The Scottish Conservatives have pledged to provide "strong opposition" to the SNP as the party launched its manifesto for the Holyrood election.

The manifesto accuses the SNP of "trying to drag the country backwards" and says it is time to move on from the independence referendum.
It also sets out plans to build 100,000 new homes across Scotland over the next five years.
And it includes a Â£1bn pledge to improve energy efficiency in homes.
The Conservatives have set their sights on replacing Labour as Holyrood's main opposition party on 5 May, with polls suggesting the SNP is on course for a third successive term in government.
Speaking as she launched the manifesto at an event in Glasgow, Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson said she knew the chances of her becoming first minister after the election were "next to nil" and that the SNP
But she insisted she was the "only one who can stand up to the SNP", and argued that Labour had had "nine years, six leaders, and no success in holding the SNP to account".
Instead, she said: "I seek to lead a strong opposition to the SNP. And this manifesto today sets out how.
"So it isn't a programme for government - it is a programme for that strong opposition. It sets out how we intend to challenge the SNP in the event that they are returned for a third term in office."
Ms Davidson claimed the SNP was "arrogantly passing bad laws" knowing Labour would complain but ultimately "bend the knee".
She said she would start a positive and "patient" campaign for Scotland to stay in the UK, with no more "Project Fear" tactics - a reference to criticism of methods used by the Better Together campaign ahead of the 2014 referendum.
Ms Davidson insisted there were no "so-called indyref triggers that justify another referendum", but admitted: "Too often we have failed to make the case for why our family of nations works.
"And the legacy from the referendum is that we on the pro-UK side have allowed 'No thanks' to be seen as a constant negative.
"If we are to counter the SNP's misinformation, this must change. The case for independence is dead. The case for the Union must now be made.
"Our aim must be clear - we want to listen, to learn and to convince people who voted to leave the United Kingdom that a Scotland within it can meet their aspirations and ambitions."
Ms Davidson also stated her belief that strong opposition leads to better government, and that her party could be a "new voice in the land".
Attendees might have been forgiven for thinking they had attended the launch of the Ruth Davidson Party.
The Scottish Conservatives clearly know their leader is popular, and a key selling point for them in May's election.
On the backdrop, on the lectern, projected on the walls and emblazoned on every manifesto - 'Ruth Davidson' was absolutely everywhere at the Tory manifesto launch, with the name of the party she leads noticeably more absent.
It might have looked more like a presidential campaign launch than a party one, but when Ms Davidson addressed her candidates and activists, she wasn't making a pitch for the top job in Scottish politics.
Whereas Kezia Dugdale insists she wants Nicola Sturgeon's chair, Ms Davidson is more eager to take the Labour leader's place at the head of the official opposition.
To that end, she was open about setting out a programme for opposition, rather than one for government.
Her opponents say this is simply a cop-out, to avoid having to come up with detailed plans for how Scotland would be run under a Tory government.
As for Ms Davidson, she might have had her eye on future sparring sessions at First Minister's Questions when she said she wouldn't "carp from the sidelines" - a favourite rebuttal of Ms Sturgeon's during recent Thursday encounters - but rather offer real scrutiny and alternatives to what she says will inevitably be an SNP administration.
The Conservative manifesto underlines the party's commitment to ensuring taxes in Scotland are no higher than elsewhere in the UK.
This a key fault line between the Tories and the other main Holyrood parties, who have all called for income tax rates to be increased to varying degrees once powers are handed to the Scottish Parliament next year.
The manifesto also pledges to scrap the Scottish government's controversial named person scheme, with Ms Davidson predicting opponents of the scheme would "win ground" over the summer.
It commits the party to opposing a second referendum on independence over the course of the next parliament.
And it opposes the current policies of free university tuition - instead favouring a graduate contribution system - and free prescriptions, with the Conservatives proposing a gradual reintroduction of charges.
Ms Davidson said warm housing should be a key priority for the Scottish government, with her party calling for Â£1bn of funding to go towards meeting a fresh target for every home to have an energy efficiency rating of "C" or better by the end of the decade.
The Conservatives said more than six in 10 homes in Scotland are ranked average or worse in energy efficiency, which Ms Davidson said was adding hundreds of pounds to energy bills.
Speaking ahead of the launch event, the Tory leader said: "We believe that making every home a warm home should be one of the Scottish government's key priorities for infrastructure over the next five years.
"A real focus on this would cut fuel poverty, increase jobs, and would do so much to help us meet our carbon reduction obligations.
"It's an example of the kind of positive contribution we want to make to Scotland over the next five years."
The Scottish Greens and UKIP have published their manifestos already, with the Liberal Democrats, Labour and the SNP to follow.


Jason Dufner won his fourth PGA Tour title with a two-hole play-off victory over Sweden's David Lingmerth at the CareerBuilder Challenge in California.

Dufner triumphed thanks to a par on the second extra hole after Lingmerth had sent his second shot into the water.
He had not won a tournament on the tour since his 2013 PGA Championship.
Both men were tied on 25 under after the regulation 72 holes, but the 38-year-old American needed a remarkable shot on the 17th to force a play-off.
After hitting his tee shot into the rocks surrounding an island green, luckily evading water, he somehow managed to produce a superb chip shot that hit the flag and almost went in. He tapped in for an unlikely par.
On the first play-off hole, he made a 10-foot par putt for a half, before Lingmerth hooked his second shot from light rough on the 18th into the water.
That was enough to ensure Dufner, who led for all four rounds, the title.
"It was pretty tough," he said. "This is the best tour in the world so for me to win I feel like I was one of the best players in the world this week."
Of his escape on the 17th, he added: "I thought the ball was in the water - I got a great break and sometimes you need these things to happen to win."
Lingmerth followed up his third-round 62 with another round-of-the-day 65 to claw back a five-shot deficit on overnight leader Dufner.
Phil Mickelson, Kevin Na and Andrew Loupe were all tied for third on 21 under.


An Indian minister who said groping at New Year celebrations in Bangalore was caused by women dressing "like Westerners" has caused outrage.

Reports have emerged on local and social media of women being molested during festivities on Saturday night.
A Bangalore newspaper published photos of women crying and complaining that they had been groped by crowds of men.
Police say they have received no complaints but are scanning security footage for evidence of molestation.
As local media published images of distraught women seeking police help, Karnataka State Home Minister G Parameshwara blamed young people for "copying the Westerners, not only in their mindset, but even in their dressing".
"These kind of things do happen," he said.
The minister's comments have caused anger. National Commission for Women chief Lalitha Kumaramangalam said he should apologise to the women of the country and resign.
The federal government's junior home minister, Kiren Rijiju, described the minister's remarks as "irresponsible".
"We can't allow the shameful act of #MassMolestation go unpunished," he said on Twitter, adding that women's safety was a "must in a civilised society".
Saturday night's events took place in the central business district. Crowds of around 10,000-12,000 gathered in the Mahatma Gandhi Road and Brigade Road area to celebrate the new year, BBC Hindi's Imran Qureshi reports from Bangalore.
Reports said 1,500 policemen and women were deployed.
"The crowds were three times more than what we have seen normally in this area," Anantha Subramanyam, Bangalore Mirror photographer, told BBC Hindi.
His pictures have raised questions about the city's men and their behaviour.
"From about 2345 to 0030, people just could not move in the area. The police would clear the crowd near the junction of the two roads and they would again collect there," he said.
"When there was a slight let up in the crowd and when people could reach the police, I saw women complaining to the policewomen that they were molested. The police asked them to identify the men, but they couldn't. It was a mob frenzy.
"I could see a girl surrounded by several men and crying," he added.
Women in India are often reluctant to report sexual assault because of fear of reprisal or social stigma, but since Saturday night several women have come forward to talk about their ordeal.
Chaitali Wasnick, a photographer, posted on Facebook that a man tried to grope her as she was returning from work.
"With so much ease he did [it], as if he thought I'll not utter a word," she said, adding that the police did not intervene, even as she fought off the man.
One woman who was in the area that night was Eashita (not her full name). She confirmed that "a couple of women were touched when a group of 20-30 men suddenly started running on the road".
"I was there with my parents and brother and we were in a group of 12-15 so we were protected," she said, adding that there were lots of policemen there who "escorted us to the nearby Metro station and ensured that we were not harassed".
Bangalore Police Commissioner Praveen Sood told BBC Hindi that security camera footage from the area was being analysed.
"We continue to search for evidence of molestation in the footage and pictures. The minute we get evidence we will not waste a single minute in initiating criminal action," he said.
Mr Sood has also appealed to journalists and members of the public for footage or photographs of any incidents.
"We will go to the victims and get their complaints," he added.


Police had to use cutting equipment to get into a tower of the Tyne Bridge to break up an "illegal rave" involving more than 200 people.

Revellers had barricaded themselves into the granite structure, which houses a lift shaft and stands 120ft (37m) above the River Tyne.
Lights and sound equipment are thought to have been smuggled in some time on Saturday night.
Members of the public raised the alarm at 01:50 GMT on New Year's Day.
Three men in a white van seen parked outside the tower are being sought.
A spokeswoman for Northumbria Police said: "Early this morning police disrupted an illegal rave being held in an old lift shaft of the Tyne Bridge in Lombard Street on the Newcastle side of the river.
"The building was quickly evacuated and was secured by police to allow the electricity to be made safe.
"It's believed three men in a white van were seen taking equipment into the tower during the evening on Friday and Saturday. We are keen to trace these man and would ask they, or anyone who knows who they may be, come forward."
The bridge's two towers were built of Cornish granite and originally designed as five-storey warehouses.
Lifts for passengers and goods were built in to provide access to the quayside although they are no longer in use. They are sometimes opened to the public as part of heritage open days.
The bridge, which spans the River Tyne between Newcastle and Gateshead, cost Â£1.2m to build and was opened in 1928 by King George V.


Proposals for a new £50m academic building have been unveiled by the University of Reading.

