Wholesale outlet Costco is the latest retailer to be linked to an outbreak of E. coli.

The US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said Costo's rotisserie chicken salad has been linked to 19 cases of E. coli.
The agency said it was still not sure which ingredient was the cause of the outbreak.
Costco said it stopped selling the chicken salad on 20 November, when it was notified of the outbreak.
This particular strain of the disease can be life-threatening, but no deaths have been reported.
According to the CDC, five people have been taken to hospital and two have reported kidney failure.
Incidents of the outbreak have been reported in Montana, Utah, Colorado, California, Missouri, Virginia and Washington.
Officials this month linked an outbreak of E. coli to food served at branches of Mexican fast food chain Chipotle in Washington, Oregon, California, Ohio, New York and Minnesota.


A man who set up a hidden camera and filmed himself sexually assaulting a 10-year-old girl has had his four year prison sentence reduced.

Kevin Enticknap modified shower gel containers and a washbag to conceal recording equipment and made videos of women and children using his bathroom.
The 42-year-old was jailed in December 2015 after admitting the offences.
Appeal judges ruled Sheriff Elizabeth Munro's sentence was excessive and that Enticknap should serve 32 months.
Enticknap, of Forres, Moray, was convicted after pleading guilty to repeatedly breaching the Sexual Offences Scotland Act.
Dundee Sheriff Court heard he had drilled holes in the walls of the bathroom and his bedroom and run cables between them to make the films.
Judges Lady Dorrian and Lord Bracadale reduced Enticknap's sentence at the Court of Criminal Appeal in Edinburgh.
The judges came to the decision partly because Enticknap had not previously served a custodial sentence.


Aberdeen Ladies are calling for an investigation after they "were forced to withdraw" from Wednesday's Scottish top-flight fixture against Spartans.

They refused to travel, saying many of their players were unable to make it to Edinburgh for the 19:45 BST kick-off in the Scottish Women's Premier League.
"We hope and urge that a retrospective investigation is held into the handling of this issue," said a club statement.
"We feel that we have been punished for living in a more remote area."
The SWPL management committee is expected to make a ruling this week.
Scottish Women's Football (SWF) has stressed that two midweek fixtures were required this season because of this year's Euro 2017 finals.
Aberdeen say they have been told they they must forfeit the points for not travelling to the game.
"The SWPL is not a professional league, with the vast majority of players either in full-time work or full-time education alongside their intense football commitment," they said.
"A midweek fixture understandably presents Aberdeen, in particular, with major logistical problems based on travel times and work/education."
Aberdeen pointed out their players would have needed to leave work, school or college by 13:00 BST and leave the city by 14:00-14:30 in order to reach Edinburgh in time, with financial implications for those in work and education difficulties for those involved during exam time for schools, colleges and universities.
"Getting players out of this is impossible and in our opinion irresponsible," Aberdeen said.
The club stressed they were sympathetic towards the need to accommodate preparations for Scotland's participation at the Euro finals.
However, they say that, despite "tirelessly attempting" to find an alternative date for the fixture, "the SWF informed the club that it would have no choice but to play the game".
"The club then took this to an official SWF appeals panel, who have also astoundingly rejected our appeal," they said.
The club then approached the Scottish FA judicial committee but were informed that "they could not take on the case due to time constraints".
"To say that we are frustrated and disappointed over this result and how it has been handled is an understatement and feel it sends a dangerous message to clubs across the country," Aberdeen stated.
The club requested a change in March but could not mutually agree on a date with Spartans other than Sunday, 21 May, which clashes with the League Cup final between Hibernian and Celtic.
Aberdeen were due to be playing on Sunday anyway because Glasgow City were subsequently granted permission to bring forward an August fixture because several of the latter's players will be on Scotland duty at the European Under-19 Championship finals in Northern Ireland.
But Aberdeen said later on Wednesday that they will not now fulfil Sunday's rearranged fixture.
A spokeswoman for the SWF said: "Last season, there were no midweek league fixtures at all, as SWF are sympathetic to the fact that many of our players are in full-time work or education.
"With the Euros this year and the extended league breaks, due to international games, we had no choice but to introduce two midweek fixtures for SWPL1 clubs this season.  The fixtures were announced in January.
"The fixture midweek in August [Aberdeen v Glasgow City] now cannot go ahead because the under-19s qualified for the Euros.
"As a result, Glasgow City were granted permission to play this 'rescheduled' match on Sunday, 21 May.
"The Spartans v Aberdeen decision has not been granted a postponement because it is an original fixture date."
Aberdeen are bottom of the eight-team SWPL1, with two points from seven games, while Spartans are in fourth place.


The wife of Westminster attacker Khalid Masood has said she is "saddened and shocked" and condemned his actions.

In a statement issued through police, Rohey Hydara expressed her condolences to the families of the dead and wished a "speedy recovery" to those injured.
Masood killed three people when he drove a car into pedestrians last Wednesday. He then fatally stabbed a police officer before being shot dead.
Inquests into the deaths of his four victims will be opened on Wednesday.
Ms Hydara went on to "request privacy for our family, especially the children, at this difficult time".
Her comments came after Masood's mother, Janet Ajao, said she had "shed many tears for the people caught up in this horrendous incident".
Masood, 52, is reported to have at least three children and one previous wife.
He drove his hired car into people on Westminster Bridge and then stabbed PC Keith Palmer, 48, outside Parliament.
His other victims were teacher Aysha Frade, 44, who worked at a London sixth-form college, US tourist Kurt Cochran, 54, and retired window cleaner Leslie Rhodes, 75, from south London.
Thirteen people are understood to remain in hospital.
The Metropolitan Police said the victims of the attack have been formally identified and inquests into their deaths are due to be opened and adjourned at Westminster Coroner's Court.
The inquest into Masood's death will be opened and adjourned the following day.
The so-called Islamic State group has said it was behind his actions. But Deputy Assistant Commissioner Neil Basu said while Masood "clearly had an interest in jihad", police had so far found no evidence of an association with the group or al-Qaeda.
Officers investigating the attacks are holding two people from Birmingham on suspicion of preparing terrorist acts. Nine people have so far been released without charge, while a 32-year-old woman arrested in Manchester remains on police bail until late March.
Masood was believed to have been living in the West Midlands before the attack, and had previously spent time in Luton, Crawley, Rye and Eastbourne.
He was registered at birth in Kent as Adrian Elms and used the name Ajao after his mother married a man with that surname. He later converted to Islam and became Masood.
Speaking on Tuesday, his mother, Janet Ajao, from Trelech in Carmarthenshire, also said she was "shocked, saddened and numbed" by the attack.
She added: "I wish to make it absolutely clear, so there can be no doubt, I do not condone his actions nor support the beliefs he held that led to him committing this atrocity.
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Voters in Tunisia have been choosing their first freely elected president in a run-off election seen as a landmark in the country's move to democracy.

Beji Caid Essebsi, who won the first round with 39% of the vote, is challenging interim leader Moncef Marzouki.
Mr Essebsi represents the secular-leaning Nidaa Tounes party.
Tunisia was the first country to depose its leader in the Arab Spring and inspired other uprisings in the region.
Polls closed at 18:00 local time (17:00 GMT). Voter turnout had reached 36.8% after four and a half hours of voting, Tunisia's election authority said.
Shortly after polls closed, Mr Essebsi's office said that there were "indications" that he had won.
However, a spokesman for Mr Marzouki said the claims were "without foundation".
Mr Essebsi, who turned 88 this week, held office under both deposed President  Zine el-Abedine Ben Ali and Tunisia's first post-independence leader, Habib Bourguiba.
He is popular in the wealthy, coastal regions, and based his appeal to voters on stability and experience.
His opponent, Moncef Marzouki, is a 67-year-old human rights activists forced into exile by the Ben Ali government.
He has been interim president since 2011 and is more popular in the conservative, poorer south.
After casting his ballot, Mr Marzouki said Tusinians "should be proud" of themselves "because the interim period has come to a peaceful end".
Mr Marzouki was thought likely to attract support from the moderate Islamist Ennahda party, which has played a key role in Tunisian politics since the Arab Spring but did not field a candidate.
Whoever wins faces restricted powers under a constitution passed earlier this year.
The president will be commander-in-chief of the armed forces but can appoint or sack senior officers only in consultation with the prime minister.
The president will also set foreign policy in consultation with the prime minister, represent the state and ratify treaties.
Tunisia boosted security for the elections and closed border posts with Libya, which has been plagued by unrest.
A group of at least three attackers targeted a polling station near the city of Kairouan on Sunday morning. Security forces say they killed one attacker and arrested three.
In the build-up to the vote, a video emerged of Islamic State militants claiming responsibility for the 2013 killings of two Tunisian politicians.
The men in the video also condemned the election and threatened more killings.
An interior ministry spokesman dismissed the video, saying the group "mean nothing to us".
About 5.2 million Tunisians were eligible to vote in the run-off poll. At least 88,000 observers oversaw the election, according to Tunisian state media.


David Cameron has insisted his aim of getting net migration to the UK down to below 100,000 before May 2015 remains "perfectly achievable".

