Jeremy Corbyn's election as Labour leader in September 2015, at the age of 66, was one of the biggest upsets in British political history.

A veteran socialist, who had spent 30 years on the back benches championing controversial causes and voting with his conscience, he had been persuaded to stand only because none of his friends on the Labour left had wanted to do it.
"Well, Diane [Abbott] and John [McDonnell) have done it before, so it was my turn," he told the Guardian.
He began the contest as a 200-1 outsider after scraping on to the ballot paper at the last minute, thanks to charity nominations from Labour MPs who had wanted a token left-winger to "broaden the debate". No-one, least of all himself, had expected him to win.
But something about the bearded, unassuming Islington North MP struck a chord with Labour members in a way that his three younger, more polished - and more obviously careerist - rivals did not.
He seemed able to inspire people who had lost faith in Labour during the Tony Blair and Gordon Brown years and bring hope to young activists fired up by his anti-austerity message.
His entry into the contest prompted a surge in people - many to the left of the existing Labour membership - joining the party or paying Â£3 to become registered supporters, taking advantage of new leadership contest rules.
His election as leader, by a thumping majority, heralded a remarkable revival in fortunes for a brand of left-wing Labour politics that looked to have been consigned to the dustbin of history by Tony Blair.
It also prompted a battle for the soul of the Labour Party between grassroots members who adored Mr Corbyn  - and who rallied behind him through a new campaign group, Momentum -  and many of the party's MPs, who regarded him as an electoral liability not up to the job of leading an effective opposition.
He has endured fierce criticism from senior party figures and a failed attempt to unseat him through a second leadership election.
But he has refused to cave in and now has a chance to fight a general election on his own terms - making the case for a different kind of government in line with the principles he has held, more or less unchanged, since he first entered politics more than 40 years ago.
Party managers are convinced that the more voters see of Mr Corbyn on the campaign trial - rather than reading what they regard as biased and unfair portrayals of him in the media - the more they will warm to him.
They believe his policies, such as renationalising the railways and ending zero hours contracts, are popular with the voting public and the man himself will come across as decent and principled in contrast to his Conservative rivals, although they admit they have a Herculean task on their hands to close the gap before polling day.
Jeremy Bernard Corbyn had an impeccable middle-class upbringing.
He spent his early years in the picturesque Wiltshire village of Kington St Michael.
When he was seven, the family moved to a seven-bedroom manor house in the hamlet of Pave Lane, in Shropshire.
The youngest of four boys, he enjoyed an idyllic childhood in what he himself has called a rural "Tory shire".
His brother, Piers, now a meteorologist known for denying that climate change is a product of human activity, has described the Corbyn boys as "country bumpkins".
Mr Corbyn disagrees with his brother on climate change, but they remain close.
They both learned their politics at the family dinner table, where left-wing causes and social justice were frequent topics of debate.
Their maths teacher mother, Naomi, and electrical engineer father, David, were peace campaigners who met at a London rally for supporters of Spain's Republicans in the fight against Gen Franco's fascists.
Piers, who would go on to be a well-known squatters leader in 1960s London, was even further to the left than Jeremy.
Both boys joined the local Wrekin Labour Party and the Young Socialists while still at school.
Mr Corbyn had begun his education at the fee-paying preparatory school Castle House, in Newport, Shropshire, before moving into the state sector, after passing his 11-plus.
He was one of only two Labour-supporting boys at Adams Grammar School, in Newport, when his class held a mock election in 1964.
Mr Corbyn left Adams with two A-levels, both at grade E, and an enduring hatred of selective education.
On his frugal lifestyle: "I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car."
Speaking to Red Pepper magazine in 2015: "Because I've never had any higher education of any sort, I've never held in awe those who have had it or have a sense of superiority over those who don't. Life is life. Some of the wisest people you meet are sweeping our streets."
Speaking to Channel 4 News: "Are super-rich people actually happy with being super-rich? I would want the super-rich to pay properly their share of the needs of the rest of the community,"
On winning the Beard Liberation Front's Beard of the Year award in 2002: "I started wearing a beard when I was 19 and living in Jamaica; they called me Mr Beardman."
He reportedly split up with his second wife, Claudia, after she insisted on sending their son Ben - now a translator and elite player development officer with Premier League football club Watford - to Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, in Barnet, instead of an Islington comprehensive.
After leaving school, Mr Corbyn spent two years in Jamaica, with Voluntary Service Overseas, something he has described as an "amazing" experience.
Back in the UK, he threw himself into trade union activism, initially with now long defunct National Union of Tailors and Garment Makers.
He started a course in Trade Union Studies at North London Polytechnic but left after a series of arguments with his tutors over the curriculum.
"He probably knew more than them," Piers told the Sun.
A successful career as a trade union organiser followed, with the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union (AEEU) and then the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE).
But his real passion was for Labour Party politics - and in 1974 he was elected to Haringey District Council, in north London.
In the same year he married fellow Labour councillor, Jane Chapman, a university lecturer.
Ms Chapman says she married Mr Corbyn for his "honesty" and "principles" but she soon grew weary of his intense focus on politics.
"Politics became our life. He was out most evenings because when we weren't at meetings he would go to the Labour headquarters, and do photocopying - in those days you couldn't print because there were no computers,' she told The Mail on Sunday.
Former Labour MP Chris Mullin, speaking to the BBC's Panorama in 2015: "Jeremy is a saintly figure of enormous personal integrity. He is a man who lives his life according to his beliefs."
Guardian columnist Polly Toynbee, on the day the general election was called: "Was ever there a more crassly inept politician than Jeremy Corbyn, whose every impulse is to make the wrong call on everything? It's not excitingly flamboyant red radicalism that has done for Labour, but his sluggish incompetence at the absolute basics of leadership,"
The Morning Star, February 2017: "He has been bullied, betrayed and ridiculed, and yet he carries on with the same grace and care he always shows to others - however objectionable their behaviour and treatment of him might be."
Former shadow foreign secretary Hilary Benn (pictured) in June 2016: "He is a good and decent man, but he is not a leader,"
They shared a love of animals, they had a tabby cat called Harold Wilson, and enjoyed camping holidays together in Europe on Mr Corbyn's motorbike.
But fun was in short supply at home, recalls Ms Chapman, who remains in touch with Mr Corbyn and backed his party leadership bid.
During their five years together he had never once taken her to dinner, she told the Daily Mail, preferring instead to "grab a can of beans and eat it straight from the can" to save time.
In 1987, Mr Corbyn married Claudia Bracchita, a Chilean exile, with whom he had three sons.
The youngest, Tommy, was born while Mr Corbyn was talking to Nupe members elsewhere in the same hospital.
His second son, Sebastian, worked on his leadership campaign and is now shadow chancellor John McDonnell's chief of staff.
The couple separated in 1999, but remained on good terms.
Mr Corbyn got married for a third time in 2012, to Mexican human rights lawyer and fair trade coffee importer Laura Alvarez, who is two decades his junior.
In the bitter internal warfare that split Labour in the late 1970s and early 80s, Mr Corbyn was firmly on the side of the left.
A Labour man to his fingertips - he was no Militant "entryist" trying to infiltrate the party by stealth - he nevertheless found common cause with former Trotskyists and joined them in their battle to push the party to the left.
He became a disciple of Tony Benn, sharing his mentor's brand of democratic socialism, with its belief in worker controlled industries and state planning of the economy, as well as Benn's commitment to unilateral nuclear disarmament and a united Ireland.
Here is just a small selection of the campaigns Jeremy Corbyn has been involved with over the past 50 years.
Nuclear disarmament: Joined CND as a schoolboy in 1966
Irish republicanism: Organised Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams's visit to the Commons in 1983. Once employed Irish republican dissident Ronan Bennett as a member of staff at Westminster
Miners' strike: Invited striking miners into Commons gallery in 1985, who were expelled for shouting: "Coal not dole"
Anti-apartheid: Served on the National Executive of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, and was arrested in 1984 for protesting outside South Africa House
Palestinian solidarity: A member of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign and campaigns regularly against the conflict in Gaza
Miscarriages of justice: Worked on behalf of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, who were eventually found to be have been wrongly convicted of IRA bombings in England in the mid-1970s
Animal rights: Joined the League Against Cruel Sports at school, became a vegetarian at 20 after working on a pig farm
Iraq War: Chaired the Stop the War coalition
Gay rights: Spoke out in 1983 on a "no socialism without gay liberation" platform and continued to campaign for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights
Mr Corbyn was never seen as a great orator like Tony Benn, or a firebrand like miners' leader Arthur Scargill, but he worked tirelessly behind the scenes, his trousers stained with purple ink from the copying machines that produced the pamphlets and newspapers that were the lifeblood of the British left in the pre-internet era.
He wrote for the London Labour Briefing newspaper, which helped propel Ken Livingstone to power on the Greater London Council, although he denies reports that he was a member of its editorial board.
He was elected to Parliament in 1983, to represent his home patch of Islington North, a seat he has held ever since and where he has increased his majority from 5,600 to 21,000.
The Bennite faction that Mr Corbyn belonged to was already in retreat, following their leader's failure to capture the deputy leadership of the party in 1981.
After fighting and losing the 1983 election on arguably the most left-wing manifesto it had ever put before the British public, with its commitment to renationalising the utilities just privatised by the Thatcher government, pulling out of the EU and nuclear disarmament, Labour began the painful process of "modernisation" that led to the birth of New Labour.
And Mr Corbyn would spend the next 32 years on the back benches fighting a rearguard action against his party's abandonment of the radical policies and values contained in the 1983 manifesto in the name of electability, under Neil Kinnock, John Smith and then Tony Blair.
Mr Corbyn might have hailed from the same north London district as Mr Blair and entered Parliament in the same year, but that is where the similarity ended.
He abhorred Mr Blair's embrace of free market economics and did his best to be a thorn in the younger man's side throughout his time in Downing Street, although Mr Blair's large majorities ensured the damage was barely noticeable.
He would always vote with his conscience, rather than be dictated to by the party whips.
It earned him the accolade of being Labour's most rebellious MP, defying the party managers more than 500 times.
It also meant he and his allies became increasingly isolated, with their views and interventions ignored by the national press and most of their colleagues on the Labour benches.
Internationalist in outlook, Mr Corbyn and his comrades - unlike their modernising colleagues, they would use the term without irony - would proclaim solidarity with socialist campaigns and governments in places such as Cuba, Chile, Nicaragua and El Salvador and attack US "imperialism", which, in Mr Corbyn's view, enslaved the Latin American world.
He incurred the wrath of the Labour leadership early in his career, when he invited two former IRA prisoners to speak at Westminster, two weeks after the Brighton bomb that had nearly killed Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet.
Later on, it would be his willingness to share platforms with representatives of Hamas and Hezbollah that would put him at the centre of controversy.
When challenged, he insists he does not share their views but that peace will never be achieved without talking to all sides.
He may have been largely sidelined in the House of Commons, respected but too much of a known quantity to have an impact, but Mr Corbyn's stature and profile outside Parliament continued to grow.
He chaired the Stop the War Coalition and became a leading figure in the anti-austerity movement, which began to attract large crowds of young activists eager for something to believe in and to take the fight to then Prime Minister David Cameron.
Still, no-one gave Mr Corbyn a prayer when he entered the contest to succeed Ed Miliband as Labour leader.
But a change in the rules brought in by Mr Miliband, amid claims the trade unions had too much influence, meant it was a very different electorate to the one that had chosen previous Labour leaders.
Under the old electoral college system, MPs and party members each had one-third of votes and trade unions the remainder.
With the new "one-person-one-vote" system, MPs and trade unions had no more say in the outcome than ordinary party members or people who had joined up as registered Labour supporters for Â£3.
Thousands of new members and supporters, many of whom had turned their back on Labour during the Blair-Brown years, flocked to Mr Corbyn's rallies and spread his message on social media, using the hashtag #Jezwecan.
If the veteran Labour MP was stunned by his sudden elevation to rock star status, among new and returning Labour supporters, he rarely showed it.
He carried on, just as he always had, railing against inequality, talking about hope, promising to renationalise industries and tax the rich, and wearing the same white, open-necked shirt with pens sticking out of the top pocket.
After his surprise victory, many "moderate" shadow cabinet members returned to the back benches rather than serve under him, but he was able to put together a top team that reflected a broad range of opinion within the party.
He sought to bring a new approach to leadership, adopting a less confrontational and more conversational tone at Prime Minister's Questions, with crowdsourced questions from members of the public.
He generally avoided soundbites and photo opportunities - to the exasperation of what his supporters call the "mainstream media" and the derision of some commentators.
The coalition behind Mr Corbyn held together for nine months, despite growing discontent among Labour MPs who had never wanted him as leader and could not accept either his style of leadership or his policies.
They despaired at what they saw as his lacklustre performances at the despatch box, arguing that he missed too many open goals and was not landing enough blows on the government.
The EU referendum brought things to a head. Mr Corbyn, who had been a Eurosceptic as a backbencher, was accused of mounting a half-hearted campaign to keep Britain in the EU and of not appearing to care too much that his side had lost.
Labour MPs, some of whom had been plotting to topple Mr Corbyn at some point, saw this as the chance to make their move to try to make him stand down, amid fears they would be wiped out at the snap election they expected to follow the referendum, with him as leader.
He faced a mass walkout from the shadow cabinet and then a vote of no confidence, which he lost by 172 votes to 40, as Labour MPs - enemies and previously loyal shadow ministers alike - urged him to quit.
He refused to budge, pointing to the huge mandate he had received from Labour members and arguing that he had done better than many had expected in the electoral tests he had faced since becoming leader.
MPs selected Owen Smith, a former member of his shadow cabinet who claimed to share the same left wing values, to take him on in another leadership election.
So Jeremy Corbyn, the reluctant leader who had to be persuaded to stand in 2015, now found himself fighting to keep a position he never expected to hold, this time as favourite rather than as outsider.
As was the case a year earlier, thousands of people flocked to hear Mr Corbyn speak at rallies across the country  - 10,000 turned up at a single event in Liverpool - as he sought to tap directly into grassroots support for his message as a counterweight to the perceived hostility of the "mainstream media".
His re-election strengthened his position, with some of his critics showing a willingness to work with him in the shadow cabinet, although many Labour MPs were privately in despair at the prospect of fighting the next election, which was scheduled for 2020, with him as leader.
Labour's defeat in the Copeland by-election - a seat it had held for more than 80 years - was seen by critics as a further sign that the party was headed for oblivion or some kind of split.
Unite union leader Len McCluskey - one of Mr Corbyn's most powerful allies - said he should be "given a chance" and allowed 15 months to prove he could turn around opinion polls, which were giving the Conservatives a 20 point lead.
A month later, Prime Minister Theresa May surprised everyone by announcing she wanted a general election on 8 June 2017.
Mr Corbyn could have blocked the snap election - by ordering his MPs to vote against it in the Commons - but instead he welcomed it as a chance to "give the British people the chance to vote for a government that will put the interests of the majority first".
It quickly became clear that he intended to fight the election in his own way - as an "anti-establishment" candidate, dedicated to overturning the "rigged" system that favoured elites over ordinary working people.
When quizzed about the seemingly insurmountable odds of him winning power, he reminded people of the 2015 Labour leadership contest - the pundits and pollsters had not given him a prayer then but he had proved them all wrong.
Illustration by Gerry Fletcher


