After ending their 58-year wait to reach a major tournament, Wales started their Euro 2016 campaign in the best possible way.

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A Gareth Bale free-kick and a late winner from substitute Hal Robson-Kanu saw Chris Coleman's side earn a 2-1 victory over Slovakia in Group B.
But who were the stand-out performers in Bordeaux? BBC Wales Sport's Dafydd Pritchard gives his ratings.
Called in to replace the injured Wayne Hennessey, who was forced out with a back problem, the 22-year-old Liverpool keeper was solid in his first international start, punching well from crosses and making a handful of decent saves.
Coped well with the threat of Slovakia winger Vladimir Weiss and gave Wales some useful width on the right.
Comfortable on the ball and focused in defence, the West Brom defender played his part in a determined team display.
The Swansea man led his defence with authority, making timely blocks and interceptions without ever seeming flustered.
As well as making a crucial block to deny Marek Hamsik a certain goal in the third minute, the Tottenham defender was excellent as he carried the ball out of defence.
A typically combative display from the Swansea full-back, who stood up to the robust physicality of Slovakia.
Playing in place of Joe Ledley, who is still regaining match fitness after recovering from a broken leg, the Wolves midfielder grafted and kept the ball well.
Typically industrious at the base of midfield and wise in his use of the ball. A pivotal player for Wales.
Guilty of over-complicating things in the first half, the Arsenal midfielder's ambitious passes and flicks did not come off - but he had a hand in the winning goal.
Repaid Chris Coleman's faith with an energetic and brave performance, always looking to run at opposition defenders despite being the target of heavy challenges.
His goal was not one of his best free-kicks, but the Real Madrid forward was his usual menacing self on the break despite being marked heavily by his opponents.
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Bursting with energy when he came on after 71 minutes, Wales' cult hero ran tirelessly and, albeit with some fortune, struck a famous winning goal.
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Given the committed nature of his 20-minute performance, it is difficult to believe the Crystal Palace midfielder broke his leg as recently as 7 May.
Create leagues and play against your friends in BBC Sport's new Euro 2016 Predictor game


Team Sky's Elia Viviani won stage three of the Tour de Romandie in a sprint finish as fellow Italian Fabio Felline retained the overall lead.

Viviani powered ahead of Sonny Colbrelli and Michael Schwarzmann at the end of Friday's 180km ride around Payerne in western Switzerland.
Britain's three-time Tour de France winner Chris Froome finished 68th.
The 31-year-old Team Sky rider stays 29 seconds behind Felline as he continues preparations for the 2017 Tour.
Saturday's Romandie stage takes the riders across a mountainous 164km route from Domdidier to Leysin that features two category-one climbs.
The six-day, five-stage race - an early indicator of form before the Tour de France in July - ends with a 17.9km individual time trial in Lausanne on Sunday.
Tour de Romandie stage three result:
1. Elia Viviani (Ita/Team Sky) 4hrs 27mins 42secs
2. Sonny Colbrelli (Ita/Bahrain) Same time
3. Michael Schwarzmann (Ger/Bora)
4. Alexander Edmondson (Aus/Orica)
5. Samuel Dumoulin (Fra/ AG2R)
6. Youcef Reguigui (Alg/Dimension Data)
7. Maximiliano Richeze (Arg/Quick-Step)
8. Moreno Hofland (Ned/Lotto)
9. Vyacheslav Kuznetsov (Rus/Katusha)
10. Juan Jose Lobato (Spa/LottoNL)
Overall classification after stage three:
1.  Fabio Felline (Ita/Trek) 12hrs 40mins 24secs
2.  Maximilian Schachmann (Ger/Quick-Step) +8secs
3.  Jesus Herrada (Spa/Movistar) Same time
4.  Primoz Roglic (Svn/LottoNL) +9secs
5.  Ion Izagirre (Spa/Bahrain) +12secs
6.  Bob Jungels (Lux/Quick-Step) Same time
7.  Jose Goncalves (Por/Katusha) +13secs
8.  Ruben Fernandez (Spa/Movistar) Same time
9.  Michael Albasini (Swi/Orica) +14secs
10. Jonathan Castroviejo (Spa/Movistar)  Same time
Selected others:
16. Simon Yates (GB/Orica) +18secs
39. Chris Froome (GB/Team Sky) +29secs
56. Peter Kennaugh (GB/Team Sky) +53secs
89 Alex Dowsett (GB/Team Sky) +8mins 32secs
99 Ben Swift (Gb)/UAE Team Emirates +9mins 34secs


Tanzania has banned the smoking of shishas or water pipes over concerns of links with drug or alcohol abuse.

The government said businesses in the country's biggest city, Dar es Salaam, were expected to stop shisha sales within seven days.
Shisha smoking has become increasingly popular with young people in Tanzania.
But there has been growing concern that smoking the fruit-scented tobacco through a bowl and tube could be used to cover up alcohol or drug abuse.
The BBC's Tulanana Bohela in Dar es Salaam says there have been cases of some users replacing the water with alcohol or marijuana infused water.
Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa is reported to have said that shisha smoking was killing future generations.
Shisha smoking is common in many Arab countries and in Tanzania was traditionally an activity associated with Arab or Asian groups.
However, as in Europe, it has grown in popularity across society in recent years.
Health campaigners in the UK have warned of the dangers of smoking shishas, also known as hookahs, narghiles, arghilehs or hubble bubbles.
Doctors say there is a "misconception" that shishas are not as harmful as cigarettes and the British Heart Foundation says an hour-long shisha session can be the equivalent of smoking more than 100 cigarettes.
"Traditionally shisha tobacco contains cigarette tobacco, so like cigarettes it contains nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide and heavy metals, such as arsenic and lead," it says.
"As a result, shisha smokers are at risk of the same kinds of diseases as cigarette smokers, such as heart disease, cancer, respiratory disease and problems during pregnancy."


An American artist is giving a life-sized sculpture of William Shakespeare to Stratford-upon-Avon to mark the 400th anniversary of the Bard's death.

The town's councillors are set to accept the gift from actor and director Lawrence Holofcener at a meeting later.
Holofcener previously planned to loan the sculpture to the council, but revised his offer to a gift.
The "interactive" statue of the Bard on a bench is set to be put in Bancroft Gardens next month.
Updates on this story and more from Warwickshire
The sculpture is being kept under wraps until it is installed in the town and unveiled on 23 February, to mark Holofcener's 90th birthday.
"People should be able to take selfies with Shakespeare with the RSC [Royal Shakespeare Company] theatre in the background," a council spokesman said.
Holofcener is the sculptor behind the famous Allies piece in Bond Street, London, where people can sit between life-sized sculptures of Winston Churchill and Franklin D Roosevelt.
The artwork is "not only believed to be the most photographed sculpture in the country, but is also now seen as one of London's key tourist attractions", the council said.
The 400th anniversary of the death of Shakespeare, who was born in Stratford in 1564, will be marked in the town and around the world.
Among events, actor David Tennant is to host a live TV celebration of the playwright's contribution to the UK's cultural heritage from the RSC in April.


More police officers have been tasked with catching speeding drivers in the Highlands.

Thirty-eight officers cover road policing duties compared to 12 officers three to four years ago.
Ch Supt Julian Innes, the area's divisional commander, said the move had led to an increase in detection rates.
Between April and October 3,755 motorists were detected breaking speed limits - a 40% rise on the same period last year.
Ch Supt Innes said: "That increase has nothing to do with speed cameras on the A9, or camera vans or any of the activity they do.
"We have increased the number of officers that have their dedicated time to road policing."
He said having more officers meant Police Scotland could improve its response to community concerns about speeding.
The senior officer added: "We are catching more folk."


Former Stormont finance minister Sammy Wilson has said Northern Ireland could get "an additional £540m in its budget" if the UK leaves the European Union.

The Democratic Unionist Party MP backs a British exit, or a so-called Brexit.
He claimed the annual block grant would likely benefit from the UK saving on its financial contribution to Europe.
He said Northern Ireland would in theory be entitled to 3% (£540m) of the £18bn that the UK pays into Europe as a result of the Barnett Formula.
The formula is used by the Treasury to allocate public spending in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
The DUP has yet to formally adopt a position ahead of a referendum on EU membership.
Mr Wilson accepts, however, that it will be for the government to decide how it uses any saving, should voters back withdrawal.
"If it wants to use it to help write off the deficit there will be no Barnett consequential," he said.
"It is a decision for them."
The UK pays more into the EU kitty than it gets back, but Northern Ireland has been a major beneficiary of that returned funding.
Northern Ireland's business community broadly favours the UK remaining in the EU.
Last year, research for the Northern Ireland Assembly said leaving the EU could cost the Northern Ireland economy almost £1bn a year.
It pointed to £2.4bn of EU funding which was received in the region between 2007 and 2013.


The father of Shafilea Ahmed has told a court he was not responsible for her death.

