Watch Dogs' publisher has apologised after a publicity stunt for the video game backfired, causing an office evacuation and the deployment of an Australian bomb squad.

Ubisoft had sent a copy of the game inside a safe that beeped when staff at news site Ninemsn tried to open it.
The Sydney-based journalists became concerned when they called other newsrooms and found none had received a similar delivery.
The site does not cover video games.
After the firm called the authorities, a police rescue unit and four police cars were sent to the office on Australia Square, in the city centre.
Staff working on the floor to which the safe had been delivered were sent home early, while officers first scanned the metal box and then took it to the building's basement to force it open.
Ninemsn - which is part-owned by Microsoft - condemned the idea, calling it "misconceived".
"There was a bunch of reasons this ended up looking weird," said its publisher Hal Crawford.
"The PR company no doubt got carried away with their creativity and ended up sending us something the bomb squad had to open up."
France-based Ubisoft later said it had taken precautions to avoid a similar situation in the future.
"As part of a themed promotion for Watch Dogs, our team in Australia sent voicemail messages to some local media alerting them that they'd receive a special package related to the game," it said in a statement.
"Unfortunately, the delivery to Ninemsn didn't go as planned, and we unreservedly apologise to Ninemsn's staff for the mistake and for any problems caused as a result."


Communist country Laos is experimenting with capitalism by opening a new stock market.

The Lao Securities Exchange opened for business on Tuesday with trading in just two companies.
The country, sandwiched between Vietnam and Thailand, is one of the world's poorest nations.
It is hoped that the stock exchange will help raise $8bn (Â£5.1bn) in equity and bond sales to fund investment in the country.
The Laos exchange is initially offering shares in two state-owned companies, Electricite du Laos Generation company and Banque Pour Le Commerce Exterieur Lao.
The volume of the first day's trading was thin, about 2.14bn kip ($265,000; Â£170,000).
The communist country is hoping to follow the example of neighbouring China which has taken great strides in opening up its economy, albeit in a controlled way, greatly enriching itself and its citizens.
"I hope investors will support the endeavours of our stock exchange," said Dethphouvang Moularat, the head of the exchange (LSX), after a small opening ceremony.
Laos is aiming to join the World Trade Organization and become more integrated in the global economy.
The BBC's reporter in the region, Vaudine England, says that the stock exchange opening is aimed at foreign investors.
Our correspondent says the government in Laos has been trying to attract foreign investment since the 1990s.
The problem for the government, she adds, is that the majority of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture, so there is very little infrastructure in the country.
Despite the attractions for foreign investors in this resource-rich country, outside participation in the bourse will be limited at first.
The funding for the set-up of the exchange has come from South Korea, which has invested $9.8m, or 49% of the capital, for the venture. The Bank of Laos, the country's central bank, has invested the rest.


Leeds have signed DR Congo international winger Jordan Botaka on a two-year contract from Dutch top-flight club Excelsior for an undisclosed fee.

Botaka made 37 league appearances for Excelsior after signing from Belgian side Club Brugge in 2013.
The 22-year-old, who also had a loan spell with Portuguese club Belenenses, has won four international caps.
"I knew Leeds were a big club. This is a new adventure for me," he told the club website.
For all the latest on transfer deadline day, click here.


Double-Olympic champion Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce continued the Jamaican sprint dominance of the Bird's Nest as she retained her world 100m title in blistering fashion at the World Championships.

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Twenty-four hours on from Usain Bolt's triumph in the men's 100m, Fraser-Pryce repeated her Olympic victory in this same stadium seven years ago as she held off the fast-finishing Dafne Schippers in 10.76 seconds.
For Schippers - the former heptathlete who only decided to switch full-time to sprinting in June this year - her silver in a huge personal best of 10.81 brought both vindication and wild celebration.
USA's Tori Bowie took bronze in 10.86, but as in 2008 this was the Fraser-Pryce show.
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Just as her compatriot Bolt is the undisputed greatest sprinter the world has seen, so the 28-year-old can lay claim to the same title: twice Olympic champion over 100m, world champion three times over that distance and both world and Olympic titles over 200m too.
With her long plaits dyed green and a headband of daisies around her forehead [she owns a beauty parlour in her country's capital, Kingston] Fraser-Pryce did not get her trademark explosive start.
Schippers was out faster, but by 50m the Jamaican had opened up a two-metre lead over the tall Dutch athlete, and although Schippers was closing at the death, she had enough to hold her lead through the line.
"I'm getting tired of 10.7s. I just want to put a good race together and hopefully in the next race I get the time I'm working for," Fraser-Pryce told BBC Sport.
"I definitely think a 10.6 is there. Hopefully I will get it together."
Canada's Shawn Barber pulled off the shock of the championships so far by snatching pole vault gold from world-record holder and Olympic champion Renaud Lavillenie.
The 21-year-old's first-time clearance at 5.90 metres put pressure on the French favourite, who jumped 6.05m earlier this year but had to settle for bronze here after three failures at the same height.
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Germany's Raphael Holzdeppe cleared 5.90m on his third attempt but could not improve when the bar was raised to 6m, leaving Barber - whose father George competed in this event at the World Championships in 1983 - with his first global title.
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Vivian Cheruiyot won Kenya their first gold of these championships as she kicked off the final bend to hold off Ethiopian rival Gelete Burka in a slow, tactical 10,000m final.
Ezekiel Kemboi, Conseslus Kipruto and Brimin Kipruto bringing home a Kenyan 1-2-3 in the steeplechase a few minutes later.
Columbia's defending world champion Caterine Ibarguen retained her triple jump title with a fourth round 14.90m, with no other athlete going past 14.78.
But there will be no gold this summer for Keshorn Walcott, Trinidad's 22-year-old Olympic javelin champion, who crashed out in qualifying with a best throw of 76.83m.
Britain's Rabah Yousif produced a fine run of 44.54, a personal best by almost half a second, to qualify for Tuesday's 400m final as a fastest loser.
Yousif, who came to Britain from Sudan 13 years ago and has an English wife, improved dramatically on his first-round performance as others who had lit up the heats struggled 24 hours on.
Team captain Martyn Rooney had set a new personal best of 44.45 in the heats but, perhaps tired, he was unable to reproduce that run and came home sixth in the third semi-final in 45.29, Olympic champion Kirani James (44.16) and Botswana's Isaac Makwala (44.11) the most impressive semi-final winners.
Eilidh Child made it through to the final of the 400m hurdles as a fastest loser as Meghan Beesley went out, while Britain's Asha Philip exited the 100m at the semi-final stage and Kate Avery came home 15th in the 10,000m in 32:16.19.
Earlier, Britain's Greg Rutherford reached the long jump final, while Christine Ohuruogo qualified for the 400m semi-final.


A custody sergeant who dealt with a man who died after having a heart attack in a police cell followed procedures "in almost every respect", a court has heard.

Thomas Orchard, 32, died in October 2012 after being arrested in Exeter.
But Bristol Crown Court heard custody sergeant Jan Kingshott, 44, "did his best" despite the outcome.
Mr Kingshott and civilian detention officers Simon Tansley, 38, and Michael Marsden, 55, all deny manslaughter.
Patrick Gibbs, for the defence, said: "What Mr Kingshott did was straightforward and professional and, in almost every respect, standard procedure.
"You will not find any anger, any sudden movement or over-reaction at Mr Orchard's behaviour, or any brutality.
"What you will find is force. We need to be straight with ourselves about the practical realities of force."
Mr Gibbs described Mr Orchard - who had schizophrenia - as "angry and aggressive" when he arrived at the custody centre.
Mr Gibbs said: "It was not Mr Orchard's fault that he was behaving the way he was behaving. Mr Orchard was not at fault but it doesn't mean force was unnecessary.
"It was not obviously unnecessary to look to the equipment which they had been given and had been trained to use."
Church caretaker Mr Orchard was handcuffed, held down and had an emergency response belt put across his face to restrain him, the court previously heard.
Mr Gibbs said: "Mr Kingshott does not pretend that everything was perfect or there is nothing that could have been improved.
"But he is not a computer. What he did not know was how this would turn out."
He told the court Mr Kingshott "did his best" and "he was a good custody sergeant, a decent person and a good witness".
Mr Orchard was pronounced dead seven days after the incident in hospital.
The trial continues.


An inquiry into delays by North Wales Police in investigating information on child abuse provided by an international operation has found no case to answer for any of its staff.

The force was given information from Canadian police in 2013-14 about people who had bought DVDs of naked children.
No action had been taken against three of the people named to them.
The Independent Police Complaints Commission said there had been a system failure rather than individual fault.
Toronto Police passed the names of about 2,000 people to the UK's Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP) from its Operation Spade investigation.
CEOP sent relevant information on to North Wales Police, but when the force started to advise CEOP of the results of their inquiries, they discovered there were three people named who had not been looked at.
North Wales Police referred itself to the IPCC in October 2014, which began its investigation.
It found:
IPCC commissioner Jan Williams said the force had made significant changes to structures which made a recurrence of the situation "extremely unlikely".
North Wales Police's Deputy Chief Constable Gareth Pritchard said: "It was down to the skills and due diligence of the team involved that the problem was both highlighted and dealt with so expediently.
"Their actions undoubtedly protected the victims involved, the reputation of this force and led to learning by all agencies."
One of the most high-profile cases to emerge from Operation Spade was Cardiff deputy head teacher Gareth Williams, who was jailed for five years, later cut to four, for making recordings of pupils in school toilets and possessing indecent images.


Police have arrested a ninth person following Saturday's Old Firm match at Ibrox.

A 28-year-old man was detained in connection with an alleged offence under the Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications Act.
It comes after officers said that were aware of a racially motivated incident.
It is understood someone allegedly made a monkey gesture at Celtic player Scott Sinclair.
The 28-year-old man is expected to appear at Glasgow Sheriff Court on Tuesday.
Celtic won the game against Rangers 5-1.
On Saturday, police said eight people had been arrested in connection with alleged offences in and around the stadium.


