Four Scots have been named in the Great Britain squad for the World Indoor Championships in Portland, Oregon, later this month.

2014 Commonwealth Games and European Championships silver medallist Lynsey Sharp has been selected for the 800m in the event running from 17-20 March.
Steph Twell and Josephine Moultrie both go in the 3000m.
Chris O'Hare, who won bronze in the European Indoor Championships last year, will compete over 1500m.


BMI Baby, the budget airline, will be grounded from September, with some routes being stopped from next month, owner IAG has announced.

The move by the owner of British Airways (BA), which bought BMI from Lufthansa last month, puts almost 500 jobs at risk.
IAG is still open to offers for BMI Baby, but expressed doubts last month that a buyer would be found.
The airline, based at East Midlands Airport, is losing about Â£25m a year.
While BMI's mainstream operations are being integrated into BA, talks are described as "positive" on a sale of its Aberdeen-based Regional division, which has 300 staff, says BBC's Scotland business and economy editor Douglas Fraser.
IAG had already made it clear that BMI Baby and BMI Regional would not be part of its long-term plans.
"BMI Baby has delivered high levels of operational performance and customer service, but has continued to struggle financially, losing more than Â£100m in the last four years," said BMI's interim managing director Peter Simpson in a letter to all staff.
"To help stem losses as quickly as possible, and as a preliminary measure, we will be making reductions to BMI Baby's flying programme from June. We sincerely apologise to all customers affected and will be providing full refunds and doing all we can with other airlines to mitigate the impact of these changes."
The changes mean that all BMI Baby flights to and from Belfast will cease from 11 June 2012.
Services from East Midlands to Amsterdam, Paris, Geneva, Nice, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Newquay, and from Birmingham to Knock and Amsterdam, will cease on the same date.
"Customers can continue to book summer holiday flights from East Midlands and Birmingham," the airline said.
"It is proposed that all BMI Baby flights departing from Monday September 10, 2012 onwards will no longer operate."


Rail passengers travelling between Liverpool and Wirral are being warned of longer journey times when major engineering works begin in January.

Trains will not serve Moorfields, Lime Street and Liverpool Central stations for six months during the "essential renewal works", Network Rail said.
Services will not operate beyond Birkenhead Central and Birkenhead North at certain times.
Alternative travel arrangements will run during the works.
Merseyrail managing director Jan Chaudhry Van der Velde said: "The work that Network Rail will undertake next year is essential for maintaining the safe and reliable operation of the infrastructure built in the 1970s.
"However, we do not underestimate the inconvenience this will cause to our Wirral line passengers in the short term."


Sir John Chilcot is facing legal action from bereaved families after again refusing to set a timetable for publication of his report into the Iraq war.

In a statement Sir John said the "Maxwellisation" process, giving those facing criticism the right to reply, was to blame for the delay.
He also said some of those responses had opened up new lines of inquiry.
Lawyers for the families said they would now take "further legal steps".
Sir John began work on his inquiry in 2009, but he has yet to set a date for publication of his findings.
In a statement, on Wednesday he said he understood the "anguish", of those who had lost loved ones and  had written to the bereaved families.
But Matthew Jury, of McCue and Partners, a law firm representing some of the families, said: "Sir John has refused the families' legal request to impose an effective timetable on the Maxwellisation Process, thereby preventing any deadline being set for publication of the report".
"In the circumstances, the families' legal team..... will be taking further legal steps as are considered necessary and appropriate."
Reg Keys, whose son Tom died in Iraq in 2003, said he was "bitterly disappointed" by Sir John's explanation for the delay.
The witnesses should have been given a maximum of six months to respond to criticism, said Mr Keys, and he feared the whole process had now become a "farce".
"To drag it out is just unbearable for the families of the fallen."
Sir John has faced a barrage of criticism in recent weeks, with Prime Minister David Cameron expressing his frustration at the delays.
In his statement, the Iraq inquiry head said: "The inquiry has remained in control of its deadlines throughout the process. In some cases, the response sent to us required detailed and complex analysis which has taken time."
Clare Short, who was international development secretary at the time of the 2003 invasion, said she did not believe the Maxwellisation process was the real reason for the hold-up.
The former minister is among those criticised in the report but she said the idea people were "endlessly being consulted I think is not true".
"I think what might be true is that the draft is very poor and it's as big as War and Peace I understand, lots of people have made serious responses and they are probably having to redraft," she told BBC Radio 4's The World at One.
The Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee, Crispin Blunt, has said that Parliament cannot impose a deadline for publication of the Chilcot report as it would "wreck the inquiry"
Speaking on Radio 4's Today programme, Mr Blunt said he hoped the inquiry would conclude within six months and he called on Sir John to "bring clarity" to the process " as soon as he can".


A person has been airlifted to hospital after being pulled from the water by RNLI lifeguards in Bridgend county.

Milford Haven Coastguards said a rescue team and a helicopter were called to Rest Bay, Porthcawl, at 15:30 BST on Tuesday.
A coastguard rescue helicopter from St Athan flew the casualty to Morriston Hospital in Swansea.
The condition of the casualty is not yet known.


True, Sir John Major is not the only former Tory leader familiar with being pressured, perhaps held hostage by the Eurosceptics in his party. Or indeed, the only Conservative leader ever to have been challenged by his party's preponderance to "bang on" (to use David Cameron's phrase) about Europe.
But arguably his experiences as the leader during bruising encounters with the "bastards" mean his words of warning might hold some value for the current prime minister.
For Theresa May, also an unflashy leader who was propelled to No 10 by a surprising political moment, Europe will be defining in a way no others could even have anticipated.
In Sir John's carefully calibrated speech tonight, there are plenty of messages for her, some of which may be welcome, some not.
First off, having campaigned to stay in the European Union, with sober warnings particularly about the consequences for the Northern Irish peace process, it's no surprise that Sir John says that in his view, Brexit will be a "historic mistake".
It is notable, although again not surprising, that he cautions that the UK will be a diminished diplomatic force in the world after we walk away from the EU, with a warning too that we will be less useful to our most important ally the US as a consequence.
Also, even as the PM who lived through the Commons trauma of trying to deliver the Maastricht Treaty, it is logical that he calls for Parliament to have a full role in shaping the negotiations over our place in Europe.
What may be harder for No 10 to dismiss is Sir John's obvious political concerns about how the public are being treated in the months after the referendum decision.
Despite insisting he has no desire to be in politics now, he makes very pointed criticism of the atmosphere around the debate, warning that voters are essentially being misled saying: "People have been led to expect a future that seems to be unreal and over-optimistic.
"Obstacles are brushed aside as of no consequence, whilst opportunities are inflated beyond any reasonable expectation of delivery."
In his first public comments since the vote, the former prime minister is offering what he describes as a "reality check".
And he sounds alarm bells too about the tone of the debate, saying Brexit's "cheerleaders" have shown "contempt" to Remainers, shouting down dissent "against our traditions of tolerance".
While he is not seeking to be unhelpful to the government, Sir John plainly has doubts about Number 10's handling of the process so far - the "rosy confidence" being offered to the British people.
And in the depths of his speech there is another warning for Theresa May about the Tory MPs she has worked so hard to keep on side - "today they may be allies of the prime minister, the risk is that tomorrow they may not".
Might Theresa May face her own "bastards" one day?
In recent weeks, with Theresa May determined to keep the Tory party together, and Labour struggling to stay united, the momentum has most certainly been with those celebrating our journey toward the exit door.
Ministers, even those who were ardent Remainers, privately sound increasingly optimistic about the prospects of doing a deal. But Sir John Major is not alone in having fundamental concerns. And his voice is harder for the government to dismiss, as they did Tony Blair a couple of weeks ago.
One senior figure even told me some of the talks behind closed doors have been a shambles, and raised concern that the government, all of us, are a long way from understanding the full implications of the decision.
Yet with almost the only political pressure on her coming from the right, Theresa May has decided to emphasise the opportunity, not the risks. The government is well aware that things could go wrong, but one minister told me "we all have to discover the reality together, when the rubber hits the road".


Halloween is coming, the evenings are growing shorter and the leaves are turning orange.

But why aren't the pumpkins?
It's all down to our long, wet summer, which has led to a case of soggy bottoms, according to one farmer.
Alan Lockhart, from Newry, County Down, says his normally plentiful pumpkin crop has this year fallen victim to poor weather over July and August.
Pumpkins are mainly made up of water - about 85 to 90% of it -  and they usually thrive in wet conditions. But they don't like sitting in waterlogged ground for long.
Alan said his crop suffered because of a lack of sunshine and poor levels of pollination at the start of the season.
He said this was partially down to diminishing numbers of bees as a result of the poor summer weather.
In an average year the Alderside farmer would expect to plant about 2,000 pumpkin seeds, which normally produce two or three pumpkins each.
But this season his seeds have only managed to yield an average of 0.37 pumpkins per plant.
Alan said that even the surviving pumpkins were not up to the standard he would normally expect.
Despite a bright and mild autumn season, the fruits have not had time to ripen in time for Halloween and Alan considered cancelling his annual pumpkin-picking event at the farm.
But in the spirit of the season, the popular event went ahead, with green pumpkins galore.
Alan said he thought the green gourds looked even more ghoulish than the familiar orange-coloured ones.
He was one of the luckier pumpkin farmers in Northern Ireland, managing to produce a small crop of bright orange pumpkins, while others struggled to grow any.
Jacqui Baird, from Castle Ward Estate, said the main supplier for the annual Halloween Pumpkinfest usually provided about 3000 pumpkins, but this year was only able to produce 300 of a suitable size and colour.


A man stabbed a 60-year-old woman to death in a "vicious, protracted attack" because he "harboured resentment" over her being given his job, a court has heard.

