Social network Facebook has said it will offer a one-stop shop for  privacy settings in response to user concerns.

Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg admitted the settings had "gotten complex" for users.
It follows a storm of protest from users over a series of changes on the site that left its members unsure about how public their information had become.
"We needed to simplify controls," he told a press conference.
"We want people to be able to share information in the way that they want," he told BBC News.
"Our goal is not to make your information more private or more open."
By Rory Cellan-JonesTechnology correspondent
On the face of it, Mark Zuckerberg has delivered on his promise to make the privacy settings simpler.
One button which will change everything is certainly an advance on what went before.
There's also the opportunity to opt out completely from sending your data out of Facebook to other applications.
But questions remain - the recommended settings still look designed to encourage users to share just about everything.
And I'm still working out just how I can stop my list of friends being visible to the whole world.
Experience shows that every change at Facebook seems innocuous at first - and creeps up later to bite some users and the company itself.
Facebook privacy: Your comments
Picture guide: Facebook privacy
Q&A: Facebook privacy changes
The new system will offer users one privacy page with a list of all their applications and a choice of three settings for each.
The redesigned privacy page allows users to see all their information in one grid and apply privacy settings to each. Facebook will suggest defaults.
As with the changes made in December, users will be able to choose to share their applications with just friends, friends of friends or everyone.
"We've focused on three things: a single control for your content, more powerful controls for your basic information and an easy control to turn off all applications," said Mark Zuckerberg, speaking at Facebook's Palo Alto headquarters.
People who want more "granular control" will still be able to access existing settings.
Facebook has also reduced the amount of information that is visible to everyone. People will now be able to control who sees their interest pages and friends lists.
Users will also be able to turn off applications to ensure no information is shared without consent.
One of the things users found complicated was the need to apply new settings to every new feature introduced on the site.
From today, whatever setting users choose for "Sharing on Facebook" will now automatically be applied to any new products.
Initial reactions to the changes questioned whether Facebook had gone far enough.
"The vast majority of people don't use privacy settings so the reforms are not likely to have as great an impact," said Simon Davies, director of Privacy International.
"If the default is for less information then we've really made a step forward," he said.
With European privacy commissioners calling for companies to set defaults for the minimum sharing of information,  the big battle could be "yet to come", he warned.
"That's where the rubber hits the road at a legal level."
Andrew Walls, a research director at analyst firm Gartner wondered how the changes would affect Facebook's business model.
"Some questions not really answered were issues around the sharing of personal data with advertisers for doing targeted ads based on profile content. That's a tricky one - how do you make money if you can't sell targeted ads? How do you compete with Google?"
"They want sufficient privacy to attract users into service and take advantage of it but some sharing of data is also required in order for Facebook to make money," he said.
But Mr Zuckerberg told BBC News that it was a "misconception" that the site relied on people sharing information to make money from adverts.
"No information is sold to advertisers. For the business part of Facebook, it makes no difference what your privacy settings are."
Mr Zuckerberg said that developers had "worked weekends, camped out in the conference centre" in order to overhaul its privacy settings.
"The number one thing we've heard to that the settings have gotten complex and hard for people to use," he said.
"It is something we take very seriously," he added.
He spent time explaining how Facebook has evolved from a very basic system when it was launched in 2004 to the 400m user site it is today.
"When we started Facebook, we built it around a few simple ideas. People want to share and stay connected with their friends and the people around them. When you have control over what you share, you want to share more. When you share more, the world becomes more open and connected," he said.
But since then the site has rolled out hundreds of new features and, alongside them, a raft a privacy settings.
Changes made to the site earlier this year and in December 2009 infuriated users and led to formal complaints from privacy groups.
The European Commission described the changes as "unacceptable".


An Anglo-Saxon-style house is to be dismantled so archaeologists can try to learn more about 5th-7th Century construction techniques.

The wooden "grubenhaus" at West Stow Anglo-Saxon Village, Suffolk, was built in 1974 to test building theories.
Its remains will be compared with Anglo-Saxon excavations on site.
Dr Richard Hoggett, archaeological advisor, said: "The closer the match the more likely it is the reconstruction reflects the reality."
The Anglo-Saxon village was recreated on the site of an original settlement near Bury St Edmunds which existed from about AD420-650.
However, as Anglo-Saxon buildings were wooden and thatched, they decayed over time and the only evidence of their existence is foundation hollows and post holes.
The 1974 reconstruction was an attempt to test one of several different theories of how the Anglo-Saxons may have built their dwellings.
The current team decided that, because the grubenhaus had started to lean, it was at the end of its life as a visitor attraction and needed taking down.
By dismantling the old one, archaeologists can study how the bindings and joints have stood up over 40 years.
A new house has already been created to replace the 1974 one, also using building techniques that might have been used by Anglo-Saxons.
Dr Hoggett, Suffolk county council archaeologist and advisor to the West Stow Anglo-Saxon Village Trust, said: "Understanding how the buildings were made helps us understand how the Anglo-Saxons lived and what their settlements might have looked like.
"We're finishing an experiment that began 40 years ago and we are hoping some of the original 1974 Cambridge University students will get involved again."
The building is due to be taken down between the October half-term and Christmas, with the results presented to the public at Easter.


Campaigners have warned of fresh efforts in Ethiopia to clamp down on certain types of internet use.

Reporters Without Borders says that the authorities have installed a system to block access to the Tor network - a "hidden" layer of the internet, used to allow anonymous online communications.
Users already face up to 15 years in jail if they use Skype or similar internet call services.
Addis Ababa said it was only illegal to use Skype "for fraudulent activities".
"The Ethiopian government is trying to attack every means of information exchange," Ambroise Pierre from the Reporters Without Borders Africa service told BBC News.
"There's already a very strict control over written press, and last year several journalists were arrested, and now the government is tackling communications over the internet.
"More and more people in Ethiopia are turning to new technologies, and some are even able to bypass censorship, which explains why the government is trying to use effective methods to control internet communications."
But a governement spokesman told the BBC's Anne Waithera in Addis Ababa that Skype was "not illegal" in the country.
"Skype is not illegal. What is illegal is using Skype for fraudulent activities such as making unathorised calls," he said.
"Some people even come from other countries with their sim cards and operate here illegally.
"We need to have regulations, that is standard in all countries. In any business you have to be licensed.
"This law is in the public interest and the right of individuals to communicate is protected by our constitution."
Al Jazeera recently reported that Ethiopia passed a law on 24 May criminalising the use of VoIP (voice over internet protocol) calls. It said the maximum sentence was 15 years in jail.
Other local reports have said that individuals providing such services face sentences of up to eight years, and users could also be imprisoned for using banned social media sites.
The BBC could not independently confirm the details.
While criminalising such acts may be new, Ethiopia has long restricted internet use.
"I used a British internet telephony provider, but [the government eventually] blocked the ports," said Elizabeth Blunt, the BBC's former Ethiopia correspondent who worked in Addis Ababa between 2007 and 2009.
She added that there were two reasons for the authorities to prohibit internet communications.
"Internet cafes may be allowing people to make calls for far less than the cost of Ethiopia telecom, the state's telecommunications provider that has the monopoly and charges very high prices - and doesn't want to have its service undermined," says Ms Blunt.
"But there is also the issue that Skype can't be listened to so easily and can't be controlled."
The Internet Society, an international organisation which promotes equal access to the net, also raised concerns.
"Placing restrictions such as banning VoIP goes against our belief in an open and unencumbered internet," said its vice president for public policy Markus Kummer.
Reporters Without Borders said it was worried the latest effort to block access to Tor might be the first step towards creating a system that would allow the authorities to intercept any email, social network post or VoIP call made in the country.
"This is a country where surveillance is very important - due to years of all the conflicts and political rivalry," said Mr Pierre.
"The opposition and the media are being listened to, and people usually take care when they talk on the phone.
"We've had in the past certain cases of blocking websites of independent and opposition parties, so censorship isn't new - but now it's a new stage, and what Reporters Without Borders is worried about, is that [by criminalising] communications by Skype, the government is implementing a system to have a general policy of internet control."


Serious cycling accidents in Wales have risen by 50% in the past five years, compared to the five years before.

On average, there were 107 crashes annually between 2011 and 2015 compared to 70 each year between 2006 and 2010.
Cycling charity Sustrans said the increase in cyclists on the roads meant the lack of facilities was becoming increasingly obvious.
The Welsh Government said it was spending millions of pounds promoting safe cycling.
Cyclist Garry Ellis from Rhostryfan, Gwynedd, said the rule in the Highway Code which states vehicles must leave "plenty of room" when passing riders needed to be more specific.
"I ride a lot in Spain and France and vehicles there have to leave at least a 1.5 metre gap between them and bikes when overtaking. Because it's the law, people stick to it."
From 2011-2015, 536 cyclists were seriously injured, up from 350 between 2006 and 2010. In the same time, deaths went up from 24 to 27.
Wales spends £4 per head on cycling and walking compared to £20 per head spent in the Netherlands, where cycling is much more common.
Olympic gold medal-winning cyclist Owain Doull, from Cardiff, said: "Cycling is such a big sport in the UK now and we need to facilitate that by keeping them safe, especially with cycle lanes and cycling roundabouts.
"If you look at Holland and Belgium the system they have there is amazing."
Natasha Withey, of Sustrans, told Radio Cymru's Manylu programme that a survey carried out in Cardiff in 2015 suggested 78% of people wanted more money spent to improve safety and introduce bike lanes.
"There are roads and areas where it's really difficult for cyclists," she added.
Cities like Cambridge have a reputation for being cyclist-friendly - about 33% of people ride their bike to work there compared to 4% in Cardiff, which has the highest figure in Wales.
Cambridge's local authority employs 12 full-time officers to look after its biking policies and network compared to one in Cardiff.
In 2013, the Welsh Government introduced an act which required councils to consider all requests from the public regarding improving opportunities for people to walk and cycle.
A spokesman said: "In 2016-17, we have allocated over £11m for local schemes, as well as £1.65m for those on trunk roads.
"Additionally, we're spending over £1.7m on active travel training and promotion. This includes funding for Sustrans to promote active travel in schools, support people to get to work in sustainable ways."