A 2,000-year-old Roman mosaic has been been protected from a water leak from a pipe that led to its discovery in 50 years ago.

Staff at the Roman Palace and Gardens at Fishbourne called in engineers after they noticed that part of the mosaic had become waterlogged.
A corroded pipe was found and the museum activated its disaster plan.
In August 1960 workers trying to lay the same pipe uncovered the ruins at Fishbourne near Chichester.
They found a Roman boundary wall and the remains of the palace with 20 floor mosaics followed.
Richard Keates, of Portsmouth Water, said: "The company has always been rather proud of the part its predecessors played in the discovery of the palace although more recently we have recognised that a major supply main lies in very close proximity to such important artefacts.
"We were very pleased with the level of co-operation that we received from the staff and volunteers at Fishbourne which enabled us to complete the repairs very quickly."
Portsmouth Water said it wanted to move the pipe away from the artefacts in the new year.
Museum director Christine Medlock said: "We are hoping that our swift action and the work of Portsmouth Water will mean that damage to the mosaics will have been kept to a minimum.
"We were able to remain open with little disruption for visitors."


A science teacher has been banned from the profession for life after having a sexual relationship with a student.

A panel heard Keith John Wright had a relationship with a year 11 student at Testbourne Community School, Whitchurch between 2000 and 2001.
Mr Wright, from Whitchurch, Hampshire, was also found to have taken another pupil to a pub to meet with his friend.
The 50-year-old, who denied all allegations, has been banned from teaching indefinitely.
Mr Wright was acquitted of indecent assault charges following a trial at Winchester Crown Court in April 2014.
The professional hearing, carried out by the National College for Teaching and Leadership (NCTL), found him guilty of sexually motivated behaviour with both pupils.
It heard how the relationship with a girl referred to as Pupil A, was not reported to police until March 2013 - thirteen years after it was said to have taken place.
The panel concluded the Pupil A's academic progress and fulfilment had been prejudiced by Mr Wright's conduct and that it was the girl's belief that, having been distracted by him during her GCSE year, she failed to meet her potential.
The panel found that Mr Wright's behaviour in conducting a sexual relationship with Pupil A was "wholly incompatible with being a teacher".
The prohibition order prevents him from teaching in any school, sixth form college, relevant youth accommodation or children's home in England indefinitely.
He can not apply for the order to be lifted.


Billie Piper says her latest stage role, about a woman desperate to have a child, feels very relevant because it's an issue being faced by many women she knows.

"It chimed quite vividly with me because so many of my friends are finding it quite hard to go through that," Piper says. "It seems to be a very common topic at the moment."
Piper plays the title role of Yerma in a modern retelling of Federico Garcia Lorca's 1934 tragedy about a woman whose desperation to become a mother is met with indifference by her husband.
Simon Stone's version, which begins previews at the Young Vic this week, relocates the action from rural Spain to contemporary London.
Speaking during a break in rehearsals, Piper admits she hadn't heard of the play until she was approached about the role at the end of last year.
"I read the original, and I thought that it was one of the most beautiful pieces of poetry," she says. "It's that story of a modern woman who is suddenly suffocated and strangled by her ticking clock.
"I witness that all around me, and I read about it frequently. I thought that it seemed like a very relevant piece of work."
Stone, who also directs, is no stranger to giving classic plays a modern makeover.
His adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's The Wild Duck played at London's Barbican in 2014.  It also inspired his debut feature film, The Daughter, starring Geoffrey Rush and Miranda Otto.
Stone, who has been described as Australian theatre's enfant terrible, says he likes to liberate pre-existing stories that are "maybe a little bit stuck in their era".
"I'm always looking for myths for the modern world," he says. "Yerma is a play that I loved and thought about a lot, but hadn't got round to putting it at the top of my list of priorities.
"It's a great story about a woman who becomes so preoccupied by the idea of having a child and increasingly destroyed by the idea that it's not going to be possible."
Stone advises audiences not to get distracted by the contemporary London setting.
"The play that I'm writing is for the theatre I'm putting it on in," he says. "The theatre happens to be in London in 2016."
He adds: "This particular myth of the woman who can't, surrounded by women who can, is happening everywhere in the world at all times."
Although Yerma is billed as a tragedy, Piper says that she was drawn to the humour in Stone's script.
"I was glad when you told me in an email it was going to be a crack," she tells Stone.
"Identification with characters happens through comedy," he responds.
"That's how you make friends - one you've just met a new colleague and you go to the pub, the moment where you ensure a bond is when you start telling jokes."
"People at the end of their rope are usually quite entertaining," Piper adds. "It's hell for them, but it's always great for the person who's witnessing it. That's just life."
Piper's previous theatre work in London includes Great Britain and The Effect, both at the National Theatre, Reasons To Be Pretty, at the Almeida, and Treats at the Garrick.
She found initial fame as a teenage pop singer, scoring two number one hits in 1998, before her acting career took off when she was cast as Rose in Doctor Who.
Her other TV credits include The Ruby in the Smoke, Secret Diary of a Call Girl, Mansfield Park and Penny Dreadful.
Piper says rehearsals for Yerma are like nothing she's experienced.  "I feel like we're making something that is very grounded in its concept, but feels very filmic in its energy," she says.
"It will be an unusual piece of theatre just by definition of how it will be staged," she adds, without elaborating for fear of spoilers.
But she does reveal the play is straight-through with no interval.
"It's going to be sharp - 'in-out, let's have a beer,'" she laughs.
"People care about that when they go to the theatre. It's going to be impactful, and it's going to be short."
She pauses and looks across at Stone. "And it's going to be funny."
Yerma is at the Young Vic, London, 28 July - 24 September


