What legacy does Theresa May, the longest-serving home secretary of modern times, leave at the Home Office?

Shortly after Theresa May was appointed Home Secretary in May 2010, she held a small gathering for home affairs journalists in her office.
It was an awkward affair. We stood around Mrs May in a semi-circle, gently questioning her about her intentions at the Home Office, but she was guarded and gave little away.
Two months later, I met the new home secretary again following a speech she'd delivered in London on anti-social behaviour reform. I was tasked with doing an interview.
Again, it was all rather uncomfortable. As the cameraman set up the lights and checked the sound, I tried to make small talk about the upcoming summer holidays, but Mrs May again appeared wary, offering little.
During the interview itself she seemed ill-at-ease, repeating the main messages from her speech in a robotic way, avoiding attempts to steer the discussion in other directions.
It left me with the impression that the former chairman of the Conservative Party, who'd never shadowed home affairs in opposition, was going to struggle in her new role.
The Home Office is an unforgiving department, with counter-terrorism, policing, crime and immigration the key areas of responsibility. Home secretaries don't usually last longer than a couple of years: Mrs May was the sixth holder of the post in six years.
Yet this vicar's daughter with a penchant for stylish footwear confounded my expectations, and those of many others, by remaining in post for longer than any other home secretary in modern times.
She achieved that partly because David Cameron was less inclined to reshuffle ministers than his predecessors; partly because the (mainly) right-wing papers that were so hostile when things went wrong for Labour home secretaries David Blunkett, Charles Clarke and Jacqui Smith were more sympathetic towards Mrs May; and partly because the climate of law-and-order has been more benign, with crime falling and dropping off the agenda as a key issue for voters.
Above all, however, Theresa May survived as home secretary because she had a vice-like grip on her department. And as time went on she developed a detailed and deep understanding and knowledge of the brief.
Nick Herbert, policing minister under Mrs May for two years, said she was a "micro-manager" who didn't always make life "easy" for the people working with her.
"Theresa is a fierce manager of her team," he told me in 2014. "She has the ability to command a meeting by sheer force of personality and not to let an issue go."
Lord Gordon Wasserman, a former Home Office civil servant who advised Mrs May on police reform, said she was more dedicated to her job and less interested in the trappings of office than other secretaries of state he's worked with - preferring to eat a sandwich at her desk than have an expensive lunch.
"Someone once said to me, 'there's a lot of work in work' - and she does that," said the Conservative peer, adding that the Maidenhead MP had the advantage of a lack of "baggage" which enabled her to be more ruthless in her decision-making.
Indeed, Mrs May's single-mindedness helped drive through the most far-reaching changes to policing in a generation, with the replacement of police authorities by 41 police and crime commissioners: the way forces are governed will never be the same again.
Organisations that she distrusted - the National Policing Improvement Agency, the Association of Chief Police Officers, the Police Federation - have either been scrapped or neutered. Those which are independent of the police - HM Inspectorate of Constabulary and the Independent Police Complaints Commission - have seen their budgets and influence increase.
Mrs May has been as tough on stop-and-search, deaths in custody and police corruption as a Labour home secretary would have been, perhaps even tougher. She gave no concessions to forces in the first five years of austerity, and pushed on with reforms to police pensions, pay and conditions making her, arguably, the least popular home secretary among rank-and-file officers for decades.
Although relations are less frosty than they were at the time of her electrifying speech to the Police Federation in May 2014, the key challenge for her successor will be to rebuild bridges with the service.
There's an important, and long overdue, decision to be made on possible changes to the way firearms officers are dealt with after police shootings, an issue that's fraught with controversy.
The new home secretary will also have to resolve whether to press ahead with plans to bring the police and fire services closer together: in some parts, there's bitter opposition to the idea. And the fresh incumbent is likely to face calls to change employment laws to speed up the recruitment of ethnic minority officers.
Of course, Theresa May's tenure was about far more than policing. She had to deal with the ever-present threat of terrorism, handle the fallout of the 2011 riots, and chart a way through the minefield of child sexual abuse, following the Jimmy Savile affair.
The Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse, set up by Mrs May last year, might turn out to be one of her legacies as home secretary, though her handling of the process to appoint a chairman left much to be desired, after the first two people she selected were forced to resign.
Arguably, the one blot on Theresa May's record has been immigration. Mrs May overhauled the way borders are policed, clamped down on 'bogus' colleges offering courses for foreign students, and tightened the rules for migrants from outside the European Economic Area,
But the key target, to reduce net migration to under 100,000, has still been missed. It's risen from 244,000 when she took office to 333,000 last year, largely as a result of an influx of EU citizens, attracted by the prospect of work.
Immigration was one of the decisive factors in the EU referendum but the government's failure to bring it down to the levels it intended has clearly not damaged Theresa May, whose successor will be hoping to inherit some of her Teflon-like qualities.


Preliminary results from Monday's general election in Suriname suggest the party of incumbent President Desi Bouterse has a comfortable lead.

With 80% of votes counted, his National Democratic Party (NDP) looked set to take 27 seats in the 51-seat National Assembly, an absolute majority.
The National Assembly will choose a president within weeks of the parliamentary election.
For Mr Bouterse to stay in power, 34 lawmakers will have to vote for him.
His party currently looks short of achieving that figure, but Mr Bouterse said on Monday that he favoured entering into a coalition.
"It depends on how many votes the population gives us, but regardless it would be good to form a stronger and more stable [government] with those who also think positively," he said.
NDP supporters celebrated at their party headquarters as the preliminary results came in, waving purple flags, dancing and setting off fireworks.
Chandrikapersad Santokhi, the leader of the V7 main opposition coalition, told local media the result was "worse than I had expected".
Mr Bouterse is a powerful but controversial figure in Suriname.
He ruled for seven years after seizing power in a coup in 1980 before stepping down, but briefly ruled again after a second coup in 1990.
In 1999 he was convicted in absentia by a Dutch court for cocaine trafficking, charges he has denied.
As the Netherlands does not have an extradition treaty with its former colony, Mr Bouterse was never jailed.
In 2012 the National Assembly, which was dominated by Mr Bouterse's party, voted to grant the president immunity for alleged human rights abuses committed under his military rule.
He had been charged with involvement in the murder of 15 political opponents in 1982, which he denied.
The probe was led by his now political rival Mr Santokhi, who was the police commissioner at the time.


Northamptonshire all-rounder Steven Crook has signed a new three-year contract with the club.

Australian-born Crook joined Northants on loan from Lancashire in 2005, before signing on a permanent basis in 2006.
The 32-year-old has scored 3,067 first-class runs, including a best of 142 not out against Australia in a tour game in August, and taken 181 wickets.
"It is such a great club and I really enjoy working with all of the staff and the lads," he told the club website.
"I am really hoping that next season we can build on the success of this year and bring home some more silverware."
Northants finished fifth in Division Two of the County Championship in 2015 and were beaten by Lancashire Lightning in the T20 Blast final.


People who have served in the military are more likely to develop motor neurone disease (MND) than those who have not, a new study has suggested.

Glasgow University researchers looked at 57,000 Scottish veterans who were born between 1945 and 1985.
Compared to non-veterans, they had a 50% increased risk of developing MND, which causes progressive paralysis and premature death
The findings back up similar studies in America in 2003 and 2005.
Lead researcher Dr Beverly Bergman said: "This is an important study which has confirmed an increased risk in military personnel.
"We also showed that there was a higher risk in everyone who had experienced an injury, but the risk was greater in people who had served in the armed forces."
The Glasgow University team looked at the findings of a 2003 study in the United States which linked MND to military service in the Gulf.
A larger study in the US in 2005 showed that people who had any military service were at increased risk, and that the risk was not just confined to Gulf War veterans.
For their study, the Glasgow University team examined data from the Scottish Veterans Health Study.
This covered veterans who had a wide range of experience and lengths of service in the armed forces over a 50-year period.
Dr Bergman added: "Because the cases occurred over such a long period of time, we are confident that there is no specific link to Gulf War service, although higher rates of military smoking may explain the increased risk.
"This is a very rare disease and veterans should not worry unduly."
The Glasgow University study is published in the journal Occupational and Environmental Medicine.


More than 100 jobs have been saved after a private equity firm acquired Arran Aromatics from administrators.

The luxury soap firm, which was founded on Arran in 1989, has six retail stores and generates sale of Â£6m per annum.
But it needed new investment and, in a deal put together in just a week, the company was put into administration and bought by the private equity firm Endless.
It is believed that 32 of the jobs to have been secured are based on Arran.
Endless has put the former head of Moulton Brown in charge of the business.
Arran Aromatics, which was set up by the Russell family 28 years ago, was recently rebranded "Arran, Sense of Scotland".
Andrew Russell, the son of the founders and brand director, said: "We are delighted to have received the investment from Endless, which has been delivered at a vital time for Arran.
"The investment in the brand over the past few years has positioned it well for growth across a wide range of geographies and this new investment will help us make this a reality.
"'Arran, Sense of Scotland' is poised to join the best-loved Scottish brands around the world and we are all very excited about the future."
Endless has previous experience of retail investments, in businesses including The Works stores, Bathstore and The West Cornwall Pasty Company.
Francesco Santinon, who led the investment for Endless, said: "We are delighted to be working with the Russell family to continue the progress of recent years of establishing Arran on a global stage and expect to be announcing more retail stores in the future.
"Due to the growing pains experienced over recent years, it became evident that Arran required further investment that has now been secured as has the future for its employees. Its manufacturing and retail operations will continue to operate as normal."


A 14-year-old boy from a scout group near Glasgow has died in an accident on an adventure holiday in the Italian Alps.

