Officers who deliberately ran down and killed a dog while it was running loose on the A55 in Conwy have been referred to the police watchdog.

North Wales Police said the foxhound could not be brought under control and the "only safe option" was to destroy it in the early hours of Monday.
It caused a storm on social media with more than 12,500 comments posted on the force's Facebook page.
Police and crime commissioner Winston Roddick is also looking into it.
Traffic police drove at the dog on the dual carriageway between Llanfairfechan roundabout and the Conwy tunnel.
North Wales Police said firearms officers were sent to the scene, but there was concern they would not be able to get a safe shot.
The force added the dog had gone missing from a hunt, which was in the area at the weekend, and its owner was being "actively sought".
The case has been referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission.
Ch Insp Darren Wareing, of the roads policing unit, said police had not taken the decision to kill the dog lightly and it came after an officer was bitten while trying to bring the animal under control.
One car and a HGV had to swerve to avoid the dog running towards traffic, he said.
He said the "potential for a serious collision was present throughout" and there was "no alternative way" for them to minimise risks to motorists.
"The only safe option was to run the dog over at sufficient speed to ensure that it was destroyed and would not suffer. Other methods of destruction were considered, but were ruled out on the grounds of public safety," he added.
"Both officers have their own dogs and did not take this decision lightly. Due to the seriousness of the incident it needed bringing to a conclusion quickly for the safety of all concerned."
North Wales PCC, Mr Roddick, said: "These were highly unusual circumstances and it was a difficult judgement to make, especially as I understand both officers concerned are dog owners themselves.
"I will be raising the matter with the force and I will be asking a number of questions because it is important to ensure the matter is looked into fully."
Charity People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has criticised the police action.
Director Mimi Bekhechi said: "Law enforcement officers are entrusted with protecting the innocent and the vulnerable, and that does not include deliberately running them over with the intent to kill."


One of Nigeria's most senior policemen has died in a helicopter crash in the central city of Jos, police have said.

John Haruna, a deputy inspector general of police, was among four police personnel who were killed.
They were on a routine aerial patrol of Jos and the cause of the crash is not yet known.
Police are part of a special task force to contain inter-communal conflict in Jos, which has also been targeted by Islamist Boko Haram militants lately.
Jos is the capital of Plateau state, which lies on the fault line between Nigeria's mainly Muslim north and Christian and animist south.
Witnesses said the aircraft burst into flames when it crashed in the residential suburb of Rukuba.
Yushau Shuaib, the national spokesman for Nigeria's National Emergency Management Agency, says the helicopter crashed into homes, but no-one else was hurt, the AP news agency reports.
Nigeria, like many African countries, has a poor air safety record, though some efforts have been made to improve it since a spate of airline disasters in 2005.
On Tuesday, in Abuja there was a complete shutdown of operations at the capital's international airport, following a power surge that damaged lights on the runway.


A new bridge for pedestrians and cyclists will be put in place over a Cardiff river.

It is hoped the River Ely bridge, separate from the road bridge, will make it easier for people in the area to walk and cycle.
It is the second phase of a project to improve accessibility along Cowbridge Road East, Cowbridge Road West and in Ely and Caerau.
The Â£290,000 project is funded by the council and the Welsh Government.
Some diversions will be in place over the weekend for the bridge to be installed.


British artists have scooped several nominations for the 2015 Grammys.

6 December 2014 Last updated at 09:15 GMT
The Grammy Awards is one of the most prestigious music ceremony's in the world.
Sam Smith, who topped the BBC's Sound of 2014 in January, has six nominations including best new artist.
His single Stay With Me is also up for best pop performance and record of the year.


A man has denied the manslaughter of another man who was found lying in a street in Windermere close to where he lived.

Gordon Smith, 44, was found dead on Lake Road about 400m (0.2 miles) from his home on Church Street on 1 July.
Mark Russell, 27, previously of Holly Terrace, pleaded not guilty to manslaughter at Carlisle Crown Court.
He was was given conditional bail ahead of trial on 14 March. It is expected to last up to five days.
Judge Paul Batty QC said one of the conditions is that he does not enter Windermere or Bowness-on-Windermere.
A 31-year-old man from Millom, a woman aged 48 and a 15-year-old girl, both from Kent, previously arrested on suspicion of murder, have been released with no further action, Cumbria Police said.


Hosts France advanced to the Euro 2016 final with their first victory over Germany in a major tournament since 1958 on a night of high emotion in Marseille.

Antoine Griezmann, the tournament's top scorer, made the decisive contributions in each half to set up a final against Portugal at the Stade de France on Sunday.
Griezmann scored from the penalty spot right on half-time when Germany's Bastian Schweinsteiger was penalised for handball by Italian referee Nicola Rizzoli in an aerial challenge with Patrice Evra.
France held out against German pressure before Griezmann settled the destination of a pulsating semi-final with 18 minutes left when he turned in from close range after keeper Manuel Neuer could only half-clear Paul Pogba's cross.
Joshua Kimmich then hit the woodwork for Germany and also saw a header brilliantly saved by France keeper Hugo Lloris - but there was no way back for the World Cup holders.
France made a slow start to Euro 2016 but there was a real sense inside Marseille's vast Stade Velodrome that Didier Deschamps' team are now being carried towards the finishing line in Paris on Sunday by a national tide of emotion.
It was, of course, during a friendly between France and Germany at the Stade de France, which will stage Sunday's Euro 2016 final, that the first explosions were heard on the night of the Paris attacks in November in which 130 people died and hundreds of others were wounded. Fourteen players who started that night were in the line-ups that took to the field here in Marseille.
The atmosphere inside the Stade Velodrome was electric after a day of searing temperatures and the togetherness now felt between France's players and their supporters was summed up in one moment in the second half.
Germany were applying pressure in an attempt to claw back a 1-0 deficit when the whole ground erupted into a rousing chorus of national anthem La Marseillaise to urge their team on.
One more task remains against Portugal on Sunday - the whole of France expects.
Antoine Griezmann carried the hopes of a nation into Euro 2016, the diminutive Atletico Madrid forward seen as their greatest threat and biggest weapon.
And how the 25-year-old has delivered, making light of the burden of expectation to emerge as a talisman and match-winner, taking his tally for the tournament to six - the same number of European Championship goals as Thierry Henry, whose tally came across three tournaments.
Griezmann may not yet be in the class of Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo and Luis Suarez but every performance here at this tournament pushes him closer to that bracket.
He made the difference with two goals when France were trailing to the Republic of Ireland in the last 16 to wrestle the initiative away from Martin O'Neill's side and here, on an even bigger stage, he was the game-changer once more.
Griezmann had already tested Neuer with a low shot after a slick exchange with Blaise Matuidi and even during a period of complete German domination in the first half, he never let the World Cup holders relax.
He put his pressure penalty away with assurance right on half-time then reacted coolly when Neuer could not deal with Pogba's cross.
Griezmann has a superb first touch, links play with quality, is an all-round team player and scores vital goals. He is the complete package.
He is carrying France alone in attack at times as Olivier Giroud continues to struggle, with the France supporters now increasing the volume of criticism, but with Griezmann there is always hope and he will be their inspiration again in Paris on Sunday.
Germany have failed to follow France and Spain in doing the double of holding the European Championship and World Cup at the same time.
They have been the scourge of host countries in the past, defeating six at the semi-final stage in major tournaments, including England at Euro 96 and, most memorably, thrashing hosts Brazil 7-1 at the 2014 World Cup.
France were able to fight the curse on this occasion and run out winners.
Here, Joachim Low's side performed impressively for long periods but either lacked the killer touch or found themselves repelled by fiercely determined French defending or outstanding keeping from Hugo Lloris.
Germany have also found a way of giving away needless penalties, Schweinsteiger once again inviting punishment with a raised arm with his team dominant - in the same manner that Jerome Boateng gifted Italy a penalty in the quarter-final.
On this evidence, Germany remain a European football superpower but every weakness was exploited by France in front of an ecstatic home crowd.
Former France striker Thierry Henry on BBC One:
"A sign of a great team is that you take advantage of mistakes. You punish a team. France did that. They were like an Italian or German side of old times. Two opportunities. Two goals.
"I am actually so emotional at the moment. It's nice to see that togetherness in the team, and with the fans. At the back they were great, Evra, Sagna, Umtiti. Everybody.
"The main man Griezmann, we all knew that he had to play this type of game. We again have a hero, a striker who can make us win tournaments. Hopefully. What a player.
"It will be a tricky game against Portugal but let's enjoy it. Final of the Champions League: Ronaldo v Griezmann. Final of the Euros: Ronaldo v Griezmann."
Germany manager Joachim Low: "In 2012 or 2010 when we went out, the other sides were better than us. Today that wasn't the case. We were better than the French.
"We were the better team. We had good body language. We were good in the one-on-one. It was unfortunate that we conceded the goal.
"The side did everything I told them. We had a lot of courage. There's nothing to blame them for.
"We had our chances. Regretfully we didn't score. We didn't have the luck we needed."
France manager Didier Deschamps: "I'm delighted for the players. It was a tough game against a team that made us suffer but we suffered together.
"We haven't only had easy games. Germany were and are still the best side. We did what we needed to do. We were clinical, and Lloris was great when we needed him to be.
"We are in a final. We have our chance and Portugal have their chance too. It's not as if just because we're hosts and have knocked out Germany that gives us extra  power. Portugal believe in themselves, and we believe in ourselves. It's still very open."
France forward Antoine Griezmann: "I'm very pleased. We knew it would be very tough and we held firm defensively, our keeper played very well.
"We have to rest up well and already start thinking about the final. We will start training for it tomorrow.
"Against Portugal, it's 50-50, anything can happen in a final, it's a one-off game."
Match ends, Germany 0, France 2.
Second Half ends, Germany 0, France 2.
Offside, Germany. Manuel Neuer tries a through ball, but Thomas Müller is caught offside.
Attempt missed. Mario Götze (Germany) header from the left side of the six yard box misses to the right. Assisted by Toni Kroos.
Attempt saved. Thomas Müller (Germany) with an attempt from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Joshua Kimmich.
Attempt blocked. Joshua Kimmich (Germany) header from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Shkodran Mustafi with a cross.
Toni Kroos (Germany) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Yohan Cabaye (France).
Substitution, France. Yohan Cabaye replaces Antoine Griezmann.
Attempt missed. André-Pierre Gignac (France) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Paul Pogba.
Attempt saved. Antoine Griezmann (France) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Attempt missed. Benedikt Höwedes (Germany) header from the centre of the box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Toni Kroos with a cross following a set piece situation.
Mario Götze (Germany) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Patrice Evra (France).
Joshua Kimmich (Germany) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by André-Pierre Gignac (France).
Corner,  France. Conceded by Jonas Hector.
Attempt missed. Shkodran Mustafi (Germany) left footed shot from the centre of the box is too high following a corner.
Corner,  Germany. Conceded by Blaise Matuidi.
Substitution, Germany. Leroy Sané replaces Bastian Schweinsteiger.
Toni Kroos (Germany) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Moussa Sissoko (France).
Substitution, France. André-Pierre Gignac replaces Olivier Giroud.
Attempt missed. Julian Draxler (Germany) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the right from a direct free kick.
N'Golo Kanté (France) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Julian Draxler (Germany) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by N'Golo Kanté (France).
Attempt missed. Paul Pogba (France) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the left. Assisted by Olivier Giroud with a headed pass.
Joshua Kimmich (Germany) hits the left post with a left footed shot from outside the box. Assisted by Mario Götze.
Attempt missed. Antoine Griezmann (France) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the right. Assisted by Olivier Giroud.
Goal!  Germany 0, France 2. Antoine Griezmann (France) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal.
Substitution, France. N'Golo Kanté replaces Dimitri Payet.
Offside, Germany. Mesut Özil tries a through ball, but Shkodran Mustafi is caught offside.
Toni Kroos (Germany) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Moussa Sissoko (France).
Foul by Thomas Müller (Germany).
Laurent Koscielny (France) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Germany. Conceded by Samuel Umtiti.
Attempt missed. Dimitri Payet (France) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Patrice Evra.
Substitution, Germany. Mario Götze replaces Emre Can.