Republican nominee Donald Trump is in "excellent physical health," according to a letter from his doctor.

Mr Trump released the note following a recent physical examination by Dr Harold N Bornstein.
The 70-year-old is listed as 6ft 3in (1.9 metres) and weighing 236lb (107kg).
The letter came as his rival Hillary Clinton returned to the campaign trail after time off with pneumonia appearing in North Carolina and Washington.
Boarding a plane in White Plains, New York, she spoke to journalists as she flew to North Carolina to hold a rally, her first campaign event since the weekend.
Clinton 'doing great' back on the trail
A history of US presidential bad health
Both candidates have faced public scrutiny over transparency about the state of their health.
"He takes a lipid lowering agent (rosuvastatin) and a low dose aspirin," the letter said. "He does not use tobacco products or alcohol."
His weight and height give him a body mass index of 29.5, according to US measurements, which is within the "overweight" range but close to the "obese" mark at 30.0.
Mr Trump discussed his health with talk-show host Dr Mehmet Oz in a taped interview, which aired on Thursday.
It's almost too perfect. The reality-TV-star-turned-politician sharing his medical information with the celebrity-doctor-turned-daytime-talk-show-host.
Mr Trump promised he would release information from a physical exam some time this week, and on Thursday - in a press release and a taped interview with Dr Mehmet Oz - he did.
Kind of.
We learned Mr Trump's vital signs are normal. He takes medication to keep high cholesterol in check. He passed all his cancer screenings He (perhaps not surprisingly) has higher than normal testosterone levels. He's a bit overweight and has a penchant for junk food. He says his exercise regimen consists of golf and giving political speeches.
Bornstein is the quirky man who made headlines last December when he claimed Mr Trump would be "the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency". Bornstein later admitted he wrote that one-page, typo-ridden memo in less than five minutes.
In other words, this is hardly a full disclosure of Mr Trump's medical history. It's certainly in keeping with what has been an exceedingly bizarre US presidential campaign, however.
He first revealed the letter, which is dated 13 Sept, in his appearance on The Dr Oz Show.
"I feel as good today as I did when I was 30," Trump said on the show, according to a clip.
Dr Bornstein, a gastroenterological specialist at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York, has cared for Mr Trump since 1980, according to the letter.
The note continues to detail parts of Mr Trump's medical record, including that he was only in hospital once at age 11 for an appendectomy.
Although the letter provides some insight, it does not include his detailed medical history.
In an interview with the Washington Post released on Thursday night, Mr Trump revived debunked conspiracy theories about President Barack Obama's citizenship.
He refused to say whether he believes Mr Obama was born in Hawaii.
"I'll answer that question at the right time," Mr Trump told the newspaper. "I just don't want to answer it yet."
He also declared he was winning over the black electorate, saying he had "come up with African American voters like a rocket ship".
In other developments:
The polls indicate a tight race nationally and in the key battleground states, with 54 days to election day.
How does the US election work?
Why this election will make history
What is it about Clinton that her fans love?
50 Trump supporters explain why they back him


West Africa's Guinea-Bissau was part of the Portuguese Empire for centuries and was once known as the Slave Coast; today 14% of the population speaks Portuguese.

Once hailed as a potential model for African development, the country is now one of the poorest countries in the world.
The vital cashew nut crop provides a modest living for most of Guinea-Bissau's farmers and is the main source of foreign exchange.
But today the nation has a massive foreign debt and an economy that relies heavily on foreign aid. It has become transhipment point for Latin American drugs.
At the end of the 1990s the country experienced a conflict which drew in Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, and France and ended with the president going into exile.
Population 1.6 million
Area 36,125 sq km (13,948 sq miles)
Major languages Portuguese, Crioulo - a form of Portuguese, African languages
Major religions Indigenous beliefs, Islam, Christianity
Life expectancy 47 years (men), 50 years (women)
Currency CFA (Communaute Financiere Africaine) franc
President: Jose Mario Vaz
A former finance minister, Jose Mario Vaz won the presidential election run-off of May 2014 by a big margin.
He is the first elected leader since the army mutinied in 2012 and plunged the country - already plagued by corruption and cocaine trafficking - into chaos.
Mr Vaz's election was meant to draw a line under those events, but Guinea-Bissau has a record of military coups, and no elected leader has served a full term since independence 40 years ago.
Stability continued to remain an elusive goal under the new president. A year after coming to power, Mr Vaz sacked his prime minister and party colleague, Domingos Simoes Pereira, after falling out with him.
During the ensuing political crisis, there were four changes of prime minister in little over a year, amid a power struggle between Mr Vaz and his party, led by Mr Simoes Pereira.
The media experience "harsh treatment" from the authorities, security forces, and individuals with connections to the military and drug traffickers, US-based Freedom House reports.
A climate of fear has led to self-censorship, which particularly affects reporting on drug trafficking.
Broadcasters face many challenges, not least the lack of a reliable power supply. Private radio and newspapers exist but they are hindered by financial instability.
Some key date in Guinea-Bissau's history:
1446-47 - First Portuguese arrive; subsequently administered as part of the Portuguese Cape Verde Islands, the Guinea area becomes important in the slave-trade. Guinea-Bissau becomes a separate colony in the Portuguese Empire in 1879.
1974 - Independence following a guerrilla war.
1980 - Country's first president, Luis Cabral, is ousted in military coup led by Joao Bernardo Vieira; plans for unification with Cape Verde dropped. The overthrow is the first of many political coups that undermine the country's stability over the next four decades.
2006 - Guinea-Bissau soldiers battle Senegalese rebels along the southern border.
2006 - Guinea-Bissau appeals for international help to stop people-traffickers using its remote coastline to smuggle migrants, including Asians, to Europe.
2007 - Donors have one last opportunity to save Guinea-Bissau from chaos and to combat Latin American drug cartels, the UN and International Monetary Fund warn.
2010 - US names two top military officials as international drugs traffickers and freezes their US assets. EU announces it is ending mission to reform Guinea Bissau's security forces, saying lack of respect for rule of law is making this an impossible task.
2011 - EU suspends part of its aid to Guinea-Bissau because of concerns over governance and the rule of law. Several months later, thousands take to the streets to demand the resignation of Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Junior for his failure to curb rising food prices.
2012 - The UN Security Council expresses concern that drug trafficking has increased, and demands a return to constitutional rule.
2014 - Presidential election run-off is won by Jose Mario Vaz. A year later, international donors pledge more than $1.1bn to help Guinea-Bissau's economy revive after years of instability.


The derailment of a freight train is continuing to cause "severe disruption" to rail services in the west of England.

The train is blocking the line between Castle Cary, Somerset, and Westbury, Wiltshire. Network Rail said services will be affected for at least 48 hours.
It was pulling 38 wagons filled with stone and ballast, seven of which derailed on Monday.
The accident has caused significant damage to track and equipment.
Services from Taunton to Westbury and between Weymouth and Westbury are severely disrupted.
One commuter told the BBC: "I'm travelling up to London for a series of meetings.
"I will just have to wait and see how long it takes as a result of the disruption."
Latest on this story and other news from Wiltshire and Somerset.
Operator GWR said trains will be amended or cancelled, with replacement road transport provided where required.
A Network Rail spokesman said: "We are working closely with GWR and South West Trains to put in place contingency plans... including diverting London-West of England services via Bristol.
"The derailment is significant with the line currently blocked and likely to remain out of use for at least the next 48 hours."


Former heavyweight world champion David Haye has ruled out retiring from the sport and is targeting a rematch with Tony Bellew.

Haye, 36, had surgery on an Achilles injury sustained in Saturday's 11th-round defeat by Bellew in London.
He suffered the injury in the sixth round of the fight, but says a two-and-a-half-hour operation "went well".
"I live to fight another day and I will fight another day," Haye told Sky Sports.
Asked if he would be returning to the ring, he said: "No doubt about it, I have never been more sure about it."
He added: "Other athletes have come back in six to nine months after the same injury, I am in a good condition, a healthy-living person and I am looking forward to getting back in there."
Bellew, 34, said he is considering retirement following his win, but admitted that an offer for one further fight could be too lucrative to turn down.
Asked whether the Haye bout would be his last, Bellew told BBC Radio 5 live: "It's an option. It's something I'm thinking about."
In response, Haye told Sky Sports: "I never envisaged losing this fight, if Tony Bellew does retire - and I truly hope he doesn't - then I will carry on in my path to be number one in the world.
"But it is only fair to the fans to rematch against the guy who beat me. If that does not happen, then I will find a way to challenge for the heavyweight title. I believe after sharing a ring with him, he will want to do it again."