He told the Commons liaison committee he could not give a "cast iron guarantee" the target would be met.
But he rejected calls from MPs for it to be dropped.
Net migration - the number coming to the UK for at least a year, minus the numbers leaving - rose 58,000 to 212,000 in the year to September 2013.
Mr Cameron conceded he had no control over some of the key factors feeding into the net migration figure, such as the number of people emigrating from the UK, but he said: "My commitment is to do everything I can to make progress towards that target and that's what we should do."
He said the difference between people leaving to work in other EU countries and coming to the UK had been "in broad balance" over time "so the way you get net migration down is by reducing migration from outside the EU" which he said was down by a third since the coalition came to power.
The first official figures on the number of migrants to have arrived from Bulgaria and Romania since restrictions were lifted on 1 January are due to be released on Wednesday.
Home Affairs Committee chairman Keith Vaz told Mr Cameron said the figures would show that 30,000 people had arrived in the UK from those countries.
Mr Cameron said he did not want to comment ahead of the figures, but said it was "remarkable" how many EU migrants had come from countries like Spain and Italy, rather than new EU states in Eastern Europe.
Quizzed by Mr Vaz about the difference between his stance on EU migration and that of UKIP leader Nigel Farage, who wants to end free movement into the UK and reintroduce a work permit system, he said: "I'm not entirely sure what his view is.
"It's sort of just 'put the barricades up and pretend that these organisations don't work'."
In March, Conservative MP Mark Field called for the Conservative Party to drop its net migration target, saying it was "impractical", harmed Britain's global competitiveness and was clearly not going to be met.
Lib Dem business secretary Vince Cable has also disowned the target, stressing that it was a Conservative and not a coalition government policy.
Mr Cameron also agreed to look at a proposal by Bernard Jenkin, Tory chairman of the public administration committee, to improve the system for estimating net migration.
At the moment it is based on a survey of passengers carried out at airports and ports. Plans to count all migrants in and out through an e-borders scheme have been "downgraded".
Mr Cameron conceded that the existing system has got "inadequacies because it is a survey" but experts, including the Office for National Statistics, had said it was the best way of measuring migration.
He said people were increasingly being counted out as they went through passport control and full exit checks would be in place by next year - but he would examine Mr Jenkins' call for an extra Â£15m to improve the collection of migration figures.
Labour's Shadow Immigration Minister David Hanson said Mr Cameron's comments showed the Conservatives were "failing" on immigration.
"No amount of bluster from David Cameron will change the fact that he promised categorically to get net migration down to the tens of thousands but it is actually rising, not falling."


State-run radio and TV, operated by the ZNBC, are on the air alongside private broadcasters.

Radio is the main source of information. ZNBC is the only broadcaster with national reach.
US-based Freedom House rates Zambia as "Not Free" in its 2014 Freedom of the Press survey. It cites the harassment of privately-owned news outlets, the blocking of critical websites, and politicised decisions over granting national radio licences.
Relays of BBC World Service (98.1 FM in Lusaka and Kitwe) and Radio France Internationale are on the air. There are scores of local radio stations. Multichannel pay-TV is available.
There were more than 2.3 million internet users by 2014 (Internetlivestats.com). News websites Zambian Watchdog and Zambia Reports were blocked by ISPs in 2013, says Freedom House.


Northern Ireland were "overawed" as they began Euro 2016 with a 1-0 loss to Poland, says striker Kyle Lafferty

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Arkadiusz Milik scored the only goal of the Group C game in Nice on Sunday, finding the net on 51 minutes.
Northern Ireland failed to register a shot on target and Norwich City forward Lafferty insists the team will "put it right" when they face Ukraine in Lyon on Thursday.
Captain Steven Davis added: "We need to be better on the ball and braver."
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The defeat ended Northern Ireland's 12-game unbeaten run after they had topped their qualifying group for the tournament in France.
"We always knew it was going to be difficult, but we were not good enough," added Davis, who thanked fans for their "incredible support".
Lafferty promised a "more determined" performance against Ukraine, who lost 2-0 to Germany in Sunday's other Group C game.
"That was not the team that has got us here and we didn't turn up," he said.
"The whole performance was not a Northern Ireland performance and on Thursday we will go and put it right."
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Northern Ireland manager Michael O'Neill said the result was "obviously disappointing" but insisted his side could "redeem" themselves against Ukraine.
"We have to acknowledge Poland were the better team," he added. "They never gave us a chance to settle into the game.
"We found it difficult to get a foothold and I think that was partly down to their physicality.
"They were very, very powerful in every area and that's something we're going to have to adapt to very quickly, because I don't envisage Ukraine will be any different prospect in that respect."


Watford striker Troy Deeney should be given a chance by England if there are any more injuries, says Alan Shearer.

Shearer, who scored 30 goals in 63 appearance for England, said Hornets skipper Deeney had impressed him with his character as well as his play.
"He is an integral part to how Watford play. I like the way he leads that team and drags them around," Shearer told Match of the Day.
"If there's another injury then he should be given an opportunity."
Fellow Match of the Day pundit Jermaine Jenas believes an ankle ligament injury to first-choice England striker Harry Kane may give Deeney a chance in this month's World Cup qualifiers against Malta and Slovenia.
Interim England manager Gareth Southgate names his squad for those matches on Sunday.
"Since he has come into the Premier League with Watford, Deeney has been outstanding," Jenas, who won 21 caps and was part of the 2006 World Cup squad, said.
"We ask whether we should pick [Andy] Carroll, who is a hold-up man for England, but there are not many better at holding the ball up than Troy Deeney.
"We have got a lack of leaders apparently and he is Watford captain and leads that team by example week in and week out.
"He is good with the ball at his feet and he has scored three in the last four."
Deeney, 28, said last year he had twice held discussions about representing Jamaica who he also eligible to play for, but that his ambition is to play for England.
Watford manager Walter Mazzarri backed his captain's claims to an England call-up last week, saying that Deeney was "international level".


Leicester City's owners are turning their attention to finding the manager to ensure Premier League safety after the shock decision to sack Claudio Ranieri, the man who brought them a historic title only nine months ago.

The ruthless dismissal of 65-year-old Ranieri has prompted outrage in many quarters - but fears that the Foxes were heading into the Championship a year after being crowned champions brought about his departure.
So, with 13 games left this season, who could Leicester City turn to in the search for Ranieri's replacement?
The Italian who led Manchester City to their first title in 44 years in 2012 played four games for Leicester City in 2001 and has talked positively of the club in the past.
Mancini, 52, is available after leaving Inter Milan in the summer and would be happy to return to the Premier League at some point.
The combustible Italian, whose fiery nature led to several confrontations at Manchester City, is a master of defensive organisation and would command instant respect in Leicester's dressing room - he would certainly take on any dissenting voice.
Would he feel this is a bad time to take over? He is a friend of the sacked Ranieri.
Suitability: 8
The 70-year-old Dutch coach is vastly experienced and won a reputation as a football firefighter who can calm a troubled dressing room after two interim spells at Chelsea in 2009, when he won the FA Cup and reached the Champions League semi-final, and again last season.
Cool nature and vast experience makes him an attractive proposition, even on an interim basis, but is not familiar with fighting relegation.
Suitability: 7
The 64-year-old Republic of Ireland manager is a Leicester City legend after taking them into the Premier League and twice winning the League Cup during his spell in charge between 1995 and 2000.
He would be greeted like a returning hero and has exactly the manner to lift the dressing room and supporters in an instant.
He is, though, currently plotting the Republic of Ireland's route to the 2018 World Cup in Russia and enjoys the challenges of international football so this might be a case of right man at the wrong time.
Suitability: 7
Pearson was the man who saved Leicester City from relegation two years ago, engineering a remarkable escape as they became only the third Premier League team to stay up after being bottom at Christmas.
He also put many of the building blocks in place for Ranieri. He knows the club, knows most of the players and knows what is needed to survive.
Problems? A confrontational, blunt nature saw him involved in several clashes during what was his second spell at the King Power Stadium, including a touchline tangle with Crystal Palace's James McArthur.
He was sacked by the current Thai owners in 2015 after they said "fundamental differences in perspective exist". Has that changed?
Suitability: 7
Hodgson resigned as England manager last summer after the humiliating last-16 exit to Iceland at Euro 2016 - which would make him a hard sell to Leicester City's fans after the much-loved Ranieri.
It's worth remembering, though, that he kept Fulham up after being appointed in December 2007 when they were 18th, two points from safety and had only won two league games before he arrived. He subsequently took them to the Europa League final.
Hodgson also performed solidly at West Bromwich Albion, where his pragmatic, organised style worked. He wants to return to football and Leicester has the sort of profile that might suit him. He is experienced and has never lacked confidence.
Suitability: 6
A candidate simply by virtue of being available after being sacked by Inter Milan in November after only 85 days in charge, having a big reputation and being someone who has made no secret of his wish to work in the Premier League.
De Boer, despite successes at Ajax, has no Premier League experience and his studied, passing style may not be what is required when a 13-game emergency success is called for.
Suitability: 5
Pardew is available and keen to return to football, but the 55-year-old would have to bridge a credibility gap. He was sacked by Crystal Palace in December amid relegation fears and with the Eagles in 17th place - the position Leicester City currently occupy and which prompted Ranieri's dismissal.
Pardew is a boom and bust manager, with wild fluctuations in form - would Leicester want to walk into one of his bust periods?
Suitability: 5
Leicester City's current assistant manager is the in-house candidate and will take charge against Liverpool unless an appointment is made before Monday.
The 53-year-old, in his second spell on Leicester's staff after being brought in by Nigel Pearson, was a key component of Ranieri's title-winning staff and was highly regarded enough as a coach to work under Sam Allardyce in his brief spell as England manager.
He knows Leicester's players, has seen it all unravel this season - but has no full-time management experience. Would be a risk.
Suitability: 5
Rowett, 42, won a reputation as emerging young English manager for his work at Burton Albion and Birmingham City, where he was surprisingly sacked in December with Blues lying seventh in the Championship.
He played 49 games in a spell at the Foxes between 2000 and 2002, but it would be risk for himself and Leicester to be thrown into what is effectively a 13-game fight against relegation. This one may have come too soon.
Suitability: 4
The perennial presence in the bookies' list thanks to availability and his willingness to accept any sort of challenge - a rank outsider, who, at 69, may just feel as if his managerial life has been lived after his last spell as an advisor to Derby County last season.
Redknapp knows what it is to be in a relegation fight, with success at Portsmouth but failure at Southampton and QPR, the latter he did not save but did return to the Premier League the following season. The shortest of short-term options and highly unlikely - but after Ranieri's sacking who would predict anything?
Suitability: 2


The plight of refugees, cast adrift in leaky and unserviceable boats by criminal traffickers, presents policymakers in the European Union and Asia with some harrowing and unpalatable choices.

