Every four years, people in the US choose who will be their next president.

In just a few days, they will be making that decision again.
Newsround takes a look at just what you need to know ahead of this important vote.
There are two main people that US voters can choose from to be the next president of their country - Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump.
There are candidates for other smaller parties, but it is almost impossible that they will receive enough votes to be elected as president.
Whoever wins will take over from the current president Barack Obama. He has now been president for eight years, but it's time for him to let someone else do the job.
The country's rulebook, called the Constitution, says a president can only stay in the job for two terms - that is, two lots of four years.
As Barack Obama has done the job for eight years now, he has reached the end of his time as president and must let someone else take over.
In the US, there are two main political parties called the Democrats and the Republicans. They both want their candidate to become the next president of the country.
Hillary Clinton is the candidate for the Democrats - like Barack Obama was - while Donald Trump is trying to become president for the Republicans.
Both sides have been going around the country for many months in order to convince people that they are the right person for the job of president.
There are many other people who have been campaigning on behalf of the candidate that they support.
Both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump have also picked what is called a running mate, who is the person that will become the vice-president if they win.
Tim Kaine is Hillary Clinton's running mate and will be vice-president if she wins the election. Mike Pence is Donald Trump's running mate.
People in the US will vote to decide who will be the next president on 8 November.
We might even know the result when we wake up on Wednesday morning.
Either Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump will officially be made the next president on 20 January 2017.
It is important to us in the UK who will be the next president of the US, as it is such an important country with a lot of power.
It is thought that the president of the US is the most powerful person on the planet, so it's important we take an interest in who they are.
The US is considered to be a good friend of the UK when it comes to politics and so the leaders of both of our countries will be working together a lot.
Companies in the UK also do a lot of business with the US, so what is happening there can affect businesses here.
To find out more about the US election, click here.


Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansour hails from the influential Ishaqzai clan of the Durrani tribe of Pashtuns and comes from Kandahar province, the political and cultural seat of Pashtun power in Afghanistan.

Before his elevation to the top leadership role in the Taliban, he functioned as the acting head of the movement on behalf of Mullah Mohammad Omar, its founder and spiritual head.
In this capacity, he is understood to have authorised the release of periodic statements by Mullah Omar on the official Taliban website, even after Mullah Omar had been dead for a long time.
This created controversy within the higher echelons of the movement, and there were allegations that he might have conspired with some other tribal allies or elements in Pakistan to assassinate Mullah Omar.
Many of his detractors accuse him of being firmly in the hands of the Pakistani intelligence apparatus, which they say offers him sanctuary and protection.
However, the main challenges to his leadership have eased for now, and even al-Qaeda chief Ayman al-Zawahiri has expressed his allegiance to Mullah Mansour as the legitimate successor to Mullah Omar.
The BBC spoke to a number of experts on the Taliban to build up a picture of how the group operates under its new leader.
Mullah Mansour was born sometime between 1963 and 1965 in Band-e-Taimoor, a village in Maiwand district of Kandahar, a southern province of Afghanistan that shares a border with Pakistan's south-western Balochistan province.
During the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s, Mullah Mansour, like some other members of his family, is said to have carried a gun alongside Islamist resistance fighters of the mujahideen.
Like some other members of his family, he also followed a local group led by Mullah Haji Mohammad, who was the regional commander of Hezb-e-Islami Khalis, one of seven main Pakistan-based resistance groups led by Maulvi Yunus Khalis.
Some sources say he was a prominent, though young, fighter, but not much is known about his exploits then.
In 1987, he is known to have moved to Quetta, the capital of Pakistan's Balochistan province, and later to Peshawar in the north-west, in what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, where he resumed a religious education that had been interrupted by the war in Afghanistan.
Mullah Mansour was among the first bands of Taliban, or seminary students, that descended from Pakistan to capture Kandahar and then the rest of Afghanistan in a two-year blitzkrieg that wiped out nearly all the various mujahideen groups except the Northern Alliance.
According to an independent Afghan news agency, Pajhwok, after the capture of Kandahar, the Taliban leadership put Mansour in charge of airport security in the southern city and later made him "commander of its jet fighters".
When the Taliban captured Kabul in 1996, he was initially appointed as director of the Afghan airline Ariana and was later made minister of civil aviation, with additional responsibility for transport and the air force.
There have been allegations that when the Taliban were in power, he used drug money from the poppy fields of the south to set up businesses in the Gulf.
Like most Taliban leaders in the south, Mullah Mansour moved to Quetta when the US attacked Afghanistan in late 2001.
As Taliban resistance to the US grew, he was named shadow governor of Kandahar, an indication of his importance within the movement.
He also quickly climbed the ladder within the Taliban ruling council.
In 2007, Pakistani security forces captured former Taliban defence minister and the movement's acting head, Mullah Obaidullah Akhund, in Quetta.
The Taliban's ruling council replaced him with Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar and appointed Mullah Mansour as one of his two deputies.
Mullah Baradar himself was arrested in a joint ISI-CIA operation in 2010, paving the way for Mansour to become the acting head of the movement.
Leaks by Afghan intelligence in July that Mullah Omar had died sometime in 2013 created an embarrassing situation for Mullah Mansour.
But the Pakistan-based leadership council moved quickly to confirm him as their permanent head, in a move aimed at preventing initial unrest among the rank and file from translating into a wider divide.


Brighton defender Stephen Ward says the Seagulls need to take the pressure off in-form striker Leonardo Ulloa with goals from other areas.

Ulloa has scored in Albion's last five games, including Monday's 2-1 FA Cup defeat by Hull City.
Ward told BBC Sussex: "Leo can't stop scoring and we need to wrap him in cotton wool until the weekend and make sure he's OK.
"We just need to take a bit of the weight off his shoulders."
Ulloa's run began in the 1-0 win against Doncaster on 8 February and he has scored in every game since.
"Leo's a real asset to us and the way he's playing he's back to his best," said Ward.
"We do need to pitch in and start scoring from other areas, but it's not through a lack of trying.
"We're creating chances and testing goalkeepers. He just seems to be the one who's able to put the ball in the back of the net.
"That's what good strikers do, we just need to take a bit of the weight off his shoulders."
The 27-year-old Argentine forward has now scored 18 goals in 33 league appearances since joining Brighton from Almeria last January.
Ward said the Seagulls should take the confidence gained from their strong second-half performance at Hull into their forthcoming league programme.
He continued: "Overall, the matches against Hull have been great for us. To run a good Premier League side so close in two games is good for our confidence.
"We gave ourselves a bit of a mountain to climb with our performance in the first half, but credit to Hull, they started really well - and perhaps we'd surprised them in the first tie at our place, so they were ready.
"But in the second half we were outstanding and unlucky not to force the game into extra-time, so we're disappointed, though at least we gave our fans something to cheer, it was a long journey for them.
"They've been great games for us, to run a good Premier League side so close in two games is good for our confidence."


Mark Warburton lamented his team's first-half display at Kilmarnock, saying: "It was not a Rangers team."

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Rangers trailed at the break, through ex-Ibrox striker Kris Boyd's shot but recovered in the second half with James Tavernier's free-kick to draw 1-1.
"It's the worst display in the last 14 or 15 months," said manager Warburton.
"We move quickly and with quality on the training field and we didn't do that. We chose to go long and I don't know why."
Warburton's side, who won last season's Championship, have yet to keep a clean sheet in the Scottish Premiership this term, posting two 1-1 draws and two 2-1 wins.
"We draw with Hamilton in the first game and the end of the world is nigh," said Warburton of the expectations on his side.
"There is no shortage of desire and commitment. What we have to do is take it from the training pitch on to the match pitch.
"We have had passages of good play, Dundee second half and today second half. But we have to be better for longer.
"We have to play with a bit more belief. We looked hesitant at times in terms of our decision-making. That is very unlike us and we didn't get the ball moving.
"We have new players coming and there is maybe some gelling still going on."
Killie's Greg Taylor was dismissed for a second-half tackle on Joey Barton and Warburton said: "Joey is okay.
"I saw the challenge. We don't want to see anyone sent off, but it was a poor challenge.
"I was conscious the atmosphere was rising. He was on a yellow card, so I took him off as a precaution."
Meanwhile, striker Joe Dodoo was sent for an x-ray on his ankle after landing awkwardly early on.


Scottish public relations and digital media firm The Big Partnership has expanded its operations again by opening an office in Dundee.

The move comes two months after the company launched a base in Manchester.
The Big Partnership already has a number of clients in Dundee and the surrounding area.
They include Dundee Rep Theatre and two technology spin-outs from the University of St Andrew's - SA Instrumentation and Photosynergy Ltd.
The company aims to win Â£150,000 of new business in its first year in the city.
The Dundee office is its fifth in Scotland and seventh in the UK.
Big director Zoe Ogilvie said: "We have strong ties to Dundee, with a history of working with clients in the city, as well as in Fife and Perthshire.
"Opening permanent premises here widens our offering to a city which has huge potential.
"Dundee is in the middle of a Â£1bn regeneration, which is expected to create more than 7,000 jobs, see the opening of an international centre of design and herald a major redevelopment of its train station.
"With further plans to open more hotels, bars and restaurants, it's the perfect time to be launching a base here."


Scottish makers are to exhibit their work at London Craft Week, which opens on Wednesday.

They will include Aberfeldy-based furniture maker Angus Ross, Edinburgh designer Jennifer Gray and Fife-based creative studio Tom Pigeon.
Others taking part will be Linlithgow's Method Studio, Glasgow's Scotland Re:Designed and Scottish silversmiths.
National body, Craft Scotland, has arranged a showcase event for Ross and Gray.
Ross' products included the Unstable Stool, which is made from a single length of wood which is steamed and then bent into shape. The design was shortlisted for The Wood Awards in 2009.
Gray's jewellery has included a bracelet made to mark 20 years since the creation of Dolly the Sheep, a cloned sheep created at the Roslin Institute just outside Edinburgh.


