Two high profile cases of violence have sparked domestic and international outcry over the treatment of Afghan women, but campaigners fear a winding down of the military campaign will mean the international community will no longer be interested.

Outside it was a gloriously sunny winter's day. The mountains that loom above the city silhouetted against a cloudless blue sky. But inside the house was dark and the curtains drawn, so that the neighbours could not see in.
This was the safe house in Kabul where Gulnaz and her child had found refuge. The women there asked not to be identified in case their house was burnt down.
Just 21, Gulnaz had been released that week from prison, where she had given birth to her daughter Moska. Gulnaz seemed younger than her years, but she held my gaze almost defiantly as she told her story.
She had been imprisoned in a Kabul women's jail after her cousin's husband raped her.
The crime came to light when the unmarried Gulnaz became pregnant.
The police came and arrested both Gulnaz and her attacker. Under Afghan law she too was found guilty of a crime known as "adultery by force", with her sentence increased on appeal to 12 years.
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When the case aroused condemnation abroad, President Hamid Karzai intervened and Gulnaz was pardoned.
Looking bewildered at her sudden freedom, she told me all she wanted was to go home to her family. In order to do that, she was prepared to marry the man who raped her - otherwise their families would be enemies.
The problem for Gulnaz is that if her attacker will not marry her - or cannot come up with a substantial dowry - the "stain" on her family's honour will remain, perhaps with lethal consequences for Gulnaz and her child. That may mean she can never go home.
For a single mother, unskilled and unqualified, there are few ways for a woman to survive in Afghanistan without family support.
An American lawyer in Kabul, Kim Motley, has taken up Gulnaz's case. She is trying to raise money for her to fund a new life, somehow, somewhere, if Gulnaz cannot go home.
Rescued from violence
I was still wondering what would happen to her when we went to meet 15-year-old Sahar Gul, as she lay in a hospital bed recovering from her injuries, too traumatised to talk.
Married off to a 30-year-old man for a dowry of about $4,500 (Â£3,000), Sahar had been kept locked in a cellar for several months, starved and tortured by her husband and his family. It is still not really clear why.
Sahar may not have been able to speak, but her injuries did.
Burns to her arm and her fragile body, a swollen black eye, clumps of hair torn out. One small hand was scarred, where her fingernail had been pulled out.
The abuse aroused public indignation in Afghanistan, as well as horror abroad.
But Sahar was perhaps, in a strange way, lucky.
She did not run away from a violent marriage, as some Afghan brides have, but was instead rescued from it by police. So she cannot be found guilty of what might otherwise be deemed a "moral crime", as other young Afghan women have been.
Both Sahar and Gulnaz's stories are extreme. But they made me wonder how many other women in Afghanistan still suffer in silence, 10 years after the fall of the Taliban.
There are laws banning violence against women, but enforcing them is hard. Tradition and family or community honour is often seen as more important than an individual's misery or misfortune.
Poverty and lack of education also mean under-age marriage remains common.
When Sahar did try to escape her torturers, it was apparently the neighbours who brought her back to them, before the police intervened.
In a quiet, book-lined office in Kabul - a world away from the controlled chaos of the hospital and the dimly-lit safe house - I asked the head of the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission what she thought.
A no-nonsense woman with steely grey hair, Dr Sima Samar has long risked her own life to speak out for the principles she believes in, equality and justice.
Her answer was clear: She and her colleagues in Afghanistan will carry on fighting to improve the lives of women like Gulnaz and Sahar.
But Dr Samar, like many others, fears the international community is no longer quite so interested in keeping up the pressure on women's rights, as the West seeks to wind down its military campaign.
When Western soldiers no longer patrol the streets of Afghanistan, it will be easier to ignore what goes on behind locked doors and closed curtains in a faraway place.
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Theresa May and Andrea Leadsom will battle it out to become the next leader of the Conservative Party after Michael Gove was eliminated from the contest.

After the second MPs' ballot, Home Secretary Mrs May finished with 199 votes, Energy Minister Mrs Leadsom 84 and Mr Gove, the justice secretary, 46.
Conservative members will now decide the winning candidate, with the result due on 9 September.
The winner will become the UK's second female prime minister.
Mr Cameron resigned after finishing on the losing side in the UK's EU referendum, in which there was a vote for the UK to leave.
The results were announced at Westminster by Conservative MP Graham Brady, the chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee.
There had originally been five contenders to succeed Mr Cameron, with MPs voting in two rounds to get that number down to two.
The contest now moves to its final stage with the Conservative Party's 150,000-strong membership deciding between Mrs May, a Remain campaigner with a long track record in government, and Mrs Leadsom, a leading light of the Brexit campaign who has stressed her City and business background.
Speaking after the results were announced, Mrs May said she had secured support from all wings of the Conservative Party and pledged to bring the Tories together.
She promised "strong, proven leadership" to negotiate the UK's departure from the EU, and to "make Britain a country that works not for a privileged few but for every one of us".
Conservative MP Tim Loughton, Mrs Leadsom's campaign manager, said she would bring a "huge and fresh skills base" to Downing Street if elected.
He played down her lack of cabinet experience, saying she would have "no problem stepping up to the job" having had a long career outside politics, adding: "She has done things outside of this place on so many different levels."
Analysis by Nick Robinson, Radio 4's Today presenter
Now we know. The name of Britain's next prime minister will be either Andrea or Theresa.
Two women. Two Tories. Two potential leaders who - whether they like it or not, whether the country likes it or not - are destined to be dubbed the new Maggie.
That though is where the similarities between May and Leadsom end. One - of course - made the case, ever so quietly, for Remain. The other argued, ever so passionately, for Leave.
One is highly experienced - the longest-serving home secretary for more than a century. The other would be the least experienced prime minister this country has had since Pitt the Younger.
Not only has Andrea Leadsom had no Cabinet experience. Unlike David Cameron or Tony Blair, she has not served an apprenticeship as leader of the opposition.
But this run-off is about much more than that. May and Leadsom are figureheads for two very different visions of Conservatism, backed by different factions which have been at war in the party for a quarter of a century. Read Nick's full article
Mr Gove said he was "naturally disappointed" not to have made it to the final two, describing the remaining contenders as "formidable politicians".
He welcomed the fact that the UK would be getting a second female prime minister - after Margaret Thatcher - and called for a "civilised, inclusive, positive and optimistic debate".
Mr Gove did not announce backing for either candidate, but several of his key backers, including Education Secretary Nicky Morgan and Culture Minister Ed Vaizey, switched their support to Mrs May.
Anyone wanting to vote has to have been a member of the Conservative Party by 9 June.
Polling expert Professor John Curtice, of Strathclyde University, said the electorate for the contest represented a "very distinctive slice of Britain".
They would be mostly over 50, disproportionately male, and "overwhelmingly middle class", he said.
Guide to the contest
He predicted the Brexit debate would "play a role" in the contest, but not a defining one. About two thirds of Tory members voted to leave, but a higher proportion saw a candidate's leadership credentials and vision for Britain as the most important factor, he added.
Mrs Leadsom's departmental boss, Energy Secretary Amber Rudd, is backing Mrs May and took aim at her junior ministerial colleague's lack of government experience.
She said: "The fact that she hasn't had experience at the Cabinet table, hasn't had much experience even as a junior minister - let's face it she's had just two years - I do think is a problem at this stage."
But one of Mrs Leadsom's high-profile backers, former worker and pensions secretary Iain Duncan Smith, said she would "develop" over the coming weeks and get "better and better and better".
Mrs Leadsom is also supported by former London mayor and one-time leadership favourite Boris Johnson, who said she would replace the "absurd gloom in some quarters with a positive confident and optimistic approach".
UKIP leader Nigel Farage said on Twitter he was backing her.


Qatar has blamed hackers for a story on its state news agency website that quoted the emir as criticising US "hostility" towards Iran.

On Tuesday, the Qatar News Agency (QNA) quoted Sheikh Tamim Al Thani as telling a military ceremony that Iran was an "Islamic power that cannot be ignored".
The government said the agency had been hacked by an "unknown entity" and that the story had "no basis whatsoever".
However, the quotes were reported across the region and caused a stir.
Saudi Arabia's Okaz newspaper accused Qatar of "breaking ranks" and choosing to "side with the enemies of the nation", while the website of the Doha-based Al Jazeera network was blocked in the United Arab Emirates.
Ties between Qatar and its Gulf Arab neighbours have been strained in recent years by the emirate's support of Islamist groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, and its funding of Al Jazeera, which they see as being overly critical.
The report on the QNA's website said Sheikh Tamim had told the military ceremony that Qatar had "tensions" with the administration of US President Donald Trump, who on Sunday urged Arab and Muslim leaders to "work together to isolate Iran".
The emir was quoted as saying that there was "no wisdom in harbouring hostility toward Iran" and that it was a "big power in the stabilisation of the region".
He was also reported to have described relations with Israel as "good" and called Hamas the "legitimate representative of the Palestinian people".
State television's nightly news bulletin showed pictures of the ceremony and included lines from the QNA report in the ticker at the bottom of the screen.
On Wednesday, Government Communications Office director said the QNA website "has been hacked by an unknown entity" and "a false statement attributed to His Highness the Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani has been published".
"The statement published has no basis whatsoever, and the competent authorities in the State of Qatar will hold all those [involved] accountable."
Qatar's foreign ministry meanwhile denied that its ambassadors to Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Kuwait, Bahrain and the UAE were being withdrawn.
A series of posts on the QNA's Twitter feed cited Foreign Minister Mohammed bin Abdul Rahman Al Thani as saying a plot to "discredit" the country had been uncovered. The ministry said the remarks were "fabricated" by hackers.


Hughes Insurance is planning to close half of its branches in Northern Ireland with the loss of 20 jobs.