Australia's Nick Kyrgios beat Canadian Milos Raonic at the Miami Open to reach his first Masters semi-final and break into the world's top 20.

Kyrgios beat the 12th seed 6-4 7-6 (7-4) to set up a semi-final against Japan's Kei Nishikori.
The result means Kyrgios, who turns 21 on 27 April, will become the youngest man in the top 20 for seven years.
In the women's draw, Russian Svetlana Kuznetsova and Belarusian Victoria Azarenka won their semi-finals.
Raonic had not dropped serve all week in Miami, but Kyrgios broke the Canadian in the first game - the only break of the contest.
"That definitely set the tone," said Kyrgios. "I've really learned how to return this year and I'm moving really well, so I'm giving myself more opportunities."
Kyrgios fended off five break points and restricted Raonic to four aces over the course of one hour and 44 minutes.
Having won his first ATP title in Marseille last month, the Australian has now broken new ground at the elite Masters level.
"I'm feel as if I'm a lot stronger, a lot fitter and I've just got more experience," he said. "The last couple of years on tour have been a bit of a rollercoaster, but I've learned a lot."
Asked about the new ranking, he said: "It's pretty cool, but there are 19 guys in front of me."
Nishikori saved five match points to win a dramatic quarter-final against Frenchman Gael Monfils 4-6 6-3 7-6 (7-3).
Former US and French Open champion Kuznetsova reached the Miami Open final for the first time since she won in 2006 with a 7-5 6-3 victory over Swiss Timea Bacsinszky.
The 30-year-old, ranked 19th, beat Serena Williams in the fourth round and will return to the top 10 for the first time in six years if she takes the title.
"I don't think if I get to top 10 or not," she said.
"When I go and I see the rankings I am confident I can beat these players and players from the top 10."
The in-form Azarenka avenged her only defeat of the season against Angelique Kerber at the Australian Open as she beat the German 6-2 7-5.
Azarenka, 26, is now one win away from emulating Steffi Graf and Kim Clijsters by winning back-to-back Indian Wells and Miami titles.
"I have a job to do on Saturday, regardless if it's going to make history," said Azarenka. "I'm ready, I'm prepared and I'm going out there hungry."


UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has said he hopes to visit North Korea "at the earliest time", but that no decision has been made.

It was his first acknowledgement that discussions are ongoing.
The UN recently denied media reports that a visit which included a meeting with leader Kim Jong-un had been confirmed for this week
The two Koreas are scheduled to hold rare talks on Thursday aimed at improving relations.
The meeting would be the first between the two sides since August when tensions bubbled over into a brief exchange of fire at the heavily guarded border.
On Tuesday North Korea criticised the South for staging a live-fire drill near their disputed sea border saying it might respond to the "confrontation".
Mr Ban, who is a former South Korean foreign minister, has repeatedly said he is willing to "play any constructive role" to work for peace, stability and dialogue on the Korean Peninsula.
A planned visit by him to North Korea in May was abruptly cancelled.
But then last week, South Korea's Yonhap news agency cited an unnamed official saying a visit had been scheduled. The media reports sparked a denial from the United Nations.
Speaking to reporters on Monday, Mr Ban said there had been "positive signs" about a future visit.
"We are discussing when would be the good time for me to visit the North, but so far nothing has been decided," he said, adding that he was working to make the trip "at the earliest time".
If the visit goes ahead, Mr Ban would only be the third UN chief to visit the North, which faces UN sanctions because of its nuclear weapons programme.
The two Koreas remain technically at war as no peace treaty was signed after the 1950-1953 war.


Cardiff City manager Russell Slade has admitted the club made a mistake in releasing Wales prospect Regan Poole.

Poole, 17, made his debut for Manchester United in their 5-1 Europa League victory over Midtjylland.
He joined United in September, after just 17 appearances for Newport County, who signed him when he was released by Cardiff City's academy in 2012.
Slade was not in charge when Poole left but said: "You don't want to be losing that type of quality."
The former Leyton Orient boss added: "Occasionally one does get away because young players develop at different rates.
"But clearly a decision was made at that particular time and they got it wrong."
Wales under-17 international Poole joined the youth ranks at Newport and was fast-tracked to a first-team debut against Shrewsbury in September 2014 aged just 16 years and 94 days.
Poole joined Manchester United for an undisclosed fee, believed to be an initial £100,000 which could rise to £400,000.
"I cannot control what has happened in the past, before my time," said Slade.
"But, certainly, if I had been here as manager at the time - obviously the personnel has changed at that level since then as well - you would be wanting to know the reasons why it actually materialised a player in three or four years time has gone and come on as sub for Manchester United."
Meanwhile, Cardiff captain David Marshall is in line for his 250th league appearance for the club in Saturday's Championship home game with Preston North End.
Owner Vincent Tan recently said the club had turned down £6m for the Scottish international, with West Bromwich Albion and Everton linked.
And Slade is expecting more interest in 30-year-old Marshall this summer.
"It would not surprise me at all if there were one or two clubs who came seeking his services. He is a top, top keeper," added Slade.
"He's in a small group of people - and I think that is a big compliment - who are ultra professional, with a terrific attitude."
The Bluebirds have one or two slight injury worries ahead of their clash with in-form Preston and will be looking to recover from Tuesday's 3-1 defeat at Middlesbrough.
"It was a setback on Tuesday, it was a difficult, tough game but we made mistakes and got punished for them," said Slade.
"We have to learn from them quickly and ensure we get back to a similar performance we had in the last home game against Brighton."
Cardiff expect defender Sean Morrison and winger Craig Noone to be available after injury for the Severnside derby against Bristol City on 5 March.


A controversial leaflet advising parents when to keep sick children home from school  is to be withdrawn.

The advice said pupils should not miss lessons for illnesses such as glandular fever, tonsillitis or conjunctivitis.
The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health said the information had been "taken out of context".
A body representing six councils said in an email that the leaflet would be withdrawn as the college had not given permission for its logo to be used.
The leaflet had been produced by the Central South Consortium Joint Education Service (CSCJES) for the councils covering Bridgend, Cardiff, Merthyr Tydfil, Rhondda Cynon Taff and Vale of Glamorgan.
It had caused an outcry among parents who believed it was telling them to send unwell children to school.
But Dr Mair Parry, child health officer in Wales for the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, had warned that the advice over children's fitness for school had been "taken out of context".
"It's not actually about the child who has the condition - it's about the children who don't yet have it and how to limit the chances of them getting it," she told BBC Wales in November.
"(Parents) are the best judge of whether their child is well enough - whether their child is still contagious or not is a more medical question."
In an email seen by BBC Wales, CSCJES lead director Christopher Bradshaw said:  "As the Consortium did not have the consent of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health to use their name in the leaflet, it has been agreed with the Royal College, to remove the leaflet from the Consortium website and the Royal College has offered to support the Consortium with future attendance campaigns."
The consortium said it would not recall printed copies of the leaflet that were given to parents, but would remove the leaflet from its website.
There were no plans to produce a replacement leaflet, it added.
Mountain Ash school governor and Rhondda Cynon Taff councillor Pauline Jarman welcomed the consortium's decision.
"I'm pleased that this leaflet has been withdrawn from the website because it was seriously flawed," she said.


A worker is facing disciplinary action after a forklift truck accident at the Marischal Square construction site in Aberdeen, BBC Scotland has learned.

Construction firm Morgan Sindall said the forklift collided with fencing within the site boundary last Monday.
A spokesman said: "The worker operating the forklift did so without proper certification. Disciplinary proceedings have been initiated."
It earlier emerged a worker was injured after another site accident.
Morgan Sindall added in statement:  "We operate a zero tolerance approach to unauthorised use of machinery across all of our sites.
"Safety is our number one priority and while incidents like this are extremely rare, they are completely unacceptable."
The earlier incident, on 3 February, left a worker with a fractured leg and ribs.
It is being investigated.
The Â£107m office, leisure and hotel development is due for completion in the summer.
Last week, BBC Scotland revealed that only 10% of office space had been taken up for lease.


Yorkshireman Oliver Townend leads the British challenge going into the cross-country section of the Burghley Horse Trials.

The 2009 champion is fifth after the dressage on MHS King Joules, with Australia's Chris Burton and horse Nobilis 18 leading.
Why not come along, meet and ride Henry the mechanical horse at some of the Official Team GB fan parks during the Rio Olympics?
Germany's Bettina Hoy, riding Designer 10, is second and New Zealander Andrew Nicholson is third on Nereo.
The competition ends of Sunday with the showjumping section.
Burton managed a score of 30.2 in Friday's dressage, with Hoy on 34.5 and Nicholson posting 35.2. Townend scored 38.1.
Britons Gubby Leech, Francis Whittington and Paul Sims lie in 15th, 16th and 17th places respectively.
Find out how to get into equestrian with our special guide.
Australian Burton, who won Olympic bronze in Rio in the team event, is confident Nobilis 18 will perform well in the cross-country.
"The horse is a beautiful mover and today he was really relaxed, which meant I could ride forward and attack the movements," he said.
"It's not easy to feel confident about the course at Burghley, but Nobilis is a blood horse and should cope with the trip."


Invasive species cost the Northern Ireland economy £46.5m each year, according to official figures.

A report on the economic cost of invasive and non-native species across the island of Ireland was prepared by Invasive Species Ireland, for the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) and National Parks and Wildlife Service.
The Department of Environment defines invasive species as "harmful alien species.
It says its introduction or spread threatens the environment, the economy, or society, including human health".
The department added that they are "extremely difficult and costly to control" and their "ecological effects are often irreversible".
Invasive species are considered to provide the greatest risk to biodiversity worldwide, and can be introduced into the environment deliberately or accidentally.
They form direct competition with native wildlife and plants, alter habitats and introduce parasites and pathogens that native species are not immune too.
Stephen Foster, from the NIEA's Invasive Species Team, said that attitudes towards non-native animals and plants can change over time.
"Some species that were once regarded as invasive almost 150 years ago are now accepted as part of the landscape.
"There will be winners and losers when invasive species establish themselves. Some have a more significant impact than others."
There are 31 established invasive species in Ireland and 12 species that pose an immediate potential threat.
Here are five of the worst unwanted invasive species. If you spot any from the list, they can be reported on the Invasive Species Ireland website.
On Monday, an Irish couple were rescued from a dense rhododendron forest after becoming trapped for over five hours.
Many people have attractive rhododendron bushes in their gardens, but what they may not realise is the species is actually one of the most invasive on the island of Ireland.
Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) plants are native to Europe and Asia.
The expansion of the plant was accelerated by human behaviour. It was introduced into parks and estates as an ornamental shrub in the 1700s.
Once rhododendron establishes itself in an area, few native plants survive because the roots of the plant are very dense.
The leaves of rhododendrons also contain toxins that some animals find inedible.
The plant is an aggressive species, present in almost every county throughout Ireland.
Rhododendron costs the Irish forestry service almost £1m a year. In Northern Ireland, it is estimated that the plant costs about £270,000 per year to control and remove.
Floating pennywort is native to North America. It was first brought into Ireland as a plant for tropical aquariums and ponds, but has since dispersed into the wild.
It is a floating plant that thrives in shallow, still flowing water. It can grow up to 20cm a day.
Once established, floating pennywort increases the risk of flooding and can obstruct recreational activities such as fishing and canoeing.
The plant was initially recorded on the Ards Peninsula, County Down, in 2002.
In 2010, it was spotted in the River Lagan by the Dromore and District Angling Club.
Over two days, an estimated eight tonnes of the plant was removed.
Monitoring of the aquatic plant occurs annually at the River Lagan and is set to continue for several more years to ensure the plant cannot re-establish itself.
Grey squirrels were brought to Ireland deliberately.
In 1911, 12 were introduced in County Longford and they have reached pest level proportions since then.
The species is present in every county of Northern Ireland and is renowned for attacking the native red squirrel.
They out-compete the native reds for food, and feed more at ground level. Grey squirrels are also able to digest acorns, while the red squirrel cannot.
Grey squirrels also carry squirrel pox virus that the red squirrel is not immune too.
Debate has raged over the appropriate response to the threat of grey squirrels, including whether they should be culled.
However, eradication of the species is considered unrealistic.
Japanese knotweed is native to Asia but has become established right across the island of Ireland.
The plant is known for having an extensive root system. Once these roots become established they are very difficult to remove.
The plant can grow up to 10cm a day and reach heights of more than 3m.
Japanese Knotweed is increasingly becoming a problem for developers and property owners.
It is capable of growing through concrete.  If a sighting of the plant is reported on land people wish to build on, it can potentially cast doubt over people securing a mortgage.
This species is native to North America but can now be found in every county across Ireland, close to rivers and water sources.
Mink, which are often mistaken for otters, are popular for their thick fur.
In the early 1950s they were introduced into Ireland for fur farming. Over time, some escaped and others were deliberately released.
Inside this beautiful looking creature lurks an indiscriminate killer of birds, fish and small mammals. They decimate ground-nesting birds and tackle fish as large as themselves.
There exists no natural predators for mink and so the species is thriving.