"The EU's migrant chaos, embodied in Edvard Munch's The Scream, that's basically what you're saying," my colleague noted wryly after I had recounted at length the mess the EU is in over uncontrolled migration.

She was not hugely off the mark.
I had described countries across the continent, united in that they face the same crisis, but so very divided in their attitudes and decision making.
After months of bad press and even worse co-ordination, I had commented that it is as if every EU country now has its metaphorical hands over its metaphorical ears in this migrant crisis, hence the Scream analogy.
Take this week: Germany is still calling for an EU-wide solution, praying fervently that a very shaky accord with Turkey will lead to Ankara clamping down on the boat-filling people smugglers.
But Austria and the Western Balkan countries that most arriving refugees and other migrants pass through on their way to wealthier northern Europe think that is pie in the sky.
They held an extraordinary meeting in Vienna a couple of days ago to discuss unilateral ways to stop asylum seekers entering their territory in such large numbers.
One after another, these countries are unilaterally imposing limits on the number of asylum seekers they are allowing in each day.
And who was not invited to the Vienna pow-wow?
This is a case where omission screams louder than words: Greece.
The main entry-point to Europe for most of these refugees and other migrants, around 100,000 already this year.
Greece: A country struggling socially and financially under a suffocating debt burden.
Greece, which, with the Balkan countries slamming their gates shut, is becoming a restive holding pen for thousands of frustrated asylum seekers.
Two tried to publicly hang themselves in Athens this week.
But European colleagues are not listening to Greek protestations.
Greece is certainly guilty of ignoring EU regulations for months last year, waving refugees and others onwards and northwards over its border rather than encouraging them to claim asylum immediately.
But under pressure and a threat of expulsion from Europe's passport-free Schengen travel area, Greece is now beginning to get its organisational act together.
In the meantime, though, it has been sidelined as an EU decision maker and serious player.
Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras feels so ignored that he pretty much held David Cameron's EU reform deal to ransom at the recent EU summit.
He demanded that he be listened to on migration first before making his contribution to what had to be a unanimous vote of confidence in the UK deal.
The Scream analogy fits in other ways too.
It embodies the anguish you see on the faces of recently arrived refugees in Greece, fleeing the horror of near-death experiences, under bombardment at home and at sea in the Mediterranean.
The painting also radiates a sense of fear and anxiety, a feeling of being exposed and unprotected.
These a widely-felt sentiments across the EU when it comes to migration.
That is often the reaction I hear when travelling across Europe from Greece in the south to Sweden in the north.
Consider the rising support for the virulently anti-immigrant AfD party in Germany, which is expected to make spectacular gains in key regional elections in a couple of weeks' time.
There is an uncomfortable recognition in EU circles here in Brussels that the shambles and European infighting surrounding the migrant and refugee crisis could have a decisive influence on British voters as they weigh up whether to vote Stay or Leave in their forthcoming referendum on EU membership.
Asked whether he would intervene in the referendum campaign, the President of the European Council Donald Tusk said he did not think it would be a good idea but he felt the most effective thing he could do to encourage British voters to stay in the EU, was to work hard to solve the Europe's migrant fiasco.
As things stand, Mr Tusk and his colleagues fear the reports and images of the migrant crisis from Lesbos to Munich to Calais could well send hitherto undecided voters screaming towards the door marked EXIT on EU membership.


Wales' Mica Moore and Bruce Tasker have been named in the Great Britain bobsleigh crews for the World Championship in Konigssee, Germany.

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Moore joins Mica McNeill in the women's event on Friday and Saturday.
Tasker is partnered by Joel Fearon, while Sam Blanchet teams up with Brad Hall in the two-man competition on Saturday and Sunday.
Commonwealth Games sprinter Moore only started her bobsleigh career last summer.
The 24-year-old from Newport will look to build on last month's World Junior Championships gold with McNeill in Winterberg.
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Montell Douglas misses out on a World Championship place after returning home to receive treatment on a hamstring injury, with a view to being fit for the final World Cup race of the season in Pyeongchang next month, which doubles up as the Olympic Test event.
Tasker and Fearon will be looking to go one better than their showing in Igls last season when they came close to bagging a bronze medal in their fourth-place finish.
After this week's action, the four-man competition takes place on 25 and 26 February, with the final make-up of those GB crews to be announced next week.
The full squad had already been announced, with Lamin Deen and Hall set to pilot the four-man sleds and Tasker and former Olympic gold medallist Mark Lewis-Francis among the men competing for a place.


The Canadian government says it will resettle only 10,000 Syrian refugees by the end of this year - less than half the number it promised earlier.

But it said was still committed to bringing another 15,000 refugees from Syria by the end of February.
It had previously promised to take in 25,000 by the year's end.
Unaccompanied men will be excluded from the resettlement programme but officials said this had nothing to do with national security concerns.
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said he rejected the idea of "exclusion" for single men.
"We want them to have a roof over their head, and the right support," said Immigration, Refugee and Citizenship Minister John McCallum.
"It takes a bit of time to put that all in place. We're happy to take a little more time that originally planned to bring our new friends into the country."
Those who will be considered refugees include families, women at risk, and gay men and women.
The refugees will be both privately sponsored and government-assisted, either registered with the UN Refugee Agency or with the government of Turkey.
Government officials promised "robust" health and security screenings, to be done overseas, and said military and private aircraft would assist with transportation of refugees to Canada.
Refugees will go to 36 "destination" cities, 12 of them in Quebec.
Mr McCallum said the attacks in Paris did not affect the government's decision to slow down the transport of Syrian refugees, citing the logistical struggles with completing the pledge.
Mr Trudeau made Canada's acceptance of Syrian refugees central to his campaign.
After the Paris attacks, he reiterated his commitment to ending Canadian air strikes in Syria and Iraq.


The creation of a new tier within the Football League to accommodate Premier League B teams is at the heart of the Football Association commission's four-point plan to boost English football.

The review also calls for a ban on non-European Union players outside of the top flight and a reduction in non-home-grown players in Premier League squads.
It also wants to develop "strategic loan partnerships" between clubs.
The suggestions are a response to a growing lack of English talent.
Liverpool, Manchester United and Manchester City are among clubs that have already shown "a lot of interest and enthusiasm" for a new league for B teams, FA chairman Greg Dyke told a news conference.
According to the review, headed by Dyke, only 32% of starters qualified to play for England in the 2012-13 Premier League season, compared to 69% 20 years ago.
The commission's proposals set an "ambitious but realistic" target of increasing the number of English players in the Premier League to 45% by 2022.
The FA's report added: "This is still lower than the figures being achieved in Germany and Spain today but it would take English football back to a figure last achieved in 2000."
This isn't about players even for four years' time, this is for players for 10 years' time... this is to win the 2022 World Cup, by which time I'll be long gone
England manager Roy Hodgson said he welcomed the proposals.
But he added: "I am just one voice of many who have contributed to this important study and I hope the debate that has been provoked can lead to some real developments in our game."
The most controversial proposal would be establishing a new League Three in 2016-17, made up of 10 Premier League B teams and 10 Football Conference sides.
B teams could be promoted and relegated between Leagues One, Two and Three and the Conference, but could not play in the Championship and must always be at least one division below the full side. They would also be barred from entering domestic cup competitions like the League Cup and FA Cup.
The B team squads would require 20 out of 25 players to qualify for the home-grown rule and no non-EU players would be allowed. Nineteen players would have to be under 21.
The commission also recommended a phased reduction in the number of non-home-grown players in Premier League squads from 17 to 12, reaching their target by 2021.
A cap of two non-EU players per squad has also been proposed, plus a ban on non-EU players outside of the Premier League.
The strategic loan approach is designed to allow clubs from the top two English leagues to loan players to a lower division 'partner' club to enable greater opportunities for 18 to 21-year-old English footballers.
Source: FA commission report
Dyke said: "This isn't about players even for four years' time, this is for players for 10 years' time. This is to win the 2022 World Cup, by which time I'll be long gone."
He added there was a lot of "enthusiasm from the big clubs".
"Liverpool, the Manchester clubs, Stoke, Tottenham - they have no problems with me mentioning them on this - so quite a lot of clubs recognise the problem they have got," he said.
"The gap between the academy and the first team has widened significantly in 20 years. Many of the clubs we spoke to called this the 'Bermuda Triangle' or 'black hole' of English football."
In response, the Football League said the review "may not contain a solution that is acceptable at the current time".
However, it said it would "continue to engage with the commission to establish whether there is a solution that meets its stated objective, but does not leave the Football League carrying a disproportionate or unreasonable burden".
The FA commission was made up of Dyke, Hodgson, former England managers Glenn Hoddle and Howard Wilkinson, plus ex-England internationals Rio Ferdinand and Danny Mills.
Football League chairman Greg Clarke, Professional Footballers' Association chairman Ritchie Humphreys, FA vice-chairman Roger Burden and Crewe Alexandra's director of football Dario Gradi were also part of the 10-man commission.
It sought contributions from more than 650 people across all levels of the sport in England and abroad.
The next step will be a consultation period on the report's proposals. No firm date has been given for a final decision.
Listen to the podcast of Danny Mills and Steve Claridge debating the plan on BBC Radio 5 live here.


Danny Willett felt fate played a part in him becoming Masters champion after a remarkable final round at Augusta.

