Rochdale Council has accepted a report by MPs on child sexual exploitation that said it had failed to keep children and young people safe.

The Home Affairs Committee said the authority and other agencies had been "inexcusably slow" to protect young girls who were being groomed.
MPs began taking evidence after nine Rochdale men - eight with Pakistani backgrounds - were jailed last year.
The report said victims were still being failed.
The ninth man jailed was from an Afghan background.
Gladys Rhodes White, Children's Services director at Rochdale Council, said previous failings were "unacceptable" and staff were being trained to spot grooming and protect victims.
"There are lots of people that need to work together to deal with this horrendous crime.
"What we have done is make sure everybody understands how child sexual exploitation works: the grooming process, the impact on victims, the way perpetrators operate, and we are prepared to deal with all those strands in a collective way.
"So our training and our awareness raising is absolutely essential if we are to stop this activity."
In 2012, Ms White replaced Steve Garner, who resigned following an independent report criticising the department.
The Home Affairs Committee said the council had been "inexcusably slow" to realise what had been going on in the area due "in large part to a woeful lack of professional curiosity".
Committee chairman Keith Vaz said MPs were "very angry" about what former Rochdale Council Chief Executive Roger Ellis and other officials told the committee.
"They knew it was going on, it was all over the radio, in the newspapers, it was all over the country, but they still didn't take effective action: it was all very defensive."
Rochdale MP Simon Danczuk is calling for Mr Ellis to return a payoff he received when he took early retirement in 2011.
The Labour MP said: "He was the head of the organisation that had a culture where these girls were believed to be making life choices, and that's just not acceptable.
"We have seen generous taxpayer-funded settlements for some of these senior managers and I think it's right and proper that they do pay this money back."
The committee said that recent cases had typically involved large networks of Pakistani-heritage abusers who preyed on vulnerable white girls.
Mr Danczuk said: "What is clear is there seems to be a small group of Pakistani men who are prepared or encouraged to commit this type of crime and I think if we are aware of that, then I think we can be more guarded about it, we can educate more about it.
"But it's right not to believe that it's just Pakistani men - it is a complex area."
He added: "Cultural differences are no defence for grooming young children - it's not a defence to say 'I live a different kind of life' or 'I believe the age of consent is younger because of my cultural experience'."
Imam Irfan Chishti, from the Rochdale Council of Mosques, said there were also different models of grooming which should not be ignored.
"This kind of behaviour is not acceptable from whichever community it comes from, and this particular model of behaviour, as the report has suggested, is specific to some people of Pakistani heritage - so, yes, we do need to look at that, but there's no simple link between race and child exploitation."
Sir Peter Fahy, Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police, said what took place in Rochdale "could happen again".
He said: "There's three issues we haven't dealt with. One is the issue of what do you do with young people who are out of the control of their parents or their care authorities, and [another is] the experience any victim of sexual offences has in court.
"The third issue is how we deal with suspected offenders when the victim doesn't want to make a complaint, and that's what we should be concentrating on."


The power to grant or deny freedom of movement to EU nationals in Northern Ireland should be devolved to Stormont following Brexit, peers have urged.

The House of Lords EU Committee said the power would be contained in a treaty between the UK and Ireland, subject to approval from Brussels.
The peers stressed that trade between the countries must be safeguarded.
Irish and UK citizens should continue to have freedom of movement in the two countries, they also said.
The UK plans to trigger the EU exit procedure - Article 50 - by 31 March.
Peers warned that if the government and the EU institutions failed to pay enough attention to the consequences of Brexit for Ireland, north and south, they risked undermining "the efforts of all those who have worked so hard for peace and good relations across these islands".
They said: "The key aspects of that agreement should include... providing the Northern Ireland Executive with the right to make decisions about the free movement of EU nationals within its jurisdiction."
The EU is reluctant to grant the UK free trading rights if restrictions are imposed on the movements of its citizens.
The UK's only European land border is between Northern Ireland and the Republic and the committee said Brexit was a "huge challenge" for Ireland.
The report called for continuation of the open land border between the UK and Ireland and ease of movement across the sea between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK.
It also recommended:
The government has yet to determine whether it will seek to impose restrictions on the free movement of EU citizens to live and work in the UK, the report said.
The document said the introduction of curbs could particularly affect industries already reliant on EU labour including the cross-border agri-food sector.
Other EU member states are seeking assurances about how their citizens already resident in Northern Ireland will be treated.
The Lords report said: "Short of the introduction of full immigration controls on the Irish land border, the solution would either be acceptance of a low level of cross-border movement by EU workers, or allowing Northern Ireland to reach its own settlement on the rights of EU citizens to live and work there."
That would require UK government approval to an adjustment of the devolution settlement.
It did not appear that Brexit would substantially undermine the legal framework of the 1998 Belfast Agreement, but the lords noted the potential "psychological impact" of Brexit in undermining confidence.
They urged the government to enhance the role of the Joint Ministerial Committee for the duration of the talks to ensure that the interests of all devolved nations and regions were properly understood and respected.


Ireland continued their high-scoring form at World League 2 to book their place in the semi-finals with a thumping 10-0 victory over Singapore.

Roisin Upton and Anna O'Flanagan both scored hat-tricks, with Naomi Carroll, Rebecca Barry, Nicci Daly and Katie Mullan also netting for Ireland.
Ireland had beaten Kazakhstan 12-0, hosts Malaysia 2-1 and Hong Kong 10-0 to win Pool B and reach the last eight.
The Irish will face Wales or Kazakhstan in the semi-finals on Saturday.
Ireland built up a 5-0 half-time lead over Singapore in Kuala Lumpur on Thursday and continued to dominate in the second half.
The tournament is Ireland's first round of qualification for the 2018 World Cup and they want a top-two finish to qualify for World League 3, where they could play in either Belgium (21 June-2 July) or South Africa (8-23 July) depending on rankings.
Ireland are the second highest ranked team in the tournament as they sit 16th, with only Italy, 15th, ranked above them.


Security forces in Mexico are searching for one of the world's most powerful drug lords, Joaquin "Chapo" Guzman, following his escape from a maximum-security jail on Saturday.

Helicopters were seen circling above the Altiplano prison 90km (55 miles) west of Mexico City. Flights from nearby Toluca airport were suspended.
Guzman fled through a 1.5km-long (1 mile) tunnel after 17 months in jail.
It is the second time Guzman has escaped from a top-security prison.
In 2001 he broke out from Puente Grande jail reportedly hidden in a laundry cart after bribing officials.
He was on the run for 13 years before being re-arrested in February 2014. The capture was seen as a coup for President Enrique Pena Nieto.
Dozens of prison guards are being questioned, including the warden of Altiplano prison, to find out how he could escape this time.
Video footage showed Guzman entering the shower area in his cell at 20:52 local time on Saturday (01:52 GMT Sunday), National Security Commissioner Monte Alejandro Rubido said.
When he did not emerge, guards searching the cell found a hole in the shower area, and a tunnel leading to an outside building, Mr Rubido added.
The tunnel, which measures 1.7m by 70cm would have allowed Guzman, who is known as El Chapo or Shorty, to comfortably walk upright.
It had ventilation and lights and guards also found a motorcycle which they believe was used to transport earth removed as the tunnel was dug.
Inside the building, officials found a bed and a kitchen, suggesting those who dug the tunnel could have spent days at a time there.
Local media quoted neighbours as saying that the building had been "built quickly" within the past year.
One neighbour told reporters that he had heard a helicopter overhead on Saturday night but it was not clear if it was used in Guzman's getaway or was part of the search launched by security forces.
Guzman's escape is a serious blow to President Pena Nieto, who called it "an affront to the state".
Shortly after Guzman's arrest last year, the president said that another escape would be "unforgiveable".
The president said he was confident that security forces "have the strength and determination to recapture this criminal".
US Attorney General Loretta Lynch offered help for his "swift recapture".
Following his arrest, US prosecutors said they would request Guzman's extradition to the United States, where he has been indicted on drug trafficking charges.
But after Mexican officials insisted they wanted to try him first, a formal extradition request was not filed.
Mr Rubido said roadblocks had been set up around the jail and the prison perimeter had been strengthened.
Border forces in Mexico's southern neighbour, Guatemala, have also been put on heightened alert.
It was there that Guzman was captured in 1993.
The authorities are also focusing on his home state of Sinaloa, from where he ran the cartel of the same name.
While the Sinaloa cartel has lost ground to rival cartels in past years it continues to be one of the most powerful drug trafficking organisations in the world.
Guzman's personal fortune is estimated at $1bn (Â£640m).


Everton have abandoned plans for a new stadium at Walton Hall Park but have identified two possible alternative sites within the Liverpool boundary.

The Toffees have been working with Liverpool City Council to find a replacement for Goodison Park, where they have played since 1892.
Everton chief executive Robert Elstone said the plan was at "an early stage".
He hoped the new sites would provide a "more straightforward, deliverable opportunity" to build a new stadium.
Iranian businessman Farhad Moshiri bought a 49.9% stake in Everton in February and quickly outlined plans for a move from Goodison, which has a capacity of 39,572.
"Goodison Park has served the club extremely well but we need to make sure the club has a suitable stage to perform on for the future," he said.
An initial plan was to build a stadium at Walton Hall Park, a short distance north-east of Goodison, but it was strongly opposed by local protestors.
Mayor Joe Anderson said the site would now remain a park.
"Most people will be aware that I did give a commitment to Everton to support a potential scheme at Walton Hall Park with the aim of regenerating the area and creating new jobs," he said.
"However, through the work that the club and the council have done, we have concluded that effectively building a new village in north Liverpool with lots of retail space is a step too far in this current economic climate."
Across Stanley Park at Anfield, Liverpool are in the process of expanding their main stand which will take their capacity to around 54,000.


In Gothenburg's main square I watch as a crowd of rowdy, happy teenagers pile out of the back of a flatbed truck and set off coloured smoke bombs.