Daniel Edwards, 22, is accused of murdering Fiona Southwell at farm near Seaton, East Yorkshire in July.
The jury at Hull Crown Court heard Ms Southwell replaced him as a stable hand at Grange Farm after he was sacked.
Mr Edwards of King Street, Hornsea, East Yorkshire, denies murder.
More on this and other East Yorkshire stories
Opening the case for the prosecution, barrister David Gordon said Ms Southwell died from multiple stab wounds in "a vicious, protracted attack".
He added that Mr Edwards resentment about losing his job "may have provided him with a motive".
"This might sound extreme," Mr Gordon said. "Most well-balanced individuals who lose their job wouldn't then resort to violence against the person taking over their job - but there it is."
The court heard Mr Edwards was working in a new job at a neighbouring farm on the morning of the murder.
Ms Southwell's body was found by her brother, Samuel Southwell, who had become worried when she did not return home for meals. He went to look for her and found her lying on her back in a barn.
The prosecutor said Mr Edwards was arrested at his home on 16 July. Clothing stained with Ms Southwell's blood was recovered from his bedroom.
Her blood was also found on the defendant's ankle, on a kitchen knife found  in a hedgerow near the farm and on a blood-stained child's vest, thought to have been used to wipe the knife clean, the jury was told.
The trial continues.


Smear tests designed to cut deaths from cervical cancer could be improved by adding a further test looking for signs of a virus which causes it.

When smears from thousands of Dutch women were also checked for the human papillomavirus (HPV) doctors were able to find more cancers at an early stage.
The authors of the Lancet Oncology study are now calling for the test to be included for all women.
Experts said the findings were encouraging.
The UK currently invites women aged between 25 and 65 for smear tests every three to five years.
The test is based on "cytology" - a sample of cells from the neck of the womb is examined under the microscope for subtle changes which may lead to cancer.
HPV, a sexually-transmitted virus, is now known to cause the vast majority of cervical cancers in the developed world.
In the UK, many teenage girls are now vaccinated against the strains most strongly linked to the disease.
However, this leaves the majority of adult women unprotected from the virus, and HPV testing during screening has been suggested as a way of detecting those most at risk.
HPV testing was introduced earlier this year in the UK  for women who have "borderline" results under the microscope to avoid the need for extra, invasive checks.
However, the Dutch study examined the principle of checking every sample, with those testing positive for high-risk strains invited for additional smear tests.
Analysis of the 45,000 women in the study suggested this tactic prevented an additional 10 cancers per 100,000 women screened compared with conventional screening, and revealed a higher number of pre-cancerous growths which could be treated.
The researchers said their findings suggested that HPV testing should be introduced in cervical screening programmes for women aged 30 and above.
If it were, in theory the need for three-yearly smears in some women might be reduced, they concluded, with a five-year interval equally safe.
This was supported by US cancer specialists who reviewed the results for the journal.
They wrote: "We expect that almost every women who tests negative for HPV, irrespective of country or screening protocol, has an extremely low risk of cancer over three or five years.
Jessica Harris, from Cancer Research UK, said: "These results add to previous evidence showing that HPV testing is an effective way of picking up pre-cancerous cervical changes in women over 30.
"But it's important to answer some outstanding questions about how HPV screening could work in the real world, including how best to manage women who receive a positive HPV test result, and what to do for younger women."
Professor Julietta Patnick, director of the NHS Cancer Screening Programme, said the results suggested that more work should be undertaken to examine the role of HPV testing in the UK.
She said: "The relationship between HPV and cervical cancer is well established and we are beginning to incorporate testing for it into our current cytology based Programme. This study shows that HPV testing potentially offers greater benefits for women than cytology alone."


A peer has been tempted to switch to the Conservative Party after resigning the Liberal Democrat whip last month.

Zahida Manzoor quit over the Liberal Democrats' policies on Europe and praised what she said was Prime Minister Theresa May's clear leadership on Brexit.
She is the second former Lib Dem peer to switch to the Tories, after Lady Nicholson re-joined the party.
Baroness Manzoor said the Tory party was now her "natural home".
She also said leaving the Lib Dems, for whom she had been a member of the House of Lords for three years, was "tough but... the right thing to do".
Baroness Manzoor, who had been the Lib Dem spokeswoman on work and pensions, added: "I could not support the leadership of a party that calls itself democratic and then refuses to acknowledge the will of the people in a referendum."
She was referring to Lib Dem leader Tim Farron's call for a second referendum on the terms of any Brexit deal.
Baroness Manzoor said: "Theresa May's vision of a Britain that works for everyone, and her clear leadership over Brexit, now make the Conservatives a natural home for me and millions of people like me, from all communities across the UK.
"As Britain embarks on a new journey, outside the EU but reaching out to trade with the world, and as we really begin addressing the problems of social mobility at home, I look forward to helping play my part as a Conservative."


Paul Pollock was the top Irish runner in the Olympic Games marathon with the Holywood athlete finishing 32nd in Rio.

Pollock was back in 94th after 25K in wet but humid conditions before moving swiftly through the field to clock a time of 2:16.25
Belfast man Kevin Seaward came in 64th in a time of 2:20.06 while Mick Clohisey was 103rd in 2:26.34.
Kenya's Eliud Kipchoge won with Feyisa Lilesa of Ethiopia second and American Galen Rupp collecting bronze.
Kipchoge, who won the London Marathon in April, left the rest of the field trailing to win in 2:08.44.
Lilesa came in 70 seconds later to take the silver while Britain's Callum Hawkins led midway through the race and the Scot finished in 2:11.52.
Pollock went into the Games with the slowest marathon time of the Team Ireland trio and he was controversially selected ahead of Sergio Ciobanu, who had a qualifying time 24 seconds faster than the Co Down man.
However, he fully justified his selection as the rain fell in Rio while Seaward also finished strongly after trailing in 128th place at the 15K mark.
"It was an okay performance - a top 20 finish was the first goal," said Pollock.
"I went out 30 seconds to a minute slower for the first half than the plan had been but the legs didn't come around until the second half."
"I came through strongly in the second half and this should give me a good platform to produce an even better performance in the major championships,"


Qualcomm has said it aims to cut costs and jobs and might restructure itself as it delivers a fresh profit warning in the face of rising competition.

The company, best known for its smartphone chips, wants to reduce spending by $1.4bn (Â£900m), partly through a 15% cut in its workforce.
The US-based firm also delivered its third profit warning of the year.
Qualcomm had been under pressure from major shareholders to make changes in light of rising competition from Asia.
The cost-cutting efforts announced on Wednesday will include culling around 4,500 full-time jobs.
Qualcomm also said it may break itself up.
Shareholder Jana Partners had been pressuring the firm to separate the chip business from the more profitable patent-licensing business.
The company makes chips used in smartphones and tablets, especially the Snapdragon processor found in many mid- and high-end Android devices.
But it has faced increasing competition from Asian manufacturers like Taiwan's MediaTek or smaller Chinese chipmakers.
Smartphone giant Samsung plans to increasingly use its own processors for its future devices rather than going for the Snapdragon chip.
Qualcomm shares fell more than 20% over the past year and dropped further in Wednesday's after hour trading.
In a weak revenue forecast, the company had to give its third profit warning of the year.
For the past quarter, the company said its net income fell by 47% with revenue down by 14%, both numbers coming in below expectations.


The Chicago Cubs have done it: They have finally won a World Series and, in doing so, have broken one of world's most infamous sporting curses.

For Cubs fans, it's been 108 years of hurt - that's how long it's been since their team last won a World Series.
Some might put that down to chronic bad luck, but others say there's a more supernatural - and animal-related - explanation.
In 1945, the last time the Cubs contested a World Series, bar owner Billy Sianis and his pet goat Murphy were allegedly removed from Wrigley Field because of the animal's bad smell.
"Them Cubs, they ain't gonna win no more," an outraged Sianis reportedly declared.
And so the curse of the billy goat was born: The Cubs lost the '45 Series and went more than a century without glory before beating the Cleveland Indians in a dramatic series finale on Wednesday night.
Sporting curses may seem far-fetched, but there are plenty of mythical tales of terrible juju striking teams across the world.
Superstitious nonsense? Or a reason for sports fans to keep on wearing that lucky underwear?
Have a read of some of the world's strangest sporting curses and decide for yourself.
For fans of English football club Birmingham City, much of their historic bad luck was down to an ill-advised stadium move.
In 1906, the club moved to St Andrew's, apparently evicting some Romani people in the process.
Angered at being moved on, they placed a 100-year curse on the club.
Cue decades in the doldrums and no major trophy wins for the club.  The stadium even got bombed during World War Two in 1941.
The curse took hold so strongly some managers tried desperate measures to have it lifted.
In the 1980s, Ron Saunders reportedly had crucifixes installed on the floodlights and on the soles of the players' boots.
Barry Fry said he was advised to urinate on all four corners of the pitch to lift the curse - so he did. He got sacked a few months later.
In 2006, the year the curse officially ended, Birmingham got relegated and promoted straight back into the Premier League.
They won their only major trophy, the League Cup, in 2011.
Traditionally, Canadian teams have dominated the Stanley Cup, NHL's premier competition, winning 40 times between 1927 to 1993.
But no Canadian team has won since Marty McSorley, a player with a suitably Back to the Future name, changed the destiny of teams north of the border forever.
In the 1993 final, the Montreal Canadiens were taking on the Los Angeles Kings.
The Kings were a goal up and set to go two games ahead in the series when the Montreal coach objected to the hockey stick used by Kings player McSorley
It was too curved. McSorley was sent to the sin bin and Montreal ended up winning the game, the series and the Stanley Cup.
Since then, the Stanley Cup has become a wasteland for Canada's finest.
Some people have questioned why the curse would work against the team not cheating but, hey, it's a curse so absolutely doesn't have to make sense.
Still unconvinced? In 1995, the Quebec Nordiques upped sticks across the border and became the Colorado Avalanche. They won the Stanley Cup a year later.
In Ireland, the sporting curse to end all sporting curses exists against Mayo's long-suffering Gaelic footballers.
The county last won an All-Ireland title in 1951. Since then, they've been in eight All-Ireland finals - and lost every single one.
The run of defeats started in 1989 and culminated this year when Mayo lost by a single point in a replay against Dublin.
So what happened? Legend has it, the triumphant '51 team were travelling home from Dublin when the celebratory squad passed a funeral without paying it sufficient respect.
An angered priest subsequently cursed the team, saying Mayo wouldn't win again until every member of the 1951 team had died.
Two of the team are still alive - Dr Padraig Carney and Paddy Prendergast, who has dismissed the curse as "nonsense".
After eight heartbreaking final defeats, Mayo fans can be forgiven for thinking otherwise.
Every golfer dreams of sliding on the green jacket after winning at The Masters at Augusta - but nobody wants to win the Par-3 contest.
That's because nobody who has ever won the Par 3 tournament has ever gone on to win the Masters in the same year.
Since 1960, the nine-hole contest has been held the day before the tournament proper and has jinxed anyone with the temerity to actually win.
Ireland's Padraig Harrington has won the Par 3 tournament a record three times but the major winner has never claimed a green jacket.
Last year, nine players recorded holes-in-one. Needless to say, none of those guys went on to win the 2016 Masters.
Biggie vs Tupac. Jay Z vs Nas. Drake vs Meek Mill. If those names are unfamiliar, then prepare to get even more confused.
Feuds are common in hip hop but it's much rarer for a rapper to start a beef with a sports star.
But that's what happened in 2011 when West Coast's Lil B' (aka The BasedGod) "cursed" basketball star Kevin Durant on Twitter in what is probably the first - and only - well-documented case of someone getting hexed on social media.
Durant's crime? Tweeting in 2011 that he didn't like Lil B's music.
The rapper responded: "Kevin Durant will never win the title after he said 'Lil' B is a wack rapper'. The Basedgods curse on Durant."
And it kind of worked.
Durant's team, the highly touted Oklahoma City Thunder, did not win a championship in the last five seasons despite being in contention every year.
The curse ended earlier in 2016 when Durant announced he was joining the Golden State Warriors.
"Welcome home KD the curse is lifted," Lil B tweeted.
Amen to that.


