Oil prices surged as much as 12% on Friday after new suggestions that Opec nations were set to cut oil production.

The United Arab Emirates' energy minister said that Opec members were ready to reduce output, the Wall Street Journal reported.
Venezuela's oil minister said oil-producing nations were on a "very good path" to clinch a deal.
However, traders said sharp falls on Thursday may have triggered some bargain-hunting.
Eulogio Del Pino, the Venezuelan minister, who recently visited Russia and Saudi Arabia as part of a global tour to drum up support among both Opec and non-Opec producers, said "we're on a very, very, very good path" to reducing production.
Brent crude closed up $3.30 at $33.36 a barrel in New York after falling below $30 on Thursday.
After sinking to a 12-year low of $26.05 on Thursday, US crude settled up 12%, or $3.23, to $29.44 a barrel - its biggest one-day rise since 2009.
Many traders were sceptical about the Journal's report, pointing out that Venezuela and Russia had tried in vain earlier this week to stir Saudi Arabia and other major producers into agreeing to output cuts.
However, some believe that prices would rebound sooner or later if production tightened or demand rose.
Commerzbank analysts said: "We expect declining US oil production, in particular, to drive the oil price back up to $50 per barrel by the end of the year."
Some traders still expected wilder price swings in the coming weeks. "It's not a one-way price movement anymore" in oil, said ABN Amro's senior energy economist Hans van Cleef. "We will see a period of high volatility".
Friday's price rises were also aided by figures from oil services company Baker Hughes, which said that US energy firms cut the number of oil rigs for the eighth consecutive week to the lowest levels since January 2010.
Drillers removed 28 oil rigs, bringing the total rig count down to 439, Baker Hughes said.
The jump in oil prices helped to boost sentiment on stock markets, with the FTSE 100 in London closing 3.1% higher at 5,707 points.
Wall Street was also trading higher on Friday, with the S&P 500 rising 1.8% and the Dow Jones Industrial Average up close to 2% in late trading.


Giving 260 heart patients surgery outside Wales - including at a private hospital -  has helped cut waiting times, says a health service review.

Waiting lists dipped below 350 patients by June this year - with most waiting under 10 weeks.
That is half the 700 waiting for heart surgery at the start of 2014 - with 290 patients in Cardiff and Swansea waiting more than six months.
Patients have also backed the initiative after their treatment.
Those surveyed after surgery gave the project a high satisfaction rating.
It saw them offered treatment at hospitals in London, Bristol and Birmingham, as a temporary measure to tackle the Welsh waiting lists.
A review by the Welsh Health Specialised Services Committee (WHSSC) looked at how effective outsourcing surgery had been.
It found "significant numbers" of patients had benefited and "many more no longer live with the uncertainty of very long treatment waits".
The review said the project was particularly successful in Swansea, where 126 cardiac patients on the Abertawe Bro Morgannwg list were given surgery outside Wales, mostly at the Royal Brompton Hospital in London.
The Swansea cardiac waiting list fell by around 320 patients overall, partly due to better management and improved processes.
More than 100 patients were also treated at Bristol's private Spire Hospital and at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham.
The decision to treat patients outside Wales came after concerns by the Royal College of Surgeons two years ago that patients were "regularly dying on waiting lists" at the University Hospital of Wales in Cardiff.
The Cardiff and Vale health board brought in a series of measures, including recruiting extra staff and introducing weekend working.


A robot is being developed to mimic a diabetic toddler to help children recognise symptoms of the condition.

Robin, short for "Robot Infant", is being developed at the University of Hertfordshire and can speak words including "hungry" and "hug me".
Developers said it was aimed at children aged seven to 12 to help youngsters learning to manage diabetes.
Diabetes UK said it had "been watching the development of Robin with great interest".
"It's really exciting to see this type of technology being used to help children accept and become more confident about their diabetes," said spokesman Simon O'Neill.
Dr Lola Canamero and Dr Matthew Lewis designed and wrote the £5,800 robot's character.
"We try to give [children] a sense of responsibility and let them bond with the robot to understand that their actions can help with his diabetes and reinforce the sort of behaviours we'd like to see in them," said Dr Lewis.
"We would like to try multiple interactions; so far children have only spent half an hour with Robin in just one session.
"We'd like to have them interact with him several times and feel that they've improved.
"There are a limited number of behaviours Robin has at the moment which are sufficient for a half hour interaction but, for example, Robin only has a small number of words that he speaks. He also doesn't respond to noises."
What does Robin do?
Robin behaves like a toddler, he wanders around to look at pictures and toys, he plays, dances when he's bored, gets tired and asks for hugs.
These traits enable children to relate to Robin, which the developers say is crucial to them in remembering how to treat their condition.
Dr Canamero said that "children love robots, they really relate to them very quickly", which acts as a confidence booster for their knowledge of diabetes and treating it.
"We ask [children] to look after Robin, to play, and while they're doing that Robin shows symptoms of diabetes that the children have to learn to recognise and then they have to think what to do about that," Dr Canamero added.
The next step for Robin, Dr Canamero and Dr Lewis is to conduct public engagement work and to continue to raise funds so that Robin can be "used with children in the UK".
The project, which began in Italy under a 142,000 euro grant as part of the ALIZ-E programme, has received £11,000 from the university to continue its work with support from the School of Computer Science.


Jessica Ennis-Hill and Paula Radcliffe would still have doubts about Russian athletes at the 2016 Olympics even if the country was cleared to compete.

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Russia is currently banned from athletics competitions after being accused of widespread doping.
Olympic and world heptathlon champion Ennis-Hill wants "drastic measures" in place if Russia is allowed to compete.
Marathon world record holder Radcliffe added that other countries may also need investigating.
In addition to the problems faced by Russia, the IAAF has been accused of corruption and helping to cover up doping in the country.
"There is obviously a lot more to come out and it seems to be getting worse and worse," Ennis-Hill said in an interview with BBC Sport.
"It's awful to see but at the same time you have to think that our sport has to go through this really terrible time.
"It has to go to the very bottom, to the darkest place for it to then rise and come out the other side."
She said the sport was "very close" to the bottom, adding: "You put your faith and confidence in organisations to make sure the sport is governed well, but obviously that hasn't been the case.
"It needs to be addressed and it is a huge problem."
Radcliffe, the 2005 marathon world champion, suggested that doping was likely to be a problem in countries beyond Russia, and questioned whether the country would be able to sort out its problems before the Olympics.
She told BBC Radio 5 live: "With everything that's come out, and the details of how ingrained it was within their system, I do wonder whether they actually know how to train and prepare for events properly without taking the cheating route.
"To turn that around in a few months and come back in for Rio is a tough call.
"I think there are probably other countries that also need to be looked at in the same light. I don't think it's confined just to Russia."
IAAF members voted 22-1 to ban Russia after an independent World Anti-Doping Agency report accused the country of "state-sponsored doping".
The Wada commission, led by chairman Dick Pound, suggested that the Russian athletics federation, Russia's anti-doping agency and Russia itself could not be considered anti-doping code-compliant because of what it claimed was widespread cheating.
The report claimed to have evidence of "direct intimidation and interference by the Russian state with the Moscow laboratory operations".
The Russian anti-doping agency was also accused of giving athletes advance notice of tests, hiding missed tests, bullying doping control officers and their families, and taking bribes to cover up missed tests.
According to the report, London 2012 was "sabotaged" by "widespread inaction" against athletes with suspicious doping profiles.
She won gold at 2012 London Olympics and claimed a second world heptathlon title in 2015, just 13 months after giving birth to her first child.
She will hope to put the controversy over doping to one side as she aims to retain her Olympic title in Rio.
"I'll be there to do a job and I don't want to be distracted by what other people are doing and what they are wrongly doing," she said.
"I want to focus on my performances and make sure I do that properly."


Two police officers were taken to hospital with injuries after being run over by a suspect on a moped in Lewisham on Monday night.

The officers were injured at about 23:30 BST on Loampit Vale.
It is thought they were investigating reports of antisocial behaviour and the moped could have been stolen.
A 22-year-old female PC was struck and broke her collar bone. Her colleague, a male PC aged 38, suffered an ankle injury.
Police had been trying to talk to two suspects, aged 16 and 20, on separate mopeds outside the Glass Mill Leisure Centre.
One of them ran over the officers as he was trying to leave the scene, the Met said.
A helicopter was called to help police find the youths and the suspects were arrested a short while later in New Cross.
The 16-year-old boy was arrested on suspicion of GBH and the 20-year-old was arrested on suspicion of obstructing police.
Both men have been to a south London police station for questioning.
The officers have now been discharged from hospital.


Costs related to the sale of its Scunthorpe operations pushed Tata Steel into the red for its first quarter.

The Indian company lost 32.9bn rupees (£370m) when it sold its European long products division, based in North Lincolnshire, to Greybull Capital in April for a nominal sum.
Tata Steel made a net loss of 31.8bn rupees (£358m) for the three months to 30 June.
There was no update on the future of the company's Port Talbot plant.
Tata Steel's overall loss  was 1.4bn rupees lower than the loss reported for the previous quarter, but analysts had expected a profit of almost 1.9bn rupees.
Koushik Chatterjee, group executive director, said the company's recent restructuring and cost-cutting in the UK, along with weaker sterling, had helped the business to report better performance for the quarter.
Following the sale of the long products business, Tata Steel Europe would focus on being a premium strip player and would also concentrate on improving its performance. "The strategy for exploring further strategic consolidation in Europe is a step in that direction," he said.
The company warned that the Brexit vote could affect economic growth in the UK, adding: "The weaker pound is expected to improve UK's short-term competitive position on exports, however it will add cost pressure due to higher cost of raw materials purchased in US dollars."
Tata still owns the Port Talbot steel works in Wales, which employs more than 4,000 workers, and some 2,000 more at other plants in Hartlepool, Rotherham and Stocksbridge.
After saying in March that it would sell some or all of its remaining UK business, Tata announced in July that it was putting that process on hold while it pursued a European tie-up.
One of the biggest stumbling blocks to the sale of the UK business has been the legacy of the British steel pension fund that Tata inherited when it bought the business in 2007. The fund has 130,000 members and a deficit of £700m.
Tata said on Monday that talks about the pension deficit were continuing with all relevant parties including the UK Government, trustees and unions.


