The mother of the murdered PSNI officer, Ronan Kerr, has said dissident republicans have gained "absolutely nothing" by his killing.

Nuala Kerr was speaking ahead of the first anniversary of Constable Kerr's murder.
The 25-year-old died when a bomb exploded under his car at Highfield Close in Omagh, County Tyrone, in April 2011.
The police have issued a fresh appeal for information about the murder.
The PSNI believe a garage in Coalisland is linked to the attack. Four days after the bombing, guns, ammunition, explosives and stolen cars were found in the unit at Mountjoy Road.
Police say identifying those who rented the property could hold the key to catching Constable Kerr's killers.
His mother said that since her son's death "numerous people" had told her they would join the PSNI.
"I am delighted for Ronan that at least that is something positive that has come out of this, but unfortunately saddened that Ronan wasn't there to be one of their mentors to help them along," she said.
Mrs Kerr said she pitied her son's killers and felt sorry for them.
"I actually feel sorry for people like that being brought up and indoctrinated into the belief that killing somebody is actually going to achieve something," she said.
"I feel sorry for people who think that, that it's okay to kill somebody.
"How is it ever going to be okay to kill somebody, you are going to have to live with that for the rest of your life?"
Mrs Kerr said no-one should be put off joining the PSNI and added that she believed it was the "only way forward in this country".
She said she planned to spend the anniversary at home in Beragh in the company of her surviving children Cathair, Aaron and Dairine.
The nurse said it did not seem like a year since she learned of Ronan's death.
"Even to this day, we are still in disbelief," she said.
"It's been a really harrowing year, because of the type of person Ronan was.
"He was such a bubbly big personality in our house, he was the talker, he was the fun, he knew exactly what to say and what to do in situations, so we all depended on him an awful lot.
"I certainly did and I know my other children did.
"He was a confident and happy and intelligent young man, with great potential and just a great future.
"He could have turned his hand to anything, but he had just decided he always liked that type of work, he liked dealing with people, he liked the role the PSNI offered - he loved it with a passion."
Mrs Kerr said her son had been aware of the risks associated with the police, but that she did not regret his decision to join.
"I know two weeks prior to him dying he did say to somebody that he was never as happy as he was then in his life, so I think that confirmed to all of us that he was doing what he wanted to do," she added.
"He was doing what he was good at and I know he would have made a really good police officer."
She recalled that in her final conversation with Ronan, half an hour before the bomb exploded, he had been "bubbly and chatting as usual".
"It was about (how) he loved his job and what time he was starting at that night again and how happy he was and looking forward to Cathair coming home the next day (from Australia), and he couldn't wait to see him and what we were going to do as a family," she said.
"Then everything just changed completely."
Mrs Kerr said that her son always checked under his car for booby traps before driving, but that on the day he died he had gone to get something out of the vehicle - the impact triggering the device as he sat in driver's seat.
She said the family needed justice before they could think about moving on and urged the community to provide information to catch her son's killers.
"Obviously we want justice for Ronan, we want somebody charged, the right person charged," she added.
"There are people out there know what happened, they know who did it and we are urging them to come forward.
"They owe it to Ronan as a person to get justice, they owe it to themselves to clear their own conscience because if they know information they are as guilty as the person who put the bomb under Ronan's car, and they owe it to us as a family that we can get answers and are able to move forward with our lives."
Cathair Kerr learned of his brother's death via the internet as he returned to Northern Ireland from his adopted home in Australia.
"I was sitting in Sydney airport on the way home and I had just checked-in on Facebook to the airport, the first person to comment on it was Ronan and I was straight on instant messenger to him," he added.
"Manchester United was playing that day so I wanted to check when I got to Abu Dhabi the football result and I logged onto Facebook again and everything was about Ronan, in the past tense.
"I didn't know how or why, I just knew he was dead.
"It was tough, just a big shock. I just passed it to my girlfriend who was sitting beside me and didn't say anything.
"I tried to get through to mum and just asked: 'Was it true?'.
"It was."
Cathair agreed with his mother that it was important that those responsible for Ronan's murder were brought to justice.
"It could save another life," he said.
"If they can take Ronan's life, they can take someone else's.
"That's the main thing.
"It's not going to bring Ronan back but it could save someone else."


An inquiry into a Flintshire animal sanctuary has been opened by a charity watchdog.

Calls had been made for the Charity Commission to investigate claims of financial mismanagement at Capricorn Animal Rescue in Mold.
The commission confirmed it was looking into the administration of the charity by trustees after a visit revealed "serious" issues.
The charity's trustees said they were working with the commission.
The watchdog said it had given regulatory advice and guidance to trustees on how to improve running the charity.
A spokesman said it had monitored the charity's compliance with its guidance, visited its sites in October 2016 and then inspected its books and records.
It found "clear and on-going serious regulatory issues" including inadequate financial controls, failure to safeguard and properly account for the charity's assets, and potential unauthorised trustee benefit.
The inquiry, which started on 9 February, will examine:
In order to protect the charity's assets, the commission said it has frozen its bank accounts.
In a statement, Capricorn Animal Rescue trustees said: "The trustees are aware of the investigation and are working with the Charity Commission in this matter."
The sanctuary has also been the subject of a BBC Wales Week in Week Out programme which exposed animals being kept in poor conditions.
The watchdog said it was aware of concerns from members of the public about the welfare of animals in its care.
But it said this did not fall within its remit and any concerns should be directed to the RSPCA.
The RSPCA said it had been working to help improve animal welfare standards.
A spokesman added: "The statutory inquiry being undertaken by the Charity Commission for England and Wales into Capricorn Animal Rescue and Sanctuary does not relate to animal welfare and, as such, is not within the remit of the RSPCA.
"However, the RSPCA will provide any appropriate assistance which the Charity Commission requests."


Fifa president Sepp Blatter says world football must "respect" Africa.

Blatter, seeking re-election in May, will attend the Confederation of African Football congress next week.
"We must show African football all the great appreciation and respect it deserves," Blatter said in his column Fifa's The Weekly magazine.
He added that he feels "the refreshing skills and technical finesse of the African teams are among the greatest attractions at the World Cup".
The 79-year-old Swiss, who has received strong support from Africa during his four terms in office, added: "Credit for this development must also go to Caf president Issa Hayatou.
"Using strategic wisdom and sure instinct in the world of sports politics, he has succeeded in keeping this vast continent together in all its linguistic, ethnic and cultural diversity."
Blatter's comments appear well-timed, coming ahead of Caf's meeting Cairo, which will also be attended by his three rivals three rivals for the Fifa presidency - Prince Ali Bin Al Hussein of Jordan, a Fifa vice-president, Dutch federation chief Michael van Praag and former Portugal star Luis Figo.
The election will take at Fifa's congress, held from 29 May, and Caf's 54 members - the biggest voting block on Fifa - will have a significant say on the outcome.
"The power of football is arguably even more significant in Africa than the rest of the world, because it symbolises a common denominator for all peoples, nations and tribes," added Blatter, who is believed to have the backing of the continent.


The funeral has taken place of a 19-year-old girl who was killed in the Manchester terror attack.

Courtney Boyle and her mother's partner Philip Tron, 32, were killed in the Manchester Arena attack on 22 May.
The pair had travelled from Gateshead to pick up her sister after the Ariana Grande concert.
Family and friends wore a splash of yellow for the private service at Saltwell Crematorium.
A minute's silence was held earlier at the start of the inquests into the 22 people who died in the attack.
Meanwhile a joint funeral service for 17-year-old Chloe Rutherford and Liam Curry, 19, both from South Shields, who were also killed in the attack, is to be held in the town on 15 June.
It will take place at St Hilda's Church, South Shields, followed by private cremations at South Tyneside Crematorium.


Thirty-four US Air Force officers in charge of launching nuclear missiles have been suspended over accusations that they cheated in proficiency tests.

The air force said some staff had texted answers to the routine tests to others, while others had known about the cheating but failed to report it.
The ranks involved range from 2nd lieutenants to captains.
The allegations emerged during investigations into alleged drug use by personnel at other bases.
Air Force Secretary Deborah Lee James said the cheating had involved officers based at the Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana, and related to a monthly test all nuclear missile staff must take.
"Some officers did it," she said of the cheating. "Others apparently knew about it, and it appears that they did nothing, or at least not enough, to stop it or to report it."
Ms James said it was "absolutely unacceptable behaviour" but that the security of the nuclear programme was not in doubt.
"This was a failure of some of our airmen. It was not a failure of the nuclear mission," she said.
The 34 officers have had their security clearance revoked and the entire team in charge of overseeing missile launches will be re-tested.
A further three officers have been suspended for allegedly possessing recreational drugs.
It is the latest scandal to hit the air force and nuclear missile force.
In August, a nuclear missile unit at Malmstrom failed a safety and security inspection, leading to a senior security officer being relieved of duty.
And in May, it was reported that 17 officers in charge of maintaining nuclear missiles were sidelined over safety violations at Minot Air Force base in North Dakota.
In October, the general in charge of America's long-range nuclear missiles, Maj Gen Michael Carey, was sacked, with officials citing a "loss of trust and confidence".
It later emerged he had engaged in conduct "unbecoming of a gentleman" during a work trip to Russia in July.
Gen Carey's removal came days after the Navy sacked Vice-Adm Tim Giardina, second-in-command of the US Strategic Command, over illegal gambling.
Strategic Command oversees everything from America's land-based nuclear missiles to space operations governing military satellites.


The new Doctor has a friend in Downing Street, with Theresa May saying she is "pleased" by Jodie Whittaker's casting.