"Robo-investing" - using computer algorithms rather than humans to manage your investments - is a white-hot sector attracting lots of start-up cash.

There are now several companies here in the US promising that their algorithms can get more bang for your investment buck at a fraction of the price charged by traditional investment managers.
Managing your portfolio, diversifying your investments and handling your tax liabilities can all be done automatically 24/7.
And machines aren't swayed by fear and greed, the primary emotions that often drive very poor investment decisions. They can crunch terabytes of data and take a global, long-term view, spreading your investments across geographies and asset classes, from bonds to equities, index funds to property.
Just don't call it "robo-investing", says Adam Nash, chief executive of Wealthfront, one of the leading companies in the field, managing more than $1.8bn (Â£1.2bn) of client assets.
"I've never actually heard a young person refer to robo-investing since I've been here." He joined Wealthfront in 2013.
"It seems to be uniformly a term used by older financial advisers to make fun of the new-fangled tech that these kids are using. Expedia is not a robo-travel agent; I don't buy movie tickets on my robot phone."
He suggests "automated investment service" instead. As a former employee of eBay, Apple and LinkedIn, who has a computer science degree from Stanford and a business degree from Harvard, he should know.
In fact, many of the people running the companies that are igniting this new generation of personal investing combine advanced software engineering skills with strong business acumen.
Inevitably, some are likely to end up as household names and on billionaire lists in the not-too-distant future if they can achieve their ambition of expanding investment to the masses.
Jon Stein, the founder and chief executive of Betterment, is another good example. Educated at Columbia Business School and Harvard, he went on to write the initial code for Betterment's website.
"We do everything from end to end," he says. "We do your statements and tax integration; we do all the ACH [Automated Clearing House] transactions; we do the accounting and record keeping.
"We are able to make that process much more efficient and optimised around trading personalised portfolios."
Betterment says 75% of its clients are under 50. At Wealthfront 60% are under 35. So far, this has mostly been a young person's game.
Perhaps that's not surprising, says Mr Nash, considering that the younger generations are much more aware of hidden fees, having seen phone, cable, airline and brokerage companies adopting such "revenue optimisation" models.
Quite simply, many customers regard these hidden fees as stealing, he says.
"Young people hate the idea of... eight pages of fees that you don't find out about until you are already in the system.
"At Wealthfront we have literally two price points. Under $10,000 is free with no commissions at all, and over $10,000 we charge one quarter of one per cent. It's not like the millionaires are getting a better deal."
The democratisation of high-quality investment performance is not necessarily new.
Low-fee index tracker funds attempt to replicate the performance of particular stock market indexes by copying in full, or in part, the constituent stocks making up that index. If the constituents of the index change, so will your tracker fund - automatically.
These tracker funds have produced better returns than almost any human-run fund, net of fees. And that's been proven over decades.
The Vanguard Group and its founder John Bogle have been shouting about their not-so-secret sauce for decades.
Vanguard spokeswoman Kate Henderson says the general advice for any kind of investment methodology, no matter how old or new, is the same.
"You need to do your homework no matter if you're working with an adviser face to face or a robo-adviser," she says.
"Check credentials and references, look at the financial disclosures. Understand where the fees are coming from. Ask the right questions. How is the adviser compensated?"
Vanguard says it has no plans to develop its own fully automated investment platform because its clients are generally older and have more complex portfolios. Such seasoned investors often need a helping human hand when retirement is looming.
But to fend off competition from new generation investment companies it introduced Personal Advisor Services in 2013, which offers low-fee advice and tries to mimic what "robo-investors" do.
Not that Vanguard has any reason to worry.
Many of the new automated services buy Vanguard ETF [Exchange Traded Fund] Index products as a core investment within their own portfolios. So Vanguard still dominates the industry, alongside the likes of Fidelity and Schwab.
But Wealthfront chief Adam Nash points out there is a huge difference between knowing what you're supposed to do and actually doing it consistently.
Only those with the ability, time and willingness to supervise their investments actively would find Wealthfront redundant, which is a tiny percentage of everyday investors, he believes.
So he has no qualms about being a relative newcomer to the industry.
"You are talking about 90 million millennials [people coming of age at the turn of the 21st Century] in America. Those businesses with a gold standard are not as shiny as they used to be after the [2008] financial crises.
"I don't think you'll find any survey of millennials that puts the brand of any brokerage or bank particularly high these days. Most of the brands that took decades or even centuries to build are exceptionally tarnished with young people. We are at a unique moment."
When Jon Stein started Betterment it was out of sheer frustration with his existing brokerage firms who made it complicated to sign up and difficult to navigate through their services.
These were financial businesses first and web entities second, he argues. That's why Betterment put a lot of effort into making its website simple to use.
"We have optimised that interface and we know that it helps people stay the course," says Mr Stein.
"They make better decisions. For example, we launched a new feature called Tax Impact Preview, which tells you what your taxes will be before you make a transaction. We found that when people see this, 62% of them don't go through with the transaction."
That suggests that across the sector an awful lot of people are transacting without knowing the full implications of their choices.
But the strength of the automated investment idea is also its biggest potential weakness.
Computers and algorithms can keep you on track as long as they know the track you are on.  Deviate from it in any way - a divorce, a new baby - without telling the computer and suddenly your money may be going in a different direction to you.
But for an industry still in its infancy the concept is attracting a lot of attention from venture capitalists and consumers.
Eventually every financial transaction we make is likely to be monitored in real time with instant advice available at every moment.
A frightening or wonderful thought?


When Millen Magese won the Miss Tanzania competition in 2001 and became an international fashion model, she became an idol to many African women.

21 October 2015 Last updated at 01:44 BST
Rich and famous, she has lived a glamorous life travelling the world, modelling clothes for top designers.
But off the catwalk, she has also become a heroine to many women for speaking up about a debilitating gynaecological condition, endometriosis, which can cause severe pain and infertility.
To get the message across, she established a foundation and begun an awareness campaign via social media.
Women of Africa is a BBC season recognising inspiring women across the continent. The first series, Africa's Unsung Heroes, introduces eight women who are making a difference in their country - and beyond.
Read more here


Russian planes have resumed air strikes on rebel-held districts in the city of Aleppo, in what activists say is the heaviest bombardment in days.

At least 25 people are reported to have died, including children.
The bombardment follows a temporary lull called by the Syrian government, partly to allow civilians to leave rebel areas in the east of the city.
It has come under intense aerial attack since a ceasefire brokered by the US and Russia collapsed last month.
The air strikes came as Russian President Vladimir Putin cancelled a planned visit to France.
He had been due to meet French President Francois Hollande later this month but pulled out after Paris said talks would be confined to Syria, French presidential sources said.
On Monday, Mr Hollande suggested Russian officials could face war crimes charges over the bombardment of Aleppo.
On Tuesday UK Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson told the UK parliament Russia was in danger of becoming a pariah nation because of its involvement in Syria.
Moscow has repeatedly denied attacking civilians, and says it targets terrorist groups in Syria.
The UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that at least 25 civilians were killed in Tuesday's air strikes and considerable damage was inflicted on several areas.
The observatory said Russian war planes had dropped so-called "bunker busters" and other bombs, with children thought to be among the dead.
Footage shared by activists showed lifeless bodies of toddlers wrapped in sheets, with their parents distraught beside them.
Some of the most intense attacks have come in the Bustan al-Qasr and Fardos neighbourhoods near the citadel, which sits near the front line with the government-held west.
Aid organisation Medecins Sans Frontieres said on Tuesday there were now only 11 working ambulances left in the city because five had been hit by bombs and another eight were missing essential spare parts.
Meanwhile, Syrian state media reported rebel attacks on government-held western Aleppo, in which it said four people were killed and 14 injured.
Diplomatic efforts to revive the ceasefire have so far come to nothing.
The UN has warned that eastern Aleppo, where an estimated 275,000 people still live, could face "total destruction" in the space of two months.
Last week, Russia vetoed a UN Security Council resolution drafted by France calling for an end to the bombing in Aleppo.


