Aspirin may be able to boost the effectiveness of cutting-edge cancer medicines that bolster the immune system, scientists say.

Immunotherapy lets the body's own defences fight cancer and has been a source of huge excitement in the field.
And now scientists at the Francis Crick Institute have published a study suggesting aspirin may prevent tumours from hiding from the immune system.
Cancer Research UK said it could be a simple way of improving treatment.
The team showed that skin, breast and bowel cancer cells were producing high levels of a chemical, called prostaglandin E2, that could dampen down the immune response - effectively letting a tumour hide.
However, drugs like aspirin are able to change the chemical pathways inside the cancer cells that lead to prostaglandin E2 being produced.
Experiments in mice, published in the journal Cell, suggest such drugs can boost immunotherapy treatment.
But Prof Caetano Reis e Sousa, one of the researchers, told the BBC News website: "We are very far off patients, all this is preclinical research in mouse models, what we would like to do now is set up a clinical trial to formally demonstrate this could happen in humans."
Immunotherapy is one of the most promising fields in cancer research, with some trials showing terminal cancers can be shrunk and even disappear completely in rare cases.
Prof Reis e Sousa added: "The findings are exciting in the context of renewed interest in immunotherapy, really everyone in oncology and immunology has become extremely excited.
"But what we're finding is not a revolution, it's an evolution [that could help us] try to achieve an even greater rate of remission."
There have been previous suggestions that aspirin can prevent cancers forming in the first place.
And Prof Reis e Sousa said it was possible that aspirin was also preventing cancers forming by acting on the immune system, but that was still untested.
Prof Peter Johnson, from Cancer Research UK, said: "This research was carried out in mice, so there is still some way to go.
"But it's an exciting finding that could offer a simple way to dramatically improve the response to treatment in a range of cancers."


The execution of a Chinese villager - despite widespread calls to commute his sentence - has drawn criticism from those who say this country's courts have one way of handling the powerful and a different way of handling the poor.

In early May 2013, Jia Jinglong was preparing for his wedding day.
He wanted to have the ceremony at his family home in Hebei Province, not far from Beijing in northern China.
However, just prior to the big day, his house was knocked down to make way for a new development.
Adding to his woes, his fiancee then called off the wedding and he reportedly lost his job.
Jia Jinglong felt it was all too much. He sought revenge for the upheaval in his life following the destruction of his house without proper compensation.
In February 2015, he took a nail gun and went looking for the village chief, the man he decided was to blame. Then the groom-to-be-no-longer shot and killed the chief, 55-year-old He Jianhua.
For this he was sentenced to death.
In accordance with the rules governing all death penalty cases, his went to the Supreme Court for ratification. It was cleared to proceed.
There has been a major public campaign to have his death sentence commuted because of extenuating circumstances. Even some newspapers controlled by the Communist Party have been arguing that he should be spared.
But now word has come through from an official social media account run by the Shijiazhuang Intermediate People's Court: Jia Jinglong has been executed.
Some outside China will be wondering why the general public and Chinese media might have felt the need to campaign for somebody who admitted to murdering his local Communist Party secretary.
Well it all comes down to class and injustice in modern China.
These types of forced demolitions are routine here. It would be hard to argue against the premise that for years this country's central government has turned a blind eye while property developers, in league with corrupt local officials, have bulldozed people's houses, using paid thugs to beat up villagers if they try to resist.
It is a way of clearing out pesky residents which continues to this day.
The "compensation" paid is usually nowhere near enough to buy an apartment in the same area, forcing evicted families to move to distant, low-grade housing estates.
How can I say this so confidently? Because I've seen it first hand time and again. I've seen the houses being destroyed, I've seen the crying families and I've seen the men sent in to silence them.
Ask pretty much any China correspondent and they will tell you the same thing.
We are constantly approached by desperate people claiming their homes have been effectively stolen and destroyed. The BBC could do a story on one of these cases in a different location every week if we wanted to.
Because this is seen here as such a widespread abuse of power against the lao bai xing (the ordinary punters) there has been a view that - while murder is not to be condoned - Jia Jinglong was pushed into a corner; that the crimes against him should have meant commuting his death sentence to some lesser penalty.
After all, people will tell you, government officials and those in the upper echelons of society are saved from a lethal injection for much less.
These cases are posing a real problem for the Communist Party in terms of perceived legitimacy, especially when its reason for monopoly power is supposed to be delivering a more just world for the downtrodden.
In 2009, a 21-year-old woman working as a pedicurist in a hotel building was on a break, washing some clothes.
Attached to the hotel was a massage and entertainment complex called Dream Fantasy City. Offering food, drink, massages, karaoke and often prostitution, these types of establishments are popular with government officials.
When a local Communist Party figure approached Deng Yujiao asking her to stop washing her clothes and instead provide him with "special services" he fully expected to get his way.
She told him she didn't do that kind of work there. It's said he then took a wad of cash from his pocket and started slapping her on the face with it. He then pushed her onto a lounge and got on top of her. To defend herself she stabbed him four times with a small knife. One of the blows struck him in the neck, causing the director of the local township's business promotions office to bleed to death on the spot.
Deng Yujiao was charged with murder.
Her case drew huge waves of support from Chinese people using the Internet to campaign in her favour. To many, she was seen as a hero. Finally somebody was standing up to these small-town, corrupt and arrogant officials.
The social media posts were censored but the momentum could not be stopped.
Prosecutors dropped the murder charge and granted bail. She faced a lesser charge of "intentional assault" but was never sentenced. This was apparently due to her mental state.
There are considerable parallels in these two cases but certainly not in one respect.
Despite the public outcry there was to be no sparing Jia Jinglong.
His crime was committed in the new era of President Xi Jinping. Justice now appears to be more hardline and the Communist Party remains well and truly in charge of the courts and all that takes place inside them.


Graham Onions claimed a five-wicket haul to help Durham have the better of day one against Nottinghamshire.

Notts slumped to 73-7 before Luke Wood (65 not out) Steven Mullaney (63) shared an eighth-wicket stand of 92.
Onions took 5-56 as the hosts were dismissed for 204 in 54 overs, which meant Yorkshire were crowned county champions for the second year in a row.
Durham closed 30 runs behind on 174-2, with Mark Stoneman making 62 and Scott Borthwick unbeaten on 56
The visitors won the toss and invited Notts to bat on an overcast day and Jake Libby, playing in his first game of the season after recovering from a cruciate ligament injury, fell to Chris Rushworth (2-15) in the first over for a second-ball duck.
Onions got rid of Brendan Taylor and Michael Lumb, both for one, with the hosts slipping to 7-3 in the sixth over and Riki Wessels (13) then became a first wicket for 22-year-old Durham debutant Barry McCarthy (2-51).
McCarthy dropped Mullaney, who was on 41 at the time, in the deep, but later trapped the former Lancashire player leg before.
Wickets continued to fall and it was only the partnership of Mullaney and Wood - who passed fifty for the third time this season - which pushed Notts past 200 and earned a single batting bonus point.
Durham started at pace in their reply with Stoneman and Jack Burnham putting on 78 for the first wicket in 15.5 overs.
Stoneman, who was caught by Mullaney off Jake Ball, and Borthwick, who reached his ninth half-century of the season, then put on a second-wicket partnership of 53 as the hosts reached the close in a strong position.
It meant Notts wicketkeeper Chris Read still requires two dismissals to become the 26th player in history to reach 1,000.


Australian police have released footage of a man who allegedly threatened a motorist with a knife while carrying a dog.

Footage from Queensland Police shows a speeding car erratically crossing lanes on two major Gold Coast roads.
After several minutes the car stops due to a flat tyre, and a man emerges holding a large knife and a dog.
The man appears to threaten a motorist with the knife before running off the motorway in Thursday's incident.
Still clutching the dog, the man rushes into a residential area near Gold Coast Airport and enters a house.
Police said they confronted the man and he surrendered to them without incident.
A 24-year-old man was charged with a number of offences over the incident, including attempted robbery, dangerous driving and entering a dwelling with intent.
Local media named the man as Kayne Selfe and said he had been remanded in custody after a court appearance.
Police said the dog was found safe and well.


Infosys, India's second-largest software firm, has reported a 21% increase in quarterly profit and maintained its revenue growth forecast.

Net profit for the quarter rose to 28.86bn rupees ($481m) from 23.74bn rupees a year earlier.
The figure beat analysts' expectations and shares in the company jumped 4% on the Bombay Stock Exchange.
The IT outsourcing company recently appointed technology veteran Vishal Sikka as its chief executive.
A former board member at SAP, Mr Sikka is the first outsider to run Infosys.
Business has been improving for the Indian firm after a difficult period of lower client spending.
The company reported revenue of $2.1bn in the quarter, and maintained its forecast for full-year revenue growth at 7-9% in dollar terms.
Infosys currently employs 160,000 people, but it admitted that it had been losing employees to competitors and was taking steps to address this.
"Employee attrition rates are worrisome and we are implementing various initiatives to retain good talent", said chief operating officer U. B. Pravin Rao.
Infosys is seen as a key indicator of the health of India's IT outsourcing industry, which is valued at more than $100bn.


Images of the hole drilled by thieves into the vault at a Hatton Garden safe deposit company over Easter have been released by the Met Police.

Pictures show the damage caused by burglars in order to get access to Hatton Garden Safe Deposit Ltd in central London.
In the vault, discarded safety deposit boxes, power tools, including an angle grinder, and concrete drills and crowbars can be seen
No arrests have been made.
The image shows the hole made using a heavy duty drill, model hilti DD350. It measured  50cm deep, 25cm high, 45cm wide and 89cm tall.
Police said there was no sign of forced entry to the outside of the building. Burglars disabled the communal lift on the second floor, then used the lift shaft to climb down into the basement.
They forced open shutter doors into the basement and bored holes into the vault wall.
All but six of those thought to have been victims of the crime have been contacted, the force said.
It added an appeal will be broadcast on Crimewatch on BBC One on Thursday.