Elliot Peacock, from Newton Mearns, was a member of Eastwood District Scouts.
The incident happened at the Lillaz Falls, about 1,800m above sea level, in the Gran Paradiso National Park on Sunday.
Outdoor education provider Acorn Adventure said he was part of a group jumping into water under instruction.
It said the group were "gorge scrambling", which involves walking up and down a gorge and jumping from a low level into pools, on the second day of their nine-day adventure activity trip in northern Italy.
"On this particular occasion, the group were jumping from a height of approximately 60cm into the water, where instructors were waiting for them, as is normal," said a statement.
"Water conditions were optimum for the activity and the weather was warm and sunny.
"As this participant entered the water for the second time, it was obvious to the instructors that something was wrong, so they rescued him from the water immediately.
"There was no obvious contact with a rock or anything else, so the reason for losing consciousness remains unexplained.
"Instructors who are trained first aiders and nurses who were also at the scene began CPR and continued until the air ambulance arrived 10 minutes after being called.
"Very sadly, they were unable to resuscitate him."
An investigation into the incident is being led by the Guardia di Finanza (Finance Guard) of Entreves and Acorn Adventure said it was working with the Italian emergency services and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
Acorn Adventure added: "Staff have since returned to the site with the police investigating the incident and it is now understood that there was no impact with a rock.
"Gorge scrambling has been operated by Acorn at this particular location for hundreds of participants every year for the past five years.
"It is controlled by fully trained and assessed instructors and all participants are equipped with helmets, buoyancy aids, full wetsuits and footwear."
Senior company staff, along with a trauma counsellor, have travelled to Italy to provide support to Elliot's family, who have flown there from Scotland.
Acorn Adventure founder and managing director Andrew Gardiner said: "We are all profoundly saddened by this tragic incident and our thoughts are with the family and friends of the boy.
"Our priority is to ensure we do all we can to help them by working with the various organisations involved to understand how this happened.
"The rest of the group are supporting each other and showing great maturity. They are a great credit to their scout group and their parents."
Elliot was a member of the Pegasus Explorer Scout Unit, which is linked to the 35th Glasgow Scout Group,
In a statement, the Scout Association confirmed that he had been taking part in a holiday to the Aosta Valley in Italy.
"The Scout Association continues to support Elliot's parents, the young people and leaders who are part of the event," it stated.
"We will continue to work with Acorn Adventure, who organised the itinerary and programme, to establish if there are any lessons to learn from this tragic incident"
The Foreign Office said it was aware of the death of a British national in Italy and was ready to provide consular assistance.


The island which helped inspire the creation of the National Trust has been given to the organisation after more than 100 years in private ownership.

Sitting within Grasmere, in Cumbria, Grasmere Island came to the attention of a dismayed Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley when it was sold in 1893.
Canon Rawnsley, along with Sir Robert Hunter and Octavia Hill, went on to found the conservation group in 1895.
The island has been gifted to the organisation in a will.
It can be seen from Allan Bank House - a former home of poet William Wordsworth.
Dave Almond, National Trust manager for Allan Bank and Grasmere, said: "It's fantastic that 124 years after the private sale of Grasmere Island, the view that can be enjoyed from Allan Bank and that has inspired so many, will now be protected for ever, for everyone."
The island provides "a haven for wildlife" and a "magnificent veteran oak" tree, Mr Almond added.
Speaking when the island was put up for sale in 1893, Canon Rawnsley commented: "It is notorious that during the last two years the top of Snowdon, the island in the middle of Grasmere lake and the Lodore Falls have all come on to the market.
"Had such a trust as that now proposed been in existence, each of these places might have been obtained for the nation."


A record number of women have been elected to be MPs in Wales, but the nations still lags behind the UK.

Twenty eight percent of Welsh MPs are women compared to a total of 32% in Westminster as a whole.
Two of the four Welsh seats to change hands on Thursday went to women, making 11 of Wales' 40 MPs female.
Of those 10 are Labour MPs and one Plaid Cymru, while the Conservatives are yet to see a woman candidate elected as an MP.
It is in contrast with the Welsh Assembly where 42% of its 60 members are female, so why is the picture so different?
Diana Stirbu, senior lecturer in public policy at London Metropolitan University said: "I think there are a couple of factors - one is that the assembly has a different system that has an element of proportional representation.
"The other is that the Labour party and Plaid Cymru took positive action to put forward women for seats in the first three Assembly terms.
"To an extent they have moved away from taking that positive action now.
"But because the Welsh Assembly was a new place it meant they were allowed to be a bit more progressive in putting women forward."
In the general election, seven of the 40 Welsh seats were uncontested by women.
Labour had more women candidates than any other party - 16 out of 40 - with eight defending seats and eight challenging.
The Conservatives and Lib Dems had 13 apiece - all of who were unsuccessful in winning their constituencies.
But Labour candidates Anna McMorrin and Tonia Antoniazzi won Cardiff North and Gower respectively from the incumbent Conservative MPs.
"With Westminster elections the problem is that the only party that is really serious about it is the Labour party," said Ms Stirbu.
"Progress in women MPs being elected in Wales has only been down to them.
"All parties have increased the number of candidates they put forward, but it is important where you place the candidates too.
"You can see that by the fact it has been another election where the Conservatives failed to get a Welsh female MP elected."
Five of the 11 female MPs were elected by a margin of more than 10,000 votes.
Jac Larner from Cardiff University's Wales Governance Centre said: "I think it is the success of the Labour Party in Wales - when the Labour party are doing well there are always more women, whether it is in the assembly or Westminster.
"The assembly has a very impressive record on women's representation as a whole - it was discussed all over the world when it was the first to achieve 50/50 representation.
"That is because the Labour Party had so many AMs and took some positive action such as twinning constituencies, so if a male candidate was put up in one, a female had to be nominated in the other."
The 11 MPs representing the country is a big increase on 20 years ago, when just four from Wales were women - all of them Labour.
And all of the main parties in Wales (excluding UKIP) have seen significant increases in the proportion of women candidates they have fielded since 2001.
Wales' first female MP was Megan Lloyd George - whose father, David Lloyd George, was the only Welshman to have become prime minister.
She became the first woman MP in Wales in 1929 when she won the Anglesey seat for the Liberal Party aged 27.


Newport County boss Graham Westley says their recent unbeaten run is a "statement" from his side in their bid to escape relegation from League Two.

The Exiles are bottom of the league but have not lost since their 3-1 defeat at Stevenage on Saturday, 7 January.
After a run of seven straight defeats, Westley's side have drawn four times and won once in their last five games.
"We've taken ownership of the problem and we're fighting to put it straight," Westley told BBC Radio Wales Sport.
Westley continued: "Five unbeaten is a great initial statement from the squad and we'll look to make it six unbeaten [against Grimsby Town].
"We are very focussed with digging ourselves out of the hole we find ourselves in and push the club on to highs rather than lows.
"There's 51 points to be won and provided we keep building on what we're doing at the moment, we're confident we can win a lot of those 51 points."
The Exiles face a Grimsby side on Tuesday who lost their last game 5-0 against Crewe Alexandra, but Westley does not underestimate their midweek opponents.
"I went up and watched the game on Saturday and in fairness, it was very much a game of two halves. They just got it wrong and in the second half they tidied themselves up and they looked a decent outfit so I'm sure one heavy defeat isn't going to kill them," Westley said.
"We expect them to come full of intention and full of renewed motivation and we know that we're going to have to be as good and better than we were on Friday if we are to secure the three points."


On-loan Kilmarnock duo Luke Hendrie and Sean Longstaff may miss Saturday's final Scottish Premiership match of the season against Ross County.

Burnley full-back Hendrie has a tight hamstring while Newcastle midfielder Longstaff is suffering with a dead leg.
County's lengthy injury list has grown since their midweek victory over Hamilton Academical.
Midfielders Michael Gardyne and Martin Woods are both struggling to be fit after going off injured against Accies.
Ryan Dow, Andrew Davies, Paul Quinn, Jay McEveley, Chris Burke and Tony Dingwall all remain out, although Ian McShane could make his first appearance since December after recovering from a long-standing groin complaint.
Both Kilmarnock and Ross County ensured their top-flight status after positive post-split results. Killie will leapfrog the Staggies in seventh place with victory, to finish top of the bottom six.
Kilmarnock winger Jordan Jones: "It's been a good year both personally and as a team. We've all done well, especially since (interim manager) Lee McCulloch's been in charge.
"We've come together and the mentality has really changed. We're all looking to get better and better.
"If we could get seventh place by beating Ross County this weekend it would cap off a good season."
Ross County quotes to follow.


Two criminal investigations into corruption at football's world governing body Fifa are under way, with seven top officials arrested in Zurich.

The seven are among 14 indicted on corruption charges in a US inquiry, the US Department of Justice said.
The second criminal case was launched by Swiss prosecutors into the bids for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, to be held in Russia and Qatar respectively.
But Fifa says it plans to go ahead with an election for president as planned.
Incumbent president Sepp Blatter, who is seeking a fifth term, was not one of the seven officials arrested.
Fifa also said there would be no rerun of the World Cup bidding processes for 2018 and 2022.
Prince Ali Bin al-Hussein of Jordan - Mr Blatter's rival for the Fifa presidency - said "we cannot continue with the crisis in Fifa".
"Fifa needs leadership that governs, guides and protects our national associations."
Fifa's Zurich headquarters has also been raided, with electronic data and documents seized. US authorities also searched the headquarters of Concacaf - the Fifa confederation for North and Central America and the Caribbean - in Miami, Florida, as part of their investigations.
The US justice department said 14 individuals were under investigation worldwide for allegedly accepting bribes and kickbacks estimated at more than $150m (Â£97m) over a 24-year period.
The seven arrested at a five-star hotel in Zurich on Wednesday were:
Also indicted are former Fifa vice-president Jack Warner, Nicolas Leoz, Aaron Davidson, Alejandro Burzaco, Jose Margulies, and Hugo and Mariano Jinkis.
"The indictment alleges corruption that is rampant, systemic, and deep-rooted both abroad and here in the United States," said US Attorney General Loretta Lynch.
"Today's announcement should send a message that enough is enough," Acting US Attorney Kelly Currie said.
Several officials have already pleaded guilty, the US Department of Justice says. These include Charles "Chuck" Blazer, the former head of Concacaf, who was previously on the Fifa executive committee.
Mr Blazer, one of Fifa's most senior US representatives, allegedly started working with the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and took part in undercover work, according to US media reports.
Mr Warner reacted to the news by saying he had not been questioned and was innocent of any charges.
He said that since leaving Fifa four years ago "I have recommitted my life to the work of improving the lot of every citizen of every creed and race in this nation (Trinidad and Tobago)... I have fought fearlessly against all forms of injustice and corruption."
He added: "The actions of Fifa no longer concern me."
Many have wondered how Sepp Blatter can have been in charge of Fifa for so long amid so many reports of corruption and yet remain, apparently, untouched.
One Swiss newspaper jokingly called him "the dark prince of football, the godfather, Don Blatterone" - but no inquiry has ever revealed proof of his involvement in corruption.
"He's a survivor," says one member of parliament, Roland Buechel. "Nothing ever sticks to him; there is always someone between him and the bribes."
Some old friends describe Mr Blatter as down-to-earth and open. Others who have worked with him say he is a man who resents opposition, pointing to the swift departure of Fifa colleagues who dared to question him.
What emerges, finally, is a man who both critics and supporters say cannot imagine his life without Fifa, a man whose tenure as president has outlasted three marriages.
But as scandal follows scandal, Mr Blatter's determination not to leave his post willingly could see him bundled unceremoniously out of the back door.
Sepp Blatter: The man who won't give up
Fifa "welcomes the process and co-operates fully with the attorney general of Switzerland," spokesman Walter DeGregorio told reporters on Wednesday.
"It is certainly a difficult moment for us," he said, "but this is good for Fifa. It confirms that we are on the right track".
Both Swiss and US justice officials said the indicted officials had allegedly received $150m worth of bribes from the early 1990s for football tournaments in the US and Latin America.
The alleged crimes were agreed to and prepared in the US via US bank accounts, the office of the Swiss prosecutor said, adding that the Swiss authorities could immediately approve the extradition.
In the second case, Swiss prosecutors opened criminal proceedings "against persons unknown on suspicion of criminal mismanagement and of money laundering in connection with the allocation of the 2018 and 2022 football World Cups".
Swiss police said they would question 10 Fifa executive committee members who participated in the votes that selected Russia and Qatar in December 2010.
Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko said the investigation would not affect its hosting of the 2018 event, telling Associated Press: "We've got nothing to hide."