The 21st Century is going to be marked by global urbanisation - by 2050,  more than 70% of the world's population will live in cities.

New buildings will help define our future cities, but what do people want from them?
A recent survey from design company Sasaki asked people from six different US cities what they loved and hated about their urban environment.
It revealed a passion for old buildings - 57% of those surveyed looked at old buildings when walking down the street, compared with 15% who admired skyscrapers. Only 17% wanted more shiny, iconic buildings.
The BBC spoke to a series of architects and technologists about some of the more unusual buildings that might populate our future cities. None are quite what you might expect.
Bjarke Ingels has been commissioned to transform the Givskud Zoo in Denmark. He envisages some radical changes.
This zoo, still at the concept stage, was based on a philosophy of having only social animals.
A lot of people associate zoos with a lonesome tiger encaged in a small box, going nuts from boredom and claustrophobia., And I think when you have a social zoo, you can actually have a big group of animals living together in a habitat that resembles their normal habitat.
That sounded like an interesting starting point because it means that as a visitor you'd find yourself way outnumbered by the animals and not the other way around.
Zoos used to be really important for science and education, when people couldn't travel.
Now you have film, television and inexpensive air fares that allow a lot of people to actually see animals for themselves.
So part of the role of the zoo has disappeared.
Hopefully, Zootopia can be a really exciting contribution to the zoo experience - maybe one that makes it more interactive.
The zoo's ambition was to try to be a place where visitors don't notice the barriers between them and the animals.
So you're at this tipping point between the feeling of intimacy and the need for safety and security.
Some of the barriers we can incorporate in the water - for instance, by making sure that the boats stay on the side that is too deep for the animals to cross.
There are all kinds of other landscape tricks to make various types of barriers.
The main challenge, of course, is to really design the zoo in a way that the enclosure is still there, it's just not visible.
We also want to eliminate all traces of man-made architecture - no round African huts or Chinese pagodas.
Without this romantic, nostalgic, vernacular architecture, we can integrate the architecture into the landscape so that any blatant evidence of human presence is gone. Like camouflage.
As architects, we create the framework for the life we want to live.
As life evolves, so should our cities and buildings. And if they don't fit with the way we want to live our lives, it is not only possible but even our responsibility to make sure we change the city  and make our physical world a bit more like our dreams.
I call it the "pragmatic utopian" approach - the contrast between a practical approach to reality as it exists and the utopian idea of trying to achieve a perfect world at the same time.
Marc Kushner, co-founder of Architizer, an online catalogue of architectural projects, wants buildings that can be a bit more human.
Buildings of the future will be smarter and more efficient.
They will be controlled by our smartphones and built by drones and 3D printers - but none of that will matter unless the public falls in love with architecture, because only then will they appreciate and demand better buildings.
When my architect firm won the MoMA/PS1 Young Architects Prize in 2012, we tried to create a building that elicited an emotional connection from people. We gave it a personality. We called her Wendy.
Wendy, a summer installation, was a cantankerous character that was far from perfect.
She leaked water from water misters, she was built from temporary scaffolding, her stairs were steep, and her giant fans blew out gusts of air (disturbing well coifed hipsters).
It was in her imperfections that Wendy became loveable.
Wendy would shoot out water from a water cannon, and then doused visitors would turn around and say: "Oh, Wendy!" They tweeted at her and Instagrammed with her. She was their summer pal.
Wendy's massive surface area, over 5,000 sq ft (465 sq m), was coated with titanium nano-particles that essentially sucked pollution out of the air - activated by sunlight, when CO2 adhered to the surface and was washed away as a neutral element by rain water.
Wendy's skin took the equivalent of 250 cars off the road.
Advancing technology means that buildings can do nearly anything we ask them to do - like proactively create better air in our cities.
We will build great cities when architects design sympathetic buildings that treat end-users like friends, rather than inert masses.
Architects want the public to love their buildings, perhaps the first step is for their buildings to start loving those same people.
Michael Trousdell, an associate at consulting firm Arup, thinks the future will bring smarter materials and buildings that users can control.
In the 1960s, construction of the Sydney Opera House was made possible by computer-powered structural design. Most buildings today are built out of computer-designed smart combinations of steel, cement and rock.
As we make greater technological and socioeconomic advances, however, even smarter things are inevitable.
Our recent adoption of smartphones embodies what we can expect - more control and more choice.
The latest trends suggest smarter buildings will deliver more sophisticated user-control and "healthier" internal environments while also reducing environmental impact.
Forward-thinking building owners, such as Google, are driving this next wave of innovation.
The company's recently built office in Amsterdam is a great example - combining environmental aspirations (using non-toxic materials and prioritising energy and water saving in the design) with highly filtered fresh air throughout, including in the gym and other health-focused spaces such as a meditation room and restaurants.
Material science, meanwhile, which provided the magic that is modern reinforced concrete, is also delivering high-functioning materials such as aerogel - a super-insulation that is translucent.
This material is proposed to let light through the roof of the new Warner Stand at Lord's cricket ground, designed by Populous and Arup, while achieving a level of thermal insulation equivalent to an insulated wall, in just one-fifth the thickness.
Also, material engineers are poised to deliver affordable and efficient electrical energy storage, the missing component of our renewable future.
By combining this storage with internet controls, we can supply buildings with cheap, clean energy, generated outside of cities.
This will allow our industry to meet increasingly diverse and expanding needs with less environmental impact.
That is more than a smart building - it is a smart future for people and our planet.


League One Alloa Athletic have installed midfielder Jim Goodwin as their new manager.

The 34-year-old Irishman replaces Jack Ross who last week was unveiled as the St Mirren boss.
The Wasps are third in the table and in their next two matches they are away to league leaders Brechin and second-place Livingston.
Goodwin has made more than 400 league appearances in England and Scotland, including at Hamilton and St Mirren.


Assembly members should work out why communities receiving large sums of EU funding voted for Brexit, the Welsh secretary has said.

Alun Cairns said it was "strange" that places in the valleys, which benefited from EU aid, registered the strongest Leave vote in the referendum.
But he said that European policies did not have a "connection" with the public.
He told the BBC's Sunday Politics Wales the funding had not had an impact.
Under current EU funding programmes, due to run between 2014 and 2020, Wales receives Â£1.8bn in structural funds.
Most of the cash is spent in north Wales, west Wales and the south Wales valleys.
Mr Cairns, who backed the Remain campaign, said: "In that perspective I think everyone has to look at the sort of European policies that were being developed by the Welsh government, but also by the UK government, that obviously didn't have that connection with the public.
"The public didn't recognise the outcomes that were coming from those policies."
He added: "I think the sorts of Objective One funding that we all heard of for many years, as we used to call it, hasn't really had the impact.
"And I think that all assembly members of all political parties have got to reflect on that."
There was too much complexity and bureaucracy in the way money was spent initially, Mr Cairns said.
Although EU-funded policies had become more efficient, "ultimately they haven't connected with people and I think that we need to reflect and people need to see outcomes", he said.
"It's not about how much money is spent to go in - it's what comes out at the end."
David Davies, pro-Brexit Conservative MP for Monmouth, has said he will work with the Welsh Government to ensure Wales gets its fair share of the money saved by leaving the EU.
On Friday, First Minister Carwyn Jones called for unity within the Labour party and the nation, saying it would now be "more difficult to attract investment into Wales and keep jobs in Wales".
Sunday Politics Wales is on BBC One Wales at 10:00 BST


The Severn Bridge road tolls should be abolished to "deliver an instant boost to the economy", CBI Wales has said.

Under plans, cars, vans and small buses will pay £3 when the Severn crossings go into public ownership about 2018 while lorries and coaches will pay £10.
The Federation of Small Businesses has been making the call for years.
CBI Wales director Ian Price said it would be a "clear and powerful" signal the next UK government was committed to growing the Welsh economy.
Mr Price, whose organisation represents some of the countries largest employers, added: "The UK's hard-won reputation as a predictable, pro-enterprise economy must be protected - the world is watching,
"Abolishing the tolls has a cost but it could deliver an instant boost to the economy and would knit the economies of south Wales and the south west of England even closer together, helping to share prosperity and improve competition."
Calls for the Severn Bridge tolls to be scrapped were made in a House of Commons debate on their future earlier this year.


Chris Maguire's injury-time penalty gave Oxford United a 2-1 victory over in-form Peterborough at the Kassam Stadium, and their first win back in League One.

