Once upon a time, there were high hopes of Scotland becoming an industrial powerhouse for renewable energy.

You may recall the "Saudi Arabia of renewables" rhetoric. Land was earmarked for Dundee and Leith and Renfrew and Methil. Thousands of jobs were attached to the announcements.
It's not turning out that way. And the announcement that two of the biggest players are joining forces - Siemens and Gamesa - makes it even less likely.
So what's going on, and what's gone wrong for Scotland's plans?
Part of the story was that Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) would be pioneered in the North Sea, treating the emissions from power stations at either Longannet or Peterhead.
They were in a competition for £1bn of UK government funding to make Britain a centre for that new technology. But the funding has been withdrawn. Both projects have been ended. The chances of Britain pioneering CCS now look very slim.
The wind business has picked up though, at least onshore, helping Scotland to reach its ambitious emission targets for the first time.
And how many of the turbines sprouting around Scotland are made in this country, generating jobs as well as power? Of the larger turbines, only a few, from the small manufacturing plant at Campbeltown.
That has seen some rocky times financially. Bailed out by SSE and Highlands and Islands Enterprise, they sold it in April to a Korean firm, at which point it was employing 134 people.
Other turbines are imported from the countries which got ahead in the early days of turbine manufacturing - Denmark, Spain and Germany.
And with Britain having the most ambitious offshore wind plans of any country, the German bosses at Siemens agreed to put a manufacturing plant on this side of the North Sea.
Including improvements to the port of Hull, the investment is of £350m, with 200 jobs in construction and 1,000 in the factory. It is due to open on 1 September this year.
The plans in Scotland have withered. In 2010, Mitsubishi took over Artemis hydraulic power pioneers near Edinburgh, with talk of £100m investment on the way.
The then first Minister, Alex Salmond, said back then: "The decision will create 30 high-quality jobs, safeguard 25 jobs and is likely to create 200 jobs by 2015. And as well as delivering new jobs and investment, over the long-term this announcement could result in the creation of a major offshore wind turbine manufacturing site in Scotland."
Artemis now has a team of about 50, and Mitsubishi has a test centre at Hunterston in North Ayrshire.
Doosan, based in Korea, announced £170m of investment, and design of a new, very large turbine - perhaps in Renfrew, perhaps Dundee. Over ten years, more than 800 new jobs were foreseen.
That was in March 2011. (The proximity to that year's election was surely coincidental, wasn't it?)
The following, December, they pulled out of the plan. Not only had they under-estimated the difficulty of getting into the market, but they hadn't reckoned on Britain's unpredictable regulatory regime.
In February 2012, GE Energy pulled out of plans for a British manufacturing facility.
The next month, Gamesa announced it had chosen Leith over Hartlepool and Dundee as the location for its British turbine-making factory. The announcement came with the prospect of 800 jobs, and lots more indirectly, along with £125m of investment.
This was "conditional upon development of offshore wind projects in the area, securing government support and the availability of sites for prototypes". These have turned out to be significant conditions.
The following December, it was French firm Areva announcing plans to locate a manufacturing plant in Scotland, for nacelle gear casing and for turbine blades. That would have brought 750 jobs.
But then, Gamesa and Areva joined forces on developing wind turbine technology, creating a company called Adwen. They were no longer likely to build two plants in Scotland. And so far, they haven't built one.
This is what they said when they joined forces:  "The company will fulfil industrial commitments engaged by Areva and Gamesa, in France and in the UK, comprising the creation of factories in Le Havre and the implementation of a network of suppliers and partners throughout the country."
And now that Gamesa and Siemens are getting together, they are looking for €230m of savings from overlapping operations.
So far, the hopes for manufacturing turbines have come to very little. There are a modest number of higher-skill jobs in designing and in managing the portfolio of wind turbines.
Scottish Power, part of Iberdrola, manages its worldwide offshore wind arrays from Glasgow.
Gamesa opened a centre for wind turbine design at Bellshill in Lanarkshire, and a management centre in Cumbernauld. The new joint venture may wish to take a look at their overlap with Siemens.
Siemens has a small service centre in Livingston, to look after its turbines throughout Scotland. And as it claims that its technology generates around half the wind power in Scotland, that means a lot of turbines.
So far, the hopes of manufacturing have come to not much at all. Some jobs have been sustained in Fife and Stornoway, building the platforms on which offshore turbines stand.
A significant order has just been confirmed for BiFab, owner of the yards, to supply the huge Beatrice wind farm development in the Moray Firth.
Then there's Liberty Capital, new owners of Lanarkshire's mothballed steel plants. Once fired up again, it is targeting its output at fabrication work for all those offshore wind turbines.
That would clearly be welcome, if it happens. But with recent experience triumphing over hype and hope, it might be wise to remain at least a little sceptical.


A 68-year-old woman "locked into the end stage" of multiple sclerosis should be allowed to die, a judge has ruled.

Her daughter had asked a court to allow medics to stop providing "clinically assisted nutrition and hydration".
She said her mother was "completely incapacitated". Experts said the woman was in a "minimally conscious state".
Mr Justice Hayden, who heard evidence at the Court of Protection, granted the application, saying his decision was an "evolution in case law".
The BBC's legal correspondent Clive Coleman said it was the first time a judge had made such a ruling for someone in a minimally conscious state.
The woman is being treated in the north of England, but cannot be identified for legal reasons.
Mr Justice Hayden was presented with the views of the daughter, other relatives, medics involved in her treatment, carers, independent medical experts and lawyers he had appointed to represent the woman earlier this month.
No-one involved opposed the daughter's application.
She said continuing treatment would be against her mother's wishes.
"My mum's immaculate appearance, the importance she placed on maintaining her dignity and how she lived her life to its fullest is what formed her belief system; it's what she lived for," she told the court.
"All of that is gone now and very sadly my mum has suffered profound humiliation and indignity for so many years."
She added: "I cannot emphasise enough how much the indignity of her current existence is the greatest contradiction to how she thrived on life and, had she been able to express this, then without a doubt she would."
Lawyers said arrangements would now be made for treatment to be withdrawn in line with national clinical guidelines.
Mathieu Culverhouse, a lawyer at Irwin Mitchell who represented the daughter, said the case had been "distressing" for those involved.
He said the daughter was "relieved" at the ruling.
He added: "This landmark decision is the first time that the Court of Protection has agreed to withdraw treatment from someone receiving life sustaining treatment while considered by medical experts to be in a 'minimally conscious state'.
"However, all cases of this kind are decided on their own facts and judges will always examine all the evidence presented to them, including that presented by the patient's family affected, on an individual basis."


Could Hillary Clinton's handling of classified information while secretary of state sink her presidential hopes?

It's a question that has dogged her campaign for over a year - but opinions are divided over whether the allegations made against her constitute a crime or are just the latest partisan sideshow.
Perhaps the best way to look at the implications of her case is by considering the context of another high-profile legal drama involving classified documents that was recently resolved - that of former CIA director David Petraeus.
Petraeus pleaded guilty last year to a misdemeanour offence, mishandling classified information, after being accused of handing notebooks with classified information to his biographer-turned mistress, Paula Broadwell.
He was fined and placed on probation - a resolution that some have called a slap on the wrist.
In other cases people who have revealed classified information were sent to prison. In 2009 Stephen Kim, a former government contractor, was sentenced to 13 months for giving classified material to a reporter.
But Petraeus is a high-profile figure. He has been credited with implementing the US military "surge" in Iraq that helped bring stability to the nation - at least temporarily. When President Barack Obama tapped him to head the CIA in 2011, his name was kicked around by some Republicans as a possible presidential candidate in 2012.
His celebrated background has led critics to suggest that there is a double-standard in cases involving the mishandling of classified information - one making it less likely that Mrs Clinton will face repercussions for her actions.
Mrs Clinton used a private server at her house while she was secretary of state, and some of her emails appeared to have contained classified information, though it's unclear whether that information was classified at the time it was sent. Revealing classified information is a crime.
Yet the offence is treated in different ways, depending upon the circumstances. They're also tough cases to prosecute.
Government lawyers have to prove an individual knew what he was doing when he revealed classified information, for example, or that she was unusually sloppy when handling the material.
After initially denying any culpability, Mrs Clinton has acknowledged that using a private server at her house was a mistake.
"I should have used two email addresses, one for personal matters and one for my work at the State Department," she said on Facebook in September. "I'm sorry about it, and I take full responsibility."
One of her former aides, Bryan Pagliano, set up the private server at her house. He has reportedly agreed to co-operate with authorities in the investigation. According to the Washington Post, he's been granted immunity.
Officials refused to talk to me on the record about the matter. "I'll leave it to the leakers," Marc Raimondi, the justice department's national security spokesman says.
FBI agents may decide to question Mrs Clinton and more of her aides, both current and former, in the coming months.
The danger for Mrs Clinton's presidential campaign, even if she avoids criminal charges, is that it could play into the perception by some that the former secretary of state can't be trusted.
For conservatives hoping to defeat her in the general election and break the Democrats' eight-year hold on the Oval Office, that's good news. It also makes any discussion of the legal case fraught with political significance.
Every twist and turn in the case, such as revelations this week that one individual had agreed to co-operate with a federal investigation, is scrutinised.
Kurt Volker, a former US ambassador who's now executive director of the McCain Institute, says her actions are potentially worse than anything Petraeus did.
Though Petraeus willingly revealed classified information to his mistress, Mrs Clinton apparently sent email with classified information through a server without proper safeguards. As Volker sees things, the classified material became vulnerable to hackers.
"Everybody and their uncle can potentially see that information," he says. "That means Iranians, Chinese, whoever."
Volker believes she should be punished for her actions and that investigators are doing the right thing in their efforts to find out more about the case.
But he's sceptical about the outcome.
He believes that during an election year, with a Democratic administration in power, she's unlikely to be held accountable for what she did.
FBI agents will pursue it as a criminal matter, he says, but he believes that justice department officials will "take into account the political context" (and that Mrs Clinton is a Democratic candidate for the presidency.)
His suspicions about political bias in the White House reinforce a universal truth - campaign season is a time of passion, paranoia and fiery rhetoric.
Few in Washington think that formal charges will be brought against her, however. And if they were, it's hard to see how she'd be sent to prison for committing the same kind of crime for which Petraeus received probation.
If she is charged and avoids any serious penalty, then FBI agents, federal investigators - and plenty of her political adversaries - would have reason to be angry.
"But as far as I can see no crimes have been committed," says Steven Aftergood, the director of the Project on Government Secrecy for the Federation of American Scientists. "So I don't see a place for that sort of frustration."
Like Volker, he sees the issue as political.
"We've been bombarded with accusations before any indictment has been filed," Aftergood says. "And for that reason it seems like a manufactured controversy."
And however you see the politics surrounding the case of Mrs Clinton's email, the controversy is bound to continue - at least until the election.
Follow @Tara_Mckelvey.