The four-floor construction would replace the institution's engineering block which is set to be demolished.
It will house the health and life sciences department and become the new site of the Cole Museum of Zoology.
The building planned for the Whiteknights campus is expected to be completed by summer 2019 subject to planning permission.
The university released an image of the plan on Tuesday ahead of submitting a formal application to Wokingham Borough Council.
It said the "world class" facility would contain 24,793 sq ft (7,557 sq m) of laboratory and teaching space.
The project forms part of a wider £400m capital investment programme.


Nelson Mandela had no shortage of female admirers, given his charm and impeccable dress sense.

His biographer Anthony Sampson once said he was a "ladies' man and proud of it".
He had three wives, who over more than six decades proved invaluable partners to him at different stages in his career, and have given an insight into the private man.
Nelson Mandela married Evelyn Mase, a cousin of his political mentor Walter Sisulu, three years after arriving in Johannesburg to avoid an arranged marriage in the rural region of Eastern Cape. He was 26 and she was 22.
"I think I loved him the first time I saw him," she is quoted as saying in Higher Than Hope, a biography of Mr Mandela that came out in 1990 when he was released from prison.
"Within days of our first meeting we were going steady and within months he proposed."
They were married for 13 years. During much of that time, her nurse's salary supported the family while Mr Mandela pursued his law studies.
Together they had four children. The death of their second child aged nine months had a devastating effect on Evelyn, who became more religious, while Mr Mandela became more political.
She was a Jehovah's Witness with no interest in politics.
''I could not give up my life in the struggle, and she could not live with my devotion to something other than herself and her family,'' Mr Mandela wrote in his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom.
It was a bitter end to the marriage, and Mr Mandela returned home on bail after his arrest on treason charges to find she had moved out.
Five years after Mr Mandela was sentenced to life in prison in 1964, their eldest son Thembekile died in a car crash.
According to biographer Anthony Sampson, he sent Evelyn, who was then running a grocery store in a village in what is now the Eastern Cape, a message of condolence - it was their only communication while he was in prison.
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When her former husband's release from jail in 1990 was compared to the second coming of Christ, she told journalist Fred Bridgland: "It's very silly when people say this kind of thing about Nelson.
"How can a man who has committed adultery and left his wife and children be Christ? The world worships Nelson too much. He is only a man."
But she later seemed to have grown accustomed to the adulation.
In an interview just after the general election which saw Mr Mandela elected as the country's first black president, she said she had not seen him since he had been released from prison, but she knew "the people love him very much".
"When I go to their houses to talk to them about Jehovah, I always see his picture on the walls. His strength has come from God.
"God uses people to do his work even if they are not righteous."
In 1998, more than 40 years after separating from Mr Mandela, Evelyn married Simon Rakeepile, a fellow Jehovah's Witness. She died in 2004.
Nelson Mandela's romance with Winnie Madikizela blossomed during his treason trial. She was a 22-year-old social worker, 16 years younger than him and she would become a political firebrand.
"I was both courting her and politicising her," Mr Mandela said in his autobiography.
In her 1984 memoir Part of My Soul Went with Him, she said that Mr Mandela never formally proposed.
"One day Nelson just pulled up on the side of the road and said: 'You know, there is a woman who is a dressmaker, you must go and see her, she is going to make your wedding gown. How many bridesmaids would you like to have?'
"That's how I was told I was getting married to him! It was not put arrogantly; it was just something that was taken for granted. I just asked: 'What time?'"
She said in an 1983 interview with filmmaker Kevin Harris that to all intents and purposes she was marrying a prisoner.
"He had to get permission to get married because he was not only a prisoner, he was banned and the trial was on in Pretoria at the time. So he was given four days in which to go to the Transkei and get married."
The couple went on to have two daughters, but spent little time together as a family.
"He did not even pretend that I would have some special claim to his time. There never was any kind of life I can recall as family life, a young bride's life where you sit with your husband. You just couldn't tear Nelson from the people: The struggle, the nation came first," she said in her memoir.
Three years after their wedding, Mr Mandela went underground - he was captured and imprisoned for sabotage in 1962 for five years.
"The honest truth of God is that I didn't know him at all," she later admitted to Mr Sampson.
While he was in prison, the Rivonia trial began, and the defendants could have faced the death sentence - instead they got life in prison.
From this time, Winnie was determined to keep the struggle going with her name. She faced banning orders, imprisonment and was exiled to a township near Brandfort. Visits to see her husband were difficult.
"Exile is like being in prison at your own expense… worst of all was being without my children and not having the opportunity to play the role of a parent… virtually both of us have really not had that opportunity to be parents to our children," she told Mr Harris.
Despite her controversial politics in the late 1980s - and her involvement in the abduction of a teenage boy accused of being a police spy who was murdered by one of her bodyguards - the couple put on a united front for Mr Mandela's release in 1990.
She said there had been a great fear that the ANC leadership would die in prison. On the day of his release, before he walked free, Mr Mandela was full of excitement and they were both shocked by his reception, she recalled in an interview in The Guardian newspaper in 2010.
"He is human," she said. "He must have at a certain point been afraid, afraid of what he was coming out to… having left in the 60s, you come back to a society that expected so much of you at the age of over 70."
The couple separated before Mr Mandela became president, over growing political and personal differences, and reports of her infidelity.
They later divorced and during court proceedings it was revealed that after Mr Mandela's release from prison, she had never entered their bedroom while he was awake.
On the 20th anniversary of his release and at a time when her political star had again risen, Winnie recalled their married life together in a speech: "He was loving, fond of children, a people's person and a very hard worker.
"His fearlessness, his unassailable morality, his unwavering commitment to the struggle for total freedom and his insistence on marching to his own beat were the hallmarks of his character.
"Yet he also had the ability to take on adversaries and win them over, and to take complex issues and bring them down to earth.
"And he was no angel, like most human beings. He never claimed to be a saint."
Profile: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
Graca Machel knew what it was to be married to a liberation movement when she married Mr Mandela towards the end of his presidency.
She was the widow of Mozambican independence leader and president Samora Machel, who died in a plane crash in 1986 - an accident that was alleged to have been engineered by South Africa's apartheid-era regime, though this is still under investigation.
"It's just wonderful that finally we have found each other and can share a life together," Mr Mandela's biographer Anthony Sampson quoted her as saying two years before their marriage.
"He can love very deeply, but he tries to control it very well in his public appearance," she told the author.
"In private he can allow himself to be a human being. He likes people to know he is happy.
"When he is unhappy he lets you know.
"He's a very simple person, very gentle. He is down to earth. Even politically if you watch him sometimes you can feel there's a bit of naivete."
Twenty-seven years his junior, she was reportedly reluctant to marry him because of her sense of obligation to the people of Mozambique, and the tension between Mr Mandela and Winnie Mandela following their divorce.
According to Mr Sampson, she agreed to spend two weeks every month with him in Johannesburg in 1996, finding it hard at first to adjust to his early rising and bedtimes.
He could be "very impatient" and "very stubborn" - and in a sentiment shared with Mr Mandela's other wives, she told Mr Sampson: "He is a symbol, that's correct, but he's not a saint."
Eventually bowing to pressure, she agreed to marry him and they tied the knot on his 80th birthday in 1998.
She already had six stepchildren and two of her own children, and together they enjoyed their large families and many grandchildren.
Graca, who continued her political and humanitarian career, also oversaw his several retirements and tried to protect him from the demands of an adoring world.
And for several years before his death, she was at pains to prepare South Africa.
"Madiba is a very proud person. He is vain so when he realises that he can't walk tall and firm like he used to be, he doesn't like it," she told CNN on his 91st birthday.
"To see him ageing is something that pains you.
"You understand you know it has to happen. That spirit, that sparkle, somehow is fading."
Nevertheless she told the BBC in 2010 it was wonderful to watch Mr Mandela "get old gracefully".


A Roald Dahl-themed art exhibition opens in Cardiff on Saturday.

Drawings from the author's novels will be on display at National Museum Cardiff until 20 November.
The exhibition features more than 120 works, brings together curator Quentin Blake's drafts and storyboards with finished art work to demonstrate how ideas evolved.
The 100th anniversary of Roald Dahl's birth will be celebrated in September.
A Roald Dahl-themed breakfast takes place at 10:00 BST, followed by drawing and a fancy dress competition.


A stabbed backpacker's mother has called for regulation of Australian farm work, which she believes contributed to her daughter's death.

Mia Ayliffe-Chung, 21, was stabbed at a workers' hostel in Home Hill, near Townsville, on 23 August.
Smail Ayad, 29, has been charged with her murder and that of fellow backpacker Thomas Jackson.
Rosie Ayliffe, from Wirksworth in Derbyshire, said "exploitative" work lead to an "aggressive" atmosphere.
Ms Ayliffe said: "All was well until she got to the farm and she started to message me three or four times from the point till just before her death. There was a tone of anxiety in her messages.
"She was talking about the place as if it was a prison camp."
To earn a visa to stay more than a year, visitors must complete 88 days unpaid work, which can be allocated on a daily basis.
Ms Ayliffe said Mia was in a remote mixed dormitory with travelling companions.
"Unfortunately also in the dorm was her killer," she said.
"To me this man is emerging - he has a criminal record, he is an ex-cage fighter and he has been put in a hostel, in a dorm, in a bedroom with a young girl. That could have been avoided.
"The whole place had a febrile, intense, aggressive atmosphere, caused by competition for work but also a complete lack of any entertainment in the evening.
"Anyone who looks after young people knows they need things to do in the evening or they start scrapping."
She has started a campaign and petition calling on the Australian government to introduce basic standards and a duty of care in the industry.
Mr Ayad, a French national, has also been charged with 12 counts of serious assault and one count of serious animal cruelty.


A man has been arrested after several shots were fired at a house in Dublin.

The incident took place at Drumalee Park at about 17:25 local time. No one was injured.
After the attack, an attempt was made to set a car on fire but a man was arrested near the scene. Two firearms were also recovered by police.
Irish police believe the shooting may be connected to an ongoing feud between two criminal gangs in the city.
Eight people are believe to have died since February as a result of a violent dispute between the Hutch and Kinahan gangs.
The murder of Mr Hutch's brother Gary in Spain last year is believed to have been the first death in the feud.


Two teachers have been been banned from teaching for life after being found guilty of having sexual relationships with the same teenage girl.