Welsh ministers can protect the wages of 13,000 farm workers, in light of a ruling by the Supreme Court.

It comes after a dispute over whether Wales had the power to set minimum wages, or if that right laid with the UK government.
UK Attorney General Dominic Grieve originally blocked a law passed by AMs last year, saying it was not within the assembly's powers.
UK ministers said they were grateful for clarity on the issue.
The dispute arose after the assembly passed a law last year to set minimum wages, and the terms and conditions, of agricultural workers in Wales after the UK government abolished the Agricultural Wages Board, which had regulated the sector.
On Wednesday, First Minister Carwyn Jones said the "significant" Supreme Court judgment "goes some way to clarifying the complexities of the current devolution settlement".
The Welsh government said it could now create an Agricultural Advisory Panel to set minimum wage levels and "promote skills development and career progression" in farming.
But the first minister warned "we cannot continue to have bill after bill" referred to the Supreme Court "with all the time, cost and uncertainty that involves".
He called for Wales to move to a form of devolution where powers are assumed to rest with the assembly in cases like this, unless legislation specifically rules this out.
Welsh Secretary David Jones said UK ministers were "grateful to the Supreme Court for providing clarity on this issue" and they would "study the judgment in detail and consider its implications".
"In its judgment, the court has favoured a broader interpretation of the provisions in the Government of Wales Act that govern the assembly's competence," he said.
David Jones said UK ministers would "continue to make every effort to ensure that the legislative arrangements for Welsh devolution work effectively."
Assembly Shadow Rural Affairs Minister Russell George blamed "rushed" legislation for much of the confusion over the agricultural bill producing "sloppy law-making, doubts over competence, and months of uncertainty for Welsh farmers".
Plaid Cymru agriculture spokesman Llyr Gruffydd said: "The case for moving to a reserved powers model has been made and has been accepted by all parties in the assembly, and adopting this model would avoid these unnecessary delays."
Liberal Democrat Eluned Parrott agreed Wales should move to a form of devolution more like the Scottish system that had received "no legal challenges at all to Scottish legislation" since 1999.


No-one knows for sure yet who carried out the attack which resulted in the death of the US ambassador to Libya, but suspicion has already fallen on the radical Islamist group Ansar al-Sharia.

Earlier this summer, I made a trip back to Benghazi, Libya's second city, ahead of the country's first post-Gaddafi nationwide elections.
There had been a spike of pre-election violence, especially in the east, and many Libyans were accusing a shadowy fundamentalist group that had emerged in the city that spawned the uprising against Col Muammar Gaddafi.
There had been an attack against a vehicle convoy carrying the British ambassador. There was a similar incident involving the UN's envoy to the country and even the Benghazi base of the International Committee of the Red Cross came under fire.
Most strikingly, video had emerged on the internet of a small group of young men desecrating and destroying Allied war graves in Benghazi's two Commonwealth war cemeteries.
Less high-profile incidents had also taken place across the city - among them, a drive-by shooting at a western-style hairdressing salon and anti-democracy protests in the main square.
We tracked down and arranged a meeting with Ansar al-Sharia members in a run-down area of central Benghazi, just off a small park where other men passed the day drinking coffee.
Unfortunately the group had made it clear they were not willing to be interviewed on tape, nor would they speak to female members of our team.
I met about four men in a sparsely furnished room on the fourth floor of a tower block. One middle-aged man, who called himself "the Sheikh", did most of the talking while four much younger men sat and listened.
While they seemed to care little for explaining their philosophy or methods to western journalists, they did not deny involvement in anti-democratic stunts.
As for the attacks on Western targets, they said they did not know who the perpetrators were, but alleged that "Western intelligence agencies" based in Libya were to blame because they wanted to undermine Sharia, Islamic law.
Did Ansar al-Sharia carry out Libya attack?
In a written statement, the group also told us why they rejected the electoral process then taking place across the country - even though Col Gaddafi, who had like many other Middle Eastern dictators suppressed the activities of Islamist groups, was dead and they were again free to organise.
"Democracy is a human condition where laws are made by people," said a brief statement from the Ansar al-Sharia group, on headed notepaper that contained the twin symbols of the Koran and a Kalashnikov rifle.
It went on: "Only God has the authority to make law and that is why Islam and Sharia are incompatible with democracy."
I never got the impression from my time in Benghazi or elsewhere in Libya that Ansar al-Sharia, and other extreme Islamist organisations, were large in number or particularly well supported.
Indeed, they were pretty much routed in the elections that returned a moderate Muslim Congress.
But as the terrible events of this week showed in Benghazi, with so many weapons at large in Libya and so much anger to tap into, even small organisations like Ansar al-Sharia could yet undermine the new, democratic Libya and its relationship with its Western supporters.


A Tory MP has accused Labour of "endangering" plans for a £1bn tidal lagoon power project in Swansea by asking for assurances over its future.

Craig Williams was responding to Neath Labour MP Christina Rees, who said she was concerned the "vital" lagoon was not mentioned in the Autumn Statement.
She suggested it might show a lack of commitment to green energy.
Mr Williams said investors were being "shaken" by Labour comments at a "very critical time" in negotiations.
Tidal Lagoon Power - the company behind the scheme - warned in October that building work was being delayed by a year to 2017.
It said it was still negotiating with UK government ministers over an agreed price for the energy generated.
The lagoon came up for discussion during a Westminster Hall debate on Tuesday about George Osborne's Spending Review.
"Despite its strategic importance to the Swansea Bay city region, of which my constituency is a part, there was not a single mention of the Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon in the chancellor's statement," said Ms Rees.
"In light of the landmark [UN climate change] agreement reached in Paris this last weekend, we know that projects like the tidal lagoon are essential if this country is to meet its international obligations to combat climate change."
Cardiff North Conservative Mr Williams intervened, saying: "Investors around the world are being shaken by what you and mainly members of the Labour party are saying about the tidal lagoon at a very critical point when we're negotiating the strike price.
"You are endangering lagoons, not just Swansea."
Ms Rees replied: "We're not giving the uncertainty - the government are."
She said the lagoon was critically important to south Wales because of the potential investment and up to 1,900 jobs being created during construction.
"It will be a travesty if the UK government were to fail to deliver this opportunity," Ms Rees added.


An NHS trust in East Yorkshire has appointed a new chief executive after the former boss resigned ahead of a report into his management team.

Phil Morley, who had led the Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust since 2010, quit his role on Thursday.
A union said it was aware a number of complaints had been made by senior managers at the trust.
The Care Quality Commission (CQC) inspected the trust in February and is due to publish its findings on 7 May.
John Saxby, who was the head of the Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust in Lancashire, has now replaced Mr Morley as the interim chief executive.
Mr Morley courted controversy when images of him appeared in the local newspaper dressed as Superman.
In an article by the Hull Daily Mail, he was reported to have been ridiculed for dressing up in a staff video.
In a statement, Mr Morley said: "I can confirm that I will be moving on as chief executive.
"This was a personal decision that I took several weeks ago and I shared it with my senior team in order that we could put transitional arrangements in place.
"It was an extremely difficult decision for me to take and I will miss my colleagues and all the incredible staff at Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust."
Ray Gray, a spokesman for Unison, said: "We are aware there have been a number of complaints from senior managers at the trust and know they have been reported to the National Trust Development Authority.
"We are not aware whether these claims have been investigated yet."
The trust runs Hull Royal Infirmary and Castle Hill Hospital.


Roedd ymosodwr Cymru a Real Madrid, Gareth Bale yn rhan o'r tîm enillodd Cynghrair y pencampwyr yng Nghaerdydd nos Sadwrn.