The front door of Number 10 featured in a teaser trailing the new Doctor's unveiling, leading many to speculate the next Time Lord would be female, just like its current incumbent.
Others to welcome Whittaker's casting include Star Wars' John Boyega, who predicted she would be "awesome".
Actress Karen Gillan also signalled her approval with an enthusiastic tweet.
"Jodie Jodie Jodie Jodie Jodie!!!!!!!!!!!!!!" the former Doctor Who companion wrote on Twitter.
"Congratulations Jodie Whittaker!" tweeted Sylvester McCoy, who played the Doctor from 1987 to 1989. "One small step for women, one giant leap for womenkind."
Gillian Anderson, David Harewood and former Bake Off co-host Sue Perkins also applauded her imminent arrival on social media.
An estimated 4.6 million viewers were watching BBC One when the identity of the new Doctor was revealed on Sunday afternoon.
Whittaker, 35, was seen approaching the Tardis in a clip broadcast at the end of the Wimbledon men's singles final.
The news was covered extensively in Monday's newspapers, several of which put Whittaker's face on their front pages.
Amid the euphoria, though, came an element of confusion over where the actress fits into the Doctor Who chronology.
Whittaker, best known for her role in ITV drama Broadchurch, has been billed by the BBC as "the 13th Doctor".
Yet the late Sir John Hurt played an iteration of the Doctor in the show's 50th anniversary special, leading some fans to question whether Whittaker's Time Lord will indeed be the character's 13th incarnation.
According to the BBC's Lizo Mzimba, however, Sir John does not have the same numerical status as the other actors to play the role, which in recent years have included Matt Smith, David Tennant and Peter Capaldi.
"In 2013, John Hurt played an incarnation of the Time Lord who was retroactively revealed to have come in the Doctor Who timeline between the eighth Doctor, Paul McGann, and the ninth Doctor, Christopher Eccleston," he explains.
"But Hurt's 'War Doctor' rejected referring to himself as 'The Doctor', meaning the long-established numerical order was maintained."
Peter Cushing - who played the Doctor in 1965 film Dr Who and the Daleks and 1966's Daleks - Invasion Earth: 2150 A.D. - similarly stands apart from the official lineage that began with William Hartnell in 1963.
"Cushing's two appearances are not considered part of the main Doctor Who TV timeline," continues Mzimba.
"In the films he played a human scientist who invented a time machine, rather than a Time Lord from Gallifrey."
Before Broadchurch, Whittaker was seen opposite Peter O'Toole in the 2006 film Venus, alongside Boyega in 2011's Attack the Block, and as a firefighter's girlfriend in Sky 1's The Smoke.
Before making her debut as the Doctor in the Christmas episode of Doctor Who, the Huddersfield native will be seen as a nurse who pretends to be a doctor in BBC One drama Trust Me.
Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


A woman who stabbed her mother in the head at her home in Neath Port Talbot has been given a hospital order.

Rhian Robinson, 32, attacked Cheryl Robinson in Pontardawe in April.
Robinson, from Pontardawe, pleaded guilty to one count of wounding with intent at an earlier hearing at Cardiff Crown Court.
On Friday, Recorder Eleri Rees sentenced her to a hospital order after a psychologist told the court she was making good progress in hospital.
When she was arrested, Robinson was transferred into the care of Glanrhyd Hospital in Bridgend under the Mental Health Act.
Ms Robinson, 63, suffered multiple wounds in the assault.


Labour shadow minister Sarah Champion has quit the party's front bench after criticism over a newspaper article she wrote about grooming gangs.

The Rotherham MP wrote in the Sun on Friday that "Britain has a problem with British Pakistani men raping and exploiting white girls".
She has now apologised for her "extremely poor choice of words" and quit as shadow equalities minister.
Jeremy Corbyn said Labour would not "demonise any particular group".
Ms Champion's article was written after 17 men were convicted of forcing girls in Newcastle to have sex.
The men, who were mostly British-born, were from Iraqi, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Indian, Iranian and Turkish communities.
In interviews following the convictions, the Labour MP said such crimes involved "predominately Pakistani men" and said a fear of being called racist was hampering the authorities' investigations.
She then wrote the Sun article, which also included the line: "These people are predators and the common denominator is their ethnic heritage."
Among the article's critics was fellow Labour MP Naz Shah, who said it was "irresponsible" and "setting a dangerous precedent".
Following the backlash, Ms Champion sought to distance herself from the article, claiming it had been altered, something denied by the newspaper.
Announcing she was stepping down, Ms Champion said: "I apologise for the offence caused by the extremely poor choice of words in the Sun article on Friday.
"I am concerned that my continued position in the shadow cabinet would distract from the crucial issues around child protection which I have campaigned on my entire political career.
"It is therefore with regret that I tender my resignation as shadow secretary of state for women and equalities."
Mr Corbyn said he accepted Ms Champion's resignation, saying his party would not "blame any particular group or demonise any particular group [and] the issue is one of safety of individuals."
He added he was looking forward to working with her in the future because she is "totally committed to protecting vulnerable women".
The MP's Sun column followed an interview on BBC Radio 4's Today programme in which she warned that people were not raising potential cases of child abuse as they feared being labelled racist.
She wrote: "Britain has a problem with British-Pakistani men raping and exploiting white girls.
"There. I said it. Does that make me a racist? Or am I just prepared to call out this horrifying problem for what it is?"
In the newspaper, the column was accompanied by another article by former Sun political editor Trevor Kavanagh, which referred to "the Muslim problem".
Mr Kavanagh's article was condemned in an open letter signed by more than 100 MPs, including Ms Champion herself, who said she was horrified that an "extreme Islamaphobic" column had quoted her.
A spokeswoman for the Sun said: "Sarah Champion's column, as it appeared on Friday, was approved by her team and her adviser twice contacted us thereafter to say she was 'thrilled' with the piece and it 'looked great'.
"Indeed, her only objection after the article appeared was her belief that her picture byline looked unflattering. Her office submitted five new pictures for further use."
Former UKIP leader Nigel Farage said in a tweet: "Telling the truth about tough issues is now impossible in the modern Labour Party. Pathetic."
Rebecca Hilsenrath, chief executive of the Equality and Human Rights Commission said it was a "real shame that a respected advocate of equality" had stepped down over, what it described as an "oversensitivity about language".


Known as cinema's "master of disaster", director Roland Emmerich has moved away from his apocalyptical blockbusters such as 2012 and Independence Day to a project he describes as "deeply personal" - a self-funded movie about the start of the gay rights movement.

Stonewall, a fictional account of rioting by the gay community in New York's Greenwich Village in 1969, premiered at this year's Toronto International Film Festival, with Emmerich saying he was "deeply relieved" that the whole film had been shown to audiences.
When the trailer for Stonewall was released in June, many in the LGBT community called it a "whitewash" of history, as Emmerich's main character, Danny, played by War Horse's Jeremy Irvine, is a blond blue-eyed boy from Indiana.
An online petition collected nearly 25,000 signatures calling for its boycott, stating that the riots were a "multicultural movement" with transgender woman Miss Major Griffin-Gracy, Storm DeLarverie, an African-American lesbian, and Sylvia Rivera, a Puerto-Rican drag queen acknowledged as some of its central protagonists.
"It's a good thing the film is out there now, but I never quite understood the fuss," Emmerich says.
"It was a trailer, and people always complain that trailers show everything. We didn't want to make that mistake.
"But it clearly was a big mistake for some people out there. The film is racially and sexually far more diverse than some people appear to think."
"It's just a trailer," Irvine adds, "but it's perhaps misleading because there's a second in there where my character throws a stone and it might look like he starts the Stonewall riots, but nothing could be further than the truth.
"Many of the real-life activists of the time are characters in the film. It's been taken out of context."
The police raid at the Stonewall Inn on 28 June 1969, started three days of rioting from the gay community who frequented the bar, and led directly to the instigation of the gay Pride marches the following year.
German-born Emmerich, who is openly gay, believes its significance as part of the civil rights movement is often overlooked.
"Over the years I realised how little people knew about the riots, and this is actually the event that started everything - and it was a group of homeless kids at the centre of it.
"I work with the gay and lesbian centre in Los Angeles and I realised this little known fact - that around 40% of homeless youths in the United States are LGBT.
"The problem on the streets hasn't changed since 1969. We may have gay marriage now, but most of these homeless kids come from the small towns where growing up gay is still terribly difficult, and I wanted this story at the heart of the film.
"Above all, I wanted to make a movie that felt personal - the ones I normally do, not that I hate to do them, but they are not very personal. They have to appeal to nearly everyone and this is a different approach.
"It was the first time on a film set that I was able to tell a straight actor like Jeremy how he should feel as a gay man. I put a lot of emotion into making this movie."
The 59-year-old director also put a lot of his own personal finance into the film, which had a budget of around $15m (Â£9.8m) - a far cry from the $200m (Â£131m) that he commanded for 2012.
Emmerich says "not one studio in Hollywood wanted to make the movie, we had to do it totally independently and that was much harder work.
"I had forgotten how hard it was, it's much easier to have a studio behind you, and I guess I've had it easy because of my past success."
When Ang Lee's Oscar-winning Brokeback Mountain was made a decade ago, it was considered a potentially risky project for its stars, Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal.
If Emmerich says he still struggled with the studios,  Irvine believes the situation has changed drastically for actors.
He says lesbian actress Ellen Page was right to say in a recent interview that she was "bored" of straight actors being called "brave" for taking on a homosexual role.
"Stonewall was a no brainer for me," says Irvine.
"Good scripts are few and far between, and when I read it, I jumped on a plane and went to Roland with a stack of notes and ideas.
"Am I worried about doing a 'straight' movie with an actress I am not attracted to? No. It's exactly the same thing. Jonathan Rhys Meyers is in this film as my love interest, and I could have done a lot worse."
Will 2015 be the year gay cinema becomes mainstream? As well as Stonewall, Julianne Moore and Ellen Page star as a lesbian couple in Freeheld.
Todd Haynes's Carol, starring Cate Blanchett, examines a forbidden lesbian relationship in the 1940s.
Eddie Redmayne plays a transgender woman in The Danish Girl - which is being released by Universal studios.
Emmerich says it's "the year of the transgender person - it started with Caitlyn Jenner on the cover of Vanity Fair magazine".
His next movie, Independence Day: Resurgence, the long-awaited sequel to the 1996 original, will feature gay characters, Emmerich adds.
"But we're not even close to the day when a gay person in a movie is not an issue," he concludes.
"The time when we don't discuss it is a long time in the future. We may have marriage now, but in  terms of the gay civil rights movement, we have just got started, I really believe that."
Stonewall is yet to receive a UK release date.