Plans for a £50m revamp of Yorkshire County Cricket Club's Headingley ground to try to secure the stadium's Test Match status have been unveiled.

The plans include the rebuilding of the North/South Stand and an increase in ground capacity from 17,000 to 20,000.
Club chairman Colin Graves said the changes were necessary to ensure the ground could continue to host international matches.
A detailed consultation over the plans will be held, the club said.
If given the go-ahead, the proposals will also see the installation of floodlights, extra seating in the upper tier of the North East Stand and the development of a new five-storey pavilion.
The phased "transformation" of the Headingley ground will take about 20 years to complete, the club said.
Mr Graves said it was "the most ambitious project the club and the venue will have undertaken since the ground was first established 125 years ago".
"As other venues around the country continue to invest in their facilities, we cannot afford to stand still and expect that Headingley will always host international cricket," he said.
"The stark reality is that if our stadium fails to evolve, we will lose our Test Match status which would be a devastating blow to the region."
The club will work with Leeds Rugby - which is also based at the Headingley ground - and Leeds City Council to prepare for the redevelopment work, the club said.


A temporary downgrade of the obstetric unit at Horton General Hospital in Banbury has been extended for a second time.

It was re-designated a midwifery led unit on 3 October 2016 due to problems recruiting obstetric doctors.
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust has now extended the temporary downgrade beyond March 2017 following a review.
The move was made on safety grounds due to a shortage of obstetric doctors.
Documents published by Oxford University Hospitals Trust said only five out of the nine doctors needed are likely to be in place by the end of January.
It follows a previous review in October 2016 which extended the downgrade to March 2017.
The re-designation of the obstetric unit has meant expectant mothers needing doctors present at birth have had to travel to other hospitals, like the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford.
Campaigners and Banbury MP Victoria Prentis have raised concerns about how long it would take mothers to reach the John Radcliffe Hospital should they need to be transferred during pregnancy.
In October, Ms Prentis told the House of Commons: "If an emergency arises, or a woman simply changes her mind about having an epidural, our labouring mothers will have to be transferred by ambulance to Oxford, which is about 23 miles away.
"The traffic is dreadful and unpredictable; many of my constituents, myself included, go to enormous lengths to avoid driving into Oxford."
In December, there had been 38 births at the midwife led unit at Horton General Hospital since the downgrade, with five transfers to the John Radcliffe Hospital during labour which was "below the expected rate" according to Oxford University Hospitals Trust.
The trust has said a number of quality measures, in addition to the those it regularly reports on, have been agreed with health bosses to make sure any negative impact on patients as a result of the downgrade is identified early.


A 19-year-old man has been arrested over a suspected hit-and-run that left writer Julian Ruck seriously hurt.

Mr Ruck, 59, is currently in a critical but stable condition after suffering head and leg injuries.
The incident happened at 19:40 BST on Saturday on New Street, Kidwelly, Carmarthenshire.
A man from nearby Burry Port has been arrested on suspicion of causing serious injury by failing to stop at a road traffic collision, police said.
Mr Ruck is the author of four books and a columnist for local newspapers.
He had been walking when the incident happened and was taken to Swansea's Morriston Hospital for treatment.
Dyfed Powys Police has appealed for witnesses to the incident.


Scotland still have an outside chance to qualify for the 2018 World Cup finals and Gordon Strachan remains the best man to lead them, says Pat Nevin.

Strachan's side remain fourth in the Group F table after Saturday's 2-2 draw with leaders England.
"It definitely is a possibility," said former Scotland winger Nevin of their chances of finishing group runners-up.
"The manager's getting the best out of the group he's got. Is anyone better than him around? I doubt it."
The eight best runners-up in Europe's nine groups go into the play-offs to reach the finals in Russia.
But Strachan's side presently lie four points behind second-top Slovakia and three off Slovenia.
"Slovakia play Slovenia next and if they draw and everything else goes to plan, i.e. England win all their games, then Scotland have to win all their games," said former winger Nevin.
"So it is a possibility and Strachan knows it is that much of a possibility - not a certainty, not even a probability.
"But, if you play with the heart the way Scotland did at the weekend there, there is a chance, but it is no more than that."
It was expected that Strachan's future as head coach would again be questioned had they lost to England.
However, Nevin thinks the former Celtic boss continues to do a good job even though Harry Kane's stoppage-time equaliser was another blow to Scotland's qualification chances.
"I don't think he'll want to stay when we're finally out of it and he suggested that," Nevin added.
"You don't generally get more out of that group than he gets out of them - phenomenal work-rate, great spirit and keep on fighting until the end.
"Look at the amount of late goals Scotland have already scored in this campaign, not just the two against England.
"Any managers in any sport, in business, you name it, what's your job? You maximise what you can get out of the personalities you've got there.
"He does that 100%. Is there anybody else in the wings we should be playing?
"Well, there's nobody out there that's any better. There's some that are similar to the players that we've got."
Meanwhile, Nevin thinks Leigh Griffiths' two goals against England - the first time he has found the net in 13 internationals - should settle the question of who should be first-choice striker.
"He worked his socks off in that game and he was up against decent players," Nevin said.
"Given the opportunity, he will probably score goals. He missed a couple of chances, but let's forget about them because those two free-kicks were absolutely astonishing.
"It didn't surprise me that he scored them, but what was really disappointing was that it didn't surprise me that Scotland also blew it at the end as well. We've done it so many times before."


Alex Jones' brace helped Port Vale to a home win over 10-man Scunthorpe United.

The Valiants maintained their 100 per cent home record - and handed the Iron their first defeat of the campaign - with goals from Anton Forrester and Jones, either side of a Josh Morris free-kick.
United's Jordan Clarke was dismissed after picking up his second yellow card in the 55th minute, with boss Graham Alexander sent to the stands in the immediate aftermath.
The home side had the better of the first-half and went ahead in the 33rd minute when Sam Foley received the ball from Kjell Knops and played in Forrester who curled the ball past Luke Daniels.
Morris levelled for Scunthorpe two minutes into first-half injury time when the linesman adjudged his free-kick from the right had crossed the line after evading a host of bodies in the Vale box.
But Jones, on his first start for Vale, secured the points - volleying in Jerome Thomas' deep cross on 49 minutes, before capping a fine display by slotting home Foley's through ball five minutes from time.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
REACTION: Scunthorpe manager Graham Alexander speaks to BBC Radio Humberside
Goal!  Port Vale 3, Scunthorpe United 1. Alex Jones (Port Vale) right footed shot from the right side of the box to the high centre of the goal. Assisted by Sam Foley.
Substitution, Port Vale. Sam Hart replaces Jerome Thomas.
Attempt missed. David Mirfin (Scunthorpe United) header from the centre of the box misses to the right following a corner.
Corner,  Scunthorpe United. Conceded by Nathan Smith.
Corner,  Scunthorpe United. Conceded by Alex Jones.
Foul by Anthony Grant (Port Vale).
Neal Bishop (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jerome Thomas (Port Vale).
Neal Bishop (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Corner,  Port Vale. Conceded by Murray Wallace.
Corner,  Port Vale. Conceded by Luke Daniels.
Attempt saved. Martin Paterson (Port Vale) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Substitution, Scunthorpe United. Paddy Madden replaces Tom Hopper.
Substitution, Port Vale. Martin Paterson replaces Anton Forrester.
Anthony Grant (Port Vale) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Sam Mantom (Scunthorpe United).
Substitution, Scunthorpe United. Sam Mantom replaces Stephen Dawson.
Attempt missed. Murray Wallace (Scunthorpe United) header from the centre of the box misses to the right following a corner.
Corner,  Scunthorpe United. Conceded by Ben Purkiss.
Substitution, Scunthorpe United. Scott Wiseman replaces Duane Holmes.
Corner,  Port Vale. Conceded by Conor Townsend.
Conor Townsend (Scunthorpe United) is shown the yellow card.
Corner,  Port Vale. Conceded by Conor Townsend.
Second yellow card to Jordan Clarke (Scunthorpe United) for a bad foul.
Anthony Grant (Port Vale) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Jordan Clarke (Scunthorpe United).
Corner,  Scunthorpe United. Conceded by Sebastien Amoros.
Anthony Grant (Port Vale) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Neal Bishop (Scunthorpe United).
Goal!  Port Vale 2, Scunthorpe United 1. Alex Jones (Port Vale) right footed shot from the right side of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Jerome Thomas with a cross.
Corner,  Port Vale. Conceded by Murray Wallace.
Second Half begins Port Vale 1, Scunthorpe United 1.
First Half ends, Port Vale 1, Scunthorpe United 1.
Goal!  Port Vale 1, Scunthorpe United 1. Josh Morris (Scunthorpe United) from a free kick with a right footed shot to the centre of the goal.
Foul by Kjell Knops (Port Vale).
Duane Holmes (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Jerome Thomas (Port Vale).
Neal Bishop (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Kjell Knops (Port Vale) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Duane Holmes (Scunthorpe United).


England hooker Jamie George has been ruled out for the rest of the Six Nations with a biceps injury.

