During a week of revelations about the strange worlds at the edge of the solar system, I repeatedly heard a question that often comes up about space: "why bother?"

It's a fair challenge. What is the point of spending taxpayers' money on a venture to Pluto or some other frigid corner of the cosmos?
Or having some of our greatest brains devoted to studying alien rock and ice when they could be working on problems much closer to home?
And nobody should duck the question. So here goes: should journalists like me, along with camera crews, even cover an event like the New Horizons mission?
This was first brought home to me during the European Space Agency's dramatic touchdown on a comet last November.
I thought the achievement was astounding and the excitement at the time was infectious. It even led to my first on-air hug.
But in the middle of it all, as my Twitter feed was in overdrive, I spotted a message from someone who was less than impressed. How would the knowledge gained from the venture, I was asked, benefit mankind?
And something similar happened a few days ago at the very moment that the first signals confirmed that the Pluto flypast had worked.
One person demanded to know why the money spent on the spacecraft had not been used to help hungry people here on Earth. Another suggested that the mission left him as cold as Pluto itself.
So what is the justification for making an effort to explore space?
Back in the Cold War, there was the obvious motive for the United States and the old Soviet Union of demonstrating technological prowess.
But since then the push to investigate the Solar System has been much more about basic research.
From conversations with several of the mission scientists in the past few days, it's clear there's a burning desire to explain things that have remained mysterious until now.
Some of these are fundamental - like how the planets formed or how the moons were created or why the solar system has such a bizarre outer zone inhabited by Pluto.
Others' questions are more technical such as what processes are under way on Pluto's surface to keep smoothing over the craters left by meteorites or whether there's enough internal warmth to produce liquid water.
And for many people outside the field of planetary science, these issues might well be beguiling too - after all, they are essentially about the workings of our own neighbourhood in space.
The driver of the shuttle bus running between the Pluto press centre and the car park was among those fascinated by the mission - and the fact that after nine and half years of travel the New Horizons spacecraft arrived at its rendezvous 72 seconds early. To him, the feat was amazing in its own right.
But others still shrug their shoulders and ask what the fuss is about.
So when the "why bother?" question was put to me on air a few days ago, I found myself talking about our innate desire to explore.
I argued that our species has an instinctive curiosity. The same drive that urges us to climb to the brow of a hill in order to look over it also inspires a child to turn the next page.
And in the case of the chief scientist on the Pluto Mission, Alan Stern, it led him to repeatedly seek funding for his spacecraft when year after year he was rejected.
So, I wondered, what would we have thought if Christopher Columbus or Captain Cook had spotted an unmapped coastline but turned away with a look of indifference and had not bothered to land?
To them, the lure of exotic new sights and undiscovered realms proved overwhelming. And nothing has changed.
The long trek to the edge of the Solar System paid off by producing staggering glimpses of alien worlds. When we all first saw the giant mountains of ice on Pluto and vast canyons on Charon, it took the breath away. And the images caught the imagination around the world.
The most powerful answer to the question "why bother?" may be the simplest: the thrill of witnessing discovery is its own reward.
Follow David on Twitter.


The Speaker of Brazil's lower house of Congress,  Eduardo Cunha, has announced he is leaving the governing coalition.

The defection, and Mr Cunha's threat to take his party with him, is a blow to embattled President Dilma Rousseff.
Mr Cunha has accused the government and Prosecutor General Rodrigo Janot of conspiring to incriminate him in a widening corruption scandal at state-run oil firm Petrobras.
Without Mr Cunha's PMDB party, Ms Rousseff has no majority in Congress.
"I cannot accept that the government uses its machinery to seek the political persecution of those who turn against it," Mr Cunha said in Brasilia.
His defection followed allegations made this week by a jailed former consultant to Petrobras, Julio Camargo, that Mr Cunha had demanded a $5m (Â£3.2m) bribe to push through contracts for equipment.
Mr Cunha has denied any involvement, and said Ms Rousseff and Mr Janot were unfairly dragging congressmen into the Petrobras investigations.
His name had appeared earlier this year alongside those of dozens of other congressmen on a list of people whom the police reportedly wanted to interview in relation to the scandal.
The real losers in Brazil's Petrobras scandal
Thirty-four congressmen and one state vice-governor are under investigation for taking bribes.
Investigators allege firms paid corrupt officials in order to get lucrative Petrobras contracts.
President Dilma Rousseff, who chaired Petrobras when much of the corruption is believed to have taken place, has been cleared of involvement.
Analysts say Mr Cunha's opposition to Ms Rousseff could become a major obstacle for any legislation proposed by her government, at a time when it is trying to introduce public spending cuts to stave off recession.
Mr Cunha, an evangelical Christian, is seen as a possible presidential candidate in 2018.


Australia weathered a Welsh storm to win World Cup Pool A with a 15-6 victory at Twickenham.

Wales paid a high price for failing to make their extra numbers count when the Wallabies were reduced to 13 men for seven minutes in the second half.
Fly-half Bernard Foley kicked all Australia's points, with Dan Bigger twice on target for Wales.
Australia now face Scotland in the quarter-final on 18 October, with Wales against South Africa the day before.
It was Wales' 11th consecutive defeat against the Australians, a run going back to 2008.
Wales coach Warren Gatland's men had their chances but were repelled by some extraordinary defence, with number eight Taulupe Faletau dropping the ball inches from the line and George North at centre held up over the line by Wallabies back-row Ben McCalman.
In the long run of narrow losses to Australia, this will rank among the most frustrating for Gatland.
There was a lack of composure in a 10-minute period around the hour mark, when Australia's battling 13 held firm.
And having seen off the barrage, the Wallabies eventually lifted the siege and were rewarded when Foley's fifth penalty gave his side a two-score cushion with eight minutes remaining.
Australia stated their intentions in the opening seconds when they opted to take a scrummage from the first penalty of the game deep in their own half.
They almost paid a high price when Gareth Davies sprinted away down the narrow side.
But Biggar's fourth-minute penalty was all Wales had to show for their early pressure.
Two unyielding defences battered anything that moved, with the breakdown a genuine contest and Wales successfully countering the Wallabies' driving maul.
However, as the half wore on and Australia's pack - and scrummage in particular - got on top, the penalty count mounted against the Welsh with Foley profiting.
The match was a slow burner but it burst into life at the start of the second half.
Australia drove the lineouts with more venom, but Wales took control after the Wallabies incurred the wrath of referee Craig Joubert.
Scrum-half Will Genia had a yellow card for failing to retire 10 metres as his opposite number Gareth Davies took a quick penalty and Genia was followed into the bin when second-row Dean Mumm infringed at a lineout.
However, Australia's defence while reduced to 13 was simply heroic.
Australia's seemingly easier path to a possible final - avoiding South Africa and New Zealand en route - is reward for a courageous and skilful rearguard action.
They will look forward to their battle with the Scots, while Wales face a resurgent Springbok side.
The nature of yet another defeat to Australia, however, will leave a bitter taste in the mouth.
Gareth Davies of Wales was a livewire for the whole of the game and won this accolade. But this was a match won by the defence of Australia.
Wales: Gareth Anscombe; Alex Cuthbert, George North, Jamie Roberts, Liam Williams; Dan Biggar, Gareth Davies; Paul James, Scott Baldwin, Samson Lee, Luke Charteris, Alun Wyn Jones, Sam Warburton, Justin Tipuric, Taulupe Faletau.
Replacements: Ken Owens for Scott Baldwin (72), Aaron Jarvis for Paul James (72), Tomas Francis for Samson Lee (53), Ross Moriarty for Justin Tipuric (72), Lloyd Williams for Jamie Roberts (79), Rhys Priestland for Dan Biggar (73), James Hook for Liam Williams (73).
Unused: Jake Ball.
Sin bin: Alex Cuthbert (76)
Australia: Israel Folau; Adam Ashley-Cooper, Tevita Kuridrani, Matt Giteau, Drew Mitchell; Bernard Foley, Will Genia; Scott Sio, Stephen Moore (capt), Sekope Kepu, Kane Douglas, Dean Mumm, Scott Fardy, Sean McMahon, David Pocock.
Replacements: Tatafu Polota-Nau for Stephen Moore (66), James Slipper for Scott Sio (62), Greg Holmes for Sekope Kepu (55), Rob Simmons for David Pocock (59), Ben McCalman for Sean McMahon (48), Nick Phipps for Will Genia (67), Matt Toomua for Matt Giteau (66), Kurtley Beale for Drew Mitchell (66).
Sin bin: Will Genia (55), Dean Mumm (59)


If someone is wanted by an EU country in relation to a crime, and that country suspects the individual might be living in another member state, they can make a request for arrest under the European Arrest Warrant.

The question: Alan asks BBC Radio 4' s PM programme: "How many UK citizens have been arrested and extradited to other EU states compared with citizens of other EU states extradited to the UK?"
Reality Check verdict: In the financial years 2009-16, 7,436 people were extradited from the UK to another EU country. Of these, 292 were UK nationals. Meanwhile, 897 people were extradited to the UK. Of these, 352 were EU nationals.
If the suspect is identified, they can then be arrested by a local police force.
In the financial years 2009-16, 10,532 people wanted by another EU state were arrested in the UK.
Of these, 479 were UK nationals, although more may have been permanent UK residents.
After the appeals process, 7,436 people were actually extradited from the UK to another EU country to stand trial or serve their prison sentence.
Of these, 292 were UK nationals.
In the same time period, 10% of that figure, or 1,054 people, wanted by the UK were arrested on its behalf by another EU state.
Of these, 444 were EU nationals.
The rest were either British citizens or from another part of the world.
Of these, 897 people were extradited to the UK.
And of these, 352 were EU nationals - but more may have been permanent EU residents.
Read more: The facts behind claims in the EU debate


A site for the first expansion of grammar school provision in England for over 50 years has been identified by Kent County Council (KCC).