Er i Bale beidio dechrau'r gêm fe ddaeth ar y cae gyda 13 o funudau yn weddill o'r gêm i wynebu Juventus.
Cristiano Ronaldo oedd seren y gêm wrth iddo sgorio dwy allan o'r bedair gôl i Real Madrid.
Real aeth ar y blaen yn gyntaf gydag ergyd gan Ronaldo cyn i Mario Mandzukic sgorio gôl wych i Juventus gyda chic dros ei ben.
Roedd y gêm yn gyfartal 1 - 1 ar yr egwyl.
Fe ddechreuodd yr ail hanner yn danllyd ond Real Madrid oedd yn rheoli'r meddiant.
Sgoriodd Casemiro ail gol i Real gydag ergyd o du allan i'r cwrt cosbi a gymerodd gyffyrddiad ar ei ffordd i'r rhwyd oddi ar chwaraewr Juventus.
Fe aeth dwy yn dair wrth i Ronaldo dorri calonnau'r Eidalwyr pan gyfeiriodd y bêl am ei ail o'r gêm.
Gyda'r sgôr yn 3 - 1 dyma Gareth Bale yn camu i'r cae i gymeradwyaeth uchel Stadiwm Cenedlaethol Cymru.
Gyda phum munud yn weddill roedd Juventus lawr i 10 dyn ar ôl i'r eilydd Juan Cuadrado weld ei ail garden felen o'r gêm.
Yn munudau olaf y gêm, gyda chyrff blinedig roedd Real Madrid yn llwyr reoli'r gêm a fe sgoriodd Marco Asensio bedwaredd Real yn dilyn croesiad gan Marcello.
Roedd hynny yn ddigon i sicrhau'r tlws i Real Madrid am yr ail flwyddyn yn olynol ac yn sicrhau bod Bale yn cael codi'r gwpan yn ei ddinas enedigol.
Dywedodd Gareth Bale ar ddiwedd y gêm:
"Mae Caerdydd wedi gwneud gwaith gwych fel dinas i gael y gêm ymlaen ac rydym i gyd yn ddiolchgar o hynny.
"Roedd hi'n freuddwyd i mi ennill y gystadleuaeth yma yng Nghaerdydd, mae hi wedi bod yn dymor anodd i mi o ran anafiadau ond dwi wrth fy modd," meddai.


Six soldiers have been jailed by a court in Congo-Brazzaville for explosions at an arms depot that killed nearly 300 people in March 2012.

The main accused, Corporal Kakom Kouack Blood, was sentenced to 15 years' hard labour for wilfully setting fire to the depot in the capital, Brazzaville.
Twenty-six others were acquitted of the blasts, blamed at the time on a short-circuit that caused a fire.
The explosions wounded more than 2,300 and left 17,000 homeless.
They were so powerful that windows were blown out and roofs damaged several miles away in Kinshasa, across the river in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The criminal court in Brazzaville also sentenced the former deputy secretary general to the national security council, Colonel Marcel Tsourou, to five years' hard labour for his role in the explosions, AFP news agency reports.
Congo is a poor country, ruled by Denis Sassou Nguesso who first came to power some three decades ago with military backing.


A light-hearted music quiz about the Moors Murderer Ian Brady broadcast on BBC local radio has been described as "unacceptable" by the corporation.

The segment, on BBC Radio Leeds, was hosted by presenter Nathan Turvey during Sunday's breakfast programme.
Listeners were asked to guess the identity of a person "who'd been in the news" from a series of musical clues.
Turvey played excerpts from tracks including The Brady Bunch theme song and The Smiths' Suffer Little Children.
The presenter, who was standing in for the station's regular Sunday host, also played Mott The Hoople's All The Young Dudes and Talking Heads' Psycho Killer before saying: "They were four songs all linked to someone in the news this week, all you've got to do is work out who it is," and asked listeners to call in with their guesses.
Later, announcing the winner, Turvey played the montage again and said: "I think most of you worked out the answer was Ian Brady, which is someone we're talking about this morning of course, who died earlier in the week."
The clip, which has been removed from the BBC iPlayer, has been widely shared and condemned on social media, where some people believed it was a spoof and others described it as "sickening" and a display of a "remarkable lack of taste".
A BBC spokesman said: "This was clearly unacceptable and we apologise."
Brady, 79, died last week after spending half a century in prison for the murders of children from Manchester he committed with his lover Myra Hindley in the 1960s.


Great Britain's Christine Ohuruogu failed in her bid to win a third world title as she finished last in the women's 400m behind gold medallist Allyson Felix of the United States.

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It was Felix's ninth world title, just one behind Jamaican Usain Bolt's record of 10 gold medals at the Championships.
Felix, 29, dominated from start to finish to win in 49.26 seconds - the best time in the world this year.
Bahamian Shaunae Miller took silver with Jamaican Shericka Jackson third.
Defending champion Ohuruogu, 31, racing on the track she won Olympic gold seven years ago, faded on the home straight and finished in 50.63.
Felix, the Olympic 200-metre champion held a commanding lead by 150m and off the final bend she was clear of her nearest rival Miller, who ran a personal best.
Ohuruogu, was hoping to become the first woman to win three 400m world titles after golds in Moscow in 2013 and Osaka in 2007.
But her preparations for Beijing were hampered by a hip injury early in the season.
"I knew Felix was going to go out hard so I knew I had to try and match that and go out hard as well. But she had a kick that I didn't quite know what to do with.
"You've just got to try and make the best of the situation. When the race is fluid you don't really think that much, but I think I was thinking quite a bit, like, 'my title's gone'. And I came last."
BBC athletics commentator Steve Cram: "When Allyson Felix comes past you after 100m what does that do to you psychologically? It must have been soul-destroying for Christine. It was one race too far for her."
Former British sprinter Darren Campbell on BBC Radio 5 live: "Christine kicked early because she tried to close the gap on Allyson Felix which is why she had nothing more to give down the straight. She should have stuck with her race."
Injured Olympic 400m champion Sanya Richards-Ross on Radio 5 live: "That was phenomenal from Allyson Felix. She got out so quickly it put pressure on Christine. It's amazing to see her do this and defend the title for Team USA. I am so glad to call her my team-mate."
Felix has world and Olympic titles at 200m and in the 4x400m relay, but this was her first major title in the event.
The closest she came was her silver medal at the 2011 World Championships.
"I wanted to challenge myself this year and I did and I'm happy I could be successful. I had to take advantage of the speed that I have and bring that to the 400m."
In the women's hammer final, Sophie Hitchon broke her own British record twice with throws of 73.65m and then 73.86m.
But the 24-year-old former junior world champion was just 16cm off the medal places.
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"It's agonisingly close to a medal but coming fourth is really good," Hitchon told the BBC. "I had a rough year last year but two national records and two PBs in one competition, I am super happy with that."
Poland's world record holder Anita Wlodarczyk produced the second longest hammer throw of all time to win the title with a new championship record.
The 30-year-old, who set the world record with a throw of 81.08m earlier this month, secured gold with her fourth effort, a throw of 80.85m.
China's Zhang Wenxiu claimed silver with her best throw of the season (76.33), while France's Alexandra Tavernier took bronze with 74.02
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Olympic champion Christian Taylor produced the second longest jump in triple jump history to regain his world title.
On his final effort, the American leapt 18.21m - just eight centimetres short of Jonathan Edwards' world record. The Briton, whose record has stood for 20 years, was watching in the stands.
"That was a remarkable jump," said the BBC Radio 5 live presenter. "Nothing we have seen in the competition had indicated he would jump that far but that was phenomenal."
Cuba's Pedro Pablo Pichardo, Taylor's great rival throughout the season and a man who has also gone over 18m, took silver in 17.73m, while Portugal's Nelson Evora won bronze with a 17.52m leap.
Olympic champion Aries Merritt stormed into the world 110m hurdles final in his penultimate race before undergoing a kidney transplant next week.
The 30-year-old American clocked a season's best 13.08 seconds to win his semi-final in the quickest overall time for Friday's final in Beijing.
Russia's two-time European champion Sergey Shubenkov was second fastest overall in 13.09 with defending champion David Oliver joint sixth in 13.17.


Middle-class children benefit from a "glass floor" protecting them from slipping down the social scale in Britain, a report has said.

The Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission said better-off families managed to provide educational and social advantages to stop their slide.
It found less able, richer children were 35% more likely to become high earners than brighter, poorer peers.
The government said its reforms were helping disadvantaged pupils catch up.
The report for the commission, which advises the government on social mobility issues, was based on a long-term study of 17,000 British-born children born in a single week in 1970 that measured their ability at the age of five.
It said wealthier families helped their children accumulate skills valued by the labour market and they also used social networks to secure internships and employment.
That meant poorer, but more able children were often blocked from the finite number of top jobs, it added.
The report, by Abigail McKnight of the London School of Economics, said parental help may start with providing a good home-learning environment in the early years, and continue with seeking out better schools, offering help with homework and exam preparation.
Parental education level and attendance at a private or grammar school all had a significant impact over and above the influence of academic attainment, it said.
The research suggests there is a clear correlation between the social background of a child's grandfather and eventual labour market success.
The report also highlighted a "private school wage premium", where recruitment to high-earning occupations is biased towards those educated in private schools.
It said: "Not only do privately educated children achieve well in examinations and on this basis go on to have highly successful careers, but private school education also bestows a 'little extra something'.
"Some of the 'extra' is made up of soft skills - for example - presentation, conduct in social settings, accent - which have little to do with productivity and a lot to do with what economists refer to as 'signalling'."
Commission chairman Alan Milburn said nobody should criticise parents for doing their best for their children, but it was not right that the less able do better in life than the more able.
"It has long been recognised that there is a glass ceiling in British society that prevents children with potential progressing to the top. This research reveals there is a glass floor that inhibits social mobility as much as the glass ceiling," he said.
"It's a social scandal that all too often demography is still destiny in Britain. The government should make its core mission the levelling of the playing field so that every child in the country has an equal opportunity to go as far as their abilities can take them."
The report called on the government to seek policies that would compensate children who are deprived of the benefits that children with educated parents receive.
"Careful consideration should be given to the setting of homework, fostering and nurturing aspiration, high quality and age-appropriate education and careers advice, and inspirational high-calibre teachers," it added.
A Department for Education spokesman said: "This government is committed to making sure that every child, regardless of background, has the same opportunities to fulfil their potential.
"Our reforms - including the Â£2.5bn pupil premium - are seeing results, with disadvantaged pupils catching up with their better off peers at both primary and secondary.
"We have placed high expectations at the heart of our schools, with a rigorous new curriculum, world class exams and a new system rewarding schools that push every child to achieve their best."


Derbyshire-born actor Robert Lindsay has been granted the Freedom of the Borough of Erewash in recognition of his achievements on stage, TV and film.