The maker of Irn Bru has reported a sharp rise in annual profits and improved sales in the past two months.

AG Barr reported pre-tax profits of Â£30.4m for the year to the end of January, up 25% on the Â£24.5m the company made a year earlier. Revenue rose by more than 10% to Â£222.4m.
The firm said it had seen strong growth in all core brands.
However, it warned that the industry faced higher input costs and continuing consumer caution this year.
"AG Barr has maintained its track record of strong financial performance, delivering double-digit sales and profit growth despite the challenging economic environment," said the group's chief executive, Roger White.
"The soft drink sector will face tough comparative trading across 2011, as well as further cost volatility and general economic uncertainty."
As well as Irn Bru, the Cumbernauld-based firm makes Orangina, Tizer, Rubicon and Ka drinks.


Former West Indies captain Jimmy Adams has left his role as head coach of Kent after five seasons.

The 48-year-old, who played 54 Tests and 127 one-day internationals, joined the club before the start of the 2012 campaign.
Kent finished second in Division Two of the County Championship this year, missing out on promotion.
"I've enjoyed my time at Kent which has been a great learning experience for me," he said.
"I wanted to be involved in a club that was seeking to grow and I am fortunate to have found that here at Kent over the past five seasons."
Kent's second-placed finish in Division Two is their highest since Adams' first year in charge, when they ended the season third in the table.
With Division One being restructured for the 2017 season onwards, only one promotion place to the top flight was available.
However, Kent are currently calling for arbitration with the England and Wales Cricket Board as Durham were relegated for financial reasons, allowing Hampshire a reprieve from the drop rather than Kent being promoted.
Kent's best performance in the One-Day Cup under Adams came when they reached the semi-finals in 2014, while they progressed to the last eight of the T20 Blast in 2015.
Kent chairman George Kennedy said: "Jimmy's commitment to developing Kentish cricket talent is shown by the core of home-grown players now at the heart of our professional squad."


Amazon has said that a simple typo was the cause of several high-profile websites and services being knocked offline earlier in the week.

Hours of problems struck services like Q&A forum Quora, and Giphy, an image hosting service.
The sites rely on hosting provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS) - a cloud computing provider.
A typo made during a routine debugging of the AWS billing system caused the failure.
"Unfortunately, one of the inputs to the command was entered incorrectly and a larger set of servers was removed than intended," Amazon said in an online statement.
The error required a full restart that "took longer than expected".
Around 150,000 websites and services rely on AWS.
Among those affected by the failure was - somewhat ironically - Down Detector, a service that tracks downtime at major websites.
Amazon, which is the world's largest provider of cloud services, says it is now making changes to help prevent a similar incident occurring in the future.


There are lots of ways to help the bees in your garden - you could try making this 'bee B and B' for solitary bees to live in.

19 April 2017 Last updated at 08:45 BST
Solitary bees aren't like honeybees that live in hives. They make their nests on their own and lay their eggs in tunnels.
To help them have somewhere to live, you can make your own bee hotel...
To make a bee B and B you'll need:
Get a grown up to help stick all of the sides of the box together with wood glue - leaving one side open. Then stick on the top and bottom of the box.
Put bamboo cane and other hollow materials into the box- ask a grown up to cut it down to size if necessary. The bees will nest and lay eggs in these tubes.
And there you have your bee B and B!


Police investigating the murder of a girl more than 50 years ago are investigating 100 new lines of inquiry.

Elsie Frost, 14, was found dead on a towpath, in Wakefield, in 1965. She had been stabbed in the back and head.
Since launching their re-investigation West Yorkshire Police has received 40 calls, including a report of a man in a duffel coat near the murder scene at about the time Elsie's body was found.
Det Ch Insp Elizabeth Belton said the response had been "highly encouraging".
Elsie was attacked on 9 October 1965 as she walked through a railway tunnel, which now leads onto Monckton Road, just off the Calder and Hebble Canal towpath.
Her body was found near a flight of stairs known locally as the ABC steps.
According to a new witness, the man in the duffel was seen near the steps at about 16:15 BST and in the surrounding area later that afternoon.
Mrs Belton said: "A common description of a person of interest which has come from some of the calls has been of a man wearing a brown, potentially duffel, type coat with dark hair who was seen on the canal towpath.
"He was of medium to thin build and in his early 20's. He was described as carrying a bag by some witnesses, and was possibly of what was described as a scruffy or 'student type' appearance.
"Witnesses describe seeing potential suspects in the area of the canal at around the time of the murder and then in the Denby Dale road area after 4.45pm, and then into the evening."
Anyone with information is asked to contact the Major Investigation Review Team on 101.


The detective who led the investigation into the Kingsmills murders has apologised to the victims' families for not getting the satisfaction they hoped for.

Det Ch Insp Mitchell said the "workload at the time" and "depleted resources" led to weaknesses in the investigation.
Ten Protestant men were shot by the IRA in the attack known as the Kingsmills massacre in County Armagh in 1976.
They were shot after gunmen stopped their bus on their way home from work.
During questioning by a barrister for one victim's family, Det Ch Insp James Mitchell acknowledged that forensic evidence from a van that was involved in the murder was not correlated with evidence found at the scene.
If the evidence had been correlated it would have enabled detectives to place the van at the scene, but that did not happen.
Samples of soil, a broken mirror and paint were taken by the forensics team from the scene.
Forensic evidence was also gathered from a dark green van which had been hijacked earlier and discovered across the border in Dundalk, County Louth.
During the eight months after the killings no forensic reports relating to those items removed were received by the investigations team.
This was despite the fact that a positive match between the two sets of evidence could have proven that the van found in Dundalk was at the scene of the massacre.
In 2011, a review of the case was carried out by the Historical Enquiries Team (HET).
The HET investigation established that no evidence remained.
It also said that some of the original evidence had been destroyed in a fire at the laboratory eight months after the killings.


A family facing deportation after living in Scotland since 2008 are to return to Canada.

Jason and Christy Zielsdorf, who have five children and ran a shop in the small Highlands community of Laggan, are to leave voluntarily on Thursday.
The Home Office said the family's bid to continue living in Scotland failed to meet immigration rules.
The Zielsdorfs have been fighting to stay, saying they have sought to meet all requirements of their visa.
Laggan Stores Coffee Bothy and Wayfarer's Rest, the shop the family ran in Laggan in the Cairngorms, closed on 14 April and has been put up for sale by the family.
Mr Zielsdorf told BBC Radio Scotland that he and his family felt that they had no choice but to leave.
He said: "We can always opt out of our voluntary departure, but it would just be inevitable unless the Home Office does something significantly in our favour."
The Home Office has said Mr Zielsdorf's application for an extension of leave to remain under the Tier 1 Entrepreneur route was refused as it did not meet the immigration rules on several counts.
These included providing evidence of self-employment, evidence of National Insurance contributions and the requirement to employ two people full-time for 12 months.
A Home Office spokesman added that all visa applications were "carefully considered on their individual merits" in line with the UK immigration rules.
The Zielsdorfs' deportation comes about six months after an Australian family that had been facing deportation was granted permission by the Home Office to continue living in the UK.
Gregg and Kathryn Brain and their son Lachlan, who live in Dingwall in the Highlands, had been trying to qualify for a new visa.
The family initially moved to the UK in 2011 on Mrs Brain's student visa.
They had intended to move to a post-study visa but this scheme was withdrawn by the UK government.
However, Mrs Brain managed to secure a job that met visa regulations and the Home Office allowed her to remain in the UK.
Also in the last six months, a mother of two who was at risk of being deported because of an issue with her visa was granted leave to stay in the UK.
Gloria Macleod, who has an Indian passport and is married to a Scot currently working in Dubai, was also living in Dingwall.
The couple's young daughters were attending a local school and the family was planning to set up home in the area.
The Home Office had previously said she that she did not have the correct visa.


The man accused of murdering nine black people in a South Carolina church last year is "evil, evil, evil", a tearful survivor said as the trial began.

Felicia Sanders, whose son Tywanza died in the 17 June 2015 massacre, said Dylann Roof, 22, was welcomed by the bible study class before opening fire.
She said she initially mistook the shooting inside the Charleston church for an electrical fault with a lift.
If jurors find him guilty, they will decide if he should be put to death.
Mr Roof sat looking at the defence table during Ms Sanders' emotional testimony.
What victims' families told Roof
Assistant US Attorney Jay Richardson told jurors - in a court barely a mile from where the bloodbath unfolded - that Mr Roof had a "cold and hateful heart".
The prosecutor said the accused had turned his gun on the group about half an hour after joining them at the Emmanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church.
He fired 70 shots, 60 of which made impact, according to Mr Richardson.
The accused also hurled insults at his victims during the attack, Mr Richardson said, and left survivors "to tell his story".
The assistant US attorney said the accused had planned to inspire a "race war".
Mr Roof "hoped to send a message to other white people to stand up and do something", Mr Richardson said.
Mr Richardson said the jury would hear Mr Roof's two-hour recorded confession to FBI agents following his arrest.
"He admitted that he almost didn't do it, that he almost walked out the door," assistant US attorney said, adding that Mr Roof had chosen the church due to its prominence among African-Americans.
"But in the end he decided that he just had to do it."
The prosecutor said the jury would also see excerpts from the accused's "manifesto", which he allegedly typed on his father's computer hours before the attack.
"His manifesto was a call to arms, a belief that it was not too late take this country back from black Americans," Mr Richardson said.
Mr Roof's lawyer, David Bruck, said he may not call any witnesses because there is little question his client committed the attack.
"He did it," said the attorney. "You're probably wondering, so what we are doing here? Why does there need to be a trial?"
The lawyer said he hoped Mr Roof would be held in prison for the rest of his life, rather than executed by the state.
The accused has said he wishes to act as his own attorney if convicted, once the sentencing phase of the trial begins.
Last week he had asked to act as his own lawyer throughout the case.
But earlier this week he changed his mind, saying he would only represent himself after his guilt or innocence is determined.
The jury comprises two black women, eight white women, one white man and a black man.
Mr Roof is charged with 33 federal counts, including hate crimes.


