Workers in the US retire on average at the age of 61.

At 67, it would seem that Janet Yellen is just getting started.
The new head of the US Federal Reserve has been second in command to the current governor, Ben Bernanke, for the last three years.
Now after a protracted appointment process, Ms Yellen is set to take on arguably the biggest job in the world economy.
So what do we know about this woman, the first to take charge of the US central bank?
Janet Yellen was born in 1946 in Brooklyn, New York. Her father was a family doctor and her mother taught at a local junior school.
She was a star pupil at high school and won a place to study maths at Brown University, but quickly changed to economics, a subject she saw as more practically useful.
While studying for a doctorate at Yale she was mentored by James Tobin, a Nobel prize winner famous for his ideas on taxation.
Her first job was at Harvard in 1971 where she was an assistant professor, going on to teach Larry Summers. He was initially favoured by the White House to head the Federal Reserve, until opposition from liberal Democrats forced him to withdraw his name from consideration in September.
Ms Yellen's first job at the Fed brought her not only experience of working at the world's most influential central bank, it also introduced her to her future husband, the economist George Akerlof, in 1977.
The romance went into fast forward and within a year the couple were married, had both resigned from the Fed and had taken up teaching roles at the London School of Economics.
Lord Desai, emeritus professor of economics at LSE, remembers the couple making quite an impact on both students and lecturers.
"George Akerlof is a complete genius - an economist who is always thinking out of the box."
"Janet was a very serious person and a very good economist. But I think at the time people underrated her as she was 'just' George Akerlof's wife."
Work life and domestic life started to merge for the couple and they started to collaborate on academic research.
"Not only did our personalities mesh perfectly, but we have also always been in all but perfect agreement about macroeconomics," Mr Akerlof wrote in a biographical note after winning the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2001.
The couple returned to the US in the early 1980s, both taking academic jobs in San Francisco.
Together they conducted research on subjects ranging from out-of-wedlock childbearing to the economic reunification of Germany.
Ms Yellen's big break came in 1994 when she was appointed as a member of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve.
She held the position until 1997 when she was appointed by President Bill Clinton to become chair of his Council of Economic Advisers.
Her burgeoning career restricted her time at home with her son Robert, resulting in her husband eventually taking leave from his job to "perform household duties" as he put it. (Robert later followed in his parents' footsteps and is now an assistant professor in economics at the University of Warwick in the UK.)
Ms Yellen took on the role as the Fed's eyes and ears on the west coast when she became head of the San Francisco branch of the central bank in 2004.
By Robert PestonBusiness editor
Is Janet Yellen the 'fall gal'?
The minutes from Federal Reserve meetings show that she did consider the possibility of a property market bubble as early as 2005, but along with the rest of the Fed committee failed to predict the scale of the financial crisis that started in 2007.
"She was one of the people that did raise alarm bells, but I think like many others who saw the problems coming she did not anticipate the magnitude of the difficulties," according to Joseph Stiglitz, the economist who shared the 2001 Nobel Prize with Mr Akerlof, and who knows Ms Yellen well.
"That was a very different attitude from many in the mainstream who saw absolutely no problem right up until the crisis," Mr Stiglitz told the BBC.
Her position at the San Francisco Fed gave her greater exposure to the mechanics of decision making at the Federal Reserve and in 2009 she became a voting member of the interest rate setting committee, the Federal Open Markets Committee.
By 2010 she had become a respected international emissary for the Fed, representing US economic policy at meetings across the world.
Her hard work was rewarded when she was appointed vice-chair of the board of governors at the Fed replacing Donald Kohn, who went on to join the Bank of England.
There is something, perhaps, to be made of her being the first woman to lead the Fed, arguably the second most important job in the US after the president.
Prof Andrew Rose from the Haas School of Business taught with Ms Yellen at the University of California, Berkeley.
He says he hopes the fact that she has broken a "glass ceiling" does not detract from her personal achievement in getting the president's nomination.
"She is the most qualified person in the world for this job. The fact that she's a woman is an additional plus but it's her suitability as the next Fed chairman that I think people should concentrate on.
"It could be that in a few years the two most important positions in the country are filled by women," says Mr Rose.
So what's Janet Yellen like when she's not worrying about quantitative easing and unemployment statistics?
"She's a shy person, but she can also be extremely funny. She likes a glass of wine and is an extremely good cook - her speciality is lamb chops," says Prof Rose.
And for someone taking on such a huge role as Fed chairman, she has shown that she doesn't panic during a crisis situation.
"We were in the same room during the huge 1989 earthquake which hit San Francisco," Prof Rose recalls.
"We thought the building was going to collapse and I was convinced we were going to die. But Janet just stayed remarkably calm during the whole thing."


When the sun sets on Friday, the Sydney Opera House will light up with imaginary animals inspired by both nature and science-fiction.

The colourful motion graphics will illuminate the iconic building's sails to help launch the Vivid Sydney light festival.
"Each creature represents a different emotion," says Ash Bolland, a music video and TV advert director who conceived the display.
"It's based on the idea of turning the opera house into a living, breathing entity."
Bolland's mesmerising spectacle, Audio Creatures, will be set to electronic music by a Brazilian producer, Amon Tobin.
As with previous years, crowds are expected to pack the harbour-side setting and other locations for the popular winter festival.
To create the artwork, Bolland sketched his ideas and concept art on a computer. The motion graphics were then completed by an animation company.
"I've got friends who are mixed up in the world of image projection," the New Zealand-raised Australian says.
"The stuff that is successful for me is when you modify or transform the building. My plan with the Audio Creatures is to tell a story that is thrilling, exciting and feels like an old '80s sci-fi film."
Vivid Sydney features art and music installations from 26 May to 17 June.
When the festival began nine years ago, it drew 200,000 people. Last year there were 2.3 million attendees, injecting A$110m (Â£63m; $82m) into the local economy.
Event organisers also credit it with attracting interstate and international tourists.
This year, other installations include a street art mural in the city centre and sculptures of giant sunflowers in the Royal Botanic Garden.
At Sydney's Taronga Zoo, oversized lanterns shaped like Tasmanian devils and crocodiles will entertain visitors, as will a 20m (65ft) walk-through shark.
Elsewhere, an optical illusion featuring a giant sinkhole will mimic the Aurora Australis.
"For me, it's just bringing people together. I can bring my kids down and be amazed by the nightlife," Bolland says.
"In a city that is well known for its summer, it's an event that lights up the night during winter."


Martin McGuinness lived a life of two halves.

Those who lost loved ones, or were injured in the IRA's bombing campaigns, harbour painful memories.
But some say the pain has been soothed by McGuinness' recent legacy and his willingness to compromise for peace in Northern Ireland.
"Martin McGuinness' fingerprints were all over the Troubles, but they were also all over the peace process," said a man who lost his wife to an IRA bomb.
Alan McBride's wife, Sharon, was one of 10 people who died in the Shankill bomb, Belfast, in October 1993.
Others who suffered at the hands of the IRA were less forgiving.
Lord Tebbit said Martin McGuinness was a coward.
"The reason he suddenly became a man of peace, was that he was desperately afraid that he was going to be arrested and charged with a number of murders," he said.
Lord Tebbit was one of those injured by an IRA bomb in Brighton's Grand Hotel in 1984. His wife was left paralysed in the attack.
"It's not merely that these creatures crippled my wife, but they also murdered five of my close friends.
"I only hope that his death will help to bring some sort of closure to those families and friends of those whose murders he accomplished."
However, Jo Berry, whose father was killed in the Brighton bombing, does not share that view.
"For me it's about empathy. My passion is how we create peace - moving from blame to empathy," she said.
"Martin McGuinness' work was absolutely essential in securing peace.
"It's because people like him have sat down with their enemies that we have peace today."
Ann Travers' sister, Mary, died in an IRA gun attack outside a church in south Belfast in 1984. The target of the ambush was their father, Tom, a resident magistrate, who was badly injured in the shooting.
She said on hearing of Mr McGuinness' death: "My immediate thoughts were sadness for the families of Enniskillen and Claudy, Patsy Gillespie's widow and Frank Hegarty's family and Joanne Mathers' husband and children, because I feel that they now won't get any of the answers that they so richly deserve.
"There is a severe affliction of Troubles amnesia. Martin McGuinness was part of a terrorist organisation which catastrophically destroyed and changed lives forever."
She said that he later moved to a political agenda could only be welcomed, "but I'm just filled with sadness that he decided to pick up the gun in the first place".
She added: "Up until Martin McGuinness died he still justified the actions of the IRA, he was on record as saying that he lived by the green book of the IRA, his loyalty would be to the IRA until the day he died and so it was.
"So I see that, unlike Nelson Mandela, who whenever he left prison condemned all murder, from every side, including his own and said none of it was ever justified at all, Martin McGuinness was never able to do that."
Alan McBride took a different stance.
Despite the bombing that robbed him of his wife, he said the death of the former deputy first minister was "a huge loss" and that he had shown "courage and leadership," in the peace process.
Colin Parry's 12-year-old son, Tim, was killed when two IRA bombs exploded in Warrington in 1993.
"I don't forgive Martin nor the IRA and nor does my wife and children," he said.
But he added that he found Mr McGuinness "an easy and pleasant man to talk to".
"He was a man who, I believe, was sincere in his desire for peace and to maintain the peace process at all costs," he said.
"He deserves great credit for his recent life - rather than his earlier life for which I don't think anything in his recent life can atone.
"He was still a brave man who put himself at some risk within some elements of his own community in Northern Ireland."
Julie Hambleton, whose sister was among 21 people killed in the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings, feels that a chance to get to the truth about what happened that day has disappeared.
"With his death, the truth is buried," she said.
Stephen Gault whose father, Samuel ,was one of 11 people killed in the 1987 Enniskillen "Poppy Day" bomb, said he would remember Mr McGuinness only as a "terrorist".
"If he had been repentant, my thoughts might have been slightly different," he said.
"But he took to his grave, proud that he served in the IRA. There was no remorse or repentance from him even up to his death."
That view was echoed by Margaret Veitch, whose parents were also killed in Enniskillen.
"They died at the hands of the IRA in Enniskillen and it'll be 30 years and nobody has ever been brought to justice. Martin McGuinness was implicated in it and he'll go to his grave with secrets.
"I'm really sad today because of all of the innocent victims that will never get justice."
Kenny Donaldson, a spokesperson for campaign group Innocent Victims United, added that victims had been "denied accountability" by Mr McGuinness.
"Surely, if there was a conversion within him, that if he was genuinely understanding of the futility of the past, then he needed to account for what those individuals are going through."
PSNI Chief Constable George Hamilton presides over a police service that suffered heavy losses in IRA attacks during the Troubles in Northern Ireland.
He said society had suffered grievously and many police officers and their families were among those affected.
"Martin McGuinness believed in a better future for our community; and this is a vision shared by policing," he said.
"Martin's journey in life challenges all of us who care about the future; to be prepared to change; to demonstrate leadership; and to work to understand the world, not just from our own perspective, but from the perspectives of everyone in our community."
Michael McConville is the son of Jean McConville, one of the Disappeared - she was taken from her home by the IRA in 1972, murdered and secretly buried. Her body was found on a beach in the Republic of Ireland in 2003.
"The IRA came to our flat in Divis flats and came and took my mother out," he said.
"Twenty-seven years later, we were still looking for her body. They murdered my mother and buried her for so many years.
"The hardest part was not knowing where our mother was. These people took our mother away and these people killed our mother and these people belonged to the IRA."
At the same time, he recognised McGuinness' role in brokering peace.
"Martin McGuinness tried to do a lot for the troubles in Northern Ireland, I will say that about him," he said.
"He tried his best with the politics, I would say that about the man. He went from one extreme to another."
Former Ulster Unionist MP, Lord Kilclooney - John Taylor - who survived a murder attempt by the Official IRA, said: "As a victim of an IRA assassination attempt when I was minister of home affairs in Northern Ireland in 1972, I obviously watched the political progress of Martin McGuinness closely.
"He had an evil past, but became a peacemaker - of that I have no doubt."
"I extend my condolences to his family circle at this time but I look in despair at Sinn FÃ©in for someone with the same leadership qualities as Martin McGuinness".
Alan McBride was clear on his view. Despite his loss in the Shankill bombing, he said Martin McGuinness was pivotal to peace.
Northern Ireland "owes a debt of gratitude" to him, he said.