Nottingham Panthers booked their place in the Elite League play-off final with a convincing win over Fife Flyers.

Two quickfire second-period goals saw Panthers take control, David Clarke finding the top corner and Logan MacMillan netting on the break.
Ryan Dingle's speculative shot gave Fife hope early in the third period.
But Brad Moran restored a two-goal lead and Evan Mosey's backhander ensured Panthers will face Coventry in Sunday's final at the National Ice centre.
Coventry, who beat Cardiff Devils 6-2 in the first semi-final, await Nottingham in Sunday's final.
The game will get under way at 1600 BST.
You can hear live commentary of the match on the BBC website.


The highest-ranked Baltimore police officer charged in connection with the custody death of Freddie Gray has been acquitted on all charges.

A judge ruled that prosecutors failed to prove the charges of involuntary manslaughter, reckless endangerment and misconduct in office against Lieutenant Brian Rice.
Lawyers had argued Lt Rice caused Gray's death by failing to secure his seatbelt inside the police van.
Gray died from a spinal cord injury.
The death sparked days of protests and rioting throughout Baltimore, and prosecutors announced charges against six officers.
Two officers have so far been acquitted, with three more trials expected.
Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake thanked the community for their patience and asked for "continued respect for the judicial process as we move forward".
Prosecutors had argued that Mr Rice's actions were intentional and "put together formed a chain" of events that led to Gray's death.
Judge Barry Williams ruled that the prosecutors could not prove that Mr Rice had displayed evil intent rather than making a mistake during a chaotic arrest.
"A mere error in judgment is not enough to show corruption," Judge Williams said in a statement that he read to the court.
This is the fourth time that Baltimore prosecutors have failed to secure a conviction.
The next trial is scheduled to begin on 27 July.


The Islamic State (IS) has released a new video, eulogising Nigeria's Boko Haram, in the latest sign of closer ties between the two militant groups.

Images posted on IS-linked social media accounts refer to Boko Haram as the Islamic State's West Africa Province (Iswap) - a catchy name aimed at showing that it has expanded beyond the Middle East and North Africa.
IS accepted a pledge of allegiance from Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau in March, giving the group its first foothold in sub-Saharan Africa in its efforts to create a global caliphate.
The latest images glorify Boko Haram fighters, describing those killed in battle as martyrs.
Unlike most previous pictures of people Boko Haram claims as its members, the young men are not masked and their faces are clearly visible.
Growing alliance:
Is Islamic State shaping Boko Haram media?
Nigeria truckers run Boko Haram risk
Boko Haram has previously referred to itself as Iswap in its increasingly sophisticated propaganda material.
But it is unclear whether Mr Shekau approves of the name-change, in an organisation with a diffused leadership structure.
He still calls Boko Haram by its official name Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad, which in Arabic means "People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad".
Boko Haram is a nickname, given to it by Nigerians when it was formed in 2002. In the regional Hausa language, Boko Haram means Western education is forbidden. It reflected what was then the main focus of the group.
If IS becomes more active in Boko Haram's affairs, the group's tactics could change and give the conflict in Nigeria a new dimension.
But Boko Haram has in recent months encountered a revitalised Nigerian army which, with the backing of regional forces, has regained dozens of towns in the north-east.
The jihadists have since retreated to the vast Sambisa forest - one of its last major hideouts.
However, it would be naive on the part of Nigeria's authorities to think it is on the brink of victory.
Even before it began its quest to control territory last year, Boko Haram had already established itself as a deadly group, carrying out numerous attacks across northern Nigeria.
And Nigerian troops are already encountering a mine-infested forest, slowing down their offensive against the group.
It is likely that Boko Haram fighters understand the terrain of this expansive and largely dense forest better than the military does.
So the Nigerian military is likely to face its toughest battle yet. In the past, it made exaggerated claims of success and promises that it could not deliver on.
For instance, it promised to secure the freedom of the more than 200 Chibok girls captured by Boko Haram - and even announced that a ceasefire had been negotiated with the militants to pave the way for their release.
More than a year later, the girls are still in captivity and fighting has continued, killing thousands of people and destroying whole villages in the north-east.
So, military officials have become more cautious in their public statements. They cannot afford to over-promise and under-deliver once again.


Families on Colombia's border with Venezuela have been displaced by illegal groups trying to fill the vacuum left by the departure of Farc rebels, the UN says.

Officials said 96 families in the northern region of Norte de Santander had fled their homes.
Some crossed the border into Venezuela and others went to refuges in local towns.
The UN said tension was high and they feared more families could flee.
According to the UN, various groups operate or have operated in the region: the Farc, Colombia's second largest guerrilla group, the ELN, and criminal and ex-paramilitary groups.
Norte de Santander has emerged as the country's main hub for coca cultivation.
Last week, peasant farmer organisations in the region, around Catatumbo, blocked the demobilisation of Farc units saying that their departure would leave them unprotected as the paramilitary groups gathered nearby.
There have also been reports by local communities of an increased presence of criminal groups in at least three other departments: Antioquia, Uraba and Choco.
The Farc has largely left towns and rural areas it occupied and most of the fighters have gathered in 26 concentration zones under the watch of a multinational commission.
The Colombian military have moved into some territories in Tolima and Huila departments but, according to the government's Peace and Reconciliation Foundation, it is proving difficult to take over in more isolated regions because of the problems of terrain and lack of access.
The Farc is expected to hand over its arms by the end of May.
It has agreed to co-operate with investigations into drug trafficking and war crimes.
The armed conflict in Colombia has resulted in more than 220,00 deaths and 40,000 people missing over the past 50 years.
All sides have been accused of war crimes including massacres, torture and rape.
More than six million people have been displaced - the second highest number in the world after Syria.
And 11,000 people have been killed or maimed by land mines - a causality rate second only to Afghanistan.


US actress Lindsay Lohan has joined Sky's upcoming comedy series Sick Note, alongside Rupert Grint, Nick Frost and Don Johnson.

The Mean Girls star will appear in the second series, with the first due to air this autumn.
The comedy follows Daniel Glass (Grint) as an insurance rep who is wrongly told he has a terminal illness but decides to keep his misdiagnosis to himself.
Lohan will play Katerina West, the daughter of Glass's boss (Johnson).
The actress tweeted about her "jokes" with the cast.
The second series, starring Frost as Glass's incompetent oncologist, is expected to be broadcast next year.
Sky's head of comedy, Jon Mountague, said: "One lie leads to the next in this unsettlingly brilliant comedy that will hook viewers in and have them on the very edge of their seats.
"Filming for series two is already under way and we're delighted to confirm Lindsay Lohan will be joining Rupert and Nick in this stellar comedy cast."
David Walliams and Miranda Hart's production company King Bert is making Sick Note for Sky.
Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


Doctors leaders say a decision by another north Wales GP surgery to end its NHS contract is "extremely worrying".

The Rashmi practice at Old Colwyn, Conwy county, will hand back services to the region's health board in January.
It follows similar moves by surgeries in Denbighshire, Wrexham and Conwy.
The Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board says it will write to all 1,200 patients affected by the latest move.
Since September 2015, practices in Prestatyn, Rhuddlan, Wrexham and Conwy have also handed back their contracts, leaving the Betsi Cadwaladr board to run them directly.
"Surgeries handing back their contracts to the health board is a real-time demonstration of how some general practices are at breaking point and see this as the only solution open to them," said Dr Charlotte Jones, who chairs the British Medical Association's general practice committee.
"BMA Cymru Wales' GP committee recently undertook a survey of GPs across Wales, in which 82.1% of those surveyed voiced serious concerns about the sustainability of their practice."
A health board spokesman said there was no need for Rashmi surgery patients to register with a different practice.
"The health board is responsible for making sure that everyone in north Wales has access to GP services," he said.
"Over the next three months, we will keep patients and other members of the local population informed of our progress, and will respond to any concerns and questions."


Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger claims his commitment to the club helped secure the bank loans required to fund the construction of Emirates Stadium.