The writer of The Audience, a play about the Queen's private meetings with her prime ministers, is poised to rework the script to reflect the result of the general election.

Peter Morgan told the BBC that he had "a lot of writing to do in the coming days".
The play has returned to London's West End with Dame Kristin Scott Thomas as the Queen.
She said the prospect of a new scene to learn was "a little nerve-wracking".
The original production of The Audience opened in the West End in 2013 with Dame Helen Mirren in the lead role.
Dame Helen is now starring in the Broadway version.
Speaking after Tuesday's opening night performance, Morgan said he had already made "significant changes" for the 2015 version.
These include dropping the character of James Callaghan, and adding Tony Blair.
In another updated scene, the Queen and David Cameron refer to the imminent general election.
"Seeing it as close to an election as we are sharpens people's appetite for prime ministers in disarray and crisis," he said.
"I could be having a sleepless night between Thursday and Friday writing a new scene for [Labour leader Ed] Miliband or Cameron.
"Whatever happens, the next scene the Queen has with a prime minister will either be accepting Cameron's resignation or asking him to form a new government.
"We are in the process of auditioning a few Ed Milibands just in case, because otherwise we'd be left looking like fools."
Dame Kristin said meeting the Queen to receive her damehood at Buckingham Palace in March had been a "bizarre" experience.
"I've always not really wanted to play people who actually existed and I gave in to this one," said the 54-year-old.
"It was odd meeting someone I was going to pretend to be."
She said she had "never really paid attention" to the Queen before taking on her latest role but was "a huge admirer" now.
Here is what the critics have said about the new production of The Audience.
Scott Thomas gives a highly accomplished performance that veers between mischievous irony and icy hauteur, but without quite convincing us of the Queen's ability to act as a therapeutic counsellor to her disturbed premiers.
Read the full review.
Scott Thomas is certainly regal: elegant, refined, chin lifted and nose looked down. This is a rather arch interpretation; the slightest pursing of lips may suggest one is amused, or deeply disapproving. She glides smooth and cool as marble through on-stage costume changes and time-shifts.
Looks-wise, it's not the most natural fit - Scott Thomas is just glamorous in a way even twinsuits over fatsuits for the later years can't hide - but her slicing comic subtlety is a treat.
Read the full review.
Elegant Dame Kristin easily holds her own against the gilded memory of Dame Helen Mirren - now reprising her turn, to Tony Award-nominated effect, on Broadway.
Her Elizabeth is taller than the monarch, and more icily "regal"; the actress implies that the Queen takes a certain enjoyment at the discomfort she can cause with a telling, reproving silence or too-pained diplomatic smile.
Read the full review.
The Audience runs at the Apollo in London until 25 July.


Within the deal struck by the prime minister in Brussels are some changes aimed specifically at the City of London and business.

At the moment, the UK - along with several others including Poland and Sweden - is inside the EU but outside the Eurozone, those countries that have signed up for the single currency.
But when new legislation is adopted across Europe, the UK isn't allowed to point to its non-Eurozone status and say that any new rules relating to business and finance shouldn't apply to Britain.
Britain usually votes with the rest of the EU on new legislation but one example of when it was outvoted on a business-related measure was the cap on bankers' bonuses in 2013. Britain opposed the plan because it would apply primarily to London-based senior executives and could discourage them from working here.
But that kind of scenario shouldn't be possible in future under the agreement struck on Friday.
A binding undertaking has now been agreed by all 28 heads of state and government not to introduce any legislation which may discriminate against non-Eurozone countries.
So all this means there is now a formal recognition that the EU has several currencies, not just the euro.
That matters when it comes to new laws because the EU Commission can no longer draw up rules with the 19-country Eurozone mostly in mind. It is now legally obliged to include UK, Polish and Swedish concerns - as well as those of any other non-Eurozone member states - when it is drafting legislation.
For the City of London, this matters. The European Central Bank will no longer be able to force payments in euros to be cleared (or formally processed) in a Eurozone member state.
Nor can, for example, a German or Italian regulator try to coerce one of its banks to move parts of its business or even its senior management from London to Frankfurt or Milan.
Beyond financial matters, there have been clear and formal commitments in the Brussels agreement to cutting red tape and encouraging growth and job creation for the entire EU. That's been an informal aspiration up to now.
This means that the EU Commission must now ask itself whether a proposed new rule is necessary at all and whether it should be monitored by a local regulator rather than by the commission itself.
Finally the Brussels agreement gives formal political weight to the EU developing closer international trade deals such as with Japan, India and the on-going talks with the US called the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP).
The government has said that British companies would benefit from much closer trade deals with giant emerging economies to reduce its dependence on its EU trade partners which currently account for up to half of UK exports.
In terms of the business lobby groups and where they will stand on the forthcoming referendum on 23 June, the CBI says it will campaign to stay in.
As will TheCityUK, which represents large banks, insurers and consultants in Britain.
The British Chambers of Commerce has said that it wouldn't campaign for either the "remain" or "leave" sides.  The Federation of Small Businesses will also remain neutral


Benedict Cumberbatch and Stephen Fry are among signatories of an open letter asking the government to pardon 49,000 men who were prosecuted for being gay.

Members of World War Two codebreaker Alan Turing's family have also signed.
Turing, played by Cumberbatch in The Imitation Game, was convicted of gross indecency in 1952 and killed himself in 1954. He was pardoned in 2013.
The signatories have asked the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and other "young leaders" to help with their campaign.
But a spokesman for the couple said it was a matter for government and they would not make any public comment.
Turing was granted a posthumous pardon by the Queen in 2013, four years after then Prime Minister Gordon Brown offered an "unequivocal apology" for the way he was treated.
Now campaigners want pardons for all of those who were convicted of similar offences.
The letter, printed in the Guardian, states: "The UK's homophobic laws made the lives of generations of gay and bisexual men intolerable.
"It is up to young leaders of today including the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge to acknowledge this mark on our history and not allow it to stand."
It describes Turing as "one of the greatest heroes of the 20th century" for helping to crack the Enigma code and says he was "pivotal in the development of modern computers".
The letter continues: "The apology and pardon of Alan Turing are to be welcomed but ignores over 49,000 men who were convicted under the same law, many of whom took their own lives.
"An estimated 15,000 men are believed to still be alive."
Cumberbatch, who has been nominated for an Oscar for his portrayal of Turing, and The Imitation Game's director Morten Tyldum are also joined as signatories by Turing's great niece Rachel Barnes and Matthew Todd, editor of Attitude Magazine.
Ms Barnes told BBC News the royal pardon given to Turing was "fantastic for all of us because he was such a great man and did so much for this country."
"But we've always considered that it is totally unjust that only Alan was given a pardon," she said. "There were 50,000 other homosexuals who were convicted and not given a pardon. We would really like this to be put right now."
An estimated 15,000 of them are still alive, she added.
An online petition has also been launched at www.Pardon49k.org, with more than 60,000 having signed it so far.


"When you treat a cancer, you have to use unfortunate measures," said Bashar Warda, Chaldean Catholic archbishop of Irbil, when I asked him if it was right to kill members of the so-called Islamic State (IS).

"They consider us blasphemers and infidels," he went on, "when they refuse to negotiate, refuse dialogue, refuse your right to exist - when they don't consider you as a human being, and try to terminate you. What other option do you have to eliminate their violence?"
There was applause and ululating in the cathedral church of St Joseph in Irbil when Archbishop Bashar made the same argument at a mass of consecration at the cathedral after extensive renovation and modernisation.
More than 1,000 Iraqi Christians attended the mass, which was a superbly rehearsed and performed piece of Catholic theatre.
There was sublime chanting from a choir of men and women in smart cream uniforms.
Altar boys and girls in red and white vestments attended the archbishop as he conducted the mass.
The air soon grew thick with smoke from incense burning in a censer swung by a priest at the head of a procession of priests in white, led by one holding a staff with a silver crucifix at its top.
The language of the mass is Chaldean, which is related to Aramaic - the language spoken in the Middle East at the time of Christ.
The congregation spoke the Lord's Prayer in Chaldean.
The church has new murals decorated in red and gold, depicting the baby Jesus with Joseph and Mary.
Mary - Mariam in Arabic - is a particular figure worshipped here. Jesus is also venerated in Islam, and she as his mother.
Indeed, there were several Muslims in the congregation.
I first met Bashar Warda 11 years ago, when he was a parish priest in Baghdad, at the Church of St Ilya, right next to a Shia mosque.
Muslim women were praying at a statue of the Virgin Mary in the church courtyard.
Father Bashar showed me his primary school, for more than 400 Christian - and Muslim - children (60% and 40% respectively).
There was no religious instruction, he told me, "just to learn to live together, study together, accepting each other."
Father Bashar concluded his remarks with "it's the Iraqi way of living together." That was in 2005.
The violent years that followed profoundly undermined that Iraqi way.
Several priests have been killed - one beheaded and dismembered. A previous archbishop of Mosul died after being kidnapped, and a priest in Baghdad was kidnapped and released only when a ransom was paid.
Dozens of Christians have died in bomb attacks on their churches during Mass.
Al-Qaeda in Iraq and its successor, IS, have killed hundreds of Christians, and menaced many more out of their homes.
But this Christmas coincides with some relief, at last, for thousands of Iraqi Christians.
Several of their towns and villages around Mosul have been liberated from occupation by the violent and uncompromising religious zealots of IS.
The new altar in St Joseph's contains pieces of broken stone which Archbishop Bashar recovered from the altars of two churches that IS destroyed in two Christian villages near Mosul.
The mass of consecration in Irbil was followed by fireworks, a cake baked in the shape of the church with its new red cross on top - and the choir singing a wistful, nostalgic song - Auld Lang Syne - In Arabic.
But the same tune, and the same words and meaning, "times gone by".
One of its lines is: "Our voices all combine in sweet accord to thank our Lord."
Listen to Hugh's report from Irbil


Welsh patients face a "markedly inferior" diagnostic test service compared to those in England, a Labour MP has said.