Lazio could win their third league championship after the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) set up a commission to look at the outcome of the 1914-15 season following a fans' petition.

Genoa and Lazio were due to meet in an end-of-season final, but the match never took place because Italy entered World War One before it was played.
Genoa were awarded the title in 1919, but it may now be shared with Lazio.
"It is a legitimate Scudetto," said Lazio president Claudio Lotito.
"It was taken away from us by the war."
Italian media have said the original decision was based on the reasoning that Genoa were generally regarded as the better of the two teams.
More than 30,000 Lazio supporters signed the petition and the FIGC will announce on 4 August whether Lazio will share the title.


The pro-Kurdish HDP party in Turkey has denounced the arrest of its leaders on Thursday night as an attempt by the government to eradicate democracy.

The HDP said the arrests were a dark day for the country, as its supporters took to the streets in protest.
HDP joint leaders Selahattin Demirtas and Figen Yuksekdag are accused of spreading propaganda for militants fighting the Turkish state.
They and 10 other HDP MPs deny links to the PKK Kurdish rebel group.
All were arrested for refusing to answer prosecutors' questions.
Mr Demirtas has won international support with his liberal politics, but critics say he has failed to distance the party sufficiently from the PKK.
Hours after the arrest, a huge car bomb killed eight people and wounded more than 100 in the south-eastern city of Diyarbakir.
Turkish authorities blamed the outlawed PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party), but the group known as Islamic State later claimed the attack through its Amaq news agency.
Riot police on Friday clashed with demonstrators in Ankara, Istanbul and other cities over the detentions, Hurriyet Daily News reported.
HDP lawmaker Adem Geveri told the Associated Press news agency that the government wanted to create "an authoritarian Turkey" devoid of democratic opposition.
The arrests have been condemned by Germany and the EU.
Militants have been fighting for years to achieve independence for the Kurds, Turkey's biggest ethnic minority.
Turkey remains under a state of emergency that was imposed after a failed military coup in July.
The emergency allows President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his cabinet to bypass parliament when drafting new laws and to restrict or suspend rights and freedoms.
The BBC's Mark Lowen in Turkey says that the arrests represent a major escalation of a clampdown that has seen Kurdish media closed down and the mayor of Diyarbakir arrested.
Our correspondent says they are likely to provoke more tension among Kurds - and more violence too.
Hopes of an end to Turkey's decades-long Kurdish problem have evaporated since a ceasefire with the PKK broke down in 2015, leading to a wave of tit-for-tat attacks.
The government says they were detained for failing to co-operate with a counter-terrorism investigation, which the two leaders vowed to boycott in June.
Defending the arrests, Justice Minister Bekir Bozdag said: "They did not respect the law."
The MPs are also accused of spreading propaganda for the PKK.
Deemed a terrorist organisation by the US, the EU and Turkey, the PKK has been fighting the state since the 1970s in a war which has claimed at least 40,000 lives.
The blast in Diyarbakir ripped the facades off multi-storey buildings and firefighters searched rubble afterwards for people trapped.
A police building is thought to have been the intended target. Two police officers are among the dead.
Turkish politicians normally have immunity from prosecution but this was removed from the HDP - the third largest party in the country - and some other MPs in May.
Last month, the joint mayors of Diyarbakir, Turkey's largest Kurdish-majority city, were also arrested as part of a terrorism investigation.
While commonly seen as the main pro-Kurdish party, HDP is an eclectic grouping which also appeals to leftists, liberals, environmentalists, gay rights activists and pious Muslims. That explains why it is Turkey's third-largest party.
It entered parliament for the first time last year, winning 59 seats.
During the election campaign, it carried a moderate message despite dozens of attacks against party supporters and offices, culminating in a deadly attack on its largest election rally in Diyarbakir two days before the vote.
The party strongly denies any links to the PKK.
Turkey's HDP party goes mainstream


England were beaten in the first of their two autumn internationals, failing to register a point against France in Martigues.

Both teams fielded inexperienced line-ups and England continued their run of failing to beat France for two years.
Trailing to two first-half penalties from Audrie Adabie, they saw French wing Elodie Poublan cross for a try midway through the second period.
England play Ireland at the Twickenham Stoop on 14 November.
Simon Middleton's squad included six members of the World Cup-winning squad from Paris in August 2014, but was without players on the full-time England Sevens programme, who are targeting the Rio Olympics next year.
Number eight Sarah Hunter captained the side as Katy McLean was one of those on Sevens duty.
England: Sarah McKenna; Katie Mason, Lauren Cattell, Ceri Large, Charlotte Clapp; Emily Scott, Leanne Riley; Rochelle Clark, Amy Cokayne, Laura Keates; Tamara Taylor, Abbie Scott; Hannah Gallagher, Marlie Packer, Sarah Hunter (captain).
Replacements: Vickii Cornborough, Emma Croker, Justine Lucas, Harriet Millar-Mills, Izzy Novel-Smith, Latoya Mason, Rachel Lund, Ruth Laybourn


Donald Trump has poured fresh scorn on US intelligence claims of Russian hackers meddling in the US election.

He tweeted: "Can you imagine if the election results were the opposite and WE tried to play the Russia/CIA card. It would be called conspiracy theory!"
The US president-elect also questioned why the allegations were not widely made public before the election.
His remarks set the incoming commander-in-chief against intelligence services that he will preside over.
"Unless you catch "hackers" in the act, it is very hard to determine who was doing the hacking. Why wasn't this brought up before election?" Mr Trump tweeted on Monday morning.
The FBI said in October that it believed Russia was behind the Democratic Party hacks but on Friday the CIA went further by concluding Russia's motive was to help Mr Trump.
On Monday, the Hillary Clinton campaign, which lost to Mr Trump in last month's election, said it was supporting an effort by a handful of members of the electoral college to request an intelligence briefing on the latest hacking allegations.
Mrs Clinton's top political adviser, John Podesta, told Politico: "The bipartisan electors' letter [requesting the intelligence] raises very grave issues involving our national security."
The electoral college meets next week to ratify the results of the election.
Mr Trump's latest Twitter tirade comes a day after he told Fox News the Democrats were disseminating the "ridiculous" hacking reports because they lost the election, and it was "impossible to know" who was behind it.
On Friday, CIA officials told US media they had "high confidence" that Russian hackers had attempted to sway the US election in Mr Trump's favour.
The Trump team responded to those reports in a statement: "These are the same people that said Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction."
Despite Donald Trump's boasts to the contrary, he's entering the White House with a very tenuous claims to a presidential mandate. He trails Democrat Hillary Clinton in the popular vote by 2.8 million votes, and while he posted a comfortable Electoral College win, by historical standards it ranks towards the bottom of victory margins (46th out of 58 presidential contests).
This likely explains why the Trump team has been pushing back so vociferously against the allegations that Russians hackers meddled in US politics in an attempt to tilt the election to the Republican. Like the Green Party-backed recounts in three key swing states, it could be viewed as undermining the legitimacy of Mr Trump's victory.
Never mind that the recounts were extremely unlikely to appreciably change the election's results or that Russian hacking is well down the list of factors that contributed to Mrs Clinton's defeat. Mr Trump's angry tweets, and the indignation expressed by his supporters, is evidence enough that the president-elect feels threatened - and is responding with sweeping denunciations of his critics.
In the case of the Russian story, however, concern over foreign meddling is bipartisan, so Mr Trump's recent diatribes may come at a high political price.
On Sunday, John Bolton, the former US envoy to the UN who is tipped to be named deputy secretary of state in the Trump administration, implied on Fox News that the Obama administration could have been behind the hacking.
Mr Bolton, who was one of the Bush administration's most vocal advocates for the Iraq War, told the network: "It is not at all clear to me, just viewing this from the outside, that this hacking into the DNC and the RNC computers was not a false flag operation."
False flag is a term commonly used by so-called conspiracy theorists, often to describe covert attacks by a government to advance its own agenda by making it appear as though someone else was responsible.
"If you think the Russians did this, why did they leave fingerprints?" Mr Bolton added.
President Barack Obama has ordered a complete review of the hacks, which targeted emails at the Democratic Party and the emails of a key aide to presidential nominee Hillary Clinton.
The contents of the emails, passed to Wikileaks and posted online, were embarrassing to the Democrats and shook up the presidential campaign.
Senior Republicans have joined Democrats in calling for a full investigation.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said it "defies belief" that some Republicans are reluctant to review the alleged Russian tactics.
Republican Senator John McCain, chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, said in a joint statement on Sunday with top Democrats that the CIA's report "should alarm every American".
While a company that is breached by hackers can really only work from the digital evidence left behind, nation states or intelligence agencies have many more sources to draw on when gathering evidence, said Rick Holland, vice president of strategy at cyber-security firm Digital Shadows.
"They have a full spectrum of capabilities such as signal intelligence and human intelligence," he said, adding: "It's definitely not all cyber-based."
That extra evidence meant intelligence agencies could be more confident with their conclusions than many others, he said.
"It's certainly not simple," said Mr Holland. "But I do not think attribution is impossible when it comes to nation-states at all."
Mr Holland admitted that some nation states did sometimes run so-called "false flag" operations that attempted to pin the blame for an attack on someone else.
It could be difficult to unpick who was behind an attack because both spies and cyber-criminals used each others' attack tools and methods in a bid to throw investigators off the scent.
"There is a lot down that rabbit hole when it comes to nation states," he said.
While nation states did try to hide their attacks, there were times when knowing who was behind an attack was a useful diplomatic tool.
"Some nation states are very obvious and want you to know who was behind it," he said. "They will put you on notice that they did this."


People living near a steel bridge have been warned to expect a noisy Christmas as the bridge is cut up and replaced.