The 66-year-old, who was born in Ilkeston, said his parents "would have been delighted".
Councillor Chris Corbett, Leader of Erewash Borough Council, said: "This is a well deserved honour."
Mr Lindsay is known for his role in TV shows such as, Citizen Smith and My Family, as well as stage work.
This has included appearances with the Royal Shakespeare Company and in musical theatre.
The recipient of a BAFTA, a Tony Award, and three Olivier Awards, he said his childhood in Ilkeston "remains strong" in his memory.
Danny Corns, who put forward the idea, said: "I've known Robert about 35 to 40 years, he went to the same school as me.
"I first saw him at 12 years of age in a school play... It was obvious that he had a lot of talent."
Councillor Corbett said: "He is one of Britain's best-loved and best-known actors and it is with great pride that we can say he is 'one of ours', he is from our borough.
"We thank those who organised and signed the petition asking us to award this Freedom of the Borough."
Mr Lindsay becomes the second individual to receive the honour after cycling boss Dave Brailsford, who was awarded it in 2012.
Recipients are presented with a ribboned Badge of Office medal and an ornate framed scroll.


Home Secretary Theresa May has praised the "extraordinary dignity and determination" of the Hillsborough families.

She was speaking after inquests concluded that 96 Liverpool fans were unlawfully killed in the disaster.
"The terrible events of Saturday 15 April 1989 shocked this country and devastated a community," she said.
Shadow Home Secretary Andy Burnham said "those responsible must be held to account".
Calling for transparency about clashes between miners and police at Orgreave earlier in the 1980s, Mr Burnham said there had been a "27-year cover-up".
He said he did not believe the Hillsborough families would have the "full truth" until "we know the truth about Orgreave".
Ms May said it was not possible for MPs to understand what the Hillsborough families had been through.
How the truth was uncovered
Live updates and reaction
Hillsborough: From tragedy to truth
What happens next?
She said for 27 years the families and survivors "fought for justice from the authorities that should have been trusted, and have laid blame and tried to protect themselves."
The families "have never faltered", she said, and commended their courage, determination and resolve.
"No-one should have to endure what the families and survivors have been through and no-one should have to fight for year after year and decade after decade for the truth."
She said: "Clearly the jury's determination that those who died were unlawfully killed is of great public importance."
"It overturns in the starkest way possible the verdict of accidental death returned at the original inquests.
"However, the jury's findings do not, of course, amount to a finding of criminal liability, and no-one should impute criminal liability to anyone while the ongoing investigations are still pending."
She read out the potential offences under investigation including gross negligence manslaughter, misconduct in a public office, perjury and perverting the course of justice.
David Cameron said the inquests' conclusion "marked a momentous day for the family and friends of the 96 victims".
He said: "Over the last 27 years, their search for justice has been met with obfuscation and hostility, instead of sympathy and answers.
"As I said to the House in 2012 about the Hillsborough Independent Panel's report, it's wrong that the families had to wait for so long and to fight so hard just to get to the truth.
"I know the whole house will want to join me in praising their courage, their patience and their resolve. They've never faltered in the pursuit of the truth and we all owe them a great debt of gratitude."
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn paid tribute to the "dignity" of campaigning relatives, praising their "steadfastness and determination".
Mr Burnham said there were three reasons how "something so obvious" was finally outlined 27 years later in the inquest jury's conclusions.
He said: "First, a police force which has consistently put protecting itself above protecting people harmed by Hillsborough.
"Second, collusion between that force and complicit print media. Third, a flawed judicial system that gives the upper hand to those in authority over and above ordinary people."
The politicians were speaking after calls were made for senior police officers to be held accountable for the disaster.
South Yorkshire Police said the force had made "a full apology" for its failures in 2012 and had "stood by that ever since".
In a statement, the force said Chief Constable David Crompton "unequivocally accepted the jury's conclusions".
A commemoration service will take place at Liverpool's St George's Hall from 17:45 BST.
It will see 96 lanterns and 96 red roses left on the steps of the building in memory of the victims.
Meanwhile, The Sun newspaper has been criticised for not carrying the story of the inquests' conclusions on its front page on Wednesday.
The paper has long been criticised for running a front-page story headlined "The Truth" after the disaster, alleging some fans had picked victims' pockets and urinated on police.
It ran a full-page apology in 2012 over its reporting of the disaster after years of criticism.
Speaking after the jury's conclusions, former editor Kelvin McKenzie said he had been "duped" by false information at the time of the story, and was "profoundly sorry for the hurt" it had caused.


James Hook is out of Wales' match squad for their Triple Crown bid against England on Saturday.

The Perpignan fly-half has not recovered from a bout of chicken pox and his bench place will be taken by Stephen Jones.
Scarlets veteran Jones will extend his Welsh caps record to 105 if he takes to the field.
Lock Alun Wyn Jones and captain Sam Warburton return from injuries for the encounter at Twickenham.
A Wales statement read: "Although Hook is physically well it was felt that, in the best interests of the Welsh team and the opposition, he should be withdrawn from the game.
"Whilst this decision has not been taken lightly, it was concluded that this was the most responsible course of action."
Unbeaten Wales made three changes to the pack that started their 27-13 win over Scotland.
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Hooker Ken Owens makes his first Wales start because Matthew Rees and Huw Bennett have calf injuries.
Osprey Alun Wyn Jones will play his first Wales game since the World Cup, ousting team-mate Ryan Jones, who hands back the captaincy to openside Warburton.
Warburton was forced to miss the victory over the Scots because of a dead leg.
Alun Wyn Jones, who win his 60th cap, is back after recovering from a dislocated toe he suffered in training in November.
Owens won the second of his two caps as a replacement in the victory over Scotland after making his debut from the bench against Namibia in the pool stages of the 2011 Rugby World Cup.
The Wales backline remains unchanged from that which started both victories so far in the Championship, against Ireland in Dublin and Scotland in Cardiff.
Full Six Nations table
The only injury concern in the backline had been George North's twisted ankle but the 19-year-old wing has recovered.
"A fit again Alun Wyn Jones is selected based on his Rugby World Cup form and his experience as an international lock," said Wales head coach Warren Gatland.
"He gave us a selection dilemma but it has been a great problem to have and, whilst Ryan Jones is particularly unlucky to miss out on this occasion, this is just that kind of competition for places we have been striving for.
"Ken Owens has been waiting patiently for his chance and injuries elsewhere have meant he gets his opportunity this weekend and we are expecting him to take it."
On the bench Osprey Richard Hibbard provides the hooker cover with Rees and Bennett both injured.
Ryan Jones replaces Sale Sharks back row Andy Powell, with Justin Tipuric completing the forward replacements.
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That means there is no place in the 22 for Aaron Shingler, who made an impressive Wales debut against Scotland.
Blues scrum-half Lloyd Williams and Scarlets centre Scott Williams are retained to provide cover for the backs along with recalled 34-year-old Stephen Jones.
Meanwhile, Gatland has said Wales are not intimidated by the task facing them against England.
Wales have won only once at Twickenham in the last 20 years - a 26-19 victory during the Grand Slam season of 2008 and have never completed any of their previous 19 Triple Crowns at the ground.
"There is definitely not that fear factor now," Gatland told BBC Wales' Sport Wales.
"If we go there with our heads right and get some quality ball, we have got a good chance. We are not afraid of going to Twickenham now, we are excited about it.
"I expect England might have the attitude that if they can get four penalties, a try and conversion and get 19 points, and they can squeeze us, that might be enough.
"It is a great challenge for us going to Twickenham as favourites. This young team has got to learn to accept that and deal with those expectations, because in Wales there is nothing in between - it is all or nothing.
It will not be as mild as recent days but a pleasant afternoon in store weather-wise at Twickenham.  With light winds and some sunshine, a very reasonable 11 or 12 degrees is expected.
Full Twickenham forecast
"There is only one consequence of being built up and that is you get quickly knocked down. We have got to make sure we keep our feet on the ground.
"A lot of people are talking us up which is going to add to England's motivation, and we have got to handle that.
"I have generally got fond memories of Twickenham [where he began his tenure as Wales coach with victory in 2008], but talking to some Wales players who played over the past 20 years, it was a bit different when they were fully loaded with [Martin] Johnson, [Lawrence] Dallaglio, Back and all the others."
WALES: Leigh Halfpenny (Cardiff Blues); Alex Cuthbert (Cardiff Blues), Jonathan Davies (Scarlets), Jamie Roberts (Cardiff Blues), George North (Scarlets); Rhys Priestland (Scarlets), Mike Phillips (Baynonne); Gethin Jenkins (Cardiff Blues), Ken Owens (Scarlets), Adam Jones (Ospreys), Alun Wyn Jones (Ospreys), Ian Evans (Ospreys), Dan Lydiate (Dragons), Sam Warburton (Cardiff Blues, capt), Toby Faletau (Dragons).
Replacements: Richard Hibbard (Ospreys), Paul James (Ospreys), Ryan Jones (Ospreys), Justin Tipuric (Ospreys), Lloyd Williams (Cardiff Blues), Stephen Jones (Scarlets), Scott Williams (Scarlets).
England: Ben Foden (Northampton Saints); Chris Ashton (Northampton Saints), Manusamoa Tuilagi (Leicester Tigers), Brad Barritt (Saracens), David Strettle (Saracens); Owen Farrell (Saracens), Lee Dickson (Northampton Saints); Alex Corbisiero (London Irish), Dylan Hartley (Northampton Saints), Dan Cole (Leicester Tigers), Mouritz Botha (Saracens), Geoff Parling (Leicester Tigers), Tom Croft (Leicester Tigers), Chris Robshaw (Harlequins, capt), Ben Morgan (Scarlets).
Replacements: Rob Webber (London Wasps), Matt Stevens (Saracens), Courtney Lawes (Northampton Saints), Phil Dowson (Northampton Saints), Ben Youngs (Leicester Tigers), Toby Flood (Leicester Tigers), Mike Brown (Harlequins).
WALES SQUAD
Backs: Mike Phillips (Bayonne), Lloyd Williams (Cardiff Blues), Rhys Webb (Ospreys), Rhys Priestland (Scarlets), James Hook (Perpignan), Stephen Jones (Scarlets), Jamie Roberts (Cardiff Blues), Jonathan Davies (Scarlets), Scott Williams (Scarlets), Gavin Henson (Cardiff Blues), Ashley Beck (Ospreys), George North (Scarlets), Leigh Halfpenny (Cardiff Blues), Alex Cuthbert (Cardiff Blues), Harry Robinson (Cardiff Blues), Liam Williams (Scarlets), Lee Byrne (Clermont Auvergne)
Forwards: Craig Mitchell (Exeter Chiefs), Adam Jones (Ospreys), Ryan Bevington (Ospreys), Gethin Jenkins (Cardiff Blues), Paul James (Ospreys), Rhys Gill (Saracens), Rhodri Jones (Scarlets), Matthew Rees (Scarlets), Huw Bennett (Ospreys), Ken Owens (Scarlets), Richard Hibbard (Ospreys), Alun Wyn Jones (Ospreys), Ian Evans (Ospreys), Lou Reed (Scarlets), Ryan Jones (Ospreys), Dan Lydiate (Newport Gwent Dragons), Sam Warburton (capt, Cardiff Blues), Justin Tipuric (Ospreys), Toby Faletau (Newport Gwent Dragons), Andy Powell (Sale Sharks), Aaron Shingler (Scarlets).