Two annexes to existing grammar schools in Kent will be set up on KCC land at the old Wildernesse School site in Sevenoaks.
The law forbids the opening of any new grammar schools, but changes made last year enable existing schools to expand.
Parents in Sevenoaks set up an online petition to campaign for the expansion.
More than 2,600 people signed, arguing the area was the only part of Kent without a grammar, meaning more than 1,100 pupils who passed the 11-plus had to travel for an hour to Tunbridge Wells.
The new "satellite schools" are expected to take in 120 pupils in a year. KCC initially said the annexes would be linked to existing grammar schools in Tonbridge and Tunbridge Wells.
Academic selection and grammar schools were abolished in most areas of England in the 1960s and 70s but some areas retained them - including Buckinghamshire, Kent and Trafford.
KCC's preferred site, in Seal Hollow Road, is currently used by Knole Academy, whose lease runs out in 2015.
A new Â£18.3m building is under construction for the academy.
"We said back in March 2012, that we were determined to provide young people in Sevenoaks with access to a local grammar school, within current legislation," said KCC leader Paul Carter.
"The team has been working very hard to get this far.
"Our property team will be taking a close look at the site to assess its suitability for refurbishment or whether any rebuild will be required.
"We will be making a provisional allocation in the capital budget for this."
KCC said it would submit detailed proposals for the grammar school expansion to the government in the coming weeks.


A racing motorist, whose rival's car careered into a Birmingham bus stop killing a student, has been cleared of causing her death.

Inderjit Singh, 31, was racing Sukvinder Mannan, 33, who lost control and hit Rebecca McManus, as she waited for a bus to go to a hen night.
Singh had admitted dangerous driving, but denied causing the 21-year-old's death in May 2014.
He was also cleared of causing serious injury by dangerous driving.
Wolverhampton Crown Court was told Singh, of Cranbourne Avenue in the city, had been racing his car on Hagley Road West on the evening of 31 May 2014.
Mannan, of Roundhills Road, Halesowen, reached speeds of more than of 100mph in a 40mph zone, the court heard.
He lost control of his Mitsubishi Evolution on a bend, causing it to plough into a bus stop where Miss McManus and her friend were standing.
He admitted causing death and serious injury by dangerous driving, plus failing to provide a blood sample, at an earlier hearing.
Miss McManus had just finished a three-year English Literature and Creative Writing degree at the University of East Anglia.
She suffered "catastrophic injuries" and died at the scene.
Her friend, who was also 21 at the time of the crash, is still recovering from serious injuries.
Sgt Paul Hughes said: "These drivers were not young inexperienced drivers but professional working men who decided to race each other - for reasons we will never understand - along a busy suburban highway.
"Rebecca and her friend were on a night out and did the right thing, they planned their night and decided to catch a bus into town. They thought they would be safe.
"It was the senseless and reckless actions of two men that changed two families' lives forever."
Both men are due to be sentenced on 1 December.


Most propaganda from the self-styled Islamic State now aims to prove it is a genuine nation, rather than glorify acts of violence, a study suggests.

Security think tank Quilliam said the fighting group was going to huge lengths to sell itself as a viable and functioning transnational state.
IS media teams produced 900 separate reports, rulings, videos and radio programmes in one month, it found.
It said 469 of these - more than half - focused on civilian life and statehood.
These were spread worldwide through social media search terms and hashtags, to dodge attempts to close down its "official" social media channels.
Read the full BBC News Magazine article: Fishing and Ultraviolence: The strange world of IS advertising
IS operates some 40 media operations across the territory it controls, is attempting to seize or claims to have an operational presence. Most of the output is in Arabic, but many reports are translated into English and other target languages.
Over the course of a month, the counter-extremism think tank logged all announcements, broadcasts and publications which it said could be clearly attributed to the group's media teams.
Quilliam recorded almost 900 individual online messages and publications covering one of six core propaganda themes: war, brutality, victimhood, mercy, belonging and civilian life.
Charlie Winter, the study's author, said: "The overall narrative has shifted in favour of victimhood, war and utopianism.
"The brutality, mercy and belonging narratives are still present - but instances of those three are vastly outnumbered by the others."
In the 469 instances which focused on statehood, IS media teams sought to prove that it was capable of administering land under its control - including examples of supposedly functioning public services and economic life.
"Statehood is the group's chief appeal, one that is just as important domestically, as it is abroad," said Mr Winter.
"Through the portrayal of seemingly every facet of life in the 'Caliphate' - from treatise on hijab [headscarves] and martyrdom to melon agriculture,  Islamic State's propagandists are able to create and cultivate a comprehensive image of utopia."
The fighting group had originally operated a series of official and branded social media accounts, but as they were increasingly blocked or removed by internet service providers, its media teams began embedding specific hashtags and search terms to ensure its messages could be spread by followers around the world.


Edinburgh Airport has launched a major consultation into new flight paths.

It said new flight paths would allow it to maintain safe and sustainable growth without affecting punctuality.
An earlier trial of an alternative route pattern for aircraft using the airport was ended early, in October 2015, after complaints about noise.
A publicity campaign about proposed flight path changes will feature a television advert, online information and 600,000 leaflets.
The consultation will last for 14 weeks.
Airport chief executive Gordon Dewar said any proposed changes to flight paths would be looked at carefully.
He said: "I think any change means that inevitably we have change to the impact. Sometimes that's an improvement for people and sometimes it's not, unfortunately.
"But what we want to make sure is we understand that when we're looking at the options in the second stage of the process that we're putting the balance on the really important growth agenda for Scotland and then making sure that we're being sensitive and looking after those that we can in the community."
Helena Paul, of the campaign Edinburgh Airport Watch, said she viewed the proposed changes with "absolute horror".
She told BBC Radio Scotland: "I wouldn't wish the noise levels that we're now suffering on anyone.
"I was woken again at six o'clock this morning by a plane going over. The last plane went over about quarter to 12 last night. I wouldn't wish that on any community.
"Edinburgh Airport has had established flight routes for 40 years...they do not need to change their flight paths to be able to increase their capacity."
Any proposal to alter flight paths at Edinburgh Airport would have to be approved by the Civil Aviation Authority.


A new luxury hotel could be on its way to the north coast of Northern Ireland.

American-based real estate firm, ARC, is seeking planning permission for the £30m development, which, it says, will create 250 jobs.
If it goes ahead, the 120-bedroom hotel will overlook the Royal Portrush Golf Club, which is due to host the Open in 2019.
A planning application is due to be lodged by Causeway Coast Developments Ltd at the beginning of September.
ARC, which is based in Austin Texas is headed up by Gavin Boyd, who is originally from Kilrea, County Londonderry, and his wife Minka.
Mr Boyd said a project on this scale normally takes between five and six years to complete.
He added: "The challenge the developers face is making it happen in two years in order to be ready for The Open which will be nothing short of a small miracle.
"A team of international experts are working around the clock to ensure this world class resort will be delivered on time for Northern Ireland."


Detroit may soon have a Major League Soccer team after two owners from basketball's NBA announced a joint bid to launch a franchise in the city.

Detroit Pistons owner Tom Gores and Cleveland Cavaliers' Dan Gilbert are hoping to build a new stadium for the team in the downtown of the city.
In a statement, the pair said their proposal had won support from the MLS.
The league is aiming to increase its size from 20 to 24 teams by 2020 and then ultimately to 28.
"Detroit is rising and we know firsthand the power of sports to lift a community and drive a civic renaissance," read the Gores and Gilbert statement.
"We are very excited about the prospect of bringing Major League Soccer to Detroit and building an ownership group that represents a cross-section of investors."
Gilbert added: "Bringing a team downtown will also further energise Detroit's urban core, which is critical to the entire city's overall health and vibrancy."
David Beckham's Miami franchise is aiming to be one of the first quartet to join the league.
Miami Beckham United (MBU), the ownership vehicle behind the proposed MLS team, announced last week that the group had purchased the land needed to build a stadium.


A man who was found dead with head injuries was "amazing and brave and thought he was invincible", his family has said.

Jia Li Huang, 63, was discovered in a property on Atkinson Road in Urmston, Greater Manchester, after officers were called amid concerns for a woman's safety at 12.30 BST on Monday.
Police said a man Tasered at the scene was arrested on suspicion of murder.
Mr Huang's family said he was "a good man" who would now be at peace.
A statement said: "My father was an amazing person, he was brave and he thought he was invincible, but sadly his life was taken away.
"We never thought we would lose our father this way. It is such a horrible way to die, he never deserved this, he was a good man."
The woman suffered head injuries and was taken to hospital, Greater Manchester Police said.


Shoppers were left feeling ill and with "burning mouths" after eating doughnuts that had been contaminated with cleaning fluid.

A branch of the Co-op in Oswestry, Shropshire, sold the sugary snacks, which had been baked on a tray that had been left to soak in disinfectant.
The company apologised and said it was "an isolated issue".
Shropshire Council confirmed it was investigating the case, but would not comment further.
A spokesman for Co-operative Food said: "The non-stick silicon baking trays are removed from the oven and cleaned.
"They were left in the correct cleaning fluid longer than the process required before being rinsed and reused, and this tainted the flavour of the product."


It was supposed to be a pre-season friendly, a chance to build match-fitness and try out tactics ahead of the new campaign.

But when Spennymoor Town felt their match with fellow non-leaguers Newton Aycliffe was taking an "aggressive direction", they refused to play the second half.
Spennymoor, of the Northern Premier League Premier Division - the seventh tier of English football - said in a statement that it was "a risk" to continue as the match, which was abandoned at the break with Aycliffe leading 1-0.
The club said that they considered "the welfare of our staff and players as a top priority".
"In over 40 years as a player, manager and chairman I've never seen anything like it," said Allan Oliver chairman of Northern Football League Division One side Newton Aycliffe.
"Neither team's physio set foot on the pitch and no players left it through injury so I was as gobsmacked as everyone else, including several Spennymoor players, when they chose not to come out for the second half.
"I am disappointed for our supporters who were enjoying watching us lead against a team two divisions higher than us."
Durham FA told BBC Sport that it would be investigating the incident between the two non-league sides.


A murder inquiry has begun after human remains were found on the Queen's Sandringham Estate in Norfolk.