A father killed his son by shaking or throwing him when he was just four weeks old, a jury has been told.

Liam Laverick, 25, from Beeford Grove in Hull has pleaded not guilty to the manslaughter of his four-week old son, Tommy Lee.
The baby was taken to Hull Royal Infirmary on 23 September 2014 and died later at Leeds General Infirmary.
Tommy Lee had been left in the sole care of Mr Laverick when the baby became ill, Hull Crown Court heard.
Prosecutor Nicholas Lumley QC said in his opening statement Tommy Lee was left in the care of Mr Laverick at his flat on Linnaeus Street, Hull.
He also told the court Mr Laverick had killed his son by shaking or throwing him.
The jury was shown CCTV footage of Mr Laverick taking Tommy Lee to a relative's house to find the baby's mother, Kelly Whitworth, before the couple ran with the child to the nearby Hull Royal Infirmary.
Mr Laverick gave different accounts of what had happened, including saying that he had fallen over while carrying the child, the prosecution said.
A recording of Mr Laverick speaking to Tommy Lee's mother at a police station and made without their knowledge was also played in court.
In it Mr Laverick described falling over in the hallway of their flat while carrying the baby.
The forensic pathologist who carried out the post mortem examination on the body of Tommy Lee said he had suffered serious bleeding around his brain and the back of his eyes.
The case continues.


Landmarks across Scotland switched their lights off for WWF's Earth Hour on Saturday night.

At 20:30, places such as Edinburgh Castle, the Forth Rail Bridge and the Kelpies were plunged into darkness.
As well as hundreds of Scottish landmarks, thousands of homes are thought to have participated in the event.
Earth Hour is a global annual event that aims to inspire collective action on climate change.
One hundred and seventy-two countries and territories and over 7,000 cities took part in the event. Earth Hour takes place across 24 time-zones, with the "switch-offs" starting in Samoa and finishing in Tahiti.
WWF said that Earth Hour 2015 was the biggest one to date.
Lang Banks, director of WWF Scotland said: "Every year I'm amazed and delighted at how the people of Scotland get behind Earth Hour. From schools and businesses to politicians, celebrities and iconic landmarks, we've received an amazing level of support and we've enjoyed hearing all the different ways people planned to celebrate the hour.
"Lights around the world went out for one hour this weekend, but the need to take action extends throughout the year.
"Earth Hour brings temporary darkness to many of our most recognisable  landmarks and is a moment for us all to reflect on  ways we can go beyond the hour to help tackle climate change and protect our brilliant planet."


Rafael Benitez's reign as Chelsea's interim manager will end in triumph after Branislav Ivanovic's injury-time header won the Europa League final against Benfica in Amsterdam.

Benitez has proved an unpopular appointment with Chelsea's supporters but they were celebrating wildly in the Amsterdam Arena as they added this trophy to the Champions League won last season.
Fernando Torres scored against the run of play to put Chelsea ahead on the hour but Oscar Cardozo's penalty deservedly drew Benfica level.
Chelsea's triumph means Rafael Benitez becomes only the fourth manager to win the Uefa Cup/Europa League more than once. Others to have achieved that feat are:
Blues keeper Petr Cech saved superbly from Cardozo and Frank Lampard struck the woodwork in a dramatic conclusion before Ivanovic - suspended for last year's Champions League final -  rose to meet Juan Mata's corner deep into stoppage time to prompt a subdued clenched-fist celebration from Benitez.
It was a night when Chelsea rode their luck for periods against their Portuguese opponents but the sheer grit and resilience shown in grinding out this win in their 68th game of the season is a tribute to their reserves of character.
As for Benitez, he will leave Stamford Bridge following Sunday's final Premier League game against Everton a satisfied - and probably in-demand - manager after guiding the west Londoners into next season's Champions League and claiming a major trophy after succeeding Roberto Di Matteo in November.
Benfica, with their greatest ever player Eusebio watching from the stands, were attempting to lift their European curse and end a 51-year barren sequence but have now lost seven successive European finals, many of their players slumping to the turf in tears at the final whistle.
Chelsea, with Eden Hazard already out with a hamstring injury, also had to do without captain John Terry for a second successive European final after he failed to recover from the ankle problem he sustained at Aston Villa.
"Rafael Benitez managed the squad and the players look like they're together. That stems from the manager and he's galvanised that squad. There's a will about the team. He deserves credit and it's a shame that some people want to tear that page out of the history books because of something he said a long time ago."
The inspiration of Hazard was sorely missed in a lifeless first half from Chelsea, when they were only spared by Benfica's tendency to over-elaborate and their dreadful finishing.
Nicolas Gaitan, in particular, was a culprit when he twice shot wildly off target after Benfica's precise approach play had opened up Chelsea at the back.
Torres took a knock early on and his struggles were made even more acute by a lack of support in midfield, where former Chelsea midfield man Nemanja Matic, who went to Benfica as part of the David Luiz deal, was impressive.
For all Benfica's possession and superiority, it was their goalkeeper Artur who had to make the half's outstanding save. The keeper, prone to occasional moments of eccentricity, did brilliantly to change direction and palm Lampard's swerving shot to safety.
The pattern continued in the second half and the dangerous Cardozo thought he had made Benfica's deserved breakthrough after 50 minutes, but his header from Gaitan's cross was ruled out for offside.
Chelsea took the lead against the run of play just before the hour, but it was a moment of vintage Torres that provided it. He showed pace and body strength to escape the attentions of Ezequiel Garay and Luisao before rounding Artur to score from the tightest of angles.
The lead lasted only nine minutes. Benfica drew level from the spot after Cesar Azpilicueta handled Eduardo Salvio's header, Cardozo scoring emphatically.
It required superb athleticism from Cech to prevent Cardozo putting Benfica in front with nine minutes left, the keeper at full stretch to turn his dipping 20-yard shot over the bar.
Lampard came even closer with only three minutes left when his 20-yard drive beat Artur but bounced back out to safety off the bar.
Chelsea had one last chance deep into stoppage time and Ivanovic produced a towering header to win the Europa League.
Full Time   The referee brings the game to a close.
The assist for the goal came from Juan Mata.
Goal!  - Branislav Ivanovic -    Benfica 1 - 2 Chelsea        Branislav Ivanovic grabs a headed goal from close range. Benfica 1-2 Chelsea.
Inswinging corner taken by Juan Mata from the right by-line,
The referee gives a free kick against Oscar Cardozo for handball. Petr Cech takes the indirect free kick.
Free kick awarded for a foul by Fernando Torres on Enzo Perez. Guilherme Artur Moraes takes the direct free kick.
The ball is delivered by Eduardo Salvio, Anderson Luisao takes a shot. Blocked by Ashley Cole.
Shot from deep inside the area by Rodrigo Lima clears the bar.
Frank Lampard takes a shot.
Gary Cahill challenges Ola John unfairly and gives away a free kick. Centre by Nicolas Gaitan, Oscar Cardozo takes a shot. Petr Cech makes a comfortable save.
Cesar Azpilicueta takes a shot. Save by Guilherme Artur Moraes.
Emboaba Oscar fouled by Andre Almeida, the ref awards a free kick. Direct free kick taken by Emboaba Oscar.
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on David Luiz by Enzo Perez. Gary Cahill restarts play with the free kick.
Inswinging corner taken left-footed by Juan Mata, Gary Cahill produces a header from inside the area that goes over the crossbar.
Nascimento Ramires takes a shot. Blocked by Anderson Luisao.
Eduardo Salvio delivers the ball, blocked by Ashley Cole. Corner taken right-footed by Eduardo Salvio from the right by-line, Header from deep inside the area by Vieira Jardel goes harmlessly over the crossbar.
Inswinging corner taken right-footed by Ola John from the left by-line.
Oscar Cardozo takes a shot. Save made by Petr Cech.
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Nicolas Gaitan by Nascimento Ramires. Direct free kick taken by Guilherme Artur Moraes.
The assistant referee signals for offside against Nascimento Ramires.  Free kick taken by Guilherme Artur Moraes.
Free kick awarded for a foul by Oscar Cardozo on Gary Cahill. Free kick taken by Petr Cech.
Substitution      Vieira Jardel on for Ezequiel Garay.
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Nascimento Ramires by Nemanja Matic. Juan Mata takes the free kick.
Ola John concedes a free kick for a foul on Cesar Azpilicueta. Free kick taken by Petr Cech.
A cross is delivered by Nascimento Ramires.
Nascimento Ramires is caught offside. Guilherme Artur Moraes restarts play with the free kick.
A cross is delivered by Emboaba Oscar, save by Guilherme Artur Moraes.
Goal!  - Oscar Cardozo -    Benfica 1 - 1 Chelsea        Penalty taken left-footed by Oscar Cardozo and scored. Benfica 1-1 Chelsea.
Handball by Cesar Azpilicueta.
David Luiz has an effort direct from the free kick.
Substitution      Ola John replaces Lorenzo Melgarejo.
Substitution      Rodrigo Lima is brought on as a substitute for Moreno Rodrigo.
Free kick awarded for a foul by Enzo Perez on David Luiz.
Nemanja Matic concedes a free kick for a foul on Emboaba Oscar. Petr Cech takes the direct free kick.
Free kick awarded for a foul by Nascimento Ramires on Nemanja Matic. Nemanja Matic takes the direct free kick.
Juan Mata produces a strike on goal direct from the free kick.
Booking      Anderson Luisao goes into the referee's book.
Fernando Torres fouled by Anderson Luisao, the ref awards a free kick.
Assist by Juan Mata.
Goal!  - Fernando Torres -    Benfica 0 - 1 Chelsea        Fernando Torres finds the net with a goal from inside the six-yard box low into the middle of the goal. Benfica 0-1 Chelsea.
Moreno Rodrigo takes a shot. Save made by Petr Cech.
The ball is sent over by Juan Mata, save by Guilherme Artur Moraes.
The ball is delivered by Juan Mata, clearance made by Anderson Luisao.
Fernando Torres challenges Enzo Perez unfairly and gives away a free kick. Nemanja Matic takes the free kick.
Juan Mata produces a cross, Guilherme Artur Moraes makes a comfortable save.
Corner taken left-footed by Juan Mata from the right by-line, Anderson Luisao makes a clearance.
Nascimento Ramires is caught offside. Free kick taken by Lorenzo Melgarejo.
Unfair challenge on Fernando Torres by Anderson Luisao results in a free kick. Juan Mata delivers the ball from the free kick left-footed from left wing, clearance by Ezequiel Garay.
Cesar Azpilicueta delivers the ball.
Nascimento Ramires is ruled offside. Guilherme Artur Moraes takes the indirect free kick.
Juan Mata fouled by Andre Almeida, the ref awards a free kick. Free kick taken by Juan Mata.
Oscar Cardozo is ruled offside. Free kick taken by Petr Cech.
Corner taken by Nicolas Gaitan from the right by-line to the near post, clearance made by Frank Lampard.
A cross is delivered by Oscar Cardozo, clearance by Cesar Azpilicueta.
Nicolas Gaitan has an effort at goal from just outside the area which goes wide of the left-hand post.
Lorenzo Melgarejo fouled by Nascimento Ramires, the ref awards a free kick. Free kick crossed left-footed by Lorenzo Melgarejo, clearance made by Frank Lampard.
Oscar Cardozo fouled by Branislav Ivanovic, the ref awards a free kick. Direct free kick taken by Andre Almeida.
Nicolas Gaitan crosses the ball, clearance by Gary Cahill.
Ashley Cole gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Eduardo Salvio. Free kick taken by Enzo Perez.
The referee gets the second half started.
Half Time    The match has reached half-time.
Strike on goal comes in from Frank Lampard from the free kick.
Booking      Ezequiel Garay goes into the referee's book.
Ezequiel Garay gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Emboaba Oscar.
The assistant referee flags for offside against Cesar Azpilicueta. Lorenzo Melgarejo takes the free kick.
A cross is delivered by Nascimento Ramires, Ezequiel Garay makes a clearance.
Centre by Nicolas Gaitan, save made by Petr Cech.
Short corner taken by Eduardo Salvio.
Enzo Perez delivers the ball, Oscar Cardozo takes a shot. Blocked by Gary Cahill.
The referee blows for offside against Fernando Torres.  Guilherme Artur Moraes restarts play with the free kick.
A cross is delivered by Juan Mata.
The referee blows for offside against Juan Mata.  Ezequiel Garay takes the free kick.
Corner taken by Juan Mata from the right by-line played to the near post, clearance by Oscar Cardozo.
Frank Lampard takes a shot. Fantastic save by Guilherme Artur Moraes.
Emboaba Oscar produces a cross, Ezequiel Garay manages to make a clearance.
Nicolas Gaitan fouled by Cesar Azpilicueta, the ref awards a free kick. The free kick is swung in left-footed by Nicolas Gaitan, Frank Lampard manages to make a clearance.
Nicolas Gaitan takes a shot from just inside the penalty box which clears the bar.
Foul by Moreno Rodrigo on David Luiz, free kick awarded. David Luiz restarts play with the free kick.
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Enzo Perez by Branislav Ivanovic. Strike on goal comes in from Oscar Cardozo from the free kick.
Enzo Perez produces a cross, clearance made by David Luiz.
Shot from 25 yards by Emboaba Oscar. Guilherme Artur Moraes makes a save.
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Fernando Torres by Ezequiel Garay. Juan Mata crosses the ball in from the free kick, Guilherme Artur Moraes makes a save.
Unfair challenge on Emboaba Oscar by Andre Almeida results in a free kick. Free kick crossed by Juan Mata, Ezequiel Garay manages to make a clearance.
Nicolas Gaitan gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on David Luiz. David Luiz restarts play with the free kick.
Lorenzo Melgarejo fouled by Nascimento Ramires, the ref awards a free kick. Lorenzo Melgarejo restarts play with the free kick.
Foul by David Luiz on Enzo Perez, free kick awarded. Direct free kick taken by Anderson Luisao.
Nascimento Ramires challenges Nemanja Matic unfairly and gives away a free kick. Direct free kick taken by Nemanja Matic.
Free kick awarded for a foul by Nascimento Ramires on Nemanja Matic. Nemanja Matic takes the direct free kick.
The ball is sent over by Enzo Perez, Gary Cahill makes a clearance.
Direct free kick taken by Oscar Cardozo.
Booking      Emboaba Oscar goes into the referee's book for unsporting behaviour.
Free kick awarded for a foul by Emboaba Oscar on Enzo Perez.
Free kick awarded for a foul by David Luiz on Nemanja Matic. Nemanja Matic restarts play with the free kick.
Effort on goal by Nicolas Gaitan from inside the penalty area goes harmlessly over the bar.
Oscar Cardozo takes a shot. Branislav Ivanovic gets a block in. Nicolas Gaitan takes a shot. Blocked by Ashley Cole.
The official flags Fernando Torres offside. Direct free kick taken by Lorenzo Melgarejo.
Nemanja Matic gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Nascimento Ramires. Free kick taken by David Luiz.
Centre by Andre Almeida, Header from deep inside the area by Oscar Cardozo goes harmlessly over the crossbar.
The referee gets the game started.
Live data and text provided by our data suppliers