Daniel Cochrane, 38, and Andrew Green, 32,  began exchanging sexual texts with the 15-year-old in 2011.
Both men worked at Lord Lawson of Beamish School in Gateshead, but their victim was not one of their pupils.
The National College for Teaching and Leadership conduct panel found them guilty of professional misconduct.
PE teacher Cochrane had taught at the school for 11 years while music teacher Green had taught there for five years.
Both resigned in March 2012. Both men said they believed the girl was over 16.
The panel ruled that Cochrane engaged in a sex act with the girl in his car - knowing that she was 15.
Although Green had sex with her, at the time he thought she was over 16, the panel found.
The girl, who is now 19 and referred to as girl A' in the report, said that in May 2011 she had sex with Green in his house.
The girl also exchanged sexual messages and pictures with Cochrane but they had only met once, the panel heard.
She said she had performed a sex act on him in his car in May 2011.
Both men were given an indeterminate ban from teaching for life.


Illegal skin-whitening creams are being sold by high street cosmetics shops despite a number of prosecutions, a BBC undercover investigation has revealed.

Shaba Hair and Cosmetics stores have been fined for dealing in creams containing hydroquinone but researchers found outlets continuing to sell them.
Products containing hydroquinone can damage the liver and nervous system.
Trading Standards officials said there was "no excuse" for selling the creams. Shaba declined to comment.
Skin-lightening products containing hydroquinone are widely used throughout India and sub-Saharan Africa - although some countries have outlawed the ingredient.
Shaba director Banaras Hussain has been prosecuted for selling the banned creams at his shops on three previous occasions - in Enfield, Dalston and Peckham.
He was fined £11,792 over the Peckham sales alone, and is due in court on 1 April for sentencing after pleading guilty to 33 offences related to the Dalston shop.
But after a tip-off, the BBC found Shaba outlets continuing to deal in banned skin lightening creams under the auspices of Mr Hussain.
At Shaba Hair and Cosmetics (Peckham) an undercover researcher was sold a jar of 'Caro Light' cream priced at £9.99 that listed hydroquinone as an ingredient.
Manufactured in the Democratic Republic of Congo, when tested it was found to contain 4.6% hydroquinone - more than twice as powerful as the strongest medicine containing hydroquinone licensed for prescription for medical purposes by a UK doctor.
The cream was sold in a black bag from under the counter. When the researcher asked for a receipt, an assistant asked Mr Hussain in Urdu: "Brother, I have given her the goods and now she wants a receipt. Should I give it to her or not?"
In response, Mr Hussain tore off the name and address of the shop before handing the receipt over.
At Shaba Cosmetics Ltd in Dalston, a member of staff informed the BBC that three products displayed on the shelves contained hydroquinone - despite it not even being listed as an ingredient.
The worker admitted the sale of the product was not allowed. Two of the creams were subsequently found to contain the chemical.
When confronted with the evidence, Mr Hussain made no comment.
Sarah Oladokun, a 19-year-old beauty blogger from Peckham, used skin-lightening creams when she was younger. She said: "My skin became patchy, very uneven, which then caused problems for me because I didn't know how to balance it out.
"So instead of me stopping I would continue to put more on the darker areas.
"It became very sensitive as well."
Dr Anjali Mahto, a consultant dermatologist at the British Skin Foundation, warned: "It's really worrying actually. You're liberally applying these treatments, and you don't know how much of these chemicals are contained within them.
"It's incredibly dangerous in terms of long-term effects."
Paul Gander, team leader of Southwark Trading Standards, said he would expect to seize about 1,000 products on a typical period of enforcement action.
"In Southwark we've done test purchasing and in about 50% of the shops they appear willing to sell it if pushed," he said.
"In certain areas the problem seems to be quite severe."
He added: "There is no excuse for selling this product."


A financial trader has been arrested in the UK after US authorities accused him of contributing to the 2010 Wall Street "flash crash".

The US Department of Justice wants to extradite Navinder Singh Sarao, 36, on charges of wire fraud, commodities fraud and market manipulation.
The crash wiped billions of dollars off the value of US shares in minutes.
At a Westminster Magistrates' Court hearing on Wednesday, Mr Sarao opposed his extradition to the US.
Separately, US regulators filed civil claims against Mr Sarao, adding that he made $40m (Â£27m) over five years.
It is claimed the trader, from Hounslow, west London, used automated computer programmes to manipulate share prices.
Scotland Yard confirmed Mr Sarao was arrested by the Met's extradition unit.
"This is like something out of a thriller - it's a most remarkable story," the BBC's economics editor Robert Peston said.
"The allegation is that he was sending what are known as spoof orders to sell futures contracts in the US stock market. He would drive the price of the stock down... then withdraw the sell orders, but the price would already have fallen.
"He would then buy the orders back and guarantee a profit for himself. According the charge sheet, he did this thousands and thousands of times over many years.
"This is an amazing insight into the way computers have completely transformed the stock market business."
The infamous flash crash saw US markets plunge rapidly, only to then rebound just as quickly. Regulators blamed high-frequency traders placing multiple sell orders.
High-speed trading is where share dealers create computer algorithms to buy and sell stocks in milliseconds.
The Justice Department said in a statement that "Sarao's alleged manipulation earned him significant profits and contributed to a major drop in the US stock market on May 6, 2010".
The statement continued: "By allegedly placing multiple, simultaneous, large-volume sell orders at different price points - a technique known as 'layering' - Sarao created the appearance of substantial supply in the market."
Mr Sarao was then able to buy and sell futures contracts tied to the value of the share indexes, it is alleged.
In a separate announcement, the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) released details of civil charges against Mr Sarao and his company Nav Sarao Futures Limited.
The statement alleges market manipulation over five years, and as recently as 6 April.
CFTC director of enforcement Aitan Goelman said: "Protecting the integrity and stability of the US futures markets is critical to ensuring a properly functioning financial system.
"Today's actions make clear that the CFTC, working with its partners on the criminal side, will find and prosecute manipulators of US futures markets wherever they may be."


The ex-boyfriend of a woman accused of making a false rape claim against him has been charged with harassing her father.

Eleanor de Freitas, 23, of Fulham, was found dead in 2014, only days before she had been due to stand trial accused of perverting the course of justice.
Alexander Economou has been charged with harassing her father, David de Freitas, the CPS said.
Mr Economou is due before Westminster Magistrates' Court on 11 January.
The CPS said he had been charged in relation to sending a letter to Mr de Freitas, emails to his solicitor, uploading recordings and comments to websites including YouTube and setting up a website with the domain name eleanordefreitas.com.
Trainee accountant Ms de Freitas, who had bipolar disorder, made a rape complaint against Mr Economou to the Metropolitan Police in early 2013.
The police said there was insufficient evidence to pursue the case and the man she said had attacked her took out a private prosecution, accusing her of perverting the course of justice.
Ms de Freitas's solicitors asked the CPS to halt the private action but instead the CPS decided to take it over and continue it.
The 23-year-old had said she felt there was "no way out" after the CPS charged her with perverting the course of justice and she was found hanged on 4 April, three days before she had been due to stand trial.
West London coroner Chinyere Inyama recorded that Ms de Freitas had taken her own life and that the impending court case had been "a significant stressor in her life at that time".


German officials have proposed creating a special government unit to combat fake news in the run-up to next year's general election, reports say.

A document quoted by the Spiegel news website calls for an "anti-disinformation centre" in Chancellor Angela Merkel's administration.
The US government believes that fake news stories sent via Facebook, Google and Twitter helped Donald Trump to win the November presidential election.
It accuses Russia of election meddling.
A special EU team, called East StratCom, documents what it calls Russian "disinformation". It issues a weekly bulletin highlighting the alleged myths and distortions, as well as a Twitter feed called EU Mythbusters.
"In view of the [2017] parliamentary election, action must be taken very quickly," the document quoted by Spiegel says.
It calls for an information campaign targeting the Russian- and Turkish-origin minorities in Germany, seen as especially vulnerable to fake news.
Liberal politicians fear that nationalists - among them the Alternative for Germany (AfD) - and pro-Kremlin activists are getting recruits easily on social media.
"Acceptance of a post-fact age would be tantamount to a political surrender," the document warns.
Germany's bitter experiences under the Nazis and communists, however, make any moves towards censorship highly controversial.
Earlier this month German officials warned that Russian hackers could undermine the German election through cyber attacks.
Chancellor Merkel is one of the EU's strongest voices in favour of maintaining sanctions on Russia. EU-US sanctions were imposed after Russia annexed Ukraine's Crimea region in 2014.
The Obama administration says the Kremlin was behind the hacking of US Democratic Party computers during the election campaign.
Russian President Vladimir Putin dismissed that accusation on Friday. He suggested that the Democrats were bad losers, who should examine themselves to learn why so many voters opted for the Republicans.


One of two men accused of murdering a scrap metal dealer has told a court he tried to stop a fight between the victim and his co-defendant.

Adam Fanelli, 31, was found dead at Nash Park travellers' site in Buckinghamshire on 17 March.
Addy McAllister, 34, of Charlesworth Street, Bolsover, and Jemma Price, 30, of Ridgeway, Kensworth, deny murder.
Mr Price told Luton Crown Court he had tried to help Mr Fanelli after Mr McAllister knocked him to the ground.
His account came after Mr McAllister told the jury the fight was between Mr Fanelli and Mr Price.
The body of father-of-two Mr Fanelli, from Dunstable, Bedfordshire, was discovered in a field next to the travellers' site in Winslow Road in Nash, near Milton Keynes.
He had 159 separate injuries and post-mortem tests showed he died from blunt force trauma to the head.
The court heard earlier that Mr Fanelli had bought drugs for both defendants in Dunstable before the three set off for Nash in Mr Fanelli's van.
Mr Price told the jury the atmosphere had been fine but the mood changed when Mr McAllister said he wanted to "exchange some blows" with Mr Fanelli.
He said the pair got out of the vehicle and began fighting while he remained in the van.
"I never thought it was going to get that serious," he said.
"I actually got out of the van because I could see it was getting nasty."
He said he tried to push them apart but Mr Fanelli fell over so he "lifted him up".
Mr Price said, when he got Mr Fanelli back into the van, he saw Mr McAllister approaching them with a knife. The victim jumped out of the van and "ran away", "hitting three fences" as he went.
He told the court Mr McAllister punctured the tyres on the van before driving off in it. When he returned he had changed his clothes.
The prosecution alleges both defendants inflicted a severe beating on the victim.
The trial continues.


