Former world number one Rafael Nadal will miss Wimbledon with an injury to his left wrist.

The Spaniard, a 14-time Grand Slam champion, confirmed the news on his Facebook page on Thursday.
The two-time Wimbledon winner was forced to withdraw from the French Open in May after winning his second-round match.
"It's a sad decision, but the injury on my wrist at Roland Garros needs time to heal," said the 30-year-old.
Nadal said he risked further injury - and a likely break in his wrist - if he continued to play and had already pulled out of next week's Wimbledon grasscourt warm up at Queen's Club.
Nadal's wrist problem is the latest in a long list of injuries - including to his knees, back and shoulder - that have seen him miss a number of majors.
Wimbledon champion in 2008 and 2010, Nadal has failed to go beyond the fourth round in the last four years, losing to Lukas Rosol, Steve Darcis, Nick Kyrgios and Dustin Brown.
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Liverpool chief executive Ian Ayre has urged fans to "look at the facts" before taking part in a walkout protest about next season's ticket prices.

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A supporters' group wants fans to leave their seats in the 77th minute of Saturday's home game against Sunderland in protest at the £77 top-priced ticket in the new main stand next term.
Ayre highlighted that 64% of season ticket prices will decrease or freeze.
"No-one is being priced out of the stadium," he said.
"There is a seat for everyone at the right price."
Plans for the new three-tier main stand at Anfield, increasing the stadium's capacity from 45,500 to almost 59,000, were announced in 2014.
Work began on the £100m project in December 2014 and is expected to be completed in time for the start of next season.
Ticket prices for 2016-17 were announced this week, with fans' group Spirit of Shankly critical of the "extremely disappointing" outcome.
Liverpool's announcement focused on the fact 45% of matchday tickets will be available at a lower price and that local fans will be given priority access to more than 20,000 tickets over the league season, with prices starting at £9.
John Pugh, MP for Southport, urged the club to think again.
He said: "As a lifelong Liverpool fan, I am appalled at the extortionate price of tickets.
"I completely agree with the fans that the club should be for supporters, not customers. It can only hurt the Liverpool FC family.
"If the club start putting their tickets at sky-high prices, many fans won't have the chance to enjoy a game."
Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger said earlier he believes extra television revenue for Premier League clubs will be used to buy players rather than cut ticket prices.
In excess of £8bn will come into the league from new broadcast deals.
Wenger said: "What will happen is the prices of the players will go up and you will need this supplement of money coming in to buy new players.
"I believe the pressure on spending the money will become bigger and you cannot necessarily distribute the money to other people."
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Former Conservative Chancellor Norman Lamont has come out in favour of an EU exit, saying the upcoming referendum is a "once-in-a-generation opportunity".

Writing in the Telegraph, the peer insisted the UK could succeed economically outside of the EU.
And he argued that a vote to leave would give Britain control of its immigration, and boost democracy and accountability.
Voters in the UK will decide on 23 June whether to remain or leave the EU.
The government is campaigning for the UK to stay in a reformed EU, saying it will be stronger and safer by being a member of the bloc.
Lord Lamont, who was chancellor of the exchequer between 1990 and 1993, said reaching his decision had been "extremely painful... not least because of the prime minister", who used to work for him as a political adviser.
"But I have nonetheless come to the view that in this once-in-a-generation opportunity Britain," Lord Lamont wrote in the Telegraph.
He said Mr Cameron "probably got as good a deal from the EU as anyone could" in his renegotiation of Britain's terms of membership of the bloc.
But he warned that "whatever barriers Britain erects against integration, the EU will always push for ways around them" - saying it had "repeatedly demonstrated contempt for democracy".
"Voting to remain in will not be voting for things to remain the same. The EU will continue to integrate come what may," he said.
Lord Lamont dismissed claims made by the Remain campaign that withdrawing from the EU would harm British trade and access to the EU single market.
"What is forgotten is that the EU needs an agreement just as much as we do," he said, adding: "Britain would have its own arrangement suited to our circumstances."
He also said Britain had "lost control of its borders", arguing that there was "no economic case" for "immigration in the hundreds of thousands".
The Conservative Party is deeply spit over the EU referendum, with about half of its MPs supporting an EU exit - against the PM's recommendation.
Five cabinet members, including Work and Pension Secretary Iain Duncan Smith, are backing the Vote Leave campaign group, as is London mayor Boris Johnson.


Leeds will host the start of the 2014 Tour de France.

The Tour heads through Yorkshire on 5 and 6 July, before moving south for a third stage, finishing in London.
The race last visited the UK in 2007, when London hosted a prologue ahead of a road stage from the capital to Canterbury, attracting two-million spectators.
Not long ago the idea Yorkshire could host the Tour de France may have seemed fanciful in the extreme.
The region faced serious international competition from the likes of Barcelona, Berlin, Venice and Scotland.
So how did Yorkshire persuade the French to bring the Tour to the north of England?
Much of the credit must go to the tourism body Welcome To Yorkshire. Among the many tactics they employed to sway the tour's organisers in favour of Yorkshire was a stunning promotional film highlighting the dramatic Yorkshire landscape.
Yorkshire beat off the challenge of bids from Florence and Edinburgh to host the prestigious event.
However, Edinburgh remains in the running to host the Grand Depart at a future date.
It will be the fourth time the Tour has visited Britain after previous visits in 1974 and 1994.
Rotterdam, in the Netherlands, hosted the 2010 Grand Depart, while the 2012 race started in Liege in Belgium and next year's 100th race will begin in Corsica.
Full details of the route will be announced at a news conference in Leeds and Paris on 17 January.
Leeds will host a festival of cycling and the arts to coincide with the arrival of the Tour.
British Cycling president Brian Cookson said: "Like every other cycling fan, I am thrilled the world's biggest bike race is coming back to this country.
"The huge numbers who turned out to support the 2007 Grand Depart and the London 2012 road races show the passion we have for cycling.
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"I'm sure Yorkshire will give the 2014 Tour de France a welcome which will stand out in the race's rich history."
Gary Verity, chief executive of Welcome to Yorkshire, the agency behind the county's bid, said: "Today is a proud day for everyone involved in the bid and the county as a whole.
"We are honoured that the race organisers have selected Yorkshire to be the host location of the 2014 Grand Depart.
"It will mean that, less than two years after hosting the Olympics, the British public can look forward to another of the world's biggest sporting events coming to the country.
"I am in no doubt they will come to Yorkshire in their millions, lining the length and breadth of the route to cheer on the champions of world cycling and our home grown British heroes."
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Race director Christian Prudhomme added: "Since the resounding success of the Grand Depart in London in 2007, we were very keen to return to the United Kingdom.
"Bradley Wiggins's historic victory last July and the enormous crowds that followed the cycling events in the streets of London during the Olympic Games encouraged us to go back earlier than we had initially planned."


Actress Luisana Lopilato, the wife of singer Michael Buble, says their three-year-old son is doing well, five months after he was diagnosed with cancer.

The Argentine actress spoke about Noah's recovery at a press conference for her latest film in Buenos Aires.
She said: "When things like those that happened to us occur, your take on life changes. It happened to us. Now I value life much more, the now and the today.
"Thank God, my son is well." She also thanked the public for their support.
"I want them to know that they reached us and that it helped us a lot to come through this.
"It's difficult for me to speak about this. It's very recent and I'm still a bit sensitive about the subject.
"But the love is daily, when people stop me in the street. It's wonderful to know that you're accompanied in life and that people love you."
She and Buble recently returned to her homeland after Noah received treatment in the US.
Buble and Lopilato put their careers on hold when Noah was diagnosed.
But the 29-year-old said seeing Noah "grow and being happy" had given her the strength to finish the film, titled Those Who Love, Hate.
Lopilato, who also has a one-year-old son, Elias, with her husband, added: "We are looking forward to thinking about the future, to seeing our children grow."
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A 75-year-old man has died after a crash in Coleraine, County Londonderry.

Jim McCollum was the only person in the vehicle when it crashed into a tree on the Curragh Road.
It happened shortly after 15:00 GMT on Tuesday.  Mr McCollum, who was from the area, died at the scene.
Police have appealed for witnesses.


A Scottish university is to host one of three hubs being developed to bring together key players in the UK's multi-billion pound space sector.

The Scottish Centre of Excellence in Satellite Applications will be based at Strathclyde University in Glasgow.
It is being developed by Satellite Applications Catapult, a firm promoting economic growth in the space industry.
The centre will allow businesses to tap into satellite data that could improve their products and services.
According to Strathclyde University, the space industries in the UK produce 40% of the world's small satellites and contribute about Â£8.2bn to the economy.
The hub will be based at the university's new Â£89m Technology and Innovation Centre. It is one of three centres of excellence set up by Satellite Applications Catapult - with the other two in Durham and Leicester.
The centre aims to establish links between the scientists behind space and satellite technology and the business community.
It will encourage firms to use satellite data in new ways, from supporting the energy industry to planning future cities.
Prof Sir Jim McDonald, the principal of Strathclyde University, said: "Scotland's space sector is already driving the development of new technologies through leading-edge research and technology-driven companies.
"The challenge now is to bring universities, businesses and space agencies together to enable the sector to reach its full potential.
"The new centre of excellence will play an important role in helping companies to identify where satellite data can assist them in new and exciting ways, from measuring wind speeds from space to determine optimum locations for offshore wind farms, to using satellite navigation for integrated transport systems in future 'smart cities'."
The new centre will bring together expertise from other Scottish institutions including the UK Astronomy Technology Centre in Edinburgh, the Universities of Edinburgh and Dundee and commercial companies such as Clyde Space Ltd, along with Scottish Enterprise.
The centre of excellence will be part of Strathclyde University's wider Space Institute.
The institute is made-up of a number of different facilities including the Advanced Space Concepts Laboratory, which carries out research on space systems, and the Scottish Space School, which aims to inspire the next generation of scientists and engineers.