An Arab police officer has been promoted by Israel to the highest rank ever attained by a Muslim in the force.

Jamal Hakrush starts his job as deputy commissioner after months of violence between Israelis and Palestinians.
He will oversee policing in Arab communities where there is a longstanding distrust of the police.
A fifth of Israel's population is Arab and they often complain that areas in which they live are not so well policed and have poorer public services.
Their grievances have been supported by Human Rights Watch which in recent years has published several reports highlighting the discrimination which it is argued the Arab population faces.
Deputy Commissioner Hakrush, from the Galilee village of Kafr Kanna, will be in charge of a newly-created police division established to improve policing in Arab communities, The Times of Israel reported.
Deputy Commissioner Hakrush was formally appointed into his new position on Wednesday at a ceremony attended by Police Commissioner Roni Alsheich. One of his main responsibilities will be to stop illegal weapons falling into the hands of the Arab community.
Mr Alsheich also wants to reduce domestic violence, murder rates and other crimes in the Arab sector.
He and the government wants to recruit 1,300 new officers and construct several new stations in Arab population centres.


Environment campaigners have said "serious questions need to be asked" about a leak in a gas well in the North Sea.

Oil company Total is tackling the leak which is below the seabed in a well being drilled from the Elgin B platform.
The company said there had been an "unexpected flow" about 4km below the seabed.
WWF Scotland said oil companies need to protect staff and the environment.
Director Lang Banks said: "This is a worrying development, as this is the not the first time Total has had problems at its Elgin-Frankin field.
"Only a few years ago, a leak on its platform complex led to an emergency evacuation and a halt to production for almost a year.
"Protecting staff and the marine environment should always be priority number one for the oil and gas industry. Given the previous problems at this site, serious questions need to be asked by the relevant authorities as to what is going on."
Total said the incident was "under full control at the surface" and that it was under "continuous review".
A company spokesman said part of the well may need to be plugged and abandoned.


Formula 1 world champion Lewis Hamilton has been investigated by police after appearing to take a selfie while riding a motorbike in New Zealand.

The Briton, 31, who begins his title defence at the Australian Grand Prix on Sunday, posted videos on Snapchat of him travelling on a motorway.
It is illegal to use phones whilst driving in New Zealand.
Police reviewed the incident but will not be taking further action after citing a lack of "sufficient evidence".
"Auckland City Police will be taking no further action in relation to recent media publicity about Lewis Hamilton and his motorcycle journey in Auckland," a police spokesperson said.
"The video footage available does not provide us with sufficient enough evidence that an offence has occurred."
It is not the first time three-time world champion Hamilton has been involved in driving incidents.
The Briton was fined around £300 after performing car stunts for fans outside Melbourne's motor racing circuit, before the 2010 Australian Grand Prix.
He also had his driving licence suspended for a month in France in 2007 for speeding on a motorway.
And in November, Hamilton crashed his £1.6m super car in Monaco because "heavy partying" had left him tired.


Two first-half penalties from James Norwood strengthened Tranmere's grip on a National League play-off spot as they beat Gateshead.

Jon Shaw handled Adam Mekki's cross in the area and Norwood converted the spot-kick to give the hosts the lead.
Mekki was then brought down in the box and Norwood once again scored the penalty to double the advantage.
Michael Higdon nodded in the third, before Danny Johnson grabbed a consolation late on.
The win sees Rovers consolidate fifth place, with sixth-placed Wrexham now four points behind.
Gateshead's hopes of a play-off place remain intact as they sit in ninth position, five points behind Tranmere.


Police say a post-mortem on Peaches Geldof has proved inconclusive, and toxicology tests will be conducted in an attempt to determine cause of death.

The 25-year-old daughter of musician and campaigner Bob Geldof was found dead at her home in Kent on Monday.
Police said at the time that her death was being treated as "non-suspicious but unexplained and sudden".
The toxicology tests could take "several weeks" to come through, police said on Wednesday.
"Officers continue to investigate the circumstances surrounding the death in order to compile a report for the coroner," they added in a statement.
Kent County Council has said it will make "a decision on whether there needs to be an inquest" based on the final results of the post-mortem.
Geldof, who was a writer, TV presenter and model, died on Monday.
Officers had been called to the home she shared with her husband, singer Thomas Cohen, and their two young children following "a report of concern for the welfare of a woman". Geldof was pronounced dead at the scene.
The news of her death was met by shock and grief from friends and family.
In a statement issued on Monday night, Bob Geldof said: "She was the wildest, funniest, cleverest, wittiest and the most bonkers of all of us.
"Writing 'was' destroys me afresh. What a beautiful child. How is this possible that we will not see her again? How is that bearable?"
Geldof's elder sister, Fifi Trixibelle, also paid tribute on Tuesday with a post on Instagram that read: "My beautiful baby sister.... Gone but never forgotten. I love you Peaches x."
Cohen, lead singer of the rock band SCUM, added: "My beloved wife Peaches was adored by myself and her two sons Astala and Phaedra.
"I shall bring them up with their mother in their hearts everyday. We shall love her forever."
Actress Susan Sarandon, singers Boy George and Lily Allen, and TV presenter Davina McCall all offered condolences.
Irish President Michael D Higgins extended "my deepest sympathies to Bob Geldof and his family on the sudden and untimely death of his daughter".
President Higgins, who was due to meet Bob Geldof this week during a state visit to the UK, said his thoughts were with the family.
"This is such a difficult cross to bear for any family and all of our thoughts are with Peaches' family and friends at this time. Sabina and I were due to meet Bob Geldof while on the state visit and we are thinking of him at this time of immense loss," he added.
Also among those to pay tribute was Michelle Mone, founder of underwear firm Ultimo, who employed Geldof as a brand ambassador.
She called her "an incredible young woman" and said their relationship remained good despite Geldof being dropped by the company in 2010 after allegations about her taking drugs appeared in newspapers.
"I really did respect her and every time I met her I just felt quite proud of her because she had managed to turn her life around and seemed very happy," Mone told BBC Radio 5 live.
Geldof was 11 when her own mother died.
TV presenter Paula Yates died of a drug overdose in September 2000. In September 2012 Geldof said she had not been able to come to terms with her mother's death for several years.
Geldof's final tweet on Sunday was a picture of her as a child in her mother's arms, with the message: "Me and my mum."
Her last column for Mother and Baby magazine was published posthumously on Tuesday.
"Right now, life is good," she wrote. "And being a mum is the best part of it."


Gary Haveron has resigned as manager of Premiership side Carrick Rangers after a controversial end to the season.

Rangers avoided relegation by finishing 10th but the club was later charged for failing to implement Haveron's touchline ban against Dungannnon.
It could have resulted in Carrick losing three points and being relegated but the Irish FA decided not to apply any sanction following a hearing.
Haveron replaced Michael Hughes as Rangers boss in September 2013.
"The Board of Carrick Rangers FC can announce that we have accepted the resignation of manager Gary Haveron and assistant manager Steven Mills," said the club on Monday.
"Following discussions between the Board and the management team, we were unable to establish a mutual agreement on the best way forward for the club."
He guided Carrick to Championship success in his first full season and with it a return to top-flight football.
Last month's dramatic 2-1 victory over Ballinamallard United on the final day of the season moved Carrick from the bottom to 10th and safety.
Their Premiership status was threatened by the touchline charge but the IFA Disciplinary opted to "exercise its discretion" in not imposing a sanction.
Warrenpoint Town, who finished bottom but just a point behind Carrick, have appealed the IFA ruling.


A huge garden bridge over the River Thames in London is a step closer after plans were approved by local council officials.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
3 December 2014 Last updated at 14:08 GMT
The bridge, for pedestrians only, would cost Â£175m to build, making it the world's most expensive footbridge.
Lambeth and Westminster councils, who are in charge of new buildings in areas of London, have both said the bridge can go ahead.
But some people aren't happy with the idea, saying it could spoil views on the riverside, including St Paul's Cathedral.
London's Mayor, Boris Johnson, will have the final say over whether the bridge can be built as planned.
Check out Ricky's report for more on this story.