Maguire was tripped in the box by Jack Baldwin, who was sent off for a second yellow card, and Maguire converted the penalty into the right corner with the match in the third minute of added time.
Posh were bidding for a fourth win in five league and cup games this season, and had put five goals past Millwall in midweek.
But they needed a 62nd-minute equaliser from Tom Nichols, who fired Paul Taylor's cutback into the roof of the net, to get back on level terms.
Wes Thomas had struck straight after the restart to put Oxford in front.
Thomas worked the ball on to his right foot and saw his shot deflect past keeper Ben Alnwick just 12 seconds into the second half, before many fans were back in their seats.
Posh had the better of a scrappy first half. Simon Eastwood superbly tipped over a close-range shot from Gwion Edwards.
In the second half Eastwood made one outstanding save, spreading himself to block Jermaine Anderson's effort. He also showed great agility to prevent a miscued clearance from Josh Ruffels crossing the line for an own goal.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Oxford United 2, Peterborough United 1.
Second Half ends, Oxford United 2, Peterborough United 1.
Goal!  Oxford United 2, Peterborough United 1. Chris Maguire (Oxford United) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom right corner.
Second yellow card to Jack Baldwin (Peterborough United) for a bad foul.
Penalty Oxford United. Chris Maguire draws a foul in the penalty area.
Penalty conceded by Jack Baldwin (Peterborough United) after a foul in the penalty area.
Attempt missed. Shaquile Coulthirst (Peterborough United) right footed shot from the right side of the box is high and wide to the left.
Attempt saved. Tyler Roberts (Oxford United) right footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Liam Sercombe (Oxford United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Shaquile Coulthirst (Peterborough United).
Philip Edwards (Oxford United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Leonardo Da Silva Lopes (Peterborough United).
Cheyenne Dunkley (Oxford United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Adil Nabi (Peterborough United).
Hand ball by Chris Maguire (Oxford United).
Attempt missed. Liam Sercombe (Oxford United) left footed shot from the left side of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Substitution, Oxford United. Daniel Crowley replaces Wes Thomas.
Attempt missed. Chris Maguire (Oxford United) right footed shot from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Corner,  Oxford United. Conceded by Jack Baldwin.
Attempt missed. Chris Maguire (Oxford United) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high from a direct free kick.
Leonardo Da Silva Lopes (Peterborough United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Chris Maguire (Oxford United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Leonardo Da Silva Lopes (Peterborough United).
Substitution, Peterborough United. Shaquile Coulthirst replaces Paul Taylor.
Substitution, Oxford United. Ryan Taylor replaces Kane Hemmings.
Attempt missed. Kane Hemmings (Oxford United) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Substitution, Peterborough United. Adil Nabi replaces Marcus Maddison.
Attempt missed. Kane Hemmings (Oxford United) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left.
Foul by Kane Hemmings (Oxford United).
(Peterborough United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Corner,  Oxford United. Conceded by Leonardo Da Silva Lopes.
Corner,  Oxford United. Conceded by Michael Smith.
Substitution, Oxford United. Tyler Roberts replaces Alexander MacDonald.
Hand ball by Cheyenne Dunkley (Oxford United).
Corner,  Oxford United. Conceded by Tom Nichols.
Attempt blocked. Josh Ruffels (Oxford United) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Oxford United. Conceded by Andrew Hughes.
Chris Maguire (Oxford United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Chris Maguire (Oxford United).
Chris Forrester (Peterborough United) wins a free kick on the right wing.


World number one Lydia Ko survived a rare double hit on the 10th to shoot a five-under closing round of 67 and win the Kia Classic in California.

The 18-year-old New Zealander was putting from off the green when the ball shot up and hit the shaft of the club, incurring a one-stroke penalty.
But she made pars at the next five and finished with three straight birdies to beat Korean Inbee Park by four strokes.
England's Jodi Ewart Shadoff shot a closing 75 to fade to a tie for 27th.
The 28-year-old, ranked 215 in the world, had shared the lead after day one in Carlsbad but finished 15 shots behind the winner.
Compatriot Holly Clyburn shot a 69 to finish on six under, tied for 20th.
Ko will seek her second major title at the ANA Inspiration, which begins in California on Thursday, to go with the Evian Championship she won last year.


The five-Test series between England and India, which begins at Trent Bridge on Wednesday, is hugely important for both sides.

The tourists haven't won a Test overseas since 2011, which is simply not good enough for a team with their talent.
England, meanwhile, have lost six of their past seven Tests home and away and it's paramount they begin to reverse the slide.
They should have won both of their recent Tests against Sri Lanka, and it was a really poor performance to lose the second match of the series at Headingley, after the tourists hung on for a draw at Lord's.
So what must England do to beat India over a five-match Test series?
Former England batsman Kevin Pietersen has said the dressing room is unhappy under Alastair Cook and that senior players are not turning up for their captain, but I don't buy into any of that stuff.
The way James Anderson broke down in tears on the podium at Headingley was all to do with the crushing disappointment of narrowly failing to save a game and nothing to do with an unhappy dressing room.
I've never seen a player so choked before, and that's because he gave absolutely everything to save that Test - only to be dismissed with the penultimate delivery of the match.
Cook is very respected by the rest of his team, but he's still got to go out there and perform - which means scoring runs and leading from the front.
What Cook needs to do now is grind his way to a really ugly hundred. I remember Andrew Strauss scoring a similar hundred against New Zealand in 2008.
He had to do it to save his career, and it ended up catapulting England into a really good run of form.
To win this series, England obviously need to score lots of runs.
We don't know what the pitches are going to be like, but I don't think they will be prepared to take spin like last year. There will be a bit of grass left on them so it will always be difficult for the captain who wins the toss: does he put the other team in or bat first?
That puts Cook in a tricky position because if he bats first on a green pitch and gets out caught behind to a delivery which does a bit, he will get criticised.
Equally, if he decides to put India in and they get a lot of runs he will also be questioned. That's where he is at the moment with his captaincy and form.
However, the way the new batsmen in the England team played in the series against Sri Lanka was impressive. Sam Robson, Gary Ballance and Moeen Ali scored centuries while Joe Root hit a double hundred.
Moeen's innings at Headingley has almost been overlooked. He batted superbly on that final day, when he really dug in.
He played to the situation, and for someone to do that in only his second Test was outstanding.
Right down to Matt Prior, England have got to put runs on the board. Then, and especially if India only play four bowlers, the hosts have an exciting lower order which has enough firepower to punish a tiring attack.
I suspect Ben Stokes has a great chance of playing ahead of Chris Jordan at Trent Bridge.
However, England will give that decision a lot of thought because Jordan is a very good cricketer - both with bat and ball, and also in the slips.
Slip fielding is important - especially when the pitch is green. Ballance has already dropped catches in there in his short Test career, so it's something for England to consider.
I don't see Moeen as a number one spin bowler just yet but hopefully that will come if he develops quickly.
He got two important wickets at Headingley, and the more wickets he gets, the more people will have confidence in his bowling.
I want to see successful cricket from England, and I don't care how they do it. They need to get out there and do what works for them.
Cook is naturally a defensive captain - that's how he was brought up - but so was Strauss, and he has been the strongest influence on Cook.
You can't expect Cook, in his position, to go out there and start throwing the bat about. If he makes a mistake and pays for it, it won't help his cause.
I expect a cautious brand of cricket from both sides. It's a five-Test series so nobody will want to do something reckless and go 1-0 down.
It's been a transitional period for India, who have seen players like Rahul Dravid, VVS Laxman and Sachin Tendulkar retire in the past couple of years.
Now all the big guns have gone, Duncan Fletcher has a young team he can mould in his own style.
It will be great to see the likes of Virat Kohli playing in a Test match in English conditions and knuckling down. He is a great player with a great temperament but he will find that a challenge.
I also wonder how dangerous off-spinner R Ashwin will be in English conditions.
It might come down to who plays seam bowling the best.
I think it will be really tight because neither team will want to give an inch and, for reasons already discussed, it might not be the most exhilarating series.
The first two Tests will be cagey and both sides will take stock after that. It will be fascinating nonetheless.
Jonathan Agnew was talking to BBC Sport's Marc Higginson


The Sun is at the centre of the Solar System, and its gravity holds all the planets in place.

The Sun is the biggest object in the Solar System and makes up 99% of its mass. Its diameter is around 109 times bigger than Earth, but you could fit over A MILLION Earths inside the Sun.
Astronomers think that the Sun (and the planets) formed from the solar nebula about 4.59 billion years ago, so it's pretty old!
Its temperature is 5,500 degrees Celsius on the surface and a whopping 15.6 million degrees Celsius at the core.
The temperature of the sun isn't the same all over; in some places 'sun spots' occur where it isn't as hot as elsewhere.
It's made almost entirely of hydrogen, with a little helium and a few heavier gases including oxygen - and there's even some iron in there too.
Light from the Sun reaches the Earth in just 8 minutes!
Remember - don't ever look directly at the sun - you could seriously damage your eyes.


Wicketkeeper James Foster has signed a new two-year contract at Essex, a month after leaving his role as club captain.

The 35-year-old, who made seven Test appearances for England between 2001 and 2002, has spent his entire 15-year professional career at Chelmsford.
Foster has scored 12,499 first-class career runs at an average of 37.08, alongside 785 dismissals.
"James, in my opinion, is still one of the best wicketkeepers in the world," said Essex head coach Chris Silverwood.
"He's got vast experience and is a great individual to have around the club, especially for the younger players coming through."
Foster had been Essex skipper for five years but it was announced in December he would no longer continue in the role.
The county is yet to announce his successor.


A motorcyclist has been attacked in broad daylight while stopped at traffic lights in a south of Scotland town.

The incident happened on Tuesday at about 13:15 in Annan at the junction of High Street and Bank Street.
A man walked from the pavement and kicked the motorcycle, knocking it and the rider to the ground.
The attacker then kicked and punched his 26-year-old victim before walking off up Downies Wynd. The biker was left "bruised and shocked" by the assault.
PC Sarah Smith said: "This was a horrific attack in broad daylight in the centre of Annan at a busy lunchtime.
"We are following a positive line of inquiry however we are appealing for anyone who saw this attack to contact us at Annan to help us with this investigation.
"The victim received bruising and grazing as a result of being assaulted and was also left in a shocked and distressed state."


A misconduct hearing has been told there was "no evidence" two midwives knew a woman was ill days before the birth of her son who later died.

Hoa Titcombe's husband James said he told Furness General Hospital staff "several times" his wife was ill.
Midwives Catherine McCullough and Gretta Dixon are accused of failing to have Mrs Titcombe assessed.
But midwife Caroline Duncan told the Nursing and Midwifery Council there was "no evidence" they knew she was ill.
Mr and Mrs Titcombe's son Joshua died of an infection in 2008, nine days after he was born.
On day two of the misconduct hearing, Ms Duncan said Ms McCullough did meet the standards expected of her.
However, she said that if the patient did tell her she was ill she should have referred her to be assessed in accordance with National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Nice) and midwifery rules.
She also told the hearing there was also no evidence that Ms Dixon was aware Mrs Titcombe had been unwell.
It is alleged Ms Dixon failed to refer Mrs Titcombe for an assessment when she was told she had been unwell, on 26 October, 2008.
Ms McCullough faces the same allegation, as well as failing to take a urine sample to test for infection.
An independent inquiry into the University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Trust last year found 20 major failures from 2004 to 2013 at Furness General Hospital and concluded there were "lethal failures."
Eleven babies and one mother died after being cared for at the hospital during this time.
The hearing continues.