The future of the A38 tunnels in Birmingham is being examined as part of a 20-year action plan to improve the city's transport network.

A council report said the tunnels created a "noisy unattractive barrier to intra-centre movement".
It said the network had coped better than anticipated when they were out of commission for six weeks in the summer.
Underground car parks and more cycle routes also feature in the Birmingham Mobility Action Plan (BMAP).
Calling for a debate on the long-term future of the tunnels, the report said: "There is no doubt the A38 provides a fast route across the centre for all traffic but it also severs the centre creating a very noisy unattractive barrier to intra-centre movement."
The BMAP report, which was produced by WSP Group for Birmingham City Council, said multi-storey car parks are unsightly and said one solution would be to replace them with underground car parks as in Paris and Lyon with parks and open spaces on top.
WSP associate director Simon Statham, citing the example of the Snow Hill car park, said the council could "sell that land to developers and get more money back than it would in car park revenue".
The report proposed investment in walking and cycling provision, including more than 350km (217 miles) of new or upgraded cycle routes.
By 2031 Birmingham's population is projected to grow by an additional 150,000 people, the report said. It said this could lead to 80,000 more cars in the city.
Birmingham City Council leader Sir Albert Bore, who launched the plan at Birmingham Town Hall on Thursday, said the tunnels would not close.
"It's not about closing them, it's about redesignating their use," he said.
"At the moment they are used as a through route. The question is 'should that be their long-term use'?
"You often get people weaving off at Great Charles Street and that often leads to an accident. We want to stop that weaving."
But one Birmingham resident, Darren Sunderland, 44, said he could not envisage the city without its tunnels.
"Birmingham is set up to have those tunnels," he said. "You are not going to change that. Underground car parks? It would never happen.
"The whole exercise sounds like a waste of money."
For Andy Hickman, a 54-year-old chef from Haig Street in West Bromwich, the action plan is a recognition that planners "need to do something".
But he said: "I'm not sure if Birmingham could cope without those tunnels.
"We survived over the summer when schools were closed but what about at peak times of the year?"


Tributes have been paid at football matches across the country to former England manager Graham Taylor after his death on Thursday at the age of 72.

Watford saluted the club's "greatest manager of all time" before their home Premier League match against Middlesbrough at Vicarage Road.
Chants of "there's only one Graham Taylor" rang out during a minute's applause in his memory.
His achievements were also applauded before English Football League games.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Taylor took Watford from the Fourth Division to a second-placed finish in the top flight in five seasons. He also guided the club to the only FA Cup final of their history - a 2-0 defeat against Everton in 1984 - and European football, as well as enjoying spells with Lincoln City, Aston Villa and Wolves.
Taylor became England boss in 1990 but resigned in 1993 after the team failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup, and later became a respected pundit for BBC Sport.
Former England striker Ian Wright on Match of the Day: "I was forever grateful to him for giving me my first cap. We didn't always see eye to eye on certain things but he was a gentleman."
Former Arsenal defender Martin Keown on Football Focus: "Graham Taylor rescued Aston Villa and probably my career too. The first day he wandered in, with a difficult chairman, he said he had chosen to come to the club. He had a clear vision and told us how we were going to function.
"I learnt a lot under him. He got Villa back into the First Division. Eleven players came in and 11 went out. The celebrations when we went up after beating Swindon will live long in the memory.
"He has left his mark and was a great man to work under."
Watford captain Troy Deeney: "Today was more about Graham Taylor and not the result. You could see how emotional everyone was and it showed how much people care about him.
"There are no words that I can use to sum up how great a man he was and we just wish his family all the best at this difficult time."
Media playback is not supported on this device
Former England defender Danny Mills on BBC Radio 5 live: "I worked alongside Graham Taylor for 5 live a fair bit and I don't remember him ever being grumpy.
"No matter what, even if something hadn't gone his way, he still had that impish smile. A lovely man.
"He got vicious, vitriolic stick from parts of the media as England manager but he came out still being able to laugh at himself. That's the measure of the man."
Former Liverpool defender Mark Lawrenson on Football Focus: "My time with him was mainly at tournaments, and you'd meet players that had played for him, and every single one absolutely loved him. He was normal, and in the mad world of football, normal is good."
Media playback is not supported on this device
Match of the Day commentator John Motson: "He single-handedly put Watford on the football map, taking them from the Fourth Division to runners-up in the old First Division."
Media playback is not supported on this device


Self-defence classes have been launched in Swansea for Muslims and other ethnic groups worried by race hate crimes.

Swansea Bay Regional Equality Council said eight cases were reported in the area in June, up from one last year.
However, South Wales Police figures for the entire region showed a slight drop from 113 in June 2015 to 104 in June this year.
Chief executive Taha Idris said the classes were intended to help people in difficult situations.
Self-defence instructor Mohammed Akbor, who is holding classes for both men and women, said his family had experienced abuse.
"We feel that over the last few years, and also after Brexit, racial abuse has increased towards the Muslim community," he said.
"Some members of my family, they have had some racial abuse at them recently, verbal abuse.
"It was quite hurtful... telling them to go back to their country. My children were there at the time and they were quite upset."
Mr Idris said the regional equality council believed a lot of cases go unreported because people are reluctant to contact the police.
"People are having eggs thrown at their windows, dog excrement being left outside their front door. That sort of thing happens quite a lot," he said.
He stressed the self defence classes were intended to help avoid situations rather than making matters worse.
"People were actually coming to us to say in terms of confidence, in terms of going out, just taking part in normal civic duties, people were feeling a lot more inhibited," he said.
"Because of the way they dress, or the way they speak, they are becoming subject to harassment.
"This will enable people to go out and enjoy life as they should be able to do."


Microsoft has announced two new Xbox consoles at the E3 gaming show in Los Angeles, America.

14 June 2016 Last updated at 08:14 BST
The first is a slimmer version of its Xbox One console, the Xbox One S, which will launch in August.
The second is Project Scorpio, which will offer virtual reality and 4K gaming, and will be released by Christmas 2017.
E3 is a huge gaming show that happens every year and it's where lots of tech companies announce their latest games and consoles.
BBC reporter Chris Foxx is at E3. He has what you need to know about the latest Xbox news...


Apple has again posted strong quarterly earnings, but the one blemish on its stellar results is China.