Ashley Williams missed Swansea's final pre-season friendly against French club Rennes as uncertainty regarding the Wales captain's future continues.

Everton had a £10m bid rejected for the Swans skipper, 31, who has been given an extended break after Euro 2016.
Williams' Wales team-mate Neil Taylor and Iceland's Gylfi Sigurdsson, both of whom also played at Euro 2016, also missed Swansea's 1-0 home victory .
Swansea's Premier League opener is on Saturday at newly-promoted Burnley.
However, there was a first start for new signing Fernando Llorente after the Spain striker joined from Sevilla on Friday.
But the World Cup winning forward didn't start his Swansea career the way he would have wanted as Llorente missed a glorious opportunity in the first half, squandering an open goal by hitting the post from close range.
Swansea dominated the match and eventually won it thanks to a header from Jay Fulton, who had only been on the pitch a matter of seconds having come on as a substitute.
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An Egyptian police general has been killed during a raid by security forces on the Muslim Brotherhood stronghold of Kerdasa, near the capital Cairo.

Security forces fought gun battles in the town as they searched for the killers of 11 police officers in the town last month.
At least 55 suspected militants were arrested, police say.
Kerdasa is the second big raid on a militant stronghold since the overthrow of President Mohamed Morsi in July.
On Monday, security forces arrested dozens of residents during a raid on pro-Morsi supporters in the town of Delga, Minya province, about 300km south of Cairo.
In Kerdasa, General Nabeel Farrag was killed when gunmen opened fire from the rooftops of several schools and mosques they had taken over, the interior ministry was quoted as saying by the Associated Press news agency.
Reporting from the centre of the town, the BBC's Quentin Sommerville said security forces had to take cover behind buildings during the shooting.
By the afternoon, the gunfire had petered out but there was still a heavy police presence on the streets and army checkpoints at all main exits, he adds.
At least 1,000 people - including about 100 police officers - have died in unrest following President Morsi's removal from power.
The deadliest incidents took place when security forces moved in to disperse two pro-Morsi sit-ins in Cairo last month.
Hundreds of members of the security forces backed by helicopters entered Kerdasa at about 05:30 local time (03:30 GMT).
In the fighting that followed grenades were hurled at police, injuring 10 officers, according to General Medhat El Menshawy, head of special security forces.
Thousands of people had attended a pro-Morsi rally in the town on Wednesday night amid shouts of "Down with Sisi", referring to the head of the army.
One of those arrested on Thursday is said to be Ahmad Uways, the man accused of killing the head of Kerdasa police station on 14 August.
Gen Menshawy said the detainees included people suspected of burning churches in the town and parading the bodies of the police officers killed last month.
In a separate incident on Thursday, several metro lines in the capital were disrupted after two suspected bombs were found on the tracks near Hilmiyat al-Zaytun station in the south of Cairo.
Security officials said bomb experts had been dispatched to the scene and services were now running again.
However, there was confusion as to whether the bombs were viable devices or fakes.
Kerdasa, known for producing and selling textiles, is 14km (8.7 miles) from Cairo.
Residents were quoted on Wednesday saying they did not trust police: "We know they will come to arrest people we know and respect, whom they blame for the violence that we know was done by outsiders, not by our respectable sheikhs," Ahmed Aly told Reuters news agency.
"Eleven policemen were killed here, but so too were 11 people from Kerdasa killed at Rabaa," another resident told the BBC, referring to one of the pro-Morsi camps in Cairo cleared by the police.
Pictures of Mr Morsi are still in evidence on many buildings and lampposts in the town, our correspondent reports, leaving little doubt over where many people's allegiances lie.


Schools in Brighton and Hove are set to have a new two-week break to allow parents to buy cheaper holidays.

The city council said the new two-week October half-term, to begin in 2017, would help families spend time together without children missing school.
It said the break, from 14 to 29 October, had been designed to give families more flexibility to go away outside the peak summer holiday period.
It follows consultation with parents and carers earlier this year.
Brighton and Hove City Council said it was also responding to national guidelines to head teachers, introduced in 2013, which did not allow them to grant any absence by pupils during term time without "exceptional circumstances".
Councillor Tom Bewick said: "Modern families come in all shapes and sizes and the reduction in the discretion available to head teachers is damaging.
"The introduction of a new week's holiday in term time is a positive step and I hope addresses the behaviour of travel companies who whack up prices."
The changes in school holidays have been made by adjusting the start and finish dates of the three main terms at all primary and secondary schools which come under the authority.
The council, which sets academic year dates for community, voluntary-controlled and community special schools, said it did not reduce the number of teaching days to achieve the change.
The new term dates will be reviewed after a two-year trial period.


There was one man from east London in a Green Party T-shirt and maybe a handful of other supporters but otherwise, no sign in the room of the "Green surge" the party is so proud of.

Natalie Bennett, the party's leader, said membership had reached 59,000 and to help get that message across, some of their names appeared on the posters used as the backdrop for today's manifesto launch.
Printed as an "executive summary" to save paper, the manifesto sets out the party's programme to create "a more equal, more democratic society while healing the planet".
The Greens call it a "peaceful revolution" but it's an expensive one too. Their proposals include plans to increase government spending by an additional Â£177bn a year by the end of the next parliament.
By 2019 government spending will be around 20% higher than it's forecast to be for the year 2015.
The Greens don't like being drawn into the same tax-and-spend scrutiny of the other parties but they know economic credibility matters. So they've tried to answer the question about their sums adding up.
Their spending plans will be paid for, they say, by tax increases and growth that comes from creating one million new jobs.
They admit though, that they aren't sure how much their wealth tax would raise as it hasn't been tried before.
At today's press conference Natalie Bennett brushed away questions about their plans for pensions by telling the audience to check on the website where the full manifesto is published.
Whatever the uncertainties, the Greens believe their pitch - anti-austerity, outside the mainstream, environment-friendly - is winning support.
They're fielding a record number of 535 candidates in England and Wales.
Caroline Lucas was their first MP, elected in 2010, and is seen as an effective spokesperson. The Greens' big priority is to retain her Brighton Pavilion seat and they are targeting 12 others, including Norwich South, Bristol West and Oxford East.
By contrast, Ms Bennett has had to live down the catastrophic interview she gave London-based LBC radio at the launch of the election campaign in January. Since then, she has appeared more confident although her personal rating didn't improve after the first TV debate.
Could the Green Party influence the next government? They have ruled out any arrangement that props up a Tory administration.
If Labour leads the next government, then the Greens say they would be prepared to offer support on a vote-by-vote basis. But the conundrum they face is that Labour plans spending cuts - more austerity - which the Greens say they want to end.


It may be Her Majesty that travels from the Palace to Parliament to deliver it.
It may be accompanied by the finery and flummery of a great State occasion.
It may be called the Queen's Speech but it is, of course, not really her's at all, but the Prime Minister's.
What's more, it is a speech which until the morning after the election before, he and his advisers never expected to hear delivered since they did not expect there to be a Conservative majority government.
Palace advisers will have done their best to ensure that the words which emerge from the Queen's lips don't sound like a Tory election broadcast. It will have been a struggle as Downing Street is behaving as if the campaign never ended.
Ministers are being sent onto the airwaves to parrot a string of sound bites about a "One Nation government" helping "working people" and creating "a country of security and opportunity for all at every stage in life".
Promises to cut tax, increase the number of apprentices and deliver more child care is what they want to talk about.
Their aim is clear. It is to exploit to the full the fact that for a very short time they have the political stage entirely to themselves. Their main opponents are distracted and in disarray.
Their own party is exhilarated by their surprise victory and have still not unlearnt the habit of discipline which served them well in the run up to polling day. Newly elected MPs can't vote on anything for a few days and many are still finding their new desks.
So, Team Cameron have a few days, maybe weeks, perhaps even months to sell positive messages before real world intrudes.
Don't imagine for a second, though, that this can last. Intrude the real world willâ€¦ and soon. Indeed, the first signs are that it already is.
The decision not to table a Bill to scrap Labour's Human Rights Act and strengthen the role of the British courts against the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg tells you all you need to know.
It combines all David Cameron's real world problems - his party and the Tory press's "obsession" with Europe (his word not mine); a tiny Commons majority of just a dozen; a House of Lords which has an anti-government majority and a newly resurgent SNP.
It's not just this Tory manifesto that promised to sort out the oft repeated complaint that "human rights has gone mad". It's not just this Tory leader who set up a group of eminent lawyers to find a way to do it.
The Sun today screams "Their rights or yours?" over pictures of a "killer, rapist, paedo rapist and terrorist" and ordinary members of the public. The Mail attacks the "Folly of human rights luvvies" but they can huff and puff all they like.
The  Conservatives have been trying for over a decade and never found a way forward that is agreed by all in their own party let alone by the legal community. That means the prime minister simply does not have a plan he can get through Parliament which won't be brought down by a Tory backbench revolt, Lords opposition fuelled by protests from, yes, luvvies but also many others outside.
Last year I reported on how the government's own top legal adviser, the then Attorney general Dominic Grieve, had dug his heels in. Grieve was opposing a plan by a group of Conservative lawyers. It proposes a new law which would assert that Parliament and not the European Court of Human Rights was the supreme body.
Their report predicts that a so-called British Bill of Rights would either force changes in the way the Strasbourg court works or trigger a crisis which could lead to the UK's expulsion from the international body which set up the court and which Britain helped to found - the Council of Europe.
Grieve warned his colleagues that it was a plan for "a legal car crash" albeit one with "a built-in time delay".
He argued that promising to stay in the European Convention of Human Rights whilst refusing to recognise the court's rulings was "incoherent".
So, remember today that appearances really can be deceptive. This is David Cameron's day. His speech. His moment to savour victory, but he is going to find very very soon that it only gets harder from now on.