The company says the move is part of an operational restructure.
It has 11 branches, six of which will shut in April. The firm has its headquarters in Newtownards.
Staff were informed on Thursday that branches will close in Ballymena, Ballynahinch, Lisburn, Magherafelt, Newry and Omagh.
Five other branches will remain unaffected.
It is understood that some staff members will be offered the opportunity to relocate to company headquarters or other branches.
In a statement the company said it will "make every effort to avoid redundancies where possible".
"Where it isn't possible, any redundancies will be voluntary led, or for certain roles, the opportunity to reapply for new positions may exist," it said.


Chelsea have completed the signing of Anderlecht striker Romelu Lukaku.

The two clubs reached agreement on a fee, reported to be around £20m, on 6 August, but the details of the move were finalised after he played for Belgium earlier this week.
The 18-year-old is available for selection for the Blues' match at home against West Brom on Saturday.
"I dreamed to play here since I was 10 years old. It was just what I was searching for," he said.
"I used to watch Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink scoring goals and remember one against Manchester United, the volley at Old Trafford, and I decided I wanted to support this team.
"It's amazing to arrive here in a big club with big ambition. It was just what I was searching for."
Lukaku became a household name in Belgium when he was top scorer in the domestic league in the 2009-2010 season, aged 16.
He scored 16 goals in 37 league goals last season and scored his first international goals in a 2-0 win over Russia in November.
Lukaku, whose father Roger played international football for Zaire, is a Chelsea supporter and predicted he would play for the club on a school visit to Stamford Bridge two years ago.
"I just want to learn and train as much as possible to improve myself and show the coach that when he needs me I am ready," he added.
"Then I hope to make minutes for the team and be helpful for the team, because the team is the most important thing."
This prodigious, precociously prolific goal-getter has set football in his homeland alight and fired warning shots of his talismanic talent around the world despite his tender age
Read more here
His arrival adds further firepower to a Chelsea squad that already includes Fernando Torres, Didier Drogba, Nicolas Anelka, Daniel Sturridge and Salomon Kalou.
"He's an interesting young prospect," said boss Andre Villas-Boas after Chelsea's pre-season friendly win over Rangers on 6 August.
"The situation is now that we have to position ourselves to maybe get this kind of talent."
Manager Herman van Holsbeeck had previously said it was "a shame" that Anderlecht could not retain Lukaku, but admitted it was "a win-win situation for the player and the club".


When teenage carpet salesman Lee Biggins decided to set up a jobseekers website, he wasn't going to let the fact he didn't have any computer skills hold him back.

This was back in 1999, and the then 19-year-old had big ambitions for his business idea.
So he went out and spent £899 on a computer, and an internet how-to book.
Mr Biggins, who had left school at 15 "with some terrible grades - Es, Fs, and Gs", also enrolled on a computer literacy course in his hometown of Fleet, in Hampshire, 45 miles south-west of London.
But realising he could still do with some technical assistance, he says he went to his local pub one evening and asked everyone: "Does anyone know someone who can build a website?"
One of his mates suggested that he should ask an old school friend called Brian Wakem, who had built a website for car enthusiasts.
Mr Wakem agreed to join him and as equal partners they set up their business, CV Library, in 2000.
Backed by a £9,000 bank loan, Mr Wakem would look after the technology, while Mr Biggins would focus on the ideas and leadership.
After a slow first three years, Mr Biggins says business then skyrocketed. Fast forward to today, and CV Library is the UK's third-largest jobseekers website.
Now valued at £100m, and with its headquarters still based in Fleet, its annual turnover is £25m, and it is now expanding into the US.
Mr Biggins, now 38, says: "I had a really tough time at school, I wasn't academic and I really struggled. I thought, for the want of a better word, that I was a loser.
"But when I grew up, I wanted to prove to myself, and everyone else, that actually I am made of something."
Mr Biggins says he came up with the idea of setting up a jobseekers website due to his own personal frustration at how laborious it was to apply for jobs.
"I was looking for jobs, and had to send my CVs to all these recruitment agencies," he says. "I thought, 'There has got to be a better way of doing this.'
"So I came up with the idea of a website where you as the jobseeker can put your details, and then everyone [potential employers and recruitment firms] will come to you."
With CV Library not making any money in its first three years, Mr Biggins also continued to work for his father's carpet business. And to increase his knowledge of the jobs industry he did some shifts at a recruitment agency.
After initial attempts to market the business by putting flyers on every car parked outside Fleet railway station failed to gain many customers, CV Library instead started to pay for adverts on Google and other internet search engines.
User numbers then slowly grew, before things "just went crazy" in 2004 as CV Library became widely known, and levels of jobseekers suddenly shot up.
This required Mr Biggins to start hiring the firm's first employees.
Mr Biggins admits that a substantial part of CV Library's success was its timing, the fact it was set up when the internet was in its relative infancy, and just as people were getting high-speed broadband connections.
As importantly, CV Library was one of the first jobseekers websites to be set up, giving it a first-to-market advantage.
"We only needed £9,000 to set up the business because the internet was new, and there was no-one else out there," he says.
"Today, by contrast, the barriers to entry are huge. Today you couldn't dream of starting up such a business without a couple of million pounds to get anywhere."
CV Library now has 9.5 million registered jobseekers, and is used by more than 10,000 companies and recruitment agencies.
Customers include Asda, Tesco, Heineken, HSBC, the Royal Mail and Sky.
While a multinational business may pay it tens of thousands of pounds, a pub looking for a new barman will be charged from £149.
Since 2013 Mr Biggins has owned 100% of the business after Mr Wakem decided to quit to spend more time with his family. Mr Biggins bought his co-founder's stake for £10m.
With a new US office in Boston, Mr Biggins has plans for a global rollout, and wants CV Library to have a "billion-dollar" valuation in five years' time.
On a daily basis, he says he is "very hands-on, always in the office, running round making sure that all the teams are happy".
He does have his tough side though, as the 140 employees are not allowed to take smoking breaks, use their mobile phones, or surf the internet for personal reasons during work hours.
"I get my work ethic from my dad," says Mr Biggins. "People say being an entrepreneur is something you are born with, and I do think it is a personality trait.
"But at the same time it can be massively frustrating, as I'm never satisfied."


Coventry overcame 10-man Millwall at the Ricoh Arena to secure their first victory in six League One matches.

The promotion-chasing Lions took an early lead as Byron Webster headed past keeper Reice Charles-Cook from Shane Ferguson's corner,
However, Shaun Williams was sent off for Millwall after just 26 minutes when he appeared to headbutt Ruben Lameiras.
Coventry took advantage as John Fleck's 30-yard shot was followed up by Marcus Tudgay's toe-poke to grab victory.
With four matches remaining, Millwall remain fifth in the play-off places, three points clear of seventh-placed Barnsley.
Coventry, climb a place back up to 12th, eights points adrift of the play-off places, after only their third win in 17 matches.
Sky Blues boss Tony Mowbray told BBC Coventry & Warwickshire:
"On the balance of the play it was deserved. It's never easy to play against 10 men.
"But we saw it home. Now we have to see if we can finish the season strongly.
"It's important for the supporters of our club to see that we are fighting for every point."
Millwall manager Neil Harris told BBC Radio London:
Media playback is not supported on this device
"The sending off was a big blow. Having just looked at it quickly, I've got no complaints.
"We looked really solid, really organised. I couldn't remember us giving too many chances away other than the opportunity just before half-time.
"I'm delighted with the players because the spirit they showed and the fight they showed to get a result was terrific with ten men."


Bulgaria's centre-right Prime Minister Boyko Borisov has tendered his resignation, after a Russia-friendly Socialist candidate defeated his nominee in the presidential election.

Former air force commander Rumen Radev, a political novice, won Sunday's election with about 59% of the vote.
He wants the EU to drop its sanctions on Russia and seeks closer ties with Moscow to help Bulgaria's struggling economy. It is the EU's poorest state.
Bulgaria used to be in the Soviet bloc.
Mr Borisov had backed the centre-right speaker of parliament, Tsetska Tsacheva, who won just over 35% of the vote.
The Bulgarian president has a big role in defence and foreign policy, but most key decisions are taken by the government. He has the power to send legislation back to parliament.
Bulgaria country profile
Mr Radev's triumph reflected widespread discontent with the government's poor record on tackling corruption and poverty.
His success came on the same day as that of Igor Dodon, a pro-Russian Socialist elected president of Moldova.
The coalition that Mr Borisov formed upon re-election in 2014 relies on the support of centre-left and nationalist parties.
Outgoing President Rosen Plevneliev is expected to chair negotiations to form a caretaker government, but early elections are expected as soon as March.
Mr Radev, 53, launched his presidential bid as an independent candidate, supported by a group of citizens, and only later got Socialist Party (BSP) backing. He will be sworn in as president in January.
He reached out to nationalists by opposing the EU's resettlement policy for refugees. That policy is also rejected by some other ex-communist EU member states in Eastern and Central Europe.
Mr Radev spent 27 years rising through the ranks of the Bulgarian air force. He also received training at the US Air War College in Alabama. Bulgaria joined Nato in 2004, along with other ex-Soviet bloc countries.
"Until recently, I flew a Soviet jet fighter. I graduated from a US academy. But I am a Bulgarian general. My cause is Bulgaria," he said.
A Bulgarian political analyst, Dimitar Bechev, says Mr Radev's socially conservative platform is not far removed from Mr Borisov's.
"His message will be that Bulgaria can have its cake and eat it - i.e. be a loyal partner in the EU and Nato, while reaching out to Russia," he said in the London School of Economics Europp blog.
"That is not very different from the position advocated by Borisov." The departing prime minister was formerly Bulgaria's police chief.
Mr Bechev says tensions may emerge between Mr Radev and Vice President-elect Iliana Iotova, who is a Bulgarian MEP and a BSP insider.
Media across Europe see the election of Igor Dodon and Rumen Radev as the Moldovan and Bulgarian presidents, respectively, as a victory for Russia.
Romanian TV describes Mr Dodon as "pro-Russian and anti-EU" while a headline on Romanian website Hotnews.ro reads: "Romania gripped more tightly in Russian vice."
Ukraine, which lost the territory of Crimea to Russia in 2014, is concerned. The popular channel, One Plus One TV, notes that Mr Dodon "says Crimea belongs to Russia".
Ukrainian fears are also reflected in social media. Prominent journalist Vitaly Portnikov suggests Russia is the winner in Moldova and Bulgaria. "Sunday belonged to the Kremlin," Portnikov tweeted.
In Germany, the public broadcaster ARD commented: "Political landslide in Bulgaria: More Moscow, less Brussels."
Belgium's L'Avenir newspaper has a headline reading: "Bulgaria comes closer to Russia". And in France, the headline in L'Express simply says: "Bulgarians and Moldovans elect pro-Russian presidents."
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.