Slough council has agreed to shut the road over the railway at Stoke Poges Lane from 24 November until April, with some of the main work due at Christmas.
In a letter to residents Network Rail said the Horlicks bridge works would carry on through Christmas Day and include the sound of chainsaws.
The renovations form part of the Â£14.8bn Crossrail project.
Using existing tracks, new 200m (650ft) trains, able to take up to 1,500 passengers, will run from Reading to London Paddington.
Work on the wider scheme started in May 2009 but its extension to Reading was announced in April.
The letter sent to locals said: "The removal of the bridge will generate noise throughout the Christmas period beginning on Christmas Eve with the preparation of the tracks, and continuing both day and night until 28 December.
"There will also be occasional night works including chainsaws for vegetation clearance, planning tarmac off the bridge and removing the existing bridge parapets.
"We will do our best to minimise the impact of our work on local residents."
The existing bridge will be cut up and removed in late December, with construction on its replacement beginning on 5 January.
A road closure will be in place between Lansdowne Avenue and the Horlicks Factory at Simpson Way, but access to both roads will remain for residents.
The first Crossrail services through central London will start in late 2018.


Police have identified a 53-year-old woman who died in a collision involving two motorbikes in the Borders.

Evelyn King, from Blackburn in Lancashire, was a pillion passenger on one of the vehicles.
The accident happened at the junction of the A708 and B709 west of Selkirk on Saturday 6 May.
Ms King died at the scene of the crash and the two male riders - aged 27 and 54 - were taken to hospital with serious injuries.
PC Martin Young said: "This is a tragic incident and our thoughts are with Evelyn's family as they come to terms with their loss and ask that they are left in private to mourn."


The estate of Elvis Presley is suing a Las Vegas casino-hotel in a dispute over the late singer's memorabilia.

Elvis Presley Enterprises Inc is seeking to retrieve items including stage outfits, jewellery and the star's high school yearbook.
It says the Westgate Las Vegas Resort and Casino is holding the items "hostage" as part of a dispute with the operators of an Elvis exhibition.
The Graceland Presents Elvis attraction closed abruptly earlier this month.
Billed as the largest exhibition of Elvis memorabilia outside his Graceland home and museum, the attraction opened last April to great fanfare.
But the doors closed at the beginning of March, with The Westgate claiming the show's operators, Exhibit A Circle LLC, had defaulted on their 10-year lease.
Exhibit A claimed the Westgate violated the contract first, but declined to elaborate.
Elvis's estate responded by filing legal papers filed in Clark County District Court, Las Vegas, on Wednesday.
It claimed it had been denied access to a security camera that allowed it to monitor its items, and asked the court to order that the memorabilia be returned.
Elvis Presley Enterprises declined to comment further on the legal action, but previously said Westgate aggressively seized the valuables without a legitimate legal basis.
Westgate's chief operating officer Mark Waltrip declined to discuss the case.
The dispute centres on the same casino where Elvis performed several hundred shows, in the days when it was known as the Las Vegas Hilton and The International.
The 28,000-square-foot exhibition featured the $1 million-a-year contract Elvis signed on a tablecloth, agreeing to perform at the casino; and the single-button black suit he wore for his first performances there.
Meanwhile, it has been announced that Elvis & Nixon, a comedy about the 1970 meeting between the rock star and the US president, will debut at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York next month.
Liza Johnson's film, backed by Amazon Studios, stars Michael Shannon as Elvis Presley and Kevin Spacey as Richard Nixon.


A car containing what is thought to be a large drugs haul has crashed into two shops in north London, causing extensive damage.

It happened in Park Road, Crouch End. Police said officers in an unmarked car had tried to stop the driver in nearby Muswell Hill at about 10:20 GMT.
He failed to stop and later smashed into the frontages of Mr Dweeb Computer Repairs and Streathers Solicitors.
The driver fled the scene but was later held on suspicion of drugs offences.
The Metropolitan Police said officers were not pursuing the vehicle at the time of the crash.
There were no reported injuries. Road closures remain in place.


A minute's silence has been held in Brighton to mark the 30th anniversary of the IRA bombing of the Grand Hotel.

Five people died and 34 were injured in the attack aimed at prime minister Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet.
Conservative Party members were staying at the hotel during their 1984 party conference in Brighton.
Prime Minister David Cameron said: "As we remember today those killed and injured in Brighton, we must renew our vow that terrorism must never win."
The flag on the hotel roof is being flown at half mast, with others around the hotel removed as a mark of respect for those killed and injured.
Staff joined the silent tribute around a plaque in the hotel lobby which was unveiled by former Conservative minister Lord Tebbit, who was seriously injured in the blast.
Mr Cameron added: "On a night of unspeakable horror, IRA terrorists tried to wipe out our country's democratically-elected government.
"I will never forget those shocking images as members of the emergency services scrambled over the rubble to rescue those wounded in the blast.
"But I also remember Margaret Thatcher's defiant response later that day.
"She declared Britain will never be cowed by terrorists and said their sickening attempts to destroy our democracy would fail."
Andrew Mosley, general manager of the Grand Hotel, said: "It is an opportunity to remind the staff and ourselves of what happened 30 years ago on that day.
"To reflect on what it must have been like for our colleagues at the time and to remember those who lost their lives, those who were injured, the community in Brighton that was so badly affected, and members of the emergency services who were called to the blast."
Patrick Magee, who planted the device, is planning to take part in a discussion following a screening of the documentary Beyond Right & Wrong at The Old Market in Hove.
Lord Tebbit was severely injured and his wife Margaret was left paralysed from the neck down following the blast.
He said: "I think about it every day in the sense that I look at my wife who was sentenced to life imprisonment in a wheelchair."
Lord Tebbit said he had nothing but contempt for Magee, who was given eight life sentences at the Old Bailey in 1986, with a recommendation he serve a minimum of 35 years.
He was released in 1999 under the Good Friday Agreement.


Scunthorpe United have signed Hull City forward Greg Luer on an initial one-month loan.

Luer, 21, joined Hull in January 2015 from Isthmian League side Burgess Hill Town before joining Port Vale on loan.
He has scored twice in six appearances for the Tigers this season, including the winner in Hull's 1-0 Capital One Cup victory over Rochdale.
Luer will be available for the Iron's game against Southend on Tuesday, with the loan lasting until 8 March.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Houston Rockets guard James Harden has signed a contract extension worth a reported $228m (£176m) - the richest in NBA history.

Harden had two years, worth $59m (£45.7m), left on his previous deal.
He has signed a four-year extension worth $169m (£131m) through to the 2022-23 season, according to the Houston Chronicle.
Last week Golden State Warriors point guard Stephen Curry signed a $201m (£154m) deal, according to his agent.
Curry's five-year contract was at that point the richest in NBA history but Harden's contract is worth $27m (£21m) more.
"Houston is home for me," said Harden in a statement released by the Rockets.


A man has been arrested after a woman died in a crash between a car and a scooter, police said.

The collision happened on the A46 near Alcester in South Warwickshire at about 17:00 GMT on Wednesday.
A woman in her 20s died at the scene, between Oversley Mill and Salford Bridge.
A 23-year-old man from Evesham, Worcestershire, has been arrested on suspicion of dangerous driving.


Two men have been charged with murder over the death of a teenager who was stabbed in Slough.

Wa-ays Dhaye, 18, from Slough, died following an attack in Thurston Road on Monday 31 August.
Khianni Gordon, 18, and Kaneel Huggins, 18, both from High Wycombe, have been charged with murder and possessing an offensive weapon in a public place.
They are due to appear at Slough Magistrates' Court later.


Shane Williams says the British and Irish Lions need to be more clinical in attack if they are to beat New Zealand.

A week before the first Test at Eden Park, the Lions beat the Maori All Blacks 32-10 in Rotorua.
But ex-Wales and Lions wing Williams says the tourists wasted opportunities.
"It frustrates us all, because you've got the likes of Ben Te'o getting over the gain line for fun at the moment, but players aren't getting on his shoulder," said Williams, 40.
"I don't think the Lions are playing that expansively, it's a bit disjointed the way they're attacking and that's why players like wings Anthony Watson and George North aren't playing big parts.
"We've got potent attackers in the team but at the moment we're just not using them.
"You'd like to think that's going to come, but it will be frustrating because line breaks are being made but the tries aren't being scored.
"Three points here and there against the All Blacks isn't going to win, you have to score tries."
However, former wing Williams, Wales' record try score with 58 from 87 appearances, said the comfortable win over the Maori was a welcome result for Warren Gatland's squad, with just Tuesday's game against the Chiefs to come before the three-Test series begins.
"The lads played well in patches and job done really," added Williams, who played in 2005 the last time the Lions toured New Zealand, as well as in 2009 and 2013.
"A few issues keep cropping up, the same problems: discipline and perhaps too many turnovers than you'd like to have, especially against the All Blacks.
"However, second half they tightened it up a little bit, came away with two tries - perhaps should have scored others - but a win's a win."
One aspect of the Lions' play that particularly pleased Williams was the dominance shown by the forwards.
"I remember speaking to Gatland when they selected the squad and he said he wanted a big front row that could try and dominate the All Blacks," Williams said.
"That certainly was the case in Rotorua, that's probably as close to the [Test] front row as you're going to get, perhaps hopefully getting Ken Owens in there at hooker with the likes of Tadhg Furlong and Mako Vunipola.
"They dominated up front in the scrum, the line-out was very effective and when players like Ken and Jack McGrath came on they kept the dominance.
"There are a lot of positives to take out of the game, the minuses they just have to work on a little bit... but they have a short space of time to do it."


A woman accused of disguising herself as a man before killing her half-sister with a casserole dish has told a court she was not the killer.

Nikki Collingbourne, 26, was found dead at her flat in Ivel Court, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, in May.
Yvonne Caylor, 53, is on trial at Luton Crown Court where she denies murder.
Ms Caylor's barrister asked her if she murdered her half-sister or had played any part in her death to which she twice replied: "No, Sir."
Ms Collingbourne is alleged to have been attacked by Ms Caylor, of Grove Road, Hitchin, with a chicken-shaped casserole dish on 23 May, after the defendant had been charged with burgling Ms Collingbourne's flat in Ivel Court.
Ms Caylor, who used a stick to walk to the witness box, denied she had committed the burglary.
She said she had been dragged out of the flat by Ms Collingbourne after a row, but told the jury she had not hired a locksmith shortly afterwards to break in to take property.
"At no point did I call a locksmith," she said.
At the start of her evidence, Ms Caylor said she had never visited a fancy dress shop and tried on a wig. She said: "I would have to cut my hair off to put a wig on."
Her barrister Graham Trembath asked her if she was the intruder who got into the flat at around 08:00 on the day of the murder. She replied: "Since I left I have never been back there - not once never."
The trial continues.


