The Philippines has temporarily banned its workers from travelling to Qatar after several Arab countries broke off diplomatic ties with the Gulf state.

Qatar is being isolated by its neighbours who accuse it of supporting Islamist militants and Iran.
More than two million documented Filipinos work in the Middle East, with about 140,000 based in Qatar.
The government said it was concerned about the "ripple effect" of the crisis on its overseas foreign workers.
Philippines Labour Secretary Silvestre Bello said the ban would be in place until it completed an assessment of the situation.
"There are so many wild rumours going around, saying things are not going well there," he said in a statement on Tuesday.
Millions of Philippine citizens work abroad as domestic helpers, ship crew, construction workers and nurses among other jobs.
Many head to oil-rich Gulf countries like Saudi Arabia, which hosts nearly a million Filipinos, and Qatar.
The Philippines central bank estimates the money sent back by its foreign workers last year was $26.9bn (Â£20.8bn), or about 10% of gross domestic product.
2.7 million Population
11,437 sq km Area
Arabic Language
Islam Religion
78.5 Life expectancy
Riyal Currency
The Philippine government said one of its main worries was a possible risk of food shortages in Qatar, which imports about 90% of its produce.
The Qatari government said on Monday it had taken all necessary measures to ensure life would continue as normal under the blockade and that there was no need to panic.
Qatar is heavily dependent on foreign workers. More than half of its 2.5 million population come from overseas.
India, Nepal and Bangladesh also have significant numbers of people in Qatar, many of whom work in construction.


England's Gareth Widdop will miss the mid-season Test match against Samoa after he was ruled out for six weeks with knee ligament damage.

The stand-off suffered the injury to his left knee playing for NRL side St George Illawarra Dragons during their defeat by Sydney Roosters on Tuesday.
The 28-year-old had been named in coach Wayne Bennett's 20-man squad on Monday for the game in Sydney on 6 May.
Scans showed "significant damage to the medial collateral ligament".
"For the next two weeks he will be in a brace," added St George Illawarra's head of athletic performance Nathan Pickworth.
"After those two weeks, we'll have a good indication of his return-to-play time frame but hopefully it will be somewhere around the six-week mark."


Glasgow's hopes of reaching the European Champions Cup quarter-finals suffered a major blow as pool leaders Munster prevailed in a bruising game.

The hosts led 12-9 in a tourniquet-tight match with four penalties - three from Finn Russell, one from Stuart Hogg - to three from Tyler Bleyendaal.
But Hogg's yellow card, for a high tackle in stopping Andrew Conway from scoring, saw Munster capitalise.
Francis Saili powered over in the corner to book a last-eight spot.
The Irish province are now guaranteed to top Pool One, sealing their quarter-final place in Europe's elite tournament for the 16th time in 22 seasons.
Glasgow, meanwhile, will need to win their final game at Leicester next Saturday to retain hope of qualifying as one of the three best runners-up.
The Warriors needed to assert their physicality on Munster from the get-go - and they did, to a point. In the opening 15 minutes they had most of the possession and most of the territory, but only three points to show for it, from Russell's boot.
Breaking down Munster's defence proved a monstrous job. This is a team that had conceded only three tries in their first four pool games in Europe - all of them long after they had taken an unbreakable hold on those games. Their line speed was rapid, their aggression huge. This was always going to be rugby's equivalent of a gunfight.
Every time Glasgow scored, Munster responded quickly. When Russell gave Glasgow the lead, Bleyendaal responded. When Hogg walloped over one from the halfway line, Bleyendaal cancelled it out three minutes later. When Russell made it 9-6 early in the new half, Bleyendaal rubbed it soon after.
It took Munster 25 minutes to release the dogs and when they did, Glasgow's defence proved every bit as demonic as their visitors. Phase upon phase brought Munster to Glasgow's 5m line. Tackle upon tackle meant they went no further.
The beginning of the second half saw Glasgow finally get their dangerous runners on the ball. Hogg, Ali Price and Russell started to cut little holes in the Munster defence. Josh Strauss was getting on the ball and doing damage, Tim Swinson was carrying ball. Zander Fagerson, too.
That Russell penalty was their reward for a 9-6 lead but such was the game, and the tiny margins, it didn't last. The fourth time they hit the front, another kick from Russell, they held it for longer, but not long enough. This was not rugby for those who want line breaks and tries. This was kitchen sink stuff. Bear-pit rugby.
The most dramatic endgame started to unfold with 11 minutes left. Munster had dominance and field position. They attacked in vicious red waves, crashing in on Glasgow, who were outstanding in dealing with them.
Munster went wide and found space at last. Conway got clipped high by Hogg, who got 10 minutes - and the rest of the match - in the bin. A colossal blow.
Munster put the penalty to touch and when they came streaming across field, Simon Zebo linked with Keith Earls who found Saili on the wrap-around.
The replacement went over in the corner to put Munster ahead for the first time. Glasgow came again, busting a gut, smashing forward in the hope of breaking this gobsmacking Munster defence. They could have tried a drop-goal - they had the opportunity - but didn't do it. They went for the try and ran into a red wall.
Sensational rugby. Glory for Munster who progress to the last eight. Desolation for Glasgow, who now have to win at Welford Road to stand a chance of making it through for the first time.
Glasgow Warriors: Stuart Hogg, Tommy Seymour, Mark Bennett, Alex Dunbar, Lee Jones, Finn Russell, Ali Price; Gordon Reid, Fraser Brown, Zander Fagerson, Tim Swinson, Jonny Gray (capt), Rob Harley, Ryan Wilson, Josh Strauss.
Replacements: Pat MacArthur, Alex Allan (for Reid, 78), D'arcy Rae (for Z Fagerson, 78) Matt Fagerson, Chris Fusaro (for Strauss, 68), Grayson Hart, Nick Grigg (for Bennett, 63), Peter Murchie.
Yellow card: Hogg (71)
Munster: Simon Zebo, Andrew Conway, Jaco Taute, Rory Scannell, Keith Earls, Tyler Bleyendaal, Conor Murray; Dave Kilcoyne, Niall Scannell, John Ryan, Jean Kleyn, Donnacha Ryan; Peter O'Mahony (capt), Jack O'Donoghue, CJ Stander.
Replacements: Rhys Marshall, James Cronin (for Kilcoyne, 54) Thomas Du Toit (for Ryan, 60), Dave Foley (for O'Mahony), 74), Billy Holland (for Kleyn, 54), Duncan Williams (for Murray, 65-71), Ian Keatley, Francis Saili (for Taute, 57).


A man accused of causing the deaths of a shanty group singer and the band's promoter had a "casual approach to safety", Guildford Crown Court heard.

Fisherman's Friends vocalist Trevor Grills, 54, and Paul McMullen, 44, died after a steel door collapsed at G Live in Guildford on 9 February 2013.
David Naylor, 57, director of Express Hi-Fold Doors Ltd, denies two charges of manslaughter by gross negligence.
The company denies a third charge of a breach of health and safety laws.
Mr Grills, from Port Isaac, Cornwall, and Mr McMullen, from Disley in Cheshire, were at the G Live venue ahead of a performance due to be staged by the 10-piece group.
They were unloading music equipment from their van when the door, designed and manufactured by Express Hi-Fold Doors Ltd, fell on them.
Live updates on the trial
On the opening day of the trial, the jury was told doors manufactured by Mr Naylor's company had failed before.
It heard the door measured 12m (40ft) wide by 6.6m (22ft) high and weighed more than two tonnes.
The court was told Mr Naylor, of Stourbridge Road, Bridgnorth, had known there was a serious risk of such a door falling as, before the deaths of Mr Grills and Mr McMullen, a number of his doors had fallen although no-one had been killed.
Zoe Johnson QC said: "The prosecution alleges that the failure to have an anti-drop safeguard coupled with other evidence of earlier door collapses and this defendant's rather casual approach to safety means that his conduct is so bad as to amount to the offence of gross negligence manslaughter."
She told the court that the door collapsed "because two drive chains, linking the motor and gearbox to a drive shaft, failed and the failure of the drive chains disconnected the motor from the drive shaft".
The chains failed after a "misalignment of the drive sprockets" had caused wear over time, she added.
The jury heard that Mr McMullen, who grew up in Heanor, Derbyshire, died at the scene after being crushed under the bi-fold door and suffering severe injuries to his pelvis and legs.
Mr Grills was "struck to the head", suffering life-threatening injuries. He died in hospital on 12 February.
"This was an avoidable tragedy," the prosecutor said.
The trial continues.