Saudi Arabia says a man accused of shooting dead two policemen was acting on instructions from the Islamic State militant group.

Officials said Mohammed Abdulrahman Abu Niyan, a Saudi citizen, confessed to the murders which took place in the capital, Riyadh, earlier this month.
He received instructions, cash and weapons from IS elements in Syria, the interior ministry said in a statement.
Saudi Arabia is keenly aware that it is a key IS target, correspondents report.
IS has vowed to take over Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of Islam and site of its holiest mosques - and last year issued a call for followers to carry out attacks against Saudi targets.
Abu Niyan confessed to the 8 April attack on the police officers in a patrol car in the capital, the interior ministry said in its statement carried by state media.
The 23-year-old is also said to have admitted wounding two other policemen in a similar shooting in March.
According to officials, he carried out the attacks after contact with an IS representative in Riyadh.
The ministry said it was also offering a bounty of 1 million riyals ($270,000; Â£176,000) for the capture of an accomplice, Nawaf bin Sharif Samir al-Anzi.
The Sunni Muslim-dominated Saudi kingdom is part of a US-led coalition waging an air war against IS, which has seized swathes of Syria and Iraq.


North Korea says it has produced its first home-grown smartphone, but experts have disputed its origins.

The Arirang handset, described as a "hand phone" in state media, was shown to leader Kim Jong-un during a factory tour.
The country has had a mobile network since 2008, but activity is heavily monitored and restricted.
Last year the country launched a tablet, but it later emerged it was likely to have been made in China.
Clues to the tablet's origin were uncovered by Martyn Williams, an expert on North Korean technology, who noted that parts of the tablet's software code suggested links to a manufacturer in Hong Kong.
The Arirang smartphone, named after a popular folk song, was unlikely to have been made in the country, Mr Williams added.
He noted that no actual manufacturing was shown, and that the device was "probably made to order by a Chinese manufacturer and shipped to the May 11 Factory where they are inspected before going on sale".
The leader was accompanied by the Korean Workers' Party propaganda chief and the head of the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), a hint that the devices could be used for widespread dissemination of government information.
Mr Kim was seen to be demoing the device, which appeared to be running a version of Google's Android mobile operating system.
There are no further details available about the smartphone's exact specifications, but the KNCA reported that the leader praised the "high pixels" of the built-in camera.
The article said Mr Kim had high hopes for the "educational significance in making people love Korean things".
He advised that factory workers should "select and produce shapes and colours that users like".
Mobile phones in the secretive country have been available since 2008. The national network is maintained thanks to a joint operation by the North Korean government and Egyptian telecoms company Orascom.
Phones on the network are heavily restricted. They cannot access the internet and can only make calls within North Korea.
For a short time, foreigners in the country were able to use mobile internet, but this access was later revoked.
It is believed that many in North Korea, particular those near the borders, use illegally owned mobiles to contact people outside the country.
One man, a 28-year-old who left North Korea in November 2010, told a research paper: "In order to make sure the mobile phone frequencies are not being tracked, I would fill up a washbasin with water and put the lid of a rice cooker over my head while I made a phone call."
Being found in possession of a foreign phone would be a very serious crime, the paper's authors said.
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC


Everton defender John Stones is a potential future England captain, says Toffees boss Roberto Martinez.

Stones, 21, produced an accomplished performance as Everton drew 0-0 with Tottenham at White Hart Lane.
The centre-back did so on the back of intense scrutiny about his future after a transfer request was rejected.
"He was under a lot of pressure, so his performance was that of someone who has the potential to become an England captain," Martinez said.
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"He shows incredible composure and you would never say he's only 21 years old."
Martinez reiterated Everton's stance that Stones is not for sale after Chelsea had three bids refused and claims the player "accepts" the club's position.
He added: "Absolutely he accepts he is an Everton player. We want to be a winning team and John is a big part of that.
"We have our own ambitions and project and John is a big part of that. He showed a really strong face against Tottenham."
Everton midfielder Tom Cleverley and Tottenham's Mousa Dembele were both taken off on stretchers at White Hart Lane.
Cleverley, 26, was injured in a first-half challenge with Spurs' Eric Dier and Martinez admitted that at first he had feared the worst.
"We'll assess him over the next 24 hours," said the Everton boss. "Straight away we thought it was ligament damage plus something else.
"It was a big worry, but we feel quite confident now that it was just ligament damage. It was a really strong challenge and it shows how fit he is to escape that incident with just ligament damage."
Dembele, 28, suffered a self-inflicted injury, his right boot appearing to clip his left Achilles after passing the ball. An update on his injury is expected on Monday.


Joe And Jake, the duo representing the UK at this year's Eurovision Song Contest, have signed a record deal.

Sony Music Entertainment UK will now put out future releases from the pair - whose full names are Joe Woolford and Jake Shakeshaft.
The duo's single You're Not Alone won the public vote on the BBC's Eurovision: You Decide show last month.
They will now perform the single at the grand final of the contest in Sweden in May.
Sony Music Commercial Group managing director Phil Savill said: "Joe and Jake are a fantastically talented pair of artists and You're Not Alone is an outstanding song.
"We are delighted to be working with the guys on making this year's UK Eurovision entry a huge international hit and launching the careers of this amazing act"
Joe And Jake said: "We are so excited to be signed by Sony. This whole experience has been a dream come true and we cannot wait to hit the stage at Eurovision.
The singers met after auditioning separately for BBC One's The Voice UK, both passing the blind auditions stage and being mentored by Rita Ora and Will.i.am.
Shakeshaft reached the battle rounds while Woolford made it to the live shows, the final stage of the contest.
"We were good friends on The Voice but once it was over we spent more time together and started working together a lot more," Shakeshaft told BBC Newsbeat last month.
The pair started recording music as a duo and recorded You're Not Alone, which went on to beat five other songs in a public vote to become the UK's entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2016.


A support worker has been jailed for stealing more than £6,000 from a pensioner she was looking after.

Nurse practitioner, Elaine Lowery, 50, from Whitehaven, cared for a woman suffering from paranoia but instead stole £6,242 to spend on holidays.
In October 2015, Lowery helped withdraw £16,000 from the woman's account for her new home and funeral plan.
At Carlisle Crown Court, Lowery, of Gable Road, admitted two theft charges and was jailed for a year.
Lowery did not have the means to make any repayment and the rest of the money was spent legitimately, the court heard.
Recorder Abigail Hudson said: "It is a tragedy in the circumstances that the victim is unlikely to ever see that money again."


A hornet which can kill up to 50 bees a day has been spotted in Jersey for the first time, a month after a nest was discovered on a neighbouring island.

The Asian Hornet has spread across Europe since being accidentally introduced to France in 2004 in a shipment of pottery from China.
The UK's National Bee Unit confirmed one of the hornets had been photographed in Jersey.
Beekeeper Bob Hogge said he expected more to arrive on the island.
Mr Hogge, from the Jersey Beekeepers' Association, said: "I think I could put a very safe bet that we will have them here within the next few years.
"They surround us now, they're on the Brittany coast, they're on the Normandy coast - we will get them", he said.
A nest of Asian Hornets found in Alderney in July was destroyed as a precaution against them spreading, the Alderney government said.
In Jersey, an amateur insect expert who photographed it at Mount Bingham, Jersey's environment department said.
The department said the area had been searched and no further hornet activity detected.
People who suspect they have found a hornet should send a photograph to the department if it is safe to do so, a spokesman said.
Mr Hogge said the Asian Hornet dismembered honey bees to take back to feed their young and could wipe out entire hives.
"They've got a particularly unpleasant sting, and they are aggressive. If one attacks you and leaves a sting it will leave a scent and others will come and attack you too," he added.
However, the department stressed the Asian hornet was no more harmful to humans than the European hornet.
Identifying an Asian hornet
Source: National Bee Unit


There will be a huge parade in Manchester to celebrate Team GB's success in the Rio Olympics and Paralympics, later this year.

Prime Minister Theresa May made the announcement that there would be special events taking place in both Manchester and London in October.
She said: "It will be a celebration fit for heroes - and rightly so, because that is exactly what they are."
The decision to hold the parade in the north of England was made to help reflect the fact that lots of the Olympic athletes live all over the UK and not just in London.
Top Olympic cyclists like Laura Trott and Jason Kenny live and train in Manchester, as well as taekwondo star Jade Jones.
The success of Scotland's Olympians and Paralympians will also be celebrated with a special event in Edinburgh on 28 September.
Smaller parades will also be held for individual athletes in their home towns.


Police investigating the murder of County Down woman Lisa Dorrian have begun a fresh search of land outside Comber.

Ms Dorrian, 25, was last seen at a party at a caravan site in Ballyhalbert on 28 February 2005.
Despite land and sea searches, her body has never been found.
In a statement, the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) said the latest search was the result of "new information" being provided to them.
The general area had been searched in 2012 when police were looking for a vehicle.
This time, the search is concentrated on a different area of farmland and specialist search teams are looking for human remains.
The detective leading the investigation said police would be deploying a significant range and amount of resources over the next few days.
"These will include search teams, body recovery dogs and ground probes," Det Ch Insp Justyn Galloway said.
"Other equipment and experts are available, if required."
The officer added: "Lisa's family are being kept fully informed about our inquiries.
"The search may yield nothing but we feel it is appropriate to act on this new information."
Last February, a reward of up to Â£5,000 was offered  by the Crimestoppers charity for information about Ms Dorrian's murder.
This reward was in addition to one of Â£10,000 previously put up by the family.
Police have previously made several arrests, but no-one has been charged with her murder.


A woman stole £8,500 from a memorial fund for her friend who was killed in a car crash, a court has heard.