A junior doctor who killed herself at the time of a strike by colleagues had doubts over continuing in the profession, an inquest has heard.

Rose Polge, 25, who worked at Torbay Hospital in Devon, disappeared on 12 February. Her body was found in the sea off the coast of Dorset on 1 April.
The coroner concluded Dr Polge took her own life by walking into the sea.
In a statement read in court, her family called for action to halt the "crisis" affecting trainee doctors.
More on the junior doctor inquest, and other news
Dr Polge had been "afraid of working the weekend" after working five days of an 11-day stretch, the inquest at Torquay heard.
Her boyfriend of five years, Dr Alasdair Hawley, said she woke him in a "distressed" state on the morning of Friday, 12 February.
Describing the last time he saw his girlfriend alive, Dr Hawley told the court: "I remember her asking me if she left medicine would I still love her."
He said: "I know she was struggling at work with perceived self-doubts. But feedback was that she was progressing well and was actually very capable."
Dr Polge left her shift at Torbay Hospital early after concerns were raised about her wellbeing and she saw a supervisor.
Her body was discovered off the Portland Bill headland seven weeks later.
South Devon coroner Ian Arrow said he was satisfied Dr Polge "died of drowning or hypothermia by immersion in water".
It emerged during the search for Dr Polge that she had left notes to loved ones before she disappeared.
The BBC understands that a note found in her car related mainly to personal issues, but included a passing reference to Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt.
Little detail about the content of the notes was referred to in court.
In a statement read at the inquest, Dr Polge's tearful family called for action.
It said many doctors worked "under terrific pressure" and coped with "fatigue and heavy workloads" which could "generate massive levels of anxiety".
It continued: "Doctors can feel a dreadful sense of personal failure and inadequacy if they struggle to keep working. Sometimes, the despair can be sudden and overwhelming."
The family said a recent General Medical Council survey identified the problem with low morale and heavy workloads, particularly among junior doctors.
They added: "Our hope is that something will be done about this crisis in the health service."


A family have been rescued after an arson attack at their home in County Antrim.

A tyre filled with flammable liquid was set alight outside a door of the property at Mark Street, Glenarm, at about 01:00 BST on Tuesday.
A 40-year-old man, his wife, 37, their 15-year-old daughter and nine-year-old son were in the house, as well as another man. No-one was injured.
It is understood the family is Polish and had been previously targeted.
There was minor smoke damage to the house.
Sinn Fein MLA Oliver McMullan said it was not the first time the family had been attacked.
"To my knowledge, it is the third attack," he said.
"There has been a petrol bomb thrown at the house and there has been another occasion when acid was poured over their vehicle."
The police have appealed for information.
A PSNI spokeswoman said:  "All lines of inquiry are being followed up. At this stage it is being treated as criminal damage and arson."


A multi-millionaire was so impressed with the treatment he received as a patient at Poole Hospital that he gifted it a £3.5m surgical robot.

Robert Braithwaite, 72, founder of Sunseeker yachts, bought the da Vinci robot which will be used in advanced keyhole surgery for cancer patients.
He said it was a "pleasure" to pay back the hospital that treated him for bowel cancer earlier in the year.
Tas Qureshi, the surgeon who treated him, called the gift "incredible".
The Dorset Cancer Centre will use the robot, which was developed in California, to treat rectal, gynaecological, head and neck cancers.
Mr Qureshi, consultant colorectal surgeon and lead for laparoscopic keyhole surgery, said the robot's "greater range of movement" would "allow easier access to areas difficult to reach with traditional key hole surgery".
He said it meant better targeting and removal of cancers, and less chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
He added: "I would like to place on record our sincerest gratitude to Robert."
Mr Braithwaite offered to make a donation after recovering from surgery to treat his tumour.
When Mr Qureshi said Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust would welcome funds towards the "game-changing" robot, Mr Braithwaite offered to pay for the whole thing, as well as its ongoing maintenance.
He said: "Dorset has played a huge part in my life.
"It has been home to Sunseeker since the early 70s... and I am exceptionally proud and grateful to this hard working team and the Dorset community who have always been very supportive of our ambitions."
Debbie Fleming, chief executive of the trust, said: "We're indebted to Mr Braithwaite for this incredibly generous gift."
The first patients will be treated by the robot later in the year.


The polar bears at a Winnipeg zoo in Canada are pooping glitter... we know.

Zookeepers have been adding different colours of the sparkly stuff, including purple, red and gold to food given to the polar bears.
It doesn't harm the animals, but it allows researchers to identify which sample came from which furry friend.
Tests have been performed on the droppings for two years to track levels of stress in the bears as they adjust to life at the zoo.
And they said only unicorns pooped rainbows...


"I realised the burden of what teachers go through here when I was living in this rural village," says Toni Maraviglia, co-founder of Eneza Education, a mobile phone based education tool in Kenya.

"If I was giving individual feedback on a daily basis as a teacher I would see my kids scores just skyrocket, but in some classrooms there might be 70, 80 students, and you can imagine how overwhelming that is for one teacher."
From her experience, Ms Maraviglia, a 32-year-old American who had moved to Kenya to help start a program to support teachers, came up with the idea of teaching via mobile phone text messages.
Together with co-founder Kago Kagichiri they set up their business in Nairobi in 2011.
Eneza says it wants to make "50 million students in Africa smarter".
"Eneza is a virtual tutor and teachers' assistant," explains Ms Maraviglia.  "It's a way for students to access courses through a low-cost cell phone.
"A lot of people [wrongly] think that our company is non-profit, because I am a woman, and because it's in education.
"We are a mission-based, for-profit company - what we do is charge an extremely low cost to our users and our business model is based on large scale."
For many young people across Africa, the education available to them is often both under-resourced and costly to students and their families.
Limited public funds leave classrooms over-crowded, teachers over-stretched, and textbooks in short supply, while private schooling is prohibitively expensive for many.
Ms Maraviglia, who started out as a teacher in inner city New York after graduating from the University of California, jokes that she is the teacher who hated technology, and her Kenyan co-founder Mr Kagichiri is the techie who hated teachers.
"What really changed my mind about what's possible is Kago," she says. "When a technologist and a teacher put their heads together they are able to really think of solutions that work."
Eneza's 500,000 users access courses and quizzes almost exclusively by text messages, for a cost of just 10 Kenyan shillings (10 cents; six pence) per week, which is deducted from pre-paid airtime on their mobile phones. The company has also developed Android and web-based versions of the app, but text messages  remain the vast majority of its operations.
The emphasis on text messages enables users across rural Kenya to continue learning even if people can't afford to pay for data or expensive handsets, or if there is no data network in the area.
Eneza's courses target students from around 10 to 18-years-old, but also cater for school drop-outs up to the age of 25.
They are aligned to Kenya's national curriculum and cover subjects including maths, science, Kiswahili and English.
Learners receive questions - both multiple choice and open-ended - by text, and get feedback on their responses, whether right or wrong.
The app also features a built-in detective game called "Where is Ms Mandizi?" that sends more clues as learners progress, and users also accumulate points as they work their way through lessons.
"We are trying to bring 'gamefication' into the app, along with access to Wikipedia and an interactive chat - an environment in which people are learning, but at the same time being incentivised by fun things," says Mr Kagichiri, who taught himself to programme when he was eight-years-old.
Of the 500,000 users in Kenya - where mobile phone penetration is at one of the highest levels in sub-Saharan Africa - 70,000 are active users on a monthly basis.
"What we see from our students is that many of them will go home and study on this from 20 minutes to an hour every night," explains Ms Maraviglia.
Some of Eneza's so-called super-users are located in very remote parts of the country, including in Dadaab refugee camp near the Kenyan border with Somalia.
And while the Eneza team believes that at least 30% of their users do not go to school, in that they are drop-outs or older learners, the traditional education system remains critical to their work.
"From just 10 shillings every week, my child is given so many questions a day," says Beatrice Wambui, the mother of 12-year-old Peninah who is a  heavy user of Eneza.
"There were some topics my child did not know, Eneza stepped in and helped her.
"After she started using Eneza, she moved to second position at school, she had been in seventh place before."
The team hope to roll out the Eneza app, "Eneza" means "to spread" in Swahili, in other African countries and they have already begun work in Tanzania and Ghana.
"We are really looking to be huge," says Ms Maraviglia.
"We want to be the go-to mobile educational source for Africa, and 50 million students is the target we want to hit in terms of reach."
The Digital Disruptors is a series about the people and companies shaking up business with new technology.


Discrimination may be happening at US immigration points in Republic of Ireland airports, says the Irish minister for children.