Britain's Jo Konta stunned ninth seed and Wimbledon finalist Garbine Muguruza in an epic contest at the US Open.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Konta, ranked 97th, won 7-6 (7-4) 6-7 (4-7) 6-2 after three hours and 23 minutes - a record for a women's match in New York.
The 24-year-old has now won 15 matches in a row and is into the last 32 of a Grand Slam for the first time.
She will face German 18th seed Andrea Petkovic in the third round on Saturday.
"To be honest, I'm so tired - I think both of us are," said Konta, who has guaranteed herself the biggest pay cheque of her career of at least $120,200 (£78,900).
"I didn't think she probably played her best today but credit to her, she's an incredible fighter and no matter what level she brings, she always brings her top-10 mentality.
"I had to fight for every point, it wasn't given to me, and I'm just happy to come back another day."
It is Konta's second win over a top-10 player, the first coming against world number eight Ekaterina Makarova at Eastbourne in July.
American Madison Brengle and China's Saisai Zheng had set a new mark on Monday at three hours and 20 minutes, but it lasted just three days.
Konta's final service game took her match to a new women's singles record for Flushing Meadows.
It is the longest women's match at the US Open since the tie-break was introduced in 1970.
"I was just fighting for each point, running down each ball and trying not to sit down at the end of the court after each point," said Konta.
The Briton converted a remarkable run of form over the North American hard-court season into the biggest win of her career on the Grand Slam stage.
It was Konta who made the running for the most part on a scorchingly hot court 17 at Flushing Meadows.
She took her seventh break point to move 4-3 ahead and recovered her poise to edge a tense tie-break after failing to serve out at 5-4.
Muguruza, 21, pushed hard in the second but Konta stood firm, coming back from 0-40 in a 12-minute game at 1-1 and later breaking back when the Spaniard served for the set.
It took a contentious call at 3-5 down in the tie-break to finally rattle the Briton - although it appeared the correct decision - and Muguruza went on to capitalise on her second set point.
The players briefly escaped the stifling conditions before the final set and it allowed Konta to cool down both mentally and physically.
An increasingly frustrated Muguruza was vulnerable on her forehand and second serve, and Konta rediscovered her earlier poise, breaking twice to lead 4-0 and serving out in style.
Since that breakthrough run to the quarter-finals at Eastbourne, Konta has lost just one match - against Russian Maria Sharapova in the first round of Wimbledon.
She then collected back-to-back titles on the lower-level challenger tour in Canada, won three matches in US Open qualifying and has now beaten American Louisa Chirico and Muguruza in the main draw.
Konta is well on course to challenge Heather Watson, ranked 61st, for the position of British number one.
•Konta relocated her training to Gijon in northern Spain at the end of last year under the guidance of coaches Esteban Carril and Jose-Manuel Garcia.
•She has also been working with "mental coach" Juan Coto, a London-based Spaniard who also works with hedge fund managers and city workers.


The Army is launching a publicity campaign to keep its work in the public eye, following the end of combat operations in Afghanistan.

The "Normal Day" campaign aims to explain to the public the roles the Army fulfils around the world.
It has been launched alongside a recruitment drive, aimed at attracting regulars and reserves. Both campaigns will cost a total of Â£7m.
Last year the Army only recruited 20 fully-trained reserves.
In its recruiting year 2013/14 it also missed its target for regulars - 6,198 recruits joined the Army, against a target of 9,382.
The rebranding campaign comes after a survey suggested 20% of Britons believe the Army is less relevant now than ever before.
This figure rises to 25% among the Army's core recruitment audience, of those aged between 18 and 34.
When asked what ought to be the Army's current priority, conflict came top with 34%, but when asked what should be a key task only 11% chose humanitarian aid and only 13% suggested it should be disaster relief.
The research was carried out by market research firm OnePoll between 12 and 19 December 2014, among 3,000 adults.
The "Normal Day" campaign will include three documentaries showing real-life examples of the impact that individual Army personnel have made to people's lives in the UK, Kosovo and the Philippines.
And the Army recruitment campaign, conducted under the banner of "More Than Meets The Eye", will see a series of recruitment events being held around the country.
By Jonathan Beale, BB defence correspondent
When politicians or organisations choose to "rebrand", you know something's going wrong.  In the case of the British army it's the fear that after Afghanistan it'll disappear from the public eye. Its own polling shows most people have no idea what the army does other than fight wars.
With an election coming and more defence cuts on the horizon, the Army is having to work hard to remind people why it's there.
It's a two-pronged campaign. The other target is attracting new soldiers. Recruitment is proving to be difficult too without the drumbeat of war.
Last year the Army only managed to increase the total strength of the reserves by 20 - it was also more than 3,000 soldiers short of its recruitment goal for full time soldiers. These are worrying times for the Army's top brass.
Brig Nick Orr, the Army's head of communications, said the rebranding drive would "improve understanding about what the Army does, but also to showcase the people that make our Army the force it is for good".
He added: "We are proud of the Army's values and role which is absolutely to protect the United Kingdom and fight its enemies, but also to prevent conflict and deal with disaster. While we recognise the clear need to adapt and change with the times, our role and relevance is enduring.
"The Army is as relevant now, if not more so, than ever before amid these incredibly complex times.
"The campaign breaks new ground for the Army and vividly brings to life the many, and often under-recognised, duties it performs across a number of different communities and scenarios."
Maj Gen Chris Tickell, director general of the Army recruiting and training division, said those joining the Army Reserve would experience "a challenge, excitement, the opportunity to travel and a decent salary" to a "world-class standard".
"No matter what your day job, the Army Reserve has something to offer you in your spare time, whether you want to use and improve your existing workplace skills, or try your hand at something completely different.
"You can travel the world, gain qualifications and benefit from confidence and leadership skills that will help you shine in your civilian career."


Prosecutors in Poland have opened an investigation into reports that a Swedish artist used ashes from the Nazi death camp at Majdanek in a painting.

Carl Michael von Hausswolff's picture was hanging in a gallery in the Swedish city of Lund until protests caused the exhibition to close last month.
Von Hausswolff said he had collected the ashes from the crematorium at Majdanek during a visit in 1989.
The prosecutors said they had still no evidence a crime had been committed.
If the artist is charged with desecrating human ashes, he could face up to eight years in prison.
It is estimated the Nazis murdered 80,000 people at Majdanek, three-quarters of them Jews, during the German occupation of Poland in World War II.
Writing on the gallery's website, Von Hausswolff said the ashes had remained in a jar until two years ago, when he decided to mix them with water and create a painting as a reminder of the people tortured and killed in the camp.
However, the museum at Majdanek, in south-eastern Poland, strongly condemned his statement and asked prosecutors to investigate, saying it was sure the artist had not obtained the ashes legally.
When the Soviet army reached Majdanek in July 1944, they found much of it intact despite attempts by the Nazis to destroy the camp before retreating.
Consequently, it is one of the best-preserved sites of the Holocaust and the original ovens of its surviving crematorium can still be seen today.
Salomon Schulman, a key figure in Sweden's Jewish community, told Swedish television that Von Hausswolff's painting was "repulsive in the extreme", according to news website The Local.
Writing in the Sydsvenskan newspaper, Mr Schulman questioned whether it should be called art at all. "Who knows, some of the ashes might come from some of my relatives?" he added.


An 18-year-old shepherd has died after being shot by Israeli settlers near the West Bank city of Nablus, Palestinian officials say.

Witnesses say the man was attacked by four Jewish settlers. Israeli officials say they are looking into the incident.
There are over 400,000 Jewish settlers living on occupied Palestinian land in the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
Disputes over grazing areas that lie between the illegal settlements and Palestinian villages are common.
Many settlers own guns which were originally issued to them by the Israeli government, says the BBC's Jon Donnison from Ramallah.
Palestinian sources identified the man as Uday Maher Qadous from the village of Iraq Burin, south-west of Nablus.
His cousin, Omar Qadous, told the AFP news agency that the incident occurred as they were farming near their village.
He said one of a group of four settlers standing on a nearby hilltop opened fire, hitting Uday in the chest.
The teenager was later pronounced dead at Rafidiyeh hospital in Nablus.
An Israeli police spokesman said they were checking reports that a Palestinian had been shot.


The British and Irish Lions launched their tour with a convincing eight-try victory over the Barbarians in the sweltering heat of Hong Kong.