All dressed up with jaunty caps, and prom dresses they are celebrating the end of their school days with a parade.
But they are part of a generation which many now fear has been let down by the education system in Sweden.
Where did it all begin to go wrong?
Just half an hour beforehand, I was perched in a science classroom in Gothenburg with Gustav Fridolin, a former teacher, and now Sweden's education minister.
He told me that last year, more students left compulsory schooling than ever before without the qualifications needed to go further.
A series of radical reforms was unleashed on schools in Sweden in the 1980s and 1990s, and the consequences have been unfolding ever since.
The reforms were once hailed by former Education Secretary for England, Michael Gove, as creating a successful autonomous school system that should be admired.
A system in which, he said, "the old bureaucratic monopoly that saw all state schools run by local government" had been ended.
It was part of the inspiration for free schools that have been set up set up in England, independent of council control.  Another 500 are planned.
But now, as Gustav Fridolin freely admits, the Swedish education system is in crisis after falling faster and further than any other country in international tests in science, reading and maths.
"It's urgent, we're losing money every day, it's the biggest issue for the Swedish economy."
He says there is little agreement about which of the many changes in the 1980s and 90s is most to blame.
Sweden created a system with more choice for parents by giving them vouchers to spend in whichever school they want.
More competition was created by allowing free schools to be opened by independent organisations.
At the same time there was massive decentralisation, with much more responsibility being handed to the municipalities.
Scores on the 2012 international PISA tests, comparing educational achievement in OECD countries:
Reading:
UK 23
Sweden 36
Maths:
UK 26
Sweden 38
Science:
UK 21
Sweden 38
Pisa test results 2012
One of the largest and most successful free school organisations is Kunskapsskolan which runs 36 schools in Sweden.
It also manages some academy schools in England. The difference is that in Sweden it is allowed to make a profit.
When I visit, it is near the end of term and there is a relaxed, and very boisterous atmosphere.
The teachers tell me their results are good because pupils here are involved in setting the pace of their learning and their own targets.
And Cecilia Carnefeldt, CEO of Kunskapsskolan, is robust in her defence of free schools, which make up about 16% of the system.
She argues they have encouraged innovation, and allowing parents to use their vouchers in a free school or municipal school is a powerful influence on standards at a local level.
"The opportunity for parents to choose a school is really important, that will improve the quality of all schools where there is healthy competition."
An OECD review published earlier this year found the decline in standards was across all kinds of schools.
International observers found a lot of low-level disruption and, in some parts of the school system, a lack of ambition.
Teachers' pay is less than other graduate professions, and after all the criticism, morale is low.
All issues which will be looked at over the next two years by a recently created Schools Commission which will suggest changes.
Anna Ekstrom, director general of the Swedish National Agency for Education, is leading it.
"You need to have a feeling among children, among parents, among teachers that school is important. If you don't have that feeling it's very difficult to achieve higher results so I think this is maybe an area where we need to work a little bit harder in Sweden."
It's the closest she comes to admitting there may have been complacency.
Already many schools are putting more effort into teaching maths and science.
In a classroom in a municipal school in Stockholm Janna Malmgren is helping her class of pupils test bridges they have designed and built.
Each bridge is loaded with weights until the point of collapse.
Janna, who has been teaching for two years, says many are put off by a lengthy training not matched by the pay that follows.
"I can't speak for other people but I do think salary might have something to do with it, workload, definitely you hear about teachers' workload, they work so much."
Nina Jonsson, the head teacher here at the Sodermalmsskolan, accepts that results can't be ignored.
"We need to set high standards, we need to be tough on truancy and tardiness for example. "
But she says the international tests are only part of the picture.
"I think they fail to capture our innovativeness. Look at Skype, Spotify for example, they're all from Sweden. We weren't born that way, it comes from somewhere. "
In this she is in agreement with Cecilia Carneveldt from Kunskappskolan, who says they've had visitors from South Korea who want to understand how to foster creativity.
Andreas Schleicher, who leads the Directorate for Education and Skills at the OECD, is familiar with the arguments about their Pisa tests.
He says one of their innovations has been a shift from testing what students know, to what they can do with that knowledge.
These are skills which many global businesses require.
The British-Swedish pharmaceutical company Astra Zeneca AB has just begun a collaboration with the world famous Karolinksa medical research institute.
At its launch Jan-Olof Jacke, president of Astra Zeneca AB,  mingles with the scientists. He is a parent as well as a businessman.
He tells me what matters is that Sweden finds a way to start improving its education system now, so businesses can recruit in the future.
"As a knowledge economy, with a very significant part of our GDP coming from export, over 50%, that starts with good education. "
The latest round of Pisa tests is being carried out this year for publication in 2016.
Anna Ekstrom says the Schools Commission has been given two years to do its work, but she too understands the urgency.
"We are a small country, we live on the north pole, we really have to rely on high quality products and high quality export so for that reason the school results are very important for us."
There are real differences between Sweden and England, not least the stronger inspection regime of Ofsted.
It is also clear that the lessons from Sweden may be far less clear-cut than either the supporters or opponents of free schools would like to argue.


Birmingham beat Nottinghamshire in the T20 Blast in a thrilling match that was overshadowed by a nasty head injury suffered by Notts bowler Luke Fletcher.

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Notts posted 158-6, Samit Patel scoring 55 and Jeehat Patel taking 4-22.
In reply Fletcher was struck on the head by a drive from Sam Hain and play was held up for more than 30 minutes before Ian Bell's 47 set up a six-wicket win secured on the final ball.
Derbyshire beat Yorkshire in Saturday's other North Group game.
Birmingham looked likely to win as the match entered the closing stages but still needed one run from the last ball after a fine final over from Dan Christian.
However, a fumble by Michael Lumb on a simple run-out chance meant Birmingham scrambled to victory.
The Falcons made it two wins from two in this season's T20 Blast as they defended 165-8 to secure a three-run victory against Yorkshire at Chesterfield.
Adam Lyth scored 68 from 53 balls as Yorkshire started strongly, but leg-spinner Imran Tahir took 3-18 from his three overs to keep the innings in check.
Yorkshire needed 18 off the last over, but captain Tim Bresnan (24) was caught at cover off the final ball by Luis Reece as they finished on 162-7.
Wayne Madsen had earlier hit 42 from 28 balls with Daryn Smit adding a rapid, undefeated 30.


Sutton United chairman Bruce Elliott has said they want to keep the FA Cup fifth-round tie against Arsenal at their 5,000-capacity Gander Green Lane.

The National League side were drawn at home to the 12-time winners after beating Leeds United 1-0 on Sunday.
Elliott told BBC Radio London rumours the tie could be switched to Crystal Palace's Selhurst Park were untrue.
He said: "We would only do that for safety reasons. The FA are very keen to play the game at Sutton."
Sell-out crowds watched Sutton beat Championship side Leeds and the goalless draw at home with League One AFC Wimbledon in the third round on their artificial pitch.
Elliott continued: "We have proven we can have a full house and the police have been very happy. We have every intention of the game going ahead at Sutton because that is what the FA Cup is all about."
Under tournament rules, the Football Association, local authority and police must have no objections regarding the suitability of Gander Green Lane for the tie.
South London side Sutton are 16th in the National League and have played seven games to get this far in the competition.
Arsenal, second in the Premier League, are 105 places above them in the English football pyramid.
The tie will be played over the weekend of 17-20 February.


A Somali woman who became pregnant after allegedly being raped on Nauru has arrived in Australia.

The woman, 23, had requested weeks ago to be transferred from Nauru, part of Australia's offshore network housing people seeking asylum, to Australia so she could have an abortion.
Australia's top court is currently reviewing the legality of the centres.
Thousands of people joined protests at the weekend in support of refugees, and calling for the camps to be closed.
Meanwhile, Nauru has dismissed another Somali refugee's allegation she was raped.
The authorities said there was insufficient evidence to support the woman's claim she was raped by two Nauruan men.
Under Australia's tough asylum policy, any irregular migrants trying to reach the country by boat are intercepted and held in centres on Nauru and Manus Island, Papua New Guinea.
The government says this deters people-traffickers but there has been been criticism of the conditions at the camps.
In September, a report by the senate committee found conditions on Nauru were not "appropriate or safe". It said allegations of rape and abuse should be investigated.
Is Australia's Cambodia solution 'an expensive joke'?
Australia's controversial asylum policy
The 23-year-old Somali woman is reportedly more than 12 weeks pregnant. She alleges she was raped in the Nauruan community.
Abortion is illegal in the tiny island nation of Nauru, except where the mother's life is at risk. Rape is not considered a justifiable reason to seek a termination.
The Australian government had been under pressure to allow the women to enter the country for medical treatment.
"Our client is relieved that there has been a resolution to this sensitive matter," her lawyer George Newhouse told the Sydney Morning Herald.
"She is now in Australia and the Commonwealth government has agreed to provide her with medical treatment," he said, without giving further details.
Mr Newhouse said his client was grateful to "concerned Australians for their support" and to officials for their "understanding".
But an opposition politician has hit out at the woman's treatment.
"You've got to wonder why a young woman's very distressing situation had to become so public and the [prime] minister had to be pleaded with by the Australian people," said Greens senator Sarah Hanson-Young, AAP reported.


Thousands of swimmers have headed to the Lake District this weekend to take part in the Great North Swim.

Most swimmers will be take to the waters of Windermere to swim a mile (1.6Km) with some longer swims scheduled for Sunday.
The event is expected to attract 10,000 swimmers, organisers said.
A 10k marathon distance has also been introduced and is expected to take experienced swimmers four hours to complete.
Great Swim Director Alex Jackson said: "The Great North Swim is proving to be as popular as ever, with 10,000 expected in Windermere for our ninth event here."
Introducing the "10k event will provide a new challenge" he added.


To get a sense of what Peter Navarro, Donald Trump's pick for the head of his new national trade council may think about China, look no further than the film he made about the impact of China on the US economy.