In a tweet, Katherine Zappone called for an urgent review of US policy.
President Donald Trump's executive order banning people from Iran, Iraq, Sudan, Libya, Yemen, Syria and Somalia is being implemented at Dublin and Shannon airports.
They are among a small number of airports offering US pre-clearance.
It means that checks are carried out pre-departure and travellers are treated as domestic arrivals upon reaching the US.
All travellers who have nationality or dual nationality of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen are not permitted to enter the US for 90 days, or be issued an immigrant or non-immigrant visa.
This includes those who share dual nationality with allied countries, including the UK, although Canada has been told its dual nationals are not affected.
However, the UK foreign office put out a statement saying only those dual nationals travelling from one of the blacklisted seven countries might be subject to extra checks. It said those travelling from any other country to the US would not be affected and should not be subjected to any extra vetting, "regardless of your nationality or your place of birth".
However, one Scottish veterinary student - who travels on an Iranian passport - was unable to fly home from her holiday in Costa Rica because she was told her transit visa for the US was no longer valid.
White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus said US green-card holders - legal residents - would not be affected, although he admitted to NBC's Meet the Press programme that they could be subject to greater questioning at airports.
Other Irish politicians have added their voices to Ms Zappone's call for a review or suspension of US pre-clearance if it means applying Mr Trump's order.
His decision to halt all refugee admissions and temporarily bar people from seven Muslim-majority countries has sparked protests across the country, and drawn condemnation from the wider world.
Those opposed to it have called it "the Muslim ban" and those who support it claim this is Mr Trump making good on election promises.
Although US officials operate US immigration law in the pre-clearance areas at the two Irish airports, nevertheless Irish officials support them.
Independent Alliance TD Kevin Boxer Moran said Ireland could not stand by the immigration measures imposed by Mr Trump.
Speaking on RTÃ‰'s Morning Ireland, Mr Moran said he would like the Cabinet to meet to look at those measures and make sure that they are not implemented.
"We don't want those measures implemented on Irish soil and I think it's important that we set out that signal quite loud and strong to the American administration," he said.
Irish Minister for European Affairs, Dara Murphy, told RTÃ‰ the order was a "blunt instrument" that would only play into the hands of those who have suspicions about how the western world operates.
Richard Boyd Barrett, TD, condemned Mr Trump's "dangerous and racist orders" and Ruth Coppinger TD said the Irish government must decide which side it is on.
Meanwhile, Humanrights.ie - a website run by legal experts - said it could be argued that applying the executive order in the Republic of Ireland would be "unlawful".
The group described the measure as "nothing more than discrimination based on religion".


Our environment correspondent Matt McGrath looks at five critical questions now facing the Nobel prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as it prepares to present its latest report in Stockholm later this week.

The IPCC - weren't they the ones who said the Himalayan glaciers would disappear by 2035? How can we trust what they say this time?
The weight given to the reports of the IPCC is a measure of the global scale of scientific involvement with the panel.
Divided into three working groups that look at the physical science, the impacts and options to limit climate change, the panel involves thousands of scientists around the world.
The first report, to be presented in Stockholm, has 209 lead authors and 50 review editors from 39 countries.
The 30-page Summary for Policymakers that will be published after review by government officials in the Swedish capital is based on around 9,000 peer-reviewed scientific papers and 50,000 comments from the expert reviewers.
But among these icebergs of data, things can and do go awry.
In the last report, published in 2007, there were a handful of well publicised errors, including the claim that Himalayan glaciers would disappear by 2035. The wrong percentage was also given for the amount of land in the Netherlands under sea level.
The IPCC admitted it had got it wrong and explained that, in a report running to 3,000 pages, there were bound to be some mistakes. The Himalayan claim came from the inclusion of an interview that had been published in the magazine New Scientist.
In its own words, the IPCC is there "to provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts".
The offspring of two UN bodies, the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme, it has issued four heavyweight assessment reports to date on the state of the climate.
These are commissioned by the governments of 195 countries, essentially the entire world. These reports are critical in informing the climate policies adopted by these governments.
The IPCC itself is a small organisation, run from Geneva with a full time staff of 12. All the scientists who are involved with it do so on a voluntary basis.
In 2009, a review of the way the IPCC assesses information suggested the panel should be very clear in future about the sources of the information it uses.
The panel was also scarred by association with the "Climategate" rumpus. Leaked emails between scientists working for the IPCC were stolen and published in 2009.
They purported to show some collusion between researchers to make climate data fit the theory of human-induced global warming more clearly. However at least three investigations found no evidence to support this conclusion.
But the overall effect of these events on the panel has been to make them more cautious.
Although this new report is likely to stress a greater certainty among scientists that human activities are causing climate warming, in terms of the scale, level and impacts, the word "uncertainty" features heavily.
"What we are seeing now is that this working group is getting more careful than they already were," said Prof Arthur Petersen, chief scientist at the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
"Overall, the message is, in that sense, more conservative I expect, for this IPCC report compared to previous ones."
Hasn't global warming stopped since 1998?
The 2007 IPCC report made no mention of any slowdown or standstill in temperature rises in recent decades. They pointed out that the linear warming trend over the previous 50 years was 0.13C per decade, which was twice that for the past 100 years.
They forecast that, if emissions of carbon dioxide continued on their existing path, over the next century the climate would respond by warming between 2C and 4.5C, with a most likely rise of 3C.
But since 2007, climate sceptics have loudly argued that global average temperatures haven't actually gone above the level recorded in 1998.
The issue is now being taken more seriously by the IPCC and other respected science organisations.
My colleague David Shukman summarised some of the explanations now being offered as to why the temperatures have not risen more quickly in line with the modelling.
Most scientists believe that the warming has continued over the past 15 years, but more of the heat has gone into the oceans. They are unsure about the mechanisms driving this change in behaviour.
The most recent peer reviewed article suggested that a periodic, natural cooling of the Pacific Ocean was counteracting the impact of carbon dioxide.
"1998 was a particular hot year due to a record-breaking El Niño event, while recently we have had mostly the opposite - cool conditions in the tropical Pacific," Prof Stefan Rahmstorf, from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, told BBC News.
"That warming has not stopped can be seen from the ongoing heat accumulation in the global oceans."
Climate sceptics, however, argue that the pause is evidence that climate models used by the IPCC are too sensitive and exaggerate the effects of carbon dioxide.
"In the last year, we have seen several studies showing that climate sensitivity is actually much less than we thought for the last 30 years," said Marcel Crok, a Dutch author who is sceptical of the IPCC process.
"These studies show that our real climate has a sensitivity of between 1.5C and 2.0C. But the models are much more sensitive, and warm up three degrees."
Am I going to get flooded?
The 2007 IPCC report was heavily criticised for its estimations on sea level rise.
The panel suggested that a warming planet would see waters around the world rise by between 18cm and 59cm by the end of this century. Heat causes the seas to expand but also increases the rate of melting of glaciers and ice sheets.
The IPCC doesn't commission any new science, but reviews and condenses existing peer reviewed material.
Each Summary for Policymakers is a short distillation of an underlying report that can stretch to several hundred pages. The final draft of the short summary is presented to representatives of the 195 governments who commission the report.
In a hectic week before publication, every single line is gone through by the scientists and civil servants. The lead authors are in the room and can veto a change if it isn't supported in the underlying report.
The IPCC figure didn't include any estimates for the extra water coming from the Greenland or Antarctic ice sheets as they said they didn't have enough accurate information.
Other researchers were critical of this approach and have published studies that suggested a far higher sea level rise.
But in recent months, a study funded by the European Union and involving scientists across the world, came up with what they believe is the most accurate estimate yet - and it increases the level of sea rise by just 10cm from the IPCC report.
"What we are talking about is a reduction in uncertainty - we find we haven't changed the number enormously compared to AR4 (IPCC 2007 report)," said Prof David Vaughan, from the British Antarctic Survey (Bas), while speaking at the launch of the report.
"We've added maybe another 10cm but the level of certainty we have around that is actually higher than it was in the AR4."
Leaked details from the forthcoming report indicate that the worst sea level rise scenarios for the year 2100, under the highest emissions of carbon dioxide, could reach 97cm.
Some scientists, including Prof Rahmstorf, have been unhappy with the models used by the IPCC to calculate the rise. Using what's termed a semi-empirical model, the projections for sea level can reach 2m. At that point, an extra 187 million people across the world would be flooded.
But the IPCC is likely to say that there is no consensus about the semi-empirical approach and will stick with the lower figure of just under 1m.
So will all this mean more flooding?
"Yes, but not everywhere," said Prof Piers Forster from the University of Leeds. "Generally, the wet regions will get wetter and the dry ones drier."
The report is also likely to assess the intensity of storms, and there might be some better news in that there is likely to be a downwards revision.
And what about the Polar bears?
The state of the North and South Poles has been of growing concern to science as the effects of global warming are said to be more intense in these regions.
The IPCC has evolved a complicated way of communicating scientific certainty and confidence in a finding:
very unlikely - 0-10%
unlikely - 10-33%
likely as not - 33-66%
likely - 66-100%
very likely - 90-100%
Extremely likely - 95-100%
Virtually certain - 99-100%
Confidence is also expressed as very low, low, medium, high and very high.
Evidence can can be limited, medium or robust.
And levels of agreement can be low, medium or high
In 2007, the IPCC said that temperatures in the Arctic increased at almost twice the global average rate in the past 100 years. They pointed out that the region can be highly variable, with a warm period observed between 1925 and 1945.
In the drafts of the latest report, the scientists say there is stronger evidence that ice sheets and glaciers are losing mass and sea ice cover is decreasing in the Arctic.
In relation to Greenland, which by itself has the capacity to raise global sea levels by six metres, the panel says they are 90% certain that the average rate of ice loss between 1992 and 2001 has increased six-fold in the period 2002 to 2011.
While the Arctic mean sea ice extent has declined by around 4% per decade since 1979, the Antarctic has increased up to 1.8% per decade over the same time period.
As for the future, the suggestions are quite dramatic. Under the worst carbon emissions scenarios, an Arctic free of sea ice in the summer by the middle of this century is likely.
Some recent newspaper reports have suggested that sea ice in the Arctic has recovered in 2013, but scientists are virtually certain about the trend.
"The sea ice cover on the Arctic ocean is in a downward spiral," said Prof Rahmstorf. "And much faster than IPCC predicted."
And Prof Shang-Ping Xie from the University of California in San Diego told BBC News that the outlook for polar bears and other species isn't good.
"There will be pockets of sea ice in some marginal seas. Hopefully, polar bears will be able to survive summer on these pockets of remaining sea ice," he said.
Does the IPCC have a future?
There have been growing calls for reform of the IPCC process from critics and friends alike.
Many believe that these big, blockbuster reports, published once every six years, are not the way forward in the modern era.
"The close government scrutiny and infrequent publication certainly fillip the climate change agenda," said Prof Forster.
"But, given the pace of both science and news, perhaps it is time the IPCC moved with the Twitter generation."
Many sceptical voices are also calling for changes.
Marcel Crok says the whole process of the IPCC is bad for the scientific principle of open argument.
"It is not designed to answer questions because the whole IPCC process, the whole consensus-building process, is choking the openness of the scientific debate," he explained.
However, some argue the IPCC plays an important role as a source of information for developing countries.
And again others think the organisation will survive for far more unprincipled reasons. "It is a UN body," said Prof Petersen. "It may perpetuate until eternity."
Follow Matt on Twitter.


