Around 40,000 people from all over the world are in Paris for the UN climate change summit over the next two weeks.

One of the likeliest impacts of climate change in Wales is coastal erosion and an increased risk of flooding.
With over 1,300 miles (2,000km) of coastline, any sea level rise this century could be serious - especially during the type of stormy weather we've experienced in the last week.
Last year the Welsh government agreed to approve  Shoreline Management Plans (SMPs).
These are long term assessments of risks associated with coastal eroding and flooding.
Haydn Thomas and his family bought their new home on Beach Road in Newton, near Porthcawl almost three years ago.
After renovations they moved in last year, and say they had no idea about the potential threat from the sea.
But after 20 years, the sea wall near the homes will not be maintained under the shoreline plan.
Mr Thomas and other residents are frustrated at how the plan has been set out - and the complex number of organisations and authorities behind it.
"We don't understand the policy and there's confusion as to why it's triggered by time rather than if sea levels actually do rise," he said.
"We want to live here because of the sea, not because we're worried about it. We thought it was going to be a dream house next to the sea.
"It's not saleability now but it's the inheritance - we have two young children."
Up to 40 local properties could be affected and Mr Thomas said there was "massive concern" among residents.
Six graphics that explain climate change
Newton is one of 48 locations listed as being affected or threatened by flooding or coastal erosion across the four SMPs covering Wales.
The non-statutory documents have been produced because of the perceived threat from climate change along some of Wales' coastline.
Prof Tavi Murray, chair of glaciology in Swansea University's geography department, said the sea level rise - best predicted as being somewhere between a half and one metre in the rest of this century - would have the key impact in Wales.
Extreme weather was likely to become more frequent, she said.
"There may also be more intense wave action during those storms. We are seeing it now and will continue to see it during the rest of this century."
Prof Murray said emissions from industry and transport were the main issue.
"It's the way we live our lives and I do wonder what our grandchildren are going to be thinking about that - and the changes they will have to make."
Ten years ago the National Trust (NT) was the first organisation to talk openly of adopting a different approach to engineering.
Instead of building seawalls, there would be a retreat from the sea.
Phil Dyke, the NT coast and marine officer for Wales, England and Northern Ireland, said: "What we don't want to see is a future when we sleepwalk into a concrete coast around Wales."
He said it was about rolling back infrastructure like railway lines and major roads away from at risk areas.
There is a project starting in Newgale in Pembrokeshire to realign the A487, hit by severe storms nearly two years ago.
"Let's not put new buildings in places we know that are vulnerable in the future so we're not storing up problems," said Mr Dyke.
"It's not building on flood plains and thinking about where we put key bits of infrastructure."
Fairbourne in Gwynedd has more than 500 homes at risk of coastal flooding.
Gwynedd Council is committed to defending the houses for 40 years, but is beginning to talk publicly of "de-commissioning" the village should the sea rise with climate change.
There are flooding threats from three sources in Fairbourne -  sea, river and groundwater.
Lisa Marshall, works with the council on the Fairbourne Moving Forward project. She said grasping what could happen in the future was the biggest challenge.
"The burning question on everyone's lips is how much is my house worth - I've had it valued and it's not worth anywhere near as I anticipated it being worth."
She said there were difficult messages and hard truths to tell people.
"There are some questions we can't answer and we may not be able to answer them satisfactorily for many years to come but on the whole the residents are grateful for us being honest with them."
Three months ago, 14 devices were installed to measure water levels underground in Fairbourne every 15 minutes.
The first readings are currently being analysed, in the type of research that could be useful elsewhere too.


The National Records of Scotland genealogy service has been closed until further notice due to a computer virus.

The public search rooms, at New Register House in Edinburgh, were shut on Wednesday 23 March
It followed the discovery of "ransomware" in an admin file.
A spokeswoman said the virus, which can restrict access to files and then demand payment for them to be released, was caught before it could do any damage.
Cyber security is now being checked.
Copies of birth and other certificates are still available and neither the registration service nor the Scotland's People website are affected.
The closure affects public access to photographs of birth records less than 100 years old, marriage records less than 75 years old, and death records less than 50 years old, which can only be viewed in person at the office and not online.
The service is normally used by people looking to research their family tree.
Anne Slater, speaking on behalf of the National Records of Scotland, said: "The service has been closed since last Wednesday.
"It's a ransomware virus. It comes in and tries to lock up your files and then you have to give them money.
"It was noticed in a file. I believe it was a spreadsheet - an administration file. "
Ms Slater said that it was thought the virus first got into the file after it was embedded in a website which been clicked on. She said was spotted before it could cause any damage.
She added it was contained the same day and the reason for the current closure was because of rigorous safety checks.
She said: "It's a belt and braces approach. We're checking all our back-end network. "
Asked if she knew when the service would re-open, she said: "Right now, no. We're looking to open it as soon as possible."
A spokeswoman for Fraser and Fraser, the firm which features in BBC One series Heir Hunters, said one of their researchers was told about the issue when they arrived to do a routine check.
She said: "For us these records are crucial for our research, so we can confirm that the correct family members and/or beneficiaries are located and receive their entitlement from the unclaimed estates.
"Our concern is how long will they be gone for?"


A Florida man suspected of a drug offence tried to flee from US police on his hoverboard, an affidavit seen by the BBC has said.

The suspect, Jerome Antoine Dennis, was approached in the town of Clearwater on Sunday evening by an officer who noticed the smell of marijuana.
Police said the man tried to escape by hoverboard, but was arrested. He has yet to enter a plea to two charges.
Hoverboards are wheeled devices with a top speed of just over 10mph (16km/h).
"When a visibly marked officer attempted to make contact with the defendant he attempted to flee on his hoverboard and then on foot before being apprehended," the affidavit reads.
"A strong odour of marijuana was on the person as well."
Mr Dennis was charged with possession of marijuana and resisting an officer.


Hundreds of police officers have failed a new compulsory fitness test, figures have shown.

Figures provided by 27 forces under the Freedom of Information Act revealed nearly 70% of the 363 officers who failed were women.
No punitive measures will be taken against those who have not passed, but from September, action could be taken against anyone failing three times.
Compulsory testing was introduced in England and Wales last year.
In total, nearly 3% of the 13,024 officers tested failed.
Devon and Cornwall, Dorset and North Wales were the only three forces with a 100% pass rate
The constabularies with the highest percentage of failures were Suffolk (7%), Gwent (6%) and Wiltshire (5%).
Suffolk's Deputy Chief Constable Paul Marshall said officers were aware of what was required of them with regard to the national guidelines.
He said: "While there is clearly room for improvement, we still have 93% of our officers who have passed.
"If anyone is to fail the test then words of advice are given around improving their levels of fitness and programmes can be offered to support this process."
Not everyone is required to take the fitness test - only those involved in officer safety training, which includes baton use and arrest techniques.
The endurance test involves a series of shuttle runs between two lines 50ft (15m) apart at a steadily increasing pace controlled by means of a speaker emitting "bleep" signals in decreasing time periods.
The Police Federation, which represents rank and file officers, had voiced concerns that it might "disproportionately impact on older officers, women and those with disabilities".
Federation spokesman Stephen Smith said the statistics were "not particularly surprising".
"There could be a number of underlying reasons why an officer might fail the test, such as disability, injury or occupational health reasons," he told BBC News.
"What we hope is that forces will be supportive of officers - possibly even with training schedules - and what we expect is that everyone will work together making every effort to ensure people pass."
Mr Smith added that officers who failed the fitness test three times would be subject to action under "unsatisfactory performance procedure", but he insisted that did not automatically mean dismissal from the force.
Avon and Somerset, Cambridgeshire, Dyfed-Powys, Essex, Northumbria, Staffordshire and Warwickshire have not yet started testing and so could not provide figures.
Merseyside said it was considering whether it was in the public interest to release the figures, while South Yorkshire was unable to provide the data.
Cumbria, West Midlands, Thames Valley, Metropolitan Police, Humberside and Greater Manchester failed to respond to the request by the Press Association.


New rules on royal succession have come into force, removing male bias and discrimination against Roman Catholics.

If the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's new baby is a girl, she will follow Prince George and become fourth in line to the throne and will not be overtaken by any future younger brothers.
The new rules also allow members of the Royal Family to marry a Roman Catholic and become king or queen.
However, a Roman Catholic royal still cannot become the monarch.
Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg confirmed the Succession to the Crown Act had come into force in a written ministerial statement.
The Act was passed by Parliament in 2013, but all the countries in which the Queen is head of state had to pass any necessary legislation before it took effect.
The changes to the rules of succession were rushed through Parliament ahead of the birth of Prince George in 2013.
But the arrival of a son for William and Kate meant George became third in line to the throne even without the new legislation.
Under the former rules of male primogeniture, royal sons took precedence over their female siblings, including first-born royal daughters.
The act also replaces the Royal Marriages Act 1772 and means that only the first six in line to the throne need the Queen's consent to marry.
This replaces a long-standing procedure which affected any distant royal relations who are descendants of George II.
What changes?
Six realms in addition to the UK legislated for the changes: Australia, Barbados, Canada, the Grenadines, New Zealand, St Kitts and Nevis and St Vincent.
Nine others concluded that the legislation was not necessary: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, St Lucia, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.
Mr Clegg wrote: "The act reflects this Government's emphasis on equality by removing centuries of discrimination on both religious and gender grounds.
"The act puts in place succession laws that are fit for the 21st century and for a modern constitutional monarchy."


The British and French governments are coming under increasing pressure to deal with the number of migrants and refugees trying to get into their countries.