Converted first-half scores from captain Paul O'Connell and scrum-half Mike Phillips, and three Owen Farrell penalties put them 23-3 up at half-time.
Phillips's second try took the Lions 30-3 clear before Kahn Fotuali'i replied for the Baa-Baas.
But further scores from Jonathan Davies, Alex Cuthbert (two), Dan Lydiate and Alun Wyn Jones completed an underwhelming rout.
In conditions where humidity levels touched a stultifying 94%, it was difficult to read too much into a one-sided, stop-start affair.
But head coach Warren Gatland will have been heartened by the manner in which his Lions debutants acquitted themselves, and the manner in which they persisted for the full 80 minutes.
Their fitness was vastly superior to a flagging Baa-Baas outfit, and despite some rustiness in the first half-hour, the Lions took a reasonable percentage of their try-scoring chances.
A dominant scrum also earned them a string of penalties, while the line-out improved after some early wobbles and the defence was impressively resolute.
Farrell kicked his opening penalty after two minutes, but the England fly-half then enjoyed some uncomfortable moments, a sliced clearance and a kick charged down by his opposite number Nick Evans preceding the first controversial moment of the tour.
Barbarians hooker Schalk Brits took exception to Farrell holding onto his jersey at a ruck and launched a swinging left arm into the Englishman's face. Farrell, unwisely perhaps, responded but fortunately didn't connect.
Referee Steve Walsh, who had initially awarded the Baa-Baas a penalty, reversed it after referral to his television match official, and sent Springbok star Brits to the sin-bin.
But the Lions were unable to profit from their man advantage. Wing Sean Maitland showed good pace to almost reach a kick to the left corner from the lively Davies, but Barbarians full-back Jared Payne just reached it ahead of the New Zealand-born Scot.
The Lions then won a penalty at a scrum 10 metres from the Baa-Baas line, but Farrell pulled it wide.
Instead Wasps centre Elliot Daly landed a superb 45-metre penalty to bring the Baa-Baas level, the cue for the first water break after 16 minutes. "Feeling hot, hot, hot" blared out of the stadium PA, and more drinks followed two minutes later.
"The Lions were made to sweat - profusely - in the energy-sapping conditions, but ultimately it was a job well done and a satisfactory start to the tour. Some tries went begging, but a 51-point margin was ultimately impressive, despite the Barbarians' limitations. Just as importantly, the tourists suffered no further injury setbacks.  They are up and running, and the cooler climes of Australia await."
Read Warren Gatland's post-match reaction here
The staccato nature of the contest continued with every scrum in the first half resulting in a free-kick or penalty for the Lions, Farrell kicking the Lions 6-3 ahead from one.
After the impressive Richie Gray's pass just eluded Stuart Hogg metres from the line, and O'Connell cut inside rather than releasing Maitland in space outside him, the Lions got their opening try in the 28th minute.
After a series of pick-and-drives, Phillips appeared to have stretched over. But after the scrum-half was held up by Sergio Parisse, captain O'Connell burrowed through, the try awarded after referral to the television match official.
But minutes later Phillips did get his reward, powering through a gap and holding off Bayonne team-mate Joe Rokocoko's tackle to score.
Farrell converted both tries, and a sweetly struck long-range penalty with the last kick of the half gave the Lions a comfortable 23-3 interval lead.
(provided by Opta Sports)
The Lions' line-out showed signs of rustiness in the first half, but Richard Hibbard found Lydiate at the tail with a perfect throw on the resumption, and the flanker's tap down saw Phillips dummy and sprint through for his second try.
Justin Tipuric - after a sweet offload from Mako Vunipola - was denied a try by Rokocoko's superb tackle, and the Lions might have scored one of the great tries in their history after a length-of-the-field counter attack, only for Farrell's try-scoring pass to Maitland to be intercepted.
Instead, after a poor pass from Farrell to Davies gave the Baa-Baas a first sniff, Rokocoko stretched his legs, stood up Toby Faletau and released replacement Fotuali'i for a try.
But it was a brief riposte, Davies pouncing for a poacher's try immediately, before Faletau and Jamie Roberts sent Cuthbert racing in for the fifth.
The giant Wales wing celebrated his first outing since 16 March with a second score after a smart break from Irish replacement scrum-half Conor Murray.
Amid a flurry of changes on both sides, James Hook came on for the Barbarians to become only the second player - after Riki Flutey - to play for and against the Lions in the professional era.
But that was just a historical footnote to an occasion lacking in vibrancy and atmosphere, with Lydiate and Jones strolling over for late tries.
The Lions will leave Hong Kong - with some relief, one imagines - on Sunday evening to fly overnight to Perth, where they begin their Australian tour with a match against Western Force on Wednesday.
Lions: Stuart Hogg, Alex Cuthbert, Jonathan Davies, Jamie Roberts , Sean Maitland; Owen Farrell, Mike Phillips; Mako Vunipola, Richard Hibbard, Adam Jones, Richie Gray, Paul O'Connell (capt), Dan Lydiate, Justin Tipuric, Toby Faletau.
Replacements: Tom Youngs (for Hibbard, 43), Cian Healy (for Vunipola, 55), Matt Stevens (for Jones, 55), Alun Wyn Jones (for O'Connell, 29-36, then 62), Jamie Heaslip (for Faletau, 62), Conor Murray (for Phillips 57), Jonathan Sexton (for Farrell, 57), George North (for Roberts, 67).
Barbarians: Jared Payne, Joe Rokocoko, Elliot Daly, Casey Laulala, Takudzwa Ngwenya, Nick Evans, Dimitri Yachvili; Paul James, Schalk Brits, Martin Castrogiovanni, Marco Wentzel, Dean Mumm, Samu Manoa, Sam Jones, Sergio Parisse (capt).
Replacements: Leonardo Ghiraldini (temp for Manoa 10-19, for Brits, 45), Duncan Jones (for James, 58), Andrea Lo Cicero (for Castrogiovanni, 69), Jim Hamilton (for Wentzel, 59), Imanol Harinordoquy (for Jones, 53), Kahn Fotuali'l (for Yachvili, 53), James Hook (for Laulala, 68), Mike Tindall (for Ngwenya, 60).
Referee:  Steve Walsh (ARU)
Attendance:  28,643


Record-breaking numbers of migrants are arriving on the Greek island of Lesbos, overwhelming local authorities, local police say.

About 1,600 landed on the island on Saturday alone, the island's chief of police said.
Police said they were working 24 hours a day to process the new arrivals but can only manage 300-500 per day.
More migrants landed on the island in June than in the whole of the previous year, according to the UN.
There were approximately 15,000 arrivals in June, compared with 12,187 in 2014. Lesbos has a population of just over 86,000.
Most of the migrants land on the north of the island at the closest point to Turkey and have to walk 40km (25 miles) to the other side of the island to register and apply for papers.
The papers will allow them to remain in the country for between one and six months.
The migrants are being housed in tents erected on an abandoned race track and in the island's only official detention facility.
Both facilities are "absolutely overwhelmed", said the BBC's Anna Holligan on the island.
A spokesman for charity Medicins Sans Frontieres told the BBC that the situation on Lesbos was the worst they had seen in Europe.
More than 1,800 migrants have died so far this year attempting to cross the Mediterranean - a 20-fold increase on the same period in 2014.
EU ministers agreed at the end of last month to relocate some 40,000 migrants who have reached Italy and Greece to other EU states over the next two years.
However, the scheme was not made mandatory after some nations in eastern Europe refused to accept set quotas, arguing that migrants should not be forced to settle in countries against their will.
The UK also opted out of the scheme using one of its exemptions as agreed in the EU Lisbon treaty.


Emily Godley pipped Rebekah Tiler to win the -69kg title at the English Weightlifting Championships.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Both lifted 210kg but Godley's lighter bodyweight meant she took the gold medal.
"I've only been back in training for four weeks after Christmas, so to come away with a personal best total, I'm really happy," Godley told BBC Sport.
Godley usually competes at -63kg - as does British record holder Zoe Smith, who skipped the event.
Farnborough lifter Goldey will be among those hoping to secure an Olympic place for Great Britain at the European Championships in Norway in April.
Britain have not yet qualified any weightlifters for this summer's Games in Rio de Janeiro.
"All my training is now focused on doing well there. I really would like a top-five finish and we can qualify a spot for Rio as well," said Godley.
Great Britain are likely to send a team of seven women to the European Championships, with a maximum two in each class.
Smith, Godley, Tiler and Sarah Davies could all be vying for places in the -63kg category.


Cardiff City manager Neil Warnock says winger Craig Noone "needs a move" from the club.

Noone, 29, has made 170 appearances for the Bluebirds since joining from Brighton for £1m in 2012 but has recently struggled for a place.
Other clubs have already shown interest in the player, whose contract expires in 2018.
"Agents are talking to people etc but nothing has come up which has whetted our appetite," Warnock said.
"I think we're in a rush with that really, I think people like Craig Noone at the end of August is when others might have a look.
"I think he needs a move and I think he'll do well for the team he goes to, but I'm not in a rush. He doesn't cause me any problems, he's a good lad."
Noone scored twice for the club's under-23 side in their 5-1 win away at Hereford on Wednesday .
Cardiff slipped to their first pre-season defeat of the summer against Shrewsbury on Tuesday evening, a 2-1 reverse which Warnock said did not concern him.
Afterwards he reaffirmed that striker Kenneth Zohore is not for sale.
Earlier in the month Warnock claimed the Denmark international would not leave the club this summer "unless I have a heart attack and another manager takes over".
He added: "I expect 20 goals from Kenneth this season."
Cardiff's next friendly match is against Livingstone Athletic on Friday, 28 July.


George Osborne has said the UK is ready to face the future "from a position of strength" and indicated there will be no immediate emergency Budget.

The chancellor said there would still be a need to "adjust" the economy, but said it was "perfectly sensible to wait for a new prime minister" such action.
Mr Osborne's comments, his first public statement since the referendum result, were aimed a calming financial markets.
However, the FTSE 100 and the pound have continued to fall sharply.
Mr Osborne said: "I said we had to fix the roof so we were prepared for whatever the future held and thank goodness we did," he said.
On the process of the UK's departure from the EU, he said: "Only the UK can trigger Article 50. And in my judgement, we should only do that when there is a clear view about what new arrangements we are seeking with our European neighbours.
"In the meantime, during the negotiations that will follow, there will be no change to people's rights to travel and work and to the way our goods and services are traded or to the way our economy and financial system is regulated."
Despite the comments, the FTSE 100 extended loses in late morning trading, with bank, airline and property shares tumbling.
Meanwhile, sterling hit a 31-year low, and yields on 10-year government bonds sank below 1% for the first time.
The chancellor's statement came as the repercussions of the Brexit vote continued to shake the UK's political system.
The opposition Labour party has seen 14 of its senior members resign since shadow foreign secretary Hilary Benn was sacked in the early hours of Sunday after he told Mr Corbyn he had lost confidence in him.
The latest front-bench resignations, on Monday morning, are by shadow foreign minister Diana Johnson, shadow civil society minister Anna Turley and shadow defence minister Toby Perkins.
In response, Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn has announced a reshaped shadow cabinet, but he still faces a potential no-confidence motion from Labour MPs.
From Project Blimey This Is Scary, welcome to Project Reassure. George Osborne made a deliberate attempt this morning to soothe twitchy markets - the fundamentals, the chancellor insisted, have not changed.
The problem with the "steady as she goes" mantra is that markets do not wait for politicians.
As with the Exchange Rate Mechanism crisis of 1992 and the financial crisis of 2008, pressure on currencies and on stock markets happens second by second, a clock not set by the stately desires of Parliament.
Sterling is sliding downhill this morning. Banking stocks alongside property and leisure stocks are all heading south, some at precipitate rate.
These moves were always likely to be the outcome if Britain voted to leave the UK. And there is not much "reassuring words" from the chancellor can do about that.
As far as the markets are concerned, nothing of substance has changed.
Read Kamal Ahmed's full blog
At the same time, Boris Johnson, widely seen as the most likely successor to Prime Minister David Cameron, has said the UK will continue to "intensify" co-operation with the EU following the country's vote to leave.
The leading pro-Leave campaigner said exit supporters had to accept that the 52-48 result was "not entirely overwhelming".
In other developments:
Mr Osborne said he had spoken to Bank of England governor Mark Carney and that there were "well thought through contingency plans if needed".
He said he had also been co-ordinating with fellow finance ministers in Europe, the International Monetary Fund, central banks and the US Treasury Secretary to help markets cope with the shock.
"You should not underestimate our resolve," he said.
Mr Osborne said the referendum result was "not the outcome that I wanted", but added: "The British people have given us their instructions."
He also appeared to rule out resigning in the near future, saying that the UK needed to negotiate its exit from the EU with its "European partners and allies".
"I intend to play an active part in that debate," he said.


