Super League side Warrington proved far too strong for Championship side Dewsbury as they reached the quarter-finals of the Challenge Cup.

The eight-time winners ran in 10 tries, from which centre Bridge, who also scored a second-half try, kicked six conversions.
The recalled Brad Dwyer, Ryan Atkins, Ashton Sims, Ben Currie and Declan Patton crossed before the break.
Kevin Penny (2), Bridge, Richie Myler also scored and Currie got his second.
Dewsbury, who managed a first-half penalty from James Delaney, crossed the visitors' line just once, just after the half-hour mark.
Loose forward Joel Farrell's try was converted by Delaney, who added a third successful kick with the final score of the game in the last minute.
The Rams, fifth in the Championship, were missing several players, while Brett Seymour and Wayne Godwin were cup-tied.
But Warrington, fifth in Super League, were without their first-choice kicker, stand-off Stefan Ratchford.
Wire also rested veteran hooker Micky Higham, who had a transfer bid from promotion chasing Leigh turned down during the week, being replaced by Dwyer, who has been recalled from a season-long loan at London Broncos
Warrington first team coach Richard Agar:
"We had to overcome the loss of two wingers early doors and had a little disruption as a result but, for long periods, we played some pretty good football. We probably got a bit loose towards the end of both halves and conceded a few penalties.
"Joel Monaghan felt a twinge during the warm-up and then again in the opening stages of the game so, at 26-2, we didn't feel we needed to keep him on. Gene Ormsby also picked up a head knock so we played with a two-man rotation for much of the game.
"Micky Higham will have further meetings with (head coach) Tony Smith this week to try and sort things out. You could say he was rested. It's been a difficult week with some of the stuff that has gone on.
"With Brad Dwyer coming back, we didn't feel that Micky was in the right place to play tonight. But I thought Brad was terrific and probably our best player. He was very energetic around the ruck."
Dewsbury Rams coach Glenn Morrison:
"We've had 14 players unavailable whether they be injured or cup-tied, against a top Super League side and we had two young half backs on debut, one of whom has only been at the club a week, so they put up a great performance.
"Warrington got on a roll at one stage when they scored two or three quick tries and they could have turned it up and it shows the spirit and character of the club here that we got back into an arm wrestle and kept ourselves in the game.
"They put 80 points on a Super League side the other week and they came with a full strength side, showing respect for us, which is great.
"It shows that we are doing some good things. I was very disappointed that we had so many regulars out but I'm very proud of the boys."
Dewsbury: Forsyth; Grant, Beckett, Dunn, Scott; Glover, Delaney; Haggerty, Wright, Smith, Hale, T Adamson, Farrell.
Replacements: McLocklan, Spicer, Hepworth, Aizue.
Warrington: Penny; Monaghan, Bridge, Atkins, Ormsby; Patton, Myler; Hill, Dwyer, Sims, Currie, Westwood, Harrison.
Replacements: Laithwaite, O'Brien, England, G King.
Attendance: 4,677.
Referee: Matthew Thomason (RFL).


Google has announced changes to its search engine in an attempt to curb online piracy.

The company has long been criticised for enabling people to find sites to download entertainment illegally.
The entertainment industry has argued that illegal sites should be "demoted" in search results.
The new measures, mostly welcomed by music trade group the BPI, will instead point users towards legal alternatives such as Spotify and Google Play.
Google will now list these legal services in a box at the top of the search results, as well as in a box on the right-hand side of the page.
Crucially, however, these will be adverts - meaning if legal sites want to appear there, they will need to pay Google for the placement.
The BPI said that while it was "broadly" pleased with Google's changes, it did not think sites should have to pay.
"There should be no cost when it comes to serving consumers with results for legal services," a spokesman told the BBC.
Source: Google report into piracy
"Instead we have urged Google to use the machine-readable data on the Music Matters website, which lists all services licensed in the UK, and to promote these legal services above illegal sites and results in their search, using appropriate weighting applied fairly and equally across services."
Google has also added extra measures to doctor its search results so that links pointing to illegal content fall lower in results, with legal sites floating to the top.
The company has been doing this for several years, but now says it has "refined the signal" for detecting these links.
To coincide with the announcement, Google published a report into the measures it has put in place across its various websites.
On YouTube, for instance, its Content ID system is able to detect the use of copyrighted material in videos - offering music labels the choice of having the content removed, or monetising it by placing advertising.
But the report stressed the long-held view from Google that the solution to piracy lay in putting effort into creating better legal services, rather than chasing off illegal ones.
"Piracy often arises when consumer demand goes unmet by legitimate supply," the report said.
"As services ranging from Netflix to Spotify to iTunes have demonstrated, the best way to combat piracy is with better and more convenient legitimate services."
The BPI and Google have been at logger-heads over downgrading results for several years.
The music industry has been angered by the way in which a search on Google for "listen to Katy Perry", or any artist, would sometimes produce results pointing to places to download content illegally.
Often, the illegal sites would rank higher than official outlets such as iTunes.
Google, reluctant to tamper with its "organic" results, but leant on by the government, has gradually backed down and implemented some measures, although their effectiveness is often disputed.
Other combative measures pushed by the BPI include the blocking of websites such as the Pirate Bay so that UK internet users cannot visit unless they are using specialist software.
"We will monitor the results carefully," said Geoff Taylor, chief executive of the BPI.
"But we are encouraged that Google has recognised the need to take further action and will continue to work with the search engines and government to build a stronger digital music sector.
"The BPI, together with colleagues from the film industry, will continue to meet with the search engines and government to ensure these measures make a real difference and to persuade Bing and Yahoo to take similar action."
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC


Indigenous women in western Canada are the victims of discrimination and abuse by Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers, says Human Rights Watch.

It interviewed 50 women for the report, entitled Those Who Take Us Away, which claims aggressive policing, neglect and allegations of sexual abuse by some RCMP members.
Activists say it has created a climate of fear among First Nation women.
The RCMP said it took the allegations in the report very seriously.
The women interviewed for the report made a series of allegations against the RCMP, including of aggressive policing and inappropriate use of strip searches to accusations of sexual assault.
One woman told the report's authors that she had been gang raped by police officers.
"There's frustration, there's distrust of authority," said Meghan Rhoad, who wrote the report for Human Rights Watch.
Since 1969, police say 18 women have been murdered or have vanished along British Columbia's Highway 16 - an 800-mile (1,300-km) route nicknamed the Highway of Tears by the largely indigenous communities that line its path.
Most of the victims were aboriginal, and only one case has been solved. Local First Nation leaders claim that actually between 32-43 women have either been killed or gone missing along the route. Human Rights Watch is now calling for a national inquiry into the crimes.
Critics have long protested against police inaction over the disappearances, some accusing the authorities of "systematic racism" towards native women.  The government of British Columbia published a report in 2012 that vowed to protect vulnerable indigenous women, and "honour" the memory of the missing and the dead.
"There's not only a feeling that the police don't take their reports seriously, but that they will themselves be responsible for mistreatment."
Annabel Webb, whose charity, Justice for Girls, contributed to the report, said the police have cultivated a climate of "systematic racism" towards First Nation women and girls, leaving many female victims of crime reluctant to approach the police.
"I won't call the police. I don't trust them," said Angie, a 48-year-old indigenous mother-of-five, who asked the BBC to conceal her real name to protect her family.
In April 2012, Angie's 15-year-old daughter was violently arguing with her boyfriend at the family home, in the fishing town of Prince Rupert on the Pacific coast.
Angie called the police, but she said the argument was largely over by the time two officers arrived.
She took the officers to her daughter and then walked back upstairs to check on her newborn granddaughter.
Angie said she then heard a commotion downstairs.
She said: "The officer comes up the steps and says to me, 'I think I've broken your daughter's arm'."
The officer, who was trying to handcuff her daughter for becoming aggressive, Angie says, twisted the 15-year-old's arm so far up behind her back that her upper forearm broke, vertically, between her shoulder and her elbow.
The police took the teenager away, in handcuffs, to a nearby hospital, according to the report.
The RCMP later claimed that the 15-year-old had threatened to kill herself, which Angie denies. The force says it used proportionate force to stop her.
No-one has been charged with the incident, and Angie's daughter is currently under investigation for allegedly kicking the police officer during the scuffle.
In a statement to the BBC, the RCMP said that after issues were raised by Human Rights Watch last year, the force urged victims of alleged police misconduct to make official complaints.
"Unfortunately, five months later and none of these allegations have been brought forward for investigation," said the RCMP statement.
"It is impossible to deal with such public and serious complaints when we have no method to determine who the victims or the accused are."
The report's findings are all too familiar, Human Rights Watch says.
"There's a feeling of 'well, this is what happens in these communities'," Ms Rhoad said. "Not necessarily accepting that this is right, but to some extent, that's the way it is. It's very frustrating."
In 2008, the United Nations urged Canada to review its responses to violence and discrimination against First Nation communities, while an earlier report by Amnesty International claimed widespread neglect of native Canadian victims of crime.
British Columbia Justice Minister Shirley Bond said in a statement to the BBC: "We are working hard to make changes to the policies, programmes and services that protect and serve all of us - and particularly vulnerable women."


A man with a metal detector discovered an unexploded wartime bomb in a Lancashire park.

The device, believed to be a relic from World War Two, was found in Avenham Park in Preston at about 15:00 GMT on Friday.
Lancashire Police said the Army's bomb disposal unit had been called and was planning to destroy the bomb, which could have been a danger to the public.
Police cordons were put in place and people were urged to avoid the area.
It is the second time in under a year a wartime bomb has been discovered in the park.
Customers at a nearby cafe were evacuated and a controlled explosion was carried out after a previous discovery in April 2015.


Dries Mertens scored four goals - and became the first player since 1974 to score consecutive Serie A hat-tricks - as Napoli beat Torino 5-3.

