Work on a memorial to the last operational deep pit in north Wales is under way, in a bid to celebrate the "identity" of a Flintshire village.

Point of Ayr Colliery, near Prestatyn, closed in 1996 after more than 100 years of mining.
Most boys from the adjacent village of Ffynnongroyw followed their fathers and grandfathers down the pit.
However, there are fears that younger residents are in danger of forgetting the area's mining heritage.
Mike Jones, secretary of the Ffynnongroyw Mining and Village Heritage Group (FMVHG), said the pit opened in the 1880s and at its peak employed 500 workers.
He said Ffynnongroyw is packed with miners' cottages and "the sense of community must have been enormous" during the pit's hey-day.
"Ffynnongroyw was built as a mining village," Mr Jones added.
"Going back 30 years or so, it was predominantly Welsh-speaking, but we have a very transient population now and lots of people have moved away.
"The memorial is about bringing back the identity of the village.
"All the heritage is passing out of living memory.
"If you don't do something to preserve it, it's going to go.
"I think the younger generation of the village aren't aware of the heritage."
When the pit closed, only a plaque in the village centre marked the rich industrial heritage.
Now, the pit's old headgear will be erected alongside the coast road between Ffynnongroyw and Prestatyn, as a lasting memorial.
It is hoped there will also eventually be information boards and a seating area.
The FMVHG has raised about Â£4,500 towards the project, and rural development agency Cadwyn Clwyd has provided more than Â£6,000.
About 60 local people saw Flintshire councillor Carolyn Thomas cut the first sod on the new site on Tuesday.
Before installation, the headgear will be refurbished and painted by engineers.


A man is in an induced coma in hospital after suffering knife injuries to his chest during an alleged attack in Rhyl, Denbighshire, a court has been told.

It is understood Anthony Hunter suffered a puncture wound in the incident that took place on Butterton Road in the town on Thursday afternoon.
A second person, named as Carl Grocott, also sustained a leg injury.
A 32-year-old man from Denbigh has appeared before Llandudno magistrates charged with wounding offences.
He was remanded in custody to appear at Mold Crown Court in August.
Five other people were arrested following the incident, but later released by North Wales Police.
Officers said on Friday they were continuing to appeal for any witnesses in the Butterton Road area between 12:55 and 13:30 BST on Thursday to contact them.


The list of 200 charges Gary Haggarty has admitted runs to 82 pages.

In a prosecution case running to 12,000 pages, the charges against him cover a 16-year period between 1991 and 2007.
On 23 June 2017 the Loyalist supergrass pleaded guilty to the following charges:
Between 16 May 1997 and 19 May 1997 he murdered John Harbinson.
On 24 February 1994 he murdered Sean McParland.
On 17 May 1994 he murdered Gary Convey and Eamon Fox.
Between 28 August 1994 and 1 September 1994 he murdered Sean McDermott.
Between 5 May 1997 and 8 May 1997 he attempted to murder John Flynn.
On 17 May 1994 he attempted to murder Witness A.
On 6 April 1997 he attempted to murder Clarence Gould.
On a date unknown between 29 May 2006 and 1 August 2006 he attempted to murder Mark Haddock.
On a date unknown between 31 December 1994 and 1 January 2004 he attempted to murder police officers.
On 24 February 1991 he aided and abetted in the murder of Peter McTasney.
On a date unknown between 26 February 1994 and 1 September 1994 he conspired to murder an unknown male who resided at Henderson Avenue, Belfast.
On a date unknown between 31 March 1994 and 1 June 1994 he conspired to murder an unknown person who lived in the Tiger's Bay area of Belfast.
On a date unknown between 1 May 1994 and 31 August 1994 he conspired to murder an unknown male, believed by him to be a member of the IRA.
On a date unknown between 31 December 1992 and 30 June 1994 he conspired to murder William Spence.
On a date unknown between 1 July 1994 and 15 September 1994 he conspired to murder Terry Fairfield.
On a date unknown between 1 May 1994 and 1 September 1994 he conspired to murder an unknown male at the Ramble Inn, County Antrim.
On a date unknown between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 1996 he conspired to murder Mark Campbell.
On a date unknown between 31 December 2004 and 1 January 2006 he conspired to murder a person unknown, believed by him to be a member of the Loyalist Volunteer Force.
On 13 May 1996 he conspired to murder Archibald Galway.
On a date unknown between 31 September 1998 and 1 December 1998 he conspired to murder Samuel Toan.
On a date unknown between 27 October 2000 and 1 January 2001 he conspired to murder persons believed by him to be members of the Ulster Defence Association.
On a date unknown between 1 January 1991 and 31 September 2000 he conspired to murder Thomas English.
On a date unknown between 31 December 2004 and 1 January 2007 he conspired to murder persons unknown, believed by him to be members of the LVF.
On a date unknown between 31 December 2004 and 1 January 2007 he conspired to murder Willie Beckett.
On a date unknown between 31 December 2004 and 1 September 2005 he conspired to murder Laurence Kincaid.
On a date unknown between 1 January 2006 and 31 May 2006 he conspired to murder Mark Haddock.
On a date unknown between 31 December 1993 and 1 January 1995 he conspired to murder persons unknown.
On a date unknown between 31 December 1993 and 1 January 1995 he conspired to murder persons unknown.
On a date unknown between 1 July 1999 and 1 November 2000 he conspired to murder an unknown person, believed by him to be a member of the LVF.
On a date unknown between 18 May 1994 and 1 January 1995 he conspired to murder Michael Donnelly.
On a date unknown between 18 May 1994 and 1 January 1995 he conspired to murder John Donnelly.
On a date unknown between 18 May 1994 and 31 December 1995 he conspired to murder Leo Morgan.
On a date unknown between 1 April 1994 and 22 September 1994 he conspired to murder Liam Maskey.
On a date unknown between 16 May 1997 and 19 May 1997 he unlawfully and injuriously imprisoned John Harbinson.
On 17 February 1994 he unlawfully and injuriously imprisoned Pauline Carson.
On a  date unknown between 26 February 1994 and 1 September 1994 he unlawfully and injuriously imprisoned an unknown female.
On 13 May 1996 he unlawfully and injuriously imprisoned Archibald Galway.
On a date unknown between 31 December 2000 and 10 September 2003 he unlawfully and injuriously imprisoned Jackie McDowell.
On a date unknown between 31 January 2004 and 1 January 2007 he unlawfully and injuriously imprisoned David Millar.
These included:
Twelve Taurus pistols.
A .357 calibre Magnum revolver.
A sawn-off shotgun.
Two Sten guns and a .38 calibre Smith and Wesson revolver .
A Model 1939 Beretta handgun, a WW1 bolt action rifle, four shotguns and ammunition.
Two AK47 machine guns and a quantity of assorted ammunition.
An Uzi machine gun.
Five P226 Sig Sauer pistols and one HS pistol.
Five Ingram machine pistols.
These included:
A quantity of electronic detonators and 12 Mercury tilt switches.
An improvised under car booby trap explosive device.
Twelve hand grenades.
A quantity of improvised pipe bombs.
An improvised coffee jar bomb.
Namely a quantity of improvised pipe bomb type explosive devices.
On dates ranging from 30 January 1991 to 1 March 2007.
On dates between 1 March 1994 and 1 March 2007.
These articles included:
Electronic equipment consisting of digital cameras, digital video recorders, laptop computers, scanning equipment and covert audio recording equipment.
A bullet-proof vest.
Three sledgehammers.
A metal grinder, drill bits, discs, a vice, a centre punch, wire brushes and silicone.
A Nissan Sunny motor vehicle, video surveillance equipment, various other motor cars and vans and a covert audio and video device.
The casing of an Uzi sub machine gun, other component parts of firearms and a Lathe Mill.
These included:
£130,000 cash.
£5000 cash.
£10,000 cash.
These included:
A laptop containing information relating to UVF targets.
A photographic montage and files containing information relating to republican targets.
Documents containing targeting information relating to the identities and addresses of persons believed to be republicans.
Details of republican and loyalist paramilitaries and a DVD of an alleged republican parade.
Names and addresses from the electoral register and a document containing information relating to the names of dissident republican targets.
These included:
On 6 April 1997 unlawfully and maliciously wounding Thomas English.
On a date unknown between 29 April 2000 and 1 January 2005 unlawfully and maliciously wounded Alan Clarke.
On a date unknown between 26 January 2001 and 10 September 2003 unlawfully and maliciously wounded William Glendinning.
On 7 July 2000 unlawfully and maliciously wounded William Montgomery and Thompson Beckett.
On a date unknown between 31 December 1995 and 1 January 1998 unlawfully and maliciously wounded Stephen Logue.
On a date unknown between 27 March 1996 and 30 March 1996 unlawfully and maliciously wounded David McCosh.
On 29 March 1997 unlawfully and maliciously wounded Alan McClure.
On 7 April 2005 unlawfully and maliciously wounded Stephen Gaw.
On a date unknown between 8 July 2000 and 11 July 2000 unlawfully and maliciously wounded David Graham.
On 30 June 1994 unlawfully and maliciously wounded Glen Agnew.
On 13 May 1996 assaulted William James Galway.
On a date unknown between 1 September 1994 and 30 September 1994 destroyed or damaged by fire the Roughfort Inn, Newtownabbey.
On a date unknown between 20 September 1994 and 23 September 1994 destroyed or damaged by fire Quick Fit Frames, Newtownabbey.
On a date unknown between 1 September 2005 and 1 January 2007 destroyed a van belonging to Safeway's PLC.
On a date unknown between 1 June 2000 and 1 January 2001 destroyed a number of houses belonging to the Northern Ireland Housing Executive.
Namely a post office on a date unknown between 31 December 1999 and 20 April 2000.
Namely a knife.
Providing set top boxes which  enabled access to television services for which NTL would not receive payment.
Providing chips for mobile phones for which BT would not receive payment.
Namely £35,000 in cash
On a date unknown between 31 December 2005 and 1 January 2007 conspired to riotously assemble


A 53-year-old woman has died following a collision between two motorbikes in the Scottish Borders.