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Willett's wife Nicole had been due to give birth on Sunday, but Zachariah James Willett arrived 12 days early on 30 March to allow him to play.
"My wife was born 28 years ago on Monday and my son came early," said Willett, who won by three shots after Jordan Spieth's dramatic capitulation.
"You talk about fate and everything that comes with it. It's been crazy."
The 28-year-old took advantage of defending champion Spieth dropping six shots in three holes to win his first major on five under.
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He became the first European winner since Spaniard Jose Maria Olazabal in 1999, and the fourth British champion after Nick Faldo (1989, 1990, 1996), Sandy Lyle (1988) and Ian Woosnam (1991).
American Spieth, who was seeking back-to-back Green Jackets, finished tied for second alongside Willett's compatriot and playing partner Lee Westwood on two under.
"On this rare occasion I'm nearly speechless," added Willett, who moves up to ninth in the world rankings. "It's been a fantastic week on and off the golf course.
"It's been one of those crazy weeks where things seem to go your way. The 80th Masters is always going to be special and dear to my heart.
"People were saying 'Try to bring the Green Jacket home for the little man'. It's a bit big but I am sure he will grow into it."
"You can't really describe the emotions and feelings," added Willett, who started the day on level par.
"We all try to play good golf and someone has to win and fortunately today it was my day.
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"Every time we seemed to make ground, Jordan kept pulling ahead. We kept trying to dig in. I thought we had to get to seven under and we looked up and Jordan was already seven.
"It was a very surreal day when you look back at the ebbs and flows."
"This isn't a shock win, Danny Willett has been playing great for two years now. Gave Rory a run for his money in Race To Dubai last year." - England's former world number one Luke Donald.
"Danny Willett well done that man.... And a new baby that was due today... The name Augusta sounds pretty good." - Ryder Cup star Ian Poulter, who finished in a tie for 49th.
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"Congrats Danny Willett incredible stuff enjoy all that's coming your way you deserve it all." - Scotland's 1999 Open winner Paul Lawrie.
"Tears in this household Danny Willett. You little beauty." - Former England cricket captain Michael Vaughan.
"Enjoy tonight Danny Willett get down the local in your Green Jacket when you're home for a pint of mild." - Yorkshire and England bowler Tim Bresnan.
"Not often we've been able to say it but an Englishman is Masters champion. Congratulations Danny Willett." - Former England striker Michael Owen.
"What a round by Danny Willett! Always good to see an English winner! Masters champion!" - Tottenham and England striker Harry Kane.
"And now Jordan has to give him the jacket? Brutal." - British tennis player Laura Robson.
Peter Ball, who coached Willett between the ages of 12 and 16, told Radio 5 live: "I had my heart in my mouth watching him, wishing every putt in.
"It is amazing, I'm so proud of the young man. He was one of a number of young people who turned up, but he wanted to practise more and his drive and determination was amazing.
"We went down to the Ryder Cup and Danny was on the bus with me and we went on the practice area to meet some of the players and he said 'I would like to be here one day' and he is here. Absolutely amazing."
James Hobbs, Willett's coach at Jacksonville State University, said: "He came at 17, he was an immature young man and we got him playing competitive golf and introduced him to fitness and working out to build his strength.
"We gave him a great course to practise on and basically Danny will agree it was a platform where he could launch his golf career."


Prime Minister David Cameron says he does not want to rule out introducing a sugar tax in order to tackle Britain's "obesity crisis".

Mr Cameron said it would be better not to have to resort to new taxes but said that "what matters is we do make progress" on obesity.
The PM was speaking to journalists following reports a tax on sugary drinks was being considered.
Number 10 previously said he "doesn't see a need for a tax on sugar".
In October a report by Public Health England recommended a tax of between 10 and 20% on high-sugar products as one of the measures needed to achieve a "meaningful" reduction in sugar consumption.
Celebrity chef Jamie Oliver has also campaigned for such a move, while a new study in the British Medical Journal said Mexico's sugary drinks tax led to a 12% reduction in sales.
Asked at a press conference in Hungary whether he was ready to reverse his previous opposition to the policy, Mr Cameron said: "I don't really want to put new taxes onto anything but we do have to recognise that we face potentially in Britain something of an obesity crisis when we look at the effect of obesity on not just diabetes but the effect on heart disease, potentially on cancer."
The PM said the government would come up with a "fully worked-up programme" to tackle obesity, with details announced later this year.
He added: "We shouldn't be in the business of ruling things out but obviously putting extra taxes on things is not something I aim to do, it's something I would rather avoid."
A Downing Street spokeswoman said more needed to be done to reduce obesity and urged the food and drink industry to develop more alternative products that do not have high sugar levels.
The Food and Drink Federation has said it does not agree evidence supports the introduction of a tax on sugary products and that industry is "determined" to help tackle childhood obesity.


A service has been held at Lichfield Cathedral to mark the 70th anniversary of VJ Day.

Organised by the Children of Far East Prisoners of War (COFEPOW) group, it included an address by former peace envoy Terry Waite CBE.
It was one of dozens of events taking place across the country.
Paul Watson, chairman of COFEPOW, said it was important to remember those who experienced "immense suffering" in the region during World War Two.
He said many former prisoners of war had died and the period was in danger of being forgotten by the younger generation.
While the war in Europe ended in May 1945, the Japanese did not surrender until 14 August 1945 after the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, together killing more than 200,000 people.
Britain suffered more than 90,000 casualties in the war against Japan.
The Queen attended a remembrance service in London, while a minute's silence was held at a ceremony in Tokyo.


Lorry firm Eddie Stobart is listing its shares in London next month, a move that should value the firm at £550m.

The company's green and red trucks - each of them bearing a different woman's name - are a mainstay of British motorways.
It is returning to the stock market three years after its parent company sold half the business to pay debts.
Since then, it has invested heavily and is raising fresh funds to help it grow further.
Founded in 1970, its distinctive lorries have attracted thousands of dedicated truck-spotting fans.
Celebrity spotters include musicians Jools Holland, Shane Lynch, Chico and Ronan Keating, according to the Stobart Club.
It employs more than 5,500 members of staff and operates 2,200 vehicles, as well as logistics centres and freight rail services.
Eddie Stobart was started by entrepreneur Edward Stobart with only eight trucks and 12 employees before he later sold it to his family. Mr Stobart died in 2011.
One of his ideas was to give each lorry a woman's name, starting with Twiggy, after the model, and later there was a Tammy and a Dolly, after singers Tammy Wynette and Dolly Parton.
The first time that the firm listed on the stock market in 2007, it was as part of the wider Stobart Group, whose other businesses include Southend Airport and a regional airline in Ireland.
But the Stobart Group sold 51% of the truck business for £281m in 2014 as it looked to pay off debts and focus on other areas.
Eddie Stobart's chief executive Alex Laffey said that in the last three years, the truck company had been "transformed".
"An IPO [initial public offering] is an exciting next step for the business that will give us a strong platform for further growth," he said.
The freight firm had revenues of £549m and adjusted profits of £41m last year.
It is expected to start selling shares on London's Alternative Investment Market in April 2017.


QPR director of football Les Ferdinand has been been charged by the Football Association after allegedly abusing a match official following his side's 2-1 home defeat to Tottenham.

The FA said it is alleged Ferdinand "used abusive and/or insulting words and/or behaviour towards a match official in or around the tunnel area."
QPR had two strong penalty claims turned down by referee Craig Pawson.
The ex-Hoops striker has until 18:00 GMT on 13 March to respond.
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QPR remain without a win at home under head coach Chris Ramsey, who was appointed to replace Harry Redknapp on 13 February.
The QPR boss was said he was "very disappointed" with the defeat by Spurs which kept his side three points adrift of safety.
After the game Ramsey complained about two penalty appeals - one of which was when Mauricio Isla went down under a challenge from Tottenham goalkeeper Hugo Lloris, and in a separate incident Spurs midfielder Nabil Bentaleb appeared to block Charlie Austin's shot on goal with his hands.
Ramsey told BBC's Match of the Day: "We thought we deserved at least a point from the game, [there were] two controversial incidents that we need clarification on.
"We're going to need to take a look at those and we hope they don't cost us at the end of the season. We realise the referees have a difficult job and sometimes they go against you."


A woman who survived a fatal train crash 12 years ago has criticised the NHS for ending the trauma therapy which had been "keeping her alive".

Harriet Myles, 31, said she had felt "continually suicidal" following the crash at Ufton Nervet near Reading.
She said her most recent course of psychotherapy had been stopped after reaching a 12-month limit.
Her NHS Trust said she "will not benefit from further psychotherapeutic intervention at this time".
The train disaster happened in November 2004 when motorist Brian Drysdale, 48, drove on to a level crossing to commit suicide.
Ms Myles' best friend was among six train passengers who died, after the train derailed.
One carriage rolled over, the buffet car was bent double and the family coach in which most of the victims were sitting slid along on its side.
Ms Myles, from London, said several years of treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had enabled her to use public transport again.
But she said further therapy had been refused following an assessment phone call by the NHS Improving Access to Pschological Therapies (IAPT) programme.
Ms Myles, a trustee of the suicide prevention charity CLASP, said she had been given the phone number of her local mental health crisis team instead.
She said: "Being told there isn't anything more is one of the hardest things you can hear.
"It comes across as, 'I'm sorry, you didn't get better fast enough, there's nothing else we can do'."
The Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, which treated Ms Myles, said it was only clinically appropriate to provide one-to-one psychodynamic therapy for 12 months.
A spokesman said patients could become "dependant on therapy".
The trust said patients were often reassessed after a three-month break and further treatment would not be ruled out.


Country duo Ward Thomas have become the first British country act to top the UK album chart.