An 83-year-old woman has been sexually assaulted in Manchester by a man who befriended her over a number of weeks.

Police said the man targeted the woman after visiting her on Tuesday morning in Moss Side.
The woman tried to escape by agreeing to walk with him and her two dogs in Alexandra Park, officers said.
A friend of the woman later called the police. The man is described as Asian or mixed race, in his 30s or 40s and was wearing dark clothing and a hat.
Police have appealed for two people who were asked for a lighter by the man in the park to come forward.


Syrian military forces have launched a fresh offensive on several towns in the north-western province of Idlib.

A BBC correspondent says troops have been firing artillery, mortars and anti-aircraft guns at Binnish and other towns near the city of Idlib.
Activists say dozens of people were killed across Syria, many of them in the besieged city of Homs.
As the crackdown continues, the European Union has imposed further sanctions on Syria.
They include:
UK Foreign Secretary William Hague welcomed the fresh sanctions.
By Ian Pannell,BBC News, northern Syria
The bombardment has started in Binnish, which for the past week has been under the control of the opposition. The Free Syrian Army and the Syrian Liberation Army are based in this town. We know that a government offensive has been taking place in the nearby city of Idlib. The townspeople have become increasingly concerned that the troops would then turn their attention to Binnish. That is what has happened this morning.
We were woken to the sound of artillery bombardment. There is gunfire in the distance. We believe they are using anti-aircraft weapons against the town, and also setting up mortar positions. This is a town of about 40,000 people and although there are militiamen belonging to the Free Syrian Army and other groups, this has not been a military situation. From what we can tell, the bombardment is entirely random and is not targeting specific individuals. This seems to be part of a wider government offensive that is taking place in the north of the country, to regain control of opposition areas.
"We will continue working closely with our EU partners to support the Arab League and its plan to end the violence in Syria and bring about a Syrian-led transition to a peaceful and more open political system," he said.
Qatar's Prime Minister, Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim al-Thani, said the international community should do "whatever necessary" to help the Syrian opposition, "including giving them weapons to defend themselves".
"I think they're right to defend themselves with weapons and I think we should help these people by all means," he added.
The Local Co-ordination Committees (LCC), an activists' group which organises and documents protests, said that 89 people died in Homs, 64 of them in a single incident at a checkpoint - although there has been no independent verification of this.
The LCC also said 15 people died in Idlib area, nine in the Aleppo area, and several in the suburbs of Damascus.
The towns of Sarmin, Maarat al-Numan and Binnish were among the opposition-held areas of Idlib province reportedly hit by Syrian military attacks on Monday.
The BBC's Ian Pannell, who is in northern Syria, says residents of Binnish, which for the past week has been under the control of the Free Syrian Army and the Syrian Liberation Army, were woken by the sound of artillery bombardment.
Government troops are firing anti-aircraft weapons at the town, and also setting up mortar and infantry positions on the outskirts.
Our correspondent says the bombardment appears to be entirely random, hitting civilian areas rather than targeting rebel positions.
The Local Co-ordination Committees (LCC), an activists' group which organises and documents protests, said the towns of Sarmin and Saraqib, not far to the south of Binnish, also had been shelled.
The group said Maarat al-Numan outside Idlib, had been attacked, with several tanks entering the town from the south.
The French news agency AFP also reported shelling in the town of Qusayr, nine miles (15km) outside Homs.
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has continued efforts to move injured people, including two Western journalists, out of Baba Amr.
Reports on Monday evening said the Syrian Red Crescent had managed to regain access to the area but left later without the journalists.
British photographer Paul Conroy and French reporter Edith Bouvier were both wounded in an attack on Wednesday which claimed the lives of American journalist Marie Colvin and French photographer Remi Ochlik.
Poland's foreign ministry told the AFP news agency that its diplomats in Damascus were also attempting to retrieve the bodies of the dead journalists.
State television has meanwhile announced the results of a referendum on a new constitution, which was dismissed by opposition activists and the West as a sham.
The poll showed around 89% support for the proposal, the report said, on a turnout of just over 57%.
China earlier dismissed US criticism of its Syria policy as very arrogant.
A commentary in the Chinese Communist Party's official newspaper said that after the experience of Iraq, the US had no right to speak for the Arab people.
China's comments follow a blunt statement by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton that the Chinese and Russian veto of a UN Security Council resolution on Syria was "despicable" while "people are being murdered".


Former chairman Michael Johnston has resigned from his positions as a director and the company secretary of Kilmarnock.

Johnston has been at the club for 15 years, serving as chairman for 10.
Recently, he has faced pressure to step down altogether from fans who felt his presence was an impediment to attracting potential club investors.
"It has been an honour to serve Kilmarnock FC in various capacities over the last 15 years," Johnston said.
Meanwhile, BBC Scotland has learned negotiations are continuing between the club and Lee McCulloch and his representative, as Killie look to make him their permanent manager.
McCulloch has been in interim charge at Rugby Park since Lee Clark's departure for Bury in February, and successfully kept Kilmarnock in the Scottish Premiership.
Johnston is also standing down from the board of the Kilmarnock Community Sports Trust (KCST) on which he represented the club.
In a statement, Kilmarnock said: "When Michael took over as chairman and majority shareholder the club had around £13m of debt.
"Aided by a number of high value transfer fees which he personally negotiated, Michael gradually reduced this while maintaining the club's competitive position in the top tier of Scottish league football.
"In March 2014 Michael completed a transformational restructuring of the club's finances which delivered the arm's length sale of the Park Hotel for full market value, with the proceeds going towards reducing the club's bank debt of £9m.
"Billy Bowie acquired the balance of the bank debt and converted this into equity in the club, combined with the permanent write-off by former chairman Jamie Moffat of the balance of his loans to the club, which originally totalled £1.8m.
"The outcome was the elimination of almost £11m of debt from the club's balance sheet.
"In the wake of that, Michael introduced a new board of directors and stood down as chairman in 2015. He also formed KCST, a registered charity, to run the club's community department in a more financially efficient manner."
Troon-born Johnston said the death of his wife Joanne in March hastened his decision to relinquish his positions at the club.
"I have been fortunate to meet so many interesting people through football and greatly enjoyed serving on the council of the Scottish FA for over 10 years and the board of the Scottish Premier League during the historic amalgamation with the Scottish Football League in 2013," he said.
"There have been many challenges to confront along the way and these have taken their toll on not only me but also my family, to whom I extend my heartfelt thanks for their unqualified support.
"The recent loss of my wife Joanne, who was my greatest source of inspiration and encouragement at all times, has prompted my decision to retire from all active duties at the club and I look forward to attending Rugby Park as a committed supporter in future, unburdened of the worries of the past.
"I wish Billy Bowie and John Kiltie the very best of luck and good judgement in running the club, ably supported by club secretary Kirsten Callaghan, who was a key member of staff during my time as chairman.
"I also wish to record my thanks to all the members of staff, past and present, the shareholders and the supporters who have supported me and the club so enthusiastically over the years.
"The club is now in a healthy position to advance in Scottish football and register even greater success."


A driver who struck a boy walking across a dual carriageway did not have time to stop, an inquest heard.

Joseph Sheridan, 13, died of multiple injuries after the crash on the Southend-bound carriageway of the A127 near Basildon in February.
An inquest into his death earlier heard there were no issues found with the BMW involved.
A verdict of accidental death was recorded by Greater Essex Coroner Caroline Beasley-Murray.
Joseph was hit by a car near the junction with Oak Lane, a private road which leads to the former Dale Farm travellers' site.
The following night about 30 people blocked the road in protest by parking cars across the lanes. The road was shut for about five hours.
Signs on the A127, which has a 70mph (112kmh) speed limit along the stretch involved in the crash, warn: "Do not cross. Fatal accident site."
The 31-year-old BMW driver was initially arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving but was released without charge.


The time, attention and effort devoted to reaching a deal with Iran over its nuclear ambitions has unwittingly tended to obscure the growing dangers of nuclear proliferation elsewhere in the world.