She was a pillion passenger on one of the two vehicles involved in the accident at the junctions of the A708 and B709, west of Selkirk.
The two male riders - aged 27 and 54 - are in the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Glasgow and Edinburgh Royal Infirmary with serious injuries.
Anyone with information has been asked to contact police.
The accident happened near the Gordon Arms Hotel at about 15:00 on Saturday.
It involved a blue and white Suzuki GSR 600 which was travelling south on the B709 and a black Yamaha FJR 1300.
The road was closed for seven hours to allow collision investigations to take place.
Sgt Neil Inglis said: "A woman has sadly died in this collision and two men are seriously injured.
"We are keen to speak to anyone who witnessed the collision or who saw the motorcycles prior to it happening."


Manager Chris Coleman says Gareth Bale might miss one or both of Wales' two Euro 2016 warm-up games in March.

Bale is back in training at Real Madrid after being sidelined for six weeks by a calf injury.
Wales face Northern Ireland and Ukraine on 24 and 28 March respectively, but Coleman says Bale will only play if fit - and will be guided the Spanish club.
"We will have to wait and see in the next week or two what happens," said Coleman.
"And if he is not available, he is not available. He has had a bit of a time of it with Madrid, in terms of injury, a bit stop-start.
"But Real Madrid have been so good with us in terms of how they have treated us.
"They have been very respectful. They have never ever put an obstacle in our way, in terms of getting Gareth.
"We need to repay that compliment. If he has not had enough game time and he needs to have more time there then so be it."
If Bale is available then Coleman may limit his game time to aid his rehabilitation from his third calf injury this season.
Coleman will soon start fresh contract talks with the Football Association of Wales.
Speaking at a conference for Euro 2016 finalists in Paris, he added: "I think after his experience last year when he was heavily criticised - certainly at one stage of the season, unfairly criticised - he came through that.
"Mentally he is very tough and basically it is about making sure he is 100% fit."
The Wales manager will lead Wales into a Euro 2016 group involving England, Russia and Slovakia and is looking on the bright side on Bale's time on the sidelines.
"It's the same with Wayne Rooney, who has been injured. If we are being selfish, it is not a bad thing for us that the players are having a little bit of a rest, as long as they are fit for the summer.
"The players obviously want to play every week and will be disappointed they are not fit.
"But for us, looking at it, as long as he is fit closer to the tournament - if we are being ruthless - that is what we have to look at."
Wales host Northern Ireland at Cardiff City Stadium before travelling to face Ukraine in Kiev four days later.
Their final warm-up is against Sweden, in Stockholm on 5 June.
Asked whether he knew his squad of 23 players for the tournament, Coleman said: "Yes - but I have picked it about 200 times. I tweak it every time.
"I know really who I want to take, but I know this is football and things change quickly."


Energy giant E.On is to pay out £12m to some of its customers following an investigation into mis-selling by the industry regulator.

Ofgem said it was the largest penalty paid to date by a UK energy supplier.
Its investigation found "extensive poor sales practices" amongst staff selling on the doorstep and by phone.
E.On has apologised to its customers, and has promised to pay compensation to anyone who was mis-sold an energy package.
The company has estimated that the bill for compensation payments is likely to be between £3m and £8m, on top of the £12m penalty.
"I am personally absolutely devastated by this, and I'm sure my colleagues across the country are equally devastated" said Tony Cocker, E.On's chief executive.
He told the BBC he took full responsibility for the failings, but said he would not be resigning as a result.
However he said his bonus for the year to 2013 would be cut by "around 25%", resulting in a payment of £510,232.
His bonus in 2012 was £687,300.
In total pay was cut from over a million pounds in 2012, to £945,286 in 2013.
By John MoylanBBC News
From the earliest days of retail energy competition, when households were given a choice of their energy supplier, consumer groups have warned about sharp practices and pressurised selling techniques.
The firms and the regulator repeatedly claimed that they were addressing the issue. Yet today's news suggests problems continued right up to the end of last year.
E.On insists that there was no organised attempt to mislead or misinform  customers. Yet at a time when energy prices were soaring, the fact remains that the actions of E.On and other firms meant that hundreds of thousands of customers did not get the best deal.
The industry says the days of pressurised telephone sales and doorstep selling are behind it. But today one of the leading consumer groups has warned that we can't simply draw a line under the affair and that we should remain vigilant.
Consumer trust in the energy suppliers has collapsed in recent years. Few issues can have done more to erode that trust than the prolonged and sustained mis-selling of gas and electricity to hard pressed households.
Other directors have had their bonuses cut by up to 50%.
The mis-selling took place over a three-and-a-half year period, between June 2010 and December 2013.
Customers were misled by sales staff, and some may have been sold more expensive tariffs than they were already on with other companies.
E.On was the last of the big six energy suppliers to stop doorstep selling, in September 2012.
It said it had now stopped all cold-calling by telephone as well.
The £12m penalty will be distributed to 333,000 of the company's poorest customers.
Those who receive the Warm Home Discount - pensioners, disabled people and low income families - will receive £35 each, even though they were not necessarily affected by the mis-selling.
Other vulnerable customers will also receive automatic payments.
In addition, the company will be writing to 465,000 other customers to advise them how to complain if they believe they were the victims of mis-selling.
Or they can call the company directly, on 0800 0568 497.
The regulator said that E.On had opportunities to improve its sales practices long before 2013, but its response was inadequate.
In addition, Ofgem said that E.On had
Sarah Harrison, senior partner in charge of enforcement at Ofgem said: "The time is right to draw a line under past supplier bad behaviour and truly rebuild trust so consumers are put at the heart of the energy market.
"E.ON has today taken a good step by accepting responsibility for its actions and putting proper redress in place."
The energy watchdog has imposed nearly £100m in fines and redress on energy companies for various rule breaches over the last four years, £39m of which have been for mis-selling.
E.On was itself fined £1.7m by Ofgem in November 2012, for overcharging customers. The company blamed a computer error.


Plymouth Argyle captain Curtis Nelson and striker Reuben Reid have left the club after failing to agree new deals, along with full-back Kelvin Mellor and forward Tyler Harvey.

Nelson has joined Oxford United, having been the subject of a bid from Championship side Barnsley.
Manager Derek Adams declined to comment on the departures of the four players.
However, highly-rated defensive midfielder Carl McHugh has agreed a new deal at Home Park.
Nelson, 23, made 247 appearances for Argyle after making his debut as a 17-year-old in 2010.
He joined the club's academy, having been released by Stoke City, and became the youngest person since 1967 to captain Argyle when he led them for the first time against Cheltenham Town in April 2013.
Argyle will be able to command a compensation fee for the centre-back from his next club, as he is under the age of 24.
Reid, 27, also came through the club's academy and was in his second spell at the club, having rejoined in 2014 after spending much of the previous 18 months with Argyle on loan.
He was top-scorer in both the 2013-14 and 2014-15 seasons and became the first Argyle player in 86 years to score a hat-trick against Devon rivals Exeter City in February 2015.
Mellor joined the club in the summer of 2014 and played 93 times, while 21-year-old Harvey, also a product of Argyle's youth system, made just eight appearances last season, scoring twice in the final-day 5-0 win over Hartlepool United.
"We've got 18 permanently signed players now," boss Adams told BBC Radio Devon.
"We've still got two or three to go permanently and then we'll look at the loan signings."


Politicians and musicians have come together to record a charity single in memory of Labour MP Jo Cox.

Kaiser Chiefs' Ricky Wilson, Cockney Rebel's Steve Harley and singer-songwriters KT Tunstall and David Gray are among those taking part.
They will be joined by a cross-party group of MPs and others for a special recording of The Rolling Stones' You Can't Always Get What You Want.
Mrs Cox was killed outside her constituency surgery on 16 June.
Mrs Cox, 41, who was the Labour MP for Batley and Spen at the time, was shot and stabbed in Birstall, in front of her staff and residents.
Thomas Mair, 53, is currently on trial for her killing at the Old Bailey. He denies murder and other charges.
The song, released next year, will mark the launch of the Jo Cox Foundation, which will raise funds for causes close to the late MP.
A group of 20 MPs from across the political spectrum, members of parliamentary rock group MP4 and the Royal Opera House Thurrock Community Chorus will also feature on the track.
Kevin Brennan, Labour MP for Cardiff West and organiser of the project, said he hoped the song would show "there's more that unites than divides us".
He said he felt the choice of song, first released in 1969, reflected the ethos of Mrs Cox.
He said: "Jo Cox was someone who really tried very hard until she got what was needed and that's a message within the song.
"She also said that people should work together - that we are stronger together, there's more that unites than divides us.
"So we wanted to do something that reflected that and would help raise awareness of the foundation."
KT Tunstall said her decision to take part in the project was a "complete no-brainer".
She told the Press Association: "There's too few of her in the world, so it's just incredibly sad that she has gone.
"At the same time I think she'd be really happy that we are doing something so joyful and so celebratory and fun in her honour - and to help raise money and awareness for her causes."
MPs gathered at the Backstage Centre in Thurrock, Essex, on Thursday to record their part on the track, conducted by Suzie Rigby, who has worked with The Rolling Stones.
Labour MP Tracy Brabin, who won the by-election in Batley and Spen following the death of Mrs Cox, said: "I think it's an amazing event because it's bringing people together cross-party.
"There's Conservatives, there's Labour and I think that's what Jo always loved, to be able to work - when the idea was big and important - across parties."
The former Coronation Street star said it was happening in "desperately sad circumstances" but Mrs Cox would have wanted to "bring people together in a joyous scenario where we can do something positive".


One person has been taken to hospital following a fire in Glasgow city centre.

A number of fire engines have been deployed to West Nile Street to deal with the incident in a basement next to Vroni's wine bar.
Part of the road has been cordoned off and some businesses in the area have been evacuated.
The injured person had suffered an electric shock, according to the emergency services.
The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service said they were still dealing with a small fire, and that the large number of fire engines present was so that crews could be easily rotated in the small space where the blaze broke out.


A 40-year-old accountant has been crowned the new Ooni of Ife - a revered monarch in south-west Nigeria.