Thousands of migrants who are camped in Calais are attempting to reach the UK by crossing the English Channel, the stretch of water that separates southern England from northern France.
Many of the people are trying to escape from countries affected by war such as Syria, Afghanistan, Eritrea, and also North Africa.
Some try to jump onto lorries or hold on underneath trucks heading for the UK on ferries or on the Eurotunnel. Others jump or cut security fences to try to hide on Eurotunnel trains themselves.
Here's Newsround guide to the Calais migrant crisis.
French authorities predict there are about 3,000 people currently living in a makeshift camp near the port of Calais known as "the Jungle".
They have tried to make the camp as liveable as possible - building shelters, a school and a community canteen.
The British and the French authorities together prevented more than 39,000 attempts to cross the Channel illegally in 2014/15.
That's more than double the number prevented the previous year.
But the migrant crisis is not a new issue.
In 1999, the Sangatte refugee camp was opened in Calais, attracting thousands of people looking to reach the UK to live.
It eventually closed in 2002 by the French government but migrants have still continued to arrive in Calais since then.
The situation in Calais is part of a wider migration crisis in Europe - caused largely by people trying to escape from countries affected by war such as Syria, Afghanistan, Eritrea and also North Africa.
Many want to claim asylum in the UK, which means legally moving to a new country for safety reasons.
These asylum-seekers say they are unable to return to their home country because they are scared about the treatment they will receive there.
The British Red Cross said most migrants wanted to make the move because they believed there was a better chance of finding work in the UK.
Some speak English and want to come to the UK to use the language.
Others have relatives in the UK, or believe that there is better housing and education available.
Hundreds of thousands of migrants also travel to Germany, Sweden, Italy, France, and Hungary.
The port of Calais is now protected by five metre high fences topped with coils of razor wire and CCTV, with the area guarded by heavily armed French riot police.
Last autumn the UK government promised to spend Â£12m over three years to help France tackle the problem.
The UK is also sending a fence, known as the "National Barrier Asset", to go up around the Eurotunnel station.
Eurotunnel has spent Â£9.2m on security in the first six months of 2015 alone, including money for fences, cameras, infra-red detectors and extra guards.
French police have been widely criticised for taking migrants off lorries, driving them a few miles away then releasing them - free to walk back to Calais.
The problem, police say, is that there are simply too many to arrest and deal with. They also say their focus on the motorway is safety, so getting people off the road is the priority.
An extra 120 French police have been sent to Calais to try to cope with the large numbers of migrants.
French authorities are also struggling to stop illegal migrants crossing its border from Italy, where more than 60,000 people are thought to have arrived by boat from Africa already this year.
The short answer is, no-one knows.
The government says it does not have official figures or estimates for the number of migrants who illegally cross the Channel.
There were 25,020 official applications for asylum in the year ending March 2015, but there is no way of knowing how many of those people travelled through the English port of Dover.
Operation Stack is an emergency operation used by Kent Police to park large lorries on the M20 motorway in Kent - turning it into a giant lorry park.
It has been used since 1996 whenever there is disruption to services between Dover and Calais, due to, for example, the migrant crisis or bad weather.
The motorway can remain closed for days at a time, with thousands of lorries heading for France sitting still, leading to severe traffic delays in areas of Kent.
Between 1996 and the end of 2007, Operation Stack was implemented 95 times for a total of 145 days.


Two Islamist militants have been sentenced to two years in prison for breaching the Terrorism Act act by leaving the UK illegally.

Trevor Brooks and Simon Keeler from east London both admitted failing to inform the police of their intention to leave the UK.
They were deported from Hungary after being found on a train headed for Bucharest, Romania, in November 2015.
The sentencing judge described it as a "serious and deliberate" offence.
Keeler, 44, of Shadwell, and Brooks, also known as Abu Izzadeen, 40, of Clapton, were subject to special requirements meaning they had to notify the police if they were leaving the country for longer than three days.
Restrictions had been imposed on them after they were each imprisoned for three years and six months for funding and inciting terrorism in 2008.
The men stowed away on a lorry in London in November last year and had crossed the channel at Dover.
Neither of them had passports and neither appeared on any passenger manifest as leaving the UK.
The court heard the men were carrying almost Â£8,000 in  sterling, euros and Hungarian forint, as well as provisions including socks, toothpaste, toothbrushes and "outdoor clothing".
The judge, Mr Justice Saunders, took into account their early guilty pleas and told the men that he did not sentence them "on the basis that the defendants were travelling in order to commit a terrorist offence or that they were preparing a terrorist offence either in this country or abroad".
He added: "That does not mean that these offences are not serious."
The court had heard that Keeler said he was attempting to travel to Turkey to visit his wife and children and the Brooks had accompanied him in order to help him find them.
The men, who have been associated with the radical Islamist group al-Muhajiroun, both have a number of previous convictions.
Keeler was sentenced to 28 days in 1999 for assaulting a police officer and in July last year was found guilty of possessing false identity documents.
Brooks was jailed for a second time in 2015 for failing to notify the police of a change of address.
He also famously heckled the then Home Secretary John Reid during a speech in 2006.


Health authorities have launched an investigation after a pupil at a school in South Ayrshire was confirmed as having been infected with E. coli O157.

NHS Ayrshire and Arran said it was working to identify possible sources but early indications did not suggest the infection occurred at the school.
It is understood the child is a pupil at Ayr Grammar.
As a precaution the health board has written to parents who have children at the school to offer general advice.
The symptoms can include stomach cramps, diarrhoea, nausea and fever.
In a small number of cases, the infection causes serious illness and complications.
E. coli is most often acquired from animals and foodstuffs, but may also be passed from person to person.
Health officials said "careful hand-washing" was one of the most effective methods of avoiding infection.


England all-rounder Ben Stokes has been ruled out of the second Test against Sri Lanka and replaced in the squad by Chris Woakes.

Stokes injured his left knee while bowling during the innings-and-88-run win in the first Test at Headingley.
There is currently no timeframe on the absence for the 24-year-old, who will see a consultant on Tuesday.
Woakes will vie with pace bowler Jake Ball for a place in the final XI for Friday's match at Chester-le-Street.
The 27-year-old won the last of six Test caps against South Africa in January.
He has taken eight wickets at average of 63.75 and scored 129 runs at 21.50, though he has started well for Warwickshire this season, taking 12 County Championship wickets and scoring a century against Nottinghamshire.
Notts' Ball has yet to play a Test but was in the squad for the Headingley win.
No matter who plays, England could shuffle their batting line-up, moving each of Jonny Bairstow and Moeen Ali up a place to six and seven respectively.
Both Woakes and Ball are currently involved in Championship fixtures, but will leave at the close of play on Monday in order to join up with the England squad on Tuesday, with Warwickshire and Notts permitted to name replacements.
England will win the three-Test series with victory in Chester-le-Street, where Durham's Stokes misses out on playing a first Test on his home ground.
England squad for second Test v Sri Lanka: Cook (c), Hales, Compton, Root, Vince, Bairstow (wk), Moeen, Broad, Finn, Anderson, Woakes, Ball.
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The De Karina chocolate factory has become a popular place on the itinerary for thousands of visitors each year to the Golan Heights.

Tourists fill the visitors' shop while next door in the factory, machines that resemble cement mixers and wheels churn rivers of white and brown chocolate.
It is hard to believe that a brutal civil war is raging in Syria just three miles away from a factory that specialises in producing boutique chocolates.
It is also hard to reconcile the apparent peace and tranquillity of this area with the fact that so-called Islamic State - or Isis - is believed to control parts of Syria that border Israeli-occupied Golan.
The chocolate factory takes its name from Karina Chepelinski, a chocolatier originally from Argentina.
Her husband, Gyora Chepelinski, who is also the chief executive officer of De Karina, told the BBC the border had been quiet for the decades leading up to the outbreak of the civil war.
"All we can do is rely on our defence forces and carry on making chocolate," Mr Chepelinski added.
Territory encompassing most of the Golan Heights, approximately 500 square miles, was captured by Israel in the last stages of the so-called Six Day War of 1967.
Israel effectively annexed the land in December 1981 when it officially extended Israeli law and government to the Golan.
The "border" between Israeli-occupied land and Syria is now the 1967 ceasefire line that is enforced by the United Nations.
The Golan Heights - profile
Why is there a war in Syria?
What is left after five years of war?
Leading Israeli politicians have expressed concern about what could happen in the event of a possible future victory in the civil war by Syrian president Bashar al Assad.
Assad has been heavily supported by Iran and, in particular, the Islamist militants funded and backed by Tehran, Hezbollah. Hezbollah has vowed to destroy the state of Israel.
Earlier this year, the Israeli National Infrastructure Minister, Yuval Steinitz, warned: "I'm afraid that the price of a victory [by the Syrian regime] against Isis would be an Iranian military presence on our northern border.
"This would be a real danger to us. The world's shock over Isis's barbarity and the wish to defeat it causes it to ignore the Iranian threat and Hezbollah's character."
Paul Barel lives and works on the Moshav Yonatan, an agricultural community of about 350 people. It specialises in raising cattle and producing animal feed.
The village lies in south-eastern Golan just four miles from the ceasefire line. On the other side, so-called Islamic State is believed to be fighting Assad's Hezbollah-backed forces.
But Mr Barel believes that Iran and Hezbollah present the gravest threat to Israel's security.
He said: "Iran worries me more than anything else even Isis. Why? Because Iran is a government and a government with a lot of money, a lot of backing, a lot of people, and they're close to us. They have their technology, even nuclear technology that threatens not only the whole world but especially Israel."
Of the 30,000 or so people in Israel-occupied Golan, fewer than half - about 14,000 - are Jews. The rest are mainly Druze Arabs, who straddle the 1967 ceasefire line.
But Israel believes a small number of Syrian Druze are being used in sporadic attacks against Israelis in the Golan Heights by Hezbollah.
Security analyst Miri Eisin, a former colonel in Israeli intelligence, told the BBC: "It already worries us that Hezbollah has already gone from Lebanon to the Golan Heights and we're already seeing that in today's day and age.
"It has taken time. So there's no question whatsoever that the presence of Iranians, not just in Syria in general but specifically on the Israeli-Syrian border looking towards Israel, is very dangerous.
"In the last three years we've seen the Hezbollah troops as they've been fighting for Bashar al Assad in Syria come to the northern Golan Heights and hooking up with the Druze of Syria, sending Druze to fight in Israel, planting bombs on the Israeli-Syrian border.
"That has nothing to do with the Syrian civil war. That's part of Hezbollah's war against Israel."
For many in the West as well as the Middle East, IS remains the most immediate threat. Concern about the growing influence of Iran is now being felt across the region, but particularly in the Golan Heights.