South Asia, a volatile and unstable region, has been witnessing an escalation in military and nuclear rivalry, somewhat overshadowed by the understandable fears of a nuclear arms race in the Middle East.
This part of the world, according to analysts, is fast becoming a race for nuclear supremacy between three powers - India, Pakistan and China (while technically not classified as South Asia, the country shares borders with both India and Pakistan). This rivalry in the eyes of many analysts is dangerous in itself but is made even more complex by the mutual suspicions and historical enmities that bedevil the region.
First, take Pakistan. The country is plagued by economic and political insecurity but is locked in a fight for military bragging rights with India. The country is believed to have one of the world's fastest growing nuclear arsenals. A recent report indicated that it had tripled the number of warheads it had a decade ago.
Nuclear strength is a political and military strategy in the eyes of the Pakistani governing class, a way of countering India's political and military clout. Pakistan has no official nuclear doctrine, but official communiques speak of "restraint" and "deterrence".
The Pakistan government recently approved the purchase of eight submarines from China. It is not clear from reports whether they have the capacity to be equipped with nuclear missiles. The deal, said to be worth billions, is one of China's biggest arms deals. It also threatens to intensify a growing battle for military supremacy in the Indian Ocean, a stretch of sea that has long been a source of rivalry and tensions in the region.
The reported deal sheds light on one other area of conflict and rivalry. China has long been one of Pakistan's main arms suppliers, accounting for half of Pakistani weapons imports, according to a report published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
China and Pakistan have been close for decades, based largely on their mutual suspicion of India.
In other developments, the Pakistanis are reported to have test-fired a missile recently that appears capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. Pakistan possesses the medium-range Shaheen-III missile with a range of some 1,700 miles, leaving India easily within range. A recent leader article in the New York Times reported claims that Pakistan continues to develop short-range tactical nuclear weapons. Again, leaving India well within range.
No-one should underestimate the rivalry between the two countries, informed by their troubled history, which includes outright wars in 1947, 1965 and 1971.
India is estimated by analysts to have some 110 warheads but continues to expand its nuclear programme but at a slower pace, according to some reports. The country has a mixed strategy, combining short and long-range ballistic missiles, nuclear submarines and cruise missiles. It tested its first nuclear device in 1974.
India has a No First Use doctrine, recently confirmed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Security is a key part of India's nuclear strategy. China's nuclear strength is a worry to India, as is its more advanced strategic weapons and its numerically superior military force.  Also a worry is the traditionally close relationship between China and Pakistan, India's erstwhile enemy.
Informed analysis estimates that China's nuclear weapons number some 250 warheads - a mixture of short, intermediate, and long-range ballistic missiles. China's ambitions encompass land, air and sea-based nuclear delivery systems.
China's nuclear ambitions took off in the 1950s, in the wake of the Korean War. Its first nuclear test is believed to have been conducted in 1964. It is a view among informed commentators that the country's nuclear capability will continue to grow in the coming years. China has always maintained that its own No First Use policy is defensive. The country is a signatory to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, the NPT. It is also a signatory to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) but has yet to ratify it.
The fierce nuclear competition in South Asia is seen by many as a recipe for instability in a region already burdened with problems.
It is a potentially lethal addition to the cocktail of territorial disputes and cross-border terrorism. The capacity of other world powers to influence the situation is hampered by the fact that neither India nor Pakistan belong to the NPT.
Pakistan's economic and political instability also poses huge and troubling questions. The country is persistently challenged by militant groups and fears persist that these groups could get their hands on nuclear materials, despite strong insistence from Pakistani officials that its nuclear facilities are secure.
America and Russia still possess more than 90% of the world's nuclear weapons but South Asia, home to three nuclear states, remains a growing worry, perhaps one that will get more attention in the coming months.


Rangers midfielder Ian Black has been given a 10-match ban after admitting to a breach of Scottish FA regulations on football betting.

The 28-year-old will serve an immediate three-game ban, while seven matches are suspended until the end of the season.
The player must also pay a fine of £7,500.
Black was accused of gambling on 160 matches over a seven-year period, including betting against his own team on three occasions.
The SFA has a blanket ban on footballers betting on any matches.
Rangers Football Club notes today's verdict by the Judicial Panel  which has imposed a 10-match ban and £7,500 fine
The penalty applies to charges of  "betting on three football matches on then-registered club not to win" and "betting on a further 10 football matches that involved then-registered club".
A third charge of "betting on a further 147 football matches" resulted in a censure.
It is the first time a player in Scotland has been punished for breaking gambling regulations.
Black played for Inverness CT, Hearts and Rangers in the period concerned.
The midfielder, capped once for Scotland, will miss games against Arbroath, Queen of the South and Forfar and will be free to return for the League One meeting with Stenhousemuir on 28 September.
The suspended penalty will only be triggered if the player commits a further breach of disciplinary rules 22 or 23, which apply to betting.
Fraser Wishart, chief executive of the players' union PFA Scotland, said he did not have an opinion on the punishment handed to Black, but insisted it presented an opportunity for all stakeholders in the Scottish game to review and bolster the rules regarding players gambling on football matches.
"If there is any good outcome from this, then I think it's raised the spectre of this regulation," said Wishart.
What it does do, it gives us the opportunity to have an open, frank and adult conversation about the current regulations
"We, as a union, have been talking to players for the last two or three years during our normal club visits about the rules on betting, so at least it's opened it up and it's in the public domain.
"What it does do, it gives us the opportunity to have an open, frank and adult conversation about the current regulations.
"I'm not taking any view on it, but I think it's an adult conversation, let's be open - let's grasp the nettle and see whether we can come up with something that's appropriate for the game."
In a statement, the Ibrox club said: "Rangers Football Club notes today's verdict by the Judicial Panel which has imposed a 10-match ban and £7,500 fine on Ian Black.
"Three of the matches will be served immediately - meaning the player would miss games against Arbroath, Queen of the South and Forfar - and a further seven games will be suspended until the end of the 2013/14 season.
"Black would be free to return to action against Stenhousemuir on Saturday, September 28, 2013."


Experiences for "adrenaline junkies" are among revised plans being drawn up to transform the Humber Bridge.

A zip wire, abseiling and "walking of the bridge's cables" are being considered, in addition to a visitor centre and glass lift.
Last November, East Riding of Yorkshire Council rejected proposals which included a hotel, restaurant and an office block.
Bosses said they wanted to turn the bridge into a tourist destination.
Kevin Moore, chief executive of the Humber Bridge Board, said the office block plans had been shelved but they were still considering whether to include the hotel and restaurant.
"We want to bring in adrenaline experiences, so safely walking the cables, possibly abseiling, a zip wire. These are all things some people may want to do here.
"Obviously we've got to look at the health and safety implications. But we really want to interpret the bridge in as wide a way as we possibly can."
The initial proposals would have allowed visitors to travel under the bridge at Hessle in a glass gondola before changing to the lift which would have ascended 510ft (155m) to the top of the north tower. These plans are now being reviewed.
Mr Moore said they would have a "revised concept" formed by December, which would then be submitted to the authority.
The council's planning committee voted against the original scheme because of concerns over the 60,000 sq ft office block.


Harvard University has defended plans to remove a reference to "puritans" from its ceremonial song, as part of a project promoting "inclusion and belonging".

The proposal to change the fusty lyrics of a 19th Century song, "Fair Harvard", has started a very contemporary argument about identity and how universities represent their own past.
Harvard's "presidential task force on inclusion and belonging" has announced a competition to find a replacement for the song's ending, which praises the university's puritan heritage: "Be the herald of Light, and the bearer of Love, Till the stock of the Puritans die."
They want this symbol of Harvard's identity, sung at university ceremonies, to refer to something broader and more inclusive than the starchy New England colonialists.
But according to the Harvard Crimson university newspaper, the decision to ditch the reference to puritan founders seems to have had a lukewarm response among students.
There were questions raised about the relevance of changing a song from the 1830s that has never really been a source of contention.
On Twitter, there were complaints about "editing history" and censorship.
Academic and social commentator Frank Furedi described it as "morally disoriented".
Even if puritans had once been a dominant force, there was no suggestion that the frugal religious reformers were still getting an unfair advantage in what is now the world's wealthiest university.
About half the most recent intake is from an ethnic minority with close to equal proportions of male and female students.
But Professor Danielle Allen, co-chair of the university's inclusion task force, said in a statement that the symbols and mottos had to be appropriate for everyone "regardless of background, identity, religious affiliation or viewpoint".
She said the current university song lyrics suggested that "the commitment to truth, and to being the bearer of its light, is the special province of those of puritan stock. This is false".
More stories from the BBC's Global education series looking at education from an international perspective, and how to get in touch.
You can join the debate at the BBC's Family & Education News Facebook page.
Prof Allen also pointed out that the song had been changed before, with a reference to "sons" being changed to something more gender neutral in 1998.
And as well as looking for different words, the university is considering an alternative tune or style for the song, with the suggestion of a hip-hop version.
This is the latest university battle over emblems and language, with arguments over how institutions should balance their historic roots with the need to appeal to a modern, diverse range of students.
These come alongside strongly-contested debates about "safe spaces" and "no-platforming", with arguments over whether students have a right to block views they find offensive.
But some student campaigners have brought about changes.
After a long-running protest, Yale University announced earlier this year that it would re-name Calhoun College, named after a 19th Century advocate of slavery.
It is now to be named after a female computer scientist, Grace Murray Hopper.
Harvard is dropping the title of "house master" because of connotations of slavery, and ending the use of a seal that includes the family crest of a notoriously brutal slave trader.
The university was once an owner of slaves and has held a series of events and commemorations to examine its own connections to the slave trade.
Georgetown University, in a bid to come to terms with its own legacy of slave owning, has promised extra support in the admissions process for any descendants of slaves sold by the university in the 1830s.
In the UK, there have also been questions about public symbols and memorials.
Students at the University of Bristol have called for the re-naming of a building because of claims of historic links with wealth derived from slavery.
Oxford University's Oriel College had a high-profile controversy over whether a statue of the Cecil Rhodes should be removed, with protestors arguing that the Victorian magnate's views on race made him an unsuitable figure to be commemorated.
But the call for the statue's removal was rejected.
Oxford University last month announced that it was putting up more than 20 portraits to ensure more images of women and people from ethnic minorities were represented on its walls.
The competition at Harvard to find new words for the university song is open until September.
But the debate about university symbols is going to last much longer.


The government must enforce the law to ban sexist dress rules at work that discriminate against women, MPs say.