The tide of people seeking to escape northwards across the Mediterranean from the Libyan coast is now not just a humanitarian issue, but one of the EU's major security challenges.
The plight of the Rohingya boat people fleeing persecution in Myanmar, also known as Burma, presents similar dilemmas for the governments of Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
The Malaysian Navy has now despatched four ships to search the Andaman Sea for the Rohingya refugees and the Malaysian and Indonesian governments have belatedly agreed to accept migrants for one year until they can be settled elsewhere.
Major population shifts caused by war and crisis are of course not a new phenomenon.
Look at Europe in the aftermath of World War Two, or the Indian sub-continent in the run-up to independence.
A catalogue of wars since 1945 have each thrown up their own tide of misery.
But the scale of what is going on today is immense.
Consider the extraordinary statistics from Syria where some four million refugees have left the country and more than seven million people have been displaced within its borders.
By these standards the Rohingya crisis is relatively small scale.
But still more than 120,000 have taken to the seas and an unknown number have perished.
The Muslim Rohingya are fleeing persecution and violence in predominantly Buddhist Myanmar, including state-sanctioned discrimination.
The crisis exemplifies the combination of state action (or inaction); the role of criminals who run the people smuggling networks; and the diplomatic ramifications of the population flow.
If this is the case in South East Asia then it is doubly so when the population movements are prompted by the collapse of any kind of order.
Libya has essentially become a failed state and its coast has become the jumping-off point for a tide of would-be immigrants to Europe.
Many come from Libya or the wider North African region, but many are refugees from sub-Saharan Africa, smuggled to the Libyan coast by elaborate and sophisticated networks whose tentacles extend into countries within the European Union itself.
Mustering the levers of state power, to tackle a crisis that originates in an area where organised government does not exist, is presenting the European Union with a problem from hell.
Deaths at sea prompt a call for action - the humanitarian response to be followed by offering a welcome to at least some of the refugees in EU countries.
But a number of governments have already baulked at the idea of EU imposed quotas.
With economies under strain and populist right-wing parties on the march in several countries, immigration policy is a particularly delicate area right now.
The EU is also looking at what military steps might be taken to interrupt the flow of hundreds of thousands of refugees towards Europe each year.
Planning is already under way, and there is vague talk of destroying vessels before the refugees board.
Libya's rival would-be governments both oppose any action in Libyan territorial waters.
Military steps there would require a UN Security Council resolution - perhaps unlikely given the current tensions between Russia and the West.
To the humanitarian, criminal, diplomatic and domestic political aspects of the crisis facing the EU, you can also add a significant security dimension with fears that jihadists from groups like Islamic State may be using the refugee flow to infiltrate European countries.
This is the kind of problem that western governments struggle to deal with.
They are torn between harrowing images in the media that call for action, with the understandable but more pragmatic considerations dictated by domestic politics.
Who are the Rohingyas?
Myanmar's unwanted people
Unanimity, even within the EU, is difficult.
Hindsight is an easy vantage point, but it looks as though the western intervention in Libya to overthrow the Qaddafi regime that was championed by Britain and France has prompted a series of unintended consequences.
After an initial period when there were hopes that Libyan society could be reconstructed, chaos ensued.
In the wake of the setbacks in Iraq and Afghanistan, western nations neither had the appetite nor the means to step up their involvement.
But a failure of policy was compounded by a failure in the broad strategic assessment.
The so-called "Arab Spring" was largely interpreted in the West through a media prism which focused on the middle-class Twitter generation in the Arab world.
It was believed that a democratic society could be constructed from the ruins of brutal authoritarianism in a matter of months rather than decades.
Such hopes proved an illusion.
They took no account of where power really lay.
Nor any account of the myriad divisions in the region, which are fast making the borders - largely inherited from the post-World War One settlement - as irrelevant as the colonial powers that drew them up.
The consequences of this failed strategic assessment are now washing up on Europe's shores, demanding that they not be turned away.


Nato could do more to support countries that are running counter-radicalisation programmes, the UK's top representative in the alliance has told the BBC.

Gen Sir Adrian Bradshaw said Nato should promote successful strategies so other countries could follow them.
He explained how Jordan was training its imams to practice a tolerant traditional form of Islam.
The deputy supreme allied commander in Europe also spoke about Afghanistan, migration, and the role of Nato.
Gen Bradshaw told BBC Radio 4's Today programme that the fight against Islamist extremism was multi-faceted.
He said part of Nato's approach should be based around drawing attention to de-radicalisation programmes that were working.
Gen Bradshaw added that it would be effective to promote the potential benefits of a strategy such as Jordan's.
Gen Bradshaw said: "One of the ways in particular that we can help as Nato is by drawing attention to the problem and the need for complementary activities to take place.
"There is a lot more that can be done to support nations who are running their own counter-radicalisation programmes.
"In particular, for example, I've become aware of the programme sponsored by King Abdullah of Jordan and delivered by Prince Ghazi to train imams in the tolerant, traditional form of Islam, which incidentally was the traditional form that was found in the Balkans, and in so doing reduce the scope for radicalisation of populations there.
"We can help in drawing attention to the potential benefits of that sort of activity, although it's not military activity and it's not our primary responsibility.
"I think it is our responsibility to make sure that people understand what sort of complementary activity needs to go alongside the security activity that we're directly involved in."
In a wide ranging interview, he also defended Nato's involvement in Afghanistan even though casualty figures have been rising and parts of Helmand have been taken over by the Taliban again.
In relation to the EU's migration crisis, he said the alliance was monitoring the influx of migrants but that it was limited in what it could do because it was not a security operation.
Critics including Republican US presidential candidate Donald Trump have accused Nato of being obsolete.
The general vehemently denied the suggestion, saying that its response to Russia's behaviour over the past couple of years proved that its role as a deterrent was alive and necessary.


Premier League football clubs have negotiated a world record level of shirt sponsorship for the new season of almost £100m, a study suggests.

The combined value of deals across the 20 top flight clubs is £99.75m, up from £71.8m last season, according to research from Sporting Intelligence.
The previous record was set by Germany's Bundesliga last season.
The downturn-beating sponsorship growth has been largely driven by huge new deals struck by individual clubs.
Liverpool's £20m-a-year contract with Standard Chartered is worth more than double its previous agreement with Carlsberg.
And Manchester United's fresh £20m-a-season deal with insurers Aon replaces the previous arrangement worth £14m a year with AIG.
Last month it emerged that Tottenham Hotspur, which has signed a £10m -a-year contract with Autonomy,  was looking at negotiating deals to sponsor shirts in each competition the team play in.
However, seven clubs have deals worth £1m or less - including newly-promoted West Bromwich Albion who have signed a £750,000 agreement with Homeserve after spending the previous two season without a permanent sponsor.
At £500,000-a-year, Blackpool's sponsorship is the least valuable, according to the report.
Deals remain unchanged for eight clubs including Everton, West Ham and Birmingham.
Shirt sponsorship typically makes up between 2% and 10% of total club revenues, industry figures suggest.
But Alex Miller, who carried out the study, said there was "an increasing chasm between the haves and the have-nots".
"You've got the really big earners and then the rest. For some of them, the amount they can command for shirt sponsorship is almost beer change, especially when compared with television revenues."
But he added the Premier League would be pleased to now have more valuable kit deals than the Bundesliga.
"It shows how successful the English top flight is when firms will pay such huge sums for their brands to be seen in stadiums and, crucially, on television around the world."
Mr Miller warned there may be a too-heavy reliance on online gambling firms, which sponsor seven of the Premier League clubs.
"These companies appear to be coming in with fairly short-term deals  with the aim of raising their profile quickly and then getting out.
"I don't think we'll be seeing any long-term partnerships as we did with, say, Liverpool and Carlsberg for example."
Gareth Moore of the consultancy Sport+Markt agreed that the gap between the clubs at the top and bottom of the sponsorship table was too large.
He said the deals of the lower-placed teams were valued at about the same level as some of the agreements in Germany's second division.


A nurse could be struck off over claims she hid Ebola survivor Pauline Cafferkey's high temperature on their return to the UK from Sierra Leone.

Donna Wood is accused of recording an inaccurate temperature for Ms Cafferkey after they landed at Heathrow in 2014.
Ms Wood faces misconduct charges before an independent panel at the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC).
Her lawyer said it had been a "confusing situation" at the airport and evidence against her was flawed.
At a hearing in September, Scottish nurse Ms Cafferkey was herself cleared of misconduct over the recording of an incorrect temperature when the panel ruled her judgement had been impaired by her illness.
The panel on Monday heard that Ms Wood, who was among the first volunteers to leave the UK to spend Christmas treating Ebola, wrote down a temperature of 37.2C for Ms Cafferkey, even though her temperature had been taken twice by a doctor, Hannah Ryan, with readings of 38.2C and 38.3C.
A temperature above 37.5C should have led to further assessment in the screening room.
"I took her temperature in her left ear - it was 38.2C,"  a statement by Dr Ryan said. "I stood there in shock, it was like I was paralysed."
The NMC's Aja Hall claimed that Ms Wood had said the readings could be "artificial" since Ms Cafferkey had said she felt warm on the plane.
Ms Hall said: "Donna Wood broke the inertia by saying, 'I'm just going to write it down as 37.2C and then we will get out of here and sort it out.'"
But Ms Wood's lawyer, Ben Rich, suggested Dr Ryan's memory of events was "highly flawed" after she said she could not remember whether she had said Ms Cafferkey's temperature out loud to Ms Wood or had shown her the thermometer.
Mr Rich said: "I'm going to suggest this whole situation was a confusing situation and that your memories have become confused."
Dr Ryan replied: "I clearly don't have a perfect memory of these events. The details about Pauline's temperature I remember clearly."
After the temperature reading Ms Cafferkey was cleared to fly back to Scotland but was admitted to hospital a day later where she was diagnosed with Ebola.


US actor Garry Shandling who influenced a generation of comedians with his Emmy nominated TV series It's Garry Shandling's Show has died, aged 66.