Premiership strugglers Worcester have signed Samoa international forward Chris Vui on a short-term deal until the end of the season.

New Zealand-born Vui, who can play at lock forward or in the back row, earned his first cap for Samoa against France last month.
"Chris is a big, powerful and adaptable forward," said head coach Carl Hogg.
"He will certainly add some strength to our pack. And, at just 23, he is an experienced leader."
But he will not make an immediate debut in Saturday's European Challenge Cup tie at home to Newport Gwent Dragons as he is not yet registered for European games.
"He will not be involved this weekend," Warriors backs coach Sam Vesty told BBC Sport. "His registration becomes an issue when you're talking about Europe."
Worcester also play the Dragons in the away leg the following weekend but it might not be clear until after this Saturday's game whether Vui would then be involved at Rodney Parade. "We will make that decision as we go forward," added Vesty.
Vui, who represented New Zealand at Under-20 level in the 2013 World Rugby Championship, has played all his club rugby in his native country.
He captained New Zealand side North Harbour to the Mitre 10 Championship title in October, having played for Auckland Blues in the 2015 Super Rugby campaign.
Vui is the fourth short-term signing made by injury-hit Warriors in little over a month following the arrival of Australian scrum-half Michael Dowsett, Bristol full-back Auguy Slowik and Canada fly-half Connor Braid.
Going into the two-week break for European action, Warriors lie next to bottom in the Premiership after just one win this season, six points clear of bottom club Bristol, who they are due to meet at Ashton Gate on Boxing Day.


Britain's Chris Froome won the Tour de France for the fourth time as Dylan Groenewegen sprinted to victory in Paris on the 21st and final stage.

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Groenewegen defeated German Andre Greipel in a frenetic final sprint on the Champs Elysees but the day belonged to 32-year-old Froome.
The Team Sky rider is now second in the all-time list after completing his third successive victory.
Rigoberto Uran was second, 54 seconds behind, with Romain Bardet third.
"Each time I have won has been so unique, such a different battle to get to this moment," said Froome afterwards.
"They are all so special but this will be remembered as the closest and most hard fought."
It was a largely processional stage before they reached Paris - with Yoann Offredo stopping to greet family and friends as the race passed close to his home and Cyril Gautier writing a marriage proposal on a piece on paper that was then broadcast on television.
But the stage ended in the expected bunch finish - with several teams trying to set up their sprinters before Lotto NL-Jumbo's Groenewegen held off his rivals to cross the line first.
Lotto Soudal's Greipel banged his head against his handlebars in frustration as he ended a Tour without a stage win for the first time.
An unusual thing happened to Froome during the 2017 Tour - he had the yellow jersey taken off him.
Froome cracked on the steep incline up to the summit finish at Peyragudes at the end of stage 12, losing 22 seconds to Italian Fabio Aru.
It gave Aru a six-second advantage and the rest of Froome's rivals hope that they could seriously threaten the 32-year-old for the first time in several years.
"I suffered in the Pyrenees and lost time on Peyragudes - but normally a bad day in the mountains you can lose three minutes," added Froome.
If his rivals thought Froome - who came into the race a little light on miles - was vulnerable he responded superbly, sprinting up to the finish in Rodez at the end of stage 14 to reclaim yellow from the tiring Aru.
Froome did not surrender the jersey again. The only time he was seriously threatened was when he had to stop to change a wheel shortly after he had been attacked by his rivals on stage 15 - but he managed to close the gap they had opened.
And even though there were only 29 seconds separating the top three of Froome, Bardet and Uran going into the time trial in Marseille on Saturday's penultimate stage, Froome had long ago regained control of the race.
"Every Tour is hard. It's difficult to say which was the hardest - every year you suffer. Definitely this was closest," he added after finishing third in the time trial to extend his lead.
Froome did not win a stage this year - becoming only the seventh rider to win a Tour without one - but does move second in the list of most Tour titles.
Only the legendary Jacques Anquetil, Eddy Merckx, Bernard Hinault and Miguel Indurain - all with five wins - stand above Froome.
And there are now only three men to have worn yellow on more days - Froome has worn it 59 times and moved above Anquetil on the all-time list during this year's Tour.
It would have to be classed as a successful year for British riders at the Tour - although there are a few notable exceptions.
For the second successive year, a British rider not only topped the general classification but also claimed the white jersey given to the the best rider under the age of 26.
Last year it was Adam Yates who ended in white, but with the 24-year-old not in the 2017 race after riding the Giro d'Italia, where he finished ninth, his twin brother and fellow Orica-Scott rider Simon Yates claimed the jersey instead.
Dimension Data's Steve Cummings won stages in 2015 and 2016 and many of his fans avidly watched to see whether he would be able to get himself in the kind of breakaway that would give him the chance to complete the hat-trick, but it was not to be for the 36-year-old, who admitted he had been "disappointed" by his Tour.
At least Cummings made it to Paris - unlike his team-mate Mark Cavendish, who was well placed in a sprint before crashing into the barriers at the end of stage four.
Cavendish broke his right shoulder in the crash - in an incident that not only ended his Tour but also saw Peter Sagan controversially disqualified from the race.
Injury also ended the race of Sky's Geraint Thomas, the Welshman crashing on a fast decent and breaking his collarbone during the brutal ninth stage - one that also claimed Australian Richie Porte, another of the pre-race favourites.
But at least Thomas had won the opening stage's time trial in the German city of Dusseldorf, in the process taking yellow for the first time. Thomas held the jersey until the end of stage four.
Luke Rowe - Team Sky's third British rider - finished as the lanterne rouge, the rider in last place on general classification.
Fortuneo-Oscaro sprinter Dan McLay had been in last place but he abandoned on stage 17, while Scott Thwaites and Ben Swift both reached Paris, with the former 107th on the GC and the latter 83rd.
The two remaining jerseys were both won by Team Sunweb, with the German team also picking up four stages, two each for Michael Matthews and Warren Barguil.
Green: Michael Matthews (Team Sunweb)
After Marcel Kittel claimed his fifth win of the Tour on stage 11, the German sprinter had a seemingly insurmountable lead in the green jersey points classification of 133 points over Matthews.
However, the Australian never gave up, going on the attack to pick up intermediate sprint points and after wins on stages 14 and 16, the Sunweb rider was just 29 points behind his Quick-Step rival.
Kittel was then forced to abandon after crashing early on stage 17, with Matthews pulling on the green jersey and soon building an unassailable lead of his own.
Sagan, who won the previous five points classifications, was disqualified for his part in a crash involving Cavendish, another former green jersey winner, on stage four.
Polka dot: Warren Barguil (Team Sunweb)
Barguil was distraught after being denied in a photo finish by Uran on stage nine, having thought he had won. The 25-year-old Frenchman responded in fine style, though, by utterly dominating the King of the Mountains classification.
He proved a deserving winner - building his total through two stage wins and long-range attacks to take points over the summits of some of the Tour's toughest climbs.
His victory on stage 13 meant he became the first French rider since 2005 to win on Bastille Day, while he became the first of any nationality to win a Tour stage at the summit of the Col d'Izoard on stage 18.
White: Simon Yates (Orica-Scott)
Yates took the white jersey off Pierre Latour at the end of stage four and kept it all the way to Paris.
His key rival for white was South African Louis Meintjes. The two finished one place apart in the general classification, with Yates seventh and Meintjes eighth.
Meintjes' last chance to seriously challenge his rival for white was Saturday's time trial through the streets of Marseille - but after 22.5km the two finished on exactly the same time.
Former British cyclist and BBC summariser Rob Hayles
When you look at the fight for the yellow jersey, the competition has rarely been closer.
Until Kittel abandoned, the green jersey competition was shaping up to be very tight and Barguil has animated so many of the mountain stages in his fight for the polka dot jersey. So this Tour has been the most exciting for a while.
With the tight margins involved, this has definitely been Chris Froome's toughest victory.
He has never really been in a position at any point where he could relax and consider yellow in Paris a foregone conclusion.
Stage 15 - where Froome had to have a bike change while Bardet's team were trying to turn the screw - showed just how strong physically and mentally he has been at this year's Tour.
Everybody in the team played their part. Mikel Landa, Michal Kwiatkowski and Luke Rowe in particular were true professionals and that is what the Tour is about - not just the individual leader, but his team-mates all working for one goal.
Stage 20 result:
1. Dylan Groenewegen (Ned/LottoNL-Jumbo) 2hrs 25mins 39secs
2. Andre Greipel (Ger/Lotto-Soudal) Same Time
3. Edvald Boasson Hagen (Nor/Dimension Data)
4. Nacer Bouhanni (Fra/Cofidis)
5. Alexander Kristoff (Nor/Katusha-Alpecin)
6. Borut Bozic (Slo/Bahrain-Merida)
7. Davide Cimolai (Ita/FDJ)
8. Pierre-Luc Perichon (Fra/Fortuneo-Oscaro)
9. Ruediger Selig (Ger/BORA-hansgrohe)
10. Daniele Bennati (Ita/Movistar Team)
General classification after stage 21:
1. Chris Froome (GB/Team Sky) 86hrs 20mins 55secs
2. Rigoberto Uran (Col/Cannondale-Drapac) +54secs
3. Romain Bardet (Fra/AG2R La Mondiale) +2mins 20secs
4. Mikel Landa (Spa/Team Sky) +2mins 21secs
5. Fabio Aru (Ita/Astana) +3mins 05secs
6. Dan Martin (Ire/Quick-Step Floors) +4mins 42secs
7. Simon Yates (GB/Orica-Scott) +6mins 14secs
8. Louis Meintjes (SA/Team UAE Emirates) +8mins 20secs
9. Alberto Contador (Spa/Trek-Segafredo) +8mins 49secs
10. Warren Barguil (Fra/Team Sunweb) +9mins 25secs