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Fans are set to protest this weekend after a disappointing season that has seen the Gunners' Premier League title challenge fade.
"When we built the stadium the banks demanded that I signed for five years," said the 66-year-old Frenchman.
"Do you want me to say how many clubs I turned down during that period?"
Construction began on the £390m Emirates Stadium in 2004, the year Wenger won the last of his three league titles with the club.
"The banks wanted the technical consistency to guarantee that we have a chance to pay them back," added Wenger, who has been in charge of the north Londoners since 1996.
Arsenal topped the Premier League at the turn of the year but have since slipped to fourth, some 12 points behind leaders Leicester, who can win the title this weekend.
The Gunners were also knocked out of the FA Cup, which they have won for the past two seasons, by Watford in the quarter-finals, and their Champions League campaign again ended in the last 16 for the sixth successive season.
During Saturday's home game against Norwich, fans' groups Black Scarf Movement, RedAction and the Arsenal Supporters Trust want supporters to raise placards reading: "Time for change. Arsenal is stale, fresh approach needed."
However, Wenger said his critics had gone "too far".
He added: "I did commit and I stayed, and under very difficult circumstances.
"So for me to come back and, on top of that, (critics) reproach me for not having won the championship during that period, it is a bit overboard."
Since the end of January, Arsenal have taken only 10 points from a possible 21 in seven home league games.
Wenger said his side lost out on the title "at home against the lower teams", having played some of those games "in a very difficult climate".
He added: "We have to realise that away from home we are championship winners. At home, against the smaller teams, we dropped the points.
"It is very frustrating because we were in a position for a long, long time where we could compete for the title.
"We are disappointed but we have to fight. We have not to forget that in football you go down very quickly and you come up very slowly. We have to stick together.
"I can understand the frustration of our fans but despite that we want to support our team and the best chance you can give to a team is to be behind them."


Once upon a time, if you were unhappy with the service you received at a shop, you would speak to the manager or write a letter of complaint - or walk away muttering angrily under your breath.

Now customers are using social media to share their unsatisfactory shopping experiences, and their frustrations are being heard, and shared.
Shauna Adamson turned to Facebook after having her make-up applied at a Debenhams store in South Dublin for her friend's birthday.
But she was far from "made up" following her experience at the Urban Decay counter, and posted pictures of the result.
"Yes I did walk out of the store looking like this," she wrote. "I knew the make-up wasn't the best but didn't quite realise how bad it was until I got home."
The Facebook post, which features a number of different photos, has had more than 1,300 shares since Saturday, 24 July.
She received dozens of supportive comments but some questioned whether she had actually given herself the bad makeover.
In Shauna's most recent post, she defends herself against the accusations: "People are hurling abuse at me about the make-up saying I done it myself.
"If you'd check the facts Urban Decay have apologised saying that it was confirmed that the make-up was done by a trainee in one of their stores then you'll know I'm not a liar."
In a statement, a spokeswoman at Urban Decay said: 'We were truly sorry to hear that Shauna hadn't experienced the usual standard of the artistry we pride ourselves on.
"We've been in touch with her directly to offer a complimentary make-up service with another one of our make-up artists and a full refund."
In a separate incident, Harriet Rae turned to Facebook to shame two girls working at a Superdrug store in Truro, Cornwall, who, she claimed, made fun of her as she shopped.
Her response to what happened has gone viral.
In her post, Harriet asks the shop assistants to consider their actions: "Can you be a little bit kinder with your words? Some peoples skin isn't as thick as mine has become and the next persons might be very thin indeed."
And she adds a compliment too: "If you did your own hair and make up for work today, you are both very talented. I could never get my winged liner or my ponytail that perfect!"
Harriet has since posted: "I have spoken to the lovely people at Superdrug head office who apologised for what happened in the Truro Store on Saturday.
"I reinforced that the intended message of the post was to spread kindness and positivity not embarrassment or hurt.
"They understood and accepted that I didn't want to give a description of the people or my location in the store when it happened. They have also said that my post will be used in training in the future to make sure it doesn't happen again.
"Thank you to everyone who shared the post, sent friend requests and private messages.
"I never imagined it would gain so much publicity and it has definitely shown me how powerful social media can be."
A spokeswoman for Superdrug said: "Following the post on Facebook we launched an immediate investigation.
"At Superdrug we pride ourselves on the highest levels of customer service and would like to apologise unreservedly if on this occasion we have failed to meet our high standards.
We are in touch with Harriet and have apologised."
By Rozina Sini, BBC's UGC and Social News team


Cristian, a 32-year-old blacksmith from Uruguay, grows five cannabis plants with care and dedication in the back yard of his workshop on the outskirts of Montevideo.

"I have been smoking three or four joints a day since I was 13," he says.
"But last year I decided to grow my own cannabis because the quality of the marijuana at the boca (hotspots where illegal drugs are sold) is too low, or it comes mixed with hard and dangerous drugs, like cocaine paste," he says.
Every morning Cristian checks his plants have the appropriate amount of light, fertiliser and insecticide.
But above all, he always makes sure they are well hidden from the police and out of the neighbours' sight.
For decades, smoking cannabis has been legal in this South American country.
Seeing a group of youngsters sharing a joint in the park has become a familiar scene, but growing and buying the drug have remained illegal.
But that is about to change.
Uruguay is set to become the first nation in the world to regulate the production, sale and consumption of cannabis after a new law was passed by the country's senate on Tuesday.
Once the president signs the bill, the state will control the production and sale of cannabis.
For Cristian, this will mean that instead of hiding his plants from the police, the authorities will supervise them to make sure he complies with the new rules.
A central body, the National Institute for Cannabis Regulation, will provide those who want to grow marijuana with seeds and ensure that their crop does not exceed the legal limit of 480g (1lb 1oz) per year.
Cristian welcomes the change.
"I think it was about time that cannabis became legal. Police should worry about fighting crime and drug trafficking, not me," he says.
The man behind the law is 78-year-old former guerrilla fighter turned President Jose Mujica.
The president says he opposes drug consumption but wants to take the multi-million-dollar cannabis business away from the drug cartels.
"This won't be a weed-for-all country," Mr Mujica assured critics.
Under the new law, buyers will have to officially register - something only residents can do, not tourists.
There will also be a strict 40g/month limit on those who grow the drug or buy it at licensed pharmacies.
"What I am doing is offering consumers a legal amount," President Mujica explains.
The bill goes several steps further than existing legislation in the Netherlands, where growing cannabis is not legal, although the authorities turn a blind eye to those who grow some plants at home.
It bears some similarities to drug laws in the US states of Colorado and Washington, where the sale of cannabis for medicinal or recreational use was made legal in 2012.
But Uruguay is the first nation state to regulate the production, distribution and sale of the drug.
The country, which has a population of fewer than 3.5 million people, has so far been spared much of the drug-related violence that other Latin American countries have suffered from, but officials say it is time to tackle drug gangs before they get too strong.
"Last year, 82 people were killed in drug-related violence in Uruguay. We are starting to see episodes of criminal score-settling, groups of hitmen ... but we are not aware of anybody who died because of marijuana consumption," explains the head of the National Drug Agency, Julio Calzada.
Other Latin American countries are watching Uruguay's experiment with interest.
Guatemalan President Otto Perez Molina, whose country is suffering from a wave of violence blamed on drug cartels, has described his Uruguayan counterpart as "a visionary".
Others view Mr Mujica's experiment with scepticism.
Mexican Foreign Minister Jose Antonio Meade recently warned that "unilateral policies" would not solve the problem, and asked for a global discussion about drug policy.
Uruguay's neighbour Brazil sent a delegation to Montevideo earlier this year to express its concern about the potential impact of the new law.
But Mr Calzada insists Uruguay's neighbours will benefit as well as its own citizens.
"Our commitment to other countries is that our legal marijuana will not end up smuggled into their territory. This will not happen," he assures foreign sceptics.
But the law is also facing criticism at home. According to recent polls, 60% of Uruguayans oppose the bill.
Congresswoman Veronica Alonso of the National Party is one of them.
"This law does not solve the real problems. If the government really wants to fight insecurity it should tackle the places where illegal drugs are sold," she told the BBC.
"If it is a matter of public health, then it should work to prevent the consumption of other drugs, like tobacco or alcohol," she argues.
Ms Alonso fears that the law will encourage drug consumption, especially among young Uruguayans.
"There will be a higher availability of marijuana and at the same time the perception of marijuana as a dangerous drug will be lower. Therefore consumption will grow," she says.
"This is going to cause us a lot of problems, especially from a social and medical point of view, and the State is not ready to face them."
Whether good or bad, the effects of the government's pioneering move are certain to be scrutinised and analysed by both opponents and supporters of cannabis legalisation not just in Uruguay but across the world.


Wales Under-20 Grand Slam winners Shaun Evans and Dafydd Hughes have signed their first professional contracts with Scarlets.

Hooker Hughes, 20, featured for Llandovery during the 2015-16 season while 19-year-old flanker Evans has played for Scarlets' Under-18 side.
Both players have been included in Wales' squad for June's Junior World Championship.
Wales play Ireland, Georgia and New Zealand in Pool A in Manchester.
"They both enjoyed a very successful Six Nations campaign and will take confidence into the forthcoming World Championships," Scarlets general manager of rugby Jon Daniels said.


A rare tropical sea turtle which washed up on an Anglesey beach is making "daily progress" but remains in a critical condition.

Anglesey Sea Zoo has said it is "delighted" the animal, nicknamed Menai, has started to feed and show regular signs of activity.
It is the first Olive Ridley turtle to be found in UK waters, and was severely hypothermic when she was found stranded near the zoo.
She remains in quarantine.
Her ambient water temperature has now been raised and maintained at 25 to 26C, the level to which she is normally accustomed.
Frankie Hobro, Anglesey Sea Zoo director, said she believed Menai had travelled 15,000 miles from her usual habitat to the north Wales island.
She added: "We are delighted with Menai's continuing recovery.
"Not only has she survived until now against all odds but currently she is continuing to make daily progress.
"She is clearly a feisty character. We are becoming more optimistic over her continued improvement, particularly now she has started to feed."
The zoo hope to use DNA samples to establish where Menai is from, and are working with Olive Ridley turtle experts to possibly release her back into the wild.
"It would be such a happy ending to this incredible story," Ms Hobro said.
The zoo is raising money to help rehabilitate Menai, and return her home.
It is also appealing for a regular supply of fresh oily fish to feed her.


Police in New Zealand have a new rodent recruit to help spread their safety messages - Elliot the guinea pig!