Cynon Valley's Ann Clwyd cited rising figures of those waiting longer than six weeks to have an MRI scan, ultrasound or gastroscopy test.
The MP has been vocal in her criticism of the Welsh NHS in the past.
Welsh Government said those waiting more than eight weeks in December was 61% lower than in January 2014.
Statistics obtained from the House of Commons Library by Ms Clwyd showed the percentage of people waiting for MRI scans in Wales for more than six weeks rose from 14.5% (1,884 patients) in November to 24.8% (3,092) in December.
A total of 1.4% of patients - 2,517 - waited longer than six weeks in England in December for the same test.
Ms Clwyd said the figures were "very disappointing".
"It is simply unacceptable that patients in Wales have such a markedly inferior service to their English counterparts.
"The long term effects of delays in diagnosis which result from this situation have real implications both for the patient's health and for the nation's health."
Ms Clwyd said she would write to First Minister Carwyn Jones to ask what steps can be taken to oblige health boards to increase efforts on tests "as a matter of urgency".
Other figures showed a total of 56.7% of patients (3,134) were waiting more than six weeks for gastroscopy tests in Wales, compared to 47.6% (2,614) in November.
Just 4.1% (1,677) were waiting that amount of time in England.
On non-obstetric ultrasound, people waiting more than six weeks rose from 16.9% (3,380) in November to 23% (4,524) in December.
In England the figure for December for patients waiting longer than six weeks stood at 0.6% (1,740).
A Welsh Government spokesman said: "Our target in Wales is a maximum wait of eight weeks with people waiting less than four weeks on average.
"In December 2016, the number of people waiting more than eight weeks for specified diagnostic services was 61% lower than January 2014.
"Actions are already in place to improve waiting times and we expect health boards to ensure that there will be no-one waiting over eight weeks for MRI, CT and non-obstetric ultrasound scans by the end of March."
Ms Clwyd said in 2012 that her late husband Owen Roberts was treated "like a battery hen" at the University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff.


Burkinis have been in the news because they have been banned on some French beaches.

But what are they, why do people wear them, and why have they been banned?
Here's Newsround's guide to what's going on.
A burkini is a type of swimming costume that some Muslim women wear, which covers the arms, legs and hair.
To some Muslims, wearing clothes that cover these parts of the body is seen as a sign of modesty and of faith.
There are lots of different types of headscarves that Muslim women wear and some don't wear any.
A burkini is a version of these that can be used when swimming or on the beach.
It's called a burkini because it's a mix of the words 'burqa' - which is a type of Islamic clothing - and 'bikini'.
Some towns in France have banned women from wearing a burkini on public beaches or in the sea.
If they break the ban and wear one, they will have to pay a fine.
This is because in France religion is supposed to be completely separate from other parts of life in public.
This means that symbols of religion are banned in some public places.
Some politicians have now argued this should include the burkini.
Tensions have been high in France since a number of attacks by Islamist extremists and many people are arguing about the best way to respond as a country to what has happened.
Many people in France and in other countries think that it is not right to tell women what clothes they can and can't wear.
They say that it should be a choice whether to wear a burkini or not.
But others think that it is right for the burkini to be banned, as they say that it goes against the values and laws of France.
Some people also think that the burkini is a symbol of women's inequality to men in the Islamic religion.


In the tranquil, late summer warmth of Germany's north-eastern corner, election billboards scream alarming messages.

The far-right National Democratic Party (NPD) poster is certainly eye-catching - sinister, black-clad "rapefugees" juxtaposed with the rear view of a shapely, nearly naked white woman.
But nearby, in plain black and blue, there is a less visual but equally arresting message.
To those interested in mass immigration, criminality and pension security, it declares, vote AfD on Sunday "so that Germany is not destroyed".
AfD refers to Alternative for Germany, and is a populist, Eurosceptic party, founded just three years ago and already the country's fastest-growing political movement.
If the latest polls are anything to go by, the AfD is, for the first time, ahead of Chancellor Angela Merkel's conservative Christian Democrats (CDU) here in her home state, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
With the CDU also losing support in Berlin, which holds elections later this month, September could represent a significant milestone in Mrs Merkel's long political journey, as she ponders running for a remarkable fourth term as chancellor next year.
In this largely rural state, commonly known as "MeckPomm", strident messages about immigration might seem a little hollow.
The state has taken in around 26,000 migrants since the current wave began in 2015. It is a small proportion of the estimated one million who arrived last year. Under a federal allocation system, Mecklenburg is expected to take in just 2.03% of all refugees.
But this region of the former East Germany is also poor and thinly populated.
Anti-immigrant rhetoric resonates. It is key to the AfD's success, a theme relentlessly highlighted in campaign literature and meetings with voters.
At an AfD campaign stop in Grosse Klein, a poor suburb of Rostock with a higher than average concentration of immigrants, the subject of foreigners, particularly Muslims, dominated.
"They don't fit here at all," party supporter Hannelore Schroter told me.
"When I see these women in public, completely covered, I think they shouldn't be here in Germany."
At its party congress, earlier this year, the AfD declared that "Islam is not a part of Germany", and called for bans on burkas (full-body veils), minarets and the call to prayer.
"It's very difficult to integrate Muslims. People from a strange culture," party spokesman Roger Schmidt told me.
For some, the very name Rostock is synonymous with hostility to outsiders.
In 1992, the suburb of Lichtenhagen saw Germany's worst post-war anti-immigrant riots. Petrol bombs were hurled at apartment blocks housing asylum seekers, while thousands of local residents stood by and cheered.
Twenty-four years later, in Rostock's elegant city centre, the chilling sounds from that episode played from loudspeakers, as local activists commemorated one of the city's darkest hours. This, they warned, must not be allowed to happen again.
In recent weeks, popular protests in Grosse Klein forced the city to remove 15 migrant boys from a youth centre and cancel plans to build a new refugee shelter.
There is no suggestion the AfD was involved in the protests, but Martin Koschkar, a political scientist at Rostock University, says the party is making effective use of the current climate.
"The AfD benefits from this polarised debate," he told me.
Two terror attacks in July involving refugees have heightened security concerns across Germany. But Mr Koschkar says an underlying dissatisfaction with politicians is also helping to fuel the party's rise.
"They're mixing the migration topic with general criticism of the older parties."
Sunday's election in MeckPomm coincides with the first anniversary of the day, a year ago, when Angela Merkel decided to bring thousands of migrants to Germany on trains.
Coupled with her "we can do it" announcement, a few days earlier, it marked a turning point in Mrs Merkel's political fortunes. The rise of the AfD is just one of many consequences.


The BBC is proposing to introduce a news service for Eritrea and Ethiopia on medium- and short-wave radio.

In addition to Africa, the BBC has proposed expanding services in other countries, like Russia and North Korea.
This is to enhance its coverage of "parts of the world where there is a democratic deficit in impartial news".
BBC Head Tony Hall also suggested increasing digital services to Nigeria, one of the broadcaster's biggest markets in Africa.
The suggestions would need to be approved by the government before the services are launched.
They are part of a green paper set out by the BBC as part of its discussions with the government about its future.
The proposals say there is the ambition to be commercially self-sufficient and that the aim would be for any public funding to be matched by external income.
These could include advertising, subscription, syndication deals and funding from other governments.
The government launched a consultation in July on the BBC's Royal Charter, which sets out the purpose of the BBC and how it will be governed, promising to ask "hard questions" about the corporation's size and ambition.


Google has bought a biotech company that has developed a spoon designed to make life easier for people with diseases such as Parkinson's.

It is part of its ambitious foray into health technology, spurred in part by the personal interest of co-founder Sergey Brin.
Last year, Google became the main investor in Calico, a firm dedicated to developing medicines to extend life.
Latest acquisition Lift Labs will join Google's research division Google X.
The spoon developed by Lift Labs is equipped with sensors that detect tremors and cancels them out by as much as 70%, according to the firm.
The technology it uses is similar to image stabilisation features in cameras that compensate for shaky hands when taking a photo.
The firms announced the deal on the search giant's social network Google+ but did not reveal the financial terms.
"Today we're welcoming the Lift Labs team into Google X. Their tremor-cancelling device could improve quality of life for millions of people," said Google.
For its part, Lift Labs wrote: "Google will enable us to reach even more people living with Parkinson's or essential tremor who could benefit from using tremor-cancelling devices every day."
Google is gradually increasing its health portfolio. In January it unveiled its smart contact lenses that measure glucose levels in tears to help monitor people with conditions such as diabetes.
And in July it announced an ambitious science project - Basline Study - to collect anonymous genetic and molecular information to create a picture of what a healthy human should be like.
For co-founder Sergey Brin the move into healthcare is a personal one. His mother developed Parkinson's and, after gene testing, he found that he has a higher than average chance of getting the disease.
Meanwhile his fellow co-founder Larry Page, who suffers from a rare vocal cords problem, is interested in how big data can help solve some of the world's most problematic diseases. He has made public his hope that people would overcome privacy fears to make their medical records available to researchers.
Google's semi-secret research facility Google X was set up to work on cutting-edge technology. Other projects include Google's driverless car, balloons to deliver broadband and Google Glass.


Russian President Vladimir Putin has announced the creation of a new National Guard, which he said would fight terrorism and organised crime.

He said the force would be formed from interior ministry troops and led by their commander and his former chief bodyguard, Viktor Zolotov.
His spokesman confirmed it could also be used to maintain public order.
But Dmitry Peskov denied the move was linked to September's general election, amid speculation about public unrest.
Mr Putin made the announcement during a meeting with key security officials at the Kremlin.
"The decisions have been taken, we are creating a new federal body of executive power," he said.
He also announced that Russia's drug control agency and federal migration service would become part of the interior ministry's remit.
Mr Putin warned in February that Russia's "foes abroad" were preparing to interfere with the 18 September election, and told the country's security services that such attempts must be thwarted.
Moscow has long accused the West of trying to influence Russian elections through encouraging mass protests - a claim denied by US and European officials.