Iftikhar Ahmed, 52, broke down at Chester Crown Court as he denied killing his daughter, or having anything to do with her murder.
His wife Farzana Ahmed, 49, also denies murdering the 17-year-old in 2003.
On Monday, the jury was told Mrs Ahmed had changed her account, claiming she saw her husband beat Shafilea on the night of the alleged murder.
She also claimed he had threatened to do the same to her and their other children if she ever asked him what happened to Shafilea after she disappeared from their Warrington home.
Asked by Tom Bayliss QC, defending, how he felt about his wife, Mr Ahmed said: "I love her to bits."
He said that had not changed, even after she changed her story.
By Nick RavenscroftBBC North of England reporter
For weeks, Iftikhar Ahmed has sat in the dock while the jury has heard the accusations against him - including by one of his own children - picked over.
Today was his chance to stand up and make his case. To say more than the two word "not guilty" plea that he offered the court at the start of the trial.
He spoke in a quiet voice. Mainly steady but at times straining with emotion - most notably when his barrister asked him about the effect on his family of his daughter Shafilea's disappearance.
"The family was devastated," he said.
Sitting 10 feet away listening is his wife of 25 years. Until this week they have spoken as one - that they both knew nothing about Shafilea's death.
This week, that ended when Farzana Ahmed changed her evidence.
Responding to a question asking whether he would ever hurt his daughter, Mr Ahmed said "no".
He was then asked if he was responsible for Shafilea's death. Again Mr Ahmed replied "no".
He then added: "We were devastated to find out that she had left home in the first place."
When he was asked how he felt when his daughter's body was found, Mr Ahmed struggled to respond, before adding in a strained voice: "We couldn't believe it when we heard."
The run-up to the trial, Mr Ahmed said, had made them "come closer" as a family.
"We have been fighting to achieve justice for our daughter Shafilea," he added.
Mr Bayliss asked Mr Ahmed if he believed he would ever know what happened to Shafilea.
Mr Ahmed responded: "We were hoping so but I don't think we ever will."
Mr Ahmed then described Shafilea to the jury, calling her "talented and athletic".
He added: "Education-wise, she was absolutely brilliant - her best subject was art, she liked making mosaics.
"She was a character in herself. Very bubbly, very talkative, everything a child should be."
Mr Ahmed told the court he "totally agreed" with his daughter's ambition to become a solicitor.
He said that it was because of her studies that he had refused to discuss a marriage proposal for Shafilea made by a "distant uncle" on behalf of his son.
He added that he did not know where the 17-year-old had got the impression she was to be "married off" from.
Mr Bayliss also asked him about his opinion of Shafilea's social life and, in particular, her friendships with boys.
Mr Ahmed said if he had known about her having a friendship with a boy, "there would not be a problem".
"If we know who she is going with and then we get to know about who he is and if she likes the person, then that's fine. It's her life," he said.
When asked by Mr Bayliss how the death and accusations had affected the family and his relationship with his wife, Mr Ahmed replied: "As a couple, it's devastating, not something we expected."
Shafilea disappeared in September 2003 and her body was found on the bank of the River Kent in Cumbria the following February.
The prosecution claims she was killed by her parents because she brought shame on the family by her desire to lead a westernised lifestyle.
The case continues.


A theory that the mythical yeti is a rare polar bear-brown bear hybrid animal has been challenged.

Last year, Oxford University genetics professor Bryan Sykes revealed the results of DNA tests on hairs said to be from the Abominable Snowman.
The tests matched the samples with the DNA of an ancient polar bear.
But two other scientists have said re-analysis of the same data shows the hairs belong to the Himalayan bear, a sub-species of the brown bear.
The results of the new research by Ceiridwen Edwards and Ross Barnett have been published in the Royal Society journal, Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Among Dr Edwards' previous work was an attempt to carry out DNA analysis of a sample taken from bones of a polar bear washed into caves in north west Scotland 18,000 years ago.
According to legend, the yeti is a large and elusive ape-like beast.
For many years experts have been seeking a scientific explanation for the Abominable Snowman.
Prof Sykes, along with other genetics experts, conducted DNA tests on hairs from two unidentified animals, one from Ladakh - in northern India on the west of the Himalayas - and the other from Bhutan, 800 miles (1,285km) further east.
The results were then compared with the genomes of other animals stored on a database of all published DNA sequences.
The scientists found that he had a 100% match with a sample from an ancient polar bear jawbone found in Svalbard, Norway, that dates back to between 40,000 and 120,000 years ago - a time when the polar bear and closely-related brown bear were separating as different species.
The species are closely related and are known to interbreed where their territories overlap.
The sample from Ladakh came from the mummified remains of a creature shot by a hunter around 40 years ago, while the second sample was in the form of a single hair, found in a bamboo forest by an expedition of filmmakers about 10 years ago.
The samples were subjected to the most advanced tests available.
Prof Sykes said the most likely explanation for the myth was that the animal was a hybrid of polar bears and brown bears.
The research was reported widely by the media last year and, in July this year, published by the Royal Society.
However, following re-analysis of the same data, Dr Edwards and Dr Barnett argue that the hybrid bear does not exist in the Himalayas.
They said the previous research mistakenly matched DNA to an ancient Pleistocene polar bear, instead of a modern polar bear.
In their paper, Dr Edwards and Dr Barnett said their tests identified the hairs as being from a rare type of brown bear.
The scientists said: "The Himalayan bear is a sub-species of the brown bear that lives in the higher reaches of the Himalayas, in remote, mountainous areas of Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan and India.
"Its populations are small and isolated, and it is extremely rare in many parts of its range.
"The common name for these bears in the region is Dzu-teh, a Nepalese term meaning 'cattle bear', and they have long been associated with the myth of the yeti."
The yeti, also known as the Abominable Snowman, is said to be a large ape-like beast that roams the Himalayas in Nepal and Tibet.
Bigfoot, or Sasquatch (above), is the legendary beast of North America. Explanations to sightings include hoaxers using a gorilla suit.
The Big Grey Man of Ben Macdui is said to haunt the UK's second highest mountain. Scientific explanations for this Scottish creature include a meteorological phenomenon known as the brocken spectre, which causes a person's shadow to be cast on low cloud.
Prof Sykes and the other members of the team behind the earlier yeti hairs analysis have acknowledged that there was an error caused by an incomplete search of the DNA database used.
However, they said in a statement: "Importantly, for the thrust of the paper as a whole, the conclusion that these Himalayan 'yeti' samples were certainly not from a hitherto unknown primate is unaffected."
The response added: "We stressed in the original paper that the true identity of this intriguing animal needs to be refined, preferably by sequence data from fresh tissue samples derived from a living specimen where DNA degradation is no longer a concern."
Other hair samples said to belong to the yeti have been scrutinised by experts before.
In 2008, scientists in the US examined hairs given to the BBC which some had claimed were from a yeti.
The scientists concluded that the hairs - obtained from the north-east Indian state of Meghalaya - actually belonged to a species of Himalayan goat known as a Himalayan goral.
In 2007, Dr Edwards began a process to extract DNA from what are believed to be the only polar bear remains to be found in Britain.
The skull, of which only a part survives, was discovered at the Bone Caves in Inchnadamph, in Assynt, Sutherland, in 1927.
Prehistoric remains of animals - including an almost complete skeleton of a brown bear - and humans have been uncovered in the caves.
Dr Edwards hoped to shed light on what the polar bear was doing in Assynt 18,000 years ago.
However, DNA had not survived in the bone fragment.
Dr Edwards was also involved in a DNA study of ancient brown bear bones that suggested the maternal ancestors of modern polar bears were from Ireland.
Previously, it was believed that today's polar bears were most closely related to brown bears living on islands off the coast of Alaska.


The hot season is fast approaching in northern Niger and the sun burns into the flimsy roofs of the refugee tents, the plastic sheeting an incongruous blue against the few stems of green on trees and the dun colour of the sandy ground.

Seventy-year-old Mohammed Islamta arranges his few meagre possessions carefully in the dust; a mat, a cooking pot and traditional Tuareg tea-pot and stove, the only things he managed to bring as he fled his home near Menaka in Mali just over a month ago.
"I left all my animals - a donkey and five goats behind. It was a very difficult decision," he says, "but we saw people fleeing and we didn't want to stay to see what happened."
This remote corner of parched scrub seems far removed from the dramatic events in Sirte last October, as Colonel Muammar Gaddafi was dragged from a sewer, called a rat and beaten to death by fighters from the then rebel National Transitional Council.
Contamination
But, for seasoned observers, the arrival of these refugees is the beginning of the nightmare scenario that many feared would follow the Libyan conflict.
The refugees who arrived in Mangaize, in northern Niger, are fleeing clashes between Malian ethnic Tuareg rebels from the newly-formed National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and the national army which broke out in January 2012.
Some 130,000 people have fled their homes, according to the UN refugee agency.
These Tuaregs had, until September, been busy fighting alongside Col Gaddafi's forces as he struggled to cling to power in Libya.
They had taken sanctuary in Libya after their own rebellion in Mali in 2008 was defeated.
But as Col Gaddafi's luck began to turn south, they picked up the spoils of war around them and headed in the same direction; straight into the deserts of northern Mali, already unstable following attacks from al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.
The contamination does not stop there.
Niger - now hosting some 23,000 refugees - is worried that its own Tuareg population may rise up in rebellion, inspired by the MNLA.
A former rebellion in northern Niger led by the MNJ (Nigerien Movement for Justice), with links to the Malian Tuaregs, wreaked havoc in the north from 2007-9.
"We're upset that the Malians have allowed this situation to get out of control," says Bazoum Mohammed, Niger's foreign minister.
"Everyone knew this situation was coming; everyone knew that AQIM was present in the region; everyone knew that the Tuareg rebellion from 2008 in Mali had not been decapitated. And yet the Malians did not act."
Brief respite
Former fighters from the MNJ were among a convoy that arrived in northern Niger in September, bringing Col Gaddafi's own son Saadi to safety.
But, despite the evident dangers, Niger's authorities seem to have chosen to fight.
Patrols in the far-flung north of the country have been stepped up, and in the months following Col Gaddafi's fall from Tripoli, many ex-fighters from Libya coming into Niger were disarmed.
Regular surveillance flights supported by the US Pan-Sahelian Counter Terrorism Initiative patrol the skies, looking for unusual movements.
And former rebels have been integrated into government - the new prime minister appointed in April 2011 is a Tuareg, as are most of the local officials in Agadez.
"We dealt with the Tuareg problem better than Mali did," says Mr Mohammed. "There will be no repeat here."
Niger is hoping that its efforts will be matched by those of regional powers, with Niger calling for a regional force to be sent to Mali at a recent summit of the West African body, Ecowas .
Most observers agree that Niger's strong actions have reduced the imminent danger of a Tuareg rebellion within its own territory.
But, without concerted action in neighbouring Mali, Niger's respite may only be brief.


With Britain's heatwave reaching a peak, there could be no better moment to talk about why global warming has slowed to a standstill.