Barcelona president Josep Maria Bartomeu is "convinced" Lionel Messi will end his career at the club.

The four-time Ballon d'Or winner, whose current deal expires in the summer of 2018, is yet to agree new terms.
Bartomeu said: "All of Barca believe this is how it has to be, because he is the player that in the last few years has brought us sporting success."
He was speaking at the announcement of a new shirt deal with Japanese retailer Rakuten that could rise to over £200m.
With add-ons the deal could become the highest in football sponsorship history.
The 29-year-old Argentina forward has scored 433 times in 456 appearances during his time at the Nou Camp.
Reports in Spanish newspaper suggested the club legend had rejected an offer of a new contract.
But the Barcelona president added: "I believe we've got a team with incredible players, all of them.
"There is nonetheless a leader of course, Leo Messi, he is well known and popular all over the world.
"We're all convinced, we're all positive Leo Messi will end his sporting career in Barca."
Online retailer Rakuten revealed defender Gerard Pique and his popstar wife Shakira helped the Catalan club secure the new four-year £47m-a-year shirt sponsorship deal.
"Gerard Pique and his wife Shakira are very close friends with Mr Mikitani [Rakuten CEO]," Bartomeu said.
"It was in the summer of 2015, Gerard organised a dinner in San Francisco during our summer tour.
"At that dinner we met Mr Mikitani. We talked about the future, about his interest in FC Barcelona and we started at that moment conversations."
The deal eclipses their Qatar Airways deal by £17m each year.
Manchester United signed a record £47m-per-year deal with Chevrolet in 2014, while Chelsea's deal with Japanese company Yokohama Rubber is reported to be worth £40m a year.
That figure could rise to £53m - with £1.3m on offer if Luis Enrique's side are crowned La Liga champions, and a bonus of £4.3m if they win the Champions League.
The deal includes access to players for advertising purposes and an agreement to hold at least one match in Japan during each year of the deal.


John Grotzinger is the project scientist on Nasa's latest multi-billion-dollar mission to Mars.

He's going to become a familiar face in the coming months as he explains to TV audiences the importance of the discoveries that are made by the most sophisticated spacecraft ever sent to touch the surface of another world.
The Curiosity Rover - also called the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) - is set to land on Monday (GMT) for a minimum two-year exploration of a deep hole on Mars' equator known as Gale Crater.
The depression was punched out by an asteroid or comet billions of years ago.
The lure for Grotzinger and his fellow scientists is the huge mound of rock rising 5km from the crater floor.
Mount Sharp, as they refer to it, looks from satellite pictures to be constructed from ancient sediments - some deposited when Mars still had abundant water at its surface.
That makes it an exciting place to consider the possibility that those distant times may also once have supported microbial life.
And Curiosity, with its suite of 10 instruments, will test this habitability hypothesis.
Grotzinger is a geologist affiliated to the California Institute of Technology and he recently took the BBC Horizon programme to the mountains of the nearby Mojave Desert to illustrate the work the rover will be doing on Mars.
He climbed to a level and then pointed to the rock sediments on the far side of the valley.
"What you see here is a stack of layers that tell us about the early environmental history of Earth, representing hundreds of millions of years," he told Horizon.
"They read like a book of Earth history and they tell us about different chapters in the evolution of early environments, and life.
"And the cool thing about going to Mount Sharp and Gale Crater is that there we'll have a different book about the early environmental history of Mars.
"It will tell us something equally interesting, and we just don't know what it is yet," he said.
Curiosity dwarfs all previous landing missions undertaken by the Americans.
At 900kg, it's a behemoth.  It's nearly a hundred times more massive than the first robot rover Nasa sent to Mars in 1997.
Curiosity will trundle around the foothills of Mount Sharp much like a human field geologist might walk through Mojave's valleys.  Except the rover has more than a hammer in its rucksack.
It has hi-res cameras to look for features of interest.  If a particular boulder catches the eye, Curiosity can zap it with an infrared laser and examine the resulting surface spark to query the rock's elemental composition.
If that signature intrigues, the rover will use its long arm to swing over a microscope and an X-ray spectrometer to take a closer look.
Still interested? Curiosity can drill into the boulder and deliver a powdered sample to two high-spec analytical boxes inside the rover belly.
These will lay bare the rock's precise make-up, and the conditions under which it formed.
"We're not just scratching and sniffing and taking pictures - we're boring into rock, getting that powder and analysing it in these laboratories," deputy project scientist, Ashwin Vasavada, told the BBC.
"These are really university laboratories that would normally fill up a room but which have been shrunk down - miniaturised - and made safe for the space environment, and then flown on this rover to Mars."
The intention on Monday is to put MSL-Curiosity down on the flat plain of the crater bottom.
The vehicle will then drive up to the base of Mount Sharp.
In front of it, the rover should find clay minerals (phyllosilicates) that will give a fresh insight into the wet, early era of the Red Planet known as the Noachian. Clays only form when rock spends a lot of time in contact with water.
Above the clays, a little further up the mountain, the rover should find sulphate salts, which relate to the Hesperian Era - a time when Mars was still wet but beginning to dry out.
"Going to Gale will give us the opportunity to study a key transition in the climate of Mars - from the Noachian to the Hesperian," said Sanjeev Gupta, an Imperial College London scientist on the mission.
"The rocks we believe preserve that with real fidelity, and the volume of data we get from Curiosity will be just extraordinary."
The rover is not a life-detection mission; it does not possess the capability to identify any bugs in the soil or huddled under rocks (not that anyone really expects to find microbes in the cold, dry, and irradiated conditions that persist at the surface of Mars today).
But what Curiosity can do is characterise any organic (carbon-rich) chemistry that may be present.
All life as we know it on Earth trades off a source of complex carbon molecules, such as amino acids - just as it needs water and energy.
Previous missions, notably the Viking landers in the 1970s, have hinted at the presence of organics on Mars. But if Curiosity could make the definitive identification of organics in Gale Crater, it would be a eureka moment and go a long way towards demonstrating that the Red Planet did indeed have habitable environments in its ancient past.
It's a big ask, though.  Even in Earth rocks where we know sediments have been laid down in proximity to biology, we still frequently find no organic traces. The evidence doesn't preserve well.
And, of course, there are plenty of non-biological processes that will produce organics, so it wouldn't be an "A equals B" situation even if Curiosity were to make the identification.
Nonetheless, some members of the science team still dream of finding tantalising chemical markers in Gale's rocks.
Dawn Sumner, from the University of California at Davis, is one of them.
"Under very specific circumstances - if life made a lot of organic molecules and they are preserved and they haven't reacted with the rocks in Gale Crater, we may be able to tell that they were created by life. It's a remote possibility, but it's something I at least hope we can find," she said.
"I am confident we will learn amazing new things.  Some of them will be answers to questions we already have, but most of what we learn will be surprises to us.
"We've only been on the ground on Mars in six places, and it's a huge planet.
"Gale Crater and Mount Sharp are unlike anything we've been to before.  That guarantees we will learn exciting new things from Curiosity."
Horizon: Mission to Mars was broadcast on BBC Two Monday 30 July. Watch online via iPlayer (UK only) or browse more Horizon clips at the above link.


The lower house of the Afghan parliament has overwhelmingly approved a security agreement allowing US and Nato troops to remain in the country.

The deals provide legal protection for troops serving under a new Nato mission due to begin after combat operations formally end on 31 December.
The agreements still need to be ratified by the Afghan upper house.
Sunday's approval comes a day after US officials said their troops would still be able to target the Taliban in 2015.
The lower house approved the Bilateral Security Agreement (BSA) and the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) by 152 votes to five.
Afghan President Ashraf Ghani had signed the agreements with the US and Nato in September, after his predecessor Hamid Karzai refused.
Parliamentary approval is an important step forward, the BBC's Richard Galpin reports from Kabul.
Nato has been steadily withdrawing troops, from a level of about 50,000 in early 2014 - mostly from the US.
The total number of troops in the new Nato-led mission will be about 12,000.
There will also be a separate US-led force dealing with the remnants of al-Qaeda.
The new Nato mission has been defined as training, advising and assisting the Afghan security forces.
It emerged on Saturday, however, that President Barack Obama has approved guidelines to allow US troops to fight the Taliban and provide air support for Afghan missions.
There was reportedly no mention of the new guidelines as the lower house approved the security deals.


A man has been charged with attempted murder following "violent disorder" that involved a pedestrian being hit by a car, police said.

Mohammed Nadeen Raza, 45, of Anderton Park Road, Moseley has been remanded in custody.
A 25-year-old man is in hospital with serious injuries, his condition is described as critical but stable.
Three men arrested in connection with the incident have been released while investigations continue.
For more on this and other Birmingham and Black Country news
Three cars that were damaged at the scene on Ravenhurst Street, Highgate, at about 18:45 BST on Sunday have been sent for forensic examination.
The force said several other people went to hospital with injuries including multiple fractures, and stab and slash wounds, none of which are thought to be life threatening.
Det Chief Insp Chris Mallett from Force CID, said: "This is a complex investigation, we need to establish what happened so we can bring offenders to justice.


Portsmouth manager Paul Cook believes his current squad are good enough to compete in League One next season.

Pompey secured automatic promotion from League Two earlier this month, and still have a chance to win the title with two games remaining.
Cook is set to decide on the future of his out-of-contract players, but suggested many will remain next season.
"I can't see many shocks when it comes to publishing our retained list," he told BBC Radio Solent.
Club captain Michael Doyle, Enda Stevens and Kyle Bennett are among a number of first-team players whose deals expire this summer.
But Cook says adding depth to the squad will be his main focus over the close season.
"We want to get stronger and to do that, you have to have bigger squads, more players and invest in your infrastructure," he said.
"Portsmouth want to get back to a level in the football pyramid where we belong and to do that, we've got to have a lot of factors in our favour.
"But, if we had to play a game in League One tomorrow and I had to go in with the squad I've got now, would it faze me? No, it wouldn't.
"That speaks volumes for all the players at this club."
Third-placed Portsmouth, who are four points behind leaders Doncaster, travel to Mansfield on Saturday before hosting Cheltenham in their last League Two game on 6 May.