The pet animal's been a hit since appearing on New Zealand Police's social media, posing in his own mini police cap.
The latest post features Elliot on the roadside, calling on people to drive safely.
Elliot is 'quoted' in the caption as saying: "I am not too fast and that's the way I like it - slow is safe!"
The guinea pig first appeared over Easter weekend, after the "excess of calls" the New Zealand Police Easter Bunny was getting...
In another post, Elliot is snapped with a toy car that had been "dumped".
The post is used to remind people to lock their cars and keep their valuables safe.
The four-year-old guinea pig is the pet of someone in the police media team.
New Zealand Police told Newsround: "[We] are always looking at new ways to communicate with the public and promote messaging as quickly and as efficiently as possible."
It said Elliot spends a lot of his spare time grazing on grass, green vegetables and hay at home, and getting cuddles from his family.


Argentine motorcyclist Jorge Martinez Boero has died in an accident on the opening day of the Dakar Rally.

Boero, 38, sustained fatal injuries in a fall during the first stage in western Argentina, organisers say.
The annual off-road race, originally from Paris to Dakar in Senegal, moved to South America in 2009, largely because of security concerns.
Most of the participants are amateur motorcyclists and car drivers, running against experienced racers.
It was the second Dakar rally Boero had taken part in.
Organisers say he was killed when he came off his bike during the stage between the Argentine cities of Mar del Plata and Santa Rosa de la Pampa on Saturday.


A US gun shop has been ordered to pay nearly $6m (£3.9m) in compensation to two police officers severely wounded by a weapon illegally bought there.

A Milwaukee jury found that Badger Guns should have realised that a man buying a firearm in 2009 intended to pass it on to the teenager at his side.
The teenager went on to shoot the two officers in the face when they stopped him riding his bike on the pavement.
Officials said over 500 firearms used in crimes had been traced to the store.
Officers Bryan Norberg and Graham Kunisch sued Badger Guns for negligence after teenager Julius Burton was able to get hold of the Taurus .40-calibre handgun by giving $40 to another man, a so-called "straw buyer", to buy it at the store in West Milwaukee.
In the confrontation with Burton, a bullet shattered eight of Mr Norberg's teeth, blew through his cheek and lodged into his shoulder. Mr Kunisch was shot several times. He lost an eye and part of the frontal lobe of his brain and was forced to retire.
Lawyers for store owner Adam Allan claimed he could not be held responsible for the sale and said the sales clerk had been deceived rather than negligent.
But jurors ordered the store to pay Norberg $1.5m and Kunisch $3.6m, along with punitive damages of $730,000.
The officers' lawyer said his clients were "very relieved", but said he anticipated years of appeals.
Burton is serving an 80-year sentence for the attack, while the man who bought the gun for him was jailed for two years.
Officials have described Badger Guns - which has since reopened under a new name, Brew City Shooters Supply, but the same ownership - as the number one crime dealer in America after more than 500 firearms recovered from crime scenes were traced back to it.


(Close): BT shares climbed 2.2% after the owners of the EE mobile phone network confirmed they were in talks over selling EE to the UK firm.

On Monday, BT said it was in talks with two mobile operators about a possible purchase, with one network being Telefonica's O2.
Deutsche Telekom and Orange, joint owners of EE, have now confirmed that EE is the other firm being eyed by BT.
The benchmark FTSE 100 index closed almost flat, down 2 points at 6,729.17.
A rise in mining shares helped support the index, with shares in Antofagasta up 3.8% and Randgold climbing 1.1%. Analysts said the sector was looking cheap, despite falls in commodity prices.
But the biggest downward move came in the FTSE 250, where shares in Thomas Cook sank more than 17% after its chief executive quit.
Harriet Green - who joined the travel firm two years ago - stunned the markets with her resignation. She said her work at the company was "complete".
Ms Green will be replaced by chief operating officer Peter Fankhauser, who will take over with immediate effect.
Shares in rival travel company Tui fell 2%.
Catering group Compass fell 1.3% despite the company reporting a 5.4% rise in underlying pre-tax profits to Â£1.16bn.


Statistics released under Freedom of Information legislation have shown significant variations in the proportion of jail sentences handed down in sheriff courts across Scotland.

Courts such as Stirling, Kilmarnock and Dundee were jailing nearly 20% of women appearing before them, compared to 7% in Edinburgh and 5% in Airdrie.
The judiciary said it was not appropriate for an active sheriff to be interviewed for the programme, but retired sheriff Peter Gillam gave the view from the bench. He served as a sheriff from 1991 until 2013, and said the variations reflected the independence of the judiciary.
He said: "Obviously there is now, as I understand it, a board set up for advising on sentence to the judiciary.
"But every judge is his own person or her own person, and they all have different ways of dealing with things, they all have different views and they are all independent.
"There has to be a certain degree of uniformity and that is undoubtedly enforced by the existence of an Appeal Court so anyone who does something which is particularly outrageous, as far as what is perceived to be the appropriate way of dealing with people, that can be corrected.
"But variety is the spice of life and I think that it would be wrong to try to dragoon the judiciary into dealing with things which they believe to be the correct way of dealing with things.
"They have local knowledge, they know the person, they have full information and they deal with it to the best of their ability and you have to trust that person to deal with it in that particular way."


Roma kept up the pressure on leaders Juventus with victory at Udinese, Radja Nainggolan's goal earning his side a sixth Serie A win in seven games.

Belgium midfielder Nainggolan scored on the turn after being teed up by Kevin Strootman.
Roma striker Edin Dzeko missed a penalty, firing over the bar when Marco Faraoni had handled.
Francesco Totti, 40, came on as a substitute, meaning he has now played in 25 calendar years for Roma.
Totti made his debut for the Rome club in 1993.
Udinese, who are 11th in the table, had several chances to equalise but Wojciech Szczesny - on loan from Arsenal - saved well from Cyril Thereau and Rodrigo de Paul.
The result leaves second-placed Roma one point behind Juventus, who have two games in hand and are at mid-table Fiorentina later on Sunday (19:45 GMT).
Napoli stayed in contention near the top with a 3-1 home win over bottom club Pescara, their fifth win in six league games.
Goals from Lorenzo Tonelli, Marek Hamsik and Dries Mertens moved Maurizio Sarri's side on to 41 points, three behind Roma.
Elsewhere, fourth-placed Lazio had to come from behind to claim a 2-1 home win over Atalanta.
Ciro Immobile hit the winner from the penalty spot after Sergej Milinkovic-Savic had cancelled out Andrea Petagna's opener for the visitors.
Genoa lost a fifth straight game as Marco Borriello hit a brace either side of half-time to help Cagliari win 4-1.
Match ends, Udinese 0, Roma 1.
Second Half ends, Udinese 0, Roma 1.
Offside, Roma. Emerson tries a through ball, but Radja Nainggolan is caught offside.
Francesco Totti (Roma) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Ewandro (Udinese).
Francesco Totti (Roma) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Danilo (Udinese).
Corner,  Roma. Conceded by Danilo.
Foul by Radja Nainggolan (Roma).
Cyril Théréau (Udinese) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt saved. Cyril Théréau (Udinese) left footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the top left corner. Assisted by Rodrigo de Paul.
Federico Fazio (Roma) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Stipe Perica (Udinese).
Attempt saved. Edin Dzeko (Roma) right footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Kevin Strootman with a through ball.
Foul by Edin Dzeko (Roma).
Samir (Udinese) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Edin Dzeko (Roma) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Leandro Paredes with a cross.
Attempt missed. Edin Dzeko (Roma) header from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Francesco Totti with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Roma. Conceded by Danilo.
Foul by Federico Fazio (Roma).
Cyril Théréau (Udinese) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Seko Fofana (Udinese) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Leandro Paredes (Roma) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Seko Fofana (Udinese).
Bruno Peres (Roma) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Ewandro (Udinese).
Felipe (Udinese) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Edin Dzeko (Roma) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Felipe (Udinese).
Attempt blocked. Marco Faraoni (Udinese) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Rodrigo de Paul.
Foul by Radja Nainggolan (Roma).
Samir (Udinese) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Udinese. Ewandro replaces Sven Kums.
Foul by Francesco Totti (Roma).
Emil Hallfredsson (Udinese) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Federico Fazio (Roma) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Cyril Théréau (Udinese).
Attempt blocked. Stipe Perica (Udinese) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Rodrigo de Paul.
Substitution, Udinese. Emil Hallfredsson replaces Duván Zapata.
Attempt blocked. Felipe (Udinese) left footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Stipe Perica.


Border businesses in Northern Ireland say a change to mobile roaming charges mean a boost for their business.

From 15 June, anyone using a mobile device within the European Union (EU) will only pay local charges.
New rules mean an end to the high roaming fees that some operators have been charging their customers when they were out of their home country.
However extra charges may still apply if consumers exceed their data allowance while abroad.
Chris Wallace has three shops.  Mobile phone coverage in two of them flits between a provider in Northern Ireland and a provider in the Republic.
He said: "We're paying around £200 a month for the two business phones, and you're talking between £60-£80 of roaming charges, whether that's data or phone calls, and sometimes we've no coverage at all.
"We need our phones.  We're out measuring all day and if customers can't get hold of us we lose sales, so we have to have our data roaming on.
"Dropping the roaming charges is going to make a big difference to us.
"At the end of the day, my job is sales and if we're able to sell more curtains and blinds by being able to be in contact with our customers it's better for us and better for our business. "
All 28 EU countries are covered by these new rules, however, the 'roam at home' rule only applies if you manage to stay within your contract.
If you go over your data allowance while on holidays, you could still face a big phone bill on your return.
Pól Callaghan from the Citizens Advice Bureau said the rules are positive, but there are things to look out for:
"If you've got 1,000 minutes of calls that you can use in NI then if you go to France or Spain over the summer, then you should be able to use that 1,000 minutes there as well. The same applies to text messages.
"It's really around data roaming where people need to be careful.
"While a lot of the data that people use will be free, there are going to be very specific rules about how much data you can use.
"If you've got 4 or 5 GB of data that you can use in your plan here, it doesn't necessarily mean you've got that much data to use abroad.
"Unless you're going somewhere a little bit more unusual like Iceland or Switzerland, or places that aren't in the EU itself but are in the single market, then it'll be a bit different, and that applies to Turkey as well.
"If you check with your mobile phone provider before go that will keep you right," he added.
But when the UK leaves the EU, it is likely to leave this rule behind.  So 'roam at home' will apply until Brexit - after that it is up to the UK government to make its own roaming charge rules.