For David Lloyd George, a change of trouble was as good as a vacation.

With that in mind, and MPs not sitting this week, I swapped Westminster for Cardiff Bay to take in First Minister's Questions.
The temperature was lower than Westminster, with barely a raised voice and little anger, synthetic or otherwise.
The pace was slower, but the first minister was challenged in greater detail on local issues than Theresa May is - his answers took in everything from the Church Village bypass to bus services into Porth.
The questions were longer, certainly long enough to have tried the patience of a Bercow in the presiding officer's chair. The Commons Speaker might have grown a little frustrated at how many of the questions were read out by AMs - in one case it appeared the AM was seeing his question for the very first time.
Welsh Tory leader Andrew RT Davies focused on the goings-on at Sport Wales or "Sports Wales", as he called it several times. He asked twice if the decision to sack its chair was supported by the whole government - but produced no evidence to suggest that it wasn't.
Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood focused on job cuts in universities - and prompted concern from Carwyn Jones that Brexit would lead to a cut in income from EU students.
You won't be surprised to learn that UKIP group leader Neil Hamilton focused on Brexit. He wanted the first minister to fire off letters to the German chancellor, the Spanish prime minister and Gibraltar's chief minister.
Mr Hamilton suggested Mr Jones could let Angela Merkel know he didn't like the proposed choreography of Brexit talks, and let Mariano Rajoy and Fabian Picardo know Gibraltar would remain British.
The first minister said admitted he'd never faced three questions on Gibraltar before and said the rock was not part of his devolved responsibilities. But he will be meeting Mr Picardo within the next few weeks.
Other questions were about Mr Jones's devolved responsibilities, such as the economy and GDP per head.
"That is something we will be focusing on very closely over the next five to ten years and beyond," said the man who's been first minister since 2009, which may be bad news for any AM hoping to succeed him in the next decade.


A machine that can scientifically evaluate the make-up of Thai food has been developed with the help of the country's ex-prime minister.

Fed up with poor Thai food when visiting other countries, Yingluck Shinawatra  came up with the idea of a machine to rate food samples against authentically-prepared dishes.
The food robot was due to be unveiled in Bangkok on Tuesday.
It is part of a growing trend to use computers to analyse food.
The machine, dubbed e-delicious, has ten sensors which create a chemical signature for food, which is then measured against a gold standard recipe, as approved by 120 taste testers.
According to the website, the machine is composed of three parts:
"An electronic nose for measurement of smell by an array of 16 gas sensors, an electronic tongue that allows us to measure sourness, sweetness, saltiness, spiciness, and a central processing unit that gathers data and interprets the result."
Each test takes no more than 30 minutes.
Thai food is one of the world's most popular cuisines but, according to the website, "the flavours of Thai food in many restaurants and in hotels abroad are deviating from the authentic ones."
The government, which was ousted by a military coup in May, was so concerned about the idea of inferior Thai food that it set up the Thai Delicious committee and gave it $100,000 (Â£61,000) to build the machine.
Each recipe has had its chemical make-up recorded in a database to compare with other versions.
Food samples are inserted into the box to be analysed and are rated out of 100.
In the case of a Thai green curry, the dish will be tested to ensure it has the right mix of basil, curry paste and coconut cream.
The team from the Thai Delicious committee has also created an app with authentic recipes for chefs to use.


As the 100th anniversary of the start of WW1's Gallipoli campaign approaches, descendants of those who fought are being urged to join the official commemorations in London.

At dawn on April 25th 1915, Allied troops invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula in Ottoman Turkey. The ultimate aim was to force the Ottoman Empire out of the war. The invasion failed. A bloody stalemate lasted until Allied troops evacuated the peninsula in January 1916.
"It was a humiliating defeat," said Paul Cornish, a senior curator at Imperial War Museums.
Conditions were dreadful. Over the course of the campaign the weather swung from stiflingly hot to bitterly cold.
"There were flies and disease," said Mr Cornish. "There were terrible problems with dysentery and things like jaundice. Eventually there were blizzards and ice that were causing a lot of frostbite. It wasn't a very nice place to be at all."
Some 57,000 Allied troops lost their lives during the campaign. One of them was L/Cpl Archibald Macleod from 7th Battalion, Manchester Regiment. He died aged 27 and is buried at Lancashire Landing Cemetery in Turkey.
L/Cpl MacLeod's great-grandson Dean Emsley, from Battersea, is one of the descendants who will attend April's commemoration at the Cenotaph in Whitehall.
"He wrote a letter to my granddad in April 1915," said Mr Emsley. "He deployed to Gallipoli on the 6th of Mayâ€¦ he died of wounds on 27 May."
My Dear Ronnie,
We are not fighting the Germans here, we are just seeing that the Germans do not
get the people here to fight against King George.
Be a good lad. Do what your mother and your teacher at school tell you to do.
Always help your mother.
Never cry even if your hands are cold.
I'm going to bring you home a little CROCODILE.
Your loving Dad.
"My assumption is that he knew he was deploying to a war-zone," said Mr Emsley. "This was probably his last chance to write a letter to his little boy who was seven years old. It was actually his seventh birthday when the letter was written."
Mr Emsley is a former serviceman himself.
"I was involved in the war in Bosnia first of all and a little bit later in Gulf War number one, so I have an idea how he was feeling," he said.
British troops made up the majority of Allied casualties at Gallipoli but the campaign has become synonymous with Australia and New Zealand.
"It was their first taste of action in the war," said Mr Cornish. "They lost over 11,000 killed at Gallipoli, which is a shocking figure in the context of the relatively small populations of Australia and New Zealand at the time."
Approximately 90,000 Ottoman Empire troops were also killed during the campaign. With a significant Turkish population in London that is something now being acknowledged in classrooms.
"It was a great victory for the Turks," said Mr Cornish. "From what I've noticed in schools in London, Turkish children are well aware of it because it was where the leader of their national reinvention, Ataturk, made his first impact. It is very important."
The National Commemoration of Gallipoli will take place at the Cenotaph on 25 April. The event will follow the annual Anzac Day Dawn Service at the Australian War Memorial and New Zealand Memorial at Hyde Park corner.
Helen Grant MP is the minister responsible for the government's World War One commemorations. "Gallipoli is a very important campaign," she said. "We want to commemorate it and we want to do it very well."
The event will comprise a service, the laying of wreaths by senior members of the military and international governments and a march past the Cenotaph.
Registration for the event finished on Thursday.
For L/Cpl MacLeod's great-grandson it will be a unique experience.
"It's 100 years since it happened," Mr Emsley said.
"It will probably be the largest remembrance opportunityâ€¦ I've never been to one of the November Remembrance Day parades.
"I've got my great-granddad's medals and I'll dig out my own medals. There will be a sense of pride, but more a sense of loss. Here was a young guy who could have had a full life."


Scarlets and the Welsh Rugby Union will work together to keep full-back Liam Williams in Wales, says Wayne Pivac.

The Scarlets head coach was responding to questions over reports linking Williams with a move to Ospreys.
"Liam is one of our favourite sons here at the Scarlets and we'd like to see him here for a number of years to come," said Pivac.
"I know the WRU would love to see him stay in Wales and together we'll be working to achieve that."
Pivac says Williams is "keen to stick around" and doubts he would join Scarlets' closest rivals.
"Look, anything's possible, isn't it. But no, I wouldn't think that would be the case," said the New Zealander.
Scarlets are one of three teams without a Pro12 point going into the fourth round at the weekend.
Title-holders Connacht are also without a win and are one place below the Welsh region in 11th, with Treviso last, before the Welsh and Irish teams meet in Llanelli on Saturday.
"Connacht is our focus now and we need to get that first win, which I think could break the shackles and things open up nicely for us," said Pivac.
"I'm sure in both camps it's a must-win game because nobody wants to be nought from four and sitting at the bottom of the table.
"It's a long way up from that position."
Wales prop Samson Lee is over his shoulder problem but a virus means he will miss the game against Connacht and is likely to return at Treviso on Saturday, 1 October.
"Lee's been cleared of that shoulder. He's as strong as he was pre the injury, if not stronger," added Pivac.
"He's done a lot of live scrummaging with us now and ticked all those boxes.
"He's just picked up a bit of a virus so we'll likely leave him until next week."


A fisherman has been rescued off Shetland after his creel boat ran aground at Sandwick.

The Cornucopia hit hit rocks at about 12:15 on Saturday after becoming entangled in fishing gear.
A nearby vessel called the Osprey was able to tow the 10m (33ft) boat back off the rocks and into deeper water.
The Lerwick Lifeboat later towed the vessel to safety.


Veteran goalkeeper Essam El Hadary has been included in Egypt's final 23-man squad for the Africa Cup of Nations.

El Hadary turns 43 this month and could become the oldest player in Nations Cup history, beating the 2006 record of 39-year-old compatriot Hossam Hassan.
Coach Hector Cuper trimmed four players from his provisional list.
Al Masry defender Hamada Tolba and midfielder Ahmed Gomaa, Zamalek midfielder Mohamed Ibrahim and Ismaili goalkeeper Mohamed Awad were dropped.
Last month, Cuper sprang a surprise by omitting Zamalek striker Bassem Morsi, who had been in the starting line-up for Egypt in their last two World Cup qualifiers in October and November.
Only four of the squad remain from Egypt's last participation in the finals, when they won the title for the third time in a row in 2010. They are El Hadary, Ahmed Elmohamady, Mohamed Abdelshafi and Ahmed Fathi.
Egypt, who have missed out on the last three Nations Cup tournaments, play in Group D in Port Gentil and open their campaign on 17 January  against Mali.
The tournament in Gabon runs from 14 January to 5 February.
Egypt squad:
Goalkeepers: Sherif Ekramy (Al Ahly), Essam El Hadary (WadiDegla), Ahmed El Shennawi (Zamalek)
Defenders: Mohamed Abdelshafi (Al Ahly Jeddah), Ahmed Dwidar(Zamalek), Ahmed Elmohamady (Hull City), Ahmed Fathi (Ahly),Omar Gaber (FC Basle), Ali Gabr (Zamalek), Karim Hafez (RacingLens), Ahmed Hegazy, Saad Samir (both Al Ahly)
Midfielders: Mohamed Elneny (Arsenal), Abdallah El Said (AlAhly), Mahmoud Trezeguet Hassan (Royal Mouscron-Peruwelz), TarekHamed, Ibrahim Salah (both Zamalek), Amr Warda (Panetolikos)
Forwards: Mahmoud Abdelmoneim Kahraba (Al Ahly Jeddah),Ahmed Hassan Kouka (Sporting Braga), Marwan Mohsen (Al Ahly),Mohamed Salah (Roma), Ramadan Sobhi (Stoke City).