A memorial party for murdered teenager Jayden Parkinson is being held on what would have been her 19th birthday.

The 17-year-old was found in the graveyard of All Saints Church in Didcot, Oxfordshire, in December 2013.
She had been killed by ex-boyfriend Ben Blakeley and hidden in his uncle's grave. He was jailed for life in 2014.
The event, at the Wheatsheaf pub in Didcot, is raising money for a planned charity in her name.
Jayden's mother, Samantha Shrewsbury, said: "A man killed a child who was pregnant and had her whole life in front of her.
"I should have been babysitting last night while she went out and let her hair down, but that's never going to happen.
"I've bought gifts that she'll never receive."
She described the event, which started at 12:00 BST, as a "celebration" of Jayden's life.
"It's also to thank the Didcot people for taking her into their hearts like they have," she added.
Of the planned Jayden's Gift charity, Ms Shrewsbury said: "We want to raise awareness about domestic violence in general but also amongst teenagers."
Eventually, she hopes to provide a safe house for teenage victims of domestic violence.
"I know we can never stop it, but I hope we can make a little dent in her [Jayden's] name," she said.
A bench in memory of Jayden was unveiled in the the churchyard where her body was found in August.
In April, a memorial garden was opened on donated land near the church.
Blakeley, 23, from Reading, was convicted of murder on 24 July 2014 at Oxford Crown Court and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 20 years.


Thousands of tonnes of sand have been sculpted into 30 pieces of beach art on the sea front in Somerset.

An 8m (26ft) tall rocket is the centrepiece of this year's Weston Sand Sculpture Festival.
The annual event is usually based around a theme - this year's is "When I Grow Up", aimed at capturing residents' "childhood dream jobs".
They will also have 16 artists from overseas competing for the public vote in a championship event.
The Weston-super-Mare festival is in its 11th year and runs from the Easter weekend throughout the summer.
Co-organiser Nicola Wood said: "Almost anything is possible in the eyes of a child and we wanted to capture that mentality within this year's festival, which is now in its 11th year."


Sir Bradley Wiggins became the first Briton to win eight Olympic medals - then lived up to his playful reputation by sticking his tongue out during the national anthem.

A few eyebrows were raised, but Wiggins is not the first athlete whose podium exploits have made headlines. Here are some other common reactions...
American gymnast Gabby Douglas had just won gold in the team event, but as her four team-mates stood to attention, their hands on their hearts to greet the Star Spangled Banner, the 20-year-old had her hands by her side, looking dejected. She was accused of being unpatriotic, others thought she was protesting, but she later explained she was overwhelmed by the occasion.
Swimmer Michael Phelps had just won his 20th Olympic gold medal with victory in the 200m butterfly when he burst into hysterics during the American national anthem.
Apparently his friends, watching from the seats, had brought a Baltimore Orioles baseball tradition to Rio, chanting "Oooooooh" for the line "Oh say does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave."
Sir Chris Hoy was a blubbering mess after winning gold in the keirin at London 2012. It was a record sixth Olympic gold for the track cyclist, and his last act as an Olympian.
British decathlete Daley Thompson had won gold at the 1984 Los Angeles Games when he began whistling to 'God Save The Queen' after receiving his medal.
South Korean gold medallist Jin Jong-oh shook hands with bronze medallist and North Korean Kim Song-guk following the 50m pistol event. Despite the political differences of the neighbouring countries, the gesture showed the true Olympic spirit in action.
Fiji won their first Olympic medal in the rugby sevens by beating Great Britain in the final.
As they stood on the podium and received their medals from Princess Anne, one player dropped to his knees in a sign of respect and was praised by people on social media.
Mo Farah and his 'Mobot' was one of the defining images of London 2012, and he made sure he did his signature gesture during the medal ceremony for the 5,000m.
Swede Ara Abrahamian placed his bronze medal at the centre of the competition mat in protest of the result in the men's Greco-Roman -84kg wrestling during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
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A Catholic priest of Congolese origin has resigned in southern Germany after getting death threats and racist abuse.

Olivier Ndjimbi-Tshiende, 66, told parishioners of his decision during a church service on Sunday in Zorneding, a small town near Munich in Bavaria.
A statement on the parish website (in German) said: "We are shocked and saddened by these [death] threats." He began preaching in the town in 2012.
Tensions had arisen between him and two local conservative CSU politicians.
Fr Ndjimbi-Tshiende criticised language used by local CSU leader Sylvia Boher in October. She had spoken of an "invasion" by Eritrean "refugees from military service".
The surge in asylum seekers entering the EU includes many Eritreans fleeing military service, to avoid years spent in deplorable conditions for little or no pay.
After Fr Ndjimbi-Tshiende's intervention a CSU friend of Ms Boher, Johann Haindl, lashed out at the priest with a racist insult.
Both CSU politicians were heavily criticised over the affair and resigned from their party posts.
The Christian Social Union (CSU), based in Bavaria, is politically allied with Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU).
Police are now investigating a suspected crime of racial incitement and abuse targeting Fr Ndjimbi-Tshiende.
Germany is struggling to accommodate record numbers of non-EU migrants - 1.1 million asylum seekers were registered last year.
German media say the priest, born in the Democratic Republic of Congo, had received five death threats.
An online petition (in German) has been launched urging him to stay in Zorneding. But the Catholic Church Archbishopric in Munich plans to transfer him to a new post on 1 April.
The local broadcaster BR says that in 2014 a school project to help 35 child refugees in Zorneding triggered a barrage of xenophobic emails.


Retired High Court judge Sir Anthony Hart is to chair the NI Executive's inquiry into institutional child abuse.

The announcement was made at Parliament Buildings, Stormont, on Thursday following an executive meeting.
In September 2011, the executive confirmed it would set up an inquiry to examine allegations of abuse at children's homes and care institutions.
Sir Anthony will be assisted by four people who will run a confidential forum for victims.
Northern Ireland First Minister Peter Robinson said: "We are very pleased that Sir Anthony Hart has agreed to lead this inquiry and we know that he will be unflinching in his pursuit of the truth and scrupulous in his analysis of the evidence."
The inquiry is expected to begin its work in the autumn and will report in approximately three years' time.
Its findings and recommendations will then be considered by ministers who will decide the way forward.
The four people on the panel are Beverley Clarke, Norah Gibbons, Dave Marshall and Tom Shaw. Each has significant experience of investigating child abuse.
Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness said the inquiry would include a confidential "acknowledgement forum" in which victims and survivors could recount their childhood experiences in institutions.
"They (the panel) will listen to and acknowledge the testimony of victims and their work will result in a report about the children's experiences."
"We will introduce legislation shortly to ensure that the inquiry has the powers, flexibility and protections it needs to complete its work."
His appointment has been welcomed by Margaret McGuckin who campaigns on behalf of abuse victims.
"I'm delighted at the high calibre of this judge and I believe he's ready to come on board here and do his best," she said.
"I understand he has a lot of integrity and we've welcomed him as chairman."
Victims of abuse have been campaigning for an independent inquiry with the power to compel witnesses to attend for several years.
Thousands of people signed the Justice for the Victims of Institutional Abuse in Northern Ireland petition, which led to MLAs backing a motion calling for an assessment of the scale of abuse.
The organisations who ran the institutions will face pressure to explain the treatment of children over the course of more than 50 years. They include Catholic religious orders, state and voluntary groups.
The inquiry follows lengthy judicial examinations of horrifying tales of abuse in the Republic of Ireland. The results are contained in the Ferns, Murphy and Ryan Reports.
In-depth knowledge
Sir Anthony Hart was called to the Northern Ireland Bar in 1969 and to the Bar of England and Wales in 1975.
He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1983 and a County Court judge in 1985. He was Recorder of Londonderry 1985-90, and of Belfast 1997-2005, and was the first person to be appointed as Presiding Judge of the County Courts in Northern Ireland in 2002.
In January 2005 he was promoted to be a High Court judge, and until his retirement in January 2012, he was responsible to the Lord Chief Justice for the pre-trial case management of all the Crown Court trials conducted by High Court judges. He presided over many criminal trials.
The panel of four who will assist him have in-depth knowledge and experience.
Ms Clarke has wide experience of social work and child care, working in England and Canada. She is an independent expert witness and has worked for the Ministry of Justice and the Home Office.
Ms Gibbons is director of advocacy in Barnardo's Ireland. She was also a commissioner for the Ryan Inquiry into historical institutional abuse in Ireland.
Mr Marshall is a consultant in the field of child safeguarding, investigation and management. For nine years, he was detective chief inspector and head of the Metropolitan Police Child Abuse Investigation Command's Major Investigation Team.
Mr Shaw was invited by Scottish ministers to review the regulatory framework in Scotland designed to ensure the welfare needs and rights of children in residential institutions from 1945-95.
He chaired 'Time to be Heard', a pilot acknowledgement forum for those who had experienced abuse in residential children's institutions in Scotland.


Rangers suffered one of their worst ever results as they were knocked out of the Europa League qualifiers by Luxembourg minnows Progres Niederkorn.