The Belgium international beat England goalkeeper Joe Hart three times in nine first-half minutes, seven days after a hat-trick in a 5-0 win over Cagliari.
Mertens drilled his first from a Jose Callejon cut-back and added a penalty before scoring a third from close in.
His best goal, though, was his fourth, a perfectly weighted chip over Hart.
Torino, 3-0 down after 22 minutes, did fight back in the second half, with Andrea Belotti pulling one back before former Tottenham centre-back Vlad Chiriches added Napoli's fourth.
Luca Rossettini and Iago Falque, with a penalty, then scored either side of Mertens' classy effort, but Napoli ensured victory to move up to third.
The last player to score hat-tricks in consecutive Serie A matches was Juventus forward Pietro Anastasi in May 1974.
Lazio climbed to fourth with a 3-1 victory over Fiorentina, but had to negotiate a nervy second half after appearing to take command with Keita Balde Diao's angled finish and a Lucas Biglia penalty.
Soon after the break, the home side needed keeper Federico Marchetti to save a Josip Illcic penalty to maintain their 2-0 lead, and Mauro Zarate then scored for Fiorentina - against his former club - to set up a tense finale. But Stefan Radu scored a third for the home side late on to end any doubts about the result.
Palermo, next to bottom, achieved the most extraordinary comeback of the day - and ended a nine-match losing streak as they came from 3-1 down to win 4-3 at Genoa.
Giovanni Simeone, the son of Atletico Madrid manager Diego, scored two and set up a third for Nikola Ninkovic to put Genoa on course for victory with 25 minutes to go.
But the visitors, for whom Robin Quaison had scored in the first half, made it 3-2 through Edoardo Goldaniga, before striking twice in the final three minutes - thanks to Andrea Rispoli's tap-in and Aleksandar Trajkovski angled drive.
There was still time for Genoa goalkeeper Mattia Perin to be sent off, as he pushed over Ilija Nestorovski when the Palermo striker prevented him from taking a free-kick quickly.
In Sunday's early Serie A match, Antonio Candreva's first-half goal gave Inter Milan a third successive league win, 1-0 at Sassuolo. Stefano Pioli's side finished with 10 men after Felipe Melo was sent off in stoppage time for two bookable offences.
Bottom club Pescara remain without a league victory after losing 3-0 at home to Bologna, while Crotone stay in the relegation zone after a 2-0 defeat at Udinese. Elsewhere, Chievo beat Sampdoria 2-1.
Match ends, Napoli 5, Torino 3.
Second Half ends, Napoli 5, Torino 3.
Hand ball by Adem Ljajic (Torino).
Attempt missed. Dries Mertens (Napoli) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the left. Assisted by Allan.
Offside, Torino. Joe Hart tries a through ball, but Maxi López is caught offside.
Foul by Elseid Hysaj (Napoli).
Antonio Barreca (Torino) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Emanuele Giaccherini (Napoli) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high. Assisted by Dries Mertens.
José Callejón (Napoli) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Sasa Lukic (Torino).
Offside, Torino. Luca Rossettini tries a through ball, but Maxi López is caught offside.
Attempt missed. Adem Ljajic (Torino) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right.
Goal!  Napoli 5, Torino 3. Iago Falque (Torino) converts the penalty with a left footed shot to the top left corner.
Penalty conceded by Raúl Albiol (Napoli) after a foul in the penalty area.
Penalty Torino. Luca Rossettini draws a foul in the penalty area.
Corner,  Torino. Conceded by Vlad Chiriches.
Offside, Torino. Adem Ljajic tries a through ball, but Iago Falque is caught offside.
Substitution, Napoli. Emanuele Giaccherini replaces Lorenzo Insigne.
Goal!  Napoli 5, Torino 2. Dries Mertens (Napoli) right footed shot from the right side of the box to the top left corner. Assisted by José Callejón.
Attempt blocked. Marek Hamsik (Napoli) left footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Dries Mertens.
Attempt saved. Allan (Napoli) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by José Callejón.
Goal!  Napoli 4, Torino 2. Luca Rossettini (Torino) left footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal following a set piece situation.
Attempt saved. Adem Ljajic (Torino) right footed shot from long range on the left is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Foul by Allan (Napoli).
Adem Ljajic (Torino) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Substitution, Napoli. Allan replaces Piotr Zielinski.
Sasa Lukic (Torino) is shown the yellow card.
Piotr Zielinski (Napoli) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Sasa Lukic (Torino).
Goal!  Napoli 4, Torino 1. Vlad Chiriches (Napoli) left footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal. Assisted by José Callejón.
Substitution, Napoli. Amadou Diawara replaces Jorginho.
Substitution, Torino. Maxi López replaces Daniele Baselli.
Attempt missed. Marek Hamsik (Napoli) header from the centre of the box is too high. Assisted by Elseid Hysaj with a cross.
Emiliano Moretti (Torino) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
José Callejón (Napoli) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Emiliano Moretti (Torino).
Goal!  Napoli 3, Torino 1. Andrea Belotti (Torino) left footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Marco Benassi.
Substitution, Torino. Iago Falque replaces Lorenzo De Silvestri.
Corner,  Napoli. Conceded by Davide Zappacosta.
Attempt missed. Lorenzo Insigne (Napoli) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Dries Mertens.


Fly-tippers will be charged twice for illegally dumping waste in Wales after a new law was passed by the assembly.

The Landfill Disposals Tax will come into force from April 2018 when power is devolved from Westminster.
Fly-tippers can already be fined and prosecuted but will also face a tax on what they dump under the new legislation.
The Welsh Government said it would "strengthen the financial deterrent" of fly-tipping.
Cleaning-up after fly-tippers in Wales cost an estimated Â£2.1m in 2015-16, according to official figures.
The measure is part of the Landfill Disposals Tax Bill passed by the assembly on Tuesday.
The new Wales-only charge will replace the current landfill tax in 2018.
The legislation broadly mirrors the current tax, which is charged on disposals of waste at authorised landfill sites, but introduces a tax on illegal waste dumping, including unauthorised sites and fly-tipping.


An enraged Australian man called police after his father burned his prized cannabis plants in a bonfire, reports say.

The father, who lives in the Northern Territory town of Humpty Doo, reportedly set the plants ablaze after repeated disputes with his son.
Police said the son called them as he believed burning the plants was a worse crime than drug possession.
Police said neither man would face any charges.
"Things came to a head yesterday evening and the father allegedly threw all of his son's cannabis plants onto the bonfire and completely destroyed them," Duty Superintendent Jorgensen told the Australian Broadcasting Corp.
"This enraged the son, he called us and told us everything basically."


White British people have become the most common ethnic group to be targeted in racist incidents in Scotland, according to new figures.

There was a rise of almost 4% of racist incidents in 2013/14, with much of that increase due to cases involving white people.
Police Scotland recorded a total of 4,807 such incidents, involving 5,626 people - up 3.9% on the previous year.
This was the third lowest total in the past 10 years.
The figures, which were published by Scotland's chief statistician, showed that 1,423 "white British" people were the victims of racist incidents or came forward to report them - an increase of 284 from the 2012/13 total of 1,139.
There was a drop in attacks on Pakistanis, with 1,107 reporting they were the victim of racist behaviour, down from 1,115 in 2012/13.
However, proportionately, those with a Pakistani ethnic background were the most likely to be the victim or complainer of a racist incident recorded by the police, with 224 victims or complainers per 10,000 population.
This compared with three "'white British" victims or complainers per 10,000 population.
Overall, 27.2% of victims came from a "white British" ethnic background - which includes "white Scottish" and "white English" - with 21.2% coming from a Pakistani background.
A total of 14% of victims were classed as "other white" - including "white Polish" and "white Irish" - and 13.1% were African, Caribbean or another black ethnic background.
Community Safety Minister Paul Wheelhouse said: "While it is encouraging that the number of incidents involving members of the Pakistani community are now at their lowest levels in a decade, the overall increase in reported racist incidents more generally shows us that more work still needs to be done.
"Where we can dig deeper into the statistics, we can see that many reports are from Scots who are classed as 'white British'.
"The fact this mirrors the demographic make-up of Scotland means it may well be down to more witnesses coming forward, which is to be welcomed."
Police recorded 5,520 crimes resulting from racist incidents - a 5.6% increase on the previous year - with some incidents involving more than one crime being reported.
Of all the incidents that were reported to the police, 94.7% resulted in at least one crime being recorded, with a 77% clean-up rate for these offences.
Mr Wheelhouse said: "The fact that so many of these incidents resulted in at least one crime being reported, and that over three-quarters of these have been solved, also shows just how seriously the police take any reports of racial discrimination and I would like to pay tribute to their efforts and strong leadership in this area.
"This government is sending a strong message that racism in any form is simply unacceptable and there is no place for it in 21st Century Scotland.
"Whether you're a victim, or you are someone who witnesses unacceptable behaviour, be assured that the police or the authorities will take your report seriously and action will be taken."
Ch Supt Paul Main, lead officer for safer communities in Police Scotland, said: "One incident where hatred and intolerance is a motivating factor is one too many.
"Police Scotland continues to work closely with our communities and other partners across the criminal justice spectrum to ensure those who are the victims of such incidents have the confidence to come forward and report their experiences to us."


A Victorian theatre in Oldham which opened as a circus 130 years ago is to relocate after receiving £7m funding.

The town's Coliseum Theatre will move to a modern 550-seat venue on Union Street in the town's Cultural Quarter after securing an Arts Council grant.
Stars who performed at the current Fairbottom Street site include Stan Laurel and Charlie Chaplin.
Council leader Jean Stretton said she is "delighted" this "cultural asset" will have "a bright future".
Established in 1885, the Coliseum began life as a circus on Henshaw Street performing to crowds of 3,000 people.
The wooden theatre was then dismantled and moved, plank by plank, to Fairbottom Street in 1887, becoming a popular music hall visited by stars including Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel.
More recently, it was the home of the Oldham Repertory Theatre producing original Coronation Street cast members including William Roache, Jean Alexander and Pat Phoenix.
The new facility will be built on the Southgate Street car park site next to the grade-II listed library building, which is to house the Heritage and Arts Centre.
It will house a main auditorium for 550 people and a 170-seat studio theatre, the council said.
"It's our responsibility to make a theatre that's right for future generations", the theatre's artistic director, Kevin Shaw, said.
He said the theatre will take "the warmth of our welcome" with it to the new venue "so future residents of Oldham will feel this is a theatre for absolutely everyone."
Project architects Mecanoo aim to get planning permission for their new designs by March 2017 and work is expected to start in April 2018, with the venue set to open in 2020.