Four men are being questioned in Italy in connection with the suicide of a woman who battled for months to have a viral video that showed her having sex removed from the internet.

The 31-year-old, identified as Tiziana, sent the video to her ex-boyfriend and three others, who put it online.
More than a million people watched it, and she became the subject of jokes and abuse.
Tiziana killed herself in her aunt's home in Mugnano near Naples on Tuesday.
Local prosecutors have opened an investigation into her death, which came more than a year after the video was circulated on Facebook, WhatsApp and other social media.
The four men are being investigated for defamation.
How Italy viewed Tiziana Cantone's death
After the video went viral, Tiziana left her job, moved to Tuscany and was in the process of changing her name, but the story kept following her.
The words "You're filming? Bravo", spoken by her in the video, have become an online joke and the phrase has been printed on T-shirts, smart phone cases and other items.
In a court case, Tiziana won a "right to be forgotten" ruling, ordering the video to be removed from various sites and search engines, including Facebook.
But she was also ordered to pay 20,000 euros (Â£17,000; $22,500) in legal costs, which local media have called a "final insult".
Italy has reacted to Tiziana's suicide with a mixture of shock and shame. Her death has provoked a debate about the corrosive effects of the public shaming of young women.
"As a government, there's not a lot that we can do," said Prime Minister Matteo Renzi. "It's mainly a cultural battle - also a social and political battle. Our commitment is try to do everything we can... Violence against women is not an ineradicable phenomenon."
The procession of the hearse carrying Tiziana's body was broadcast live. A reporter offered commentary in a hushed voice as the vehicle drove by, followed by dozens of mourners.
The woman who wanted to be forgotten is now remembered across the country.
The woman's family have called for justice and for an end to shaming.
"Now we call for the justice system to act so that her death was not in vain," the family said, quoted by Italian media.


It probably took no more than a few seconds for Tiziana Cantone to begin the sequence of events that led to her suicide.