Cartwheels, their second album, entered the chart at number one - improving on their debut, which peaked at 41.
The band comprises twin sisters Catherine and Lizzy Ward Thomas, who grew up on a farm in Hampshire.
Inspired by the Dixie Chicks, they started writing in their teens and got a break when their singing teacher sent a demo tape to friends in Nashville.
Their self-titled debut went on to win album of the year at the 2014 British Country Music Awards.
Cartwheels was recorded in Nashville with Bobby Blazier and Chris Rodriguez, who have worked with Wynonna Judd and Shania Twain respectively.
"This is crazy!" said Ward Thomas, on learning they had reached number one. "We were just hoping for Top 40 and then here we are now!
"We literally don't know how to find the words."
The duo's success follows that of The Shires, who became the first British country act to breach the Top 10 last year.
That duo - Ben Earle and Crissie Rhodes - also have a new album, My Universe, which is due for release next month.
Country music has long struggled to find a foothold in the UK, with even established acts like Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers battling to match their US success.
But the situation has changed in recent years, thanks in part to the support of BBC Radio 2 and the annual Country 2 Country festival which regularly brings some of the genre's biggest stars to the UK.
According to British Phonographic Industry (BPI) figures, country music now represents 2.3% of the total UK album market - its highest level in nine years.
Ward Thomas's success robs indie star Jamie T of his first number one album, the two acts having been in close competition throughout the week.
Yet Jamie T eventually had to settle for third place, with a new compilation of The Carpenters' greatest hits overtaking his record at the last minute.
Last week's number one, Barbra Streisand's duets album Encore, drops to number four, while Grime star Wretch 32 debuts at number five with his latest record, Growing Over Life.
Other new entries come from The Divine Comedy, whose new album Foreverland enters the chart at seven, and Sophie Ellis-Bextor, whose Familia lands at 12.
In the singles chart, dance act The Chainsmokers spends a second week at number one with Closer, their collaboration with cult pop singer Halsey.
The song increased its sales week for week, registering 92,000 units this week, compared to 80,000 the week before.
After a summer where the Top 40 largely remained static, there were seven new songs in this week's single chart.
Ariana Grande, Zara Larsson and Digital Farm Animals have all registered debuts with their latest singles.
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram at bbcnewsents, or if you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


South Africa's government is investigating if the Indian embassy abused diplomatic privileges over a society wedding, an official has said.

The embassy is alleged to have helped a wealthy Indian family gain landing rights for a private jet at a military base near the capital, Pretoria.
The Gupta family flew guests, reportedly including Bollywood stars and Indian government officials, to South Africa for the wedding.
The family denies any wrongdoing.
The Gupta brothers - Atul, Ajay and Rajesh - are said have wielded enormous influence in South Africa since white minority rule ended in 1994.
Their business interests cover mining, aviation, technology and the media.
Two of President Jacob Zuma's children have served as directors of Gupta-owned firms, according to South Africa's companies database, the AFP news agency reports.
On Wednesday, the governing African National Congress (ANC) party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) demanded an investigation into how the guests of the family flew from India to the Waterkloof Air Force Base near Pretoria.
"The African National Congress, driven by the concern for the safety and sovereignty of South Africa, shall never allow a situation where our ports of entry and National Key Points are penetrated with impunity," ANC Secretary General Gwede Mantashe said in a statement.
Police escorted the guests to the casino resort of Sun City for the wedding of 23-year-old Vega Gupta, the Gupta brothers' niece, to Indian-born Aaskash Jahajgarhia.
On Thursday, Minister in the Presidency Collins Chabane said top-level investigations were under way to establish how the chartered flight landed at the military base.
The investigation would also unearth whether diplomatic privilege had been abused, he added.
"The investigations will point out to us if that is the case," Mr Chabane is quoted by Bloomberg news agency as saying.
"If so, the necessary steps will be taken. This is a serious matter."
Gupta family spokesman Haranath Ghosh said South African officials had authorised the landing of the plane following a request by the Indian embassy in Pretoria.
"Waterkloof Air Force base was used with full permission of the authorities to receive foreign dignitaries, including some ministers," Mr Ghosh said, Bloomberg reports.
South Africa's International Relations Department said the Chief of State Protocol, Bruce Koloane, had been placed on suspension while an investigation took place.
The Indian embassy has not yet commented on the affair.


Surrey's chief constable is to become the head of the National Crime Agency (NCA), which tackles serious and organised crime.

Lynne Owens will replace the NCA's first director general, Keith Bristow, who leaves the post in January.
The NCA took over from the Serious Organised Crime Agency in 2013.
Home Secretary Theresa May said Ms Owens was the best candidate to continue its work to tackle the full range of serious and organised crime.
Ms Owens, who was previously the Met Police assistant commissioner in charge of public order, moved to Surrey in 2012.
She said the NCA would need to continue to build its capabilities in the face of changing threats to the UK.
"Whether it be stemming the availability of illegal firearms, the fight against organised immigration crime, the threat presented by those who abuse children or the growth in cyber and economic crime, the work required is significant," she said.
She said it had been an "absolute privilege" to be chief constable of Surrey.
Mrs May said under Mr Bristow's leadership the NCA had re-shaped the UK's response to serious and organised crime.
"He has been at the forefront of the law enforcement community, leading and co-ordinating the UK's effort to tackle the most dangerous individuals and criminal groups," she said.


The owner of the New York Stock Exchange, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), has said it will not make a takeover offer for the London Stock Exchange (LSE).

ICE announced back on 1 March that it was considering a bid for the LSE.
But it said that it has been unable to "confirm the potential market and shareholder benefits" of the deal.
LSE agreed a merger with Deutsche Boerse on 16 March, creating one of the world's biggest exchange operators.
Shares in LSE slumped almost 10% following the announcement from the US based firm. Deutsche Boerse shares rose more than 5%.
Deutsche Boerse is already one of the world's biggest financial markets groups.
As well as owning the Frankfurt stock exchange, it owns Eurex which is one of the world's biggest markets for futures and options contracts in shares.


Australia's most wanted jihadist, Neil Prakash, is likely to be extradited from Turkey within months, PM Malcolm Turnbull has said.

Prakash, a senior recruiter for so-called Islamic State, was arrested in Turkey last year and placed in jail.
Earlier last year, Australia incorrectly announced that Prakash - who has been linked to foiled terror attacks - had died in a US air strike.
The Melbourne-born man will now face trial in Australia, Mr Turnbull said.
"We have an extradition treaty with Turkey," Mr Turnbull said on the local Seven Network on Friday.
"It is just as well we do, because otherwise we would not be able to get him back and ensure this man faces justice in Australia."
Local media reported that Prakash was likely to face several terror-related charges if successfully extradited.
Prakash, also known as Abu Khaled al-Cambodi, left Australia for Syria in 2013 and has since appeared in propaganda videos and magazines.
Authorities have linked him to terror plots in Australia and calls for lone-wolf attacks against the US.
In May last year, Attorney-General George Brandis described Prakash as the "principal Australian reaching back from the Middle East" to terror networks in Melbourne and Sydney.
At the time Mr Brandis, citing US intelligence, said Prakash had been killed in an air strike in the Iraqi city of Mosul.
However, it later emerged that Prakash had been wounded and survived.
Mr Turnbull on Friday reiterated that his nation was committed to destroying the "barbaric terrorist group".


A row has erupted after the director of a renowned museum of Russian avant-garde art in Uzbekistan was abruptly sacked.

The local government dismissed Marinika Babanazarova from the Savitsky museum on Monday, without specifying a reason.
However, Ms Babanazarova says the decision is linked to accusations that she stole original paintings and replaced them with fakes.
She described the accusations as "absurd" and with "no grounds".
The Ministry of Culture and Sports of Karakalpakstan, where the museum is located, was not available for comment.
Staff members of the museum have issued a statement to protest against the government's decision, a move that is rare for Uzbekistan where no dissent is tolerated.
The statement reads that the staff members have no doubts about the director's honesty and that the entire collection is "safe and sound".
In an interview with the BBC, Ms Babanazarova, who has been heading the museum since 1984, said that the decision to fire her was a "complete surprise".
She said the accusations that she had sold originals and replaced them with fakes were "an attempt to discredit the museum's leadership. Somebody just wants to remove me."
The Savitsky museum, which is also known as the Karakalpak State Art Museum, has about 90,000 artworks, including the second largest collection of Russian avant-garde art in the world. The largest collection is in the Russian State Art Museum in St Petersburg.
For art lovers, the Savitsky museum's remote location in Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan, makes it only more attractive.
Its paintings and its history have captivated visitors. At a time when "social realism" depicting happy faces of workers was the only style allowed, the museum's founder Igor Savitsky collected Central Asian and Russian art that challenged the Soviet propaganda.


Wales defender Ben Davies admits he is surprised Joe Ledley has recovered from a fractured leg in time for Saturday's Euro 2016 opener against Slovakia.

Midfielder Ledley suffered the injury during Crystal Palace's Premier League win against Stoke City on 7 May.
But the 29-year-old has taken part in full training this week and is likely to feature at some point in Bordeaux.
"It's a quick one [recovery]. But it's credit to him and credit to the physio staff," Tottenham's Davies said.
"They must have worked tirelessly to get him where he is now. And hopefully he'll be able to last the whole tournament."
Ledley has won 61 caps since making his debut against Poland in 2005 and was a key member in the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign, starting seven games.
Former Swansea City left-back Davies says that the bearded ex-Cardiff City and Celtic midfielder also plays an important role off the pitch.
"He's a big character in the dressing room," added 23-year-old Davies. "He's somebody that can lift somebody at all times. He's great to have around the dressing room."
Midfielder Joe Allen and striker Hal Robson-Kanu have also returned to full training with the squad at their base in Dinard this week.
It means every member of Chris Coleman's 23-man squad are fit and available for the start of the tournament on Saturday.
"It's a massive boost. To have a full squad of fit players is something that the manager is going to want," Davies said.
"And we've got that going into the first game."
Who do you think should start at Euro 2016? Step into Chris Colemanâ€™s shoes and pick your XI - and then share it with your friends using our brand new team selector.