Mae prinder gweinidogion a chynulleidfaoedd yn gostwng wedi arwain enwad y Presbyteriaid ar Ynys Môn i annog capeli i gydweithio er mwyn talu cyflog gweinidog.

Serch hynny, mae'n ymddangos fod nifer o eglwysi ar yr ynys yn amharod i gydweithio, ac o ganlyniad i hynny, mae llawer o gapeli yn cau.
Mae pedwar capel wedi cau yn barod eleni ac mae yna drafodaethau ynglŷn â dyfodol pump arall.
Mae un o bwyllgorau'r Henaduriaeth wedi annog eglwysi i dalu ar y cyd i gael gweinidog, ond mae aelodau rhai capeli eisoes wedi pleidleisio i wrthod gwneud hynny.
Mewn un gornel o Ynys Môn sydd, mae pedwar capel wedi cau eleni - Llanfaethlu, Llanfechell, Porth Amlwch a Phen Gorffwysfa - a'r pryder yw y bydd rhagor yn dilyn.
Er hynny, cyndyn ydi'r ffyddloniaid i gydweithio efo capeli eraill cyfagos i wynebu'r dyfodol.
Ond mae rhai capeli yn llwyddo oherwydd gweledigaeth radical rhai o'r aelodau. Ym Modffordd, codwyd capel newydd sbon yn 2010, ond mae'r blaenor yno Elis Wyn Roberts yn dweud fod yna geidwadaeth o fewn yr eglwysi sy'n mygu datblygiad.
"Mae'r waliau a'r mortar a'r cerrig yn cael mwy o sylw nag ydi gwaith yr Arglwydd Iesu Grist," meddai. "Rydan ni'n aros yn ein hunfan, mae rhaid i ni roi mwy o gyfle i'n pobol ifanc a rhaid i ni gael gweithwyr ifanc ac mae rhaid i ni'r bobol hyn dderbyn hynny .... mae'r adeiladau yna ond mae rhaid eu newid nhw."
Daeth cais i aelodau capel Lon y Felin, Llangefni i dalu ar y cyd am weinidog hefo capeli yn Llanfairpwll a Gaerwen, ond mi ddaru tri chwarter aelodau'r capel bleidleisio i wrthod cydweithredu, penderfyniad oedd yn siom i ysgrifennydd yr eglwys Ken Hughes.
Y gost ychwanegol oedd yn poeni'r aelodau medda fo.
"Dwi'n meddwl y buasen ni wedi medru cael gweinidog petae ni wedi aberthu rhywfaint, mater o flaenoriaethau ydi o. Mae'r penderfyniad yn fy nhristau fi," dywedodd.
Mae pob aelod o'r Presbyteriaid yn talu £139 i'r swyddfa yng Nghaerdydd os oes gweinidog yn eu heglwys, £91 os nad oes, ac mae rhai yn cwestiynu pam fod angen talu o gwbwl, ac y gellid defnyddio'r arian i gynnal achosion yn lleol.
Mae Walter Glyn Davies yn flaenor yng nghapel Rehoboth, Burwen ger Amlwch. "Mi faswn i, a dwi'n un o lawer, yn licio gwbod be sy'n digwydd i'n harian ni sy'n mynd i Gaerdydd bell," meddai.
"Petae'r swyddfa yng Nghaerdydd yn cau fory nesa, barn yr aelodau ydi y buasai gwasanaeth yn y capeli y bore wedyn 'run fath yn union. Mae yna deimladau cryf iawn fod Caerdydd yn sugno arian."
Dywedodd llefarydd ar ran y Presbyteriaid: "Yr ydym yn deall fod Henaduriaeth Môn wedi cynnal nifer o gyfarfodydd yn ddiweddar i geisio ymateb i realiti ystadegol a demograffaidd ein heglwysi ar yr ynys.
"Cafwyd sgyrsiau calonogol, a gobeithio y bydd arweinwyr yr eglwysi lleol yn perchnogi y trafodaeth a'r awgrymiadau.
"Mae Cymanfa Gyffredinol Eglwys Bresbyteraidd Cymru yn adolygu'n flynyddol y lefel o gefnogaeth sydd angen ar ein heglwysi a'n llysoedd o gyfeiriad y Swyddfa Ganolog".


China and Vietnam have pledged to be "good neighbours" and agreed to maintain peace in the South China Sea.

It comes at the end of a state visit by Chinese President Xi Jinping, the first of its kind for a decade.
The two sides agreed to avoid any acts that complicate their dispute in the sea where they have competing claims.
Relations with Vietnam and other neighbours have been strained by China's moves to assert control by reclaiming land on disputed reefs.
China's placement of an oil rig in waters contested by Vietnam last year sparked angry anti-Beijing protests across the country. China later moved the rig away.
In a speech to Vietnam's National Assembly on Friday Mr Xi said the two countries were good socialist neighbours which should be able to survive any disruptions in relations.
"We are willing to carry on with the good tradition of learning from each other, supporting each other, working together for the development of our two countries' socialism and the happiness of our people," he said.
This is the first time a Chinese president has visited Vietnam in 10 years. The last time was Hu Jintao in 2005.
Mr Xi's visit comes amid rising tension in the South China Sea, especially after the US navy began patrolling close to the artificial formations that China has built in the contested waters.
At the same time as Mr Xi's visit, Japan's Defence Minister Gen Nakatani is at the strategic port of Cam Ranh, and a French warship is calling in Danang port, both in central Vietnam.
Territorial disputes are what the Vietnamese public want to see their leaders address in the meetings with Mr Xi, and the leaders made sure they did.
In reply, Mr Xi only called for long term and acceptable solutions to the issue, saying both Vietnam and China should look at the bigger picture and the benefits that their traditional and historical relationship brings.
Separately, China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi has reiterated in a phone call to US Secretary of State John Kerry that the recent presence of a US warship in waters claimed by China had harmed relations.
A statement on the Chinese foreign ministry website said Mr Wang told Mr Kerry that the vessel had "harmed mutual trust and provoked regional tensions".
The US has pledged to continue patrols in the South China Sea following last week's sailing of the USS Lassen within the 12-nautical mile exclusion zone China has declared around the Spratly Islands.
The US Freedom of Navigation operations challenge what it deems to be "excessive claims" to the world's oceans and airspace.
International maritime law allows countries to claim ownership of the 12-nautical mile area surrounding natural islands but does not allow nations to claim ownership of submerged features that have been raised by human intervention
The US has called on China to stop land reclamation and construction of facilities such as airstrips and buildings, which others see as militarisation. China has said they are for civilian purposes.


Violent clashes have taken place in Indian-administered Kashmir between security forces and protesters marking the anniversary of the death of a popular militant commander.

Burhan Wani was killed by Indian security forces a year ago and separatist militants had announced massive public protests. Thousands of extra troops were deployed to prevent rallies from taking place.
Burhan Wani's village is in Tral, which is surrounded by thickly forested mountains. On the first anniversary of his death, it was in virtual lock-down.
Heavily armed soldiers sealed all roads leading to the village, with armoured cars strategically placed across the road in some places, others barricaded with concertina wire.
"Our orders are to let no-one in sir, not even the media," Pankaj Jha, an officer of the Central Reserve Police Force, told me apologetically.
Behind him soldiers fanned out into the woods, to make sure no one was slipping in.
A group of women, wearing black burkhas, approached, holding a small child by the hand but the soldiers waved them back.
"We live in the neighbouring village," one of them told me. "We don't want to go to Burhan Wani's village."
Then, after a pause, she added quietly: "And what if we did? He was like our brother and he died a martyr, fighting for us."
After a brief discussion, the soldiers decided to let them through. As they walk past us, they discreetly flash a victory sign.
Last year, Burhan Wani's funeral was attended by thousands of people, many of them civilians, a testimony to his massive public support.
"He was charismatic and he appealed to the young," one Kashmiri policeman says.
"I should know. I am from his village. I'd rather be there than here blocking the roads."
This is why the authorities were determined to clamp down this time.
Soldiers surrounded Burhan Wani's family home and ordered all residents of the village to stay indoors.
It was the same situation across much of south Kashmir, now the epicentre of militant violence.
We drove away from Tral towards Pulwama, a town located almost an hour away.
Well before we got there, we were flagged down by troops wearing full body protection.
It was soon clear why.
Within minutes, scores of protesters appeared from surrounding villages, pelting the soldiers with large stones.
"Go India go back," they chanted. "Long live Pakistan," they taunted, spreading their arms defiantly.
Many of them were teenagers.
The soldiers looked on warily before responding first with threats and then charged them. The protesters retreated hastily before regrouping and letting loose a fresh volley of stones.
Then the troops fired teargas shells.
"This is what has been happening on almost a daily basis," one soldier said, wearily.
Ever since Burhan Wani's death there has been a massive spike in violence. What is deeply worrying India though, is the growing and active role played by civilians.
Militant funerals are routinely attended by hundreds of people. Soldiers carrying out counter-insurgency operations now also have to deal with civilians who attack them with stones, in an attempt to help militants escape.
It's a trend that could mark a turning point in the nearly seven-decade long Kashmir conflict.


Two late first-half goals gave Oldham a surprise victory over League One leaders Scunthorpe.