In April 2015, the 31-year-old from Mugnano, on the outskirts of Naples, sent a series of sex videos to five people via WhatsApp. The recipients included her boyfriend Sergio Di Palo, with whom she had an unstable relationship.
The videos showed her performing sex acts with a number of unidentified men.
"She was beautiful but fragile," remembers Teresa Petrosino, a friend for 15 years. "She was with the wrong people at the wrong time."
The videos were soon shared and uploaded to several adult websites. The physical actions on the tapes did not stand out. But a single sentence from Tiziana Cantone did.
"You're making a video?" she asked the man holding the camera. "Bravo!"
The words suggested an uninhibited young woman, who enjoyed being filmed during sex. By accident, the phrase gave viewers licence to watch the video without reservations: if she was so happy to be filmed, she wouldn't mind them watching.
But Italians did more than watch. Users soon turned her comment into a meme-worthy punchline. Her image appeared on t-shirts and parody websites.
No-one seemed to worry what the subject herself might think as she seemed so pleased about it.
But this was a profound misunderstanding.
"People confuse being an uninhibited person with wanting to go viral," says social commentator Selvaggia Lucarelli.
"You can film a video, share it with some people but there's a tacit agreement that you won't share it further."
Tiziana Cantone, a fragile woman, was horrified.
"She and I never actually spoke about the details of the video," says her friend Teresa. "I never saw them, and I never want to see them. You could tell she was suffering a lot. But she was strong."
Read more here: How Italians reacted to Tiziana's death
Ms Cantone decided to fight back. But there was no immediate way to get the videos taken down.
She took the case to court, arguing the tapes were uploaded to public sites without her consent. By this time, she was no longer able to live a normal life.
"She didn't want to go out as people would recognise her. She realised that the virtual world and the real world were the same thing," Teresa explains.
"She understood at some point that the situation would never be resolved; that a potential husband, her potential children could find those videos; that they would never disappear."
Tiziana Cantone retreated to her family home in a quiet street in Mugnano, a working-class suburb of Naples.
It took her mother, Maria Teresa Giglio, weeks to find the strength to tell reporters about her daughter's life.
"My daughter was a good girl but she was also vulnerable," she told the BBC. "She lacked a paternal figure, from birth. She never met her father. This affected her entire life."
Mother and daughter lived together. In happier times, Tiziana listened to Italian singers, read novels and played the piano. But after the intimate videos were shared online, she withdrew.
"Her life was ruined, in front of everyone," says her mother. "People made fun of her, parodies ended up on pornographic websites. She was called shameful names."
In September, a court in Naples ordered the intimate videos to be removed from several websites and search engines. But the court also ordered her to pay â‚¬20,000 (Â£17,200, $21,600) in legal costs.
It was all too much.
On 13 September 2016, Maria Teresa Giglio went to work at the local town hall. Her daughter stayed at home.
Ms Giglio received a phone call at work.
"My sister-in-law called me, and in a calm voice told me to come home; when I got here I saw the police, the ambulance, and I quickly understood," she says, breaking down.
"My sister-in-law tried to pick her up and save her. My neighbours didn't allow me to get out of my car. I almost fainted. They didn't want to let me into this house. I wasn't even able to see her for a last time.
"The day she died, my life ended."
One day later, Maria Teresa Giglio buried her daughter in a white coffin. The notice outside the funeral described her as a "sweet, beautiful, fragile angel".
There is a sad paradox at the heart of Tiziana Cantone's death. By taking her own life, she drew even more attention to the videos she hoped everyone might forget.
Her mother has forced herself to watch the tapes.
"You can only imagine what it is like. I wanted to see details that would allow me to understand the truth. That was not my Tiziana," she says, convinced that her daughter was under the effect of drugs.
She believes that the distribution of the videos didn't happen by chance.
"It's as if this was a premeditated, criminal plan. They just wanted to show the face of this poor girl, with the intention of exposing her on the internet."
Read more here:
In particular, Ms Giglio wants her daughter's former boyfriend, Mr Di Palo, to explain exactly what role he had in the sharing of the videos.
"He didn't help me to save her life. But maybe he can help me get to the truth. I'm desperate."
In November 2016, prosecutors questioned Mr Di Palo for 10 hours. They wanted to know whether anyone was guilty of inciting Tiziana's suicide. Mr Di Palo declined our request for an interview.
"We refrain from making comments, out of respect for poor Tiziana who suffered so much due to the enormous publicity that her case received," says Bruno Larosa, Mr Di Palo's lawyer. "We trust the courts and it should be noted that my client is not accused of anything."
In the aftermath of Tiziana Cantone's suicide, the tone of Italy's debate about pornography and privacy has changed.
"I think this case did make a difference, quite drastically, to the way that Italian journalists talk about these cases of revenge porn," says social commentator Selvaggia Lucarelli.
"They used to have a very carefree approach, and her death changed it. In subsequent cases, one of them involving a celebrity, they were a lot more cautious."
But there is also a lesson for anyone who chooses to share intimate videos online.
"People think that their virtual life and their real life are parallel realities," warns Ms Lucarelli. "They're not. They coincide. The web is our life. So anything that you don't do in real life you shouldn't do online."
Tiziana's videos can no longer be found on the main search engines but they still exist.
Her mother wants Italy and the rest of the EU to agree a much faster way to get private material removed from the internet and make the big internet firms act responsibly.
"I speak on behalf of other mothers who may be suffering like me," she says.
Italy's privacy tsar, Antonello Soro, agrees things have to change but does not specify what the government might do.
"We need a quicker response mechanism from different online platforms, but it is also necessary to increase respect online," he said in a statement. "We need strong investment in digital education to promote a culture and sensibility that are adequate to the new online world."
For Tiziana's mother, life is now a fight to defend her daughter's name, and to prevent others from suffering the same fate.
"I hope that the name Tiziana Cantone, instead of standing for mockery, becomes a name that could save the lives of other women. I would like this to happen. To save other people."
In Italy:
Telefono Amico is a confidential helpline for anyone struggling to cope; in Italy, dial 199 284284
In the UK:
Samaritans is available 24 hours a day providing a safe place to talk where calls are completely confidential
Phone: 116 123; email: jo@samaritans.org
Safeline provides free support and counselling for survivors of sexual abuse or rape
Phone: 0808 8005008
UK Safer Internet Centre provides safety tips and advice for children and young people stay safe online.


A tour guide who died when he fell from a cliff in Orkney has been named by police.

Jamie Shannon, 23, from the  Stirling area, was fatally injured at Yesnaby on Monday.
He was working with an Edinburgh-based company, Haggis Adventures,  guiding a minibus group on a tour of the Highlands and islands.
Police said inquiries were continuing but there were no suspicious circumstances.
In a statement other staff members at Haggis Adventures said he was "adored" as a colleague and a "best friend".
"He loved his job, he was incredibly fun, passionate and cared deeply for everyone he ever met. It will be absolutely impossible to forget the impact he has had on all of us at Haggis, passengers and staff alike." they said.
"His smile and laugh were infectious, we will miss his energy, his positivity, his loyalty and most of all his hugs.
"Nobody gives as good a hug as Jamie. To say he will be sorely missed is an understatement; Scotland came alive with Jamie at the helm, always with a smile."
A paramedic was lowered from a rescue helicopter and taken onto a lifeboat as part of the rescue operation on Monday..
Police Scotland later confirmed that Mr Shannon had died.


Scotland's poorest children are increasingly likely to be obese, while those in affluent areas are not, a new NHS Scotland report has found.

The rate of children starting school in danger of becoming obese was 7% in the most affluent areas, but nearly double that at 13% for the least wealthy.
Overall, NHS Health Scotland said that 29% of women and 28% of men aged 18-64 in Scotland were obese.
The level of obesity among Scots has remained largely stable since 2008.
The research, which used the most recent figures from 2015-16, found that adults living in the least-deprived areas of Scotland had the lowest obesity levels.
However, people living in Scotland's most-deprived communities were more likely to be obese, according to the research.
For men, those in all other areas were broadly similar, but for women obesity became progressively more common as the deprivation level increased.
The proportion of overweight women in Scotland almost doubled over 20 years - from 31% in 1995 to 60% in 2015, the report found.
In the same period, the level of overweight men jumped to 66%.
The report concluded that "actions to reduce the 'obesogenic' environment were urgently needed if the long term health, social and inequality consequences of obesity were to be reduced."
Researchers recommend a similar approach to tackling Scotland's alcohol problem by focusing simultaneously on both the most severe cases and population as a whole.
Elaine Tod, who helped author the report, said: "Obesity used to be more common amongst the richer in society as it was only those who could afford to eat well who became obese.
"This trend has reversed and we now see higher rates of obesity in those who are less well-off.
"The reasons for this are complex and multi-factorial, including the affordability and availability of high-fat, high-sugar food in comparison with healthy food and the increasing popularity of more sedentary pastimes.
"What is clear is that action, including structural change at a societal level that does not require individuals to 'opt-in', is needed to achieve both a population-wide decrease in obesity in Scotland and to prevent health inequalities associated with obesity widening further."
Lorraine Tulloch, programme lead at Obesity Action Scotland, said: "This report clearly outlines that the most-deprived in our society are suffering the greatest burden of obesity.
"It also highlights that by focusing on [the] actions [that] individuals can take, only worsens the inequalities gap.
"If we want to ensure we tackle the gap, we need to see bold, ambitious action to change the food environment around us to ensure the healthy choice is the easy choice for everyone."
Heather Peace, head of nutrition science and policy at Food Standards Scotland, added: "This report adds to the mounting body of evidence showing that little progress has been made towards improving the Scottish diet for the last 20 years.
"There is an urgent need for us all to take action - government, industry, the media and individuals all have a part to play."
The research was published in the International Journal for Equity in Health.


More than 90 people have died in a fire at a petrol station in Ghana's capital, Accra, the fire service says.