A 40-year-old man has died after being hit by a car following a crash on the M74 near Beattock.

The man was a passenger in a Ford Galaxy people carrier which struck the central rope barrier on the road before coming to rest on the central reservation.
He was thrown from the vehicle and then hit by a northbound silver Mercedes.
Police have appealed for witnesses to the crash which happened at 17:05 on Friday.
The 40-year-old driver of the Ford Galaxy and his other three male passengers - aged, 23, 34 and 63 - were taken by ambulance to Wishaw General Hospital.
They were released after receiving treatment for minor injuries.
The 26-year-old driver of the Mercedes was not injured.
The road was re-opened at about 02:05 on Saturday.


An Oxford student has died during a university ski trip in France.

Matt Smith, 22,  was found by friends at the Val Thorens resort in the Alps on Sunday morning, the BBC understands.
The St John's College history undergraduate was attending the annual Oxford and Cambridge Varsity ski trip, which was first held in 1921.
Oxford University said: "We would like to express our deep sadness at the tragic death."
It added: "[We] send our condolences to his family and friends.
"While we await the findings of the official investigation we are offering support to students who may have been affected.
"Members of the college were invited to gather yesterday to remember him, and any member of the college who is particularly affected by this sad news has been encouraged to contact the chaplain or any member of the welfare team."
Mr Smith's friend Glen Tamkin said on Facebook: "What we have once enjoyed, we can never lose - I love you so much man RIP."
His brother Harry wrote: "I love you so much, Matt. Rest well above the clouds."
Nuco Travel, which runs the week-long trip, told Cambridge University news site, Varsity: "Sadly one of our passengers passed away on Sunday.
"At this time, to respect their family's and friends' privacy, we will not be commenting further."
A spokeswoman for the Foreign Office said it was supporting the man's family and had made contact with local authorities.


Ex-Port Vale loanee Alex Jones returned to haunt his former club as his late goal gave Bradford victory at Vale Park.

Jones' 74th-minute strike helped the Bantams, who were without a win in four matches, get their League One play-off push back on track after JJ Hooper had equalised for the home side following Romain Vincelot's opener.
The French midfielder gave his side the lead after 41 minutes when he beat his man to pop up at the back post and nod Tony McMahon's free-kick past Leonardo Fasan.
Vale levelled in the 58th minute after Anton Forrester crossed for Hooper to tap home from close range, despite Colin Doyle getting a hand to the ball.
But Jones, who scored 10 goals for the Valiants before joining Bradford in January, had the final say in the 74th minute when sliding the ball past Fasan from Alex Gilliead's cross.
The result takes the Bantams up to fifth in the table, while the Valiants - now without a win in eight games - slipped two points adrift of safety.
Match report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Port Vale 1, Bradford City 2.
Second Half ends, Port Vale 1, Bradford City 2.
James Meredith (Bradford City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Olamide Shodipo (Port Vale).
Timothee Dieng (Bradford City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Nathan Smith (Port Vale).
Attempt missed. Danny Pugh (Port Vale) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the left.
Corner,  Port Vale. Conceded by Nathaniel Knight-Percival.
Foul by Jordy Hiwula-Mayifuila (Bradford City).
Olamide Shodipo (Port Vale) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
James Meredith (Bradford City) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Olamide Shodipo (Port Vale).
Jordy Hiwula-Mayifuila (Bradford City) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Callum Guy (Port Vale) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Jordy Hiwula-Mayifuila (Bradford City).
Substitution, Port Vale. Gezim Shalaj replaces Jerome Thomas.
Attempt saved. Danny Pugh (Port Vale) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Substitution, Port Vale. Dan Turner replaces Anton Forrester.
Josh Cullen (Bradford City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Jerome Thomas (Port Vale).
Substitution, Bradford City. Timothee Dieng replaces Charlie Wyke.
Alex Jones (Bradford City) is shown the yellow card for excessive celebration.
Goal!  Port Vale 1, Bradford City 2. Alex Jones (Bradford City) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner.
Foul by Josh Cullen (Bradford City).
Danny Pugh (Port Vale) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Bradford City. Alex Jones replaces Nicky Law.
Attempt missed. Kiko (Port Vale) right footed shot from outside the box is too high.
Substitution, Port Vale. Olamide Shodipo replaces Chris Eagles.
Attempt missed. Callum Guy (Port Vale) left footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Foul by Charlie Wyke (Bradford City).
Danny Pugh (Port Vale) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Nathan Smith (Port Vale).
Charlie Wyke (Bradford City) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Attempt blocked. Tony McMahon (Bradford City) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Danny Pugh (Port Vale) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Charlie Wyke (Bradford City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Danny Pugh (Port Vale).
Foul by Romain Vincelot (Bradford City).
Sam Foley (Port Vale) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Bradford City. Alex Gilliead replaces Billy Clarke.


Tens of thousands of protesters have rallied in Paris to express their dissatisfaction with French President Francois Hollande ahead of the first anniversary of his election.

The left-wing demonstrators accuse the president of abandoning socialism with his austerity policies.
Recent opinion polls show Mr Hollande's approval rating among the public has fallen to about 25%.
This is the biggest slump for any French president in the past 50 years.
Many people are angered by the weak economy and soaring unemployment.
And correspondents say Mr Hollande's vision of a fairer society does not sit well with the recent scandal involving his former budget minister Jerome Cahuzac, who admitted lying about a savings account in Switzerland.
Separately, opponents of gay marriage held protests in several major cities calling for the president not to sign a law passed by parliament last month allowing same-sex couples to wed and adopt children.
Organisers of the anti-austerity demonstration estimated that about 180,000 people took part, but police put the figure at just 30,000.
Left-wing former presidential candidate Jean-Luc Melenchon, who organised the protest, accused Mr Hollande of betraying his supporters.
"We don't want the financial world taking the power, we don't accept austerity measures which doom our people, like all people in Europe, to never-ending pain," he said.
In response, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault said: "There is no austerity, that's a propaganda invention," adding that reforms would "bear fruit little by little".


On 16 March, goals from Luis Suarez, Neymar and Lionel Messi eased Barcelona to a 3-1 Champions League victory over Arsenal, completing a straightforward 5-1 aggregate win and sending the holders into the last eight.

Match of the Day presenter Gary Lineker, a former Camp Nou striker, was moved to tweet: "The football that Barca play is utterly joyous. The best team to watch in the history of the beautiful game."
His gushing sentiments were widely shared. The win over Arsenal was Barca's 38th consecutive game without defeat, they held a seemingly unassailable lead over Atletico and Real Madrid at the top of La Liga and had advanced to a Copa del Rey final meeting with Sevilla.
As the season entered its final straight, a back-to-back league, cup and European treble was looking distinctly likely.
Fast forward one month, and the picture has changed - dramatically. Since the start of April, the Catalan giants have been knocked out of the Champions League, lost three straight league games for the first time in 13 years and seen their nine-point advantage in La Liga whittled down to nothing.
Suddenly "the best team to watch in the history of the beautiful game" cannot seem to win a match and have been plunged into a dramatic crisis which could see their season finish without a trophy. What on earth is going on?
According to manager Luis Enrique, his team's downturn is a simple case of bad luck.
That, at least, was his explanation for their latest setback, Sunday's 2-1 home defeat by Valencia, when he claimed he was happy with the performance and that "we only lacked the necessary fortune to win the game".
The local media agreed, with newspaper Mundo Deportivo's front page on Monday featuring a headline which lamented: "1-2. How unfair!"
It is true that Barca created plenty of chances to claim three points: Suarez headed over from close range, Gerard Pique dragged a golden chance wide and visiting keeper Diego Alves made excellent saves from Messi (twice), Ivan Rakitic and Neymar. In addition, Valencia's opener was a freak own goal as Rakitic deflected a cross into the net.
Similarly, Barca's other recent defeats have contained moments of ill fortune.
In the home defeat by Real Madrid that started the rot, for example, Barca flew out of the blocks and should have taken the lead when Suarez inexplicably mis-kicked in front of an open goal. Bad finishing rather than bad luck, true, but the outcome may have been very different if he had scored.
And in stoppage time at the end of their decisive Champions League defeat by Atletico Madrid, Barca were denied a penalty when home captain Gabi blocked Andres Iniesta's goalbound shot with his arm clearly inside the area, only for referee Nicola Rizzoli to judge wrongly that the offence had taken place outside the box.
So things have gone against them - but they have benefited from the rub of the green too. Gareth Bale had a goal disallowed harshly in the Clasico defeat, while Iniesta was lucky to avoid a red card for a deliberate handball at Atletico.
Bad luck, then, is not the only answer to Barca's malaise. So what is?
The key to Barca's success over the past 18 months has been their sensational strike force of Messi, Suarez and Neymar, often known as 'MSN', who combined for a record 122 goals last season and have reached treble figures again this time around.
Just as MSN's success was central to their team's long unbeaten run, the current slump is explained largely by a sudden and sharp downturn in the front three's effectiveness.
During five games in March, they scored 13 goals between them, with Messi grabbing seven, Suarez two and Neymar four. But they have only netted three between them in their past five outings - one from Messi, two from Suarez and none from Neymar.
It is not just about the lack of goals. The front three, who have worked so well together over the past 18 months, appear to have lost the near-telepathy which made them almost impossible to stop.
During the Champions League quarter-final second leg defeat against Atletico, for instance, Messi did not complete a single pass to Suarez over the entire 90 minutes and made only one to Neymar; in the previous round's home win over Arsenal, by contrast, Messi completed three passes to Suarez and no fewer than 13 to Neymar.
Something has gone very wrong with the collective dynamic between these three spectacular players. The great mystery is what.
Fatigue is the explanation offered most commonly for Barca's struggles as they head into the final stages of a demanding season, which started earlier than other clubs because of their involvement in the Spanish and Uefa Super Cups.
With December's Fifa Club World Cup in Japan adding to the workload, Sunday's defeat by Valencia was their 56th match of the season. In Europe's big five leagues, only Athletic Bilbao have played more games. By comparison, Champions League semi-finalists Manchester City have played 52, and Bayern Munich 45.
It is perhaps not coincidental that the Clasico defeat by Real Madrid, which began Barca's slump, followed an international break that had seen six of their starting XI - including the three superstar forwards - embark upon transatlantic flights to and from South America.
They certainly looked jaded during that defeat against Real and in the second leg of the Champions League exit to Atletico, but there were no visible signs of tiredness during Sunday's loss to Valencia, when they kept on running hard until the last seconds.
And it is certainly not advisable to try telling manager Enrique that his team are tired. In his news conference after Sunday's match, journalist Victor Malo asked whether the physical aspect was an element in his team's problems.
The Barca boss replied by asking the journalist for his surname, knowing full well that the answer was 'Malo', the Spanish word for 'bad'. "Correct," sniffed Enrique. "Next question."
Enrique certainly has not caused his team's collapse with any tactical tinkering, because they have played in exactly the same manner and with the same personnel during their four recent defeats as they did during their six-month unbeaten run.
If one slight change can be identified, it is that Messi is occupying a more central position, allowing opposing defences to focus their attentions in the middle rather than forcing them to stretch across the full width of the pitch, as they have to do when Messi is positioned on the right wing.
But that is only a minor variation and does not explain why the front three have stopped combining so well or so regularly - which is, ultimately, the greatest dilemma for Enrique to solve. If he can get MSN firing again, the team will start scoring and winning again.
One major criticism aimed at Enrique is the lack of squad depth, which leaves the manager without viable options in reserve.
During Sunday's game against Valencia, for example, Enrique did not make any substitutions at all, clearly not believing that anybody on the bench could have made a positive impact.
Although his hand was weakened by the absence of injured attacking midfielder Rafinha and the out-of-form Arda Turan through suspension, it has left Enrique open to the accusation that his team is too one-dimensional.
The Madrid media has latched onto that line of thinking, with Marca accusing Enrique of being a 'ghost' on the touchline for his failure to make substitutions or tactical changes against Valencia. The paper also suggested that his team's collapse makes him resemble former Manchester United assistant Carlos Queiroz during his ill-fated stint in charge of Real Madrid in 2003-04.
Of course, the easy retort is that Enrique doesn't have a 'Plan B' because when his 'Plan A' of MSN is functioning, nothing else is needed. But with the trio's loss of form, Barca do not appear to have any other way of winning.
There is no time for Enrique and his players to sit around feeling sorry for themselves, because the first of their five remaining La Liga games takes place on Wednesday with a journey to Deportivo La Coruna.
The fixture list would appear to favour Barca, with all their upcoming opponents currently in the bottom half of the table.
Atletico, meanwhile, face a testing trip to fifth-placed Athletic Bilbao on Wednesday and will have to do without the services of their suspended captain Gabi.
Real Madrid also face a tricky midweek fixture with the visit of Villarreal, who are pushing hard to secure fourth place and have a Europa League semi-final with Liverpool to look forward to.
In their current form, Barca will find it anything but easy to win their game against Deportivo, who have been La Liga's draw specialists this season. No fewer than 17 of their 33 games ending in a stalemate - including a 2-2 draw at Camp Nou in December.
Worrying about their title rivals will do little good. Barca's season will be decided by whether they can return to their pre-April form. If they do, they should win all five games and be crowned champions.
At the moment, however, that is a very big 'if'.