Rebels in Syria have announced a big offensive aimed at breaking the government siege of east Aleppo.

A UK-based monitoring group says rebels fired "hundreds" of missiles on western Aleppo, killing at least 15 civilians.
In response, Russia's defence ministry asked permission from President Vladimir Putin to resume air strikes against the rebels after a 10-day pause, but he denied the request.
About 275,000 people have been besieged in the east of the city for months.
Russian and Syrian government planes began bombarding the city in September. More than 2,700 people are said to have been killed and injured since then.
Russia suspended its air campaign on 18 October to allow evacuations of sick and wounded people but few have heeded the call to leave.
The Russian defence ministry said continuing civilian deaths and an upsurge in rebel activity had prompted its request to resume the strikes.
However, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said Mr Putin did not consider it appropriate to restart the strikes but said the humanitarian pause should continue.
Meanwhile US officials have confirmed reports that a Russian fighter jet and a US-led coalition plane were involved in a near miss over Syria on 17 October, coming within half a mile of each other.
There is an element of political theatre to all this.
Russia's military was first to act, announcing that it was asking President Putin's permission to resume air strikes. That is not strictly necessary but it allowed Mr Putin to decline and, in doing so, stress his humanitarian credentials.
Acutely aware of accusations it has committed war crimes in Syria, Russia wants to re-cast its image as a force for good.  It dismisses the claims themselves outright.
But there are signs this extended pause in the bombing campaign may be short lived. Russia still reserves the right to support the Syrian military in case of "extreme need" or "provocation" - which could be anything.
And when Russia's foreign minister met his Syrian and Iranian counterparts today, all the talk was of intensifying the fight against terrorists. If the West is only conducting that fight with words, Sergei Lavrov said, then Russia is determined to finish the task - in practice.
The attacks are so far coming from rebels outside Aleppo but it is understood that rebels inside the city will join the offensive.
"All the revolutionary factions, without exception, are participating in the battle," the military spokesman for the Fastaqim faction inside the city said, AP news agency reports.
They include Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, formerly the al-Qaeda-linked Nusra Front, as well as fellow Islamists Ahrar al-Sham.
Rebels fired Grad missiles at al-Nayrab airport, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) monitoring group said. Up to 115 people were killed or wounded, it added.
They also detonated two car bombs against government positions to the south-west of the city.
The BBC understands that parts of south-western Aleppo have been captured by a group from outside the city.
However, the Syrian government said it had repelled offensives on several fronts around Aleppo by both rebel groups and militants from so-called Islamic State (IS).
"Booby-trapped cars, two tanks and a large number of armoured vehicles" were destroyed, the defence ministry said on its website.
The area around the Hmeimim air base near the coastal city of Latakia - the main airport used by the Russian air force - was also reportedly targeted by rebels, the SOHR said.
The rebel offensive came as Syria's foreign minister Walid Muallem met his Russian and Iranian counterparts, Sergei Lavrov and Mohammad Javad Zarif, in Moscow.
Mr Lavrov reiterated Moscow's call for moderate rebel groups to disassociate themselves from Jabhat Fateh al-Sham.
He quoted US Secretary of State John Kerry as saying if this did not happen the moderate groups concerned would be considered a legitimate target.
"I think... the time has come for the logic set out by John Kerry to find some practical shape," he said.
It is the rebels' second attempt to break the Aleppo siege. In August they temporarily opened a corridor between the east and west after the government entirely encircled them for the first time in July.
The city, previously Syria's economic hub, has been divided between the two sides since 2012.


A man has been arrested in connection with an attempt to sell a referendum ballot paper on the online auction site eBay.

Police Scotland said a 28-year-old man was arrested in the Drumchapel area of Glasgow.
He has been reported to the procurator fiscal in relation to an alleged contravention of Schedule 7 of the Scottish Independence Referendum Act.
The Electoral Commission said the selling and buying of votes is illegal.
A spokeswoman said it could lead to a year in prison or a "substantial" fine.
She said the commission had made an agreement with eBay that any such "votes for sale" listings would be taken down and referred to police.
Police launched an investigation after a number of people apparently tried to sell their votes online.
Votes for the 18 September ballot were listed on the site, which has since removed the items.
One online listing offered buyers a "unique piece of British history".


Detectives have released new images of a "dangerous" paranoid schizophrenic they are trying to locate.

Sanchez Edwards, 28, is wanted in connection with a violent robbery and grievous bodily harm of a 92-year-old woman in Hackney.
The images were taken at Bethnal Green Tube station at 19:00 BST on 6 July.
Crimestoppers charity is offering a £5,000 reward for information that leads to the arrest of Edwards, who absconded from a mental health unit.
He was first sighted at Bethnal Green London Underground Station on 3 July at 12:30 BST, days after the attack, wearing very dark clothing and black and white trainers.
His victim cracked ribs due to the force she was dragged along the floor and is in considerable pain during the attack on 27 June.
One of her legs is entirely bruised as well as her hip and stomach. She also sustained a head injury as she struck the ground.
Her family said doctors reacted with shock when they discovered the extent of her injuries.
Det Insp Paul Ridley of Hackney CID described the vittims  injuries as "alarming and harrowing"
"The lady remains extremely distraught, will not leave the house as she is terrified and has re-occurring nightmares of her ordeal. She finds it difficult to sleep particularly due to the excruciating pain of her injuries."
He also warned members of the public this was "a violent, dangerous and unpredictable individual", who should not be approached.
Edwards is described as a dark skinned black man, 5ft 9ins, with short black hair, medium build and a black beard.
The case featured on BBC1's Crimewatch Roadshow on 7 July appealing for information


Cement maker LafargeHolcim says it has uncovered evidence that a Lafarge factory in Syria provided funding to local armed groups.

It said those in charge of the Jalabiya plant had taken "unacceptable" measures in order to keep the plant open and protect employees.
Various armed factions "controlled or sought to control" the area, it said.
The plant in northern Syria was shut down in 2014, the year before France's Lafarge merged with Swiss rival Holcim.
LafargeHolcim said the evidence was revealed by an internal investigation.
"At times, different armed factions controlled or sought to control the areas around the plant," the firm said.
"It appears from the investigation that the local company provided funds to third parties to work out arrangements with a number of these armed groups, including sanctioned parties, in order to maintain operations and ensure safe passage of employees and supplies to and from the plant," it added.
"In hindsight, the measures required to continue operations at the plant were unacceptable."
At the time, Syria was subject to EU sanctions imposed on President Bashar al-Assad's government, which has lost control of large swathes of the country to various armed groups.
The French government believes that Lafarge's local officials bought oil in Syria to power the factory, in defiance of those sanctions, according to the French news agency AFP.
At the same time, LafargeHolcim released better-than-expected fourth-quarter results, showing that underlying core earnings were up 15.5% year-on-year to 1.61bn Swiss francs (Â£1.3bn; $1.6bn).


British Olympic and Paralympic sport must improve its athletes' welfare, says Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson.

The 11-time Paralympic gold medallist has authored a forthcoming report into the subject, which has been brought into sharp focus by recent claims.
British Swimming is the latest body to investigate claims of "bullying", while several ex-riders have spoken of a "culture of fear" at British Cycling.
"We must prove we can win medals with a duty of care," Grey-Thompson said.
Speaking at a debate organised by the BBC as part of its State of Sport coverage, she added: "We've proved we can win medals. I don't think having a duty of care diminishes our chances of winning.
"We can't make it all warm and cuddly - because that is not what elite sport is. But it is about getting the best talent and not leaving athletes broken at the end of it."
Grey-Thompson's report - due for publication "imminently", she said -  was commissioned by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
"There are some really good sports out there; there are sports that need to do much more," she added.
"My report doesn't mention a sport in particular, it doesn't mention a particular person in it. It's about the principles of how sport should be as we go forward."
On Thursday, Wendy Houvenaghel became the latest high-profile cyclist to come forward with criticisms of British Cycling's World Class programme - following Jess Varnish, Nicole Cooke and Emma Pooley.
Houvenaghel said a "medal at any cost" approach created a "culture of fear" at the organisation, which she accused of "ageism" and having "zero regard" for her welfare.
Later on Thursday, BBC sports editor Dan Roan exclusively reported on British Swimming's investigation into multiple bullying claims made by Paralympians about a coach.
Swimming was Britain's most successful sport at the Rio Paralympics. The British team won 47 medals - 16 golds of 152 available - and set eight world records.
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Also speaking at Friday's debate, UK Sport chief executive Liz Nichol described the athletes' testimonies as "a wake-up call for sport".
"We have to be much more aware of responsibilities, beyond the responsibility of helping athletes achieve what they all aspire to," she said
"It's clear it can be better, and it will be better. This is a big step-up for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics cycle."
UK Sport is the funding body for Olympic and Paralympic sports in Britain.
When Nichol was asked whether linking funding to medal targets might have a negative effect on athlete welfare, she replied: "We don't reward success, we invest in potential.
Speaking about British Cycling's 39-point action plan response to failures identified in a leaked draft report into its World Class Programme, Nichol added: "This is something that is very significant.
"Every sport can learn from it and every sport should be looking at the cycling plan and checking to see if they are doing things properly.
"Yes it is uncomfortable, but it is right that athletes are speaking out. And it is right that we all acknowledge that something has got to change - and it will change - over this next cycle."
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Helen Richardson-Walsh, who starred as Great Britain won Olympic hockey gold in Rio, said she had seen "big changes" in athlete welfare over her career.
"Gone are the days where you would get shouted at on the sideline at international level. I don't think that's acceptable in society any more and it is kind of being phased out in sport," the 35-year-old said.
"What we developed as a team in the last two Olympic cycles was so far removed from that old fashioned in your face coaching and we were more successful.
"You don't need to go down that route to win. It's not an issue of welfare or medals."


Lincoln City captain Luke Waterfall has signed a new two-year contract with the National League champions.