The company's revenues there slipped 9.5% from a year earlier to slightly more than $8bn (Â£6.1bn).
Apple's flagship iPhone is losing market share to a slew of local competitors.
The company also faces challenges in dealing with China's strict internet censorship regime.
China is important for Apple because it makes much of its hardware there, and it's a major market for its products too.
Globally, the company posted quarterly revenue of $45.4bn (Â£34.4bn), fuelled by the sale of 41 million iPhones.
But research firm IDC said that iPhone shipments in China fell 27% year on year in the first quarter of 2017.
The problem, it seems, is that local competitors like Oppo, Huawei and Xiaomi are cheaper, and their products have improved dramatically.
Although the iPhone had the edge a few years ago, competitors like Huawei's P10 now represent a comparable product, according to Jake Saunders, an analyst with technology market intelligence company ABI Research.
"You can buy a clone type phone for a price tag that's essentially about half as much," he said.
Apple may now look to apps and services to bolster revenues from the mainland, and this could bring it into conflict with China's tightening censorship regime.
Last month, Apple pulled more than 60 virtual private network (VPN) apps from its App Store in China, because of regulations that required all VPNs to licensed.
VPNs allow users to skirt around China's censorship filters and gain access to websites and services that are restricted or banned there.
During an earnings call, Apple CEO Tim Cook defended the decision, and said approved VPN apps were still available.
"We would rather not remove the apps, but like in other countries, we obey the laws where we do business," he said.
We are hopeful that over time, the restrictions we are seeing are loosened, because innovation really requires freedom to collaborate and communicate, and I know that is a major focus there."
In July, Apple established its first data centre in China, in conjunction with a local company Guizhou-Cloud Big Data Industry.
Although Apple said it would not compromise users' privacy, some critics believe housing data in China could create pressure for Apple to hand over data in future disputes.


A shipwreck uncovered beneath the icy wastes of northern Canada has been identified as long-lost HMS Erebus.

The Victorian-era vessel became part of nautical folklore after it vanished in the mid-19th Century.
Its captain, Sir John Franklin, had been searching for the fabled Northwest Passage.
Experts on Thursday confirmed that the wreck, discovered last month, was indeed the celebrated Royal Navy vessel.
"It is in astonishing condition,'' said search team member John Geiger, president of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society. "We're over the moon."
The ship set sail from England in 1845 under Sir John's command.
He was accompanied by a second ship, HMS Terror, captained by Francis Crozier.
Alongside Sir John were 128 officers, all of them aiming to find the elusive sea route linking the Atlantic to the Pacific via the Arctic seas off northern Canada.
The two vessels were last seen in the summer of that year bypassing whaling boats in Baffin Bay, off the coast of Greenland.
But soon afterwards, the ships vanished.
Inuit hunters told tales of starving white men who had been seen in the freezing wilderness over the following months and years.
Historians speculated that the ships had become trapped in the vast ice floes of the Canadian Arctic.
But until Thursday the exact fate of HMS Erebus had not been known.
The ship was discovered after the Canadian government ploughed millions of pounds into an extensive search operation.
It was found under just 11 metres of water near King William Island, 2,000km (1,200 miles) north-west of Toronto.
Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper even participated in the search himself, such was his determination to resolve the mystery.
HMS Terror has still not been discovered.
Canada has been attempting to assert sovereignty over the Northwest Passage in recent years, claiming the area as its own.
However the US government and others say it is international territory.


Once ruled by Spain, the Dominican Republic shares the island of Hispaniola with Haiti, a former French colony.

The Caribbean nation is a major tourist destination. This, coupled with free-trade zones, has become the country's major employer and key sources of revenue, replacing dependence on sugar, coffee and other exports.
The largely mountainous country includes Pico Duarte - the highest point in the West Indies, the fertile Cibao Valley, swathes of desert, and Lake Enriquillo - the lowest point in the region.
The Dominican Republic is inhabited mostly by people of mixed European and African origins. Western influence is seen in the colonial buildings of the capital, Santo Domingo, as well as in art and literature. African heritage is reflected in music. The two heritages blend in the popular song and dance, the merengue.
Rapid economic development in the 1990s has increased national wealth and diversified employment opportunities, helping the country to rebound from the global market downturn of 2008, but a large gap remains in the distribution of wealth.
The richest 10% of the population, overwhelmingly the white descendants of Spanish settlers, own most of the land and benefit from 40% of national income. The poorest peasants are people of African descent - including an estimated 800,000 of Haitian immigrant origin.
Distrust has soured relations between the Dominican Republic and its troubled neighbour, Haiti, and the government has carried out mass deportations of Haitian immigrants at various times.
The Dominican Republic is closely tied to the United States, its largest trading partner by far and home to a major diaspora. Remittances from US Dominicans account for around 5% of national income.


The old symbols of white colonialism are still keeping the University of Cape Town (UCT) campus restless more than two decades after the end of apartheid.

The Student Representative Council (SRC) has been agitating about the statue of old colonialist Cecil John Rhodes.
It all began when student Chimane Maxwele tossed human excrement at the statue recently, demanding that it be taken down.
The statue of Rhodes is at a prominent position of the campus. It's on the upper campus, overlooking the university's rugby fields on Madiba Circle, previously known as Rugby Road. The statue depicting Rhodes in a seated position was unveiled in 1934.
Rhodes was an Oxford-educated politician and mining businessman, who played a key role in the expansion of British rule in southern Africa.
The university's campus is on a site bequeathed to the nation by Rhodes - who owned vast tracts  of land - for a national university.
SRC head Ramahiba Mahapha, 23, told me the statue was "a symbol of institutional racism".
Mr Mahapa, a fourth-year student of philosophy, continued "there are more substantive issues of transformation that we are fighting for".
"The statue is just a symbol. We need to have more black students and more black academics.
"The university is too Eurocentric. In a country where nearly 80% of the population is black, there are 1,500 academics at UCT and only 100 are black. That needs to change," the outspoken student leader said.
The university has said it recognises "divergent views" over the statue and that it is important to debate the matter.
UCT vice-chancellor Max Price told the Cape Times that talks about removing the statue from the university campus were at a "stalemate".
It is reported that while he was an active student in 1980s, Dr Price once called for the statue to be removed.
In an open letter this week Dr Price concluded: "I do not think the statue should be destroyed or hidden away. I just think it should not be there - it should be moved.
"This will not compromise our ability to record and debate the role Rhodes played in the city's and continent's history.
"And it will not change our acknowledgment that UCT acquired its site from the Rhodes estate, and the positive contribution that it has made to our institution and its students."
During demonstrations on campus, students were chanting "Rhodes must fall" and they carried a banner with the same message written on it.
But not everyone holds the same view.
Trudi Makhaya, who studied as a Rhodes scholar at Oxford University, wrote in South Africa's Business Day newspaper that Rhodes was limited by the sexism and racism of his era but his scholarship endowments revealed a man who recognised some universal virtues.
Ms Makhaya wrote: "These contradictions, Rhodes the pillager and Rhodes the benefactor, are a symbol of our country's evolution towards a yet to be attained just and inclusive order.
I agree with both the vice-chancellor and Mr Mahapa - the statue must not be destroyed but the university can do without a symbol of racism and colonialism in a post-Nelson Mandela era.
There was no love lost between the English- and Afrikaner-speaking peoples in the era leading up to the Anglo-Boer war of 1899-1902.
Rhodes wanted the British to control the Boer republics. But even when the Afrikaners came to dominate the country, they left his statue alone.
There are many symbols of white supremacy and colonialism in modern-day South Africa such as street names, the names of towns and even monuments which still evoke deep emotions among black people.
It would be a shame if this was the start of a historical tit-for-tat.
What if in another hundred years someone calls for Mandela's statue to be removed?


A man who swallowed a large quantity of drugs in order to smuggle them into prison has been jailed for three years.

Steven Frater, 32, hid 167 diazepam tablets and quantities of heroin and oxymetholene inside his body.
He then stole a television from the Asda store in Galashiels, hoping to be arrested and sent to Edinburgh Prison.
Frater, formerly of Jedburgh, admitted at Selkirk Sheriff Court the theft and refusing an internal examination at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary in February.
The court heard he attempted to defeat the ends of justice by refusing to be examined in hospital knowing he had the controlled drugs inside his body.
However, he was subsequently found to have swallowed a number of substances that he had hoped to distribute in jail.
Sheriff Jamie Gilmour sentenced him to three years in prison for the offences.


A French court has convicted Panama's former military ruler Manuel Noriega on charges of laundering drug money, sentencing him to seven years in jail.

He had denied taking payments from Colombian drug lords in the 1980s and laundering the money in France.
In April, Noriega was extradited from the US, where he had spent two decades in prison for drug-trafficking.
In 1999, a French court sentenced him to 10 years in his absence, but a fresh trial was held after he was extradited.
The former general was accused of using French banks to conceal profits from the Colombian cocaine trade.
The judge also ordered the seizure of 2.3m euros (Â£1.9m) of his assets.
Defence lawyers said the charges were part of a global political plot against their client, and that the sentence was too harsh.
General Noriega's fall from grace
Q&A: Noriega extradition
The former ruler was "downhearted and surprised by this decision which he can hardly comprehend," said Yves Leberquier, for the defence.
The prosecution had alleged Noriega laundered the 2.3m euros from Colombia's Medellin drug cartel in the late 1980s through the now-defunct Bank of Credit and Commerce International.
The money was allegedly used by his wife, Felicidad, and a shell company to buy three luxury apartments in Paris.
The properties have since been seized by the French state.
Speaking in his own defence last week, Noriega dismissed the money-laundering charges as "an imaginary banking scheme".
Mr Leberquier said a lengthy prison term would equate to a life sentence for his client, who says he is 76 and who suffers from partial paralysis and high blood pressure.
Once an informer for the CIA, Noriega was arrested by US troops after their invasion of Panama in 1989.
During his trial, the former general said he had been set up by his former American paymasters.


Up to 1,000 EDL members travelled to Dudley to protest against plans for a mosque, amid a heavy police presence.

The protesters marched from the town centre to the council house and held speeches objecting to the so-called "super mosque".
Many shops shut for the afternoon and some were boarded up as a precaution, although the Churchill shopping centre stayed open.
A counter-protest was staged by members of Unite Against Fascism (UAF).
Thirty arrests were made mainly to prevent a breach of the peace, police said.
Maria Jones, of Teddy Grays sweetshop, said her store closed at lunchtime.
"We are worried there will be trouble. There have a been a few shoppers about, but not many," she said.
BBC reporter James Bovill said plenty of shops had remained closed and many had been boarded up.
Dudley Council said there would be a market and free parking in the town next weekend to make up for the disruption.
Peter Lowe, leader of the Labour-led authority, said: "We recognise there will be issues in the community but that will be dealt with by the people of this town.
"What we don't need are outsiders who don't understand the issues that affect Dudley, they come in and spread their hatred and their lies."
One EDL member who travelled from Colchester, Essex, said he was in Dudley to protest against the building of the "super mosque".
Although planning permission is still being dealt with by the courts, he insisted it would go ahead.
"We are not violent, racist thugs, I am not a racist," he said.
"But I don't want my children growing up in a country where Sharia law is allowed."
Weyman Bennett, joint national secretary of Unite Against Fascism, a group which took part in the counter-demonstration, said he was there to stand in solidarity with the people of Dudley.
"It's a very welcoming community, the fact that people can mix together and live together is a positive thing," he said.


Celtic manager Ronny Deila believes it is too early to say which teams will be challenging for the Premiership title at the end of the season.

The champions top the table going into the New Year on goal difference only from Aberdeen, though with two games in hand.
"So far Aberdeen have done well and are a good football team," Deila said.
"I've said it all along that we'll have to wait till the end of March before we see what the title race will be like."
Deila hopes by that stage his team will have pulled away from the chasing pack.
''Hopefully it's just us, that's what we want and we have to do all we can to win every game," he said.
"The first one is on Saturday against Partick Thistle.''
Media playback is not supported on this device
While acknowledging there is pressure on him and his players, Deila believes his squad's experience gives Celtic an edge over their domestic opponents.
"There is pressure on every team, you need consistency you need to be able to cope with the situation and have unbelievable discipline and we have experience of it," said the Norwegian.
"I want to look forward to the New Year. We have so much to play for I'm excited by it.
"I saw a lot of positive things against Hearts which I want to see more of. There was very good energy of the whole team and I want to see more of that on Saturday."
In 2015 Deila has enjoyed success in the Premiership and League Cup, but also endured failure in European competitions. He insists though that the year's end will not prompt him to reflect on the team's successes and failures.
''We are constantly evaluating things, so New Year is nothing special in that aspect," he said.
"It's all about small details like being more direct and getting in behind defences or pressing teams more. Small details can make things right."