The trailer for Death by China  is a compelling watch, screaming statistics such as 5.5 million jobs and 57,000 factories have been lost to China.
It also alleges that China is ruining the US economy, and poisoning its children with toxic products.
In one particularly bold scene, a knife emblazoned with the words "Made in China" sears through the heart of the United States, leaving a trail of blood smeared against the US flag.
Mr Navarro certainly has a flair for drama.
But then so does his new boss, Donald Trump.
And with this appointment, it would appear that Mr Trump has no qualms about announcing to the world that he's not afraid of a trade war with China.
But it may also be clever posturing.
In his 1987 book "The Art of the Deal", Donald Trump has this to say about the Chinese:
"I've read hundreds of books about China over the decades. I know the Chinese. I've made a lot of money with the Chinese. I understand the Chinese mind."
So was this appointment Mr Trump's way of striking a better deal with the Chinese?
"China has been gaming the international system for a very long time," Gordon Chang, author of "The Coming Collapse of China" told me. "It's clear Mr Trump wants to change that. Good relations to him means getting what you want, and that's actually quite close to the Chinese point of view."
That's not how the Trump team is selling it though, and it is unlikely that the Chinese will see it that way either.
Mr Trump's transition team says the new national trade council is all about making US manufacturing "great" again, in an attempt to bring American jobs home. As the trade council's head, Mr Navarro will help to set the US trade agenda, and will be expected to come up with policies to shrink the US's trade deficit with China, and other nations.
But given most economists say focusing on bringing US jobs back isn't practical, how much can he actually do?
"Trump seems to be going through with the 'get tough on China' plan, but he's fighting the wrong battles, ones from the 1990s," says Fraser Howie, a long time China observer. "The outsourcing of jobs isn't the battle now, it is intellectual property protections and market access."
But none of that plays particularly well with the masses, and certainly doesn't have as catchy a title as "Death by China".
At the heart of Mr Navarro's premise is that globalisation has benefited China, and not the United States. He, and those who share his view, say that in the years since China joined the World Trade Organisation in 2001, the United States has seen its economic growth decline while China's, albeit coming from a very low base, has boomed.
"This [appointment] is not a good sign, not a positive sign," says Professor Xie Tao, at the Foreign Studies University in Beijing.
"There was a kind of euphoria over Donald Trump's victory in China, and many Chinese were writing about how having him in the White House would be good for US-China relations. But in the last few weeks we've had a sudden turnaround, an about-face."
"So this appointment of Mr Navarro is a signal to Beijing, and to his domestic constituents," added Professor Xie. "There are lots of ways to punish China on trade. Mr Trump is saying: 'I'm actually quite serious about what I've said, and I'm going to follow through with this'."
China is unlikely to take antagonism from the US lightly.
President Xi Jinping also has a domestic population to placate, and Mr Trump's tweets of late have riled the Chinese public no end.
"Trump is not behaving as a president who will become master of the White House in a month," was the assessment in an editorial from the Chinese state mouthpiece the Global Times, earlier this month.
"He bears no sense of how to lead a superpowerâ€¦Since he has not taken office, China has kept a calm attitude toward his provocative remarks. But if he treats China after assuming office in the same wayâ€¦ China will not exercise restraint."
Those sound like fighting words to me. Let the trade-war games begin.


The UK's manufacturing sector surged in September, growing at its fastest level since June 2014, a closely watched survey has indicated.

The Markit/CIPS purchasing managers' index (PMI) for the sector rose to 55.4 in September from 53.4 in August. A figure above 50 indicates expansion.
The weakening of the pound following the Brexit vote had continued to boost exports, the survey found.
But the weak pound had pushed up firms' costs "at a double-digit annual rate".
A weakening of the pound makes UK goods cheaper for overseas buyers, but increases the cost of goods imported into the UK.
Since the UK's vote to leave the EU, the pound has fallen in value by more than 10% against both the US dollar and the euro.
"The weak sterling exchange rate remained the prime growth engine, driving higher new orders from Asia, Europe, the US and a number of emerging markets," said IHS Markit senior economist Rob Dobson.
"The domestic market is also still supportive of growth, especially for consumer goods."
Higher import costs as a result of the exchange rate had led to a further "substantial" increase in average purchase prices, with manufacturers passing on part of the rise to customers in the form of higher charges, the survey found.
However, the resultant inflation was now easing, said Mr Dobson. "It looks as if the recent surge in inflation may not quite reach the peaks of previous bouts such as in 2008 and 2010-11."
Howard Archer, chief UK and European economist at IHS Global Insight, described the figures as "a serious and very welcome upward surprise" which was "undeniably encouraging".
"The robust September manufacturing purchasing survey seemingly further dilutes the case for the Bank of England to cut interest rates again this year," he added.
Lee Hopley, chief economist at the manufacturers' organisation EEF, said it was an "expectation-busting surge in manufacturing activity" that pointed to conditions across industry being "considerably better than business-as-usual".


Former Chelsea first team doctor Eva Carneiro rejected a £1.2m settlement from the club, documents submitted to her employment tribunal show.

She is claiming constructive dismissal and is also bringing separate legal action against Jose Mourinho.
The former manager called her "daughter of a whore" in Portuguese when she treated a player, the tribunal heard.
Lawyers for Chelsea revealed that she chose to take the case to a hearing rather than accept the payout.
Dr Carneiro, 42, alleges the comment was made by Mr Mourinho, who left Chelsea in December, when she ran on to the pitch at Stamford Bridge during a Premier League match against Swansea in August to treat injured forward Eden Hazard.
She is claiming sex discrimination and harassment against the club's former manager following the incident and constructive dismissal against Chelsea.
"This is a tale of two employees, one good (Dr Carneiro) and one bad (Mr Mourinho)," said Mary O'Rourke QC, appearing for the claimant
"The bad employee forces the good employee out of the job of her dreams and the employer does nothing to stop it.
"The bad employee berates, sexually harassed and demoted the good employee for carrying out her professional duties, namely her health and safety duties as the first team doctor, pitch-side.
"Rather than investigating and disciplining the bad employee, the employer allows the bad employee to confirm demotion... and to continue with his job."
Documents submitted by Dr Carneiro's legal team allege Mr Mourinho - now manager of Manchester United - suggested she should work with Chelsea Ladies following the Swansea game.
They allege that on 10 August Mr Mourinho told Steve Atkins, head of communications and PR at Chelsea, that he did not want the first team doctor on the bench at the next match, saying: "She works in academy team or ladys (sic) team not with me".
They also claim Chelsea took no action following complaints about sexually explicit chanting at various away games - in particular at Manchester United and West Ham - and a lack of female changing facilities.
Dr Carneiro claims she was not provided with a club suit, and regularly had to endure sexually explicit comments from her colleagues.
She also alleges she was called a "filha da puta" - Portuguese for "daughter of a whore" - during the Swansea game by Mr Mourinho and that she was verbally abused after the match when the team returned to their dressing room.
"As she ran on to the pitch she heard clearly from behind her the words filha da puta," said Mary O'Rourke QC, for the claimant.
"She's a Portuguese speaker. It was not filho da puta, it was filha da puta… you say filha da puta when you are denigrating a woman. He is saying it to the back of the claimant who is doing something he didn't like… that is the context."
However, Daniel Stilitz QC, for Chelsea, said Mr Mourinho's evidence was that he shouted 'filho da puta'.
"Filho da puta is a phrase he often uses," Mr Stilitz said, adding that it meant son of a bitch. "There is no sexist connotation."
He said that Mr Mourinho used the phrase frequently at the training ground and during matches.
The FA ruled on 30 September 2015 that "the words used do not constitute discriminatory language" after consulting an independent academic expert in Portuguese linguistics.
Dr Carneiro was "preoccupied with developing her profile" and associating herself with the first team in a way discouraged by the club for backroom employees, Chelsea's legal team added.
This involved signing autographs and having photographs taken with members of the public, nominating a high-profile first-team player when she uploaded a video to YouTube as part of the "Ice Bucket Challenge", and seeking to position herself behind Mr Mourinho during televised matches.
Chelsea and Mr Mourinho, 53, will also argue that Dr Carneiro would still be in her job if she had not resigned - she argues that she had no choice but to leave the club and was therefore constructively dismissed.
The football club's legal team said it would show the club had taken steps to settle with Dr Carneiro because it believed that it was "in no-one's interests that this dispute should be determined through litigation".
"They are conscious that, whatever the facts of the matter, it is likely to be widely and incorrectly assumed that they could have avoided this coming tribunal," Chelsea's legal team added.
The tribunal, which is being heard at the London South Employment Tribunal in Croydon, was adjourned until 14:00 BST on Tuesday.
The case is anticipated to be heard over seven to 10 days


Winning the Masters is a "fantastic start" to achieving "special things" in golf, says Danny Willett.

The Yorkshireman, 28, is the first European winner at Augusta since 1999 and only the fourth British champion.
"It's a great feeling and hopefully one we can have many more times," said Willett of his first major victory.
Willett's manager Chubby Chandler said the golfer could win another major this year and become number one in the world "without any doubt".
Carding a final-round five-under-par 67, the Englishman took advantage of defending champion Jordan Spieth dropping six shots in three holes.
The last European to win at Augusta was Spaniard Jose Maria Olazabal, while the only other British champions have been Nick Faldo (1989, 1990, 1996), Sandy Lyle (1988) and Ian Woosnam (1991).
Chandler said Willett, a 2007 Walker Cup team-mate of three-time major winner Rory McIlroy, could "become one of the greats of his time".
"He won't be distracted. He knows exactly what he's trying to do. Winning the Masters is the start of the journey, not the end of the journey," said Chandler.
"He knows exactly how many majors Rory has won and he will want to get up there and past Rory's tally. If you take Tiger Woods out, what is the next best tally of majors among current players? Phil Mickeslon with five."
Media playback is not supported on this device
The former English amateur champion turned professional in 2008, but his progress has been slower than others of his generation, such as McIlroy, Spieth and Rickie Fowler, with ongoing back problems halting his progress.
But Chandler revealed that the vicar's son, once the top-ranked amateur golfer in the world, carefully managed his back problems and used his father, Steve, as a psychologist.
"He had his trainer in Augusta and he's got a terrible back, so once a month he has a check-up, and then he goes on and does his thing properly," he said.
"He works so hard in the gym, partly because of his back and because he wants to, so he will be here for a long time."
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Willett, who described his victory on Sunday as "surreal", admitted he is not yet at the level of world number three McIlroy, 26, and world number two Spieth, 22.
"They've obviously achieved a good bit more than me. I've still got a bit of a way to go to be up there with those boys," added Willett, who moves to ninth in the world rankings after his Augusta win.
"But it is a fantastic start in the right direction of doing pretty special things in big tournaments.
"I'm just looking forward to being in that illustrious group of major winners, making sure I move forward in my game and seeing what else I can achieve."
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The merger of hard drive makers Western Digital and SanDisk will proceed at a lower price following the withdrawal of a key investor.