Chinese tech giant Huawei Technologies says profits jumped a third last year, boosted by strong performances in all its businesses.

The world's second biggest telecoms equipment maker said its net profit was 27.9bn yuan ($4.5bn; Â£3bn), up from 21bn yuan in 2013.
That matched the company's forecasts announced in January.
The firm, which is also a major smartphone maker, saw revenues rise by 21% over the year.
"Our cash flow, revenue, and profit all grew over the previous year," said chief financial officer Meng Wanzhou in a statement on Tuesday. "Moreover, our debt and financing structures have continuously improved."
Foreign exchange gains also had a big impact on the company's earnings, because it generates more than 60% of its revenue abroad.
Huawei's growth comes despite it facing challenges in several major economies. In the US, it was branded a national security threat by legislators, because of its alleged close ties with the Chinese government.
Meanwhile, it has been banned from being involved in broadband projects in Australia over espionage fears.
However, the company said it was well positioned to capture business opportunities with heavy investment in innovative areas such as cloud computing and fifth generation (5G) mobile technology.


Nothing better sums up the contradictions of India than the main road south-east from Delhi to the city of Agra.

Running alongside this major arterial route as it snakes out of the capital is the new Delhi metro - something akin to the London Underground (though a lot smaller).
Although city residents complain that it is already horribly overcrowded just over a decade after the first line opened, it is nevertheless an enormous show of infrastructure muscle.
Every year millions of commuters travel to and from the city on its six new lines and so avoid the daily gamble of Delhi's notorious traffic jams.
And, as any management consultant will tell you, better transport links can add to a country's economic prosperity.
Alongside the shiny metro line, the main road to Agra is a rather dowdy affair.
Within a few kilometres it rollercoasts its way from slick toll road to passable motorway to rough dual-carriageway to pot-holed and rubble-strewn track.
There is, of course, the obligatory wandering ox to negotiate every now and again.
Fast, fast, slow, slow. India's economy in physical form.
It is an economy in need of reform and Prime Minister Narendra Modi insists he is the man to do it.
And with China stumbling and global markets concerned that one Asian engine of growth could be in for a hard landing, can India, now growing faster than China, pick up the reins?
Frankly, does it have the muscle to calm world economic jitters?
Mr Modi will undertake an official visit to Britain in the autumn to sell the "Indian dream".
I am told that he quite fancies hiring Wembley Stadium for an event celebrating the generations of Indian immigrants who have made the UK their home.
If it goes ahead, it will be similar to Mr Modi's glitzy appearance at Madison Square Garden in New York during his 2014 US visit.
Stadium events aside, many argue that - if Mr Modi gets the reforms right - the country he leads could economically dominate the next two decades in the way that China's growth story has dominated the last two.
Elected last year by a landslide by millions of Indians tired of decades of talk and not enough action, Mr Modi said it was time for a step change in the pace of growth.
Stifling bureaucracy, infrastructure projects trapped in endless rows over who, precisely, owns which bits of land, a parliament wracked by political in-fighting and a tax system baffling in its complexity are just some of the problems the country faces.
Just over a year after that heady election, the complaints have started - that Mr Modi is not moving quickly enough, that promises remain just that - promises - and that grand plans for land reform and tax changes are bogged down in parliament or even going backwards.
The last session of parliament - appropriately called the monsoon session (it rains a lot in Delhi in August) - passed precisely zero pieces of reform legislation despite Mr Modi's efforts.
One commentator, Gurcharan Das, the former head of Procter & Gamble in India, said that the country was still a "hostile place to do business".
And if that is true, essential foreign investment will never flow.
I spoke to the finance minister, Arun Jaitley, one of Mr Modi's most powerful allies, and asked him for his response to critics who say the government has disappointed.
"The government has absolute clarity about the direction it has to pursue," he said. "Prime Minister Modi's government almost by the day is continuing to move and reform in the right direction and slowly but surely the results are showing."
Banking has been reformed to allow more private sector involvement. The defence sector, insurance and real estate have similarly been opened up. Some bureaucratic procedures have been simplified and "ease of doing business", Mr Jaitley insists, is improving.
He admits, though, that much change is still "work in progress" and that India's infrastructure is still "a far cry" from the ideal.
To encourage in much needed external finance, Mr Jaitley says he will be "laying out the red carpet" for foreign investors.
Many eyes are now turning to India as China wobbles. Did Mr Jaitley fear that India could be swept up in the global gloom that has struck this week, another emerging economy facing tougher times?
"It had a transient impact," Mr Jaitley said of China's stock market turbulence and the decision to allow the renminbi to devalue.
"For instance, when the Chinese economy slowed down a little it had not much impact. When the devaluation and the currency war started we did get somewhat adversely affected. When global markets fell [on Black Monday earlier this week] so we also felt a huge impact in terms of currency and markets.
"But within a day we had recovered.
"I see this as a great opportunity. The Chinese 'normal' has now changed. It is no longer the 9%, 10%, 11% growth rate.
"So the world needs other engines to carry the growth process. And in a slow down environment in the world, an economy which can grow at 8-9% like India certainly has viable shoulders to provide the support to the global economy."
The head of JCB in India told me that as a net importer of oil and other commodities India was now in a "sweet spot".
As emerging economies such as Brazil and Russia struggle, reliant as their economies are on commodity exports, India is gaining from the deflationary cycle.
"For us, lower commodity prices and lower oil prices are a boom,'' Mr Jaitley said.
"It is an opportunity and a challenge to Indian politics - if we can continue to reform at a faster pace and really attract global investment, then our ability to provide that shoulder which the world economy needs will be much greater.
Mr Jaitley said that the Indian government had already gained a windfall from lower oil prices because it had reduced the need for public subsidies to consumers. That money, he said, was now going to be invested in infrastructure development.
India's growth story matters, because, according to Christine Lagarde, the managing director of the International Monetary Fund, India has the potential to become the third largest economy in the world in the next decade.
At present it is ninth.
With a population of 1.2bn, a figure which is growing more rapidly than China, some estimate that the country will have the largest number of middle class people in the world by 2020.
And the higher the number of middle classes people, the higher the level of consumption, which means opportunities for exporters from Britain and around the world.
"The flourishing middle classes creates huge opportunities," Ambarish Mitra, an Indian businessman who launched his technology business, Blippar, in the UK and is now exporting it back to India, told me.
"The purchasing power of that middle class is growing. Many people are not going outside of India anymore because so many global companies are setting up shop in India.
"Overall the consumption cycle which makes an economy richer, all the factors are in place [for India]. That is great news for the business community."
And, even if the government struggles to complete infrastructure projects or reform tax laws, the growth of mobile technology can start doing some of the heavy lifting.
"It is one of the single biggest factors [in the development of the economy]," Mr Mitra said.
"True empowerment and distribution of knowledge in this day and age comes from connectivity, and connectivity was an issue for the last decade. Now 3G and 4G connectivity is rapidly changing that landscape."
4G, he said, was now in over 200 cities across India.
It is often said that India lives in several centuries at once. The hyper-modern mobile network, the Victorian era railways and of course the cattle in the street, a reminder of India's rural past.
Economic growth has sometimes been an uneasy bedfellow to India's history and its loud and often aggressive politics.
Mr Modi and Mr Jaitley know they need consensus if they are to lead a government that can harness the country's remarkable history, rather than fight it.
And they could also do with completing that motorway from Delhi to Agra, or at least filling in some of the pot-holes.


Pilots have reported seeing a drone less than 200ft (61m) above their aircraft as they approached Glasgow Airport.

The pilots, on a Thomas Cook jet, spotted the drone in the early hours of Friday morning.
The Airbus 321 had flown from Dalaman in Turkey.
Police described the use of the drone as dangerous and reckless. Thomas Cook said it had been reported to the relevant authorities.


Manchester United extended their lead over Manchester City at the top of the Premier League to four points after demolishing a hapless Wolves.