The summer transfer window has closed in England and Scotland, and here BBC Sport lists every signing during August, including a busy deadline day.

Signings confirmed in May,June and July can be found on the relevant pages, while you can see who each club has released on our dedicated page.
For all the latest rumours check out the gossip page and, for all the manager ins and outs, see our list of current bosses.
Major deals
23:13 David Luiz [Paris St-Germain - Chelsea] £34m
23:02 Moussa Sissoko [Newcastle United - Tottenham] £30m
21:14 Islam Slimani [Sporting Lisbon - Leicester] Reported £29m
20:52 Alvaro Arbeloa [Real Madrid - West Ham] Free
20:38 Mario Balotelli [Liverpool - Nice] Free
18:23 Georges-Kevin Nkoudou [Marseille - Tottenham] £9m
17:02 Eliaquim Mangala [Manchester City - Valencia] Loan
16:54 Marcos Alonso [Fiorentina - Chelsea] Reported £23m
16:01 Jeff Hendrick [Derby - Burnley] £10.5m
15:36 Didier Ndong [Lorient - Sunderland] £13.6m
14:14 Samir Nasri [Manchester City - Sevilla] Loan
13:00 Wilfried Bony [Manchester City - Stoke] Loan
12:01 Joe Hart [Manchester City - Torino] Loan
Other signings
00:14 Ntumba Massanka [Burnley - Morecambe] Loan
00:04 Markus Henriksen [AZ Alkmaar - Hull] Loan
23:45 Tom Thorpe [Rotherham - Bolton] Loan
23:29 Matt Miazga [Chelsea - Vitesse Arnhem] Loan
23:16 Hal Robson-Kanu [Reading - West Brom] Free
22:56 Enner Valencia [West Ham - Everton] Loan
22:55 Rickie Lambert [West Brom - Cardiff] Undisclosed
22:55 Chris Martin [Derby - Fulham] Loan
22:55 Chris Weale [Yeovil - Derby] Free
22:55 Andre Wright [West Brom - Coventry] Loan
22:50 Saidy Janko [Celtic - Barnsley] Loan
22:50 Ikechi Anya [Watford - Derby] Undisclosed
22:45 James Jennings [Cheltenham - Morecambe] Loan
22:45 Jonny Margetts [Lincoln - Scunthorpe] Undisclosed
22:45 Dieumerci Mbokani [Dynamo Kiev - Hull] Loan
22:45 Gezim Shalaj [Unattached - Port Vale]
22:40 Marvin Emnes [Swansea - Blackburn] Loan
22:36 Lars Veldwijk [Nottingham Forest - KV Kortrijk] Undisclosed
22:30 Christian Atsu [Chelsea - Newcastle] Loan
22:30 Jack Grimmer [Fulham - Shrewsbury] Loan
22:30 Sylvan Ebanks-Blake [Chesterfield - Shrewsbury] Loan
22:30 Kaiyne Woolery [Bolton - Wigan] Undisclosed
22:30 Miguel Santos [Unattached - Port Vale]
22:30 Harry McKirdy [Aston Villa - Stevenage] Loan
22:26 Cameron Dummigan [Burnley - Oldham] Undisclosed
22:10 Jack Hendry [Wigan - MK Dons] Loan
22:00 James Henry [Wolves - Bolton] Loan
22:00 Sammy Ameobi [Newcastle - Bolton] Loan
22:00 Keshi Anderson [Crystal Palace - Bolton] Loan
22:00 Ben Alnwick [Peterborough - Bolton] Free
22:00 Lucas Piazon [Chelsea - Fulham] Loan
22:00 Jason Denayer [Manchester City - Sunderland] Loan
21:50 Dom Hyam [Reading - Portsmouth] Loan
21:45 Marvin Johnson [Motherwell - Oxford] Undisclosed
21:45 Fredrik Ulvestad [Burnley - Charlton] Loan
21:34 Aiden McGeady [Everton - Preston] Loan
21:30 Dael Fry [Middlesbrough - Rotherham] Loan
21:25 Scott Boyd [Ross County - Kilmarnock] Loan
21:15 Tony Andreu [Norwich - Dundee United] Loan
21:15 Tom Walker [Bolton - Bury] Loan
21:10 Conor Wilkinson [Bolton - Chesterfield] Loan
21:00 Baily Cargill [Bournemouth - Gillingham] Loan
21:00 Aliu Djalo [PS Kemi - Crawley] Free
21:00 Rhys Healey [Cardiff - Newport] Loan
21:00 James Maddison [Norwich - Aberdeen] Loan
21:00 Ulrich N'Nomo [Chateauroux - Leyton Orient] Undisclosed
21:00 Adam Reach [Middlesbrough - Sheffield Wednesday] Undisclosed
21:00 James Weir [Manchester United - Hull] Undisclosed
20:45 Larnell Cole [Fulham - Inverness] Loan
20:30 Glen Kamara [Arsenal - Colchester] Loan
20:30 Alex Iacovitti [Nottingham Forest - Mansfield] Loan
20:30 Aaron Collins [Wolves - Notts County] Loan
20:30 Daniel Lafferty [Burnley - Sheffield United] Loan
20:15 Allan Nyom [Watford - West Brom] Undisclosed
20:07 Adam Barton [Portsmouth - Partick Thistle] Undisclosed
20:05 Nicolai Brock-Madsen [Birmingham - PEC Zwolle] Loan
20:00 Alex Baptiste [Middlesbrough - Preston] Loan
20:00 Marnick Vermijl [Sheffield Wednesday - Preston] Undisclosed
20:00 Jamie Ward [Nottingham Forest - Burton] Loan
19:56 Haris Vuckic [Newcastle - Bradford] Loan
19:45 Ryan Inniss [Crystal Palace - Southend] Loan
19:45 Alex Jakubiak [Watford - Fleetwood] Loan
19:35 Charlie Raglan [Chesterfield - Oxford] Loan
19:30 Pau Lopez [Espanyol - Tottenham] Loan
19:29 Paul Anderson [Bradford - Northampton] Free
19:15 Eunan O'Kane [Bournemouth - Leeds] Undisclosed
19:15 Jack Senior [Huddersfield - Luton] Undisclosed
19:00 Nathan Oduwa [Tottenham - Peterborough] Loan
19:00 Luke McGee [Tottenham - Peterborough] Loan
19:00 Jake Clarke-Salter [Chelsea - Bristol Rovers] Loan
19:00 Charlie Colkett [Chelsea - Bristol Rovers] Loan
18:47 Dimitar Evtimov [Nottingham Forest - Olhanense] Loan
18:45 Tarique Fosu [Reading - Colchester] Loan
18:30 Kean Bryan [Manchester City - Bury] Loan
18:30 Richie Smallwood [Rotherham - Scunthorpe] Loan
18:30 Nathan Byrne [Wolves - Wigan] Undisclosed
18:23 Clinton Njie [Tottenham - Marseille] Loan
18:17 Ricardo Kip [Fleetwood - Cambuur] Loan
18:15 Kgosi Ntlhe [Peterborough - Stevenage] Undisclosed
18:15 Brandon Comley [QPR - Grimsby] Loan
18:15 Ethan Ebanks-Landell [Wolves - Sheffield United] Loan
18:00 Sam Morsy [Wigan - Barnsley] Loan
18:00 Andre Wisdom [Liverpool - Red Bull Salzburg] Loan
17:49 Sean Murray [Watford - Swindon] Free
17:46 Juan Cuadrado [Chelsea - Juventus] Loan
17:45 Dominic Gape [Southampton - Wycombe] Loan
17:30 George Moncur [Barnsley - Peterborough] Loan
17:22 Cameron McJannett [Luton - Stoke] Undisclosed
17:20 Pawel Wszolek [Hellas Verona - QPR] Loan
17:15 Kieran Wallace [Sheffield United - Fleetwood] Loan
17:15 Scott Kashket [Leyton Orient - Wycombe] Free
17:15 Charlie Mulgrew [Celtic - Blackburn] Free
17:15 Dean Henderson [Manchester United - Grimsby] Loan
17:05 Philipp Wollscheid [Stoke - Wolfsburg] Loan
17:03 Sullay Kaikai [Crystal Palace - Brentford] Loan
17:00 Hiram Boateng [Crystal Palace - Bristol Rovers] Loan
17:00 Lica [FC Porto - Nottingham Forest] Undisclosed
16:45 Scott Laird [Scunthorpe - Walsall] Loan
16:35 Luis Alberto [Liverpool - Lazio] £4.3m
16:33 Rico Henry [Walsall - Brentford] £1.5m
16:31 Ryan Colclough [Wigan - MK Dons] Loan
16:20 Albert Adomah [Middlesbrough - Aston Villa] Undisclosed
16:03 Adama Traore [Aston Villa - Middlesbrough] Undisclosed
16:02 Adam Le Fondre [Cardiff - Wigan] Loan
16:00 Shay Facey [Manchester City - Heerenveen] Loan
15:45 Ivan Cavaleiro [Monaco - Wolves] Undisclosed
15:45 Jonny Williams [Crystal Palace - Ipswich] Loan
15:31 Gustav Engvall [IFK Gothenburg - Bristol City] Undisclosed
15:01 Tom Anderson [Burnley - Chesterfield] Loan
14:59 Tyler Walker [Nottingham Forest - Stevenage] Loan
14:56 Emmanuel Ledesma [Brentford - Panetolikos] Free
14:47 Serge Gnabry [Arsenal - Werder Bremen] Undisclosed
14:37 Islam Feruz [Chelsea - Mouscron-Peruwelz] Loan
14:30 Jack Stacey [Reading - Exeter] Loan
14:15 Zak Vyner [Bristol City - Accrington] Loan
13:59 Reece Grego-Cox [QPR - Newport] Loan
13:35 Cristian Cuevas [Chelsea - Sint-Truidense] Loan
13:34 Keith Keane [Cambridge - Rochdale] Loan
13:30 Dean Lyness [Burton - Blackpool] Free
13:30 Rhoys Wiggins [Bournemouth - Birmingham] Loan
13:28 Joe Gormley [Peterborough - St Johnstone] Loan
13:00 Mustapha Carayol [Middlesbrough - Nottingham Forest] Free
13:00 Nicolao Dumitru [Napoli - Nottingham Forest] Loan
12:45 Lukas Jutkiewicz [Burnley - Birmingham] Loan
12:30 Cole Kpekawa [QPR - Barnsley] Undisclosed
12:30 Harry Toffolo [Norwich - Scunthorpe] Loan
12:21 Nicky Clark [Bury - Dunfermline] Free
11:18 Paul-Arnold Garita [Bristol City - Plymouth] Loan
11:16 Lee Grant [Derby - Stoke] Loan
11:02 Shaun Tuton [Barnsley - Grimsby] Loan
11:00 Alex Gilliead [Newcastle - Luton] Loan
11:00 Richard Stearman [Fulham - Wolves] Loan
10:59 Luke Croll [Crystal Palace - Exeter] Loan
10:53 Kenneth Omeruo [Chelsea - Alanyaspor] Loan
10:29 Kyle Cameron [Newcastle - Newport] Loan
10:29 Marc McNulty [Sheffield United - Bradford] Loan
10:22 Brad McKay [St Johnstone - Inverness] Free
09:22 Emmanuel Riviere [Newcastle - Osasuna] Loan
09:00 Jamie Sterry [Newcastle - Coventry] Loan
08:30 Shani Tarashaj [Everton - Eintracht Frankfurt] Loan
Premier League
Patrick Bamford [Chelsea - Burnley] Loan
Calum Chambers [Arsenal - Middlesbrough] Loan
Will Keane [Manchester United - Hull] Undisclosed
Kenedy [Chelsea - Watford] Loan
Adrian Mariappa [Crystal Palace - Watford] Free
Ryan Mason [Tottenham - Hull] Undisclosed
Alfie Mawson [Barnsley - Swansea] Undisclosed
David Marshall [Cardiff - Hull] Undisclosed
Shkodran Mustafi [Valencia - Arsenal] Around £35m
Lucas Perez [Deportivo La Coruna - Arsenal] £17.1m
Loic Remy [Chelsea - Crystal Palace] Loan
English Football League
Adam Armstrong [Newcastle - Barnsley] Loan
Leon Best [Rotherham - Ipswich] Free
Reece Burke [West Ham - Wigan] Loan
Adam Chicksen [Brighton - Charlton] Free
Bradley Fewster [Middlesbrough - Hartlepool] Loan
Brad Halliday [Middlesbrough - Cambridge] Undisclosed
Tom Heardman [Newcastle - Hartlepool] Loan
Adam Jackson [Middlesbrough - Barnsley] Undisclosed
Jack King [Scunthorpe - Stevenage] Loan
Jonathan Kodjia [Bristol City - Aston Villa] £11m
Caolan Lavery [Sheffield Wednesday - Sheffield United] Undisclosed
Tom Lawrence [Leicester - Ipswich] Loan
Freddie Ladapo [Crystal Palace - Oldham] Loan
Rory McKeown [Raith - Accrington] Free
Nelson Oliveira [Benfica - Norwich] Undisclosed
Sebastien Pocognoli [West Brom - Brighton] Loan
Frazer Richardson [Rotherham - Doncaster] Free
Romain Saiss [Angers - Wolves] Undisclosed
Idrissa Sylla [Anderlecht - QPR] Undisclosed
Scottish Premiership
Cristian Gamboa [West Brom - Celtic] Undisclosed
European
Paco Alcacer [Valencia - Barcelona] £25.5m
Gabriel Barbosa [Santos - Inter Milan] Undisclosed
Jeremain Lens [Sunderland - Fenerbahce] Loan
Munir El Haddadi [Barcelona - Valencia] Loan
Tomas Rosicky [Arsenal - Sparta Prague] Free
Premier League
Sofiane Boufal [Lille - Southampton] £16m
Nacer Chadli [Tottenham - West Brom] Reported £13m
Stefano Okaka [Anderlecht - Watford] Undisclosed
English Football League
Kyle Dempsey [Huddersfield - Fleetwood] Loan
Teddy Mezague [Royal Excel Mouscron - Leyton Orient] Free
European
Joleon Lescott [Aston Villa - AEK Athens] Undisclosed
English Football League
Achraf Lazaar [Palermo - Newcastle] Undisclosed
Daryl Murphy [Ipswich - Newcastle] Undisclosed
European
Oliver Burke [Nottingham Forest - Red Bull Leipzig] £13m
English Football League
Joe Bennett [Aston Villa - Cardiff] Undisclosed
Anton Ferdinand [Reading - Southend] Free
Jamie Paterson [Nottingham Forest - Bristol City] Undisclosed
Matej Vydra [Watford - Derby] £8m
European
Mario Pasalic [Chelsea - AC Milan] Loan
Premier League
Stuart Taylor [Unattached - Southampton]
English Football League
Ben Amos [Bolton - Cardiff] Loan
Shaun Barker [Unattached - Burton] Free
Gael Bigirimana [Newcastle - Coventry] Undisclosed
Jonathan Bond [Reading - Gillingham] Loan
Shane Duffy [Blackburn - Brighton] Undisclosed
Paul Gladon [Heracles - Wolves] Undisclosed
Tommie Hoban [Watford - Blackburn] Loan
Stefan Johansen [Celtic - Fulham] Undisclosed
Neeskens Kebano [Genk - Fulham] Undisclosed
Will Miller [Tottenham - Burton] Loan
Martin Paterson [Blackpool - Port Vale] Free
Kevin Toner [Aston Villa - Walsall] Loan
Derrick Williams [Bristol City - Blackburn] Undisclosed
Premier League
Claudio Bravo [Barcelona - Manchester City] £15.4m
Eduardo [Dinamo Zagreb - Chelsea] Undisclosed
Javier Manquillo [Atletico Madrid - Sunderland] Loan
English Football League
Calum Butcher [Burton - Millwall] Free
Tom Cowans [Aston Villa - Stevenage] Loan
Rob Dickie [Reading - Cheltenham] Loan
Sam Hart [Liverpool - Port Vale] Loan
Ryan Ledson [Everton - Oxford] Undisclosed
Izale McLeod [Notts County - Yeovil] Free
Taylor Moore [Lens - Bristol City] Undisclosed