Los Angeles police told the BBC that Shandling "suffered a medical emergency" on Thursday.
Shandling was known for "breaking the fourth wall" - speaking directly to the audience - in his show, which aired from 1986 to 1990.
He starred in the Emmy award winning Larry Sanders Show from 1992 to 1998.
His self-aware brand of comedy, which relentlessly mocked the artificial nature of show business, is credited with influencing other hit shows like Tina Fey's 30 Rock and Larry David's Curb Your Enthusiasm.
Shandling was born in Chicago in 1949 and grew up in Tucson, Arizona before moving to Los Angeles in the early 1970s.
He got his start in Hollywood as a sitcom writer for shows such as Sanford and Son and Welcome Back, Kotter.
A popular stand-up comedian, Shandling often appeared on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson during the 1980s.
He was in the running to replace Carson when the chat show host retired in 1992. The job eventually went to Jay Leno.
Fellow comedians Amy Schumer and Ricky Gervais are among the many who have been paying tribute to Shandling.
"Goodbye Gary Shandling thank you for your kindness and your generosity and for making me laugh so damn much," said Schumer.
Gervais wrote: "RIP the great Garry Shandling. Surely, one of the most influential comedians of a generation."
Actor and Saturday Night Live veteran Rob Schneider posted: "We all owe you, Gary Shandling."
A high point of Shandling's career was as Larry Sanders, the host of a fictional talk show which aired from 1992 to 1998.
Celebrities frequently appeared on the programme and were playfully mocked by the character.
"It's an extremely delicate process because no one wants to be made fun of," Shandling told The LA Times in 1995.
"I do not think this is a mean-spirited show in any way. There's a level of satire in which, if one gets it, then they're willing to play with that. This show allows an opportunity for some people to play themselves in a way that they haven't been able to do before."
The show saw Shandling directly address the audience in a technique known as breaking the "fourth wall".
The comedian also did not use a laugh track in the series - something that was seen as controversial at the time but has since become commonplace on sitcoms such as The Office, 30 Rock and Modern Family.
Shandling was a frequent awards show host - emceeing both the Grammy and Emmy awards for several years.
Actor Steve Martin wrote on Thursday that when he hosted the Academy Awards, Shandling would offer suggestions.
Shandling most recently starred as a villainous senator in Iron Man 2 and Captain America: The Winter Soldier.
Conan O'Brien paid tribute to Shandling on his talk show on Thursday evening.
"He was a masterful writer, a performer who went on to create incredibly groundbreaking comedy shows that inspired an entire generation of comedians, myself included," O'Brien said.
"He was also extremely sensitive and he really did care about other people. That is something in the comedy business that is incredibly rare."


Leigh Griffiths hailed on-loan Manchester City winger Patrick Roberts for setting him up for Celtic's equaliser against Astana.

The 19-year-old won possession near the bye-line before finding the striker.
"He's done magnificent," Griffiths told BBC Scotland after the 1-1 draw in the Champions League qualifier.
"Nine times out of 10 people just let that run out of play, but the wee man kept going, kept the ball in play and cut it back."
Celtic had gone into the third round of qualifying's first leg in Kazakhstan with their options in central defence seriously limited by injury and unavailability.
But the partnership of Efe Ambrose, whose mistake led to a shock 1-0 defeat by Lincoln Red Imps in the first leg of the previous round, and 20-year-old Eoghan O'Connell earned praise from Griffiths.
"He's done excellent," he said of the Republic of Ireland Under-21 cap. "He came in against Leicester and performed perfectly well and scored a great goal.
"Apart from a couple of slack passes, him and Efe did really well and he is only going to get confidence from that."
Griffiths and new strike partner Moussa Dembele had rarely threatened their hosts before the Scotland international cancelled out Yuri Logvinenko's 19th-minute opener with 12 minutes remaining.
"The big man is a good player and I'm sure that, when he gets that first goal, he will go on a run," Griffiths said of the former Leicester City 20-year-old.
"Thankfully, the ball fell to my feet and I put it away.
"I just want to continue my form from last season and, if the big man can chip in with a few goals, that would be great."
Griffiths believes that, despite Astana having the better of the game in Kazakhstan, the Scottish champions are now in a strong position to progress.
"It was difficult," he admitted. "We knew coming over here that they would have a lot of pressure.
"They scored from a set-piece, which was poor from our point of view, but we kept our head down and kept working hard and deserved our away goal.
"They did not create many clear-cut chances - they had a lot of corners, a lot of long throw-ins, but apart from that, Craig Gordon has not had much to do.
"I think next week we'll definitely finish the game off."
Griffiths admits that, following that defeat in Gibraltar, many had expected Astana, who reached the group stage last year, to go through.
"Everybody said this team was in the Champions League last season and they would be too strong and good for us," he added.
"But we showed that we can cope with that and on any given day we are a match for anybody."


Iranian hackers penetrated the computers controlling a dam near New York, reveals the Wall Street Journal.

The 2013 attack did no damage but revealed information about how computers running the flood control system worked, said the paper.
Hackers working for nation states regularly hit national infrastructure targets, said a separate AP report.
About 12 times in the last decade hackers have won high-level access to power networks, it said.
Extensive information about the Bowman Avenue dam in Rye, New York state was taken by the hackers, experts familiar with the incident told the newspaper.
An investigation pointed to Iran as the likely source of the attack and alerted US authorities to the significant cyber warfare capabilities of that nation, said the report The same group of hackers that attacked Bowman Avenue was also implicated in separate attacks on three US financial firms, it added.
The US power network has also come under regular attack by "sophisticated foreign hackers" said AP in an extensive investigation.
Many times security researchers had found evidence that hackers had won access to these sensitive systems. So far, all the attacks seemed intent on gathering detailed information, including engineering drawings, about networks and facilities.
One extensive campaign gave hackers access to 82 separate plants spread across the US and Canada. Comments in the code found when the attacks were detected suggested Iranian hackers were behind this attack. Information about this series of attacks led the FBI to issue a warning to power industry that it was being targeted.
The knowledge accumulated by the attackers has not been used to shut down the power plants or change the way they work, wrote AP reporters Garance Burke and Jonathan Fahey.
However, the knowledge could be used to cause damage if diplomatic relations between Iran and the US changed for the worse, former US Air Force cyber security expert Robert Lee told the agency.
Hackers could get at the power plants and other parts of national infrastructure because many of the systems were set up long before the need to protect them against remote attacks became apparent.


The children's bathing pool closed by the winter's storms is due to reopen in time for the summer holidays.

Three Victorian seawater pools were badly damaged by large granite boulders thrown up to 40ft (12m) by the waves.
The ladies' pool has already reopened and the children's pool is due to open next month.
Culture and leisure minister Mike O'Hara said the work, involving stonemasonry and barrier replacement, cost about Â£15,000.
He said there was currently no repair plan for the gents' pool, which suffered more damage.
Deputy O'Hara said: "It's a completely different thing and something we're still looking at... we're waiting on a full survey to be completed."
Alison, who takes her two young children to the pools, said: "It's good that they're sorting it out and we'll be able to use it again shortly. In the mean time we'll just come down the bigger pool.
"It's good to come down after school. It's nice and quick for us and sometimes you just like a nice, quick sand-free alternative to the beach."
Gosia, a regular sunbather at the pools, described them as a good place to meet friends and perfect for families.


A Â£174m upgrade to turn the M3 into a "smart" motorway in Surrey and Hampshire has opened.

The 13.4-mile stretch between Farnborough and the M25 is now a four-lane carriageway after the main construction work was completed.
Motorists have faced years of disruption since work began in 2014.
Ongoing roadworks and some overnight restrictions will continue to affect motorists with speed limits in place as the system is tested.
Technology is being used to manage traffic flows with variable speed limits and use of the hard shoulder.
Speed limits will remain in place until later this month.
The M3 passes through Chobham Common, an area of heathland in Surrey.
Before work began, the government said the M3 smart motorway would improve journey times by 15%, but the then Highways Agency raised concerns extra traffic would cause EU air quality rules to be broken.
In June 2014, a plan to impose a 60mph speed limit on that part of the M3 to cut air pollution was put on hold by the then Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin, with the Highways Agency asked to look at other ways of tackling pollution.
Maintenance work on the motorway is still to be completed, including the rebuilding of the Woodlands Lane bridge over the motorway near Windlesham, which will continue until later in the year, Highways England said.
Pranav Devale, project manager for Highways England, said: "This new stretch of smart motorway will tackle congestion and improve journey times for the 130,000 drivers who use it every day."
Back in 2014, Highways England said the main project work would be completed by December 2016.
But James Wright of Highways England said: "The reason we are finishing construction now rather than last December is that, shortly after we started work and after a bit of local lobbying, we agreed to do a large amount of maintenance work at the same time as the smart motorway upgrade."
He said the extra work included fully resurfacing the road and replacing a bridge over it.
"This is extra work with extra benefits and we do not consider it a delay," he added.


Staff morale is very low at Aberystwyth University due to the way the organisation is being managed, a whistleblower has told BBC Wales.

The lecturer, who has worked there for more than 20 years, claims managers are not willing to recognise the major problems the university is facing.
It includes a dramatic fall in league tables and a drop in student numbers.
But one of the university's pro vice-chancellors said there was no problem with morale.
According to Ucas figures there were a record 12,475 applications made to Aberystwyth in 2011 - the year before higher tuition fees were introduced.
A drop from that high level was expected, but in contrast to other universities the fall in applications has continued year on year in Aberystwyth.
In 2014 it had reached 8,425.
The university has dropped from being in the top 50 institutions in 2011 to number 87 in the latest Complete University Guide league table.
In an interview with BBC Radio Cymru's Manylu programme, the lecturer said the location of the university was critical and, along with high fees, students were voting with their feet.
But they added: "In my opinion, the management methods that have been adopted have led to low levels of morale amongst staff which in turn have led to a considerable drop in the levels of student satisfaction - and this has had a negative effect on recruitment.
Dr Rhodri Llwyd Morgan, one of the university's pro vice-chancellors, denied there was a problem with morale and said around Â£100m is being invested in the campus to help attract students, increase levels of student satisfaction and improve the position in the rankings.
He added: "We're very confident when we look to the future. We can see that the investment is starting to pay off.
"We're investing in the student experience and we know that is the way to increase satisfaction... we're looking ahead with confidence, knowing that we have the plans in place for a successful future here."
Listen to Manylu on BBC Radio Cymru, Thursday at 12:30 GMT


A 33-year-old man has been given a suspended jail sentence after he admitted killing a family of swans.