He's the boss of one of the world's fastest-growing luxury fashion websites, Farfetch, yet Jose Neves admits that he used to find the clothing industry "frivolous and uninteresting".

A self-confessed "computer geek", it was instead information technology that stirred his passion growing up in Portugal.
And while studying economics at Porto University he launched a software company.
It was this venture, which created operating systems for Portuguese footwear and textile companies, that helped to quickly change his view of the fashion industry.
"I began to understand the way the industry worked, and thought it was really cool," says the 42-year-old.
"And as fashion is a global industry, I thought it would provide me with my chance to run away from Portugal," adds Mr Neves, who says it was always his dream to live and work in London.
"I thought if I can do computers, I can design shoes. You think you can do everything when you are 22."
Fast-forward to today, and Mr Neves is the founder and boss of website Farfetch, which is valued at $1.5bn (£1.2bn).
Mr Neves' idea for the website was that it would be a marketplace that sells clothes from a host of independent designers around the world, who otherwise would probably not be able to establish a significant global online presence on their own.
Launched in 2008, Farfetch now sells wares from more than 400 boutiques, from 38 countries, giving them a global shop window in exchange for a reported 22% commission. Farfetch says that sales via the website totalled $512m in 2015, a 70% increase on the year before.
Going back to Mr Neves' early 20s, while he continued to run his software business Grey Matter, in 1994 he also started to design shoes under the brand name Swear.
A year later he fulfilled his ambition to move to the UK, where he opened the brand's first physical store in the Covent Garden area of central London. Then in 2001, he opened a menswear shop nearby called B Store, which won a national retailer of the year award in 2006.
Yet despite three businesses to his name, Mr Neves had bigger ambitions in mind in the online sphere.
"I knew I wasn't the greatest shoe designer in the world, or the best programmer, but very few people have knowledge of both areas," he says.
"I really wanted to do something in fashion e-commerce, but I was waiting for that big idea that could change the industry, and become meaningful on a global scale."
Mr Neves was at the spring/summer Paris Fashion Week in 2007 when the light bulb moment struck.
"I was meeting lots of boutiques, and noticed that the ones that were growing had strong online operations," he says.
Other designers didn't have any online presence because they either lacked the ambition, funding, or know-how.
So the idea for Farfetch was born - enabling small designers or fashion retailers to become global players via a single online marketplace.
The company's name alludes to the fact that it fetches clothes from far-off places, rather than something which is far-fetched or difficult to believe.
Using his own funds to launch the business, Mr Neves says that although it was difficult to attract his first client, "when one signed up it convinced the rest to follow".
Trouble soon arrived, however, in the form of the global financial crisis, with US banking group Lehman Brothers collapsing just two weeks after Farfetch's launch.
Due to the resulting slowdown in business lending, Mr Neves says he couldn't get the outside investment he was counting on.
"No investor would touch us, so we had to continue funding ourselves for [almost] three years."
Investment was finally secured in late 2010, enabling Farfetch to expand its workforce.
The company has now secured $305m of investment via six rounds of funding, and has more than 1,000 employees across 10 offices including Moscow, Tokyo and its London headquarters.
The success of Farfetch continues to impress some influential people in the fashion sector.
"Farfetch has a reputation for being agile and embracing digital innovation, which has kept it at the forefront of the industry," says Keely Stocker, editor of fashion trade magazine Drapers.
"It gives independents a channel to reach global markets such as the US, Brazil, China and Russia as well as Europe."
Mr Neves says that a share flotation will be "the next financial milestone" for the company, but he won't be pushed on dates.


A perfect storm of job losses and housing benefit cuts will increase homelessness at a time of squeezed budgets, support groups say.

Shelter Cymru warns of "problems on all fronts", while other organisations fear the worst is yet to come.
Rough Sleepers Cymru said there was already a huge spike in the number of people coming forward.
The Department for Work and Pensions said it had worked to bring fairness to a system that was "ineffective".
However, there is concern the situation will get worse when cuts to housing benefits and public sector job losses kick in.
Joy Kent, director of Cymorth Cymru which is the umbrella body for organisations helping people to find and keep their homes, said the future was "scary".
"We're already seeing an increase in demand for services and a fall in income for those services to be provided so it's a double whammy," she added.
Other groups working at the sharp end say they are seeing a big rise in people getting into difficulties.
Tim Paddock, chairman of Rough Sleepers Cymru, said: "Already we're seeing a huge increase in homeless presentations - the numbers are up massively.
"Normally we would get a little spike as we go into the cold period. It's gone up more than I've ever seen since I've been working in the homeless sector [eight years]."
The number of households classed as homeless in Wales rose 10% between June 2009 and June this year.
That rise was partly driven by an increase in people who lost accommodation that was tied to a job, or occupants who were required by a landlord to leave a rented property.
But Mr Paddock added: "The first wave [of homeless people] in the recession was people on short-term contracts and part-time employees.
"As we move on into these benefit changes, what you will see is that many vulnerable individuals are affected - people with mental health issues, or a learning disability, or a personality disorder or people who came through the care system."
Ceri Dunstan, of Shelter Cymru, said as well as redundancies, problems were also being caused by reduced working hours and people not being able to make rent or mortgage payments.
"I think we're going to see a lot more people falling into difficulties in the private rented sector - that's going to be the big concern for us," she said.
"Some of the changes being brought in [by the UK government]... if you've been on Jobseekers' Allowance for 12 months or more, your housing benefit will be cut by 10%.
"We're talking about people who are in poverty anyway and I think our opinion is that it's perverse and bizarre and we can't see what the reasoning behind that is."
Other benefit changes include an expected reduction in Local Housing Allowance payments and new limits on the amount paid according to the size of a property.
The Department for Work and Pensions said it had worked to bring fairness to a system that was "ineffective, wildly expensive and entirely unsustainable".
A spokesperson said: "Housing benefit has spiralled out of control over the last decade, costing taxpayers billions every year and plunging thousands of vulnerable people into an unbreakable cycle of benefit dependency.
"Working families should not have to pay to support a benefits system which allows people to live in properties they themselves could never afford.
"We know that many people will make up any shortfall in housing benefit, or renegotiate their rent with landlords. But we have also tripled the money available for discretionary payments, with Â£140m being made available over the next five years, to support those most vulnerable."
The assembly government said its new housing measure would enable local authorities to apply to suspend the right to buy council houses in areas of housing pressure.
Ministers in Wales also said they had exceeded their recent target in providing affordable homes, but admitted ambitious targets would be impossible in the current climate.
Earlier this year, Deputy Housing Minister Jocelyn Davies announced Â£1m of extra funding for a variety of projects to tackle homelessness.


A new £44m brain research imaging centre has received a £4.5m funding boost from the European Union.

The Cubric at Cardiff University will have one of the world's most sophisticated MRI scanners.
The funding, announced on Wednesday, will help build the facility at Maindy Park.
Prof Derek Jones, director of Cubric, said: "This funding cements Cubric's position as a European leader in brain imaging and stimulation."
Announcing the funding, Finance Minister Jane Hutt said: "I am delighted to announce EU funds to help construct a centre of excellence in Wales with the capability for world-class, highly specialised collaborative research in the field of neuroscience.
"This is another excellent example of how EU funds are supporting growth in the Welsh economy, helping our academic institutions to position Wales as a global leader in ground-breaking research and innovation."
The Welsh government has also invested more than £9m in the development of Cubric, including funding towards an ultra-high field Tesla MRI scanner.
The centre is due to open next year.


Read match reports for Tuesday's 10 games in the Championship, including Newcastle's 6-0 pummelling of Queens Park Rangers.

Brighton 1-0 Huddersfield
Derby 0-1 Ipswich
Fulham 1-1 Burton
Leeds 2-1 Blackburn
Norwich 2-1 Wigan
Preston 3-0 Cardiff
QPR 0-6 Newcastle
Reading 0-0 Birmingham
Sheffield Wednesday 3-2 Bristol City
Wolves 0-4 Barnsley


England's mauling by India in the fourth one-day international at Edgbaston should be a watershed moment for the team.