The new king Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi is now one of the most influential among the Yoruba people, Nigeria's second biggest ethnic group, of about 35 million in West Africa.
Tens of thousands celebrated in the city of Ife, AFP reports.
He told the BBC he does not intend to get involved in politics, wants unity and will stand for "forthrightness".
The new king said to the BBC's Umar Shehu Elleman that he doesn't want supremacy among leaders.
Instead "we just want to lead by example, do things right and foster unity," he said.
He said he would "guide the leaders" of the country who he said were "very good people" who needed patience.
"I will lead by example. I will stand on the part of transparency, on the part of forthrightness," he said.
He also revealed his mission to "get to the bottom" of the creation of mankind.
"To the entire world it is still a myth that creation started from Ile-Ife but we will still do the research and make it to be known to be fact".
Mr Ogunwusi was a prince from one of the ruling houses in the Ife kingdom and was selected by kingmakers from 21 candidates, including his older brother.
The previous Ooni of Ife, Oba Sijuwade, died in a London clinic in July aged 85 after a 35-year reign.
Ooni of Ife:
Nigeria's many monarchs


The wife of the gunman who killed 49 people at a gay nightclub in Orlando could face charges in connection with the attack, according to reports.

Prosecutors have convened a grand jury to investigate Noor Salman, wife of gunman Omar Mateen, sources quoted by Fox News and Reuters say.
She is reported to have told police she tried to talk her husband out of attacking the Pulse nightclub.
The attack in Florida was the worst mass shooting in recent US history.
Fifty-three people were wounded and six remain in a critical condition.
Prosecutors quoted by Fox News said they were seeking to charge Noor Salman as an accessory to 49 counts of murder and 53 counts of attempted murder, as well as with failure to warn authorities about the impending attack.
It was possible that Mateen had called his wife from inside the club while the killings were taking place, Fox quoted a source as saying.
Although Ms Salman has been questioned since the attack early on Sunday, she has not been arrested.
US Senator Angus King, a member of the Senate Intelligence Committee which received a briefing on the investigation, told CNN that "it appears she had some knowledge of what was going on".
"She definitely is, I guess you would say, a person of interest right now and appears to be co-operating and can provide us with some important information," he added.
On Tuesday, US media reported that Noor Salman had gone with Omar Mateen to buy ammunition and had also driven him to the Pulse nightclub on a previous occasion because he had wanted to survey it.
However, she said she had tried to talk her husband out of carrying out the attack, sources quoted by NBC News said.
Mateen's father, Seddique Mateen, said on Tuesday that Ms Salman - his son's second wife - had returned to the couple's flat on Monday to pick up some clothes. He said she and the couple's young son were still in Florida but declined to say where.
Mateen, 29, who was killed when police stormed the club, pledged allegiance to so-called Islamic State (IS) during the attack, authorities say.
The FBI is investigating reports that Mateen made several visits to the Pulse nightclub and made contact with other men on gay dating apps.
On Tuesday, President Barack Obama said Mateen appeared to have been "an angry, disturbed, unstable young man who became radicalised".
He also attacked a proposed ban on Muslims travelling to America from Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump as "not the America we want".
Obama v Trump: The gloves are off
Investigators have said there is no evidence that Mateen had been in contact with any outside groups such as IS. Mateen was a US citizen, born in New York to Afghan immigrant parents.
President Obama will travel to the scene of the attack in Orlando on Thursday.


Edinburgh and Scotland fly-half Duncan Weir faces a spell on the sidelines after suffering a fractured jaw in last Saturday's Pro12 defeat at Munster.

Weir, 25, who started the club's first four games of the season, was forced off after a clash of heads with CJ Stander and had surgery on Sunday.
In Weir's absence, fellow stand-off Jason Tovey has made a timely return to training this week from a wrist injury.
But prop Kevin Bryce is waiting to discover the extent of an elbow injury.
Bryce, starting his first game at tight-head since his summer conversion from hooker, suffered the injury at the first scrum in Limerick and had to be taken off after just six minutes.  He is awaiting the results of a scan.
The club are already without another tight-head, Simon Berghan, who is still some weeks away from returning from a foot injury.
Head coach Alan Solomons is keen to bring in extra tight-head cover with only Nick Beavon - in his first season of professional rugby - left as back-up to Scotland first-choice WP Nel.
With inside centre Phil Burleigh, who has also played at fly-half, still recovering from a shoulder injury and Tovey only just returning to training, 19-year-old Blair Kinghorn - who replaced Weir in Limerick - could feature at 10 in Friday's Pro12 match with Connacht in Galway.
Third-choice hooker George Turner has also joined the casualty list after sustaining an ankle injury playing for Heriot's in the BT Premiership on Saturday.
But back-row Nasi Manu, who suffered a rib injury in Edinburgh's opening-day defeat at Cardiff Blues, has returned to training this week.
Edinburgh will discover on Wednesday if lock Fraser McKenzie will be banned after being cited for a shoulder charge at a ruck that knocked out Munster flanker Jack O'Donoghue.
They are already without another second-row, Anton Bresler, as he recovers from groin surgery.
Loose-head prop Alasdair Dickinson is on track for a return to training in late October, with Scotland's autumn Tests starting against Australia on 12 November.


Tents have been torched at a transit camp in Slovenia, allegedly by migrants angry at how they are being treated.

They torched the tents at the camp in Brezice to protest at the slow process of registering them and moving them to the Austrian border, witnesses said.
They have also complained of a lack of food, water and blankets in the camp.
Meanwhile the Greek coastguard is searching for a migrant boat believed to have capsized with 14 on board near the island of Samos amid heavy rain.
Samos, where 69,000 people have arrived over the past year, is receiving the highest numbers of migrants of any Greek island apart from Lesbos.
Thousands of migrants continue to pour through the western Balkans and the leaders of those countries have been summoned to a special EU meeting.
The European Commission said President Jean-Claude Juncker had called Sunday's meeting because "there is a need for much greater cooperation, more extensive consultation and immediate operational action" to deal with what it called "the unfolding emergency".
EU response: EU solution seems nowhere in sight
No-man's land: Border closures leave thousands stranded
Long winter sets in: EU pins hope on deteriorating weather
Merkel under pressure: Chancellor's migrant policy faces criticism at home
Crisis in graphics: Migration numbers explained
Last week Hungary closed its border with Croatia and Serbia and refused to let any more migrants cross, citing security concerns. As a result, the migrants have been diverted to Slovenia on their way to western Europe.
Slovenia says it has been overwhelmed by the nearly 20,000 migrants that have arrived since Friday. It had said it could only take 2,500 migrants a day.
The Slovenian army and the police are working to manage the flow, but aid agencies have been warning of dire conditions as bottlenecks develop at border crossings along the route, just as temperatures are beginning to drop.
But there is no sign that the numbers of migrants and refugees is slowing.
A number of boats carrying around 140 people, including children, arrived at the RAF base at Akrotiri in Cyprus on Wednesday morning.
Many of the migrants heading through the Western Balkans are trying to reach Germany, which is predicting an influx of at least 800,000 asylum seekers this year. Some estimates put the number at over a million.
Many of those will have their asylum bids rejected and a government spokesman confirmed on Wednesday that it was considering the use of military planes to help speed up the deportation process.
Defence Minister Ursula von der Leyen said army transport planes would be used, but only if civilian aircraft were not available.
Chancellor Angela Merkel's domestic popularity has declined in recent weeks because of the influx into Germany.
And an opinion poll on Wednesday said the proportion of Germans who were extremely worried by the situation had risen from 40% in August to 54%.
However a separate poll of members of Mrs Merkel's conservative CDU party found that 82% were happy with her as their leader.
A note on terminology: The BBC uses the term migrant to refer to all people on the move who have yet to complete the legal process of claiming asylum. This group includes people fleeing war-torn countries such as Syria, who are likely to be granted refugee status, as well as people who are seeking jobs and better lives, who governments are likely to rule are economic migrants.


About 2,500 traffic police officers will be on London's streets during rush hours following the deaths of six cyclists over 14 days.

Operation Safeway will see Metropolitan Police officers deployed at 166 key junctions where they will issue fixed penalty notices to people breaking road traffic laws.
About 650 officers will be at 60 sites across London on Monday.
There have been 14 cyclist deaths in London this year, nine involving HGVs.
The officers will also be offering advice to anyone seen putting themselves or other road uses at risk. This includes pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and other motorists.
2010: 10 deaths, four involving HGVs
2011: 16 deaths, 12 involving HGVs
2012: 14 deaths, five involving HGVs
2013 so far: 14 deaths, nine involving HGVs
Source: TfL
The number of police and locations will rise as the operation progresses. The force said it would continue until Christmas when it would then be reviewed.
The force said the operation was not costing it extra money.
The six cyclists who died between 5 and 18 November are: Brian Holt, 62; Francis Golding, 69; Roger William De Klerk, 43; Venera Minakhmetova, 24; a 21-year-old man from St John's Wood and a man believed to be in his 60s.
The names of two of the victims have not yet been officially released by police.
The number of cyclists killed so far in crashes in London this year is the same as the figure for the whole of 2012.
Supt Rob Revill said: "Our aim is to reduce the appalling number of people who die or are injured on London's roads each year.
"Every road death is a needless tragedy that wreaks devastation for the victim's friends and family. Every serious injury is life-changing and distressing."
He added: "We welcome the recent debate around road safety but it is irrefutable that the Met and the public have a duty to ensure that we all take the very best care on the roads."
Last week, Mayor of London Boris Johnson said headphones were an "absolute scourge" and he would consider banning cyclists from wearing them.
However, BBC London transport correspondent Tom Edwards said at Bow roundabout the police were advising cyclists about wearing helmets and high visibility jackets, rather than advising them about wearing headphones.
There have been calls for HGVs to be banned in rush hours, with former Olympic cyclist Chris Boardman saying "the longer we delay, the more lives will be lost".
But Mr Johnson has said imposing a peak-time ban risked damaging London companies and creating a "serious influx as soon as the ban is over".
Mr Johnson also said safety on the roads must be improved and he was looking at investing the "thick end of Â£1bn" to make cycling in the capital safer.
Last Monday, the Met carried out spot-checks on cyclists and HGVs in Vauxhall, south London.
In four hours, the officers stopped 70 lorries and issued 15 fixed penalty notices for offences such as the vehicles not being fit for the road.
They also stopped 100 cyclists, who were given safety advice.