Gareth Mattson fatally shot three birds with an air rifle in Withybush Woods in Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, last October. Another was seriously injured.
He had been due to stand trial at Haverfordwest Magistrates' Court on Wednesday but changed his pleas.
Two men, aged 19 and 24 and a 13-year-old boy also admitted killing the swans at hearings in March.
The court heard Mattson had worked on a dairy farm for 14 years and took a group of men and the boy onto private land near the woodland to shoot rabbits on 19 October last year.
It was on returning through the wood in the evening that the group started shooting at the pond, but Mattson claimed he initially did not see the swans because it was dark.
Mattson pleaded guilty to being in possession of a loaded air rifle in a public place and to intentionally killing or injuring a wild bird.
The court was told his actions had caused problems in his family and he was "deeply remorseful".
He was sentenced to five months in prison, suspended for 12 months, and was told to pay £525 in costs.
The swan is a protected species in the UK and it is a criminal offence to harm one.


A coach driver accused of killing two people and seriously injuring four others in a crash was using a hands-free mobile at the time, a court has heard.

Martin Chun, 59, denies causing the deaths of passengers Margaret Luxton, 59, and Carol Muldoon, 68, in May 2014.
He made a series of calls, and was in the middle of an eight-minute call when the coach crashed, prosecutors said.
The calls had "truly horrific" consequences, Truro Crown Court heard.
More on the trial and other stories
Jurors heard the coach had been carrying 51 passengers on an Age Concern trip when it crashed on a steep hill at Morval, near Looe, Cornwall.
Describing the moments before the crash, passenger Maggie Morris told the court the coach "was so fast coming into the bend it was scary".
Mr Chun, from Whitestone near Exeter, denies one count of causing death by dangerous driving and an alternative count of causing death by careless driving.
He has pleaded not guilty to a third charge of causing serious injury by dangerous driving.
The trial, which is expected to last at least a week, continues.


Midfielder Vicente Iborra had to go in goal after goalkeeper Salvatore Sirigu was sent off for violent conduct as Sevilla lost to Athletic Bilbao.

Sevilla had made all three substitutes and trailed 2-1 when Sirigu was dismissed in the 88th minute.
Iborra, could not stop Aritz Aduriz's penalty.
On-loan Manchester City midfielder Samir Nasri cancelled out Mikel San Jose's opener for Bilbao before Mikel Balenziaga made it 2-1.
Italian keeper Sirigu was shown a straight red card after elbowing Aduriz in the back.
Bilbao's win lifted them up to third in La Liga, while Sevilla dropped to fourth.
Match ends, Athletic Club 3, Sevilla 1.
Second Half ends, Athletic Club 3, Sevilla 1.
Mariano (Sevilla) is shown the yellow card.
Iñaki Williams (Athletic Club) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Vicente Iborra (Sevilla) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Iñaki Williams (Athletic Club).
Substitution, Athletic Club. Sabin replaces Beñat.
Goal!  Athletic Club 3, Sevilla 1. Aduriz (Athletic Club) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom right corner.
Salvatore Sirigu (Sevilla) is shown the red card for violent conduct.
Penalty conceded by Salvatore Sirigu (Sevilla) after a foul in the penalty area.
Penalty Athletic Club. Aduriz draws a foul in the penalty area.
Corner,  Sevilla. Conceded by De Marcos.
Corner,  Sevilla. Conceded by Iturraspe.
Offside, Sevilla. Matías Kranevitter tries a through ball, but Luciano Vietto is caught offside.
Attempt saved. Iñaki Williams (Athletic Club) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Enric Saborit.
Corner,  Athletic Club. Conceded by Gabriel Mercado.
Offside, Sevilla. Samir Nasri tries a through ball, but Vitolo is caught offside.
Substitution, Athletic Club. Enric Saborit replaces Raúl García.
Attempt missed. Franco Vázquez (Sevilla) left footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left following a corner.
Corner,  Sevilla. Conceded by Arrizabalaga.
Attempt saved. Pablo Sarabia (Sevilla) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the top left corner.
Corner,  Sevilla. Conceded by De Marcos.
Substitution, Athletic Club. Iturraspe replaces Markel Susaeta.
Substitution, Sevilla. Luciano Vietto replaces Nico Pareja.
Vicente Iborra (Sevilla) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by San José (Athletic Club).
Goal!  Athletic Club 2, Sevilla 1. Balenziaga (Athletic Club) left footed shot from the left side of the box to the bottom right corner.
Foul by Franco Vázquez (Sevilla).
Iñaki Williams (Athletic Club) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Samir Nasri (Sevilla).
Markel Susaeta (Athletic Club) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Sevilla. Franco Vázquez replaces Carlos Fernández.
Substitution, Sevilla. Vitolo replaces Joaquín Correa because of an injury.
Gabriel Mercado (Sevilla) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Gabriel Mercado (Sevilla).
Aduriz (Athletic Club) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Goal!  Athletic Club 1, Sevilla 1. Samir Nasri (Sevilla) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the high centre of the goal.
Attempt saved. Aduriz (Athletic Club) header from the right side of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Beñat.
Foul by Mariano (Sevilla).
Beñat (Athletic Club) wins a free kick in the attacking half.


Smart politicians ride the wave of the times, but the really special ones surf the coming curve, the wave of the future.

For years I have been watching and predicting the rise of those politicos who defy our stultifying times - who throw aside the conventions imposed by the media and their fellows and allow themselves to be themselves, whatever the risks.
Voters have been entranced by authenticity in an age of plastic politicians.
So it is fascinating that Theresa May bucks this trend for blokeish charm.  Is she just an anomaly bucking the trend or does it tell us something more profound?
Of course, like anything else, political personas go in fashions and cycles.
After a parade of politicians who seemed from a different era to the majority of their voters, those such as Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Gerhard Schroder and David Cameron deliberately struck a fresher note.
They played guitars and played along with popular culture. They were fathers, with families, with children.
But these masters of spin were also mastered by it - never a hair out of place, never a word not carefully chosen.
Well, Bill was always different, shall we say, the first of the "unbuttoned".
A personal grievous flaw? Or something that unwittingly highlighted the fact that  some people could break all the rules and get away with it?
Nigel Farage, Boris Johnson and of course Donald Trump do things differently.
They all have a very personal style, grounded in a frankness that deliberately courts the accusation of offensiveness - funny to some, not to others - themselves, authentic.
They are willing to galumph through minefields regardless of the big bangs going off all around them.
But now the chain of explosion has completely altered the landscape, has the mood charged towards such casual disregard for the impact of words?
For Theresa May is the antithesis of the these charismatic, chaotic, clowns.
Guarded, buttoned up, almost inscrutably private - no so-called "sofa government", and no chance of allowing emotional insights to spill over and stain the upholstery. She is upright and controlled behind her desk.
She is the most private person to become prime minister for years.
Her father died following a car accident when she was in her 20s, and her mother, who had multiple sclerosis, not long afterwards.
Asked recently about the impact of this loss, she paused and suggested, all of a rush, that it had impelled her towards success in public service.
If this was a true reflection of her feelings, she would be a psychopath. She is not - but she is unwilling to share her most private feelings with the rest of us just because she is running the country.
It is a personal instinct. But it is also a political tactic, and a very successful one.
She is the leader of our country precisely because of her sphinx-like opacity. During the referendum she was a lukewarm loyalist, her opinions modestly draped in seven veils when others were exotically dancing around leaving nothing to the imagination - Mrs May-be, maybe not.
This has allowed her considerable room for manoeuvre. She has backed the choice of 52% the British people - a choice she apparently thought was unwise a few short weeks ago - with enthusiasm. It is not brave, it is not bold, but it is the way to bring her party behind her.
But more importantly, as Andrew Rawnsley first pointed out - and as the prime minister set out explicitly in her conference speech - she understands that Brexit does not just mean Brexit. It points towards a whole swamp of discontent.
She is moving to occupy UKIP's territory, waterlogged old Labour ground, drain it and reclaim it for the centre.
But she is doing it in her own way.
She may buck the trend of the open spirits, who are always ready with a glib quip, but she is not without compatriots.
Hillary Clinton and Angela Merkel are also people who weigh the balance, check their language and try not to talk about themselves.
They also happen to be women, which may or may not be a coincidence.
I am, in general, wary of drawing too many conclusions from these observations.
It is a pitfall of the job to want to tie everything up with a thesis or theory, either out of a desire for neatness, or just a pithy paragraph.
I will let you know when I have one - but for the moment, I just observe Mrs May is a politician who strives against the mood of the times.
The danger for her is that the less that is on show, the more people want to get under the surface.
And this Sphinx will in the end have to answer her own riddle - what does Brexit mean?
Mark Mardell presents The World This Weekend on BBC Radio 4 on Sundays at 13:00 or you can listen online.


Meet the woman from Perth whose super sense of smell could change the way Parkinson's disease is diagnosed.