When things get to the stage where performances and results appear inevitable, you know there is a serious problem and that problem has to be sorted out.
This should not detract from India - they are one of the best one-day teams around at the moment and have shown England the standard you have to attain to have any chance of winning the World Cup.
But the gulf between the sides is an absolute chasm at the moment and England need to have a root-and-branch review of their plans for the World Cup.
Alastair Cook's position as captain should be high on the agenda. The selectors must accept that there is a very strong argument for standing him down from the one-day team.
I fully supported Cook's decision to remain as Test captain throughout the trials and tribulations of the summer. He is one of the finest Test batsmen that England have produced and has won some big series as captain.
But Cook the one-day cricketer does not come with the same pedigree as Cook the Test cricketer - and that is why the argument is a different one.
I want to see Cook winning back the Ashes as captain next summer. My worry is that by continuing down this line, leading what is almost certainly going to be an unsuccessful World Cup campaign, and with absolutely no break at all between January and next August, he will simply be exhausted by the time he turns his mind to regaining the urn.
Call me traditional, but Test cricket is the most important thing. Look at the odds of England winning the World Cup and they are very low. They would have to improve their game by a phenomenal amount.
Cook and the selectors need to get together and look at whether continuing with him as captain is the best way forward for England to win the Ashes next summer. If there is any doubt at all in their minds, they should agree to give Cook a break before bringing him back in the West Indies in April to begin the Ashes build-up.
I know Cook is incredibly resilient and determined, but I also know what a massively challenging Test summer he had personally. You have to wonder whether it is in his interests to really push himself to prove himself in the one-day arena.
Cook is not the only England batsman whose game looks outmoded in the modern era of one-day cricket. As a unit, the England team looks very old-fashioned and reserved.
I have always said that if you showed me any batsman at the crease, without revealing his face or team colours, I would be able to tell you within an over which country he played for.
An English batsman would probably leave the ball two or three times an over and play with a nice straight bat. That is how we are in life, compared with the more flamboyant and expressive Indians, Sri Lankans or West Indians.
It will therefore always be difficult for England to win a one-day World Cup, but they would certainly stand more chance if they gave greater thought to the type of tactics and personnel who would make them successful.
The most important thing is that you assert yourself over the bowlers. You have to make them terrified of bowling to you, just as India openers Ajinkya Rahane and Shikhar Dhawan did on Tuesday.
I'm not calling for a team of seven sloggers and four bowlers. You need to have a mix, but you do have to have players capable of taking an attack apart.
Alex Hales and Jos Buttler have shown they have the potential to do that and Eoin Morgan just needs to find some form, but elsewhere there should be changes.
Gary Ballance may have failed at Edgbaston but I would like to see him given a run in the side because I think he has the mentality and range of shots to be a force in both Test and one-day cricket.
Ian Bell has been around a long time. He is a lovely batsman to watch, but you wouldn't say his game has advanced. He is a one-day cricketer of five years ago.
Another player who deserves a chance is Nottinghamshire's James Taylor, a proven technician with a fine domestic one-day record, while Moeen Ali showed at Edgbaston what he is capable of in one-day cricket with a counter-attacking 67 off 50 balls.
It is largely a question of mindset, ensuring that the players who play one-day cricket for England are not stuck in a Test match mentality.
Next up for England is a seven-match one-day series in Sri Lanka in November and December. On the face of it, it seems a good idea to prepare to the World Cup by playing lots of white-ball cricket, but the tour could turn out to be a complete disaster.
The pitches in Sri Lanka are totally different to those in Australia, the team will require a different balance, and the Sri Lankans are excellent one-day cricketers. England could very easily get heavily beaten and turn up for the Tri-series in January with their confidence shot.
The selectors will hope for a different outcome, of course, but they will not get one without a total rethink over the way this team is going. They just cannot carry on being beaten like this.
Jonathan Agnew was speaking to BBC Sport's Sam Sheringham.
Listen to the Test Match Special podcast on the future of England's one-day international side.


Generic drug firm Mylan has offered to buy over-the-counter rival Perrigo in a cash and stock deal that would create a pharmaceutical powerhouse.

The global drug firm is offering nearly $30bn (Â£20bn; â‚¬28bn) for Ireland-based Perrigo, which makes medications including nasal sprays.
Mylan said the businesses would complement each other, and the deal would produce a company with critical mass in speciality brands.
Perrigo confirmed the approach.
"This combination would result in meaningful immediate and long-term value creation, and our proposal is designed to deliver that value to shareholders and other stakeholders of both companies," said Mylan's executive chairman Robert J. Coury.
Mylan says it wants to buy Perrigo for $205 a share, or $28.86bn.
This potential mega deal could create a company with a stock market value of nearly $60bn.
Both companies have already been on the acquisition trail.
Last year, Mylan bought part of Abbott Laboratories' generic drugs business for $5.3bn, and Perrigo spent $4.5bn buying Omega Pharma.
News of the potential deal pushed Perrigo's shares up nearly 20% in afternoon trading on the New York Stock Exchange, while Mylan's share price leapt 14%.


Agriculture Minister Michelle O'Neill has urged the European Union to act swiftly to support farmers.

The minister and farming representatives met Liz Truss, Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in London.
"I was adamant that action is needed now and that the intervention price must be raised," said Mrs O'Neill.
Farmers have warned they will go out of business if they do not receive higher prices for milk.
They have held protests at supermarkets to show their frustration that they are currently paid less than the cost of production.
Mrs O'Neill added: "I and farming industry representatives from Northern Ireland were also adamant that pursuing opportunities in opening new markets tomorrow will not address the crisis our farmers are facing today."
The minister and the representatives were joined at the meeting by their counterparts from Scotland, Wales and the UK's farming unions.
The meeting was called to address a number of issues facing the farming industry, especially the dairy sector.
"It is clear that European support for our farmers is vital right now," said Mrs O'Neill.
"The dairy sector in Northern Ireland, which is heavily reliant on exports, has been hit hard by adverse exchange rates and poor market conditions.
"Farm gate milk prices are now below the cost of production. Assistance is required. Our circumstances are unique and extreme.
"While it is good that my counterparts in Wales and Scotland are committed to influencing Liz Truss to act speedily, I am clear that raising the intervention price threshold is the key lever to effect positive change in the short term."
The minister intends to ask the EU Commissioner Phil Hogan to raise the intervention threshold price when she meets him in September.
She will also attend the specially-convened Agriculture Council in Brussels on 7 September.
Environment Secretary Ms Truss said: "I recognise the seriousness of the current situation for the dairy industry and for farming as a whole.
"Our hard working farmers and the Â£100bn food and farming industry are vital for our economy and our countryside.
"I want to see this situation taken seriously by the EU who have the means to help farmers manage this volatility and build resilience."
Earlier, Mrs O'Neill said: "The Northern Ireland dairy farming industry is probably in the worst condition it has ever been."
Ulster Farmers Union president Ian Marshall also attended the meeting.
He said a united front would help influence the European Commissioner Paul Hogan in attempts to get Brussels to intervene and support the price of milk
"When the unions went out and spoke to Phil Hogan a number of months ago, certainly Northern Ireland was a lone voice," he said.
"The landscape has changed now in that other member states are certainly applying pressure to the commissioner and we have no doubt that he's coming under immense pressure to revisit the discussion on intervention."


Peter Houston has targeted a Scottish Championship play-off place after being unveiled as the new manager of Falkirk.

The second tier is shaping up to be a hugely competitive league next term with Hearts, Hibernian and Rangers among the sides chasing promotion.
And Houston is hoping his new charges can grab fourth place, and a play-off berth, at least.
"It's our remit that we'd love to try to get in the play-offs, that would be a huge achievement," said Houston.
The 55-year-old, who had been working as a scout with Celtic after leaving Dundee United last year, is relishing the chance to take on Rangers, Hearts and Hibs.
It's not always the big guys that win games. I've been to Hearts, Hibs and Rangers before as a manager and won
The Bairns reached the Championship play-off semi-final in season 2013-14 but were beaten by Hamilton Academical, who eventually won promotion to the Premiership.
"The better chances are going to go to one of the big three clubs in the league, however, that's on paper and football is not played on paper," said Houston.
"I've got to make sure that the lads I've got, when they come to face Rangers, Hearts and Hibs, there's a belief in them.
"It's a great thing for the players at Falkirk to go to Ibrox, Tynecastle, Easter Road and pit themselves against what's going to be a stronger squad.
"It's not always the big guys that win games. I've been to Hearts, Hibs and Rangers before as a manager and won."
A former Falkirk player, Houston won the 2010 Scottish Cup as Dundee United boss.
And after succeeding Gary Holt, who left the manager's position at the Falkirk Stadium to join Neil Adams' coaching team at Norwich City, Houston said returning to the Bairns was an offer he could not turn down.
"I probably wouldn't have jumped at it if it had been any other club than Falkirk, as they mean an awful lot to me, " Houston added.
"I left here 18 years ago to go to Hearts as a youth coach and I said in the local newspaper I'd like to go and learn the game then come back as manager. I didn't think it would be as long as 18 years but I'm delighted to be back."
Houston, who said his eight month stint at Celtic had advanced him as "coach and a person", revealed he is close to securing the services of  a new player-coach for Falkirk.
As well as his four-year managerial spell at Tannadice, Houston was also assistant to Craig Levein when the latter was Scotland coach. The pair had previously worked together at Hearts, Leicester and Dundee United.


Efforts to ban drones from being flown over public places in Denbighshire are "virtually unenforceable", a senior official has said.

Plans, backed by councillors in December, call for exclusion zones.
In a report to be discussed on Thursday, head of legal services Gary Williams says: "Merely passing a resolution banning drones would have no legal effect."
The UK Government is currently consulting on the safe use of drones.
Council officers have been examining what legal powers they might have.
Mr Williams said an order introduced in 2016 under the Civil Aviation Act dealt with drones and contained strict controls over their use.
"It does not seem possible to further govern drones in flight (but) it may be possible to regulate the take-off or landing of drones from council-owned property," he added.
"There is a risk that any byelaw created in respect of this issue is, to all intents and purposes, practically unenforceable."
Mr Williams said Welsh Government guidance states councils should not all adopt byelaws over the matter.


Ford posted a record quarterly profit following strong sales in Europe and moving more pick-up trucks and SUVs in North America.