It reminds me of reporting on a drought a few years ago: while filming interviews with people about the impact, the heavens opened and rainwater was soon flowing down my neck.
So as journalists were invited to the Science Media Centre in London to hear how the worldwide rise in temperatures has stalled, the mercury shot up as if on cue to record the hottest day of the year so far.
In many ways, this event was long overdue: climate sceptics have for years pointed out that the world is not warming as rapidly as once forecast.
A lot depends on how you do the measurements, of course.
Each of the last few decades has been warmer than the last. But start your graph in 1998 - which happened to be an exceptionally warm year - and there hasn't been much global warming at all.
Gradually the words 'pause' and 'hiatus' which first featured in the blogs have crossed to the media and then to the scientists professionally engaged in researching the global climate.
The headline - which the scientists will not thank me for - is that no one is really sure why the rate of warming has stumbled.
There are plenty of possible explanations but none of them adds up to a definitive smoking gun.
Professor Piers Forster of Leeds University has tried to quantify the different factors involved - what's known as their "radiative forcing".
Between 1998-2012, he reckons, manmade greenhouse gases were still the biggest influence, causing warming of 0.48 of a Watt per square metre (a key measure of energy flows to and from the planet).
At the same, he estimates, two other natural influences might have led to some cooling: a relatively quiet Sun might have been responsible for a reduction of 0.16 of a Watt/sq m and volcanic eruptions another 0.06 Watt/sq m.
A big unknown is the effect of aerosols - tiny particles released by industrial pollution which could cause a further cooling effect.
It is thought that the world's massive industrialisation after World War Two contributed to a slight drop in global temperatures in the late 1940s.
But the key factor - according to all the speakers at the briefing - is that whatever solar energy is making it through to the surface, much is being absorbed by the hidden depths of the oceans.
The Argo network of automated monitors has been deployed since 2005 to measure the waters as deep as 1,800m. This isn't a very long period but the data are apparently showing some warming - even in this short time frame.
And readings from satellites since 2000 show how much energy is arriving at the planet, and how much is leaving, so if the energy left behind is not manifesting itself in rising surface temperatures, then it must be going somewhere - and the deep ocean is the most plausible explanation.
On top of that, the scientists say, pauses in warming were always to be expected. This is new - at least to me.
It is common sense that climate change would not happen in a neat, linear away but instead in fits and starts.
But I've never heard leading researchers mention the possibility before.
Professor Rowan Sutton, of Reading University, said computer simulations or models of possible future climate scenarios often show periods of ten years with no warming trend - some even show pauses of 20-25 years.
And Professor Stephen Belcher, head of the Met Office Hadley Centre, said observations and models showed that on average there were - or would be - two pauses in warming every century.
I asked why this had not come up in earlier presentations. No one really had an answer, except to say that this "message" about pauses had not been communicated widely.
So where does this leave us, as greenhouse gases emissions keep rising but the temperature does not?
Dr Peter Stott, of the Met Office, pointed out that 12 of the 14 warmest years have occurred since the year 2000 and says that other indicators - like the decline in Arctic sea ice of 12.9% per decade and losses of snow cover and glaciers - still point to a process of manmade warming.
But what about another possibility - that the calculations are wrong?
What if the climate models - which are the very basis for all discussions of what to do about global warming - exaggerate the sensitivity of the climate to rising carbon dioxide?
Dr Stott conceded that the projections showing the most rapid warming now look less likely, given recent observations, but that others remain largely unchanged.
A Met Office briefing document, released at the briefing, says that, even allowing for the temperatures of the last decade, the most likely warming scenario is only reduced by 10% - so "the warming that we might have expected by 2050 would be delayed by only a few years".
Overall, it concludes, the pause "does not materially alter the risks of substantial warming of the Earth by the end of this century."
In other words, global warming is still on.
But until the pause can be properly explained, many people will take a lot of convincing - especially if the pause lasts longer than expected.


China has decided to end its longstanding one-child policy and allow all couples to have two children.

What was it?
A decades-old government policy in China that limited many families to only one child, though exceptions were made. The one-child policy is estimated by the Chinese government to have prevented about 400m births since it began but this number is contested.
By 2007, China claimed that only 36% of its citizens were limited to one child due to various changes to the policy over time.
Why was it introduced?
As China's population approached one billion in the late 1970s, the government became concerned about what effect this would have on its ambitious plans for economic growth.
Although other family planning programs had already been implemented, helping to reduce the birth rate, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping decided stronger action was needed. The policy was introduced in 1979.
How was it enforced?
The government generally enforced it by providing financial and employment incentives to those who complied, making contraceptives widely available and fining those who violated the rules.
More coercive measures such as forced abortions and mass sterilisations were also used at times.
The policy was more strictly implemented in urban areas.
Why was it so controversial?
Campaigners in China and in the West argued the policy was a gross violation of human rights and reproductive freedoms.
Rich families who could afford to pay fines were also able to get around the restrictions.
The traditional preference for male children together with the one-child policy led to large numbers of girls being abandoned, placed in orphanages, sex-selective abortions or even cases of female infanticide.
China's gender balance is skewed towards males as a result of this.
Why is it now being abandoned?
Experts warn that China will be the first economy to grow old before it gets rich largely due to the one-child policy.  By 2050, more than a quarter of the population will be over 65.
The country's fertility rate is one of the lowest in the world and well below the rate of 2.1 children per woman required to replace the population across generations.
China's ageing population will slow down the economy as the pool of young workers decreases and the ratio between taxpayers and pensioners continues to drop.
How had the rules previously been relaxed?
In 2013, the rules were changed to allow couples to have a second child if one parent is an only child but fewer couples than the government had expected began doing so.
A previous relaxation of the rules in the 1980s allowed rural families to have another child if their first child was a girl. Ethnic minorities in China were not subject to the one-child policy.
What has really changed?
Rights activists and campaigners point out that the one-child policy has simply become a two-child policy, with China still controlling women's reproductive rights.
Amnesty International said women will remain at risk of coerced or forced abortions, and "intrusive forms of contraception" to implement the new policy.
When will the changes take effect?
According to the Xinhua news agency, the policy change will have to be approved by the top legislature before coming into effect. It is unknown when this will happen but the approval is regarded as a formality.


Ryan Dow has signed a deal with Ross County until the end of the season.

The forward spent nine years with Dundee United before leaving Tannadice when his contract ended in the summer.
Dow, 25, who made 21 appearances for United last season, has been training at Dingwall for the past three weeks.
"Ryan has been with us for the last few weeks while we assessed his fitness and we are delighted he has agreed to join," said Ross County manager Jim McIntyre.
"Ryan has fitted in really well and we think we are getting a great player who will add to our already strong attacking options."


The white goods in your home are no longer manufactured to be as durable as in previous generations, the Whitegoods Trade Association acknowledges.

Prices may have fallen for washers, freezers and mixers, but so has their expected lifespan.
It's a popular subject among readers of the BBC News website and many have been keen to share their appreciation and pictures of decades-old appliances still in working order, here is a selection of some of your stories and pictures.
Several readers have sent in stories and pictures of their food mixers, especially models of the Kenwood Chef.
John Adams' machine (above) was inherited from his mother, who in turn inherited it from hers.
"It is over 40 years old and still gets used every week for baking, and it still works perfectly."
Probably a touch older is the Kenwood mixer bought in Singapore in 1968 and currently used by the daughter of Fiona Lamb.
Older still is this Model 700D Kenwood Chef (right), which belongs to Tim Barthorpe from Orkney.
It was purchased in 1960 and he inherited it from his wife's stepmother. Tim still possesses and uses the full set of accessories the machine came with.
"It's not a museum piece. I use it on a regular basis.
"I rely on it at Christmas for pudding mixing and for chopping all the meat for my 5lb pork pie!"
However, Patricia Neil of Camarthenshire may have piped Tim with a Kenwood Chef, and the china bowl it came with, bought in 1955 and still used every week.
Aside from recently snapping the whisk, Patricia says she still has "all the original bits," although uncertain what some of them are for.
Claire Saunders' mother is still utilising her Modeq electric clothes airer (right), received as a wedding present, also in 1955.
"It is used at least three times a week, year-round, and has never needed servicing or repair," says Claire.
Another wedding present continuing to prove its value is the Sharp microwave of Jane Green, "working perfectly" after 26 and a half years.
"It's had a couple of new plates," admits Jane. "And a few new bulbs, but apart from that, no problems at all."
Meanwhile, Mike Skonieczny got in touch from Royal Oak, Michigan, USA, to say the toaster his parents received on their wedding day in 1960 is "on the counter now looking quite shiny and ready to go".
Harry Wallace sent us this picture of his 1978 JVC Amplifier, which has "never missed a beat, still going strong!"
However, a modern amplifier Harry recently purchased from somebody else "didn't even last a year".
Should make a lovely accompaniment to the CD player still used by Wally Wharton of Edinburgh, part of his Pioneer stereo system from 1986.
By nearly a decade, the picture of the oldest home appliance in service received by the BBC was this one (right) of a Prestcold refrigerator.
Owned by Lis Graham, the fridge was originally purchased by her father in 1946 and has only needed one replacement part since the turn of the millennium.
Today it plays a background role in BBC period drama Call the Midwife.
By comparison, the second-oldest fridge we received notice of belongs to Mrs J Storrar of Fife, whose Frigidaire, made by General Motors, was bought in 1949 by her husband's grandparents. In third place, and relatively youthful, is the refrigerator of Nigel Thomas's mother which "has been working for 52 years".
Highlights from the dozens of stories received include a Goblin vacuum cleaner Model 702P, "still going strong following my late parents' purchase 51 years ago," according to Raymond Gardiner, and a 29-year-old Black and Decker drill belonging to Kevin Hammond.
Of all the washing machine models we have been told of, Mary McCloskey's Zanussi 918 appears to be the oldest, having run for at least 31 years.
And, of all the microwaves, Lyn Packman's National Panasonic Genius, bought by her father in August 1980, is the oldest model still in service we have been told about.
Finally, Louise Wadsworth has notified us of her Hotpoint Aquarius DF61 dishwasher, working for 24 years with no repairs. The secret, she says, is to "just clean the filter in bleach and run the machine with a detergent cleaner once a month".
Of the many submissions we received, Edward Norton may possess the greatest number of functioning but decades-old appliances. His 1960s Hygena kitchen contains a 1958 GEC fridge; 1985 Hoover washing machine; 1960s New World gas range and "many other bits and bobs all still working and all used regularly".
Martyn Hilton is another owner of a Prestcold refrigerator, which has accompanied him throughout his life, from Cheadle Hulme in England to its current home in Bangkok, Thailand. "I couldn't bear to be parted with it," says Martyn. "It weighs a ton. Ironically, everybody assumes it's a new, 'American-style' fridge."
We were also sent this image of a 650w microwave which David Hillen won in 1989 for correctly predicting the first three horses in a race at Beverley Racecourse, Yorkshire.
Then there is the Ekcovision TC267 television set from 1955 sent in by Barrie Fairbairn, "working and in regular use"; Gary Tibballs' Hoover Electron 1100 washing machine from 1981; and the Hoover Junior 1346, bought by Dale Who's mother in 1969.
Thank you to everyone who submitted their stories and images of technology which has refused to bow to time.
Written by Richard Irvine-Brown


A man accused of murdering a prison officer in a Belfast bomb attack was arrested twice within a 48-hour period after being bailed, a court has heard.