England boss Eddie Jones said he was always confident his side would beat Scotland in their Six Nations opener.

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Australian Jones, appointed as Stuart Lancaster's successor in November, oversaw a 15-9 win at Murrayfield to retain the Calcutta Cup in his first game as head coach.
"In all honesty I always thought we were going to win the game," the 56-year-old told BBC Sport.
"The only way we weren't going to win was if we did something silly."
Tries from George Kruis and Jack Nowell were enough for England to overcome Vern Cotter's Scotland, whose nine points came from three Greig Laidlaw penalties.
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Led by new skipper Dylan Hartley, England lacked fluidity at times and conceded 12 penalties across the 80 minutes, including eight in the first half.
But Jones was happy with the performance, considering he had had only seven training sessions to work with the squad.
"We had two weeks together, we were virtually a new team doing new things," said Jones, whose side next face Italy in Rome on 14 February.
"I'm really pleased with our application in the second half. Our defence was outstanding and there were some really good individual performances."
More to come from Scotland - Cotter
For Hartley, wearing the armband completed a dramatic turnaround.
Having thought his England career was over last year when he missed the World Cup after he was suspended for ill discipline, the Northampton forward described the experience of captaining the side as "amazing".
"It was huge to lead England out but I'm more happy we won as a team," the 29-year-old said.
"It wasn't the prettiest performance. We would do something good and then our discipline costs us. We've had two weeks together, there is so much to improve on come Monday."
Hooker Hartley, flanker James Haskell and tight-head prop Dan Cole were all singled out for praise by former Japan coach Jones.
But it was man of the match Billy Vunipola who received the warmest words after a performance in which he made 19 carries - the most of anybody on the pitch.
"I have read all the articles about him being too slow to play number eight. He's doing a pretty good job as a slow number eight," Jones said.
"I thought he was outstanding with his carrying and defence work. He can be the best number eight in the world, I've no doubt about that."
Jones has introduced a more relaxed regime to the England set-up, and spoke before the game of the importance of the players socialising together and enjoying a few drinks.
It is a policy that looks set to continue.
"We've come up here and won the Calcutta Cup. We scored two tries, there are no injuries so it's been a good day at the office," the Australian said.
"So there might be a few beers tonight."
Former England centre Will Carling was full of praise for a trio of England forwards.
And England's World Cup-winning centre Will Greenwood added to the plaudits thrown at Billy Vunipola.
Although not all of you were impressed.
However, there were some Scotland fans retaining some positivity.


Newly-promoted Premiership side London Irish have signed Napolioni Nalaga, Luke McLean, Petrus Du Plessis and Saia Fainga'a.

Fiji winger Nalaga, 31, has signed from French Top 14 side Lyon, for whom he scored 21 tries in 32 games.
Prop Du Plessis, 36, joins the Exiles after seven seasons with Saracens.
Italy international back McLean, 29, arrives from Pro12 side Treviso, while Australia hooker Fainga'a, 30, has signed from Super Rugby side Brumbies.
London Irish have now signed seven players following their promotion from the Championship, with prop Gordon Reid, scrum-half Ben Meehan and back-row forward Lasha Lomidze joining on Thursday.


A helicopter taking workers off a North Sea platform was forced to make an emergency landing in Shetland after one of its two engines shut down.

The Sikorski S-92, with 16 people on board, was redirected from Aberdeen to Sumburgh after an alarm was triggered in the cockpit.
It had been involved in the evacuation of 38 non-essential staff from BP's Magnus platform after a power-related incident.
The helicopter landed safely at 21:30.
About 120 essential staff are still on the Magnus installation, 100 miles north-east of Shetland.


The winter solstice has been celebrated by about 1,500 revellers who gathered to watch the sunrise at Stonehenge.

Druids and pagans were joined by a mass of revellers at the ancient monument, accompanied by a soundtrack of pounding drums, chanting and dancing.
Although Sunday was officially the shortest day, Monday's sunrise was the closest to the moment when the North Pole was tilted furthest from the sun.
However, a heavy blanket of grey cloud kept the sunrise from clear view.
Senior druid King Arthur Pendragon, said: "What we're really here for is to celebrate the fact that the cycle of the world turns, and from now on the days get longer and it's the return of the sun.
"It's a time of change and hope is renewed - the same message really from a pagan perspective as from a Christian perspective.
"That's what this season is all about - a message of hope."
Last week English Heritage - which manages the stones near Salisbury in Wiltshire - reported a record number of tourists in the past year.
I've just been passed by a giant lampshade playing the accordion and I think I've seen the widest selection of wellingtons ever known in one place on the earth.
It's the middle of Salisbury Plain, it's an ancient monument. We never [usually] get as close and everyone is here because they want to be here.
In front of me there are people from Korea and I can hear German accents behind me.
I have spoken to Canadians and all sorts of people - all here for one reason and that's because Wiltshire has one of the best ancient monuments in the world.
The body said 1.3 million people had visited the site since the opening of the Â£27m visitor centre in December last year - a 9% increase on the previous 12 months.
This means a continual reinforcement of the message that the stones need to be looked after and treated with respect, it added.
Heather Sebire, English Heritage's curator for Stonehenge, said: "People think that because it's stone it's virtually indestructible - but in fact the stones are quite fragile.
"We know through our research - we had a wonderful laser survey done - that many stones have carvings that you can't see with the naked eye.
"So they can be damaged and we do ask people to respect the stones while they're here."


The daughter and sister of stabbing victims Tracey and Pierce Wilkinson has visited the family home to see floral tributes.

Student Lydia Wilkinson attended the Stourbridge property in a visit organised by West Midlands Police.
Her mother, Mrs Wilkinson, and brother, Pierce, 13, were stabbed to death on Thursday. Her father, Peter Wilkinson, remains in hospital with stab wounds.
A 23-year-old man is accused of murder and attempted murder.
Aaron Barley, of no fixed abode, is due at Birmingham Crown Court on Monday.
Ms Wilkinson, 18, was at university at the time of the attack.
In a statement released through police, Ms Wilkinson said the family was devastated by their loss, adding her mother, 50, and brother were "extremely loved" by everyone.
She said: "Pierce was a fun-loving and friendly, happy boy who loved computer games and made everyone smile.
"Tracey was loving, caring and a wonderful mother and daughter, always putting others before herself."
She thanked the emergency services for their work after they were called to the house in Greyhound Lane, Norton, at about 08:00 BST on Thursday. She also praised hospital staff for their "excellent care".
Her 47-year-old father is now stable in hospital after being taken there in a critical condition when he was found with serious stab injuries in the back garden of his home.
Ms Wilkinson also asked for "privacy and respect during this distressing time".
She was supported by her boyfriend and his parents as she read the messages on the floral tributes from well-wishers and laid her own flowers.


Motherwell's Scottish Premiership relegation encounter against Hamilton Academical will be bigger than Well's play-off against Rangers, according to manager Stephen Robinson.

The Steelmen defeated the Ibrox side 6-1 over two legs in May 2015.
The Motherwell boss will take his second-bottom side to rivals Accies on Saturday with only three games left.
"It's a big game. People are saying it's much bigger than the Rangers play-off game - it is," said Robinson.
"We're still in control of our own destiny. We're under no illusions as to how big the game is."
Robinson says a positive result against Hamilton would provide the perfect platform for the league visit of Kilmarnock next Tuesday.
The Lanarkshire clubs are level on points, with both four clear of bottom-placed Inverness Caledonian Thistle.
"This game, if we can get something from it, especially a victory, it really does set us up, it gives us that belief back," Robinson added. "The momentum which we haven't had all season - we haven't won two games in a row.
"Our challenge now is to put that three-game run together. We haven't lost against Accies all season, scored five goals against them, so we're going into the game very positive."
Robinson says eradicating costly mistakes would improve Motherwell's chances of securing their top-flight safety.
"Take out individual errors and don't take chances in the final third of the pitch," he said. "We need to get people across, all throughout the team, being brave and making runs, committing themselves to score goals.
"It's difficult - you can't legislate for some of them, to be honest, but you just have to be positive with it. You have to encourage people and give them a belief in themselves, and take the doubt out of their mind, which is what we've tried to do.
"Our destiny is still in our own hands."
Meanwhile, Well defender Ben Heneghan has been linked with a summer move to Rangers, who would need to pay a fee to acquire the former Chester centre-back, but Robinson insists no official approach has been made for the player.
"There's been no official bid from anybody," the manager said. "Most definitely, we want to keep him.
"We are a club that sell players - it says a lot for Martin Foyle [our scout], we bring players in for low, low money and we put them back out again, and then do the same again. Good players get attention - simple as that."


Swindon boxer Jamie Cox says he wants to win multiple world titles after being handed a WBO title eliminator against an as-yet undecided opponent.

Cox, 29, has won all 20 of his fights to date, with 12 coming by knockout.
"Any of the four main bodies - the WBC, WBO, WBA and IBF - any of those four I will target, and not just target, I want to win," he told BBC Wiltshire.
"I've been in the ring with the best fighters with 16-ounce gloves on in the division so I know what I can do."
Cox, who won a gold medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games as an amateur, also said he has not had any indication who his next fight will be against.
"I'll be leaving that with [promoter] Frank Warren and obviously Frank will have some news for me very shortly," he added.
"At the end of the day all I have to do is prepare myself with my coach, my team and just be in the best possible shape I can be to deliver the best possible performance."


Crusaders inched closer to retaining the Irish Premiership title after a 2-1 win over Dungannon Swifts while Linfield drew 1-1 at home to Portadown.