Det Ch Insp Jes Fry, of Norfolk Constabulary, said officers were examining cold cases across the UK for potential links.
The force has confirmed the remains were that of a woman.
A dog walker made the discovery at Anmer, near King's Lynn, on New Year's Day. The area has been cordoned off.
Police said the identity of the woman was not yet known.
Detectives would not speculate on the age of the woman or comment on whether the body was clothed.
"We are at the very early stages of the investigation and it could be a complex inquiry," said Mr Fry.
"I cannot confirm whether she was clothed because, at the moment, only my staff, the person who found the body and the person or people who put it there know that - and I would like it to stay that way.
"The body has been in situ for some time but I can't comment on whether that is weeks, months or years.
"The circumstances suggest this is a murder case and we are looking at missing persons reports and cold cases, both locally and nationwide."
The body was found in a wooded area on farmland at the 20,000-acre (8,000 hectare) royal estate.
Forensic science experts are carrying out a detailed search of the area - about a mile from the main gate to Sandringham House.
Mr Fry said it was not yet clear if the woman was killed at the scene or taken there after her death.
The body is expected to be recovered later and taken to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, in King's Lynn, where post-mortem tests will take place.
The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, along with the Earl and Countess of Wessex, have been staying on the Sandringham Estate.
Buckingham Palace would not comment on the discovery, saying it was a "matter for Norfolk police".


Turkish riot police have cleared a park in the centre of Istanbul which has been occupied for more than two weeks by anti-government protesters.

Officers moved into Gezi Park in Taksim Square, firing water cannon and tear gas. Several people were hurt, some of them allegedly by rubber bullets.
There were also reports of continuing stand-offs in other parts of Istanbul.
The police operation came hours after Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan called for an end to the occupation.
He said Taksim Square had to be "evacuated" ahead of a rally planned by his Justice and Development (AK) Party on Sunday.
The Confederation of Public Workers' Unions (KESK) has said it will call a nationwide strike on Monday, while another union grouping is deciding whether to join the action.
What began as a protest against plans to redevelop Gezi Park last month has evolved into wider anti-government unrest.
Demonstrators had vowed to occupy the park until their demands were met.
31 May: Protests begin in Gezi Park over plans to redevelop one of Istanbul's few green spaces
3 June: Protesters establish camps with makeshift facilities from libraries to food centres
4-10 June: Protests widen into show of anti-government dissent in towns and cities across Turkey; clashes between police and demonstrators
11/12 June: Night of clashes see riot police disperse anti-government demonstrators in Taksim Square, which adjoins Gezi Park; camps in the park remain
13 June: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan issues a "final warning" to protesters to leave Gezi Park
14 June: Government agrees to suspend Gezi Park redevelopment plans until a court rules on the issue, PM holds talks with members of a key protest group
15 June: Police move in, clearing protesters from Gezi Park
Q&A: Protests in Turkey
Why is Gezi Park so important?
Turkey sails further into dangerous waters
However, it took riot police less than half an hour on Saturday evening to bring an end to the 18-day occupation.
The BBC's James Reynolds, who was at the park, says the officers advanced slowly, wearing gas masks and carrying riot shields, amid a cloud of white tear gas.
Most protesters chose to leave to avoid getting hurt. Some regrouped in nearby streets, but police fired more tear gas in an effort to disperse them.
"We tried to flee and the police pursued us. It was like war," Claudia Roth, the co-chair of Germany's Greens party who was in the park, told the Reuters news agency.
After the park was cleared of people, police tore down the colourful tents and banners.
Istanbul Governor Huseyin Avni Mutlu described the operation as "extremely smooth" and said 29 people had been lightly injured.
"We will continue our work to constitute a peaceful environment in the next few hours," he added.
Tayfun Kahraman, a member of the Taksim Solidarity umbrella group of protest movements, said a number of demonstrators had been hit by rubber bullets.
"Let them keep the park, we don't care any more. Let it all be theirs. This crackdown has to stop. The people are in a terrible state,'' he told the Associated Press.
Earlier on Saturday, Mr Erdogan told tens of thousands of AK supporters in Ankara: "If Taksim Square is not evacuated, this country's security forces will know how to evacuate it.
"Staying there [in Gezi Park] makes no sense anymore as the matter is now in the hands of the courts. Nobody can intimidate us. We take no orders or instruction from anyone but God."
He also dismissed the wave of demonstrations as part of an organised plot against him.
Our correspondent says the prime minister has now won back the ground that he lost to protesters two weeks ago.
But it is not yet clear which side has won the larger fight for the country's support, our correspondent adds.
On 31 May, a crackdown on environmentalists in Gezi Park provoked protests across Turkey against the police and Mr Erdogan's government.
On Saturday, the protesters vowed to continue occupying Gezi Park despite a promise by Mr Erdogan to halt the development plan for the park until a court ruling on the issue.
Last month, an Istanbul court issued an initial injunction against the plan to cut down trees in the park to make way for a shopping centre and replica 18th-Century military barracks. The government has appealed against the ruling.
Mr Erdogan's offer was presented as a major concession. But after discussions in Gezi Park on Friday night, the protesters said their movement was more than just a conservation protest and vowed to stay on.
Five people have died and thousands have been injured since the protests began.
Demonstrators have accused Mr Erdogan's government of becoming increasingly authoritarian and of trying to impose conservative Islamic values on a secular state.
The police crackdown on protesters in Istanbul, Ankara, and other towns and cities has drawn international concern, especially from Europe.


A transgender woman has been found guilty of raping a girl when still living as a man.

The girl, aged 15 at the time, had met a man called David Ayrton in a Portsmouth garage in the autumn of 2004.
The defendant, now 34 and called Davina, denied the charge. She will be sentenced on 4 March.
Judge Ian Pearson remanded her into custody and said it was likely she would be held at a male prison.
He added: "If I were to release on bail there are substantial grounds to believe she would be a risk to herself and a risk of failing to attend for whatever reason.
"I will therefore have to remand in custody. It will have to be a male prison in Winchester but it will be an issue for the prison service."
He also told the jury at Portsmouth Crown Court: "It's been a slightly unusual case and it's not been an easy case."
The court heard that Ayrton, who has learning difficulties, attempted to commit suicide last summer.
Protocols have been put in place for her detention at the prison, a court officer explained.
During the trial Ayrton spoke about her sexuality, and said she she had not "made any physical changes or enhancements" to her body or taken any medication. She changed her name in 2012.
Portsmouth Crown Court was told she raped the teenager while two others were asleep in the garage.
The victim said she shouted and swore at Ayrton to stop the attack, but her friends had not woken up.
She had "only drunk a can and a half of Foster's" and clearly recollected the events.
The court heard that in 2014 Ayrton told a worker at the care home where she lived in Fordingbridge, Hampshire, about the attack.


A viral tweet about a young black woman who escorted Donald Trump supporters through a tense anti-racism protest has been shared by tens of thousands of people on Twitter.

Imani Williams was one of thousands of protesters who took part in a protest to oppose the "Free Speech Rally" in the US city of Boston on Saturday.
Steve Annear, a Boston Globe reporter who covered the protest, spotted Imani's action to protect far-right supporters and tweeted about it.
His tweet has been shared more than 25,000 times and liked more than 76,000 times. Imani's favourite author J K Rowling has tweeted her support.
Imani, from New Haven in Connecticut, told the BBC that her action "just seemed like the right thing to do". She said:
"I saw a confrontation happening with a Trump supporter in the middle getting escorted by two police officers. The crowd of about 30 people was swelling around them making it hard to move forward. I knew I had to help because it was just wasn't a positive situation.
"At first, the Trump supporter and the two police officers escorting them weren't quite believing that I was there to help. But I kept saying 'Do you need help?' and since the crowd was swelling around them, they finally agreed to let me help assist them getting through the mass of people. I didn't want to help them, but I knew I had to.
"They were never going to learn anything by being surrounded and screamed at by 30 people. Even though one of the Trump supporters wasn't innocent and definitely instigating, the better lesson was getting him to the other side of the fence where he and other alt-right sympathisers could look out at all of us and see how few they were versus how many we were, and come to terms with how many of us were willing to stand up against hate.
"That sort of self reflection is the only thing that can change people and get them away from hate and sympathising with hatred. I started helping one guy, and then by the end there was five or six guys just following behind me. The Boston Police Department trusted me enough to get them through.
"Things were pretty heated in the crowd, but non-violent - a lot of people were yelling at them with strong feelings.
"I don't know what life experiences the people surrounding the Trump supporters could have had: they could have had a family member who died in the Holocaust, or have been a victim of a hate crime, or have even been kicked out of their home as an LGBT child by a family member with conservative ideals. All of that results in immense pain.
"I can't judge others for their pain - but I knew what I could do to help the situation. I told the first Trump supporter as I was helping him that I didn't agree with him, but I just wanted everyone to be safe and he should be on the other side of the fence.
"Sometimes it's difficult having a strong moral compass in a mixed-up world. But in this case, I saw where I could help and I did. That's all you can ever do.
"Non-violent, peaceful confrontation is the only way to change someone's mind when you when you have opposite beliefs but share the same country. I wasn't going to let someone take away my humanity because I was angry and frustrated. I wanted to act above. I wanted to combat hate with compassion. Sometimes conflict can't be avoided, but it should be avoided at all costs.
"Once the group of Trump supporters were escorted to safety, I directed them to where they needed to go. It was tense, there was a lot of emotions on both sides. But as the saying goes, I just tried to be the change I want to see in the world. At the end of the day, it just shows the we're better than them. I showed them the sort of humanity that would never be shown to me if I showed up at a Trump, Nazi or Klu Klux Klan rally. I would have done the same thing no matter where it was happening."
By the UGC and Social News team


Jessica Ennis-Hill is to return to action for the first time in almost two years since giving birth to son Reggie.

The London Olympic heptathlon champion, 29, will compete in the 100m hurdles at the Great CityGames.
Katarina Johnson-Thompson, 22, will also feature in the street event held on Manchester's Deansgate on 9 May.
Ennis-Hill said: "I'm really looking forward to making my competitive return. The atmosphere in Manchester is always amazing there."
The Sheffield athlete's last competitive appearance came in the Anniversary Games in London in July 2013, when she finished fourth in the 100m hurdles.
An expected city-centre crowd of 25,000 will see her much-anticipated return, and she said: "Street athletics is a lot of fun because you are really close to the fans."
Rising multi-event star Johnson-Thompson has proved herself capable of challenging Ennis-Hill during her rival's absence, topping the heptathlon world rankings last year.
The Liverpudlian also broke Ennis-Hill's British record of 4,965 points in the pentathlon when she scored 5,000 points on her way to the title at March's European Indoor Championships in Prague.
Johnson-Thompson will compete in the 200m hurdles and long jump at the Great CityGames.
But the pair are set to go head-to-head in the heptathlon in Gotzis, Austria at the end of May.
They will also face off in the World Championships in Beijing in August.
And further ahead, they will compete for Olympic heptathlon gold in Rio next year, when Ennis-Hill defends the title she won in such memorable style in 2012.
Great CityGames events take place at purpose built, temporary outdoor arenas - featuring a specially constructed four-lane sprint track.
Ennis-Hill will be lining up in one of her favourite events as she launches her long-term preparations for the Rio Olympics in 2016.
Her time of 12.54 seconds clocked in the 100m hurdles during the 2012 Olympic heptathlon competition stood as a British record until Tiffany Porter dipped under that mark in Marrakesh last September in a time of 12.51.
The Great CityGames will be shown live on BBC One and BBC One HD.
The event is part of a weekend-long celebration of sport in the city which includes Europe's biggest 10K event, the Great Manchester Run, on Sunday 10 May.