Facebook has developed AI software to help understand what people are talking about in posts to the social network.

The Deep Text engine can understand text with "near-human accuracy", a Facebook blogpost explained.
It said the AI system was developed to help people get more out of the site and to help catch spam and other unwanted messages.
Deep Text is being tested with Facebook Messenger and to generate responses to certain search queries.
With Messenger, the system is primed to spot when people are talking about preparing to travel and this can lead to software robots - known as bots - asking if they need to call a cab.
Similarly, if someone writes that they have something to sell, Deep Text-based bots will grab information about what is being sold and its price and suggest the seller uses Facebook's sales tools to make sure the ad reaches a wide audience.
Deep Text has emerged from work Facebook is doing on bots that can automatically help the site's users.
Future work will refine the AI engine's ability to get at the deeper meanings of text so it can spot subtle connections between words such as "bro" and "brother" that are often missed by other language analysis tools, said Facebook.
Rather than be directed by humans, the software has been allowed to learn about human language by itself and has built a conceptual map of how words are used and how they relate to each other.
The greater understanding of text could be useful when applied to lengthy text-based conversations that take place on Facebook to spot relevant or interesting comments.
It will also be used to clean up message threads by weeding out spam or other unwanted replies.
Facebook also said it planned to use Deep Text to improve its understanding of what people like so it can refine the information and adverts they are shown.
Currently, said Facebook, Deep Text can analyse several thousand posts per second and can handle more than 20 languages.
Mike Murphy, writing on the Quartz tech news website, said there were dangers involved in mapping people's interests ever more closely.
"As Facebook gets better at offering us personalised search results from our networks, as useful as those might be, it also keeps us in a more insular version of the web," he wrote.


A £129m contract to convert part of the M3 in Surrey and Hampshire to a "smart motorway" has been awarded by the Highways Agency to Balfour Beatty.

The project will see the M3 between the M25 in Surrey and Fleet in Hampshire changed to a four-lane road, with the hard shoulder used as a permanent lane.
Electronic signs will be installed to manage traffic flow.
The company said preparation would begin next month with building work due to begin in the autumn.
Smart motorways use technology to vary speed limits in response to driving conditions. There are different types of smart motorway, with some making use of the hard shoulder.
The scheme, which covers 13.4 miles from junction 2 to junction 4a, is due to be finished by spring 2017.
Balfour Beatty said the upgrade would increase capacity, reduce congestion and shorten journey times for the 120,000 motorists using that part of the network each day.
Project director Julian Lamb said traffic management during the work would include 50mph speed restrictions, contraflows and narrow-lane running.
But he said lower speed limits helped traffic flow, with lane closures limited to night-time and dual three-lane running for daytime and peak flows.
The M3 passes through Chobham Common - an area of heathland in Surrey.
Balfour Beatty said it would be using a sustainable design which took ecology into account, and natural habitats would be reinstated and enhanced.
Earlier this month, a plan to impose a 60mph speed limit on that part of the M3 to cut air pollution was put on hold by Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin, with the Highways Agency asked to look at other ways of tackling pollution.
The government has said the M3 smart motorway will improve journey times by 15%, but the Highways Agency has raised concerns extra traffic will cause EU air quality rules to be broken.


A wealthy Chinese businessman closely linked to the disgraced politician Bo Xilai has died in prison.

Xu Ming, 44, died of a heart attack on Friday in the central city of Wuhan, state media reported.
He rose to prominence in the 1990s alongside Bo Xilai. At one time he was listed as China's eighth richest man.
But Bo's downfall in 2012 was quickly followed by Xu Ming's own imprisonment. His death comes less than a year before his scheduled release date.
Bo Xilai was sentenced to life in prison for corruption in 2013. His wife had earlier been found guilty of murdering a British businessman.
It was the biggest scandal to hit the Communist Party in years.
Xinhua news agency said Xu Ming probably died of a "sudden heart attack".
But many social media users suggested the death appeared mysterious, particularly given that he was due to be set free next year.
"Some people feared he would expose the truth, so he died! This is proof that the same rebels and traitors still hold power," one user posted on Sina Weibo, China's version of Twitter, AFP news agency reported. The comment was later censored.
Xu amassed his fortune in the city of Dalian, where Bo Xilai was mayor from 1993-2001, through his company Dalian Shide, a conglomerate with wide-ranging interests.
But he went missing in March 2012, around the same time Bo Xilai fell from grace.
Xu Ming testified in court during Bo's trial the following year. According to court transcripts, Xu said he gave Bo Xilai's wife Gu Kailai money to buy a villa in France, and paid for some of the couple's son's expenses.
She was convicted of murdering British businessman Neil Heywood and given a suspended death sentence.
Her husband had been a member of the Communist Party's hugely powerful 25-member politburo and was tipped to go even higher before his dramatic reversal of fortunes.
Xu Ming's trial was kept secret - the whole process from his arrest through to his sentencing was never made public.


Labour has perhaps the biggest point to prove out of all the political parties hoping to make their mark in the European elections in the South West region this year.

The party was completely wiped out in 2009, even with traditional pockets of support in places like Exeter and Bristol.
Its lead candidate this time round is Clare Moody, a trades unionist who was also in Gordon Brown's Number 10 policy unit in the run-up to the last European Elections.
Also looking for gains will be the UK Independence Party which already has a handful of councillors across the region's county and unitary authorities, as well as two MEPs after a strong 2009 performance.
South West information
The party has tried to increase its visible presence by opening offices in busy shopping streets in areas like Christchurch and Dorchester in Dorset.
The Conservatives, which topped the 2009 poll in 33 of the 37 council areas winning them three MEPs, have brought a touch of sporting celebrity to the contest with Olympic gold medal-winning rower James Cracknell bidding to become an MEP.
What all the candidates will need to address is concerns about farming, which is still a significant sector in the region's economy, and all parties have spoken of the need for changes to the Common Agricultural Policy and the system of farm subsidies.
Fishermen too have direct interest in these elections, largely due to the issue of "discards" - the practice of trawlers having to throw back fish into the sea if they exceed their quotas.
The Liberal Democrats failed to top the poll anywhere in 2009 but received 20% or more of the vote in seven areas and picked up one seat.
The best Green performances were in Bristol (16%), Stroud (16%), Bath and NE Somerset (14%) and South Hams (14%).


Two fairground workers have pleaded not guilty to the manslaughter of a girl who was fatally injured when the bouncy castle she was playing on blew away.

Summer Grant, seven, from Norwich, was visiting the funfair in Harlow Town Park, Essex, on 26 March 2016 and died later in hospital.
Shelby Thurston, 25 and William Thurston, 28, from Whitecross Road, Wilburton, Cambridgeshire appeared before Chelmsford Crown Court earlier.
They will go on trial on 5 February.
The pair, who were given bail, also denied charges of failing to discharge a general health and safety duty under the Health and Safety at Work Act.
The court was told by the couple's defence that the trial would hear expert evidence from a meteorologist.
At the opening of an inquest into Summer's death last April, Chelmsford Coroner's Court heard high winds had taken the dome-shaped inflatable "some distance".
The inquest was also told Summer was thought to have died from multiple injuries.


New criteria for diagnosing diabetes during pregnancy could be missing thousands of at-risk women, a report suggests.

Although the threshold introduced by health watchdog NICE earlier this year has been lowered, Cambridge University research says it is still too high.
The WHO's threshold is lower and identifies more women at risk of pregnancy complications.
Diabetes UK said it was vital that women received the right support.
Diabetes that occurs for the first time during pregnancy is known as gestational diabetes.
It is estimated to affect around 4%-5% of pregnant women in the UK and has becoming increasingly common in line with the rise in obesity.
In some women, the condition occurs because the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the extra needs of pregnancy.
In others, diabetes may be found during the first trimester of pregnancy or may have existed before the pregnancy.
If left untreated, the condition can be a risk to the health of the mother and baby, potentially leading to birth defects, babies being born overweight and emergency C-sections. Miscarriage is also a danger.
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) brought in new guidelines in February, requiring two blood tests (one when fasting and another two hours after a sugary drink). A fasting blood sugar test reading of 5.6 mmol per litre or above is required for a diagnosis of gestational diabetes.
The World Health Organization guidelines require three blood tests and a slightly lower reading of 5.1 mmol per litre for the fasting blood sugar test.
Study author Dr Claire Meek from the Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science at the University of Cambridge, said there was a big difference between the WHO criteria and the NICE criteria.
"The international criteria are based on minimising the risk of harm to the mother and baby, whereas the NICE criteria have been based upon reducing costs to the NHS."
She added: "While cost-effectiveness is important in any healthcare system, we must not forget the psychological and emotional distress that complications can cause."
The study, published in Diabetologia, looked at 25,000 women giving birth at the Rosie Hospital in Cambridge between 2004 and 2008.
It found that women with fasting blood sugar levels between 5.1 and 5.6 mmol per litre - those who would be missed under the new NICE criteria - were twice as likely to have an emergency Caesarean section and seven times as likely to have excessive amniotic fluid. They were also at higher risk of having a baby with a high birth weight.
Dr Meek said there was "not a great amount of evidence" to guide experts but she felt it was important to make sure "we direct resources to people who would really benefit".
The report said the higher readings required in the UK, compared with other countries, could mean that as many as 4,000 women with diabetes in pregnancy were not being cared for.
But Prof Mark Baker, director of clinical practice at NICE, said the jury was still out on the World Health Organization 2013 criteria.
"The expert NICE guideline development group undertook careful analysis with an economic model that showed the WHO 2013 criteria were not cost-effective; their criteria did not provide enough benefit in relation to the increased costs.
"In addition, the WHO recommendation was weak and the WHO noted that their 2013 criteria may need rapid revision as economic data becomes available.
He added: "We welcome new research in this important area and will keep the guideline under surveillance."
Bridget Turner, director of policy at Diabetes UK, said all pregnant women at risk of gestational diabetes should be screened and tested.
"It is extremely important that clinicians use their clinical judgement in identifying all pregnant women who may need specific interventions to ensure safer and healthier pregnancies.
"For women diagnosed with gestational diabetes, it is vital that that they receive the right information about their diagnosis as well as the support and care they need."
Women with gestational diabetes are normally given dietary and lifestyle advice or treated with tablets or insulin.