Their report follows the experience of London receptionist Nicola Thorp, who was sent home from work in December 2015 for not wearing high heels.
Her parliamentary petition on the issue gained more than 150,000 signatures.
MPs also heard from women asked to wear shorter skirts and unbutton blouses, and of dress codes detailing nail varnish shade and hair root colour.
The joint report, High Heels and Workplace Dress Codes, comes from parliamentary committees for Petitions and for Women and Equalities.
It said the Equality Act 2010 should ban discriminatory dress rules at work, but in practice the law is not applied properly to protect workers of either gender.
Chair of the Petitions Committee, Helen Jones MP, said: "The way that Nicola Thorp was treated by her employer is against the law, but that didn't stop her being sent home from work without pay.
"It's clear from the stories we've heard from members of the public that Nicola's story is far from unique."
Ms Thorp was sent home from her job  at a London office of the big accountancy firm PwC.
She refused to obey the then rules of her employment agency, Portico, that she should wear shoes with heels that were between two and four inches high.
Ms Thorp argued that wearing them all day would be bad for her feet, and that her male colleagues were not asked to follow the same rules on their clothes.
"This may have started over a pair of high heels, but what it has revealed about discrimination in the UK workplace is vital, as demonstrated by the hundreds of women who came forward via the committees' online forum," Ms Thorp said.
"The current system favours the employer, and is failing employees."
When the two committees looked into the issue, they were inundated with complaints from women who said they had been victimised by sexist rules about the sort of clothes they could wear at work, with examples extending much further than just shoes.
The original Portico dress code, now revised in the wake of the row, specified:
The committee heard evidence from women including:
The MPs report recommends a publicity campaign be launched to ensure that employers know their legal obligations, that workers know how they can complain effectively and sixth-formers know their rights.
But its key recommendation is that the existing law should be enforced more vigorously, with employment tribunals being given the power to apply bigger financial penalties.
Guilty employers should be required to pay compensation to every worker affected by their discriminatory rules.
"The Equality Act is clear in principle in setting out what constitutes discrimination in law," it said. "Nevertheless, discriminatory dress codes remain commonplace in some sectors of the economy.
"We call on the government to review this area of the law and to ask parliament to change it, if necessary, to make it more effective."
The committees heard expert evidence that requirements to wear high heeled shoes were damaging to women's health.
The College of Podiatry pointed out that high heels cause pain for a fifth of women within just 10 minutes. On average it said ill-fitting high heels are painful after 1 hour, 6 minutes and 48 seconds.
Such shoes can also be disabling if worn for a long time, the College warned.
Women said high heels impaired their performance and made them feel humiliated or sexualised. Some said they struggled to wear heels because of medical conditions including:
Portico, Ms Thorp's then employer, said: "We fully support the recommendations within the report and welcome the debate in Parliament in March."
"When this issue was raised last year we immediately updated our uniform guidance."
A government spokesperson said: "No employer should discriminate against workers on grounds of gender - it is unacceptable and is against the law. Dress codes must be reasonable and include equivalent requirements for both men and women.
"The Government Equalities Office will carefully consider this report and will work with its partners to make sure employers comply with the law."


All of Suffolk's 44 public libraries will remain open under plans to create a new organisation to run them.

Suffolk County Council has proposed setting up a charitable trust - an Industrial and Provident Society (IPS) - which would get 95% of its funding from the council.
The council said the libraries would cost Â£6.487m a year, compared to the Â£8.961m budget for 2010-11.
The county said most staff would be transferred to the new IPS.
The Conservative-run county council said it needed to make cuts of Â£110-125m over four years, following a reduction in its grant from central government.
Earlier this year, the council proposed that 29 of its smaller libraries should be run by community groups, but the new proposal replaces that.
Judy Terry, councillor with responsibility for libraries, said it would put the service on "a strong and sustainable footing".
"We want to free the library service from unnecessary council bureaucracy so that it can thrive and it's fully costed on the basis of keeping the full network open," she said.
"We are not abandoning the idea of community groups becoming involved in the running of their libraries.
"Community groups will be able to opt for a level of responsibility they feel able to take on."
The council said the new IPS would get an 80% reduction in property rates and be able to apply for external funding.
It would work with the council but be independent.
Ms Terry said about 20 posts would go in a service which currently has the equivalent of 160 full-time posts.
She said the job losses would be in the management tiers and would not affect what she called "front-line" staff.
Local libraries would be expected to come up with the other 5% of their funding through efficiency savings or through generating income via things like book clubs, coffee mornings or school holiday events.
It is also proposed that the mobile library service runs monthly visits rather than fortnightly ones.
The proposals go before the county council's cabinet on 8 November.


A 23-year-old woman whose passion was riding has died in a fall from a horse.

Amy-Jane White was killed in what her mother called a "terrible accident" on Dartmoor on Monday.
Amanda White said her daughter, who worked as a carer and lived in Plympton, suffered a very serious accident at Yelverton.
She was taken to a local hospital with head trauma, where Mrs White said doctors tended to Amy so her family had time to say goodbye to her.
Mrs White said she was keen to trace the doctors so she could thank them for her "last few hours" with her daughter.
More on the tributes to Amy-Jane and other Devon and Cornwall news
Ms White's boyfriend, Daniel Huggins, 31, said: "I have lost a lover, friend and soulmate.
"She died doing her greatest love in her life, riding horses."
One friend said the 23-year-old told her: "If you go on a horse or bike you'll be happy."


A man has appeared in court charged with murdering his wife at their house in East Renfrewshire.

Robert Kerr, 38, is accused of killing 39-year-old Xin Xin Liu at the family home in Newton Mearns on Tuesday.
Prosecutors allege that he repeatedly stabbed the mother-of-two at the house in Beech Avenue.
During a private appearance at Paisley Sheriff Court, Mr Kerr made no plea or declaration and was remanded in custody.
The case against him was continued for prosecutors to investigate further and he is expected to make a second court appearance next week.


Employers in the EU may be able to ban Muslim staff from wearing headscarves to work as long as it is part of a general prohibition on all religious symbols, a top EU court adviser says.

The opinion was issued by Juliane Kokott, an Advocate General to the European Court of Justice (ECJ).
It came after a Belgian court sought clarification on what is banned by EU anti-discrimination laws.
In the Belgian case, a receptionist was fired for wearing a headscarf to work.
Samira Achbita claimed she was being discriminated against on the grounds of her religion.
The opinion by Juliane Kokott is not a binding ruling and judges at the ECJ - the EU's highest court - are now considering what final guidance to issue.
BBC Europe Correspondent Damian Grammaticas says they will confine themselves to the legal principles and will leave any decision on the specific case to the Belgian courts.
"A ban on wearing headscarves in companies may be admissible if the ban is based on a general company rule which prohibits political, philosophical and religious symbols from being worn visibly in the workplace. Such a ban may be justified if it enables the employer to pursue the legitimate policy of ensuring religious and ideological neutrality," the opinion from the advocate general said.
She added: "While an employee cannot 'leave' his sex, skin colour, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age or disability 'at the door' upon entering his employer's premises, he may be expected to moderate the exercise of his religion in the workplace."
Ms Achbita had worked for the security firm G4S in Belgium for three years when she insisted on being allowed to wear a headscarf.
She was dismissed because the company bans the wearing of any visible religious, political and philosophical symbols.
Ms Achbita took the company to court backed by a Belgian racial equality group but the case was dismissed by two lower courts. Belgium's court of cassation then referred the case to the EU's top court for clarification.
The wearing of headscarves, and more controversially the Islamic veil, has caused controversy across Europe.
In France, where the separation of state and religion is enshrined in law, a ban on Muslim headscarves and other "conspicuous" religious symbols at state schools was introduced in 2004.
However, last year Germany's highest court struck down a ban on headscarves for state school teachers.


Former Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) leader John Hume is having "severe difficulties" in his struggle with dementia, his wife has said.

Pat Hume said the 78-year-old Nobel Peace Prize winner has problems remembering day-to-day occurrences.
She was speaking to Irish state broadcaster RTÃ‰ about her life with the Londonderry politician.
Mrs Hume said her husband's dementia "hasn't actually taken away all his quality of life".
"Derry is a very dementia-friendly city," she said. "People love John."
Mr Hume came to prominence through the civil rights movement in the late 1960s and helped to found the SDLP, becoming its leader in 1979.
He was jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his reconciliation work with then Ulster Unionist Party leader David Trimble in 1998.
He first became ill in the late 1990s when he was speaking at a conference in Austria, his wife told RTÃ‰ Radio 1's Sunday with Miriam programme.
It is believed he suffered some brain damage as a consequence of the illness, she said, and that has gradually worsened in the intervening years.
She said he was "having severe memory difficulties at the moment".
"If John was speaking to you now and I said to him in half-an-hour: 'It was lovely to see Miriam', he would say: 'Where did we see Miriam?'
"He just wouldn't know that he'd seen you... so it really is very sad."
She has written about her marriage in a new book that is set to be launched in Dublin next week, but said her husband would not be attending as he "doesn't like being away from home now".
Mrs Hume added that caring for someone with dementia "can be very tough".


Are US-Egyptian ties finally warming, after two years in which a chill appeared to have descended?