Joy Milne's husband, Les, died in June, aged 65.
He worked as a consultant anaesthetist before being diagnosed with Parkinson's at the age of 45.
One in 500 people in the UK has Parkinson's - that is 127,000 across Britain.
It can leave people struggling to walk, speak and sleep. There is no cure and no definitive diagnostic test.
Joy noticed something had changed with her husband long before he was diagnosed - six years before.
She says: "His smell changed and it seemed difficult to describe. It wasn't all of a sudden. It was very subtle - a musky smell.
"I got an occasional smell."
Joy only linked this odour to Parkinson's after joining the charity Parkinson's UK and meeting people with the same distinct odour.
By complete chance she mentioned this to scientists at a talk. They were intrigued.
Edinburgh University decided to test her - and she was very accurate.
Dr Tilo Kunath, a Parkinson's UK fellow at the school of biological sciences at Edinburgh University, was one of the first scientists Joy spoke to.
He says: "The first time we tested Joy we recruited six people with Parkinson's and six without.
"We had them wear a t-shirt for a day then retrieved the t-shirts, bagged them and coded them.
"Her job was to tell us who had Parkinson's and who didn't.
"Her accuracy was 11 out of 12. We were quite impressed."
Dr Kunath adds: "She got the six Parkinson's but then she was adamant one of the 'control' subjects had Parkinson's.
"But he was in our control group so he didn't have Parkinson's.
"According to him and according to us as well he didn't have Parkinson's.
"But eight months later he informed me that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's.
"So Joy wasn't correct for 11 out of 12, she was actually 12 out of 12 correct at that time.
"That really impressed us and we had to dig further into this phenomenon."
And that is exactly what they are doing.
Scientists believe that changes in the skin of people with early Parkinson's produces a particular odour linked to the condition.
They hope to find the molecular signature responsible for the odour and then develop a simple test such as wiping a person's forehead with a swab.
The charity Parkinson's UK is now funding researchers at Manchester, Edinburgh and London to study about 200 people with and without Parkinson's.
A simple test for Parkinson's could be life-changing, according to Katherine Crawford, the Scotland director of Parkinson's UK.
"This study is potentially transformational for the lives of people living with Parkinson's," she says.
"Parkinson's is an incredibly difficult disease to diagnose.
"We still effectively diagnose it today the way that Dr James Parkinson diagnosed it in 1817, which is by observing people and their symptoms.
"A diagnostic test like this could cut through so much of that, enable people to go in and see a consultant, have a simple swab test and come out with a clear diagnosis of Parkinson's.
"It would be absolutely incredible and life-changing for them immediately."
Ms Crawford adds: "They and their professional colleagues would be able to discuss and arrange a treatment programme, be able to monitor the progression of the disease and treat it appropriately as it went on and it would potentially offer more opportunities for people living with Parkinson's to get involved in research."
It might have been an accidental discovery but Joy hopes it will make a real difference to people starting out on their own journey with Parkinson's.


Southern rail passengers facing disruption from the latest RMT strike have been told 62% of the normal timetable is operating.

Union members walked out for 48 hours at midnight in the long-running dispute over the role of conductors on trains.
Southern said it was doing "everything it could to provide as many services for passengers as possible".
One commuter tweeted his train was "rammed", while another described the service as "shambolic".
Live updates on the strike and other stories
Your Southern Rail strike questions
The RMT said the strike action was "rock solid and determined".
Mick Cash, general secretary of the union, said: "The resilience and solidarity of our members remains undiminished despite the threats and bullying thrown at them."
He said the RMT was calling on the government to "force Southern back to the negotiating table instead of just jamming their heads in the sand".
Passenger Rob Delicata tweeted: "It's absolutely rammed on the 07:08 Three Bridges to Victoria service."
Another commuter, Iain Small, posted on Twitter: "OK definitely not! It's shambolic but no more than usual on @SouthernRailUK."
The RMT is planning further stoppages, including just before Christmas and over the new year.
Govia Thameslink (GTR), Southern's parent company, said on strike days it used "contingency conductors" - members of the management team.
Southern's passenger services director Angie Doll said as many services as possible would be provided.
"Over 99% of affected conductors have now signed up to the new role, which makes this strike even more pointless," she said.
There will be an additional train service between Tonbridge, in Kent, and Redhill, in Surrey, in addition to the Victoria/Haywards Heath shuttles introduced during the last strike.
Trains between London Victoria and Chichester, in West Sussex, will also run later.
On certain routes there will be no train services, with some stations closed.
The chief executive of Brighton and Hove Albion has urged the government and MPs to "step in and resolve the rail dispute".
Paul Barber's comments came after thousands of fans were left stranded following the game between the Seagulls and Aston Villa.
"There's no accountability, there's no responsibility and there doesn't seem to be any pride in providing a service to the public," he said.
"It's not just about 30,000 people coming to a football match, this dispute is having a devastating effect on people's lives."


Prehistoric sites are among the latest discoveries in the final part of a 28-year study of Wales' countryside.

The finds around Trawsfynydd, Gwynedd, mark the end of a project to survey moorland left "unimproved" over the years to find unrecorded sites.
Over 42,000 archaeological features have been recorded in the Uplands Archaeology Initiative since 1987.
Experts say the findings will give a richer understanding of the importance upland areas have played in the past.
The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW) has been collating the data from the fieldwork carried out by different organisations.
The latest findings around Craig Aberserw in Snowdonia have been made by Peter Schofield and Hannah Leighton from Oxford Archaeology North (OAN).
They have recorded 4,500 sites and monuments since OAN's work on the project began in 2002.
Mr Schofield said a recent finding of a Prehistoric burnt mound - a site showing fire-cracked stones, possibly used for heating water - close to a popular path used by walkers on Snowdon, was a "stand out feature".
He said it also showed that there were lots of things still to be discovered as it had only recently been identified despite the popularity of the area with visitors.
His team's survey work has been looking at ancient structures, including abandoned settlements, burial monuments, old peat workings and sheepfolds, many of which were entirely unknown.
They have found evidence of more prehistoric burnt mounds as well as standing stones, possibly having ceremonial purposes or defining a route at Trawsfynydd.
Mr Schofield said they have also recorded a "hell of a lot of mining" over the centuries as well as a high number of medieval buildings and enclosures used for seasonal farming.
David Leighton, a senior investigator in RCAHMW's Reconnaissance Team, said the project had shown the extent and history of industrial exploitation in Wales, "often leading to spectacular features long abandoned."
He highlighted the landscape at the Blaenavon World Heritage Site, Torfaen, once a major producer of iron and coal in 19th Century south Wales.
Mr Leighton said: "The future analysis of nearly three decades of survey data should lead to a deeper and richer understanding of the part played by the uplands in the history and culture of Wales."
About 40% of Wales' landscape is regarded as uplands, an area over 244 metres (800ft) above sea level.
More information on findings can also be found on the Coflein website, a national collection of information about historic sites in Wales.


The first person in the world to receive a pioneering genetic therapy has had her cancer reversed, say Great Ormond Street doctors.

One-year-old Layla Richards, from London, had incurable aggressive leukaemia only five months ago.
Doctors used "designer immune cells" to fight the cancer and say her improvement was "almost a miracle".
It is too soon to know if she has been cured, but her progress already marks a huge moment for the field.
Layla was three months old when she was diagnosed with the condition.
As often happens with very young babies, chemotherapy and a bone marrow transplant failed to cure her.
Doctors had nothing left to offer and, the day before her first birthday, her family were advised to go through palliative care.
But Layla's dad Ashleigh refused to give up. He told the BBC: "I didn't want to go down that road, I'd rather that she tried something new and I took the gamble.
"And this is her today standing laughing and giggling, she was so weak before this treatment, it was horrible and I'm just thankful for this opportunity."
Medical staff, in conjunction with the biotech company Cellectis, rapidly gained permission to try a highly experimental therapy that had been trialled only in mice.
The treatment - designer immune cells - were the product of cutting-edge advances in gene editing.
Previous therapies have tried to add new genes to correct a defect whereas this one edited those already there.
Microscopic scissors - technically known as Talens - were used to precisely engineer the DNA inside a donor's immune cells.
The cells were designed to seek out and kill only leukaemia cells and be invisible to the strong drugs given to patients.
The designer cells were then injected into Layla and she also needed a second bone marrow transplant to restore her immune system.
Now, just months after her family was told she had incurable cancer, Layla is not only alive, but has no trace of leukaemia in her body.
Dr Paul Veys, from Great Ormond Street, said the transformation was one of the most remarkable things he'd seen in 20 years: "We're in a wonderful place compared to where we were five months ago, but that doesn't mean cure.
"The only way we will find out if this is a cure is by waiting that one or two years, but even having got this far from where we were is a major, major step."
He described the run of events as "almost like a miracle".
Layla's story is being presented at the American Society of Haematology, but this is only a single case that has not been tested in a clinical trial.
But the pace of progress in gene-editing technology is phenomenal.
Prof Waseem Qasim, from Great Ormond Street, added: "This is the first time human cells, engineered in this particular way, have been given back to a patient and that was a big step for us.
"The technology is moving very fast, the ability to target very specific regions of the genome have suddenly become much more efficient and we think that this technology will be the next phase of treatments.
"The technology itself has got enormous potential to correct other conditions where cells are engineered and given back to patients or to provide new properties to cells that allow them to be used in a way we can only imagine at the moment."
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Liverpool have ended Nuri Sahin's loan, and he will now spend the next 18 months at Borussia Dortmund.

The 23-year-old joined Liverpool in August from Real Madrid and had been due to play out the season at Anfield.
However, after 12 appearances and three goals, Reds boss Brendan Rodgers has decided to end Sahin's loan deal.
The Turkey international started his career at Dortmund, won the 2011 league title with them and was voted Bundesliga player of the year in 2010.
Sahin moved to Real Madrid in 2011, signing a contract until 2017 with the Spanish side. He will now represent his former club on a temporary basis until the end of the 2013-14 season.


The cost of replacing beach huts lost on a stretch of the Hampshire coast in the winter of 2014 has increased by more than £1m.

New Forest District Council said the cost of rebuilding 119 new huts at Milford-on-Sea has now risen to £2.36m
It has put the increase down to rising construction costs and extra work on the promenade.
Lib Dem councillor David Harrison accused the Tory-led authority of showing the "strangest of priorities".
"I suspect that if residents in other areas of the New Forest were asked whether they thought this extra expense was worthwhile, they would say a firm 'no'.
"We've had cutbacks in every area of service the council delivers - surely some of that money would be better put aside to protect those services," he said.
Most of the old privately-owned concrete huts were destroyed by waves and high winds during the 2014 St Valentine's Day storm, with the rest requiring demolition later.
Conservative-run New Forest District Council (NFDC) said the initial plan to replace the huts had been expanded to improve public spaces around the huts and early tender prices had come in "significantly over budget".
Colin Read, executive director of operations, said: "Our decision to look at the wider benefits that could be gained from this project for residents and visitors to Milford has meant that costs have risen."
Cabinet members voted to approve the increase and the decision will now be sent to a full meeting of the council. If approved, the authority hopes to have the work completed by Easter 2017.
Colin Holdsworth, of the New Forest Beach Hut Owners Association, said: "I'm sad it's taking as long as it is to come to fruition. There are details over which the owners are not content, but only details."