Natalie Thomas, 25, offered to help with a fund which was set up after Laura Rees, 22, died on her way to be fitted for a bridesmaid dress in 2012.
Thomas, of Whitland, Carmarthenshire, admitted theft at Llanelli Magistrates' Court and will be sentenced at Swansea Crown Court later this month.
The court heard how Ms Rees's friends wanted to raise money in her name.
Prosecutor Ellie Morgan said Thomas organised a charity night, including a quiz, karaoke and an auction.
"But she delayed handing the fund over and on the actual day it was supposed to be handed over the money did not materialise," she said.
The money was supposed to go towards a hospital's children's wing but magistrates heard how Thomas admitted "dipping into the fund" over the months.
"She intended paying it back but things got out of control and she couldn't pay it back. She then covered her tracks in a dishonest way," said Ms Morgan.
Nursery worker Ms Rees, of St Clears, near Carmarthen, died in October 2012 in the head-on collision.
She was buried in her bridesmaid dress.
Bride Katie Phillips, now Davies, went ahead with her wedding as many of their friends then staged fund raising events in her memory.
After Thomas's court hearing, Ms Rees's mother Angela said: "I am absolutely disgusted with her. She has betrayed the trust of myself and Laura.
"Everyone said she did a marvellous job at the time raising the money and then this happens.
"I just couldn't believe anyone could stoop as low as this."


The first anniversary of the conversion of a former opencast coal mine into a major landscape artwork is being marked with a Festival of the Solstice.

The three-day event is being held at the Crawick Multiverse near Sanquhar.
A range of music and performances is planned in an "extraordinary fusion of art, science and the environment" which runs until Sunday.
The festival will also see the unveiling of a new artwork by the man behind the multiverse, Charles Jencks.
The event is designed to celebrate the summer solstice - the longest day of the year - which fell earlier this week.
Mr Jencks said: "To bring together artists, world-renowned scientists, superb performers and so many members of the local community is quite wonderful - and will be a huge amount of fun."
The Duke of Buccleuch - who funded the Â£1m project - said the landscape artwork had welcomed 13,000 visitors in its first year.
"We are delighted that Crawick Multiverse is rapidly becoming a regional hub for artistic and scientific activity as well as for education," he said.
"Our aim is to inspire creative thinking and encourage interdisciplinary debate."
The Crawick Multiverse officially opened to the public on the summer solstice last year - which fell on 21 June.


Morocco international Walid Azaro says he turned down offers from Europe in order to join Egypt's Al Ahly.

The 22-year-old feels the eight-time continental champions are the 'biggest' club in Africa.
The striker has joined on a four-year deal for $1.4 million from Moroccan side Difaa El Jadida.
"Even the national team coach Herve Renard tried to persuade me to choose France," Azaro said at his unveiling on Thursday.
"I know that Mohamed Aboutrika was one of the club's best ever players and I hope that I can emulate him."
"I can assure the Al Ahly fans that I am happy to be here and that I will do my best to help the club to more titles.
Azaro becomes the first Moroccan international to move to Egypt since Abdessalam Benjelloun spent a season at Ismaili in 2010.
Moroccan under-23 player Omar Najdi spent two stints with Misr Lel-Makkasa firstly for a season from 2011 and again between 2014 and 2016.


The UK Space Agency has launched a competition for children to design a space meal.

2 May 2014 Last updated at 09:14 BST
The winning designer will work will celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal to make their meal for British astronaut Major Tim Peake.
Ayshah's been speaking to Libby Jackson from the agency about the sort of things they eat at the moment and get some tips about the sort of thing they are looking for.
Pictures from the CSA


Police have opened a criminal investigation into an allegation of bribery after reviewing material from the Daily Telegraph's investigation into suspected corruption in football.

Sam Allardyce left his post as England boss after the newspaper investigation claimed he offered advice on how to "get around" rules on player transfers.
He had been in charge of England for one game before his exit.
But police said Allardyce "is not part of the investigation".
In a statement, 62-year-old Allardyce said he welcomed the confirmation, adding: "I was always confident that this would be the case as there was no evidence against me. I now ask that the Football Association deals with this matter as quickly as possible.
"While I am sad that my tenure came to an end early, I am nonetheless proud to have been chosen to manage the England football team and hope that today's confirmation from the police will give me the opportunity to move on."
The FA, English Football League and Premier League have all been waiting for the City of London Police to complete its review of the Telegraph's evidence so they can proceed with their own inquiries.


Wales' summer Test match against Tonga will be staged in another country after Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) concerns over the suitability of the stadium in Nuku'alofa could not be satisfied.

The game is now likely to take place in Auckland, New Zealand on 17 June.
The WRU had expressed doubts over the readiness of Teufaiva Sport Stadium, which is being redeveloped.
Another concern was the availability of medical cover should a serious injury occur.
Delegations from World Rugby and the WRU visited Tonga in December to see whether sufficient progress had been made, but concerns remained that the pitch will not be fit for purpose.
The match is now likely to take place the day before the British and Irish Lions take on New Zealand Maori in Rotorua, while Wales' game in Samoa will go ahead as planned in Apia on 24 June.
Tonga has rarely had the the opportunity to host tier-one nations. The last time Wales toured the islands in the South Pacific was more than 20 years ago, in 1994.
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World Rugby chairman Bill Beaumont said: "World Rugby shares in Tonga's disappointment that this match will be moved given the huge effort made by the Tongan Rugby Union (TRU) to date.
"But the decision was jointly agreed by the WRU and World Rugby with the objective of ensuring that the fixture can go ahead albeit in a different location.
"We are working with our friends at the Tonga Rugby Union to deliver a match venue befitting of such an occasion and we remain committed to supporting the union with future test match hosting opportunities."
The WRU delayed confirming the fixture as they wanted the game to be hosted in Tonga if possible, according to chairman Gareth Davies.
"The TRU should be commended for their efforts in relation to the redevelopment of their national stadium but unfortunately time has proved to be against us all and, although difficult, it is the right decision to move the game," he said.
Fans and travel companies had been in limbo for a number of months as they were unable to confirm itineraries for those wishing to travel.


Plans to sell shares worth at least £2bn in Lloyds to private investors have been announced by the government.

The Treasury said that the government would sell its remaining 12% stake in the bank in the coming months.
As part of this, a sale aimed at private investors will be launched next spring.
Members of the public will be offered a 5% discount to Lloyds' market price and small investors seeking shares worth less than £1,000 will get priority.
Those who keep their shares for at least 12 months will get one bonus share for every 10 they own.
The value of the bonus share incentive will be capped at £200 per investor.
The share sale will be launched in spring next year, with applications available online and by post.
The move echoes government privatisations in the 1980s, when the Conservative government sold shares worth £3.9bn in British Telecom and a £5.6bn stake in British Gas.
Chancellor George Osborne described the sale as the biggest privatisation in the UK for more than 20 years.
"I don't want all those shares to go to City institutions - I want them to go to members of the public," he said.
The announcement comes just days after the financial regulator said it intended to set a 2018 deadline for people to claim compensation for mis-sold payment protection insurance (PPI).
The Financial Conduct Authority's decision was regarded as a boost for Lloyds, which has already set aside at least £13bn to compensate customers for PPI - more than any other bank.
The government saved Lloyds from collapsing at the height of the financial crisis in 2008 with a £20.5bn bailout, leaving it with a 43% stake.
The Treasury has recouped almost three-quarters of public funds used to rescue the bank by selling shares to institutional investors.
The proceeds from selling the shares are being used to reduce government debt.
Shares in Lloyds Banking Group rose 1.4% to 77.6p in morning trading in London on Monday, valuing it at £54.6bn.
It was the most actively traded stock on the FTSE 100, with 14 million shares changing hands.
Richard Hunter, head of equities at Hargreaves Lansdown, said the £2bn sale equalled a 3.6% stake in the bank, with the 5% discount equivalent to 3.8p a share.
"Nonetheless, it does provide a welcome opportunity for smaller investors to at least participate in a fraction of the sell-off, in what is currently a well-regarded bank," he said.
"With a projected dividend yield which could nudge 4% and interest rates remaining in the doldrums, you can see this being of interest to income-seeking investors in the current environment."


Motorists will have to pay £11.50 a day to drive into central London from next month as Transport for London (TfL) raises the congestion charge.

The increase from £10, the first since 2011, will come into effect from 16 June.
Auto pay system and fleet customers will continue to have a £1 discount making their daily rate £10.50.
The Federation of Small Businesses (FSB) has said the rise will hit smallest firms the hardest.
More than £1.2bn in revenue raised through the charge has been reinvested in the capital's transport infrastructure since the levy was introduced in 2003, TfL said.
The daily charge, which comes into effect from 07:00 BST, was £5 when it was introduced in February 2003.
Garrett Emmerson, TfL's chief operating officer for surface transport, said: "These changes will ensure the congestion charge remains effective in managing congestion in central London."
TfL promised to introduce several facilities for customers, including direct debit payments for auto pay customers, online discount applications, and easier reimbursement for NHS patients and staff.
The FSB said a survey done by them showed 66% of its members opposed the rise and added it was time for a "root and branch reform".
Sue Terpilowski, the group's London Policy Chairman, said: "Congestion has risen back to pre-2003 levels and it is clear that the scheme is not fit for purpose.
"Londoners deserve a grown up debate about the merits of the current scheme in operation which is why an 15% increase is a regressive step."
But David Leam, head of infrastructure at business group London First, has backed the increase saying "it needs to rise to manage worsening congestion".


Lincoln City have signed Aston Villa midfielder Riccardo Calder and Doncaster goalkeeper Ross Etheridge on loan until the end of the season.

The pair are both available for Saturday's FA Cup quarter-final against 12-times winners Arsenal.
Calder, 21, spent the first half of the season on loan at Doncaster, scoring once in 20 appearances.
Etheridge, 22, started his career at Derby and has made eight appearances for the League Two leaders this season.


Nigeria's president has promised to bring terrorism under control, during a visit to the scene of Friday's bombing at the UN's headquarters in Abuja.