Kris Commons insists he is not looking beyond his emergency loan move to Hibernian after making his first appearance in 10 months.

The 33-year-old Celtic playmaker lasted the full game as the Championship leaders drew 1-1 at Morton.
Commons' deal at Easter Road expires on 15 January and he would not be drawn on the possibility of extending his stay.
"I've got no plans for January or the end of the season. I'm not looking that far," he told BBC Scotland.
"It's four weeks here, then we'll see what happens. I'm contracted to Celtic until the end of June.
"I know they are heading in a different direction and I'll be knocking on the door of 34 next year.
"For me, it's about playing on for as long as I can.
"I'm very comfortable in Glasgow. My kids are in school and it's been our home for the last six years now so it is difficult to leave."
Commons has not featured at all for Celtic since Brendan Rodgers took over as manager in the summer and enjoyed playing on a smaller stage than he has been used to with the Scottish champions.
"It was nice just to get back out there," he said. "I felt like I was fit enough to get through the game but certainly cramping up towards the end.
"There's a different feel to it, Championship football.
"But the boys have been magic, I got a tremendous welcome from the fans and the manager knows what I'm capable of."
Hibs head coach Neil Lennon signed Commons for Celtic in 2011, with the player going on to win five titles, two Scottish Cups and a League Cup.
"He got better as the game went on," Lennon said of the new arrival's debut in front of 2,156 fans at Cappielow. "He started finding more space.
"It's a tight pitch and it was congested in the midfield area.
"It took a while to get going but he'll feel the benefit of the 90 minutes."
Midfielder John McGinn, currently recovering from ankle surgery, hopes Hibs can persuade Commons to prolong his loan next month.
"It is a tremendous signing for us," he told BBC Scotland. "He has been a top player in this country for a few years and someone who I feel could still play for the Celtic first team.
"Hopefully we can make him feel as welcome as possible and, if he enjoys it, he can stay until the end of the season."


The number of crisis grants handed out to Scots struggling to pay for basics like food or heating has risen by 14%.

Councils received more than 160,000 requests for help in 2016/17, with the emergency cash paid out totalling more than £9.3m.
The Scottish government said "harsh welfare cuts" and delayed payments from the UK administration were to blame.
The Department of Work and Pensions denied this, saying the Scottish government's claim was "misleading".
The payments came from the Scottish Welfare Fund, which was set up in April 2013 to both provide funds for people to live independently and to act as a safety net, and has since helped more than 254,000 households.
In the last financial year, payments under the scheme totalled £34.7m, including 42,775 community care grants adding up to £25.4m.
For crisis grants, 116,830 awards were made from a total of 164,965 applications, totalling £9.3m. This was an increase of about 14,500 on the previous year, or about 14%.
A new category of crisis grant was added in 2016, of "delay in payment of benefits". Just over 17,500 applications were subsequently made for this reason, accounting for about 10% of all applications.
Scottish Social Security Minister Jeane Freeman said this was down to trouble with the rollout of Universal Credit, a welfare system rolling together payments including housing benefit, child tax credits, jobseeker's allowance and income support into a single monthly sum.
The Scottish government is in the process of taking on a raft of new social security powers, and has announced plans to use them to increase the frequency of Universal Credit payments.
Ms Freeman said: "We can now see clearly the impact of the UK government's harsh welfare cuts and a system that is broken.
"We have repeatedly warned that the UK government's chaotic rollout of Universal Credit, particularly the unreasonable six-week wait for first payment, is having an adverse impact on people.
"So let me repeat again our urgent call for the UK government to listen to the real-life impact of their policies and immediately halt its rollout, or risk pushing more households into hardship."
Scottish Labour said the rise in crisis grant applications was "deeply concerning", and also blamed "vicious cuts" by the UK government.
However, a spokesman for the DWP said it was "misleading" to link crisis grants to delayed payments, as "the vast majority of grants issued were for other reasons".
He added: "We are rolling out Universal Credit in a gradual, safe and secure way, and the majority of people are managing their budgets well.
"The Scottish government now has significant welfare powers including flexibility over Universal Credit payments."


German media say a councillor for Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU) was one of a group of men who tied an Iraqi asylum-seeker to a tree.

It happened after the asylum-seeker argued with staff in a supermarket in the town of Arnsdorf, near Dresden.
Detlef Oelsner told local media (in German) that he would still have done it if the man were German.
He said: "We showed civil courage and would have done the same no matter who was involved."
He stopped short of confirming he tied the man to the tree, but his involvement was reported by German media.
The incident happened on 21 May but came to light this week when a video was circulated online showing the 21-year-old man, an inpatient at a psychiatric hospital, lifting a wine bottle off a shelf during an argument with a supermarket worker.
He did not hurt anybody.
Germans uneasy with migrant influx
The video then shows a group of men surrounding and forcibly dragging the Iraqi man from the shop. Police say the man was later found tied to a tree.
When police arrived, the men told them they had done it to stop the asylum-seeker from running away.
He was treated by paramedics before being returned to the psychiatric hospital.
Police are investigating the men involved on suspicion of false imprisonment, and the asylum-seeker on suspicion of intimidation. They have asked for witnesses to the incident to come forward.
Police did not name anyone involved but the German press have named Mr Oelsner, who ran for mayor in Arnsdorf last year. He told Die Zeit (in German) that he lived next door to the supermarket and heard the incident over the garden fence before going in, helping subdue the Iraqi man and calling the police.
The video has mostly been circulated on anti-refugee websites, with some people calling the men a "citizens' army".
Dresden, 24km (15 miles) west of Arnsdorf, is where the anti-Islam Pegida movement is based. Refugees have been a controversial political issue since Germany took in more than a million people fleeing conflict in Syria and other countries.
Police figures showed a five-fold jump in attacks on migrants in Germany in 2015, compared with the year before.
After being asked on Facebook about the incident, the supermarket chain Netto said the workers in the shop did not call the group of men in.
Netto said it "goes without saying that customers will be treated the same, independently of their ethnic origin, religion, gender or age".


Rail passengers in parts of southern England and Wales are facing further travel problems after stormy weather caused "major disruption" on Friday.

First Great Western cancelled a number of Saturday morning trains including several to London Paddington.
South West Trains said engineers had worked through the night to avoid further delays after Friday's problems.
Lightning strikes and signalling failures had led to a series of cancellations.
First Great Western cancelled 10 services scheduled for Saturday morning because of "poor weather conditions earlier".
It also warned customers further disruption was expected on its services between Paddington and Bristol until 13:30 BST, although all lines have now reopened.
There were delays but no cancellations to afternoon services because of damage to signalling equipment because of the weather.
The company said alterations to its long-distance services should be expected as many of its trains were "not in the correct position".
However, it has pledged to honour tickets held over from cancelled services on Friday for use on Saturday.
On Friday, rail passengers took to social media to complain.
Barry Kirby tweeted: "Paddington is an absolute mess, no real help, limited assistance and a lack of reliable information @fgw - why is it all so fragile?"
Paul Swaddle tweeted: "@FGW commuters understand that there can be problems but utter lack of communication at #paddington is totally unacceptable."
Trains running between London Paddington and Reading, Swindon, Bristol and south Wales were affected by a lightning strike at Twyford, Berkshire, at about 16:00 BST.
A strike in the Surbiton area of south-west London caused problems on services running from London Waterloo to Surrey and Exeter.
BBC weather forecaster Darren Bett said a lot of rain fell in a short space of time on Friday with storms across south-east England causing travel disruption.
The storms later faded away from southern England, south Wales and the south Midlands.
On Saturday, there would be sunny spells in England and Wales while rising temperatures could trigger a few showers, he said.
Areas east of London could see thundery downpours later in the day.


Barcelona forward Lionel Messi is lucky not to be sent off following a clash with Roma defender Mapou Yanga-Mbiwa during a pre-season friendly.

6 August 2015 Last updated at 23:59 BST
Instead the Argentina international received a yellow card as the Spanish champions won the match 3-0 thanks to goals from himself Neymar and Ivan Rakitic.
Messi has never been sent off for Barcelona, but seemed to fight back as the two players went head-to-head.
Barcelona will begin the defence of their Spanish league title against Athletic Bilbao on 23 August.
Available to UK users only.


A man accused of sexually abusing vulnerable girls in Rotherham paid a police officer for information, a court has heard.

Basharat Hussain, one of seven defendants, had "somebody in CID", a witness told Sheffield Crown Court.
The woman said he had paid for information about a safe house and for details of "when he was going to get busted".
Mr Hussain, 39, denies 16 offences linked to child abuse in Rotherham.
The court heard the woman began a relationship with Mr Hussain, who she referred to as 'Bash', in 2000 when she was 15.
He had been violent towards her on a number of occasions, she said, and had made a series of death threats.
When she was 16, she told the court, a panic alarm was fitted at her home after Mr Hussain had broken in.
At one stage, she said, there had been discussions about moving her to a safe house and changing her identity, but Mr Hussain found out what had been said.
"Bash actually phoned me and told me this is what were happening and he actually told me where I were going," she said.
"He said that he had always got somebody in CID to tell him these sorts of things and he used to pay this person in CID money and this person would say what's happening with me and he'd also tell him when he was going to get busted."
Arshid Hussain, 40, High Street, East Cowick, Goole, faces 30 charges, including five counts of rape.
Qurban Ali, 53, Clough Road, Rotherham, faces four charges, including rape and conspiracy to rape.
Majid Bostan, 37, Ledsham Road, Rotherham faces one charge of indecent assault.
Sajid Bostan, 38,  Broom Avenue, Rotherham faces seven charges, including four counts of rape,.
Basharat Hussain, 39, of no fixed abode, faces 16 charges including two counts of rape.
Karen MacGregor, 58,  Barnsley Road, Wath, South Yorkshire, faces three charges, including conspiracy to rape.
Shelley Davies, 40, Wainwright Road, Kimberworth Park, Rotherham, faces three charges, including conspiracy to rape.
After a time, she said, the violence became "normal" and she had "learned to live with it".
She told the court she had changed to such an extent after meeting Mr Hussain that her family called her "Bash's creation".
The trial continues.