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Josh Carson's late header rescued a point for the Blues at Windsor Park after Adam Foley fired the Ports into a shock lead with seven minutes left.
Paul Heatley and Colin Coates struck for the champions at Stangmore Park as the leaders moved nine points clear.
Cliftonville drew 1-1 with Glentoran and Glenavon beat Ballinamallard 3-0.
Linfield's slim hopes of catching Crusaders at the top look to have evaporated after David Healy's men failed to beat the league's basement club.
Foley stunned the home support with a lobbed effort that beat Roy Carroll on 82 minutes, but substitute Carson headed an equaliser in stoppage-time to salvage a point.
The home side were guilty of missing chances throughout the match but Niall Currie may be disappointed not to walk away with all three points after Carroll's excellent stop denied Stephen Garrett making it 2-0.
Healy was sent from his touchline to the stands late on for arguing with the match officials on a frustrating night for the Blues boss.
Portadown, on the other hand, finally stopped the rot after a miserable run of six straight defeats.
A couple of first-half headers from Heatley and Coates ensured Crusaders made it six league wins in a row.
Heatley found himself unmarked to convert Jordan Owens's flick to the back post before Coates expertly finished off a pinpoint cross from Jordan Forsythe.
Cormac Burke pulled one back for the Swifts but it was not enough to stop the Belfast club stretching their winning run on the road to seven games.
Nobody at Crusaders will dare admit the title race is over, but nine points clear with as many games left to play looks like an unassailable advantage at this stage.
Cliftonville were unable to bounce back after last week's defeat to Ballinamallard as they drew 1-1 with Glentoran in an entertaining game at Solitude.
Curtis Allen headed the away side into a first-half lead before Daniel Hughes struck an equaliser to avoid back-to-back defeats for Gerard Lyttle's side.
The Reds are now only four points clear of fourth-placed Coleraine, who have a game in hand.
Andrew Hall fired Gary Hamilton's side into an early lead, calmly slotting the ball home to punish the Mallards defence for not clearing their lines.
Mark Sykes added a second on 85 minutes before Greg Moorhouse wrapped up a convincing three points for the Lurgan Blues.


Great Britain's Beth Tweddle won a medal at last in the final Olympic appearance of her gymnastics career.

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Tweddle's score of 15.916 took bronze in her uneven bars final after a decade pursuing an elusive Olympic medal.
The 27-year-old has four world titles and is the most decorated GB gymnast in history. A step back on landing may have cost her higher honours.
Russia's Aliya Mustafina won the gold medal ahead of Beijing 2008 champion He Kexin of China.
Mustafina scored a massive 16.133 to win the title, a mark Tweddle had herself posted in qualifying at London 2012.
"Everyone kept saying to me, 'You're a great champ, it doesn't matter what happens today.' I kept trying to tell myself that but I knew if I walked out of here without a medal, I'd have been really disappointed," Tweddle told BBC Sport.
"I knew the crowd would be good and I got a lot of texts this morning from people saying they were behind me and rooting for me, and that calmed me down.
"I know I've done the years of hard work, my coach has too, and she'd have been as gutted as me if we'd come away with nothing."
London 2012 marks Tweddle's final outing at this level. She has endured agony to reach this point, her body breaking down in a sport that usually spits out gymnasts by their early twenties at best.
The City of Liverpool gymnast slept with an ice machine strapped to her leg for much of this year to calm the swelling from training, and long ago abandoned two of the four pieces of apparatus in women's gymnastics to preserve her fitness for the bars and floor.
"This is definitely my last Olympics," she confirmed.
"It was a tremendous routine by Beth. She went for the big dismount, and knew she had to go for maximum difficulty, and her work on the apparatus was superb. To get a medal is a wonderful moment for Beth and British gymnastics."
"I'm not totally retiring straight away. It would be too much on my mind and body just to stop.
"The federation have said I can keep training a bit, so I can decide what I want to do rather than make drastic decisions."
While she did not reach the floor final at her home Games, her bars routine was the best in qualifying and she replicated that scintillating form for nine-tenths of her performance in the final.
But two large steps back following her landing were enough to end her challenge for the Olympic title.
Asked if she might dwell on that moment, Tweddle said: "Do you know what? I don't care. Coming into London 2012 I had a few different routines. I went with that one; it could have gone totally wrong, and it didn't.
"I landed on my feet, I've got a medal around my neck and that's all I'm bothered about."
Mustafina, the 2010 all-around world champion, came through a serious knee injury in 2011 to reach London 2012 and was a deserving gold medallist. He scored 15.933 behind her.
Watch Tweddle speaking about winning a bronze medal


Winter sickness bug outbreaks continue to affect two hospitals in Dumfries and Galloway.

Annan Hospital and ward 14 at Dumfries Infirmary have been closed to new admissions.
A total of 14 patients across the two hospitals have symptoms of sickness and diarrhoea consistent with norovirus.
Routine visiting remains suspended and anyone with concerns about a relative at either site should contact the hospital for advice before visiting.
Members of the public visiting other areas of the Dumfries hospital have been asked to comply with the hand hygiene and infection control measures in place.
Anyone who has experienced diarrhoea and vomiting has been asked to allow at least 48 hours since their last symptom before visiting the hospital.


More than 500 jobs are to go at Kwik Fit Insurance Services in North Lanarkshire, after attempts to find a new operator failed.

Staff at the Uddingston contact centre were told it will close on 31 March.
Owner Ageas said it had suffered the consequences of a change in the way people buy insurance.
After closure plans were set out in November, a team involving the council and government agencies sought to find a way of keeping the workforce intact.
However, none was found to be workable.
Ageas will now focus on finding alternative work for the 521 staff being made redundant. It claims to have identified 1,800 possible local vacancies this year, and about 40 employers that could use a similar range of skills.
Ant Middle, chief executive of Ageas Direct and Partnerships, said he regretted the decision to close the Uddingston office, but said the interest from other employers "not only evidences what we already know - that we have capable, skilled and experienced people - but also that there are many good opportunities in the local area".
He added: "We will do all we can to support our people in securing alternative roles.
"I know this has been a difficult and unsettling time for all of our employees and I want to thank each of them for their professionalism throughout the process."
The government-backed service Partnership Action for Continuing Employment (Pace) is to open an office at the Tannochside site to provide employees with advice on dealing with redundancy and finding alternative employment.
This will be backed up by Penna outplacement services, and there will be recruitment fairs.
Business Minister Paul Wheelhouse said he was "very disappointed" at the decision by Ageas to close the site.
He said: "The Scottish government, our enterprise and skills bodies and North Lanarkshire Council have been working hard with Ageas to look at all possible options to secure the future of the site and its workforce.
"Unfortunately, despite the significant and ongoing efforts of all involved, the company decided that closure could not be avoided.
"A substantial number of companies have already expressed an interest in the employees, which is very encouraging, and I have confirmed that we will work with Ageas to help the individuals affected access new opportunities."
Mr Wheelhouse added that Scottish Enterprise and Scottish Development International would also work closely with Ageas to market the contact centre site to investors in the UK and internationally.
North Lanarkshire Council leader Jim Logue said it was "clearly disappointing" that Ageas had been unable to find a business to take over the site.
He said: "Council staff have worked tirelessly to identify potentially-interested parties.
"However, it is encouraging that many of these other businesses have expressed an interest in providing employment opportunities for the dedicated and skilled workforce at Kwik Fit Insurance."
He added: "We will play a full part, through our employability specialists and working with partners, to ensure that affected staff are given every chance to take these opportunities with other businesses."
Ageas bought Kwik Fit Insurance Services in July 2010, for £215m. Since then, it has had no connection with the garage business of that name, with which it was founded in 1995.


The president of Germany marked his early departure from office with the grandest of torchlight parades in the full tradition of the Prussian military - and with a squabble over what tunes should be played.

President Wulff was entitled to what is called a Grosser Zapfenstreich, or Grand Tattoo, in front of the presidential palace.
In the dark of night, by the Tiergarten in Berlin, soldiers in full ceremonial uniform carried burning torches. Trumpets sounded. The fife and drum were prominent.
But it did not feel like a celebration. Chancellor Angel Merkel did attend but the four former presidents still alive were not there.
The event was overshadowed by debate over whether it should happen at all because of the allegations of corruption which have forced the current president from office.
There was also a row over the music.
President Wulff had requested four pieces instead of the usual three. The newspaper Bild said that he had wanted Ebony And Ivory written by Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder.
This tune, it said, was deemed by the military band as not suitable for trumpets!
What was played was Somewhere Over The Rainbow, the great hymn to a better life beyond today's troubles from The Wizard Of Oz.
It was an instrumental version, but it was hard to see if anyone was humming the words: "Some day I'll wish upon a star and wake up where the clouds are far behind me."
Not for some time, though.
President Wulff leaves office to deal with investigations into his closeness to business people when he was a prominent politician and finally president of one of the German states, Lower Saxony.
His difficulties started when it was revealed that he had been lent money on favourable terms by a businessman's wife.
He then made two big mistakes: he denied a connection to the businessman when asked by the state's parliament, and he left an angry message on the voice-mail of Bild, Germany's best-selling newspaper when it started investigating and publishing details of the loan.
Hell hath no fury like a newspaper threatened.
Bild went into investigative over-drive, publishing a string of articles about President Wulff and holidays paid for by others.
Where previously Bild had painted him as a happily married family man (helpful to a recently divorced Catholic), it examined every detail of his connections to business.
Where he went and who paid for it, became the leitmotif.
It all became a stand-off between president and press.
He would assert that he had done nothing wrong and papers would reveal more questionable contacts and arrangements.
It became too much when the prosecutors in Hanover, the capital of Lower Saxony, asked the Bundestag to lift the president's immunity from prosecution.
Mr Wulff, the country's youngest ever president at 51 when he took the job in 2010, resigned because he said the trust of the people had "been seriously damaged".
A man once talked about as a future chancellor of Germany will, instead, engage closely with lawyers and prosecutors.
He has one less thing to worry about: ex-presidents are entitled to a pension of 199,000 euros a year.
The papers questioned whether he should get it, but it was decided that he should get the money.
And a Grosser Zapfenstreich. It is worth having.
The origins of the grand ceremony are lost in time but a common view is that it goes back to when a trumpet was sounded to "strike the peg" on a barrel so signalling the end of the military day (Zapfenstreich means "strike the tap or plug or peg").
The ceremony became grander and much embellished by the Prussians.
It continued through the divided Germany, with the East Germans incorporating For The Peace Of The World by the Soviet composer Shostakovich.
In the united Germany, it is reserved for the departure of presidents, defence ministers, chancellors and the very highest military officers.
Defence Minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg got one when he resigned after being caught plagiarising his doctorate (by the way, for music, he chose Deep Purple's Smoke On The Water).
Apart from offering much food for debate about the musical choices of departing politicians, President Wulff's departure will have some consequences.
It leaves Chancellor Merkel with bruises because he was very much her choice two years ago.
The opinion polls say she remains popular with ordinary Germans, but her government is dependent in coalition on the Free Democrats - if they go, the government falls.
And by all accounts, the FDP stood up to her over a successor to President Wulff.
It wanted the civil rights campaigner Joachim Gauck, whom she had rejected for the post in 2010, and it - rather than she - got its way.
That has led to speculation that the coalition is breakable.
Now the music has died after the Grosser Zapfenstreich, Germany has much to reflect on.
And plain Mr Wulff will be a busy man - but not in a way he would have wanted.