JD Sports "absolutely refutes" claims made in a Channel 4 News report that conditions in its Rochdale warehouse are "worse than a prison".

The programme says an undercover investigation will detail "harsh practices", including a policy allowing workers to be sacked after three minor misdemeanours.
The sportswear retailer says the claims "are simply not true".
It says there is no such system and workers cannot be fired on the spot.
Channel 4 News filmed undercover inside the Kingsway Business Park facility in Rochdale, which supplies all of JD Sports' stores in the UK and most of those abroad, as well as fulfilling online orders.
JD employs 1,232 workers at the site and is staffed 24 hours a day, seven days a week, by a combination of employees and agency staff. The ratio of employees to agency staff is about 70/30, but fluctuates seasonally.
Channel 4 News says the report, to be broadcast on Wednesday, will show workers saying conditions at the Rochdale site are "worse than a prison" and a team leader "boasting of sacking workers on the spot, for as little as sitting down through exhaustion".
In response, JD Sports issued a statement saying: "We are deeply disappointed and concerned by the allegations being made which we believe are misleading and not an accurate reflection of our culture, the vast majority of our people or our standards of practice and procedures.
"Indeed, we believe a large number of the allegations put to us by Channel 4 are plainly untrue."
JD Sports said it had a fully outlined disciplinary procedure and appeals process that applied to JD Sports employees and agency staff.
Shares in JD Sports closed 6.3% lower at 316.1p.
The Channel 4 report will claim JD Sports and the agency supplying workers, Assist Recruitment, operate a "three strikes and you're out" policy, so that workers can be dismissed for three minor misdemeanours, including having a mobile phone or a lighter in the warehouse, being late, or chewing gum.
Channel 4 News said it filmed workers standing outside waiting to through security checks to enter the site.
Last year, Sports Direct was criticised for operating a system at its warehouse in Derbyshire which required workers to undergo lengthy security checks. The unpaid time spent clearing security meant workers were in effect receiving less than the minimum wage.
But JD Sports said workers, including agency staff, at the Kingsway warehouse were paid for time spent entering and leaving the premises.
"Our time and attendance system is specifically designed to ensure that all workers from both companies are paid for the time it takes to go through security on leaving the site; and we pay all employees in full who are up to 15 minutes late on arrival," the company said.
Channel 4 News showed the television footage to Iain Wright MP, who is heading a Commons inquiry into pay and conditions for low-paid workers.
He told the BBC he was "disgusted" by what appeared to be happening in the UK's warehouse sector and that there was a sense that employees were being "treated like scum".
"It sounds like it's systematic across this area of employment and the government really needs to clamp down on this," Mr Wright said.
He said JD company would be invited to give evidence to the Commons select committee.
JD Sports said it was disappointed that Channel 4 News had not taken into account the "factual evidence" it had provided to reporters.
The company said once Channel 4 News had allowed access to the footage, it would investigate the claims fully.


The Labour MP Alan Keen has died at the age of 73 after what ex-PM Gordon Brown called a "heroic fight" against cancer.

Mr Keen, whose wife Ann is a former Labour MP and health minister, had been MP for the London constituency of Feltham and Heston since 1992.
He was chairman of Parliament's all-party football group and spent 18 years before becoming an MP as a scout for Middlesbrough football club.
Mr Keen is survived by his wife, two sons and a daughter.
As well as being chairman of the all-party football group, he was also chairman of the equivalent athletics group and a member of the Commons Culture, Media and Sports Committee.
His time as a football scout included the period when Jackie Charlton was Middlesbrough manager, and he claimed part of the credit for bringing Graeme Souness to the club.
Announcing the death, which happened last Thursday, Mr Brown said in a statement: "Alan was a great MP, locally popular, a diligent London MP, and a great fighter for local causes.
"I salute his bravery in facing cancer - fighting it as long as he could - and he will be remembered as someone who taught us how to fight illness. As he acknowledged, the NHS could not have done more to be of help and support."
Tony Blair, Mr Brown's predecessor as prime minister, said Mr Keen would be "much-missed" as a "hard working" MP and "a dedicated constituency campaigner".
"In the north east he will be remembered for his time as a scout with Middlesbrough," Mr Blair said.
"He brought that passion for football with him to Westminster and was a fantastic advocate for sport as a force for good in society through all his years in the Commons."
Mr Brown's successor as Labour leader, Ed Miliband, said: "Alan Keen was a decent, generous man...  Labour to his core - loyal, passionate about social justice and deeply committed to a fairer society.
"Alan was great friend to me and he will be sorely missed by all."
Mr Keen was born in London and brought up in Redcar, on the North East coast near Middlesbrough, before serving in the British Army for three years. He later joined the fire protection industry.
He was a member of Hounslow Borough Council from 1986-90 before entering Parliament in 1992.
Mr Keen and his wife Ann, who he married in 1980 and who was MP for the neighbouring seat of Brentford and Isleworth, made headlines ahead of the 2010 election over their expenses claims.
They were asked to pay back Â£1,500 claimed for a second home while their other house was boarded up during prolonged refurbishment work.
Mr Keen had a majority of 4,658 in the 2010 election.


Wasps back Kurtley Beale has been ruled out of Saturday's Premiership final against Exeter Chiefs at Twickenham.

The Wallaby, 28, has not recovered from a hamstring injury picked up in their semi-final victory over Leicester.
Willie Le Roux switches to full-back, with Josh Bassett, who scored the winning try against the Tigers, starting on the wing.
Exeter make one change to the starting XV which overcame Saracens, with wing Olly Woodburn replacing James Short.
Short is Exeter's top try-scorer this season, having scored 11 tries in the Premiership, 14 times in all competitions.
Chris Jones, BBC Radio 5 live rugby reporter
Pace-setters all season, Wasps have been the great entertainers of the campaign, scoring tries at will and playing a brilliant brand of rugby.
However, their set-piece fell apart against Leicester - this area is one of the Chiefs' strengths - and if Wasps don't win enough good quality ball they will lose. Conversely, if their scrum and line-out does function, they have the tools to blow any team away.
Both clubs thoroughly deserve to be here, having finished in the top two and having showed remarkable composure under pressure to edge their semi-finals. They actually met on round one of the Premiership - Wasps edged it that day - so the league has come full circle.
But, while Wasps may have slightly tailed away at the back end of the season, Exeter have been on an upward curve. This may be decisive.
Exeter head coach Rob Baxter told BBC Radio Devon:
"We've got to make sure we leave the semi-final behind. The big thing is, with a semi-final that was that good a game, won in such a manner and was such a thriller for everybody who was there, sometimes it gets hard to leave it behind - you've got to move on.
"We're actually probably a stronger group going into the final than we were last week, which is always nice. There's a larger playing group who've had more time training and more time to return from injury.
"We've got to make sure that we don't expect that having a bit of experience from last year will be that big a factor. We've got to demand that what the big factor is, is the quality we play at."
Wasps director of rugby Dai Young:
"The final is new territory for this group of players, but really exciting territory. But, as much as we are going to enjoy the day, we want more than that.
"We are not there to make up the numbers. We are there to give absolutely everything we have to try to win the trophy. Saturday is about more than the matchday 23 lucky enough to wear the shirt. It will be about every player who has played their part this season to get us to Twickenham.
"We have a lot of respect for Exeter Chiefs, who are a quality team and a quality club. We've had some memorable battles over the past couple of seasons and know how well drilled and coached they are, so we will have to be at our absolute best to win. Produce our best and I know we are a match for anyone."
Wasps: Le Roux; Wade, Daly, Gopperth, Bassett; Cipriani, Robson; Mullan, Taylor, Swainston, Launchbury (capt), Symons, Haskell, Young, Hughes.
Replacements: Johnson, McIntyre, Moore, Myall, Thompson, Simpson, Leiua, Halai.
Exeter Chiefs: Dollman; Nowell, Whitten, Devoto, Woodburn; Steenson (capt), Townsend; Moon, Cowan-Dickie, Williams, Dennis, Parling, Horstmann, Armand, Waldrom.
Replacements: Yeandle, Rimmer, Francis, Lees, S. Simmonds, Chudley, Slade, Campagnaro.


Wells is a large, mainly rural Somerset seat stretching from the Bristol Channel in the west, to Shepton Mallet and Glastonbury in the east.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
24 April 2015 Last updated at 22:16 BST
The constituency includes England's smallest city and its 12th Century cathedral, Glastonbury - famous for its music festival - the Mendip Hills, Cheddar Gorge and the Somerset Levels.
BBC reporter David Garmston finds out more about this constituency, won by the Liberal Democrats in 2010 and which the Conservatives have declared as a target seat for 2015.


In 2012, cycling star Sir Bradley Wiggins was named Sports Personality of the Year.

Wiggins' victory at the 2012 Tour De France saw him become the first ever British winner of cycling's most famous race.
Later that summer, Wiggins also stormed to gold in the London 2012 Olympic men's road time trial.
This win made Sir Bradley the most decorated British Olympian in terms of medals won, a break down of 4 golds, a silver and 2 bronzes.
Wiggins was knighted as a result of his incredible cycling achievements.
BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2015 is broadcast live from Belfast on Sunday, 20 December from 19:00 GMT on BBC One. Further coverage on BBC Sport's online platforms and Radio 5 live.


A big fire at a power plant has left 1.5 million people without electricity in the US territory of Puerto Rico.

The fire affected two transmission lines and caused the collapse of the electricity system across the island, officials say.
Supply is expected to be restored to most areas on Thursday.
Puerto Rico's Electric Power Authority has been undergoing restructuring and is seeking funds to update what it says is outdated equipment.
The fire department said it had extinguished the blaze at the power plant in the south of the island, which serves most of the island's 3.5 million people.
The cause of the fire is still unclear.
There was traffic chaos as the outage forced schools and businesses to close earlier, reports say.
The blackout also caused 15 fires across Puerto Rico as a result of malfunctioning generators.