A rare solar eclipse allowing a view of the Sun that is totally or partially blocked by the Moon has taken place.

It was first visible in the southern United States, before sweeping east across the Atlantic Ocean and the African continent.
The US space agency, Nasa, said the greatest total eclipse occurred over the Atlantic Ocean.
One of the best views was in northern Kenya, where tour companies organised trips to view a total blackout.
Local myths there attribute the event to the Moon eating the Sun.
Partial views were available in eastern North America and southern Europe.
This solar eclipse was a rare occurrence in that it was "hybrid" - switching between an annular and total eclipse.
In a total eclipse, the Moon completely covers the sun, while an annular eclipse occurs when the Moon is at its farthest from the Earth and does not block out the Sun completely, leaving a halo of sunlight still visible around the Moon.
The eclipse event began about 1,000km (620 miles) east of Jacksonville, Florida with an annular eclipse visible for four seconds at sunrise.
Nasa - Eye safety during solar eclipses
As the Moon's shadow raced east the eclipse switched from annular to total along a narrow corridor.
The greatest total eclipse occurred in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 330km south-west of Liberia, and lasted for more than one minute.
The eclipse continued across Africa through the Congos until it passed through northern Uganda and northern Kenya, ending in southern Ethiopia and Somalia.
Either side, a partial eclipse was seen within a much broader path including eastern North America, northern South America, southern Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
Experts warned that no-one should attempt to view the Sun with the naked eye.
A safe view of eclipses can be obtained by using special welder's glasses or a pinhole camera.


An annual football match between the staff of Fifa and Uefa has been postponed after criminal proceedings were opened against the world governing body's president Sepp Blatter.

Prosecutors accuse Blatter, 79, of making a "disloyal payment" of £1.6m to Uefa president Michel Platini.
Both men deny any wrongdoing.
The staff match, which Blatter would usually travel to European governing body Uefa's headquarters in Nyon to watch, was scheduled for Friday.
Fifa did not give a reason for the cancellation, but said: "In a joint decision it was agreed to postpone the Uefa-Fifa Challenge 2015 until further notice."
Blatter is accused by Swiss prosecutors of signing a contract that was "unfavourable to Fifa", but says he will not stand down as Fifa president.
In a statement released through his lawyers, Blatter said a £1.5m payment made to Platini in 2011 was "valid compensation and nothing more".
Platini, 60, is being treated as "in between a witness and an accused person" by investigators.
The former France captain has written a letter to Uefa members denying any wrongdoing.


Sophisticated identity theft "on an industrial scale" is on the rise with a 46-year-old man the most likely victim, a new report says.

Recorded fraud was up by 25% last year compared with 2013, according to fraud prevention service Cifas.
ID fraud accounted for 41% of all fraud. Digitally-savvy young adults were increasingly becoming targets.
Fraud hotspots were found in London, Leicester, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds and Glasgow, Cifas found.
The annual Fraudscape report from Cifas, drawn from data from its members, found that young people, regularly using technology and with access to some financial products for the first time, were increasingly at risk from ID fraud.
In these cases, fraudsters impersonate their victims to create accounts or apply for loans in order to steal money. These have replaced the type of fraud in which con-artists trick their way into existing accounts, as security has improved.
"The frauds we are recording point to increasingly sophisticated, predatory and organised criminals. This is crime at an industrial scale," said Simon Dukes, Cifas chief executive.
Cifas claimed that men were 1.7 times more likely than women to have their identities stolen.
Nick Mothershaw, of credit reference agency Experian, said: "The figures released today emphasise just how much of a threat fraud still is to lenders and their customers, especially as more people apply for financial products across multiple channels, including online and mobile."
In October, Commander Steve Head, of the City of London Police, told the BBC that there were not enough police officers tackling the crime.
Specialist fraud officers have been outstripped by the rising caseload, a BBC investigation found.


A Crimewatch actor, who played a suspect in a murder reconstruction 21 years ago, said he is "in limbo" after he was accused of being the killer.

Steve Watson, 53, appeared in the reconstruction of the 1994 murder of Julie Pacey, which was reshown on BBC One earlier this year.
Officers took his DNA after viewers told them he was the "killer" shown in the reconstruction.
The BBC has said it tried to contact Mr Watson before the show.
Julie Pacey, 38, was found dead in Grantham, Lincolnshire, but her killer has never been found.
Mr Watson, of Newark, Nottinghamshire, said he answered a BBC ad to play the part in 1994.
"[My face] was on the screen for too long and even then, people in the street said, 'Oh, is that that murderer?'" he said.
"To hear those words you think, 'Please, it's just a reconstruction, surely you understand', but unfortunately they don't."
The original Crimewatch appeal was aired again in July after advancements in DNA technology.
"A couple of people in Newark recognised me and put me forward as a suspect and I was on the end of having my DNA taken and all sorts," he said.
Despite telling police he was the actor, he is yet to be told he is no longer a suspect.
"I'm in limbo, it's ridiculous," he said.
Det Insp Helen Evans, of Lincolnshire Police, said it would be "remiss not to thoroughly investigate every solid piece of information" and he will be given an update "in due course".
Mr Watson said Crimewatch "do a fantastic job" but actors should be warned they could be called on by the police.
A BBC spokesman said it tried to contact Mr Watson about re-airing the appeal but his details were not in their records.


A protest has been held at a Liverpool hospital threatened with relocation.

People gathered outside Liverpool Women's Hospital to voice their concerns after a report found the trust risks becoming "financially unviable".
Kathryn Thomson, the hospital's chief executive, previously said the hospital did not get enough NHS money to fund sufficient staffing and was considering several options, including relocation.
More than 26,000 people have signed a petition opposing the site's closure.
The hospital board has met to approve a financial plan for the 20-year-old site.
Ms Thomson said: "Any decisions about how services are delivered in the future will be made with the full consultation of our staff, our patients and the wider general public.
"Any recommendations about future service provision will not be driven by budget concerns but by our ambition to deliver the very best healthcare to women and babies."
Campaigner Lesley Mahmood said she feared the hospital could be amalgamated into the nearby Royal Liverpool Hospital.
Kelly Butchard, from Huyton, said one of her sons was not breathing when he was born at the Women's Hospital and was saved by the staff there.
She said she was "eternally grateful" and would be "devastated" if it closed.


Researchers have developed an algorithm to help robots fall more gracefully, to protect them from damage.

16 October 2015 Last updated at 16:43 BST
Karen Liu, from the Georgia Institute of Technology, said a falling robot can damage its components and also the people around it.
She said the algorithm could help reduce the impact when a humanoid robot takes a tumble.
She hopes robots will eventually be able to learn how to recover from a fall.
Watch the video to see the algorithm in action when a robot gets pushed over.


Official notification of the UK's intention to leave the EU should be sent to Brussels as soon as possible, First Minister Carwyn Jones has said.

The move - known as Article 50 - is important as it starts a strict two-year timetable for withdrawal.
David Cameron, who announced his resignation after the referendum, has said his successor should trigger the formal process to leave the union.
On Tuesday Mr Jones told AMs a delayed process was not in Wales' interest.
In other developments on Tuesday:
"My view is that Article 50 should be triggered sooner rather than later," Mr Jones said.
"I think waiting months and months and months for it just adds to that uncertainty.
"Better that people know where they stand rather than not knowing what's going to happen for many months and many years."
Uncertainty was "never going to be helpful" to investment, Mr Jones added, saying that Brexit process should conclude "as quickly as possible".
Newsbeat: What is Article 50?
Neil Hamilton, UKIP's leader in the assembly, said "in the spirit of cooperation" both he and Welsh Conservative leader, Andrew RT Davies, should be involved in the Welsh Government's Brexit talks with UK ministers.
Mr Hamilton said "making the case for Wales" would be "strengthened with the added voices of those who were actually in favour of the result which the people of Wales voted for".
Mr Jones said he had written to the prime minister and was waiting for a reply but that "the people of Wales have voted for a Welsh Government to take forward that response".
He added there would be involvement with all parties as discussions continued.
On Tuesday evening, there was a pro-EU rally held in Cardiff city centre, which attracted almost 1,000 people.
One of the organisers, Sioned James, said: "This is not a protest against the results. This is an opportunity to show our appreciation of the European Union and everything it has offered Wales."
Cardiff was one of five Welsh local authority areas which voted to Remain in last week's referendum.
Among those addressing the crowd were Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood and Gruff Rhys, the frontman of Welsh rock band Super Furry Animals.
Remain campaigner Shazia Awan told the crowd that she had been the victim of "shocking" racist messages since the vote.


A 23-year-old Indian student has been allegedly gang-raped inside a bus in the capital, Delhi, police say.

The woman was travelling with a male friend on Sunday night when they were attacked. They were brutally beaten, stripped and thrown out of the vehicle.
Both have been admitted to hospital. The condition of the woman is reported to be "critical".
Delhi is often called the "rape capital of India" - police recorded more than 550 cases in the city last year.
Correspondents say Delhi can be a very difficult city for women, with sexual harassment commonplace and rapes and abduction all too frequent. The capital's rape figures are higher than for other Indian cities of comparable size, they say.
Police have registered a case and Delhi Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit has promised "strict action" against those responsible.
The woman and her friend had boarded the bus from Munirka area and were on their way to Dwarka in south-west Delhi.
They were returning after watching a film in a mall in south Delhi, police said.
The couple were attacked by "at least four men", police said. Some reports said the attackers included the bus staff.
On Monday, senior police officer Chhaya Sharma appealed to the public to help identify the owner of the bus.
At a press conference, police showed camera recordings of a white luxury bus which they said could have been the one used in the crime.
Reports say the alleged rape took place on a "white line" bus - such services run by private operators have higher fares and fewer stops. They employ more upmarket vehicles to supplement the city's public bus network.
The incident has led to outrage in the city.
"This is a shocking incident. I hope that the guilty are punished for the heinous crime," Delhi's Women and Child Development Minister Kiran Walia said.
The chairperson of the National Commission for Women, Mamata Sharma: "Such incidents are increasing in Delhi. Police and government should be really alert.
"We will get an inquiry done and will also inquire with the police as to what action has been taken so far."