Since last week's election upset, rumours have been swirling over whether newly appointed President-elect Donald Trump will leave his $100m (Â£80m) New York penthouse for the White House.

The billionaire's 58th floor residence in Trump Tower offers stunning views of the Manhattan skyline and has been decorated in a "Louis XIV style" decked in gold and marble.
Photos of the penthouse, published by the Daily Mail, show enormous chandeliers, plush sofas, and gold-encrusted Corinthian columns.
Mr Trump once told biographer Michael D'Antoni about his penthouse, expressing great pride in its construction.
"This is a very complex unit. Building this unit, if you look at the columns and the carvings, this building, this unit was harder than building the building itself."
And, according to the New York Times, Mr Trump has been speaking with advisers about how many nights a week he would spend in the White House, saying he would like to spend time in New York when he can.
The business mogul is reportedly a homebody who flew long hours during the campaign just to sleep in his own bed.
It is unclear if Mr Trump, his wife Melania and the couple's 10-year-old son, Barron, who is currently halfway through his school year, will live at the White House.
But if he opted out of his presidential quarters he would certainly turn Washington's historical status quo on its head.
The White House is seen as a symbol of American history and tradition and has been occupied by every office holder since John Adams, America's second president.
In 1902, the president's offices were relocated to the building's second floor, making the commute to a busy job a bit easier.
The White House is a quick two miles from the Capitol building where the US Congress is held - Trump Tower happens to be over 220 miles away.
Also, if Mr Trump chooses to reside in New York he could greatly disrupt city traffic. New Yorkers frequently take to social media in frustration when President Obama's motorcade disrupts the city's busy grid.
Whenever the president travels, roads are blocked, traffic can back up for miles and delays can last hours, but this would be exacerbated in a crowded city like New York.
Then there is the issue of security. On election night, the US Federal Aviation Administration established a no-fly zone over midtown Manhattan until 21 January, the day after the US presidential inauguration.
The directive cites "VIP movement" as the reason behind the flying ban, which prohibits planes, helicopters and drones from flying below 3,000ft and within a two-nautical-mile radius of Trump Tower on Fifth Avenue.
Secret service flights are exempt.
Nevertheless, were Mr Trump to remain in New York, security at Trump Tower would have to be bolstered.
The White House has multiple layers of defence, making a veritable fortress.
An outer iron fence is reinforced by groups of armed guards at the gates and inside the perimeter.
Snipers are perched atop the building and windows have bullet-proof glass. Additionally, infrared alarms, lasers, and missiles are all reportedly part of the building's defence system.
For a tycoon accustomed to jetting to lavish residences as he pleases, his new job may be an adjustment.


As millions around the world celebrate Polish Independence Day an exhibition is opening in Herefordshire that celebrates the day and the art of three generations of the same family.

The history of that family, the Maciags, is tied to that of their homeland.
Along with art, it is a tale of being separated during two world wars, being taken prisoner and joining underground resistance groups.
Successive generations lived for 123 years, under the yoke of Poland's partition and control by its more powerful neighbours, before independence came.
Michal Maciag grew up in southern Poland during the 1890s when it was part of the the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
When World War I broke out he found himself fighting for the empire he objected to so he surrendered to the French to avoid fighting against the allies.
His granddaughter Anna said he was fighting in Bosnia with the Austro-Hungarian artillery, where he met his wife. Their first child Josef was born there.
"But he was sent to France and found himself on the side he didn't want to be on," Anna said.
"He took the most dangerous option by surrendering at Verdun so he could be on the French side but he was imprisoned by them and became a prisoner of war."
Left behind in Bosnia, his wife Roza, who was pregnant with Anna's father Otto, left the country when the family home was burnt down.
She made her way to Hungary and was there during the Hungarian Revolution in 1918.
It is thought Roza stayed in Hungary until Otto was about two, before making her way to Poland where she was reunited with Michal.
The couple's third son Ludwik was born in Krakow in 1920 and the family settled in BiaÅ‚a Podlaska, which was in central Poland at the time.
But when World War II broke out the family was torn apart again.
Jozef had become intensively involved in the underground movement but had to escape to the former Yugoslavia after he was seriously injured. However, he continued resistance and was known as Captain Nash by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE).
Later killed by a German grenade in Montenegro, he was buried in a British war cemetery in Belgrade.
Anna's father Otto was trained in anti-aircraft artillery but, after defending the air force at Malaszewicze in September 1939, he was trapped between the Russian and German invasions of Poland.
She said: "He escaped to Romania where he was interned but then escaped to France."
Otto was stationed in various places including Scotland and fought in France, Belgium and Holland during the rest of the war.
Meanwhile, his brother Ludwik followed in his eldest brother's footsteps and joined the underground movement.
When the war ended Otto realised that he couldn't return home.
"He was in exile and couldn't go back, especially during the Stalinist era," said Anna.
"He studied art in Liverpool and then taught at Monmouth School where he was head of art."
Ludwik, who remained in Poland, faced a new threat - hundreds of thousands of Poles were still being deported to Siberia after the war.
As he had fought in the underground army and saved the lives of a group of American pilots he was blacklisted by the Communist state.
"[However] he hid in the forest and disappeared for quite a while before reappearing to study art in Krakow," Anna said.
"His war sketches, which were the basis for many paintings later on, were the only visual documentation of the forest based underground units, because the communist regime tried to erase this aspect of history.
"Ludwik protested furiously when even the titles of his purely landscape paintings were changed to suit communist propaganda and he was arrested several times."
He eventually became Dean of the Warsaw Academy of Art.
Anna, who still lives in Monmouth, has carried on the family's artistic legacy.
She was responsible for organising various Chopin bicentenary concerts in Bristol and Hereford and also makes ceramic art.
To commemorate Polish Independence Day all three artists' ceramics and paintings are being displayed in Hereford Museum and Art Gallery.
The location is especially appropriate because Otto and Anna were both members of the Herefordshire Art and Craft Society and for many years exhibited work in the same building.
Otto died in 2000 and Ludwik in 2007 but a new generation of Polish expatriates in Herefordshire can now explore their paintings and ceramics.
"It's just wonderful," said Anna. "I think they'd both be quite pleased."
The artwork and story of the Maciag family will be on display until 7 January 2012.


The steel frame has been erected for what has been described as Scotland's first community-owned craft whisky distillery.

GlenWyvis Distillery Community Benefit Society is having the building constructed on a hillside near Dingwall.
Contractors are now working on adding the exterior walls.
The distillery's copper stills for making spirit could be installed later this month.
A crowdfunding appeal last year saw 2,600 people invest in the project.
A new share offer to gather further support is to be launched at the Black Isle Show at Muir of Ord on 3 August.


Many rural bus services in England and Wales face being wiped out by council budget cuts, campaigners have warned.

Research by the Campaign for Better Transport says subsidies to routes have been reduced by £78m since 2010, with another £27m under threat this year.
It likens the situation to the cuts to about a third of the rail network made on the back of a report by Dr Beeching in the 1960s.
Councils say "difficult decisions" are being made amid government cuts.
The Campaign for Better Transport says reductions in local authority funding had already resulted in thousands of bus services being reduced or cancelled in recent years.
According to its research, people in Lincolnshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Somerset, Dorset, West Berkshire, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, Hertfordshire, North Yorkshire and Lancashire will be among the worst affected.
Oxfordshire County Council says it is looking to save nearly £4m by cutting subsidies to more than 100 routes. It told the BBC it had been left with no choice but to include buses in the services it was cutting, because of an overall reduction in government funding to councils.
Martin Abrams, from the Campaign for Better Transport, said: "Up and down the country utterly devastating cuts are now being inflicted on our vital bus services on a par with the swingeing and misguided cuts the government and Dr Beeching made to our rail network which decimated services back in the 1960s."
Buses are overseen by the Department for Transport in England and the Welsh Assembly in Wales, but decisions on funding for services are made by local authorities.
Transport minister Andrew Jones said: "The government protected around £250m of funding for bus services in England, provided through the Bus Service Operators Grant, as part of last year's spending review."
He said ministers had also provided £7.6m in support for 37 local transport schemes in rural areas, while more than 300 charities and community groups across England would benefit from new minibuses through a £25m fund.
He added: "We are also developing measures in the upcoming Buses Bill so local authorities can deliver improved bus services."
The Welsh government, meanwhile, said last month it was committed to improving the quality and accessibility of local bus services.
Labour's shadow transport minister Daniel Zeichner said: "David Cameron promised to keep the free bus pass but he cut the buses instead. Labour would make sure that local communities have the power to make bus operators provide the services local people need."
Peter Box, the Local Government Association's transport spokesman, called for the concessionary fares under which councils provide free off-peak travel for elderly and disabled residents to be fully funded by the government.
He added: "Councils know how important buses are for their communities and local economies and are desperate to protect them. Instead, many across the country are reluctantly taking difficult decisions to scale back services and review subsidised routes as a result."


The mother of The Apprentice star Stuart Baggs said his funeral was a celebration of her son's life and achievements.

About 200 people attended the service in Douglas which included a montage of childhood photographs set to his favourite Backstreet Boys song.
All those who attended the service at St Ninian's Church followed his family's wishes to wear blue.
The entrepreneur, from Plymouth, died following an asthma attack last month.
His mother Rosemary Baggs said: "We didn't want people to wear black - Stuart wouldn't have wanted that.
"His favourite colour was blue so it seemed fitting."
Baggs launched his company Bluewave Communications in 2007 and, days before his death at the age of 27, held a press conference to launch his latest product.
When he was aged 21 in 2010, he became the youngest ever candidate to appear on the BBC One show The Apprentice.
Baggs, who was fired in the semi-final, became famous for his one-liners, which included "Everything I touch turns to sold" and "I'm Stuart Baggs the brand".
Following his death, Lord Sugar was one of the first to pay tribute to the charismatic contestant, tweeting that Baggs was "one of the stand out characters".
Mrs Baggs told Manx Radio: "The Stuart we knew was so different to the Stuart in the public eye.
"He was a very loyal, caring and funny person, who was the life and soul of any party.
"Stuart was always the person someone would want as their plus one because you would be guaranteed a good night."
Friend Shelly Rourke said he never judged anyone because he felt so acutely aware that everyone judged him. "He didn't want anyone else to feel like that," she said.
"Stuart would do anything for you. Seeing everyone wearing blue today will be a testament to how much people loved him."
Another friend Jo Cutsforth said: "The guy was exceptionally hard-working and very, very passionate.
"He was a boy with a dream and for almost 10 years he made that dream come true."
Paul Moulton, who spoke at the funeral, said: "Everyone wore blue as it was his favourite colour and his company name.
"Anyone who knew Stuart would know that he would have laughed his socks off at the idea."