Scotland's first minister has outlined her next steps in attempting to secure Scotland's position in Europe, a month on from the Brexit vote.

In a speech in Edinburgh, Nicola Sturgeon set out key interests she believes must be protected.
She has previously said a second independence vote was "highly likely" but promised to explore other options.
The Scottish Conservatives said another "divisive" referendum was not in Scotland's best interests.
Scottish voters backed remaining in the EU by a margin of 62% to 38% in June's referendum while the UK as a whole voted by 52% to 48% to leave.
In the speech to business leaders, charities and public sector organisations for think tank IPPR Scotland, Ms Sturgeon listed the five key interests she will seek to protect during the coming months' negotiations.
She said these are:
Ms Sturgeon spoke of the "sinking feeling" she had as the EU referendum result started to come in.
She said she felt "contempt" for the Leave campaign, which she said "lied" and "gave succour" to "overt racism" and the far right.
And she hit out at former Prime Minister David Cameron for the "reckless" decision to call the vote, as well as the lack of planning for the eventuality of a Brexit vote, calling this "one of the most shameful abdications of responsibility in modern political history".
Ms Sturgeon and Mr Cameron's successor Theresa May held a meeting in Edinburgh earlier this month, after which Mrs May said she was "willing to listen to options" on Scotland's future relationship with the EU.
But Mrs May appeared unwilling to consider a second referendum on Scottish independence, saying the Scottish people "had their vote" in 2014.
Ms Sturgeon also discussed the implications of the Brexit vote at last week's British-Irish Council summit.
In her speech, Ms Sturgeon restated her willingness to consider all options - but said it was in the UK government's interest to help find a solution short of a second independence poll.
She said: "We can seek to find - or create - a solution that enables Scotland's distinctive voice to be heard and our interests to be protected within the UK. Or we can consider again the option of independence.
"I don't underestimate the challenge of finding such a solution.
"Now is the time to do more than just assert - against the evidence to the contrary - that the union works for Scotland - it is surely time now to find ways to demonstrate that Scotland's voice can be heard, our wishes accommodated and our interests protected within the UK.
"It seems to me that the UK government now has a responsibility - indeed a vested interest - to do so."
Scottish Conservative finance spokesman Murdo Fraser said Ms Sturgeon would inevitably conclude that a second referendum was the only option, saying "nationalists would never reach any other conclusion".
He added: "Nicola Sturgeon talks about five tests - but the truth is there's only ever one test for the SNP, and that's separation. She is setting these up to fail to provide another flimsy excuse for a referendum re-run.
"Scotland does not want to go through the division and upheaval of another independence vote. Instead, the Scottish Government should be working hard to make the best of this, not shoehorning its narrow agenda into almost anything it can."
Scottish Labour's Europe spokesman Lewis Macdonald added: "It is essential that the leaders of all the devolved administrations and the UK government work together in advance of any negotiations with the EU. All sides must put posturing to one side for the sake of the country and act in good faith.
"Any of our leaders deliberately placing obstacles in the way of an agreement that maintains our vital relationships with the rest of Britain and the rest of Europe would run counter to the express wishes of the people of Scotland."
Mike Rumbles of the Scottish Liberal Democrats welcomed the fact that talks were continuing with the UK government and EU officials, but warned the first minister to ensure these were not "set up to fail".
He added: "I do not expect the first minister to stop supporting independence, but I do expect her to honour her commitment to work with others in good faith.
"She will have my support if she does so, but focusing on independence would risk breaking the consensus that emerged following the Brexit vote."


The relationship between Stormont's Department of Finance (DFP) and its scrutiny committee is at "rock bottom" in relation to the Nama inquiry, the committee's chairman has said.

Daithí McKay said DFP has not co-operated with the committee regarding the inquiry since July.
The committee is investigating the sale of property loans by the National Assets Management Agency (Nama).
The inquiry was set up after claims a politician was set to profit.
The claim was initially made in the Irish Parliament in July, where an independent member, Mick Wallace, alleged a politician in Northern Ireland was in line to gain from the deal, via a £7m bank account in the Isle of Man.
Politicians, Nama officials, businessmen and companies involved in the deal have all denied any wrongdoing.
Nama: The key figures and background you need to know
Timeline of Nama's NI property deal
The inquiry chairman told MLAs that the DFP has not responded to the committee's requests for information, nor has its permanent secretary returned to appear before its members to answer questions.
"I think its position, in regard to the Nama review, is totally untenable," Mr McKay said.
"The department is remarkably shy about issuing papers. If the department has nothing to hide they need to bring these papers forward," the Sinn Féin MLA added.
"The public will come to their own conclusions, whether they are right or wrong, the more the department continue to pull down the shutters in regard to our review."
The Stormont inquiry is one of five international investigations into the loan sale, known as Project Eagle.


England's children's commissioner has asked the French government to help lone children in Calais's refugee camp reach relatives in the UK.

Anne Longfield has written to French authorities to ask them to speed up the asylum claims of 150 children who may be eligible to travel to the UK.
She also claims the French are not properly protecting lone children at the camp, saying 129 have gone missing.
The children, some as young as 10, have fled fighting in Syria and elsewhere.
Ms Longfield told BBC Breakfast that unaccompanied children at the camp were very vulnerable.
"We're talking about cardboard shacks - it rains, they fall down. They're by themselves, it's extraordinarily dangerous, they're at risk of health [problems], trafficking, any manner of danger there.
"They're not being protected while they're there [and] some of those children are actually eligible to join their close family here."
In her letter, Ms Longfield also expresses concern about children who are thought to have disappeared since the French authorities dismantled parts of the camp, known as the Jungle, earlier this year.
"The charities working with them have tried hard to trace them and the authorities must do likewise," she said.
Charity workers are said to have identified the children who are potentially eligible to move to the UK because they have parents or siblings there.
Ms Longfield's call follows a visit to the camp to meet children living there alone while waiting for their cases to be reviewed.
She said: "I have asked the French authorities to urgently determine which of the children in the Calais refugee camp are eligible to come to the UK, to ensure their safety and to process their applications immediately.
"It is unacceptable that at the moment some are waiting up to nine months before they learn whether or not they can come.
"We expect authorities in the UK to make sure vulnerable children in England are looked after and we expect nothing less of the French government."
The French government has yet to comment on Ms Longfield's letter.


Ian Parkhill struck in the final minute to clinch a dramatic victory for Coleraine against the Lurgan Blues.