More than 650,000 Chinese smartphones have been unwittingly enrolled in a massive attack that overwhelmed a web server.

The huge attack saw the target site hit with about 4.5 billion separate requests for data in one day.
The tidal wave of data was traced to a pool of booby-trapped adverts that had been seeded with malicious code.
The adverts seem to have been shown in apps popular in China, said Cloudflare, which uncovered the data deluge.
Analysis found that it relied on the widely used Javascript language as it tried to knock the site offline.
"It seems probable that users were served advertisements containing the malicious Javascript," wrote Cloudflare security analyst Marek Majkowski in a blogpost.
What was not entirely clear, said Mr Majkowski, was how so many Chinese phone owners were tricked into visiting the pages hosting the booby-trapped adverts.
He speculated that the attack had worked because its creators had joined one of the networks that piped adverts to people as they browsed the web.
Many of these ad networks run live auctions with the available slots going to the firm that bids the highest. By bidding high, the cybercriminals seem to have won the right to get their adverts in front of lots of people, he said.
"Attacks like this form a new trend," said Mr Majkowski. "They present a great danger in the internet - defending against this type of flood is not easy for small website operators."
The target site received more web traffic in a day than the BBC's news website gets in a month. Cloudflare did not name the company that ran the server that was hit.


The EU's anti-terror chief has told Newsbeat he's concerned about the rising number of women and girls going to Syria to join jihadi groups.

Gilles de Kerchove, the EU's counter-terrorism coordinator, says an increasing number of women make up the estimated 5,000 Europeans who've gone.
He argues that without the work done by the intelligence agencies and police the number of Europeans travelling to Syria could be as high as 10,000.
"More women [are going]," he says.
"That doesn't mean more women on the frontline fighting. But maybe going there with the whole family, or supporting in a more logistic capacity, the fighters."
Islamic State is a radical Islamist group that has seized large areas of territory in eastern Syria and across northern and western Iraq. It declared an Islamic state, or caliphate, last year.
Its brutal tactics include mass killings and abductions of members of religious and ethnic minorities, as well as the beheadings of soldiers and journalists.
"We have a caliphate, where Sharia law is implemented, and that might be attractive to some people," says Mr de Kerchove.
"It's not just a fight. It's the overall environment which some people may consider the right one [to live in]."
In a high-profile case in February, three schoolgirls from London became some of the latest teenagers to go to Syria.
Senior police officers previously stated that around 60 British women and girls have travelled to the conflict.
Newsbeat has seen widespread online evidence of jihadists encouraging women to join them in Syria.
"My dear sisters come and be amongst the Muhajirahs (female jihadists)," 17-year-old Zahra Halane from Manchester wrote online.
She travelled to Syria with her twin sister Salma last year. Both married IS fighters who have since been killed.
Zahra, who doesn't operate online under her real name, has used social networking sites to speak about her life under IS, promote its propaganda and give advice on how to act around family members before coming to Syria.
Newsbeat spoke to Zahra as an anonymous user.
She said:
We can't verify Zahra is communicating on the account, but believe it is her due to responses to specific questions.
We also can't verify whether these are her own personal messages. Young girls like Zahra have clearly been used by Islamic State to spread IS propaganda.
Zahra Halane has also asked women considering becoming jihadis to get in contact with her by using encrypted messaging apps, which intelligence services struggle to monitor.
"For my sisters!" she wrote, alongside her personal contact details.
Security services are particularly concerned about the increasing popularity of encryption apps.
Mr de Kerchove told Newsbeat that companies which provide sophisticated encryption software are going to come under pressure.
"It's a very tricky issue. We need to keep encryption possible but at the same time we have to allow the police to intercept communications between crooks, between criminals, between terrorists.
"I think there is a growing consensus that we have to discuss with the companies, ways to allow the police and security service, to get access to the content."
Speaking on the BBC Two documentary, Britain's Jihadi Brides, a former recruiter and radicaliser Yasmin Mulbocus warns of the huge dangers for girls who travel to Syria.
"Suppose your husband dies, you'll be forced to marry someone else. Where are the boundaries? Where is your protection? Where is the law?" she says.
"Where you give people power, they will abuse it and these people are human, they're not divine, they're human beings, so of course there will be power trip."
Britain's Jihadi Brides goes out at 21:00 BST on Wednesday night.
Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter, BBCNewsbeat on Instagram and Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube


Cowdenbeath moved off the foot of League One with a surprise win at second-placed Peterhead, meaning Dunfermline Athletic sealed the title.

Lewis Milne's pass set Greig Spence clear, and he slotted the game's only goal before the break.
Peterhead pushed for a leveller, but it was Cowdenbeath who came closest to the next goal when Spence hit a post.
The visitors are two points above Forfar Athletic and Brechin City in ninth and tenth spots, respectively.


A cancer patient who moved to England for treatment after funding for his condition was rejected by a Welsh health board has been told he could soon be free of the disease.

Irfon Williams, 44, from Bangor, Gwynedd, was told last year he had two years to live because of bowel cancer.
He went to live with relatives in order to get funding for the drug Cetuximab, which can extend patients' lives.
The Welsh government said all patients had access to "proven" treatments.
Father-of-five Mr Williams has been told his tumours have shrunk by 60% since having treatment and is expecting an operation to remove them in September to rid him of the disease completely.
Betsi Cadwaladr health board, which made the decision not to fund Cetuximab, said at the time decisions of that kind were "highly sensitive".
Mr Williams's treatment was paid for by the Cancer Drugs Fund, which does not exist in Wales.
As a result of his experiences the health services manager has campaigned to highlight the issue, with questions put to the first minister in the Senedd as a result.
A Welsh government spokesman said: "In Wales, we have a system in place which ensures all patients get access to proven and effective treatments for all conditions - not just cancer.
"Cancer patients in Wales have quicker access to NICE-approved cancer drugs than those in England.
"The Cancer Drugs Fund in England funds non-approved medicines that deliver little or no benefit for patients. We have no plans to introduce a cancer drugs fund in Wales."


A referendum on Europe should be "sufficiently distant" from the assembly elections in May, the Welsh government has said.

It follows speculation the poll on whether the UK should remain in or leave the EU could be held in June.
A Welsh government spokesman said time was needed for the question of Europe to be "separately and fully explored".
Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said it would be "a mistake" to have it so soon after the devolved elections.
Following the Conservatives' victory in the 2015 general election, there had been speculation an EU referendum could be held on the same day as elections to the Scottish Parliament and assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland.
First Minister Carwyn Jones and Welsh Secretary Stephen Crabb both expressed concern, but former assembly presiding officer Lord Elis-Thomas said the move could boost turnout.
A Welsh government spokesman said: "Since the idea of holding an EU referendum this year was first suggested we have consistently called for it to be held on a different date from that for the assembly elections.
"It also needs to be sufficiently distant from them in time so that the implications of the EU question can be separately and fully explored in the referendum campaign."


The police force at the centre of the Rotherham abuse scandal has been dubbed "substandard" on tackling offenders.