Rio Tinto Group has dropped its policy of maintaining or raising dividends each year as lower commodity prices cut its annual profit by 51%.

Underlying earnings fell to $4.54bn (Â£3.13bn) in 2015, from $9.31bn a year earlier.
Rio has held its full-year dividend at $2.15 a share, while the 2016 payout will be no less than $1.10 a share.
It said it was "no longer appropriate to maintain the progressive dividend policy".
Rio has joined other groups including Glencore and Brazil's mining giant, Vale, in adjusting dividend payouts to shareholders.
Rio chairman Jan du Plessis said: "With the continuing uncertain market outlook, the board believes that maintaining the current progressive dividend policy would constrain the business and act against shareholders' long-term interests."
It reported an annual net loss of $866m, hit by impairment charges of about $1.8bn.
These charges were due to its Simandou iron ore project in Guinea, which was affected by Ebola last year, Energy Resources of Australia Ltd, which is a uranium mine, and the Roughrider uranium project.
Mining companies, hit by weaker iron ore, copper and aluminium prices, are under pressure from rating agencies to curb spending to help them through the worst conditions seen in nearly two decades.
Rio is planning a further reduction in capital expenditure of $3bn and costs of $2bn over 2016 and 2017.


A feature-length documentary film about the founder of Europe's first Tibetan Buddhist centre in Dumfriesshire has staged its world premiere.

The story of Akong Tulku Rinpoche was screened at the Samye Ling site he founded in Eskdalemuir.
A Remarkable Life covers everything from his birth in Tibet in 1939 to his murder in China in 2013.
Shortly before his death, he authorised the film to be made which was given its premiere in southern Scotland.
Akong Rinpoche was installed as abbot of a monastery in eastern Tibet at the age of just four having been identified as the reincarnation of the previous abbot.
When he was 19, with China having occupied Tibet and tensions between the countries at their height, he joined a freedom walk over the Himalayas to India.
It took 10 months and of the 200 people who started, only 15 survived.
Akong eventually made his way to the UK in 1959 and acquired an old farmhouse at Eskdalemuir where Samye Ling was founded in 1967.
The film's executive producer Vin Harris told BBC Radio's Good Morning Scotland programme: "I think they travelled around lots of places, there was a story that it kind of reminded them of Tibet.
"There was someone there who was running a spiritual centre and he was ready to move on so they basically took it over.
"They were very much welcomed, particularly in Dumfries, Rinpoche made his family life there and had very good friends here."
Samye Ling was the first Buddhist monastery to be founded in Europe and students later included David Bowie and Leonard Cohen.
It has now grown into a large complex for the study and teaching of Buddhism, with a vast temple at its heart.
From there, Akong spearheaded a range of projects including  ROKPA International, which carries out humanitarian work in Tibet, Nepal, India and Africa.
It was while in China in October 2013 that he was murdered, aged 73, but before his death he authorised the film of his life to be made.
Its premiere at Samye Ling was attended by the current abbot, Akong's younger brother Lama Yeshe Losal Rinpoche.
"We feel that the film is more a message of hope actually - a celebration of his life," Mr Harris said.
"It kind of focuses on the fact that putting compassion into action, rather than being a kind of luxury, is so effective.
"We look at what, as a refugee, he achieved - setting up centres all over the world and helping thousands and thousands of people without compromising that value of compassion."


London's benchmark FTSE 100 index reached its highest level to date on the last day of trading for 2016.

The move upwards was tiny - 22.5 points or 0.32% - but it left the FTSE at an unprecedented 7,142.83.
The last trading day of the calendar year in London is a short one, with dealings ending at 12:30 GMT.
Among the top 100 companies, there were no major daily moves. Rolls-Royce was the biggest faller, notching up a decline of 1.47%.
Oil ended in London flat, with Brent at $56.67 a barrel. The commodity has almost doubled from this year's low of $30 a barrel.
Oil has gained 53% since the start of the year, the biggest annual rise since 2009, with the promise of production curbs from major oil-producing countries giving a late surge to the price.
Mining companies have largely been winning investments, in sterling terms, with many gaining about 30% over the year.
The FTSE 100 has benefited from the fall in the pound since the Leave vote, because the many international companies whose shares are traded in the UK tend to benefit from it.
Profits earned abroad by multinationals such as drugs giant GlaxoSmithKline and major mining companies are worth more when converted into sterling.
That makes a company's shares appear better value when compared with the higher profits it will make, prompting a revaluation of the stock.
Source: Bloomberg
Source: Bloomberg
In currencies, the pound was up 0.48% against the dollar at $1.2310, but was flat against the euro at €1.1681.
The Brexit vote dramatically weakened the worth of the pound against the dollar. At the start of the year - and in June on the eve of the Brexit vote - the pound was worth just short of $1.50.
It has certainly been a good year for a British investor with stakes in the top 100 companies traded on the London stock exchange.  If you held a portfolio made up of the same stocks in the same proportions as go into the index, you would have made a very healthy gain of about 14%.
But a foreign investor buying the same selection of assets would not have done so well, because sterling has fallen so sharply.
If the dollar were your home currency, you would have seen the value of your holding of London stocks decline by 4%. That partly reflects the fact that the pound has moved especially sharply against a strengthening US currency.
If what you cared about was the performance of your investment measured in euros, then you would have seen the value of your portfolio ending 2016 very close to the level at which it started the year.
Michael Hewson, chief market analyst at CMC Markets, said 2017 could be a rocky one: "It's all about political risk, there's the French and German elections and potentially another election in Italy. There's also Greece, Italy's banks and Article 50.
"We could be in for another year of surprises."


A faction of the Pakistani Taliban has said it carried out a suicide bombing that killed at least 70 people at a hospital in the city of Quetta.

The attacker targeted a crowd that had gathered as the body of a prominent lawyer murdered earlier on Monday, Bilal Kasi, was being brought in.
Lawyers and journalists were among the dead. About 120 people were injured.
The Taliban faction, Jamaat-ul-Ahrar, said it was behind both the hospital attack and the killing of Mr Kasi.
He was head of the Balochistan province bar association. He was shot while on his way to the court complex in Quetta.
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar [The Party of Freedom Fighters] split from the Pakistani Taliban two years ago.
It has claimed a number of major attacks, including a suicide bombing that killed more than 70 people - including many children - at a park during Easter celebrations this year.
Balochistan, Pakistan's poorest province, has long been plagued by insurgency.
A number of people, including lawyers, have been murdered in Quetta in recent weeks.
Mr Kasi had strongly condemned those attacks. He had announced a two-day boycott of court sessions in protest at the killing of a colleague last week.
After the hospital blast, Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and chief of army staff Gen Raheel Sharif both went to Quetta for talks with security officials.
Mr Sharif expressed his "deep grief and anguish", adding: "No-one will be allowed to disturb the peace of the province. The people, policy and security forces in Balochistan have given sacrifices for the country."
The president of Pakistan's Supreme Court Bar Association, Syed Ali Zafa, called the assault "an attack on justice". The Pakistan Bar Council has announced a nationwide strike by lawyers on Tuesday.
Those killed in the hospital attack were said to include Baz Muhammad Kakar, a predecessor of Mr Kasi as provincial bar president, and more than 30 other lawyers.
Two journalists have also been identified among the dead - Shahzad Khan, a cameraman for Aaj TV, and Mehmood Khan, a cameraman for DawnNews.
Lawyers in Lahore staged a demonstration to condemn the attack. Some journalists also protested, demanding protection for freedom of expression.


Uganda's censorship board has banned a Dutch film, The Dinner Club, after accusing it of "glorifying homosexuality" the Embassy of The Netherlands in Kampala has said.

Gay sex is illegal in Uganda.
The embassy said in a Facebook post that it "deplored" the decision to ban the film.
It then published the full list of objections from the media council which also include using "lurid language", and "smoking especially by women".
The Uganda Media Council described the film as women forming a "Dinner Club which is in reality a sort of brothel", and said the film included scenes of "gay men sauntering away drunk".
It said "while glorifying homosexuality two women say marriage (presumably to men) is hard work! This is against Ugandan values."
The council also objected to one man calling another a "hot chick".
In the comments under the embassy's Facebook post many people back the media council's stand.
One person said: "People from [the] West should know that Uganda has a culture and it's very right to prohibit what they see [as] evil or will torment our culture."
But the embassy gets some support, with another person writing: "This is just unfortunate. The author at the media council does not represent the views of the majority of Ugandans. In fact he has greatly embarrassed many of us."
The film was released in 2010 and was due to be shown in a European film festival in Uganda.
But the Embassy of the Netherlands said it will no longer taking part in the festival.


Vandals have sprayed-painted a controversial Anish Kapoor sculpture on display in the gardens of France's Palace of Versailles.

The 60-metre steel tube was called "dirty" and "gross" by critics, after Kapoor was quoted as saying it signified "the vagina of the queen who took power".
The vandalism was discovered on Wednesday, and the work is currently being cleaned.
Kapoor called the incident "a tragedy".
Speaking to Le Figero, he said the vandals represented "a small fraction of people who have been told that any creative act is an endangerment of a sacred past, revered to the extreme."
The installation, called Dirty Corner, sits in the grounds outside the palace, the home of Marie Antoinette, the 18th Century queen of France.
He stressed to the newspaper he had never used the word "queen" to refer to the subject of the sculpture, and claimed he had been mis-quoted.
Kapoor was originally quoted in a French interview saying the work signified "the vagina of the queen coming into power" - but later said the work was open to interpretation.
"Inevitably, one comes across the body, our bodies and a certain level of sexuality. But it is certainly not the only thing it is about," he said.
In a statement, the artist added: I am aware of the power of art and its ability to offend.  Dirty Corner is in some ways itself an act of artistic violence.
"It attempts to lay bare the tidy surface of Le Notre's Versailles... It looks under the carpet of Le Notre's "Tapis Vert" and allows the uncomfortable, even the sexual.
Kapoor is a former Turner Prize-winner whose work has been shown around the world.
He is perhaps best known for the Orbital Tower at the heart of the Olympic Park in east London and for his Marsyas sculpture in the Turbine Hall of Tate Modern in London.