Goodluck Jonathan said it had been not just an attack on Nigeria, but an attack on the international community.
The radical Islamist group, Boko Haram, told the BBC it was behind the blast in the capital, which left at least 23 people dead and 81 wounded.
Mr Jonathan said the group was a "local problem" that had to be dealt with.
Boko Haram, which is fighting for the establishment of Sharia law in Nigeria, is alleged to have had contacts with al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, which operates in North Africa, and al-Shabab in Somalia.
The BBC's Mark Doyle in Abuja says Friday's suicide attack shows Boko Haram, whose name roughly translates as "Western education is forbidden", is getting bolder and that Nigeria has a growing security crisis.
For two years, the Islamist group has been targeting government and mounting a campaign of killings, but attacking the United Nations in the heart of the capital is a major escalation, our correspondent adds.
The bomber drove his vehicle through the headquarters' two security barriers, then crashed into the reception area before detonating the explosives.
The blast was powerful enough to bring down parts of the structure, where about 400 UN personnel work, and blow out the windows of nearby buildings.
Standing among the broken glass and twisted metal on Saturday, President Jonathan told reporters: "I and all Nigerians are shocked."
"Terrorist attacks on any individual or part of the world is a terrorist attack on the rest of the world," he added. "Terrorists don't care about who is anywhere."
"We will work with the UN and other world leaders to ensure that terrorism is brought under control."
When asked by the BBC what he would do about Boko Haram, he gave no direct answer but acknowledged it posed a threat.
"Boko Haram is a local group linked up with terrorist activities and as a government, we are working on it and we will bring it under control."
Our correspondent says Nigeria's government has tried negotiating with Boko Haram and cracking down hard, but neither tactic has worked.
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said on Friday that he condemned "this terrible act utterly", and sent Deputy Secretary General Asha-Rose Migiro and Under-Secretary General for Security Greg Starr to Nigeria.
On Saturday, the UN's top official in Nigeria said nine of its staff were confirmed dead and that dozens were being treated in hospital.
"We have lost motivated, bright, selfless people who were working only for the good of Nigeria and the world," said Agathe Lawson, the UN's acting resident co-ordinator.
"Our priority now is to ensure those who are injured and the families of those who died are cared for."
Mr Lawson said that her "second and urgent priority" was to ensure that UN operations continued in Africa's most populous nation.
"We will not be deterred in our mission to work to improve the lives of Nigerians. This is why we are here," she added.
Shortly after President Jonathan left the bomb site, agents from the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrived to help investigate.
"The FBI is on the ground at the request of the Nigerian government," said US embassy spokeswoman Deborah MacLean without elaborating.


Burnley defender Kevin Long has been handed his first call-up into a 37-man Republic of Ireland squad for the games against Mexico, Uruguay and Austria.

Long, 26, made his first Premier League start against West Brom two weeks ago.
The ex-Cork City player was again in action for the Clarets in the weekend defeat by Bournemouth and could now be in line for his international debut.
The Republic face Mexico and Uruguay in friendlies, then play Austria on 11 June in a Dublin World Cup qualifier.
Everton midfielder James McCarthy, the subject of verbal exchanges between Republic boss Martin O'Neill and Toffees boss Ronald Koeman, is not included having not played since early March because of a groin injury.
After limited game time for Everton, McCarthy was picked to play in the Republic's World Cup qualifier against Wales on 24 March but pulled shortly before kick-off having felt a recurrence of his injury during the pre-match warm-up.
O'Neill's side take on Mexico in New Jersey on 1 June, before hosting Uruguay at the Aviva Stadium on 4 June.
"I saw Kevin Long play last week," said O'Neill. "He really impressed me, don't discount him. It'll be good to have a look at him."
Cork City player Sean Maguire has not been included, although O'Neill said the striker is a player "we are monitoring".
"If he continues to progress, there's no reason why he can't make it, but there are people ahead of him in terms of experience as much as anything," added O'Neill.
O'Neill has also called up Reading playmaker Liam Kelly, currently trying to shrug off illness to make his side's Championship play-off semi-final second leg against Fulham.
His team-mate Paul McShane is suspended for that game after seeing red in the first leg, but he will link up with his country for the three forthcoming fixtures.
Marc Wilson is named after a year plagued by injuries, while Preston trio Andy Boyle, Daryl Horgan and Aiden McGeady are again involved.
The Republic are unbeaten in their Group D campaign and lie second, level on points with leaders Serbia after five rounds of fixtures.
Goalkeepers: Colin Doyle, Rob Elliot, Keiren Westwood, Darren Randolph
Defenders: Cyrus Christie, Richard Keogh, Alex Pearce, Paul McShane, Shane Duffy, John O'Shea , Andy Boyle, John Egan, Marc Wilson, Kevin Long, Stephen Ward, Matt Doherty.
Midfielders: Aiden McGeady, Glenn Whelan, Jeff Hendrick, Robbie Brady, Harry Arter, Conor Hourihane, Stephen Gleeson, Eunan O'Kane, Darron Gibson, Liam Kelly, Wes Hoolahan, James McClean, Callum O'Dowda, Daryl Horgan, Jonathan Hayes
Forwards: Kevin Doyle, David McGoldrick, Daryl Murphy, Shane Long, Jonathan Walters, Adam Rooney


West Midlands Deputy Police and Crime Commissioner (PCC) Yvonne Mosquito has been suspended amid allegations she visited the family of a murder victim.

Kenichi Phillips, 18, was killed as he sat in a car in St Mark's Crescent, in Birmingham, on 17 March.
An internal investigation has begun into potential gross misconduct, the Office of the PCC said.
Ms Mosquito is reported to have strenuously denied the allegations.
The PCC's chief executive Jonathan Jardine said it was investigating "concerns raised about interference into operational policing regarding an on-going serious investigation".
He said Ms Mosquito had been suspended from her post with immediate effect.


A man whose three cousins are among more than 200 schoolgirls being held by Islamist militants in north-eastern Nigeria tells the BBC's Focus on Africa radio programme of his reaction to the emergence of a video apparently showing about 130 of them.

The man declined to give his name because of security concerns for his family.
The girls, a mixture of Christians and Muslims, were taken by Boko Haram fighters on the night of Monday 14 April from their school hostel in the town of Chibok in Borno state.
In the new video a group of them is shown reciting Koranic verses, after apparently converting to Islam. Boko Haram's leader then offered to swap the girls who had not converted for imprisoned militants.
When I heard about the video release I was hoping to see one or two or all of my missing relatives.
But it was difficult for me [looking at the pictures] to see if my cousins were among the girls on the video.
Their dresses were different from what I am used to, the voices [of girls on the video] were different and the environment was different.
If possible I intend to print pictures out from the video to see if my relatives can recognise any of them.
The emergence of the video gives me hope that they are still alive, but in other ways it has made me more stressed.
I was very emotional and the tears were dropping from my eyes.
I was told that some of the girls were deprived of their rights and forced to convert to another religion by force.
I have no problem with what a person chooses to do, but I do have a problem if someone is converted to a religion by force.
That is terrifying - I would never want to force someone to convert to my religion [Christianity].
What I am saying is that these girls are the children of the masses.
They do not have any say in the government; they are not the children of politicians or the children of government officials.
We have never had any trouble with Boko Haram or militants before. We are peaceful and loving people.
I appeal to them to release these girls.
I want to say that we have forgiven [the militants] 100%, even thought they have abducted our daughters for close to a month subjecting them to some anxieties.
But we still say that the abductors are human beings and we are begging them to have mercy on these girls so that they can be the mothers of tomorrow.
One day they are expecting to get married and will give birth to at least a couple of children who will be available and useful to society. One day the gunmen themselves may need the help of the children [of] these girls.
They are innocent children who do not know anything.
What I want the government to do is employ diplomacy in all the decisions it takes.
There are people across the globe who may know these gunmen. Let's talk to these people in a polite way, in a good and peaceful manner.
Let them first embrace the spirit of forgiveness because if that is done they, the militants in the bush, will be able to come back home and be united with their relations.
And the people of Borno state and the rest of Nigeria will embrace them. They will receive complete forgiveness.
That is what I want the government to do. If that fails, let them try other alternatives.
But dialogue is one of the most important aspects.


Pittsburgh Penguins scored two late goals to beat Nashville Predators 5-3 in game one of the Stanley Cup final.

The Predators had fought back from 3-0 down to level in the third period.
But two goals in the final four minutes from Jake Guentzel and Nick Bonino secured victory for the defending champions at PPG Paints Arena.
Play was stopped early in the second period to remove a dead catfish that was thrown on to the ice by a Predators fan - a tradition dating back to 2003.
Nashville are playing in their first Stanley Cup finals since their formation in 1998.
Game two of the best-of-seven series is in Pittsburgh on Wednesday (01:00 BST on Thursday).


TV physicist Brian Cox and the visual effects team behind the film Gravity will tell the story of the universe using cutting-edge augmented reality technology in a live show next year.