The struggling Latics had failed to win any of their six previous league matches at Sportsdirect.com Park, but doubled their goal tally for the season in front of their own fans on their way to a comfortable three points.
Two goals in the three minutes directly before half-time did the damage for Steve Robinson's side.
Freddie Ladapo grabbed the first, in the 42nd minute, completing a flowing move upfield by squeezing a shot inside the upright.
The Iron were still reeling from that setback when Lee Erwin broke into the box and curled a lovely finish inside the far post a minute into stoppage time.
Scunthorpe, unbeaten in eight games going into the match, never looked like finding a way back into the game and lacked ideas in the final third.
Instead it was Oldham who went closest to adding to the scoring after the break when visiting goalkeeper Joe Anyon did well to beat away a drive from Ryan Flynn.
Reports supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Oldham Athletic 2, Scunthorpe United 0.
Second Half ends, Oldham Athletic 2, Scunthorpe United 0.
Josh Morris (Scunthorpe United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Josh Morris (Scunthorpe United).
Paul Green (Oldham Athletic) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Stephen Dawson (Scunthorpe United).
Ousmane Fane (Oldham Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Duane Holmes (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Billy McKay (Oldham Athletic).
Substitution, Oldham Athletic. Billy McKay replaces Lee Erwin.
Cameron Dummigan (Oldham Athletic) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Stephen Dawson (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Cameron Dummigan (Oldham Athletic).
Attempt blocked. Lee Erwin (Oldham Athletic) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Murray Wallace (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Lee Erwin (Oldham Athletic).
Attempt missed. Ryan Flynn (Oldham Athletic) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high.
Substitution, Oldham Athletic. Darius Osei replaces Freddie Ladapo.
Josh Morris (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Ousmane Fane (Oldham Athletic).
Substitution, Scunthorpe United. Jamie Ness replaces Neal Bishop.
Delay in match Josh Morris (Scunthorpe United) because of an injury.
Josh Morris (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jamie Reckord (Oldham Athletic).
Attempt blocked. Duane Holmes (Scunthorpe United) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Conor Townsend (Scunthorpe United) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Conor Townsend (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Lee Erwin (Oldham Athletic).
Substitution, Oldham Athletic. Marc Klok replaces Carl Winchester.
Corner,  Oldham Athletic. Conceded by Murray Wallace.
Neal Bishop (Scunthorpe United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Lee Erwin (Oldham Athletic).
Attempt missed. Kevin van Veen (Scunthorpe United) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the right.
Substitution, Scunthorpe United. Duane Holmes replaces Tom Hopper.
Foul by Conor Townsend (Scunthorpe United).
Ryan Flynn (Oldham Athletic) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Corner,  Scunthorpe United. Conceded by Cameron Dummigan.
Attempt saved. Ryan Flynn (Oldham Athletic) right footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Foul by Conor Townsend (Scunthorpe United).
Cameron Dummigan (Oldham Athletic) wins a free kick on the right wing.


Extensive damage has been caused to a house near the A2 Coast Road in Larne, County Antrim, as the result of a fire.

A woman in the property was alerted to the blaze by a neighbour on Tuesday morning.  Twenty-seven firefighters attended the incident.
The woman was able to get out of the house and was treated at the scene by medics.
The A2 Coast Road was closed at Branch Road near the Black Arch but has now reopened.
The Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service said that when it arrived at the scene at about 02:30 BST, two oil tanks were alight.
Five fire engines attended the blaze.
The fire service was able to stop the fire spreading to an adjoining house and another oil tank.


Prince William is on a special tour of Vietnam at the moment spreading the word about stopping the illegal wildlife trade.

20 November 2016 Last updated at 11:08 GMT
Whilst on his journey he was interviewed on Vietnam's national TV station.
He spoke about his experiences with wildlife, and also about his children Prince George who is three years old,  and Princess Charlotte who is one.
He said he would like them to grow up: "treating others as they would like to be treated themselves".
The Duke of Cambridge also said that: "George is a right little rascal sometimes...but he's a sweet boy."


A 20-year-old woman has died in a crash in Richhill, County Armagh.

She was a passenger in a car that collided with a lorry on the Legacorry Road at about 15:35 GMT on Thursday.
The woman who was driving the vehicle is in a critical condition in hospital.
In a separate incident, Moor Road in Coalisland, County Tyrone, has been closed following a two-vehicle crash.


Primary school-aged children in the UK need more education on how to avoid sexual abuse, says a leading academic.

Children who have been on abuse prevention programmes are more likely to tell an adult if they have been abused, suggests a global study.
The researchers looked at data on some 6,000 children in seven countries.
The data "supports the need to inform and protect children", said lead author Dr Kerryann Walsh, of Queensland University of Technology.
Dr Walsh was speaking ahead of publication of the review by the global independent research network Cochrane.
It focused on data from 24 trials where a total of 5,802 largely primary school-aged children took part in school-based prevention programmes.
These trials took place in the United States, Canada, China, Germany, Spain, Taiwan and Turkey and were judged to be the most scientifically robust ever conducted in the field.
Some took place recently, though others dated from the 1980s.
The review says that worldwide an estimated one in 10 girls and one in 20 boys experienced some form of sexual abuse in childhood.
The schools focused on consent with education on body ownership and "private parts", when it is acceptable to touch, what "secrets" are acceptable, as well as how to avoid dangerous situations and who children should tell if they have been abused or are afraid.
They used a variety of methods including films, plays, songs, puppets, books and games.
The data suggests the programmes successfully boosted children's awareness and knowledge of sexual abuse and they were likely to remember what they were taught six months later.
Children who had taken part were more than three times more likely to disclose sexual abuse than those who had not.
The researchers warn the figures are imprecise, but they suggest some four in 1,000 children who had not taken part were likely to report abuse, rising to some 14 in 1,000 among children who had taken part.
In some of the trials researchers cross-referenced the disclosure figures with police and social service records.
A few trials included "simulated abuse scenarios" where children were asked to leave the school with someone they did not know.
These found children who had participated in anti-abuse programmes were less likely to agree.
The researchers warned this may not be replicated in real life.
"Tests cannot mimic real abuse situations very well," said Dr Walsh.
However, Cochrane's editor-in-chief, Dr David Tovey, said the data showed the programmes were effective overall.
"If we were talking about a drug and had odds ratios of this level it would be considered a very substantial effect."
No UK trials were included as none met the stringent criteria required in terms of methodology and data.
However, the researchers said there was no reason to believe UK children would be "terribly different from those in the studies".
Dr Walsh said similar programmes already exist "in patches in the UK", but the lack of an audit meant they did not know "what is being offered out there".
She said any new programmes should be robustly evaluated and focused on seven to 12-year-olds, the age group most vulnerable to abuse.
"If you are going to do it - you should begin in these risk years."
Last month England's education secretary, Nicky Morgan, announced that all children from the age of 11 would be taught about sexual consent.
The NSPCC has called for the next government to make sex and relationship education a statutory right for every child and young person.


Nottinghamshire assistant coach Wayne Noon is to leave after 22 years as a player and coach at Trent Bridge.

Noon, who has been assistant for more than a decade, is to pursue ambitions in elite coaching.
The announcement came two days after academy director Chris Tolley's 20-year career at Notts, who were relegated to Division Two in 2016, ended.
"This has been a big decision and not one that I have taken lightly," Noon told the club website.
Noon helped engineer two County Championship titles alongside director of cricket Mick Newell and has worked with England's one-day set-up in the last 12 months.
"It's sad to see Wayne go because he's achieved a lot with Notts, over a long period of time and he's very well liked and respected here," said Newell.


A £5 coin will be created to mark the birth of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's second child.

Coins were created for the 2013 birth and christening of their first child, Prince George, and his first birthday.
Limited numbers of the various coins were made, with the £5 first birthday coin costing £80 and a "gold proof kilo" christening coin costing £50,000.
The Queen approved the decision to create a coin for the second child's birth, which is due in April.
The Royal Mint said it could not provide any further information - such as the design or cost of the coin - until "nearer the time when we are ready to launch".


Slovakia's Peter Sagan will compete in the mountain bike event at Rio 2016, rather than the road race event where he is world champion.

The 26-year-old, who will ride the Tour de France for Tinkoff, is a former junior world mountain bike champion.
"Peter will do some special training for four weeks. He will go to Rio to aim for a good position," said Slovak Cycling Association head Peter Privara.
The hilly Rio road-race course is not best suited to Sagan's strengths.
Sagan won the rainbow road-race world champion's jersey in Richmond, Virginia in September.


Britain's Lizzie Armitstead has defended her Trofeo Alfredo Binda title in Cittiglio to claim her second UCI World Tour win of the season.

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The 27-year-old pulled away from the chasing group to catch and then pass long-time leader Jolanda Neff (Stockli Pro) in the last 3 kms in Italy.
She crossed the line one second in front of American Boels-Dolmans team-mate Megan Guarnier with Neff third.
It is the fifth successive victory for Armitstead in races she has completed.
The road race world champion began her season by winning Omloop Het Nieuwsblad and followed it up with victory in the opening race of UCI World Tour season - the Italian one-day classic Strade Bianche in Tuscany.
She then abandoned the second World Tour event after around 50 km of the Ronde van Drenthe, apparently feeling sick.
But back to full health in Italy, Armitstead controlled the 112 km race on an undulating route that made for aggressive racing.
The peloton split and reformed several times, before Amitstead and a seven-strong elite group, that also included Dutch World Tour standings leader Anna van der Breggen (Rabobnk - Liv), broke away on the penultimate lap.
Neff made a break for victory, building up a 30-second lead at one stage, but Armitstead and Guarnier gradually reeled her in and the Swiss rider offered no resistance on the finishing straight.
Armitstead now sits top of the World Tour standings, ahead of Van der Breggen who finished sixth.
The World Tour consists of 18 races throughout the year and is a mix of one-day and stage races. It replaces the World Cup which was a series of 10 one-day races.