Premier League champions Leicester City and last season's runners-up Arsenal are still waiting for their first win of the new campaign after a goalless stalemate at the King Power Stadium.

Both teams were aiming to bounce back from opening-weekend losses, to Hull City and Liverpool respectively, but could not find a breakthrough in a fiercely-contested game.
Referee Mark Clattenburg was the villain for Leicester fans after denying strong penalty claims in each half, first when Laurent Koscielny tangled with Danny Drinkwater then late on when Hector Bellerin appeared to upend Ahmed Musa.
Leicester striker Jamie Vardy failed to punish the club he turned down this summer when he shot wide from close range as Claudio Ranieri's side started to exert a measure of control after the break.
Arsenal keeper Petr Cech saved crucially from Riyad Mahrez in the dying seconds while Arsenal had opportunities of their own as they enjoyed the better of the first half, Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain shooting narrowly wide.
Relive the action from the King Power Stadium
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Arsenal fans were not celebrating a hard-earned point at the final whistle - they were busy venting their fury at manager Arsenal Wenger's lack of activity in the transfer market.
Wenger was urged, loudly and in very industrial terms, to start spending some money as Arsenal fought through a spell of late Leicester pressure.
It left Arsenal without a win from their first two games and means they are already five points behind Manchester City, Manchester United and Chelsea - and indeed Hull City.
And there can be no doubt Arsenal's fans have a valid point when they question why Wenger has not beefed up his squad more, certainly with more than the £35m acquisition of midfielder Granit Xhaka from Borussia Monchengladbach.
Wenger is hoping to complete a £25m deal for Valencia's German central defender Shkodran Mustafi but there is also a need for further class in attack to augment, and perhaps replace, Olivier Giroud.
This is a defining season for Wenger so it could be said he faces a defining few days in the transfer market.
Arsenal's fans certainly know it. Wenger must surely know it too as he listened to those angry voices in the travelling support tucked away in a corner of the King Power Stadium
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Leicester may not defy the odds and all logic to win the title this season - but there is no reason to believe they will simply fall away after the glory of that Premier League title campaign.
Ranieri's side may still be awaiting their first win of the season but there was plenty to suggest this will be another campaign to enjoy for the fervent Foxes fans who create such atmospheric surroundings at the King Power Stadium.
Leicester may not have been at their vibrant best but they matched Arsenal and showed real resilience and character to apply pressure themselves in the second half after the Gunners enjoyed the best of the first half.
They may have lost N'Golo Kante to Chelsea but Nampalys Mendy looked a decent replacement before his injury and, while Vardy and Mahrez could not apply finishing touches as they did last season, they will on enough occasions to win matches.
And with the old firm of Wes Morgan and Robert Huth back together in central defence, some of the steel that was missing in defeat at Hull City - and that served them so well last term - was restored.
Arsenal's soft centre was brutally exposed by Liverpool in the 4-3 defeat at Emirates Stadium last Sunday - leading to much criticism of Wenger's decision not to play Laurent Koscielny.
Wenger decided Koscielny was not ready after his Euro 2016 exertions with France, even though Per Mertesacker and Gabriel were both long-term injury casualties. It backfired as both Calum Chambers and 20-year-old Rob Holding, a £2m buy from Bolton, struggled badly.
Koscielny's return brought authority to Arsenal's defence and also helped guide Holding through a spell of heavy Leicester pressure, particularly distinguishing himself with a lunge that forced Vardy to shoot high and wide.
He is a fixture in Arsenal's central defence - now Wenger must provide him with quality support.
Leicester boss Claudio Ranieri: "I am very happy. We didn't concede. We closed very well all the space and created clear chances to score. It was a draw but I think our fans enjoyed the match. Vardy scored against Manchester United, and he works so hard. I am happy with him."
On the penalty appeals: "Difficult to say. My philosophy is it's a penalty when the referee blows his whistle and that's it."
On the injury suffered by Mendys: "I don't know how bad. the ankle twists a little. Tomorrow we will see."
Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger: "I think overall it was a good performance, a good match between two good teams. It was a game of top level intensity and I believe we responded well to last week's disappointment.
"Leicester are a good team - they did not win the league and only lose three games last season for nothing.
"We had to fight until the end. We could have lost or won it in the last 20 minutes. We wanted to win the game and we finished with five attacking players on the pitch."
Leicester are away at Swansea next Saturday and the Gunners are at Watford - both 15:00 BST kick offs.
Match ends, Leicester City 0, Arsenal 0.
Second Half ends, Leicester City 0, Arsenal 0.
Offside, Leicester City. Daniel Drinkwater tries a through ball, but Andy King is caught offside.
Attempt blocked. Daniel Drinkwater (Leicester City) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Rob Holding (Arsenal) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Rob Holding (Arsenal).
Leonardo Ulloa (Leicester City) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt saved. Riyad Mahrez (Leicester City) right footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Daniel Drinkwater.
Attempt saved. Theo Walcott (Arsenal) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top centre of the goal. Assisted by Mesut Özil.
Attempt blocked. Daniel Drinkwater (Leicester City) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Riyad Mahrez.
Substitution, Leicester City. Ahmed Musa replaces Marc Albrighton.
Rob Holding (Arsenal) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Daniel Drinkwater (Leicester City).
Corner,  Arsenal. Conceded by Kasper Schmeichel.
Corner,  Arsenal. Conceded by Wes Morgan.
Attempt blocked. Theo Walcott (Arsenal) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Héctor Bellerín with a through ball.
Mesut Özil (Arsenal) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Riyad Mahrez (Leicester City).
Substitution, Arsenal. Olivier Giroud replaces Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain.
Attempt saved. Theo Walcott (Arsenal) left footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Francis Coquelin.
Substitution, Arsenal. Mesut Özil replaces Santiago Cazorla.
Substitution, Arsenal. Jack Wilshere replaces Granit Xhaka.
Nacho Monreal (Arsenal) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Riyad Mahrez (Leicester City).
Attempt missed. Jamie Vardy (Leicester City) right footed shot from the right side of the box is too high. Assisted by Marc Albrighton.
Corner,  Arsenal. Conceded by Danny Simpson.
Substitution, Leicester City. Leonardo Ulloa replaces Shinji Okazaki.
Attempt blocked. Andy King (Leicester City) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Jamie Vardy.
Offside, Arsenal. Francis Coquelin tries a through ball, but Theo Walcott is caught offside.
Attempt saved. Héctor Bellerín (Arsenal) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top centre of the goal. Assisted by Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain.
Corner,  Leicester City. Conceded by Laurent Koscielny.
Attempt missed. Riyad Mahrez (Leicester City) left footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high from a direct free kick.
Foul by Francis Coquelin (Arsenal).
Riyad Mahrez (Leicester City) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Leicester City. Andy King replaces Nampalys Mendy because of an injury.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Nampalys Mendy (Leicester City) because of an injury.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Nampalys Mendy (Leicester City) because of an injury.
Foul by Alexis Sánchez (Arsenal).


James Vaughan scored four goals in 20 minutes as Bury ended their winless run with victory against Peterborough.

Tom Nichols tapped Posh into a fourth-minute lead, only for Vaughan to level three minutes later.
The Shakers striker then fired in three more, becoming the first Bury player to score four in a game since Phil Stant in October 1995.
Substitute George Miller completed the scoring in the 71st minute as Bury romped to their first win in 21 games.
That looked unlikely when Rob Lainton parried a Gwion Edwards shot for Nichols to convert the rebound on four minutes. But Bury hit straight back when Vaughan fired into the top corner from a Scott Burgess pass.
Edwards and Paul Taylor then tested Lainton before Vaughan stooped to head home from Jacob Mellis' 16th-minute corner.
The former Everton, Huddersfield and Birmingham striker claimed his hat-trick after 24 minutes, firing home at the second attempt from Tom Pope's cross.
Yet Vaughan was not done there as, just three minutes later, he swept in Taylor Moore's low cross for his 14th of the season.
He even went close to a fifth goal either side of the break, while Posh substitutes Lee Angol and Marcus Madison struck the Bury bar.
The fifth goal arrived when visiting keeper Luke McGee came out to clear, only to kick the ball against Miler, who rolled it into the empty net.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Bury 5, Peterborough United 1.
Second Half ends, Bury 5, Peterborough United 1.
Antony Kay (Bury) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Marcus Maddison (Peterborough United).
Attempt missed. James Vaughan (Bury) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the right.
Neil Danns (Bury) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Martin Samuelsen (Peterborough United).
Foul by Kelvin Etuhu (Bury).
Lee Angol (Peterborough United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
George Miller (Bury) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Andrew Hughes (Peterborough United).
Foul by Kelvin Etuhu (Bury).
Martin Samuelsen (Peterborough United) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Hallam Hope (Bury).
Martin Samuelsen (Peterborough United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Marcus Maddison (Peterborough United) right footed shot from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt missed. Tom Nichols (Peterborough United) left footed shot from the left side of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Foul by James Vaughan (Bury).
Andrew Hughes (Peterborough United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Reece Brown (Bury).
Lee Angol (Peterborough United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Peterborough United. Conceded by Greg Leigh.
James Vaughan (Bury) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Andrew Hughes (Peterborough United).
Lee Angol (Peterborough United) hits the bar with a right footed shot from the centre of the box.
Attempt saved. Scott Burgess (Bury) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Substitution, Bury. Kelvin Etuhu replaces Jacob Mellis.
Corner,  Peterborough United. Conceded by Antony Kay.
Substitution, Peterborough United. Marcus Maddison replaces Paul Taylor.
Corner,  Peterborough United. Conceded by Greg Leigh.
Goal!  Bury 5, Peterborough United 1. George Miller (Bury) right footed shot from a difficult angle and long range on the right to the bottom left corner.
Corner,  Peterborough United. Conceded by Antony Kay.
Foul by Scott Burgess (Bury).
Martin Samuelsen (Peterborough United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Bury. George Miller replaces Tom Pope.
Attempt missed. Antony Kay (Bury) header from the centre of the box misses to the right.
Tom Pope (Bury) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Andrew Hughes (Peterborough United).
Attempt saved. Tom Nichols (Peterborough United) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Paul Taylor (Peterborough United) hits the bar with a left footed shot from outside the box.