The fire started as people in the city are trying to cope with two days of heavy rain, which has left many homeless and without power.
The flooding hampered the rescue efforts, the BBC's Sammy Darko reports from Accra.
There are fears that the death toll could rise as the search for bodies continues.
It is thought that people were in the petrol station sheltering from the downpour when the fire began, our correspondent says.
President John Mahama has visited the burnt-out petrol station and has appealed for calm as the authorities try to cope with the aftermath of the fire and the flooding.
Two days of heavy rain has brought much of the city to its knees.
There are chaotic scenes with cars being carried away by the water and many roads blocked off.
Hundreds have been trapped in their offices and some have been forced to spend the night in their cars as traffic came to a standstill.
Parts of Accra have been left without power as electricity sub-stations have been damaged in the flooding, which is making the ongoing energy shortages even worse.
Many homes have been inundated and people have been wandering around in their nightclothes after being forced to leave their beds.
One man told a local radio station that he had put his children on top of a wardrobe to save them from the water coming into his house.
Weather forecasters are saying that more rain is on its way.


A man paralysed from the neck down has lost his High Court case to allow doctors to end his life without fear of prosecution.

Tony Nicklinson, 58, from Melksham, Wiltshire, communicates by blinking and has described his life as a "living nightmare" since a stroke in 2005.
Mr Nicklinson said he would appeal against the decision.
The case went further than previous challenges to the law in England and Wales on assisted suicide and murder.
Another man, known only as Martin, who is 47, also lost his case to end his life with medical help.
Father-of-two Mr Nicklinson was left paralysed with locked-in syndrome after a catastrophic stroke while on a business trip to Athens.
He said he was "devastated" by the court's decision.
"Although I didn't want to raise my hopes, it happened anyway because a fantastic amount of work went into my case and I thought that if the court saw me as I am, utterly miserable with my life, powerless to do anything about it because of my disability then the judges would accept my reasoning that I do not want to carry on and should be able to have a dignified death.
"I am saddened that the law wants to condemn me to a life of increasing indignity and misery."
Explaining the decision, Lord Justice Toulson, said both cases were "deeply moving".
However he added: "A decision to allow their claims would have consequences far beyond the present cases. To do as Tony wants, the court would be making a major change in the law.
Diane Pretty was terminally ill with motor neurone disease. She wanted the courts to give her husband immunity from prosecution if he was to help her die. In November 2001 the House of Lords refused her application.
Ms B was left a tetraplegic by a brain condition. She went to court because doctors refused to stop her artificial ventilation. The High Court ruled in 2002 that her request was valid and treatment was stopped.
Mrs Z, who had an incurable degenerative disease, wanted to go to Switzerland to die and Mr Z arranged it. An injunction to prevent the travel was granted to the local authority. The order was overturned in 2004.
MS sufferer Debbie Purdy challenged the lack of clarity on the law on assisted suicide. She wanted to understand how prosecutors would make a decision on whether or not to prosecute her husband if he was to assist her to get to Switzerland to be helped to die. Ms Purdy won her case and guidance was issued.
"It is not for the court to decide whether the law about assisted dying should be changed and, if so, what safeguards should be put in place.
"Under our system of government these are matters for Parliament to decide."
The case differed from other "right-to-die" cases which have focused on assisted suicide. Mr Nicklinson would be unable to take lethal drugs, even if they were prepared by someone else.
For someone else to kill him would amount to murder.
The rulings were welcomed by the group SPUC Pro-Life. Paul Tully from the organisation said: "Compassion and solidarity are the humane and caring responses to locked-in syndrome. To legalise killing of those who are suffering would adversely affect many, many people.
"We trust that today's judgment will help end the insidious campaign in the British courts to change the law on assisted suicide and euthanasia."
The British Medical Association said the court had made "the right decision".
Tony Nicklinson in his own words
Dr Tony Calland, from the BMA's medical ethics committee, said "The BMA does not believe that it would be in society's best interests for doctors to be able to legally end a patient's life.
"The BMA is opposed to the legalisation of assisted dying and we are not lobbying for any change in the law in the UK".
During the hearing in June David Perry QC, who is representing the Ministry of Justice, said Mr Nicklinson's "tragic and very distressing circumstances evoke the deepest sympathy".
"Notwithstanding the distressing facts of his situation, the defendant submits that the claim for declarations is untenable. The law is well established," he added.
The case was contested on the issue of "necessity" arguing that the only way to end Mr Nicklinson's suffering is to allow him to die.
This was used in 2000 when conjoined twins were separated, saving one even though doctors knew the other would die.
Mr Nicklinson's team also argued that his case is covered by Article Eight of the European Convention on Human Rights which deals with the right to respect for private and family life.


Worcester Warriors have loaned former Scotland international Alex Grove to Championship side London Scottish.

The 28-year-old Warriors centre, who came to Sixways directly from Rugby School in 2006, has largely been limited to European Challenge Cup appearances this season.
Grove, who played a big part in getting Warriors promoted in May, has failed to make Dean Ryan's Premiership team.
He will join utility back younger brother Oli, 25, at the Exiles.
The three-times capped Scotland centre, who made his international debut in 2009. has run in 29 tries in 151 appearances for Warriors,
Grove spent six months on loan to Edinburgh for the first half of the 2010-11 season, following Worcester's relegation to the Championship.
He was then part of the Warriors team which went down again in 2014, but stayed at the club this time, playing a key role in their return to the Premiership via the play-offs, which included two semi-final victories over two legs against Scottish.
"I spoke to Dean Ryan about getting some more time out on the pitch and I'm familiar with the club after coming down many times to watch Oli play," said Gove.
"It's a great opportunity to get some game time at Scottish and hopefully contribute in the coming weeks."


More than a million benefits claimants may be facing destitution after disappearing from the welfare system, Labour ex-minister Frank Field claims.

Sanctions are being applied "at a scale unknown since the Second World War" and the fate of at least a third of those hit "is anybody's guess", he said.
He says a government survey is needed to track the whereabouts of those dropping off the roll.
But the Department of Work and Pensions says the claims have "no basis".
About 1.5 million people leave the welfare system each year, but it is unclear how many are left without work or benefit payments, according to Mr Field, who chairs the influential Commons Work and Pensions select committee.
Some may be in jail or have moved abroad, while others are people on benefits who have been hit by sanctions and dropped out of the system, a report co-authored by Mr Field and Andrew Forsey, head of the MP's parliamentary office, found.
Sanctions are imposed when claimants fail to comply with welfare conditions imposed by the government.
The report, to be published on Monday by think tank Civitas, calls for ministers to carry out an urgent survey to find out what happens to claimants expelled from the welfare rolls who appear not to find work.
It welcomes plans to trial a "yellow card" early warning system for claimants facing sanction because they are deemed not to have done enough to find work - and calls for Jobcentre Plus staff to be given powers to issue non-financial sanctions.
It also recommends the Department for Work and Pensions trials a "grace period" for vulnerable claimants that eases the rules at times when they are facing transition or acute difficulty.
Mr Field and Mr Forsey said: "The number of sanctions was halved in the year leading up to the 2015 election, but it still remained at half a million.
"Sanctions are therefore being applied at a scale unknown since the Second World War, and the operation of sanctions on this scale makes for a most significant change in the social security system as it has existed in the post-war period.
"A number of people - we know not how large a number - are being totally disconnected from both work and welfare, and risk being exposed to destitution.
"Justice calls for a major survey of what happens to the hundreds of thousands of people thrown off the welfare rolls each year through the sanctioning process.
"It is unacceptable, not only for this government, but for its predecessor and those who will follow, to take away benefit from a mass of people each year and not trouble themselves with how this army of people survive.
"For that is what is happening under the government's sanctions policy. The ability to track the well-being of the whole population is now a part of being a grown up government, let alone a 'One Nation' government."
But a Department for Work and Pensions spokesman said: "There is no basis to these claims.
"People leave the benefits system for many reasons, including when they go to work - which is good news.
"It's extremely unlikely anyone would leave the benefit system because of a sanction. The truth is we have record employment and we spend Â£80bn supporting millions of people who are unemployed or on low incomes."
In 1997, Prime Minister Tony Blair gave Mr Field the task of "thinking the unthinkable" as a welfare reform minister, but he later resigned from government.
Following the 2010 general election, he led an independent review into UK poverty for the coalition government.
Last year Mr Field co-chaired the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Hunger in the UK.