A seven-man gang that blew up cash machines across the UK, including four in Scotland, stealing hundreds of thousands of pounds, have been handed jail sentences ranging from 10 years to life imprisonment.

During their year-long crime spree 13 banks and shops were targeted, with some ATMs blown up using "powerful explosives" and others being dragged away by stolen cars and attacked with high-powered tools to access the cash.
The gang's getaways were compared to blockbuster movies such as Fast and Furious and the Italian Job after they made off at high-speed in stolen performance cars which were then hidden in a lorry that doubled as a hangout for the criminals to lie low.
It was an attack on a cash machine at a Co-op in Carnoustie in Angus in February 2016 that proved to be the gang's last.
They hauled the ATM out of the wall with a stolen Land Rover before seizing £16,000 in cash.
Hours after the robbery an off-duty police officer spotted a suspicious car seven miles away in Arbroath.
As shocked diners looked on, armed police swooped on the car park at the town's McDonald's.
Five men, all from the Merseyside area, were arrested after the police fired tyre deflation rounds at the gang's Mercedes as they tried to get away.
In the weeks leading up to the arrests, detectives in Scotland and England were already closing in on the gang.
It was after an overnight raid on the cash machine at the Co-op in Kingswells, on the outskirts of Aberdeen, in August 2015 that police made a major breakthrough.
CCTV from a nearby industrial estate picked up a rendezvous between a lorry and high-performance car as the gang headed back to England.
Det Supt Alex Dowall told BBC Scotland: "We became aware that the group actually had access to a stolen HGV and they were using high-powered motor cars to commit these crimes."
The gang had hammocks in the back of the HGV so they could use it as a portable base and additional fuel so they did not need to be seen going to service stations.
The lorry, which was traced to a yard in Wigan, also had gas equipment, power tools and ramps to drive a stolen Audi in and out.
Det Supt Dowall said: "They were transporting the Audi within the HGV in order to not draw attention to themselves travelling the length and breadth of the country."
He said the gang were "highly organised" and came up with "pretty ingenious" ways to avoid detection.
"They had even cut out a small area within the outer skin of the HGV covers to allow them access in and out without drawing attention to themselves by opening the rear of the lorry," the detective said.
The gang's technique for blowing up the ATMs involved running oxy-acetylene canisters directly into the cash machine and igniting the gas with a spark from a car battery.
In total, the robbers stole £550,000, including £110,000 from four raids in Scotland.
They raided cash machines in Sonnings Common and Woodstock, Oxfordshire; Alsager and Culcheth, Cheshire; Huyton, Merseyside; Hucclecote, Gloucestershire; Swindon, Wiltshire; Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk; as well as in Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Carnoustie, and Perth.
They stole a £56,000 Audi RS4 from a house in Garthdee, Aberdeen, in May 2015.
A month later they took £51,000 from a cash machine at a Tesco Express in Newtonhill, Aberdeenshire.
The Kingswells Co-op raid in August resulted in £16,000 and in January 2016 the gang stole £27,000 from a Co-op in Perth.
The police said there did not seem to be a pattern to the places targeted in the raids.
They said the techniques they used were extremely risky and it was fortunate no-one was hurt.
The gang and their sentences:


A woman has been raped by a man she had seen while walking through a town centre in the early hours.

The woman was attacked in an alleyway in Tunbridge Wells.
She first saw the man in Mount Pleasant Road at about 02:00 GMT on Friday.  Two passers-by walked her to Camden Road, but she later saw the man again. He raped her near Albion Road.
An 18-year-old man has been arrested and remains in custody.  Kent police are trying to find witnesses.
Det Insp Geoff Payne said: "We would also particularly like to speak to two men, who before the incident, came forward to offer assistance to the victim and walked with her."


Ex-Premier League players Carlos Tevez, Dirk Kuyt and Gabriel Heinze have been named by hackers Fancy Bears as three of the footballers cleared to use banned medicines at the 2010 World Cup.

The trio were among 25 players given therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs) during the tournament in South Africa.
In its latest leaked documents, the Russian hacking group also claims 160 players failed drugs tests in 2015.
Four of the failed tests were registered by UK Anti-Doping (Ukad).
Three players tested positive for cocaine, and one for ecstasy.
This is the first time Fancy Bears hackers have released details about TUEs in football.
Tevez, now 33, was playing for Manchester City during the World Cup in 2010 having moved from Manchester United the previous year.
His former Argentina team-mate Heinze, 39, was playing for French club Marseille, having previously spent three seasons at Old Trafford.
Dutchman Kuyt, 37, was at Liverpool.
There is no suggestion any of these footballers have done anything wrong.
The latest hack includes an email from the Football Association's head of integrity, Jenni Kennedy, to the sport's world governing body Fifa.
The FA said it was "disappointed that strictly confidential information has been released into the public domain" given the details in the email related to ongoing investigations.
It added that whenever doing violations are uncovered, it released full details on its website as a matter of course.
Fifa said it condemned "in the strongest terms" the release of material it said was obtained illegally.
"The release of such information constitutes a clear violation of the athletes' privacy and puts at risk the ongoing fight against doping," it added.
Nicole Sapstead, chief executive of Ukad, echoed Fifa's condemnation adding that "the theft of medical data is completely unacceptable and this leak does not advance the cause of the anti-doping community at all".
Tevez, Heinze and former Manchester United and Argentina midfielder Juan Sebastian Veron were prescribed betamethasone - a corticosteroid with a variety of uses. It does not feature directly on the World Anti-Doping Agency's (Wada) prohibited list, but is banned depending on the strength of the dose used.
Kuyt, who retired from football in May, used dexamethasone, apparently for pain relief because of tooth problems.
Germany international Mario Gomez needed salbutamol, which is a common asthma medication.
Ex-New Zealand, Blackburn and QPR defender Ryan Nelsen, who is listed as 'Nelson' on the published form, declared the use of prednisone, another corticosteroid.
There were no England players among the 25 names released by Fancy Bears.
A TUE allows an athlete, for medical reasons, to take a prescribed substance or have treatment that is otherwise prohibited.
Athletes must contact their national governing body before applying for a TUE.
There are strict criteria for one to be granted:
Ukad says it has "a number of robust controls in place to make it as difficult as possible" for athletes to misuse the system.
Fancy Bears first hacked the Wada database last year, and in September began revealing athletes' confidential details and information regarding TUEs.
British cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins was forced to defend himself in the face of scrutiny following the leak of his medical records.
The IAAF - athletics' world governing body - then said in April it was hacked by the group earlier this year.
Mo Farah, Helen Glover and Justin Rose were among the British athletes who had their medical files made public.
BBC Sport's David Ornstein
It was inevitable that Fancy Bears would eventually target the world's biggest sport, perhaps the only surprise being that it took so long.
The statement on the Fancy Bears' website promises to prove that players and officials are "lying" when they "unanimously affirm" that football is free of doping.
But, while concerning, this release is not exactly earth-shattering.
There is no suggestion that any of the World Cup TUEs involve wrongdoing - but it may reignite the debate about whether the system can be abused.


A man has been jailed after killing a stud farmer in a crash as he changed a flat tyre on an M4 slip road.

Jason Edward Norman, 45, from Merthyr Tydfil, was jailed for 16 months at Cardiff Crown Court after admitting causing death by dangerous driving.
Andre Murphy, 56, was hit on 14 December 2015 while changing a tyre on a horse trailer near junction 28.
Mr Murphy, known as Nick, from Wexford, Ireland, was on his way to Surrey when the crash happened.
Norman crashed into Mr Murphy at 54mph (86km/h) close to Tredegar Park roundabout in Newport.
Prosecutor Claire Wilks told the court: "The transporter had its hazard lights on and Mr Murphy placed a traffic cone 50 yards down the road when the Renault Scenic collided with him."
In a victim impact statement read to the court, Mr Murphy's partner Julie Redden added: "I have lost my lovely, lost my friend and my soul mate."
Norman was also banned from driving for five years.


Police in the Canadian province of Quebec are recommending a waiter be charged with criminal negligence for allegedly serving salmon to a customer with a seafood allergy.

The waiter in Sherbrooke was arrested after the diner was rushed to hospital and spent two days in a coma.
A police spokesman said they were recommending the charge because of the seriousness of the incident.
Prosecutors are expected to make a decision within the next few weeks.
According to the official complaint, Simon-Pierre Canuel informed the waiter about his allergies to seafood when he arrived at the tapas bar Le Tapageur in Sherbrooke in May.
He placed an order for beef tartare and again reminded the waiter of his allergies. Police say the waiter did not write down the order.
The dish that arrived was salmon tartare, Sherbrooke Police Constable Martin Carrier said, but because of low lighting in the bar, Mr Canuel did not notice it until he had taken a bite.
Within minutes he was taken ill and lost consciousness, PC Carrier said.
"When you don't do something that is supposed to be your duty, and you show recklessness for the life or security of someone, that's a crime," he was quoted by the Globe and Mail as saying.
Mr Canuel told the newspaper: "The server [waiter] had almost killed me. I know it [was] an error, but that error had almost taken my life."
He filed a formal complaint with police on 21 July and the waiter, a 22-year-old man, was later arrested. He was released but told he would appear in court if charges were brought.
Mr Canuel says he is also considering civil action.
Le Tapageur restaurant declined to comment when contacted by the BBC.