Ghana's president has strongly defended the government's decision to allow two Yemenis freed from Guantanamo Bay to live in the West African state.

Opposition and church groups had condemned the decision, saying the men were a security threat.
However, Mr Mahama said a Ghanaian was more likely to die in a road accident than at the hands of the Yemenis.
The men said they looked forward to living in Ghana, and had followed the national football team in prison.
Khalid al-Dhuby and Mahmoud Omar Bin Atef were held at the US prison in Cuba for more than a decade without being charged.
They are the first Guantanamo detainees that Ghana has accepted, at the request of the US.
The jail was set up following the 11 September 2001 attacks in the US to detain what Washington called "enemy combatants".
US President Barack Obama has said he wants to close the jail down before he leaves office in 2017.
Speaking at a press conference in the capital, Accra, Mr Mahama said that Guantanamo Bay was a "blot on the human rights record of the world".
"They [the men] just want to pick up the pieces of their lives and live normally. We don't have anything to fear," Mr Mahama said, adding that Mr al-Dhuby and Mr Atef were living in a security compound.
He dismissed as "absolutely untrue" allegations that Ghana had received money from the US to take the detainees.
Earlier, the influential Ghana Catholic Bishops Conference called the Yemenis "time bombs" who should be "sent back to wherever they came from".
The opposition New Patriotic Party (NPP) said that official US documents showed the men had  "violent and dangerous profiles".
"Why is government straining to paint a picture of the two detainees as harmless, misunderstood and wrongly detained persons?" it asked.
The two men were captured in Afghanistan, following the US-led invasion to overthrow the Taleban government in 2011.
Mr al-Dhuby and Mr Atef have denied belonging to militant groups.
"We have been wrongly arrested for 14 years without any charge against us," Mr Atef told Ghana's public radio station Uniiq FM.
"We have suffered but we are not looking for revenge," he said.
Mr Atef said they were huge fans of Ghana footballer Asamoah Gyan, and many of the detainees at Guantanamo Bay supported the Black Stars at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa.
"When Ghana beat America, we were very happy. We made some celebrations. We also told the guards that we've won," Mr Atef said.
Ghana beat the US 2-1, with Gyan scoring the winning goal in extra-time, which sent the Black Stars through to the quarter-finals.
Dozens of countries have received former Guantanamo Bay detainees, including other African states such as Uganda and Cape Verde.
A total of 780 men have been held at Guantanamo Bay since 2002, the vast majority without charge or criminal trial.
The US navy base now has 105 detainees, nearly 50 of whom have been cleared for release.


On Sunday Theresa May will land in smoggy Delhi with a large entourage of diplomats, advisers, business people and press in tow.

This is an important visit. It is the new British prime minister's first bilateral meeting outside Europe, the first step in her mission to "forge a new global role for the UK".
It is obvious why she has chosen India. Where better to demonstrate the world of opportunity that awaits a post-Brexit Britain?
India is now the world's fastest growing large economy, with GDP growth of more than 7% a year and a 1.25 billion-strong market of increasingly wealthy consumers.
There should be a lot of warm words about the two countries' long-standing ties, their special relationship and their shared values.
The Indian Finance Minister, Arun Jaitley, was already talking of co-operation and future partnerships when I interviewed him on Thursday.
But do not be deceived by the diplomatic dance.
Diwali, the festival of lights - India's great seasonal celebration of optimism and hope - has just finished.
It is a time of extraordinary generosity. People throw lavish parties with delicious food, plenty of drink and raucous rounds of Teen Patti - India's answer to poker.
I attended a string of these in New Delhi's gracious diplomatic district. Each brought more evidence that India's Diwali generosity does not extend to trade deals with the UK or anyone else.
There was the top Indian diplomat who dismissed Mrs May's visit as "an afterthought".
He had arrived in a sleek, black BMW. The white Hindustan Ambassadors that used to be the badge of status in India's rigid governmental hierarchy are not so prized any more.
The British asked for Mrs May's visit to be brought forward from December and he told me: "This is about politics in the UK, not about what we want."
Informal trade talks have already started, again at Britain's behest.
Under EU rules,the UK cannot do any actual deals until it leaves Europe, but with a "hard Brexit" - where it leaves the single market - looking a real possibility, it wants to get the ball rolling as soon as possible.
"Good luck with that," laughed the ambassador of a major economic power as he sipped from a flute of champagne at another Diwali do. "We've been trying to get a deal for years now, but there's not much in it for India."
India was a closed economy until the early 1990s, he explained and still has comparatively high barriers to foreign imports. Meanwhile most of the developed world has been cutting back restrictions on trade.
"What's more," continued my new friend, "it's doing well behind those barriers. It means they want really big concessions before they'll sign up to anything."
The European Union had the same problem.
Peter Mandelson began free trade talks between the EU and India when he was European trade commissioner back in 2007. There have been 16 separate formal rounds of negotiations in the nine years since then, but very little progress.
You only need to look at the sticking points to see why the UK is unlikely to fare any better, says Sir Thomas Harris, a former ambassador to Korea who ran the UK India Business Council for many years.
India consistently refused to lift restrictions on professional services including accounting, insurance, banking and legal services, he points out. These are some of Britain's strongest sectors and exactly the kind of businesses to which Britain wants India to open up.
"For the life of me, I cannot see why the Indians would be prepared to offer concessions on services in bilateral talks with the UK which they were not prepared to offer in return for access to the EU as a whole," he says.
And then there is the even more vexed question of immigration.
During the trade talks, Europe refused India's requests for more temporary visas for professional workers.
On the face of it, Mrs May's government is unlikely to be any more forthcoming. Its policy is that the number of immigrants needs to be cut dramatically.
At the Conservative Party conference last month, the Home Secretary, Amber Rudd, talked about the possibility of new curbs on foreign workers and students.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Philip Hammond, has since hinted he is minded to be a little more flexible on professional workers. But it is hard to overstate how badly the government's rhetoric on immigration goes down in India.
"The impression Britain is giving to countries such as India is 'we want your business but we don't want your people'," is how a former advisor to the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, put it in an Indian newspaper.
When I quoted that to a top British diplomat he squirmed in discomfort.
"The government is going to have to find a way to articulate its policy more clearly," was his "diplomatic" suggestion.
Mrs May's visit to India is the first big test of whether it can do that.
If Britain is to prosper, Mrs May needs to be able to show that forging strong non-EU alliances can be reconciled with her hard-line stance on immigration.
She also needs to demonstrate that it is possible to do trade deals that deliver real benefits to Britain.
My Diwali party circuit suggests both ambitions are going to be hard to fulfil.


Prince Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall visited the torch relay in Tottenham where they watched a torch kiss from the side of the street.

They also
          posed for pictures
 with torchbearers Scott Moorhouse and Jay Kamiraz, whose Souls of Prophecy choir is a favourite of the prince.
England's World Cup-winning goalkeeper Gordon Banks started the day's relay, carrying the flame at Wembley Stadium.
Decathlete Daley Thompson ran the last leg of the relay at Alexandra Palace.
Thompson,
          who won decathlon gold at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles,
 lit a cauldron on stage in the climax to Wednesday's 30-mile journey.
A total of 153 torchbearers carried the flame as it travelled 30 miles through the London boroughs of Harrow, Brent, Barnet, Enfield and Haringey.
It was in the last of the boroughs, at 1726 BST, that
          Prince Charles and Camilla appeared on the side of the road
 as Mr Kamiraz came to the end of his run and passed on the flame.
The royal couple then stood either side of the torchbearers while photographs were taken before Mr Moorhouse, an amputee who lost his left leg at the knee after an accident when he was six weeks old, began his stint with the flame.
The first torchbearer of the day was Jo Hyams, 29, who took the flame across the bridge and moat at Headstone Manor, a grade I-listed building, reputed to be the oldest surviving timber-framed construction in Middlesex.
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Find out where the Olympic torch is going
Ms Hyams, who lives in Harrow, was nominated for her charity work in the area.
Later as the flame neared Wembley Stadium, Timothy McKenzie, better known as singer songwriter Labrinth, ran with the flame.
Singer Beverley Knight was also a torchbearer in Brent.
Outside the stadium, Inderjit Bhalla - who won gold in badminton at the British Transplant Games - passed the flame to former badminton player Nathan Robertson, who won silver at the 2004 Athens Olympics with former mixed-doubles partner Gail Emms.
Robertson missed out on qualifying for London 2012 and has since
          announced his retirement from the sport.
England's greatest goalkeeper, Banks, then ensured the torch was in safe hands as he carried it along Olympic Way outside the new stadium.
Now 75, he was part of England's famous team that won the World Cup in 1966 at the original stadium, and he also played in the 1970 World Cup in Mexico, when England reached the quarter-finals.
He said his stint with the torch was "absolutely fantastic".
He added it was "a great honour to have been here and held the torch with a light on it that goes back so many, many, many years".
Banks also paid tribute to his former team-mates, the late Alan Ball and Bobby Moore.
The flame was carried to the lunch break by
          100-year-old Diana Gould,
 the oldest female torchbearer of London 2012. She still runs exercise classes at the retirement flats where she lives in north-west London.
Harry Potter actor Rupert Grint, 23, was the first to carry the flame after lunch.
"It's something I'm finding hard to put into words - an overwhelming blur of an experience [that] I'm going to remember for ever," he said.
The actor, who plays Ron Weasley in the films, handed over to Harriet Cooper, who at 15 is considered an outstanding swimming prospect, having won gold at the 100m backstroke in the 2011 European Youth Olympic Festival in Turkey.
Still on the swimming theme, among the other torchbearers was Tony Tancock, father of British Olympic hopeful Liam, who will be competing in the 100m backstroke.
Boxer James Degale, who won a
          middleweight gold medal at the 2008 Olympics
 in Beijing, soldier Jack Otter, who lost both legs and an arm in an explosion in Afghanistan, and Lloyd Scott, from Essex, who survived leukaemia, were among the other torchbearers.
Mr Otter in particular drew huge cheers from the crowd as he twice got up from his wheelchair to walk unaided during the first and last parts of his stint.
The relay finished at Alexandra Palace, where 68-year-old Frank Adams passed the flame to Thompson, who was the first decathlete to hold the World, Olympic, Commonwealth and European titles simultaneously.
Thompson, who trained at nearby Haringey Athletics Club, looked thrilled when he did the honours at "Ally Pally", formerly the BBC's headquarters and still a major events venue.
A total of 8,000 people will carry the flame during its 8,000 mile, 70-day journey to the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in London on 27 July.