With the possible exceptions of Rab C Nesbitt and Granpaw Broon, the title of Scotland's greatest philosopher is generally accorded to David Hume.

And certainly Hume sparkled brilliantly during that quite remarkable 18th century flowering of Caledonian intellectual genius.
However, the great man was not always appreciated by conventional society. His sceptical attitude towards religion, for example, counted against him when it came to obtaining salaried employment in academia.
He noted drily that, despite his prodigious written output, he had "no enemies, except indeed all the Whigs, all the Tories, and all the Christians."
Hume also observed: "Nothing is more surprising than the easiness with which the many are governed by the few."
Now, I am certain that our Holyrood tribunes are to the fore in commending Hume's intellect and wit. I am sure that they recognise his huge role in global thought.
But right now they are about to confront the concept of the exercise of power as they seek, once more, to "govern the many".
These and other vague recollections occurred to me as I noted the forthcoming programme of the David Hume Institute, the splendid Edinburgh organisation which commemorates the great man by fostering contemporary political, philosophical and economic debate.
Their agenda for the early months of 2016 includes, in order, the following speakers:  Scottish Labour leader Kezia Dugdale, Scottish Greens co-convener Patrick Harvie, Scottish Tory leader Ruth Davidson, Scottish Lib Dem leader Willie Rennie and, finally, the recently confirmed SNP leader and First Minister Nicola Sturgeon.
Their topic? "My vision of Scotland for the next five years."
Right now, of course, they are firmly focused upon the next five months, leading up to the Scottish Parliamentary elections in May.
But their chances of relative victory in those polls will depend substantially on public reaction to the "vision thing", due to be set out in their Hume lectures and elsewhere.  After exhaustive (and exhausting) conflict through the referendum and the UK elections, the parties are now seeking to replenish their strategic tanks.
It is intriguing - but not surprising - to note the extent to which comments from the opposition parties at Holyrood are predicated on the prospect, almost the presumption, of continuing SNP success.
Consider Kezia Dugdale, first up in the Hume programme. Right now, her Labour comrades are understandably expending energy in getting themselves as high up their party's Holyrood regional lists as possible.
Ms Dugdale decided to reopen the lists, removing the special status accorded to sitting MSPs.  In addition to those, there are one or two eager ex MPs who rather fancy an early return to elected politics.
But why on the list and not a first-past-the-post seat? Why seek regional election and not a constituency? Because, of course, Labour stands to win relatively few Holyrood constituencies if current opinion poll indications are borne out. And of course, they won just one seat at last May's general election.
It is an indication of the party's present difficulties that there is such an almighty scramble to obtain nomination via the regional lists - especially when one recalls that, in the very earliest days of devolution, some Labour figures tended somewhat to denigrate the status of list MSPs.
However, Labour has to play the hand currently on the table and Kezia Dugdale is determined to do so with vigour and panache.
Self-evidently, Labour's pitch has to be founded on the existing pre-eminence of the SNP. They have to gain a hearing from the people of Scotland before attempting to subvert and then supplant their chief rivals.
In that regard, does it help having Jeremy Corbyn as leader of the UK Labour Party? Some insiders say yes: that it places Labour, definitively, to the left of the SNP in pitching for traditional, proletarian support.
Others say no: that voters see him as a less than credible contender for high office. Either way, Ms Dugdale is adamant. This is her shout. This is her election.  She will drive Scottish Labour's offer.
Their strategy is, of course, multi-layered but prompted by circumstance. Firstly, they seek to attack the SNP on their record in office. Hence the challenges on health waiting times, on school attainment and the rest.
Secondly, they seek to posit egalitarian Labour options: such as an eventual increase in upper rate tax (when the powers come through) to fund an effort to counter the gap in educational outcomes between affluent and more deprived families.
Thirdly - and less attention has been paid to this - Ms Dugdale stresses that Labour would seek to govern consensually and in a fashion which supports the economy.  In a speech, she said Labour's manifesto would be "the most pro-business" in the party's history.
Next up in the David Hume Institute calendar is Patrick Harvie of the Greens. Mr Harvie is an intrinsically optimistic individual and that attribute seems to extend to the party's prospects in May.
The Greens worked with the SNP in the referendum in a fairly companionable fashion. Sometimes more, when they shared the common objective of independence. Sometimes less, when the Greens thought the SNP were too heavy-handed in directing strategy. (The SNP dissent.)
But, for this election, the Greens are adamant that they can provide the "constructive yet challenging opposition" to the SNP which they say is missing at the moment.
Naturally, their policy priorities mainly arise from their environmental driver: opposition to fracking, support for energy efficiency and the like. But, beyond that, they will emphasise social need.
Sprint forward with me now to Ruth Davidson's lecture. Will the long-anticipated Conservative revival in Scotland happen in May? Sometime? Ever?
The steep Tory decline can be attributed to a range of factors. But perhaps chief among them was their stance on self-government - or rather the underlying sense of Scottish identity which drove that issue.
As I have noted previously, parties of the right customarily play the patriotic card. The Scottish Tories picked the wrong patriotism for their electoral prospects. Just as the Scots were reaching out to clutch the Saltire, the Tories were eagerly waving the Union Flag. They were increasingly seen as out of sync with Scottish sentiment.
For years now, indeed for decades, they have sought to quell that mismatch. They have emphasised, again and again, their credentials as a Scottish party, with Scottish interests at heart. This election will be no different.
And, as with other parties, the pitch is predicated upon countering the SNP. Ms Davidson says her party will provide "a genuine Scottish alternative" to what she characterises as the "one party state" of SNP governance.
To do this, she offers a "One Nation" approach. (The phrase traces its origins back to Benjamin Disraeli. David Cameron is said to be a fan of the 19th century Prime Minister and novelist; it seems Ms Davidson is too.)
Ms Davidson's version of One Nation is "not bowing to the big state on the one hand or genuflecting to the free market on the other." In short, the centre ground.
But she adds another element. Given the chance, she says she would govern in a "moderate, energetic" fashion - while categorically ruling out another referendum on independence. In short, a pitch to No voters and even perhaps wavering Yes voters who don't fancy an early rerun.
Now, Ruth Davidson is upbeat and buoyant at all points. She could give even Patrick Harvie a class in optimism.
But does she seriously expect to be First Minister? Thought you'd say that. Still, she will make her pitch with vigour and take her chances with the votes which ensue.
In which regard, there is occasional talk in Tory circles that they might overhaul Labour in voting share. Labour, of course, dismiss that - and even SNP strategists think it unlikely.
To Willie Rennie next, of the Scottish Liberal Democrats.
You thought Patrick Harvie was cheerful? You thought Ruth Davidson was chipper? Mr Rennie outdoes them both.
I suppose, given the recent plight of his party, the options are either to smile broadly and continuously - or to slink off to the cupboard for a quiet cry.
Still, Mr Rennie is frequently effective in parliament; most notably over police service reform and related issues such as stop and search. By pursuing precise issues, firmly and vigorously, he has gained a reputation for challenging ministers, First and otherwise.
Will the public listen? Mr Rennie says he will offer a "positive, uplifting" campaign which will "seek to put the divisions of the referendum behind us".
In particular, he will revert to a classic theme for his party and its predecessors; that of liberty. He will argue against "targets, controls and top down diktats" in the public sector which, he says, are "suffocating the talents" of staff.
But, as with others, it is largely targeted at the SNP or rather SNP voters. In essence, he will argue that Yes voters should put that period behind them and listen to the Lib Dem offer on issues such as GP provision, mental health and policing.
Finally, in March, the David Hume Institute will play host to the First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon. She remains decidedly popular, as does her government, despite the inevitable depredations of administration.
It was once thought inconceivable that any party could win an overall majority at Holyrood in a voting system designed to prevent such an occurrence.  Now opinion polls suggest the prospect that the SNP might repeat that feat.
The SNP strategy - as promulgated by Alex Salmond - has been to govern moderately and consensually within the limits of devolution while simultaneously inviting the voters to infer how much better things could be with independence.
This has persisted under Ms Sturgeon. She stresses that it will be her government's record - and forward programme - which are placed before the voters in May. Not, immediately, independence.
With regard to the prospect of another referendum, she will pursue the strategy she set out at the party's conference in Aberdeen. She said then that to propose another plebiscite "without strong evidence that a significant number of those who voted No have changed their minds would be wrong and we won't do it."
She added, however, that if such evidence were to emerge, "then we have no right to rule out a referendum and we won't do that either."
In essence, it will be - for the manifesto and, she hopes, for the election - a decision deferred and driven by the popular will. Naturally, Ms Sturgeon's opponents will seek to place the topic more directly before the people in May, challenging the SNP over their stand.
As ever, the economy will be predominant. And, on that, there are significant changes pending. John Swinney opted for a steady budget for 2016/17 - with no use of the additional power available from April to raise income tax.
But that power only allows changes across all rates - with no differentiation between standard and upper.
The new Scotland Bill will give Holyrood control of all rates and bands. That should be enacted in the New Year, provided the accompanying fiscal framework can be agreed which seems eminently likely, given that it is in the interests of both the UK and Scottish governments to strike a bargain.
In Scotland, then, we would face a debate driven by fiscal change.
A new income tax system. Reform of the council tax: the hints from inside the Scottish Government are that such reform may be substantial, allied to the assignation of a proportion of income tax to local government. Reform of business rates.
All that plus new controls over elements of welfare, also in the Scotland Bill. The SNP, like the other parties, will set out their forward thinking with regard to those extra powers. New powers, new debate.
It will be lively. It will be argumentative. But I am certain it will also be civilised. For, as David Hume noted, "truth springs from argument amongst friends."


Derby and Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe winner Golden Horn has been named Cartier Horse of the Year for 2015.