Mixu Paatelainen admits Dundee United will face an immense task to avoid relegation if his side lose at home to Kilmarnock on Saturday.

The Tannadice side are 14 points adrift of Killie, Hamilton and Partick Thistle at the bottom of the Premiership.
"Obviously, if we don't win tomorrow, it will be very difficult for us," said manager Paatelainen.
"Mathematically, it will still be possible, but we do realise the situation and how big the match is."
Paatelainen took over from Jackie McNamara in October and the team have gathered only five points from a total of 36 since.
Kilmarnock, meanwhile, arrive after an upturn in their own form that has led to three games without defeat and two consecutive wins.
"Tomorrow's match is a huge one," said Paatelainen. "There is no question about that. No one is shying away from that."
The Finn says the job of keeping the club in the Premiership is the most difficult in his managerial career.
He insists that, if he were to help United beat the drop, it would be his greatest feat as a team boss.
"It would be unbelievable, because of where we are, the changes we had to make, the information to players that we had to put in," he said.
"For all of us, it would be an unbelievable achievement because the situation is not good at all.
"We do feel it is still possible and we are fighting. We will do everything possible tomorrow to win the match and start climbing."
United players, led by captain Sean Dillon, held a meeting earlier this week in a bid to address their slump in form.
Experienced midfielder John Rankin said the meeting brought out some home truths.
"We aired a few grievances and it's one that probably we needed and, to be honest, we probably needed it earlier on in the season, but it never came about," he said.
"Sean took responsibility. He is the club captain and a few players aired what they thought.
"Training this week has been at a different tempo, a different standard from the few weeks before."
Rankin said a "few arguments" left a few players "battered and bruised" but said that was to be expected "as the pressure is on".
"In terms of my Dundee United career, this is probably the biggest game I will have played in," he said of Kilmarnock's visit.
"I have played in European ties and I have played in cup finals, but this is bigger than any cup final I have played in."


Thousands have attended funerals in the Syrian city of Homs after clashes between opposition groups and security forces left at least eight people dead.

Mourners called for the overthrow of the government as they marched through the street, witnesses said.
Video images posted on the internet by opposition activists showed no security forces in sight.
The latest deaths came after soldiers fired on crowds protesting at the death of a tribal leader in state custody.
President Bashar al-Assad has pledged reforms to try to calm weeks of protest, but protesters say the concessions are not enough.
On Saturday, Mr Assad said he expected Syria's 48-year-old emergency law to be lifted this week.
Witnesses say anti-government protests intensified in Homs - 165km (100 miles) north of Damascus - after authorities handed over the body of tribal leader Sheikh Badr Abu Moussa on Saturday. He died in custody a week after being arrested.
Walid Saffour, London-based President of the Syrian Human Rights Committee, told the BBC that Mr Abu Moussa had been tortured.
"His beard was burned and he died under torture in one of the security branches in Homs, most likely the military security branch," he said.
"Yesterday he was taken to (the) graveyard to be buried.  After that, many people in 12 places in Homs went to (the) street chanting and calling from freedom, for liberties and even for change of the system."
Mr Saffour said the government should be held accountable for the deaths of its citizens.
"It is a genocide and a massacre against humanity," he said.
An activist told Reuters news agency that the death of Mr Abu Moussa was "too much to take".
"Homs is boiling. Security forces and the regime thugs have been provoking armed tribes for a month now," he added.
Members of Mr Abu Moussa's Fawara tribe, along with members from the Bani Khaled tribe and local residents, took to the streets across Homs on Sunday night to protest against his death and the crackdown on pro-democracy protesters. They were "shot at in cold blood", the activist said.
"The possibility that some protesters were armed cannot be ruled out. The tribes feel insulted and they want revenge. But the security forces were seen driving in trucks and shooting at civilians," he added.
Witnesses told the AFP news agency that security forces had fired live rounds to disperse a demonstration in the Bab Sbaa district.
Syria's official news agency says that in most areas, calm is prevailing, reflecting citizens' satisfaction with Mr Assad's reforms.
When it has reported on violent incidents, it has blamed armed criminal gangs.
Human rights groups say at least 200 protesters have been killed in the past four weeks  as security forces try to quell the most serious challenge to Mr Assad's rule since he succeeded his father 11 years ago.


Badger culls are to be carried out in five new areas of England in a bid to control bovine TB, the BBC has learnt.

Shooting of badgers will begin in early September in South Devon, North Devon, North Cornwall, West Dorset, and South Herefordshire, the BBC understands.
Culling is part of the government's 25-year-strategy to eradicate the disease, but opponents say there is no evidence culling is effective.
Dorset, Gloucestershire and Somerset are already practising culling.
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) would not confirm the selections had been made but said it was "currently considering applications for further badger control licences as part of the usual licensing process".
However, the BBC understands that culling companies have already been selected, and marksmen trained for the new locations.
Tony Francis, a farmer who had TB in his herd near Okehampton in Devon, said he had signed up to one of the new cull zones to try to prevent the disease from returning.
"It's an issue which has been going on for decades," he said.
"No one has really got on top of it. I think the agricultural industry feel we've got to try and take control of it," he said.
According to Defra, England has the highest rate of bovine TB in Europe, which results in thousands of cattle being slaughtered every year.
But anti-culling campaigners say there is no evidence that killing badgers is reducing the level of TB in cattle.
Jenny Pike, of campaign group Devon and Cornwall Against the Badger Cull, said only 6% of TB cases in cattle came through badgers and the government should focus on curbing cattle-to-cattle transmissions.
"It really is not a good use of taxpayer money, and it's going to cost thousands of badgers their lives for no benefit at all to farmers," she said.
In March hundreds of protestors campaigned against the plans to introduce culling in Devon and a significant policing operation has been planned in case of disorder when culling begins in the new locations in September.
Culling in Gloucestershire is expected to be extended, while those in west Somerset and north Dorset are due to continue, the BBC has also learnt.
Has Defra shown badger culling works?


The Tennis Integrity Unit is assessing Alexandr Dolgopolov's defeat by Thiago Monteiro at the Winston-Salem Open as some bookmakers suspended their markets because of suspicious betting patterns.

Brazilian Monteiro beat Ukrainian world number 63 Dolgopolov 6-3 6-3 in the ATP Tour match on Sunday.
The odds shifted in favour of Monteiro, ranked 114, leading up to the match.
"The TIU was made aware of concerns over betting patterns during the match," it said.
"As with all match alerts, the TIU will assess, make a judgement and take appropriate action on the information received through its co-operative agreements with betting operators."
Dolgopolov, 28, was the favourite for the hard-court tie, but an increase in money being placed on Monteiro, 23, reversed the odds, leading to several bookmakers to stop taking bets on the first-round match.
Former top-20 player Dolgopolov, who lost his first meeting with Monteiro on clay earlier this year, failed to create a break-point chance on the Brazilian's serve as he was beaten in 55 minutes.
"I can confirm we suspended the match [betting] due to the suspicious moves in prices pre-match," said a spokesperson for betting firm Ladbrokes.
"This was flagged to relevant authorities right away."
The TIU, which was set up to police the sport, has a match alert policy that states "every alert received is assessed" and also stresses that "an alert on its own is not evidence of match-fixing".
It also lists potential other reasons to explain unusual betting patterns, including "incorrect odds-setting, well-informed betting, player fitness, fatigue and form, playing conditions and personal circumstances."
An independent review panel was set up in 2016 following a BBC and BuzzFeed News investigation that uncovered suspected illegal betting in tennis.
BBC tennis correspondent Russell Fuller
The odds shifted quite dramatically away from Dolgopolov and towards Monteiro in the hours before the start.
It is unusual for the TIU to comment directly on a match so soon after it has been played, but they do now list the number of match alerts they receive from the betting companies in a quarterly report.
There is still no firm publication date, meanwhile, for the interim report of the Independent Review Panel.


A former boxer has been jailed for four-and-a-half years for killing a West Midlands fireman.

Shane Walford, 33, of St Athan Barracks, Vale of Glamorgan, pleaded not guilty to the manslaughter of Paul Gibbons but was convicted in May.
Mr Gibbons, 41, from Coventry, was punched by Walford during a night out in the city in October 2009 and later died in hospital from brain injuries.
Walford, a former paratrooper, was sentenced at Stafford Crown Court.
He told the court he had been acting in self-defence when he punched Mr Gibbons.
Afghanistan service
In passing sentence Judge Simon Tonking told him: "You had recently been serving in the army, and having served in Afghanistan it should not be ignored that you were somebody who was necessarily alert to the possibility of attack.
"Whilst you may have genuinely believed, albeit entirely wrongly, that you needed to defend yourself from Mr Gibbons, the amount of force which you used was out of proportion to the threat that you believed Mr Gibbons posed."
Mr Gibbons had been celebrating his birthday and approached Walford on the dance floor at Millsy's bar in Earlsdon Street on 25 October when he was lifted off his feet by a punch.
Walford handed himself in to police when Mr Gibbons, a father-of-two, died the next day in hospital of brain injuries.
The court was told he had previous convictions for for breaking a man's jaw and assaulting a police officer.


Hundreds more steel jobs could be lost unless the UK government takes urgent action to help the industry, the Welsh economy minister has said.

Edwina Hart, who was attending a crisis summit in Rotherham, warned that high energy costs and cheap imports were threatening plants in Wales.
Tata Steel has said it planned to mothball some operations at Llanwern, Newport, and Shotton, Flintshire.
UK ministers called the summit a chance to show support for a "vital industry".
"The steel industry in Wales and across the UK continues to be seriously disadvantaged by high energy costs and cheap imports," she said ahead of the summit.
"These combined pressures mean that a number of Wales-based companies are reaching a critical point and jobs are in jeopardy.
"More support to address these matters at a UK level will be key in allowing Welsh businesses to operate on a level playing field, not only in the UK but also within global markets.
"I hope today that we can reach agreement to try to secure a collaborative and sustainable way forward."
Welsh Secretary Stephen Crabb described the summit on Friday as an "opportunity to demonstrate our support for this vital industry, which is so important to the Welsh economy".
"I hope the discussions will result in a positive plan of action that will help the steel industry weather what are without question challenging global conditions," he said.