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Neil McCafferty curled in a free-kick to put the visitors ahead before Ciaran Martyn headed home an equaliser early in the second half at Mournview Park.
Shane McGinty fired Coleraine back in front only for Eoin Bradley to net the rebound after his penalty was saved.
Parkhill slotted in the late winner before Bannsiders defender David Ogilby was sent-off for two yellow cards.
Glenavon player-manager Gary Hamilton saw his half-volley brilliantly saved by Michael Doherty and Rhys Marshall headed wide as the hosts created the better early chances.
However, Coleraine made a 36th minute breakthrough with McCafferty curling his 30-yard free-kick over the wall and into the bottom corner.
Glenavon were level two minutes after the restart when Coleraine failed to clear Hamilton's cross and Martyn nodded the ball just over the line.
McGinty's quality strike made it 2-1, a fierce 12-yard shot flying across keeper James McGrath and into the top corner.
The late drama started with Bradley's spot-kick on 88 minutes, awarded for handball, as the striker found the net at the second attempt after Michael Doherty's save.
Coleraine's produced the winner from the restart, with Parkhill nipping in before sliding the ball under McGrath and into the net.
Ogilby was dismissed in injury time as Coleriane secured a win which takes them above Glenavon and into sixth.


Bristol's Southmead Hospital has nearly 400 fewer parking spaces than outlined in its planning consent, despite opening two years ago, a report says.

Bristol City Council's report said the hospital would provide 2,700 spaces, but is at least 387 spaces short.
Director of facilities, Simon Wood admitted: "We're still on track to provide the 2700 spaces, we're about eight months late on that."
Parking shortages have clogged up local streets since Southmead opened in 2014.
Last year, in response to the problem, emergency services highlighted the issue of people parking inconsiderately or illegally near the hospital.
Mr Wood said delays on the spaces - for staff and visitors - were due to other building work taking place on the site which took longer than expected because of the requirement to remove asbestos from old buildings.
"It was always going to be a phased arrangement," he explained.
"For the past nine years we were planning on other services, like extra buses and lots of extra cycling facilities."
Parking permits have also been brought in as a way of reducing the number of cars parked in residential areas.
Mr Wood said that because staff are also get charged for using the car parks, they have been encouraged to cycle in, or use local buses.
"Since 2013, staff cycling rates have gone up from eight percent to nearly 20 percent.
"It's not acceptable to just keep driving the number of cars up by providing more and more parking spaces," added Mr Wood.
The hospital says it plans to provide the remaining spaces by Autumn 2017.


A judge has approved a plan worth $1bn (£665m) to compensate former American football players with head injuries.

Multiple lawsuits filed against the National Football League (NFL) allege that it hid knowledge of concussion risks.
The average individual payout would be $190,000, with younger men receiving awards between $1m and $5m.
Players' lawyers say the money will be used to compensate families and for medical testing.
The NFL expects 6,000 of its approximately 20,000 retired players to develop Alzheimer's disease or dementia in their lives.
The deal could cost the league more than $1bn over 65 years.


The Trump administration plans to sell military planes to Nigeria despite concerns over rights abuses and a botched air strike that killed scores of civilians in January, US media say.

Up to a dozen A-29 Super Tucano aircraft would be sold to Nigeria to help fight Islamist militant group Boko Haram, unnamed US officials said.
The deal, which is not yet official, will require approval from Congress.
Boko Haram's deadly insurgency has displaced more than two million people.
The deal, said to be worth up to $600m (Â£490m), was agreed by the Obama administration, but was reportedly halted on the day it was due to be sent to Congress, after a catastrophic incident involving the Nigerian military.
About 90 people, mainly women and children, were killed in January when the Nigerian Air Force mistakenly bombed a camp in the country's north-east, which was hosting thousands of those who had fled Boko Haram.
An aid distribution was taking place at the time of the attack, according to medical charity MSF.
The Nigerian government indicated last month that the deal might be back on, following the first phone call between President Muhammadu Buhari and President Donald Trump.
"President Trump assured the Nigerian president of US readiness to cut a new deal in helping Nigeria in terms of military weapons to combat terrorism," Mr Buhari's office said in a statement.
The US congressional source said human rights concerns remain, despite support for the sale from some lawmakers, Reuters news agency reports.
The US Air Force described the A-29 aircraft as a "game-changer" when they were deployed in Afghanistan in 2016.
They can be armed with two wing-mounted machine guns and can carry up to 1,550 kg of weapons.
But the aircraft that would be sold to Nigeria come with a "very basic armed configuration," one of the unnamed US officials told Reuters.


The UN says violence suffered by civilians in Iraq "remains staggering", with at least 18,800 killed between 1 January 2014 and 31 October 2015.

Some 3.2 million people have also been displaced internally over the same period, according to a new report.
The UN accuses so-called Islamic State of systematic and widespread violence, including holding some 3,500 mainly women and children as slaves.
Alleged abuses by troops, militiamen and Kurdish forces were also recorded.
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Raad Al Hussein said the report "starkly illustrates what Iraqi refugees are attempting to escape when they flee to Europe and other regions. This is the horror they face in their homelands".
The report, by the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, is based on interviews with the displaced and direct testimony from victims, survivors or witnesses of rights abuses.
It says the figures of 18,802 civilians killed and 36,245 wounded between 1 January 2014 and 31 October 2015 could be much higher.
10 July: IS militants force victims to lie down in central Mosul in front of large crowd. A bulldozer is driven over them
4 June: Two young males and a 60-year-old man thrown from a building in Ninewa for alleged homosexual acts
1-2 August: IS militants allegedly kill 19 women in Mosul for refusing to have sex with fighters
21 June: Women offered as sex slaves to the top three winners of a Koran memorisation competition in Mosul
23 June: IS group video shows men placed in a car and hit by rocket-propelled grenade; men drowned in a cage; men decapitated with explosives
12-15 July: Four imams in Mosul accused by self-appointed IS court of conducting forbidden taraweeh Ramadan prayers. Shot in the head
Source: UN Report on the Protection on Civilians in the Armed Conflict in Iraq 1 May-31 October 2015
In particular, the figures from the conflict-torn western province of Anbar, much of which is held by IS, might not fully reflect the situation.
About half of the deaths were recorded in Baghdad province and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) were the deadliest tactic used against civilians.
Nevertheless, the figures for civilian deaths are still significantly below those recorded at the height of the sectarian insurgency in Iraq in 2006 and 2007.
Before so-called Islamic State swept across large areas of the country in 2014 and except for the 2006-07 sectarian war between Sunnis and Shia, the civilian death rate was much lower than the toll in this latest UN report.
The monthly average rate between 2010 and 2013, for example, was about 400 deaths, which also included domestic violence and crimes.
The latest figure will also certainly be much higher than the UN reports, because there are many no-go areas for activists and journalists.
IS militants brag about killing anyone who they perceive as "non-believers" of their extremist Islamist ideology. Followers of other religions have also been singled out - with Yazidis and Christians taking the brunt of summary executions and murders.
And Baghdad still represents a large percentage of civilian deaths, with IS militants targeting shopping centres, cafes, schools and markets.
The report says: "So-called Islamic State continues to commit systematic and widespread violence and abuses of international human rights law and humanitarian law.
"These acts may, in some instances, amount to war crimes, crimes against humanity, and possibly genocide."
The report documents killings by IS militants "in gruesome public spectacles, including by shooting, beheading, bulldozing, burning alive and throwing people off the top of buildings".
It notes that up to 900 children have been abducted in the IS-held northern city of Mosul, to be indoctrinated and given military training.
Women and children were also subjected to "sexual violence", the report states.
It says about 3,500 people, mainly women and children and largely from the Yazidi community, were being held as slaves.
The UN Special Representative for Iraq, Jan Kubis, said the "scourge of IS continues to kill, maim and displace Iraqi civilians in the thousands and to cause untold suffering".
The report also documents alleged violations, including abductions and unlawful killings, by government forces, militiamen, members of the paramilitary Popular Mobilisation forces and Kurdish Peshmerga fighters.
Civilians displaced by the conflict face difficulties in finding safety and if they do can be subjected to arbitrary arrests or forced expulsions, the UN says.
Mr Kubis urged the Iraqi government to "use all means to ensure law and order, necessary for the voluntary return of the internally displaced to their place of origin".
Mr Hussein said the "obscene" casualty figures did not fully reflect the suffering of civilians as many had died "from the lack of access to basic food, water or medical care".
The most up-to-date UN estimate of internally displaced people in neighbouring Syria is 6.5 million, while more than 4.6 million others have fled to neighbouring states - including almost 245,000 to Iraq.
More than 250,000 people are estimated to have been killed since the conflict erupted there in 2011.


One department is likely to be cheering the publication of the Mathew Taylor review into the new world of work.