Oil firm Maersk Oil is to cut about 220 UK jobs.

The company said it was implementing workforce reductions of between 10% and 12%, bringing the total of posts lost during 2015 to about 1,250.
Maersk Oil said it was part of a drive to reduce operating costs by 20% by the end of 2016.
The UK jobs are linked to the retirement of the Janice installation, 150 miles south-east of Aberdeen, and changes to the offshore rotation.
Maersk is also scaling back its business in Qatar and Norway, as well as at its Copenhagen headquarters, and in Kazakhstan.
The company said the move followed an "extensive internal review of business activities and continued low oil prices".
Chief executive Jakob Thomasen said: "These are difficult decisions and my immediate concern is for the welfare of those affected."


Bradford has been named Curry Capital of Britain for a record-breaking fifth year in a row.

Judges scored four restaurants selected to represent each town or city, assessing hygiene ratings and public votes.
The West Yorkshire city was praised for holding several curry-themed events, including a poppadom-eating challenge.
Glasgow finished second and Brighton came in third in the competition, which marks the end of National Curry Week.
Leicester and Birmingham finished fourth and fifth respectively.
The restaurants selected to represent Bradford were Aakash, Kiplings, Shimla Spice and Akbar's.
Patricia Tillotson, of Visit Bradford, said: "Winning the hotly-contested competition this many times in a row has never been done before.
"Our entry has created a real sense of community cohesion, which ultimately is what the Curry Capital of Britain competition is all about."
Our love affair with curry
See: BBC Food - Curry recipes
The curry capital title was first awarded in 2001. It was won by Bradford in 2004 in addition to  2011-2014.


Nightclubs, pigeon lofts and a wet fish stall are among some of the assets owned by UK councils, according to a report by the Taxpayers' Alliance.

Freedom of information requests showed pubs, hotels and golf courses were also on town halls' books, the TPA said.
Chief executive Jonathan Isaby said councils were "hoarding" assets, undermining claims they had no income.
However, a Local Government Association spokesman said the campaign group's report was "misleading".
The spokesman said in "many cases" councils owned the land that facilities are built on rather than the facilities themselves.
Communities and Local Government Secretary Greg Clark said local authorities must ensure taxpayer value for money.
According to the think tank's report - which it says is based on details gathered from FoI requests - councils across the UK owned at least 580 restaurants or cafes, as of April 2014.
Local authorities' assets also included 378 pubs, 174 hotels, 259 theatres, 2,586 farms and 407 golf courses, it said.
Mr Isaby said it looked "deeply hypocritical" for councils to "plead poverty as an excuse for hiking council tax when they've got such a huge asset portfolio".
He said local authorities should be focused on "essential services".
"The time has come for a serious discussion on what councils should, and should not, be doing - a drastic rethink which saw many of these assets returned to the private sector where some of them clearly belong would be a dramatic step towards a balanced budget and protecting taxpayers," Mr Isaby added.
However, a Local Government Association spokesman dismissed the report's findings and said councils "are constantly reviewing their estates" to ensure value for money for local taxpayers.
"This is yet another misleading report from the Taxpayers' Alliance," the spokesman said.
"Councils are banned from spending the money they make from selling their assets to pay for day-to-day services. Assets fund regeneration, housing and jobs for communities, improve the quality of life for residents and help keep down council tax.
"Many assets were built as part of housing developments and are integral to providing the essential shops and amenities communities rely on. In many cases, councils will own the land facilities are built on and not the facilities themselves."
Communities and Local Government Secretary Greg Clark said local taxpayers "have a right to know, and demand", that their money is being spent carefully and effectively.
"Councils must keep council tax down and efficiently manage their assets to ensure local taxpayers' money is delivering value for money and the services local people want to see," he added.


India's Supreme Court has formally opened hearings into a number of petitions challenging the controversial practice of instant divorce in Islam.

The court said it would examine whether the practice known as "triple talaq" was fundamental to the religion.
India is one of a handful of countries in the world where a Muslim man can divorce his wife in minutes by saying the word talaq (divorce) three times.
But activists say the practice is "discriminatory".
Many Muslim groups have opposed the court's intervention in their religious matters, although the move has the backing of the current Indian government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
The sensitive issue is being heard by a multi-faith bench made up of five judges - a Hindu, a Sikh, a Christian, a Zoroastrian and one Muslim.
The bench has combined several petitions from Muslim women and rights groups into one to examine the issue.
The opposing sides have been given three days each to argue their cases, with the court saying the hearing will end by 19 May.
A judgement is expected to be delivered in the coming weeks.
The Indian government has told the court that triple talaq is unconstitutional, against gender justice and the dignity of women.
Muslim organisations that support the practice say it's an issue of faith and personal law, and the courts have no role in reviewing it.
For years now, Muslim women in India have been demanding a ban on a practice they view as reprehensible.
Campaigners say over the years, thousands of women, especially those from poor families, have been discarded by their husbands, many have been rendered destitute with nowhere to go and many have been forced to return to their parental homes or fend for themselves.
Muslims are India's largest minority community with a population of 155 million and their marriages and divorces are governed by the Muslim personal law, ostensibly based on Sharia, or Islamic law.
The law came into force in 1937 and lays out that, in matters of personal dispute, the state shall not interfere.
Shayara Bano, one of the petitioners challenging the controversial triple talaq, spoke to the BBC last year.
The 35-year-old mother of two was visiting her parents' home in the northern state of Uttarakhand for medical treatment in October 2015 when she received a letter from her husband telling her that he was divorcing her.
Her attempts to reach her husband of 15 years, who lives in the city of Allahabad, have been unsuccessful.
"He's switched off his phone, I have no way of getting in touch with him," she told the BBC over phone from her home in the northern state of Uttarakhand. "I'm worried sick about my children, their lives are getting ruined."
In February last year, she filed a petition in the Supreme Court, demanding a ban on triple talaq which, she says, allows Muslim men to treat their wives like "chattels".
Even though it has been practised for decades, the unilateral instant "triple talaq" divorce finds no mention in Sharia or the Koran.
Islamic scholars say the Koran clearly spells out how to issue a divorce - it has to be spread over three months which allows a couple time for reflection and reconciliation.
Activists say most Islamic countries, including Pakistan and Bangladesh, have banned triple talaq, but it thrives in India.
In recent years, many Muslim men in India have told their wives they are divorcing them - by letter or telephone, and even by text message.
There have also been instances where Skype, WhatsApp or Facebook have been used for the purpose.


Perth Scorchers defied Brett Lee's heroics to beat Sydney Sixers off the final ball and win the Big Bash final.

With Perth needing one run from three balls to complete a chase of 148, Lee, in his final match before retirement, took two wickets in two balls.
Yasir Arafat should have been run out from the final ball, but Sydney skipper Moises Henriques fumbled the throw.
Henriques earlier made 77 in the Sixers' 147-5, with Shaun Marsh's 73 the mainstay of the Perth pursuit.
The Scorchers, the defending champions, looked in complete control of their run-chase when openers Marsh and Michael Klinger shared 70 but, when Lee had Klinger caught in the deep in the 12th over, the Sixers fought back.
With 17 needed from 12 balls, Marsh holed out to the off-spin of Nathan Lyon, leaving England batsman Michael Carberry to face Lee's final over with eight required.
A scoop for four seemed to have the match sewn up but, when Carberry lost the strike with three balls remaining, 38-year-old Lee, who took 310 Test wickets for Australia, set about writing a final, dramatic chapter to his career.
Nathan Coulter-Nile and Sam Whiteman were bowled in consecutive deliveries to put Lee on a hat-trick that would have forced a super over. A dot ball would have also taken the final into added time.
With Arafat on strike as the field converged, the ball was hit to Michael Lumb at cover. His throw to Henriques at the non-striker's stumps arrived well before Arafat, but Henriques fumbled let the Pakistani home and gave the Scorchers the title.
It was cruel on Henriques, who had rescued his team from 49-4 in a stand of 98 with Ryan Carters, a Big Bash record for the fifth wicket.


Italian sports car manufacturer Ferrari has applied to list its shares on the New York Stock Exchange.

The company is being spun off from Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. The firm did not reveal the expected price range or number of the common shares.
UBS Investment Bank, BofA Merrill Lynch and Santander are underwriting the flotation, the company said.
Ferrari intends to list its common stock with a fundraising target of $100m.
The company was set up by former Alfa Romeo race car driver Enzo Ferrari in 1939, and produced its first car, the 125 S, in 1947.
The symbol of the firm, a prancing horse - 'Cavallino Rampante' - was adopted by Ferrari after being used by an Italian World War 1 pilot, Francesco Baracca, who had it painted on the fuselage of his aircraft.
The 'Ferarri red' was the colour assigned by the International Automobile Federation to all Italian grand prix cars early in the 20th century.
In 1969, Mr Ferrari sold the Fiat Group a 50% stake in the company, which was increased to a 90% stake in 1988.


Uber has said claims it used self-driving technology stolen from Google were “demonstrably false”.