Defending champion Mahe Drysdale of New Zealand retained his Olympic title by the tightest of margins as he was given gold in the same time as Croat Damir Martin in the men's single sculls.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Martin, who won quadruple sculls silver in 2012, came back at Drysdale in the closing stages with both men stopping the clock at six minutes 41.34 seconds.
Find out how to get into rowing with our special guide.
Only a photo could separate the pair.
Czech two-time silver medallist Ondrej Synek took bronze, finishing 3.24 seconds behind Drysdale and Martin.
The win is New Zealand's second rowing gold of the Games, out of a total of eight Kiwi medals in Rio.
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One of the key figures in the controversy over the sale of Nama's Northern Ireland property portfolio is Belfast businessman Frank Cushnahan.

The National Assets Management Agency - the Republic of Ireland's 'bad bank' - took effective control of a property loan portfolio in Northern Ireland worth more than £1bn after the financial crisis.
It set up a committee to advise it on Northern Ireland issues and Mr Cushnahan was recommended for appointment by the Democratic Unionist Party.
He served on the committee from 2010 to 2013.
A former banker who became a corporate fixer, unknown to Nama, Mr Cushnahan had been talking to US investment firm Pimco who were interested in buying its Northern Ireland portfolio.
Before he left his Nama post, Mr Cushnahan attended meetings with Pimco as it prepared to mount a bid. He was due to be paid £5m if the bid succeeded.
However, the deal collapsed when Nama learned of his role.
Another company called Cerberus then bought the portfolio for £1.2bn.
Mr Cushnahan has consistently denied any wrongdoing, and that he was due to receive money in relation to that deal.
However, in February BBC NI's Spotlight programme broadcast a covert recording in which Mr Cushnahan claimed that he was due to be paid a fixer fee over the deal.
Mr Cushnahan was defended by former first minister Peter Robinson who, in October 2015, was appearing before a committee examining the sale of Nama's NI portfolio to Cerberus.
The first minister told the Stormont committee that he had been friendly with Mr Cushnahan for years and found him to be "motivated by the best interests of Northern Ireland".
He added that Mr Cushnahan could be described as a "pillar of the establishment".
He said that he or his special advisor had regular contact with Mr Cushnahan in the period leading up to the Nama deal.
The purpose of this was to get the "best possible assurance as to how any purchaser would operate" in Northern Ireland.
In June, the Irish parliament was told that Mr Cushnahan was one of two men arrested by the National Crime Agency as part of a fraud investigation. It was told the other was a former senior Nama executive.
Nama has launched two complaints about Mr Cushnahan to the Republic's Standards in Public Office Commission. It also reported him to police in the Republic of Ireland as well as the UK National Crime Agency.
Meanwhile, in September Spotlight broadcast another recording of Mr Cushnahan accepting a £40,000 cash payment from a Nama borrower. The man who made the payment, County Down property developer John Miskelly, said "payments made by me to any persons have been lawful".
The recording was made in 2012 at a time when Mr Cushnahan was still working as an adviser to Nama.
A former pupil of St  Malachy's Grammar School in north Belfast, Mr Cushnahan held a number of senior positions in the banking world.
In the late 1990s, he established his own consultancy, advising companies on corporate finance issues and management buy-outs and acquisitions.
Mr Cushnahan has held dozens of corporate appointments and public sector positions during his career.
He was a corporate financier at the Northern Ireland Science Park for a three-year period and worked with the University of Ulster Foundation in Coleraine from 2009 to 2013.
He also had a long spell with Delta Print and Packing, off-licence group Wineflair and the the Red Sky construction group.
Mr Cushnahan also previously served as chairman of the Belfast Harbour Commissioners.
Within Stormont, he was for a time director of the Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister as well chairing other internal panels.
Mr Cushnahan was also an advisor to the general board panel established by the Presbyterian Church to consider issues arising from the financial crisis related to the Presbyterian Mutual Society (PMS).
He was awarded a CBE for services to the Northern Ireland's economy in 2001
Mr Cushnahan  has consistently denied any wrongdoing in relation to his role at Nama.


Two men accused of helping a US tourist hunt and kill Zimbabwe's most famous lion have been released on bail.

Professional hunter Theo Bronkhorst and farm owner Honest Ndlovu, were charged with poaching offences and for not having the required hunting permit.
The pair were granted bail of $1,000 each (Â£638) and ordered to appear in court again on 5 August.
Walter Palmer, the US dentist who shot the animal known as Cecil, has left Zimbabwe but could also face charges.
Mr Palmer said he paid for the hunt, but was not aware of the lion's identity.
He said he regretted shooting the animal and believed he was on a legal hunt. He relied on professional guides to find a lion and obtain the necessary permits, he said.
Mr Bronkhorst and Mr Ndlovu could face up to 15 years in prison if found guilty.
Cecil is believed to have died on 1 July, but the carcass was not discovered until a few days later.
Mr Palmer is said to have shot and injured the animal with a bow. The group did not find the wounded lion until 40 hours later, when he was shot dead with a gun.
Separately, court records have shown that Mr Palmer has a felony record in the US after killing a black bear in the state of Wisconsin in 2006.
The dentist was given a one-year probation and fined $3,000, having shot the creature outside an authorised zone and then tried to pass it off as having been killed elsewhere.
Records from the Minnesota Board of Dentistry also show that Mr Palmer was the subject of a sexual harassment complaint which was settled in 2006.
A receptionist alleged that he had made indecent comments to her. Mr Palmer admitted no wrongdoing and agreed to pay out more than $127,000.
The American tourist is believed to have paid about $50,000 to go on the hunt in Zimbabwe.
More than 265,000 people have signed an online "Justice for Cecil" petition, calling on Zimbabwe's government to stop issuing hunting permits for endangered animals.
As news of the killing and details about the perpetrator spread online, there was a slew of comments on social media condemning Walter Palmer, with some people calling for him to face justice.
How the internet descended on the man who killed Cecil the lion
Mr Palmer insists that he believed his guides had secured "all proper permits" for the hunt.
"I relied on the expertise of my local professional guides to ensure a legal hunt," he said in a statement on Tuesday.
"I deeply regret that my pursuit of an activity I love and practice responsibly and legally resulted in the taking of this lion."
He said he had not been contacted by authorities in Zimbabwe or the US but would "assist them in any inquiries they may have".
The dentist is believed to be back in the US, although his exact whereabouts are unknown.
His dental practice was closed on Tuesday and a note was placed on the door referring visitors to a public relations firm.
Cecil the lion was skinned and beheaded, according to the Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force (ZCTF), a local charity.
The ZCTF said the hunters had used bait to lure him outside Hwange National Park during a night-time pursuit.
35,000
Max estimated lion population
12,000
Max lion population in southern Africa
665 Approx number of 'trophy' lions killed for export from Africa per year
49 Lion 'trophies'  exported from Zimbabwe in 2013
0.29% Contribution to GDP of Zimbabwe from trophy hunting
17% Of Zimbabwe's land given  to trophy hunting
The animal had a GPS collar fitted for a research project by UK-based Oxford University that allowed authorities to track its movements. The hunters tried to destroy it, but failed, according to the ZCTF.
On Monday, the head of the ZCTF told the BBC that Cecil "never bothered anybody" and was "one of the most beautiful animals to look at".


Dover made it three wins on the bounce in the National League with a comfortable 3-1 triumph over Barrow.

Moses Emmanuel got the breakthrough for Dover on the half-hour mark, smashing home after Aswad Thomas' fluffed effort on goal fell kindly for the former Bromley forward.
Ross Lafayette made it 2-0 after 56 minutes, smartly lifting the ball over Joel Dixon, and Sam Magri's header made it 3-0 with eight minutes left.
Barrow substitute Ross Hannah scored a consolation penalty in the 89th minute. Paul Cox's side had shown signs of growing into the game early on in the second half, but their two-match unbeaten run is now over at the expense of Dover's impressive winning streak.
Report supplied by the Press Association
Match ends, Dover Athletic 3, Barrow 1.
Second Half ends, Dover Athletic 3, Barrow 1.
Goal!  Dover Athletic 3, Barrow 1. Ross Hannah (Barrow) converts the penalty with a.
Steve Arnold (Dover Athletic) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Substitution, Dover Athletic. Mitchell Pinnock replaces Ricky Modeste.
Goal!  Dover Athletic 3, Barrow 0. Sam Magri (Dover Athletic).
Substitution, Barrow. Richard Bennett replaces Byron Harrison.
Substitution, Dover Athletic. Tyrone Marsh replaces Moses Emmanuel.
Sam Magri (Dover Athletic) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Substitution, Barrow. Andy Haworth replaces Lindon Meikle.
Substitution, Barrow. Ross Hannah replaces Paul Turnbull.
Goal!  Dover Athletic 2, Barrow 0. Ross Lafayette (Dover Athletic).
Second Half begins Dover Athletic 1, Barrow 0.
First Half ends, Dover Athletic 1, Barrow 0.
Goal!  Dover Athletic 1, Barrow 0. Moses Emmanuel (Dover Athletic).
Jordan Williams (Barrow) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
First Half begins.
Lineups are announced and players are warming up.


Mae gostyngiad wedi bod yn nifer y bobl sydd yn defnyddio'r gwasanaeth awyr rhwng Caerdydd ac Ynys Môn.