Exeter's Luke Cowan-Dickie will be on the bench against Wales on Saturday, providing cover for captain Dylan Hartley.
England forwards coach Steve Borthwick says George, 25, will be out for up to 10 weeks, which means he may not play again for Saracens this season.
George suffered the injury in England training on Tuesday.
England are top of the table after winning their first three games and are up against a Welsh side who are also unbeaten after recording two wins and a draw.
England 23-man squad to play Wales:
Forwards: Kieran Brookes (Northampton Saints), Dan Cole (Leicester Tigers), Luke Cowan-Dickie (Exeter Chiefs), Jack Clifford (Harlequins), Dylan Hartley (Northampton Saints), James Haskell (Wasps), Maro Itoje (Saracens), George Kruis (Saracens), Joe Launchbury (Wasps), Joe Marler (Harlequins), Chris Robshaw (Harlequins), Billy Vunipola (Saracens), Mako Vunipola (Saracens).
Backs:
Mike Brown (Harlequins), Danny Care (Harlequins), Elliot Daly (Wasps), Owen Farrell (Saracens), George Ford (Bath Rugby), Jonathan Joseph (Bath Rugby), Jack Nowell (Exeter Chiefs), Manu Tuilagi (Leicester Tigers), Anthony Watson (Bath Rugby), Ben Youngs (Leicester Tigers).


Fatal heroin overdoses will rise in 2017 because of the strength of the drug and the number of users unknown to the services, a charity has warned.

Drugaid Cymru said all agencies involved have to "get to grips" with the problem.
It follows latest figures showing a 50% rise in all drug-related deaths in 2015 after five years of falls.
The Welsh Government said its priority was to see a fall again and would consider options to tackle the issue.
Ifor Glyn, regional director of Drugaid Cymru, which covers mid and south Wales, also said it had to be a priority.
"It's a massive issue for us as a provider and the Welsh Government," he said.
"Deaths are likely to go up as there is a lot more heroin around, the purity of heroin has been stronger and there's a lot more people who are not known to the services.
"We weren't able to engage with them. It's something that agencies like ourselves and across Wales have got to get to grips with."
Mr Glyn suggested a way forward could be to get users to act as informers.
He also made a renewed call to introduce "fix rooms" for users to take their drugs under medical supervision.
It follows approval in October to open a centre in Glasgow, which would be the first in the UK.
"Allowing people to inject in a room is highly controversial," Mr Glyn said.
"I don't want to see people taking drugs but you've got to be pragmatic.
"There's tonnes of evidence supporting injecting rooms."
The Welsh Government spends Â£50m annually on its substance misuse delivery plan and between 2016 and 2018 it is looking at what can be done to address the rise in drug deaths.
A spokesman said: "Our main priority over the coming year will be to take action to return to a position where drug related deaths are falling in Wales.
"We are working closely with partners to evaluate the reasons behind the increase and to take action to address it.
"This includes working with the substance misuse area planning boards so that everything possible is done to reach those individuals currently not in touch with substance misuse services."


The creator of Hamilton has said Donald Trump is welcome to attend his musical, the cast of which Trump attacked this week for "harassing" his running mate.

"We welcome anyone," Lin-Manuel Miranda told the BBC, adding that the American president-elect's daughter had seen the show and written "wonderful things".
Mr Trump demanded the cast of Hamilton apologise for addressing Mike Pence from the stage after Friday's show.
Miranda, however, insisted Mr Pence had been spoken to in a "respectful" way.
Vice President-elect Pence was booed by some audience members as he arrived at New York's Richard Rodgers Theatre on Friday.
Later, as he prepared to leave, he was asked by cast member Brandon Dixon to stay in the auditorium and listen to a brief address.
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"When we found out he was coming we welcomed him, we asked him to lead on behalf of all Americans and we related to him the anxieties that some of us feel," Miranda told the BBC.
"But I feel like we did it in a really respectful way."
Miranda went on to answer in the affirmative when asked if Mr Trump would be welcome to attend a Hamilton performance.
His comments, on Saturday, preceded Mr Trump's tweets criticising Mr Pence's treatment.
Miranda was a vocal supporter of Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton during the US presidential election.
The award-winning actor and writer, who gave up the title role in Hamilton earlier this year, is currently in London rehearsing for his role in Disney's upcoming Mary Poppins sequel.
Mr Pence's experiences at Hamilton prompted Mr Trump to lambast the Hamilton cast for their "terrible behaviour". He also suggested the show itself was "highly overrated".
His opinion, though, differs from that of his daughter Ivanka, who wrote that her "very high expectations" had been "surpassed" when she saw the musical in March.
Hamilton, a musical about America's first treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton, won 11 Tony awards in June and is one of the hottest tickets on Broadway.
The show, which has a multi-ethnic cast and a score made up of rap, hip-hop and R&B tracks, will open in London next year.
Miranda's music can currently be heard in Moana, a Disney animation about an adventurous Polynesian teenager, whose songs he co-wrote.
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Bridgend winger Tom O'Flaherty and Rotherham forward Toby Salmon will join Premiership club Exeter Chiefs at the end of the season on two-year deals.

Both players will see out the rest of the season with their current clubs.
O'Flaherty, 22, has played three times on permit for Ospreys and scored a try after only three minutes of his regional debut, against Harlequins.
Salmon, 23, plays at lock and spent time with Chinnor and London Irish before joining Rotherham.
"Tom's got genuine pace, genuine footwork, and he's very combative - he's not the biggest of players but he's powerful," Chiefs head coach Rob Baxter told BBC Radio Devon.
"What we've seen of Toby is he's got the core fundamental things we look for in front-five forwards when we bring them to the club, and that has been pretty successful for us in the past."


Egyptian club Zamalek put their domestic disappointment behind them to open their African Champions League group campaign on Sunday with a 1-0 victory away to Enyimba of Nigeria.

Zamalek, keen to seek consolation for their slip in the Egyptian league, were one of three African sides to win their away group games at the weekend.
Mamelodi Sundowns were 2-0 winners at Entente Setif, whilst in Group A Wydad Casablanca won 1-0 at Asec Mimosas in Ivory Coast, as Zesco United shocked Al Ahly with a 3-2 home win in Zambia.
Two-times African champions Enyimba hosted Zamalek in Port Harcourt, with the Egyptians looking to win a sixth African Champions League crown.
Zamalek travelled to Nigeria with a new coach in Mohamed Helmy after former Scotland coach Alex McLeish parted ways with the Cairo giants after just 65 days.
They secured a 1-0 win over the Nigerian side thanks to an 8th minute goal from Basem Morsi and withstood pressure from the hosts to hold on for the victory.
On Saturday night, South African champions Mamelodi Sundowns began their Group B campaign with a 2-0 win away to Algeria's Entente Setif, in a match which was interrupted by crowd disturbance.
Sundowns made the most of their second chance in the competition, after being allowed back in following the disqualification of AS Vita Club.
Goals from Tiyani Mabunda and Zimbabwe's Khama Billiat sealed their Group B victory over the 2014 African champions.
On a bitterly disappointing night for the home side, the supporters failed to hide their frustration in the Setif stadium.
As the final whistle approached, missiles were thrown from the stands, with the referee stopping the game.
Entente Setif must wait to find out if they will face sanctions from the Confederation of African Football following the crowd trouble.
Also on Saturday, Egyptian giants Al Ahly returned to the group stage of the Champions League for the first time in two years with a shock 3-2 defeat away to Zambia's Zesco United.
Ahly, the eight-time winners coached by former Tottenham manager Martin Jol (pictured), were determined to make up for recent disappointments in Africa's premier club competition.
But Zesco United, who have never got beyond the group stage, upset the Red Devils with a famous home victory in Ndola.
Midfielder John Chingandu put the Zambian side ahead with a goal after 27 minutes, only for Ahly to equalise three minutes later through Ghana striker John Antwi.
It took just five minutes of the second half for the hosts to regain the lead, as Clatous Chama scored after 50 minutes and then again after 56 to give the Zambians a 3-1 lead.
Ahly tried to claw their way back in, and they were rewarded with another Antwi goal after 67 minutes.
Despite a nervous finale, the hosts held on to upset the Egyptians and go top of the standings.
In the other Group A match,  Wydad Casablanca, who knocked out the defending champions TP Mazembe in the play-off round, carried on their good form by winning 1-0 away to Asec Mimosas of Ivory Coast in their opener.
The Moroccans, who were runners-up the last time they competed in the competition in 2011, secured their victory thanks to a 39th minute goal from Salah Eddine Saidi.


The director of BBC drama The Night Manager has said there needs to be more women in the the film and TV industry.