Lancashire captain Steven Croft has backed their squad to challenge for the Division One title this season.

The Red Rose were promoted from Division Two last year, while they also won the T20 Blast title for the first time in August.
Lancashire were relegated in their previous two seasons in Division One, but have won the competition as recently as 2011.
"We don't just want to survive, we want to compete," said Croft, 31.
The all-rounder told BBC Radio Lancashire: "We want to be up there. We want to finish at the top and we want to be champions.
"If we don't, then it is time to consolidate and keep our status in the division, so that would be progress really."
Former England spinner Ashley Giles led Lancashire back to the top flight in his first season in charge after being appointed director of cricket and head coach.
With Ashwell Prince having retired and Paul Horton leaving for Leicestershire, there is an onus on their remaining batsman to replace the runs of those two this in 2016.
"We've got an exciting player like Haseeb Hameed in the top order and a new partnership of him and Karl Brown at the top," said Giles.
"We don't know how it's going to go at the moment. We've tried to prepare as well as we possibly can.
"I think we've got a lot of talent in the squad, but some of it at the moment is unproven and you don't find out until you give those guys an opportunity."


At least 600 people are still missing following a mudslide and flooding that devastated parts of Sierra Leone's capital, Freetown, a spokesman for the president has told the BBC.

President Ernest Bai Koroma has declared seven days of mourning while pleading for "urgent support".
Nearly 400 people are confirmed dead after a mudslide in the Regent area and floods elsewhere in Freetown on Monday.
The Red Cross has warned it is a race against time to find survivors.
Presidential spokesman Abdulai Baraytay told the BBC that bodies were still being pulled from the mud and rubble.
However, a planned a mass burial of victims on Wednesday to free up space in mortuaries has been delayed, the BBC has learned.
The BBC's Martin Patience, who is in Freetown, said workers there say they have been overwhelmed by the scale of this disaster.  He described the rescue effort so far as "chaotic".
Abu Bakarr Tarawallie, a Red Cross official, said rescuers were "racing against time, more flooding and the risk of disease to help these affected communities survive and cope with their loss".
The British International Development Secretary Priti Patel said the UK already had "pre-positioned vital aid supplies" in Sierra Leone, while the United Nations said its local teams had mobilised and were supporting rescue efforts.
"Contingency plans are being put in place to mitigate any potential outbreak of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid and diarrhoea," UN spokesman Stephane Dujarric said.
By Umaru Fofana, BBC reporter, Freetown
The scene at Connaught mortuary was gut-wrenching. Bodies were lying on the floor because the mortuary had run out of space. There were hundreds of them, and I lost count of the number.
Expect more raw emotions when families go to identify the corpses.
My own emotions have reached a crescendo and I am finding it hard to sleep.
While at the scene of the disaster, even though the sun shone brightly, I was drenched in tears to the point that I went to the washroom.
The emergency workers thought it was for reasons of hygiene, but it was to wash away my tears.
Officially, a rescue operation is under way, but it is more like a recovery operation. Only corpses are being retrieved, and ambulances are taking them to the over-crowded mortuary.
Meanwhile, the community is still coming to terms with the scale of the horror.
Ben Munson, who works for the charity Street Child in Freetown, said the stories he was hearing on the ground were "horrific".
"One lady who our Street Child team was working with was inconsolable," he told the BBC. "She had injuries on her arms and her face and she was eating the food that we were handing out, but wasn't able to speak.
"My team later managed to sort of calm her down and she explained her story, and she was pulled out of the rubble after the disaster had happened and unfortunately she had lost all of her children and her husband."
Homes in the hilltop community of Regent were engulfed after part of Sugar Loaf mountain collapsed following heavy rain early on Monday. Many victims were asleep in bed when disaster struck.
President Koroma fought back tears as he toured Regent on Tuesday and said the devastation was "overwhelming us".
"Entire communities have been wiped out. We need urgent support now," he said.
He urged people to stay away from the affected areas.
"This tragedy of great magnitude has once again challenged us to come together, to stand by each other and to help one another," he said.
Flooding is not unusual in Sierra Leone, where unsafe housing in makeshift settlements can be swept away by heavy rains.
The rains often hit areas in and around Freetown, an overcrowded coastal city of more than one million people.


Prince Harry has been tested for HIV in an effort to raise awareness about the condition and encourage others to get checked out.

The prince walked into a sexual health clinic in Burrell Street, central London, to have the finger-prick test - for which he tested negative.
The 31-year-old has made raising awareness about HIV and Aids a major element of his public work.
There are more than 100,000 people living with HIV in the UK.
The prince had to wait only a few moments to get his results, while his blood sample was mixed with chemicals and poured into a test tray.
The negative result was indicated by a blue spot seen in the tray. However, if two spots had appeared he would have needed further tests to confirm if he was HIV-positive.
The procedure was carried out by Robert Palmer, a lead health adviser and psychosexual counsellor, who said the prince was "anxious".
Asked about the significance of a member of the Royal Family getting tested for HIV, Mr Palmer added: "It means this is a test for everybody - it doesn't matter who you are, it's a good idea to have an HIV test."
The average HIV prevalence in the UK - for those aged over 15 years old - is 1.9 per 1,000 population. However for gay men the rate jumps to 48.7 per 1,000. Black African women are the second most at-risk group with a prevalence rate of 43.7 per 1,000.
Latest figures from Public Health England in 2014 estimated 18,100 people were unaware of their infection and at risk of unknowingly passing on the virus.


Fifa president Sepp Blatter is facing a 90-day provisional suspension.

Members of Fifa's ethics committee have recommended the sanction after the Swiss attorney general opened criminal proceedings against the 79-year-old.
He is accused of signing a contract "unfavourable" to football's governing body and making a "disloyal payment" to Uefa president Michel Platini.
Blatter denies any wrongdoing and his lawyers said he had "not been notified of any action".
European football chief Platini - who wants to succeed Blatter - has said the payment was "valid compensation" from his time working under the Swiss more than nine years ago.
The investigatory chamber of Fifa's ethics committee has requested the ban and a final decision is likely to be made on Thursday by Hans Joachim Eckert, the head of Fifa's ethics adjudicatory chamber.
Blatter's adviser Klaus Stohlker said the Fifa president was "calm" after being told the news, but a statement from his legal representatives denied he had been made aware of any decision.
It said: "We would expect that the ethics committee would want to hear from the president and his counsel, and conduct a thorough review of the evidence, before making any recommendation to take disciplinary action."
On Wednesday, Blatter told a German magazine he was being "condemned without there being any evidence for wrongdoing".
The investigation is centred on allegations believed to be around a 2005 TV rights deal between Fifa and Jack Warner, the former president of Concacaf, the governing body of football in North and Central America and the Caribbean.
The ethics committee had been meeting in Zurich since Monday and have yet to make a decision on Platini, 60.
It is also examining a payment of two million Swiss francs (£1.35m) that Platini received in 2011 for working for Blatter.
The Frenchman has provided information to the criminal investigation but said he has done so as a witness.
Swiss prosecutors said he is being treated as "in between a witness and an accused person" as they investigate corruption at world football's governing body.
The latest development came hours after former Fifa vice-president Chung Mong-joon, who is also under investigation by Fifa's ethics committee, told BBC Sport his campaign to succeed Blatter was being "smeared".
Blatter won a fifth consecutive Fifa presidential election on 29 May but, following claims of corruption, announced his decision to step down on 2 June. He is due to finish his term at a Fifa extraordinary congress on 26 February.


The US will take a decision soon to store heavy weapons including tanks and infantry fighting vehicles in Poland, the Polish defence minister says.

Tomasz Siemoniak said he had discussed such US military deployments last month with US Defence Secretary Ash Carter.
The US military has been conducting massive drills with Nato allies in Eastern Europe amid regional alarm over Russia's role in the Ukraine conflict.
Russian officials said the plan could have "dangerous consequences".
The three Baltic states also plan to store US heavy weapons, officials say.
The US has confirmed only that it is to send an armoured brigade of up to 250 vehicles, including tanks, to Germany to support its Nato allies.
US Defence Secretary Ashton Carter will decide in due course whether any of those vehicles will be deployed to other European countries.
"Decisions are near," Mr Siemoniak tweeted (in Polish), confirming a New York Times report at the weekend that storage of US heavy weapons in Poland was being discussed.
Such pre-positioning of US armour on the territory of its ex-communist Nato allies would be a first since the Cold War ended.
It would not be an ad hoc measure, the minister said, but "for years and decades".
Reports say up to 5,000 Nato troops could be equipped with the weapons set to be stored in eastern Europe. It would be in position for a Nato rapid reaction brigade, agreed at a Nato summit last year, which could deploy at short notice.
The White House and Mr Carter still have to approve the heavy weapons storage, and no precise locations have been named yet.
"This is another step towards building a greater US presence in Poland and the region," Mr Siemoniak told the Polish news agency PAP.
"If heavy US military equipment, including tanks, artillery batteries and other equipment really does turn up in countries in eastern Europe and the Baltics, that will be the most aggressive step by the Pentagon and Nato since the Cold War," said Gen Yuri Yakubov, a Russian defence ministry official.
Gen Yabukov said that, under such circumstances, Russia would "organise retaliatory steps to strengthen our Western frontiers".
A Russian Foreign Ministry statement said: "We hope that reason will prevail and the situation in Europe will be prevented from sliding into a new military confrontation which may have dangerous consequences."
The US is also building a missile defence base at Redzikowo in Poland, part of a shield aimed at protecting Nato countries from any long-range missile threat from a "rogue" government.
Russia has condemned the missile shield plan, accusing Nato of jeopardising European security. Russia is reported to have deployed short-range Iskander missiles in Kaliningrad, near Poland and the Baltic states.
Nato and Western leaders accuse Russia of sending soldiers and heavy weapons including tanks and missiles to the pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine. Russia has repeatedly denied this, insisting that any Russians fighting there are "volunteers".
Intermittent shelling and skirmishes have threatened the Minsk ceasefire agreed in February between the rebels and the Ukrainian government.
Poland and the three ex-Soviet Baltic republics - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - have issued some of the strongest condemnations of Russia's policy in Ukraine.
Tensions escalated in March 2014 when Russia annexed Ukraine's Crimea peninsula.
Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary have also been named as possible storage locations for US military hardware.