Fe ddefnyddiodd 9,862 o deithwyr y gwasanaeth yn 2016-17, sef gostyngiad o 128 yn dilyn cynnydd bychan yn nifer y teithwyr mewn blynyddoedd blaenorol.
Dim ond hanner y seddi gafodd eu llenwi yn ystod y flwyddyn, yn ôl ffigyrau Llywodraeth Cymru a Swyddfa Archwilio Cymru.
Cafodd y gwasanaeth ei lansio yn 2007 ac mae wedi derbyn tua £1.2m o arian cyhoeddus yn flynyddol ers hynny.
Y llynedd, fe alwodd Llywodraeth Cymru am adolygiad o'r gwasanaeth, ac yn 2014 fe ddywedodd adroddiad fod y gwasanaeth yn tangyflawni.
Mae BBC Cymru wedi gofyn i'r llywodraeth am ymateb.
Yn ystod y ddwy flynedd gyntaf, defnyddiodd dros 14,000 o bobl y gwasanaeth ond mae'n niferoedd wedi gostwng i o dan 10,000 y flwyddyn ers hynny.
Mae'r gwasanaeth wedi dioddef problemau gyda'r cwmnïau sydd wedi bod yn ei redeg.
Ym mis Mawrth, fe gafodd cwmni Eastern Airways ei benodi i'w redeg, wedi i'r cwmni blaenorol, Citywing fynd i'r wal am i'r cwmni o'r Weriniaeth Czech oedd yn gyfrifol amdano, Van Air, golli'r hawl i wneud hynny gan yr Awdurdod Hedfan Sifil.
Yn 2015 fe ddaeth yr Awdurdod Hedfan Sifil a thrwydded cwmni Links Air i ben am resymau diogelwch, cyn i'r cwmni hwnnw hefyd fethu.
Mae'r gwrthbleidiau wedi galw am gael gwared ar y gwasanaeth, sydd yn rhedeg ddwywaith y dydd yn ystod yr wythnos, tra bod eraill wedi dadlau fod angen gwell cysylltiadau trafnidaeth a marchnata arno.
Cyfanswm nifer y seddi ar gael yn flynyddol: 18,720


In the aftermath of the massive blasts that took place in Tianjin late Wednesday, many concerns have been raised by Chinese citizens.

Many have demanded answers on how the explosion could have happened and about the environmental and public health fallout.
Even state-controlled media such as the Global Times noted that the blasts "raised questions over loopholes" about safety precautions and city planning, but officials have so far provided limited information.
These are the main concerns.
Officials have urged patience as they are still investigating the cause of the incident. But that has not stopped many online from demanding accountability. Many censored posts on social media took issue with city planning officials.
"Who allowed a warehouse with dangerous goods be built just a few hundred metres from a residential area? Who allowed so many dangerous 'toys' to be clustered together? And which department failed to detect such a dangerous situation?" read one post by user Liu Tong.
At a press conference on Thursday, a journalist asked officials: "According to environmental regulations, what should be the distance between a residential area and [an area with] dangerous goods?"
Tianjin environment chief Wen Wurui appeared to be at a loss for words, and none of the other officials answered. CCTV then cut the broadcast.
The incident sparked heavy criticism online. Weibo user Parisian Taotaijun said: "When will the citizens know the truth, all the answers we are getting are heavily scripted, it's so fake."
Global Times said the minimum distance between businesses with dangerous chemicals and public buildings and transport networks is meant to be 1km, but data showed there were at least three major residential communities within that radius of the Ruihai Logistics warehouse.
Reports that 700 tonnes of sodium cyanide were stored at the warehouse that exploded sparked concerns that it could contaminate the water.
"If this issue isn't addressed soon, it could be even worse than the blast itself," said Weibo user Tao Weng WT, in a censored post.
Officials have denied reports that there were increased levels of sodium cyanide detected in nearby drains, but on Saturday police confirmed that an unspecified quantity of the chemical was present near the blast site.
They have also said the area is sealed off and hazardous material was contained at the site, in response to journalists' queries on possible leakages.
Reporters on Thursday asked if pollutants released into the air from the explosion posed a serious health risk.
They also asked if the pollutants would drift towards other cities such as the capital Beijing, just 100km (62 miles) from Tianjin.
But government officials visibly struggled to answer the queries. Mr Wen attempted to leave several times, but was stopped by reporters who continued peppering him with questions.
He eventually said that a south-westerly wind was blowing pollutants into the sea away from populated areas, and while the particles in the air were dangerous, "so far we have observed [the pollution] has not reached a very high level".
But an apparent change in wind direction on Saturday prompted officials to evacuate an area 3km in radius around the site.
The warehouse handled chemicals and flammable gases but the authorities were unclear about what exactly was there at the time of the blast. Some reports said all documentation had been destroyed in the fire.
Nevertheless questions have been raised about whether firefighters were equipped well enough and whether the materials they used to battle the flames were appropriate - as certain chemicals' exposure to water could cause explosions.
At least 17 firefighters died in the disaster. Lei Jinde, the deputy propaganda chief of China's fire department, defended the actions of firefighters, Reuters reported, saying they did not know the location of the chemicals.


Prime Minister Theresa May has been urged to delay Monday's vote on Trident renewal to allow "proper scrutiny".

The SNP's Westminster leader Angus Robertson said it was "one of the most important decisions parliament will ever take."
He also said MPs must have access to the full costs of renewal before they can come to an informed view.
Former prime minister David Cameron said Trident was an "essential deterrent" to Britain's security.
The SNP will vote to reject the renewal of Trident.
While the majority of Labour MPs are expected to vote in favour of Trident renewal, Scottish Labour party delegates overwhelmingly backed a vote to scrap the UK's Trident nuclear missile system at their conference last year.
Mr Robertson said: "Trident is an immoral, obscene and redundant weapons system - and the decision on whether to renew it is one of the most important votes this parliament will ever take.
"Over the last few weeks we have witnessed unprecedented political turmoil, as the entire Westminster system was shown to be completely unprepared for the prospect of a Brexit vote.
"Having spent the best part of a month engaged in backstabbing, score-settling and navel-gazing, neither the Tories nor Labour are in any fit state to be giving proper scrutiny to decisions as important as this."
He added: "It would be both morally and economically indefensible for the UK government to commit to spending hundreds of billions of pounds on weapons of mass destruction - even more so at a time when they are cutting funding for public services.
"The enormous cost of Trident appears to be spiralling out of control - before MPs can come to an informed view, they must have access to full costs across the lifetime of the programme."
Thousands of people attended 36 protests against Trident renewal at towns and cities across Scotland on Saturday.
It is understood the UK government has no plans to move the missile system from Faslane on the Clyde.
A source close to Defence Secretary Michael Fallon said: "This government was elected on a manifesto to build four ballistic missile submarines to replace the current fleet. We committed to hold a vote and we need to have this now given the time it takes to build and test the submarines.
"All MPs will have to decide whether to gamble with our national security.  The SNP will be voting to weaken our security and to close Faslane, Scotland's biggest employment site."


A man who claimed he "saw the devil" when he killed his father-in-law has been cleared of murder.

Syrian businessman Nicholas Daher, 85, was stabbed to death in Letchworth on 4 January.
Sammi Ozone, 60, admitting killing the father of his wife Samur at their Whitethorn Lane home, but denied murder.
A jury at Luton Crown Court found him not guilty of murder on grounds of diminished responsibility.
The jury was told how Ozone cut himself after the fatal stabbing and was taken to the Lister Hospital in Stevenage for treatment.
While there, with a police guard nearby, he is said to have made unprompted comments: "Is the devil alive? I didn't mean to do it. I saw the devil in front of me."
Father-of-two Ozone has been remanded in custody until 25 August for a psychiatric report to be updated prior to sentencing.
Judge Michael Kay QC said: "This has been a very sad case, but Mr Ozone should be prepared for a custodial sentence of some length."
During the case, prosecutor Robert O'Sullivan QC said: "For a number of years the defendant had ill-feeling towards his father-in-law. Mr Daher was a very wealthy man, who had funded their lifestyle in Syria where they came from.
"Mr Ozone resented his father-in-law's controlling behaviour."
When questioned by the police, he said something had "flipped" when he went in the kitchen.
He said his father-in-law had a devil face.
He said: "He was evil. He was mad. He laughed at every step in our life."


Author Anthony Burgess will be honoured in his home city of Manchester after a plan to make a film inspired by the writer won a £40,000 art award.

Artists Stephen Sutcliffe and Graham Eatough won the Contemporary Art Society Annual Award on Monday along with Manchester's Whitworth gallery.
Burgess was best known for his 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange.
Sutcliffe and Eatough's film will be shown at the Whitworth to mark the centenary of Burgess' birth in 2017.
The writer, who grew up in nearby Moss Side, visited the gallery in his youth - but recounted in his autobiography how he was once thrown out for "sucking on the marble breast of a Greek goddess".
In all, Burgess wrote 33 novels, 25 works of non-fiction, two volumes of autobiography, three symphonies and more than 250 other musical works.
But he is best remembered for A Clockwork Orange, which gained notoriety after being turned into a film by Stanley Kubrick, and which Burgess later said was his least favourite work.
Sutcliffe and Eatough's film will be paid for with the prize money from the Contemporary Art Society award, which is given to a different museum or gallery every year to create "an ambitious work of contemporary art of national importance".
Contemporary Art Society director Caroline Douglas said: "The proposal stood out as a project we all want to see, for its inventiveness and genuine connections to Manchester through author Anthony Burgess.
"We are delighted to be supporting these artists at what appears to be a moment of significant development in their careers and to enable the commission of a work whose themes will resonate with the Whitworth's existing collections."
The film will enter the Whitworth's collection and the gallery's director Maria Balshaw described it as a "clever, humorous and ambitious commission".
She added: "Together Graham and Stephen will highlight the work of a great, but unsung, Mancunian hero, Anthony Burgess, in a film work that will use the city where he grew up and studied as set, prop and cast."
Sutcliffe and Eatough's film will take inspiration from the first and last chapters of Burgess's four novels about the fictional poet Francis Xavier Enderby.
The two-part film will reflect on the difference between an artist's public profile and private personality.
The award comes days after the Whitworth received a donation of six works by contemporary artists including Tracey Emin and Gilbert & George.
The gallery reopened earlier this year after a £15m redevelopment, leading it to be crowned museum of the year by The Art Fund and be shortlisted for the UK's top architecture award, the Stirling Prize.
Also on Monday, Maria Balshaw was named personality of the year in Apollo art magazine's annual awards.


Small business confidence has fallen in Scotland following a drop in revenues and profits, a survey has found.