Madison Keys beat Venus Williams to reach her first Grand Slam semi-final and end the possibility of an all-Williams contest at the Australian Open in Melbourne.

The unseeded 19-year-old came through 6-3 4-6 6-4 in one hour and 54 minutes.
The American goes on to face top seed Serena Williams, who swept past 11th seed Dominika Cibulkova 6-2 6-2.
Defending champion Stan Wawrinka beat Kei Nishikori 6-3 6-4 7-6 (8-6) to set up a semi-final with Novak Djokovic.
Keys overcame a recurrence of the upper leg injury that hampered her at Wimbledon last year, requiring a medical timeout off court during the second set.
"It was definitely kind of a flashback to Wimbledon for me," she said. "I have had some problems with that part of my leg, so it was kind of an overwhelming moment.
"It was kind of scary but luckily I was able to catch it before I did any real damage to it."
Serena Williams fired down 15 aces in a comprehensive 65-minute win over last year's finalist Cibulkova.
The 33-year-old American has won the title on all five occasions she has made it past the quarter-finals.
Novak Djokovic was not exactly short of upsides to his game, but the world number one appears to have added an impregnable serve to his armoury.
The Serb has dropped just one of his 73 service games in five matches and acknowledged the influence of his coach, once known as 'Boom Boom' for his own legendary serve.
"I feel like Boris Becker on the court," Djokovic joked, before adding: "Definitely he's got his contribution there, no question about it.
"He has joined the team last year. It's been 12 months that we've been working together. Serve was one of the tasks, one of the things that we wanted to improve."
Madison Keys drew on the experience of her coach, former world number one Lindsay Davenport, as she battled past seven-time Grand Slam champion Venus Williams.
Davenport and Williams met 27 times, with Williams edging the head-to-head 14-13.
"Lindsay obviously played Venus a couple of times," Keys said. "She was just saying that she's going to have great serves; she's going to have great shots.
"It's one of those things where when she starts playing really well, you can't panic or get too far ahead of yourself."
Serena Williams might not have looked in much distress as she powered past Dominika Cibulkova, but the top seed is struggling.
Speaking with a gravelly voice, the 18-time Grand Slam champion said: "I've felt better, but I'm feeling OK. I'm just happy to still be in the tournament. I definitely have a little raspy voice. Hopefully I'll get better.
"I've been sick the past few days. It's just getting worse and worse. But hopefully it will start getting better.
"I heard it's a virus going around with a lot of the players. I think I caught it."
Dom Inglot and Romania's Florin Mergea could not back up their win over the Bryan brothers as they lost 6-4 7-6 (7-3) to Jean-Julien Rojer and Horia Tecau in the quarter-finals on court two.
There was better news on court 21, where Britain's Katie Swan beat Chinese top seed Shilin Xu to reach the girls' quarter-finals.
"I had a pretty clear strategy of what I wanted to do and thankfully it worked pretty well," said the 15-year-old, who is from Bristol but based in Kansas with her family.
"My dream is to be number one in the world, just as I'm sure everyone's is at my age in this tournament. But I'll take everything one step at a time and see what happens."
"Like everyone he has the need to go to the toilet but not in the first game of the third set Boris, please." Novak Djokovic did not miss coach Becker slipping out of Rod Laver Arena.
"Personally I was kind of thinking I would really like to be in the semi-finals." Madison Keys is not too distraught to miss out on seeing an all-Williams match on Thursday.
"I think that's the last thing I think. Is that what you were thinking? No, I don't think things like that. I look within." Venus Williams does not regret being an inspiration to the young Keys.
"She just didn't give me any time to breathe on the court." Dominika Cibulkova was well and truly under Serena Williams's spell in their quarter-final.
"I'm not involved in mystics or magic, nor have I ever went to Hogwarts." Serena Williams puts everyone's mind at rest.
"Everybody is going to be tough from now because everybody is coming with over 100%." Kei Nishikori is finding life tough at the top.
Andy Murray ended Australian interest in the men's singles when he beat Nick Kyrgios in the quarter-finals on Tuesday.
But the 19-year-old and his fellow Australians did have something to smile about later in the day when Australia beat the United Arab Emirates in their Asian Cup semi-final.
"I can't wait for @Socceroos to fire it up again," tweeted Kyrgios.


Greece and its creditors can formally start talks on the country's third bailout after the necessary eurozone parliaments gave their backing.

The final approval came from the German parliament after an impassioned and at times ill-tempered debate.
A €7bn (£5bn) bridging loan has also been confirmed for Monday, when Greece has big debt repayments to make.
The head of the Eurogroup said there was now a chance to get the Greek economy back on track.
But Jeroen Dijsselbloem warned that the process would not be easy, saying he expected the negotiations to take four weeks.
Meanwhile, Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras reshuffled his cabinet on Friday, a day after some members of his left-wing Syriza party rebelled during a vote on the bailout deal.
Energy minister Panagiotis Lafazanis, one of the hardline rebels, was among those replaced.
The German parliament voted in favour of starting the talks on Greece's €86bn (£60bn) bailout, with 439 MPs in favour, 119 votes against and 40 abstentions.
Prior to the vote, Chancellor Angela Merkel warned of "predictable chaos" if the Bundestag did not back the plan.
The Greek parliament has already voted in favour of accepting the hard-hitting austerity measures required by the eurozone for a third bailout deal.
On Thursday, the European Central Bank (ECB) raised the level of emergency funding available. This has paved the way for Greek banks, which shut nearly three weeks ago, to reopen on Monday.
But credit controls limiting cash withdrawals to €60 a day will only be eased gradually, officials say.
The eurozone's bailout fund, the ESM, announced it would formally open negotiations on a third bailout programme on Friday after both the Austrian and German parliaments voted in favour of negotiations.
They were the last of several eurozone states needing to give parliamentary approval for the bailout talks to get under way. France and Finland had already backed the negotiations.
Separately on Friday, the European Council approved the €7bn bridging loan for Greece from an EU-wide emergency fund. The loan was approved in principle by eurozone ministers on Thursday and now has the go-ahead from all non-euro states.
It means Greece will now be able to repay debts to two of its creditors, the ECB and International Monetary Fund (IMF), due on Monday.
So Greece and the eurozone now need to negotiate all the details of a new bailout, get it approved in several parliaments, and then disburse the money - all before 20 August.
That's when another big debt repayment to the ECB is due - and the short-term funding for Greece that's been agreed this week will have long gone by then.
It's a tight timetable when you look at how previous bailout negotiations have gone, and especially when you consider the months of fruitless talks Greece and its creditors had in the first half of this year.
But there's pressure on all sides to do this quickly: not least because the Greek economy - and the banking system in particular - is in such a precarious position.
Without a deal, another chunk of short-term funding would have to be found from somewhere - and officials would like to avoid that if they can.
But Valdis Dombrovskis - the commissioner in charge of the euro - has suggested that debt sustainability will have to be part of the negotiations because "this is something the IMF insists on".
And if he means that serious discussions on debt need to start straight away, that will add another layer of complexity and take up precious time.
Busy birthday for Angela Merkel
Meanwhile, there have been fresh calls for Greek debt relief measures from IMF chief Christine Lagarde - echoing a call from Greek PM Alexis Tsipras.
Ms Lagarde told France's Europe 1 the IMF would participate in a "complete" Greek package that includes debt restructuring, as well as an "in-depth reform" of the Greek economy.
Greece has debts of €320bn and last month became the first developed country to fail to make a repayment on a loan from the IMF.
The bank closures have been one of the most visible signs of the crisis. From Monday, a weekly limit on withdrawals may replace a daily cap, Greek Deputy Finance Minister Dimitris Mardas suggested.
Meanwhile a rise in value added tax (VAT) - one of the reforms required for the bailout talks - will kick in on Monday. Rates will go up from 13% to 23% on items such as food and drink in restaurants, taxi fares, selected supermarket goods, public transport and plane and ferry tickets.


In our series of letters from African journalists, filmmaker and columnist Farai Sevenzo considers the plight of the African elephant.