A 13-year-old boy will conduct the orchestra for part of the final night of BBC Proms in the Park in Colwyn Bay on Saturday.

Gwydion Rhys, from Bethesda, made such an impression at a workshop earlier this year, he has been invited back for the main event.
It is the first time Proms in the Park has been held in north Wales.
Tony Hadley, Grammy award-winning singer-songwriter Amy Wadge, and opera singer Wynne Evans will all perform.
"I am feeling a little nervous but I hope I'll be all right on the night," said Gwydion, who also plays the cello and piano.
"I'll be having a rehearsal with the orchestra beforehand, and I'm really looking forward to that.
"I hope I'll get lots of support from the orchestra members - and I hope they're also looking forward to the experience."
Gwydion will take the conductor's podium for a special performance of Richard Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries", but for the rest of the evening, the BBC National Orchestra and Chorus of Wales will be under the baton of American conductor Edwin Outwater.
Highlights will be shown on BBC Two Wales on Sunday, 11 September.


More investment is needed to beat tuberculosis - the joint most deadly infectious disease in the world - a coalition of health agencies has said.

The Stop TB Partnership said it would take $56bn (Â£36bn) to "eliminate" the curable disease.
It said a target set by the World Health Organization (WHO) to tackle the disease by 2030 would be missed unless action was taken.
In 2014, the WHO recorded 1.5 million tuberculosis (TB) deaths.
The partnership - which includes the WHO as one of its members - said the extra funding would:
TB is the most deadly infectious disease, alongside HIV, figures show.
But most cases of TB can be treated with first-choice antibiotics, and the WHO has called the death rate unacceptable.
Most new cases are in China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria or Pakistan.
But the UK has the highest TB rates in Western Europe, according to figures from Public Health England, with 12 cases per 100,000 people.
Last month, the London Assembly said parts of the city had higher TB rates than Rwanda or Iraq. A third of London's boroughs suffer from high rates of TB, with more than 40 incidents per 100,000 people.
Amy McConville, now 31, from west London was diagnosed with TB in 2005. She is still recovering from the effects of the illness, which caused her left lung to collapse.
"Over the course of several months, my GP diagnosed me with a series of chest infections," she says.
"As my cough worsened, my appetite faded away.
"After nearly nine months, I got an appointment at the chest clinic, and by that point, I only weighed five and a half stone (6.3kg).
"The cough had developed into an awful pain in my left lung.
"I took to my bed and stayed there for weeks.
"The doctors couldn't seem to diagnose me, and I was scared that I might never recover.
"It felt like my body was giving up on me, I was incredibly weak, I couldn't eat, even my favourite food made me feel nauseous.
"TB is a wasting disease; it consumes you from the inside. I'd been ill for over nine months, I couldn't remember the last time I'd had a proper meal."
The Stop TB Partnership, which was created by the World Health Assembly in 2000, has launched a document - Global Plan to End TB 2016-2020 - in which it details its goals for the next five years, they include:
"TB has always been a disease of poverty, and a litmus test for our commitment to social equality and health for all," Dr Aaron Motsoaledi, chairman of the partnership's coordinating board, said.
"Unfortunately, its longevity has created a sense of acceptance that it is here to stay and a sense of complacency."
He said the new plan "sets out to smash this status quo".
Dr Lucia Ditiu, executive director of the partnership, said: "It is a global disgrace and human tragedy that TB - a curable disease - is killing around 1.5 million people per year and nobody speaks about ending it."
The WHO has also said in some cases the disease is becoming resistant to antibiotics.
About three in every 100 new cases of TB could not be treated with first-choice antibiotics, it said.
Later this month, politicians from around the world are due to endorse the partnership's plan, at the 46th Union World Conference on Lung Cancer, in Cape Town, South Africa.


Seven people have been arrested on suspicion of violent disorder after a fatal stabbing on a street in Derby.

A 16-year-old boy has been charged with murdering Tom Webb, from Alvaston, on 19 January.
The 22-year-old died in hospital after being stabbed once on St Peter's Street, Derbyshire Police said.
Two 15-year-olds and two 16-year-olds have been arrested along with a 14-year-old,  a 17-year-old and 18-year-old, police said.
The 16-year-old charged with murder, who cannot be named for legal reasons, was remanded in custody after appearing in Nottingham Crown Court.
Police said the arrests of the seven, all male, were made after the force made an appeal for members of a group that were seen leaving McDonald's on the evening of the stabbing to contact them.
One of the 16-year-olds arrested on suspicion of violent disorder remains in police custody, while the others have been released on bail pending further inquiries.
Detective Chief Inspector Dave Cox, who is leading the investigation, said: "We have made a number of arrests in connection with this crime but we are still keen to speak to anyone who might have information."
Mr Webb died in hospital after being found in St Peter's Street on Tuesday evening.


Turkey's governing AK party has lost its parliamentary majority for the first time in 13 years, near-complete election results show.

The surprise outcome also sees the pro-Kurdish HDP crossing the 10% threshold, securing seats for the first time.
With 99% of the vote counted, the AKP has 41% of the vote, state-run TRT television reports.
The result is a blow to President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's plans to boost his office's powers.
President Erdogan, who first came to power as prime minister in 2003, had been seeking a two-thirds majority to turn Turkey into a presidential republic.
Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu appeared to have accepted the results. "The people's decision is the most correct decision," he said while preparing to fly from his hometown of Konya to the capital, Ankara.
The AKP has polled worse than it ever feared and lost its majority. President Erdogan will be unable to change the constitution and extend his powers.
It's a stark contrast with the HDP, which gambled to run as a single party for the first time, hoping to cross the 10% threshold. It paid off, gaining a significant voice for the Kurdish minority on the national stage.
It succeeded by appealing beyond the Kurds, drawing in leftists and staunch Erdogan opponents with its message of equality, gay rights and environmental concerns.
This could be the start of a new political era here; a major setback for a president who has polarised this nation.
In a volatile Middle East, Turkey matters greatly - and so the path it takes, the nature of its democracy and the leaders it produces, all have implications far beyond its borders.
Sunday's election has produced an extraordinary result and represents a major change in Turkish politics, the BBC's Mark Lowen says.
The party that once seemed unstoppable for 13 years under Mr Erdogan may now struggle to form a government.
The AKP looks likely to win 258 seats in parliament, 18 fewer than it requires for a majority, forcing it to form a minority government or enter into a coalition.
Our correspondent says that there is now a subdued and glum atmosphere at the Justice and Development Party (AKP) headquarters in contrast to a sense of jubilation among HDP supporters at news that their party had won around 13% of the vote and would enter parliament for the first time.
"This was a victory of democracy over political corruption... of peace over war," HDP deputy Sirri Sureyya Onder said.
The HDP's leader ruled out a coalition with the AKP on Sunday, pointing out that the election results had put an end to discussions about a presidential system.
"The discussion of executive presidency and dictatorship have come to an end in Turkey with these elections," Selahattin Demirtas told a news conference in Istanbul.
The HDP is projected to get between 75 to 80 seats after successfully attracting votes beyond its Kurdish support base.
The Republican People's Party (CHP) is set to be the second largest party, as in the previous parliament, with around 25% of the vote.
CHP Istanbul Chairman Murat Karayalcin said that results show a clear rejection by voters of Mr Erdogan's drive for greater powers.
"Voters said a clear no to the presidential system," Mr Karayalcin said.


Dominic Calvert-Lewin scored within 11 minutes of coming on as Everton reached the Europa League play-off round with a 2-0 aggregate win over MFK Ruzomberok.

Calvert-Lewin, who scored the winner in England's Under-20 World Cup final win, broke the deadlock in the 80th minute with a low angled strike from 12 yards.
Everton had barely threatened prior to the goal with Morgan Schneiderlin going closest with a header.
Maybe Dominic feels a bit more comfortable as one of two strikers
Dominik Kruzliak headed over for Ruzomberok early in the match.
That and a strike from Czech winger Erik Daniel, which whistled past the Everton post, were the only efforts to trouble keeper Jordan Pickford, who was making his debut following his £30m summer move from Sunderland.
At the other end, keeper Matus Macik also had a quiet evening, with Everton - who won the first leg 1-0 - rarely troubling the Slovak defence.
Tom Davies was the only player to stand out in the Toffees attack.
He twice picked out team-mates with good passes, however both Wayne Rooney and Michael Keane wasted their chances when in good positions.
Everton's best effort prior to the goal fell to French midfielder Schneiderlin, who should have done better with a header from Sandro Ramirez's corner.
The breakthrough finally came with 10 minutes of normal time remaining. Another summer signing, Davy Klaassen, played in substitute Calvert-Lewin on the right who struck a low first-time effort past the reach of Macik.
The draw for the play-off round takes place on Friday at 12:00 BST. The ties will be played on 17 and 24 August, with the 22 winners going into the Europa League group stage.
Everton manager Ronald Koeman praised Calvert-Lewin, suggesting which role might suit the 20-year-old in the team.
"Maybe Dominic feels a bit more comfortable as one of two strikers. He's strong, he's fast and he scored a great goal," said the Dutchman.
"It was a physical game and 90 minutes that the players needed. We are through to the next round and I'm really happy."
AC Milan, Marseille and Athletic Bilbao are also among the 44 teams in the hat.
Teenage forward Patrick Cutrone scored his first goal for Milan as the Rossoneri, who have spent more than £160m on players this summer, secured their first European victory since 2014 with a 2-0 (3-0 on aggregate) win over Universitatea Craiova of Romania.
French side Marseille held Oostende of Belgium to a 0-0 draw as they went through with a 4-2 aggregate win.
And Raul Garcia scored twice as Athletic beat Dinamo Bucharest 3-0 on the night for a 4-1 aggregate victory.
One shock came in the match between PSV Eindhoven and Osijek, with the Dutch club suffering a 2-0 aggregate defeat after a 1-0 loss at the Croat club.
This is the first time the Dutch giants have not reached the main stage of a European competition since 1973-74.