Construction firm Balfour Beatty has turned down a £1bn offer from John Laing for its public private partnership (PPP) portfolio.

Balfour said its PPP contracts, which include long-term agreements to run projects such as schools and hospitals, were worth far more than the offer.
The company said that the loss of its PPP business would have an impact on its remaining operations.
Balfour shares plunged in September after the firm issued a profit warning.
The offer from the John Laing Infrastructure Fund "falls significantly short" of the value of the PPP portfolio, Balfour said.
"The directors' valuation of the PPP portfolio stood at £1.05bn, as at 28 June 2014," the company said.
"However, the group's targeted approach to selling individual assets as each investment matures, combined with the current and expected future strength of the market, leads the board to conclude that the realisable value of the PPP portfolio continues to be substantially in excess of the current directors' valuation," it added.
The company's shares closed 15.3% lower on the day it issued its profits warning in September, compounding concerns over the UK's biggest construction group.
Balfour Beatty said there would be a further shortfall of £75m this year in its UK construction services division, following two earlier profits warnings this year.
The company appointed accountants KPMG at the end of September to review the contract portfolio.


The UN's refugee agency has accused Australia of reneging on an agreement to reunite some refugees with relatives already living in the nation.

The "clear understanding" had been part of a wider deal to resettle refugees in the US, the agency said.
It said Australia had recently backed out of that understanding. Australia has said no such promise ever existed.
The UN agency said Australia's long-held policy of detaining asylum seekers offshore had caused "extensive" harm.
Australia has controversially refused to accept asylum seekers and refugees, most of whom are men from Iran, Afghanistan and Iraq, and instead holds them in centres on the Pacific nations of Nauru and Papua New Guinea.
The government has said its policy disrupts people smuggling and prevents deaths at sea.
On Monday, the UN high commissioner for refugees (UNHCR), Filippo Grandi, said Australia had only recently confirmed that it would not take refugees with existing close family ties.
"This means, for example, that some with serious medical conditions, or who have undergone traumatic experiences, including sexual violence, cannot receive the support of their close family members residing in Australia," he said.
However, the Australian government denied it had offered to accept any of the refugees, saying its policy had been "clear and consistent".
"Those transferred to RPCs [regional processing centres] will never settle in Australia," a government spokesperson told the BBC.
Under existing agreements, refugees have the possibility of settling only in Nauru, Papua New Guinea, the US, Cambodia, or another nation where they are eligible to live.
Mr Grandi said reuniting families was "the humane and reasonable thing to do".
"The Australian government's decision to deny them this possibility is contrary to the fundamental principles of family unity and refugee protection, and to common decency," he said.
Many people had suffered "physical and psychological harm" since Australia introduced its current policy in 2013, he added.
In April, the US confirmed it would go through with a deal to resettle up to 1,250 refugees - which Australia had arranged with the Obama administration.
US President Donald Trump had called the deal "dumb" following a phone call with Australian PM Malcolm Turnbull.


The government's Syrian vulnerable persons resettlement programme could be "at risk" because of a lack of school places and accommodation, a National Audit Office report has warned.

The watchdog said these were some of the "main barriers" to local authority participation in the scheme.
It estimates a need for 10,664 school places and 4,930 homes for the 20,000 refugees due to be taken in by 2020.
The government said it remained on track with its programme.
The NAO's report highlighted the government's success in having "expanded the original programme at speed to achieve a new target" of resettling 1,000 refugees by last Christmas, and progress in improving refugees' own experiences of the programme.
However, it said there could be significant problems in meeting the target of resettling 20,000 refugees if pledges of help from local authorities did not become firm offers.
10,664
childcare and school places needed to meet UK commitment
4,930
homes required
2,659  refugees resettled so far
49% are under the age of 18
55% are survivors of torture or violence
118 local authorities have volunteered to resettle families
Participation by local authorities is voluntary, and they can make what is known as an "indicative pledge" to resettle refugees before upgrading this to a "firm offer" once accommodation, support and other services have been secured.
Although there has been a 97% success rate for allocating refugees to firm offers, by the end of June 2016 there were only 125 firm offers to cover 1,078 cases of refugees accepted for resettlement.
According to the NAO, local authorities say the main thing preventing them from participating fully is that they are struggling to find suitable housing and enough school places.
The report says that just under a third (31%) of refugees settled so far are of school age.
Of those refugees still to come to the UK through the programme, an estimated 7,655 will be of school age and a further 3,009 will become old enough to enter the education system during the programme.
But the NAO said school places were already "in short supply" and cited its 2013 report on funding for new school places, which revealed that about one in five primary schools were full or over capacity.
The NAO also estimates that about 20% of children in the resettlement programme are expected to have special educational needs.
This means local authorities will probably have to provide more than 1,500 special educational needs places, the NAO said - and some local authorities have already "turned away cases because they were unable to provide the required places".
The programme so far has required 655 homes and is estimated to need a further 4,930 before 2020, based on the size of families resettled so far.
Some councils had been successful in partnering with the private rental sector to house refugees, the report said, but others were "struggling to do so".
Local authorities in areas where accommodation costs are high also have concerns about finding affordable accommodation for refugees given the current housing benefit cap.
This has meant only 11% of refugees have been settled in areas such as London and the South East.
Meg Hillier MP, chair of the Public Accounts Committee, said: "Local authorities should be applauded for stepping up to help these people in desperate need.
"But already under pressure local authorities will have to find over 10,600 childcare and school places, and nearly 5,000 homes over the course of the programme as well as social and community support services.
"We need to be convinced that the government is committed to supporting local authorities in their efforts and is clear about its expectations and funding beyond the first year of a refugee's stay in the UK."
Refugee Council head of advocacy Lisa Doyle said it was "fantastic" that UK communities were welcoming refugees.
She said: "Each Syrian refugee welcomed by the UK will have their life transformed, if not saved by this programme.
"The UK government must build on this success by offering more refugees safe passage here, particularly by enabling more refugees with family here to join them smoothly and swiftly."
Refugee Action chief executive Stephen Hale said: "We are pleased that the programme has been established but I think there is a lot to do to help refugees integrate into Britain."
He said the government's funding of English language classes was "crucial" in helping refugees integrate.
A government spokesman said: "We ask local authorities to consider carefully whether they have the necessary infrastructure and support networks before a resettlement occurs.
"We will only resettle individuals to a particular area once we've ensured these arrangements, including school places and housing, are in place."
He added: "The level of funding enables local authorities to provide vulnerable refugees with a safe environment and the chance to rebuild their lives."


Kilmarnock boss Lee McCulloch believes front man Kris Boyd has been "written off at every opportunity".

The experienced striker scored both goals in a 2-0 victory over Annan Athletic in the League Cup on Saturday.
Having joined the club for the third time in June 2015, the 33-year-old has netted 109 goals for the Rugby Park outfit.
"When you have the finishing ability he has, you can't write a guy like that off," McCulloch told BBC Scotland.
"I've seen it for the last 15 years. Kris Boyd has been written off at every opportunity because he's a bit more high-profile than most."
Ayrshire-born Boyd made his first ever appearance for Killie in May 2001 and is one of the oldest players in McCulloch's squad.
"He's always good in the dressing room, and even when he's not scoring," McCulloch said.
"People like to focus on what he's not doing but I focus on what he is doing. He's always talking and organising on the pitch, which helps me, and he's vocal in the dressing room."
Kilmarnock have taken six points from three matches so far in the League Cup first round and sit joint top of group E, having sustained a 1-0 derby defeat at Ayr United in their opening match of the competition.
"After the first match we knew we had to put a couple of wins together and we've done that," added McCulloch.
"We played slightly different today and it worked for us."
Winger Chris Burke made his second appearance for the club since impressing as a trialist and signing a one-year-deal.
"It's a bright future," Burke, 33, said. "We've got some great young players here at this football club and we've got a nice balance of some experienced players as well.
"We pass the ball well, we move the ball well, we've got combination play, we're scoring goals, we're all comfortable on the ball and it shows the belief that we have in each other."


Fearing a federal raid, a South Dakota Native American tribe is burning its marijuana crop, which it had planned to sell in a resort on its land.

The "marijuana resort" would have been the first of its kind, but concerns that the stockpile could be confiscated led tribe leaders to incinerate it.
The tribe says it wants to show cooperation with federal officials for future negotiations.
Whether the tribe can sell marijuana to non-Indians has come under question.
Representatives for the US Department of Justice did not tell Santee Sioux tribe leaders a raid was imminent, but the government reserves a right to conduct a raid at any time and the tribe would risk one if all the concerns about the resort were not addressed.
The Justice Department decided last year to let tribes grow marijuana on their land.
Also in question is the origin of the marijuana seeds used for the tribe's crop.
The tribe had planned on opening a lounge selling marijuana - for consumption only in the lounge - on New Year's Eve.
"We just felt it would be best to go in with a clean slate to look for answers on how to proceed so that all sides are comfortable with it," said Flandreau Santee Sioux President Anthony Reider, adding that burning the crop was "in the best interest of both tribal and non-tribal members."
The 400-person tribe, which already runs a casino, hotel and ranch, had predicted the marijuana sales would make up to $2m (Â£1.3m) per month.
The lounge would have had games, food and a bar, and eventually a live music venue and slot machines.
In September Mr Reider said he wanted it to be "an adult playground".


Bulldozers have started to clear part of the makeshift Calais camp known as the "Jungle" after about 1,000 residents left the area.