Our world has become a more dangerous one for man and beast alike, with murder and murderers dominating recent news.
I was struck these past few days by the callous murder of some 80 elephants in Zimbabwe's Hwange National Park.
Poachers, it has been reported, poured cyanide into the drinking and salting wells frequented by some of Zimbabwe's 80,000 elephants with the sole aim of killing them and removing their ivory tusks for sale to buyers in Asia.
The National Parks say a thorough search of the surrounding villages has already yielded 19 tusks together with cyanide poison and the authorities have made arrests.
Across the continent, poachers have been killing elephants in greater and larger numbers - a family of 11 was slain in Kenya's Tsavo East National Park back in January, and, according to The International Fund for Animal Welfare, some 400 elephants were slaughtered in the first three months of 2012 in Cameroon's Bouba Ndjida National Park.
While over in Gabon, a country whose green credentials are the envy of many, 11,000 forest elephants are said to have been killed by poachers from 2004 to 2013 because they were after the pink-tinged ivory of Gabon's forest elephants which is said to fetch high prizes and much in demand by jewellers and their customers in Asia.
A pattern seems to be emerging here where Africa's close encounter with new economic giants like China has meant all resources are on the negotiating table; but ivory, long protected by international law, can only be obtained by the illegal poaching of Africa's most majestic beasts.
It is difficult to know where the blame begins for this sudden elephant murder spree.
African detective novelists might lead their protagonists from the urban hotels where an encounter with a Chinese businessman will tempt a poor worker to head to his village and inform his relatives that a little hunting will benefit the whole family.
But in reality it will impoverish these African nations as a whole and the sight of elephant carcasses strewn across the savannah with their tusks removed confirm the suspicion that people are the worst guardians of this planet and should not be trusted to hand it over to future generations without unbelievable damage.
And so it was heartening to hear Zimbabwe's Environment Minister Saviour Kasukuwere talking of changing the law so that poachers may be punished more severely for their outrageous disregard for the nation's heritage.
"We are responding with all our might because our wildlife, including the elephants they are killing, are part of the national resourcesâ€¦ that we want to benefit the people of Zimbabwe," the minister said.
This particular cyanide slaughter will have affected not just the elephants - birds, lions, leopards,  giraffes and many other beasts that used the same watering holes will have perished and the body count will rise as hyenas, jackals and vultures feasting on the remains will ingest the cyanide poison which human hands laid in the water for a few miserable dollars.
Ironically, since the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (Cites) banned ivory sales in 1989, loxondanta Africana - African elephants - have had a tough time holding on to their tusks and their lives.
Before such a ban, China even gifted the United Nations, in 1974, a magnificent sculpture of exquisite craftsmanship depicting the Chengdu-Kunming Railway.
But today we would recognise that that piece was made out of eight enormous elephant tusks, four elephant lives and dozens of repercussions for their grieved offspring.
The minister of environment in Zimbabwe is at pains to call this a global problem and he is right.
The green concerns of the modern day are alive to the possibility that there may be none of these awesome beasts left should poaching and the markets for ivory be allowed to go unchecked.
Rather than turn Zimbabwe's Victoria Falls into a tacky Disney World theme park in an effort to attract tourism, the government would be better off pulling in the elephants' friends to their beautiful parks.
For elephants are not short of sympathisers and half a million people in 15 cities across the globe will be marching to draw attention to the plight of the African elephant this October.
The cyanide slaughter awoke the social media generation from teenagers to vegetarians to international footballers.
The Arsenal midfielder Aaron Ramsey  - whose current form has delighted fans in north London and Africa's massive Arsenal following - tweeted a few days ago: "Just read about elephants being poisoned for their ivory in Zimbabwe. Absolutely shocking."
The minister was aware of this famous tweet and told the BBC that Mr Ramsey would be welcome to see for himself the efforts under way to save his tusked friends.
But if Minister Kasukuwere is to be the saviour of the elephants, he must punish the buyers too, and not flinch at the possibility of poisoning the poachers themselves - the life of a poacher who cannot think of the future beyond a few hundred dollars surely deserves poison too?
For the lives of 80 elephants lost so brutally would have replenished the national coffers with their enormous weight in gold 80 fold through resurgent tourism.
In the end, the government threw the law book at the poachers - 15 years in jail and a fine of $800,000 (Â£493,000).
But someone bought that cyanide, someone funded the brutal operation and someone somewhere has more of those tusks missing from those elephant carcasses.
There is more to be done.
If you would like to comment on Farai Sevenzo's column, please do so below.


Chancellor George Osborne faced a tricky challenge when trying to raise taxes in this Budget, which was that his party had already promised not to raise income tax, national insurance or VAT.

That left him having to raise some of the less well-known taxes.
There's an honourable mention for the bringing forward of payments of corporation tax, which raises an impressive £4.5bn in 2017-18, but by the end of the parliament it would be raising very small amounts.
So, here are the top four tax increases, ranked according to the amount of money the Treasury reckons they will raise in 2020-21.
Did you know all of these taxes even existed?
Top of the pile is the change to the way dividends on shares are taxed.
The government is doing away with the current system of dividend tax credit in favour of a tax-free allowance. The first £5,000 someone earns in dividends will be tax-free.
After that, any dividend income will be taxed at 7.5% for basic rate taxpayers, 32.5% for higher rate taxpayers and 38.1% for additional rate taxpayers.
And the Treasury reckons that will raise just under £2bn in 2020-21.
Second on the list is the rise in insurance premium tax.
From November, the standard rate of insurance premium tax will rise from 6% to 9.5%.
The standard rate is charged on most forms of insurance you might be considering, except for travel insurance and insurance on electrical appliances, which are charged at a higher rate of 20%. There are also some forms of insurance that are exempted, such as long term insurance products including life insurance and any forms of reinsurance.
The hike in tax rates will raise about £1.5bn a year for the Exchequer.
Vehicle excise duty (VED) is what you used to know as your tax disc before they were abolished.
At the moment there are lots of different bands of charges.
For cars registered after 1 April 2017 it will be £140 a year with a few exceptions.
Zero emission cars don't pay any VED at all.
The amounts charged in the cars' first year are divided into 13 bands depending on how much carbon dioxide they emit, from £0 for zero emission cars to £2,000 for the most polluting vehicles.
On top of that, if you have a car that had a list price of over £40,000 when new, you have to pay an extra £310 supplement on top of your standard VED for the first five years.
This one was widely mentioned during the election campaign.
At the moment, you get the tax back on any contributions you make to a pension scheme up to a limit of £40,000 a year.
From April next year, the amount you can save tax-free will fall if you are earning more than £150,000 a year.
For every £2 that you earn above that amount, you lose £1 of your tax-free pension savings allowance, down to a minimum of £10,000.
Bear in mind that these predictions of tax revenue are pretty uncertain. The OBR gives a verdict on how uncertain they are.
Pensions tax relief is rated as the most uncertain ("very high" uncertainty) because of the likelihood that high earners will change the way they save in order to avoid paying extra tax.
July 2015 Budget full BBC online coverage
BBC Budget Live
HM Treasury link to Budget documents


The search has resumed for a Japanese seven-year-old boy who was left by his parents in woods in a remote area of Hokkaido as a punishment.

The boy has not been seen for two days, after his parents left him alone because he misbehaved.
The couple initially told police he got lost as they foraged for vegetables.
But on Sunday, they admitted they left him alone for a few minutes to discipline him, and when they returned he had gone.
The boy's father told the Sankei newspaper on Saturday: "I wanted to discipline him, so made him get out of the car to scare him a bit. He's an active, lively boy, but I'm worried how he's doing."
He told reporters the boy had thrown stones at cars and people during a visit to a nearby park, so he felt he needed to be a strong father.
He also told a TV Asahi reporter he did not dare admit the truth when he first requested the search.
Monday's search began at 06:00 local time (21:00 GMT Sunday), involving 130 people, including police and school officials, local media reported.
The area, in the far north of Japan, is home to wild bears.


Six candidates will bid to become the first West Midlands metro mayor it has been announced.

James Burn will represent the Green Party; Peter Durnell the UK Independence Party (UKIP) and Andy Street the Conservative Party.
Beverley Anne Nielsen is the Liberal Democrats candidate and Sion Llewelyn Simon will stand for the Labour and Co-operative Party for the 4 May election.
Graham John Stevenson, a Communist candidate, is also to stand.
The metro mayor will represent Birmingham, Coventry, Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull, Walsall, and Wolverhampton.
For more on this story and other West Midlands news
Whoever is elected will chair the West Midlands Combined Authority and have responsibility for a range of issues including housing, transport and boosting the economy.
The nominations for people wishing to stand for the post closed earlier. Those wanting to stand had to pay a Â£5,000 deposit and get at least 100 signatures of support.
Polling stations will be open from 0:7:00 BST to 22:00 BST on the day and the deadline for people to register to vote is 13 April, Birmingham City Council said.


Windows 10 marks a "new era" for personal computing, Microsoft's chief executive has said.

The software, launched globally on Wednesday, is the company's attempt to reverse its fortunes in the mobile industry.
Windows 10 will be offered as a free upgrade to most consumers.
However, companies will have to pay for their version, as will PC-makers to pre-install it. Analysts say the strategy is designed to speed adoption.
Speaking exclusively to BBC News, Satya Nadella said: "Windows 10 is a huge milestone for us as a company, and quite frankly the industry."
Microsoft is staggering the release over several weeks, so not everyone will be able to get the upgrade on the launch day.
What's in Windows 10 and how do you get it? Read more.
Microsoft has until now released a new version of Windows every few years.
Windows 10 will be the last launch of this kind, the company said - from here on it will gradually update the software for free over months and years.
Mr Nadella said he hoped features like digital personal assistant Cortana - comparable to Apple's Siri, and Google Now - would set Windows 10 apart.
"I'm really excited about Cortana," he said.
"I think of it as [being] as profound as perhaps the PC operating system.
"If you think about our history in technology, we've had concepts that have changed how people have interacted with their computing resources.
"One of them was a graphical user interface, the second was the browser and the web. I think of Cortana as the third platform."
Speaking about possible privacy concerns, Mr Nadella took aim at companies like Google who use data to sell advertising.
"One of the foundational pieces of making anything more personal is trust," he said.
"We're not trying to sell you advertising, we're trying to in fact sell you software or devices so you as a user can trust it, that it's working on your behalf.
"I as a consumer may want to sometimes trade off my data to get a free service, and that's ok. But it's the other users of that same data - that is where trust matters.
"I absolutely want Microsoft to be trustworthy. How consumers make choices between companies, I'll leave it to them."
Mr Nadella argued that future devices, like augmented reality headset Hololens, would maintain the relevance of Windows 10.
The developer version of Hololens, which is placed over a user's eyes and displays graphics in their surroundings, is on course to be released within a year, Mr Nadella said.
Consumer versions of the software would follow at a later date.
But Microsoft's poor track record in mobile means Mr Nadella has had to change the firm's focus.
He has ramped up the company's efforts in creating apps for rival systems - Apple's iOS and Google's Android.
Mr Nadella told the BBC this wasn't simply "plan B" after falling so far behind in the sector.
"I don't think so. I think this is Plan A to me.
"I don't think of this as some zero-sum construct where our presence on other platforms is taking away from the Windows ecosystem.
"If anything, if you're using a lot of Microsoft applications on these other platforms, you might in fact find any one of our devices pretty attractive in your life."
Analysts still see Microsoft's small presence in the mobile world as a serious Achilles heel.
"Consumers are spending the most time on smartphone," said Geoff Blaber, a Silicon Valley-based analyst for CCS Insight.
"This is Microsoft's big, big challenge, because they're only on 3% of smartphones.
"They need to be engaging people on the mobile screen to ensure that their surfaces are being used as far and as widely as possible."
While the company is still to make a small number of mobile devices - a couple of smartphones, and its Surface tablet-laptop hybrid - it has significantly lowered its ambitions in the area.
Earlier this month, Microsoft wrote off last year's $7.5bn (£4.5bn) acquisition of Finnish mobile giant Nokia, while laying off thousands of the employees it gained from the phone company.
The write down resulted in the company's biggest ever quarterly loss.
The deal was made by Mr Nadella's predecessor, Steve Ballmer.
But Mr Nadella refused to call the Nokia move a mistake.
"That's not how to look at it," he said.
"When you acquire and you bring large organisations together there is a certain amount of unfortunate rationalisation that happens."
Windows 10 is muliti-platform - meaning essentially the same software can power PCs, smartphones, tablets, games consoles and wearables.
Mr Nadella hopes this will prove an incentive for developers to design software for the system.
The previous version of the operating system - Windows 8 - was so badly received the company leapfrogged making Windows 9 altogether in an attempt to distance itself from its previous outlook.
In the run-up to launching Windows 10, Microsoft launched its Insider Program - a scheme which allowed millions of users to test out new features and provide feedback which was monitored and acted upon by the team.
Initial reviews of the software have been positive.
Mr Nadella said: "We want Windows to go from where users need it, to choose it... to loving it."
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC.