Eleven men have appeared in court charged in connection with a multi-million pound raid at a cider-making family's luxury home in Somerset.

Esmond and Susie Bulmer's home in Bruton was targeted in 2009 and the couple's housekeeper was allegedly tied to a banister.
A total of 15 paintings worth £1.7m, and £1m of jewellery were stolen.
All the defendants deny any wrongdoing and are due to appear at Bristol Crown Court on 22 September.
Those charged are:
At Bristol Magistrates' Court, all 11 indicated through their lawyers that they would be pleading not guilty to the charges.
A 12th defendant, John Morris, 56, of Cowper Gardens, Enfield, London, did not attend court and a warrant for his arrest without bail was issued by the judge. He is accused of conspiracy to receive stolen goods.


Mansfield Town have signed experienced centre-back Zander Diamond.

The 32-year-old was released by League One side Northampton Town last week despite being named player of the year.
Diamond, who began his career with Aberdeen and has also played for Oldham and Burton, played 45 games for the Cobblers in 2016-17.
Stags manager Steve Evans said: "He is a dominant centre-back who is vociferous on the pitch and a leader of men. He is still highly ambitious."
The length of Diamond's contract has not been revealed.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


It's a big day for plastic money in England and Wales: The new £5 polymer note has been released by the Bank of England.

This baby can survive a 1400 revolutions per minute spin in the washing machine. You could say it makes for easy laundering.
The Bank of England says it is cleaner and more secure than the cotton paper notes which have been used for the past 100 years.
But we're a conservative lot in Northern Ireland: Perhaps we like our lucre filthy.
For people in Northern Ireland, plastic fivers are nothing new. To celebrate the Millennium,  the old Northern Bank (now Danske) introduced the slippery clean fiver to local pockets in 2000. Two million of the notes were issued in October 1999.
It did not fold quite the same into the back trouser pocket. But then again, neither did it attract the dirt from fingers fumbling in a greasy till or handbag to quite the same degree.
That was  more than 16 years ago, and the trusty paper notes are still going strong. If you get a polymer note these days in Belfast, look up and you might see a pig soar past city hall.
In 2005, the Northern Bank reprinted all of its bank notes shortly after £26.5m was stolen from its head office by the IRA.
The plastic fiver was the only type of note not replaced.
Paul Black from Danske Bank said that when the plastic fiver was introduced, it meant Northern Bank was "away ahead of its time."
"We wanted to be innovative and be first on the market. Over time that was eroded a little, because other banks did not follow. At the time it was quite popular," he said.
"It did create a real buzz. People found it unusual. They compared it to monopoly money."
Down the backs of which sofas do the lost plastic fivers reside?
Who knows? But on a well-known internet auction site one seller is asking for £125 for the plastic note.
The governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney, said the new note would be cleaner, safer and stronger.
"The use of polymer means it can better withstand being repeatedly folded into wallets or scrunched up inside pockets, and can also survive a spin in the washing machine," he said.
While the notes are not indestructible, they are expected to last an average of five years compared to the current fiver's two years.
New security features - such as a transparent window - will make the note harder to counterfeit.


Net neutrality is a term you may have heard but, if asked to explain it in a pub, you might struggle.

You might also question how relevant it is to you and what you do online.
Advocates of the principle argue that the debate about how networks operate is fundamentally one about the future of the internet.
Ahead of a crucial US vote on the subject, the BBC has compiled a guide to all you need to know about net neutrality.
Anyone who has ever looked with envy at the first-class carriages on a crowded commuter train - and wondered bitterly why a few get to travel in comfort while the rest are crammed against each other's armpits - will have a good basic understanding of net neutrality.
On the net neutrality train, all passengers (ie data) would be treated equally, with no special carriages for those able to pay.
This long-held principle that all traffic on the network should be treated the same goes back to the very dawning of the web and for many enshrines the whole ethos of an open internet, free from corporate control.
Those in favour of net neutrality argue that the internet service providers (ISPs) that provide the pipes for content should just run the networks and have no say over how and what content flows to consumers, as long as it is legal.
But ISPs argue that a tiered internet - where those content providers prepared to pay can go in an internet "fast lane" - is inevitable in today's data-hungry net world.
Much of the current debate was kickstarted by a landmark case in the US in January, which saw ISP Verizon successfully challenging the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over its net neutrality policy - known formally as the Open Internet rules.
The Court of Appeals struck down two of the three open internet rules, effectively leaving regulation in limbo and opening the way for ISPs to start charging fees to carry bandwidth-hungry data on its networks.
And charge they did. In March Netflix reluctantly agreed to pay a fee to Comcast to improve the speed at which its service reached consumers' homes.
The changing landscape forced the FCC to rethink its rules, and leaks of what it proposed emerged in April.
The part of the rule change that has sent the industry into uproar is a proposal for so-called fast lanes, allowing ISPs to charge content providers as long as the terms were "commercially reasonable".
The details of what the FCC proposes will be revealed on 15 May.
It is worth noting that, at this stage, these are just proposals and that the full rules are not likely to be implemented before the end of the year.
It would be fair to say that the FCC has found itself at the centre of a considerable storm since details about the proposed changes leaked.
Chairman Tom Wheeler's morning mail pile has grown considerably, with his recent correspondence including a letter signed by more than 100 tech firms with some of biggest names in the industry - Google, Amazon, Twitter, Facebook - offering their support. The letter calls on the FCC to protect users "against blocking, discrimination and paid prioritisation".
This was followed by a very similarly worded letter from some of the most high-profile US venture capitalists and another from more than 80 advocacy groups.
Meanwhile, the FCC's main consumer hotline seems to have been overwhelmed by messages about the forthcoming changes - and now asks callers to write an email to the commission if they are calling about net neutrality.
And to really hammer the message home, a growing number of protesters are gathering outside the FCC headquarters in Washington ahead of the scheduled vote on the proposals by the five commissioners.
Already two of them have got cold feet and suggested that the vote be delayed.
ISPs argue that the internet today is a very different beast from that of the early days when the net neutrality principle was enshrined.
Who then could have predicted that we would all be watching video content on our computers and mobile devices?
Carrying such data obviously costs more and ISPs argue that the costs of carrying such bandwidth-hungry services can no longer be borne by them alone.
They say that concerns that they plan to block content or degrade network performance are unfounded and that data discrimination in order to guarantee quality of service is actually something consumers should want.
Consumer advocates are urging the regulatory body to take more drastic action and reclassify internet service providers as a telecommunication service.
By doing so, the internet would be treated more like a public utility, such as gas and water, and therefore subject to heavier regulation.
It would mean, say the advocates of net neutrality, that the FCC had more teeth when it came to enforcing net neutrality.
Europe is at odds with the US.
In April, the European Parliament voted to restrict ISPs from charging services for faster network access.
It also ruled that mobile and broadband network providers should not be able to block services that competed with their own offerings.
There are some more legal hurdles for the vote to pass but it could become law by the end of the year.
Slovenia and the Netherlands have already enshrined the principle in their national law.
And in Brazil, a new law has been signed by President Dilma Rousseff which establishes that telecom companies cannot change prices based on the amount of content accessed by users. It also states that ISPs cannot interfere with how consumers use the internet.
Meanwhile, neighbouring Chile was the first country to pass net neutrality legislation, back in 2010.
Depending on which way the decision goes, it could either hurt your wallet or your watching habits.
If net neutrality is upheld, ISPs could decide to pass on the cost of delivering bandwidth-hungry up the cost of services to pay for delivering faster bandwidth - and raise the monthly fee they charge for net access.
Users may get a bill that reflects their usage, with those using video-on-demand services being charged more.
If, on the other hand, ISPs get their way and are able to start charging fees for prioritised access to content then users may find that those websites not in the fast lane are slow to load.
Some fear that ISPs might even block access to rival services or slow them down so much as to be unusable.
Consumers could also be charged more by the content providers forced to pay more to get their services to them in quality.
Anyone thinking this is a US-only issue should note that, following its agreement to pay a fee to Comcast and Verizon, Netflix put up the price for its monthly streaming service in Europe as well as America.


After 97 years of family ownership, Forbes Media has announced it has sold a majority stake in the company to a Hong Kong-based group of international investors.

Forbes Media - which includes Forbes magazine - was sold to Integrated Whale Media Investments for an undisclosed sum.
The Forbes family said it would still have a "significant" stake.
Steve Forbes will remain as chairman and editor-in-chief.
"While today marks a fundamental turning point in this 97-year-old company founded by my grandfather, it should be seen as an opportunity to continue and strengthen our mission," said Mr Forbes in a blog post announcing the sale.
Forbes - which says it reaches 75 million people worldwide every month through its print, digital, TV, conferences and research ventures - began looking for a buyer last November.
Forbes will continue to be headquartered in the US, but announced plans for an international expansion.


A coroner has criticised the care of a mentally ill patient who died after stealing and crashing an ambulance.

Michael South, 40, from York, was being transported to a mental health hospital when he took the vehicle in April.
He crashed into a double-decker bus on the A64 at Flaxton, near York and died at the scene.
Recording an open verdict, North Yorkshire Coroner Michael Oakley said the transport arrangements had been "inadequate and insufficient".
He said the Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust had failed to pass on Mr South's full medical history to the ambulance provider.
He also said the two staff onboard had not had mental health training and the company, ERS Medical, had not done a full risk assessment of the patient.
Mr South had been admitted to St James's Hospital in Leeds after stabbing himself in the chest on 7 April.
He was being taken to Bootham Park Hospital in York in an ambulance operated by the private contractor ERS Medical on 10 April.
The two ambulance staff told the inquest they had left the vehicle after Mr South attempted to grab the wheel.
The keys had been left in the ignition and he was able to drive-off.
Following the inquest, Mr South's widow issued a statement through her solicitor.
"He needed professional help and for the reasons the coroner has given he didn't get adequate help. It led to Michael's death," she said.
She added she hoped system changes would in future protect vulnerable people, like her husband, and the wider public.
ERS Medical, The Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, which operated Bootham Park hospital at the time, and the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, which runs St James's, said there were "lessons to be learned" from Mr South's death.
The three organisations also expressed their condolences to Mr South's family.
All said significant changes had already been made and NHS England was carrying out a full investigation into his death.