China's Unisplendour (Unis) withdrew its offer to buy 15% of Western Digital for $3.78bn after US authorities said they would investigate the deal.
Shares of Sandisk fell almost 2% on Tuesday, while Western Digital stock fell close to 7%.
Western Digital agreed to buy its rival for $19bn (Â£13.5bn) in October.
Following Unis's withdrawal, the company said it would now pay $78.50 a share in cash and shares for SanDisk, down from the deal price of $86.50, valuing the offer at $15.8bn.
Steve Milligan, chief executive officer of Western Digital, said: "We continue to look forward to our transformational combination with SanDisk and capitalising on the growth opportunities ahead of us as the demand for data storage continues to increase, despite the inability to carry out the equity investment by Unis."
Pacific Crest Securities analyst Monika Garg said: "I think if you are a Western Digital shareholder, the deal makes a lot of strategic sense."
Unis pulled out after the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) said it would investigate the impact of Chinese ownership in the US computer hardware market.
The committee is an inter-agency group led by the Treasury department that investigates the impact of foreign ownership of US companies on national security.
It has investigated other Chinese purchases of US companies, including Shuanghui's purchase of pork producer Smithfield Foods, which was eventually approved.
The collapse of the Unis deal comes during a wave of Chinese takeover interest in US corporations that has already hit a record volume of $23b in announced offers this year, according to Thomson Reuters data.
That was nearly double the full-year record reached in 2013.


European press headlines are full of foreboding, with Italy's La Stampa seeing Greece "on the edge of the precipice" and Aujourd'hui en France fearing a "shipwreck", while Spain's El Pais fears Greece is "sinking into financial chaos".

Some papers worry that Greece may drag other eurozone countries down with it.
Several commentators accuse Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras of bringing the crisis upon himself.
France's centre-left Liberation complains that he is being "irresponsible", but calls on Europe to avoid Grexit "at all costs".
This is because it could lead to something worse - "the slide out of the European Union of a country whose geo-strategic importance is greater than ever", given its proximity to the Middle East.
Germany's Die Welt writes that Mr Tsipras appears to have always considered Grexit possible, even desirable, allowing him to create a "myth of treachery against the Greek people" and stay in power despite national bankruptcy.
In Italy, La Stampa rails at "Tsipras's impossible world".
It blames the creditors for "rigidly applying the usual one-sided policies to Greece", but fears that the "windbag" Tsipras is threatening the rest of the eurozone with a "journey into the unknown" over "repercussions for growth, which in Italy always has a weak start".
Many papers are concerned about these possible repercussions, as well as those further afield.
Spain's El Pais warns of an "Argentine-style crash unless Tsipras loses the referendum", and worries about the fallout on eurozone confidence and the "turbulent banking systems of its Balkan neighbours".
Italy's La Repubblica sees the "European Commission divided amid Greek chaos", and fears that the "dramatic situation has brought Greece to its knees and threatens to scuttle the entire eurozone".
But Germany's Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wonders whether Greece has effectively done eurozone countries a favour by ending talks that "could have led to their own declaration of bankruptcy". Its economics editor adds that the EU goal must now be "damage limitation".
There is considerable sympathy for the plight of ordinary Greeks, and some criticism of the country's creditors.
Germany's Spiegel magazine says the Euro Group "had it coming", as they have been "avoiding painful decisions for the past five years", especially a larger write-down of Greece's debt.
Portugal's Publico surveys opinion in "anxious" Greek bank queues, where the consensus is that creditors are treating the country with undue severity, with complaints of a "Protestant mentality" and blackmail.
A commentary in the Cypriot paper O Fileleutheros thinks the Greek government has a point, as any agreement needs a "social perspective" as well as an economic one. But it concludes gloomily that "at this crucial point, Greece unfortunately cannot convince its creditors easily".
BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world.  You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.


Tom Pope claimed a late winner to give in-form Bury a 2-1 home victory against Chesterfield in League One.

Zeli Ismail volleyed the hosts into a 41st-minute lead, only for Kristian Dennis to equalise three minutes later.
But, after an even second half, Pope headed home three minutes from time to secure a fifth straight win for the Shakers and put them second in the table.
The hosts made a positive start with Chesterfield debutant Liam Graham blocking an Ismail shot before the Bury winger fired wide from a Jacob Mellis through-ball.
Dennis then failed to connect with a Jay O'Shea cross, while Ismail was denied by goalkeeper Ryan Fulton.
The game finally calmed down before Conor Wilkinson's free-kick struck a Bury post, and moments later Ismail volleyed home.
Dennis soon bundled in an equaliser from Wilkinson's pass and, after the break, O'Shea's 20-yard shot deflected on to the roof of the Bury net.
The Shakers were not to be denied victory and claimed all three points when substitute Tom Walker delivered a diagonal ball from the left and Pope got in front of his man to steer in his fifth goal of the season.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Bury 2, Chesterfield 1.
Second Half ends, Bury 2, Chesterfield 1.
Substitution, Chesterfield. Ian Evatt replaces Jay O'Shea.
Attempt missed. James Vaughan (Bury) left footed shot from very close range is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt blocked. James Vaughan (Bury) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Attempt missed. James Vaughan (Bury) header from the centre of the box misses to the right.
Attempt blocked. Dan Gardner (Chesterfield) left footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Goal!  Bury 2, Chesterfield 1. Tom Pope (Bury) header from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Tom Walker.
Craig Jones (Bury) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Dan Gardner (Chesterfield).
Substitution, Bury. Kelvin Etuhu replaces Tom Soares.
Substitution, Chesterfield. Dan Gardner replaces Conor Wilkinson because of an injury.
Antony Kay (Bury) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Sam Hird (Chesterfield).
Antony Kay (Bury) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Gboly Ariyibi (Chesterfield).
Attempt blocked. Connor Dimaio (Chesterfield) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Attempt missed. Tom Pope (Bury) header from the right side of the six yard box is close, but misses to the right following a set piece situation.
Substitution, Chesterfield. Connor Dimaio replaces Paul McGinn because of an injury.
Tom Pope (Bury) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Gary Liddle (Chesterfield).
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Substitution, Bury. Tom Walker replaces Jacob Mellis.
Delay in match Paul McGinn (Chesterfield) because of an injury.
Neil Danns (Bury) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Neil Danns (Bury).
Gary Liddle (Chesterfield) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt saved. Neil Danns (Bury) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Attempt missed. Kristian Dennis (Chesterfield) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right following a corner.
Corner,  Chesterfield. Conceded by Craig Jones.
Attempt blocked. Jay O'Shea (Chesterfield) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Foul by Zeli Ismail (Bury).
Sam Hird (Chesterfield) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Substitution, Bury. Neil Danns replaces Hallam Hope.
Attempt missed. Paul McGinn (Chesterfield) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the left.
Corner,  Chesterfield. Conceded by Antony Kay.
Attempt blocked. Conor Wilkinson (Chesterfield) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt missed. Jay O'Shea (Chesterfield) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Attempt blocked. Tom Pope (Bury) header from the left side of the six yard box is blocked.
Corner,  Bury. Conceded by Sam Hird.


UK pharmaceuticals firm GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has scrapped plans to spin off its stake in ViiV Healthcare, the HIV drugs business.

The company said the decision came following the unit's "updated strong positive outlook".
Sales of HIV treatments rose more than 40% in the first quarter.
The initial public offering (IPO) of ViiV could have been valued at up to £18bn, making it one of the biggest IPOs this decade.
In a statement, the company said: "Having reviewed this very positive outlook, GSK has concluded that retaining its full, existing holding in ViiV Healthcare is in the best interests of the Group and GSK will not now be initiating an IPO of a minority stake."
ViiV is a joint venture with US firm Pfizer and Japanese company Shiongi, with GSK owning about 80%.
GSK also reported first quarter sales of £5.6bn, in line with analysts' forecasts.
The company also said it would cut the amount of money being returned to shareholders following the deal it struck with Novartis last year.
Under the deal, Novartis bought GSK's cancer drugs business, while GSK bought Novartis' vaccines division. The two firms also combined their consumer health units.
GSK had planned to return £4bn to shareholders following the deal, but it now says it will return £1bn through a special dividend paid in the fourth quarter.


Oxford United captain John Lundstram says he is desperate to lift the EFL Trophy after missing out on playing at Wembley Stadium last year.

The 23-year-old midfielder sat out last season's final defeat by Barnsley because he was suspended.
But after the U's 3-2 win at Luton Town on Wednesday, Oxford are heading back to Wembley to face Coventry City.
"I am just over the moon that I can finally get the chance to go and put it right this year," said Lundstram.
"Last year was disappointing for us, even me in the stands, so if we can go there this year and do one better than that would be perfect," he told BBC Radio Oxford.
Oxford, who also reached the FA Cup fifth round before losing to Premier League side Middlesbrough. will face the Sky Blues at Wembley on 2 April.
"You do not play at Wembley at often, so to get the opportunity again twice in two seasons, we want to try and make sure that we do it this time around," said head coach Michael Appleton.


Northampton Town have signed Portsmouth midfielder Ricky Holmes on a free transfer and agreed a deal with former Oxford United defender Tom Newey.