Christopher Robinson, of Aspen Park in Dunmurry, on the outskirts of west Belfast, is accused of killing prison office Adrian Ismay in March.
Mr Ismay died 11 days after a dissident republican bomb attack on his van.
Mr Robinson was arrested on suspicion of breaching his bail conditions and of tampering with his electronic tag.
He has now been charged with causing criminal damage to the monitoring device.
The 45-year-old defendant was initially granted bail on the murder charge on Wednesday, 4 May, but had to agree to observe a night-time curfew and be fitted with an electronic tag.
However, he was returned to custody the next day for failing to respond to a police check at his home in the early hours of the morning.
However, it was not suggested that Mr Robinson was away from the bail address at the time and on Thursday he was re-bailed with a warning he must answer the door when police call.
On Friday morning, officers detained him again after a security firm reported an issue with Mr Robinson's electronic tag.
The defendant was brought back before Belfast Magistrates' Court, where his lawyers argued that the tag had come loose as the result of a fall outside his home.
The judge rejected requests to revoke bail and Mr Robinson was released for a third time.
After the hearing, his defence solicitor said: "In the last 48 hours the police have arrested my client on two occasions and have been unsuccessful on both occasions in having him returned to prison.
"My client is concerned this is the start of a campaign of harassment against him while he's on bail."


A judge in the north-western Mexican state of Sonora has ordered the arrest of 22 people in connection with a deadly fire in a nursery in 2009.

Forty-nine children died and more than 70 were seriously injured when flames spread through the ABC nursery, which did not have an emergency exit.
Relatives of the victims have long demanded justice saying the nursery did not comply with safety regulations.
But a lawyer for the relatives said the warrants targeted the wrong people.
Prosecutors asked a judge to issue the arrest warrants for the director of the nursery and some of its management and teachers.
Gabriel Alvarado, a lawyer for the relatives' group Hands United for Our Children called the move "erroneous" arguing it did not target the officials responsible for the tragedy.
He said it could punish those who had risked their own lives, and in some cases had suffered injuries, trying to save the children.
Mr Alvarado added that one of the teachers who could face arrest has a daughter who suffered burns to 95% of her body in the fire.
"This girl could now see her own mother taken to prison," he said.
The fire started at a warehouse in the city of Hermosillo on 5 June 2009.
The flames quickly spread over a roof to the adjoining nursery, where the children where having their afternoon siesta.
The nursery did not have a sprinkler system or any fire extinguishers.
The smoke alarms were faulty and the staff were poorly trained.
Victims' relatives argue that the tragedy could have been prevented if the right safety measures had been in place.
They also point to the fact that a nursery should not have been housed in a building adjacent to one storing tyres and flammable materials.
They are angry that while dozens of officials were put on trial, only the government official who carried out the nursery's final safety inspection has spent any time in jail.
Their anger is further compounded by a media report published last year alleging that the fire in the warehouse may have been deliberately caused to get rid of compromising local government documents stored there.
The official report concluded it had been triggered by a short circuit.


A Conservative-run council wants to raise its tax by 15% in the next financial year, blaming government cuts and increased demand for social care.

Surrey County Council leader David Hodge said the government had cut its annual grant by £170m since 2010.
The proposed increase would add nearly £200 to a Band D bill, bringing it to about £1,500.
The government said if the proposed budget is set, taxpayers would have the final say in a referendum.
Any authority wanting to increase council tax by more than 2% must put the plans to a vote.
This would take place on 4 May, alongside local elections, and would include a vote in Chancellor Philip Hammond's constituency of Runnymede and Weybridge.
Opposition councillors in Surrey said the increase would be unaffordable for many residents and it followed financial failings by the council and the government's failure to fund services properly.
Council tax analysis - Pete Sherlock, BBC News data journalist
We can't say what the average rises are set to be this year, as not all local authorities have declared their intentions.
However, last year the average Band D council tax set by local authorities in England for 2016-17 was £1,530.
This was an increase of £46 - or 3.1% on the 2015-16 figure of £1,484 -  and 1.6% of that was the adult social care precept.
So Surrey's rise is five times last year's average.
This shows how council tax hikes were brought down post 2008, but are now on the rise again.
Mr Hodge said the council had to set a budget for 2017-18 that would protect vital services.
He said: "The government has cut our annual grant by £170m since 2010, leaving a huge gap in our budget.
"Demand for adult social care, learning disabilities and children's services is increasing every year.
"So I regret, despite us finding £450m worth of savings from our annual budget, we have no choice but to propose this increase in council tax."
Liberal Democrat leader Hazel Watson said a 15% rise would hit the elderly and those on fixed incomes hardest.
She said: "It is astonishing that the Conservative administration think Surrey residents should carry the can for their own financial failings and the government's failure to properly fund services."
The Conservative council had failed in its negotiations with the government, even though three cabinet ministers were Surrey MPs, she added.
Transport Secretary Chris Grayling and Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt are MPs in the county along with Philip Hammond.
A Department for Communities and Local Government spokesman said: "If the council sets this proposed budget, then the taxpayers of Surrey will have the final say in a referendum in May. We should trust the people.
"Our long-term funding settlement means more spending power for Surrey County Council during this parliament, with £3.2 billion to deliver the services that local people want."
Analysis: Jack Fiehn, BBC Surrey political reporter
For years, senior councillors have spoken out about cuts to the authority's central grant and the impact on adult social care and children's services, as well as school places and road maintenance. There has been huge frustration and we seem to have reached a crunch point.
Surrey residents are used to council tax rises. They have gone up every year since 2012 - but never by such a large amount. This will be a test of public support.
The Liberal Democrats, Labour and the Green Party all oppose a referendum, but David Hodge has told me he has the support of his fellow Conservatives.
So unless something significant happens, it is almost certain to go ahead.
He has also denied reports there will be a deal with ministers to abandon the vote, putting the government on course for a row with a council in the Tory heartland.
Former care minister and Liberal Democrat health spokesman Norman Lamb said Surrey's decision would be a test for local authorities, which were seeing increasing numbers of older people and younger people not getting the care and support they need.
Shadow local government secretary Teresa Pearce said: "Forcing councils to rely on council tax income to fund statutory services, such as social care, is simply unsustainable and unrealistic."


The president of the Prison Governors Association has attacked the government's management of prisons in England and Wales.

Andrea Albutt wrote an open letter after recent violence at prisons in Hertfordshire and Wiltshire.
She said the unrest was causing "grave concern" - adding that governors faced "unacceptable stress and anxiety".
The Ministry of Justice (MoJ) said action had been taken to increase prison officer numbers.
But Ms Albutt said her members had seen "nothing tangible" from the MoJ to ease population pressures in prison, and the burden on staff.
She said recruitment remained in a "critical" condition, with a net increase of just 75 officers in the year 2016/17.
Training was "poor" and "unsuitable people" were being selected, she added.
The BBC's home affairs correspondent Danny Shaw said the Prison Governors Association had "traditionally been a voice of moderation".
"The criticisms are unlikely to be brushed aside," he said.
Data released last week from the MoJ showed a rise in violence in prisons, with 26,643 assaults in the year to March 2017 - 20% more than the previous year.
Of these, a record 7,159 were attacks on staff - equivalent to 20 every day.
Ms Albutt went on to describe the government's decision earlier this year, to separate operational control of the prison system from responsibility for policy, as "madness".
But an MoJ spokesman said the Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) - which replaced the National Offender Management Service - would "help to create a distinct, professionalised frontline service".
The spokesman added: "We know that our prisons have faced a number of long-standing challenges, which is why we have taken immediate action to boost prison officer numbers and have created Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service.
"We need to create calm and ordered environments to help ensure effective rehabilitation, and we continue to work closely with the unions and all staff to help achieve these vital reforms and make prisons places of safety and reform."
In July, the union representing prison workers called for the resignation of prisons' boss Michael Spurr.
The general secretary of the Prison Officers Association, Steve Gillan, said his members had "lost patience" and accused the management of HMPPS of trying to "paper over the cracks".
This followed the revelation that Mr Spurr had received a bonus of up to £20,000 in 2016-17 on top of his annual salary of around £150,000.
The bonus was "awarded" in the previous year when the chief inspector of prisons said many jails were "unacceptably violent and dangerous".


Venezuela's president has ordered the armed forces to hold exercises following US President Donald Trump comments about military intervention.

In a televised speech, NicolÃ¡s Maduro said Venezuelans had to be prepared to defend the country against "the imperialist boot".
The "civic-military" exercises are due to take place on 26-27 August.
Mr Trump warned last Friday that the US was looking at all options on Venezuela "including a possible military option".
His comments were condemned by other Latin American countries and by the Venezuelan opposition.
Venezuela faces a worsening political crisis and more than 120 people have been killed in anti-government protests since April.
"The land of Venezuela is sacred and should never be touched by the Yankee imperialist boot," Mr Maduro told government supporters following a rally in the capital Caracas.
"Let's prepare ourselves to defend the peace with tanks, planes and guns. Let the traitors to the country listen well, I have given the order, I have given the order to the superior chief of staff of the Bolivarian National Armed Forces to start the preparations for a civic-military exercise".
Thousands of Venezuelans heeded President Nicolas Maduro's call to take to the streets to show opposition to the US on Monday.
Many waved banners saying "Stop Trump".
In a further show of defiance, Venezuelan Defence Minister Vladimir Padrino appeared on television with battle-ready troops behind him at an army base.
He warned the US not to steal Venezuela's oil reserves and warned the opposition not to be ambivalent.
"This is a time for reflection, you are either a Venezuelan patriot, or pro-Yankee," he said.
The Venezuelan opposition rebuffed Mr Trump's comments, saying they played into the hands of Mr Maduro who has often alleged that the US wants to take over the country.
Mr Maduro has consistently argued that the US is trying to remove him to get hold of Venezuela's oil reserves - the largest in the world.
Earlier on Monday, US Vice-President Mike Pence said President Trump was showing "his resolve not to stand by and let a neighbour collapse into dictatorship".
Speaking in the Colombian city of Cartagena at the beginning of a regional tour, he said the US would use its "full economic and diplomatic weight to help restore democracy in Venezuela".
Mr Pence said the US would involve countries across the world to pressure the Venezuelan government to allow elections.
When asked by reporters whether pressure would include oil sanctions, Mr Pence said the US was looking at a "full range of economic sanctions".