Prof Cox, effects wizards Framestore and film director Kevin Macdonald are using a system called Magic Leap.
Magic Leap has not been seen in public, but reports suggest that its headgear projects images onto users' eyes.
The show will be part of the Manchester International Festival next July.
Titled The Age of Starlight, it is one of the first three productions to be announced for the 18-day event.
Also on the line-up are a ballet created by choreographer Wayne McGregor, musician Jamie xx and artist Olafur Eliasson, and a family show telling the life story of children's TV favourite Mr Tumble.
In October, Magic Leap made headlines when it received $542 million (Â£346 million) from investors led by Google.
Promotional videos suggest the technology will allow users to "see" computer-generated images in front of them as if those objects were really there.
Now the Magic Leap team are working with Prof Cox, Framestore visual effects director Tim Webber - who won an Oscar for Gravity - plus Kevin Macdonald, who directed The Last King of Scotland and State of Play, and Manchester designer Peter Saville.
Their show will address "the deepest possible questions" about the origins of the universe, Prof Cox said.
"It's the premiere of a technology that allows you to put digital images into your field of vision directly," he said. "I saw the prototype in Miami a few months ago and it's stunning.
"It is going to be transformative technology, there's no doubt about that."
The experience will "disturb" audiences and put them "off balance", he predicted. "That's what it did when I saw it demonstrated."
Prof Cox has presented TV documentaries including Human Universe and Wonders of Life.
"Whereas in television documentary you're attacking these ideas from a scientific perspective, in this case it's much more of an emotional experience and I think it should be disorientating," he said.
"I want people to stagger out and have to have a sit-down for a long time before they go home.
"Don't forget, it's an art installation. That's what the Manchester International Festival does.
"It's supposed to be beyond what you would get in a documentary. It's not a science lecture, it's not a science documentary. It's a piece of art."
Festival artistic director Alex Poots described Magic Leap as "a way of introducing 3D CGI imagery into your field of vision" without the need for a screen.
At least 50 people at a time can watch each "show", though the numbers will depend on how many headsets are ready by July.
Mr Poots said it was the most ambitious project the festival had ever tackled.
"There is a quite significant element to the show which is being invented as we speak," he explained.
"Will it be ready in time? We've made the decision that it's a risk worth taking. We're about commissioning new, ambitious work."
Magic Leap inventor Rony Abovitz has previously said his system goes "beyond the current perception of mobile computing, augmented reality, and virtual reality".
He added: "We are transcending all three, and will revolutionise the way people communicate, purchase, learn, share and play."
MIT Technology Review, which examined Magic Leap's patent and trademark requests, described a semi-transparent display called a Wrap - which stands for 'waveguide reflector array projector' - that uses tiny mirrors and magnetic liquid to create 3-D patterns of light rays.
Also in the festival line-up, Tree of Codes will be a collaboration between Wayne McGregor's Random Dance, Jamie xx from Mercury Prize-winning band The xx, and Olafur Eliasson, best known for putting a giant sun in Tate Modern's Turbine Hall.
The ballet, based on Jonathan Safran Foer's novel of the same name, will also feature dancers from the Paris Opera Ballet.
"It's thrilling to have that quality of dance and that combination performing this new work," Mr Poots said.
Meanwhile, Justin Fletcher - aka Mr Tumble from CBeebies - has created The Tale of Mr Tumble, which, like Tree of Codes, will be staged at the Manchester Opera House.
The full line-up for the festival, which runs from 2 to 19 July, will be revealed in February.


A man is in hospital after apparently being shot during an altercation between two groups in Sheffield, police have said.

South Yorkshire Police said he is suspected to have gunshot injuries but they are not life-threatening.
A spokesman said two groups believed to be of Kurdish and Somalian origin clashed in the Spital Hill area at about 15:00 BST on Wednesday.
A heavy police presence is expected in the area for the next few days.


Edinburgh have acquired a "quite outstanding player" in Fiji sevens forward Viliame Mata, says the man who coached him to Olympics gold in Rio.

Ben Ryan says Edinburgh head coach Alan Solomons must involve Mata, 24, who can play second or back-row, as much as possible in open play.
"You don't want a player like that not having an influence and not getting his hands on the ball," Ryan told BBC Scotland.
"For Alan, that'll be a good driver."
Ryan describes 6ft, 7in Mata, who signed a two-year deal with Edinburgh this week, as a versatile blend of raw athleticism, and streetwise game-play.
"He doesn't make mistakes; he gets everything right," he said. "His line-break statistics and error rate are probably the best in the squad.
"His hands and his offloading are very, very good. What draws him away from others in the offloading, is that unlike some of our players that might throw offloads that wont always go to hand, Bill's offloads are always very measured.
"He'll always get past the man, always ride the tackle and be able to give an offload very well. I don't think he gave a penalty away in Rio, and  I don't think he gave the ball away either."
The Englishman, who stepped down from his post as the national sevens head coach after the Rio Games, reckons there are "a lot of similarities" between Mata, and another of his gold-winning vintage, ex-Glasgow Warriors phenomenon Leone Nakarawa.
Second-row Nakarawa's astonishing skill-set was pivotal in Glasgow's run to the Pro12 title in 2015, before he departed for the French champions, Racing 92, this summer.
"Bill won't shine as much in that he does a lot of hard work that goes unnoticed," said Ryan. "Not that Leone doesn't, but his bread-and-butter, his tackle, his jackal, for a guy that's so big, he gets to his feet to compete for the ball so well.
"You might not see an amazing step with an offload out the back, but you will see line breaks. Those line breaks don't necessarily have to be full of stardust, they can be created in a number of different ways.
"He's got beautiful hands, he speaks perfect English, and as he gets more confident with the people around him, they could certainly look at him as a number eight as well. He's so flexible."
Mata's background is chiefly in sevens and rugby league, but Ryan added he had played for Fiji's top province, from whence the likes of former Gloucester favourite Akapusi Qera have emerged.
The 44-year-old believes Solomons will best exploit his talent by forging a close bond with his newest recruit.
"Bill's very quiet, so you bring the best out of him by having a very good relationship with him, trust him, have a two-way communication with him, like you would with any player," said Ryan.
"There's a lot to come from Bill if you can press the right buttons He's very coachable, and he's a very bright footballer.
"The key for Bill is, whatever game you play, you just need lots of contact for him - whether that's lots of tackles, lots of passes, lots carries, lots of interaction in the game.
"He'll understand all their frameworks; it's then about making sure he gets involved as much as possible."


Forensic experts have been sent to the Mexican town of Carrizalillo to examine human remains found in a number of mass graves.

The location was disclosed by a member of a drugs gang who was attacked by residents of Carrizalillo.
The town is 75km (47 miles) south of Iguala, where 43 students disappeared over a year ago.
Carrizalillo residents say there was unusually high gang activity on the night of the students' disappearance.
Locals say that over the past years, the town has increasingly come under the control of the Guerreros Unidos (United Warriors) drugs gang, whose members extort local businesses and terrorise residents.
They say that in the early hours of 27 September 2014, dozens of armed men belonging to the gang arrived in Carrizalillo in pick-up trucks.
The students were last seen on 26 September 2014.
The government report into their disappearance said that they were seized by corrupt local police officers who handed them over to the Guerreros Unidos.
According to the report, the Guerreros Unidos mistook the students for members of rival drugs gang Los Rojos and killed them.
The report says that the Guerreros Unidos burned the bodies and dumped their remains in Cocula, a small town near Iguala.
However, an independent group of experts has cast doubt on this version of events and the Mexican authorities have reopened their investigation.
In the weeks after the students' disappearance, dozens of mass grave were discovered in Guerrero state.
Hardly any of the bodies have been identified but their discovery has revealed the extent of the violence and disappearances in this region of Mexico.
Relatives of the 43 students, who are still hoping to find them alive, have reacted with scepticism to the theories put forward by the residents of Carrizalillo.
The 43 were all students at an all-male teacher training college in the town of Aytozinapa, in south-western Guerrero state. The college has a history of left-wing activism and the students regularly took part in protests.
They disappeared from the nearby town of Iguala on the evening of 26 September 2014 amid a confrontation between municipal police and the students during which six people were killed.
Independent forensic experts have matched charred bone fragments reportedly found at a rubbish dump near Iguala to Alexander Mora, one of the 43 missing students. They also say there is a high probability another set of remains could belong to Jhosivani Guerrero de la Cruz, another of the students. However, experts from the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights say the chain of evidence was broken and they could not be sure the bone fragments had been found at the dump.
According to the official report, the students were seized by corrupt municipal police officers who handed them over to members of a local drugs gang. The drugs gang mistook the students for members of a rival gang, killed them and burned their bodies at the dump before throwing their ashes into a nearby stream.
They think officials have failed to investigate the role soldiers from a nearby barracks may have played in the students' disappearance. The government has refused to let the soldiers, who were in the area at the time of the disappearance, be questioned by anyone but government prosecutors. The families also point to the report by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights which said that there was no evidence the bodies of the 43 were burned at the dump.


A woman has died in hospital two days after a crash involving a car and a van in Fife.

Audrey Thom, 58, from Fife, was badly injured in the accident on the A914 between Dairsie Roundabout and Balmullo on Tuesday.
Mrs Thom was a passenger in a grey Mazda 3 when it was involved in a collision with a white Renault Traffic van.
Mrs Thom died on Thursday. The van driver suffered minor injuries.
Police are appealing for witnesses.
Her family said: "Audrey was a much loved wife, mother to three daughters and very recent granny. She will be sadly missed."
Insp Brenda Sinclair, of Police Scotland, said: "We are still making inquiries to establish the full circumstances of this collision.
"We are asking anyone who was in the area at the time and saw these vehicles or who witnessed the collision, to contact us."


Worcester Wolves have made their sixth new signing ahead of the new British Basketball League season after agreeing a deal for power forward Alejandro Navajas.

The 6ft 7ins helped Spanish second division side Marin to a league and cup double last season.
"He's got a vast amount of experience playing in Spain," head coach Paul James told BBC Hereford and Worcester.
"We're really looking forward to having him on board."
Navajas, who will replace France-bound Pavel Losonsky, joins a new-look squad at the University Arena as James make a fresh attempt at winning silverware in 2016-17.
The 2014 BBL Championship play-off and BBL Trophy winners have already signed points guard Marek Klassen, forwards Danny Huffor, Jermel Kennedy, Deondre McWhorter and Trevor Setty, while guard Ashton Khan has agreed a new contract.


The woman who ruined a prized Jesus Christ fresco in Spain is now demanding royalties after her botched restoration became a hit with tourists.

Lawyers for Cecilia Gimenez, who is in her 80s, say any "economic compensation" would go to charities.
She made headlines after her do-it-yourself restoration in a church left the 19th Century fresco of Christ resembling a hairy monkey.
But thousands of people have since visited the church near Zaragoza.
The airline Ryanair is now even offering deals to the north-eastern Spanish city, encouraging tourists to see the fresco in the Sanctuary of Mercy Church in Borja.
"She just wants (the church) to conform with the law," said Enrigue Trebolle, Ms Gimenez's lawyer.
"If this implies an economic compensation, she wants it to be for charitable purposes."
The lawyer added that Ms Gimenez was favouring charities helping patients with muscular atrophy, because her son suffered from the condition.
Ms Gimenez earlier said she had decided to restore the work by Elias Garcia Martinez because of its deterioration due to moisture.
She claimed to have had the permission of the parish priest to carry out the job.
"How could you do something like that without permission? He knew it!" she was quoted as saying.
But during the restoration, the delicate brush strokes of Elias Garcia Martinez were buried under a haphazard splattering of paint.
The once-dignified portrait now resembles a crayon sketch of a very hairy monkey in an ill-fitting tunic.
Ms Gimenez appears to have realised she was out of her depth and contacted the city councillor in charge of cultural affairs.
Cultural officials said she had the best intentions and hoped the piece could be properly restored.