Newcastle United have signed striker Ivan Toney from League Two side Northampton for an undisclosed fee.

The 19-year-old, who came through the Cobblers' youth ranks and scored 13 goals in 60 senior games, has agreed a "long-term deal".
The youngest player to represent Northampton, Toney is Newcastle's fifth signing of the summer.
Meanwhile, Magpies captain Fabricio Coloccini, 33, has signed a one-year extension to his contract, until 2017.
The new deal, which includes the option of a further year, comes 18 months after Coloccini asked to leave the club and return to his native Argentina for personal reasons.
He was recently been linked with a move to Crystal Palace - managed by former Newcastle boss Alan Pardew - although Palace denied any interest.
Toney's arrival was welcomed by Newcastle football development manager Peter Beardsley, who said: "We have been very impressed with Ivan already.
"He is a very good player, with great enthusiasm and a first-class attitude, and has all the attributes to have a bright future at the club."
Toney said: "The players here are a great standard and I can't wait to get going and show what I'm all about.
"Being a young lad who is scoring goals in the Football League was a great thing.
"Now I want to progress here and eventually do it in the Premier League."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Young voters have been quizzing Scotland's party leaders during a five-stop lift journey.

First on the move was Patrick Harvie of the Scottish Greens. He spoke frankly about being arrested by the police and why he would love to give a home to a refugee - but can't.
Asking the questions were Sarah (18); Jamie-Lee (16); Louis (16); Erin (18) and Megan (18).
They are all members of the BBC's Generation 2016 election panel.
Mr Harvie, an elected politician for more than 15 years, was asked if he had ever been arrested by the police.
He recalled that during a demonstration at the Faslane nuclear base, he was "hauled off" - alongside his mother - by officers.
Mr Harvie added:  "I think changing the world, sometimes, needs a wide range of different techniques and getting arrested sometimes happens."
When asked whether he would let a refugee live with him, the politician said he "might", but he didn't have the space "at the moment".
Other questions put to Mr Harvie included - would you ever fight in a war, is it fair that the minimum wage is lower for young people and who would you like to get stuck in a lift with?
The Scottish Lib Dems' Willie Rennie; Scottish Tory Ruth Davidson; Scottish Labour's Kezia Dugdale and the SNP's Nicola Sturgeon have also been part of the BBC's Leaders in a Lift series.


A teenager with learning disabilities was "unlawfully" sedated and flown from south-west England to Dundee in a move a health boss likened to "extraordinary rendition to Guantanamo Bay".

A leaked report seen by the BBC shows the girl's journey in 2007 happened without her or her parents' consent.
She was eventually placed at a private hospital near Bristol, which was later closed following an abuse scandal.
NHS England said "significant improvements" had occurred since 2007.
The teenager had been living at a residential home in Plymouth, but had to be moved to an adult setting as she was about to turn 18.
The decision to fly her under sedation to Scotland was taken against the advice of her professional advocate.
She stayed in Scotland for one month before being moved to Winterbourne View private hospital, where the abuse of patients was exposed in a BBC Panorama programme in 2011.
Gabriel Scally, former head of public health in south-west England, demanded an investigation into the girl's treatment, leading NHS South of England to commission a report.
Dr Scally said: "It sounded like this was a hardened criminal being moved by a very oppressive state - or extraordinary rendition to Guantanamo Bay or something like that.
"Now that may seem an extraordinary exaggeration but I am quite sure for the person involved it was highly difficult and traumatic."
The report concluded that "all that health and social care do to meet individual needs, we must understand that we only do so with the consent of the individual or have clear grounds to dispense with that consent".
"To do otherwise is unlawful."
Dr Noelle Blackman from the charity Respond, which works with the families of people with learning disabilities, said the "most shocking" thing, in the report, was how the "young person's care was not at the centre".
She said: "It was all about who wasn't going to have responsibility for the cost. My heart breaks just reading that story.
"There was an advocate involved and they ignored the advocate too."
Hampshire County Council was responsible for the teenager's safeguarding and it said staff had "carried out their safeguarding duties" and had been working to find a placement locally "right up until she had been transferred to Scotland by the NHS in Plymouth".
Hampshire NHS said it had "immediately established a plan to ensure situations like this do not happen again".
NHS England, which is responsible for funding specialist units for adults with learning disabilities, said it had invested "millions into providing safe care close to friends and family wherever possible".


An assistant head teacher who stole textbooks worth more than £27,000 and sold them online has been given a two-year suspended jail sentence.

Clare Hughes stole the books while working at the Magnus Church of England Academy in Newark, Nottinghamshire.
She took the books, some of which had a value of up to £80, over three years and sold some for as little as 8p.
Hughes, who earned £58,000 a year, had blamed stress but the judge said she "abused the trust placed in her".
Hughes, 41, from Crown Street, Newark, had taught history at the school for 10 years and admitted five counts of theft.
At Nottingham Crown Court defence barrister, Andrea Parnham, said Hughes had been given responsibility for improving the school and the thefts were "a cry for help".
Hughes was only caught when a colleague replaced a stolen book and realised she had repurchased the missing book which Hughes was selling online.
In a statement, head teacher Gill Barker, said: "At a time of tight budgets the books had been expensive to replace and teaching and learning had suffered at the school.
"Colleagues who trusted Clare Hughes had been left feeling devastated, in disbelief and betrayed."
Recorder Shaun Smith said Hughes had "abused the trust placed in her".
He said given how much she earned she did not need the money and her reasons for selling the books were "hard to fathom".


The chief constable of South Yorkshire has admitted "grave errors" were made during the Hillsborough disaster and has apologised "profoundly".

The apology came as an independent panel found police "sought to deflect responsibility" on to Liverpool fans.
Chief Constable David Crompton has confirmed statements were altered seeking to lessen police blame.
"I think that if people are shown to have acted criminally then they should face prosecution," he said.
Mr Crompton made his apology after previously unseen government papers about the Hillsborough disaster in April 1989 were released.
The documents indicate, for the first time, that South Yorkshire Ambulance Service documents were amended after the disaster, the panel said.
The chief constable accepted they also show South Yorkshire Police (SYP) had failed the victims and families on the day of the disaster and the police lost control.
"In the immediate aftermath senior officers sought to change the record of events," Mr Crompton said.
"Disgraceful lies were told which blamed the Liverpool fans for the disaster.  These actions have caused untold pain and distress for over 23 years.
"I am profoundly sorry for the way the force failed."
However, Mr Crompton said South Yorkshire Police was "a very different place in 2012" from what it was 23 years ago.
David Whiting, Chief Executive of Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust, said: "I sincerely apologise for the shortcomings identified in the report relating to the way in which the incident was managed in the early stages. "
Sheffield City Council Chief Executive John Mothersole issued a statement in which he "sincerely apologises" for the actions of the council at the time.
Clive Betts, MP for Sheffield South-East, who was at the game, said he had been "absolutely shocked" by the scale of the revelations and called for a new inquest.
"To find out that 164 statements by police officers had been subsequently changed to alter what they said, to alter descriptions of the adequacy of the response to the disaster at the time, I think is really truly shocking and there are a lot of answers that still need to be found to questions raised by these findings," he said.
"I think it's very clear that the initial inquest cannot stand."
The panel went on to say the wrongful allegations about the fans' behaviour later printed in some newspapers, particularly The Sun, originated from "a Sheffield press agency, senior SYP officers, an SYP Police Federation spokesperson and a local MP".
The panel said the Police Federation, "supported informally by the SYP Chief Constable", sought to develop and publicise a version of events derived in police officers' allegations of drunkenness, ticketless fans and violence.
"The vast majority of fans on the pitch assisted in rescuing and evaluating the injured and the dead," the panel said.
In a statement Sheffield Wednesday FC, whose ground hosted the fateful match, offered "sincere condolences and an apology" to all the families who suffered as a "consequence of the tragic events".


Northern Ireland Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness says the implications of the UK withdrawing from the European Union are profound.

22 July 2016 Last updated at 14:20 BST
He was speaking at a press conference at the British-Irish Council meeting in Cardiff.
Mr McGuinness said that over a period of ten years "it could cost anywhere in the region of Â£7bn to Â£8bn and possibly more".


A beauty salon in Flintshire is facing a potential penalty of up to £40,000 after the Home Office found illegal immigrants working at the premises.

A Vietnamese child and a 33-year-old Vietnamese man were found by immigration enforcement officers at the Crystal Nails & Beauty shop in Buckley.
The child has been referred to social services while the man now faces deportation after the raid on Tuesday.
Crystal Nails & Beauty were served with an illegal worker notice.
"Those who use and exploit illegal workers face severe financial penalties," said Richard Johnson, from Immigration Enforcement in Wales.
"We are happy to work with businesses to ensure the right pre-employment checks are carried out, but those intent on operating outside the law will be found and will be punished."


US soldier Robert Bales has avoided the death penalty for murdering 16 Afghan civilians last year, after a military judge accepted his guilty plea.