Plans to knock down a multi-million pound market open for just six years have been approved.

Wakefield Council said the city's market had "underperformed" and lost £193,000 a year since opening in 2008.
Proposals to sell the land at Union Street to the owners of nearby Trinity Walk shopping centre were approved at a cabinet meeting earlier.
Sovereign Land (Management) Ltd plans to develop the site with a cinema and restaurants.
The council hopes to relocate the outdoor market to the city's main precinct and the indoor market to The Ridings shopping centre.
It said the plan would "improve the vibrancy and viability of the city centre".
Councillor Denise Jeffery said: "We believe this is the right thing to do - for the market traders, for the city and for the people of the wider district.
"We are committed to creating a thriving and vibrant market to enhance Wakefield's shopping and leisure experience.
"Linking the two established shopping centres by relocating the market is a positive move."
The building of the market hall and its outdoor market was funded by the original developers of Trinity Walk at a cost of £3m.
The traders have been heavily subsidised since 2008.
A report to cabinet said selling the land and moving the markets would give the council a net capital receipt of £630,000.


Two Chinese astronauts have arrived at the Tiangong 2 space laboratory, in a mission aimed at developing China's capabilities as a space power.

The Shenzhou-11 spacecraft blasted off from northern China on Monday, and docked with Tiangong 2 at 03:24 Beijing time (19:24 GMT Tuesday).
Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong will be spending the next 30 days in space conducting experiments.
It marks the longest space mission by Chinese astronauts.
The docking took place 393km (244 miles) above Earth and the remotely controlled procedure lasted about two hours, according to state media.
State television on Wednesday morning carried live video of the docking and arrival of the astronauts, or "taikonauts", which saw them floating through a narrow 1m-long, 80cm-wide passageway into the lab.
The pair "extended greetings to all the people of the nation," while onboard the laboratory, according to the Xinhua news agency.
China has absolutely massive ambitions in space: a more-permanent space station in the coming years, the possibility of manned trips to the Moon and even Mars, not to mention operating the world's largest radio telescope.
The cost of China's space programme is astronomical, yet you would struggle to find an ordinary citizen here to complain about the outlay.
When we visited the launch centre earlier this week to watch these astronauts blast off on their way to Tiangong 2, we passed huge billboards at the main gates featuring images of Chinese President Xi Jinping giving himself a little clap, with rockets taking off in the background.
The government in Beijing believes it's on a winner when it comes to space exploration and it probably is.
While onboard, the astronauts will spend time on experiments, from cultivating plants such as rice and cress, to giving themselves ultrasounds to scan their bodies' performance.
"Rice is the staple food of Chinese people so we hope to plant it in space in the future," Zheng Huiqiong, an expert from the Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology under the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences told media outlet the Global Times.
$2.2bn
China's estimated annual spending on space programmes
181 Chinese satellites in space
11 Chinese people have travelled in space - often known as taikonauts
2003 The year of China's first crewed space mission
2020 The year China plans its own  space station
China is the third country, after the United States and Russia, to carry out its own crewed missions. The Shenzhou-11 is its sixth.
It plans to create its own permanent space station by 2022 following its exclusion from the International Space Station. It will expand Tiangong 2 over the next few years by sending up additional modules.
China has poured significant funding and efforts into its space programme, and plans to launch at least 20 space missions this year.


A man and woman from Carmarthenshire who "brutally" whipped and kicked a pony have been handed suspended prison sentences.

Paul Williams, 37, and Chloe Morgan, 18, admitted causing unnecessary suffering to the animal at Llanelli Magistrates' Court on Friday.
They were prosecuted by the RSPCA after a distressing video appeared on social media in October 2016.
The pair were also banned from keeping animals for eight years.
The court heard the video showed Morgan, of Llangennech, whipping the pony while Williams, of Felinfoel, was filmed holding the animal and kicking it.
The court was told it was made by a friend of Morgan's who posted it online "for a laugh".
It was viewed more than two million times and caused public outrage.
The judge said the incident amounted to a "vicious assault on the pony for no reason whatsoever".
RSPCA inspector Keith Hogben described it as a "needless, cruel and callous attack".
He said: "It was clear to me that the pair involved knew their actions would cause this poor pony suffering and distress, yet they brutally attacked the animal in such a visibly shocking way."
He added the public's reaction to the video "highlighted how, on the whole, Wales is a nation of people who care deeply and passionately about animal welfare."
Williams was sentenced to four months and Morgan to three months, both suspended for 12 months.
They were also ordered to carry out unpaid work.


The Court of Arbitration for Sport has upheld Fifa's decision to punish Belgian club Seraing United for rule breaches over third-party ownership.

The third-tier side had two contracts with Malta-based football investment fund Doyen in 2015.
They received a two-year player registration ban and £120,000 fine.
Third-party ownership has been banned in England since 2008, following West Ham's signing of Argentine pair Javier Mascherano and Carlos Tevez in 2006.


More than half of adults in Wales have been harmed by other people's drinking, a survey has suggested.

Public Health Wales' (PHW) report said 60% of those surveyed had suffered due to someone else who had been drinking.
One in five had felt physically threatened, 11% had their property damaged and 5% had been assaulted.
Andrew Misell of Alcohol Concern Cymru said it was "time to ask whether we want alcohol to play such a prominent part in so many areas of life".
The Alcohol's Harms to Others report, carried out by PHW in conjunction with Liverpool John Moores University, surveyed 1,071 people aged 18 or over across Wales.
Prof Mark Bellis of PHW said: "Some of these harms are due to drunken violence but others result from accidents, threats or even financial problems when too much household income goes on one person's drinking."
According to the report, the majority of problems caused by others were drinkers known to the victim, with friends, family or partners accounting for almost 60% of cases.
Some of the harm suffered by people in the survey included having to call the police, having a serious argument or personally drinking to cope.
Dr Zara Quigg, reader in behavioural epidemiology at the Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, said: "Identifying the broad impact that alcohol use can have on individuals, those around them and wider society is important to informing the development, implementation and targeting of interventions to reduce and prevent alcohol-related harms."


The death of a woman in hospital is being investigated by police after her family made complaints about her care.

Carol Rowley, 56, died at Princess Royal Hospital, Telford, on 14 February, 2013 after a battle with cancer.
Her family says that what happened on the day she died differs from what was recorded in her medical notes.
The hospital said it was co-operating with West Mercia Police's investigation and no wrongdoing had been found.
"It would appear from certain records that certain treatments have been given which just did not occur," her husband Alan said.
"The picture of what we saw on the night, in the evening and the morning varies quite dramatically from what we read in records."
Mrs Rowley, who had incurable cancer, was taken to hospital by ambulance after becoming dehydrated following chemotherapy on 13 February.
Hospital notes state she was given fluids for dehydration at 19:00 - but this was before she had arrived at hospital, her family said.
She later collapsed after being given morphine and was sent to be resuscitated. Her husband says she was given an injection, but there is no record of this.
"A member of staff present lifted her gown and gave her what I fully believe was an injection just under my wife's breast," said Mr Rowley.
"Within seconds my wife was breathing."
The family claims she received little attention from 03:00 and was not given diamorphine at 05:54, as stated in her notes.
She died 45 minutes after having a dose of diamorphine at 08:00.
Her family says it was told she had had a reaction to the morphine, but there is no evidence of this in her notes and it has since been denied by the hospital.
Staff and family members have been interviewed by police, who told the BBC their investigation was ongoing.
Julia Clarke, director of corporate governance at the Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust (SaTH), said: "We have been fully co-operating with police since their enquiries began in 2013.
"To date there have been no findings of any wrongdoing. In light of the ongoing police enquiries it would be inappropriate for us to comment further."


Profits at Alphabet, the parent company of search giant Google, have been hit by the record fine imposed by the European Commission last month.

The firm said it saw strong growth in the second quarter, with revenues of about $26bn (Â£19bn), up 21% compared to the same period in 2016.
But profits for the three months to the end of June were $3.5bn, more than 40% lower than they would have been without the fine.
Year-on-year profits fell almost 30%.
Google was fined 2.42bn euros ($2.7bn; Â£2.1bn) by the European Commission last month after it ruled the company had abused its power by promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of search results.
The amount was the regulator's largest penalty to date against a company accused of distorting the market.
Alphabet has already said it may challenge the fine.
Naturally, this quarter's earnings tell a very skewed picture of the health of Alphabet. It's been a terrific quarter which, were it not for that record breaking fine, would have exceeded expectations in almost every way.
Google is appealing against that fine, so we could find at some point in the future those "lost" billions are added back on, making for a particularly bountiful quarter somewhere down the line.
The company wants to keep an eye on its advertising business, however. The cost per click - i.e how much money Google makes with every ad click - has dropped by 23% year on year. That's much more than analysts had hoped.
It's a sign that Google is having to work harder to keep those incredible revenues coming in.
And if it is to comply with what it sees as overly strict European Commission measures, its ability to use its market power to dominate online advertising may be restricted. Just as well, then, that the non-advertising side of Alphabet is doing well too.
On Monday, chief financial officer Ruth Porat said the firm was reviewing the decision and working on ways to address the regulator's concerns. She refused to comment further on how it could affect the business, describing it as an ongoing legal matter.
"The main thing is we're very focused on helping users and advertisers and are reviewing our options," she said.
The tech giant's shares, which had risen ahead of the firm's publication of its earnings, fell more than 3% in after-hours trading. Some said that was a sign shareholders were cashing in.
Alphabet makes most of its money from advertising. It said revenues from advertisers on its own sites, such as YouTube and Gmail, and other sites together increased 18% year-on-year to $22.7bn.
YouTube, for example, now has about 1.5bn monthly viewers, who watch an average of 60 minutes a day, said Google chief executive Sundar Pichai.
The firm has also been working to diversify its revenue stream, investing in areas such as driverless cars, cloud services and life sciences that it says are united by the opportunities presented by machine learning.
Alphabet's other revenues - which include money from things such as app purchases and its cloud services - jumped more than 40% to about $3bn.
"We're delivering strong growth with great underlying momentum, while continuing to make focused investments in new revenue streams," Ms Porat said.