The Treasury will be delighted with the recommendations from Mr Taylor, the head of the Royal Society of Arts, on gig economy companies.
He is recommending that firms which have a "controlling and supervisory" relationship with their workers would have to pay a full range of benefits.
That also includes millions of pounds in national insurance contributions.
In an interview with the BBC, Mr Taylor - head of the government's review into modern employment practices - said that such people were not self-employed as many gig firms insist.
"If you are being controlled and supervised you are probably a worker and you should get workers' rights and also the employer that employs you should be paying national insurance," Mr Taylor told me.
I asked him if such a relationship encompassed firms like Deliveroo and Uber, which say that their riders and drivers are "self-employed" and have full flexibility to work when they want.
"We do not mention individual companies in our report, but I think that if you look at some of the big gig work platforms, at the present time you would say their business models look as though it may be that the people who work for them would be classified as workers rather than as self-employed," he said.
Mr Taylor said: "If you look at the judgments that the judges have been making [about employment rights in the gig economy], it looks as though the courts are saying that it looks as though somebody is subject to control and supervision they should be described as a worker and not self-employed.
"Which, interestingly, is the same criterion used by the tax authority when they determine whether somebody is self-employed or an employee.
"We think that principle is right."
"Workers" - which Mr Taylor wants to redefine as "dependent contractors" - receive a wider range of benefits and protections compared with "self-employed" people, including sick pay, holiday entitlement and the minimum wage.
Firms which employ them are also obliged to pay national insurance contributions to HM Revenue and Customs at 13.8% of an employees' earnings above £157 a week.
Although it is difficult to judge the economic value of the gig economy, more than one million people work in the sector.
If large numbers of them are reclassified as "dependent contractors" that could significantly increase taxes paid to the government by gig firms.
Mr Taylor told me that government tax receipts were negatively affected by the rapid growth in the number of "self-employed" people who pay lower levels of tax than fully employed workers.
"We have a big issue about the fact there is a gap between the amount of tax we pay on self-employed labour and employed labour," he said.
"If you go back to the beginning of the welfare state, that difference was about two-thirds - we paid two-thirds as much for self-employed labour as we did for employed labour - now it is one-third.
"And at the same time self-employment has grown.
"So we are creating a fiscal headache for ourselves, and one of the things we say is over time we need to move to a situation where we pay a more similar amount."
Mr Taylor said: "So it doesn't really matter if you're an employee or self-employed - if I pay for your labour, I should pay a similar amount of tax associated with the labour.
"Doing that, as the chancellor found out in March, is extremely difficult."
In the Budget earlier in the year, Philip Hammond announced an increase in national insurance contributions paid by the self-employed.
He had to execute a U-turn a week later when it was pointed out that the move breached a Conservative pledge made at the time of the 2015 general election not to raise income tax, VAT or national insurance.
Mr Taylor said it was time to ensure that the UK's strong ability to create employment was matched by the jobs being of good quality.
"We as a country have a great record on creating jobs and creating flexible jobs and flexible work is a good thing and most people who work flexibly  - whether they are gig workers, zero hours workers, part time workers - enjoy working in a flexible way.
"But we have an issue with the quality of work in our economy. That issue is particularly problematic at the bottom end of the labour market for lower skilled workers."
Mr Taylor said that zero hours contracts should not be banned - as Labour has demanded - but that people on them should be allowed the "right to request" a move to full-time employment, as the BBC revealed in May.
He admitted that it "would be hypocritical" if the review said they should be banned as the RSA uses them.
"I actually run an organisation that occasionally has zero-hours workers, they come and work when we have weddings in this house," he told me, referring to the RSA's headquarters in central London.
"Most people who work zero hours chose to work that way.
"We shouldn't be in the business of trying to stop people doing something which works for them."


A man has been found guilty of punching a five-day-old girl at a supermarket.

Baby Elsie Rose was hit in the face at a Tesco store on Altrincham Road in Baguley, Manchester, on 5 September.
David Hardy, 64, of Longfield Road in Baguley, denied assault and told Manchester and Salford Magistrates' Court he thought the baby was a doll and it was a "dreadful mistake".
He was fined £900 and ordered to pay £500 costs and £100 compensation.
Elsie Rose was in a car seat placed in a shopping trolley next to her older sister when she was attacked.
It was her first trip out with her family, the court heard.
Her mother Amy Ducker told the court she was left "absolutely distraught" by the incident, which happened after she had bumped into a neighbour who worked at the supermarket.
The neighbour had called her colleague, Hardy's wife, over to look at the "beautiful baby", she said.
She told the hearing Hardy had then approached and, without saying a word to her, punched the baby in the head.
The five-day-old child was taken to hospital and monitored overnight but was later discharged.
Hardy told the court he had been "messing around to lighten the mood" and thought the "doll" belonged to Elsie Rose's older sister.
He said the seven-year-old "looked bored" and he had asked her: "Is that your baby?"
"She didn't reply and I said 'I'm going to wake your baby up'," he said.
He claimed he then tapped the child with a "loose fist" to "wind up" the girl.
He added that in hindsight, he could see there was nothing playful about his "wholly inappropriate" actions.
Finding him guilty, District Judge Sam Goozee dismissed Hardy's claim that he thought the child was a doll as "implausible".
Speaking after the hearing, John and Linda Duckers, the grandparents of Elsie Rose, said Hardy should have been given a custodial sentence.


A section of racetrack which had not seen action since 1940 has been restored to how it looked when the circuit was in its heyday.

The world's first purpose-built motor-racing circuit opened at Brooklands, in Surrey, 110 years ago on 17 June.
The Earl of March officially re-opened the finishing straight, which was followed by a parade of historic cars.
It had been covered by an aircraft hangar since 1940, which was removed, restored and relocated on the site.
The project was carried out with the help of a £4.7m Heritage Lottery Fund grant, a £1m government grant and funds raised by supporters and donors.
The Grade II-listed Wellington Hangar was used for the assembly of Wellington bombers in the 1940s, and later for other industrial purposes.
It is due to be opened in October as the Brooklands Aircraft Factory, housing rare and early aviation displays and telling the story of 80 years of aircraft testing, manufacture and flying at Brooklands.


Reports that Britons were among Islamist militants who kidnapped and wounded two photographers in Syria are being taken "very seriously" by ministers, the Foreign Office has said.

The claims were made by photographers John Cantlie and Jeroen Oerlemans, who were held at a camp for a week in July.
The Foreign Office said it was closely "monitoring the situation".
The Free Syrian Army group, which is part of the opposition trying to oust Bashar al-Assad, helped them to escape.
Mr Cantlie, who is British, and his Dutch colleague, Mr Oerlemans, were both wounded in a "shooting gallery" as their thwarted captors fired after the fleeing men.
The kidnapping took place amid the ongoing conflict in Syria.
Heavy fighting is continuing in the country's second city, Aleppo, amid concerns that the army will launch a full-scale assault within days.
Activists say more than 20,000 people - mostly civilians - have died in 17 months of unrest.
Jihadists - those committed to establishing an Islamic state by violent means - have started to be seen on the battlefield in Syria.
The FSA is said to be scrutinising jihadists in Syria very closely.
They are considered to be "a real threat after the Assad regime falls", a senior FSA officer told the BBC.
Mr Cantlie told BBC Radio 4's Broadcasting House programme he and his colleague were regularly threatened with death.
"When you're held captive, you're blindfolded and you have a guy sticking a gun at your head, it's very real," he said.
"It was inferred that we would meet our God. We had sowed the seeds of our own destruction. We would be shot or beheaded.
"At one point they even started sharpening knives for a beheading. It was pretty frightening."
The photographer said he entered Syria across the border with Turkey, using the same route and guide that he had earlier in the year.
But on this occasion he and his companions were detained after passing through a camp inhabited by Islamic jihadists who, he said, were not from Syria.
"They were from anywhere but Syria," he told the BBC.
"They were from Pakistan, Bangladesh, the UK and Chechnya. A real mix."
He said there were "between 10 and 15 young jihadists from the UK" who he described as being "a mixed bunch".
Some seemed "shocked at what had happened" and may have left the camp, arguing that it was not what they had come for.
Other British captors were described by him as being "vindictive".
The photojournalist said: "I think these are disenchanted young men from the UK who are now unified under this jihadist banner. I think they took out their angst on us."
Mr Oerlemans has already told Dutch media that some of the captors were British.
A Foreign Office spokesman said the government "takes very seriously any claims or reports that indicate there are British nationals amongst foreign fighters in Syria".
He said: "We are monitoring the situation as closely as possible. Clearly, the deteriorating security situation in Syria leaves a dangerous space for foreign fighters.
"The solution lies in securing robust international action to resolve the crisis."
Mr Cantlie and his Dutch colleague escaped when four members of the FSA intervened and gave the photographers an opportunity to flee the camp.
The pair ran amidst a hail of bullets which he likened to "a shooting gallery". Both were shot.
Mr Cantlie was shot in the arm and a bullet passed through Mr Oerlemans's thigh.


Former Test batsman Jimmy Adams has been appointed as West Indies' new director of cricket.

Adams, 49, stood down from his position as head coach of Kent in October, after spending five seasons with the county.
The Jamaican played 54 Tests and 127 one-day internationals, scoring 3,012 and 2,204 runs respectively.
West Indies are still to replace former coach Phil Simmons, who was sacked in September having led them to the World T20 title five months earlier.


Irish restaurants and hotels have been "up in arms" since a woman was awarded 20,000 euros (Â£17,000) after hitting her knee against a table as she sat down to dinner, a trade body has said.

Annette O'Connor claimed she had been injured after a hotel manager directed her where to sit at a table.
A Dublin High Court judge increased her damages award on appeal on Thursday.
The Restaurants Association of Ireland said the case would mean insurance costs will increase for the sector.
The Irish Times reported that Mrs O'Connor claimed she had been directed to a table in the Mullingar Park Hotel in County Westmeath in March 2011, where a leg concealed by a tablecloth constituted a "trap".
The 48-year-old hairdresser, from Santry in Dublin, said she was not given any warning that the leg was hidden before she injured her left knee as she sat down and pulled her chair towards the table.
Adrian Cummins, the chief executive of the Restaurants Association of Ireland, described the case as "bizarre" and said it would result in serious repercussions for hospitality businesses.
He said: "I haven't seen a floating table with no legs in my life - how do you counteract a customer going into a restaurant, hitting their knee off a table and suing you?
"In that case, the woman got 20,000 euros, but the legal costs were about 200,000 euros.
"Insurance premiums will go up for that business, but they'll go up for our entire sector as well because we're now seen as being high-risk.
"Our members are up in arms and they're extremely distressed - they are wondering why we're being targeted and penalised for this."
Mr Cummins said that insurance costs for restaurants can rise by as much as 300% after personal injury claims are made against them.
Many businesses do not have the resources to fight claims in the courts, he added, and insurance rises can mean "close-the-doors time" for them.
"If you're a small business and your insurance cost goes up by 300% you have to cut back in other areas, either by cutting your staff numbers or you have to increase your prices."
Judges in the Republic of Ireland are "not using common sense" in dealing with personal injury claims, Mr Cummins claimed.
He called on the government to take steps to save hospitality businesses from a "claims culture that's spiralling out of control".
"The way that personal injury cases are handled needs to be changed," he added.
"Take it away from the judges and put it through an assessment board - they could make a common-sense deliberation and judgement on it.
"Our government needs to deal with this in a pragmatic way, quickly and efficiently.
"If they don't, businesses will suffer - that's the bottom line."