Bales earlier admitted killing the civilians, saying there was "not a good reason in this world" for the massacre.
He said he wandered away from a US outpost in Kandahar province and attacked two villages nearby in the early hours of 11 March 2012.
A jury must now decide if Bales's life term will include possible parole.
The sentencing hearing has been scheduled for 19 August.
The judge, as well as the commander of Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington state, where the hearing has taken place, were required to approve any plea deal.
At the start of the hearing on Wednesday, military judge Col Jeffery Nance asked Bales to describe why he thought he was guilty.
The soldier read from a statement describing each killing in the same terms:
"I left the VSP [Village Stability Platform] and went to the nearby village of Alkozai. While inside a compound in Alkozai, I observed a female I now know to be Na'ikmarga. I formed the intent to kill Na'ikmarga, and I did kill Na'ikmarga by shooting her with a firearm. This act was without legal justification, sir."
When asked why he committed the murders, Bales responded: "Sir, as far as why I've asked that question a million times since then. There's not a good reason in this world for why I did the horrible things I did."
Asked about burning the victims, Bales said he remembered a kerosene lantern in the room and recalled a fire and having matches in his pocket when he returned to the base, but not setting the bodies on fire.
When pressed whether he had set the bodies on fire, Bales said: "It's the only thing that makes sense, sir."
Bales's lawyers have said he is contrite about the killings.
Lawyer John Henry Browne described Bales as "crazed" and "broken" on the night of the attack.
At the time, Bales was serving his fourth tour of duty and had been drinking alcohol and snorting Valium.
In addition to the 16 murdered, six Afghans were injured.
Seventeen victims were women or children, and many of them were shot in the head. Some of the bodies were piled up and burnt.
Bales's defence lawyers said they had determined the soldier would not be able to prove any claim of insanity or diminished capacity.
While prosecutors originally said they would seek the death penalty, no US service member has been executed in more than 50 years.
Family members of those killed earlier told the BBC they were outraged that he might not be put to death.
"We will not be satisfied unless he is executed," Haji Abdul Baqi, whose cousins were killed or injured in the attack, told BBC Afghan.
"If they don't execute him, they are showing their power. He martyred 16 of our people, but they are not executing the one person who did all that. Would they forgive us if we killed 16 Americans?"


It was never totally accurate to label Turkey's People's Democracy Party (HDP) simply as pro-Kurdish, as they were never a single issue party.

It is even less appropriate now that the party has secured the necessary 10% of the vote to enter parliament, extending its appeal to leftists, liberals, environmentalists, gay rights activists and pious Muslims.
"Kurdish-Turkish, left-wing opposition party" might be a better description of what it stands for, if a little more unwieldy.
It was not long ago that anybody vaguely associated with the Kurdish movement, which included the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), used to be regarded as supporting "terrorism".
Despite being part of the Kurdish movement in Turkey, the HDP has managed to appeal to ordinary Turks, whose vote in western Turkey was crucial in helping the party pass the 10% national election threshold for entering parliament.
Until now, the party's candidates ran as independents in Kurdish-majority areas as the threshold does not apply to independent candidates. But now it has won twice as many seats as a national party.
It did not change its moderate message throughout the election, despite dozens of attacks against party supporters and offices, which culminated in a deadly attack on its largest election rally in Diyarbakir two days before the vote.
This message helped secure the support of some Turkish voters who may previously have had reservations towards the HDP.
For the first time, the HDP has MPs in largely secular western cities such as Izmir, Antalya and Bursa, and it has increased its number of MPs in Istanbul.
Behind the HDP's dramatic rise is its charismatic co-chair, Selahattin Demirtas, a 42-year-old human rights lawyer who studied in the mainly Kurdish city of Diyarbakir.
He played a very visible role in changing mainstream attitudes towards the party.
As negotiations between the Turkish government and Kurdish rebels continued, Mr Demirtas also benefited from a relatively peaceful political atmosphere regarding the Kurdish question.
While the HDP took on the role of mediator between the government and the PKK, it is not the rebel group's political wing.
Mr Demirtas also adopted a left-wing stance on a number of issues that resonated with Turks in western Turkey.
The first hint that his party was becoming more mainstream was when Mr Demirtas won almost 10% of the vote in last year's presidential election, won by Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
Because the party requires equal representation of women for any candidacy, he shares the leadership with Figen Yuksekdag.
In the new parliament, 40% of its MPs will be women.
Until now, President Erdogan and his AK Party have found ways of challenging Turkey's secular nationalists by attracting liberal and progressive votes.
This time, many of those votes went to the HDP.
And by championing freedoms for all religious groups, it appealed at the same time to pious Muslim voters, too.


Every child knows when you are in trouble, you call the cops.

But it is fair to say, no police officer expects that trouble to be related to the complexities of a 10-year-old's maths homework.
Yet when faced with just such an issue, one brave officer in Marion, Ohio, stepped up to the mark.
Lena Draper decided to use Facebook to get in touch with her local police force, sending them an appeal for help at the weekend.
"I am having trouble with my homework. Could you help me?" she asked.
"What's up?" asked officer BJ Gruber, who told the BBC he was hoping "for something in the realm of history".
Unfortunately for him it was maths, with the added complication of a few brackets.
Undeterred, Lt Gruber threw himself into the challenge.
"I felt pretty confident with my answers on both questions and perhaps that worked against me with the second equation," Lt Gruber admitted.
Indeed, more than a few people have pointed out the answer he gave to the second, more complicated question, was incorrect - but the Police Department in Marion, Ohio, are still seeing the episode as a win.
"We are nailing our goals of increasing trust, transparency & being approachable. Still a work in product on the math skills," the force wrote on its Twitter page after Lena's mum Molly uploaded screenshots of the conversation to Facebook.
The post has now been liked more than 2,300 times.
"We really hope that are are not flooded with homework requests... so far, so good," Lt Gruber said.
"We really see this not different that a child walking up to an officer on the street and asking for help. This is just a 21st Century version of that interaction. We do however encourage kids to communicate with parents, teachers, siblings and fellow students before asking us."
As for Lena, she knows she can't always rely on the police to help her with her homework. But she does have a backup plan.
"Well, I'd call Ghostbusters then," she told Inside Edition.


Manager Alan Archibald admits he did not expect Partick Thistle to secure a top-six Scottish Premiership finish after their start to the season.

The Jags' 1-0 win over Motherwell means they will be in the top half - for the first time since 1981 - when the league splits after next week's fixtures.
Thistle were bottom on 20 December, but have lost only two league games since.
"It's a massive turnaround from the players and full credit to them," Archibald told BBC Scotland.
"No, I definitely didn't [foresee a top-six finish after the first quarter]. It's a great achievement from December; when we went to Celtic Park [after 17 games], we were bottom of the league.
"It's just more relief when you look at the bottom half of the table - it's horrible to be involved in that, we have been.
"We can look forward and look at the next games and go and enjoy them and hopefully get as many points on the board as we can."
Media playback is not supported on this device
The 39-year-old led Thistle to the top flight by winning the second tier in 2013 and stayed with the club after interest from Shrewsbury Town in October.
"It's probably up there with winning the league," he added of the top-six achievement. "It's very, very similar to that and credit to the players, we've got a real good group.
"I'm delighted we did it ourselves. We didn't have to rely on anybody else. It was a fantastic 1-0 performance.
"Our back three were outstanding. It's fitting that we won the match with a wonderful save from Tomas Cerny in the end."
Motherwell slipped to second bottom on goal difference after Kris Doolan's first-half strike proved enough for the hosts.
"We lost the game in the first 30 minutes," said manager Stephen Robinson. "We didn't start well enough, we didn't compete well enough and we didn't pass the ball.
"We showed a lack of composure as well. The transformation in the second half and probably the last 10 minutes of the first half was too little, too late.
"We were happy to get in 1-0 [down] at half-time, try and sort some things out, make a few changes to the system and the personnel and it worked to an extent. Obviously, we dominated the whole second half but you can't start football matches like that.
"I asked for a reaction, I got the reaction but we didn't get the end product."
Well take on basement side Inverness Caledonian Thistle next weekend, with four points separating the bottom two.
Hamilton Academical are ahead of Motherwell on goal difference while Dundee, Ross County and Kilmarnock are not yet safe from automatic relegation or the play-off spot.
"It's huge," Robinson, 42, said of the next fixture. "Make no mistake, every game we play now until the end of the season is huge for this football club.
"Players are well aware of that and they need to produce better performances than they did in the first 30 minutes to make sure we stay in this division."


Hamilton Academical have signed former Rangers winger David Templeton on a deal until the end of the season.

The 28-year-old has been without a club since being released by the Ibrox outfit in May 2016.
He had a trial with MLS side Vancouver Whitecaps but failed to win a deal, and has also trained with Dundee United.
Hamilton have, however, snapped up the former Hearts star as they bid to escape bottom spot in the Scottish Premiership table.
The Lanarkshire club revealed their "delight" at the deal on Twitter.
Templeton started his career at Stenhousemuir before making the switch to Hearts in 2007. He joined Rangers in 2012 and scored more than 20 goals for the club.


The electrification of the rail line from London to Swansea could take longer than planned, Welsh Secretary Stephen Crabb has indicated.

The project is due to be completed by 2018, but there have been delays in the electrification of the network around the UK.
Mr Crabb said the upgrade commitment was "rock solid" but it might not be completed on time.
Network Rail said a review of its five-year investment plan was under way.
Speaking to BBC's Sunday Politics Wales programme, Mr Crabb said: "We can guarantee that it's going to be electrified through to Swansea. That commitment is there, it's rock solid.
"Network Rail has got a lot of balls in the air at the moment.
"If they've got themselves into problems in terms of delivering some of these projects to a particular timetable, you know, it's for them to come forward and explain that.
"The importance is that we secure a strong political commitment to finishing the project and getting that electrification through to Swansea.
"Whether that happens in accordance with exactly the timetable that we want it to and we envisaged, I'm not here to say that that will be the case but, clearly, we're going to finish the project and it won't be too far out of the original timetable."
It is the first indication yet about potential delays to the Swansea project.
Last month, UK Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin said Network Rail's five-year plan was being reset as it was "costing more and taking longer".
He told MPs schemes in the Midlands and Yorkshire would be put on hold but said the electrification of the Great Western line was a top priority.
The electrification of the connecting south Wales valleys lines is due to be completed by 2020.
Welsh government Transport Minister Edwina Hart told the programme there was "constructive dialogue" between the two governments, but insisted delivery of the scheme was the responsibility of the UK government.
"It's their commitment to the people of Wales so they will stand and fall by their ability to deliver these projects on time and in budget," she said.
The UK government is due to set out more details of its investment into the electrification programme in the autumn.