Secretary of State John Kerry visited Cairo recently to resume the strategic dialogue with Egypt for the first time since 2009.
Shortly beforehand, Washington delivered eight F-16 fighter jets to Egypt, with more to follow in the coming months.
They are part of the US's annual military aid to its important Middle East ally.
A large part of this $1.3bn (Â£834m) package was suspended after the Egyptian army ousted Islamist former President Mohamed Morsi in July 2013.
But things took a different turn last March when the Obama administration decided to lift the arms ban.
"This batch of air fighters should have been delivered last year. It is long overdue," said Mohamed Rashad, a retired Egyptian army officer and military analyst.
"The US military assistance is part of the Camp David agreement that Egypt signed with Israel in 1979. As long as the Egyptian government is committed to this agreement, it should receive its due share."
Some interpreted the suspension of arms sales as pressure on the Egyptian authorities to improve their human rights record and engage the now banned Muslim Brotherhood group in the political arena.
But over the past two years little has changed in these areas.
Since Mr Morsi's ousting, the authorities have cracked down heavily on his supporters, as well as on secular political activists.
Thousands have been put behind bars and hundreds have been sentenced to death.
The Muslim Brotherhood has been designated a terrorist group by the Egyptian judiciary.
1955 - Gamal Abdel Nasser, then prime minister, reorients Egypt away from West towards neutrality, buys arms from Communist Czechoslovakia to re-equip army after Western powers refuse to do so on terms acceptable to Egypt.
1956 July - President Nasser nationalises Suez Canal to fund Aswan High Dam, after Britain and US withdraw financing.
1956 October-November - Invasion of Egypt by Britain, France and Israel over nationalisation of Suez Canal fails through US opposition, enhancing President Nasser's standing.
1972 - President Sadat expels Soviet advisers and reorients Egypt towards West, while launching an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to open the economy to market forces and foreign investment.
1977 October - President Sadat visits Israel, beginning process that leads to 1979 peace treaty, return of occupied Sinai Peninsula, and Egypt's suspension from Arab League until 1989. Egypt becomes major beneficiary of US financial aid.
1991 - Egypt joins allied coalition to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait, benefiting from multilateral loans and debt relief in return, and allowing government to launch another attempt at liberalising economy.
2011 - As protests against President Mubarak mount, US appears torn between supporting its long-time ally and backing demands of protesters for democratic change.
2013 October - US suspends large part of $1.3bn in aid months after army overthrows President Morsi.
Mr Kerry has highlighted the importance of "building trust between the authorities and the public, and enabling those who are critical of official policies to find a means of voicing their dissent peacefully, through participation in a political process".
But critics say Washington has not been serious enough in enforcing the human rights agenda in Egypt.
Egyptian military expert Safwat Al Zayyat says: "The United States has been hesitant in promoting its own values in the Middle East. This is why it might not be as influential as before in the region."
While internal strife is tearing apart many countries in the region, the Egyptian regime remains intact, if divisive.
Some analysts say the US is prioritising security and stability, without taking democracy and human rights totally off the table.
It has lifted many restrictions on Egypt, although "no real progress has been made when it comes to democratic rule in the country," says Steven Cook, a senior fellow for Middle East and Africa studies at the Council on Foreign Relations.
Nathan Brown, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, told me that resuming aid is not a reward to Egypt for any specific policies, but rather an encouragement to respond on issues touching on human rights and democracy.
Although Egypt might not be as central to the US perspective on the Arab world as it was three or four decades ago, it is still an important facilitator of US operations in the region.
Strained ties would only complicate US policy. For the time being, lingering differences can be managed through dialogue.


Crystal Palace defender Luke Croll has extended his loan at League Two Exeter City until the end of the season.

The 22-year-old centre-back has made 12 appearances for the Grecians this season, with the side keeping four clean sheets in those games.
But Croll, who has yet to make a first team appearance for Palace, has not featured since Troy Brown returned to fitness in November.
Croll's loan runs until 6 May but can be extended if City make the play-offs.
City are three places and four points off the play-off places with a game in hand on some of the sides above them in the table.
Manager Paul Tisdale says he and his players are now starting to look at the possibility of making the play-offs after their 3-0 win at Grimsby Town to move up to 10th in League Two.
City were bottom of the table less than two months ago but have won six games in a current eight-game unbeaten run.
"It's probably brought up in training every two or three days, there has to be a continual focus," he added.
"We had a challenge through the autumn to get ourselves to get out of the bottom two and off the bottom of the league. Now we've got a different challenge, we're mid-table, we're healthy and we've got to look up.
"It's a different type of challenge and it brings a different type of focus and a different type of discipline when you're winning.
"I don't know how far we can go, you just play the next game and see where it takes us."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page or visit our Premier League tracker here.


England's youngsters believe they can "compete with the best" as they prepare for the European Under-19 Championship final against Portugal on Saturday.

Under-19 coach Keith Downing says there has been a change in mindset following the success of the nation's underage teams this summer.
His side are the fourth England youth team to reach a final in three months.
"In terms of our age group and the abilities across Europe, they are right up there," Downing told BBC Sport.
Last month, England won the Under-20 World Cup by beating Venezuela 1-0.
They also won the 2017 Toulon Tournament in June, and reached the final of the European Under-17 tournament in May.
England were also semi-finalists at the European Under-21 Championship in Poland last month before losing on penalties to Germany.
"There is a general belief England are going in the right direction," Downing said.
"Success of other youth teams has been a massive incentive - we watched the Under-20 World Cup final at a training camp in Spain.
"But success should not be one-offs. We have proved we can do it and I am sure everyone now who puts a shirt on at whatever age group believes they can compete with the best.
"It is evident some of these players are capable of playing at the top level at their age group in European football - it is now about getting the opportunity for them to take the next step."
Downing's side beat Czech Republic 1-0 on Wednesday to reach Saturday's final at the Gori Stadium in Georgia.
The last time England were in the final of the competition was in 1993, when it was the European Under-18 Championship.
Darren Caskey scored the winner as an England team featuring Robbie Fowler, Sol Campbell, Paul Scholes and Gary Neville beat Turkey 1-0 in the final in Nottingham.
Since then, England have lost two finals in the competition. In 2005, they were beaten 3-1 by France and in 2009 a team including Kyle Walker, Danny Drinkwater and Danny Welbeck lost 2-0 to Ukraine.
"From day one we said we could create something that no other team has at this level since 1993," Downing said. "It is a massive incentive for these boys.
"The momentum has been building, we have a genuine belief we can go all the way. It will be a tough one but we are counting the days down to create history.
"We have come a long way, now we have one last push and a massive effort to achieve that."
Downing believes the experience of reaching and winning finals at youth level will benefit the England senior team in the future.
"They play four games in nine days, they are away from home for two-and-a-half weeks, playing against top players across Europe and different styles of football, taking penalties and so on," he said.
"Hopefully it will give them enough experiences for them to deal with it later when they play at a senior level - that is the whole purpose of the development structure."


A man has admitted a series of child sex offences at a Southampton children's home in the 1980s and 90s.

Jack Jones, 56, of Goose Lane, York pleaded guilty to 14 counts - including indecent assault on a male and indecency with a child - at a hearing at Southampton Crown Court.
Police said the offences took place at the former Thorold Road children's home which closed in 2009.
Jones is due to be sentenced later in the year.


"It's been 25 long years," said Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas, as TLC took to the stage for their first ever UK show.

"Can ya'll believe this is the first time? It's crazy".
It certainly felt like a celebration, as 25 years of anticipation translated into one of the most joyous and affectionate shows in living memory.
Throughout the 16-song set, the band held the outstretched hands of their audience; who sang back hits like No Scrubs at the top of their voices.
Many had come wearing the "war paint" make-up of the late Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, who died in 2002.  The band paid tribute to the rapper on Meant To Be, flashing up vintage images of the then-trio in the 1990s.
The remaining members have lost none of their individuality over the years, emerging on stage in gold sequinned combat trousers, and bright yellow trench coats.
Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins provided the grit, thanks to her distinctively raspy vocals; while Chilli was the more supple dancer, hustling across the stage with the dance troupe and, on Red Light Special, giving one audience member a PG-rated lap dance.
"I'm here with my girlfriend," declared her willing victim, briefly taking the mic. "I asked her if this was alright and she said 'yes.'"
And if that isn't proof that TLC's message of female self-empowerment filtered down to their audience, I don't know what is.
Until the Spice Girls came along, TLC were the most successful girl band of all time, selling 65 million records, and setting a template for confident, feminist R&B that still resonates today in the music of Beyonce, Rihanna and even Little Mix.
As their career progressed, the band sometimes made headlines for the wrong reasons - from their highly-publicised bankruptcy, to the day Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes set fire to her boyfriend's shoes in a fit of rage, only for his house to burn down completely.
Somehow, they always rose above the chaos with supple, futuristic hits like Creep, Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg and Unpretty - until Lopes was involved in a fatal car accident in 2002.
The band completed an album, 3D, in tribute to their "beloved sister", using fragments of vocals Lopes had recorded before her death, but that seemed to be the end of their story.
However, after a widely-praised biopic in 2013, T-Boz and Chilli hit the road again and, two years ago, successfully crowd-funded a new album, simply called TLC, which is due out next month.
The band played four songs from the new record in London. Three of them, Way Back, Joy Ride and Haters, were a throwback to the smooth and melodic sounds TLC pioneered in the 90s.
However, It's Sunny (receiving its world premiere) sounded more like Pharrell's feelgood jam Happy - interpolating the horn charts from Earth, Wind and Fire's September and, more surprisingly, a sample of the Boney M song, Sunny.
Encouragingly, the audience received these songs with as much enthusiasm as hits like Digging On You and What About Your Friends.
But the biggest response of the night came during the encore, when Left-Eye appeared on the video screens for Waterfalls' rap breakdown. A huge cheer gave way to a mass rendition of her tongue-twisting, Bart Simpson-esque bars.
"We'll never ever forget her," Chilli told the BBC ahead of the concert, which was streamed live on Facebook.
"I don't think you can ever heal 100% because that's our sister and we love her. But her memory lives on through us."
"She lives through our music," agreed T-Boz, "and she's incorporated in everything that we do".
Encore
Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


Mae pŵer wedi cael ei ailgysylltu i holl gartrefi Cymru bellach, mwy na 48 awr ar ôl i storm Doris ddechrau.

Dywedodd Scottish Power iddyn nhw ailgysylltu'r cartrefi olaf, oedd yn Ynys Môn, tua 19:00 nos Sadwrn.
Mae'r cwmni yn dweud y bydd llawer o waith i'w wneud yn yr hir dymor i ddelio gyda'r difrod gafodd ei achosi gan y storm.
Cafodd 600 o beirianwyr o'r Alban eu hanfon i drwsio'r rhwydwaith bŵer ac mae Scottish Power wedi bod yn darparu diodydd a bwyd poeth ar gyfer cwsmeriaid oedd heb gyfleusterau coginio.
Mae Trenau Arriva Cymru wedi ail agor y llinell trên rhwng Llanelli ac Yr Amwythig ddydd Sadwrn.
Ond bydd y llinell rhwng Llandudno a Blaenau Ffestiniog yn aros ar gau tan ddydd Llun gyda bysiau yn cael eu darparu.
Mae Western Power Distribution yn dweud eu bod wedi ailgysylltu eu holl gartrefi bellach, wedi i "filoedd" yn y de fynd heb bŵer ar un cyfnod.
Ddydd Iau fe achosodd y storm ddifrod a thrafferthion teithio.
Fe gofnododd y swyddfa dywydd yng Nghapel Curig wyntoedd o 94 mya.