Profits for the three months to March rose to $3.8bn (Â£2.6bn), compared with $2.1bn for the same period in 2015.
The stronger performance in Europe helped Ford to outpace Detroit rival General Motors.
Ford chief executive Mark Fields said the company had an "absolutely terrific start to the year".
Shares rose 3.2% in New York, but are still 11% lower than this time last year.
Ford's European business made a pretax profit of $434m in the quarter - higher than the total for all of last year - and substantially better than a $42m loss for the same period in 2015.
By comparison GM made a $6m loss in Europe during the first quarter of 2016, better than the $239m loss last year.
Ford remained the region's best-selling commercial vehicle brand, reflecting the popularity of the Transit and Ranger lineups.
In North America, Ford's F-150 trucks and SUVs were a major contributor to the company's profit growth.
Pretax profit in the region rose to $3.1bn, outpacing GM's $2.3bn and more than double the $1.5bn for the first quarter of 2015.
Earlier this month the company said it had set up a new subsidiary, Ford Smart Mobility, in a bid to combat growing competition from the technology sector.
Ford has been investing in driverless cars and earlier this year tested a self-driving vehicle in the snow.


Russia's FSB security agency has said the Telegram mobile messaging app was used by a suicide bomber who killed 15 people in St Petersburg in April.

Authorities have already threatened to block the app, founded by Russian businessman Pavel Durov, for refusing to sign up to new data laws.
Mr Durov has refused to let regulators access encrypted messages on the app.
Telegram has some 100 million users and has been used by so-called Islamic State (IS) and its supporters.
IS used the app to declare its involvement in the jihadist attack on and around London Bridge in the UK last month.
Telegram has been used by jihadists in France and the Middle East too, although the app company has highlighted its efforts to close down pro-IS channels. Telegram allows groups of up to 5,000 people to send messages, documents, videos and pictures without charge and with complete encryption.
Now the FSB has said that as part of its investigation into the St Petersburg attack it "received reliable information about the use of Telegram by the suicide bomber, his accomplices and their mastermind abroad to conceal their criminal plots at all the stages of preparation for the terrorist attack".
A Russian identified as Akbarzhon Jalilov blew himself up between two underground stations on 3 April. The security agency said that Telegram was the messenger of choice for "international terrorist organisations in Russia" because they could chat secretly with high levels of encryption.
The FSB's revelation made no mention of a threat on Friday by Russia's communications regulator Roskomnadzor to block the app over its failure to register Telegram as a disseminator of information in Russia. By registering, the company would have to store the past six months' of users' data in Russia.
Russia is threatening to ban the Telegram after its founder refused to co-operate with the country's security services.
Mr Durov was also founder and CEO of Russia's most popular social network VKontakte (VK). But in 2014 he was forced out of the company after refusing to hand over user data to the security services. He left Russia shortly afterwards.
Telegram has been gaining in popularity as a news-sharing platform in Russia's tightly controlled media environment, and some fear that banning it would further restrict freedom of speech there.
Social media users have suggested that it is absurd to try to ban something useful just because it is being misused by criminals. "Terrorists use physics and chemistry. Let's ban physics and chemistry," quipped one Tweet.
Mr Durov has complained that the regulator also asked Telegram to hand over encryption keys so they can read users' correspondence to catch jihadists.
He argues that it would be against the Russian constitution and the owners do not have access to the encryption keys anyway.
Several internet companies have been criticised beyond Russia for allowing jihadists to spread material about bomb-making and incitement.
Last week, the European Union's 28 leaders agreed to put legal pressure on internet giants like Google, Twitter and Facebook to remove jihadist content more quickly and to develop tools to help detect incitement to terrorism online.


Three police staff have been charged with manslaughter over the death of a man days after he collapsed in custody.

Thomas Orchard, 32, collapsed in a cell at Heavitree Road Police Station, Exeter, after his arrest in 2012 and died in hospital.
Sgt Jan Kingshott and civilian detention officers Simon Tansley and Michael Marsden are also charged with misconduct in public office.
All three serve with Devon and Cornwall Police.
The Independent Police Complaints Commission is still looking at whether the force has committed any other potential offences under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 which could include corporate manslaughter.
Mr Orchard, a caretaker at St Thomas Church in Exeter, was arrested on 3 October 2012 on suspicion of a public order offence and taken to the police station.
About an hour after he arrived he was taken by ambulance to the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital where he died seven days later.
The three officers face two different manslaughter charges:
Prosecutors said there was insufficient evidence to bring charges against three constables and a custody nurse employed by a private contractor.
In a statement released by campaign group Inquest, Mr Orchard's family said: "We welcome today's decision and it makes us cautiously optimistic that justice will be done for our much-loved son and brother."
Mr Orchard's mother Alison told BBC News: "This is an important development, which has been a long time coming, but it's by no means the end of the case.
"I see it as a long climb up a big hill to get to the top, only to find there's a mountain range still ahead.
"But Christmas will feel a bit lighter this year."
Mr Orchard's brother Jack said: "I'm cautiously optimistic but we have a huge battle now to get justice for Tom, so this is a small step on the way."
Chief Constable Shaun Sawyer said: "Our thoughts are with the family of Thomas Orchard at this difficult time.
"The two-year long investigation that has followed has been difficult for all of those involved.
"As a result of being charged a decision has been made that the officer and two members of staff have been suspended and this will be continually reviewed.
"We will continue to give appropriate welfare support to those officers and staff concerned."
The three charged staff are expected to appear at Exeter Magistrates' Court on 29 January.


MK Dons left-back Dean Lewington has signed a new contract to stay with the League One club until June 2019.

Lewington has made 641 appearances for Milton Keynes, having made his debut for the club in their first competitive fixture in August 2004.
The 33-year-old started his career with Wimbledon FC, before moving to Milton Keynes when the Dons relocated.
"I've always had a good relationship with the fans and they've supported me brilliantly," he told the club website.
"A lot of them got in contact at the end of last season to wish me the best whatever happened - after all these years, it's nice that they still like me!"


The Scots accent is flourishing and proving resilient against a growing homogenised anglicised accent across English regions, new research suggests.

A team from Glasgow University studied recorded speech of Glaswegians from the early 20th Century to the present.
They found evidence of common UK accent changes, such as the use of "f" for "th" in words like think, and a dropped letter 'l', as in people to peopo.
Overall though, the researchers said the Scots accent remained distinctive.
The three-year Sounds of the City study, was led by Professor Jane Stuart-Smith, director of the university's laboratory of phonetics.
"We were quite surprised by what we found," she said.
"The assumption is that traditional dialects generally across the UK are being eroded and some are dying out altogether, but what we have learned, particularly with the Glasgow accent, is that Scots accents are actually flourishing.
"Interestingly, what is not happening in Scotland is the dilution of accents to a more homogenised anglicised accent on the scale that we are seeing in England, and in fact the Scots accent remains very distinctive."
As part of its study, the Glasgow team built up a digitised body of recorded speech sounds.
The team said its work suggested the distinctive Scots accent had undergone two kinds of changes.
One set are common accent changes, which have spread right across the UK, such as the "f" and "l" examples.
The team said this change was being spread partly by dialect contact and partly by the popularity of TV shows set in London.
The project also uncovered a second set of finer changes local to Scotland.
These included how vowels were pronounced in words such as boat, goat and coat, or stop sounds that are pronounced in words like pin, top and cat.
The researchers anticipated these sounds either to be stable over time, or perhaps to be changing in the same way as in Anglo-English accents.
Their evidence suggested, however, that these features and others were all changing, the changes were local to Scotland and not affected by Anglo-English changes, and that they had been happening for 100 years or more.
The Glasgow team said the trigger for some of these changes appeared to be the period around the First World War.
The study focused on six audio recordings, made in 1916 and held by the British Library, of Scots soldiers from German Prisoner of War camps.
From those recordings researchers found evidence to show that even a century ago, and perhaps even earlier, Scottish accents were already changing.
The research and findings of the project will be made available to students and other researchers via an online resource.


A woman has pleaded guilty to owning a dangerously out of control dog which killed a three-year-old boy.

Dexter Neal died after he was mauled by an American Bulldog, while playing with a friend in Parker Way, Halstead, Essex, in August 2016.
Jade Dunne, 29, formerly of Parker Way but now of Colchester, appeared before magistrates in Colchester on Tuesday.
She was released on bail until she is sentenced at Chelmsford Crown Court on 16 May.
Live: For more on this and other Essex news
Dunne admitted a single charge of owning a dog that was dangerously out of control causing injury resulting in death. Her American Bulldog, called Ruby, was later destroyed.
Dexter, who lived in Ronald Road, Halstead, was airlifted to Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge after he was bitten at Dunne's home.
At the time, neighbour Phyllis Young told the BBC that she had heard "screaming" at the time of the attack.
"I did not really associate it with anything terrible - it was like children having a bit of fun," she said. "But then I thought it might not be quite right.
"I looked out of the window and saw a police car and paramedics and neighbours looking along the road."
Shirley Diver, mayor of Halstead, described the incident as heartbreaking.
Following news of Dexter's death, she said: "It's so sad. I feel so sadly for the family who are involved.
"Words can't express how it affects anybody. The whole town is in shock."


Shares in Majestic Wine have sunk by nearly a quarter after it warned its profits would be lower than expected.

The wine retailer said it had been hit by the costs of a failed marketing campaign for its Naked Wines business in the US.
The company has also suffered from a poor performance by its commercial division, which sells wines to pubs and restaurants.
Majestic's share price closed the day down 23.88% at 330p.
"It is very disappointing that two isolated factors are distracting from the great progress across the rest of the group," said chief executive Rowan Gormley.
He added that Majestic was still "on track" to resume paying dividends this year, and reach sales of Â£500m by 2019.
Majestic Wine currently has 210 outlets in the UK and two in France. Its Naked Wines business operates in the UK, the US and Australia.
The company said that a direct mail campaign to attract more customers to Naked Wines in the US had not worked. The costs of this means the business will record a "small loss" in the current financial year after making a profit last year.
Majestic said its commercial division failed to grow sales in the first half of the year, and profit margins fell. It has now launched an internal review into the unit.
Analysts at Liberum downgraded their forecasts for the Majestic, but said the problems it faced "are more short term in nature and do not reflect anything more sinister".
"The core Majestic Retail business is on track and on target and Naked Wines in the UK and Australia is growing according to plan."