Susanne Bier is the only female nominee in the category of outstanding director of a limited series at this year's Emmys.
The ceremony takes place on Sunday night in Los Angeles - and The Night Manager has 12 nominations in total.
Bier, who is Danish, has told the BBC women need to be seen to direct all genres of films and TV shows, and not just "romantic comedies and family-oriented" movies.
The Night Manager, based on the book of the same name by John Le Carre, was a huge hit with viewers when it was broadcast earlier this year on BBC One.
The show itself is nominated for outstanding limited series, where it faces competition from Roots, American Crime, Fargo and The People v. OJ Simpson. There are also nods in the acting categories for Tom Hiddleston, Olivia Coleman and Hugh Laurie.
Emmys 2016: Game of Thrones lead nominations
The Night Manager is nominated for outstanding limited series - a tough category. What do you think its chances of success are?
Yes it's very tough, they are really good, they're just excellent series. I know it's a cliche to say I'm honoured to be in this company but in this case it's absolutely true. I've got no idea [who will win]! The People vs OJ Simpson is such an iconic piece of American history and it's been huge, it's a hard one to beat, but let's see. I think Night Manager is just as good in terms of its content, but OJ Simpson might hit something which is very present in the US just now.
It's hard not to notice you're the only woman in the category for outstanding directing for a limited series.
It's interesting, there was an event at the Directors Guild where all the directors in all the different categories were celebrated, and there was one other woman and me. Television is better than film but still far, far from where it needs to be. We are half of the population, and out of 30 directors there were two women.
What do you think the industry could do to change that?
I think stepping off the default, habitual way of thinking and approaching things. Get a female director to do a superhero movie, step out of the habitual thinking where you assume women will do a romantic comedy or family-orientated movie. Pull the women directors out of the cliched place they have in society, because only then will it change for women. I think it takes a couple of successes to change that.
When you bring in potential directors for interviews, you should stop being predisposed to hear a certain way. There's a certain sort of manner of speaking that men have and women have, and you stop looking for a certain way of speaking and a certain way of answering. In our society girls and boys are brought up differently but that doesn't change the fact a woman would be just as good, it just means their way of approaching things might be slightly different.
You've directed every episode of The Night Manager, which is quite unusual, do you think it's important for a series to have the same director throughout for consistency?
At this point in time television is so good, and audiences are so demanding, and I think having one director is having a single vision, and single vision is sort of a way of generating a kind of distinct artistic voice within a television series.
But of course it's going to be difficult if you have a longer series for a director to do 15 episodes, but with limited series, they really need to be single-visioned, they need to have one artistic approach. That's helped by having just one writer and other elements.
Because The Night Manager was so successful, naturally everybody wants to know if there's any way of continuing it - but that's difficult until there's another John Le Carre book to base it on.
We'd all like to get together and party again because we had so much fun! I think we'd all love for it to be a possibility but because there's no book, it's not an easy thing to pull off. And none of us are going to attempt it if we don't totally trust that it's going to be just as good. I think John Le Carre would have to be involved in one way or the other, and whether it's a book or a conversation I can't say, but he definitely needs to be part of it.
On another issue - is it true you're keen to direct the next James Bond movie?
I would be honoured to do that, but any discussion about that is completely and utterly rumours! I, like any other sensible director on this planet, would be honoured and pleased to do James Bond but there is no news.
Do you think TV is becoming the new cinema - in that now people stay at home with their wide-screen TV and subscription streaming services?
I think there is a need for people to go to the cinema because I think it's a very different experience. It's a night out with your friends or your spouse. So I think there is a huge need for cinema and a huge need for good grown-up movies as well. I don't think TV replaces it, but it's undeniable that television is so exciting. I binge watch and love the fact I can have 10 hours of being with characters that are truly interesting, but I think it's probably more the lonely experience. If you talk to people about it, a lot of them watch TV on their own, but with the cinema you usually go with someone else.
Given that Taylor Swift and Tom Hiddleston are no longer an item, do you know who Tom will be walking down the red carpet with on Sunday?
I'm going to ask him if he wants to walk down with me!
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It should have been a Christmas night out in Liverpool with police colleagues but it turned into a brawl that ended PC Neil Doyle's life.

The 36-year-old was involved in a clash with another group of men, who were celebrating one of their birthdays, outside a city centre nightclub.
PC Doyle, who had worked for Merseyside Police for a decade, was felled by a single "pile-driver" punch that caused a fatal brain injury.
Two men were found guilty of manslaughter following a five-week trial at Liverpool Crown Court.
Football agent Andrew Taylor, 29, and sports event manager Timmy Donovan, 30, were convicted and a third man, footballer Christopher Spendlove, 30, was cleared of manslaughter.
PC Doyle received extensive treatment outside the Aloha Club in Colquitt Street at 03:15 GMT on 19 December 2014 but died in hospital.
The following month, he had been due to take a delayed honeymoon with his wife Sarah in January, but instead his funeral took place at the church where they wed in July 2014.
PC Doyle's life came to a violent end when he sustained an injury to an artery in his neck, which led to fatal bleeding over the surface of his brain.
The men, all from Huyton, had been charged with murder, but also faced alternative manslaughter charges.
What is known of PC Neil Doyle?
He had joined the Merseyside force in May 2004, mostly working in Liverpool, and was an operational officer who was "well-liked" and "respected by his colleagues."
Flags were flown at half-mast at police stations across the county after his death and a memorial rugby match took place in Ormskirk in March.
Professionally, he had been commended for his actions when arresting three men in a "violent offensive robbery".
The two groups of men presented very different versions of events.
In an interview the following day, Taylor, who earned Â£40,000 a year as a football consultant, told officers that PC Doyle had been "ultra aggressive" and intimidating towards him after the two groups met as they left separate bars.
He told the court that he was "in fear of violence". Taylor said PC Doyle "went for him" and had to be "physically restrained". He had threatened to give him "a good hiding", he added.
He claimed he had become annoyed when he said "hello" as a joke and when he tried to defuse the situation by shaking his hand, he went for him.
Taylor told the court that he had not known that PC Doyle was a police officer and he and his friends used the word "officer" as a "term of endearment" during the night out.
He insisted that he regarded police officers as "good people" and said he had "no issues" with them. Taylor was "quite surprised and confused" as to why PC Doyle became angry and swore at him.
Footage of PC Doyle confronting the other group was shown in court, but Merseyside Police resisted attempts by the media to obtain it.
Initially, Taylor told officers he had struck PC Doyle in self defence, but later denied it and said he had been mistaken.
Mr Spendlove played football for Everton and Preston North End as a boy and studied at Oklahoma City University, where he played for their football team.
He maintained he did not play any role in the incident, which took place while they had been out celebrating his birthday.
Donovan said it was his friend Taylor, a former Forest Green Rovers footballer, who had "knocked out" PC Doyle.
He said it "all broke out very quick" and he accepted he struck PC Robert Marshall with "excessive" force before going back and stamping on him after "seeing red" for a few seconds.
Donovan left the UK on the day PC Doyle was fatally injured and was later arrested in Germany.
Sir Jon Murphy, the chief constable of Merseyside Police, said at the time the three officers were "subject to an apparently unprovoked attack."
More detail emerged in court which seemed to suggest PC Doyle was more involved than it first appeared.
However, PC Doyle's colleague told the court it was they who had felt "intimidated" moments before the confrontation.
Michael Steventon said Taylor had approached the group and asked PC Doyle if he was having a good evening and repeatedly addressed his colleague as "officer".
Under cross-examination, Mr Steventon denied there had been "a conspiracy of silence" about what had happened.
He said he viewed PC Doyle as a "mentor" and he denied that PC Doyle swore at Taylor, or angrily followed the group into Colquitt Street.
Mr Steventon also refuted claims he was "not telling the truth in the witness box in order to protect the memory of an esteemed colleague".
Taylor had "unsettled" his friend, he told the hearing, but he said he did not believe PC Doyle had known Taylor, who was described as "very persistent".
Taylor and Donovan were also convicted of wounding PC Marshall with intent. Taylor was found guilty of causing grievous bodily harm to Mr Steventon.
Prosecutors claimed Mr Spendlove watched Donovan kicking and stamping on PC Marshall before intervening in the 45-second attack on the three off-duty officers. He disputed this version of events.
The day after the brawl, Mr Spendlove went on holiday to Abersoch, north Wales, and explained he did so because he was not involved.
The jury agreed by clearing Mr Spendlove of all charges and finding Taylor and Donovan had played their part in the PC's death by reaching guilty verdicts.


Police in the US state of Virginia have found the remains believed to be of a 17-year-old Muslim girl who was assaulted near a mosque before disappearing.

The teenager, identified as Nabra Hussein, was walking with friends when they got into a dispute with a driver in Herndon, police said.
The man left the car and assaulted the girl, they said. She then disappeared.
A 22-year-old suspect has been arrested and charged with murder.
The reason for the attack was still unknown, but police said it "appears to be the result of a road rage incident".
"Our investigation at this point in no way indicates the victim was targeted because of her race or religion", the Fairfax County Police Department said in a statement.
The Washington Post reported that a group of four or five teenagers including Nabra had visited a fast-food restaurant to have a late-night meal - Muslims are currently observing the holy month of Ramadan, when they fast from dawn to sunset.
At about 04:00 (08:00 GMT), the group was confronted by the driver as they walked and rode bicycles along the street.
The All Dulles Area Muslim Society (Adams), a local community centre, said that its members came across the teenagers and directed them to their building. But one of them, Nabra, was left behind and was later reported as missing to the authorities.
During the search, which included a helicopter, police said they stopped a car driving suspiciously in the area, and took the driver, identified as Darwin Martinez Torres, into custody.
Later, at about 15:00, police found the remains in a pond some three miles (five kilometres) from the scene of the incident, police said in a statement.
A baseball bat was also found, local media reported.
An autopsy will be carried out to confirm the identity of the body and the exact cause and manner of death.
A statement by the Adams centre said: "We are devastated and heartbroken as our community undergoes and processes this traumatic event. It is a time for us to come together to pray and care for our youth."
Nabra's mother, Sawsan Gazzar, told the Washington Post: "I think it had to do with the way she was dressed and the fact that she's Muslim."
Meanwhile, an online campaign to help the girl's family has already raised $189,000 (Â£150,000).


Former Newport Gwent Dragons coach Paul Turner is to help a new Welsh exiles programme aimed at identifying the best Welsh players playing outside Wales.

The Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) wants to track players who are Welsh-qualified by birth, parentage or residency.
Turner will work on a part-time basis with programme manager Gareth Davies.
The 56-year-old, who has previously coached the likes of Sale, Saracens and Wasps, is currently in charge of Ampthill in the English third tier.
Turner, capped three times by Wales, left the Dragons in 2011 after six years at Rodney Parade.
He will now report to Davies and WRU head of rugby performance Geraint John in their search to make players available to the Welsh regions and the national team.
"It's an area I'm very passionate about, having lived and worked outside of Wales for many years," said Turner.
"I'll be looking for Welsh qualified players around the world who have the potential to play at the top level.
"They may or may not be available to Welsh regions at the moment so I will continue to monitor their progress and their situation, in conjunction with the potential needs of the Welsh regions and Wales."
John added: "Paul has a fantastic eye for talent, and is extremely well connected in rugby circles in the UK and around the world.
"He will watch and observe top end players capable of playing regional and international rugby in Wales."


The migrant population of England has risen by 565,000 since 2011, with two-thirds coming from the EU, analysis by the University of Oxford estimates.