Alison Steadman is to receive the Richard Harris Award for her contribution to British film.

The star will receive her award on 4 December at the British Independent Film Awards in London.
Her film roles include Topsy-Turvy, Life is Sweet and Shirley Valentine.
Steadman has also starred in numerous TV shows such as Gavin & Stacey, Fat Friends and TV play Abigail's Party, and had a stage role in The Rise and Fall of the Little Voice.
The Richard Harris Award was created in 2002 to honour the late actor's work.
Previous recipients include Julie Walters, Emma Thompson, Bob Hoskins, Daniel Day-Lewis, Helena Bonham-Carter and Chiwetel Ejiofor.
Jared Harris, son of Richard Harris, said: "Alison Steadman's work in film is the embodiment of the British ideal that this award celebrates. My father, his peers and the filmmakers they collaborated with lit the torch for that ideal in the '60s and '70s.
"And the work that Alison did in collaboration with Mike Leigh, Michael Lindsay Hogg and the BBC carried that torch from the '70s and into the '80s.
"Not only has she created some of the most memorable, truthful and brilliant characters in British cinema, but Alison has also been a vital influence to countless performers who have followed her. We are delighted to be able to celebrate her outstanding contribution to British film."
Steadman began her career on the stage in the 1950s before moving to TV, starring in plays such as the BBC's Play for Today.
She has collaborated with film-makers such as Michael Apted, Mark Herman, Mike Figgis, Terry Gilliam and Lewis Gilbert, but is best known for her work with former husband Mike Leigh.
She won the US National Society of Film Critics Award for best actress for Life Is Sweet and the Olivier for best actress for her role in the original production of The Rise and Fall of Little Voice.
She was appointed an OBE in 2000.
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There is a chance that this year's chart-topping festive single will have a lot more to say than "Merry Christmas everyone".

At least three of the contenders for the 2016 "Christmas Number One" are hoping they will be sending their own more serious message from Yorkshire.
It has to be said that as potential recording superstars they are an unlikely line-up.
They include former miners from a pit near Doncaster, South Yorkshire firefighters and friends of the Batley and Spen MP Jo Cox, who was victim of an appalling hate crime.
They are following a long tradition of using the Christmas single as a platform to raise serious issues as well as huge amounts of cash for charity.
It was not always that way.
The first official UK Christmas Number One was declared in 1952 when American superstar crooner Al Martino headed the charts with Here In My Heart.
Like those that took the title over the following years it was seen as no more than another way of boosting commercial sales.
It was another 32 years before the number one single found it could step out into the international political spotlight and still become a spectacular success.
Band Aid's Do They Know It's Christmas, performed by virtually every British and Irish bill-topping rock and pop star of the time, romped home as the Christmas number one in 1984.
It was spawned by the outrage of rock stars Bob Geldorf and Midge Ure at what they saw as the lacklustre response from world governments to a devastating famine in Ethiopia.
At the time Bob Geldof said he hoped to raise Â£80,000 for relief charities.
From its release on December 3 1984  it stayed at the top of the charts for five weeks, sold three million copies and raised more than Â£8m.
Band Aid reformed twice more to take the Christmas number one slots again in 1989 and 2004.
For the most part the music business has returned to business as usual with, among others, the Spice Girls, Cliff Richard and even Bob the Builder becoming Christmas chart toppers.
Yet some charity or "issue-raising" singles give even international pop stars a run for their money and occasionally push them aside. The number one spot was claimed by the Military Wives in 2011 and the Lewisham and Greenwich NHS choir last Christmas.
This year former miners and their families have teamed up with Scarborough singer and songwriter Joe Solo to record Merry Christmas From Hatfield Colliery. It is a heartfelt reminder of the way the community came together to ensure miners' families had a Christmas dinner in 1984 at the height of the year-long pit strike.
It also highlights the needs of a new generation needing support, with all profits going to local charity food banks in the villages around Doncaster.
South Yorkshire firefighters and 999 operators have also released their own bid for the top.
They have teamed up with Sheffield band Everly Pregnant to record a rousing rendition of Chip Pan - a comedy song with a serious message of fire risk at its heart.
The bookies are giving it a 50-1 chance of making it the top.
By far the best odds are for a star-studded musical tribute to Jo Cox.
This glorious recording of the Rolling Stones classic You Can't Always Get What You Want features Kaiser Chiefs frontman Ricky Wilson, Cockney Rebel's Steve Harley, KT Tunstall, David Gray and a choir including Mrs Cox's friends and fellow MPs.
This celebration of the life of the young Batley and Spen Labour MP who made a name for herself fighting for tough causes is summed up in the haunting last lines of the chorus.
"You can't always get what you want
"But if you try sometimes, you just might find
"You just might find
You get what you need."
(Richard/Jagger 1969)


A former police superintendent accused of historical sexual abuse has been accused of deliberately lying on oath.

Mold Crown Court heard Gordon Anglesea was trying to "wriggle out" of the fact he "said two vastly different things" during a High Court libel action in 1994, and the current trial.
Mr Anglesea, 79, of Old Colwyn, Conwy, denies abusing two boys in the 1980s.
The court has previously heard one complainant claim sexual abuse by Mr Anglesea in a shower block.
Last week, during questioning by his own barrister, Mr Anglesea told the court he visited a shower area of an attendance centre he used to run for naughty boys "once or twice".
Cross-examining Mr Anglesea on Monday, Eleanor Laws QC, referred to evidence he gave in the 1994 libel case, which resulted in Mr Anglesea being awarded nearly Â£400,000 in damages.
In 1994, under oath, he was asked: "Did you stand in the showers watching the boys regularly?"
He had answered: "I went to the showers on every occasion the attendance centre was open."
Mr Anglesea confirmed to the court he had been given the chance to read through the libel transcript over the weekend.
He said: "I read it and I realised there was an interpretation on there which to me was incorrect."
He said his libel evidence could have been "misconstrued" and he did not go into the shower area every time.
Ms Laws accused him of lying under oath, either during the libel action, or to the present jury.
She said he was trying to "wriggle out of the fact you said two vastly different things".
She accused him of making things up, to which he replied: "I have made nothing up at all."
Gordon Anglesea denies one charge of indecent assault against one boy, and two charges of indecent assault and one serious sexual assault against another.
The trial continues.


Goals from Adebayo Akinfenwa and Andy Barcham gave AFC Wimbledon their first win of the season at the expense of Crawley Town.

The hosts took the lead when Gwion Edwards headed home Luke Rooney's cross at the back post.
Akinfenwa headed in a Barcham cross after the break to level the scores.
Barcham, who earlier forced a fine save from Freddie Woodman, won it with another header after George Francomb's shot was blocked.
AFC Wimbledeon boss Neal Ardley told BBC London 94.9:
"I wanted to see whether we could recreate the Plymouth game in the first half.
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"I needed to find out whether they could recreate that because that's how I imagined it and we didn't, we clearly didn't.
"Straight away I had a brave decision to make. It was a simple one to change it around and unfortunately Tom (Elliott) was the one that made way, it could have been anyone at that point.
"There is no point having a player like Bayo Akinfenwa and not playing to his strengths when the time is right."
Crawley Town boss Mark Yates told BBC Sussex:
"I thought we dominated the first half and were excellent and they dominated us second half and a couple of mistakes and a couple of bad goals we conceded.
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"We are obviously not pleased, we're frustrated and we wanted to make this place a fortress starting today. We have a chance to make it right on Tuesday night.
"I'm just disappointed for the players and the staff and the supporters."


A prison officer left with post-traumatic stress disorder after he was attacked by inmate Charles Bronson has been awarded £32,500 in damages.

Michael Turner, 47, suffered head wounds, concussion, and neck and shoulder injuries in the assault at HMP Woodhill in Milton Keynes.
Bronson, 61, whose history of violence earned him public notoriety, is serving a life sentence for robbery and kidnap.
He attacked Mr Turner, a dog handler, outside the prison's gym in April 2010.
High Court judge John Mitchell said Bronson was "was smashing up equipment within the prison gym" and had been locked in by staff who were trying to contain the situation.
Bronson used gym equipment to smash through the door and started attacking Mr Turner and his German Shepherd dog who were stationed outside.
"He punched Mr Turner around his head with his fists, causing him to fall to the ground," said the judge.
"The prisoner then continued to hit him and jumped on him - pushing Mr Turner, and his dog who was under him, on to the floor with his full body weight."
Prison officers managed to pull Bronson away from Mr Turner, who later sued the Ministry of Justice for failing to provide support when dealing with the notorious inmate.
The ministry admitted liability, and was ordered to pay the legal costs of the case alongside the damages.
Bronson received a two-year sentence in September last year for holding a prison governor in a headlock.
Now known as Charles Salvador, he was first convicted in 1974 and used his time behind bars to establish himself as a marketable artist as well as publishing a book about his unique fitness regime.


Team GB endured a disappointing day at the Sochi Olympics after failing to achieve two historic targets.