Broadcaster STV has applied to industry regulator Ofcom to run local TV services in Aberdeen, Dundee and Ayr.

The company launched its first local service, STV Glasgow, in June, and an Edinburgh channel is to go live in January.
Each station is run in partnership with local universities and colleges.
The broadcaster says the stations would deliver "local news and current affairs content" while helping media students train in a live TV environment.
The Aberdeen application has been submitted in partnership with Robert Gordon University and North East Scotland College, the Dundee bid with Abertay University and Dundee and Angus College, and the Ayr proposal with the University of the West of Scotland.
Bobby Hain, director of channels at STV, said: "We have demonstrated our ability to engage with local communities and deliver relevant, local content across STV's multi-platforms, including the current STV Glasgow licence and our apps serving Scotland's largest cities.
"STV believes that, working closely with our education partners, we can successfully deliver compelling services in these three additional areas across the 12-year licence."
STV Glasgow is run in partnership with Glasgow Caledonian University, and reaches a monthly audience of more than 500,000 people.


A composer who plans to create a work of music scored beneath the limits of human hearing has won the Dare Arts Prize.

Samuel Hertz will spend a year working to create the piece of electro-acoustic chamber music.
The new annual competition, which has a Â£15,000 prize, is aimed at getting artists and scientists to work together creatively.
It is organised by Opera North and the University of Leeds.
Mr Hertz was chosen from a shortlist of five artists who proposed works which included whale choir, the exploration of cosmic bubbles and a slime study.
The composer, who is based in Berlin and San Francisco, will work with researchers from the University of Leeds and staff at Opera North on the piece.
The piece will be "felt rather than heard" and will examine how that will effect an audience's mood and feelings.
He said: "I expect this year will be enlightening and productive both for my practice, and the practices of my collaborators in our joint expedition into the drama of the unheard realm of infrasound."
The results of the year-long collaboration between artist and scientists will be revealed in March 2018.


Three men who used parachutes to jump from the top of One World Trade Center in New York have been convicted of reckless endangerment.

James Brady, Andrew Rossig and Marko Markovich jumped off the tallest US building in 2013, when it was still under construction.
But their lawyers fought the serious charge of felony burglary by persuading the jury they did not intend to commit another crime on the premises.
It caused embarrassment to authorities.
Officials were put on the defensive by the security breach, which came days after a teenager had also gained access.
The jury in state Supreme Court in Manhattan reached the verdicts against 33-year-old Brady, 34-year-old Rossig and 28-year-old Markovich after deliberating for four days.
Defence lawyers said the legal definition of burglary - being in a building illegally with the intention of committing another crime - had not been met.
"We always felt that the felony did not apply, and the jury agreed," said Markovich's lawyer, Joseph Corozzo.
Another lawyer, Andrew Mancilla, called the verdict "a huge relief". But he added: "It's just a shame so much of the taxpayers' money had to be wasted."
But Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance said the jump had been "reckless and illegal" and the trio "took pride in their perceived accomplishment, and seemed to relish evasion of authorities".
All three will be sentenced in August. They could be jailed for up to a year.


The attack on Muslims at Finsbury Park mosque has prompted a debate about whether the media has inherent biases, and caused a major kerfuffle within Britain's newspapers.

To take just a single example, one person on Twitter said of The Times's front page: "He's white, so let's highlight the fact that he's jobless, a lone wolf and suffered mental health issues."
The Times certainly wasn't alone in receiving such opprobrium.
On Thursday morning, the Daily Mail devoted an entire page to an editorial taking umbrage, to put it mildly, with a Guardian cartoon suggesting the attacker at Finsbury Park mosque may have been indoctrinated by reading that paper and The Sun. I tweeted about that battle here.
But the issue that most interests me is that Facebook and Google have been getting it in the neck for not doing more to remove far-right material online glorifying the attack.
In recent months, political pressure has mounted on these two tech giants, as well as other smaller firms, to ensure that the internet is not a "safe space" for terrorists. That old political instinct that Something Must Be Done has kicked into overdrive.
At a recent press conference, Theresa May and Emmanuel Macron committed not only to working together on this issue, but introducing fines if companies didn't act faster to remove hateful material.
It is interesting that this political pressure has been re-applied in the light of an attack by a white man on Muslims. It suggests that the scope of material on the web that could meet with popular disapproval is vast.
Will an anti-Semitic attack prompt demands that Facebook and Google act on anti-Semitism?
Could a rise in sectarian hatred in India prompt demands in that country for, say, Hindu nationalist content to be removed?
Perhaps so. Which means this is a good time to remind you of the complexity of this issue and why, though I certainly don't instinctively take the side of the most powerful companies in the world, it's important to be clear about the implications of turning our Something Must Be Done ire against them.
First of all, we have to separate the issue of encryption from the broader one about hateful content. At times, leading British politicians haven't seemed to grasp the difference.
Messaging apps like WhatsApp are attractive to terrorists because they are protected at both ends: security services can't easily infiltrate them. But if you undermine that protection by creating a so-called back door to encryption, that is an invitation to all sorts of nasties - from foreign powers to cyber-criminals - to take advantage.
On the issue of what to do about hateful material, the problems with clamping down on it are several, and both practical and philosophical.
Practically speaking, the sheer volume of content is impossible to manage, probably even with Artificial Intelligence. Some 350 million photos are posted on Facebook every day, and 400 hours of video uploaded on YouTube every minute.
Moreover, internet content appears in multiple jurisdictions.
If my mate in Jamaica is a fascist, and uploads a violent video from his veranda in Kingston Town saying all non-Rastafarians must die, with a specific threat attached, some people might say that is a matter for the Jamaican authorities.
But if I download it and share it among my school mates in Tooting, London is it a matter for UK authorities too?
Internet companies are also to a large extent protected by the Communications Decency Act, an American law from 1996 which says social media users rather than platforms are responsible for content. This legislation was designed to protect freedom of information.
Companies like Google say they are doing lots to tackle extremism. See Kent Walker's piece earlier this week in the Financial Times for instance.
As I've written before, Silicon Valley companies are terrified of legislation and have a mindset that promotes technological over regulatory solutions to social problems. In this, they differ from many Europeans.
And this points to a philosophical problem about asking the likes of Google and Facebook to police the internet more closely.
Do we really want private companies - who have what critics argue is a global monopoly - to censor ever more of our lives?
Having completely reinvented our public domain in a very, very short space of time, asking tech giants to now do more to tackle extremism, whether Muslim, anti-Muslim or whatever, gives them a social role we may not like the implications of when we think about it.
Of course, with their immense power must come immense responsibility - from paying taxes properly to submitting themselves to greater public scrutiny (something they far too often run scared of).
But for the practical and philosophical reasons I outline, responding to the political imperative for something to be done on hateful online content is as complicated as it is vital.


The authorities in Singapore say they have detained a 19-year-old who was about to join Islamic State and was planning attacks on public targets.

Arifil Azim Putra Norja'i is one of Singapore's youngest terror detainees and its first linked to IS.
Authorities said he had been held for "terrorism-related activities". A second teenager had also been arrested for alleged radical links.
Terror arrests are rare in the city-state, known for its stability.
The home affairs ministry said that Arifil Azim Putra Norja'i had contacted individuals whom he thought could help him join IS, and researched travel routes to Syria.
He also gave "considerable thought" to attacking key facilities and assassinating government leaders, researching how to make explosive devices, said the ministry.
If those plans failed, he allegedly intended to carry out public attacks using weapons such as knives to "strike fear", and attempted to recruit others to help him. He was detained in April.
The ministry said the second teenager, whom it did not name, was 17 years old and had been arrested in May. It did not give further details.
Singapore has reportedly detained more than 60 people since 2002 for their involvement in terror-related activities.
In 2001 the country foiled a plot by the Jemaah Islamiyah terror group which planned to bomb foreign embassies and key facilities including Changi Airport.
Last year Singapore said a handful of citizens had left to join the IS in Syria.
The issue of self-radicalisation has been a major concern in the region in the past year, with neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia arresting scores of people said to be IS-linked militants, some of whom were planning attacks.


A council has agreed to set up a private sector landlord company so it can rent directly to homeless people.

Bournemouth Borough Council's cabinet agreed to buy property in a bid to save money on bed and breakfast accommodation.
A spokeswoman said the council hoped to make its first acquisitions by the end of the summer.
The authority said it expected to buy about 60 properties over three years at a cost of Â£10m.
The plan also includes the purchase of more rental properties for the council's own social housing stock.
Housing councillor Robert Lawton said, by owning the properties, the council could ensure they were of "good quality and well managed".
Also, any income generated or increase in property values would come back to the council, he said.
The scheme would be funded using a combination of council funding and a loan.


University staff have offered to meet employers for eleventh hour talks to avert a one-day strike over pay, planned for Thursday.

Institutions across the UK are likely to be affected by joint action by the University and College Union (UCU), Unison and Unite.
The unions have rejected a pay offer of 1% which they say represents a 13% pay cut in real terms since 2008.
The employers maintain the offer is a good outcome for staff.
The unions say they are willing to meet for last minute talks but say they are not optimistic "as the employers had so far refused to engage in talks aimed at resolving the dispute".
Michael MacNeil, head of higher education at UCU, said: "There is widespread anger over the pay cuts staff have had to endure in recent years and all the reports we are getting suggest that Thursday's strike will be very well supported.
"We are amazed the employers are still refusing to sit down with us to try and resolve this without any need for disruption. There are precious few hours left now, but our offer of talks remains open."
Unison's head of higher education Jon Richards accused university management of "sitting on record surpluses, splashing out on senior management pay but refusing to give a decent wage to the staff who have made UK universities some of the best in the world".
The Universities and Colleges Employers Association (UCEA), which represents the universities as employers, has expressed disappointment at the rejection of the offer.
A spokesman for UCEA said that less than 5% of the higher education workforce had chosen to vote in favour of strike action and predicted "a low level impact on students".
The spokesman said that they had made their final pay offer in May and had been engaged in a dispute resolution process with the unions throughout the summer.
"We have met repeatedly over the last six months and as recently as last week."
The spokesman added that "salary costs in most HE institutions will actually rise by around 3% this year.
"Many staff will also get generous incremental increases and contribution pay. These pay increases will be seen as generous by many looking into the sector."
He added that the GMB union had agreed to accept the pay offer for its members employed by universities.
For Unite, the turnout for the ballot was 28% and of these, 64% (1,654 members) voted in favour of action. For the UCU the turnout was 35%, with 62% voting in favour of strike action.
Unison said that of those who had voted, 54.4% had been in favour of action and 45.6% against.
UCU says its members last went on strike over pay in 2006.