Most migrants were said to have relocated to accommodation in refitted shipping containers but some moved their tents further inside the camp.
Authorities want to clear the area next to a motorway for security reasons.
Riot police have been overseeing the operation which seemed to be happening without incident.
The move is part of a new housing project in attempts to improve conditions in the camp, which is used by about 5,000 migrants and refugees.
The 125 converted containers are equipped with electricity, heating and bunk beds, and each one can accommodate 12 people.
Officials had given between 1,000 and 1,500 residents until last Thursday to leave the area, but they were reportedly given a grace period until Monday.
But many migrants and refugees had refused to use the new accommodation and moved their temporary homes further inside the camp, despite poor living conditions.
Many reportedly feared they could be permanently trapped at the new camp, unable to continue their attempts to cross to the UK.
Some also expressed their unhappiness about leaving an area where they have established a community, and are concerned about their future treatment by the authorities.
"This (the container camp) is the same as a jail. It is not good," one resident told the BBC.
Volunteers helped residents to move their tents from the area in recent days.
French and British officials want to reduce the number of migrants in Calais and deter others from arriving in the hope of reaching the UK.


Brazil's chief prosecutor Rodrigo Janot is seeking permission to have top politicians from the governing PMDB party arrested, Brazilian media say.

The politicians he wants held are Brazil's ex-President Jose Sarney, Senate Speaker Renan Calheiros, ex-lower house Speaker Eduardo Cunha and PMDB leader Romero Juca.
The four are suspected of obstructing a massive corruption investigation.
A Supreme Court judge will now have to decide whether to act on the request.
What has gone wrong in Brazil?
Brazil crisis: A timeline
All except Jose Sarney are currently members of Congress, and as such any judicial action against them has to first be approved by the Supreme Court.
The four deny wrongdoing.
They are alleged to have obstructed Operation Car Wash, the investigation into a massive corruption scandal at state-owned oil company Petrobras.
Jose Sarney: Former Brazilian President (1985-1990), preceded Renan Calheiros as Senate Speaker, PMDB
Renan Calheiros: Senate Speaker, PMDB
Eduardo Cunha: Former lower house speaker, forced out over allegations of obstruction of justice, PMDB, driving force behind Dilma Rousseff's impeachment, was suspended from the post of House Speaker in May over allegations of obstructing justice
Romero Juca: PMDB President, resigned as planning minister two weeks ago over allegations of obstructing Operation Car Wash
The request to have them arrested comes after telephone conversations taped by former Senator Sergio Machado were leaked to the press.
Mr Machado, who used to run a Petrobras-owned logistics company, made the recordings as part of a plea deal with prosecutors.
The investigation has led to dozens of politicians and business executives being accused of paying or receiving kickbacks.
In the recordings, Mr Calheiros, Mr Sarney and Mr Juca can be heard allegedly discussing ways to derail Operation Car Wash.
They have said that their remarks were taken out of context and deny obstructing the investigation.
The leaked recordings cost Mr Juca his post as planning minister.
Earlier, Mr Cunha was removed by the Supreme Court from his post as lower house speaker for allegedly obstructing justice.
Prosecutors now want him arrested because they allege that he continued to try to hinder investigations even after his removal from office.
According to Brazilian media, Mr Janot also requested that Mr Calheiros be suspended as Senate Speaker.
The post is a key one as the Senate prepares to conduct an impeachment trial against Dilma Rousseff, who was suspended from the presidency last month over allegations of manipulating government accounts.
If Mr Calheiros were to be suspended, Senator Jorge Viana would take over as Senate Speaker. Mr Viana is a member of the Workers' Party and an ally of Ms Rousseff.
Ms Rousseff argues that the impeachment proceedings are an attempt by top members of the PMDB party to oust her from office.
According to Ms Rousseff, PMDB politicians wanted her gone so they could take over power and stop Operation Car Wash.
After her suspension on 12 May, Vice-President Michel Temer of the PMDB became acting president and appointed a new cabinet.
Within weeks of him assuming office, he had lost two of his cabinet members - anti-corruption minister Fabiano Silveira and Mr Juca -  to allegations of obstructing Operation Car Wash.
If Mr Janot's request is granted it would be a heavy blow to interim President Michel Temer.


The brother of a footballer who lost his legs after a hit-and-run crash says it is "very hard" to accept he was "left on the side of the road to die".

Shaun Whiter, 27, was struck by what police believe was a Ford Focus while helping his friend change a flat tyre in Newmarket last Friday.
Luke Whiter said his brother has spoken a "couple of times" about the driver.
"He doesn't quite understand how someone could leave him in that position," he said.
Police believe the car that hit the Newmarket Town player and his friend Joey Abbs, who was left with a "serious" leg injury, is about 10 years old.
"We just want a bit of closure for him," Luke Whiter said. "We'd just like whoever this person is to gain a bit of courage and hand themselves in.
"He's my brother and he has been left on the side of the road to die - it's very hard to take in."
Shaun Whiter works as an estate agent in Stansted Mountfitchet, Essex.
His mother, Pauline, has thanked staff at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge for the "truly amazing" care they have been providing her son.
She has also appealed for the driver of the car to come forward.
"We hope they're a good human being and now they know what's happened, they will come forward, or someone they shared a confidence with will," she said.
"This is a secret that shouldn't be kept."


A man and woman arrested on suspicion of murder after a man was found in a Southampton house have been released without charge.

A 67-year-old man was discovered in a property in East Church Close, just after 08:22 BST on Friday.
Police said they were satisfied the man's death was not suspicious.
A 41-year-old woman and a 43-year-old man arrested in connection with the man's death have been released without charge.
Police say they have not yet established a cause of death.


Former Arsenal and Aston Villa defender Philippe Senderos has joined Grasshoppers Zurich in Switzerland.

The 30-year-old was a free agent after agreeing with Aston Villa this week to terminate his contract following 18 months in the West Midlands.
Senderos, who also played for Fulham and had a loan spell at Everton, has signed a six-month contract.
The Switzerland international has played at three World Cups and hopes to feature at Euro 2016 in France.


A 27-year-old man has been arrested on suspicion of terrorism offences.

The man was arrested in Walsall on suspicion of being concerned in the commission, preparation and instigation of acts of terrorism.
He is being questioned by West Midlands Counter Terrorism Unit at a police station in the West Midlands.
Police said the arrest was not connected to the Manchester or London attacks. An address in Walsall is being searched.
See more stories from across Birmingham and the Black Country here
West Midlands Police added the "intelligence-led" arrest was pre-planned and there was no threat to the public's safety.


The University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) and Cairngorms National Park Authority (CNPA) have signed an agreement to work together.

The organisations said the new memorandum of understanding formalised a long-standing relationship.
UHI and CNPA said areas they worked together on include forestry, land use and conservation and outdoor pursuits.
UHI principal Prof Clive Mulholland and CNPA chief executive Grant Moir signed the agreement.
The national park covers parts of the Highlands, north east Scotland and Perthshire.
Prof Mulholland said: "We are excited to be formalising and extending our relationship with the Cairngorms National Park Authority.
"The national park has an international reputation as a tourist destination and for its nature conservation and there are many links between our aims, specialism and challenges.
"We look forward to working together to maximise the opportunities for those living, working and visiting the national park and the Highlands and Islands region."
Mr Moir added: "There are already numerous connections between the Cairngorms National Park and the University of the Highlands and Islands and we are delighted to be strengthening our relationship in this way.
"Many areas of the university's research are directly relevant to management challenges here in the Cairngorms and, in turn, the national park provides a fantastic learning resource for students at the university."


The mother of a former jihadist has warned that unless more provisions are put in place to rehabilitate people returning from Syria, the UK risks a future of terror attacks.

The woman, known only as "Linda" and from London, travelled to the Syrian borders last year to bring back her radicalised son.
She said she has received no support to help reintegrate him back into society.
The Home Office said it did not comment on individual cases.
But the 45-year-old mother told Inside Out London: "The government are aware that he went.
"Everyone has been informed and nobody's been forthcoming with any kind of offer of support.
"I went to various places to try and get him help but they've just said, 'you know, there's nothing we can do'."
About 300 British jihadists are believed to have returned from Syria.
The government says it offers returnees places on counter-radicalisation schemes, yet Linda is adamant no support has been offered to her son.
"It is quite worrying that there's all these young men returning from these situations and I think that without the right provisions and right care, we could be risking an incident like what happened in France," she told the programme.
Linda believes her son ended up in Syria after being groomed by fanatics.
"Speaking out might upset him but it's been difficult for him to go through that experience and then rejoin society.
"When he first came back he would have flashbacks as if he was still in the Syrian warzone. His emotions were up and down and he'd sometimes become very angry."
Linda says she has finally been able to de-radicalise and rehabilitate her son.
"He's coming out of the other side. He's not a terrorist. He doesn't agree with terrorism whatsoever.
"I've spent a lot of time and effort with him to help him to heal but it worries me that there are no provisions for other people and I know from my own experience that this sort of thing can be difficult for parents."
Dr Usama Hasan, from counter-extremism think-tank Quilliam, believes many returning jihadists could still be traumatised or radicalised.
"They will require concerted and consistent support to ensure they can safely rejoin their communities," he says.
The Home Office said it was unable to comment on individual cases but that all "decisions on returnees from Syria or Iraq are taken on a case-by-case basis".
A spokesman added: "Some of these people may have been exposed to traumatic experiences and others may be radicalised or vulnerable to radicalisation.
"For some, prosecution for terrorist offences is the right course of action. For others, it may be that support from, for example, mental health or social services might be more appropriate."
The spokesman said the government had consistently advised against all travel to Syria or Iraq, and that whether an individual was arrested or prosecuted for a terrorism offence would always depend on the facts and circumstances of the case and is an operational decision for the police and Crown Prosecution Service.
The government had also initiated several programmes focussed on de-radicalisation, such as the Channel programme which provides individual support to people who are vulnerable to radicalisation.
Additional reporting by Valerie Vamanrav
BBC Inside Out London is on BBC One in the London region on Monday, 19 January at 19:30 GMT and nationwide on the iPlayer for 28 days thereafter