The Ibrox side took a 1-0 first-leg lead to Luxembourg but fell behind to a second-half Emmanuel Francoise finish.
Sebastian Thill sealed progress, scoring only the third European goal in the minnows' history to secure their first ever win in Europe.
Niko Kranjcar, Josh Windass and Kenny Miller hit the woodwork for Rangers.
But the Ibrox men had failed to dominate the game the way they had in the first leg, ensuring their first foray into Europe for six years was short-lived as they went out in the first qualifier.
Boss Pedro Caixinha brought Daniel Candeias, Alfredo Morelos and Jordan Rossiter into his starting line-up as he looked for more of a cutting edge in the second leg.
The visitors had the bulk of the early possession but again lacked the final pass that could punish Progres.
Miller had a shot blocked following a Kranjcar corner but it was all too untidy in the last third.
That seemed to give the hosts the confidence they had lacked in the first half at Ibrox, with Olivier Thill curling a long-range free-kick narrowly wide with goalkeeper Wes Foderingham struggling to get across.
Miller was inches away from connecting with a Lee Wallace cross but it was at the other end where the chances started to come.
Mike Schneider hit one over the bar when in a good position before the home side came very close. Olivier Thill drove forward and fired a long-range shot that had Foderingham beaten but slid just wide.
The second half started with Progres going even closer, this time Francoise bursting clear on the right and drilling a low effort towards the corner that Foderingham saved brilliantly.
As the second half wore on the home side looked the more threatening, with a few nerves evident in the visiting defence.
Home keeper Sebastian Flauss had gone off injured in the first half but Rangers failed to test stand-in Charly Schinker until after the hour, when Ryan Jack's close-range header was directed straight at him.
Moments later Caixinha's side almost grabbed a crucial away goal as Wallace sent in a cross that Kranjcar headed off the bar.
Then came the opener for Progres as Olivier Thill crossed for Francoise to finish at the near post.
The second arrived soon after as Sebastian Thill curled a free-kick into the box that evaded everyone and crept in at the back post.
Rangers rallied in the closing minutes with Windass' diving header coming back off the bar before Miller, in stoppage time, lobbed an effort off the face of the bar.
There was no way through though, and the visitors slumped to a shocking result.
BBC Scotland senior football reporter Chris McLaughlin
"For the Rangers fans it's humiliating. For the players, humbling, and when the dust settles on what some are calling the worst result in the club's history there will be huge questions to answer for the Rangers board and manager Pedro Caixinha.
"Where some saw the appointment of the Portuguese last year as a gamble, the Ibrox board believed it to be progressive. They had patience in their man despite a poor start to his managerial career in Scotland. They backed him with significant funds to rebuild and get Rangers back to where they wanted to be. And where they wanted to be was the group stages of the Europa League.
"Now that has gone, they must count the cost. Caixinha's squad may well improve and they may even go on to close the gap on Celtic in the season ahead, but falling at the first hurdle in Europe is a massive blow financially and psychologically.
"Chairman Dave King has continually pointed to funds gained through European football as being key to them closing the gap on their rivals and now that badly needed revenue stream has gone before the season has even started. Only those providing the loans will know the true cost and implications of that.
"It's not the only thing being cut unexpectedly though. The window of goodwill for the new manager has just been slashed drastically. Caixinha needs a blistering start to the season or he and his new recruits could be under serious pressure."


The Good Dinosaur is the next Disney Pixar animation to hit the big screens this Friday.

23 November 2015 Last updated at 15:47 GMT
It tells the story of young dinosaur Arlo who has lots of fears. But with the help of a new friend he goes on a journey where he learns to be more brave and becomes stronger.
The film's director, Peter Sohn, has worked as a writer and animator but has never directed a full length film before.
He was the voice of Squishy in Monsters University and the character of Russell in UP was even based on Peter's face.
Martin has been speaking to Peter to find out more about The Good Dinosaur and what it was like making the movie.


Michael Downey has begun his tenure as chief executive of the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) by saying he will help grow the sport in the UK.

The Canadian, 56, took charge last week after nine years as Tennis Canada's president and succeeds Roger Draper, who left in October.
"We used to talk about tennis in Canada and not the federation," said Downey.
"That is what we should be doing at the LTA. It's about us helping others grow the sport; that's what I want to lead."
One of Downey's first challenges will be to ward off threats of a £10.3m funding cut by Sport England if the LTA failed to increase participation.
Since Andy Murray won Wimbledon the LTA has reported an upturn in people playing the sport, pointing towards a 100% year-on-year increase in July 2013, with 36,000 players registering on its website.
That progress is something Downey wants to harness.
"Over the first month or so it's about learning so I'm going to spend a lot of time with people at the National Tennis Centre," he said.
"But I'm also going to get out and meet people at Sport England, The All England Club, participation coaches, because I've got to understand how tennis is driven in this country.
"It's about getting out, getting my hands dirty and understanding what's going on in tennis."


England will play three warm-up games in Australia before this year's Ashes series gets under way in November.

The tourists play a Western Australia XI in a two-day match in Perth from 4 November, followed by a day-night match of four days against a Cricket Australia (CA) XI, from 8 November.
They take on another CA XI over four days in Townsville from 15 November.
The Ashes series starts in Brisbane on 23 November at 00:00 BST, with the second Test to be a day-night game.
That takes place in Adelaide from 2 December.
England will also play a CA XI in a two-day game in Perth between the second and third Tests of their five-match series with Australia - that match will start on 9 December.
And before England and Australia begin their five-match one-day series after the Ashes - the first is scheduled for 14 January - England will play a one-day match against a CA XI on 11 January in Sydney.


A 25-year-old man has appeared in court charged with murdering a young woman at her home in Gwynedd.

The body of Emma Baum, 22, was found in the garden of her house in Llwyndu Road in the village of Penygroes, near Caernarfon, on 18 July. She had suffered head wounds.
David Nicholas Davies, from Clynnog, was remanded in custody following the hearing at Mold Crown Court on Tuesday.
A provisional trial date has been set for Caernarfon Crown Court in November.


Through his own words, the very few he has uttered, Thomas Mair has made clear his murder of the MP Jo Cox was politically motivated, the very definition of an act of terrorism, write Dominic Casciani and Daniel De Simone.

Richard Whittam QC, prosecuting, told the Old Bailey jury that on 16 June the two extremes of humanity - Mair's hatred and the goodness of Mrs Cox and those who rushed, in vain, to help her - had come face to face.
Mair was born in Scotland in 1963 to parents who had married after he was conceived.
When he was still a small boy, the family moved to a semi-detached house in Birstall, West Yorkshire, where he still lived at the time of the murder.
He remained at the property, living first with his maternal grandparents, then, after his grandmother died, in 1996, alone.
He attended a local college as a mature student and spent time as a volunteer gardener after attending a centre for adults with mental health problems.
In a local newspaper interview on the topic, Mair said: "Many people who suffer from mental illness are socially isolated and disconnected from society, feelings of worthlessness are also common, mainly caused by long-term unemployment.
"Getting out of the house and meeting new people is a good thing, but more important in my view is doing physically demanding and useful labour."
In the days before Mrs Cox's murder, Mair would visit his local library and use the internet to work out how he was going to kill her.
His chosen weapons were a knife and a small rifle usually used for pest control on farms.
Mair did not have the permission required to possess the rifle. The police say it was stolen in Keighley last year. They are still investigating whether Mair was involved or got it from someone else - and who modified it to make it more likely to kill a human.
But the jury was told he had watched a number of American videos showing men firing a similar sawn-off rifle.
He also looked at web pages about members of the Ku Klux Klan and people murdered in the US because of their civil rights work.
He worked his way through a list of political assassinations, including that of John F Kennedy and the 1990 IRA killing of Conservative MP Ian Gow.
He read up on matricide, the crime of killing one's mother, political prisoners, "lying in state", coffins and arrangements for a pauper's funeral.
And then he asked one of the members of staff about Mrs Cox's constituency surgeries at the library.
No need to make an appointment, just turn up, the librarian said, pointing Mair towards a poster displaying the details.
On 16 June, Mair left home wearing a white baseball cap and carrying a grey canvas shopping bag.
On the street CCTV cameras, he looked like any another middle-aged shopper.
He stood around near the library on Market Street, eating a Cadbury's chocolate flake.
He was carrying a leaflet from the campaign to remain in the EU.
The referendum was seven days away.
Mrs Cox had been doing constituency work all day.
Shortly before 13:00, she and two members of her constituency team drove up to the library to begin setting up for an hour of meeting the public to help solve their problems.
As the MP emerged from the car, Mair fired his gun.
He shouted: "Britain first, this is for Britain.
"Britain will always come first.
"We are British independence.
"Make Britain independent."
Mrs Cox, thrown to the ground by the force of the attack, shouted to her assistants: "Get away, you two.
"Let him hurt me.
"Don't let him hurt you."
Her words drew Mair back in, and he attacked her with the knife.
Bystander Bernard Carter Kenny, 78, ran to intervene.
Mair stabbed him, and the pensioner collapsed in the entrance of a sandwich shop.
Mair shot again at Mrs Cox.
Rashid Hussain, a taxi driver, screamed at Mair to leave her alone.
Mair threatened him and again shouted: "Britain first."
David Honeybell, who had been waiting at the library to meet Mrs Cox, saw Mair stab and shoot the MP.
"I went back in the library and said, 'Call the police,'" he tells BBC News.
"He just turned away, walked down the street as if nothing had happened, just as if he had be going round for an afternoon stroll."
Outside the library, paramedics and a doctor desperately tried to save Mrs Cox.
They performed an emergency thoracotomy - an extreme procedure to open the chest as part of resuscitation.
Meanwhile, Mair strolled on.
Another witness followed from a safe distance and directed the police to the killer.
Officers rugby-tackled him, and, calmly, he confirmed he had weapons in the bag.
When detectives searched Mair's home, they found it as methodically organised as his attack - but also a library of extreme nationalist and racist material.
An ornamental Nazi eagle had pride of place on top of a bookshelf packed with far-right literature.
In drawers, there were books about the SS and pamphlets about white supremacy.
He had a vast collection of literature from the National Alliance, an American neo-Nazi group.
All of this came as a shock to his next-door neighbour Katie Green.
She remembers a man who had some mental health problems and some unusual habits.
"If you ever saw him in the garden, he always had the gloves on," she tells BBC News.
"He shut the garden gate with his gloves on or a piece of tissue if he did not have them.
If we turned the car round at the garages round the back and his door was open, he was always cleaning his kitchen - a precise kind of fellow."
Stephen Lees has known Mair for years, through his brother.
"He never showed any political interest at all, never mentioned it, not even to his brother," he tells BBC News.
"It is shocking to think someone has got that much hatred, because he seemed a very normal lad."
The precise state of Mair's mind at the time of the attack remains unclear.
He has largely refused to engage with the court process, including attempts to assess whether or not he is capable of standing trial on mental health grounds, or even to enter a plea of not guilty.
He said little of use to defence lawyers appointed to ensure he received a fair trial.
At his first appearance, he said his name was "Death to traitors, freedom for Britain".
As far back as 1984, Mair was buying neo-Nazi publications, and he had letters published in a racist South African magazine.
The Southern Poverty Law Centre, an American anti-fascist organisation, has published records showing Mair ordered books on improvised munitions and explosives from the neo-Nazi National Alliance's publishing imprint. Those orders were placed days after David Copeland had attempted to spark a "race war" in a series of bombings across London.
But the mystery of Mair is he appears to have simply got on with forming and reinforcing his views with no contact to any of the known extremist organisations in the UK.
There is no evidence of him having been identified at rallies or marches down the years.
He was not prominent on social media.
He was immersed in his books.
Amid all the Nazi literature in Mair's home, was a book called SS Race Theory and Mate Selection Guidelines.
"Your wife should be at least as racially worthy as yourself," it says.
"In your children, you live on."
Mair will go to prison childless.
But the memory of Mrs Cox lives on, not least, through her children, whom she and her husband, Brendan, were raising to be model citizens: caring for each other and caring about a society built on goodness, not hate.