The three-year-old, trained by John Gosden, also claimed the Eclipse and Irish Champion Stakes this year.
The colt, second in the Breeders' Cup Turf under Frankie Dettori on 31 October, has now been retired to stud.
A win would have seen Golden Horn become the first horse to win the Derby, Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe and Breeders' Cup Turf in the same year.
Found - for trainer Aidan O'Brien - proved too strong for Anthony Oppenheimer-owned Golden Horn in Kentucky.
Former Horse of the Year winners include Frankel, who triumphed twice, Sea the Stars and Hurricane Run.
In the 25th year of the big racing awards, a special presentation was made to Jack Berry, a tireless fundraiser for injured jockeys.
The rehabilitation centre, Jack Berry House, was opened in Yorkshire earlier in 2015 in honour of the 78-year-old former rider and trainer.
As well as Golden Horn, other equine stars honoured at the awards included top older horse Solow, and leading sprinter Muhaarar.
Horse of the Year - Golden Horn
Three-year-old Colt - Golden Horn
Older Horse - Solow
Sprinter - Muhaarar
Three-year-old filly - Legatissimo
Stayer - Simple Verse
Two-year-old colt - Air Force Blue
Two-year-old filly - Minding
Merit Award - Jack Berry


A Cardiff food wholesaler has been fined £120,000 for delivering "high-risk" goods in unrefrigerated vehicles.

Global Foods Ltd was issued with a legal notice in September 2014 after a complaint about cheese and ham being delivered in unsuitable vehicles.
On 9 December 2015, a check on a van delivering to a takeaway showed meat was not refrigerated again.
Director Mubarak Ali, appearing for the company, was hit with the fine at Cardiff Magistrates' Court on Thursday.
Global Foods Ltd, which has a food hygiene rating of 1, said the wrong delivery truck had been loaded in error by a driver.


The latest Star Wars film has taken $53m (£36.5m) in ticket sales on its first weekend in China - the country's highest ever opening weekend.

Globally, Star Wars: The Force Awakens has become the third most commercially successful film in history, according to the Walt Disney studio.
Titanic, released in 1997, is number two and 2009's Avatar is top, with a total box office take of $2.8bn.
The film was released in China a month after its global release.
Star Wars: Will the Force awaken in China?
Unstoppable force? The earning power of Star Wars
Disney, owners of the intergalactic adventure franchise, have focussed considerable marketing effort on China, even going as far as putting 500 Stormtroopers on the Great Wall of China for an event.
It is the first episode many Chinese have seen, as the original Star Wars was not released in China at the time.


A "hard Brexit" would be the "biggest disaster" to have hit the UK's universities for many years, a university head told MPs.

Alistair Fitt, vice chancellor of Oxford Brookes, was giving evidence to the Education Select Committee, holding a special away-day session at the University of Oxford.
With the elegant panorama of Pembroke College behind them, the MPs wanted to find out what would be the impact of Brexit on the UK's university sector.
You would be hard-pressed to find any sector in the country more opposed to Brexit than higher education.
So it was probably no surprise that the MPs heard an unrelenting message that leaving the EU was a grim prospect for higher education and research.
University organisations, which usually put much effort and ingenuity into not really being for or against anything in public, took to open campaigning for a Remain vote.
Universities, bastions of liberal thinking, intensely international in their outlook and staffing, seemed culturally allergic to Brexit.
And the referendum result hangs over them like they've fought and lost a civil war.
Professor Catherine Barnard from the University of Cambridge told MPs that her own university had seen a 14% drop in applications this year from EU students.
The university had asked why potential students had turned down a chance to study at Cambridge - and she said among the reasons were fears over an "anti-immigrant sentiment" and uncertainty over the future of the UK's involvement in international research.
Prof Barnard warned that talented mathematicians at Cambridge from countries such as Hungary, Poland and Romania would take their sought-after skills elsewhere.
The committee of MPs heard warnings that in some elite research institutions in the UK, vital to the national infrastructure, as many as two thirds of the staff were EU nationals from outside the UK.
Would they hang around and see if they were still wanted after Brexit? Or would research rivals in Germany or China snap them up to the detriment of the UK economy?
Showing how seriously they take this, Oxford University has appointed its own head of Brexit strategy.
So you could say that at least Brexit has already created one extra job.
But this new postholder, Professor Alistair Buchan, saw leaving the EU as threatening to relegate the UK's universities behind their global competition.
Oxford has been ranked as the world's top university, but Prof Buchan said that in 1970s the UK's universities did not have that top status. This had been built through the EU years and growing networks of international partnerships.
He described Brexit for universities as the "Manchester United problem".
Why would any football team with international ambitions deliberately want to restrict its access both to better talent and to bigger markets?
There were warnings about the financial impact of losing European research funding.
The UK's universities are among the biggest winners from Horizon 2020 research network, bringing more than Â£2bn into the higher education sector.
This is no small-biÃ¨re, with some individual universities worrying about the loss of hundreds of millions.
If the UK is to stay ahead in research, Dr Anne Corbett of the LSE said the UK government had to be ready for some "serious funding".
Professor Stephanie Haywood, president of the Engineering Professors' Council, warned that losing access to EU students would make skills shortages in engineering even worse.
But could there be an upside in higher tuition fees?
If EU students are designated as overseas students after Brexit, UK universities could charge them much higher fees.
But such a tuition fee windfall depends on those students not staying at home or going somewhere else.
Prof Barnard raised the example of those talented eastern European mathematicians.
Would they really be able to pay Â£17,000 or so a year? Or would it mean that universities in the UK would have pay for scholarships rather than see them go elsewhere?
Committee chairman Neil Carmichael pushed his witnesses for more evidence and facts.
But what came back most often was even more questions. What's going to happen to the EU staff in UK universities? What will be the visa system for students?
What will happen to the intricate networks of European research? How much will the UK government be willing to cover for any lost income?
And of course, so far, these are unknowns being piled up on unknowables.
But as another European refugee scientist, Albert Einstein, once said: "If we knew what we were doing, it wouldn't be called research."


Two councillors who resigned from senior posts after a rapist was granted a taxi licence have new been given new local authority roles, despite residents' calls for them to step down.

Stuart Burke, who led the Milton Keynes licensing committee, will be on a group that holds the council to account.
Subhan Shafiq, who resigned as mayor because he vouched for the driver, will be on two committees.
Their party, the Liberal Democrats, said it must be "proportionate".
It emerged last month Nadeem Ahmed Kiani, who raped and sexually abused prostitutes in London in 1994, was granted a private hire taxi licence in 2011.
Terry Baines from the Fishermead Residents Association said the Liberal Democrat group on Milton Keynes Council had shown "contempt" for residents and the leader should "get rid of them as councillors".
"When is [Liberal Democrat leader Douglas McCall] going to grow a spine and look after the people of Milton Keynes?" he asked.
Mr McCall said the councillors had "made decisions that we have difficulty understanding" but the party had to "be proportionate".
"We need to remember they haven't broken any law, they haven't broken any rules of the council," he said.
Kiani's taxi licence was suspended in 2012 when Thames Valley Police revealed details of the offences to the council - but the suspension was lifted in the same year.
In March, he was given a hackney carriage licence by a council officer.
Last month, an investigation resulted in both of Mr Kiani's licences being revoked and the resignations of Mr Shafiq, licensing committee chairman Mr Burke and deputy chairman, Gladstone McKenzie.
Mr Burke will now sit on the overview and scrutiny committee, while Mr Shafiq will join the health scrutiny and joint negotiating committees.
Mr McKenzie will not take up a new role.
An ongoing council investigation into taxi licensing has found seven other drivers in the city have criminal convictions.


The funeral of blues legend BB King has taken place in Indianola, Mississippi.

The US musician, who died in Las Vegas on 14 May, had expressed his wish to be buried in the state where he grew up.
The service began with friends and family filing past King's open coffin, the lid of which had an image of his guitar Lucille embroidered inside.
The Rev Herron Wilson, who delivered the eulogy, said King's life history proved it was possible to triumph over difficult circumstances.
"Hands that once picked cotton would someday pick guitar strings on a national and international stage," he told a congregation of around 500 people.
More than 200 others who could not get inside the Bell Grove Missionary Baptist Church watched a live broadcast of the funeral in its fellowship hall.
In a letter read aloud at Saturday's service, President Barack Obama said the blues had "lost its king" and that America had "lost a legend".
"No one worked harder than BB," his letter continued. "No one did more to spread the gospel of the blues.
"BB may be gone but that thrill will be with us forever. And there's going to be one killer blues session in heaven tonight."
In another tribute read out at the service, singer Stevie Wonder said King would "forever be the king of the blues".
Afterwards the musician was buried at the BB King Museum and Delta Interpretive Centre, which opened in 2008 to tell his life's story.


A hospital, blood bank and ambulances are reported to have been hit as Syrian government aircraft and artillery bombarded rebel-held eastern Aleppo.