Holmes, 27, has signed a two-and-a-half year contract after scoring once in a four-game loan spell with the Cobblers.
Left-back Newey, 32, had a loan spell with Northampton last November and was released by Oxford on Monday.
"I thought he was outstanding when he came here," manager Chris Wilder told BBC Radio Northampton.
"He was superb for me at Oxford, we had a great defensive record there and he was a part of that."
"Tom's a good player, it was a great opportunity to get him in and I'm sure he'll have a decent career here with us."
Newey joined the U's in July 2013, when Wilder was in charge, and made 62 appearances for the club.
The former Grimsby and Rotherham defender had his loan spell at Northampton cut short by an ankle injury after only three appearances.


St Mirren have signed forward Cammy Smith on loan for the rest of the season after Aberdeen ended his spell with Dundee United.

The Dons loaned Smith, 21, to United in July and he has five goals this season.
Scotland Under-21 cap Smith made his Aberdeen debut in 2012 and has scored four times in 89 appearances for the Pittodrie side.
"It's a brilliant acquisition for us," boss Jack Ross told St Mirren's official website.
"Cammy is a really good player and someone I didn't think we'd be able to get because he was at Dundee United.
"He's a good, mature boy and I think he'll be a good fit and gives us another option in the attacking area."
Championship bottom side St Mirren host Falkirk on Saturday.


Plans to restore Newport's oldest surviving shopping arcade have moved a step forward.

The council has been granted Â£177,300 from the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) to help prepare plans to revamp the Grade II-listed Market Arcade on High Street.
Almost half of the shops are vacant and it has suffered from anti-social behaviour and pest issues.
The council said the funding would help prevent the "spiral of decline" that threatens the "historic asset".
The funding will pay for the development of a project plan as well as a full-time manager to oversee it.
The council said the arcade, opened in 1905, had historical significance which was intertwined with the growth of Newport as a town following the Industrial Revolution.
In the past year, the local authority has looked at ways of improving it and a campaign was launched.
The  funding award also means that, subject to a successful second application, a further Â£1.1m HLF cash will be set aside for the project.
The council, shop owners and Welsh Government's heritage body Cadw would then need to match the funding.


A study has suggested disabled Scots are paid on average £1.20 less per hour than able-bodied colleagues.

The Equality and Human Rights Commission report also concluded that disabled people had an employment rate of 43%, compared with 80% for non-disabled workers.
The figures on disability were recorded in 2013.
The commission found there were also fewer opportunities for young people and those in ethnic minority groups.
Looking at evidence from the last five years, the Commission's report also found - using 2013 data - the life expectancy of Scots was about two years lower than the rest of the UK, and political participation in Scotland had grown.
Alastair Pringle, the Scotland director of the Equality and Human Rights Commission, said: "This report shows that progress towards equality has been made for some people in certain areas of life. However, many people are being left behind.
"Young people and ethnic minorities have been particularly badly-hit over the last five years, with life on many fronts getting worse.
"The gateway to opportunity remains harder to pass through for some groups, such as disabled people and people from poorer backgrounds and from the gypsy traveller community."
He added: "The report highlights the need to address key challenges of health inequalities and improving living conditions in communities to address significant inequalities in housing conditions and living standards.
"Other areas requiring significant improvement are eliminating violence, harassment and abuse in the community."
The commission intends to publish another report on Scotland in January.


Several Manx sites have been granted Dark Sky status by an international body which recognises star-gazing locations around the world.

The areas recognised by the Dark Sky Association include Smeale Nature Reserve, Niarbyl and The Sound.
The classification is given to promote astronomy and energy efficiency.
Director of Manx National Heritage (MNH) Edmund Southworth said the island now has the largest concentration of dark skies sites in Britain.
Other areas on the island given the status are Port Soderick Brooghs, Axnfell Plantation Fort Island and Sulby Reservoir Car Park.


Fabio Borini struck a stunning late leveller against Crystal Palace to lift Sunderland out of the bottom three.

Dame N'Doye's deflected first-half effort had put the hosts in front.
Connor Wickham scored twice in six second-half minutes against his former club to put Palace on course for a first league win in 11 games.
But substitute Borini's injury-time effort from an almost impossible angle rescued a point for Sam Allardyce's side and moved them up to 17th.
Relive Sunderland's draw with Crystal Palace
All the reaction from Tuesday's Premier League matches
It was a superb strike from the Italian, who looked to have little on when he collected the ball on the far side of the penalty area, but managed to drive his shot across Hennessey and into the far corner for just his third goal of the season.
"World class, absolutely out of the top drawer," said Allardyce.
Sunderland are only out of the drop zone on goal difference, with Norwich and Newcastle also on 24 points and occupying the two places below them.
But, having been faltering in the bottom three since November, this late show will give Allardyce confidence that his men have the stomach for a relegation fight.
The Black Cats still only have won win in seven though, and their frailties were on show when they almost collapsed just after the hour mark, as Wickham snatched two well-taken goals.
Wickham now has four goals in two games, following his double in last week's 3-2 loss at West Brom, and is finally starting to show match-winning form for the first time since joining from Sunderland in the summer.
Unfortunately, his side seem to have forgotten how to find a win, and have now been without a victory since beating Stoke on 19 December, dropping from fifth to 14th place in that time.
Palace have been without influential winger Yannick Bolasie from their starting line-up for that entire time, so his return to the first 11 will have been a relief to boss Alan Pardew.
But with nine points between Palace and the bottom three, the London side are in danger of being dragged into the midst of a relegation battle.
Sunderland boss Sam Allardyce: "The last half hour when Palace scored was disappointing - we lost our shape and our ability to pass to each other.
"I felt Fabio's wonderful, wonderful goal should have got us a winner today.
"You won't see anything better than that this season. The Premier League is about goals like that."
Crystal Palace boss Alan Pardew: "It's a game we deserved to win and looked like we had won.
"A substitute who's fresh hits it in the only place it will go in. But it was very important we didn't lose that game. We really needed that second half performance and we were terrific.
"I always felt Connor Wickham would score goals. He's had a funny year because he's had an injury and a suspension but he's fully fit and full of confidence."
Sunderland go to Southampton on Saturday, while Crystal Palace host Liverpool on Sunday, looking to end their miserable winless run.


Unexpected snow showers and flooding across Midlothian and parts of the Borders have caused major transport problems.

Gritters were sent out on Thursday evening but drivers reported long delays affecting many roads.
Some routes were closed to allow snowploughs to free trapped vehicles and to clear the carriageway.
In Jedburgh, part of the high street was evacuated after a tributary of the River Teviot burst its banks.
Routes in Penicuik, Gorebridge and Straiton were among those affected and all the major routes through the Borders, the A1, A7 and the A68, were badly hit.
The fire service said some vehicles became stuck in the snow in places and fire engines had difficulty reaching emergency calls.
A fire engine crashed into a number of cars in Gorebridge, Midlothian, due to the conditions, but no one was injured.
Police and council officials said they dealt with multiple calls from motorists experiencing difficulties.
Traffic Scotland urged drivers to take extra care on the A702 because of heavy snow.
Cars were also stuck for several hours on the A701 and there were reports that some were abandoning their vehicles.
Further flooding was a problem and the fire service said Jedburgh was particularly badly hit.
A man had to rescued from the roof of his car after being trapped by flood water.
Special water rescue teams were deployed and a Scottish Borders emergency office opened to deal with the spike in incidents.
Find live updates on flooding in the Borders here.
Council emergency planners deployed sandbag teams to rivers across areas including Jedburgh, Hawick, Peebles and Selkirk.
Jim Fraser, Scottish Borders Council's emergency planning officer, said: "This was a challenging situation with very poor weather conditions across the Scottish Borders.
"Our ability to respond quickly along with our partners in the emergency services allowed us to manage the situation effectively and efficiently.
"It was particularly pleasing to see the speed of response within communities, notably in Jedburgh, Selkirk and Hawick.
"The response highlighted the importance of the Resilient Community initiative and the work of volunteers to support the more vulnerable within our communities is invaluable."
Scottish Environment Protection Agency flood alerts are in place for the Scottish Borders, Dumfries and Galloway, Edinburgh and the Lothians, Central and Tayside


We're used to seeing videos of weird and wonderful things on the International Space Station but this might be the strangest yet.

24 February 2016 Last updated at 07:31 GMT
So what was a gorilla doing all the way up in space?
Well, it turns out US astronaut Scott Kelly was just having a bit of birthday fun.
Pictures courtesy of Nasa.


Scientists are warning of new threats to penguins on Antarctica from diseases spread by migratory birds.

A modern strain of bird flu has been found in penguins living on the snowy continent, although it does not seem to be making them ill.
Conservationists say penguins need better protection through monitoring for new diseases and safeguarding their breeding and fishing grounds.
Bird flu is an infectious disease of poultry and wild birds.
Scientists found an unusual strain of bird flu among penguins on Antarctica a few years ago.
A second strain has now been discovered, suggesting viruses are reaching the continent more often than previously thought.
"This is a concern because avian influenza viruses that can be deadly in many birds have recently circulated in North America," said Dr Aeron Hurt of the Peter Doherty Institute in Melbourne, who visited the continent to survey penguins and other birds.
He said the virus discovered did not seem to cause any illness in the birds, but the fact that it is down on the Antarctic Peninsula showed there was potential for deadlier viruses to also travel there.
"The impact of a pathogenic influenza virus, one that causes death or severe illness in birds, would have a really devastating impact," he added.
The Antarctic Peninsula is too far south to be part of the main flyways across the world for migratory birds.
However, a few birds do migrate there from North and South America.
Experts say a better understanding is needed of how viruses reach the continent.
Rory Crawford, seabird policy officer of the RSPB, said penguins were the second most threatened group of seabirds after albatrosses, so any new potential threats were of concern.
"Every effort needs to be made to prevent future transmission and its potential impacts on the unique birdlife of Antarctica," he said.
"Further, broader penguin conservation needs to be stepped up to help these imperilled birds - including through the protection of breeding habitat, identification and proper protection of marine protected areas and appropriate fisheries management."
Dr Derek Gatherer, of the University of Lancaster, said the findings suggested that the bird flu had originated in the northern hemisphere and entered Antarctica recently.
"Penguins are therefore under threat from highly pathogenic avian flu, despite their isolation," he said.
The research was published in the Journal of Virology.
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BBC Radio 1's Dr Radha explains why it is so important to look after our mental health.