South Yorkshire Police has charged one person for every 16 child sexual exploitation complaints over two years.
It also brought among the fewest prosecutions of child abusers in the past three years, according to the CPS.
Lib Dem Lord Scriven said victims had been "let down", while the force stressed CSE investigations involved "highly complex evidence".
Former children's minister Tim Loughton said charges and prosecutions by South Yorkshire were "completely out of sync" with other forces.
South Yorkshire was among 10 constabularies to which the BBC sent Freedom of Information requests.
The average charging rate across the other nine forces was more like one charge for every five CSE complaints; with the figure at one in eight in the West Midlands, Hampshire and Leicestershire.
1,184
CSE complaints in Greater Manchester from July 2012 to December 2015
292
resulted in charges
1,055 in Staffordshire from April 2014 to December 2015: 173 charges
1,034 in the Metropolitan Police area from May 2013 to December 2015: 210 charges
695 in South Yorkshire from January 2013 to December 2015: 46 charges
The CPS provided separate figures for prosecutions for child abuse - including sex crimes, child prostitution, child cruelty, trafficked children and historical abuse where the victim was now an adult.
It comes as survivors are due to share their personal experiences at a conference on CSE on Friday, to learn lessons from the Rotherham abuse scandal.
On Wednesday, the NSPCC said the number of reported child sex offences had risen by a third in England and Wales in a year to the equivalent of more than 113 a day.
Asked what he believed the BBC's research showed, Lord Scriven said it highlighted how South Yorkshire's Chief Constable David Crompton had failed to act with the "speed and severity required" to stop childhoods "being ruined by abuse".
The peer's comments came despite recent jail terms for three brothers who led a grooming gang a judge said caused harm of "unimaginable proportions".
Repeating his call for the chief constable to resign, Lord Scriven said: "We need to solve this for the sake of confidence in the police and the victims.
"I feel the chief constable is not the man to take this force forward."
The Conservative MP Mr Loughton said: "I will be raising these figures with the Home Affairs Select Committee."
South Yorkshire Police said the nature of CSE investigations might mean it took longer than a year to prosecute offenders and some may be charged with multiple offences.
"In the last month five people have been jailed for a total of a 102 years for a number of CSE-related offences in Rotherham. This demonstrates the determination we have to bringing those responsible for this type of crime to justice," said a spokesperson.
South Yorkshire is not alone in receiving criticism for not tackling child sex abuse: Thames Valley Police and Oxfordshire County Council were found in a serious case review in March 2015 to have made "many errors" and there was condemnation for authorities after the Rochdale grooming case.
The scale of the problem identified in Rotherham, however, dwarfed other towns and police watchdog Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary found in July the force still needed to make "major improvements" to some child protection procedures.
Retired Det Ch Insp Simon Morton, who led the Thames Valley Police investigation into abuse in Oxfordshire uncovered during an inquiry dubbed Operation Bullfinch, said he thought the number of charges across the 10 forces was "promising" because of the difficulty and distress for victims in building evidence to bring cases to court.
Stockport's Labour MP Ann Coffey, who authored a report in the wake of the Rochdale grooming case in 2012, said the number of reports suggested greater awareness among police of CSE but she was "not convinced" of greater public awareness.
"Until that happens, I don't think we will have a high level of prosecutions as members of the public make up juries."
In law, there is no specific crime of child sexual exploitation. Offenders are often charged for associated offences such as sexual activity with a child, but police forces record these associated crimes internally with CSE flags or markers, meaning they have safeguarding concerns about a child. The BBC requested numbers of offences with a CSE flag.
The 10 forces started highlighting CSE separately over the past four years - with Greater Manchester the first in July 2012 and Durham the last in November 2014 - but in that time there have been thousands of reports including from children's homes, schools and hotels.
Peter Garsden, from the Association of Child Abuse Lawyers, said "wide discrepancies between recording efficiencies in different [police force] areas" could affect investigations, with knock-on effects for victims.
Such was the demand, Barnardo's launched a fundraising appeal for Â£500,000 to keep its existing, voluntary-funded CSE services open "with the ambition to open more".
Javed Khan, Barnardo's chief executive, said more victims came forward "every time" it opened a new service.
"Sadly, we then have to prioritise the most high-risk cases as our services are usually oversubscribed," he said.
Many of the reports have been made since the full extent of the Rotherham scandal was revealed in the Jay report, in August 2014.
Insp Julie Woods, from West Midlands Police's public protection unit, said more children were reporting abuse.
She said: "However, children are often very reluctant to talk and where there is evidence to support a criminal justice route we will always proceed with a victimless prosecution, obviously with the support of CPS."
Durham Constabulary CSE specialist Helen Murphy said social media was used by offenders to meet children and "play on their innocence and naivety".
The "vast majority" of sexual abuse of children was however committed in their homes "by people who should be protecting them", Ms Murphy added.
Hampshire Det Supt Victoria Dennis said: "Victims of CSE can take many months, sometimes years, to be able to disclose what has happened to them. This can result in the investigation not progressing to a charge or prosecution if there is insufficient evidence at that time.
"The force is not struggling to investigate these offences; we have adequate resources to investigate these offences thoroughly."
Leicestershire Police said it had launched a new campaign called CEASE - the Commitment to Eradicate Abuse and Sexual Exploitation in Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland.
Dorset Police said it gathered evidence towards prosecutions even without complaints from victims and "regardless of the outcome...continued to support victims and help them minimise any risks to which they may be exposed".
Staffordshire Police said figures showed offences and the number of people charged over a specific time period highlighted CSE offenders were often charged with more than one offence, "which may mean that the proportion of people arrested per offence differed".
The force said it had teams to target CSE on the street, online and a multi-agency prevention team, which meant it "uncovered a greater number of offences" due to its "active focus".


Politicians who have used a divisive and dehumanised rhetoric are creating a more divided and dangerous world, says rights group Amnesty International.

Its annual report singles out President Donald Trump as an example of an "angrier and more divisive politics".
But it criticises other leaders, including those of Turkey, Hungary and the Philippines, who it says have used narratives of fear, blame and division.
The group also says governments are exploiting refugees for political ends.
The report, which covers 159 countries, cited a rise in hate speech across the US and Europe targeting refugees and said the reverberations would see more attacks on people on the basis of race, gender, nationality and religion.
It criticised countries that, it said, once claimed to champion rights abroad and that were now rolling back human rights at home.
"Instead of fighting for people's rights, too many leaders have adopted a dehumanizing agenda for political expediency," Salil Shetty, secretary general of Amnesty International, said in a statement.
"The limits of what is acceptable have shifted. Politicians are shamelessly and actively legitimizing all sorts of hateful rhetoric and policies based on people's identity: misogyny, racism and homophobia."
The group made special reference to Mr Trump's executive order last month that banned refugees and immigrants from seven mostly Muslim countries from entering the US.
It said Mr Trump put "his hateful xenophobic pre-election rhetoric" into action by signing the measure. The US president, who recently said he was the "least racist" and "least anti-Semitic person", is expected to unveil an updated order this week.
But Amnesty also mentioned Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban as leaders who were using the "us versus them" rhetoric.
"2016 was the year when the cynical use of 'us vs them' narratives of blame, hate and fear took on a global prominence to a level not seen since the 1930s," Mr Shetty added, citing the year when Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany.
"A new world order where human rights are portrayed as a barrier to national interests makes the ability to tackle mass atrocities dangerously low, leaving the door open to abuses reminiscent of the darkest times of human history."
Kate Allen, director of Amnesty UK, criticised as "shameful" the recent decision by the British government to halt the scheme which allowed the entry of unaccompanied refugee children already in Europe, estimated to be 90,000.
The group also cited in its report:
The London-based group exceptionally launched its report in Paris, saying that France has seen an erosion of its rights in the name of security.
The French government says its measures, which followed a series of attacks in 2015, are necessary to protect the country.


Four-time Olympic silver medallist Ian Stark reflects on his career in eventing - from humble beginnings to world success.

Media playback is not supported on this device
"I started riding while I was about 10 and it was a bit intimidating and scary but I was hooked from then on," he said.
"It probably made me hungrier that it wasn't handed to me on a plate - I had to work jolly hard for it."
If you want to find out more about getting into equestrian sports, read our special guide.


Ambulances in Wales have met a key time target for responding to the most life-threatening emergencies after a change to the way calls are classed.

Almost 69% of code red calls were responded to within eight minutes in October, exceeding the 65% target.
Around 5% of all 999 calls were subject to the target that month, compared to 40% before the year-long trial began.
Deputy Health Minister Vaughan Gething said the new system was working, but opposition parties dispute the claim.
"We know that change can be difficult in the health service - for staff and the public," said Mr Gething.
"However, the initial figures from this pilot suggest that the new clinical response model is ensuring that patients are getting the right care, in the right place, at the right time."
Tracey Myhill, chief executive of the Welsh Ambulance Service, said: "We've made a really solid start on this ground-breaking new pilot, and today's figures are testament of that."
Welsh Lib Dem leader Kirsty Williams said she was concerned that the "vast majority" of emergency calls were no longer subject to any time-related targets or had any performance data published.
She said: "This new targeting regime may make life easier for Labour ministers, giving them one less negative headline every month, but in reality people are being left in the dark as to how well their ambulance service is actually performing."
Plaid Cymru health spokesperson Elin Jones and Ms Williams both pointed out that ambulances in three health board areas - Hywel Dda, Cwm Taf and Powys - still failed to meet the 65% threshold for code red calls responded to in eight minutes.
"The Labour government is still struggling to meet its watered-down targets," Ms Jones added.
"It is wrong of the government to call its performance a success."
The Welsh government denied Ms Williams's claim about the lack of data on non-red calls, pointing out that response data on amber calls had also been published.
Conservative shadow health minister Darren Millar congratulated the ambulance service on the figures.
"Whilst the targets are lower than those elsewhere in the UK this is a significant achievement and hardworking staff should be commended," he said.
But Mr Millar added: "The answer to sustained improvement in performance does not lie in the Labour approach of scrapping targets and record breaking NHS budget cuts; instead we need to see extra investment in the ambulance service and our wider unscheduled care system."


On 8 November, the US will decide who they want to be their next president.