The staff of a children's hospital in the Shaar district were forced to take shelter in the basement.
Activists say at least 32 people, including children, have been killed in Aleppo over the past two days.
The air strikes resumed on Tuesday after a three-week moratorium declared by the government's ally Russia ended.
Activists confirmed the resumption of government air strikes, amid reports by state media of large troop deployments on several fronts ahead of a major ground assault.
The UK-based Syrian Observatory, a monitoring group, said missiles fired by jets, barrel bombs dropped from helicopters and artillery targeted several areas of eastern Aleppo on Wednesday, including Shaar, Sukkari, Sakhour and Karam al-Beik.
At least 21 people, including five children and an emergency worker, were killed, the group said.
The Independent Doctors Association reported that a children's hospital it supported had been badly damaged.
It quoted the hospital's director, Dr Hatem, as saying he was trapped in the basement. "The planes are up above. We can't get out. Maybe we can protect ourselves in this room," he added.
Rescue workers from the Syria Civil Defence, who are also known as the White Helmets, meanwhile confirmed a paramedic had been killed in Karam al-Beik.
"The helicopters won't stop for a single moment," spokesman Bebars Mishal told the Reuters news agency. "Right now, the bombing won't let up."
Air raids also reportedly continued in the countryside west of Aleppo. The Syrian Observatory said 19 people were killed in the village of Batbo on Wednesday.
Russia also announced the start of a major operation against jihadist militants elsewhere in western Syria that saw the country's only aircraft carrier used in combat for the first time.
Aleppo, once Syria's commercial and industrial hub, has been divided in roughly two since 2012, with the government controlling the west and rebels the east.
In the past year, Syrian troops have broken the deadlock with the help of Iranian-backed militias and Russian air strikes.
On 22 September, two weeks after encircling the east and imposing a siege on its 275,000 residents, they launched an all-out offensive to take full control of the city.
The government and its ally Russia halted air strikes on 18 October to allow civilians and rebels to leave, but few took up the offer.
By the end of the month, air strikes and shelling had killed more than 700 civilians in the east, while rocket-fire had left scores dead in the west, according to the UN.


Bob Dylan has accepted his Nobel Prize for literature, more than three months after the awards ceremony, Swedish media report.

He received his medal at a private event in Stockholm before a scheduled concert in the city.
No further details were given.
Swedish Academy officials previously said Dylan would not deliver his Nobel lecture, a traditional condition of receiving the 8m krona ($900,000, Â£727,000) prize money, at the event.
He is expected to deliver a taped version of the lecture later.
If he does not deliver a lecture by June, he will have to forfeit the prize money.
A member of the Swedish Academy, which awards the prize, told the Associated Press news agency "it went very well indeed", and that 75-year-old Dylan was "a very nice, kind man".
In an earlier blog post, the academy's secretary said the setting would be "small and intimate". No media were present at Dylan's request.
After receiving the prize, Dylan performed a concert on Saturday evening at the Stockholm Waterfront venue. A second concert is planned for Sunday evening.
The Nobel Prize for literature has usually been associated with poets and novelists.
But the academy handed Dylan the prize "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition".
Dylan failed to attend the December ceremony, citing previous commitments. In a speech read on his behalf, he said it was "truly beyond words" and he thought his odds of winning were as likely "standing on the moon".


A newlywed couple and two wedding guests killed in a crash in North Yorkshire died accidentally, an inquest has heard.

Paul and Susan Dockerty had just got married and were travelling in a car with Derek and Joy Green, who were guests at the wedding in July.
The head-on crash with a lorry on the A64 at Scampston Bridge, between Malton and Scarborough, killed all four.
The 26-year-old driver of the lorry was uninjured, police said at the time.
More stories from across Yorkshire
The driver of the car, Mr Green, did not apply the brakes before colliding with the lorry, the Scarborough inquest heard.
Mr Green crossed over into the other carriageway, and this may have happened because of some form of distraction in the car, the inquest heard.
"What that distraction was we will never know", said the coroner.
He described the damage to the car as "catastrophic".
Mr Dockerty, 58, and his new wife Susan, 57, were from Leeds . Mr Green, 63, and Mrs Green, 60, were from Scarborough.
Joy Green was a well-known artist from the Scarborough area.
Mr and Mrs Green's family said after the crash: "Mum and dad were amazing, enthusiastic people who did so much in their lives and were always busy doing the things they loved."


Some hospital trusts in England are making more than £3m a year from car parking fees, Freedom of Information (FOI) requests have shown.

Of more than 90 trusts that responded to FOI requests, half are making at least £1m a year, the news agency Press Association (PA) found.
The Patients Association said the charges were "morally wrong".
But many trusts defended their revenues, saying some or all of the money was put back into patient care.
The investigation showed hospitals were making increasing amounts of money from staff, patients and visitors - including those who are disabled - who used their car parks.
It also found hospitals were giving millions of pounds to private firms to run their car parks for them, with some receiving money from parking fines.
Others are tied into private finance initiative contracts, where all the money charged from car parks goes to companies under the terms of the scheme.
Seven NHS trusts earned more than £3m in 2014-15 from charges, another eight made more than £2m a year and a further 33 earned more than £1m a year.
Almost half of all trusts also charged disabled people for parking in some or all of their disabled spaces.
Katherine Murphy, chief executive of the Patients Association, said: "The money is never reinvested in frontline services. Hospital car parks are often managed by private contractors who take a huge percentage of the profits.
"This is morally wrong - and charging disabled people is a disgrace."
Laura Keely, from charity Macmillan Cancer Support, told the BBC: "You shouldn't necessarily penalise cancer patients and other people with long-term conditions who are having to attend hospital to receive life saving treatment, that just isn't fair.
"There could be concessionary schemes. There could be barrier schemes, people proving that they are there for a hospital appointment, to weed out people who should not be using the hospital [car park] to do their Christmas shopping."
Shadow health minister Andrew Gwynne said the figures were "worrying".
Josie Irwin, head of employment relations at the Royal College of Nursing, said the charges were having a "real impact" on nurses' pay.
Hospital car parking charges in Scotland and Wales were abolished in 2008.
Three car parks in Scotland, operated under Private Finance Initiative contracts, still have car parking fees. The Scottish government said there are no plans to abolish charges at these hospitals.
Three hospitals in Wales also continue to charge, but have been told to stop doing so once their contracts with private parking firms end in 2018.
A spokesperson for Northern Ireland's Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety said hospital parking charges are permitted "where they are set to recover the cost of investment in and maintenance of car park provision including associated security costs".
Patients receiving radiotherapy or chemotherapy treatment, patients receiving renal dialysis and next of kin visiting patients in critical care or a high dependency unit are eligible for free car parking in Northern Ireland.
The London North West Healthcare NHS Trust paid £1.8m in 2014 went to the company Apcoa, which manages the Northwick Park multi-storey under a PFI contract.
The company, which pays the trust about £40,000 a month on a lease basis, also kept £34,052 in parking fines in 2014.
Some NHS trusts also raised a significant amount from charging staff for parking.
Of the £3,876,314 the University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust raised from parking charges in 2014-15, £1,206,836 was from staff.
Many trusts said the money was put back into patient care or was spent on maintaining car parks or grounds.
Others said their size and the fact that they served busy neighbourhoods meant they took more in revenue.
A Department of Health spokeswoman said: "We expect all NHS organisations to follow our guidelines on car parking, including offering discounts to disabled people.
"Patients and families shouldn't have to deal with the added stress of unfair parking charges and our guidance rightly helps the public hold the NHS to account for any unfair charges or practices."


"All for one and one for all" - the famous refrain of Alexandre Dumas' Three Musketeers.

Well, let's forget the original characters, and instead substitute Trump - obviously as the hot headed, impetuous, fame-seeker d'Artagnan, as well as Cruz and Kasich.
And bring the plot into the 21st Century, and the extraordinary 2016 race for the White House. Because what we have here is the absolute reverse of "all for one".
This is the novel with "I'm for myself, and screw the other two" as its motto.
When the Republican race was getting under way, the grandees of the party knew there would be vigorous debate that would, at times, get a little rough. But a leading figure would emerge and he or she would be crowned the nominee at the convention in Cleveland in July.
The other losing candidates - though with feathers a little ruffled, and egos bruised - would summon their supporters and rally round the flag of the victor. With swords unsheathed and the barrels of their muskets loaded they would then rally their sullen armies of supporters for the fight of their lives against the Democratic Party enemy.
This was the pledge signed by all the candidates last autumn.
"I [insert name] affirm that if I do not win the 2016 Republican nomination for president of the United States, I will endorse the 2016 Republican presidential nominee regardless of who it is. I further pledge that I will not see to run as an independent or write-in candidate nor will I seek or accept the nomination for president of any other party."
(Was this really just six months ago? It seems like a lifetime.)
Giving it greater emphasis, Trump told reporters after signing it that he saw "no circumstances under which I would tear up the pledge".
Full US election coverage
Where are failed Republican candidates now?
Who's funding each candidate?
As recently as the beginning of this month, that unity looked as though it might hold firm. In a TV debate just after Super Tuesday, the remaining candidates were asked: Will you support the GOP nominee even if it's Trump?
Here are their replies:
Marco Rubio: I'll support the Republican nominee, even Trump, because the Democrats have two people left in the race. A socialist and a person who lies to the families of the victims of Benghazi.
Ted Cruz: Yes, because I gave my word that I would. I keep my word.
John Kasich: Sometimes he makes it a little bit hard but you know I'm going to support whoever is the nominee.
Donald Trump is then asked a similar question - would he support the nominee even if it's not him?
Donald Trump: Even if it's not me? Millions of millions of people have come to the Republican party... and Democrats are losing people. I'm very proud. The answer is yes I will.
"Pheeeewwww." You could hear the Republican high command breathe a sigh of relief.
But three weeks is a long time in Republican politics. Since then, we've had Marco Rubio suffer a mortal duelling wound in his battle with Trump in Florida, and fall by the wayside.
We've had the unseemly battle of the wives, and which was the ugliest. Frankly an industrial muck-spreader would have struggled to have thrown as much mud.
And we've had the campaign manager of Trump charged by the police with a minor assault after stopping a reporter from asking Mr Trump a question.
All of which brings us to last night's CNN town hall meeting in Wisconsin. And the same question got asked again. Will you support whoever emerges as the candidate?
Ted Cruz is asked the question three times, and is slippery. The closest he came to saying no was when he said: "I'm not in the habit of supporting someone who attacks my wife and attacks my family."
John Kasich also couldn't quite bring himself to answer the question directly, saying: "I don't want to be political here: I've got to see what happens."
But Donald Trump had no such qualms. When he was asked whether he felt a need to honour the pledge, his reply was brief, succinct and precise. "No, I don't anymore," he told the host, Anderson Cooper.
And there is a perfect vignette of why our d'Artagnan in this race is forging ahead and winning such support. People love that Trump says it straight (even if he contradicts previous statements).
None of the usual obfuscation or circumlocution. And for angry, disenchanted Americans he is the perfect tonic.
All of which sets the stage for a convention that could teeter out of control - and a script not written by the GOP's Cardinal Richelieu, but by the Democratic party.
A convention in which our swashbuckling swordsmen are swinging on chandeliers and shimmying down ropes to attack each other as a bloodbath ensues
While Hillary Clinton like some latter day Comtesse, in a powdered wig with a potpourri held to her nose peeps from behind her fan with a satisfied and none-too-enigmatic smile on her face
Or to jump forward a hundred or so years in our French history, to what Napoleon once said.
"Never interfere with an enemy while he's in the process of destroying himself."