Patients attending A&E units with less serious problems may no longer be guaranteed to be seen in four hours, the health secretary has suggested.

Jeremy Hunt told the House of Commons the government was "committed to maintaining" the target.
But he said if the standard was to be "protected" it might need to be applied to only those patients with urgent needs rather than minor problems.
It comes as hospitals are reporting unprecedented pressures this winter.
Department of Health sources said there were no immediate plans to change the target but ministers wanted an honest conversation with the public about A&E.
Currently, every patient who goes to an accident and emergency department should be seen in four hours.
But hospitals have been struggling to achieve that - the target has not been met since the summer of 2015.
Mr Hunt said it was time to look at how the target - one of the most high profile in the health service - was measured.
He said no other country in the world had such a stringent standard for A&E treatment.
"This government is committed to maintaining and delivering that vital four-hour commitment to patients.
"But since it was announced in 2000, there are nearly nine million more visits to our A&E, up to 30% of whom, NHS England estimate, do not need to be there, and the tide is continuing to rise.
"So if we are going to protect our four-hour standard, we need to be clear it is a promise to sort out all urgent health problems within four hours - but not all health problems, however minor."
As well as raising the prospect of re-defining the target, Mr Hunt said he would be looking at new ways of managing the way patients used A&E services.
Some hospitals have started piloting a new system called streaming, which sees staff assessing patients when they walk through the door and sending them elsewhere if they are deemed to have only minor ailments.
Mr Hunt said it would allow hospitals to focus quick care on those "who actually need it".
But Liberal Democrat health spokesman Norman Lamb criticised the idea.
"This is a slippery slope towards the downgrading of standards," he said.
"If the health secretary thinks it is acceptable for patients to be left waiting indefinitely in A&Es, or that this is a solution to the severe pressures facing the NHS, then he is sorely mistaken."
Labour shadow health secretary Jon Ashworth said ministers needed to "get to a grip" on the problem.
And British Medical Association leader Dr Mark Porter said ministers should instead focus on increasing investment and developing a "long-term plan to protect patients who are enduring some of the worst conditions in decades".


Police are investigating reports that two people were shot at with a catapult at Margate's Dreamland theme park.

Officers were called to the attraction in Marine Terrace at about 15:20 GMT on Good Friday after two people were reportedly hurt.
Kent Police said the victims did not require hospital treatment, adding: "Inquiries are on going."
The revamped Dreamland theme park opened in June 2015.


Mercedes' non-executive chairman Niki Lauda wants to "give a Christmas present" to a driver after the shock retirement of world champion Nico Rosberg on Friday.

Team boss Toto Wolff said the search would start on Monday, with a decision expected by the end of 2016.
"It is a huge loss because we had the quickest driver set-up over the last three years," Lauda told Sportsweek.
"I need a driver for the first test in February when the new car is ready."
He added: "We have to train him on the simulator and into the team, so we should have a decision before the end of the year."
Rosberg retired five days after beating British team-mate Lewis Hamilton to clinch his first world title.
Hamilton, a three-time world champion, has said he "doesn't care" who is picked as the German's replacement.
Speaking on BBC Radio 5 live, Lauda added: "Nico and Lewis were pushing each other. Lewis won two championships and Nico won one. Now we have to find a better man than Nico because we want to continue to win.
"This is a big problem for us to find a replacement, so I cannot tell you now because we have to think about it, contact everybody and make proper research into who we are going to put in the best car in Formula 1.
"We have the best car to offer but at the moment no driver. The other drivers, or the majority certainly, have 1 December contracts for next year so really we have to do good research, who is there, what and when and then we will take a decision, but it will take a while."
Lauda retired from F1 in 1979 before coming back to win the 1984 World Championship. He quit the sport as a driver on a permanent basis a year later.
Asked about Rosberg's decision to retire, he said: "I was really surprised - this was never on my radar that this could happen.
"I spoke to him afterwards to find out because I did this twice in my career and I really wanted to make sure it was not a quick decision which he might regret and I wanted to find out how sure he is.
"Of my question 'how sure are you?' he said '1,000%'. Then I knew that it is over - you cannot convince him any more."


Chelsea captain John Terry will serve a one-match ban after the club's appeal against his red card in Sunday's FA Cup win over Peterborough was rejected.

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The former England international, 36, was dismissed by referee Kevin Friend for a professional foul on Lee Angol in the second half of the 4-1 win.
Terry will now be unavailable for Saturday's trip to champions Leicester.
The Blues' FA Cup win was Terry's first start since October and only his eighth appearance of the season.


The United Nations has announced that it will sponsor "inclusive" talks on the conflict in Yemen next week.

Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said he hoped the consultations in Geneva would "restore momentum towards a Yemeni-led political transition process".
But the foreign minister for the exiled government said it might not attend because it wanted more time to prepare.
A Saudi-led coalition resumed bombing Houthi rebels and their allies after a five-day ceasefire ended on Sunday.
Overnight, warplanes targeted army bases and weapons depots in the most sustained bombardment of the capital, Sanaa, in almost two months, residents said.
The UN says at least 1,850 people have been killed and more than 7,390 injured in air strikes, fighting on the ground and attacks by militants since 19 March.
More than 500,000 Yemenis have also been displaced from their homes, and millions have been affected by shortages of food, water, fuel and medicines.
Mr Ban urged all parties to the conflict to engage in the talks, which will begin on 28 May, "in good faith and without preconditions", his spokesman said.
"The only durable resolution to the crisis in Yemen is an inclusive, negotiated political settlement," Mr Ban warned.
The announcement follows extensive consultations by the UN's special envoy, Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed, together with expressions of support by the UN Security Council.
The Security Council has called for the restoration of Yemen's President Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi, who fled the country in March, and the resumption of the democratic transition begun in 2011 when former leader Ali Abdullah Saleh was forced to hand over power following mass protests.
Yemen's Foreign Minister Riad Yassin expressed surprise at Mr Ban's talks announcement.
"We didn't get an official invitation," he told the Reuters news agency. "It's very short notice. If it happens, it shouldn't be on 28 May."
Mr Yassin added that the Houthis should be required to disarm and leave the cities they have seized since September before being allowed to attend.
The government organised a three-day conference on Yemen's future that concluded in Saudi Arabia on Tuesday.
It was attended by hundreds of Yemeni politicians and tribal leaders, but the Houthis refused to participate. They rejected the main aim of the conference - the restoration of Mr Hadi - and the decision to hold it in a country leading the air campaign against them.
During the five-day ceasefire that ended on Sunday, international humanitarian organisations scrambled to get desperately-needed aid to the hardest-hit areas of the country.
On Wednesday, Iran's deputy foreign minister announced that an Iranian cargo ship carrying 2,500 tonnes of aid would now submit to inspections at the UN's hub in Djibouti before sailing on to Yemen's Red Sea port of Hudaydah.
Iran had refused to allow Saudi-led naval forces to carry out an inspection of the vessel to ensure it was not transporting arms supplies for the Houthis.


A polar bear has mauled a 17-year-old British boy to death in the Arctic and injured four other UK tourists.

Horatio Chapple, from Wiltshire, was with 12 others on a British Schools Exploring Society trip near a glacier on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen.
The four who were hurt - two severely - included two leaders of the trip. They have been flown to Tromsoe where their condition is stable.
BSES chairman Edward Watson described Mr Chapple as a "fine young man".
Mr Watson said the society had been in touch with his family - who live near Salisbury - and had offered "our utmost sympathy".
He said: "Horatio was a fine young man, hoping to go on to read medicine after school. By all accounts he would've made an excellent doctor."
He said the society's executive director was travelling to Spitsbergen, in the Svalbard archipelago, adding: "We are continuing to gather information on this tragedy."
Mr Chapple was studying at Eton College in Berkshire. Geoff Riley, head of teaching and learning technologies at the school paid tribute on Twitter, saying his thoughts and prayers were with his family.
The attack, near the Von Post glacier about 25 miles (40km) from Longyearbyen, took place early on Friday.
The group contacted the authorities using a satellite phone and a helicopter was sent to rescue them.
The bear was shot dead by a member of the group.
The BSES, a youth development charity, said the injured men were trip leaders Michael Reid, 29, and Andrew Ruck, 27, who is from Brighton but lives in Edinburgh, and trip members Patrick Flinders, 17, from Jersey, and Scott Smith, 16.
The injured were flown to hospital in Longyearbyen and then on to University Hospital in Tromsoe, on the Norwegian mainland.
A spokeswoman for the hospital said the patients were now in a stable condition.
The father of Patrick Flinders, Terry, said he believed the polar bear had crossed a trip wire and into his son's tent.
"According to the doctor and the other people Patrick was trying to fend off the polar bear by hitting it on the nose - why, I don't know, but he did and... the polar bear attacked him with his right paw across his face and his head and his arm," he said.
Those worried about their relatives should call 0047 7902 4305 or 0047 7902 4302.
The UK ambassador to Norway, Jane Owen, is leading a consular team to Tromsoe to provide assistance to the expedition group.
By Matt WalkerEditor, BBC Nature
Polar bears are, along with the grizzly bears of Kodiak Island, Alaska, the largest living predators on land.
They are also considered to be one of the few wild species that will actively hunt humans.
However, the chance to do so occurs rarely, due to the extreme isolation of their Arctic habitat.
Adult polar bears spend most of their lives alone, ranging over a vast icy landscape, using their acute sense of smell to locate their favoured prey of blubber-rich seals, whales and walruses.
If needs must, they will, like many bears, adapt their behaviour; polar bears have been seen feasting on goose eggs, while one bear has been recorded undertaking an epic nine-day swim to reach new feeding grounds.
As climate change reduces ice cover, there are concerns that more polar bears will become displaced and will move further inland to seek food, bringing them into contact with more people.
She said the event was "really shocking and horrific".
"I cannot begin to imagine what a dreadful ordeal it is for everyone involved and of course especially the families.
"And our thoughts and prayers go out, particularly to the parents of and the family of Horatio but also everyone who's been affected by this."
Lars Erik Alfheim, vice-governor of Svalbard, said polar bears were common in the area.
"These days when the ice comes in and out like it does right now, it's not unlikely to encounter polar bears. Polar bears are extremely dangerous and it's an animal that can attack without any notice."
The BSES group of 80 people were on a trip which began on 23 July and was scheduled to run until 28 August.
A blog on the group's website dated 27 July described polar bear sightings from their camp where they had been marooned due to "an unprecedented amount of ice in the fjord".
"Despite this everyone was in good spirits because we encountered a polar bear floating on the ice, this time we were lucky enough to borrow a kind Norwegian guide's telescope to see it properly," it said.
"After that experience I can say for sure that everyone dreamt of polar bears that night."
Earlier this year the governor's office warned people about bear attacks after several were spotted near Longyearbyen.
BSES Expeditions, based in Kensington, west London, organises scientific expeditions to remote areas to develop teamwork and a spirit of adventure.
It was founded in 1932 by a member of Captain Scott's final Antarctic expedition of 1910-13.
Polar bears are one of the largest land carnivores, reaching up to 8ft (2.5m) and weighing 800kg (125st).