Faulty equipment was a major factor in the AirAsia plane crash last December that killed all 162 people on board, Indonesian officials say.

The plane's rudder control system malfunctioned four times during the flight - a fault that occurred 23 times in the preceding year, officials said.
Their report added that the crew's response contributed to the disaster.
The Airbus A320-200, travelling from Surabaya to Singapore, crashed into the Java Sea on 28 December 2014.
Investigators had initially indicated that stormy weather was a major factor in the crash - however, they now say that this was not a cause.
The new report from the National Transport Safety Committee, released after a year-long investigation, found that the soldering on a tiny electronic part in the system that controlled the rudder was cracked, causing it to send four warning signals to the pilots.
The crew tried to fix the problem by resetting the computer system, but this disabled the autopilot. They then lost control of the plane.
The plane then entered "a prolonged stall condition that was beyond the capability of the flight crew to recover", the report said.
'Startled and disoriented': Key report findings
Read more: Anatomy of an avoidable crash
Who were the victims of the AirAsia crash?
What we know
Maintenance crews were aware of the problem as it had occurred 23 times in the past year, and resetting the system was one of several methods used previously to address it, the report said.
Inadequacies in the maintenance system had led to "unresolved repetitive faults occurring with shorter intervals", it added.
The report does not apportion blame or liability, but is intended to help the industry avoid future accidents.
Sri Budi Siswardani lost her son Bhima Aly Wicaksana in the crash.
She told the BBC's Indonesian service: "The report today brought back all the trauma, grief and loss... I don't want to be angry with AirAsia, what's the use of anger? In the end it will only hurt me and stop me from moving on.
"We accept Allah's plan for us.  But I do want the government to make sure it doesn't happen again.  Don't let the disaster of 28 December ever happen again."
Malaysia-based AirAsia's Chief Executive Tony Fernandes said: "There is much to be learned here for AirAsia, the manufacturer and the aviation industry."
"We will not leave any stone unturned to make sure the industry learns from this tragic incident."
Since the crash, AirAsia had carried out 51 measures to improve safety standards, the report said.
Meanwhile, an Airbus spokesman said: "Airbus has just received the final accident report. We are now carefully studying its content. With safety being top priority Airbus is fully committed to push the safety track record of our industry even further."
The plane's wreckage was found days after the crash at the bottom of the Java Sea near Borneo.
Most of the passengers were Indonesian, and others on board included a French citizen, a Singaporean, a Malaysian, a Briton, and three South Koreans.
Only 106 bodies have been retrieved so far.
The crash came at the end of a year of major air disasters, including the disappearance of MH370 and the shooting down of MH17- both flights operated by Malaysia Airlines.


A proposal by The Range to build a distribution centre and "flagship" store in Wiltshire has divided opinion among election candidates locally.

The retailer claims the plans for Chippenham would create 1,000 jobs and bring Â£31m into the economy each year.
However, of the five candidates vying to become the area's MP, one is totally against it and three admit to having questions over the proposed site.
Petitions for and against have been signed by thousands of people locally.
Conservative candidate Michelle Donelan said she could see both sides, but believes the consultation - which has now ended - was inadequate for something that is "dramatically going to change the town forever".
The application for the 72,000 sq m regional centre is yet to be discussed by Wiltshire Council, but the five candidates gave their views during an election debate recorded for broadcast by BBC Wiltshire.
Andy Newman, for Labour, said he was in support of the development and had been assured it would bring in 700 permanent skilled jobs and would "push up wages in the area".
In contrast, Green party candidate Tina Johnston said she was "totally against" it, suggesting the number of jobs suggested would be far higher than in reality.
Two candidates were happy with the plans but unconvinced about the location, with Julia Reid (UKIP) saying she believed it would be better sited closer to the motorway and further away from the town, where it would be less of a threat to town centre shops.
Finally, Liberal Democrat Duncan Hames said he welcomed the prospect of jobs for the town but was "not sure" whether the site was right.


The British biathlon team have pulled out of the Russian leg of a World Cup event.

A statement said the decision was made because of "brain-washed, deluded and dishonest comments" from Russian athletes following the McLaren report.
The report claims more than 1,000 Russians benefited from state-sponsored doping between 2011 and 2015.
There are 31 suspicious cases against biathletes, according to the International Biathlon Union.
The IBU is due to announce sanctions for the athletes named in the report on 22 December, in accordance with the framework set out by the World Anti-Doping Agency (Wada).
The Sochi Olympic Winter Games featured heavily in lawyer Richard McLaren's investigation.
Britain have joined Czech Republic in boycotting the biathlon event in Tyumen, which runs from 9-12 March.


Championship-record signing Ruben Neves scored a stunning first goal for Wolves as Wanderers continued their 100% start to the season by winning at Hull City.

Neves, a £15.8m buy from Porto in July, found the top corner from 30 yards to give the visitors an early advantage.
Hull captain Michael Dawson nodded in from close range to equalise, but Diogo Jota turned in Bright Enobakhare's cross to restore Wolves' lead.
Nouha Dicko sent Hull to a first defeat, despite David Meyler's penalty.
Fraizer Campbell and Abel Hernandez had their best chances to equalise with the score at 2-1, but Campbell was denied by John Ruddy when one-on-one with the Wolves goalkeeper and the latter headed against a post from a corner.
Hull, who earlier on Tuesday rejected a £10m bid from Premier League side Burnley for midfielder Sam Clucas, won eight of their 19 home matches in the Premier League last season and hammered Burton 4-1 at home on Saturday,
But they were undone by two first-half goals of high quality from Wolves and a third on the counter attack from substitute Dicko.
Like fellow Portuguese 20-year-old Neves, on-loan Atletico Madrid forward Jota also scored in English football for the first time, his goal coming after excellent work on the right wing by teenager Enobakhare.
Wolves' defence was breached for the first time this season, having gone into the match as the only EFL club not to have let in a goal in a competitive game in 2017-18.
Despite the first-half concession to Dawson and Meyler's spot-kick in the ninth minute of stoppage time, they are one of three Championship teams to have won their first three league matches of the campaign.
Hull head coach Leonid Slutsky:
"It is very important to keep a player like Sam Clucas because he is a leader.
"We spoke with him about his situation but he's a really very professional guy and he has a long-term contract with the club.
"We built the team in a very difficult time. One more out can break the whole team, I'm very nervous about the situation."
Wolves head coach Nuno Espirito Santo told BBC WM:
"It was a good result. Parts of the performance went well but other parts not so well. We conceded from set-pieces.
"John Ruddy made a very good save but we have to work hard on set-pieces and not concede a goal from set-pieces.
"The good start to the season shows the hard work that the boys did from day one, the way they prepared themselves for the challenge."
Match ends, Hull City 2, Wolverhampton Wanderers 3.
Second Half ends, Hull City 2, Wolverhampton Wanderers 3.
Matt Doherty (Wolverhampton Wanderers) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Sebastian Larsson (Hull City).
Goal!  Hull City 2, Wolverhampton Wanderers 3. David Meyler (Hull City) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom left corner.
Penalty conceded by Conor Coady (Wolverhampton Wanderers) after a foul in the penalty area.
Penalty Hull City. Adama Diomande draws a foul in the penalty area.
Attempt blocked. Kamil Grosicki (Hull City) header from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Adama Diomande.
Ivan Cavaleiro (Wolverhampton Wanderers) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Michael Dawson (Hull City) is shown the yellow card.
Attempt missed. Max Clark (Hull City) left footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left.
Foul by Romain Saiss (Wolverhampton Wanderers).
Sam Clucas (Hull City) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Goal!  Hull City 1, Wolverhampton Wanderers 3. Nouha Dicko (Wolverhampton Wanderers) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Ivan Cavaleiro with a through ball following a fast break.
Attempt missed. Nouha Dicko (Wolverhampton Wanderers) header from the right side of the six yard box misses to the right. Assisted by Barry Douglas with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Wolverhampton Wanderers. Conceded by Ola Aina.
Substitution, Hull City. David Meyler replaces Abel Hernández because of an injury.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Substitution, Wolverhampton Wanderers. Ryan Bennett replaces Diogo Jota.
Delay in match Abel Hernández (Hull City) because of an injury.
Corner,  Hull City. Conceded by Willy Boly.
Rúben Neves (Wolverhampton Wanderers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Adama Diomande (Hull City).
Attempt missed. Kamil Grosicki (Hull City) header from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Ola Aina with a cross.
Offside, Wolverhampton Wanderers. Ivan Cavaleiro tries a through ball, but Nouha Dicko is caught offside.
Diogo Jota (Wolverhampton Wanderers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Markus Henriksen (Hull City).
Substitution, Hull City. Adama Diomande replaces Fraizer Campbell.
Substitution, Wolverhampton Wanderers. Nouha Dicko replaces Léo Bonatini.
Attempt blocked. Ivan Cavaleiro (Wolverhampton Wanderers) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Matt Doherty.
Attempt blocked. Kamil Grosicki (Hull City) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Sebastian Larsson.
Attempt missed. Abel Hernández (Hull City) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Ola Aina with a cross.
Hand ball by Fraizer Campbell (Hull City).
Abel Hernández (Hull City) hits the left post with a header from very close range. Assisted by Sam Clucas with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Hull City. Conceded by Conor Coady.
Fraizer Campbell (Hull City) is shown the yellow card.
Willy Boly (Wolverhampton Wanderers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Fraizer Campbell (Hull City).
Rúben Neves (Wolverhampton Wanderers) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Rúben Neves (Wolverhampton Wanderers).