The 26-year-old defender was out of contract following the club's title-winning season but has joined keeper Paul Farman in signing a new deal.
He started 44 of Lincoln's 46 league games as they clinched the championship with a further seven appearances in their FA Cup run to the quarter-finals.
Waterfall, who joined from Wrexham in June 2015, also scored seven goals.


Bus passengers in London will be able to make a second journey for free under a new system being launched by the capital's mayor.

Sadiq Khan said from 12 September a free second journey can be made within an hour of a fare being paid.
His office estimates 30 million bus journeys, currently costing Â£1.50 per passenger, will be made this way.
An Oyster or contactless payment card will need to be used to take advantage of the Hopper fare.
2.5bn
bus journeys made in the capital
600m
were pay as you go fares
86m people estimated to have made more than one trip per hour
Fare rises increased eight years in a row under Boris Johnson
Passengers using the tram network around Croydon will also be eligible.
Mr Khan, whose father drove the number 44 bus in London, said the measure was a "key part" of his transport strategy and he hoped it would encourage more people to use public transport, cutting congestion and pollution levels in the city.
He said: "Fares in London have risen for eight years in a row - and for people who have to change buses to get to work, the system simply isn't fair.
"We must ensure that everyone can afford to travel around our city."
Transport for London (TfL) said by 2018 technology would be in place for people who travel on a Tube or train between their two bus or tram journeys to benefit from the change.
Liberal Democrat, Caroline Pidgeon, who has been campaigning for such a scheme for several years, said she would "welcome its final introduction" and said "imitation sometimes is the greatest form of flattery".
"I hope the mayor will now go further and also implement the policy of half price travel for journeys on the TfL rail network that start before 07:30," she said.


Sierra Leone forward Alhaji Kamara has vowed to carry on playing despite the recent death of his elder brother Bai Sama Kamara.

Bai Sama died last month after collapsing during a non-league football game in Freetown.
But Kamara, who was diagnosed with a heart condition in 2015, has told the BBC that he is not at all worried - saying that "death always occurs."
The United States-based Leone Star's heart problem came to light during a compulsory medical check-up by European football's governing body, Uefa.
He was on the books of Swedish club Norrkoping at the time but moved to the US after being advised to stop playing football.
American heart specialists gave him the all-clear to resume his career and he subsequently signed for MLS club, DC United.
My heart condition is not life-threatening
Speaking as the football world mourns the death of Ivory Coast midfielder Cheick Tiote in China, Kamara said his heart condition is no cause for concern.
He said: "Tiote's death is sad but it won't stop me from continuing playing because my heart condition is not life-threatening.
"I'm not having any second thoughts about quitting because I know that I'm okay to play.
"Death always occurs, so one can't stop playing football when he hears of the death of another footballer.
"My brother died on his way to hospital after collapsing during a football match but the cause of the death was never determined as there was no post-mortem."
Kamara, currently on loan to US second tier league side Richmond Kickers, was surprisingly picked by new Leone Stars coach John Keister for their 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Kenya in Freetown on Saturday.
But he has not travelled to Freetown because of a demand by his parent club that there be a defibrillator at the stadium during the match.
Kamara said DC United insisted on having a defibrillator at the stadium as a precautionary measure but claims no response was forthcoming from the Sierra Leone FA  (SLFA).
The SLFA's President, Isha Johansen has responded to Kamara's claims.
"The FA cannot afford to guarantee the prompt and professional medical attention, God forbid, should he have an incident on the pitch," Johansen said.


On a night of surprising results, few were as unexpected as the shock wins for Labour and the Conservatives in Canterbury and Mansfield respectively.

The cathedral city of Canterbury had been Conservative since 1918, but returned a Labour MP for the first time in 99 years. Meanwhile, 200 miles away in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, a Tory will represent a seat that had been loyally Labour since 1923.
BBC News asked voters in both areas to explain the huge shift in the political landscape.
The election of Ben Bradley with a 1,057 majority was such a surprise, the returning officer - perhaps out of habit - initially called a Labour victory.
The Nottinghamshire former mining town had not elected a Conservative MP since the constituency was created in 1885.
Sean Wright, 44, of Mansfield, said he could not believe "an old mining town, an old working class town, had decided to vote for the Tories".
"I am very disappointed - I have always been a Labour supporter," the market trader said.
He said the change was perhaps due to Brexit. In the 2016 Referendum, 70.9% of voters opted to leave the EU while in the 2015 general election, one in four voted UKIP.
"People started voting UKIP and then, I don't know why, I think they thought Conservatives were more for leave than remain," he added.
He said he was not sure how this change would affect the town but added: "I can't see it being a good thing".
Meanwhile 29-year-old Laura McGeachie, a health care assistant, said she was pleased with the change.
"It is good," she said. "I voted Conservative. My main thing was Brexit.
"I wanted someone who is able to do a good job for us. I don't think Jeremy Corbyn will be able to do that as he is so opposed to it."
She added that she believed Labour and the former Labour MP Sir Alan Meale had done "absolutely nothing" for Mansfield for years.
"We need a change. The state of the town compared to what it used to be is absolutely terrible.
"Hopefully the Conservatives will help change this and bring new life to the town."
The decline of Mansfield's mining industry over the past 30 years was one explanation for the electoral change, said Tony Roe, BBC East Midlands Political Editor.
"The demographics have changed," he said. "It's a different place with new housing estates, like the one which surrounds the old mining union building, with homes selling for half a million pounds.
"There are new industries in the town now, some of the biggest and growing employers are involved in digital marketing. But it does have a lot of economically inactive, many of them unfit to work.
"There are also large numbers of people on low wages."
Meanwhile in Canterbury, the city's large student population - there are three university campuses - has been credited for its shock switch to Labour.
Sir Julian Brazier, who had been the city's Tory MP for 30 years, saw his majority of nearly 10,000 in 2015 defeated by Labour's Rosie Duffield, who beat him by just 187 votes.
There are more than 30,000 students in the city, though not all of them were registered to vote there.
However, more than 8,000 new voters did register to vote this year.
Grace Le-Bachelet, 21, and a student at the University of Kent, voted Labour because Jeremy Corbyn "is more for the people than Theresa May is".
"He seems quite radical and down-to-earth, and just more relaxed," she added.
"Labour's manifesto was more of benefit to students, with tuition fees and the NHS as well, which is so important to maintain.
"Today's result could have been higher for Labour, but they've come such a long way, and today Corbyn has proved people wrong."
Charlie Stannard, an 18-year-old student at Canterbury College, said his vote for Labour was to "guarantee my future".
He said when he awoke to the news, he felt empowered.
"I felt very involved... I was very proud to have that opportunity [to vote Labour], because it was my first time voting as well."
The result left 67-year-old Canterbury resident Carol Walker "beaming from ear to ear".
"I can't stop smiling," she said.
"I couldn't believe it at first, I had to take a second look. It was so close.
"My vote was for the future generation.
"It wouldn't matter who got in with me. I've still got my state pension and my council bungalow. It's these youngsters. It's tough."
Brian Lovett and his wife Elissa, both 78 and staunch Conservative supporters, were shocked to wake up to the news that their long-standing MP had been ousted.
The retired couple have lived in Canterbury for nearly 60 years and believe it was the students that "overwhelmed everybody".
"They're going to move on once they've finished university. Is it going to help Canterbury? Is it going to help the likes of us?" Mrs Lovett said.
However, her husband conceded that the Conservatives had been a "bit too complacent" in the constituency, and a "shock was needed".
"Sometimes it can be a good thing it changes because it might make the Conservatives be a bit cautious of what they do in the Canterbury area if they get back in next time," he said.
Helen Catt, BBC South East Today Political Editor, said the result had even shocked Labour activists.
"The party had come close to taking it in the past but had never quite managed it, so why this year?
"Many are putting it down to a rise in the youth vote and that does seem a likely driver."
Concerns over Brexit - the constituency registered the narrowest Leave vote in Kent - and fears over the downgrading of the local hospital had also played into Labour's hands, she said.
"At the end of the day though, it may have been the change in political climate which helped pull off this shock win.
"The against-the-odds election of Jeremy Corbyn as Labour Leader and Donald Trump as US President have created a feeling that anything is possible in politics.
"That may have encouraged the left in Canterbury to unite as they've never managed to before and pull off a result they'd previously only dreamed of."


The Met Office has issued a yellow weather warning for ice for many parts of north east, mid and south Wales.

The warning begins at 02.00 GMT on Tuesday and ends at 10.00.
Untreated surfaces, such as pavements and some minor roads, are likely to turn "very slippery", the Met Office said.
A few freezing fog patches are also possible.
In the north, parts of Denbighshire and Wrexham will be affected.
Rhondda Cynon Taff, Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly, Merthyr Tydfil, Monmouthshire, Torfaen, Bridgend, Cardiff, Newport, and Vale of Glamorgan are also covered by the warning, as is Powys.


Episode two of Scotland's Game is called 'The Perfect Storm' and it's an hour detailing turmoil, hatred, hubris and collapse - an examination of the one area where Scottish football is in a world of its own: chaos.