Two brothers who subjected three children to "horrific and depraved" sex abuse in Rotherham have been jailed.

Eduard Peticky, 48, and his younger brother, Ludovit, abused two boys and a girl as young as three years old in the Eastwood area between 2010 and 2012.
They were found guilty of 10 charges between them, including sexual assault, after a trial on 25 July last year.
Sentencing them at Sheffield Crown Court, Judge Peter Kelson said it was "a hugely horrifying incident".
Eduard Peticky, of Josephine Road, Rotherham, was sentenced to life in prison and ordered to serve a minimum term of 10 years for four offences including sexual exploitation and trafficking.
His 45-year-old brother, Ludovit Peticky, of Legrams Lane, Bradford, was jailed for 12 years for six offences.
Both had denied all the charges.
Speaking of Eduard's offending, the judge said: "This is a hugely horrifying incident and as depraved as could possibly be. It is horrific. He poses a substantial risk to society."
A police investigation began in September 2013 after the victims disclosed what had happened to them.
Det Con Ian Hampshire, of South Yorkshire Police, said he hoped they could "now try to move on with their lives and put this dreadful ordeal behind them".
"These young children suffered horrific abuse at the hands of these brothers over a prolonged period of time.
"The harm that they caused will stay with them forever.
"I am pleased the young victims found the courage to tell someone what had happened to them so that we could take swift action against the men and bring them to justice."


Welshman Jack Marshman says he was disappointed with the decision to stop his fight with Thiago Santos following his defeat at UFC Halifax.

Marshman, 27, was caught with a spinning heel kick by the Brazilian in the second round of their Ultimate Fighting Championship bout in Canada.
He fell to the floor and defended a number of ground shots, causing the referee to step in and end the fight.
"I'm disappointed with the stoppage," Marshman told BBC Wales Sport.
"The referee is there for our safety but in reality I don't think I was (knocked) out.
"But he landed a great kick and it's my fault for getting caught with that kick."
Marshman traded a number of big hits with his Brazilian opponent in a first round that was full of action.
Santos had Marshman on the ground and seemed in the ascendency for the first four minutes of the round, but the Welshman, who does striking training with former world champion boxer Gavin Rees, fought back.
He managed to return to his feet after avoiding a submission scenario and then caught Santos with a right hand to the head as the Brazilian attempted a kick, knocking him to the floor.
The former soldier from Abertillery also looked to be on top at the start of the second round, but Santos's sweeping kick ended the fight within seconds.
"I knew he was a step up but I didn't feel out of place in there with him," Marshman said. "I put him down in the first; he put me down in the second. But the ref stopped mine.
"I'm a bit gutted it got stopped really because I would have loved to have seen the third round and put on a show."
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The defeat ends Marshman's seven-fight winning streak - which included a victorious start to his UFC career in November.
He now faces a 45-day medical suspension that rules him out of being a late addition to the UFC London card on 18 March.


The UK government's National Living Wage plans have been criticised as a "misappropriation of the term" by the Scottish government.

Under the plans announced by Chancellor George Osborne in July, the minimum wage for over-25s will rise from £6.50 an hour to £7.20 in April next year.
It will rise to at least £9 by 2020.
The Scottish government said the proposals were "simply an enhancement of the national minimum wage" rather than a true living wage.
Its Fair Work Secretary, Roseanna Cunningham, also argued that the plan discriminated against under-25s and will bring further complications and inequalities to the national minimum wage structure.
But a UK government spokesman said its proposals were an "essential part of moving to a higher wage, lower tax, lower welfare society where work always pays and the majority of households are better off."
Ms Cunningham has outlined the Scottish government's criticisms in a submission to the Low Pay Commission's consultation on the proposals.
And she called on the UK government to set out a clear plan for moving towards a living wage that "truly reflects the cost of living" rather than merely setting an "arbitrary rate".
Ms Cunningham added: "The so-called national living wage announced in the UK government budget is not a living wage and should not be referred to as such.
"It is simply an enhancement of the national minimum wage which disgracefully discriminates against the under 25s.
"Employers also do not need further complications in the national minimum wage structure and I would encourage all bodies looking at this to ensure that younger workers are treated fairly."
The Scottish government promotes a living wage of £7.85 an hour, with businesses north of the border encouraged to sign up to a voluntary accreditation scheme.
Ms Cunningham said: "We are working hard to increase the number of employers paying the living wage. By this I mean the real living wage, which is calculated according to the cost of living.
"There are now over 300 organisations across Scotland that recognise the tangible benefits to their business of being accredited, huge progress in the last 12 months."
In response, the UK government spokesman said its proposals were expected to directly boost the wages of nearly three million people and would mean a full-time worker would earn £2,000 more per year by 2020.
He added: "For younger workers, the priority is to secure work and gain experience.
"In order to maximise the opportunities for younger workers to gain that experience  the national living wage will only apply to workers aged 25 and over.
"The wages of younger workers will continue to be underpinned by the core national minimum wage."


A computer game may help some people control their unhealthy snacking habits, suggests a small study from the University of Exeter.

The game trained participants' brains to cut out calories by telling them to avoid pressing on pictures of certain images, such as biscuits and chocolate.
They lost a small amount of weight and appeared to eat fewer calories for up to six months afterwards.
The 10-minute game was played four times in one week.
Forty-one adults took part in the study, published in the journal Appetite.
The majority were overweight, and all said they ate calorie-dense snacks, such as crisps, biscuits, cake and chocolate, at least three times a week.
The online game, developed by psychologists at the University of Exeter and Cardiff University, used "brain training" techniques to change behaviour - in this case, to resist unhealthy snack foods.
It required people to avoid pressing a key when an unhealthy food appeared on the screen.
This type of training helps people associate this unhealthy food with "stopping", the researchers said.
The results were compared with another group of 41 adults who completed the same training, but involving non-food pictures.
The results showed that participants lost an average of 1.5lb (0.7kg) and consumed around 220 fewer calories a day during the week of training.
Food diaries in the following six months suggested that the participants maintained their improved habits.
Dr Natalia Lawrence, from the University of Exeter, who led the research, said the game had the ability to change some people's eating behaviour, but it was still early days.
"This research is still in its infancy and the effects are modest. Larger, registered trials with longer-term measures need to be conducted.
"However, our findings suggest that this cognitive training approach is worth pursuing: it is free, easy to do and 88% of our participants said they would be happy to keep doing it."
She said this type of training could be used as one element of a weight loss programme or for improving eating behaviour.


After decades of debate, years of acrimony over the issue in the Conservative Party, months of brutal brinksmanship in Westminster, and hours of debate this week, MPs have just approved the very first step in the process of Britain leaving the European Union.
There are many hurdles ahead, probably thousands of hours of debate here, years of negotiations for Theresa May with our friends and rivals around the EU, as she seeks a deal - and possibly as long as a decade of administrative adjustments, as the country extricates itself from the EU.
On a wet Wednesday, the debate didn't feel epoch-making, but think for a moment about what has just happened.
MPs, most of whom wanted to stay in the EU, have just agreed that we are off.
This time last year few in Westminster really thought that this would happen. The then prime minister's concern was persuading the rest of the EU to give him a better deal for the UK.
His close colleagues believed the chances of them losing, let alone the government dissolving over the referendum, were slim, if not quite zero.
Then tonight, his former colleagues are rubber stamping the decision of a narrow majority of the public, that changed everything in politics here for good.
This isn't even the  last vote on this bill. There are several more stages, the Lords are likely to kick up rough at the start.
But after tonight, for better or worse, few will believe that our journey to the exit door can be halted.
As government ministers have said in recent days, the moment for turning back is past.


National League side Boreham Wood have named former Luton, Stevenage and Dagenham coach Terry Harris as the club's new assistant manager.

The 59-year-old spent last season at the Daggers under boss John Still, whom he worked with at Luton.
Harris has become Wood boss Luke Garrard's number two on an undisclosed-length contract.
"I can bring experience with me because I have been very fortunate during my time with John Still," Harris said.
He added to the club's official website: "If you are a number two then you are the eyes and ears of the players and you certainly have an input into the coaching side and an input into the game management side and, as I said, I have been fortunate in the clubs that I have been with.
"With Dagenham, for instance, we got out of the Ryman league and then we got out of the Conference, as it called then, and we then took Dagenham into League One in the Play-off final against Rotherham."


TV and radio presenter Chris Evans will face no further action concerning historic allegations of sexual assault, the Metropolitan Police says.

The ex-Top Gear host was interviewed by officers concerning an allegation of sexual assault made against him, in London's Tower Hamlets in the 1990s.
Police say the allegation was made by a woman in May this year, but there is "insufficient evidence to proceed".
A press spokesman for Mr Evans confirmed the case had been dropped.
The Met said the matter had been investigated by officers from the force's sexual offences, exploitation and child abuse command.
The force said a man in his 50s had been interviewed under caution at an east London police building earlier.
A spokesman for Mr Evans added: "The Metropolitan Police have confirmed that the complaint has been investigated, but it fails to meet the evidential test to warrant any further action. Case is dropped."
Earlier this month Mr Evans announced he was to leave his role as a presenter on BBC Two's Top Gear after one series, saying he had given it "my best shot but sometimes that's not enough".


Myanmar's military has rejected allegations by the United Nations that it committed atrocities during its crackdown on Rohingya Muslims last year.