Homeowners have raised concerns a flood defence scheme for the River Thames could increase the risk to their properties in Sunbury.

Residents have said overflow channels would stop short of the Surrey town and water could be funnelled towards them.
The Environment Agency said Sunbury would see benefits from the Â£256m River Thames Scheme and risks would not rise.
Spokesman David Murphy said the channels were to convey water in a channel instead of on the flood plain.
Sunbury resident Kevin Ella said no-one would want to live in the town.
"The houses are not going to be worth any money because people know we're at the end of a flood relief," he said.
Fellow resident Jeff Dormer added: "[It is] very likely [the floods] will happen again. There is no future for us here."
BBC reporter Gareth Furby said nearby Datchet would see flood levels fall by three quarters of a metre and Wraysbury would see flood levels fall by a third of a metre, but Sunbury had no minimum reduction and a maximum benefit of about 15cm, under the scheme.
Mr Murphy said the whole scheme would benefit more than 15,000 properties along the Thames.
He said: "The River Thames Scheme includes all communities from Datchet down to Teddington and that includes Sunbury.
"Sunbury will see benefits from the scheme although those benefits will be less than other communities."
He said there were proposals to develop the scheme to increase the capacity of three weirs and reduce flood levels in Sunbury.
"[But] the amount that we can reduce water levels is limited because of the size of the river as it passes down through Sunbury down to Teddington," he stressed.
About 1,000 homes in Surrey were flooded during the winter after the Thames reached its highest level in 60 years.


A school that counts a host of well-known stars such as Adele, Amy Winehouse, Leona Lewis and the new Spider-man actor Tom Holland as its alumni, is celebrating its 25th anniversary.

Inspired by Fame, the 1980 film set in New York's High School of Performing Arts, the Brit School has consistently produced students who have reached the top levels of creative industries, most notably in the music business.
To celebrate, the school is holding a mini festival on Saturday with many former students performing.
"We didn't have to phone anyone to ask them to come back and perform, they all offered," said the school's principal Stuart Worden.
"Once part of the Brit School, always a Brit."
Based in Croydon, south London, it is Britain's only free performing arts and technology school for pupils aged between 14 and 19. Although it trains students in the performing arts, film, fashion and design technology fields, it is most commonly known for its music successes.
About 90% of its students are from London.
Of the influence of the Fame film, Mr Worden said: "People remember that film fondly. We don't have dancing on the table here but you will see people dance in corridors as that's where they can rehearse.
"The school children who come here aren't interested in fame, they just love what they do and want to be good at their craft."
Mr Worden, who has been at the school for the last 23 years, says he remembers the moment Adele first tested out Hometown Glory - her debut single which, when it was rereleased as her fourth single, went on to chart at number 19, although it is now known as one of her most popular songs.
"There are moments when I'm completely in awe of people's talents and it's quite humbling to see," he said.
"The first time I saw Imogen Heap I was in awe and thought this is a wonderfully creative young person so it's great that 25 years later she is still one of the most inventive musicians in Britain."
He also recalls seeing Leona Lewis sing a Whitney Houston song in a school assembly and the next time he heard her perform it was on ITV's X Factor.
The Queen visited the school in 2002.
"I remember it as being one of my most proud moments," said Mr Worden. "It's when I thought that this school is a national school and something the nation can be proud of."
When Sir Tom Jones visited in 2010, the students were really impressed.
"He was huge fun and went down really well. He had so many great stories, which the students loved hearing. His career is one to be admired," said Mr Worden.
The Beatles producer Sir George Martin and businessman Sir Richard Branson were keen supporters of the school in the early days.
"They both said the country needed the school and they were proven right," remembers the principal, who said Sir George helped to design the school's recording studio.
Although it receives funding from the British Record Industry Trust, as well as the annual Brit Awards, it does not mean it is immune to funding pressures from the government like all schools.
"We face the same challenge that other schools face and we're doing our best to make sure things happen," he said.
Some of Mr Worden's favourite memories are royal visits.
"Prince Harry rocked up in jeans and a shirt as at the time we were running an aid project with a charity he supports. There was a choir from Africa and Joss Stone and Coldplay were there and he hung out all afternoon.
"Camilla - the Duchess of Cornwall - was such fun when she visited. She spent time with the musical theatre students, choir, arts students. I'm proud to be part of a school that people think is worth visiting - we're a good news story."


US President Barack Obama and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin will hold their first face-to-face meeting in nearly a year on Monday in New York, officials from both countries say.

The meeting comes amid tension over Russia's military build-up in Syria and its annexation of Crimea last year.
The two leaders will meet on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly, a US official told the AFP news agency.
They are last reported to have spoken by phone after the Iran nuclear deal.
"Given the situations in Ukraine and Syria, despite our profound differences with Moscow, the president believes that it would be irresponsible not to test whether we can make progress through high-level engagement with the Russians," a senior administration official told the BBC.
The official said that the main purpose of the meeting from the US point of view was to ensure that Russia abides by the terms of the ceasefire in Ukraine negotiated in Belarus in February.
It is not clear if the meeting will take place before or after President Putin speaks at the UN, correspondents say. The Russian leader is also due to meet Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on Monday.
Relations between the US and Russia nosedived after the Russian annexation of Crimea in March 2014. The move led to the US and other Western countries imposing sanctions on Russia amid allegations that it was fanning the insurgency in east Ukraine by providing troops and arms.
Russia has strongly criticised the sanctions, describing them as a naked attempt to force President Putin from power.
Russia has also been accused by the US of becoming increasingly involved in the Syria conflict by sending weapons, troops and supplies to an airport near the coastal city of Latakia.
US Secretary of State John Kerry said on Tuesday that the build-up appeared to be limited to Russia protecting its own forces in the country.
His comments followed the publication of satellite images that suggested Russia was developing two additional military bases at a weapons depot and military complex north of Latakia.


In a frenetic commercial district of Hong Kong, sandwiched between shops selling vitamins and clothing to tourists, the Causeway Bay Bookstore touts itself as the authority on Chinese politics.

The tiny shop specialises in selling gossipy paperbacks that are highly critical of China's leadership. They are particularly popular with mainland Chinese visitors who cannot buy the banned books at home.
But two weeks ago, four men who work for the bookstore and its affiliated publishing house went missing. Their colleagues believe they have been detained by Chinese officials because of their work.
One of their associates, Mr Lee, told BBC News: "I suspect all of them were detained. Four people went missing at the same time."
Among them is Gui Minhai, a China-born Swedish national who is the owner of Mighty Current, the publishing house that owns the bookstore.
According to Mr Lee, who declines to give his full name for fear of reprisals by Chinese officials, the publisher last communicated with colleagues via email on 15 October from the city of Pattaya in Thailand, where he owns a holiday home.
Mr Gui had written to tell printers to prepare for a new book and that he would send the material shortly. He has not been seen since.
The others are Lui Bo, general manager of Mighty Current, and Cheung Jiping, the business manager of the publishing house. Both have wives who live in Shenzhen, and were last seen there.
The fourth missing man is Lam Wingkei, manager of the bookstore, who was last seen in Hong Kong.
"I am quite certain that the main target was Mr Gui. They wanted to prevent him from publishing that book," said Mr Lee, who was not privy to what the publisher had been writing about.
"I think the others were taken because they thought the contents of the book had already been distributed."
Mr Lee said Mr Lam's wife had filed a missing persons report with the Hong Kong police, who have confirmed the case to the BBC.
Calls to China's Foreign Ministry office in Hong Kong have gone unanswered. Attempts to reach the relatives of the four men have been unsuccessful.
Sources close to the families fear international attention may hurt more than help.
Rights groups have expressed concern about the disappearances.
"We think that if the information is true, it is a deeply troubling case and it will have serious implications about the deterioration of freedom of expression in Hong Kong," said Amnesty International's China researcher Patrick Poon.
Freedom of the press is guaranteed in Hong Kong. But many in the publishing business say the Chinese government has begun to exert its influence in the industry.
Last year, Hong Kong publisher Yiu Mantin was sentenced to ten years in prison in China on smuggling charges.
His family believes the charges were trumped up, in retaliation for publishing a book highly critical of President Xi Jinping.
And last week, two Hong Kong journalists were on trial for selling political magazines in Shenzhen.
"The unfortunate coincidence of the report of the disappearances and the detention of Wang Jianmin and Guo Zhongxiao have cast a shadow on freedom of the press, a right enshrined in Hong Kong's Basic Law," said Bruce Lui of the Independent Commentators Association.
The Chinese government has so far shed no light on the whereabouts of the missing men.  But their disappearance has already sent jitters through Hong Kong's publishing industry.


In a withering analysis of the major parties' plans, the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) has concluded that households can expect lower incomes, whoever wins the election.