More than 1,500 people in Wales have been caught not wearing seatbelts during a two-week campaign.

Last month, all four police forces caught drivers and passengers, including children, not belting up.
Dyfed-Powys Police recorded the most with 1,027 adults and 12 children.
Gwent Police caught 80 not wearing belts, while South Wales Police found 264 on its patch and North Wales Police stopped 141 adults not wearing their belts.
Supt Paul Evans, from Gwent Police, said: "The action of putting on a seatbelt takes seconds, and its effectiveness should not be underestimated.
"Even on a short trip and at low speed a seatbelt reduces the likelihood of being seriously injured or even killed on the road - it should be part of every person's routine before the ignition is turned on."


A Ukrainian man has pleaded guilty to his role in an insider trading scheme that netted more than $30 million (Â£20.8 million) in illicit profits.

Vadym Iermolovych, 28, admitted to hacking into newswire agencies and using the unpublished information to gain advantage on the stock market.
Thirty-two people have been charged in connection with the global scheme.
Prosecutors said the defendants used 800 stolen news releases to make trades using the insider information.
From 2010 to 2014 the group is accused of hacking the computer networks of Marketwired LP, PR Newswire Association LLC, and Business Wire. They are thought to have gained access to 150,000 press releases that were about to be released.
Iermolovych, and other Ukrainian citizens thought to have participated in the hacking, would rapidly pass the stolen information to stock market traders in the US. They would then trade on the unpublished information before that day's market closing.
According to the Department of Justice, the trades would occur in "extremely short windows of time between when the hackers illegally accessed and shared the releases and when the press releases were  disseminated to the public by the newswires, usually shortly after the close of the markets".
Iermolovych will be sentenced in August and could face up to 20 years in jail.


Burnley have replaced their child mascots with pensioners for Saturday's FA Cup fifth round match against Lincoln City at Turf Moor.

The mascots are aged from 69 to 85 and Burnley say the gesture is to repay their "lifetime support".
It is thought to be the first time an English club has had older mascots.
Last year Swedish club AIK paid tribute to their older fans by walking out with 12 supporters - all aged between 81 and 96 - before a league game.
"We wanted to make the gesture to give back to the lifetime of support they have given to the club" said Neil Hart, Burnley's community chief executive officer.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Media playback is not supported on this device
It's not too late to enter this year's FA People's Cup - as long as you do it by the deadline anyway - and that is at midnight on Sunday.
Entry is completely FREE, there are categories for everyone AND you can enter either as a team or an individual player.
Find out all the details here.


A man and a woman have been charged followed the seizure of about £400,000 of cannabis in County Antrim on Friday.

Det Insp Andy Dunlop said £200,000 worth of the drug was seized from a car stopped by police on the M2 while another £200,000 was located in Antrim.
A 33-year-old man has been charged with possession of class B drugs and possession with intent to supply.
A 52-year-old woman has been charged with attempted possession of class B drugs with intent to supply.
The pair were both arrested on Friday.
Police also carried out searches in the Shore Road area of Belfast and in Newtownards, County Down, as part of the investigation.
The man is expected to appear in court in Belfast on Monday while the woman is due in court in Coleraine, County Londonderry, on the same day.


India appears to be falling behind in the global race for mobile internet and broadband penetration, the latest UN figures show.

India's ranking on broadband penetration dropped to 131 in 2014 - lower by six places since the last year - according to a Unesco report covering 189 countries and titled "The State of Broadband 2015".
On mobile broadband subscriptions, India also slipped significantly as it stood at 155 in 2014 compared to 113 in 2013, far below neighbouring Sri Lanka and Nepal, which were ranked 126 and 115 respectively.
The country has also climbed down by five places to 80 among 133 developing countries, despite some progress in terms of individual use of the internet, the report says.
The findings underline the challenge that Prime Minister Narendra Modi faces in realising his government's "Digital India" project, which aims to universalise mobile and internet access across the country.
The 2015 report, released just ahead of the UN Sustainable Development Goals Summit on 26 September, emphasises the concerns of experts over the achievability of the "Digital India" initiative.
The project aims to reduce the "digital divide" by providing high-speed internet connectivity to the farthest corners of the country by 2019. It also speaks of "empowering" over 68% of India's population, living in rural areas.
Analysts have voiced doubts over the viability of these aims, arguing that they cannot be fulfilled without due attention to critical shortcomings in infrastructure.
The project envisages a 6,000km-long National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) to connect cities, towns and 150,000 postal offices by December 2016 at an estimated cost of over $18bn.
Osama Manzar, founder-director of the Digital Empowerment Foundation, in an article on the Mint website laments the lack of investment pledges by telecommunication firms towards building the network.
"It is on record that not a single telecom operator or industry house has signed up to partner the NOFN programme, despite the Department of Telecommunications inviting them several times," he says.
The NOFN project is far behind schedule and is unlikely to be completed on time.
A particular obstacle is posed by the challenges of laying such an underground network in insurgency-affected states like Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Indian-administered Kashmir, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
A lack of agreement between the central and state governments does not help, and compounding the mix are illiteracy, poverty and a shortage of skilled manpower.
The "Digital India" project aims to promote e-education in over 250,000 government schools and e-governance in about 250,000 village councils via internet connections. However, most schools in villages and towns face a severe shortage of qualified computer trainers.
According to recent government data, 36% of the 884 million people in rural areas are illiterate, and among the 64% who are literate, only 5.4% have completed high school.
And rural electrification continues to be an area of major concern.
India is a large market for mobile telephony, but it does not fare well on considerations of internet speed via mobile devices.
A recent Deloitte report said the total number of internet users in the country was 254m in September 2014, and of these, 235m users were accessing the internet through mobile devices.
The research suggests that there are 439,000 mobile network towers nationwide, but only 700 can actually support 3G or 4G data use.
Statistics show that despite having the third-largest population of internet users in the world, India stands at 52nd place in terms of internet speed. It has an average speed of 1.5 to 2 mbps, while developed Asian countries like South Korea and Japan enjoy speeds of 14.2 and 11.7 mbps respectively.
The latest UN report, therefore, only underlines the already formidable challenges faced by the "Digital India" project.
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.


A man has been jailed for life over the murder of a father-of-three at a party held to honour another stabbing victim who died a day earlier.

Dwayne Johnson, 29, stabbed Junior Fuller, 38, in Mill View Close, Sneinton, Nottingham, on 11 December.
Mr Fuller hosted a party for Martin Maughan, 27, who had been stabbed at a property in nearby West Walk.
Johnson, of The Meadows, Nottingham, was sentenced to a minimum of 21 years in prison at Leicester Crown Court.
He was found guilty of murder on Monday.
Live updates from the East Midlands
At a separate trial at Nottingham Crown Court, Ben Richardson, 19, pleaded guilty to the manslaughter of Mr Maughan.
The two stabbings were not directly linked, police said at the time of the killings.
Sentencing Johnson, Judge Stuart Rafferty said Mr Fuller had told everyone to leave his house, and hit Johnson - who admitted drinking heavily and having taken skunk cannabis - when the defendant objected.
"Whilst he may have struck the first blow, it was you that provoked him to do so," he said.
The fight then went into the garden, the court heard, where Mr Fuller was stabbed three times, including once through the heart.
Judge Rafferty said Johnson's response was "wholly wrong and utterly disproportionate" and described the defendant's account to the jury during the trial as "wholly untruthful".
Det Insp Justine Wilson, from Nottinghamshire Police, described the incident as a "senseless and vicious attack".
Mr Fuller's mother Anne said the family "take some comfort" from the sentence, but said "no length of sentence will ever repair our loss".
"Not only did we lose our son and brother, three young children have lost their father," she said.
"We are pleased that the jury saw through Johnson's lies and reached its guilty verdict."
Richardson of Main Road, Gedling, pleaded guilty to manslaughter at the start of his trial.
He was remanded in custody and will be sentenced on 17 October.


Writer Shane Meadows is to make a one-off Christmas special to follow on from the This is England film and TV series.

Set two years later on from This is England '86, the two-hour drama will deal with the aftermath of the events in that four-part series.
"Just when I think my love affair with This is England is over, it pulls me back in," Meadows said.
Channel 4 has also confirmed that This is England '90, set in the rave era, is currently in development.
Picking up the action at Christmas 1988, the story will focus on the relationship between the Lol and Woody characters.
Meadows told the Stage newspaper that while Channel 4 "would have happily had me go straight to 1990, I felt I needed something in-between."
Channel 4's head of drama Camilla Campbell said: "We're beyond excited that Shane, Warp Films and the cast have agreed to return with this feature length drama.
"It is set to pull together a lot of story threads from '86, leaving the way clear for a new series of This is England '90."
This is England '86, which screened on Channel 4 last September, was named best TV drama at the South Bank Awards on Tuesday.
The original film, written and directed by Meadows in 2006, told of an impressionable young boy who becomes involved with a gang of skinheads.


British actress Gemma Arterton has missed the Cannes premiere of her latest film, Tamara Drewe.