Stories about the US election are all over the news, as Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton battle to become the country's next leader.
But there are a lot of complicated words and names being used.
Check out Newsround's US election dictionary below to find out what they all mean.
This is a state where people will generally vote for the Democratic party - that is Hillary Clinton's party.
When people in the same political party go around the country and try to persuade people to vote for them, this is called campaigning. People who want to become president spend a lot of money doing this.
Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump have been campaigning for many months to persuade people around the US that they should be the next president.
This is a building in Washington where part of the US government lives, called Congress. Congress is made up of two parts that you will find in the Capitol building - the Senate and House of Representatives.
Traditionally, the ceremony which marks the moment that the president officially starts his or her new job takes place on the steps of this building, in January following the election.
You can see a picture of Barack Obama at this ceremony further below.
A caucus is a type of meeting where members of a political party choose people, called delegates, to support the person they want to be the next president. People at the meeting openly show their support for the person they want, by talking or putting their hands up, like you might do in class. It is not done in secret, like a lot of voting.
These are held in around one in five of the US states (the others have different types of meetings called primaries) and take place in the first half of the year before an election.
This is a job which the president automatically gets meaning he is head of the US army.
This is the part of the US government that writes and brings in laws, and also approves how much money the country spends. They can also do many more things, such as increase and decrease taxes, and declare war.
It is made up of two parts - the House of Representatives (435 people) and the Senate (100 people). Its home is the Capitol building.
This is the rulebook that everyone in America has to follow. It was first made official towards the end of the 18th Century and most recently tweaked in 1992.
An important member of a political party with the power to vote for a person to represent their party in the presidential election. These are the people Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton had to convince first to let them represent their party!
One of the two main political parties in the US. Hillary Clinton is representing the Democrats in her battle to become president.
The current president Barack Obama is a member of the Democratic party too.
A donkey is used as a symbol of the Democratic party.
It is thought this was first used during a presidential campaign in 1828, after the candidate Andrew Jackson used it on his posters because of a nickname his opponents gave him.
A cartoonist called Thomas Nast later used the animal to represent the Democrats and it became a popular symbol for the party by the end of the 19th century.
An elephant is used as a symbol of the Republican party.
It is thought it was first used like this by an Illinois newspaper during Abraham Lincoln's 1860 election campaign as a symbol of strength, although the exact reason is still debated.
It was then made popular after a man called Thomas Nast - who was a Republican - drew it in a cartoon in a magazine in 1874.
Out of the people who are competing to be president, the front-runner is the person who is in the lead and most likely to win.
The House of Representatives is one part of the US government that makes the laws, called Congress.  The other part of Congress is the Senate.
There are 435 people in the House of Representatives (and 100 in the Senate).
Elections for the House of Representatives are held in states every two years. The number of representatives that each state has in Congress depends on how big it is.
This is the name given to the ceremony which officially marks the start of the president's time in the job. It takes place on 20 January following the election.
The large meetings of members of each political party, where they choose who will represent their party in the battle to be president. The Republicans and Democrats both held national conventions in July.
A group of people with similar political views who come together to create one group, which is known as a political party.
The group generally has the same hopes and goals for how the country should be run.
There are two main parties in the US - the Republican party and the Democratic party.
The president of the US is the leader of the country and perhaps the most powerful person on the planet.
We do not have a president in the UK because we are ruled by a different system, which means we have a Queen who is the head of our country, with the prime minister in charge of our government.
This is someone who wants to be president.
A primary is another type of meeting held within a state - like caucuses - at which people choose the person they want to represent their political party in the battle to be president.
The difference is the people at the meeting vote in secret for the person they want.
There are different types of primaries - open, closed, semi-open and semi-closed - which have different rules, depending on which state it is held in.
This is the same as a swing state (see below what this means). It is called this because the state could vote for either the Democrats, who are associated with the colour blue, or the Republicans, who are linked to the colour red. Red and blue mixed together makes purple.
This is a state where people will probably vote for the Republican party - that is Donald Trump's party.
One of the two main political parties in the US. Donald Trump is representing the Republicans in his battle to become president.
The person a presidential candidate picks to stand alongside them in their battle to be president. The running mate will become the vice-president if the person they are campaigning with wins.
Tim Kaine is Hillary Clinton's running mate and will be vice-president if she wins the election. Mike Pence is Donald Trump's running mate.
The Senate is one part of the US government that makes the laws, called Congress.  The other part of Congress is the House of Representatives.
The Senate has 100 members - two from each state. One is senior and one is junior, depending on the experience they have.
A member of the Senate is called a Senator and they stay in their job for six years.
The US is divided up into different areas called states, a bit like we have counties in the UK. There are 50 states in total, which come together to form the United States of America.
Each state has its own rules on some things, while others are decided by the law of the whole of the US, which everyone must follow. This is what is called a federal system.
People in each state vote for their own governor, who stays in the job for four years. Each state also chooses politicians who will work in the Senate and House of Representatives (look up 'Senate' and 'House of Representatives' in this dictionary).
This is a state which often changes the party it supports from election to election.
This is why they are so important to people who want to be president, as they are open to be persuaded! Some states have already their minds made up and no campaigning is likely to change that.
For example, the Republican candidate is unlikely to spend much money campaigning in a state that is going to vote for the Democratic candidate.
Swing states include Florida, Ohio, Virginia, Colorado, North Carolina, and Nevada. It might also be called a battleground state or a purple state.
For the president, the term is the name given to the length of time they can stay in the job before the American people can choose someone new. A president's term is four years long.
A president is only allowed to stand for two terms - that is, eight years - before they have to step down and let someone else take over.
Barack Obama has been president for eight years, or two terms, so he is stepping down to let someone else be president now.
The person who is second to the president. They oversee the Senate and also would become the president automatically if the current president could no longer continue (for example, if they resigned or were killed).
They are also very close to the president so are seen as a close advisor.


Jonny Evans has completed his move to West Brom from Manchester United.

The Northern Ireland defender, 27, has joined the Baggies for an undisclosed fee, with reports suggesting it is £6m plus £2m in add-ons.
"This is a great signing for the club," said Albion boss Tony Pulis, whose side won 1-0 at Stoke on Saturday.
"Jonny brings a lot of experience and will be a big player for us - he's a player I've been watching for some time and we are delighted to have him."
Evans made 198 appearances for United and won three Premier League titles at Old Trafford but had fallen out of favour under manager Louis van Gaal.
The centre-back, who had two loan spells at Sunderland, has not featured for United at all this season and had also been linked with Everton.
Evans will link up with former Red Devils team-mate Darren Fletcher, who left United in January and has since been appointed West Brom's captain.
In March, Evans was involved in a controversial spitting incident with Newcastle striker Papiss Cisse.
He was given a six-match ban by the Football Association and has featured just once for United since.


A day on the road with South Central Ambulance Service in Oxfordshire underlined the demographic challenges to the wider NHS.

Contrary to the impression that paramedics spend most of their time dealing with serious road traffic accidents or major injuries, it is clear increasing chunks of their shifts are devoted to caring for the elderly in local communities.
In a sense, they are stepping in when an overstretched GP service and underfunded social care system can't help.
Irene, a woman in her 80s, who lives alone, told her carer she had chest pains, so an ambulance was called.
The team, Kerry and Mark, established there was nothing life-threatening and that the pain might relate back to previous surgery.
Irene agreed it would be best to speak to her GP - but Kerry and Mark had to wait until the local practice rang back to confirm an appointment.
During that time, they prepared breakfast for the patient. The GP later disclosed that the patient - and her condition - was well known in the surgery.
Irene revealed that because she lived alone, she was anxious her surviving relatives would be away at Christmas.
A visit, even from ambulance staff, cheered her up. But it used up an hour of ambulance time.
An emergency response team had been deployed for what turned out to be a community health issue.
Later in the day, Kerry and Mark were called to a 92-year-old woman, Florence, who lives at home, cared for by her daughter.
She has an infection and is experiencing intense pain. They discussed treatment possibilities in the local area, but decided that going to hospital was the only option.
WATCH: The father and son ambulance team
What's inside an ambulance?
Florence has been treated in the past for breast cancer. She has had both knee joints replaced. She now has bladder cancer as well as the infection, which is causing immediate pain.
In many ways, her situation sums up the story of the 21st Century NHS - coping with an ageing population with multiple conditions.
Florence was taken to the ambulatory care centre at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford.
There was no bed for her immediately, so Kerry and Mark waited until the admission procedure was complete - another example of the delays affecting every ambulance service.
The next morning, Florence was discharged from hospital and was recovering at home.
There were, of course, many other cases covering all age groups, one woman in her 30s with previous heart problems feeling faint, another with a nine-month-old baby who was underweight and becoming dangerously dehydrated.
But the rising caseload with older patients was all too clear.
Cuts in social care funding in England contributing to delays in discharging medically fit patients from hospitals have been well documented.
They in turn cause hold-ups for ambulances waiting to transfer patients into accident and emergency units.
Add to that the apparent increase in the need for ambulance staff to help organise community health solutions for individual needs, and you add another pressure to an already stretched health system.


A mother allegedly plotted to fake her own death in Africa to claim a £140,000 insurance payout, a court heard.

Arafa Nassib is accused of conspiring with her 18-year-old son Adil Kasim and another man, Yusuf Abdullah, to commit fraud against Scottish Widows.
Ms Nassib is said to have attempted to fake her own death in Zanzibar.
All three appeared at Birmingham Magistrates' Court and were bailed to appear at the city's crown court on 31 May.
Read more Birmingham and Black Country stories here
Police arrested Ms Nassib in February when she returned to the UK.
It followed an inquiry into claims the 48-year-old had died off the coast of mainland Tanzania.
The alleged fraud was carried out between March and December last year.
Ms Nassib, 48, Mr Kasim, and Mr Abdullah, 24, all of Lower Rushall Street, Walsall, did not enter pleas.


Ford has reported lower-than-expected profits for the first three months of 2015 after it sold fewer vehicles in North America and continued to lose money in Europe and South America.