A British mountaineer who conquered Everest for a 12th time has said he will only stop climbing it when he falls out of love with the peak.

Kenton Cool, 42, last week became one of the first foreigners to reach the mountain's summit in two years.
Avalanches that followed an earthquake in Nepal made conditions treacherous, claiming the lives of at least 18 climbers last year.
"She's a beautiful mountain," Mr Cool said.
Mr Cool made it to the top with fellow adventurers Robert Richard Lucas, Mexican David Liano and three Nepalese guides.
It was his 12th successful climb of the world's highest peak, and 36-year-old Liano's sixth.
Speaking after his return, Mr Cool, who lives in Quenington, Gloucestershire, said: "My wife Jazz says that Everest is my mistress and I go back to her every year.
"I do adore the place. She's a beautiful mountain and I will keep climbing [her] until I fall out of love."
Growing up in Uxbridge, west London, he told how his family lived in a bungalow with no hot water or flushing toilet.
"My father was unemployed for most of my childhood," he said.
He started mountaineering while studying at Leeds University, despite being told he would never climb again after falling from a rock face in North Wales and shattering both heel bones.
"Adventure and climbing have really defined who I am and what I stand for," he said.
"If you truly believe in your dreams then very little can get in the way."
Mr Cool said the latest ascent - which he completed on 12 May - was the best of all his climbs.
"Every time you go to Everest, it's slightly different," he said.
"This time the ascent was amazing, with a cloudless sky. You couldn't ask for better conditions.
"Every time you go to the mountain you've got to approach it in the same manner. You've got to be very respectful, you have to be fully prepared."
The explorer now hopes to climb Everest, along with the the world's second and third highest peaks - K2 and Kangchenjunge - on a single trip, travelling overland between them by Land Rover.
"Nobody's ever linked them together.
"A lot of my colleagues are saying it can't be done."


The French city of Nice says it will not host the European Road Cycling Championships, planned for 14-18 September, for security reasons.

Mayor Philippe Pradal said the event required a large police presence, but the southern city had not "received any guarantees" about their deployment.
It is the latest event in France to be called off after July's lorry attack in Nice in which 85 people died.
Lille, in the north, earlier cancelled one of Europe's biggest flea markets.
The Grande Braderie de Lille attracted 2.5 million visitors last year and had been due to be held on 3-4 September.
"Given that it was an event that would have required a large police presence, and that we have not received any guarantees about their deployment, the cycling championships that Nice was due to hold in France's name are cancelled," Mayor Pradal said on Friday.
David Lappartient, who heads the European Cycling Union, confirmed that the event would not go ahead in Nice, the AFP news agency reports.
However, he added that the union still planned to hold the races on the same dates.
"We are working on two possibilities: one in France, the other outside France."
On 14 July, Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, the Tunisian driver of the lorry, ploughed into a crowd celebrating the Bastille Day holiday in Nice.
He was later shot dead by police.
So-called Islamic State later claimed one of its followers carried out the attack - the deadliest in recent French history.


Andy Cosslett is set to replace Bill Beaumont as chairman of the Rugby Football Union.

Cosslett was chairman of England Rugby 2015 - the organising committee for the 2015 World Cup.
The RFU nominations committee has "unanimously" backed Cosslett, after Beaumont was appointed as head of World Rugby.
The 61-year-old's appointment is subject to approval at the next RFU Council on 14 October.
For the latest rugby union news follow @bbcrugbyunion on Twitter.
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Nathan Jones enjoyed his first win as Luton boss as they picked up the points at play-off chasing Mansfield Town for the first time in a league match.

Pelly Ruddock's cross was turned in by Paddy McCourt to give Luton, who had won one of their previous nine league games, their first goal in 366 minutes.
Reggie Lambe and Chris Clements fired straight at keeper Elliot Justham as the Stags sought an equaliser.
McCourt then turned provider for Ruddock to smash in and seal victory.
Luton manager Nathan Jones told BBC Three Counties Radio:
Media playback is not supported on this device
"I'm a very proud manager today. I thought we were excellent today from start to finish. I thought we defended well, at times we were a little bit deep but we tried to play.
"We have to have a squad here that wants to work hard, that wants to graft, that has a structure, that wants to do things right. If we get that then we can climb the league and start to do things.
"We have to get a bit more know-how, a bit more fluency in our play and once we do that we will be heading in the right direction."
Match ends, Mansfield Town 0, Luton Town 2.
Second Half ends, Mansfield Town 0, Luton Town 2.
Substitution, Luton Town. Frankie Musonda replaces Pelly Ruddock.
Foul by Jack Thomas (Mansfield Town).
Cameron McGeehan (Luton Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt saved. Chris Clements (Mansfield Town) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Chris Clements (Mansfield Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Alex Lawless (Luton Town).
Attempt missed. James Baxendale (Mansfield Town) left footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left.
Foul by Adi Yussuf (Mansfield Town).
Alan Sheehan (Luton Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Luton Town. Jack Marriott replaces Craig Mackail-Smith.
Attempt missed. Krystian Pearce (Mansfield Town) right footed shot from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Substitution, Mansfield Town. Jack Thomas replaces Adam Chapman.
Stephen O'Donnell (Luton Town) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Matty Blair (Mansfield Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Stephen O'Donnell (Luton Town).
Attempt missed. Craig Mackail-Smith (Luton Town) left footed shot from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt missed. Adi Yussuf (Mansfield Town) header from the centre of the box is too high.
Substitution, Luton Town. Olly Lee replaces Paddy McCourt.
Attempt missed. Matt Green (Mansfield Town) right footed shot from the left side of the six yard box misses to the left.
Attempt blocked. Craig Mackail-Smith (Luton Town) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Craig Mackail-Smith (Luton Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Ryan Tafazolli (Mansfield Town).
Alan Sheehan (Luton Town) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Mansfield Town. Adi Yussuf replaces Reggie Lambe.
Substitution, Mansfield Town. Matty Blair replaces Mitch Rose.
Goal!  Mansfield Town 0, Luton Town 2. Pelly Ruddock (Luton Town) right footed shot from the right side of the six yard box to the top right corner. Assisted by Paddy McCourt.
Hand ball by Cameron McGeehan (Luton Town).
Corner,  Luton Town. Conceded by Sean Kavanagh.
Foul by Krystian Pearce (Mansfield Town).
Craig Mackail-Smith (Luton Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. James Baxendale (Mansfield Town) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left.
Corner,  Luton Town. Conceded by Krystian Pearce.
Second Half begins Mansfield Town 0, Luton Town 1.
First Half ends, Mansfield Town 0, Luton Town 1.
Attempt missed. Krystian Pearce (Mansfield Town) header from very close range is too high following a corner.
Corner,  Mansfield Town. Conceded by Jake Howells.
Foul by Chris Clements (Mansfield Town).
Cameron McGeehan (Luton Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.


A 1,000-signature petition calling on North Yorkshire County Council to oppose fracking in Ryedale has been handed to councillors.

Third Energy has applied to fracture underground rocks at a site near the village of Kirby Misperton and then pump gas from them.
Campaigners want the council to oppose fracking in North Yorkshire.
Councillors will hear from petition organisers and debate the proposals at a meeting later.
Fracking is a technique for extracting gas or oil trapped between layers of rock by forcing the layers open using water, sand and chemicals under high pressure.
Dr Tim Thornton, a local GP who supports the petition, said: "We should just pause and wait and check the signs.
"I don't see that we should use Ryedale as a giant experiment to see if you can frack cleanly."
But John Dewar, operations director at Third Energy, said: "The government and many scientific bodies conducted very detailed studies looking at health, looking at seismology, looking at water contamination and as a result of all those studies they concluded that it's perfectly safe."
An Environment Agency consultation on the plans is running between 10-15 June.


Live updates followed by match reports from the weekend's Scottish Premiership and Championship games.

All kick-offs 15:00 BST unless stated.
Premiership
Dundee v Hamilton Academical
Motherwell v Inverness Caledonian Thistle
Rangers v Partick Thistle
St Johnstone v Aberdeen
Championship
Ayr United v Dundee United (17:15) - link to follow
Dumbarton v Dunfermline Athletic
Falkirk v St Mirren
Hibernian v Queen of the South
Raith Rovers v Greenock Morton
Premiership
Ross County v Celtic (12:30)
Kilmarnock 0-0 Hearts


Tottenham manager Mauricio Pochettino says he is committed to staying at the club and has denied reports of a buy-out clause in his contract.

The 45-year-old Argentine has been in charge at Spurs since joining from Southampton in May 2014 on a five-year deal.
In May of last year he signed a contract extension which commits him to the club until 2021.
"There are many rumours, but I am committed with the club," he said.
"There is no reason to leave. I will be here for pre-season. There is no buy-out clause in my contract, I will stay here next season."
Earlier in the season, speculation grew that Pochettino was being considered for the soon-to-be vacant manager's job at Barcelona after he met with the club's president.
However, ex-Espanyol coach Pochettino later said the position would be "impossible" for him to take.
"I'm an Espanyol supporter - I think then I don't need to speak too much," he said, highlighting the rivalry with city neighbours Barca.
Spurs, who on Sunday played their final game at White Hart Lane, are guaranteed to finish second in the Premier League this season, their highest finish since 1963.
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Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's concerns about official responses to the 1981 Brixton riots have been made public for the first time.

