal behaviour of the five accused... that resulted in serious offences against the administration of justice".
"No legal system in the world can accept the bribing of witnesses, the inducement of witnesses to lie or the coaching of witnesses. Today's judgement sends a clear message that the court is not willing to allow its proceedings to be hampered or destroyed," he said.
Also found guilty were Bemba's lawyer Aime Kilolo; his legal case manager Jean-Jacques Mangenda; Congolese politician Fidele Babala; and Narcisse Arido, who had been a witness for the defence.
Bemba was convicted in March of crimes committed in the neighbouring Central African Republic (CAR) in 2002-2003. He was accused of failing to stop his rebel forces from killing and raping people.
Bemba was jailed in June and is appealing against his conviction.
In the latest case, prosecutors had said evidence including telephone recordings, records of money transfers, emails and texts showed Bemba and his aides had tried to pervert the course of justice.
The defence, however, argued that the telephone recordings had been misinterpreted.
Who is Jean-Pierre Bemba?
Profile: Jean-Pierre Bemba
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The UK is negotiating its exit from the European Union after the country voted to leave in a referendum in June 2016.

As it stands, the UK will depart the EU on 30 March 2019 but the terms of its withdrawal and the nature of its future relationship with the EU are yet to be decided. So what is being discussed and by whom?
In the first phase of negotiations, British and EU officials are meeting each month for four days in Brussels, the home of the European Commission.
So far, there have been two rounds of talks. The first one, in June, was largely a get-to-know you session in which both sides sized each other up, engaged in a few official pleasantries and discussed scheduling issues.
July's session was much more serious and detailed, with full discussions taking place in four key areas: the rights of EU citizens in the UK and Britons on the continent, the future of the 300 mile land border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, general separation issues, and the question of money.
Matters are at an early stage and there has been no agreement in any of these areas yet. The two sides will next meet in the last week of August.
The UK team is led by David Davis, the veteran Conservative MP who is Secretary of State for Exiting The European Union. His EU counterpart is Michel Barnier, a former French foreign minister and EU commissioner who was chosen by the other 27 EU member states to represent them.
Both sides are deploying a Olympic-size squad of officials to work on the negotiations. Much of the spadework is being done by co-ordinators or "sherpas", senior officials whose job it is to pore over the nitty-gritty details and try and pave the way for a political agreement.
The lead British sherpa is Oliver Robbins, the top civil servant in the Brexit department.
Other key figures on the British side include Sir Tim Barrow, the UK's permanent representative in Brussels and Simon Case, David Cameron's former private secretary who is now director general of the UK-EU partnership, which is looking at post-Brexit co-operation.
This is difficult to gauge and depends, to an extent, on which side you listen to.
The UK and EU have set out their respective positions on citizens rights, highlighting areas of convergence in green, disagreement in red and areas that need further discussion and "deeper understanding" in amber.
The UK is stressing what it regards as areas of consensus while pushing back on any suggestions that its offer is less generous than the EU's in terms of granting permanent residence, or settled status, to its three or so million EU residents, and accompanying rights, including of family reunion.
The EU has expressed mild disappointment at the UK's approach so far and there is genuine disagreement over how new guarantees will be legally enforced.
David Davis said the EU was only offering restricted residency rights to Britons living in the EU. The UK is questioning that.
Their offer "only guarantees residence rights in the member state in which a British national was resident at the point of our exit from the EU," he said in a letter to Lord Jay of the parliamentary committee on Brexit.
"It does not guarantee the holder of those residence rights any right to onward movement within the EU, for example to work or study in a neighbouring member state," he said.
Nor will the EU maintain existing voting rights for UK nationals living in the EU after Brexit, he said.
On the issue of finance, reports spoke of "robust" discussions about the UK's so-called "divorce bill" and the "need for flexibility" on both sides can be interpreted as diplomatic-speak for the two parties not seeing eye to eye.
The UK has spoken of "sorting out the obligations we have to one another" but media reports of the government being handed a "legacy" bill of up to 100bn euros (Â£89bn) has prompted a vociferous response from British ministers.
The reality appears to be that no detailed sums have been discussed yet and it has been widely reported any settlement is unlikely before the end of 2018.
One other running theme of the discussions so far has been the EU's constant plea for more clarity from British negotiators.