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The male curlers had to settle for silver after losing 9-3 to Canada and Elise Christie was penalised in her 1,000m short track skating semi-final.
Both failures meant the team missed out on the chance to win two golds at one Winter Games for the first time.
Had Christie won GB's fifth medal, it would have been the nation's best total at one Winter Olympics.
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Britain have one more realistic chance to rewrite the record books, with the four-man bobsleigh team, who won World Cup silver in December, starting their bid for gold on Saturday.
GB's current medal haul of four equals the total they won at the inaugural Games in 1924.
They hit their three-medal Sochi target thanks to Lizzy Yarnold (skeleton gold), Jenny Jones (snowboard slopestyle bronze) and the bronze won by GB's women's curlers on Thursday.
UK Sport, who set the target, has invested £14m to help Britain's teams at the Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games.
The first disappointment of the day came in the men's curling final when the GB team, led by skip David Murdoch, were outplayed by the defending champions.
"Elise Christie was protecting her position before the collision happened. That might be why she has been penalised. She was not at fault for the fall, but it may because of the earlier incident. Even so, it would be extremely harsh."
"We just never got off to a good start," said Scot Murdoch, whose team defeated world champions Sweden in the semi-final. "We were struggling after three ends and when you go 5-1 down to a team of that calibre it's extremely difficult to come back."
The focus then turned to Christie. Many fancied the 23-year-old to win a medal from the 500m, 1500m and 1,000m events at these Games.
However, after penalties cost her the chance to win a medal in the 500m and 1500m earlier in the competition, she suffered the same fate again when she was judged to have impeded Chinese rival Jianrou Li.
"I really wanted to bounce back [from earlier Sochi failures] and was so pumped to do it for everyone and for myself," said the Scot.
"To have the chance taken away - whether I had won a medal or not - is devastating.
"I have been so proud of watching the other team GB guys compete and wanted them to be proud of me."
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Elsewhere, Jon Eley exited the men's 500m contest at the semi-final stage.
The 29-year-old, who finished fifth at Turin 2006, came fourth in his semi-final, with only two guaranteed to progress.
Great Britain's short track speed skating performance director Stuart Horsepool said: "We have put together a great short track team and ultimately we came here with medal opportunities.
"I am disappointed, frustrated and quite angry at the decision of the referee [in the Christie race]. You have to respect the decision of the referee but he was wrong."


Julian Fellowes, the award-winning creator of ITV's Downton Abbey is to adapt Anthony Trollope's Doctor Thorne for television.

Fellowes, a "lifetime devotee of Trollope", said he "could not be more delighted" to be writing the three-part drama, which will be on ITV.
The drama will tell the story of Dr Thomas Thorne, who lives in an English village with his niece, Mary.
In March it was announced that Downton Abbey is to end after six series.
Fellowes added that Trollope was his "favourite among the great 19th-Century English novelists and certainly the strongest influence over my work that I am conscious of".
Doctor Thorne, set in in the village of Greshamsbury in Barsetshire, explores the troubled love life of Mary, who has many assets but is not financially secure.
She has grown up alongside the Gresham sisters - Augusta, Beatrice and Alexandrina and their handsome brother Frank - whose home is the great house and estate at Greshamsbury Park.
ITV's director of drama, Steve November, said: "We're delighted to be working with Julian once again.
"It's a rich and multi-layered story of class and social standing and a timeless love story which Julian has brought to life brilliantly with his inimitable wit and warmth."
Filming for the drama, produced by Hat Trick Productions, will begin later this year.


A previously-undiscovered species of ancient lizard has been named after a spell cast in the Harry Potter books.

The 205-million-year-old reptile was discovered in a drawer of fossils at the University of Bristol by student Catherine Klein.
Measuring just 11cm (4in) from snout to tail, Clevosaurus sectumsemper is the smallest of the "Gloucester lizards".
Ms Klein said the name was "a nod" to the sectumsempra curse cast by Severus Snape in Harry Potter.
The previously unstudied "drawer full of rocks" was found in Woodleaze Quarry, near Bristol, in the 1980s.
As part of a summer project, 21-year-old undergraduate Ms Klein extracted thousands of fossils from the rocks and was able to show "enough differences" from known clevosaurs to call it a new species.
"The new species probably lived in a relatively hostile environment because there is a relatively high occurrence of healed fractures," she said.
"Possibly the animals were fighting each other due to a limited food source, or perhaps they preyed on each other and bones were broken, but some individuals survived and their broken bones healed."
It was able to "self-sharpen" its "blade-like teeth" with each bite.
"The species name sectumsemper means 'always cut', and was chosen to reflect this," Ms Klein said.
"It is also a nod to the Harry Potter character Severus Snape, who made a spell called sectumsempra."
In J.K. Rowling's novels, Professor Snape invents the curse while studying at Hogwart's, where Harry later discovers the incantation inside one of the teacher's old textbooks.
He unwittingly uses the spell - which acts on its victim like an "invisible sword" - against nemesis Draco Malfoy, and gravely injures him.


Ukraine's President Petro Poroshenko says the EU has confirmed that an EU-Ukrainian free trade zone will be launched on 1 January.

The deal was supposed to take effect this January but Russia objected.
Political tensions escalated into violence in Ukraine after former President Viktor Yanukovych backed away from the agreement with the EU in 2013.
There has been more sporadic shelling in eastern Ukraine. Russia remains opposed to EU-Ukrainian integration.
Ukrainian government forces say pro-Russian rebels in the east fired heavy guns and mortars repeatedly at several villages near rebel-held Donetsk on Monday.
The statement also said the rebels had fired 12 Grad rockets at the outskirts of Krasnohorivka and Hirnyk - towns just west of Donetsk.
The rebel "Donetsk People's Republic" meanwhile said several rebel positions had come under mortar and machine-gun fire from government troops.
There were few violations of the ceasefire in the east in September and October, but this month has seen more shooting.
In a tweet, President Poroshenko said the "EU just informed us that all is ready to launch a free trade zone with Ukraine as of Jan. 1, 2016".
On a visit to Kiev last week, EU Trade Commissioner Cecilia Malmstroem said that, once implemented, the EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA)  would "send a powerful signal that the regulatory environment in Ukraine is modern and efficient".
But the EU is boycotting all trade with Crimea, the Ukrainian peninsula annexed by Russian troops in March 2014.
The DCFTA requires Ukraine to meet EU standards in many economic policy areas, including competition, public procurement and intellectual property rights.
Reforms have been slow to take root in Ukraine, as cronyism and corruption have plagued its politics and economic management for years.
If Ukraine sticks to the DCFTA conditions the EU will gradually remove tariffs and other barriers.
The EU is Ukraine's biggest trade partner - more than one-third of its trade is with the 28-nation bloc.
However, Ukraine relies heavily on Russia for oil and gas. Many Ukrainian enterprises - especially in the mainly Russian-speaking east - maintained close links with Russia after the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991.
Last week Ukraine's parliament passed a law banning discrimination in the workplace - part of a package of reforms demanded by the EU as a condition for granting Ukrainians visa-free travel.


Hull Kingston Rovers opened up in the Super League Qualifiers with an impressive victory as they ran in 10 tries to batter Batley Bulldogs.

It looked all but over as a contest by the break after Rovers ran in six first-half tries, spearheaded by a hat-trick from centre Thomas Minns.
By the end, James Greenwood (2), Iain Thornley, Matthew Marsh, Ben Cockayne and Maurice Blair had all crossed too.
Winger Josh Mantellato claimed Rovers' final try on top of his nine goals.
Championship side Batley scored first-half tries through Alister Leak and Tom Lillycrop, while they also claimed the final score of the game from prop Chris Rowe, Patrick Walker landing two kicks.
Hull KR head coach James Webster: "To score 58 points is always pleasing.
"I'm disappointed with the 18 points they scored, but we had guys out there who hadn't played for three weeks.
"Batley were always going to come here and play. They have played well all season and they are very dangerous near the try-line.
Batley head coach John Kear: "They were better than us.
"They did a number on us and paid us a great deal of respect to us in the way they prepared.
"Their attitude was first class and that's why the score was what it was."
Hull KR: Cockayne; Sio, Minns, Thornley, Mantellato; Marsh, Kelly;  Walker, Lunt, Tilse, Blair, Green, Clarkson.
Replacements: Larroyer, Allgood, Donaldson, Thompson.
Batley: D Scott; Reittie, Squires, Ulugia, Ainscough; Walker, Brambani; Rowe, Leak, Gledhill, Day, Bretherton, Chandler.
Replacements: Davey, Lillycrop, J Brown, Smeaton.
Referee: Gareth Hewer (RFL).


A think tank is calling for fundamental change to the system of tax and benefits in the UK.

The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) is recommending a basic universal income.
In a new report, the author calls the approach the best alternative "to help people improve their own lives".
The RSA estimates that its proposal would cost about an extra 1% of annual national income (GDP).
The idea is in principle fairly straightforward: a standard payment is made to every citizen. The report illustrates how it might work using data for taxes and benefits in 2012-2013.
The basic income for people aged between 25 and 65 would in this example be Â£3,692. There is a pension of about double that amount for those older than 65.
There would be a basic income for children too: for the first child it would be higher than the working age adult basic until they reach school age. Above that age, and for all children after the first, it would be below that level.
The proposal does involve some cost, but it does replace many existing benefits and it would eliminate the personal income tax allowance. The basic income would mean there would not be the need for the first slug of earnings to be tax-free.
It would clearly be a radical change - so why does the RSA think it necessary?
Anthony Painter, its director of policy and strategy and author of the report, says: "The welfare state has become incredibly complex whilst locking those it seeks to help in a vicious circle of low pay, insecurity and an intrusive state."
The RSA's plan picks up an idea that has gained popularity in recent years.  Finland is undertaking a pilot scheme, although it will not report its results until 2019.
Some cities in the Netherlands are also looking at the idea. There is also a debate in Switzerland about introducing a basic income.
In the UK, the idea is being promoted by a group called the Citizen's Income Trust (CIT) and the RSA proposals are based on their ideas.
The potential advantages include simplicity of administration given that you only need to establish that the person receiving it is a citizen.
There is a nod in the RSA proposal to the political debate in the UK about European migrants and benefits. They would be eligible only after contributing for a number of years.
One of the aims of the proposal is to reduce the disincentive to work - or to work more - that comes with the withdrawal of means-tested benefits.
As a recipient's income rises, entitlement to most benefits declines and they can be left with only a very small amount of any additional income.  It's known as the poverty trap or welfare trap.
If there is no means testing, the disincentive would come from income tax and national insurance.
The RSA does also include some means-testing in the basic idea. For people with incomes over Â£75,000, their entitlement would be gradually withdrawn, completely so for any with an income of more than Â£150,000.
There is also a complication in these proposals: the treatment of housing costs. They vary so much around the country that it is difficult to build them into a single national basic income.
The RSA proposal does not cover housing costs, and it suggests investigation of various possible reforms of housing benefits that are means tested.
The RSA suggests further work on three options for housing costs. Two of them would involve withdrawing the benefit with rising income, and one would not, although it would be linked to local housing market conditions.
Tim Blackwell, writing in the New Statesman, identified housing benefit and council tax as a major weakness when he looked at the CIT proposals. He said that the combined effect of tax, national insurance and the withdrawal of housing benefit and council tax support was to leave the individual with just over 10% of any additional income they might earn.
In terms of how wins and who loses, much depends on the precise of levels chosen, but is certainly possible that there will be groups who lose out.  Under the CIT scheme, Mr Blackwell wrote that "lone parent tenants in need of childcare would do very badly".
This general approach has been supported by the Green Party in the UK.  It is also advocated by Sam Bowman of the Adam Smith Institute, a think tank that is not party political but is vigorously pro-free market in its outlook.
But the approach does have its critics. Some argue that if there is a guaranteed basic income, some people will choose not to work.  For many the idea of simply giving people cash is very unpalatable.