Jack Payne [Peterborough - Blackpool] Free
Connor Roberts [Swansea - Bristol Rovers] Loan
Martin Samuelsen [West Ham - Blackburn] Loan
Ben Whitfield [Bournemouth - Yeovil] Loan
Scottish Premiership
Tim Chow [Wigan - Ross County] Undisclosed
Lonsana Doumbouya [Cercle Brugge - Inverness] Free
European
Nabil Bentaleb [Tottenham - Schalke] Loan
Jasper Cillessen [Ajax - Barcelona] £11.1m
Tim Krul [Newcastle - Ajax] Loan
Premier League
Daryl Janmaat [Newcastle - Watford] Undisclosed
English Football League
Kyle Copp [Swansea - Yeovil] Free
Tareiq Holmes-Dennis [Charlton - Huddersfield] Undisclosed
Uche Ikpeazu [Watford - Cambridge] Free
Kelle Roos [Derby - Bristol Rovers] Loan
Vladimir Stojkovic [Maccabi Haifa - Nottingham Forest] Undisclosed
James Vaughan [Birmingham - Bury] Free
DeAndre Yedlin [Tottenham - Newcastle] Undisclosed
Scottish Premiership
Dan Seaborne [Unattached - Hamilton] Free
European
Simon Church [MK Dons - Roda JC] Undisclosed
Henri Saivet [Newcastle - St Etienne] Loan
Jordan Veretout [Aston Villa - St Etienne] Loan
English Football League
Ritchie De Laet [Leicester - Aston Villa] Undisclosed
Ragnar Sigurdsson [FC Krasnodar - Fulham] Undisclosed
European
Kevin Mbabu [Newcastle - Young Boys] Loan
Premier League
Brendan Galloway [Everton - West Brom] Loan
English Football League
Tyler Blackett [Manchester United - Reading] Undisclosed
Cameron Borthwick-Jackson [Manchester United - Wolves] Loan
JJ Hooper [Port Vale - Northampton] Loan
Ola John [Benfica - Wolves] Loan
Scottish Premiership
Rakish Bingham [Hartlepool - Hamilton] Free
European
Siem de Jong [Newcastle - PSV Eindhoven] Loan
Premier League
Christian Benteke [Liverpool - Crystal Palace] £27m
English Football League
John Brayford [Sheffield United - Burton] Loan
Liam Donnelly [Fulham - Hartlepool] Free
Liam Moore [Leicester - Reading] Undisclosed
James Wilson [Manchester United - Derby] Loan
Martyn Woolford [Sheffield United - Fleetwood] Free
Scottish Premiership
Joe Garner [Preston - Rangers] Undisclosed
Premier League
Younes Kaboul [Sunderland - Watford] Undisclosed
Roberto Pereyra [Juventus - Watford] Undisclosed
Steven Pienaar [Everton - Sunderland] Free
English Football League
Koby Arthur [Birmingham - Cheltenham] Loan
Phil Edwards [Burton - Oxford] Loan
Armand Gnanduillet [Leyton Orient - Blackpool] Undisclosed
Danny Hollands [Portsmouth - Crewe] Free
Jack McBean [LA Galaxy - Coventry] Loan
Simon Moore [Cardiff - Sheffield United] Undisclosed
Vincent Sasso [Braga - Sheffield Wednesday] Undisclosed
Jonny Smith [Bristol City - Cheltenham] Loan
Scottish Premiership
Charlee Adams [Birmingham - Kilmarnock] Loan
Richard Foster [Ross County - St Johnstone] Free
Kevin Gomis [Nice - Dundee] Undisclosed
Luke Hendrie [Burnley - Kilmarnock] Loan
Dapo Kayode [Unattached - Kilmarnock]
English Football League
Tom Adeyemi [Cardiff - Rotherham] Loan
Dan Agyei [Burnley - Coventry] Loan
Nathan Delfouneso [Blackburn - Swindon] Free
Jake Gosling [Bristol Rovers - Cambridge] Loan
Pontus Jansson [Torino - Leeds] Loan
Craig Tanner [Reading - Plymouth] Loan
Sandro Wieser [FC Thun - Reading] Free
European
Jason Davidson [Huddersfield - FC Groningen] Loan
English Football League
Steven Davies [Bradford - Rochdale] Free
Jordi Gomez [Sunderland - Wigan] Free
Mile Jedinak [Crystal Palace - Aston Villa] Undisclosed
Premier League
Jonathan Calleri [Deportivo Maldonado - West Ham] Loan
Steven Defour [Anderlecht - Burnley] Reported £7.35m
English Football League
Liam Bridcutt [Sunderland - Leeds] Undisclosed
Luke Garbutt [Everton - Wigan] Loan
David Jones [Burnley - Sheffield Wednesday] Undisclosed
Vincent Rabieg [RB Leipzig - Bradford] Free
Premier League
Yannick Bolasie [Crystal Palace - Everton] £25m
Marc Wilson [Stoke - Bournemouth] Reported £2m
English Football League
Jamal Blackman [Chelsea - Wycombe] Loan
Izzy Brown [Chelsea - Rotherham] Loan
Moha El Ouriachi [Stoke - Shrewsbury] Loan
Connor Hunte [Wolves - Stevenage] Loan
Louis Laing [Motherwell - Notts County] Loan
Prince Oniangue [Reims - Wolves] Undisclosed
Jordan Turnbull [Southampton - Coventry] Undisclosed
George Waring [Stoke - Shrewsbury] Loan
English Football League
Shaun MacDonald [Bournemouth - Wigan] Undisclosed
George Glendon [Manchester City - Fleetwood] Loan
Scottish Premiership
Dorus de Vries [Nottingham Forest - Celtic] Undisclosed
Premier League
Fabio [Cardiff - Middlesbrough] Reported £2m
Adnan Januzaj [Manchester United - Sunderland] Loan
English Football League
Dominic Ball [Tottenham - Rotherham] Undisclosed
Harry Chapman [Middlesbrough - Sheffield United] Loan
Charles Dunne [Blackpool - Oldham] Free
Darnell Furlong [QPR - Swindon] Loan
Emyr Huws [Wigan - Cardiff] Undisclosed
Calaum Jahraldo-Martin [Hull - Oldham] Free
Alex Jones [Birmingham - Port Vale] Loan
Jozabed [Rayo Vallecano - Fulham] Undisclosed
Chris Long [Burnley - Fleetwood] Loan
Jamie O'Hara [Fulham - Gillingham] Free
Emmanuel Sonupe [Tottenham - Northampton] Free
Greg Stewart [Dundee - Birmingham] Reported £500,000
Luke Varney [Unattached - Ipswich]
Scottish Premiership
George Green [Burnley - Kilmarnock] Loan
European
Bertrand Traore [Chelsea - Ajax] Loan
Premier League
Borja Baston [Atletico Madrid - Swansea] £15m
Jonathan Calleri [Deportivo Maldonado - West Ham] Loan
Donald Love [Manchester United - Sunderland] Combined £5.5m
Paddy McNair [Manchester United - Sunderland] Combined £5.5m
English Football League
Kieran Agard [Bristol City - MK Dons] Undisclosed
Luke Ayling [Bristol City - Leeds] Undisclosed
Jordan Botaka [Leeds - Charlton] Loan
Sessi D'Almeida [Paris St-Germain - Barnsley] Free
Alex Davey [Chelsea - Crawley] Loan
Sam Gallagher [Southampton - Blackburn] Loan
Scott Harrison [Unattached - Hartlepool]
Josh Magennis [Kilmarnock - Charlton] Undisclosed
Scottish Premiership
Sean McKirdy [Hearts - Hamilton] Free
Premier League
Ashley Williams [Swansea - Everton] Reported £12m
English Football League
Darnell Fisher [Celtic - Rotherham] Undisclosed
Conrad Logan [Hibernian - Rochdale] Free
Andrew Taylor [Wigan - Bolton] Loan
Scottish Premiership
Craig Clay [Grimsby - Motherwell] Free
European
Carlos Sanchez [Aston Villa - Fiorentina] Loan
Premier League
Paul Pogba [Juventus - Manchester United] £89m
John Stones [Everton - Manchester City] £47.5m
English Football League
Cameron Dawson [Sheffield Wednesday - Wycombe] Loan
Emmanuel Ledesma [Unattached - Brentford]
Lewis Page [West Ham - Coventry] Loan
Danny Pappoe [Unattached - Crawley]
Harry Smith [Folkestone Invicta - Millwall] Undisclosed
Premier League
Andre Ayew [Swansea - West Ham] £20.5m
Arthur Masuaku [Olympiakos - West Ham] Reported £6m
English Football League
Che Adams [Sheffield United - Birmingham] Undisclosed
Josh Cullen [West Ham - Bradford] Loan
Jordan Green [Bournemouth - Newport] Loan
Ryan McLaughlin [Liverpool - Oldham] Free
Lewin Nyatanga [Barnsley - Northampton] Loan
John O'Sullivan [Blackburn - Accrington] Loan
Josh Pask [West Ham - Gillingham] Loan
Josh Sheehan [Swansea - Newport] Loan
Ivan Toney [Newcastle - Shrewsbury] Loan
Scottish Premiership
Krystian Nowak [Pdobeskidzie Bielsko-Biala - Hearts] Free
European
Jese [Real Madrid - Paris St-Germain] Undisclosed
Thomas Vermaelen [Barcelona - Roma] Loan
English Football League
Joe Thompson [Carlisle - Rochdale] Free
Scottish Premiership
Scott Sinclair [Aston Villa - Celtic] Undisclosed
Premier League
Marlos Moreno [Atletico Nacional - Manchester City] £4.75m
English Football League
Hamza Choudhury [Leicester - Burton] Loan
Jordan Houghton [Chelsea - Doncaster] Loan
Lloyd Jones [Liverpool - Swindon] Loan
Niall Mason [Aston Villa - Doncaster] Loan
Yeni Ngbakoto [Metz - QPR] Undisclosed
Luke Norris [Gillingham - Swindon] Undisclosed
Paul Rachubka [Bolton - Bury] Free
Premier League
Papy Djilobodji [Chelsea - Sunderland] £8m
Jon Flanagan [Liverpool - Burnley] Loan
Fernando Llorente [Sevilla - Swansea] Undisclosed
Ryan Sweeney [AFC Wimbledon - Stoke] Undisclosed
English Football League
Tammy Abraham [Chelsea - Bristol City] Loan
Chris Brown [Blackburn - Bury] Free
Will Buckley [Sunderland - Sheffield Wednesday] Loan
Matt Butcher [Bournemouth - Yeovil] Loan
Lewis Buxton [Rotherham - Bolton] Free
Michael Cain [Leicester - Blackpool] Loan
Tahvon Campbell [West Brom - Yeovil] Loan
Janoi Donacien [Aston Villa - Accrington] Free
Michael Doughty [QPR - Swindon] Loan
Chris Eagles [Bury - Accrington] Free
Jay Emmanuel-Thomas [QPR - Gillingham] Loan
Kevin Foley [Ipswich - Charlton] Free
Russell Griffiths [Everton - Cheltenham] Loan
Callum Harriott [Charlton - Reading] Undisclosed
Adam King [Swansea - Southend] Loan
Bevis Mugabi [Southampton - Yeovil] Free
English Football League
Scott Allan [Celtic - Rotherham] Loan
Adam Buxton [Accrington - Portsmouth] Free
Jamal Campbell-Ryce [Sheffield United - Barnet] Free
Max Crocombe [Oxford - Carlisle] Free
Conor Grant [Everton - Ipswich] Loan
Noel Hunt [Unattached - Portsmouth]
Paul Jones [Portsmouth - Norwich] Free
Ross McCormack [Fulham - Aston Villa] £12m
Jason Pearce [Wigan - Charlton] Undisclosed
Alex Pritchard [Tottenham - Norwich] Undisclosed
Easah Suliman [Aston Villa - Cheltenham] Loan
European
Wojciech Szczesny [Arsenal - Roma] Loan
Scottish Football League
Scott Allan [Celtic - Rotherham] Loan
Premier League
Gabriel Jesus [Palmeiras - Manchester City] £27m
Bartosz Kapustka [Cracovia - Leicester City] £7.5m
English Football League
Tyrone Barnett [Shrewsbury - AFC Wimbledon] Free
Ciaran Clark [Aston Villa - Newcastle] Reported £5m
Mohamed Diame [Hull - Newcastle] Undisclosed
Ousmane Fane [Kidderminster - Oldham] £50,000
Darius Hendersen [Coventry - Mansfield] Free
Pajtim Kasami [Olympiacos - Nottingham Forest] Loan
Lee Nicholls [Wigan - MK Dons] Undisclosed
Oliver Norwood [Reading - Brighton] Undisclosed
Nile Ranger [Unattached - Southend]
Jon Taylor [Peterborough - Rotherham] Reported £500,000
European
Federico Fazio [Tottenham - Roma] Loan
Paolo Hurtado [Reading - Vitoria de Guimaraes] Loan
Mohamed Salah [Chelsea - Roma] Undisclosed
Premier League
Idrissa Gueye [Aston Villa - Everton] Undisclosed
Leroy Sane [Schalke - Manchester City] £37m
English Football League
Jean-Louis Akpa Akpro [Shrewsbury - Barnet] Free
Chuks Aneke [Zulte Waregem - MK Dons] Free
Jermone Binnom-Williams [Crystal Palace - Peterborough] Undisclosed
Jon Dadi Bodvarsson [Kaiserslautern - Wolves] Undisclosed
Jordan Clark [Shrewsbury - Accrington] Free
Gordon Greer [Brighton - Blackburn] Free
Angus MacDonald [Torquay - Barnsley] Undisclosed
Chris McCann [Atlanta United - Coventry] Loan
Eddie Nolan [Unattached - Blackpool]
Vadaine Oliver [York - Notts County] Loan
Declan Rudd [Norwich - Charlton] Loan
Joao Teixeira [Benfica - Wolves] Loan
Kelvin Wilson [Nottingham Forest - Rotherham] Free
Adi Yussuf [Mansfield - Crawley] Loan
Scottish Premiership
Faissal El Bakhtaoui [Dunfermline - Dundee]
Premier League
Alex McCarthy [Crystal Palace - Southampton] Undisclosed
Jeremy Pied [Nice - Southampton] Free
English Football League
Arron Davies [Exeter - Accrington] Free
Jake Gray [Crystal Palace - Luton] Free
Pablo Hernandez [Al-Arabi - Leeds] Loan
Sean Kelly [St Mirren - AFC Wimbledon] Free
Matt Kilgallon [Blackburn - Bradford] Free
Andreas Makris [Anorthosis Famagusta - Walsall] Undisclosed
Marc McCallum [Livingston - Plymouth] Free
Max Muller [Unattached - Wycombe]
Michael Rose [Rochdale - Morecambe] Free
Matt Taylor [Burnley - Northampton] Free
Grant Ward [Tottenham - Ipswich] Undisclosed
European
Steven Berghuis [Watford - Feyenoord] Loan
Alex Song [Barcelona - Rubin Kazan] Free
International
Steven Taylor [Newcastle - Portland Timbers] Free
The page covers signings by Premier League, Championship and Scottish Premiership clubs, along with selected deals from overseas and the Scottish Championship.