The mother of a British man accused of drug offences in Dubai has spoken of the "horror story" of his alleged torture by police.

A Dubai judge is to give a verdict on Monday in the trial of Grant Cameron and fellow Londoners Suneet Jeerh and Karl Williams. They all deny charges.
Tracy Cameron told the BBC the three, who say they were given electric shocks, had been "treated appallingly".
Police in the country have denied any wrongdoing.
The three men, who are charged with possessing, taking and intending to distribute illegal drugs, were arrested on holiday in August after police said they found a quantity of synthetic cannabis known as "spice" in their car.
Legal rights charity Reprieve said the charges should have been dropped and the men - who went on trial in February - should be released because of the torture allegations.
Meanwhile, the UK Foreign Office has called for a full, independent and impartial inquiry into the allegations and says it has raised them with "very senior officials" in the United Arab Emirates.
Ms Cameron said her son and his friends were put through "a pretty terrifying ordeal" after they were arrested.
"They were taken back to their hotel room, they were beaten in their hotel room, it does appear they were separated from each other and each taken to a different room," she told the BBC.
"Karl was laid out on the bed, his trousers were stripped down and electric shocks were administered to his testicles while he was blindfolded.
"I believe all boys had guns held to their head - they were told they were going to die.
"Grant sustained electric shocks to his torso and I believe Suneet had shocks administered to him to the back of his head and his back."
She said all the men were pressured into signing statements written in Arabic which they did not understand.
When her son told her of the torture in a phone call, Ms Cameron said she felt "beside myself, sheer horror, terror, just complete and utter meltdown really".
"Your son being arrested so far away from home is challenge enough to deal with but, once he told us how he'd been treated, I can only describe it as something from a horror story."
She said she had been told by lawyers her son was likely to be found guilty of at least one of the charges and could be jailed for 15 years or longer.
Reprieve's Kate Higham said torture by Dubai police was "hugely common" and the charity believed the men's "extremely plausible" account.
It was backed up by notes from Foreign Office staff who had visited the men and documented their injuries, she said.
"We've shown these to a doctor who's an expert in the assessment of torture and he's said that the injuries are consistent with the torture that the men described," she added.
She said that, if British experts were allowed access to the men, a simple diagnostic test would "very easily" prove they had been tortured.
However, Doctor Abdul-Kallek Abdulla, a professor of political science in the UAE, told BBC Radio Five Live there was no proof to support the torture claims and "absolutely no truth" to the allegations heard in the British media.
He said: "You could say whatever you want but I go by official statements. The UAE is not a country which practices these things."
Meanwhile, a coalition of campaigners has urged Prime Minister David Cameron to challenge the human rights record of the United Arab Emirates during a state visit by the country's president, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan later this week.
The coalition - comprising seven human rights organisations, including Amnesty International - has written to the prime minister urging him to raise the issue of alleged abuses.
BBC world affairs correspondent Richard Galpin said there would be a chance for British officials to discuss the case with the UAE president.
But foreign policy and bilateral trade issues would be at the heart of formal talks with the government, our correspondent added.
Ms Cameron said she hoped the president would listen: "I sincerely hope that he is able to look into the case and show a level of clemency to the boys because, sincerely, that's what needs to happen in this case and hopefully, once he's made aware,  he can make that happen."


Live coverage of the Professional Darts Corporation's inaugural Champions League of Darts begins on Saturday, 24 September across BBC One, BBC Two and the BBC Sport website.

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The two-day tournament features the top eight players from the PDC Order of Merit including 2016 world champion Gary Anderson, Phil Taylor and world number one Michael Van Gerwen.
The BBC will show all the action live from the Motorpoint Arena in Cardiff, with commentary coming from Vassos Alexander and Dan Dawson.
Paul Nicholson, Mark Webster and Alan Warriner-Little are among the experts providing analysis.
There will also be a live text commentary, with in-play video highlights, social media debate and analysis, on the BBC Sport website and app.
The final has a £100,000 first prize on offer for the champion.
The top two from each group progress to knockout semi-finals.
Group matches are best-of-19 legs while knockout matches are played over 21.
Saturday evening's group matches
Adrian Lewis v Michael Smith
Gary Anderson v James Wade
Michael van Gerwen v Phil Taylor
Peter Wright v Robert Thornton
Coverage times
Live on BBC Two from 18:30-22:00 BST
Sunday afternoon's group matches
Final round of group matches
Coverage times
Live on BBC Two from 13:00-17:00 BST
Sunday's evening session
Semi-finals and final
Coverage times
Live on BBC Two from 18:30-22:30 BST (BBC Red Button 18:30-19:00 BST and BBC Two Scotland 19:00-22:30 BST)
Saturday afternoon group matches
Michael van Gerwen 10-5 Robert Thornton
Phil Taylor 10-5 Peter Wright
Gary Anderson 10-5 Michael Smith
Adrian Lewis 3-10 James Wade
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BBC One aired A Question of Sport Darts Special on 21 September with guests Michael van Gerwen and Adrian Lewis.
CBBC broadcast a special Blue Peter Sports Badge show on 22 September, featuring young darts hopeful Beau Greaves.
Dermot O'Leary, Greg James and Alex Jones are among the BBC presenters who have been filmed trying their hands at BBC Sport's nine-dart challenge, to be shown during the live TV coverage and on the BBC Sport website.
BBC Radio 5 live's Fighting Talk will also broadcast live from the Motorpoint Arena on 24 September from 10:30-11:30 BST, with PDC chairman Barry Hearn joining the satirical sport show panel.
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An Illinois police officer who staged his suicide to look like he was murdered also attempted to hire a hitman, officials say.

Charles Gliniewicz sought to have a town administrator killed because he believed she would expose his financial misconduct and theft.
In September, he radioed to say he was chasing three suspects and was later found struck by two gunshots.
A huge manhunt followed but his death was this week ruled a suicide.
Officers from about 50 Chicago-area police departments scoured the area for the three men for days to no avail.
In the wake of the incident, he was heralded as a hero who died while on the job - fuelling debate about the use of force by police and the dangers they face while on the job.
Those sentiments have now turned into a sense of betrayal.
The 52-year-old officer, an army veteran who went by the nickname "GI Joe", was hit by two bullets.
The first hit his bullet-proof vest with what an official said was the force of a "sledgehammer". The other punctured his upper chest.
Earlier this week, investigators revealed that the officer staged his death to look like a murder when it was in fact a suicide.
The lead investigator in the matter said that Gliniewicz had been stealing and laundering money from the police department's youth development programme, which he led.
The stolen money was used for mortgage payments, travel, personal purchases and more.
On Thursday it was revealed that Gliniewicz had asked a third-party to set up a meeting with a "high-ranking gang member to put a hit on" village administrator Anne Marrin.
It is also believed that he may have planned to plant cocaine on Ms Marrin in order to discredit her, if she were to reveal his misconduct.
The recent release of his personnel records has revealed a number of disciplinary issues while the officer was on the force.
The issues ranged from numerous suspensions to complaints that he intimidated dispatches with guns to allegations of sexual harassment.
In one incident, the officer reported his own vehicle stolen the day after a friend found him passed out inside and took him home.
The files also showed several commendations for good work earlier in his career - which began in 1985.marrin
According to the Associated Press news agency, investigators are now investigating the late officer's wife and son in connection to the misconduct.


Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini cast doubt over Mario Balotelli's future after his red card in the 1-0 defeat by Arsenal.

The Italy striker was dismissed for two bookable offences as City fell eight points behind Premier League leaders Manchester United.
His challenge on Alex Song, missed by the referee, may be investigated by the Football Association.
Asked whether he would try to sell Balotelli, Mancini said: "Probably."
Football fixtures - day by day
He admitted Balotelli, who has scored 17 goals in 31 club appearances this season, is now unlikely to play again this campaign.
"I like him as a guy and a player," added Mancini, who signed Balotelli from Inter Milan for £24m in August 2010.
"He is not a bad guy and a fantastic player but I'm very sorry for him as he continues to lose his talent and his quality.
"I don't have any words for his behaviour.
"I hope for him he can understand he is in a bad way for his future and I really hope that he can change his behaviour in the future.  He will probably not play in the next six games.
"I need to be sure I always have 11 players on the pitch and with Mario this is a big risk."
Balotelli, dismissed for two fouls on Bacary Sagna moments after Mikel Arteta's 87th-minute goal gave Arsenal victory, has now been sent off twice this season, and Mancini added: "He's young and could be my son and when you are young you can make mistakes.
Name: Mario Balotelli
Age: 21
League apps 2011-12: 22
League goals 2011-12: 13
Red cards: 2
"Mario made a mistake and I hope for him - not me - that he can change.
"He clearly created a big problem but he has also scored important goals for us this season. He needs to change his behaviour if he wants to continue to play. I have seen players like him, who have all this talent, and they are finished in two or three years.
"Mario should change, he must change, and I hope for him that he does."
Mancini refused to concede defeat in the title race even though he now faces the prospect of losing out to rivals United.
And the Italian insists he is still the manager to lead City forward.
"Sure - 100%," he said.
"No, it's not mathematically (over), but it's clear now that it's very difficult," he added. "We have a game in three days and we will try to win. Never say never in football.
"In life until it's over you should do your best. In the end if we don't win it's probably because they (United) did better than us.
"It's clearly difficult (to lift the players) but we play in three days and this is good. We are a professional team, with professional players. It's important we start to win and finish the championship well."


Scientists have begun to predict the animals that may become extinct in the next century because of climate change.

Researchers at Brown University in the US have combined predictions of climate change with the geographic ranges of well-studied amphibians.
While the animals will try to migrate to areas with more suitable weather, short-term temperature fluctuations can cut them off.
The findings suggest more effort should be made to relocate vulnerable species.
It has been recognised for the past decade that the continuing future trend of global warming may drive species to permanently migrate in order to stay in an ideal habitat.
Amid concerns that this long-term migration may be disrupted by towns and cities, scientists at Brown University Dr Regan Early and Prof Dov Sax set out to predict the shifts in species' ranges over the next century.
Predictions of global climate change generally show warming trends, though both global annual oscillations and local climatic effects will play a role for given species.
The researchers combined these climate models with information on the ranges and tolerances of various species of frogs, toads and salamanders in the western US, with results that "really surprised", said Dr Early.
While they set out to find the disrupting effect of urban areas, they instead saw that the short-term climate fluctuations were enough to stop a species' migration in its tracks, cutting it off from ideal habitats and driving it to extinction.
They have published their results in the journal Ecology Letters.
Fifteen species of amphibians native to the western US were modelled in the study, as their ranges are well-known and their tolerances to physical extremes have been well-studied.
While none of these species is currently at risk, they predicted that over half of them would become extinct or endangered in the next 100 years due to these climate fluctuations.
Among the factors determining whether a species would survive were the speed at which it can migrate and its persistence, or robustness, in the face of climatic change.
For example, the models suggested that the Foothill Yellow-Legged frog would be able to make it into a new area, despite climate fluctuations, while the California newt would not fare so well in its migration across the Californian Central Valley.
Dr Early said: "This species isn't endangered now, and in the future there is more than enough suitable habitat for it to remain safe, butâ€¦the newt has a really hard time following its climate path to its future range because repeated climatic fluctuations cause it to retreat over and over again."
The tolerance of an animal to less-than-ideal climatic conditions will determine whether it can survive long enough to complete its migration.
"There is a lot of uncertainty in the ability of species to persist, and this is an under-appreciated factor," said Dr Early.
"For example, if an animal lives for a long time, it may fare better," she said. "If its eggs don't survive one year, being able to lay again the following year will increase the chances of survival."
While the study was carried out on only a few species in a limited geographic range, the researchers are confident that the global climate fluctuations will drive similar patterns all around the world.
Small mammals, insects and plants are expected to react in a way similar to the amphibians, as they have similar tolerances to climate change; larger mammals may be less affected as their habitats are less climate-specific, the researchers believe.
The findings from this research are expected to add some clarity to discussions on whether to actively relocate species at risk from climate change.
There is concern over this "managed relocation" from conservation groups and governmental organisations, as the reactions of an ecosystem to the sudden introduction of a non-native species are poorly understood.
But research published in the journal Nature in 2004, which suggested that climate change-driven habitat loss could result in the extinction of 15-37% of all species, lends support to the idea of managed relocation as a way of maintaining biodiversity.
This new study from Dr Early and Prof Sax highlights the specific risks to species from climate fluctuations cutting off their migration paths.
"There are a lot of species that won't be able to take care of themselves," Prof Sax said. "We may instead need to consider using managed relocation more frequently than has been previously considered."


Sian O'Callaghan is likely to have died of head injuries, an inquest has been told.

Miss O'Callaghan, 22, from Swindon, disappeared after leaving the town's Suju nightclub on 19 March following a night out with friends.
Her body was found near Uffington, Oxfordshire, on Thursday last week. Christopher Halliwell, 47, of Swindon, has been charged with her murder.
The inquest was opened and adjourned at Oxford Coroner's Court.
A Home Office forensic pathologist is still working to confirm a precise cause of death while Wiltshire Police continue to examine the remains of a second woman discovered in Gloucestershire.
Coroner Nicholas Gardiner said: "I think the actual cause of death has not yet been defined but is likely to be head injuries of some description."
Miss O'Callaghan's body was formally identified by Pete Shawe, the partner of her mother Elaine.
Mr Halliwell, a taxi driver from Ashbury Avenue, Swindon, has been remanded in custody to appear via video link at Bristol Crown Court on 8 April.


National park rangers have found a rare form of ice covering dozens of pieces of dead wood in woodland near Callander.

The "hair ice" is a highly unusual type of frost that needs a very particular set of conditions to form.
Suzanne Humphris, a ranger team leader for the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park, discovered the ice in the Bracklinn Woods on Friday.
The strange, candy floss look is caused by a fungus called exidiopsis effusa.
The action of the fungus is to enable the ice to form very thin hairs - with a diameter of about 0.01mm - and to keep this shape for many hours when temperatures are close to freezing.
Ms Humphris told BBC Scotland: "It looks like snow or fungus growing from wood, but it melts in your hand when you touch it - it instantly disappears.
"I've never seen so much of it. If there's other frost around you don't really notice it, but there wasn't this time so it stood out."
The ice only appears on wood which has fungus growing in it and there also needs to be exactly the right combination of humidity and temperature.
Ms Humphris said: "The conditions are to have lots of water in the wood, humid air and for it to be below freezing."
Formations of hair ice were also spotted at the weekend in West Lothian and near Nairn in Moray.
A study by scientists at the University of Bern in Switzerland, published in July 2015, linked the formation of hair ice to the exidiopsis effusa fungus.