The UK has hit back, pointing out that it has been publishing position papers ahead of each round of negotiations, most recently on judicial proceedings, nuclear regulation and privileges and immunities.
Talks over the Irish border and related issues are being handled at the highest level, reflecting what the EU has acknowledged are the "unique circumstances and challenges" facing the island of Ireland.
For months, the joint mantra from both Dublin and London has been that after Brexit, the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland should be as "seamless and frictionless as possible" and nothing should be done to endanger the peace process and political progress made over the past 25 years.
But cracks seems to be surfacing amid concerns in Dublin that technological solutions - such as number plate recognition and computerised trader schemes - are not sufficient in themselves to address the risk of smuggling and a wider political agreement is needed.
Unionist parties in Northern Ireland have reacted angrily to suggestions that customs controls could be moved to seaports and airports, rather than anywhere near the land border, which they say would create an unacceptable divide between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK.
Given the fragility of power-sharing in Northern Ireland, and the frisson caused by the Conservatives' parliamentary pact with the Democratic Unionists, there seem to be real obstacles to overcome before this most sensitive of subjects is settled to the satisfaction of all.
The end of October, when EU leaders will hold their first post-summer summit, has been talked up as something of a watershed moment.
If the 27 agree that sufficient progress has been made on separation, rights and financial issues, it is possible they could agree to begin negotiations on trade and the all-important question of the UK's future relationship with its largest commercial partner.
The UK had wanted talks on divorce and trade to take place in tandem but the EU said no, also insisting that no agreement on a future trade deal - which would involve a new treaty - can be finalised until the UK has actually left the EU.
More recently, EU sources have suggested that October is not set in stone and any decision could slip until the end of the year.
As we move into 2018, there will be attention on areas vital to the British economy such as financial services, aviation and agriculture.
Airlines have said agreement on the UK's future within the European Common Aviation Area and its participation in the Open Skies transatlantic system is needed by the summer of 2018 to allow them to schedule flights six months ahead.
There have been warnings of chaos and passengers not being able to travel in and out of the UK.
In a major speech in January, Theresa May committed the UK to leaving the EU's single market and the customs union, saying the UK must be able to control its own borders and negotiate its own trade agreements with other countries.
At the same time, she said the UK wanted tariff-free trade with the EU after Brexit and a new customs agreement. She also talked of an "implementation period" after the UK leaves the EU and an end to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) as the supremacy of EU law ceases.
This government line generally held firm during the general election campaign but has come under pressure since the Conservatives lost their Commons majority, with several cabinet ministers breaking ranks to emphasise what they see as their priorities for the negotiation.
Chancellor Philip Hammond has made it clear that economic stability and business certainty is paramount and suggested there is cabinet support for a transitional period of up to three years in which the status quo would be maintained in many areas to help business to adjust.
Brexit-supporting colleagues, such as Liam Fox and Michael Gove, have indicated they have no objection to the principle of a phased transition.
But the devil will be in the detail and many Tory MPs are likely to fiercely resist any concessions which would allow the free movement of people from the EU to continue in its current form - something Downing Street has ruled out - or which would give the ECJ any interim role.
Mr Barnier has not been slow to remind British officials that the "clock is ticking" on the negotiations.
What was, by general agreement, a very tight two-year process to start off with has been further condensed by the UK's snap general election, which meant a two-month delay to the start of talks.
While EU summits in March and June 2018 will be important staging posts, the real crunch is expected to come in the autumn of 2018.
A deal will effectively have to be agreed by this point if it is to be approved by Parliament, the European Parliament and by EU states - 72% of whom will have to vote for it under super-qualified majority rules - in time to meet the Article 50 withdrawal deadline.
With the EU sticking to its mantra that "nothing is agreed until everything is agreed", this period could become what one football manager famously described as "squeaky bum" time.
The UK could leave before March 2019 if a withdrawal agreement is agreed earlier, although this would seem unlikely at this stage.
There also remains the possibility that the UK could simply leave without any agreement, if either of the two sides reject a deal or can't agree on one and decide against extending the talks.
For many critics of Brexit, this is the doomsday scenario but many Leave supporters are relaxed about what it would entail. The government says it is preparing for every eventuality but believes it will secure a deal that works for both sides.