27 March 2017 Last updated at 13:50 BST
When people say mental health, they are talking about how people think and feel, and how they are coping with things that are happening in their life.
As Dr Radha explains, it's perfectly normal for us to feel worried or anxious from time to time, but when those feelings don't go away, that's when you might be struggling with a mental health problem.
Poet and author Michael Rosen explores how it is really important that people feel they can talk about issues like this in this guide.
To find out more about what a difference it can make when people are able to open up about having a mental health problem, watch Inside My Head: A Newsround Special and find out how talking about his problem changed 14-year-old Josh's life around.


A man has been seriously injured after he was pinned between a car and a metal ramp on an Isle of Wight chain ferry.

The Cowes floating bridge worker was taken to hospital with suspected head and leg injuries just before 19:00 BST.
The driver of the car, who is believed to have accelerated by accident on to the bridge, was treated by paramedics at the scene.
Isle of Wight Council said the chain ferry was "currently suspended until further notice".
The statement added that it was "due to the vessel being damaged by a vehicle that drove into it".
The floating bridge provides a foot passenger and vehicle link across the River Medina between Cowes and East Cowes.
The closure is expected to cause disruption for the start of the annual Cowes Week on Saturday.


Danny Boyle has spoken of his disappointment after David Bowie refused to let the director use his music for a film project.

Boyle told the Radio Times the refusal left he and screenwriter Frank Cottrell Boyce "in grief".
He wanted his film about Apple co-founder Steve Jobs to "fill the space in my heart left by the abandoned Bowie script", he added.
Boyle said Bowie's decision made him determined to get the Jobs film made.
The new film, with a screenplay by The West Wing's Aaron Sorkin, stars Michael Fassbender and Kate Winslet, has been tipped for Oscars success.
Meanwhile, Boyle is set to revisit his 1996 breakthrough cult hit Trainspotting, and he is hoping that the second instalment will coincide with the film's 20th anniversary next year.
He told the Radio Times: "It's not called Porno!", in reference to the Irvine Welsh novel of the same name, on which it is loosely based.
"It's T2 for now. We've got a window for the original cast to shoot in spring 2016 and hopefully it will come out the same year, on the anniversary."


Lewis Hamilton was never going to go down without a fight in his world title duel with Nico Rosberg.

He had two choices going into the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix: drive off into the distance and emphasise a point about being the fastest driver in the world, who had only lost the title because of an uneven spread of reliability problems at Mercedes; or try to engineer the result.
He is a fighter, a racer and a man who has an unshakeable belief in his own position as the fastest driver in the world - and certainly faster than Rosberg.
So he chose the second option.
Few, not even Rosberg, would dispute the scale of Hamilton's talent. And Hamilton certainly wasted no opportunity to remind people of it over the weekend in Abu Dhabi - or indeed over the season as a whole.
But whether you agree with Hamilton's decision to drive deliberately slowly to back Rosberg into his rivals, in an attempt to make him finish lower than the third place that would clinch him the title, comes down to personal opinion.
Ferrari's Sebastian Vettel, who found himself on the tail of the Mercedes drivers going into the final lap, called it "dirty tricks".
Some - including senior figures at Mercedes - would argue that driving his own race and winning by a mile would have been the classy decision, one from which Hamilton would have emerged with the most honour.
But class and honour are luxuries in one of the most brutal sporting environments in the world - so Hamilton took a decision befitting both his character and F1 as a whole.
He has fought all his life, and the World Championship means more to him than anything else - as he explained in direct terms over the radio to the team whose orders to speed up he was disobeying during the race.
Having decided what to do, Hamilton performed his task with exquisite judgement, lapping seconds slower than he could but never letting Rosberg close enough to challenge him.
Rosberg said he had been "naive" not to expect the tactics but said he "understood it" and that it did not need to be discussed further.
Mercedes F1 boss Toto Wolff was less impressed, and would have preferred Hamilton to take the run-and-hide option, but carefully underlined how he could see both sides of the argument.
Will he impose some form of punishment? He wouldn't say. But he did admit that "everything is possible".
Agree or not, it meant Hamilton in defeat was at least as big a story as Rosberg in triumph. Which for an inveterate attention seeker might have been part of the plan.
And it ensured the final race of the season, which could have been a tedious drone to another Mercedes one-two finish, was fraught with tension and drama.
For that, at least, Hamilton can be applauded.
Rosberg clinched his first Formula 1 world championship in the same way he got himself in the position to do it - by doing exactly what he needed to do at the time.
The German has been a closed-off character this year - so much so, in fact, that he apologised to the media afterwards for it - but he has finally found a method, as well a set of circumstances, that has enabled him to take on Hamilton and beat him.
More than anything, this season has demonstrated Rosberg's iron will, solidity, resilience and determination
The two go way back, to their childhoods starting out on their careers in go-karts. And this is the first time Rosberg has ended the season on top.
"It feels like I have been racing him forever and always he has just managed to edge me out," Rosberg said.
"He is just an amazing driver and one of the best in history so it is unbelievable to beat him because the level is so high and that makes it so much more satisfying that I took the world championship away from him."
So how did Rosberg do it?
That fact that Hamilton was badly affected by reliability cannot be avoided when seeking the answer.
Even Wolff said that the engine failure Hamilton suffered while leading in Malaysia in late September "cost him the championship".
Rosberg came away from that race with a 23-point lead in the championship. Had Hamilton's engine held together, he would have been leading by five. It was a 28-point swing in a championship that Hamilton lost by five points.
But at the same time there is no doubt that Rosberg delivered the best season of his career.
Media playback is not supported on this device
He is still not - and never will be - Hamilton's equal as a racing driver.
Hamilton took 12 poles, Rosberg eight, despite the fact that the Briton did not even compete in three qualifying sessions because of other engine problems and their knock-on effects. Hamilton won 10 races and Rosberg nine. The average qualifying gap between them was 0.14 seconds in Hamilton's favour.
The popular impression is that Rosberg has been closer to Hamilton this year than ever before, but that is not quite true.
In races in which they have been able to directly compete, Hamilton has come out on top 11 times and Rosberg six - about the same ratio as their previous two seasons.
But what Rosberg has done this year better than ever before is maximise his own potential.
He has not quite had a perfect season - by which one means a season whereby he has done the best he could do. But within the context of his ability, it has not been far off.
Rosberg was arguably more to blame for the first-lap collision that took both drivers out in Spain.
It was unwise to try to sit it out on the outside of Hamilton at the first corner in Canada - he should have expected to be run wide and lose places, given previous similar situations.
And his defence of the lead from Hamilton after a mistake on the last lap in Austria was just on the wrong side of acceptable and led to the collision that dropped him down to fourth place.
But by and large the mantra he has adopted all season - that he is only focusing on the race at hand - has served him well.
For a start, he has raced better, with more cleanliness, aggression and decisiveness than ever before - and the title-deciding race in Abu Dhabi provided just the most recent example of that.
Sitting behind Max Verstappen's Red Bull in the first half of the race, he was told that the situation was "critical" and he needed to pass. Within a lap, he was through, despite a very robust defence from the Dutchman, and back in second place behind Hamilton.
It was the same in Malaysia, when he was behind Kimi Raikkonen's Ferrari and made a daring but ultimately successful attempt to pass, in which the two banged wheels. And also in his recovery drives after bad starts in Hungary and Germany, in which he was much more effective than they had been in similar situations in previous seasons.
And, on a wider scale, he has allowed himself to be less affected by Hamilton and other outside influences than ever before. Hence the post-race apology to the media.
"Apologies if I have not been completely transparent all weekend," he said in the official news conference. "I hope you understand I have to protect myself from your world, which can be a little intense.
"I know I am changing a little bit what I said before the weekend but please respect that you are a powerful entity and I needed to do my team and think about myself. I am sure you will understand that."
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How has he done this? Not by accident, that's for certain. It is a conscious plan.
The improvement in his racing came after some deep thinking about how to approach on-track battles over the winter, following an acceptance that it was a weakness.
The Zen-like focus on the moment emerged during his run of four straight victories at the start of the season, after two bad starts for Hamilton and then two engine problems.
"It became very clear that it would be completely wrong to now start thinking about the championship because it is Lewis Hamilton who is my team-mate, he is always going to fight back," Rosberg said. "He is always going to be massively tough to beat.
"I push in all directions and of course the head is an important part of sport and it just seemed the best way because if you think too much about the big picture it will just make you nervous.
"With so much at stake, the desire to be world champion and all that, that can weigh on your shoulders so it really worked well for me to keep it simple and stay right in the moment and not go into all these desires.
"The desire to be world champion - holy moly, that is gigantic - so better to stay away from all that and stay in the moment and it has been a big part of the success this year."
It stems from Rosberg's character - he is an introvert and Hamilton an extrovert. This carries over into their actions as racing drivers, in which Hamilton is intuitive and extemporaneous, Rosberg more controlled and deliberate.
More than anything, this season has demonstrated Rosberg's iron will, solidity, resilience and determination.
One can only imagine how difficult it must be to have as a team-mate the man most would regard as the fastest and most naturally talented driver of his generation, to be beaten over and over again, but somehow find a way to keep coming back, keep trying, not give up and accept you are second best.
It has taken him a while, and he has had a fair bit of external help - not just from Hamilton's reliability problems, but also from the Englishman's weak races in Baku and Singapore, which are just the latest example of his tendency to swing from the sublime to the occasionally inexplicably dreadful.
"You need to win and lose with dignity and this is a mechanical sport," Wolff said. "This team has built them the best car over the last three years and made them win races and championships and the team has let them down on a number of occasions - less let them down than making them celebrate.
"On the other side, we have been spending the last 10 minutes discussing about Lewis without recognising Nico's achievement.
"Racing against the most talented driver as a team-mate and winning a world championship and making it close before is quite an achievement and I think we should honour that because he is a tough cookie and he doesn't let go.
"There are quite some remarkable character traits about him that make a world champion and a worthy world champion."