The figures suggest the foreign-born population of every local authority in the country may have risen.
The Migration Observatory unit says it came up with the projections because similar official data will not be available before the general election.
The 2011 census put the population of England at 53m, with 7.3m born abroad.
Watch Dominic's report on Inside Out BBC One, Friday at 19:30
Official estimates for migration focus on movements of people in and out of the UK - and national statistics only definitively record the population and where it comes from every 10 years at the national census. The latest estimate for how many migrants have settled will not be available until later this summer.
Taking two key measures of people in the UK - the 2011 census and rolling data from the Labour Force Survey - Oxford has projected that immigration has added to the population right across England as the economy has expanded.
Its analysis suggests the greatest change has been in London. Almost 3.2 million people in the capital are now born abroad - 200,000 more than at the time of the last census.
The foreign-born population of the South East is projected to have also risen to more than 1.1 million.
Official estimates do not reveal where migrant groups of different origins have settled in the UK over the past three years - but the Migration Observatory has projected what it thinks is going on for each region and local authority.
It has broken down local figures to create an online map projecting where migrants have come from.
Areas which have experienced rapid growth since Eastern European nations joined the EU in 2004 have continued to see those communities grow - particularly in the agricultural areas of the east of England.
There, Oxford estimates that the EU-born population is almost a quarter of a million - about 12% higher than at the time of the 2011 census.
Carlos Vargas Silva, immigration researcher at Oxford University, said migrants, particularly from the EU, were coming to England for work.
"They are finding jobs in low skilled positions and low paid jobs," he said.
"So for British workers competing in those positions it means some competition.
"For employers looking for more workers to fill those gaps it is good news because they have more employees available."
While the UK's main political parties argue over how to control immigration, the European Union free market rules allow workers to seek jobs wherever they can find them.
Witold Sobkow, the Polish ambassador to the UK, said migrants were arriving to the UK because of a "mixture of factors".
He said: "A lot of people come here because they find Britain very attractive as a country also, not just as a place to work and earn money.
"So some of them will settle down here, some of them will save money and will come back.
"We call it the revolving door policy, people come and go."
Professor Tony Travers from the London School of Economics said some councils were having to deal with increased demand for services in a time when their budgets were declining.
"The government is responsible for migration policy at the borders but all migration ends up as a local government issue and it's councils that end up dealing with it," he said.
"And of course migrants don't spread themselves round neatly and thinly around the country."
And Nigel Farage, leader of UKIP which wants to limit immigration, said his party had been proved right.
"Migration to this country has been shown to be unsustainable, and councils are even seeing cuts in areas with booming populations," he added.
But Barbara Roche, co-founder of the Migration Matters Trust, a cross-party group of politicians, business executives and trade union leaders, said migrants were "making an economic contribution".
Madeleine Sumption, director of the Migration Observatory at Oxford, said: "This data shows how different local experiences of migration have been across the UK.
"There are large variations in the size of migrant populations, as well as the share that come from EU countries.
"We have undertaken this analysis to provide a resource for anyone looking to understand local demographics of migration in the run-up to the general election."
The analysis comes a week after official estimates of net migration - a measure of people moving in and out of the UK - reached almost 300,000. That total is three times higher than the target set by the prime minister but it does not necessarily count how many people stay in the UK for good.
For more on what is going on across England, watch Inside Out BBC One, Friday 19:30 - also available on the BBC iplayer.


Ferrari can achieve success despite the departure of technical director James Allison, driver Sebastian Vettel says.

The team announced on Wednesday that Allison was leaving, before this weekend's German Grand Prix.
Vettel admitted the team faced "a big change", but added: "We have the right people on board. Things are heading in the right direction."
The four-time world champion has backed internal changes made by Ferrari president Sergio Marchionne.
"There has been a lot in the press, especially about our president and what he expects from us," Vettel said.
"It is good to see he is involved and is pushing the team very hard. He spends a lot of time in Maranello and knows what he is taking about."
Vettel said he believed in team principal Maurizio Arrivabene as the right man to lead.
"Maurizio has been in the business a long time," he said. "He is our leader and we are happy he is with us."
Vettel's team-mate Kimi Raikkonen, who also worked with Allison at the Lotus team between 2011 and 2014, said he had "a lot of respect for him" and "I don't want to get involved".
Allison split with Ferrari, in what was said by the team to be a "joint decision", three years after joining them with a view to bringing about a revival following a slump in form.
It was his second spell at Ferrari - he worked as chief aerodynamicist during the dominant Michael Schumacher era of 2000-04.
The technical director's first car last year won three races with Vettel, but Ferrari have made no further progress in catching world champions Mercedes and are yet to win a race this season.
Allison has been replaced by Mattia Binotto, the former head of Ferrari's engine department, whose reputation as an engineering manager is strong within the team.
Binotto was put in charge of the engine department after former head Luca Marmorini was dismissed at the end of the team's dismal 2014 season.
He then brought about a major improvement in performance from the engine into 2015.
It is now considered to be the second best engine in F1, reputedly less than 10bhp behind the standard-setting Mercedes in terms of outright power.
Ferrari do not intend to replace Allison directly, instead preferring to promote from within, feeling they have enough talent in the team to produce a winning car.
Allison is widely regarded as one of the best technical leaders in the sport, and will be in strong demand among other teams.
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Stuart Duff believes Celtic will prove too strong for Astana in the Champions League play-off - but says it is vital the Scots take a lead to Kazakhstan.

Former Aberdeen player Duff, 35, spent a season with Astana's domestic rivals Kairat and knows the Kazakhstan Premier League well.
"It's very important that Celtic get a good lead, hopefully a couple of goals, at Parkhead," Duff told BBC Scotland.
"Astana is a very tricky place to play, Celtic found that out the last time."
The teams met in the third qualifying round last season, with the sides drawing 1-1 in Kazakhstan and Celtic winning 2-1 in Glasgow thanks to a late Moussa Dembele penalty.
Boss Brendan Rodgers believes Celtic's familiarity with Astana and previous trip to Kazakhstan will benefit them greatly this season.
Duff agrees and also believes the fact that the first leg is not until 16 August could also be crucial.
"Astana are very similar to last season - similar squad, same manager, similar danger players they had in the previous year," Duff explained.
"Astana have brought in a couple of Bosnians and a Hungarian player who have been doing very well for them in the league campaign.
"It's not the element of the unknown for Celtic as they've been there before, like Brendan Rodgers said. They know what they're going into.
"I'm confident that Celtic have got the attributes to hopefully win the game at Parkhead in the first leg, I think that's vitally important because it is a huge factor going over to Kazakhstan as they are very strong at home.
"They've had some very good home results in Europe - 3-1 against Legia Warsaw in the last round, and they are not a poor side at all.
"So I think it's very important that Celtic go there with a lead. It's very difficult playing on the 4G pitch over there and the atmosphere that the stadium creates.
"With it being a few weeks away, Celtic will have a couple more games under their belt and that will stand them in good stead. They will be up to match fitness and on their day,
"Celtic will be a match for any European team, at home or away - they're a very, very good side and I was so impressed with them last year.
"Astana are three quarters through their season, they will have the sharpness and touches. It should be an interesting tie but I have all faith in Celtic going through."


Russia is entering the final hours of campaigning for regional elections widely seen as a test ahead of parliamentary polls in a year's time.

Voters in some regions will choose governors and others will select regional parliaments on Sunday.
But the main opposition Democratic Coalition has been allowed to stand in just one region, Kostroma.
The coalition includes the parties of murdered politician, Boris Nemtsov, and protest leader, Alexei Navalny.
Navalny cannot run for office as he is serving a suspended prison sentence in an embezzlement case that he argues was fabricated.
The Duma has been stripped of any real opposition under President Vladimir Putin.
The Democratic Coalition's campaign has not been easy - with no media coverage and accusations that they are working for the US, reports the BBC's Sarah Rainsford in Kostroma, north-east of Moscow.
"They tried to damage my campaign in many ways - with lies, with propaganda, with provocateurs with police," said Ilya Yashin, the main coalition candidate in Kostroma.
"This year they killed my friends. Another of my friends is in prison. He was a chief of staff of my campaign in the first period.
"We must keep fighting because you know, it's a question about the future of our country. If we will stop that means they win."
Russia's main opposition groups combined forces in April, nearly two months after the murder of Mr Nemtsov, who was shot dead while walking with his girlfriend near the Kremlin.
The coalition, campaigning under Mr Nemtsov's party name Parnas, hopes the the regional elections will be a springboard for the 2016 national parliamentary vote.
The second opposition candidate standing in Kostroma is Vladimir Andreichenko.


American Keith Thurman beat compatriot Danny Garcia by a split decision to add the WBC welterweight title to his WBA crown.

The 28-year-old fighters went into the bout unbeaten, and Thurman protected his lead after a furious opening.
Two judges scored the fight 116-112 and 115-113 for Thurman, while the other judge had it 115-113 for Garcia.
"I was not giving the fight away," said Thurman. "I felt like we had a nice lead, we could cool down."
Thurman remains unbeaten from 28 fights, while Garcia suffered his first loss in 34 bouts.
Briton Kell Brook holds the IBF world welterweight title and his next fight will be against American Errol Spence Jr in Sheffield in May.


Two inmates who staged a protest on the roof of a prison in Greater Manchester are now back inside, the Ministry of Justice has said.

The prisoners were on the roof of HMP Buckley Hall in Rochdale for about six hours on Monday evening.
They came down voluntarily shortly after midnight and there was "no wider disruption to the jail", a Prison Service spokesman said.
Buckley Hall is a male category C prison with more than 400 inmates.


The families of six people, including three children, killed by a man in Jersey say they have been left "devastated".