Pre-tax profit for the quarter rose $24m to $1.4bn (Â£915m), but revenue slipped $2bn to $33.9bn.
The second-largest US carmaker sold 1.57 million vehicles, down 21,000 compared with a year earlier.
There were 678,000 sales in North America - a fall of 39,000.
The introduction of a new F-150 pickup affected sales in North America as vehicles are still being sent to dealers, while customers waited for a new model of the Ford Edge SUV. The two models are among the company's most profitable.
However, Ford said it expected a "very strong year" in North America, despite a slight fall in revenue to $20bn and an 11% slide in pre-tax profit to $1.34bn.
Ford - which employs about 194,000 people globally at 66 plants - maintained its full-year forecast for pre-tax profits of between $8.5bn and $9.5bn.
Bob Shanks, chief financial officer, said the carmaker was on track for a "breakthrough year".
Mark Fields, chief executive, said Ford would "grow progressively stronger" as recent launches "start to pay off".
The results were lower than analysts had expected, Ford said, because they had forecast a tax rate of 29% for the quarter, while Ford paid 34%.
Europe remained a weak spot even though sales rose 2% to 376,000 vehicles in the quarter, with revenue down $900m to $6.9bn and pre-tax losses totalling $185m.
There was robust demand for commercial vehicles such as the Transit van.
Revenue in South America fell 20% and the company remained in the red for the region with a $189m loss as it replaced legacy products with those from its "One Ford" range.
That was better than the $510m loss for the period in 2014, which included a $310m charge to offset currency devaluation in Venezuela.
Prospects in Asia were brighter, as sales rose 16,000 to 366,000 vehicles and a $103m profits.
The financing operation, Ford Credit, returned a profit of $483m on the back of higher lending.
The first quarter dividend was raised by 20% to 15 cents a share.
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Huddersfield Giants have signed Jake Mamo on a two-year deal from Newcastle Knights, with centre Joe Wardle moving the other way on a three-year contract.

Wardle, 25, will play under ex-Giants coach Nathan Brown at his new club.
He was part of the team that won the 2013 League Leaders' Shield and played more than 100 Super League games.
Australian utility back Mamo, 22, is recovering from a broken ankle but expects to link up with the Giants by the middle of January.
Mamo told BBC Radio Leeds: "I'm excited by the change as I have only ever lived in Australia. I will give it my all.
"Hopefully I will play full-back and that's what I've spoken to (Giants coach) Rick Stone about.
"I have known Rick since as I was 18 at Newcastle and I have had a good relationship with him. He has always helped me out a lot and he was one of the reasons when I re-signed at Newcastle initially."
Mamo suffered his injury when he was hit by a motorcycle while on holiday in Bali.
"I had to come home and have surgery but I am on the mend at the moment," he added.


A Shropshire village has been crowned Champion of Champions at this year's Britain in Bloom.

Norton in Hales scooped the Royal Horticultural Award title at a ceremony in Sunderland.
Judges praised the excellent green spaces and variety of plants in the "beautiful, picturesque" village.
The village was one of 70 finalists chosen from more than 1,000 groups across the country.
Last year Shrewsbury took the title.
This year judges said the variety of plants in Norton in Hales had made a "tremendous impact", particularly on the village green and sports field.
They said its commitment to the environment and sustainability "played a large part in their success", praising projects such as "ground to ground" which sees coffee granules and bark mulch transformed into fertiliser and slug repellent.
The "exceptional" community spirit of Norton in Bloom volunteers was also mentioned with judges adding the "entire village" had won the title which was announced at a ceremony on Friday.
Norton in Bloom Secretary Malcolm McDonald said it was an "amazing achievement" for a village of some 300 people and reflected the hard work of the committee and its many helpers.
Birmingham achieved a gold award at Britain in Bloom and won the "Large Town" category while Walsall took silver in the Urban Community section.


Lewis Hamilton has praised his Mercedes team's "incredible" performance in the first Formula 1 pre-season test.

The Briton and German team-mate Nico Rosberg produced record mileage in their new car in Barcelona, leaving rivals stunned at its consistency.
"I've never seen anything like it. Just the strength of this car, it just keeps going," said world champion Hamilton.
"After winning two championships, it's so easy to lose focus - but everyone has done an even better job."
The Mercedes ran so reliably that the team had to start using their two drivers on each day, rather than alternating them, to avoid tiring them out.
Hamilton, 31, added: "It's just been an incredible weekend for testing for us. Before we came here they were talking about doing 800km (497 miles) a day and I thought that was crazy because I've never done that in the past.
"There are no breakdowns and a lot of reliability."
Mercedes also tried a new nose design on Thursday, the final day of this week's test, with a number of unusual aerodynamic features.
Hamilton said: "The front wing is an improvement, which is good. It's always about small increments and that's what it's brought."
Rosberg, 30, and Hamilton ended the final day seventh and eighth fastest - Mercedes have concentrated on durability running and have not done any performances runs on the softer tyres.
"The car looks fantastic," added Hamilton. "Obviously we don't know the pace of the car just yet but what we can say is that it's gone the distance and that's half the battle."
Kimi Raikkonen's Ferrari set the pace, with a lap of one minute 23.477 seconds on the new ultra-soft tyre, 0.8secs quicker than Red Bull's Daniil Kvyat on the same rubber.
Force India development driver Alfonso Celis was third fastest and Kevin Magnussen an impressive fourth for Renault on the soft tyre, 1.8secs off the Ferrari.
Renault had a strong day, Magnussen managing more than 150 laps despite a couple of on-track stoppages, and the team said they were pleased with the car's performance so far.
At the other end of the times, Indonesian novice Rio Haryanto has had a difficult introduction to F1 with Manor.
He spun on his first day in the car on Wednesday, without hitting anything, and did so again on Thursday, this time crashing into the barriers at Turn Four. He was unhurt.
McLaren suffered a significant blow to end the first of only two pre-season tests this year as Fernando Alonso managed only three laps before the team found a water leak in the car.
They worked to try to get the two-time champion out again but ran out of time and Alonso ended the day without a lap time.
The problems rekindled unpleasant memories of 2015, when both pre-season testing and the season itself were plagued by unreliability and poor performance.
Honda is to introduce a new specification engine, intended to be a significant improvement, for next week's final test.
Fastest times
1  Kimi Raikkonen (Fin)  Ferrari 1:23.477
2 Daniil Kvyat (Rus) Red Bull 1:24.293
3 Alfonso Celis (Spa) Force India 1:24.840
4 Kevin Magnussen (Den) Renault 1:25.263
5 Max Verstappen (Ned) Toro Rosso 1:24.393
6 Felipe Nasr (Brz) Sauber* 1:26.053
7 Nico Rosberg (Ger) Mercedes 1:26.187
8 Lewis Hamilton (GB) Mercedes 1:26.295
9 Felipe Massa (Brz) Williams 1:26.483
10 Esteban Gutierrez (Mex) Haas 1:27.802
11 Rio Haryanto (Idn) Manor 1:28.266
12 Fernando Alonso (Spa) McLaren no time
* = 2015 car
Raikkonen, Kvyat and Celis set fastest times on super-soft tyre; Magnussen, Celis, Nasr and Haryanto on the soft; all others on medium.


Work is set to start to build a railway station in Derbyshire town that has been without one for about 50 years.

Plans for Ilkeston station was approved in 2013, but flooding and the discovery of protected newts delayed the project.
Work on the site, which will have two platforms linked by a footbridge, is scheduled to begin on Monday.
Derbyshire County Council said 160,000 people will use the Â£10m station in the first year after it is due to open in the autumn.
Ilkeston station, which will be situated between Millership Way and Coronation Road, will link the town with Nottingham, Chesterfield, Sheffield and Leeds.
The town, which is one of the largest in the UK without a railway station, once boasted three - the last one closed in 1967 as a result of the Beeching Report, published in 1963.
Councillor Dean Collins, of the county council, said the new station would be a "great boost" to the area.
"It will mean much quicker commuting times, helping to reduce congestion on the roads, and it will improve connectivity to nearby major towns and cities helping to encourage visitors and bring new business opportunities to the area," he said.
Great crested newts, which are protected by law, were found at the site in the winter halting work while they were moved elsewhere.
The authority added that it had to seek new planning permission following advice from the Environment Agency over flooding concerns.


The Premier League has agreed a major new deal for its TV rights in China, which could be worth up to $700m (£560m).

The three-year contract with Chinese video streaming service PPTV is set to be the league's biggest-ever overseas broadcast sale.
A PPTV source told the BBC a deal was in place.
If the reported value is confirmed, it would be worth ten times more than the league's current China TV deal.
The Premier League is yet to comment.
PPTV is owned by Chinese retailer Suning, which is already invested in European football after it bought a controlling stake in Italian club Inter Milan in June.
China's President Xi Jinping has led a drive for businesses to invest more in football in a bid to turn the country into a footballing superpower.
He has set a target for the nation to be the world's biggest sports economy by 2025.
Manchester City, West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa are among the English clubs to have received investment from China over the last year.
Audiences for Premier League football are also growing strongly in China, with English clubs seeing the world's second largest economy as a major growth market.
The nation's own Super League is also helping to fuel the boom, as it attracts well-known players and managers from the European leagues.
The Associated Press news agency reported that the TV deal would be worth $700m, working out at $233m-a-year starting in the 2019-2020 season. Other reports have suggested the deal is worth $600m.
The Premier League's largest overseas TV rights deal is currently with US broadcaster NBC, which paid $1bn for six seasons, or $167m per campaign.
But the main source of the league's income still comes from the UK.
British broadcasters Sky and BT last year agreed to pay a record £5.14bn for three seasons, starting with the current 2016-2017 campaign.
If Manchester United and other top English Premier League clubs are willing to parade their players in a series of exhibition games across China as soon as the domestic season is finished, then you can see how important this market is.
EPL (as it's known here) is big. The fact that even David Beckham's son is the centrepiece of an advert for a smartphone in China shows you the strength of its appeal.
Basketball is long established in China. The NBA has a huge following.  Rugby Union, Cricket and the NFL all have ambitions here.
But China's association with English football is deepening.
Chinese investors have acquired what seems like most of the West Midlands clubs in a show of status and financial might, but also for some a genuine attempt to build new brands that could appeal beyond their domestic base.
This broadcast deal, unsurprisingly, reveals how important web-based distribution is here for certain types of entertainment.
But what you might call 'revenue issues' remain.
There are plenty of illegal ways to watch EPL games in China and I'm pretty sure that the England away kit I saw listed on a very well-known Chinese internet retailer - for the equivalent of £7.50 - wasn't the real deal.