Japan has the world's third-largest economy, having achieved remarkable growth in the second half of the 20th Century after the devastation of the Second World War.

Its role in the international community is considerable. It is a major aid donor, and a source of global capital and credit.
More than three quarters of the population live in sprawling cities on the coastal fringes of Japan's four mountainous, heavily-wooded islands.
Japan's rapid post-war expansion - propelled by highly successful car and consumer electronics industries - ran out of steam by the 1990s under a mounting debt burden that successive governments have failed to address.
Japan's relations with its neighbours are still heavily influenced by the legacy of Japanese actions before and during the Second World War. Japan has found it difficult to accept and atone for its treatment of the citizens of countries it occupied.
Population 126.4 million
Area 377,864 sq km (145,894 sq miles)
Major language Japanese
Major religions Shintoism, Buddhism
Life expectancy 80 years (men), 87 years (women)
Currency yen
Head of State: Emperor Akihito
Akihito, who has been emperor since 1989, has no political powers but he has played an important role in working to heal the wounds of a war waged across Asia in his own father's name.
His father Emperor Hirohito, who reigned between 1926 and 1989, was once revered as divine but transformed after Japan's defeat to promote peace and democracy.
In 2016, the emperor indicated that he wished to abdicate, out of concern he may become unable to carry out his duties because of old age.
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe appointed a six-member commission to look into the issue, which may involve changing the law.
Prime minister: Shinzo Abe
Shinzo Abe became Japan's prime minister in 2012 after his Liberal Democratic Party's (LDP) landslide election win.
He was re-elected in 2014. His focus has been on a series of measures - known as "Abenomics" - aimed at boosting Japan's struggling economy.
Mr Abe has said he wants to amend Japan's post-war pacifist constitution, in particular the war-renouncing Article 9 - a goal that has prompted sharp criticism from China.
He previously served as prime minister in 2006 and 2007, but quit after a series of scandals involving his ministers.
Japan was years ahead of the US and Europe in pioneering reality TV, in which ordinary people are placed in extraordinary situations.
Newspaper readership is very high, with some 80% of Japanese reading a paper every day.
Some 110 million people - or about 86% of the population - were online by mid-2014 (InternetWorldStats).
Some key dates in Japan's history:
1853 - US fleet forces Japan to open up to foreign influence after over 200 years of self-imposed isolation.
1868 - Empire of Japan proclaimed, and country enters period of rapid industrialisation and imperial expansion.
1910 - Japan annexes Korea, becoming one of the world's leading powers.
1914 - Japan joins First World War on the side of Britain and her allies, gaining some Pacific islands from Germany.
1925 - Universal male suffrage is instituted.
1930s - Seizes Chinese province of Manchu, Shanghai, Beijing and Nanjing amid atrocities such as the "Rape of Nanjing".
1939-45 - Second World War sees Japan occupying several Asian countries. It is defeated when US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1945 - US occupation of devastated country; post-war recovery and political reform. Economy recovers, eventually flourishes.


Barnet have signed Spanish winger Ruben Bover Izquierdo after he impressed on trial at the League Two club.

The 24-year-old was born in Mallorca and began his English career at Kidderminster Harriers in 2009.
He joined Charlton Athletic in 2011 before heading to the MLS with New York Red Bulls where he played 23 times.
Izquierdo then signed for NY Cosmos where he won the National Premier League MVP award and was part of their NASL Championship winning side in 2015.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page or visit our Premier League tracker here.


Tyson Frizell has not ruled out playing for Wales once again despite appearing for Australia in the Four Nations.

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Australian-born Frizell, 25, is Welsh qualified via his father and has won five caps.
He can continue to represent Wales as they are a tier two nation and Australia are tier one.
"I'd love to play for Australia for as long as I can but if I wasn't playing for them I'd be playing for Wales," he said.
The second row described his debut for Australia against New Zealand in October as a "dream come true" but says he would be happy to play for Wales again in the future.
"Being part of the Wales squad was awesome for my experience," he told BBC Wales Sport.
"It was a stepping stone for myself and a massive part of my development.
In the summer Frizell became the first Wales international to play in Australia's State of Origin competition, regarded as the highest level of rugby league in the world.
He also extended his contract with the St George Illawarra Dragons until 2020.
Next year the Rugby League World Cup will feature both Australia and Wales, who secured their place with victory over Italy.
But it could be the autumn before Frizell knows whether he will be a part of either squad.
"I guess it is kind of weird," he said. "I want to be playing for Australia but if things don't work out I'd love to play for Wales.
"Whatever jersey I put on I'll do the best I can for the team."
Wales Rugby League said it was "saddened" to see Frizell play for Australia but supported his decision.
"Tyson was a strong player in the WRL camp and brought a lot of power, pace and passion when pulling on the red shirt of Wales," a spokesman said.
"We are saddened to see him play for Australia but by Tyson leaving [head coach] John Kear has been able to develop another young Welsh player in his place."
Australia play England in their final Four Nations pool match on Sunday, needing to win to stand any chance of reaching the final.


Naked natives and freeze-dried sausages feature in an exhibition chronicling a Cambridge college's "enduring fascination" with exploration.

Photographs and maps, some of which have never gone on public display, have been found in the St John's College archive.
A number of the images on display were taken during a 1963 expedition to East Greenland involving members of the college.
The group, who practiced by scaling the college chapel's tower in the flatlands of Cambridge, went on to conquer 28 peaks which had never been climbed before.
However, it took them eight days to reach base camp, by which time they had already run out of provisions.
But luckily for the team - put together by St John's student John Lendon - they had pre-arranged for packs of freeze-dried sausages and chocolate to be dropped by plane.
Organisers of the exhibition say the college has an "enduring fascination with exploration... which seems to have begun in the 1600s".
One of the earliest items on display is an atlas dating from 1682 which depicts naked "natives" at the South Pole.
It was presented to John's by the late 17th Century master, Sir Humphrey Gower.
At the time the South Pole was unknown territory. The map-maker clearly had no idea it was a frozen wasteland and "amusingly depicted 'natives'... absolutely starkers", the college said.
Also on show are previously-unseen extracts from the diary of former college master Sir James Wordie, who was chief scientific officer on Ernest Shackleton's ill-fated Antarctic expedition of 1914-17 where they were forced to abandon their ship, Endurance.


Cardiff will host a Uefa Women's Champions League qualifying round in August ahead of the Welsh capital staging the final later in the season.

Cardiff Met University Ladies will be representing Wales after securing their third consecutive Women's Welsh Premier League title.
They will compete in one of four-team, one-venue mini-tournaments.
The Football Association of Wales have yet to announce the qualifying round venues.
The Uefa Women's Champions League comprises a qualifying group stage, four rounds of two-legged knockout ties and a one-off final.
Cardiff City Stadium will host the final on Thursday, 1 June with the men's Champions League final held at the Principality Stadium two days later.


New information is emerging over the origins of an anti-Islamic video which is at the centre of violent anti-American protests in Egypt and Libya.

A film was shot in the US, and was shown at a small cinema in Hollywood at the end of June. But it is the clips posted to YouTube, translated into Arabic, which appear to have sparked these protests.
The video - Innocence of Muslims - first appeared online on 1 July, posted in English by someone using the pseudonym "sambacile."
It was very badly made and cheaply produced, with poor acting and little in the way of storyline.
The most offensive comments about Islam and the Prophet Muhammad had been quite obviously dubbed onto the soundtrack afterwards and not spoken by the actors.
One actress featured in the film said she had no idea it would be used for anti-Islamic propaganda and condemned it.
Cindy Lee Garcia, from Bakersfield in California, was quoted by the website Gawker saying she had a small role in the film which she was told would be called Desert Warriors, about life in Egypt 2,000 years ago.
She threatened to sue the director for the way the actors were represented.
In fact a film called The Innocence of Bin Laden was shown at a small independent cinema on Hollywood Boulevard called the Vine Theatre on 30 June this year.
Someone present, who asked not to be identified, said it lasted about an hour, had very poor production values and attracted just a handful of viewers in the two showings that evening.
He said the man organising the screening was an Egyptian living in America who had hired two Egyptian security guards for the evening.
A man saying he was the writer and director, and claiming to be Sam Bacile, spoke to a number of media outlets on Tuesday, making inflammatory anti-Islamic comments in support of the film.
He claimed to be 52, or 56, depending on the source, and to be an Israeli-born Jewish estate agent who had raised millions of dollars from Jewish donors to make the film.
But prior to last week he did not exist online, except as the YouTube posting name, and there was no record of a developer of that name.
Questions started being asked over whether Sam Bacile was a real person.
An American right-wing extremist called Steve Klein, linked with various anti-Islamic groups in California, promoted the video, but said he did not know the identity of the director.
He contradicted himself in media interviews while expressing radical views, and eventually admitted he thought Sam Bacile was just a pseudonym.
Pastor Terry Jones from Florida, whose anti-Muslim actions have included burning Korans, said he had been in touch with a Mr Bacile over promotion of the film, but had not met him and could not identify him.
Another name appeared linked to the film - Morris Sadek - an Egyptian American from the anti-Islamic National American Coptic Assembly.
His promotion of the movie brought inquiries into the involvement of Coptic Christian groups.
The Copts make up a sizeable Christian minority in Egypt and some have raised concern about their religious freedom in the new Egypt under a Muslim Brotherhood president.
The Associated Press news agency, which had interviewed the man claiming to be Sam Bacile on the telephone, then followed a trail to a Californian called Nakoula Basseley Nakoula, 55, who told AP he was a Coptic Christian and admitted he was involved in logistics and management of the film's production.
He denied being the director or posing as Sam Bacile, but AP said reporters had traced the phone number to an address near where they found Mr Nakoula.
The exact origin of the movie and the internet clip, and the motivation behind its production, remains a mystery, but it appears not to be linked to an Israeli film-maker as was earlier widely reported, including by the BBC.
It was the film's translation into Arabic and broadcast on Arab TV stations and talk shows which sparked the violence - although investigations are now under way in Washington to establish whether the worst of the violence was not spontaneous.
The religious Egyptian TV channel al-Nas showed clips from the video, dubbed into Arabic, and scenes posted online have been viewed hundreds of thousands of times.