A shooting at a family planning clinic in Colorado Springs has left two civilians and a police officer dead, with the suspected gunman under arrest.

Nine other people were injured during the standoff at the Planned Parenthood clinic, which lasted five hours before the suspect surrendered
A number of people were trapped inside the building as shots were exchanged.
The motive remains unclear. The Planned Parenthood group has drawn anti-abortion protests in the past.
"I want to convey to the loved ones of the victims, this is a terrible, terrible tragedy that occurred here in Colorado Springs today," Mayor John Suthers told a news conference.
"Obviously, we lost two civilian victims. We mourn the loss of a very brave police officer."
The dead officer was named as Garrett Swasey, 44.
Colorado Springs Police Chief Peter Carey said five police officers were among the injured, who were being treated in local hospitals.
Police had sealed off streets around the centre as officers tried to make contact with the suspect.
"We did get officers inside the building," police Lt Catherine Buckley said.
A controversial service
"They were able to shout to the suspect and make communication with him and at that point they were able to get him to surrender and he was taken into custody."
Police said the suspect had been seen carrying "some bags" into the building and teams were combing the area for possible explosives.
The suspect's car which was found nearby was also being checked for explosives, CNN reported.
The manager of a nearby hair salon, Denise Speller, said she had heard as many as 20 gunshots in under five minutes.
She told a local newspaper she had seen one of two police officers appear to fall to the ground and the other attempt to get the wounded officer behind their police vehicle.
Police had told shoppers at a nearby centre to stay indoors.
In a statement, Planned Parenthood said it was not yet clear "if Planned Parenthood was in fact the target of this attack".
"Our concern is for the safety of our patients, staff and law enforcement," said its CEO, Vicki Cowart.
New York's city police said it had deployed critical response vehicles to Planned Parenthood sites in the city because of the Colorado incident, but said there was no threat in the city.
Planned Parenthood is a healthcare non-profit-making group with 59 affiliates and 700 clinics around the US, some of which provide abortion services.


ITV has blamed a fall in advertising revenue on "ongoing economic and political uncertainty".

Advertising revenue fell 8% to Â£769m in the first six months of the year. However, that fall was offset by good growth at ITV studios, which makes The Voice and Poldark. Its sales rose 5%.
The success of Love Island helped ITV attract more viewers in the 16-34 age bracket.
ITV's pre-tax profit fell 16%  in the first half to Â£259m.
Executive chairman Peter Bazalgette said the company's performance was "very much as we anticipated".
"ITV is the only channel to deliver a commercial audience over five million and Love Island demonstrates young viewers engage in great TV," he said.
He also said it expects advertising revenue to be down around 4% in the third quarter.
Media expert Mark Oliver said that ITV was following a trend among media companies to produce and sell TV shows, rather than rely on advertising.
He told BBC Radio 4's Today: "They have to find new sources of money in the long-term and also have to deal with the fact that every seven or 10 years, advertising goes into recession.
"When that happened in the past, ITV had to put a hold on everything, and everything stood still for five years.
"Now it has got a sizeable production business - one of the largest format producers in the world - and that continues to motor on the basis of world growth in television."
EasyJet boss Carolyn McCall is taking over as ITV's new chief executive early next year, replacing Adam Crozier.
George Salmon, equity analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown, said that with Ms McCall still to take up her role, the half year results "were never going to contain too much in the way of sharp deviations in strategy".
He added that despite Mr Crozier increasing the size of the company's production studios business "a significant portion of group revenue still comes from selling advertising space".
ITV is the largest independent non-scripted production house in the US, and Mr Salmon said: "Back at home, the phenomenal success of Love Island has provided a shot in the arm, while big names like The Voice and Britain's Got Talent remain essential viewing for millions.
"Investors will be hoping content like this, which gives the group the ability to pull in consistent viewing figures, will help ITV fend off the challenge presented by new rivals such as Netflix and Amazon."


Amazon and Starbucks pay less tax in Austria than a local sausage stall, the country's Chancellor Christian Kern has said in a newspaper interview.

"Every Viennese cafe, every sausage stand pays more tax in Austria than a multinational corporation," Mr Kern told Der Standard.
"That goes for Starbucks, Amazon and other companies," he said.
He added that EU countries with low corporate taxes were undermining the structure of the union itself.
"What Ireland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg or Malta are doing here lacks solidarity towards the rest of the European economy," he said.
He praised the European Commission's recent order that Apple should pay 13bn euros (Â£11bn) more in tax to Ireland.
On Tuesday, the European Commission decided after a long investigation that Apple should pay the 13bn euros in extra tax, plus interest, to the Irish government because a long-standing tax deal with the US tech giant amounted to illegal state aid.
Apple and the Irish government have criticised the decision and the US firm has said it is confident it will be overturned on appeal.
Mr Kern, who heads Austria's Social Democrats and the country's coalition government, also said Facebook and Google had sales of more than 100m euros each in Austria.
"They massively suck up the advertising volume that comes out of the economy but pay neither corporation tax nor advertising duty in Austria," he added.
As well as Apple, the European Commission has launched past or current investigations into the tax arrangements of Fiat, McDonald's, Starbucks and Amazon.


England's emphatic victory at The Oval marked the culmination of an extraordinary turnaround that must bring great satisfaction to captain Alastair Cook and his new regime.

After all, this has been a summer unlike any I have known before. There has been a lot of angst, division and anger towards the England team.
The England and Wales Cricket Board handled the sacking of Kevin Pietersen and the fall-out from the Ashes tour so badly that a lot of genuinely-devoted England supporters felt they did not quite belong.
For the first time since the Allen Stanford affair, I came across fans who actually wanted the team to fail.
In that context, when England started the summer by losing the series to Sri Lanka and going 1-0 down to India at Lord's, the team found themselves at crisis point.
Would the meltdown continue and cost the captain his job, or could they stage a revival and justify all the upheaval?
As we all now know they did the latter, and that has to be a good thing for English cricket.
For Cook to go from the terrible troughs of Headingley and Lord's to lifting the Pataudi Trophy whilst being sprayed with champagne at a sunlit Oval represents a huge personal triumph.
I saw how low Cook was. I interviewed him twice a week and it was becoming really awkward to have to ask him the same questions about his form, the captaincy and his future.
If he had not been dropped by Ravindra Jadeja at Southampton, and if Pietersen had been playing Championship cricket and knocking out hundreds, who knows what might have happened?
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But by the end of the series it really seemed as though England were a team again. They looked like 11 players who had gone through a lot but were revelling in coming out the other side.
Let's just hope that it really is the end of a divisive summer and that everyone can now get behind the team and accept that England have moved on in a new direction.
While young players like Joe Root, Gary Ballance, Moeen Ali and Jos Buttler all performed consistently well, the key to England's transformation was the senior players finally discovering their touch.
Cook was the one taking all the flak but he was being badly let down by some of his most trusted men. It was the bowlers who got it wrong at Headingley to let Sri Lanka off the hook, and the bowlers who wasted such a golden opportunity to skittle India out on a green-top on the first day at Lord's.
Once they remembered how to bowl on pitches that were always helpful to their skills, they simply blew India away.
People will point to India's pitiful efforts with the bat in the final two Tests, but that should not detract from England's achievement.
They were the ones who put India in that position and once you have a team on the ground you have to be ruthless.
The problem for the tourists was firstly that they allowed themselves to become totally distracted by the Anderson-Jadeja furore and secondly that they simply didn't have any time for players to regroup and find form between the Tests.
When you squeeze in five matches so close together, you are going to get cataclysmic results because there is no way back for a team that is on the slide.
That is something that the game's administrators will have to look at because one-sided Test matches that are over in less than three days is no good for anybody, least of all the paying public.
People will rightly be toasting England and pulling out the bunting but let's learn from this and devise a schedule that allows both teams to be mentally and physically ready for every game.
Jonathan Agnew was speaking to BBC Sport's Sam Sheringham.
Listen to Jonathan and Geoffrey Boycott review each day's play on the TMS podcast.


Ian Watkins, singer of Welsh rock band Lostprophets, has pleaded guilty to a series of "depraved" child sex offences including attempted rape of a baby.