Waymo - a company spun out of Google - filed a lawsuit in February claiming former employee Andrew Levandowski had stolen 14,000 documents relating to LiDAR, a core technology used to guide autonomous vehicles.
Mr Levandowski went on to co-found Otto, a self-driving truck company acquired by Uber for $660m last year.
Waymo requested a judge grant an injunction on the use of the disputed technology, which could take Uber’s self-driving fleet - currently being tested in a few locations in the US - off the roads.
At a hearing earlier this week, Uber sought to convince a judge that an injunction would be unfair.
"Waymo's injunction motion is a misfire,” said Angela Padilla, a lawyer for Uber, in a statement on Friday.
"There is no evidence that any of the 14,000 files in question ever touched Uber's servers, and Waymo's assertion that our multi-lens LiDAR is the same as their single-lens LiDAR is clearly false.”
Part of Uber’s defence is also an admission that it lags behind its competitors in the autonomous race. It said while it has been developing its own LiDAR tech, it has so far needed to rely on third-party companies to provide the system for its cars.
"If Waymo genuinely thought that Uber was using its secrets, it would not have waited more than five months to seek an injunction,” Ms Padilla added.
"Waymo doesn't meet the high bar for an injunction, which would stifle our independent innovation - probably Waymo's goal in the first place."
Pleading the fifth
Waymo argued that blueprints, mistakenly sent to Waymo via email last December, showed Uber’s plans to use the stolen designs in future.
The company dismissed Uber’s assertion that none of the files were on its servers by pointing out that the firm’s search had not been able to include the computer belonging to the man at the centre of the controversy, Mr Levandowski.
At a recent court hearing, held in private but leaked to the press, Mr Levandowski invoked his Fifth Amendment rights, a constitutional clause that allows US citizens to resist any request to share information that could put them at risk of self-incrimination.
The presiding judge advised that Uber should be firmer with Mr Levandowski in order to get access to the files - such as threatening to fire him if he did not co-operate.
"If you cannot find them in your files there is going to be a preliminary injunction,” Judge William Alsup warned Uber.
"You're not denying it, no one is denying he has the 14,000 files. You keep on your payroll someone who took 14,000 documents and is liable to use them.”
He added: "This is an extraordinary case. I have never seen a record this strong in 42 years. So you are up against it.”
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Tottenham have completed the signing of Fulham forward Clint Dempsey and Lyon's France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris.

But Spurs failed with a late move for Porto's Portugal international midfielder Joao Moutinho, 25.
The one question mark surrounds his size. Although tall at 6ft 2in, he has a slender build and some feel that might hinder him in the fast and physical Premier League. Lloris's talent is not in question, however, and like most people in France, I believe Spurs have just pulled off one of the coups of the summer.
Spurs agreed a £6m fee for Dempsey on Friday evening and quickly completed the signing of the American.
Lloris, 25, has signed a four-year deal after joining from Lyon for a fee that could reach £11.8m.
Fulham rejected a bid for Dempsey from Liverpool and the 29-year-old also turned down a move to Aston Villa on Friday morning.
Dempsey, who scored 50 goals for Fulham in 184 league appearances, cost the Cottagers a reported £1.5m when he joined them from American club New England Revolution in January 2007.
"To play under this head coach [Andre Villas-Boas] and play for this club is a dream come true. I want to make the most of it," Dempsey said.
"There are a lot of great players here, I'm looking forward to training and playing with them."
Lyon will receive a guaranteed £7.8m for Lloris and will also get 20% of any profit Tottenham make on his sale.
Lloris has 38 caps for France and spent five years with Lyon after joining from Nice in 2008.
He is set to compete with veteran Brad Friedel to be Tottenham's first-choice goalkeeper.
It is understood they were working beyond the deadline to secure a deal for Moutinho but gave up shortly after midnight.
Meanwhile, 19-year-old striker Harry Kane has joined Norwich City on a season-long loan deal.
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Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak has said that rival Microsoft has been "resting on" the markets it built up a "long, long time ago".

He added that Steve Ballmer's time as the chief executive was not as significant as that of Bill Gates.
Mr Wozniak told the BBC that one of the key reasons for the success of Apple was that despite being a big firm, it had remained nimble and innovative.
He also gave his backing to Apple's current chief executive Tim Cook.
"Steve Jobs had very strong feelings about what makes a company great, what makes products great. He more-or-less chose Tim Cook to be in that role, in that position," Mr Wozniak told the BBC's chief business correspondent Linda Yueh.
He said that those who had been criticising Apple for not coming up with a great new product needed to understand that "great advances for mankind don't happen every year".
Apple is one of the pioneers in the smartphone and the tablet PC markets. The success of its iPhone and iPad devices has been a key driver of its growth in recent years,
However, the company has been facing increasing competition in the two segments, especially from Samsung.
The South Korean firm has gone on to become the world's biggest smartphone maker and has been increasing its share of tablet market rapidly.
Mr Wozniak said that while Apple had great products and technology, the firm had found it tough to take on the reach of Samsung, especially in emerging markets.
"Samsung had great marketing prowess," he said. "They also had distribution channels in so many markets of the world that Apple was not in, because Apple more-or-less grew up under the Macintosh, which had a low world market share.
"You are going up against people that already have the connections, the business strategies, the business methodologies of those other parts of the world.
"It is going to be a fight for Apple and a worthy fight," he added.


A Russian spacecraft that has been out of control since launching will fall back to Earth and burn up on Friday, scientists say.

The unmanned craft, which has no one aboard, spun out of control minutes after it was launched last Tuesday from Kazakhstan.
The spacecraft is carrying three tonnes of equipment and will break up as it enters Earth's atmosphere.
Any parts to reach Earth should hit the sea and not land and scientists have said people do not need to worry.
The Progress M-27M was supposed to deliver food, water, fuel, oxygen and clothing to the crew of six people on the International Space Station (ISS), that orbits about 250 miles above Earth.
But after scientists on the ground couldn't communicate and talk to the craft it began spiralling out of control.
Since then, it has been slowly coming back to Earth, and orbiting our Planet in a pattern that takes it over the eastern United States, Colombia, Brazil and Indonesia.
Roscosmos, the Russian space agency, said on Wednesday it expected the spacecraft to enter Earth's atmosphere between 10.23pm on Thursday and 6.55am on Friday.
It said: "Only a few small parts of elements of its construction could reach the surface of our planet."
A special investigation has been set up in Russia to investigate why Progress was lost.
In 2011 another craft was destroyed when it crashed soon after take-off in Siberia.
The astronauts on board the ISS have enough supplies to keep them going until the next expected delivery on 19 June.


Gregor Townsend says Glasgow Warriors' aim remains the retention of the Pro12 title as they prepare for a double-header away to Treviso and Zebre.

Warriors are currently sixth in the table ahead of Saturday's game in Italy against Treviso.
"The ambition is what it was at the beginning of the season - to get into the play-offs and look to win the Pro 12," said head coach Townsend.
"We are in a position where that is still achievable."
Glasgow, who are equal on points with Ulster and one behind Munster, have a game in hand over all of the teams above them.
"We know, if we win all our games, we are likely to be in the last four," said Townsend.
"We play teams above us as well after we take on Treviso and Zebre.
"So the ambition is there, the belief is there because we have seen the players do really well against top teams."
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Warriors will stay on at an Italian training camp ahead of their rearranged match against Zebre next Friday.
Townsend admits the players are looking forward to their week away but insists they are entirely focused on getting the right results.
"Getting away for some of the players who have had a big few months - playing in the Six Nations - getting some nice weather in a fantastic country is nice after a long season," he added.
"But they are more looking forward to playing well and putting their hands up for selection in both games.
"We want to come back - with that Scarlets game to come - with a couple of good performances."
The trip to Scarlets is on 16 April, with a home game against Zebre to follow, while the regular season ends with a visit to current league leaders Connacht.
The top four teams will contest the play-offs, with the top two enjoying home advantage in the semi-finals, while the top six qualifying for the European Champions Cup.


Twelve men have been charged in connection with a multi-million pound raid at a cider-making family's luxury home in Somerset.

Esmond and Susie Bulmer's home in Bruton was targeted in 2009 and the couple's housekeeper was allegedly tied to a banister.
A total of 15 paintings worth £1.7m, and £1m of antique jewellery were stolen.
The men are due to appear at Bristol magistrates on 24 August.
The paintings included the famous Endymion by 19th century English painter George Frederic Watts, and Apple Blossom by early 20th century English artist Sir George Clausen.
All the paintings have been recovered, except for Sir John Lavery's After Glow Taplow.
The accused men are aged between 38 and 64 and from Dartford, Gloucester, London, Weybridge, Surrey, Birmingham, Solihull or have no fixed address.
The charges relate to conspiracy to rob, conspiracy to defraud, assisting in the realisation of stolen property, and converting criminal property.
The Bulmer family, originally based in Hereford, made their name in the cider industry.
Mr Bulmer was Conservative MP for Kidderminster from 1974 to 1983. He also represented Wyre Forest from 1983 until the general election of 1987 when he stepped down.
The art collector and his family made £84m when they sold their stake in the family cider business.
Bulmers was founded in 1887 by Percy Bulmer, the 20-year-old son of a Hereford clergyman.


A man who amassed an illegal waste mountain, estimated to weigh about 40,000 tonnes, has been jailed for eight months.

John Millen, 51, of Murston, near Sittingbourne, Kent, pleaded guilty in August to depositing controlled waste without a permit.
The mountain included soil, concrete, bricks, waste wood, plastic and metal.
Mr Millen did not respond to repeated warnings from the Environment Agency, and instead continued to add to it.
During legal proceedings, Mr Millen disposed of 70% of the waste, but the rest remains.
The Environment Agency told Maidstone Crown Court that the 40,000 tonnes would cost about Â£3m to dispose of lawfully.


Whooping cough may be evolving to outsmart the currently used vaccine, say researchers.