The think-tank said that, on average, most people will see tax and benefit changes which will reduce their income.
If the Tories win, and implement £12bn of social security cuts, they will need to cut benefits by 10%, the IFS said.
Labour's plans for a 10% tax band were dismissed as pointless.
The IFS accuses all the parties of planning to extract a huge amount of money by clamping down on tax avoidance -"mysteriously missed" in all previous clampdowns.
And all of the parties have "a shared lack of any attempt to paint a coherent strategy on tax reform".
Both the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats plan to increase the personal allowance - the amount one can earn before paying income tax - to £12,500 by the end of the next parliament.
But the IFS said that would not help the 44% of people who now pay no tax.
Instead it said the main beneficiaries would be those in "the middle and upper middle parts of the income distribution".
Under Labour and the Liberal Democrats, the number of higher rate tax-payers would increase from 4.9m now to 6.5m by 2020/21.
But Labour's plans to introduce a 10% starting rate for income tax also came in for criticism.
The IFS said this change would be worth a "princely" 50 pence a week to most tax payers.
"There is no point in introducing such a band," it said.
Both Labour and the Liberal Democrats plan to introduce a mansion tax on properties worth more than £2m.
But the IFS said it would be much more sensible to let the council tax take care of wealth in the housing market.
"Setting up an entirely separate tax is unnecessarily complicated", it claimed.
It said that Labour's plan to raise £1.2bn from the tax annually would mean that owners of properties worth more than £3m would have to pay around £16,600 a year each.
"Setting a revenue target is not a sensible way to make policy," it concluded.
On tax avoidance and evasion, the Conservatives plan to raise £4.6bn by further clamp-downs , Labour plans to raise £6.7bn, and the Liberal Democrats £9.7bn.
"Yet none of the parties has proposed specific measures that would increase revenues by these sorts of amounts."
Conservative plans to cut £12bn from the £220bn annual social security budget are also criticised.
The IFS said they were £10bn short of that target in terms of any specific proposals.
If, as the Tories have suggested, pensioner benefits are to be protected, the cuts would have to be "extremely challenging".
They might need to cut child benefit, disability benefits or housing benefits by as much as 10%.
But the other parties have no better plans either, said the IFS.
Labour's pledge to cap up-rating of child benefit by 1% a year would bring zero savings in the first year, and "likely" zero in the second year as well.
All the parties "share a lack of willingness to be clear about the details" of forth-coming changes, the IFS said.


The number of students in Wales working in the sex industry needs to be researched, the former chief constable of South Wales Police has said.

Barbara Wilding said there was an "emerging" picture of students turning to sex work, such as prostitution, erotic dancing and escort work.
A Swansea University project is trying to gauge the scale of the issue.
Ms Wilding said it was important to find out if students were forced into the work.
She added that support also needed to be put in place.
Swansea University is carrying out a three year study into concerns that students in Wales are turning to prostitution and other sex work.
It is feared some may have turned to it as a way of funding their studies.
However, there is only anecdotal evidence in Wales and the university believes an in-depth study into the issue is needed.
It has been given Â£489,143 of funding from the Big Lottery Fund to find out how big the issue is and to help provide support.
As part of its research it is launching the website - the Student Sex Work Project - on Friday, which researchers hope will prompt student sex workers to get in touch anonymously to share their views and experiences.
Ms Wilding, chair of the board of governors at Cardiff Metropolitan University, said there was much still unknown about the issue in Wales.
"This is an emerging area and this is the area we don't know very much about at all," she said.
"In fact what we don't know really is what the scale of it is in Wales."
She said research from the National Union of Students and sexual health agencies suggested that the problem was growing.
She pointed to studies in England, including one from the English Collective of Prostitutes which said calls to its helpline from students had doubled in 12 months.
"We need to know whether we have got the appropriate response to it and what's the motivation and can we do something about that as well, because it can be a very vulnerable area of activity for anyone to get involved in," she added.
Ms Wilding, who stood down as chief constable in 2009, said during her time as a police officer working on the streets in London in the 1970s she had often come into contact with women who were prostitutes and sex workers.
"This isn't a new game," she said.
"But they were mainly people who had drug addiction or had mental health problems or in really desperate desperate financial situations. They were often driven into it with no choice.
"Whereas with students we think we are dealing with a different set of circumstances.
"They are intelligent, starting their lives."
She admitted she was "surprised" when she was told about the evidence in her role as committee member at the Big Lottery Fund Wales.
She said she had asked staff at Cardiff Metropolitan University if they knew anything about the problem.
"Recently the chaplain there has become aware of men and women becoming involved in sex work," she added.
She added it was important to find out whether students were choosing to take part in sex work or whether they were being forced into it.
Dr Tracey Sagar, a lecturer at the university's Centre for Criminal Justice and Criminology who specialises in the regulation of sex work and is leading the project, said she hoped the research would "ensure that the right policies and services are in place for young people who engage in the sex markets in Wales".
Hannah Pudner, director of NUS Wales, said the research was "more important now than ever".
"We are coming across more and more stories of female students turning to the sex industry to fund their studies," she added.
Visitors to the website can also access comprehensive sexual health and personal safety advice.


Lord Saville, who chaired the Bloody Sunday inquiry, stands by his finding that one of those who was killed, Gerald Donaghey,  was "probably" carrying nail bombs when he was shot.

The 17-year-old was one of 13 people shot dead on 30 January 1972 by the Army in Londonderry.  Another man died five months later.
The teenager's family maintain that the bombs were planted by the RUC.
Lord Saville said he would be willing to meet with families of victims.
The Saville Report, published on 15 June 2010, was heavily critical of the Army and found that soldiers fired the first shot.
It also found that Gerald Donaghey was "probably armed with nail bombs but was not a threat at the time that he was shot".
The 17-year-old was a member of the IRA's youth wing, but witnesses said he did not have any bombs on him.
The family of Gerald Donaghey have been campaigning for years to clear his name.
Speaking to BBC Radio Foyle, Lord Saville said he has examined in detail the evidence put forward by his relatives.
"We spent some 120 pages investigating all the evidence connected with that particular aspect of the case and we weren't sure, but we thought on the balance of probabilities that he probably did have the nail bombs on him.
"I've read some of the material produced by those that disagree with that conclusion but I'm afraid that doesn't persuade me."
Lord Saville said he doesn't believe there is a strong enough case for an explanation as to how the bombs were planted on Gerald Donaghey.
"We did look at it in the most enormous detail and I am satisfied on the evidence that we received that we reached the right conclusion - but it was only on the matter of probabilities.
"Naturally I wanted to look at it just in case they were able to persuade me that we had got it completely wrong but they were unable to do that, and I remain of precisely the same view that we expressed in the report."
Lord Saville said he would be prepared to meet some of the Bloody Sunday families, including relatives of Gerald Donaghey, but he would not talk about the case in detail.
Gerald Donaghey's niece Geraldine Doherty has described Lord Saville's offer of meeting her family as a "token" gesture.
"He was the scapegoat for the rest of them all, they had to give them something. There's still that stain on Gerald and he's not fully vindicated," she said.
"The only reason we would want to meet him is to find out why he came to that conclusion on the nail bombs. It's just a courtesy, a good will gesture.
"As long as I live, I will never give this up for my uncle to get his name cleared properly."


The editor of the Irish Daily Star, Michael O'Kane, has been suspended over its publication of topless photographs of the Duchess Of Cambridge.

The Irishpaper's co-owners, Independent News and Media, confirmed that Mr O'Kane is suspended.
This is while an investigation into the use of the photos takes place.
The Irish Daily Star published the photographs on Saturday, after they had appeared in French magazine Closer.
On Monday, the Irish Justice Minister Alan Shatter said he would revisit the country's privacy bill following the Irish Daily Star's reprinting of the pictures.
Mr Shatter said legislation was needed to ensure a balance between proper investigative journalism and an individual's right to privacy.
"Some sections of the print media are either unable or unwilling in their reportage to distinguish between 'prurient interest' and 'the public interest'," he  added.
The tabloid's co-owner, Richard Desmond, said he was "taking immediate steps to close down" the Irish newspaper.
The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) said it was an "over the top reaction".
Earlier, the NUJ said it was "disproportionate" to threaten to cut more than 100 jobs.
Mr Desmond is chairman of the UK-based publisher Northern & Shell, which jointly owns the Irish Daily Star with Irish newspaper group, Independent News and Media (INM).
NUJ Irish secretary, Seamus Dooley, said the closure threat was "a callous and crude attempt by Northern and Shell to protect their UK commercial interests", and he claimed that the company had shown "no regard for the livelihood" of its Irish workers.
Both co-owners of the Irish Daily Star had criticised the decision of its editor, Mike O'Kane, to publish the pictures.
However, like the NUJ, INM has also described Mr Desmond's threat to close the title as disproportionate.
INM said Mr O'Kane's "regrettable" editorial decision was now under investigation but also pointed out that more than 120 staff are currently employed at the Irish Daily Star, directly and indirectly.
Mr Dooley said the contrast between the reactions of the two co-owners was interesting.
He said it would be "quite difficult" for INM to sustain the newspaper without the support of its UK partner.
The general secretary of the NUJ, Michelle Stanistreet, is to write to Mr Desmond on Monday, to express the union's concerns over his remarks.
She has described the closure threat as "an over-the-top reaction which should be reconsidered calmly and with consideration of the full implications for Irish journalism and for editorial diversity".
Lawyers acting for the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge have begun a bid in France to restrict publication of the pictures.
Their lawyer called for French magazine Closer to hand over the digital originals or face a large daily fine, during a hearing in Nanterre, Paris.
A lawyer for Closer claimed the couple's reaction was disproportionate.
The royal couple earlier launched a criminal complaint in France in relation to the pictures.


About 200 jobs are expected to go at the Dounreay nuclear site in Caithness over the next year.