Firms north of the border are also much less confident than businesses in the UK as a whole, according to the Federation of Small Businesses (FSB).
However, its latest quarterly report found most firms still intended to recruit more staff and invest.
FSB said the findings should act as a "timely reminder that a sustained recovery is far from guaranteed".
A net balance of +6% of businesses surveyed reported an increase in revenue over the last three months, down from +17% at the same point last year.
The number of firms experiencing a rise in profits also fell, ending a run of five quarters of uninterrupted profit growth.
FSB Scottish policy convener Andy Willox said: "With revenues and profits taking a hit, it's little wonder that confidence has dropped.
"Even in these choppy waters, though, it's good to see small businesses continuing to do their bit by creating new jobs and investing for the long term.
"And the improving credit market will make it easier to turn firms' plans into reality.
"We need to make sure that the small businesses on whom resilient local economies are founded get paid for the work they do, get a fair deal from regulators, and can easily hire the right staff with the right skills."
In a separate development, manufacturers' organisation EEF said it was halving its 2015 manufacturing growth forecast for the UK to 0.7%.
Its latest quarterly outlook survey suggested there was a "rollercoaster of risks" ahead caused by global economic uncertainty.
It said bright spots provided by domestic consumer demand and construction activity were "not enough to hold the shadow of global factors at bay".
The report found export orders in particular had suffered, in response to continued problems in Europe over the summer and a slowdown in emerging markets.


The National Eisteddfod is one step nearer to being held in Cardiff Bay in two years time, with the traditional Maes (main field) being scrapped.

The Eisteddfod council backed recommendations to hold the festival on the streets and in venues of the bay in 2018.
Buildings such as the Wales Millennium Centre are among sites that would be used.
The move has been described as a one year experiment.
As part of the plans, discussed at a meeting in Aberystwyth on Saturday, there would be no admittance fee to attend the main field, only charges for concerts and events.
There would also be no perimeter fence - something which organisers hope would attract more visitors, including those who would not ordinarily attend.
Eisteddfod officials will now discuss detailed plans with Cardiff council and other key partners, including the Wales Millennium Centre, over the coming months and a public meeting will be held in the city in the summer.
A traditional Maes on playing fields in Pontcanna in Cardiff had also been under consideration as a site for the 2018 event. It was the location of the Eisteddfod's last visit to the capital city in 2008.
The Eisteddfod, which travels to a different location in Wales every summer, has already scrapped the traditional pink pavilion.


Wales captain Ashley Williams says there is no cause for alarm despite failing to beat Israel to secure a place at the Euro 2016 finals.

Thursday's 1-0 win in Cyprus meant Wales could have qualified with victory over Israel on Sunday, but they could only manage a 0-0 draw in Cardiff.
However, one more point against Bosnia-Herzegovina or Andorra will be enough.
"We still have two games to go and it's still on us. We're still top of the group so there's no panic," he said.
"We just keep the momentum going into the next two games."
Wales dominated Israel, who they had beaten 3-0 away earlier in the campaign, but were unable to find a way through.
Chris Coleman's side had a couple of penalty claims waved away by the officials, while substitute Simon Church had an injury-time goal ruled out for offside,
"I think we pushed and pushed and they obviously came for a draw," centre-back Williams said.
"They made it very difficult for us but it's another point. We didn't lose the game.
"We wanted to get it done and dusted today. We haven't done that but by no means are we going to go away today disappointed.
"It's been a positive week, four points. We kick on."
Wales travel to Bosnia-Herzegovina on 10 October and then finish their qualifying campaign at home to Andorra - who have yet to even manage a draw in Group B - three days later.


Photoshop is to use artificial intelligence to help users identify typefaces they have seen elsewhere.

Developer Adobe describes its DeepFont feature as "Shazam for fonts" - a reference to the song-recognising app.
It will work on both the mobile and desktop versions of the image-editing software, but users will need a Creative Cloud subscription.
One expert said the tool would probably be popular with professionals, who often struggle to identify a design.
Other font-matching online services already exist, but Adobe suggested the machine learning technology behind its system gave it an edge.
The US company's announcement was timed to coincide with its digital marketing summit in London.
Adobe first revealed it was developing a point-and-click way to identify fonts last year, but waited until now to confirm its rollout.
The process is carried out remotely on the company's computer servers.
They use an algorithm that looks at the curves and other characteristics of the selected text and then compares them to a database of about 20,000 fonts.
The algorithm has been trained using millions of images to spot similarities, so does not need to find a direct match.
This means that it works with screenshots, photos of printed examples and even scribbled sketches.
"You highlight the text area that you are interested in being recognised, and it will give you a list of the top five fonts that match what you highlighted," Anil Kamath, head of the company's data science team, told the BBC.
"That applies to an image that you can take with your phone.
"So, you might write something on a white board, take a picture of it and ask the software to suggest fonts that it corresponds to."
The results include typefaces created by third parties as well as those in the Adobe Type library.
One expert said the challenge of identifying fonts came up "surprisingly regularly".
"I can attest first-hand to seeing groups of designers sitting around trying to figure out what's that font," said Clive Howard, an analyst at Creative Intellect Consulting, who previously worked at a design studio.
"They often have an existing website or are given a flat file - a JPeg image or a printed thing - and the client doesn't know what font the original design agency used.
"I've also seen designers come in in the morning having stolen one of the ads you see on the Tube, and then sit around trying to work out the font because they think it's cool and want to use it.
"Sometimes you can't use a typeface for commercial reasons, so then it would be great to know what fonts are similar."
Design professionals already have access to products, including Fontspring's Matcherator, WhatTheFont and Fonts.com's Search by Sight, which attempt to solve the problem by other means.
But Mr Howard said the integration of DeepFont into Adobe's software should give it an added advantage.
"Having to fish around for a separate tool and figure out how it works is always going to be challenging, so having a feature within the software designers already use is a benefit," he said.
"Adobe's creative tools are pretty much locked in as industry standards.
"But it's still important that the firm adds new capabilities because we've seen other software-makers sit on their laurels thinking they are the only game in town, and they haven't lasted."


Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon has described the international deal to tackle climate change as a "big step forward".

The deal, made in Paris and agreed by 195 nations, is the world's first comprehensive climate agreement.
It is the first to commit all countries to cut emissions and follows nearly two weeks of negotiations.
The agreement has been welcomed by Scottish politicians and environmental groups.
Ms Sturgeon said: "COP21 has, as we had hoped, achieved a big step forward in the international fight against climate change.
"This historic agreement sends a signal of certainty about the global economy's low carbon future, in the same way as we did for Scotland through our world-leading climate legislation in 2009. We want to avoid the worst impacts of climate change falling on the poor and vulnerable.
"Now that the talking is over, what's important is that the rhetoric is backed up by meaningful action - not least in the crucial area of energy policy where we need the UK to assist Scotland's drive to develop renewables and carbon capture and storage, not stymie it as they have done this year."
The measures in the agreement include:
• To peak greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible and achieve a balance between sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century
• To keep global temperature increase "well below" 2C (3.6F) and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5C
• To review progress every five years
• $100 billion a year in climate finance for developing countries by 2020, with a commitment to further finance in the future.
Finance spokesman for the Scottish Greens, Patrick Harvie, said the intentions outlined by the Paris agreement could not be achieved "unless fossil fuels are urgently abandoned".
He added: "This week's draft budget statement from the Scottish government must deliver serious investment in the low-carbon infrastructure our country needs, in turn creating the jobs of the future.
"Energy efficient housing, better public transport and support for community and publicly owned renewables have been consistent priorities from the Scottish Greens.
"A bold budget and a clear commitment to move away from unburnable oil and gas is the only credible response."
WWF Scotland director Lang Banks, who was in Paris as an observer, said: "While we did not achieve all that we wanted from the Paris agreement for people and nature most threatened by climate change, we all return home ready to push our national governments to deliver on the promises they did make and work to strengthen the national actions triggered by the new agreement.
"The Paris moment created several firsts, including the securing of pledges from over 180 nations to limit their climate change emissions, as well as seeing transformative plans to massively scale-up renewables across India, African nations and many other countries."
However, Friends of the Earth Scotland claimed the deal had "failed to deliver a deal that urgently tackles the climate crisis and the needs of those most vulnerable to its impacts".
Its director, Dr Richard Dixon, said: "With bullying tactics and throwing in some piecemeal pledges, rich countries have pushed through an agreement that spells bad news for people and the planet.
"By delaying critical action to cut greenhouse gas emissions and failing to put sufficient finance on the table, leaders have effectively signed a death warrant for millions of the poorest people around the world."
The charity also criticised the lack of legally-binding obligations in the deal to ensure its success and the failure to establish a date to end the use of fossil fuels.
Tom Ballantine, chairman of Stop Climate Chaos Scotland, said: "Before the Paris talks, many hundreds of thousands of people around the world came together to demand urgent climate action and to highlight the positive changes that communities are already taking to reduce carbon emissions.
"The deal in Paris shows that politicians are plodding behind that popular global movement.
"Despite the failure to reach a strong, ambitious deal in Paris, we can take hope from the fact that change is happening."


An American businesswoman convicted of spying by China is back in the US, after a Chinese court ordered her deportation.

Sandy Phan-Gillis was sentenced to three and a half years in prison on Tuesday, but will not serve the time.
She had already spent more than two years in detention before her trial.
Phan-Gillis, who has Chinese origins but was born in Vietnam, was arrested in March 2015 while travelling in China with a business delegation from Texas.
Her husband Jeff Gillis said China had accused his wife of visiting the country twice on spy missions in 1996, and working with the FBI to capture two Chinese spies in the US and make them into double agents.
Speaking last year, he called the allegations "beyond ridiculous", and said her passport showed she did not travel to China in 1996.
The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention previously denounced China's handling of the case, saying it had not observed "international norms relating to the right to a fair trial, and to liberty and security".
Phan-Gillis was reportedly held in a secret location for six months, and later placed in solitary confinement.
Mr Gillis said his wife had left China on Friday from the southern city of Guangzhou, and arrived in Los Angeles the same day.
"Sandy is overjoyed to be reunited with friends and family, and sends out her thanks to the many people who worked tirelessly for her release," he said.
The 57-year-old's return removes a source of tension between Washington and Beijing, a marker of the current warmer relations between them.
Negotiations to secure her release are said to have intensified when US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson visited China in March.
President Donald Trump has repeatedly praised China's leader, President Xi Jinping, since the pair met in Florida this month.
On Thursday, Mr Trump called his Chinese counterpart a "good man" who was doing his best to press North Korea over its controversial nuclear programme.