The scale of the near-simultaneous bombings and shootings in Paris has left France reeling in shock.

With nearly 130 people dead, along with eight suicide bombers, it is Europe's worst terrorist attack since the 2004 Madrid train bombings.
It raises new, pressing questions about the ability of Western security forces to prevent such random carnage.
French President Francois Hollande called it an "act of war" organised by Islamic State (IS) militants.
Why did this happen in Paris?
Paris has been on heightened alert since the January terror attacks, when Islamist gunmen attacked the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, a policewoman and a Jewish supermarket, killing 17 people.
Amedy Coulibaly, who killed four hostages in the supermarket before being shot dead by police, claimed to be acting in the name of IS.
For many years some deprived housing estates in the suburbs of Paris and other cities have been fertile ground for Islamic extremists. Jihad has appeared seductive for some alienated young Muslims in areas of high unemployment and urban neglect.
More than 500 French Muslims have gone to fight with jihadists in Syria and Iraq, experts say - more than from any other Western country.
French warplanes have repeatedly attacked IS fighters in Syria and Iraq, as part of the US-led campaign against the group.
What does the choice of targets suggest?
They were soft civilian targets in Paris - the intention was evidently to kill many people randomly.
The high-profile football match at the Stade de France was clearly a potential target. But the fact that three suicide bombers blew themselves up nearby at three eating places was unusual. France has not experienced such near-simultaneous bombings before.
Then the attack on Bataclan concert hall - again by suicide bombers - was also designed to kill ordinary young French people having fun on a Friday night. It happened during a rock concert. More than 80 rock fans died in the mayhem.
A new terrorism and fear stalk Paris
Paris attacks: What we know
Eyewitness accounts of 'horrific' night
Some French commentators recalled the Moscow theatre siege of 2002, when Chechen militants stormed a live show. The attack and bungled Russian rescue left 130 hostages and 40 militants dead.
French journalist Agnes Poirier told the BBC that the 13 November bombers struck at "modest, working-class neighbourhoods, not tourist sites" in Paris.
The 10th and 11th districts (arrondissements) are "very diverse - that makes it more poignant for the French", she said.
Claiming responsibility for the carnage in Paris, IS said it was a "capital of abomination and perversion". It called the concert-goers "pagans".
Shashank Joshi, a security policy expert at London's Royal United Services Institute, said there was clearly a "cultural" aspect to the choice of targets.
"It was a deliberate choice of leisure venues - where people relax," he told the BBC. The bombers went for crowded places, portrayed by IS as immoral, he said.
Was this like previous terror attacks in cities?
According to Mr Joshi, the closest parallel is the Mumbai (Bombay) attack of 2008, carried out by Pakistan-based Islamist militants.
They brought terror to the streets of Mumbai, staging simultaneous gun and bomb attacks across the city.
In Europe, the Paris carnage has reminded people of the devastating train bombings in Madrid (2004) and London (2005), which were also carried out by Islamist militants.
Jews were targeted in some previous Islamist terror attacks - in Paris in January, in the attack on the Brussels Jewish Museum in 2014, and in the 2012 shootings by Toulouse gunman Mohamed Merah. He killed a rabbi and three small children at a Jewish school.
Anti-Semitic attacks by jihadists are often linked to Arab hostility towards Israel.
This new atrocity in Paris shows that the militants "have no single priority or hierarchy" when choosing targets, Mr Joshi said.
Pieter Van Ostaeyen, a Belgian expert on jihadist groups, said IS appeared to be "signalling that it can attack anytime, anywhere, and we cannot prevent it".
It was highly coordinated and probably took months of training, he told the BBC.
There have been similar suicide attacks in Syria and Iraq, where militants have used up all their bullets, then blown themselves up in a crowd, he said. But never before in France.
But Mr Joshi said these were not necessarily Middle East war veterans, or weapons experts.
"They were prepared, yes, but they have not proven a high level of marksmanship - their preparation may have been quite basic."
Was it a French security blunder?
Neither Mr Joshi nor Mr Van Ostaeyen thinks so.
"You can't guard all soft targets," Mr Joshi said. "It's more about responding to events, having communications between the arms of the state, strong leadership, controlling the flow of information, to minimise panic."
According to Mr Van Ostaeyen: "France has done everything it could do... it's too early to say they could have prevented it".
A key question is whether IS managed to organise the attacks from outside France, or whether it was local French Islamists inspired by IS.


London's main share index closed nearly 1% down after the political controversy in the US surrounding President Trump continued to hit investor confidence.

The row over the firing of FBI director James Comey has led to growing scepticism about Mr Trump's ability to deliver tax and regulatory reform.
The pound rose above $1.30 to its highest level since September, helping to pull the FTSE lower.
US shares fell heavily on Wednesday.
In London the FTSE 100 dropped 67.05 points to 7436.42.
Sterling was boosted by stronger-than-expected UK retail sales data, while also benefitting from the weakness of the dollar.
The pound was up 0.25% against the dollar at $1.3003, and was 0.59% higher against the euro at 1.1687 euros.
The sell-off in shares in London was echoed across Europe, with Germany's Dax index down 0.33% and France's Cac 40 dropping 0.53%.
"Stocks are sliding again today as traders are still spooked by the latest scandal surrounding Donald Trump," said David Madden, market analyst at CMC Markets UK.
"The row between Mr Trump and the FBI is still on traders' minds and while this is hanging over the market. I can't see sentiment changing anytime soon."
Despite the falls, there was good news for some UK shares.
Burberry rose 4.69%, despite the luxury fashion brand reporting a dip in full-year profits, and shares in Royal Mail climbed 1.04% after it reported a 25% increase in annual profits.


If you were in the desperate position of needing brain surgery, would you be content for someone with no medical training, but who had seen quite a few brain operations, to carry out yours?

Maybe you'd decline the help of the talented amateur.
Let's face it, there isn't much of a history of successful brain surgery by non-medics.
But what if you were in the different but also desperate situation of trying to get a judge to allow you contact with your children, or attempting to get a court to agree to them living with you, following the breakdown of a relationship?
Would you be happy to use the services of someone with no legal qualifications, no insurance and who was not part of a regulated body?  Well, here the talented amateur has something of a track record.
He or she also has a title - they are your McKenzie friend.
In 1970, Levine McKenzie was getting divorced and wanted Australian barrister Ian Hanger, who wasn't qualified to practise here, to sit next to him in court, prompt, take notes and suggest questions in cross-examination.
The judge ordered Hanger to sit in the public gallery and advise McKenzie only during adjournments.  McKenzie lost and appealed.
The Court of Appeal ruled that he had been denied help he was entitled to and ordered a retrial. The McKenzie friend was born.
For decades they were largely relatives, family friends, law students or charities helping out free.
Such McKenzie friends still operate, but in April 2013 the market in fee-charging McKenzie friends got a turbo boost from the government.
It cut legal aid from a range of areas of civil law, including most family cases involving divorce, child contact and residence, as well as debt, housing, immigration, welfare and employment.
That left many with a stark choice.  Go to court on your own or, if you can't afford a lawyer, phone a McKenzie friend.
Without much fanfare, McKenzie friends charging between Â£16 and Â£90 an hour have become an important part of the civil justice landscape.
Although their role is supposed to be limited, they are increasingly mirroring the end-to-end service traditionally supplied by qualified lawyers.
They are not allowed to conduct litigation, but there seems little to stop them advising and drafting documents in a way that amounts to the same thing.
And while they do not have rights of audience in court, many told me that if they ask to address the court and their client wants it, the judge generally agrees.
McKenzie friends
This April, in the first major report on fee-charging McKenzie friends, the Legal Services Consumer Panel summed up the divergence of views on them.
"One school of thought is that they improve access to justice by providing valuable support for litigants in person.
"Another view worries that such McKenzie friends may provide poor advice that harms their client and third parties, offer little in the way of consumer protection, prey on the vulnerable and exploit litigants as parrots to promote personal causes."
But who are they, this group of friends?
Some are professionals with experience of the justice system, such as former social workers or police officers.
Others have come to it through experience.
On a Monday night in a dingy function room with a broken door, at the rear of a vast pub in the City of London, I watch six men, all fathers, file into a meeting organised by Families Need Fathers, a registered UK charity that provides support to parents, mainly dads, who've divorced and are seeking contact with their children.
In the bar outside, City types slake their thirst.  In the room, the men seek a different kind of solace and support from two McKenzie friends.
Both are veterans of titanic family cases of their own, qualified in the court of hard knocks.
They take details of cases, advise and share their knowledge of court forms, applications, judges and tactics.
It feels like triage, military doctors tending to the scarred and wounded of the family justice battlefield.
Their "clients" are generally grateful and full of praise for the help they receive.
Tom, a chef on low pay, told me that his wife made allegations of violence against him, before leaving the family home with his daughter.
The police released him without charge, but while his wife got legal aid, he didn't and used what money he had for a McKenzie friend.
Without his help, Tom believes he would not have seen his daughter again.
In the largely "post legal aid" civil courts, judges seem to regard McKenzies as their friends too.
Speaking frankly to me, some have confessed that is because something in the way of legal representation is better than nothing.
But they also acknowledge that, in the pressure-cooker atmosphere of family disputes, McKenzies do help litigants separate emotion from fact and can really help focus on the issues and progress cases.
It's entirely unrepresentative, but when I put a request on the BBC website for people to write in with their experience of McKenzie friends, those moved to respond were mainly positive.
Family lawyers had led me to believe that while some McKenzies were competent, many were more often agenda-driven, aggressive and dangerous by reason of lack of knowledge.
However, when pressed, few were able to give hard details.
There are clearly some rogues working as McKenzies and some worrying stories.
Privacy and data protection are issues. Clients' personal details have been put on social media or disclosed inadvertently through client testimonials.
I have been told of aggressive and intimidating behaviour by McKenzies.
And McKenzies themselves voiced concern that some of their number push their own agendas at the expense of the client's interests.
Recently retired High Court family judge Sir Mark Hedley generally welcomes the involvement of McKenzies, but told me: "Some have a deep animus against the family court and they're not anxious to conceal it.
"They can interrupt repeatedly and it really does the person they represent no good at all. It depends on the ability of the judge to control it."
There are good and bad McKenzies, just as there are good and bad solicitors and barristers.
The difference is that the client has remedies against the latter through professional bodies, regulators and ombudsmen.
The Legal Services Consumer Panel Report concludes that fee-charging McKenzie friends should be viewed as a source of potentially valuable support that improves access to justice and contributes to more just outcomes.
Though lawyers may find this extraordinary, it doesn't favour regulation, because the cost and administrative burden could drive McKenzies from the market or put their prices out of reach of consumers who use them for affordability.
Some, especially in the legal world, would say those are expedient conclusions driven by the near decimation of legal aid in civil cases.
But perhaps they haven't found themselves in the new world of litigation, with a broken family, little money and in need of a "friend".