Lord Scarman led a five-month inquiry into the unrest in south London.
The files, released by the National Archives, cover the period after the Scarman Report's publication in 1981.
A handwritten note by Mrs Thatcher on a summary of the report reads: "I'm afraid the report seems highly critical of the police."
The home secretary at the time, Willie Whitelaw, presented it to the Commons in a statement on 25 November 1981.
At the time it was positively received by a cross-section of MPs from different parties.
The rioting which erupted in Brixton, in the south London borough of Lambeth, shocked the nation.
For three days, rioters - predominantly young, black men - fought police, attacked buildings and set fire to vehicles.
Tensions in the area had been heightened early that April by Operation Swamp - an attempt to cut street crime in Brixton which used the controversial "Sus law" to stop and search more than 1,000 people in six days.
More than 300 people were injured in the riots and the damage caused came to an estimated value of Â£7.5m.
The public was shocked by the unexpectedness of events, because it seemed to many at the time that black people were well integrated into the fabric of UK society.
Mr Whitelaw described Lord Scarman's recommendations as "a statement of philosophy and direction for the future", adding: "I accept and endorse this statement of philosophy."
Mr Whitelaw paid particular attention to - in his words - "the need to develop formal arrangements in every police force area for consultation between police and community".
Less than a year later, in June 1982, Lady Thatcher received a briefing telling her of the home secretary's intention to introduce a statutory duty on police to consult the community.
This would have the advantage, the Home Office note said, of "increasing the flow of information between the Police and the community which Scarman felt to be essential".
Lady Thatcher wrote in response: "I confess to being very worried about this.
"It will soon be said that the police cannot prosecute or search without consultation. I cannot see what they are going to be compelled to consult about."
Her government later made arrangements for community consultation as part of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, after Willie Whitelaw had been replaced as home secretary.


Police have issued a warning after a man who posed as a scout for a model agency asked a teenage girl to expose herself to him on Skype.

Police said the man told the girl that he wanted to hire her as a model, after he contacted her on Instagram.
They said he claimed to worked at Base Models - a legitimate company, of which he was not an employee.
Base Models said anyone approached online by someone who claimed to work for them should contact their office.
In a statement posted on Facebook, police said that on Monday a 15-year-old girl from Cumbernauld, North Lanarkshire, was approached by a man on Instagram who asked her to expose herself to him on Skype.
Police also said the man asked the girl inappropriate sexual questions.
A statement from Base Models warned: "Be aware there are many individuals, fake photographers and scouts using the internet claiming to be affiliated or members of Base Models.
"Should you be contacted by anyone claiming to be any of the above, you should first contact our office immediately so we can verify their identity.
"Base Models never conducts interviews via Skype, never requests nude or lingerie photos and never requires any money from applicants."
Police Scotland said: "If you have been the victim of indecent communication by anyone online please contact us via 101 or attend at your local office to report the matter and seek advice."


Entrepreneurs from Silicon Valley say all it takes is one success story to spawn a startup culture.

As such, Groupsmore may be Malaysia's poster child.
"We have a million subscribers and even my mom uses it," says Joel Neoh, the 28-year-old head of the Malaysian internet trading firm that was recently acquired by the US-based internet giant Groupon for an undisclosed amount.
The idea behind Groupsmore - or Groupon Malaysia as it is now called - is simple: buying in bulk yields better discounts.
Mr Neoh's company asks local businesses to offer discounts, sometimes up to 90%, in return for a certain guaranteed number of customers. The deals are activated once enough people agree to buy online.
"We've made Groupon a household name in Kuala Lumpur," says Mr Neoh.
GroupsMore's staff has grown from eight to 120 in about a year, and the growth is set to continue with plans in place to expand beyond Kuala Lumpur into states across Malaysia.
"It's about building the ecosystem around people," says Mr Neoh, "not so much about building towers and good looking buildings and fast internet infrastructure.
Groupsmore's success as a home-grown start-up company is deemed inspiring by the Malaysian government, so it is eager to replicate it as part of efforts to shift towards a knowledge-based economy.
But it may not be as easy as it looks, according to Mr Neoh.
During the company's early phase, before the Groupon acquisition, it was difficult to recruit the right people, he says.
"All of the smartest people I studied with were in the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia," he says.
"So the scene here is a lack of quality people."
Jawed Karim, the co-founder of YouTube, agrees that it may well be difficult to replicate Silicon Valley's success here in Malaysia.
"What makes Silicon Valley the innovation centre it is are the types of creative minds who set up there," he says.
"Without that pool of talent, it's hard to attract more.
"Even the United States has been unable to replicate a Silicon Valley outside of California."
In Malaysia's case, the problem appears to be brain drain caused by a controversial policy based on race, according to the World Bank.
Historically, Malaysians of Chinese and Indian descent have tended to be richer than the ethnic Malay-majority.
In an effort to address this, the government has prioritised Malays when allocating university scholarships and government contracts.
Opposition parties say this policy has made Chinese and Indian Malaysians feel like second class citizens, so many of them have left.
Some 300,000 highly educated ethnic minorities left Malaysia during the last decade, according to the World Bank.
Malaysia's government is now actively trying to recruit these people back by offering incentives such as tax breaks and long-term employment visas for foreign spouses.
They are also trying to retain talent by tailoring the training in universities to ensure employers get the kind of skills they need.
At the same time, the government has come up with various initiatives to fund and drive the hi-tech sector.
This might seem like a good initiative, but such reliance on the government is instead part of the problem, according to Low Huoi Seong of content provider Vision New Media.
"The government has been expected to do too much or government is expecting itself to do too much," he says.
In spite of such gloom, Asia's potential is great, according to venture capitalist Saad Khan from Silicon Valley-based CMEA Capital.
Asia is already leading in gaming and virtual goods, so the next growth market will be the delivery of goods and services in a region where millions of people are just entering the middle class, he says.
"I don't think that innovation is going to come from the US," he says.
"I think it will come from places like here [in Asia] where you're up close and personal, where you know the people, where you know how to sell low cost cell phones, and where you know how to manufacture from that perspective.
"I know the next generation of success is not going to be in the [Silicon] Valley," he says.


Thieves have stolen money and other items from vehicles that were left unlocked across Inverness.

Last month, police investigated thefts from six vehicles in the Castle Heather area of the city after they were left unlocked overnight.
Since then, Police Scotland said there had been similar incidents in the Westhill and Hilton areas.
Also, overnight on Thursday and Friday last week, thieves stole from vehicles in Scorguie and Dalneigh.
Police said belongings were also thrown out from the vehicles.
Ch Imps Ian Graham, Police Scotland's Inverness area commander, said: "People don't think it will happen to them, but the sad truth is that you are far more likely to become a victim if you don't take basic steps to ensure your valuables are secure.
"We've received reports of thefts from right across Inverness so there is no safe place from opportunistic criminals.
"Generally we live in a very safe part of the country, but I would urge people not to be complacent and lock their cars whenever they're left unattended - even for short periods of time."


SSE has become the latest "big six" energy supplier to raise its prices.

It said average electricity prices would rise by 14.9% from 28 April for 2.8 million customers. However, it will keep its gas prices unchanged.
As a result, SSE said a typical dual fuel customer would see their annual bill rise by 6.9%, or Â£73.
It blamed the increase on government policies that mean customers subsidise energy from renewable sources and the cost of smart meter installation.
Other government-imposed costs include subsidising the feed-in tariff scheme for home owners that install solar panels on their roofs.
SSE said the electricity price rise was its first for three and half years.
Four of the other big six suppliers have already announced price rises this year, while British Gas has held prices until August.
Will Morris, SSE's managing director for retail, said he "deeply regretted" having to put prices up.
"This is the first increase since 2013 ... we have seen significant increases in electricity costs, which are outside our control," he said. "Without an increase we would have been supplying electricity to domestic customers at a loss."
SSE said that 85% of its customers were on its standard variable tariffs, so they will be affected by April's price rise.
Last December, industry regulator Ofgem published figures showing how much money customers could save by moving from a standard variable tariff to their supplier's cheapest fixed tariff. For SSE customers that was Â£98 a year.
Earlier this month the FTSE 100-listed company had to apologise to a number of customers whose smart meters had been reporting astonishingly high rogue readings for their electricity use.
There are around 20 million customers on standard tariffs - mostly with one of the big suppliers.
With SSE's price rise, those customers now know how their bills will be hit in the months ahead.
Most will see price rises - that is a political headache for a government worried about families that are just about managing.
There has been speculation that ministers could intervene in the energy market, perhaps by extending the price cap coming in for pre-payment meter customers.
Citizens Advice want households that receive the government's Warm Home Discount scheme to be protected from price rises too.
Whether intervention is on the table should become clearer later this year when the government publishes its official response to the energy market investigation being undertaken by the Competition and Markets Authority.


South Korea's impeached president, Park Geun-hye, is due to find out whether she will be permanently removed from office.