Damian Rzeszowski, 31, stabbed his wife Izabela Rzeszowska, 30, his daughter, Kinga, five, and son, Kacper, two, in St Helier on 14 August last year.
As well as his wife and children, Rzeszowski also killed Marek Garstka, 56, Marta De La Haye, 34, and her daughter Julia De La Haye, aged five.
He was found not guilty of murder by the Royal Court in Jersey, but had already pleaded guilty to manslaughter with diminished responsibility.
Izabela Rzeszowski was born in Bydgoszcz, northern Poland, and moved to St Helier to join her husband in 2004. They were married a year later.
Her family said their hearts were broken "when the hearts of six wonderful people stopped beating".
In a statement they said: "This tragedy is even more painful as we have lost our children and grandchildren.
"Knowing that we will never be able to play with Kinga and Julia again or cuddle little Kacper and we can never talk to Izabela, Marta or Marek again makes the pain unbearable.
"A day does not pass when we do not think about our loved ones and our memories of them bring tears to our eyes."
Mrs De La Haye's husband Craig said: "My life, and the lives of many families, have been devastated since then. Every day is a struggle to continue, and yet it still feels like yesterday that it happened.
"My beautiful wife Marta and wonderful daughter Julia, friends Kinga, Kacper, Isa and Marek, you will never be forgotten.
"Not a day goes past when I don't think about my family. I hope that one day I will see you again, until then... I love you."
Mrs De La Haye's mother, Tamara Jaciubek, said nothing would ever be the same without her daughter and granddaughter.
She said: "Finding the strength to carry on each day without them proves to be a continuous struggle.
"Every day I ask myself why? A question that will never be answered."
Mrs Jaciubek also thanked the Jersey community, saying it was wonderful how the island gathered together and showed compassion.
She said: "The financial help the good people of Jersey donated meant I was able to bring my only child and only grandchild back to Poland, something I will be forever grateful for."
Det Supt Stewart Gull was the senior investigating officer and said his thoughts were with the families of the victims.
"We can only imagine the grief of the families, who lost their loved ones in such brutal circumstances.
"But today is not a day for vindication or celebration, but sad reflection," he said.


Anthony Ervin has reclaimed the Olympic title in the swimming's fastest race 16 years after he first won it - to cap a phenomenal career comeback.

Ervin, who is now the oldest Olympic swimming champion at 35, quit the sport after winning gold in Sydney 2000 and returned years later, for London 2012.
"Maybe a piece of me wanted to see if I could get that medal back," Ervin, who had battled depression, alcoholism and drug addiction, told NBC.
"I got it," the veteran added.
Ervin won Friday's 50m freestyle race in 21.40 seconds, beating France's Florent Manaudou, by just 0.01 seconds.
"I feel the overwhelming support of all my people," he said after the event.
The heavily-tattooed Californian had already claimed gold in the 4x100m freestyle earlier this week.
When asked before Friday's race what he would do if he won another gold, Ervin was bluntly honest: "I don't know. I'm living in the moment, man."
It remains to be seen, though, how long Ervin will keep his medals in his cabinet, as he sold his Sydney trophy to raise money in aid of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami victims.
Few had expected that Ervin would be able to return triumphantly in the pool after his abrupt decision to quit the sport in 2003 - at the age of only 22.
During his prolonged "swimmer's burnout" period he tried many things, from learning guitar to immersing himself in Buddhism.
He even stopped telling people he had used to be an Olympic swimming champion, Ervin admitted in his biography Chasing Water: Elegy of an Olympian, published earlier this year.
"The oppression of my former swimming identity loses its hold on me," Ervin wrote.
"I am no longer Anthony Ervin the Swimmer, but Tony, just another guy in a band."
Ervin reached an "absolute low" when after years of abusing himself on drugs he was hardly able to rise from a a sofa for days, his friend told people.com website.
But he started to train again in 2011, finishing fifth at the 50m freestyle at the London Olympics.
"It's fair to say nobody has been through what he has," US swimming coach David Marsh told people.com.
"But Anthony's got the most efficient freestyle I've ever seen. That's been the case since he was young. He's just a barracuda in the water."
Ervin - who has Jewish, African-American and Native American roots - was raised in Valencia, California.


Eagles guitarist Glenn Frey has died at the age of 67, the band has announced.

He died in New York City on Monday from complications arising from rheumatoid arthritis, colitis and pneumonia.
"Words can neither describe our sorrow, nor our love and respect for all that he has given to us," his family and fellow band members said.
The Eagles were one of the most successful bands of the 1970s, with multiple hit singles, including Hotel California in 1976.
Frey co-founded the Eagles in 1971 with Don Henley, Bernie Leadon and Randy Meisner.
He co-wrote Hotel California with Henley and Don Felder, and composed a number of the band's biggest songs on his own, including Heartache Tonight and Lyin' Eyes.
The Eagles notched up more than 150 million album sales worldwide, with Hotel California and their greatest hits among the best selling in history.
Tributes have been paid on social media, with country star Tim McGraw writing: "His music was personally inspirational, his impact immeasurable, his legacy timeless. #glennfrey #heartachetonight"
Paul Stanley from Kiss added: "SHOCKED to report the death of GLENN FREY. Eagle & brilliant songwriter."
Singer Ryan Adams wrote: "RIP, Glenn Frey. Travel to the stars safely, bro", while Huey Lewis called him " a really good guy. Talented, funny, cynical and sweet".
The Eagles were one of the great forces of 1970s rock. They may not have had the dynamics of Led Zeppelin or the drama of Fleetwood Mac, but they dominated the airwaves. AM radio would play the hits, filled with flawless harmonies, while FM stations would spin the longer, unedited album cuts.
Frey emerged as one of the band's chief songwriters, the Lennon to Don Henley's McCartney. He penned their breakout hit Take It Easy - a song as laid back as its title suggests - with Jackson Browne. But later singles, including Take It To The Limit and Hotel California, were group efforts, while the two front men would share vocal duties - Frey's supple tones a perfect counterpoint to Henley's rasp.
In the US, they scored five number one singles and four number one albums; while their greatest hits sold 30 million copies.
"It boggles the mind somewhat," Frey told Rolling Stone in 2012. "But as long as I keep taking out the garbage and cleaning up after the dogs and taking the kids to school, I'll have perspective."
Nonetheless, success took its toll on the band. Frey used to describe their break-up in two words - "Hotel California" - explaining that the pressure of following up that record tore the band apart.
In 1980, Henley famously said the Eagles would reform "when hell freezes over". Fourteen years later, that became the title of the band's comeback album, as the old friends made amends.
"He was like a brother to me; we were family, and like most families, there was some dysfunction," Henley said in a statement.
"But, the bond we forged 45 years ago was never broken, even during the 14 years that the Eagles were dissolved."
After the Eagles' acrimonious split in 1980, Frey enjoyed success as a solo artist, most notably with The Heat is On, recorded for the 1984 film Beverly Hills Cop.
The band reunited in 1994 and became a hugely popular touring act.


Macclesfield Town have signed goalkeeper Scott Flinders on a free transfer after he left York City by mutual consent on Thursday.

The 30-year-old spent time on loan with the Silkmen earlier this season between September and October.
The former Crystal Palace player began his career at Barnsley before making 252 league starts for Hartlepool over a six-year spell.
Macclesfield have already added Bury striker Anthony Dudley on loan.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page or visit our Premier League tracker here.


A person has been rescued after a catamaran capsized off the north Wales coast.

The vessel was towed back to shore following the rescue off Llanfairfechan, Conwy county at about 16:10 BST on Saturday.
Beaumaris RNLI lifeboat and the Bangor coastguard were involved in the rescue.
Just an hour earlier the crew rescued a kayaker who was trapped by the tide at Puffin Island, off Anglesey.


One hundred of the most inspirational women across the world in 2015 have been named by the BBC.

This year's list marks the third year of the 100 Women season, which seeks to better represent women in the BBC's international news output.
Oscar-winning actress Hilary Swank and Sudanese supermodel Alek Wek are both included on the list.
It also features 30 entrepreneurs under the age of 30 and inspiring women over the age of 80.
The list also includes nurses on the front line, young female film-makers documenting the pressures and expectations in their community and leaders in science, politics, education and the arts.
One of our octogenarians, 84-year-old Argentinean activist Estela de Carlotto, works to reunite grandparents with the missing children of those who were snatched as babies by the 1970s and 80s' military junta.
She was reunited with her grandson Ignacio in 2014.
Younger by two generations, our entrepreneurs share their tips for getting ahead.
Austrian Antonia Albert, aged 25, co-founded Careship, an online marketplace for elderly care.
She advises women to be "much more confident and have the guts to take risks".
Our list spans the world, from Li Tingting, an openly gay women's rights activist in China, to Eveles Chimala, a midwife in Malawi, Jana el-Hassan, a Lebanese novelist and Megan Grano, an American comedian.
Some of our women are remarkably brave, such as Neyda Rojas, a Venezuelan nun who visits the country's overcrowded prisons - some of the most dangerous in the world.
The season kicks off with two weeks of thought-provoking broadcast and online stories.
Our coverage from India includes a focus on the girls born in the western state Maharashtra who were named 'nakusha', or 'unwanted', but were finally given their own names four years ago.
Women from Tehran and London share why they do not want to have children - and describe the societal pressures to do so.
And in the Middle East, we speak to the 'Malala of Syria', Muzzon al-Mellehan. The 16-year-old refugee in Jordan is urging refugee girls to study and go to school.
The season culminates in a day of debates on image, leadership and relationships at 100 locations around the world, including Albania, Kosovo, Samoa, Fiji, Israel and Jamaica - and at the BBC's headquarters in London.
The BBC News 100 Women season runs online, on BBC World News TV, on BBC World Service as well as on our 28 global languages services from 18 November to 2 December.
Join the conversation on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, using the hashtag #100Women.Listen to the programmes here.