Estimated net migration to the UK reached a record 336,000 in the year to June, Office for National Statistics (ONS) figures have shown.

The figure - the difference between the number of people arriving and leaving - was 82,000 more than the previous year.
Jay Lindop, from the ONS, said the majority of people over the last year came to the UK for work or study.
The government said it highlighted the challenge to reduce net migration to "sustainable levels".
Downing Street aims to get net migration down to five figures by 2020.
UKIP leader Nigel Farage said the statistics showed the government's "complete failure to control immigration" and urged people to vote to leave the EU in the "in/out" referendum expected by the end of 2017.
The net migration figure was also higher than the last provisional data, which showed the index at what was then a record 330,000 in the 12 months to March. This has since been revised up to 336,000 as well.
The ONS data revealed that:
Ms Lindop, head of population statistics at the ONS, said the latest net migration figure "remains the highest on record".
Meanwhile, separate Home Office figures revealed the number of people claiming asylum in the UK has reached its highest level for 12 years.
UK urged to show more compassion for Syrian refugees
Analysis
By Danny Shaw, home affairs correspondent, BBC News
The release of the immigration statistics, every three months, is a day the Home Office must dread.
Since the end of 2012, net migration has being going up almost  continuously. Net migration, of course, is the key figure we look for because the government is aiming to bring it down to below 100,000 by 2020.
It failed to do that by the general election in May, and, to much surprise, decided to stick with the target when critics were saying it was unachievable and should be dropped. A lot can happen in four and a half years of course, but it's hard to see how it can do it.
Emigration is broadly stable, and immigration is at record levels and rising from both EU and non-EU countries.
If ministers are to reach their goal, they'll have to reduce the so-called "pull factors". That's tough when one of the biggest attractions of the UK is its relatively buoyant economy and the prospect of work.
The ONS said the rise was due to a 62,000 increase in immigration to 636,000 and a 20,000 reduction in emigration to 300,000.
More than two thirds of the immigration increase was driven by EU citizens, the majority of whom came to Britain to work.
Immigration minister James Brokenshire said the government was committed to reforms "across the whole of government" to deliver "the controlled migration system".
"Our new Immigration Bill will address illegal working, the pull factors that draw migrants to Britain and the availability of public services which help them to remain here unlawfully," he said.
"The last two set of figures show record levels of EU immigration which show why the prime minister is right to negotiate with the EU to reform welfare to reduce the financial incentives that attract EU migrants to the UK."
The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford said asylum remained "the smallest component" of UK immigration "by some distance".
Director Madeleine Sumption said migration for work and study were "the largest categories" and said changes in net migration were "mainly being driven" by economic factors like the success of the UK economy rather than by new policies.
Alp Mehmet, vice chairman of Migration Watch UK, said the figures were "very disappointing" and warned "the pressure on our infrastructure will intensify" if the numbers continued to rise.


Family and friends of a Denbighshire pensioner who has gone missing in Crete have flown out to the Greek island in a bid to find him.

Keen walker Arthur Jones, from Denbigh, was staying in the city of Chania, but has not been seen since 19 June.
His family raised the alarm with police as he was due to fly home on Tuesday but failed to turn up for his flight.
Four relatives and two experienced walking friends have taken 1,000 flyers in English and Greek to hand out.
Mr Jones's son Jeffrey Jones from Prestatyn said the family first learned he was missing when they visited his house on Wednesday.
The father of four arrived in Crete on 17 June and sent his family a postcard in the first few days saying he was planning a walking trip.
His son described him as a "Bear Grylls" type man who is used to coping with the outdoors and said he would have been well equipped.
He added: "We do now know he had plans to camp out for three nights from the Thursday [19 June].
"There's been a possible sighting in a remote area. That's all we've had so far."
North Wales Police confirmed Mr Jones had been reported missing and said police in Greece were leading the investigation, working with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Interpol.
A Foreign and Commonwealth Office spokesperson said: "We are aware of a British national, Robert Arthur Jones, reported missing in Greece. We are providing consular assistance to the family.
"UK police are assisting the Greek authorities with the investigation."