Paralympic champion swimmer Josef Craig has been disqualified from a race at the IPC European Championships for failing to cover up a tattoo.

The 19-year-old from Jarrow has a motif of the Olympic rings on the left side of his chest, which breaches advertising regulations.
He won his heat in the S8 100m freestyle but missed out on Sunday's final after being disqualified.
In Monday's S8 400m freestyle heats, Craig swam with a cover on the tattoo.
An International Paralympic Committee spokesman said: "Body advertising is not allowed in any way whatsoever and that includes the Olympic rings. The athlete did not wear a cover and was therefore disqualified.
"All teams are informed of the advertising policy at a technical meeting prior to competition so it wasn't as if they had not been reminded about the rules."
The City of Sunderland swimmer, who has cerebral palsy, was Britain's youngest gold medallist at London 2012 and qualified third fastest for Monday's 400m freestyle final at the championships in Madeira.


Police are investigating a "new" crime of cyber-flashing after a commuter received an indecent image on her phone as she travelled to work.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
13 August 2015 Last updated at 15:38 BST
The victim, Lorraine Crighton-Smith, received two pictures of an unknown man's penis on her phone via Apple's Airdrop sharing function.
It was possible because she had changed her iPhone's settings to allow anybody to "Airdrop" photos to her device.
This video shows how to change your settings to switch Airdrop off when you are not using it.


A group of Tottenham fans have been attacked in Brussels before the Europa League tie against Anderlecht.

Eyewitnesses said about 50 fans were in the Bar BQ cafe in the Belgian capital on Wednesday night when up to 100 people tried to break in.
"We had Tottenham fans and suddenly people came from outside," bar worker Marie Elizabeth told BBC Radio London.
"They started hitting people with chairs, tables and glasses - whatever they found."
One person was reported to be badly injured in the attack.
Ms Elizabeth said the atmosphere inside the bar had been "very good" before the attack, and that Spurs supporters "did not do anything to cause problems".
"It was very scary because it is the first time something like this has happened in the area," she added.
"It wasn't expected and we didn't know what to do.
"Thank god someone was by the door and they tried to close it, so they didn't come inside. If they had come inside I don't know what was going to happen.
"A lot of people from England were hurt. We called the police and the ambulance and they came for first aid."
Tottenham fan Sion Roberts tweeted pictures from outside the bar following the attack, showing displaced tables and chairs and damage to the bar's frontage.
One person was reported to be badly injured in the attack.
Fans of the north London club have previously been targeted when playing on the continent, notably in Rome in 2012 and Lyon in 2013.
Tottenham play Anderlecht on Thursday night.


North Korea says it has carried out an underground test of a hydrogen bomb, a more powerful weapon than the atomic bombs it has tested before.

The BBC spoke to nuclear and defence experts Ankit Panda, James Acton and Bruce Bennett about the latest test.
At this stage, not a lot. The United States Geological Survey did say it generated seismic waves equivalent to a 5.1 magnitude earthquake, although analysts at the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) said it was equivalent to a 4.9 quake.
Working out exactly how powerful the blast was - also known as its "yield" - depends partly on how deep underground the test was.
Initial estimates have been in the 10 to 15 kiloton range, according to Bruce Bennett, a senior defence analyst at the Rand Corporation, making it just slightly larger than the 2013 test.
However, some reports say the yield was smaller.
North Korea's tests in 2006 and 2009 are thought to have been plutonium fission devices, but speculation was rife that its 2013 test was of an uranium-enriched device, though this has never been confirmed.
"In general, uranium devices are much more difficult to fabricate and operate," says Ankit Panda, associate editor of The Diplomat.
A test based on a uranium device would spell new dangers because weapons-grade plutonium enrichment happens in large facilities that are easier to spot and uranium enrichment uses many, possibly small, centrifuges that can be hidden away.
North Korea has also depleted its stocks of weapons-grade plutonium but has plentiful reserves of uranium ore.
Whatever your starting material, the significance of an H-bomb is that it is more powerful and technologically advanced than atomic weapons, such as those that devastated two Japanese cities in World War II.
H-bombs use fusion - the merging of atoms - to unleash massive amounts of energy, whereas atomic bombs use nuclear fission, or the splitting of atoms.
The estimated size of the blast suggests that they did not succeed in detonating a full thermonuclear device, experts say, because in that case you would expect a blast closer to 100 kilotons or more.
"It tentatively appears too small to be a hydrogen bomb," James Acton, co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, told the BBC.
Depending on the depth of the test, it is possible this explosion was partially "boosted", meaning it may have used a small amount of nuclear fusion.
Bruce Bennett says that if it was a full thermonuclear device, it should have generated a seismic measurement of "around seven on the earthquake scale".
One way to know with more certainty what was detonated would be if radioactive material is released from the test site and picked up in atmospheric samples.
The US will fly its WC-135 Constant Phoenix aircraft to analyse the atmosphere off the North Korean coast. Other countries will also perform their own sampling, "but there is no guarantee that anything will leak," Mr Acton said.
Meanwhile more detailed seismic analysis, by the CTBTO and others, should give a clearer idea of the test's depth and power.
Results may come out in days or weeks. But we may never have a perfectly clear picture of what was tested and how well it went. After the 2013 test, for example, the CTBTO says it detected some radiation 55 days later.
Even if North Korea failed to successfully detonate an H-bomb, the test shows its nuclear programme is continuing apace, a worry for most observers.
If it has indeed tested an H-bomb, it would be a significant advancement of its nuclear programme. Either way, it is nakedly advertising its nuclear ambitions. Earlier this year, it restarted its Yongbyon nuclear reactor, which has been the source of the plutonium used in previous tests.
Condemnation has been pouring in, but experts say the reaction of Pyongyang's allies, particularly China, is crucial.
As in 2013, North Korea, claimed this was a successful test of a miniaturised device.
"Miniaturisation is significant because that is the difference between detonating a nuclear device on the ground and placing it on an inter-continental ballistic missile or a submarine-launched ballistic missile, says Ankit Panda.
If true, it would allowing it to hit neighbouring countries, or potentially even the US.  Most experts are sceptical of the claim.
"We really don't know," says Bruce Bennett, who does point out that you can determine the size of an explosion from data, but its design is harder to verify.
Whatever the truth of this test, for diplomacy, observers say it dashes any hopes of North Korea returning to stalled talks involving the US, Russia, China and others.
The BBC spoke to Ankit Panda, associate editor of The Diplomat, James Acton, co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Bruce Bennett, senior defence analyst at the Rand Corporation.


Widnes Vikings have signed Warrington Wolves pair Sam Wilde and Jack Johnson on four-week loan deals.

Wilde, 21, can play at loose forward and second row and has made 18 appearances for Warrington, including the 2016 Super League Grand Final.
Johnson, 20, has played 11 games and can play at full-back and wing.
Widnes head coach Denis Betts told the club website: "We are pleased to have secured Sam and Jack at a time when we are facing injury challenges."


The head of Google's research and development lab X has been speaking about projects that failed, at the TED (Technology, Entertainment and Design) conference in Vancouver.

Astro Teller revealed the tech giant considered building air cargo ships and vast vertical farms but later rejected them.
The theme of this year's TED is Dream.
Mr Teller revealed that at X, dreams were big but failure was a key part of any project.
X, described as Google's "moon shot" factory, has many projects that have gone on to become reality, including Google's driverless car program and Project Loon, an attempt to use balloons to deliver internet to places that have been traditionally cut off from access.
Mr Teller revealed that the formula for deciding which projects to pursue was a simple one.
"We find a huge problem that affects millions of people, propose a radical solution and look for a breakthrough technology that can solve it," he said.
"We spend most of our time breaking things and trying to prove we are wrong."
Projects which were left on the cutting room floor included plans to build vertical farms.
Hydroponic farming, in which crops are grown indoors in boxes stacked on top of each other with no need for soil, is seen as a solution for an increasingly urban world population living in crowded cities with little space for land.
"One in nine people suffers from undernourishment and vertical farming uses 10 times less water, 100 times less land," said Mr Teller.
But the company rejected the idea of large-scale versions of such farms when it realised that staple crops such as rice and grain could not be grown in that way.
Others are ploughing ahead with vertical farming. Chicago-based FarmedHere plans to open a $23m (Â£16m) vertical farm in West Louisville while Japanese firm Fujitsu sells the produce it makes to hospitals, supermarkets and hotels.
The second project that Mr Teller revealed had been later ditched was a plan to build lighter-than-air cargo ships. That was dropped when the team working on it decided that it would cost too much to build a prototype.
"You can't spend $200 million on the first data point of a project," he said.
Failure is hugely important at X, Mr Teller told the TED audience.
"The only way to get people to work on big, risky things - audacious ideas - is to make it safe to fail," he said.
"The Silicon Valley hype machine has created this myth that visionaries are effortlessly creating the future. Don't believe the hype," he said.
Project Loon for instance, perhaps one of X's most outlandish ideas, has been a steep learning curve, Mr Teller said.
"We made round, silvery balloons, we made pillow balloons. We basically burst a lot of balloons," he said.
But, he added Project Loon now appears as a viable solution to the digital divide. He predicted that balloon-based net services along with other technologies would connect the rest of the world in the "next five to ten years".
"That will change the world in ways that we can't imagine," he said.