UKIP leader Nigel Farage has admitted the tone he has used on issues including immigration and HIV was designed to "get noticed".

In an interview with Evan Davis, Mr Farage said his party was offering "positive" solutions on immigration.
But he said people in the UK should be concerned about "those within that wish to fight us".
He also told the Newsnight presenter he had been overworked at the start of the campaign, but had adjusted his diary.
The interview will be aired on Wednesday at 19:30 BST on BBC One.
It is part of a series of interviews with the main party leaders.
Mr Farage was asked about comments he made on US TV about immigration and ghettos in the UK following the Charlie Hebdo attacks in France.
He said: "What I've said about the UK is that uncontrolled mass immigration has led to increasing division and ghettoisation in our towns and cities."
The UKIP leader said "you could argue" there are parts of the country where the police have withdrawn and Sharia law applied.
And he said turning a blind eye to such issues had led to "some of the most appalling sexual scandals that I think we've seen in our history".
Mr Farage discussed immigration at length and denied criticising Muslims.
He admitted being happier with immigration from India and Australia than "from countries that haven't fully recovered from being behind the iron curtain".
On the tone of his comments, he said: "To wake people up to the truth of what is going on you sometimes have to say things in a way to get noticed."
But he said his party had a vision for how to tackle immigration.
He does plenty of interviews and he's got two televised debates under his belt, but this was probably the toughest exchange so far.
During a half hour of intense scrutiny Nigel Farage was at times tetchy, even angry. "I'm not having this," he said, when he accused his interrogator of misquoting him. "I don't hate anything" he said when he thought words were being put in his mouth. "I couldn't care less," he said - twice - when pushed on one sensitive issue. He was combative and he stood his ground.
But the interview did emphasise one thing - numbers are not his strong point. On UKIP's plan for big tax cuts and deficit reduction he was nonchalant in saying "dynamic growth" in the economy - more revenue from less tax - was the secret to it working.
It's a reminder that although the party has a comprehensive manifesto on offer, that's not what UKIP is really about. And that's not what some people find appealing about it, which is why he can afford to be nonchalant.
He added: "The argument we are now making is that we are the one party that firstly offers a solution, which is to take back control of our borders, and secondly has a positive and an ethical vision for how immigration should be managed by having an Australian-style points system."
The MEP said he was only talking about a "mercifully small percentage of the Muslim population" in previous comments.
And pointing to estimates hundreds of Britons have gone to fight in Syria, he said: "Should we concerned about it? Yes of course we should."
The UKIP leader also said his party's potential was "massive" if they did well on 7 May.
The three areas it will be judged on are the number of MPs elected, the number of seats where it comes second and its share of the overall vote nationwide, he added.
Mr Farage insisted he did not regret saying he would stand down as party leader if he fails to win election in Thanet South on 7 May.
He said: "I believe that I have given everything to try and make UKIP a political success. But I have to get over the particular Becher's Brook. I am confident and I believe I will."
The MEP also admitted he was not operating at "100%" at the start of the election campaign.
He said: "I wasn't feeling quite as sharp and as fit as I should have been. I think that's because frankly in my enthusiasm for UKIP to succeed in this election I got my diary planning wrong and I was doing way way too much."
But he added:  "I've readjusted that - I have to say the last two or three days I'm feeling pretty bouncy."


Representatives from the channel islands have faced questioning from MEPs on taxation systems.

Guernsey tax director Rob Gray and Jersey international affairs adviser Colin Powell were quizzed by an EU committee.
Both made statements and the questioning included issues such as tax avoidance and exchange of information.
Jersey chief minister Senator Ian Gorst said it was important to comply with "all relevant international standards".
The European Parliament set up the Taxe 2 Special Committee to examine tax rulings, aggressive tax planning and information exchange in EU Member States and third countries.
Senator Gorst added their aim was to "pursue a good neighbour policy in our relationship with the EU."
"Commissioner Moscovici has described Jersey and Guernsey as important partners of the EU through our continued active engagement in international initiatives for fighting tax evasion, fraud and abusive tax avoidance."


A 1974 "UFO incident" which was dubbed the Welsh Roswell was dismissed as an earthquake and a meteor combining, offical files show.

There was a huge bang and a brilliant light over the Berwyn Mountains in north east Wales, and there were later claims a spaceship crash was concealed.
Comparisons were drawn with Roswell, New Mexico, USA, in 1947, where it is claimed an alien crash was concealed.
But a Ministry of Defence (MoD) investigation said there was no UFO.
The National Archives files show it was explained by a noisy earth tremor coinciding with a meteor burning up in the atmosphere.
A search and rescue team was scrambled from RAF Valley on Anglesey, but found no wreckage on the mountainside.
The MoD investigation found that there were five other reports of UFOs seen over the UK at about 10pm on 23 January 1974, when the Berwyn Mountains incident happened.
Three sightings were in the Home Counties, one in Lincolnshire and another in Sussex.
Witnesses reported seeing a bright light in the north west which seemed to fall towards the horizon.
An expert who undertook independent research into the Berwyn Mountains incident for the British Astronomical Society reported that a "fireball" was visible over most of the UK that night.
Sightings were received from Somerset, Norfolk, Manchester and Edinburgh, the files notes.
The fireball descended from about 120km in the sky to about 35km before disintegrating over Manchester, the expert found.
Brynmor John, who was then junior RAF minister, explained the official position in a letter to Dafydd Elis Thomas, then a local MP, in May 1974.
Mr John wrote: "As suggested by the descriptions reported, it seems the phenomena could well have been caused by a meteor descending through the atmosphere burning up and finally disintegrating before it reached the ground.
"Such a hypothesis would also explain the absence of any signs of impact.
"It has also been suggested that at 8.32pm that evening there was an earth tremor in the Berwyn Mountains which produced a landslide with noises like detonation.
"The latter aspect is however outside the field of this department," Mr John added.
But the MoD's conclusions did not convince all those who witnessed the "Welsh Roswell".
The files also include a letter from one local who wrote: "That 'something" came down in the Berwyn Mountains on that night I am certain.
"It is certain to the minds of both my friends who came with me and to me that we were visited by an object that evening."


High Street retailer Next has been hit with a £22.4m tax bill after a court found it diverted profits made in the UK offshore to avoid paying tax.

Next was found to have used a tax avoidance scheme called a rate-booster.
The court ruled Next diverted UK profits to foreign subsidiaries to claim tax relief on overseas profits.
Such schemes are a way in which firms avoid corporation tax on foreign profits that are then paid back to the UK parent firm.
Under rules designed to prevent double taxation of company profits, firms were able to claim credit for tax paid on money they made overseas.
But some companies were able to exploit the rules through the creation of artificial arrangements involving what HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) referred to as "complex circular movements of money between companies in the same group, so they can claim there has been double taxation".
Known as rate-booster schemes, this enabled companies to avoid corporation tax by diverting profits made in the UK to foreign subsidiaries.
The foreign subsidiary then paid tax on those profits - often at a lower rate of corporation tax - before the profits were paid back to the UK parent company.
Finally, the UK parent company received credits from HMRC for the tax already paid by its subsidiary.
As a result, companies were able to claim far more tax had been paid on their overseas profits than was actually the case.
Legal changes in 2005 and 2009 mean rate-booster schemes are no longer possible or attractive, HMRC added.
The Next case is the second to reach court, following a 2013 ruling against P&O Ferries, although the firm appealed against the decision and an appeal judgement is outstanding.
HMRC said about £130m in tax was at stake across 20 rate-booster cases, which were awaiting the P&O and Next decisions.
About 70 rate-boosters have already been conceded by companies that wanted to avoid going to court. This has brought in more than £500m in tax, it added.
HMRC's director general of business tax, Jim Harra, said: "This case shows how HMRC takes effective action against big businesses that try to avoid paying tax through convoluted, artificial avoidance schemes. HMRC expects all businesses to steer well clear of such schemes."
In a statement, Next said it had paid the tax owed to HMRC "some years ago" and that this had been fully accounted for at the time.
The retailer described the dispute between itself and HMRC as "a technical debate around complex legislation" which had now been superseded. It added that current UK law generally allowed companies to "repatriate their profits without a tax charge".


An MSP has claimed changes proposed by the Royal Mail could see the closure of the oldest working post office in the world in southern Scotland.