Carlos the Jackal, the Venezuelan man behind a series of attacks in France in the 1970s and 80s, has appeared in court to denounce being prosecuted over a deadly Paris shopping centre attack.

He condemned "scavenging" lawyers and "Zionist interests".
Carlos, whose real name is Ilich Ramirez Sanchez, is already serving two life terms for killings in the name of Palestinian and communist causes.
But he denies carrying out a grenade attack on the centre in September 1974.
Two people were killed and 34 others were injured in the attack.
In an often rambling statement in the Paris court on Monday, the 67-year-old said that any murders he had committed were carried out in the name of "the revolution".
"No-one has executed more people than me in the Palestinian resistance," he said, "[and] I am the only survivor. In all the fighting, there were collateral victims, it's unfortunate," he said.
Wearing a jacket with a red pocket handkerchief, Ramirez smiled and blew kisses upon first appearing in the dock before kissing the hand of his lawyer and long-term partner, Isabelle Coutant-Peyre.
He then embarked on a diatribe in which he condemned wealthy "Zionist interests" who he said were eager to crush anybody who stood up to Israeli aggression.
He said that lawyers prosecuting him for the shopping centre attack in Paris 43 years ago were "scavengers" for forcing him back to court.
Carlos the Jackal was given his nickname when he was one of the world's most wanted terror suspects.
He spent years on the run before being captured in 1994 in Sudan.
Ms Coutant-Peyre on Monday described his latest trial as a waste of time and money.
"What exactly is the point of having a trial so long after the events?" she said.
But Georges Holleaux, a lawyer representing the victims, said the families wanted the chance finally to see him in court.
"The victims have been waiting so long for Ramirez to be judged and convicted. Their wounds have never healed," he said.
In a newspaper interview which he later disavowed, Ramirez allegedly said he had carried out the attack in a bid to persuade France to release a Japanese communist militant.
Ramirez was dubbed Carlos the Jackal by the press, named after the fictional terrorist in the 1971 Frederick Forsyth novel, The Day of the Jackal, which was turned into a popular film.
Born in Venezuela, he was considered one of the most notorious political terrorists of the 1970s and 80s.
By the age of 24, he had joined the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and began his training as a militant revolutionary.
A few years later, he launched his first attack - on Joseph Edward Sieff, the then president of the Marks and Spencers retail chain in London. Sieff, a prominent Jewish figure, survived a gunshot wound to the head.
The self-professed "professional revolutionary" has since been found guilty of four bomb attacks in Paris and Marseille in 1982 and 1983, which killed 11 people and injured 150.
He was first convicted by a French court 20 years ago, and again in 2011 and 2013. If convicted of first degree murder charges, he could get a third life sentence.
Ramirez was arrested in the Sudanese capital in 1994 by elite French police, 20 years after the first attack for which he was accused.


China has jailed three pro-democracy activists for "inciting subversion", rights groups and relatives say.

Lawyer Tang Jingling, and activists Wang Qingying and Yuan Xinting were given jail terms of between two and five years by a Guangzhou court.
The main evidence used against the men was the fact that they had read and distributed books about democracy and activism, rights groups said.
It comes amid a widespread crackdown on human rights activists and lawyers.
The three men have been held in detention for more than 18 months.
They were accused of studying and distributing five books about non-violent activism, including From Dictatorship to Democracy by Gene Sharp, and Organizing: A guide for Grassroots Leaders by Si Kahn, rights groups said.
Tang's wife, Wang Yanfang, confirmed the sentences and told the BBC's Chinese Service it was a "ridiculous verdict".
The law was being used as a front for "political suppression", she said, and added her husband considered the court case "an illegal trial".
Police outside the court attempted the stop journalists from filming, and several supporters of the three men were taken away by officers, Reuters reported.
Patrick Poon, China researcher at Amnesty International, called the verdict against the three men "a gross injustice".
"Their peaceful and legitimate work never threatened state security, this is solely about the authorities arbitrarily silencing government critics," he said.
There was no immediate comment from the court.
China has previously responded to criticism of its human rights record by saying that each case is handled "in accordance with the law" and that "foreign governments should respect China's judicial sovereignty".
China has cracked down on scores of lawyers and activists in recent years.
In July, the Chinese authorities launched what appeared to be an orchestrated campaign, when more than 280 human rights lawyers and activists - along with their associates - were summoned or detained or just disappeared.
Many of the lawyers were eventually released - but the arrests have been widely seen as the state's attempts to stifle dissent.
In December one of the country's most prominent rights lawyers, Pu Zhiqiang, received a suspended jail sentence after a brief trial for "inciting ethnic hatred" and "picking quarrels" in social media posts.
And earlier this month, Swedish activist Peter Dahlin was detained on charges of damaging national security, before being released and deported.


Sister Nirmala, the nun who succeeded Mother Teresa as the head of a charity in the Indian city of Kolkata (Calcutta), has died, aged 81.

The former Superior General of Missionaries of Charity was suffering from various ailments.
She took over the running of the charity after Mother Teresa died in 1997 and ran it for 12 years before Sister Mary Prema took over in 2009.
The Missionaries of Charity cares for the homeless and dying in Kolkata.
Archbishop of Kolkata Thomas D'Souza told the AFP news agency that Sister Nirmala "passed away peacefully, surrounded by sisters praying for her".
"She had been suffering from a heart disease for quite some time, but she never lost her smile and was always cheerful."
He said Sister Nirmala "carried forward Mother Teresa's legacy of compassion, gentleness, service to the poorest of the poor and holiness of life".
"Even after she ceased to be head of Missionaries of Charity, she served the people with the same zeal as she did before."
Reports say Sister Nirmala's body will be kept at the Missionaries of Charity headquarters in Kolkata and her funeral will be held on Wednesday afternoon.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi led the tributes to the deceased nun.
West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee said she was "saddened" by Sister Nirmala's death.
The Missionaries of Charity has about 4,500 nuns and hundreds of homes around the world.


Ministers felt on the one hand they couldn't afford to give staff a pay rise, while on the other realising they couldn't afford not to.
The result? A pay rise for some, and (arguably) none for others. But the risk is that this turns out to be a fudge that makes no-one happy.
Despite the special protection the NHS enjoys - it is getting a 0.1% increase in its budget each year this Parliament - it is still in the middle of its tightest ever settlement.
To help cope with rising demands, it has been asked to save the equivalent of 4% a year (£4bn to £5bn in cash terms).
The easiest way to achieve this is by freezing pay, which accounts for 40% of the overall budget.
And so this is what has been done - for the past three years.
NHS Employers had argued this should have continued into 2014-15, saying in its submission on pay that salaries in the health service remained "competitive".
It pointed out that average pay last year was just over £30,000 for nurses and around £36,000 for paramedics and £110,000 for consultants.
But the decision announced by the government on Thursday concedes a pay rise of sorts is needed.
All NHS staff will get at least a 1% pay rise. Just over half receive incremental pay rises each year - determined by their length of service and performance.
Those whose incremental increase is less will have their pay rise made up to 1%, but many will get more. Last year, the average incremental pay rise was 3.5%.
The same mechanism will be applied in 2015-16, when the minimum rise will also be 1%.
That will cost well over £1bn each year.
The bean counters in the health service will be warning this will be hard to afford
But equally it has left the unions disappointed.
Unison is pointing out that since 2010, pay has fallen by 10% once inflation is taken into account and that incremental pay is meant to reward the growing competence and skills that come with experience.
Hence Unison head of health Christina McAnea's accusation that the government is showing "complete contempt" for staff.
But, of course, what matters to patients is how this affects care.
Part of the Department of Health's justification for the move was that it needs to be able to afford the right number of staff to meet the requirements of the public inquiry into Stafford Hospital for more compassionate care.
However, if the pay award demoralises staff that ambition could be at risk.
A report published earlier this year by the Point of Care Foundation looked at the importance of having an engaged and happy workforce. One of the key conclusions was that this was essential to providing good quality care.


A gunman has fatally shot five people - four in a cafe and one woman in a carjacking afterwards - in Seattle, in the US state of Washington.

The gunman shot himself in the head later as police moved in. He died in hospital, a spokeswoman said.
Two men died at the cafe, while a man and a woman wounded there died in hospital. One is seriously wounded.
Seattle has seen 21 killings in 2012, including Wednesday's victims, matching the total for the whole of last year.
The victim in hospital has been named as Leonard Meuse and is reported to be in critical, but stable, condition.
His father, Raymond,
          told the Seattle Times
 that his son had been shot in the jaw and armpit but was expected to survive.
The first shooting incident took place at 11:00 (18:00 GMT) at Cafe Racer, a venue north of the University of Washington that hosts art and music events.
The second was reported half an hour later in central Seattle when a man fatally shot a woman in an apparent carjacking, then fled in a black SUV.
Police say they believe the suspect left the scene of the first shooting and went to the First Hill neighbourhood, near Seattle's downtown area, where he shot the woman and stole her car.
He then drove to west Seattle and abandoned the sports utility vehicle, leaving a gun inside. Police located the car there and uniformed and plain-clothes policemen were soon combing the area.
One officer spotted the suspect and called for backup and a Swat team, Assistant Chief Jim Pugel said.
As those policemen arrived on the scene, the suspect turned the gun on himself, he added.
Police released a security photo of the suspect in the cafe shooting, but Mr Pugel said they had not yet positively identified the man.
There have been a number of seemingly random shootings in the city.
Seattle Mayor Mike McGinn said on Wednesday that the shootings had "shaken" the city.
The police's highest priority was to find the suspects as well as to bring an end to "this wave of gun violence", he added.
Separately, a man was shot dead last week by a stray bullet while driving in Seattle with his family.
Another apparently random shooting was reported in Seattle in April when a 21-year-old woman who had recently moved to the city died in a drive-by attack.