Ms Park has been accused of colluding with a friend who allegedly pressured big companies to give money in return for government favours.
She has been suspended from official duties since parliament voted to impeach her in December.
Ms Park and her friend, Choi Soon-sil, both deny doing anything wrong.
South Korea's constitutional court has begun delivering its verdict on whether the president should lose her seat in office or be reinstated.  The hearing is expected to last for about an hour.
If the dismissal is upheld, it will be the first time a democratically elected president has been removed from office in South Korea.
A presidential election will be held within 60 days.
Protesters both against and in support of Ms Park are outside the court building, where security is high.
As long as she remains president, she is immune from prosecution.
The political scandal involving Ms Park and an old friend of hers, Choi Soon-sil, has rocked South Korea, sparking regular huge protests.
In a written statement on Monday, Ms Park against said she was innocent of the charges but had "belated regret, that I should have been more cautious with my trust in her [Ms Choi]".
Ms Choi is accused of using her presidential connections to pressure some of South Korea's biggest companies into giving millions of dollars in donations to two non-profit foundations she controlled.
She has been charged with various offences, including abuse of authority, coercion, attempted coercion and attempted fraud, leading to the wider investigation.
Ms Park is accused of giving her friend unauthorised access to government decisions and allowing her to exploit their close relationship.
Both women have apologised but deny committing criminal offences.
The de facto head of Samsung, Lee Dae-jung, went on trial on Thursday for his alleged role in the scandal.
He denies that he gave donations worth 41bn won ($36m;Â£29m) to Ms Choi's foundations in exchange for government support for a Samsung merger.
Mr Lee has admitted to giving the money, and says he regrets it, but denies seeking favours in return.


Wigan secured their place in the Super League play-offs with a comfortable win over Catalans Dragons at The Den.

Ben Flower and Matty Bowen crossed for the hosts in the first period, with Krisnan Inu going over for Catalans.
Scott Dureau levelled the scores just after the break but Bowen finished off a neat move to put Wigan back in front.
Oliver Gildart added another before Jordan Sigismeau got Catalans back in it but tries from Josh Charnley, Larne Patrick and Dom Manfredi sealed it.
Wigan are now seven points clear of fifth-placed Castleford with three matches remaining, while Catalans' slim hopes of reaching the top four were ended by St Helens' win at Leeds on Friday.
The Warriors had elected to move their home game against the French side to London in order to build their fan base in the city.
The vast majority of the 8, 101 fans in the ground will have been delighted with the professional performance put in by the Warriors, who opened the scoring in the 15th minute as Flower powered through the visiting defence, with Bowen adding the extras with the first of his seven successful kicks.
Catalans levelled soon afterwards when Inu scored in the far-left corner, but Wigan led 12-6 four minutes later as George Williams broke the defensive line, before finding Bowen, who crashed through.
A superb offload from Zeb Taia fed Escare, who found Dureau and the scrum-half touched down and added the extras just after the break.
Wigan then scored five tries in 25 minutes to pull clear.
Bowen scored after his inside run was perfectly found by Joel Tomkins, before the lead doubled to 12 points as a grubber kick from Williams fell kindly for Gildart.
Catalans made it 24-16 as Sigismeau scored in the corner before Charnley squeezed over, Patrick scored from a Gildart kick in the corner and Manfredi went in after Matty Smith found him with a clever inside pass.
Wigan: Bowen, Charnley, Bateman, Gildart, Manfredi, Williams, Smith, Flower, McIlorum, Crosby, Tomkins, Patrick, O'Loughlin.
Replacements: Powell, Clubb, Mossop, Tautai.
Catalans Dragons: Escare, Bosc, Gigot, Inu, Sigismeau, Carney, Dureau, Elima, Pelissier, Lima, Taia, Whitehead, Baitieri.
Replacements: Anderson, Bousquet, Robin, Margalet.


BBC Sport is to "reluctantly" end its Formula 1 television contract three years early as part of savings across the corporation.

Channel 4 will take on the BBC's F1 broadcast rights from next season.
"The current financial position of the BBC means some tough and unwanted choices have to be made," said Barbara Slater, the BBC's director of sport.
However, BBC Radio 5 live has extended its commentary rights for F1 until the 2021 season.
BBC Sport broadcast 10 live races of Briton Lewis Hamilton's world championship-winning season in 2015 with a one-hour build-up to each grand prix. It also offered extensive highlights of the nine other races.
But as part of a Â£150m gap in the corporation's finances from next year, BBC Sport was asked to deliver Â£35m of savings.
"A significant chunk of BBC Sport's savings target will be delivered through the immediate termination of our TV rights agreement for Formula 1," added Slater.
"Any decision to have to stop broadcasting a particular sport or sporting event is hugely disappointing and taken reluctantly.
"There are no easy solutions; all of the options available would be unpopular with audiences."
BBC Sport regained F1 rights from ITV in 2009 but - in another cost-saving move - had been sharing the broadcast rights with Sky Sports since the 2012 season.
"These are very challenging times for the BBC and sport is not immune to those financial pressures," added Slater.
Read the full Barbara Slater blog here


The US military has delivered more than 45 tonnes of ammunition to rebels fighting the jihadist group Islamic State (IS) in north-eastern Syria.

C-17 transport aircraft, accompanied by fighter escorts, dropped pallets of supplies overnight in Hassakeh province, a Pentagon spokesman said.
The consignment reportedly comprised small arms, ammunition and grenades.
It comes days after the US abandoned a $500m (Â£326m) plan to train thousands of "moderate" rebels to fight IS.
The money will instead be used to provide much-needed ammunition and some weapons to commanders of rebel groups already established on the ground.
In other developments:
The Pentagon said the more than 100 pallets dropped in Hassakeh were collected safely. They were intended for Syrian Arab groups whose leaders have been vetted and who enjoy the confidence of the US-led coalition battling IS, it added.
This is indicative of the type of activity the US is likely to step up in the wake of the failure of its larger scheme to recruit train and equip a new opposition army.
The stress now is on vetting the leaders of opposition militias rather than each and every member.
Small arms and ammunition may be important in terms of keeping a specific group in the fight, but it is heavier weaponry - like the supply of US-made TOW anti-tank missiles to other groups - that has made the most impact on the battlefield.
The battle for Syria and Iraq in maps
Syria's civil war explained
A spokesman for one of the groups, the Raqqa Revolutionaries Front, told the Reuters news agency that they had been told that the supplies were to help them launch a joint offensive on the city of Raqqa - an IS stronghold - with the YPG militia.
The Raqqa Revolutionaries Front and the YPG are part of an alliance of Arab and Kurdish groups, called the Democratic Forces of Syria, whose creation was announced on Monday.
In a statement sent to Reuters news agency, the YPG said "rapid developments on the military and political front" require "a united national military force for all Syrians, joining Kurds, Arabs, Syriacs and other groups".
YPG fighters, backed by Arab rebels and US-led coalition air strikes, have driven IS from large parts of northern Syria in the past year and now control much of Hassakeh. The Syrian government also has a presence in the provincial capital.
Meanwhile in north-western Syria, Russian jets reportedly intensified their attacks on rebel positions on the Sahl al-Ghab plain, as government forces battled to regain control of the strategic area.
Fighting was focused on the village of Kafr Nabudeh, in Hama province, activists and officials said.
Capturing the area would cut off a key motorway and give government forces access to Idlib province, most of which is controlled by a rebel alliance.
The Russian defence ministry said it had bombed 53 Islamic State targets in the provinces of Hama, Homs, Latakia and Idlib over the past 24 hours. However, the jihadist group is believed to have only a limited presence in Hama.
The UN envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura, said he hoped Russia and the US would agree to form the core of one or more "contact groups" of countries supporting talks on a political solution to the Syrian conflict.
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said he was "interested in establishing a coalition" between the US-led forces targeting IS from the air and the Russian military.
Mr Lavrov said he had asked "those who claim to know the situation on the ground better" to provide Russian forces with the location of IS militants but said they "have yet to reply".
He also said Russia was prepared to co-operate with Syria's "so-called patriotic opposition".
More than 250,000 people have been killed since the uprising against President Bashar al-Assad erupted in 2011. Some 11.5 million others - more than half of the country's population - have fled their homes.
Why is there a war in Syria?
Anti-government protests developed into a civil war that four years on has reached a stalemate, with President Bashar al-Assad's government, Islamic State, an array of Syrian rebels and Kurdish fighters all holding territory.
What's the human cost?
More than 250,000 Syrians have been killed and a million injured. Some 11 million others have been forced from their homes, of whom four million have fled abroad - including growing numbers who are making the dangerous journey to Europe.
How has the world reacted?
Iran, Russia and Lebanon's Hezbollah movement are propping up the Alawite-led Assad government, while Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar back the more moderate Sunni-dominated opposition, along with the US, UK and France. Hezbollah and Iran have forces on the ground, while a Western-led coalition and Russia are carrying out air strikes.


The funeral of Coronation Street creator and writer Tony Warren has taken place at Manchester Cathedral.

Warren, 79, who started the Granada Television show when he was 24, died on 1 March after a short illness.
His coffin was carried into the cathedral by members of the cast, watched by the crowds outside.
Among those who attended the service were Julie Goodyear and William Roache, who has played Ken Barlow since the first episode in 1960.
Goodyear, famous for playing barmaid Bet Lynch, paid a heartfelt tribute to Warren, a friend of 50 years.
"We cried together and we laughed together," she said.
Canon Philip Barratt said all the hymns and readings at the funeral, which was also open to members of the public, were chosen by Warren.
"It's a big service for a very big character and a lovely part of the history of Manchester," he said.
Former stars in the congregation included Ken Morley, who played Reg Holdsworth, and Christopher Quinten, best known for his role as mechanic Brian Tilsley.
Warren was born Anthony McVay Simpson in Eccles, Salford, in 1937, and took the stage name of Warren during his career as a child star.
He trained at Liverpool's Elliott Clarke Theatre School and was a regular on the BBC radio show Children's Hour, before acting in radio plays alongside some of the actors who would became household names because of Coronation Street, including Violet Carson and Doris Speed.
His idea for the soap opera was commissioned for 13 episodes by Granada in 1960 and the show has gone on to be one of the UK's most successful ever, reaching viewing figures of 26.6 million for the departure of the much-loved character Hilda Ogden in 1987.
He wrote episodes for the ITV soap until the late 1970s and was made an MBE in 1994 for his services to television drama.
The writer remained a consultant on the soap until his death, with his creator credit appearing at the start of the closing credits of every episode.