Dounreay Site Restoration Limited (DSRL), the company decommissioning the site, said it was because a number of projects were nearing completion.
All the plant jobs going are expected to be voluntary redundancies.
The Unite union said it was disappointed as it believed there was enough work to support all existing jobs at the site, near Thurso.
Off the 200 jobs, 150 are expected to be voluntary redundancies at the plant, and the other 50 are in the supply chain.
Managing director Phil Craig said: "This voluntary programme will help us ensure that we have the right balance of skills to deliver the remainder of our decommissioning programme safely and securely while protecting the environment.
"The site and local community have long planned for such reductions, with more than Â£10m invested by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority and Dounreay in projects that are helping to create new and sustainable local jobs.
"We will work with our staff and their representatives along with our supply chain partners to ensure everyone is treated fairly and with respect throughout the process."
Built in the 1950s, Dounreay was an experimental nuclear power site.
The clean up operation is currently scheduled for completion by 2029.


Passengers on the lower deck of a bus where a girl was stabbed to death heard screaming but thought it was teenagers messing about, police have said.

Officers said they believed the attack on Christina Edkins during Thursday morning's rush hour in Birmingham appeared to be "random and senseless".
A 22-year-old man has been arrested on suspicion of murdering the 16-year-old who was attacked on the bus's top deck.
Police said they were still searching for the murder weapon.
Officers have until 01:00 GMT on Saturday either to charge or release the man they have in custody.
They said the suspect, a British national with links to Walsall, was not known to mental health units in the area and has no known link to the teenager.
Christina was stabbed once in the chest on the bus on Hagley Road while on her way to school in Halesowen.
A woman claiming to have witnessed the attack on the bus said she waited for the girl's attacker to get off the vehicle before performing CPR on the teenager.
Writing on Facebook, Stephanie Bent said: "I gave CPR until medics arrived and am deeply traumatised I could not save her. I certainly wasn't going to confront a knifeman knowing he had just stabbed someone I thought he may stab me too, all I cared about was getting up to the girl to help."
Police have said they "urgently" need to speak to all of the 16 people who were on the bus at the time of the attack, at about 07:30 GMT.
In a press conference Det Supt Richard Baker said police have been "overwhelmed" by the public response, which had provided the investigation with "crucial information".
He said there had been three people on the top deck of the bus at the time of the attack - Christina, her attacker and another man, who has been identified.
Mr Baker said the suspect "calmly waited to get off the bus" after Christina was attacked.
Detectives called for anyone who might have seen the suspect travelling on buses around the Birmingham area after the stabbing to get in touch.
Counsellors have been brought into Leasowes High School, where Christina was a pupil, to support pupils and staff.
Throughout the day, pupils and people living nearby have been leaving flowers, soft toys and balloons outside the school gates.
The school said it thanked "everyone for many offers of support" and extended heartfelt sympathy to Christina's family.
Friends of the teenager also gathered to pay their respects at Hagley Road, where a growing number of floral tributes have also been placed.
A book of remembrance has been opened at nearby St Peter's Church, in Lapal, Halesowen, where people can go to light a candle.
Several supermarkets in Halesowen have started collections for Christina's family.


Calls have been made for an urgent review after new details emerged about a case that resulted in the Welsh Government paying £1.25m compensation following a contract dispute.

Legal proceedings were brought by Triumph Furniture after it challenged a contract awarded to a rival.
It has now emerged the Welsh Government was alleged by the bidder to have breached EU rules.
The Welsh Government said it was taking the issue "extremely seriously".
Welsh Government Permanent Secretary Sir Derek Jones told AMs the compensation was paid following an arbitration process.
The most senior civil servant in the organisation had said his officials were looking at whether disciplinary action against the staff involved should be taken.
"In my view this was avoidable," Sir Derek had said, blaming in part "poor record keeping and some ill-judged, naive administration".
Sir Derek did not reveal the parties involved at the time, or what had been alleged by the bidder.
But Finance Minister Mark Drakeford has since told Welsh Conservative leader Andrew RT Davies that Triumph Furniture Limited challenged the award decision, and Cardiff-based Richard H Powell and Partners had been the successful bidder.
The contract related to furniture, fittings, planning and interior design on behalf of the Welsh Government, the assembly and the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales, Mr Drakeford said in written answers to questions from Mr Davies.
Russell George, the Welsh Conservative's economy spokesman, said the challenge was "highly embarrassing".
"The loss of such a significant sum of public money indicates shocking shortcomings in the Welsh Government's procurement procedures," he said.
"To minimise the risk of similar mistakes, the Welsh Government should conduct an urgent review of its procurement procedures and at the nearest opportunity instigate further training for staff handling public contracts," he said.
"The outcome of the review and its recommendations must be made public to ensure maximum transparency going forward."
At a meeting of the public accounts committee in October, Sir Derek said the "large" procurement case had been decided on "some very narrow margins in favour of one tenderer".
"The Welsh Government initially defended the allocation," he said, but after legal advice it was decided it would be better to "enter formal arbitration with the claimant, which was done".
A Welsh Government spokeswoman confirmed a settlement was reached following a legal challenge by an unsuccessful bidder on the project.
A spokesman added: "We are taking this issue extremely seriously and a number of measures have already been introduced to further strengthen our procurement processes and protect taxpayers money."
Richard H Powell and Partners declined to comment.
Triumph Furniture has been asked to comment.


MPs will question the chairman of the Iraq War Inquiry later this month for the first time since it published its official report in July.

Former civil servant Sir John Chilcot will appear before MPs on the Commons Liaison Committee on 18 October.
The report, which took seven years to complete, criticised Tony Blair and his government's case for going to war in 2003.
Mr Blair defended his actions, saying military action had been justified.
The Chilcot Inquiry, which began its work in 2009, after UK troops left Iraq, did not attempt to reach a verdict on the legality or otherwise of the military action.
Mr Blair has continued to insist the decision to remove Saddam Hussein was justified, although he has acknowledged that the intelligence on which it was based was flawed.
Appearing before a separate committee of MPs last month, Cabinet Secretary Sir Jeremy Heyward said he and other civil servants were in the "preliminary" phase of learning lessons from the report in terms of how government should operate in future.
He said he was frustrated at the length of time the inquiry had taken but believed that it could not have been expedited without changing the large terms of reference or restricting access to vital declassified documents and other material.
The liaison committee, made up of the chairs of individual parliamentary committees, is best known for questioning the prime minister of the day two or three times a year.


The wellbeing of people in their 60s increases as they reach the age of 70, according to a national survey.

That is despite many people in the age group having at least one chronic disease.
Participants were asked to rate how confident, cheerful, relaxed and useful they felt in their early 60s and then again aged 68 to 69.
The Medical Research Council survey has tracked the health and wellbeing of 1,700 people since their birth.
When the responses of those aged 60 to 64 were compared to their feelings towards the end of their seventh decade, the survey found there was an overall average improvement in all aspects of wellbeing.
This mirrors the results of previous studies which found that people in their 60s and 70s were more content than those in their 50s.
And a recent large survey of UK adults found those aged 65 to 79 to be the happiest age group.
Those aged 45 to 59 reported the lowest levels of life satisfaction.
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Dr Mai Stafford, the programme leader at the MRC's unit for lifelong health and ageing at University College London, said it was not yet clear what was behind the rise in wellbeing during people's 60s.
"We found that one in five experienced a substantial increase in wellbeing in later life, although we also found a smaller group who experienced a substantial decline," she said.
"The benefit of using a cohort study like this is that we can look at how individuals change over time.
"We hope this will allow us to pinpoint which common experiences may be linked to an improvement in wellbeing in later life."
In their 60s and 70s, people are more likely to prioritise social relationships and look after their mental health, she explained.
"By that time you've worked out what makes you feel better and what doesn't."
Although people are living longer, poor health in old age is still a concern.
Most survey participants reported having at least one common chronic disease such as arthritis, diabetes or hypertension.


YouTube and Minecraft legend Stampy Cat is to deliver a lecture in front of 2,000 schoolchildren in Dundee.

Stampy - whose real name is Joseph Garrett - will give the Royal Society of Edinburgh's Christmas lecture at the city's Caird Hall on Monday.
The creator of the "Let's Play" videos for Minecraft and other games has more than 6.7m subscribers on his YouTube channel.
The lecture will be shown exclusively on BBC iPlayer next Thursday.
BBC Scotland said Minecraft fans would, for the first time, be able to see Stampy demonstrate how he makes his videos during a session with Dundee games entrepreneur Chris van der Kuyl.
Stampy will talk through the making of his Christmas special while giving the audience an insight into his life and a career which has seen him become one of the world's most popular YouTubers.
Mr van der Kuyl said Stampy was the "epitome of the 21st Century digital native" who would inspire audiences whatever their age.
"Stampy is an inspiration to a whole new generation of young people who can clearly see that future careers will rely on a unique blend of talents, creativity, technical and design skills that can be mastered by everyone," he added.
The RSE lecture will be shown as part of the BBC Make it Digital initiative to encourage digital creativity amongst young people.


First Minister Nicola Sturgeon and UK Labour leader Ed Miliband have backed calls to double research funding into motor neurone disease.