Jonny Evans recorded his first United goal, from a corner, before Ronald Zubar saw red for two yellow cards.
That handed the impetus to the visitors with Antonio Valencia scoring on the break and Danny Welbeck tucking in.
Javier Hernandez then headed in and finished Valencia's cross with Steven Fletcher going closest for Wolves.
The Scotland striker's headers either side of half-time were all the hosts could muster in a game that might have proved a daunting enough challenge even before Zubar's dismissal left them a man short with more than half the match remaining.
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Wolves have now won once in 14 league games and, having put Terry Connor in charge four games ago to try to lift them out of trouble, they now sit bottom of the table.
This was Connor's third defeat in four since taking charge and they have conceded 12 goals in their last three games without scoring.
For Sir Alex Ferguson's side, the emphatic scoreline had the additional benefit of reducing the goal difference between City and themselves to just three goals.
A perfect pick-me-up after Thursday's Europa League exit, the win means United's title rivals face Chelsea on Wednesday with a four-point gap to close.
Last February, Wolves beat United at Molineux to end the visitors' long unbeaten start to the season, and Connor had spoken before the game of aiming to replicate that upset.
If that rallied the troops, the effect lasted only until Evans put Ferguson's side ahead, whereupon Wolves lost all momentum.
It was a poor goal to concede, Michael Carrick being given plenty of space at the back post from Wayne Rooney's corner to set up the Northern Ireland defender.
The hosts' plight was made worse when Zubar followed his booking for a lunge on Rooney on 28 minutes with another yellow card for a similar challenge on Welbeck 12 minutes later.
Ferguson had named Rooney, Welbeck and Hernandez in an attacking line-up and once Wolves were down a goal and a man, the visitors' attacking trio clearly sensed an excellent opportunity to get on the scoresheet.
Valencia's goal came from a Wolves corner, Rooney setting clear the Ecuadorian who, with no covering challenge, steered the ball into the corner after a break down the right.
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And Wolves' fate was as good as sealed before half-time when Rooney switched the ball out to the right and Welbeck tucked in Valencia's cutback.
Any hope that United might take their foot of the gas in the second half soon disappeared when Hernandez headed in from close range from Rafael's clipped cross following a short corner.
And his finish after neat work from Valencia completed a miserable afternoon for the hosts.
Wolves did rally with Michael Kightly and Fletcher testing David de Gea, but on a straightforward afternoon for United the only surprise in the end was that leading scorer Rooney did not join the party.
Live text commentary


England off-spinner Graeme Swann has announced his retirement from international and first-class cricket.

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The Nottinghamshire player, 34, has taken only seven wickets in this Ashes series defeat and has ruled himself out of the rest of the tour.
"This decision has been very difficult seeing as the England team has been my family for seven years now, but I feel it is the right time," he said.
Swann is sixth on the list of England wicket-takers with 255 in 60 Tests.
"I don't regret a single day of my career," he added. "Every high has been celebrated with verve and vigour and every low painfully accepted as a chance to learn and improve."
Swann's shock decision comes at the end of a week in which Australia secured an unassailable 3-0 series lead with two Tests to play and the player apologise for making comments on Facebook comparing his team's loss with rape.
Australia coach Darren Lehmann said: "It was a bit of a surprise. It's mid-tour, but obviously he's decided he's had enough.
A number of England players took to Twitter to praise Swann.
"Congrats on an amazing career mate you can be a very proud man," said England wicketkeeper Matt Prior on Twitter.
Fellow England and Nottinghamshire bowler Stuart Broad added: "A great friend and team-mate retired today. Been a pleasure to play and tour for Nottinghamshire and England."
Following the departure of batsman Jonathan Trott with a stress-related illness earlier in the tour, Swann's retirement further unsettles England ahead of the fourth Test, which starts in Melbourne on Boxing Day.
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"I know I'm making the decision for the right reasons," added Swann.
"My body doesn't like playing five-day cricket any more and I don't feel I can justify my spot in the team in the latter stages of a game.
"As a spinner, that's when you need to come into your own.
"With two games to go in Australia and then a fiercely competitive summer against Sri Lanka and India, I feel that it is a great time for someone else to strap themselves in and hopefully enjoy the ride as much as I have."
Swann, first named in an England squad back in 1999-2000, made his Test debut in 2008 and took four wickets against India in Chennai.
He established a reputation for taking wickets in the first over of a spell and became the sixth-highest wicket-taker for his country.
"If anyone had been in any doubt after the Ashes were lost with those three thumping defeats, Graeme Swann's retirement confirms that this is the definitive end of the era for this England team.
"The question now, with this tour falling apart and a possible 5-0 'Pomwash' on the cards, is who might go next. Andy Flower? Kevin Pietersen?"
'Swann's farewell marks end of an era'
Despite struggling with elbow problems in recent years, Swann played in three Ashes series victories and helped England become the number one Test side in the world in 2011.
He also took 104 wickets in 79 one-day internationals after making his debut against South Africa in Bloemfontein in 2000 at the age of 20 and spent a spell as the top-ranked ODI bowler in 2011.
In addition, he helped England clinch their first major global world title at the 2010 World Twenty20 in the Caribbean.
"My personal highlights include the three Ashes victories, which I will cherish for the rest of my life, and the World T20 victory in the West Indies, which ranks as my limited overs highlight," he added.
"I have met, played with and against, and become friends with some magnificent people throughout my journey and feel truly privileged to have been given these opportunities."
Former England captain Michael Vaughan said Swann had quit "too soon". adding: "Spinners of his quality are a rare breed. Of all the England players over the last 20 years, he is the one the team will miss the most."
BBC cricket correspondent Jonathan Agnew described Swann as a "true character" who had made a "massive contribution" to England.
Agnew said: "The general feeling was that this might be Swann's last tour, but this is unexpected. England's greatest challenge is replacing the man who was the lynchpin to their four-man attack."
England team director Andy Flower paid tribute to Swann's "outstanding contribution" to the team.
"His commitment, competitive spirit and sense of humour have been recognised and admired by team-mates and supporters alike," he said. "He has played a big part in England's success over the last five years."
England bowler Tim Bresnan said Swann's retirement will be a relief to some batsmen around the world.
"I will miss your constant put downs and abuse of my mental capacity," Bresnan said on Twitter. "Also, many batsmen around the world have just exhaled a huge sigh of relief due to your constant challenge of the stumps and prodigious spin."
England batsman Johnny Bairstow added: "Congratulations on a fantastic career. Thank you for the laughs, memories and smiles. Good luck mate, you are going to be missed."
"Going to miss you a lot," said England bowler Steve Finn.  "Hope the next chapter is as exciting."
Do you think Swann has made the right decision? Have your say on the BBC Sport Facebook page.


Nick Clegg has rejected calls for him to stand down as leader of the Liberal Democrats after the party's worst European election result for 25 years.

Lib Dem MP John Pugh said Vince Cable should replace Mr Clegg after the party lost all but one of its 12 MEPs.
The MP told the BBC it was "ludicrous" to carry on as usual.
But Mr Clegg said he was proud of having taken on UKIP and "stood up for the values that we believe in", even though, he said, "it didn't work".
And he got support from Mr Cable, the business secretary, who said: "There is no leadership issue... now is not the time for infighting and introspection. The party must hold its nerve."
The Lib Dems got 6.9% of votes, down from 13.7% in 2009, leaving them in fifth place behind the Green Party, as they lost seats in every region apart from the South East of England.
Mr Clegg told the BBC: "There are some individuals who say they want a change of leadership, a change of strategy, or who want to pull out of the coalition altogether. Of course it is right to have searching questions in the wake of such a bad set of election results.
"The easiest thing in politics, and sometimes in life, when the going gets really, really tough, is just to walk away, to wash your hands of it.
"I'm not going to do that and my party's not going to do that.
"The vast majority of Liberal Democrats do not believe that we should lose our nerve and walk away just now."
The election results had been a "huge setback", he said, but his party was "the most united, resilient, toughest party in British politics" and he was "immensely proud" of leading it.
"Uniquely in British politics, the Liberal Democrats decided to take on UKIP and argue for the things we believe in: a generous-hearted, open-minded, internationalist Britain," he said.
"It didn't work but it is right that we stood up for the values that we believe in."
He also defended the decision to enter coalition with the Conservatives, arguing that the Lib Dems had enabled the UK economy to recover while bringing about policies that were fair to people on low incomes.
Lib Dems expected to fare badly in the elections but party president Tim Farron has said its performance - coupled with the loss of 250 council seats in the local elections - was "staggeringly disappointing".
Mr Farron, Sir Menzies and Lord Ashdown - another former leader who is running the party's general election campaign - have defended Mr Clegg's leadership and appealed for party unity.
But Mr Pugh, the MP for Southport, said the party was underestimating the difficulties it was in and there was an "overwhelming" case for Mr Clegg's future to be discussed.
"We have just lost 72% of the council seats we were defending and 91% of the Euro seats," he said.
"The vast majority of the UK this morning is without Lib Dem representation at any level. If that does not prompt a serious, sharp review focussed view both of strategy and leadership, then whatever will!
"Orders just to press on regardless are genuinely of Somme-like insanity."
Mr Pugh said a "section of the electorate" was not listening to Mr Clegg and that his "personal preference" was for a "Cable succession".
Any transition to a new leader must take place "without aggravation or discord", he told the BBC News Channel, and if the party decided to stick with Mr Clegg, he said he would "knuckle" down and accept it.
Asked whether other MPs shared his views, he said. "All MPs see the problem. What they don't all agree on is the solution."
A third general election candidate, Helen Flynn, has called for Mr Clegg to stand down amid mumblings in the party which the BBC expects to increase during the day.
Martin Tod, a member of the Liberal Democrats' federal executive, claimed voters were "not prepared" to listen to Mr Clegg and said his party's response to the election reversals had been "complacent".
Former MP Sandra Gidley, one of about 250 people to have signed an online letter demanding a change of leader, said Mr Clegg was "associated with the broken promises of the coalition".
She told the BBC's Today programme that a new leader would be able to better articulate the "positive difference" the party had made by working with the Conservatives.
But Treasury Chief Secretary Danny Alexander, who has been touted as a future leader himself, insisted Mr Clegg was "by far the best spokesman" for the Lib Dems.
Sir Menzies said the Lib Dems had had to fight the election in a "febrile" eurosceptic climate.
"There's no doubt in my mind that Nick Clegg is the person with the courage and the resilience to take the party through to and during, and indeed after, the next general election."
Catherine Bearder, the only Liberal Democrat MEP to be elected so far, said Mr Clegg had been right to go out and campaign on a positive EU platform.
"It's been very difficult," she told Sky News. "We fought a very good, positive campaign on our issues of being in the European Union and standing up for Britain in the European Union."
She denied Mr Clegg or the EU as a whole had proved unpopular on the doorstep, but added: "People don't understand how the European Union works and they don't think it is important to their daily lives."
Some MPs have expressed reservations about the leadership of the party but none have yet called for Mr Clegg - who took over in 2007 - to stand down.
Among MEPs to lose their seats include veterans Sir Graham Watson, Andrew Duff and Bill Newton Dunn as well as Edward McMillan-Scott, an ex-Tory who was the only British vice-president of the European Parliament.