The 24-year-old was kept away from the Riviera by promotional duties for another film, Disney blockbuster Prince Of Persia.
Director Stephen Frears (The Queen) was instead accompanied by Arterton's co-stars Dominic Cooper and Tamsin Greig.
The film is based on Posy Simmonds' comic strip, a reworking of Thomas Hardy's Far From The Madding Crowd.
Frears told reporters at the festival that he was glad the film was not in the running for the prestigious Palme d'Or prize.
"You smile a lot more. I'm not going to lose! I've eliminated the possibility of losing!" said the film-maker.
He added that his film would be a hit with overseas audiences, because "they like that sort of British looniness".
Arterton, who also starred in Bond movie the Quantum of Solace, was in Hollywood on Monday night for the US premiere of Prince of Persia.
The actress has the only female role in the film, alongside actors Jake Gyllenhaal and Sir Ben Kingsley.
Since first coming to attention in the BBC adaptation of Thomas Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles, the actress has become one of the UK's most in-demand young actresses.
Having completed a well-received stint in West End comedy The Little Dog Laughed this spring, she will appear in three films over the summer blockbuster season - Tamara Drewe, Prince Of Persia and low-budget thriller The Disappearance Of Alice Creed.


History students have hit back at the vice chancellor of Queen's who said: "Society doesn't need a 21-year-old that's a sixth century historian."

Patrick Johnston made the comment in an interview with the Belfast Telegraph.
"I don't talk about producing graduates, I talk about producing citizens that have the potential for leadership in society," he said.
The controversial remarks sparked a backlash of anger from students online.
It also led to the creation of the Twitter account @QUBsixthcentury.
Mr Johnston went on to say that society "needs a 21-year-old who really understands how to analyse things, understands the tenets of leadership and contributing to society, who is a thinker and someone who has the potential to help society drive forward.
Shannon Downey, a history student at Queens University, said that the chancellors comments were "inappropriate".
"I was shocked", she said, "I know first-hand that history students have to do a great deal of work and I appreciate everything that the staff and faculty of the history department do for us.
"Historians analyse all of history, not just the sixth Century.
"During my course I have learned about politics, culture, religion, languages and even law."
Shannon tweeted: "Awkward moment when my VC, who will give me my degree in history in July, thinks society doesn't need historians anymore."
Paul Loughran, is the vice-president for community QUB Student Union, he said Senator George Mitchell, who chaired the Good Friday Agreement and was once the Chancellor of QUB had studied history.
"It de-values the faculty and I think it was hypocritical of him", he said.
"I think it was his mask slipping and it shows how he really feels about the arts and the humanities."
The vice-chancellor announced major cuts earlier this year, including slashing almost 240 jobs and more than 1,000 student places.
He also said the university had resized and reshaped itself, amalgamating several schools and has stopped offering single honours degrees in sociology and anthropology.
Rachel Sloan, a history graduate from Queen's University and now teacher, said that she finds the comments "ironic".
"He basically described all the qualities of an historian when explaining what he wanted from a graduate, in the same quote where he said society didn't need them.
"He's completely contradicting himself.
"If humanity subjects like history weren't important, then why have they made it compulsory for students to study at least one of them at GCSE?"
Mr Johnston met members of his school of history yesterday afternoon and later issued an apology on Twitter.
"I was happy to have the opportunity to provide clarification on comments made within the Belfast Telegraph article of May 30, 2016 which related to the study of history," the statement read.
"In the interview I wanted to stress that a university education is more than the study of any one subject and that the aim is to produce graduates who have the potential to become leaders within our society.
"History graduates at Queen's are thinkers who have the capacity to help drive society forward.
"I sincerely apologise if there was any misunderstanding in the interview and would place on record that I have regard for students, colleagues and alumni from history."


Sport England has warned the Lawn Tennis Association it faces a critical summer that will dictate whether or not it is stripped of valuable funding.

"They've got a big summer ahead," Sport England director Phil Smith told BBC Sport. "The track record of participation in tennis has been pretty poor. The crunch time is December."
"We need to start again, no matter how long it takes. Spending money on players at the top has not worked. The important thing is to create a base from the bottom up."
Former British number one and ex-Davis Cup captain John Lloyd
Read more
Sport England, the government body that distributes taxpayer money to sports, will discuss the situation with the LTA on Tuesday.
Smith says he has been "encouraged" with the changes already implemented by the LTA, which has a turnover of £60.2m, but insists participation remains a key concern.
In response, the LTA insisted it is "fully focused" on using the summer to inspire more people to play the game, with Wimbledon, one of the key drivers of participation in Britain, due to get under way in less than a week's time.
"Over the next few months, we are delivering a series of promotional events around the country to encourage people to play tennis," said the Simon Long, the LTA's chief commercial officer.
"At the centre of this activity is a marketing campaign which focuses on personal experiences by imagining what tennis means to different people.
"We are also working with a range of partners from the commercial sector, public sector and through our club network to deliver the right offers to people interested in playing tennis to encourage them to get involved in our sport."
Read the full story here
In December 2012, Sport England decided to  from £24.5m to £17.4m for the next four-year cycle up to 2017, amid concerns the LTA was not making best use of the cash.
The LTA was still given £3.75m for talent development, but only received a one-year award of £3.35m for participation.
The remaining £10.3m has been withheld while Sport England decides whether the LTA is doing its job well enough.
"We invest in the talent system of tennis through the LTA and we find that largely to be going really well," Smith said.
"Participation is where we have more concern. The track record of participation in tennis was pretty poor in the last four-year cycle.
"The LTA presented a plan to us in December that we didn't feel was appropriate to fix the problem. It was weak in a number of areas."
Sport England's  showed 424,300 people aged 16 and over played tennis once a week from April 2012 to April 2013, up 0.95% on the 420,300 from April 2011 to April 2012 but down 4.7% on the 445,100 recorded from October 2011 to October 2012.
The LTA is contracted to raise the figure to 450,000 by December, while also achieving three other key milestones:
Smith: "That wasn't very evident in their original plan last year. I know they're working very hard at fixing that now."
Smith: "There's never been any doubt about the endeavour at the LTA, but there was doubt about their level of focus and whether they were working in the right places and on the right things."
Smith: "Whether in parks, clubs etc the LTA must know whether what its doing is having the desired effect before it's too late."
Tuesday's meeting will provide Sport England with its first opportunity to assess the LTA's progress in depth.
"They've got to prove themselves this summer and our attention is firmly fixed on the results we'll get in December," said Smith.
"We've put in place some pretty tough conditions, but there's not going to be any knee-jerk reaction on Tuesday because we've deliberately given them a year to review the situation. You can't fix these things over night and we'll stick with that original plan."
Long is confident the LTA is on the right track.
"Our goal is to get more people playing tennis, more often," he said.
"It is encouraging to see that tennis participation is up year on year from the latest Active People Survey Results out this week.
"However, we are not complacent and know much more needs to be done and have been working very closely with Sport England to develop our plans around participation to achieve this goal.
"Sport England has stated that they will make a decision on future funding in December, so that will be a significant milestone for us."
The LTA's task is complicated by the  of chief executive Roger Draper, with a successor yet to be appointed. But the LTA's new independent chairman, David Gregson, has made a strong impression since joining the governing body in January.
Singles rankings only
"The mission they've recently created and the level of engagement from David Gregson and the board is very impressive," said Smith.
"It is certainly more impressive than I've ever seen before in tennis. What I've seen since December has been a dedicated and concerted effort to fix the problem."
Although the number of people playing tennis is 0.95% up on April 2012 - many other sports were down - that is still a drop of 7% compared to the inaugural figures from 2006 and 23% below 2009.
"They're not the only sport in this position," Smith added. "Growing participation in sport is not as simple as money in, people out.
"I don't dismiss the LTA's efforts as missing an open goal, but what they've done hasn't worked thus far, which is why we're building a new plan. If they can't, I'll find somebody who will."
Former British number one Tim Henman agrees with Smith that the LTA has so far failed to deliver when it comes to developing the game at grassroots level.
Despite the success of Andy Murray, the rise of Laura Robson and Heather Watson, plus various doubles and junior triumphs, Britain has only one man and two women ranked in the world's top 100.
"If you look at Spain and France, their base of the pyramid is vast compared to the British system," Henman told the Mail on Sunday. "They have so many kids playing,
"You need massive investment at the bottom and strong leadership from the top. I left the junior game in 1992 and if you think about the hundreds of millions invested since then, it's frightening."
Should the LTA satisfy Sport England's requests, the ring-fenced £10.3m will arrive.
"We've used what we've learned from other sports about how to grow participation and we're trying to help the LTA learn how that might be done," said Smith. "We're hopeful they can get there.
"The alternative - and one that is not our preferred solution - is we find a different way of investing in tennis.
"Our priority is to look after, nurture, develop and grow the number of people playing the sport. If we think we can't do that through the national governing body, we will find another way of doing it."


A Playboy centrefold model has reached a plea deal with prosecutors after she posted a photo online that authorities say was an invasion of privacy.

Dani Mathers, 30, pleaded no contest to posting a nude photo of an elderly woman preparing to shower in the locker room at a Los Angeles gym.
The 2015 Playmate of the Year was given the option of 45 days in jail or 30 days of community labour.
She chose the latter and will be removing graffiti.
Mathers had been globally criticised after posting the photo of the unsuspecting woman on social media platform Snapchat with the denigrating caption: "If I can't unsee this then you can't either."
At a Los Angeles courthouse on Wednesday her lawyers changed her plea from "not guilty" to "no contest" after a 20-minute meeting with prosecutors and the judge.
As part of her plea deal, she will be placed on three years of probation and is banned from using a mobile phone "in any place where persons are in a state of undress or have an expectation of privacy," said judge Gustavo Sztraicher.
She is also banned from posting images of people online without their express permission, and must destroy all copies of the offending image.
She was also ordered to stay 100 yards (metres) from her victim and pay her $60 (Â£46) in restitution.
"Dani is very relieved that this is over," said her attorney Tom Mesereau.
"She pleaded no contest to a misdemeanour, she won't do a day in jail for that and she wants - to get on with her life," he continued.
WATCH: Two women's stories of fat shaming
Pregnant Walking Dead star leaves Instagram over body-shaming


Officers investigating the murder of a man in Aberdeenshire have appealed for drivers to come forward with dash cam footage that could be relevant.