He had previously "furiously denied" the allegations.
The 36-year-old from Pontypridd and two women had been due to stand trial at Cardiff Crown Court.
Watkins pleaded guilty to attempted rape and sexual assault of a child under 13 but not guilty to rape. This was accepted by the prosecution.
Sentencing will take place on 18 December.
Prosecuting barrister Chris Clee QC told the court: "Ian Watkins was the lead singer in a successful band called the Lostprophets.
"He accepts he was a determined and committed paedophile."
Watkins also admitted conspiring to rape a child, three counts of sexual assault involving children, seven involving taking, making or possessing indecent images of children and one of possessing an extreme pornographic image involving a sex act on an animal.
The evidence against the defendant came from computers, laptops and mobile phones.
One laptop seized from Watkins's home was password protected with an obscenity relating to sexual activity with children, which was uncovered when it was sent to GCHQ to be cracked.
The court heard that he filmed and kept the episodes of abuse - which took place in various hotels in London and south Wales - which were recovered by police. Some of the evidence was too extreme and distressing to report.
Referring to two women standing alongside Watkins in the dock, Mr Clee said: "Both women sexually abused their own children and made them available to Watkins for him to abuse."
The court was told how the abuse of the children by all parties was also evident in text messages.
Watkins sent a text to one of the women saying: "If you belong to me, so does your baby."
In an exchange involving the other woman, she sent Watkins a message along with an image of her child to the effect that her child needed to know she was not loved.
Watkins also planned to "teach" the babies how to take drugs, the hearing was told.
Mr Clee said drugs played "a significant part in his offending against children".
Lostprophets, an alternative rock band from Pontypridd in the south Wales valleys, formed in 1997.
The band was founded by lead singer Ian Watkins, bassist Mike Lewis, drummer Mike Chiplin and guitarist Lee Gaze.
They released five albums, and their biggest hits included Last Train Home and Rooftops. The band sold about 3.5 million albums worldwide.
Their music received heavy airplay on mainstream radio stations and they were a staple festival act at the likes of Reading and Leeds, but they struggled to be taken seriously in the rock fraternity as their music became increasingly pop-orientated.
The band announced they were splitting up in October, ten months after Watkins was charged.
Former south Wales music journalist Gavin Allen says: "They achieved real success, but their career - and back catalogue - will now be so tainted that it is hard to see any radio stations playing their music again.
"Their legacy has just vanished."
Police found meth, cocaine and GHB during their searches.
Mr Clee told the court drugs were a "regular theme" in his dealings with the two other defendants.
Claiming his innocence, Watkins had told police during interviews he was being stalked by "a crazed fan" and other people had access to his computers.
He claimed he was the "victim of a malicious campaign".
The court heard in Oct 2006, Watkins met up in a hotel with a 16-year-old girl from Boston, who he had met during during a Lostprophets concert.
She dressed in a schoolgirl's outfit and he filmed their encounter.
In Oct 2008 he filmed himself having sex with another 16-year-old girl, who was also a Lostprophets fan.
One of the two women charged alongside Watkins, Woman A, admitted the attempted rape of a baby after denying rape and two charges of sexual assault as well as taking and distributing an indecent photograph of a child.
Woman B pleaded guilty to conspiring to rape a child, three sexual assault charges and four charges of taking, possessing or distributing indecent images.
After hearing legal argument from barristers, Mr Justice Royce called the jury into court and told them: "There will not be a trial in this case. The defendants have all pleaded guilty to nearly all the charges against them. The prosecution does not seek a trial in these circumstances.
"You have been saved from having to watch extremely graphic and distressing material."
Mr Clee told the judge there had been an argument regarding what some key video evidence showed.
"From the footage, there is an argument as to whether the full offence (of rape) is made out," he told judge Mr Justice Royce.
"If it is made out, it is minimal. There is so little difference between the full attempt and the attempt as to make no difference."
Sally O'Neill, defending Watkins, said the singer was under the care of a psychiatrist.
Speaking outside the court, Det Ch Insp Peter Doyle from South Wales Police said: "This investigation has uncovered the most shocking and harrowing child abuse evidence I have ever seen.
"There is no doubt in my mind that Ian Watkins exploited his celebrity status in order to abuse young children.
"Today's outcome ensures the three people responsible have been brought to justice."
"Two very young children have been removed from this abuse and given a future that would otherwise have been denied them.
"The investigation has been extremely complex and challenging with key information and evidence being identified from witnesses worldwide."
He added that today's guilty pleas did not mark the end of the investigation and the force would work "tirelessly" to identify other victims or witnesses.
Lostprophets guitarist Lee Gaze expressed his relief on Twitter that the case had been concluded, writing: "That was over quick.... Thanks for the kind words. At least there is closure now."


Eels have been found in a stretch of river where they have not been seen for nearly 40 years.

The two small eels were found in a routine fish survey on the River Tud, a tributary of the Wensum in Norfolk.
Increased numbers have also been seen at the New Mills fish pass in Norwich, which was installed eight years ago.
The Environment Agency, which monitors numbers, said it was encouraging but did not "herald the recovery of the species as a whole".
Jez Wood, a specialist at the Environment Agency, said the discovery of the eels on the River Tud was important.
"Two doesn't sound like many, but these are the only small eels we've found on this stretch for years," he said.
"While this does not herald the recovery of the species as a whole, it does show the positive benefit of eel passes at barriers to migration."
The status of the European eel is regarded as "critical", and globally the population has fallen over the past 40 years, with numbers down by as much as 95%, the Environment Agency said.
Barriers to upstream migration is thought to be one of the reasons for the decline.
These reduce access to the freshwater habitat preferred by eels while they mature.
In Norfolk, the Environment Agency is creating passes at several key obstruction areas on rivers to help increase numbers.
It said numbers in Norfolk rivers rose to a record of 34,000 in 2009 after a pass was introduced at New Mills Yard, in Norwich.


Tanzania's President-elect John Magufuli will be inaugurated on Thursday following his landslide victory in fiercely contested elections.

Known as "The Bulldozer", he won with 58% of the vote to the 40% of his main rival Edward Lowassa.
The victory margin was a surprise - many analysts had predicted a tighter race after four opposition parties united behind Mr Lowassa's candidature.
It boiled down to Mr Magufuli's popularity, which superseded that of the governing Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) that has dominated politics since independence from British rule in 1961.
So what are the five big challenges he faces once in office?
Change was the buzzword during the election campaign. Now people will expect him to engage in a major house-cleaning exercise by showing the door to corrupt government officials and old-school public servants.
This will pose a huge political risk, as they are well-entrenched in CCM. But Mr Magufuli, the former works minister, will have to tackle corruption head-on, as Tanzanians have had enough of it.
His first big test will come with the appointment of a cabinet.
Will it be made up of people untainted by corruption? If not, voters will be disappointed.
After all, he has built his political career on the promise that he is not scared of taking risks, and that he works hard and acts fast.
Although the official unemployment rate is at around 10%, people sometimes get the impression that the crisis bigger - a recent advert for 70 jobs in the public service posts attracted more than 10,000 applications. Interviews had to be held in a football stadium.
Almost half of Tanzania's 50 million-strong population is made up of young people, and they are worst-affected by unemployment.
They voted with great enthusiasm, believing their fortunes will change under Mr Magufuli.
He will be under most pressure from them to deliver on his promise to create jobs - and end poverty.
He has promised to revive industries which are in bad shape, like the cotton and fish processing sectors.
Mr Magufuli has promised children free education from kindergarten to secondary school.
While many Tanzanians welcome this, they feel it is not enough. They want a higher standard of education with improved curriculums so that Tanzania can have a better-skilled work force.
Mr Magufuli will be hard-pressed to meet their demands - almost all state schools are short of desks, books and teachers.
With last week's local elections in Zanzibar scrapped because of alleged rigging, Mr Magufuli will have to make sure that a re-run takes place, and that it is free and fair.
When Mr Kikwete came to power, he promised to keep a close eye on the semi-autonomous islands, which are popular with tourists.
But as he leaves the office, more than 60% of Zanzibaris want more autonomy for the archipelago - an indication of their dissatisfaction with the union.
If Mr Magufuli can bring about a lasting solution, he will go down in history as one of Tanzania's most successful presidents - but it is a big if.
Outgoing President Jakaya Kikwete promised a new constitution, but failed to deliver on it during his 10 years in office.
The opposition gained many votes with its promise to make sweeping changes to the constitution - including reducing presidential powers and guaranteeing the impartiality of state institutions, like the electoral commission.
Mr Magufuli ignored the issue during the election campaign. Can he afford to do that throughout his presidency? Unlikely.


US forces have launched missile attacks on Syria, a country in the Middle East.

7 April 2017 Last updated at 08:39 BST
The attacks were aimed at forces that support Syria's President Assad.
The American President, Donald Trump ordered the attacks because he believes that President Assad was behind a chemical weapons attack in Syria last week.
There has been a war in Syria for more than 6 years. Learn more about it with Newsround's guide.
You can find out more about chemical weapons here.
And if anything in the news upsets you, read our advice and helpful guide.
Here is what we know so far about the attacks.


A school's drawing of Admiral Lord Nelson has been valued at £100,000 by an expert on the Antiques Roadshow.

A teacher and pupils from the Royal Hospital School in Holbrook, Suffolk, took the drawing to be assessed as the BBC One show was filmed in London.
Expert Philip Mould said he believed the drawing dated back to 1798-1800 and was the work of Henry Edridge.
It had been hung at the entrance to the boarding house, where pupils would play ball games nearby.
Teacher Rober Mann said the drawing had been at the school since the 1820s.
Mr Mann said Nelson had served on the committee of the school, which is celebrating its 300th anniversary.
Expert Graham Lay was first to cast his eye over a variety of Nelson-related memorabilia taken to the roadshow.
He said a sword could be worth up to £40,000 if a connection to Nelson could be proved, but only "a few hundred pounds" if not.
He dismissed the school's belief that a necklace in their possession had been given by Nelson to Lady Hamilton, saying it was produced after his death.
But Mr Mould's assessment of the drawing prompted gasps from spectators and the school's representatives.
He said the particular type of cross-hatching and the "velvet"-like use of the pencil suggested it was the work of Edridge.
"I know that this is just the sort of image of the great Lord Nelson that many collectors across the world would almost die for.
"You have the great man, the hero, the victor of Trafalgar, who tragically died, with ships behind on one level, you've also got the soul of the man - so both aspects of the great hero."
Head boy Sam Kester said pupils were used to playing ball games around the drawing.
It will now be moved to the school's new heritage centre.