Factory workers found in an anti-slavery raid in Greater Manchester "clung" to officers and begged to be rescued, police said.

Thirteen Slovakian immigrants were found at Iqbal Bros picture frame factory in Rochdale on Monday.
The company had "contracts running into millions of pounds" with high street firms, Greater Manchester Police said.
Four men were arrested on trafficking and enslavement offences and one man was arrested for immigration offences.
Greater Manchester Police (GMP) said the arrests resulted from intelligence gathered during a separate investigation into a suspected trafficking ring alleged to have almost tricked a pregnant woman into an abortion after a sham marriage.
The information led to a police search of a Rochdale property, where they found 10 Eastern European immigrants "living in terrible conditions", with up to four people sleeping in each room.
Police then learned the immigrants were being taken to work at the Iqbal Bros factory on Ings Avenue, where they were paid less than Â£2 per hour for working more than 80 hours per week.
The 13 Slovakians found during Monday's raid had been in the UK for periods ranging from a few weeks to six months, and travelled to Rochdale on a bus from Bradford.
The youngest alleged victim was 18 while the older ones were in their mid-30s.
Det Insp James Faulkner said: "The men and women are promised accommodation and jobs, but are forced to live in cramped, terrible conditions before being taken to work in a factory for more than 12 hours each day.
"At the end of the week, the factory owners pay them around Â£125 for their 80 hours, but then take up to Â£100 away immediately for rent, travel and other expenses."
He added it was "a typical example of how modern slavery can work in the UK".
The factory workers also told police they received physical and verbal abuse from their employers.
The investigation was part of an operation with Rochdale Council, the Home Office and customs. The factory was closed on Tuesday.


A soldier has admitted grooming a child after sending explicit messages over the internet from his Army barracks.

Winchester Crown Court heard 25-year-old Craftsman Sam Dallow from Birmingham thought he was contacting a 14-year-old girl.
In fact it was self-styled paedophile hunter Shane Brannigan, who handed Wiltshire-based Dallow to the police.
A senior police officer warned against vigilante action - saying it risks jeopardising ongoing investigations.
Dallow, of 6th Battalion The Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, based at Tidworth, admitted attempting to meet a child following sexual grooming.
The sting was carried out at Andover train station on 11 April where he was greeted by Mr Brannigan and a colleague who filmed their exchange.
The footage and online exchanges were given to Hampshire Police.
The vigilantes claim they are helping budget-stretched police forces.
Mr Brannigan told the BBC: "Saying and crying they've got no money, no resources, no funding, there isn't enough people in the team to do this sort of thing.
"Leave it to people like me who actually care about the investigation."
Police forces have warned that amateur detectives can jeopardise ongoing investigations.
The national policing lead on child abuse investigations, Chief Constable Simon Bailey, said: "They are taking risks they don't understand.
"Revealing the identity of suspected paedophiles gives the suspect the opportunity to destroy evidence before the police can investigate them."
He added that the risks of wrongly accusing people in a public forum can also have serious consequences as the public often assume they are guilty.
Sentencing takes place on 8 June and the judge has warned Dallow may face time in prison.
The Army told the BBC it is considering whether to take any further action after sentencing.


France's 12th seed Kristina Mladenovic complained about a "damaged" court at Wimbledon, claiming poor surfaces are the talk of the players' locker room.

The 24-year-old twisted an ankle in the warm-up and damaged a knee during her second-round defeat by American Alison Riske on Court 18.
Mladenovic said both players wanted to stop after only two games "in case something bad happened".
The All England Club said the courts were as "playable as per normal".
Temperatures have reached 30C at Wimbledon, with around 60 people treated by the St John Ambulance for heat-related symptoms on Thursday.
The Met Office is predicting highs of 26C on Friday and 23C on Saturday, but with more cloud cover on both days.
Mladenovic blamed the weather for making the courts too dry.
She said: "The colour of the court, the fact that there's no more grass, the fact that the baseline where we are running, it's very slippery. There's no grass.
"You kind of have to run light and be careful, not to push or press too much, too hard, which is strange to play on."
Mladenovic, who lost 2-6 6-4 6-4, added: "It's quite unique with your opponent, after two games, you both agree on stopping playing in a Slam.
"I'm just honestly very happy and blessed that I didn't injure myself that much."
An All England Club statement read: "The court preparation has been to exactly the same meticulous standard as in previous years.
"Grass is a natural surface and it is usual for the baselines to start to be showing signs of wear and tear four days into the Championships."


Leading US Republicans have denounced President Barack Obama's move to tighten gun controls.

House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan said the executive orders, which bypass Congress, "undermined liberty" and would be challenged in court.
Republican presidential frontrunner Donald Trump said that, if elected, he would reverse the measures.
In an emotional address on Tuesday, Mr Obama accused the gun lobby of holding the country hostage.
Wiping away tears, he recalled the 2012 Sandy Hook primary school shooting in which 20 children and six adults were killed.
President Obama's executive actions involve:
He previously told the BBC that the failure to tackle gun control had been the greatest frustration of his presidency.
Why Obama is powerless - the roadblock at Congress
Are you mad or criminal? - the question a gun seller asks
Texas women and their firearms - a photographer taught to shoot at an early age
Do tighter gun laws work? - a state where guns are a way of life
Guns at home - the question parents hate to ask before a playdate
However, the largest gun lobby group, the National Rifle Association (NRA), said Mr Obama's steps would not have prevented any recent mass killings in the US.
"Rather than focus on criminals and terrorists, he goes after the most law-abiding of citizens," said Mr Ryan, a Republican.
"His words and actions amount to a form of intimidation that undermines liberty."
Correspondents say the announcement is already shaping up to be an issue in the 2016 presidential election.
Donald Trump said that he would "un-sign" the measures if elected to the White House - a sentiment echoed by other Republican presidential candidates.
Senator Ted Cruz tweeted that the executive actions were unconstitutional, with a link to sign up for his campaign correspondence on a web page that says "Obama wants your guns".
Former Florida governor Jeb Bush, also a Republican candidate, tweeted that he would repeal the actions and protect the Second Amendment.
Leading Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton tweeted: "@POTUS is right: We can protect the second Amendment while protecting our families and communities from gun violence. And we have to."
President Obama announced the law change at the White House, surrounded by survivors and relatives of victims of shootings.
"The gun lobby may be holding Congress hostage right now, but they can't hold America hostage," he said.
Gun violence is significantly higher in the US than in other advanced countries, killing about 30,000 people each year.
Sales of guns in the US appear to have risen recently amid speculation that the White House was going to tighten the law.
Shares in gunmaker Smith & Wesson rose to their highest value since 1999 ahead of President Obama's announcement.
Congress has been reluctant to pass any laws restricting gun ownership, facing pressure from gun owners and the NRA.


Bernard Tomic says he has never "really tried" throughout his tennis career, adding that he has probably been operating at "around 50%".

The Australian claimed he was bored during his straight-set defeat by Mischa Zverev at Wimbledon on 4 July.
A series of lacklustre displays has seen the 24-year-old drop from 17 in the world last year to 73.
"Tennis chose me. It's something I never fell in love with," Tomic told Australia's Channel Seven.
"Throughout my career I've given 100%. I've given also 30%. But if you balance it out, I think all my career's been around 50%.
"I haven't really tried, and still achieved all this. So it's just amazing what I've done."
Tomic has won three ATP Tour titles and has earned almost £4m in career prize money, including £35,000 for his defeat by Zverev.
However, he has not won a tour title since 2015 and has struggled for form this year, winning just nine matches overall and losing in the first rounds at the French Open and Wimbledon.
When asked what advice he would give to aspiring tennis players, Tomic said: "Don't play tennis.
"Do something you love and enjoy because it's a grind and it's a tough, tough, tough life. My position, I'm trapped. I have to do it."
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Tomic was criticised for ruling himself out of the Rio 2016 Olympics because of an "extremely busy" schedule, a year after he was dropped by Tennis Australia - for a second time - from their Davis Cup squad.
He was left out in 2015 after accusing the governing body of abandoning him following hip surgery in 2014, but has since returned to the team.
Further questions were raised about his attitude when he held his racquet by the strings when facing match point in a Madrid Open match last year.
Tomic's career has also been affected by off-court controversy.
In July 2015, he was charged with resisting arrest and trespassing by police in the United States after refusing to leave a hotel room.
His father John was sentenced to eight months in prison for assaulting his son's training partner before the 2013 Madrid Open.