The winners and the full nominations for this year's Brit Awards:


Two more hospitals have failed fire safety checks, ordered in the aftermath of the Grenfell Tower fire.

Buildings at Newcastle upon Tyne and University College London Hospitals NHS trusts have been found to have combustible cladding.
They will now have to take action and continue with 24-hour fire warden patrols in the meantime.
It brings the total of failed sites to five - none of the buildings has patients staying overnight.
One is an office building, while the others see and treat patients during the day.
In all the cases - except one - the cladding is being removed. The exception is UCLH, where a building at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery has failed tests. Other options are being explored because of the size of the building involved.
Thirty-eight of the highest risk sites have now been checked. NHS bosses said the review of sites would now be expanded to other hospitals, with another six added to the high-priority list.
A spokesman for NHS Improvement, the regulator in charge of carrying out the checks, said: "Patient safety continues to be our absolute priority, and we'll make sure the NHS is supported to carry out the urgent fire safety checks required."
The urgent checks were ordered by Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt following the Grenfell Tower fire.
In Scotland, health boards have confirmed combustible cladding has not been used on any buildings.


A man has been jailed for life for murdering the father of missing Blackpool teenager Paige Chivers.

Frank Chivers, 49, was found with a head injury at his house in Walter Robinson Court, Layton, on 11 August.
Mr Chivers was the father of Paige Chivers who went missing in 2007 aged 15 and has never been found.
Sean Conlon, 44, of no fixed address, had denied murder and manslaughter but was convicted on Monday following a trial at Preston Crown Court.
He must serve a minimum of 15 years.
A post-mortem examination found Mr Chivers had a mark on his cheek and neck consistent with having been kicked.
He never regained consciousness after the attack and died from a bleed on the brain.


An increased salary cap risks creating an unbalanced Premiership competition that alienates the grass roots, says Leicester chief executive Simon Cohen.

The base level of the salary cap for this season is £6.5m but this will rise to £7m from 2017-18 to 2019-20.
Cohen says shareholder-owned Tigers may struggle to spend the full cap, while others can rely on "sugar daddies".
He added: "I know the club's chairman voted for [the cap] but personally I think the balance is wrong."
Cohen told BBC Radio Leicester: "We've had an increase in players' wages. That's come at the expense of facilities and putting resources into the community game for most clubs. I don't think players' wages needed to go up as high as they have done.
"Personally I would not have implemented the extra half million for next year, although the decision to then peg it for three years is very sensible."
Cohen admits Leicester's spending power in future will rely on how far money from the Rugby Football Union will go.
A new eight-year deal worth more than £225m was agreed between the RFU and Premiership clubs - with clubs earning more for releasing players for international duty, as well as meeting the English-qualified players target and academy standards.
"At this moment in time we are funding right up to the extent of the cap," Cohen continued.
"The cap goes up half a million pounds next year but we will have to see what sort of central revenue goes along with that.
"We are at the edges of what we can generate in terms of our own internal revenue and we don't have a 'sugar daddy' owner simply to sink millions in if there is a shortfall."


Udvada is an obscure hamlet in India's western Gujarat state which houses the holiest fire of India's Parsi community.

Legend has it that it was  consecrated some 12 centuries ago on the nearby Sanjan beach, landing point of a boatload of refugees who had fled the Arab conquest of Persia to save their 3,000-year-old Zoroastrian faith, and that it has remained unquenched ever since.
The first-ever Udvada Utsav (festival) held over the Christmas weekend drew 4,000 believers.
Yet, what became the "burning issue" was not the ancient fire but the solution proffered to tackle the existential crisis once again faced by this distinctive - and distinguished - community.
Their numbers are down to a critical 61,000, and diminishing by the day; another 40,000 are scattered across the world with an even greater struggle to hang on to their distinctive identity.
In his speech, eminent lawyer Darius Khambata said Zoroastrianism, being a universal religion, should be opened to anyone seeking to join.
This is a red rag, and not only to the bullish. Most Parsis fiercely believe that it is their exclusive right.
Parsi numbers have declined by 12% every census decade - India's population increases by 21%. They are projected to plummet to 23,000 in the near future, reducing this sophisticated, urbane community to a "tribe".
An infusion of fresh blood is desperately needed.
Even literally because cousin marriages are common, and so are the diseases of inbreeding. Yet, with a combination of racial pride and fear, community leaders have obdurately resisted any intrusion.
"No conversions" was among the conditions laid down by the ruler of Gujarat who had given asylum to  a group of Zoroastrians who fled religious persecution in Iran, and arrived on India's west coast.
A 1908 judgement in the Bombay High Court reiterated that "Parsi" is an ethnic entity restricted to the descendants of those Persian refugees, though logic may look askance at such racial purity maintained over a millennium.
The judges had added that the child of a mixed marriage could be included in this definition only when the father is Parsi. (One is born Parsi, but becomes Zoroastrian after the initiating "navjot" ceremony).
Scholars, liberals - and intermarried women - have protested such discrimination, and nullifying it would improve the numbers and refresh the gene pool.
But the argument has always been battened down, not just by the orthodoxy but the larger paranoia.
"Reform" is a dirty, even treacherous, word for reasons more self-serving than sacred.
Parsis fear that their envied communal legacy will be appropriated by "half castes".  Intermarriage accounts for 38%, and is growing.
After centuries of rural facelessness, the Parsis flowered under British rule.
Their philanthropy came to be as fabled as their fortunes, many made from the opium "trade" with China.
Apart from spacious community housing, wealthy families endowed scholarships, hospitals and fire temples.
All these benefactions have become factors in the insistence on exclusivity since their trust deeds allow only Parsi-Zoroastrians to access them.
In 2012,  the nodal Bombay Parsi Panchayat, which controls the vast trust funds, stated that a "poor Parsi eligible for subsidised housing is someone earning less than 90,000 rupees ($1,351; Â£916) a month"; the urban Indian poverty line is 870 rupees ($13; Â£9).
But the community has also been a victim of its wealth. Lavish charities doused the belly fire of the young, especially boys. Girls are uniformly well educated and scorn "unsuitable" grooms. Migration further queered the pitch.
One in every 10 women and one in every five men remains unmarried by age 50. Fertility rates have fallen below viable levels; only one in nine wholly Parsi families has a child under age 10.
In 2013, there were 735 deaths and only 174 births, a 13.43% drop from 2012. Even couples who can, don't have children.
In his speech at Udvada Utsav, popular actor Boman Irani joked about leaders urging him to help change this situation. "What am I to do?  Barge into honeymooning couples' bedrooms and order productive action?"
Even India, loathe to lose such an exemplary minority, has pitched in.
"Jiyo ( keep living) Parsi" is a nationally-funded project begun in 2013 to encourage more births, including subsidised IVF treatments and grants. But it could be too little, too late.
Vada Dasturji Khurshed Dastoor, one of the two hereditary high priests of Udvada, has a refreshingly pragmatic approach.
"How can you say 'xyz is not allowed by our scriptures' when such situations didn't exist in those times. When parents ask my opinion on their daughter's decision to marry a non-Parsi, I only say, 'Is he a good man? Will she be happy?'"
It's Catch 22  for a proud community which has always punched above its weight.
Admitting the children of all mixed marriages would substantially improve the statistics, but will dilute, even destroy, a very distinctive ethnic identity.
In his provocative speech, Mr Khambata said, "You can't endeavour to save our ethnicity at the cost of our religion." Drastic choice, it seems.
But it had already been made by the Parsis' forefathers who had abandoned their age-old Persian identity and charted a bold, new course to preserve their ancient, enlightened Zoroastrian faith.
Bachi Karkaria is a Mumbai-based senior journalist


Two men have been arrested at the Pokemon World Championships venue in Boston, US, following a tip-off by the event's security staff.

Police found several weapons in their car including a shotgun, a rifle, "several hundred rounds" of ammunition and a hunting knife.
The men, who were due to compete in the finals, were named as 18-year-old Kevin Norton and 27-year-old James Stumbo.
They told police only that they had driven to the event from Iowa.
They have now been arrested for unlawful possession of a firearm and ammunition, as well as other firearms offences, Boston Police said.
Superintendent Paul Fitzgerald, commander of the Boston Police District's Bureau of Intelligence and Analysis, praised the private security firm for working with the authorities.
And he went on to describe the arrested pair and their weaponry as a "very real threat".
"The BPD detectives and collaborating agencies did a great job in the stop and prevention of a potential tragedy," he said.
James Stumbo had posted a picture of the pair's car, with two guns on the boot, on Facebook at the start of the week.
The championships, which took place at the weekend, were by invitation only.
Top video and trading card players from more than 30 different countries take part in the annual tournament, competing for top prizes of scholarship money, trophies and merchandise.
Pokemon events attract over 400,000 entrants each year, according to the company behind the brand.
The franchise, which includes card trading and video games made exclusively for Nintendo consoles, has an enormous global following.