The Prince of Wales has donated £2,000 to a Catholic church in Belfast that has been at the centre of disputes over loyalist band parades.

The Prince and the Duchess of Cornwall toured St Patrick's Church during a visit in May as part of its 200th anniversary celebrations.
The Donegall Street church has seen a number of flashpoint incidents outside its doors in recent years.
In 2012, a band played a song perceived to be sectarian outside the church.
Thirteen members of the band were convicted of playing the Famine Song, which is played to the same tune as the Beach Boys' Sloop John B but with anti-Catholic lyrics.
Their convictions were subsequently overturned on appeal.
Restrictions have since been placed on parades passing the church, with residents from nearby nationalist neighbourhoods staging protests against the marches.
The money donated by Prince Charles is to be used for renovation work at the church.
Fr Michael Sheehan, the church's administrator, said: "One of the challenges which the parish faces is raising much needed funds to restore the church's disintegrating stonework.
"The present church is an imposing edifice, rendered in sandstone and in the Romanesque style.
"Regrettably, its future is in jeopardy as its facade is worn and crumbling and in need of major repair.
"The first phase of works is estimated to cost in the region of £1.5m, with total works likely to exceed a colossal £5m."
Fr Sheehan said the church had been "encouraged in their fundraising efforts by incredibly generous benefactions".
He added that St Patrick wanted to "recapture the energy, enthusiasm and dedication" of those who built the church and secure the building's future.
St Patrick's Church expects renovation work to commence on its spire in next month.


Police are investigating the discovery of a woman's body in the sea off Pembrokeshire, which they are treating as unexplained.

Officers were called to Tenby's North Beach area of the town at about 09:50 BST on Monday.
Dyfed-Powys Police want to hear from anyone who may have seen a woman in her early 60s from 19:30 on Sunday night.
She was seen wearing a flowered blouse, black leggings, black "Ugg"-style boots, black T-shirt and a green coat.
She was also carrying a rucksack.
Anyone with information is asked to call 101.


There are concerns about the future funding for research on one of Wales' most important havens for seabirds.

Natural Resources Wales (NRW) has cut Â£12,000 funding for a long-term study of Skomer Island's 50,000 guillemots.
A university is continuing to fund this summer's programme but there has been criticism that wider bird research in its place will be less comprehensive.
NRW said it had to take "tough decisions" but all the island's environment would be monitored.
Skomer, off the Pembrokeshire coast, is popular with 250 visitors a day in the summer season, with a chance to spot razorbills, guillemots and puffins.
But there are fewer of them this year as the bird population was affected by the winter storms.
Prof Tim Birkhead, a zoologist at Sheffield University, has been monitoring guillemots on the south of Skomer for 40 years.
"Guillemots are one of Britain's most abundant seabirds but they have been through changing times," he says.
"On Skomer in the 1930s there were thought to be around 100,000 pairs here but now there are around 25,000.
"But they are still very vulnerable to oiling incidents or in the case of this spring to climate change.
"With the storms last winter, we know there was massive mortality - 40,000 dead seabirds were picked up, around half of those guillemots.
"We know a lot of our birds died, as we had three times more recoveries from Skomer-ringed birds than over the last 40 years."
Other seabirds are monitored too, but not with the same detail as those given to guillemots.
Prof Birkhead said: "We monitor the survival rate of adults, how many young birds survive to breed, how old they are when they breed and the food supply the chicks are fed when growing up."
He is worried that a more broad-brush approach to research will not bring the detailed results which can tell conservationists how well the birds are recovering.
"This is too important to do in some sloppy, tick-box sort of way - it has to be professional and crucially overseen by someone with scientific knowledge.
"There's absolutely no point doing it if it's done wrong."
Mike Evans of NRW has defended the cutbacks.
"At a time of government cutbacks we have to take some very tough decisions," he says.
"What we've tried to do with our monitoring on Skomer is to make sure we're doing every element of the environment that we can rather than concentrating on a single species.
"We're continuing to monitor 12 species of birds which are very special to the island but we're also looking at the underwater environment and have a big programme of monitoring to make sure the sea is in a good state to support the bird population."


Jordan Spence scored a late header as Ipswich maintained their 100% start to the Championship season with a remarkable victory at Millwall.

They trailed after 44 seconds when Jed Wallace volleyed in, but Ipswich's Joe Garner levelled from 25 yards.
Martyn Waghorn slammed the visitors ahead, and made it 3-2 at the interval after Aiden O'Brien had equalised.
Millwall sub Tom Elliott stabbed home with time running out, but Spence rose high to nod in a dramatic winner.
Defender Spence's goal was his first for the Tractor Boys and only his fifth in 199 career appearances, meaning Ipswich are one of three Championship sides yet to drop a point.
Waghorn, making his first start since joining from Rangers, profited from tireless play by team-mate David McGoldrick to score his second of the match, and his third in two league appearances.
It is the first time Ipswich have won their opening three league matches of a season since the 1999-2000 campaign, when they last won promotion to the Premier League.
Millwall manager Neil Harris said his goalkeeper Jordan Archer made a "horrendous error" for Garner's equaliser as he parried the long-range strike into his own net.
The Lions remain without a win since their return to the second tier, suffering only their second home defeat in 20 matches.
For Mick McCarthy's side, however, it is the first time they have scored four or more goals away from home since November 2015, when they won 5-2 at Rotherham.
Millwall manager Neil Harris:
"It is not good enough here at The Den, it is unacceptable.
"Ipswich showed their class and ability at key moments. In my opinion we have given them four goals away at key moments.
"We were ahead after 44 seconds and we give a goal away, yes the goalkeeper should save it - there is no doubt about that. It is a horrendous error. He should save it at the end of the day, it is what he is in the goal for.
"The fourth goal is the icing on the cake, I have not got the professionalism or leadership in my group to deal with a free-kick against a non-physical Ipswich side."
Ipswich manager Mick McCarthy:
"Our front four were magnificent, we had to survive a barrage. The irony is that it was a defender who scored the winner.
"I was not expecting a 4-3, we scored some magnificent goals but conceded three as well and that was disappointing but they were good.
"They have not been beaten here too often and I don't think they will either. I hope they don't. Millwall are hard to play against, they are a real handful and I think they will be fine."
Match ends, Millwall 3, Ipswich Town 4.
Second Half ends, Millwall 3, Ipswich Town 4.
Dominic Iorfa (Ipswich Town) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Fred Onyedinma (Millwall) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Dominic Iorfa (Ipswich Town).
Attempt missed. Shaun Williams (Millwall) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Jed Wallace with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Millwall. Conceded by Cole Skuse.
Shane Ferguson (Millwall) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Danny M. Rowe (Ipswich Town).
Offside, Millwall. Jed Wallace tries a through ball, but Fred Onyedinma is caught offside.
Attempt blocked. Jed Wallace (Millwall) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Jed Wallace (Millwall) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Tom Elliott (Millwall) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jordan Spence (Ipswich Town).
Goal!  Millwall 3, Ipswich Town 4. Jordan Spence (Ipswich Town) header from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Grant Ward with a cross following a set piece situation.
Foul by Tom Elliott (Millwall).
Grant Ward (Ipswich Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt blocked. Danny M. Rowe (Ipswich Town) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Corner,  Ipswich Town. Conceded by Byron Webster.
Foul by George Saville (Millwall).
Freddie Sears (Ipswich Town) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Attempt blocked. George Saville (Millwall) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Lee Gregory (Millwall) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked.
Foul by Shaun Williams (Millwall).
Joe Garner (Ipswich Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Goal!  Millwall 3, Ipswich Town 3. Tom Elliott (Millwall) right footed shot from the left side of the six yard box to the bottom left corner following a set piece situation.
Jed Wallace (Millwall) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Cole Skuse (Ipswich Town).
Luke Chambers (Ipswich Town) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Fred Onyedinma (Millwall) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Dominic Iorfa (Ipswich Town).
Substitution, Ipswich Town. Danny M. Rowe replaces Martyn Waghorn.
Substitution, Millwall. Fred Onyedinma replaces Aiden O'Brien.
Substitution, Millwall. Tom Elliott replaces Steve Morison.
Substitution, Millwall. Shane Ferguson replaces James Meredith.
George Saville (Millwall) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Joe Garner (Ipswich Town).
Attempt blocked. Jonas Knudsen (Ipswich Town) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Freddie Sears.
Attempt saved. Jed Wallace (Millwall) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Foul by Aiden O'Brien (Millwall).


Wales captain Alun Wyn Jones wanted to kick for goal at a crucial stage of Saturday's 29-13 defeat by Scotland, but says his kickers said "no".

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Wales opted to kick for the corner when trailing 16-13 in the 51st minute.
They were penalised at the ensuing line-out as Scotland recorded their first win over Wales since 2007.
"The kickers didn't want to so we just went for the corner," said 107-times capped Jones, who added he "would have liked to" have taken the points.
"We didn't do it, did we?" he added.
"And I got done for blocking at the back of the lift then, but, yeah, I would have liked to have gone for the three (points)."
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The incident was more remarkable as Irish referee John Lacey could be heard saying a kick at goal had been indicated while Wales fly-half Dan Biggar could be heard asking Jones if he could kick for the corner.
After the match Jones said the referee had not been involved.
The penalty was awarded on the Scotland 22-metre line close to the touchline, so would normally be considered well within the range of place kickers Leigh Halfpenny, who kicked eight points, and Biggar.
Wales led 13-9 at half-time, but failed to add to their tally after the break as Scotland scored 20 unanswered points.
Jones felt the momentum shift started before the interval when Halfpenny missed a chance to give Wales a 10-point lead and man of the match Finn Russell cut the gap to four points with the last kick of the half.
"At the tail end of the first half they took an opportunity and then into the second half, but we coughed up possession a little too easily," he said.
Jones said he wanted Wales to improve their discipline for their next game against Ireland on Friday, 10 March in Cardiff.
"We gave away one or two soft penalties and Scotland did a good job of disrupting us at the breakdown in the second half," he added.