We see Hugh Dallas' bloodied face during the title decider in May 1999. We see the targeting of Neil Lennon; bullets and bombs in the post, physical assault on the streets and an attack on the touchline while managing Celtic at Tynecastle - "a campaign of terror" as the journalist Kevin McKenna puts it.
It was deeply disturbing back then and, if anything, it's even more shocking now. The passage of time has only increased the sense of outrage at what Lennon was subjected to.
Finance is a big issue in episode two - particularly television finance. The deal with BSkyB, the push for SPLTV, the bitterness when the Old Firm pulled the plug on it and the arrival, and later, the demise of Setanta and the horrible fallout.
Clubs that thought a bad day would never come suddenly realised the insanity of their spending on expensive imports. Motherwell went into administration. A young Roberto Martinez, then on the books at Fir Park, is interviewed as the club was folding around his ears. "It's a war between football and business," he says.
If it was a war then it was a phony one. Football, as some clubs practiced it, was never going to win. Dundee, who had splurged on global names, also went into administration. Even what appeared to be real turned out to be a mirage.
The surreal rise and fall of Gretna was a morality tale for anybody who cared to listen - "an ego driven fantasy," says the broadcaster, Stuart Cosgrove. "It was an absolute Ponzi scheme. It was a con of the worst kind."
Scottish football has not lacked for false prophets. In the capital, one came from the east, Vladimir Romanov saving Tynecastle from the bulldozers but then, at the end of his reign, almost dynamiting the club's future.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Romanov's bluster played well with the fans. Footage shows him promising to make Hearts champions of Europe in 10 years and vowing to build a new stadium "with the best atmosphere in the world."
Steven Pressley was captain of Hearts in that era and, along with Paul Hartley and Craig Gordon, one of the fabled Riccarton Three who called a press conference and memorably spoke of the "significant unrest" within the dressing room over Romanov's madcap meddling.
"At no time did Vladimir ever come and face me after I made that statement," says Pressley now. "I don't think he had the courage to face me."
When the administrators moved into Hearts they said it was about as grim as situation as they'd ever seen at a football club. The room they were sitting in when making the pronouncement had a leaky roof when the rain fell and a carpet that hadn't been washed in an age.
They had older supporters being held to ransom - donate money or else - and young fans turning up with their money boxes, anything to keep their club alive.
Hearts have recovered. Through their Foundation and the stewardship of owner, Ann Budge, they are stable and looking forward. What has happened at Tynecastle over the past few years is one of the great stories of the past 30 years of Scottish football.
The fall of Rangers looms like the darkest cloud over episode two. There's footage of David Murray from 2001 dismissing those who were claiming that money was running out.
"Of course there's money available - this is Rangers football club," he says, before rounding on the critics who were saying otherwise.
"It makes great, sensational copy for you people who want to make it look as if we're in a crisis or something."
Murray had found a loophole in the tax system, giving him more disposable cash than the rest of Scottish football, allowing him to buy more players. Employee Benefit Trusts (EBTs) brought Rangers talent and trophies but they also brought a whole heap of trouble.
Alex Thomson, the Channel 4 investigative reporter who covered the EBT story, says: "What Rangers were doing was no more than part of that Wild West, out of control, global culture where tax avoidance, as opposed to tax evasion - which is of course illegal - is ingrained in everyone's culture; everybody is doing it, and if you're doing it better than the others, you gained commercial advantage.
"You wind up being a football club which is buying players - in its own words - they couldn't afford to gain, presumably and seemingly for sporting advantage, otherwise why would else would you do it? It gained a sporting advantage - they win 12 trophies in the first decade of the century - and lo and behold, no-one's paying tax."
From the archive, David Murray says he will only sell the club to somebody who has its best interests at heart. Against the advice of some of his board at Ibrox, he sold it to Craig Whyte, the only man who was prepared to buy it - for £1 - while the threat of a £50m EBT tax bill hung over its head.
Murray allowed Whyte in the door and the consequences were disastrous for the club. In a statement, Murray denies being responsible for the fall of Rangers. He puts the blame squarely at Whyte's door.
What happened then - and what happened next -will be talked about for the rest of time; Rangers in the Third Division working their way up. The seemingly endless array of characters flitting in and out of Ibrox. The fear and loathing.
For 30 years the Scottish game has convulsed violently. Year after year the things that we spoke about the most had nothing to do with football and everything to do with the business of football.
Maybe that's changing now. And if it is, it's long, long overdue.
Scotland's Game, a social history of football in this country over the last 30 years, continues on BBC One Scotland on Thursday at 21:00 BST.


Police say a "complicated family picture" has emerged in the case of a couple found dead at their village home.

Stephen Muncaster, 47, was found shortly after midnight on Tuesday in the front garden of a property in Magdalen, near King's Lynn.
His wife Allison, 48, was discovered inside the lounge.
Mr Muncaster's nephew, 2002 National Lottery winner Michael Carroll, has declined to comment on the case.
LIVE: For more on this and other Norfolk stories
The lottery winner was living with Mr Muncaster and his since estranged wife Kelly at the Magdalen home when he scooped a Â£9.7 million jackpot aged 19 in 2002.
Mr Carroll became known as the "Lotto lout" when he collected his winnings wearing an electronic tag.
He hit the headlines as he gave away chunks of his fortune, but also gave sums to relatives including Mr Muncaster and his then wife Kelly.
Det Supt Paul Durham said the investigation was being treated as a "closed case" and no other parties were involved in the deaths.
Norfolk Police says it will be investigating the background of Stephen Muncaster and his wife Allison to see why "we ended with this catastrophic incident".
Local councillor Sandra Squire, whose Wimbotsham with Fincham Ward borders Magdalen, said: "Magdalen is a tiny village, most people don't even know it exists. We are completely stunned. It's horrendous.
"What concerns me most as a school governor is the road block for the incident is where some of the kids walk past.
"It is transition week anyway, which is very unsettling, so this is even more unsettling for them. Nothing gets past kids."


One of the biggest films of the summer is out today - Dunkirk.

Harry Styles will be making his acting debut in the movie, which tells the story of a very important event which took place in World War II.
Harry has said: "It's a very emotional story."
Christopher Nolan, who directed the new film, told BBC News: "What drew me to this story is it is a survival story first and foremost."
But what is this story and why was this event in history so important?
The Dunkirk story took place during World War II.
World War II was a huge war between 1939 and 1945 involving many countries around the world, who were fighting each other for power.
There were many important battles and military missions during the war.
Dunkirk was one of these important military missions, which happened in May 1940.
During the war, some countries joined together to fight with each other.
British, French and Belgian soldiers were on the same side. They were known as the Allied troops.
They were fighting against the Germans.
In 1940, the Germans invaded France. They also invaded Belgium and Holland.
They beat the British, French and Belgian soldiers back to the port of Dunkirk, which is on the north coast of France.
The Allied troops found themselves trapped at the beaches there, surrounded by the Germans.
So the British prime minister at the time, Winston Churchill, ordered a fleet of 900 boats to travel from Britain to Dunkirk to rescue the soldiers and bring them back to England to safety.
More than a quarter of a million people were rescued from the beaches of Dunkirk during the mission.
World War II carried on for another five years after the mission on the Dunkirk beaches took place.
The story of the Dunkirk rescue is still told today as many people risked their lives to save so many others.
Mark Rylance, who is an actor in the film, says: "It was a miraculous retreat."
It was important because even though the British Army and Allies had to flee France, it meant that they lived to fight another day and they eventually went on to win the war.
Dunkirk is a 12A film released on Friday 21 July in the UK


A US court has found in favour of a drone owner who sued a man who shot his hexacopter out of the sky.

The drone, built and flown by Eric Joe, was shot down by Brett McBay in late November, 2014.
Mr McBay claimed the drone was over his property and said he believed it was being used to spy on him.
Mr Joe asked Mr McBay to pay for repairs to the home-built drone and, when he refused, started legal action in California's small claims court.
In legal papers to support his claim, Mr Joe included GPS data which, he said, showed that the machine was hovering over a walnut orchard owned by his parents, not the property of their neighbour Mr McBay, when it was brought down.
In its judgement, the California court found that Mr McBay "acted unreasonably" in shooting the craft whether it was over his property or not, revealed a story about the incident in Ars Technica.
The court awarded Mr Joe $850 (Â£540) damages but Mr McBay has yet to pay up. If the cash was not handed over by the end of June, Mr Joe said he would take further legal action to get the money.
Mr McBay has not responded to requests for comment from the BBC or other media organisations.
Mr Joe's drone was not the first to be be shot down. There have been several other cases in the US of people shooting drones even though the Federal Aviation Agency has explicitly stated that it is illegal to do so.


A £10m redevelopment of a veterans home will be partly paid for using fines imposed on banks involved in the Libor scandal, the chancellor has announced in the Autumn Statement.

Broughton House in Salford will receive £3m towards the first phase of transforming it into a care village.
The new site will include a nursing home, a memorial park and allotments.
The fines were levied on financial institutions for rigging interest rates charged on borrowings from other banks.
Chief executive Ty Platten said the revamp of the home, which is celebrating its centenary, would mean it could "meet the modern care needs of veterans from a health, social, care and housing perspective".
The work, which is due to begin in summer 2017, will also see assisted living apartments, an interactive museum, meeting rooms, a gym, a rehabilitation centre and a bowling green added to the site.
Mr Platten said the remainder of the money needed to complete the project would be raised from benefactors, organisations and the public.


Two Northern Ireland MPs have declared receiving hospitality worth more than £1,500 each from the cigarette manufacturers JTI.

North Antrim DUP MP Ian Paisley and the South Antrim Ulster Unionist MP Danny Kinahan got tickets to a Rugby World Cup match in October.
Each politician got a ticket to the match between England and Australia at Twickenham on 3 October.
The politicians estimate the value of the tickets and dinner as £1,650 each.
In January, JTI Gallaher confirmed they would shut down their Ballymena plant in 2017 with the loss of 870 jobs.
Mr Paisley said JTI remains a major employer in his constituency until then, and the firm's management asked him to attend along with a number of key personnel and customers.
Mr Kinahan said: "Many of my constituents are impacted by closures in North Antrim.
"I will continue to take any opportunity to discuss options that may help generate employment for  South Antrim and Northern Ireland."
Also in October, SDLP MP Mark Durkan registered receiving travel and accommodation worth £2,400 to meet Colombian peace negotiators in Cuba.


Stevenage made it four home wins in a row by defeating relegation-threatened Cheltenham 2-1 in League Two.