Analysis of strains from 2012 shows the parts of the pertussis bacterium that the vaccine primes the immune system to recognise are changing.
It may have "serious consequences" in future outbreaks, UK researchers state in the Journal of Infectious Diseases.
But experts stressed the vaccine remains highly effective in protecting the most vulnerable young babies.
There has been a global resurgence of whooping cough in recent years.
In 2012, there were almost 10,000 confirmed cases in England and Wales - a dramatic increase from the last "peak" of 900 cases in 2008.
The outbreak led to 14 deaths in babies under three months of age - the group who are most vulnerable to infection.
Rising figures prompted health officials to recommend vaccination of pregnant women so immunity could be passed to their newborns - a strategy that a recent study showed was working well.
But there has been much debate among experts about whether the introduction of a new vaccine in 2004 has been a factor in rising rates of whooping cough.
One issue is that immunity from the newer acellular vaccine - which contains specific proteins from the surface of the bacteria - does not seem to last as long as the previous whole cell version, leaving teenagers and adults lacking protection.
In the latest study, researchers analysed the genes coding for the proteins on the surface of the pertussis bacterium responsible for the UK outbreak.
They found proteins being targeted by the vaccine were mutating at a faster rate than other surface proteins not included in the vaccine.
Potentially it means the bacteria is changing quickly to get around immune system's defences put in place with immunisation.
It is also known as pertussis and is caused by a species of bacteria, Bordetella pertussis
It mostly affects infants, who are at highest risk of complications and even death
The earliest signs are similar to a common cold, then develop into a cough and can even result in pneumonia
Babies may turn blue while coughing due to a lack of oxygen
The cough tends to come in short bursts followed by desperate gasps for air (the whooping noise)
Adults can be infected - but the infection often goes unrecognised
But the researchers are still trying to work out what the changes mean in reality - for example do the mutations boost the ability of the bacteria to cause infection.
"We wanted to look at strains from the UK to see if there was anything sudden that had occurred that had led to these really large outbreaks," said study leader Dr Andrew Preston from the University of Bath.
The "million dollar question" he said was what, if anything, could be done to improve the vaccine - which is still the best defence we have - and prevent future outbreaks.
Options to consider include adding more or different proteins to the vaccine, adding novel adjuvants - chemicals which boost the immune response, or even revisiting the old-style whole cell vaccine, he said.
"Pertussis has a cyclical nature and other big question is are we going to see another increase in late 2015," he added
Prof Adam Finn, a paediatric immunology expert at the University of Bristol said the importance - or not - of the subtle changes found in the study was as yet unclear.
"But the control of pertussis is a significant worry," he added.
Only 60% of pregnant women have had the pertussis vaccine and we should be doing more to raise awareness of its benefits, he said.
"There is very good new evidence that vaccinating pregnant women protects their babies. And the group we really want to protect is newborn babies," he said.


A knighthood for Met Police Commissioner Bernard Hogan-Howe in the 2013 New Year Honours list is the culmination of a successful career.

He took over the Met in September 2011 after Sir Paul Stephenson quit the post amid criticism of the Met's role in the phone-hacking scandal.
A long time before becoming the UK's top police officer, Sir Bernard began his career with South Yorkshire Police in 1979.
Sheffield-born, he worked as a traffic officer, detective and eventually district commander.
By then he had already gained an MA in law from Oxford University and a diploma in applied criminology from Cambridge University.
In 1997, he moved to Merseyside Police and four years later joined the Met as an assistant commissioner, before returning to Liverpool in 2004.
1979: South Yorkshire Police
1997: Assistant chief constable, Merseyside
2001: Assistant commissioner, Metropolitan Police
2004: Chief constable, Merseyside
2009: HM Inspectorate of Constabulary
2011: Metropolitan Police Commissioner
2013: Knighted
Radio 4's Profile of Bernard Hogan-Howe
Crime dropped significantly and the force claims anti-social behaviour rates were cut in half through a zero-tolerance approach.
He made headlines in 2006 for sprinting after a suspected drink-driver after spotting him from his chauffeur-driven car.
Sir Bernard was the man in charge in 2007 when 11-year-old Rhys Jones was shot dead as he walked home from football practice.
The killing horrified the nation and there was pressure from some of the media when there was no immediate arrest.
But Sean Mercer, 18, was jailed for life in December 2008 and several members of his gang were also locked up.
Sir Bernard also set up the specialist Matrix team to tackle gun crime - the first of its kind outside London.
The news of his knighthood comes just weeks after he returned temporarily from his Christmas break to deal with the Andrew Mitchell "plebgate" row.
He has called the allegations made against the police "extremely serious" and vowed to find out what really happened in the Downing Street incident that cost Mr Mitchell his cabinet post.
The then Tory chief whip Mr Mitchell denied accusations by the police that he had called officers "plebs" during an argument at the gates of Downing Street in September.
This month, a serving Met police constable was arrested on suspicion of misconduct in a public office and has been suspended from the force over allegedly giving a false account of the incident.
Speaking about the issue, Sir Bernard said: "For the avoidance of doubt, I am determined there will be a ruthless search for the truth - no matter where the truth takes us."


Theresa May is set to become the UK's next prime minister after Andrea Leadsom pulled out of the contest to become Conservative Party leader.

She's expected to take over as the head of the government on Wednesday.
The 59-year-old politician will take over from David Cameron, who announced he would be stepping down from the job last month.
Mrs May, who backed staying in the EU, has been home secretary since 2010.
Mrs Leadsom, who campaigned to leave the EU, said the UK needed "strong and stable government" and that Mrs May was "ideally placed" to lead the country out of the European Union.
Theresa is the MP for the area of Maidenhead in the south east of England.
She's also the Home Secretary, which is a big job in the government. It means she is in charge of things like police, keeping the country safe and immigration.
Theresa started in politics by stuffing envelopes at her local Conservative club.
She studied geography at university and her first job was at the Bank of England.
Mrs May will become the second female prime minister after Margaret Thatcher, who held the top job from 1979 to 1990.
Usually the British prime minister gets chosen when there's a general election, which normally happens every five years. The next contest is set for 2020.
Most adults in the UK can vote in it and usually the political party that gets the most Members of Parliament gets to have their leader become the new prime minister.
But after Mr Cameron quit his job, the Conservative party was left to decide who the new prime minister of the UK would be.
The Labour, Liberal Democrat and Green parties are now calling for another general election as soon as possible to let the British people decide who should be running the country.


Scientists in the US have built and tested robotic ants that they say behave just like a real ant colony.

The robots do not resemble their insect counterparts; they are tiny cubes equipped with two watch motors to power the wheels that enable them to move.
But their collective behaviour is remarkably ant-like.
By being programmed simply to move forward toward a target and avoid obstacles, the robot colony finds the fastest way through a network or maze.
The secret, the researchers report in the open access journal Plos Computational Biology, is in their ability to take cues from one another - just like an insect swarm.
"Each individual robot is pretty dumb," said Simon Garnier from the New Jersey Institute of Technology, lead researcher on the study. "They have very limited memory and limited processing power."
"By themselves, each robot would just move around randomly and get lost... but [they] are able to work together and communicate."
This is because, like ants, the robots leave a trail that the others follow; while ants leave a trail of chemicals - or pheromones - that their nest mates are able to sniff out, the robots leave a trail of light.
See the ants of the world in 3D
To achieve this, the researchers set up a camera to track the path of each robot. A projector connected to the camera then produced a spot of light at regular intervals along their route, leaving a "breadcrumb trail" of light that got brighter every time another robot tracked over the same path.
Dr Garnier explained: "[The robots each] have two antennae on top, which are light sensors. If more light falls on their left sensor they turn left, and if more light falls on the right sensor, they turn right."
"It's exactly the same mechanism as ants."
The researcher explained how both the robots and ants worked together, describing their navigation skills as a "positive feedback loop".
"If there are two possible paths from A to B and one is twice as long as [the other], at the beginning, the ants [or] robots start using each path equally.
"Because ants taking the shorter path travel faster, the amount of pheromone (or light) deposited on that path grows faster, so more ants use that path."
BBC Nature - Ants videos, news and facts
There are many other research and engineering projects that take inspiration from nature to solve problems or design robots, as Dr Paul Graham, a biologist from the University of Sussex, explained.
"The classic example," he said, "is the way in which we design information networks to move packets of data around.
"Ants don't have someone in charge telling them where to go, so you can [mimic this].
For instance - in a complex network, there may be a junction with different possible routes that packets [of data] could take. Packets would leave messages for each other at the junction to give information about which routes were quick."
This, he explained, is the basis of an algorithm called ant colony optimisation which has already been used in telecoms networks.
And although Dr Graham doesn't see an immediate practical use for these particular robotic insects he says the study demonstrates an important and interesting piece of biology.
"Lots of animal behaviour gets described using words like 'choice'.
"This shows that you don't need something as complex as choice to get some of the behaviour you see in ants.
"And these things look pretty cool, too."


Jane McDonald will replace former Pussycat Dolls star Nicole Scherzinger when Cats returns to Blackpool in July.

The singer and presenter will take over the lead role of Grizabella for the six-week run of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical at Blackpool Opera House.
Ex-Loose Women host McDonald, 52, said the Cats role and being back at the theatre where she regularly used to sing was "a marriage made in heaven".
Blackpool was the first venue outside London to host the musical in 1989.
When she discovered the show was returning to Blackpool, McDonald said she pleaded for the role.
She said the theatre was her "good luck charm" and "one of the best venues in the whole of Europe".
The singer, who rose to fame on 90s BBC TV series The Cruise, told BBC Radio Lancashire: "When I first started all those years ago this was the venue I was singing in when I went to number one with my [1998 debut] album."
Cats first opened in 1981 and was inspired by TS Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats.
The original cast included Elaine Paige, Wayne Sleep, Bonnie Langford, Brian Blessed, Paul Nicholas and Sarah Brightman.
It ran for 21 years in London's West End and 18 years on Broadway in New York.
The musical returned to London last year after a 12-year break.