Brian McKandie, 67, was found at Fairview Cottages in Badenscoth, Rothienorman, on Saturday 12 March.
Two men were reportedly seen speaking to him on the Friday beforehand.
Police Scotland appealed to motorists who may have been in the area between the Friday and Saturday and recorded dash cam footage to contact them.
Det Ch Insp Iain Smith said: "While they may not necessarily think it is beneficial or relevant, let us make that judgement. It may assist us.
"A member of the public has already come forward with dash cam footage and we are grateful for the response from the public. We would appeal to others to do so."
Mr McKandie was described by relatives as "dearly beloved" and a "genial sort of chap".


Oxford United manager Michael Appleton has joined Leicester City as Craig Shakespeare's assistant.

Appleton, guided Oxford to automatic promotion from League Two and two Wembley finals in the Football League Trophy in his three years at the club.
The 41-year-old previously worked with Shakespeare at West Brom.
"Michael has already achieved great success and been acknowledged by many as one of the most talented coaches in English football," Shakespeare said.
Former Portsmouth, Blackpool and Blackburn boss Appleton added: "The opportunity to move to a Premier League club was something I felt that I couldn't turn down, which I hope fans will appreciate."
Shakespeare was confirmed as the Foxes' permanent manager on a three-year deal earlier this month.
He had taken temporary charge at the King Power Stadium in February following Claudio Ranieri's sacking.
Shakespeare is also looking for another first-team coach, with former defender Chris Powell a contender.


A juvenile has been charged with first-degree arson on a 10-year-old Texas boy with special needs.

Kayden Culp is in an induced coma with serious burns after the attack on Sunday afternoon in Kerrville, 70 miles northwest of San Antonio.
Kerrville's Fire Marshal said the accused, who has not been named, is "responsible for causing the victim's severe burns".
Kayden's mother said burns cover 20% of his body, from his ears to his belly.
His condition deteriorated on Wednesday, according to his family. His organs were failing and he remained on life support.
Kayden was playing in a field with two other children when he was doused with petrol and set alight, family members told local media.
His mother, Tristyn Hatchett, told the San Antonio Express-News: "The other boys who were there have been telling kids at school that it was not an accident, that it was intentional."
Kayden has a speech impediment and exhibits autistic behaviour, but has not been diagnosed, say family members.
His aunt, Alike Richardson, told the Express-News: "They make fun of him. He gets beat up in Carver Park every time he's goes up there.
"That's just the way it is. The kids are really mean."


For the first time since the Cold War the German government is advising citizens to stockpile food and water for use in a national emergency.

Some opposition MPs said the new civil defence concept, to go before ministers on Wednesday, was scaremongering.
Citizens are advised to store enough food to last them 10 days, because initially a disaster might put national emergency services beyond reach.
Five days' water - two litres (half a gallon) per person daily - is advised.
The German news website Frankfurter Allgemeine (FAZ) said the new concept was set out in a 69-page German Interior Ministry document.
The document said "an attack on German territory, requiring conventional defence of the nation, is unlikely". But, it said, a major security threat to the nation in future could not be ruled out, so civil defence measures were necessary.
Soon, Germans began tweeting ironically under the hashtag "Hamsterkaeufe" (panic-buying).
Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere told a group of schoolchildren that Germany must be prepared to react if water or food reserves were poisoned, or if oil and gas supplies were interrupted.
The parliamentary head of the left-wing Die Linke party, Dietmar Bartsch, criticised the move, saying "you can completely unsettle people with yet another round of proposals, such as hoarding supplies".
The Greens' deputy parliamentary leader, Konstantin von Notz, said it was sensible to update civil defence advice which had not been touched since 1995.
But he warned against mixing up possible military or terrorist scenarios, saying "I can't see any attack scenario that merits a stockpiling of supplies by the population".
Sources: Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK); Sueddeutsche Zeitung; Schutzbauten-Stuttgart.de


Spain thrashed Italy 4-0 in the final of Euro 2012 in Kiev on Sunday to win their third major tournament in a row.

Vicente del Bosque led his side to an emphatic victory in Ukraine to become the first coach to win a World Cup, a European Championship and a Champions League title.
Spain have now won the last two European Championships and the last World Cup in South Africa.
So are they the best national side to play the game?
BBC Sport looks at the contenders and asks the experts for their views.
Who do you think is the best team? Get involved at #bbcfootball.
BBC chief football writer Phil McNulty:
The debate began long before Spain's goalkeeper and captain Iker Casillas lifted the trophy at the end of the Euro 2012 final. In fact the debate began long before the end of the tournament in Poland and Ukraine.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Such was the scale and artistry of their 4-0 win against Italy that they staked the most eloquent claim to be the greatest international team in history.
When the template for the all-time great sides is assembled, Brazil's legendary World Cup-winning side in Mexico in 1970 is invariably used. It was built around legends like Pele, Tostao, Jairzinho, Rivelinho and Gerson - and many more besides in a marriage of team work and individual brilliance.
"Spain are going to dominate for years to come. They have to be the best side ever. I can't see any other team getting near this. Spain have really set the bar high and they have time on their side. They're beautiful to watch and there's something extra special about this team. They're a group of winners."
Germany have had great sides through the ages and Argentina won World Cups in relatively quick succession in 1978 and 1986 - but has anyone ever had a tighter stranglehold on the world game than Spain?
They have now been untouchable in three major competitions and already few would back against them in South America when the World Cup goes to Brazil in 2014.
They are the ultimate combination of silk and steel. They conceded one goal in Euro 2012 and have the Barcelona "carousel" of Xavi and Andres Iniesta augmented by Real Madrid's Xabi Alonso in midfield.
Del Bosque felt confident enough in this brilliant side to ignore the claims of a conventional striker such as Fernando Torres, although he made a devastating late contribution against Italy.
David Silva and Cesc Fabregas more than compensated - and it was all done without their great goalscorer David Villa and iconic defender Carles Puyol.
The greatest? It would have to be a very powerful argument against Spain.
Tim Vickery, South American football expert:
Brazil 1970 are usually wheeled out when the debate gets going on the best international side of all time. But take away the advantage of television - Mexico 70 was the first World Cup screened all over the globe - and their predecessors from 12 years earlier have a much better claim.
Man-for-man, it is no contest.  It is hard to think of anyone from the 1970 side who would have walked in to the 58 team, who had so much that was new. Their pioneering use of a back four gave them defensive cover, and they did not let in a goal until the semi-final, where they beat France 5-2.
"This Spain team is the best ever. We mention the Brazil sides with Pele but this is absolutely unbelievable what they have achieved."
There were attacking full-backs and dangerous free-kicks. Their preparation - with physical specialists, doctors, dentists and even a premature experiment with a sports psychologist - broke new ground. And with the collective side of their game right, the individual talent could flourish. While Pele and Garrincha were both on the field, Brazil never lost a game.
They were the first Brazilian winners of the World Cup - and remain the only South American side to have lifted the trophy in Europe. And they also kept on winning.  Only a controversial last-minute refereeing decision prevented them claiming the 1959 Copa America, and they successfully defended their title in the 1962 World Cup, despite losing Pele, then at the peak of his powers, in the second game.
They beat Spain on the way - it would be fascinating to see them up against the Spain of today.
French football journalist Matt Spiro:
France's crowning moment came when they won the 1998 World Cup on home soil, yet the team that clinched the European crown two years later was a far more complete side and is widely regarded as the nation's best ever.
Media playback is not supported on this device
While goalkeeper Fabien Barthez and the powerful back four of Lilian Thuram, Laurent Blanc, Marcel Desailly and Bixente Lizarazu were imperious in both competitions, Roger Lemerre's team also displayed an enviable attacking swagger.
Patrick Vieira excelled in 2000, adding steel alongside canny skipper Didier Deschamps, and the inimitable Zinedine Zidane was by then established as the world's leading player. His mesmerising performance against Portugal in the semi-final remains one of the most stylish in the competition's history.
"The first-half performance by Spain in the final was superlative and they should go down as the best team in history. Their technical ability is better than anyone we've seen.
"We will be talking about that first-half display for 30 or 40 years."
In attack, Les Bleus were blessed with a deadly cocktail of talent. The speed and skill of Thierry Henry and Nicolas Anelka, David Trezeguet's potency, Youri Djorkaeff's trickery, and the guile of Christophe Dugarry invariably left opponents floundering as 13 goals were plundered in six games - one more than Spain this year.
Like Vicente del Bosque's current Spain team, France had extraordinary depth - as the final victory over Italy demonstrated.
They were on the verge of defeat when substitute Sylvain Wiltord struck a late leveller. In extra-time, two more players sent on by Lemerre - Robert Pires and Trezeguet - combined to conjure a sublime golden goal.
It was a fitting way for this incredibly tough, gifted and ruthless team to sign off.


UKIP has lost all 12 of its seats on Norfolk County County as the Conservative took back control of the authority.

It is the first time the Conservatives have had an overall majority on the council since 2013.
The Tories took nine UKIP seats, while the Lib Dems took two seats and Labour took one.
The Greens also lost its four seats to Labour. Conservatives now have 55 seats, Labour 17 and Lib Dems 11.
There is also one independent.
Among those elected was Blur drummer Dave Rowntree, elected for Labour in Norwich, and one of the youngest new councillors, 19-year-old Conservative Ed Colman, elected for Swaffham.
Conservative Cliff Jordan, who has led Norfolk County Council since May 2016, said: "I'm very pleased - it's justification of the hard work the Conservatives have done over the last two years and particularly the last year.
"We're going to deliver our manifesto - that is a contract between us and the public - they can hold us to account on that," he said.
Stuart Agnew, a UKIP MEP for the East of England - who attended the Great Yarmouth count, said UKIP's showing was "what you might call a strong and stable defeat".
"It was worse than I expected it to be. We knew it was going to be a struggle because of the national mood has gone, but we are also responsible for the national mood."
Following the 2013 election a "rainbow alliance" administration of Labour, UKIP and the Lib Dems with Green support took control of the council.
This continued until May 2016 when a Green revolt led to the Conservatives coming back to power.