Matt Godden opened the scoring from the penalty spot against the run of play in the 18th minute.
Cheltenham had made the brighter start, but Emmanuel Onariase tripped Godden on the edge of the box and referee Trevor Kettle pointed to the penalty spot.
Godden stepped up to convert his 16th goal of the season and Stevenage took control, with Jobi McAnuff denied by a fine Scott Brown block in the 27th minute.
The lead was doubled five minutes into the second half when Steven Schumacher's free-kick was nodded down by Charlie Lee and Luke Wilkinson forced it over the line from close range.
Lee was sent off for a second yellow card in the 56th minute after bringing down Alex Pike.
Cheltenham failed to make their extra man count until 10 minutes from the end when a flying volley from Kyle Wootton gave them hope, but only two more saves from Brown denied Stevenage a third.
Report supplied by the Press Association
Match ends, Stevenage 2, Cheltenham Town 1.
Second Half ends, Stevenage 2, Cheltenham Town 1.
Attempt missed. James Dayton (Cheltenham Town) right footed shot from more than 35 yards is too high.
Foul by Michael Tonge (Stevenage).
Billy Waters (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt saved. Dan Holman (Cheltenham Town) header from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Foul by Jobi McAnuff (Stevenage).
Alex Pike (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Connor Ogilvie (Stevenage) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Dan Holman (Cheltenham Town).
Tom Pett (Stevenage) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Jordan Cranston (Cheltenham Town).
Connor Ogilvie (Stevenage) is shown the yellow card.
Foul by Tom Pett (Stevenage).
Liam Davis (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Corner,  Cheltenham Town. Conceded by Jamie Jones.
Foul by Luke Wilkinson (Stevenage).
Billy Waters (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Stevenage. Conceded by Manny Onariase.
Attempt saved. Jobi McAnuff (Stevenage) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Foul by Luke Wilkinson (Stevenage).
Kyle Wootton (Cheltenham Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Jamie Jones (Stevenage) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Harry Pell (Cheltenham Town) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Goal!  Stevenage 2, Cheltenham Town 1. Kyle Wootton (Cheltenham Town) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by William Boyle following a corner.
Corner,  Cheltenham Town. Conceded by Steven Schumacher.
Attempt saved. Dan Holman (Cheltenham Town) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Substitution, Cheltenham Town. Jack Munns replaces Liam Davis.
Substitution, Stevenage. Michael Tonge replaces Josh McQuoid.
Fraser Franks (Stevenage) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Kyle Wootton (Cheltenham Town).
Ben Kennedy (Stevenage) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Liam Davis (Cheltenham Town).
Corner,  Stevenage. Conceded by Scott Brown.
Attempt saved. Jobi McAnuff (Stevenage) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Steven Schumacher (Stevenage) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Harry Pell (Cheltenham Town).
Attempt missed. Ronnie Henry (Stevenage) right footed shot from outside the box is too high.
Corner,  Stevenage. Conceded by Manny Onariase.
Substitution, Cheltenham Town. James Dayton replaces Billy Waters.


Will the Austrian Grand Prix be alive with the sound of harmonious music?

Or will the picturesque Red Bull Ring in Spielberg play host to round two of the Lewis Hamilton v Sebastian Vettel Baku drama?
A year ago in Austria, Hamilton collided with then Mercedes team-mate Nico Rosberg on the last lap before passing him to win a thrilling contest.
As for Vettel, two retirements and a fourth-place finish isn't exactly a glowing record at this circuit. Can the German claim his first victory and get back in F1 good books?
Choose your qualifying top three from the list below, then head back over to predict your race winner.
Here's the form guide...
Pick who you think will master qualifying for Sunday's Austrian Grand Prix


Summer holidaymakers returning to the UK from the world's busiest airports have suffered the longest average delays from Rome, BBC analysis shows.

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Passengers waited an average of nearly 29 extra minutes to travel back to the UK from Rome Fiumicino Airport.
Venice, Nice and Barcelona were next on the list of longest UK-inbound delays among the 50 airports with the most flights on these routes.
The data comes from figures collected by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).
The analysis, by the BBC's data journalism team, is based on the last two years of CAA data for all flights from or to UK airports during June to August.
Earlier analysis showed that, on flights leaving the UK, holidaymakers heading from Gatwick Airport and on Easyjet flights suffered the longest delays.
Flight calculator: At the top of the page you can enter your UK departure city, and your destination, to find average delays for the airlines serving this route in the last two summers.
Now, data on the routes used by UK residents returning home, show that six of the 50 airports with the most flights back to the UK had typical delays of more than 25 minutes.
This even included internal flights from Gatwick.
If the less frequently flown routes are included in the data, then flights to UK airports from Kingston, Jamaica, had the longest average delay of nearly 53 minutes.
Six airports on this list recorded average delays of more than 45 minutes in the last two summers.
On specific routes, travellers flying from Keflavik Airport in Iceland to Glasgow saw the longest average delay of 55 minutes, followed by Malaga in Spain to Heathrow (54 minutes) and Kingston, Jamaica, to Gatwick (53 minutes).
Among the 50 busiest airports for flights to the UK, the worst delays were from Barcelona to Gatwick (31 minutes), followed by Chicago O'Hare Airport to Heathrow (30 minutes) and Palma de Mallorca Airport to Gatwick (30 minutes).
Travellers flying from the EU or on European airlines do have a right to compensation. This means:
All data used on this page is compiled and made available by the Civil Aviation Authority, which publishes aggregated statistics on punctuality for all flights taking off or landing at major UK airports.
The BBC has combined the CAA's data for June, July and August of 2015 and 2016 and used this to calculate the average (i.e. mean) delay per flight across these months for all routes listed in the data.
Routes with fewer than 50 flights over this period were excluded, as were airlines that registered no flight data for the summer months of 2016 (even if they had been active in 2015). Chartered flights were not distinguished from scheduled flights in the calculations for airlines that fly both categories on the same route.
The data for outbound delays is based on the time the aeroplane takes off from the UK runway, and the data for return delays is based on the time the aeroplane arrives back on the UK runway.
Flights that take off or land early are recorded as having a delay of zero minutes.
Produced by Ryan Watts, Ed Lowther, Nassos Stylianou, Ransome Mpini, Daniel Dunford, Gerry Fletcher, Becky Rush, Joe Reed, and Kevin Peachey.


Mae trefnwyr yr Eisteddfod Genedlaethol ar Ynys Môn yn dweud nad ydyn nhw erioed wedi llenwi'r maes carafanau mor sydyn ag eleni.

Gyda phum mis i fynd nes yr ŵyl mae pob lle eisoes wedi eu harchebu - rhywbeth sydd "erioed" wedi digwydd o'r blaen yn ôl y prif weithredwr.
Dywedodd Elfed Roberts y byddai'r Eisteddfod nawr yn trafod â pherchnogion gwersylloedd cyfagos er mwyn ceisio dod o hyd i fwy o le.
"Mae'r maes carafanau wedi bod ar agor [i archebu lle] ar gyfer Eisteddfod Ynys Môn ers cwta fis, ac mae pob un o'r safleoedd, bron i 800, wedi mynd," meddai.
"Dydi hynny erioed 'di digwydd o'r blaen mor gynnar.
"Roeddan ni'n gwybod fod 'na andros o lot o frwdfrydedd ynglŷn â'r Eisteddfod eleni yn Ynys Môn, ond mae gwerthu'r math yma o niferoedd mewn cyn lleied o amser yn dipyn o sioc.
"Mae'n beth da, achos mae'n dangos brwdfrydedd ac mae'n dangos bod awydd i ddod i'r Eisteddfod."
Ychwanegodd nad oedd ehangu'r maes carafanau presennol yn opsiwn "ymarferol" ar hyn o bryd, ond bod disgwyl i'r cyngor sir gyhoeddi rhestr yn fuan o feysydd eraill fyddai ar gael i eisteddfodwyr.
Dydi'r Eisteddfod ddim yn cadw rhestr aros ar gyfer y maes carafanau, sydd yn dal tua 800 carafán a 200 o bebyll.
Bydd y Brifwyl yn cael ei chynnal ym Modedern rhwng 4 a 12 Awst.


An 85-year-old woman in Londonderry said she was left badly shaken after a fire near her home caused an oil tank to explode.

Celine McKinney was asleep in her home at Donal Casey Court on Friday night when a nearby hedge fire spread into her garden causing the oil tank to explode.
The fire also damaged Mrs McKinney's back door and roof tiles.
The Fire Service said it believed the fire was started deliberately.
Mrs McKinney's son Jude told BBC Radio Foyle that his mother had a lucky escape.
"It was very scary for her, she had to be helped by neighbours and taken over to the social centre at Oaklee. The oil tank has been gutted, the fence has been gutted and all her back windows and doors have all been scorched.
"There's serious damage to the back of the house and the slates on the roof. Obviously I was very shocked myself but the most important thing was to make sure that Celine was safe and not too distressed."
Mr McKinney said those responsible for starting the fire need to realise the consequences of their actions.
"The damage, the shock and the fear it puts into people especially those who are older or vulnerable is terrible. The tank just doesn't exist anymore, it looks like a flattened milk carton.
"My whole family is very upset because my mum is living on her own, my dad only passed away nine weeks ago and she's still trying to come to terms with that so it's very sad."


The government is to undertake a public consultation into whether the reporting of child abuse by regulated bodies should be made mandatory.

The move was announced in the House of Lords as peers urged changes to the law to make failing to report known or suspected abuse a criminal offence.
Lord Bates said this would be premature and the public should be consulted first on who such a law would apply to.
The Home Office minister said the government had an "open mind".
A 12-week review, to begin shortly, will examine the "advisability, risk, nature and scope" of any legal reporting duty, including which forms of abuse it should apply to and what organisations and individuals would be bound by it.
David Cameron has said mandatory reporting, which is backed by campaign groups, should be considered in response to the multiple abuse scandals that have come to light in recent years.
Lord Bates said ministers were seeking the views of all those with "strong opinions" on the matter, including victims of abuse.
The experience of countries such as the US and Australia, where mandatory reporting is in place, should be taken into account, suggesting that research so far was "inconclusive".
"The government will look at all the responses it receives with an open mind," he said. "It will be a thorough, open and transparent consultation with a rigorous evaluation of the responses."
Lib Dem peer Baroness Walmsley agreed to abandon attempts to change current legislation to make not informing the authorities of abuse against children and vulnerable adults within 10 days punishable by up to three years in prison.