Some 65,000 Rohingya fled to Bangladesh as the military searched for those behind attacks on police border posts.
Many of those who fled described rapes, killings and other abuses by the army.
But the military said its own investigation found the claims were "false and fabricated".
"Out of 18 accusations included in the [UN human rights body] OHCHR report, 12 were found to be incorrect, with [the] remaining six accusations found to be false and fabricated accusations based on lies and invented statements," Myanmar's state media quoted a report from the military as saying.
The military said it interviewed 3,000 villagers and 184 military officers and troops.
Soldiers were disciplined over two cases, for stealing a motorbike and beating villagers with sticks for failing to put out a fire, the military said.
The crackdown began after insurgents killed nine policemen in attacks on border posts between Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, and Bangladesh in Rakhine state. Reports then emerged that the military were targeting Rohingya indiscriminately.
The UN report in February - compiled from interviews with those who fled the violence - accused the military of abuses including gang-rapes, savage beatings and murder.
It described incidents in which children were killed as their mothers were raped by groups of soldiers, families - including pregnant women and the elderly - being beaten and houses set alight as people sheltered inside.
"The attacks against the Rohingya population in the area... seem to have been widespread as well as systematic, indicating the very likely commission of crimes against humanity," the OHCHR report said.
Nobody but the most die-hard supporters of the Burmese military will take this report seriously.
The evidence for what United Nations officials are calling "crimes against humanity" is overwhelming. Witness testimony from hundreds of Rohingya, satellite images of burnt villages and video of charred bodies to name just a few.
And then there's the small matter of explaining why more than 65,000 Rohingya decided to flee their homes and risk their lives crossing the Naf River into Bangladesh. Some of the men have gunshot wounds, scores of women have sought treatment for sexual violence.
A smart army response would have acknowledged some failings and promised to address them. Instead the Burmese military is denying everything.
How they arrived at that conclusion is unclear.  The army investigators say they spoke to more than 3,000 people but they didn't travel to Bangladesh, so haven't heard from any of those who fled and told graphic horror stories to the United Nations.
After a period of relative quiet on Rakhine this report once again puts Aung San Suu Kyi in a difficult position.
For weeks she's been telling the world that Myanmar doesn't need a United Nations fact-finding mission, and that the Burmese can credibly investigate themselves.  This report suggests the exact opposite.
Tensions between Rohingya Muslims and Myanmar's Buddhist majority have been rumbling for years.
The Rohingya are denied citizenship in Myanmar, which views them as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh. They face routine official and public discrimination.
Tens of thousands of Rohingya live in make-shift refugee camps after being displaced by communal violence in 2012.
In March, the UN human rights council began an investigation into alleged human rights abuses against Myanmar's Rohingya. It will report back in a year.
In April, however, Myanmar's de facto leader Aung San Suu Kyi denied there was ethnic cleansing going on, saying using the term was "too strong".
She has faced international criticism over her perceived silence on the Rohingya issue.


Holyrood's justice committee has backed the general principles of a bill which seeking to criminalise so-called "revenge porn".

The Abusive Behaviour and Sexual Harm Bill would introduce jail terms of up to five years for publishing intimate images or video without consent.
MSPs called for "careful examination" of the details of this offence.
The bill includes other measures such as creating sexual harm prevention orders and directions for juries.
Other provisions include introducing rules so Scots committing child sexual offences in England and Wales can be prosecuted in Scotland, and allowing courts to directly protect victims of abuse and harassment even if a conviction is not made.
The section dealing with so-called "revenge porn" would create an offence if a person discloses or threatens to disclose a photo or film showing or appearing to show another person in an intimate situation, when the material has not previously been disclosed to the public.
The Scottish government said the new offence was considered necessary because advances in technology were being used to "threaten, harass and abuse other people" by "a small number".
A memorandum submitted to the committee said there may be existing laws which could cover this kind of behaviour, but said creating a new offence would "make clear that it is unlawful to share private, intimate images of another person without their consent".
The committee backed the general principles of the bill, and in particular underlined support for the new offence.
The report read: "The behaviour the offence would address can be enormously hurtful and humiliating, and treating it as criminal is not disproportionate.
"The drafting of a new law provides an opportunity to set out the parameters of the offending behaviour with greater clarity and consistency.
"It also sends a clear message about the unacceptability of conduct that modern technology has rendered disturbingly easy to undertake, and may therefore have a deterrent effect."


A man charged with killing two women in the same West Sussex town, five years apart, is to face a trial in June.

Robert Trigg, of Park Crescent, Worthing, is accused of murdering Susan Nicholson, 52, at premises in Rowlands Road, Worthing, on 16 April 2011.
He is also charged with the manslaughter of Caroline Devlin, 35, who was found dead in bed in Cranworth Road, Worthing, on 26 March 2006.
He was appearing before Lewes Crown Court.  No pleas were entered.
He was remanded in custody.


Two men have been charged after a 21-year-old was fatally stabbed in Nottingham.

Aqib Mazhar, from the Forest Fields area of the city, was stabbed in an attack on Russell Road on Wednesday evening.
Mohamud Alasow, 18, of Hamilton Road, Nottingham and Junaid Farrukh, 21, of Heathermead Close, Oakwood, Derby, have been charged with murder.
The two men are due before Nottingham Magistrates' Court on Monday.
A 23-year-old man who was also arrested on suspicion of murder has been released without charge.
Mr Mazhar died in hospital from his injuries, Nottinghamshire Police said.


England completed their tour of the UAE with a dramatic super-over win against Pakistan that sealed a 3-0 Twenty20 series whitewash.

After both sides finished level on 154, Chris Jordan's yorkers restricted Pakistan to 3-1 in their extra over.
England had only two from four balls, but, in increasing tension, Eoin Morgan took the winning runs from the fifth.
James Vince earlier made 46 in England's 154-8, while Shoaib Malik's 75 got Pakistan to 154-7.
The win in Sharjah completes an excellent limited-overs tour for England, who followed a 2-0 Test series defeat with a 3-1 win in the one-day internationals.
A sixth successive T20 victory comes in the build-up to the World T20 in India in March. Preparations for that tournament will continue with two matches at the end of the South Africa tour.
Jordan was England's most expensive bowler in the 20 overs, conceding 39 runs from his four as he regularly missed his length. Therefore, it was a surprise when he was thrown the ball for the super over.
However, the Sussex paceman delivered an exhibition of fast, block-hole bowling that Shahid Afridi and Umar Akmal, who was bowled off the final ball, could take for only one single and two leg byes.
"Handing Chris Jordan the ball in that super over epitomised the quality of our squad," said England captain Morgan. "He's our best yorker bowler so once we decided on that plan, it was an easy decision to go to him.
"Chris Woakes has a different set of skills but once we chose to go for six yorkers, it had to be Jords."
Though the target was modest, England faced nervous moments in the chase as Afridi gave only a single apiece to Morgan and Jos Buttler.
And Buttler could - and probably should - have been run out as he dived to complete the winning run as Anwar Ali failed to gather the throw from the outfield.
That Pakistan managed to get the scores level was down to the flaying of Malik and the impetus of Afridi.
When Afridi walked to the crease, Pakistan, who had previously slipped to 11-3, were 65-5 and in need of 90 from 53 balls.
As he did in the second T20, captain Afridi dragged his side into contention, hitting three sixes - including one that went out of the ground - in his 20-ball 29.
When he lost his leg stump to a David Willey slower ball, England looked back in control, yet Malik continued to edge Pakistan closer.
With 11 needed from the final over, Sohail Tanvir hit Woakes for six, only for Malik to hole out off the penultimate ball with two still required.
Pakistan could only scramble a bye from the final ball, sending the match into overtime.
England's continued squad rotation saw Alex Hales omitted and Vince pushed up the order to open, with his partner Jason Roy trapped lbw to the first ball of the innings. In pinning Roy, debutant Aamer Yamin became the 11th man to take a wicket with his first delivery in T20 internationals.
Joe Root looked imperious in his 22-ball 32, but when he was bowled to become the first of two wickets in two balls for Afridi, England subsided to a mix of good spin bowling, smart fielding and questionable batting.
England could have been in deeper trouble had Anwar Ali held on to a simple catch at third man when Woakes top-edged Mohammad Irfran. The tourists would have been 116-7 with three overs to go.
Reprieved, Woakes hit Anwar for two sixes in the next over - one on to the roof of the stand at cow corner - on his way to 37 from 24 balls.
At this point, Vince had been starved of the strike so much that he contributed only eight of the 50 partnership with Woakes, but was jolted into life in a six-ball spell where he took two fours and a six.
Though both men were caught in the deep in Irfan's excellent last over of the innings, they had taken England to a score that proved just good enough.
England captain Eoin Morgan: "It's really topped off a fantastic tour. I don't think we deserved to win but we showed fight to take it to a super over and Chris Jordan really stepped up under pressure with six yorkers.
"We've been playing in similar conditions to what the World Cup will be like in India, facing a lot of spin, so it's great to win this series."
Read more from Morgan here
England pace bowler Chris Jordan: "That's the first time I've been involved in a super over, in any form.
"It's something we try to work on, so we can deliver under pressure. I was able to hold my nerve."
Pakistan captain Shahid Afridi: "Credit to England, they did well. We played well and batted well but missed an opportunity again. In the last five overs we didn't bowl well.
"Shoaib Malik set an example to the others with the bat and others should learn from him. England are a world-class team. There are lots of positive things to come out of the series. There are problems too, which we have to sort out."


Primark has recalled thousands of men's flip-flops over fears they may contain dangerous levels of a cancer-causing chemical.

The discount fashion chain said it had come to its attention that the footwear "does not meet the Primark usual high standards for chemical compliance".
The products in question are men's flip-flops in blue, black and khaki.
The company said customers will be offered a full refund and do not have to produce proof of purchase.
Primark, which is owned by Associated British Foods, said the footwear was sold in stores between 4 January and 2 June this year as part of its Cedar Wood State range.
"We have found levels of a restricted substance in the product in excess of the 1.0 mg/kg requirement," it said on the website.
A Primark spokesperson confirmed that the chemical in question was chrysene, used in dark coloured dyes, but said it was present at levels that would pose a minimal health and safety risk to customers.
The fault was discovered by Primark following up an inquiry by a third party, the company said.
"We take the safety of our customers, and the quality of our products very seriously," the spokesperson said.
The company has suspended all new orders from the factory that manufactures the flip-flops while the matter is investigated.