Chesney Hughes made 96 and Wayne Madsen hit an unbeaten half-century to put Derbyshire on top at Gloucestershire.

Hughes and Ben Slater put on 103 for the first wicket before Slater was caught off the bowling of Liam Norwell.
Madsen (58) and Hughes put on 71 to steady the innings after Norwell had Hamish Rutherford (1) caught behind.
Jack Taylor bowled Hughes to end his 206-ball knock, but Madsen remained unbeaten alongside Neil Broom (30) as the visitors reached 242-3 at stumps.
BBC Radio Gloucestershire's Bob Hunt at Bristol:
"Not the most exhilarating day's cricket, but both teams will feel reasonably satisfied with their work.
"After a first session where no wickets fell and 96 runs were scored, the visitors were setting their sights on a healthy total by the close but tight bowling slowed them down in a rather turgid afternoon.
"Liam Norwell picked up two wickets immediately after lunch, Wayne Madsen took his time to get going and only 45 runs came off 32 overs.
"Chesney Hughes had batted with discipline to get within four of his century, but inexplicably missed a long hop from Jack Taylor.
"If Gloucestershire get early wickets tomorrow then they will feel they are still very much in the game."


Images and stories from Swansea University researchers will go on show at the Royal Institution in London.

A new exhibition will feature selected submissions from the university's Research as Art competition.
Open to researchers from all subjects, the competition asked researchers to tell the story of their projects, accompanied by an image.
The images will be on show in Mayfair from 1 February to 2 March 2016.
"We are delighted to have this opportunity to display Swansea research in the heart of London, in one of the world's leading scientific institutions," said Dr Richard Johnston, founder of the competition.


Scottish DJ Calvin Harris has told BBC Radio 1 about the time he was refused entry to a nightclub in his hometown of Dumfries.

The internationally successful musician was being interviewed by Nick Grimshaw in his studio in Los Angeles.
He was asked by one listener if he had ever been turned away from a venue before he was famous.
Harris revealed he had been refused entry to a club in Dumfries 15 years ago for having the "wrong shoes".
"The answer would be yes," he said.
"It was Chancers in Dumfries for having the wrong shoes in 2001."
It was a fair cop, I had the wrong shoes on.
However, he said he accepted they had probably been right to turn him away.
"It was a fair cop, I had the wrong shoes on," he said.
"It think it is about mental attitude - that when you have fancy shoes on you are less likely to cause trouble, like, in your mind - do you know what I mean?" he said.
"If you go into a place and you are dressed with trainers and jeans, a T-shirt and all that you are kind of setting yourself up to cause trouble.
"If you are there in your nice shiny shirt - from Next or somewhere like that - and you've got your shiny shoes and all that on you are probably going to be a bit more respectable in the club - that's my theory."


A 500-year-old pendant worth more than £13,000 was saved from being sold as scrap gold after a jeweller recognised its value.

The jewellery, dating from 1450-1500, was found more than 30 years ago in a garden in Dorton, Buckinghamshire.
The owner had no idea of its value until trying to sell the pendant, when experts indentified it as medieval.
Buckinghamshire County Museum, which obtained grants to buy the jewellery, said it was an "extremely rare" find.
The gold pendant, with fine carving and traces of blue and white enamel, depicts two Christian religious images, and is thought to be a souvenir of a pilgrimage to Thomas Becket's tomb in Canterbury.
After its age was confirmed, the British Museum said it could be sold privately as it was found before the 1996 Treasure Act was passed.
Bucks County Museum was able to cover the whole £13,500 cost of buying the piece through grants from the Headley Trust, the V&A Purchase Grant Fund and the Patrons of the Museum.
Museum spokesman Brett Thorn said the find was "extremely rare" and a "beautiful and fascinating little piece of Bucks heritage".
"Apart from the incredible level of skill of the craftsman who made it, it also tells us something about how important religion was to the lives of the people at that time," he said.
"To realise the fact that they would invest so much time and wealth in a tiny souvenir which no-one else would ever see, perhaps hoping for a miraculous cure, helps us understand them better."
Source: Buckinghamshire County Museum


Team Jets captain Lauren Devine says the Jersey side showed "strength of character" in their 55-48 Premier League Two win at home to Ryland.

The Channel Islanders led by 11 goals at one stage but went into the final quarter level with their opponents.
Victory lifted Linda Andrews' side to fourth and keeps them in the hunt for the end-of-season promotion play-offs.
"It was so tough, we made a right spectacle of it - to win by seven was amazing," Devine told BBC Radio Jersey.
"You've got to go down sometimes to get strength of character and learn how to build back up, so we'll certainly learn a lot of lessons from that."
Ryland got promoted along with Team Jets last season and sit second in the table.
Jets have lost just two of their last 10 games and have two regular-season games remaining.
"The home crowd's always a good advantage but sometimes it adds that little bit of pressure - without it it would've been a very different game," added Devine.
"We had a little dip - I think we probably surprised ourselves with such a good start, we weren't used to it."


A court in Zimbabwe capital, Harare, has freed a pastor who had been accused of attempting to overthrow the government.

Supporters of Pastor Evan Mawarire celebrated the news in song and dance.
His lawyers successfully argued that the charge of subversion had been added at the last minute, denying him a fair trial.
The pastor has been at the heart of a social media campaign denouncing the government's management of the economy.
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Mr Mawarire, who started the #ThisFlag movement, was draped in Zimbabwe's national flag in court.
The charge of subversion carries a maximum sentence of 20 years. On Tuesday, he was charged with inciting public violence and disturbing the peace.
Mr Mawarire was represented by dozens of lawyers.
His latest call for a two-day stay away from work to protest at the economic crisis went largely unheeded, with most businesses opening as normal.
However, a similar protest last week left the country's cities deserted after civil servants had gone unpaid.
Salaries were finally paid last week and so most schools, hospitals and offices were open as usual on Wednesday despite the strike call.
However, the country still faces a severe shortage of cash, as well as a severe drought.


Northern Ireland's Stephanie Meadow had to settle for a share of 31st place in the opening event of the LPGA season after a closing two-over-par 75.

Meadow, 24, went into the final round of the Pure Silk Bahamas Classic sharing 13th spot and within striking distance of a top-10 finish.
However, after playing her opening 11 holes in one under par, Meadow then dropped four shots in three holes.
A closing birdie moved the Jordanstown woman up 10 spots in the field.
While she is likely to be disappointed with her closing nine holes as she finished on 11 under par overall, Meadow should take encouragement from the tournament after posting opening rounds of 72, 67 and 67.
Meadow finished a superb third on her professional debut at the US Women's Open in 2014 but suffered a dip in form following the death of her father a year later.
The Northern Irishwoman showed signs of a return to form in the latter part of 2016 as she achieved a top-10 finish at the Canadian Open.
American Brittany Lincicome won with a birdie at the first play-off hole after tying with compatriot Lexi Thompson on 26 under after four rounds.


House prices in the UK rose by 6.7% in 2015, according to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) - a considerable slowdown on the previous year.

In 2014 prices rose by 9.8%, according to ONS figures.
Prices increased fastest in England, at 7.3%, and slowest in Scotland, where they fell 0.2% during 2015.
The value of houses and flats rose by just 1% in Wales, and by 1.5% in Northern Ireland.
The average price at the end of December was Â£288,000.
The ONS figure is in the middle of a range of estimates produced by other organisations.
Halifax, the UK's largest mortgage lender, said prices rose by as much as 9.5% in 2015, while the Nationwide Building Society put the increase at just 4.5%.
The Land Registry of England and Wales said the annual inflation rate was 6.4%.
Separate figures show that the number of new mortgages taken out in 2015 was roughly the same as in 2014.
But the Council of Mortgage Lenders said the amount being borrowed had risen from Â£112bn in 2014 to Â£118bn in 2015 - an increase of 5.3%.


The Canadian teacher named best in the world last weekend is still feeling "a bit of disbelief".

At an awards ceremony in Dubai, Maggie MacDonnell walked away with this year's Varkey Foundation Global Teacher Prize.
The Nova Scotia-born teacher has taught for the last six years in a remote fly-in Inuit village called Salluit.
Originally hesitant to take part in the competition, she saw an opportunity to draw attention to challenges facing northern indigenous communities.
Ms MacDonnell knew she wanted to come back to Canada after spending five years in countries like Botswana, Tanzania and Congo, where her work focused on sports and recreation as a community development tool.
Her love for sport followed her to Salluit in northern Quebec.
Outside the classroom, she spent time as a coach for the Salluit Running Club. Seven Inuit youth travelled with her to Hawaii in 2016 to run a half marathon.
She also helped open a fitness centre in the small community.
The educator said the importance of physical activity to mental health and resilience is often undervalued.
"We're on an eight month plan before we get to that race - of fundraising, of building team collaboration and team spirit. Of committing," she said of her running club.
There are challenges in Salluit, with a population of about 1,400 people.
Like other remote indigenous communities in Canada, there is a lack of housing. There are problems with sexual abuse and substance abuse. Teenage pregnancies are common. Six young men there committed suicides in 2015.
There are few healthy escapes for the village's youth, Ms MacDonnell said, and that is why she pushed for healthy outlets.
Her projects extended well beyond the classroom, from taking students hiking in national parks, to having them run a community kitchen and fundraising for diabetes prevention programs. She has also temporarily fostered some Salluit youth.
"The school is not isolated from the community. You can imagine it's a silo but that just your imagination," she said.
"In reality (the students are) bringing in backpacks of the issues they're dealing with. And they're also bringing their talents and gifts and resources."
Ms MacDonnell brought three of her former students with her to Dubai, where she beat nine other teachers for the US$1m (Â£810,000) prize, following a vote by the 153-member Global Teacher Prize Academy.
Ms MacDonnell is currently on leave from teaching and will be working with Kativik School Board on implementing her community development vision at a regional level.