Kurdish forces have recaptured the eastern part of the Mosul dam in Iraq from the Islamic State (IS) jihadist group, Kurdish officials say.

They are making "good progress" but encountering "fierce resistance", according to the Kurdish authority in northern Iraq.
A joint operation involving both Kurdish forces and US air strikes began on Sunday morning.
In its latest strikes, the US said it destroyed 19 IS vehicles.
The strategically important dam was seized by the militants on 7 August.
It supplies water and electricity to northern Iraq and there had been fears the IS militants could use it to flood areas downstream.
IS has seized a swathe of territory in recent months in Iraq and Syria, displacing millions.
Senior Kurdish official, Hoshyar Zebari, told the BBC the Peshmerga were "encountering fierce resistance, bombs on the roadside, suicide bombers and so on.
"But really, the Peshmerga forces are pushing and taking the fight to them to clear the dam".
He said the next objective was to clear the Nineveh plain "to ensure the return of minorities".
Thousands of Christians and Yazidis have fled their homes there in the face of the IS advance.
Other Kurdish officials said that half the Mosul dam was now in the hands of Peshmerga forces.
The US military said it conducted 14 air strikes in the Mosul dam area on Sunday. Along with the military vehicles, a checkpoint was hit.
The US carried out nine air strikes on Saturday.
Meanwhile UK Prime Minister David Cameron, writing in the UK's Sunday Telegraph newspaper, said a "firm security response" was needed to deal with IS, involving "aid, diplomacy and our military prowess".
The UK, Germany and other countries are currently delivering humanitarian aid for refugees in the north.
The offensive at the dam comes amid reports of massacres by IS militants.
At least 80 Yazidis, who are ethnic Kurds, are believed to have been killed for refusing to convert to Islam in the village of Kawju. Women and children in the same village were reportedly abducted.
A Yazidi refugee from a different village, Moujamma Jazira, told AFP news agency that people there had also been massacred, after trying in vain to fight back.
Dakhil Atto Solo said that 300 men had been executed in his village. The report could not be verified independently.
IS is also accused of killing 700 tribesmen opposing them in Syria's Deir Ezzor province, over a two-week period.
"Reliable sources" reported that many of the tribesmen had been beheaded, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said.
In Western cities on Saturday, demonstrators marched in support of Iraq's minorities - Yazidis, Christians and others.
IS, previously called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Isis), was formed in April 2013, growing out of al-Qaeda in Iraq.
It has seized large parts of Syria during the ongoing civil war there, and now occupies much of northern Iraq too.
Pursuing an extreme form of Sunni Islam, it has persecuted non-Muslims and Shia Muslims, whom it regards as heretics.


A drug dealer who climbed onto the roof of a Liverpool club during an incident in which a petrol bomb was thrown at police officers has been jailed.

William Summerill, 25, was sentenced at Liverpool Crown Court on Friday to seven years and six months for drug supply offences and resisting arrest.
The Wavertree man had scaled the walls of the Dockers Club, Anfield, on 2 February to escape arrest, police said.
Four police officers were then hurt by the petrol bomb thrown by a bystander.
Summerill, of Carno Street, was arrested after drugs were found at an address in Lampeter Road, Merseyside Police said.
He admitted three counts of possession of Class A drugs with intent to supply, and resisting arrest.
Police confirmed an investigation into the petrol bomb attack in Townsend Lane was ongoing.
It was thrown by one of the onlookers who had gathered in the street during the rooftop incident.


Rory McIlroy has sought to make Augusta National like his "home golf course" during frequent practice sessions as he seeks his first Masters title.

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The 27-year-old Northern Irishman has played 99 practice holes so far, with nine more to come on Wednesday.
"It's been a quiet build-up compared to previous years and I haven't minded that - it's been quite nice," he said.
"I feel good, like my game is there. I feel ready to go," the world number two told BBC Radio 5 live.
"I feel like I've done everything I can do to prepare. It's just a case of going out there and hitting the shots I need to."
Victory this week would see McIlroy become just the sixth player to complete a grand slam of majors, adding to his US PGA Championship titles from 2012 and 2014, his 2014 Open Championship win and the US Open success he recorded in 2011.
Last year he chose to sit out the traditional Par 3 contest - played on the eve of the Masters - to focus on winning the main event, but finished tied for 10th, his third top-10 finish in a row.
Famously, no player has ever won Wednesday's curtain-raiser and gone on to win the main prize in the same year.
He will play in this year's Par 3 competition, adding to the number of holes he has amassed on the course in the run-up to the season's first major.
"The more you can make Augusta National feel like your home golf course, the better," added McIlroy.
"I've played here a good bit in recent weeks. I've shot good scores and I feel like I know what I am doing here. It's all there. I know it's all there, it's just a matter of going out there and doing it.
"That's the difficult thing - it's almost like getting out of your own way and letting your subconscious take over."
McIlroy, who picked up a £7.7m bonus in September by winning last year's PGA Tour points race, begins his first round at 18:41 BST on Thursday alongside Japan's Hideto Tanihara and Spain's Jon Rahm.


More than 100 prisoners are still at large on the Indonesian island of Sumatra after breaking out of an overcrowded jail.

Footage aired on local TV stations showed dozens of men rushing out of a side entrance at Sialang Bungkuk prison in Pekanbaru City, with no sign of anyone following them.
About 200 people escaped after being let out of cells for Friday prayers.
More than a third were subsequently recaptured.
Ferdinand Siagian, from the region's law ministry, said that the jail had only five or six guards on duty for nearly 1,900 inmates, in a prison supposed to hold only 300.
Inmates had accused some guards of being violent and complained about their treatment in the jail, Mr Siagian told Metro TV.
Hundreds of police officers and military personnel have now been deployed to guard the prison.
Police have set up roadblocks around the city and are looking for the other escapees.


Ex-NBA star Lamar Odom is back in Los Angeles after receiving treatment at a Las Vegas hospital, a week after being found unconscious at a Nevada brothel.

Mr Odom will continue his recovery in Los Angeles and is making "miraculous" progress, even taking a few steps, according to a family statement.
His estranged wife Khloe Kardashian, his father and two of his children are with the former Lakers star.
Police are conducting tests to establish what happened.
Odom, who married reality television star Kardashian in 2009, has long struggled with addiction.
He told brothel employees he had taken cocaine before arriving, police said.
Nye County Sheriff Sharon Wehrly said that a worker at the brothel reported Odom was found unresponsive with blood coming from his nose and mouth.
US media had reported that although Ms Kardashian filed for divorce from Mr Odom in 2013, it had yet to be processed and she was making decisions about his medical care.
Odom won the NBA championship with the Lakers in 2009 and 2010 and was named NBA Sixth Man of the Year in 2011.
He last played in the NBA in 2013 with the Clippers.


Tram tracks dating back about 100 years have been uncovered during work near to Nottingham's railway station.

The rails, which would have been part of the city's first network in the early 20th Century, are set to be removed later.
The city council have offered the tracks to Crich Tramway Village, in Derbyshire, home of the National Tramway Museum.
The museum's curator, Laura Waters, said it was a wonderful discovery.
She said: "They are always exciting to see because not all systems buried their tracks so we never quite know who did what with them.
"Some ripped them up, some buried them and obviously it's a reminder of Nottingham's transport history."
Nottingham reintroduced a tram network in 2004, with a line stretching from Nottingham Station to Hucknall.
A second line running from the city to Chilwell and Beeston, began operation in 2015.
Ms Waters said: "It's interesting that often, towns and cities got rid of their trams because they got in the way of cars which were increasing in popularity.
"Now they are being reintroduced to help reduce the number of cars on the roads."
A spokesman for Nottingham City Council said: "Last year there was a gas leak in Station Road and when the engineers dug up the road they found the track, which was a bit of a surprise.
"It's all a bit hit and miss where the track is. We've got major works coming up near Broadmarsh [shopping centre] and it may be we find some more there.
"There could be lots under Market Square which was the old hub for the trams."


Alpine skiing World Cup leader Lindsey Vonn will miss the rest of the season after fracturing her leg.

The American, 31, suffered the injury on Saturday while competing in Andorra.
Vonn continued to race in a knee brace the following day, setting the fastest time in the super-G leg and finishing 13th in the combined event to extended her overall lead to 28 points.
But scans have revealed she suffered three fractures to her tibial plateau, meaning she can no longer compete.
Vonn, a 2010 Olympic gold medallist, set a new record for women's World Cup downhill victories in January and has won 76 World Cup races in total.
Four-time World Cup champion Vonn said in a statement: "Because I am currently leading the overall World Cup standings, this is one of the toughest decisions of my career."
"Further damage to any of the fragments could result in a serious surgery that would risk my future in ski racing.
"With the World Championships in St Moritz next year and the Winter Olympics in South Korea the following year, I cannot take that risk."


Bristol have signed Worcester Warriors flanker Chris Vui, Gloucester pair Mat Protheroe and Dan Thomas, and Sam Bedlow from Sale Sharks.

Samoa international Vui, 24, joined Warriors in December and has played eight times this season.
Full-back Protheroe, 20, and back-rower Thomas, 23, have made four and 15 appearances this term respectively.
Centre Bedlow, 21, came through the Sharks academy and has played in eight games.
Bristol were relegated back to the Championship earlier this month after just one season in the Premiership.