Gordon Aikman, a political campaigner with the illness, had urged politicians to double funding into finding a cure.
Following the announcement, Mr Aikman took to twitter in a bid to get support from David Cameron and Nick Clegg.
He will also issue an appeal to party leaders in a speech at the Edinburgh International Science Festival.
Ahead of the address Mr Aikman said, with the right funding and co-ordination, Scotland could be on the cusp of finding a cure.
"Half of people with MND die within 14 months of diagnosis," Mr Aikman said. "The odds are stacked against me. This is likely to be the last general election I will see.
"So with just weeks until we go to the polls I am making a direct and personal plea to all the party leaders. David, Ed, Nick and Nicola - the ball is in your court.
"Don't tell me it can't be done. Let's dare to dream. We are poised to find the cure here in Scotland."
He said Scotland was home to world-leading MND researchers with a population which could be easily monitored by the NHS, while the recent decision to double the number of MND nurses would allow better tracking of patient progress.
"Scotland is the ideal place to drive both the discovery science, as well as deliver a stratified medical approach for individual patient care and ultimately better-focused clinical trials," he said.
He added: "I am dying but I am confident and excited about what the future of MND research holds.
"This is it. This is our chance. With the political will and modest investment we can, and we must, find a cure for future generations."
Mr Aikman was diagnosed with the incurable degenerative condition last year and he has since raised more than Â£250,000 for MND research through his Gordon's Fightback campaign.


Ayr United's return to the Scottish Championship ended in defeat against Raith Rovers.

Ross Callachan opened the scoring  when he firmly headed a pinpoint Bobby Barr long ball, delivered from his own half.
The Honest Men battled gamely, with Paddy Boyle, Alan Forrest and Daryll Meggatt all giving Kevin Cuthbert cause for concern in the Raith goal.
But Ross Matthews doubled Raith's lead on the rebound after substitute Rudi Skacel's shot had been saved.
Ayr United are back in the second tier following a four-year absence after winning promotion via last season's play-offs.
Match ends, Ayr United 0, Raith Rovers 2.
Second Half ends, Ayr United 0, Raith Rovers 2.
Paul Cairney (Ayr United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Ross Callachan (Raith Rovers).
Foul by Andy O'Connell (Ayr United).
Ross Callachan (Raith Rovers) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Rudi Skacel (Raith Rovers) left footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Daryll Meggatt (Ayr United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Rudi Skacel (Raith Rovers).
Attempt missed. Ross Docherty (Ayr United) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the left.
Substitution, Raith Rovers. Scott Robertson replaces Bobby Barr.
Ross Docherty (Ayr United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Mark Stewart (Raith Rovers).
Substitution, Raith Rovers. Mark Stewart replaces Declan McManus.
Jason Thomson (Raith Rovers) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Andy O'Connell (Ayr United).
Substitution, Ayr United. Andy O'Connell replaces Jamie Adams.
Substitution, Ayr United. Jamie Thomas replaces Robbie Crawford.
Attempt blocked. Bobby Barr (Raith Rovers) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Peter Murphy (Ayr United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Peter Murphy (Ayr United).
Declan McManus (Raith Rovers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt saved. Rudi Skacel (Raith Rovers) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Goal!  Ayr United 0, Raith Rovers 2. Ross Matthews (Raith Rovers) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner.
Paul Cairney (Ayr United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Jason Thomson (Raith Rovers).
Substitution, Raith Rovers. Rudi Skacel replaces Lewis Vaughan.
Alan Forrest (Ayr United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Ross Callachan (Raith Rovers).
Ross Callachan (Raith Rovers) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Daryll Meggatt (Ayr United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Lewis Vaughan (Raith Rovers).
Attempt blocked. Patrick Boyle (Ayr United) left footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Ayr United. Conceded by Kyle Benedictus.
Attempt missed. Alan Forrest (Ayr United) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left.
Foul by Patrick Boyle (Ayr United).
Ross Matthews (Raith Rovers) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Ayr United. Craig McGuffie replaces Michael Donald.
Attempt blocked. Declan McManus (Raith Rovers) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked.
Foul by Paul Cairney (Ayr United).


US drug enforcement agents attended sex parties funded by drug cartels, a new report has alleged.

Released on Thursday, the federal report details a number of cases of inappropriate behaviour at the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and other federal law enforcement agencies.
It found that some allegations were not fully investigated or went unreported.
The report also highlighted communication lapses and potential security breaches at the agencies.
One section of the report details that DEA agents attended sex parties with prostitutes in a foreign county.
The report did not disclose where the parties took place, but a federal law enforcement official told the Associated Press the parties occurred in Colombia.
According to the report, the parties were held at government-leased quarters where agents' phones and laptops were present.
But DEA investigators at the time did not report the allegations because they "did not believe that the special agents' conduct rose to the level of a security risk requiring a referral".
Several agents were also provided with money, expensive gifts and weapons, the report said.
The seven agents who admitted to attending the sex parties were given suspensions ranging from two to 10 days.  One was cleared of wrongdoing.
One DEA official told investigators: "Prostitution is considered part of the local culture and is tolerated in certain areas called 'tolerance zones'."
The investigation was spurred by Congress after reports surfaced in 2012 that Secret Service agents had hired prostitutes while protecting the president during a summit in Colombia.
Other allegations included unwanted advances, sex between training instructors and students, and relationships between a supervisor and subordinate.
The federal agencies investigated from 2009 to 2012 include the FBI, DEA, U.S. Marshals Service and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.


Coach Fabio Capello does not think Russia's Euro 2016 qualifier in Montenegro should have restarted after Igor Akinfeev had been hit by a flare.

The game was stopped for 35 minutes after the incident involving Russia's goalkeeper in the first minute.
It did resume but was eventually abandoned after further crowd disturbances and a touchline brawl involving players from both teams.
"The game should have been stopped immediately," said Capello.
The Italian added: "It was a very unpleasant situation."
Capello said the decision to resume was made by the Uefa match delegate.
European football's governing body is to investigate the ugly scenes, which also delayed the start of the second half and eventually prompted German referee Deniz Aytekin to take the teams off after 66 minutes.
Momir Djurdjevac, general secretary of the Montenegrin FA, condemned the home fans' actions.
"This is a human disaster," he said. "This is the final straw and someone has to say, 'enough!'. We can only thank God that someone was not hurt.
"A big dream for small Montenegro is to appear in the big competitions. It seems that we do not deserve, neither state nor national team, placement in the big competitions.
"What can we do after this? To pay a fine, to say goodbye to a great competition. Who is to determine the sentence, Uefa? It does not matter. For me, the game was not supposed to continue after the first minute."
CSKA Moscow's Akinfeev was struck on the head by the flare approximately 20 seconds after kick-off and was replaced by Yuri Lodygin.
Akinfeev was taken to the local hospital in the Montenegrin capital Podgorica, wearing a neck brace.
He was eventually released and flew back to Moscow with his team-mates.
"I want to say thank you to all those who supported me," he told the Russian team's website.
"I feel fine now. Unfortunately these things can happen sometimes in football. But I hope nothing like this ever happens again in Montenegro or any other country in the world."


The families of more than 50 babies and young children in Aberdeen are being offered revaccinations after the fridge the original doses were kept in was found to be faulty.

NHS Grampian has apologised to the parents of the young patients at Denburn Medical Practice.
It is believed the fridge could have been malfunctioning since last October.
The health board said it did not foresee any health problems arising from the situation.
Dr Diana Webster, consultant in public health medicine, said: "Our concern is that the effectiveness of the vaccines may have been compromised so they may not provide the necessary long-term protection.
"The expert advice we received was that boosters should be offered as a precautionary measure, and we can reassure parents there is no risk from the additional dose of vaccine."


Nico Rosberg has signed a new contract with Mercedes and will continue to partner triple world champion Lewis Hamilton for the next two years.

The German joined the team at the end of 2009 and has been runner-up in the championship for the past two seasons.
The 31-year-old's new deal means both he and Hamilton are under contract until the end of the 2018 season.
Rosberg leads the 2016 championship by one point from Hamilton going into Sunday's Hungarian Grand Prix.
The pair are dominating F1, having won nine of the opening 10 races, but their relationship is a fractious one, punctuated by a number of on-track clashes.
Rosberg said the new contract was a "special moment for me", adding: "I look forward to the future."
In a statement, Mercedes said:  "Nico has been a core member of the Silver Arrows since the team returned to the sport in 2010 and has played a crucial role in the team's success in that time."
Mercedes team boss Toto Wolff told BBC Sport: "Contract negotiations are never a formality because it is important for the driver and the team. It took a couple of months and we signed it last night.
"I am in for long-term stability especially with the regulations change. I am a faithful person and if it functions well with your wife you need to stay with your wife."
Wolff also said he had no concerns about Rosberg and Hamilton's contracts expiring at the same time.
"It means they will try to outperform each other and you have to think to the younger generation," he said. "For me, there is more opportunity than risk in having both run out at the same time."
BBC Sport's chief F1 writer Andrew Benson:
Rosberg's new deal is no surprise given it has been telegraphed by both team and driver for some time.
He is also leading the world championship - and Mercedes could not afford to let a man who might win it leave at the end of the season.
The former Williams driver, who has 19 F1 wins in his career, has had a sometimes difficult relationship with Briton Hamilton, but it is a relationship Mercedes feel they can control.
The driver line-up is perfect for them. In Hamilton, they have arguably the fastest driver in F1. In Rosberg, they have a man who can win when Hamilton hits trouble and who is  good enough to beat him on merit from time to time.
Retaining both drivers gives the team stability ahead of 2017, when a new set of regulations will dramatically change the cars. It's the obvious choice.
Rosberg's deal means all three top teams have confirmed driver line-ups for 2017.
Red Bull are retaining Daniel Ricciardo and Max Verstappen, while Ferrari have confirmed Kimi Raikkonen as partner for Sebastian Vettel.
The only active world champion without a drive at this stage is Britain's Jenson Button, whose McLaren contract expires at the end of this season.
McLaren are likely to promote their Belgian reserve driver Stoffel Vandoorne to partner double world champion Fernando Alonso, although chairman Ron Dennis told BBC Sport two weeks ago they would not decide until September.
Button also has interest from Williams, who are likely to drop Brazilian veteran Felipe Massa. Finn Valtteri Bottas is under option and is likely to be retained.