The Sanquhar site celebrated its 300th anniversary last year.
SNP MSP Joan McAlpine said plans to move mail services from the office would make closure "inevitable".
Royal Mail spokeswoman Felicity MacFarlane said it had concerns about working conditions in the mail office which it was working to resolve.
South of Scotland MSP Ms McAlpine said that if the office was to close it would mean a post office in Stockholm would become the oldest working facility in the world.
She has written to the Royal Mail asking it to recognise Sanquhar's special status.
"Removing mail work from Sanquhar would result in a loss of a third of the post office income and mean closure was inevitable," she said.
"This would be a dreadful blow for Sanquhar, a beautiful and ancient Royal Burgh which has suffered in recent years from the scourge of unemployment.
"The post office is an important facility for the townspeople and a source of employment, as well as a tourist attraction bringing welcome visitors."
Ms MacFarlane said Royal Mail intended to tackle concerns about the suitability of the site.
"Royal Mail has concerns about the working conditions for our four members of staff working in the mail office at Sanquhar Post Office branch," she said.
"We are working closely with Post Office Limited to resolve these issues as quickly as possible.
"In the meantime, Royal Mail services at Sanquhar Post Office branch will continue as normal."


Four decades ago today, flying high on their Eurovision success, Abba played their first UK gig.

Touts were reportedly selling tickets to the Birmingham Odeon concert at more than 40 times their face value - over Â£100 - such was the demand.
More than 44,000 people wanted tickets to the 2,397-seat venue, its then-manager Tony Harvey recalls.
The band won Eurovision at the Brighton Dome on 6 April 1974 and went on to sell more than 400 million albums.
A stage technician at the Birmingham Odeon remembers rigging a quadraphonic sound system to replicate a helicopter swirling around the auditorium, which has since become a cinema.
Mr Harvey, who managed the venue, brought his daughters Tania and Tracey to watch.
"We were besieged by people wanting tickets," he said.
"From the moment the tickets went on sale I became the most famous person in Birmingham.
"I don't think police expected so many people to turn up."
"I remember being kept in the dark how they were going to arrive. They came out of the fire exit at New Street Station opposite our stage door."
Dale Michelsohn, originally from Bournville, Birmingham, but who now runs a venue in Skansen, Sweden, worked as a stage technician at the Odeon from 1974 to 1988.
He said: "The most unusual thing for us was the use of a quadraphonic sound system, something not often done - I think Pink Floyd had used one earlier.
"It was only for the opening. We had to quickly de-rig it during the start of the concert and drag it through the exit doors at the rear of the stalls," said Mr Michelsohn, who now runs the Birmingham Odeon Memorial group on Facebook.
Rafael Cavar, who wrote he went to the gig on the website Birmingham Music Archive, said: "The demands were so high they could have sold out the Odeon over 10 times.
"I was very lucky to get my ticket on the black market outside the Odeon at a fair price.
"People were paying over Â£100 (40 times the face value), which was a fortune in those days."


The harvest of Atlantic salmon from Scotland's fish farming industry has declined by more than 4% to 172,000 tonnes, figures show.

The average weight of fish has also fallen, according to Marine Science Scotland's annual report.
Fish farmers are understood to be facing difficulties with sea lice affecting the growth of fish.
Production of lumpsucker and wrasse, a natural predator of sea lice, is being increased.
The report also shows that the industry is diversifying into other species, with production of farmed rainbow trout up by nearly half to more than 8,000 tonnes.
Last year saw record production of farmed salmon, with 179,022 tonnes produced.


Security researchers have hacked a phone to show how it is possible to eavesdrop on conversations and make premium calls on someone else's line.

The problem affects voice-over-internet-protocol (Voip) phones, commonly installed by businesses, when default passwords are used.
Snom, the manufacturer whose phones were used in the research, has said the attack affects outdated software.
A spokesman said the tested firmware was "never in wide circulation".
The researcher carried out tests on a phone that was reset to "default" factory settings.
Just by running a couple of lines of code on a website visited by the phone user, the researchers demonstrated how premium-rate calls could be made.
By exploiting the fact that Voip phones and desktop computers are connected to the same internet network at many organisations, attackers are often able to access the phones themselves and operate them without the owner becoming aware.
"It's incredibly easy to do," said security researcher Per Thorsheim, who was involved in the demonstration by fellow researcher Paul Moore.
However, a spokesman for Snom said, "Snom's internal investigation reveals that the desktop telephone used in Mr Paul Moore's experiment was an old 2008 telephone model utilizing outdated beta firmware... which was never in wide circulation.
"The latest and current firmware is version 8.7.5.35 and there have been multiple firmware releases since the outdated beta release."
The spokesman added that Snom telephones by default request that both users and network administrators set a password during installation.
"If a password is not set, a continuous non-stop, endless visual warning on the device's display is illuminated," he said.
Mr Thorsheim explained that the tested phone could be compromised if the user visited a web page containing a couple of lines of Javascript web code.
Prof Alan Woodward, a security expert at the University of Surrey, said attacks on Voip phones were a "significant problem" and pointed out that by using online tools he was able to find many examples of phones that could be accessed using the method.
"The one we do know where it's being used a lot is premium-rate scams," he told the BBC.
"They use your phone to dial a premium-rate number. There's a lot of that going on - we're talking millions being made out of that."
The practice of using phone lines paid for by companies to make expensive calls for little or no fee is thought to be increasingly common, according to research by security consultancy Nettitude.
In a report last year, it said that the UK was particularly badly affected.
Prof Woodward said the issue was similar to flaws found in internet-connected devices and warned that with the rise of the Internet of Things, similar tricks were likely to become more and more common.
"It's a huge wake-up call to anybody who's building devices with embedded software," he said.


Ten-man Carlisle edged out Hartlepool 3-2 in a thriller at Brunton Park, extending their unbeaten run to 13 games and equalling their best-ever league start.

A purposeful opening from the visitors had Carlisle on the back foot, with Lewis Hawkins and Nathan Thomas fizzing shots narrowly off target.
However, it was Carlisle who struck first in the 20th minute when a quick break down the left and a pinpoint cross from Shaun Miller provided Jabo Ibehre with a simple side-foot finish from six yards.
The home side spurned a great chance to make it two before the break when Miller seized on a loose ball just inside the area only to lash his shot over the crossbar.
Carlisle missed a double opportunity four minutes into the second half when goalkeeper Trevor Carson just managed to get a hand to Jason Kennedy's close-range effort and Ibehre ballooned the loose ball high over from four yards when it looked easier to score.
Miller, having been booked in the first half for kicking the ball away, was shown a second yellow and sent off in the 57th minute for deliberate handball, before Lewis Alessandra cut in from the left to power an unstoppable shot past Mark Gillespie for the equaliser.
Danny Grainger restored Carlisle's lead three minutes later, belting a low 25-yard shot into the bottom corner after receiving a short free-kick from Nicky Adams.
Pools made it 2-2 in the 75th minute when Padraig Amond, at close range, was able to apply the finish after Gillespie had saved Billy Paynter's original drive, then Carlisle went straight back in front five minutes later when Michael Raynes scored with a towering header from Grainger's corner.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Carlisle United 3, Hartlepool United 2.
Second Half ends, Carlisle United 3, Hartlepool United 2.
Luke Joyce (Carlisle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Scott Harrison (Hartlepool United).
Tom Miller (Carlisle United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Liam Donnelly (Hartlepool United).
Charlie Wyke (Carlisle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Liam Donnelly (Hartlepool United).
Attempt missed. Liam Donnelly (Hartlepool United) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Substitution, Hartlepool United. Michael Woods replaces Jake Carroll.
Substitution, Carlisle United. Shaun Brisley replaces Derek Asamoah.
Goal!  Carlisle United 3, Hartlepool United 2. Michael Raynes (Carlisle United) header from the centre of the box to the top left corner. Assisted by Danny Grainger with a cross.
Corner,  Carlisle United. Conceded by Aristote Nsiala.
Corner,  Carlisle United. Conceded by Lewis Alessandra.
Goal!  Carlisle United 2, Hartlepool United 2. Padraig Amond (Hartlepool United) right footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Lewis Alessandra.
Foul by Derek Asamoah (Carlisle United).
Liam Donnelly (Hartlepool United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Nathan Thomas (Hartlepool United) left footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Corner,  Hartlepool United. Conceded by Macaulay Gillesphey.
Attempt blocked. Nathan Thomas (Hartlepool United) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked.
Attempt missed. Nathan Thomas (Hartlepool United) left footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses the top left corner.
Substitution, Carlisle United. Derek Asamoah replaces Nicky Adams.
Goal!  Carlisle United 2, Hartlepool United 1. Danny Grainger (Carlisle United) left footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Nicky Adams.
Charlie Wyke (Carlisle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Scott Harrison (Hartlepool United).
Goal!  Carlisle United 1, Hartlepool United 1. Lewis Alessandra (Hartlepool United) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the top right corner.
Danny Grainger (Carlisle United) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Hartlepool United. Billy Paynter replaces Jordan Richards.
Substitution, Carlisle United. Charlie Wyke replaces Jabo Ibehre.
Second yellow card to Shaun Miller (Carlisle United) for a bad foul.
Hand ball by Shaun Miller (Carlisle United).
Foul by Jason Kennedy (Carlisle United).
Jake Carroll (Hartlepool United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Jabo Ibehre (Carlisle United) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high.
Attempt saved. Jason Kennedy (Carlisle United) right footed shot from very close range is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Carlisle United. Conceded by Jordan Richards.
Second Half begins Carlisle United 1, Hartlepool United 0.
First Half ends, Carlisle United 1, Hartlepool United 0.
Attempt missed. Nathan Thomas (Hartlepool United) header from the centre of the box misses to the right.
Attempt missed. Shaun Miller (Carlisle United) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high.


A former MEP who fraudulently claiming almost £500,000 in European Parliament expenses has been jailed.

Ashley Mote, 79, was convicted of 12 charges relating to fraudulent claims to pay people he said were "whistleblowers".
The offences included fraud, acquiring criminal property and false accounting.
Mote, who sat as a UKIP and then independent MEP for South East England, was sentenced to five years at London's Southwark Crown Court.
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