Alexei Navalny is in custody after an unsanctioned protest; social media is full of photos of peaceful demonstrators being dragged off by police, or even beaten; the Kremlin says Sunday's rally was a provocation and the whole fuss has been studiously ignored by state television.

So far, so relatively normal for Russia. Or maybe not.
There were several striking things about the protests that swept Russia this weekend.
First of all was the fact that people defied direct orders by the police to stay off the streets.
Russia has harsh anti-protest laws and even those staging peaceful, one-person pickets are regularly detained. But on Sunday, tens of thousands came out to show their anger at high-level corruption.
That will worry the Kremlin.
The laws were tightened after the last mass rallies in 2011-12 sparked by allegations of vote-rigging. Those largely unsanctioned protests started small and morphed into a mass wave of anger against President Putin. Tougher penalties were meant to prevent a repeat of that.
Then there's the geographical spread of the rallies, covering more than 80 cities across Russia's vast landmass. They varied in size and scope but the anti-corruption cause is proving a popular one.
Perhaps most striking of all, though, was the make-up of the crowd which included significant numbers of young people, even schoolchildren.
The Kremlin's spokesman has criticised organisers for luring them on to the streets, claiming they were paid to turn out. Silent until he spoke, state TV channels have picked up that suggestion and run with it.
But these were young Russians who have grown up under Vladimir Putin on a diet of patriotism. On Sunday, they joined a crowd chanting "Putin - thief" and "Russia will be free!"
Their presence is proof of how effectively Alexei Navalny and his team use social media.
He is a prolific blogger and tweeter himself and his team of young activists produce slick videos at his anti-corruption fund that drive their message home. Every protest and every court hearing is streamed on the internet.
That skill helps the activist reach large audiences as well as young ones. He is banned from state television but his team's latest film detailing corruption allegations about Russia's prime minister has been viewed around 13 million times on YouTube.
By contrast, Sunday's rally was ignored by all the main TV channels in a move that can only have been deliberate and co-ordinated.
Today, President Putin's spokesman faced a barrage of journalists' questions about the protests. He insisted that the Kremlin doesn't feel threatened, and that the rallies were illegal and irresponsible.
But the authorities don't seem sure how to deal with Alexei Navalny.
Unlike other opposition challengers, his cause is not democracy - a dirty term for many here, after the criminal 1990s - or any vague concept like human rights. It's very concrete: corruption.
As many Russians feel the squeeze from sanctions and the falling oil price, the idea of an elite enjoying designer watches, luxury yachts and vast estates is likely to anger them even more.
Sentenced to 15 days behind bars, Alexei Navalny has temporarily been removed from the picture. More than a dozen staff at his anti-corruption fund have also been detained, and on Sunday the office was closed.
But the activist has vowed to fight on.
In court, Alexei Navalny said the fact that tens of thousands had protested on Sunday despite the risk meant that many more Russians agreed with them.
"There are millions of us," the activist told journalists in court, "and we're not going anywhere".
Admit it or not, the Kremlin will have taken note.


China's Supreme Court is setting up its own international maritime "judicial centre" to handle territorial disputes.

The top court gave few details in its announcement, but said the centre would help China become a "maritime power".
Beijing is locked in disputes with its neighbours over claims in the resource-rich South China Sea, with tensions raised in recent months over China's aggressive land reclamation.
It has also squared off with Japan over the Diaoyu or Senkaku islands.
What is the South China Sea dispute?
The China-Japan islands row
Flying close to China's new islands
Why are Chinese fishermen destroying reefs?
The announcement of the new centre came from Chief Justice Zhou Qiang on Sunday during the ongoing annual meeting of China's parliament.
"(We) must resolutely safeguard China's national sovereignty, maritime rights and other core interests," he said, without giving further details on the centre and how it would work.
However the authority of any such centre is unlikely to be recognised by the many neighbours with whom China has territorial disputes.
China claims a large swathe of the South and East China Sea, creating multiple overlaps with areas claimed by the Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia, Taiwan and Japan.
The Philippines currently has a case lodged against China at the UN's Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague.
It says the "nine-dash line", which China uses to demarcate its claims, is unlawful under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which both countries have signed.
Beijing has refused to participate in the tribunal, saying the court has no power to rule on the matter.
Tensions have increased as China continues to build artificial islands, airport runways and facilities on disputed reefs, prompting calls from the US for a halt in such activities.
Opponents have accused Beijing of militarisation but China says such construction is within its rights and any building is for civilian purposes.


Manchester United eased into the EFL Cup semi-finals as they beat West Ham with manager Jose Mourinho absent from the Old Trafford dugout.

The Portuguese, given a one-match touchline ban before the game, stayed out of view as United set up a last-four tie against Hull City.
Zlatan Ibrahimovic clipped in the opening goal inside two minutes before former United youngster Ashley Fletcher equalised as he pounced on David de Gea's error.
Anthony Martial re-established the home side's lead shortly after half-time, drilling Henrikh Mkhitaryan's cross past Hammers keeper Adrian.
The France international extended United's lead when he stroked in Antonio Valencia's low cross after a well-worked team move, with Ibrahimovic adding the gloss by tapping in with virtually the last kick of the game.
Mourinho will have been pleased with his side's fluent attacking display, and even happy enough to bring on substitute Bastian Schweinsteiger for his first game since March.
Mourinho claimed his first honour in English football when he led Chelsea to the 2005 League Cup, following that up by lifting the iconic three-handled trophy again in 2007 and 2015.
And naming a strong line-up against the Hammers indicated he is keen to become only the third manager to win the competition on four occasions.
It is not certain, though, where Mourinho, 53, watched his side on Wednesday night. "It is a secret," he said afterwards.
He was seen arriving at Old Trafford, then spotted waiting to shake Hammers boss Slaven Bilic's hand before kick-off. Then he disappeared into the bowels of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand.
In his absence, the home side played with a vigour and verve long missing from Old Trafford performances in recent years.
The attacking quartet of Ibrahimovic, Martial, Wayne Rooney and Mkhitaryan were a handful throughout and, although the Hammers goal was preventable, Mourinho was more than content.
"Goals plus performance means the real happiness," he said.
While Ibrahimovic and Martial put their names on the Red Devils scoresheet, it was Rooney and - particularly - Mkhitaryan pulling all the strings.
The Red Devils skipper was restored to the starting XI as he threatens to break Sir Bobby Charlton's 43-year standing as the club's all-time leading scorer.
Rooney, who needs one goal to draw level with Charlton's tally of 249 strikes, might not have scored against the Hammers, but impressed with his all-round display.
However, there was a downside.
He picked up an avoidable booking for arguing with referee Mike Jones, therefore ruling him out of Sunday's trip to Everton - and potentially breaking Charlton's record at his boyhood club.
"Some of his passing and awareness tonight has been nothing short of magnificent," said former Scotland striker Ally McCoist, who was BBC Radio 5 live's expert analyst at Old Trafford.
It was during Sunday's Premier League draw between the two sides in which Mourinho was sent to the stands by referee Jon Moss after kicking a water bottle in frustration.
The Hammers failed to replicate that disciplined performance at the weekend as they unravelled in the second half on Wednesday.
Bilic will have been pleased with battling qualities shown by his side in the first half, riding out an early storm to level with their first shot.
The Croatian manager will not have been pleased to see them carved open so easily after the break, however. Nor will he have been happy to see left-back Ryan Cresswell substituted to add to his injury woes.
Back to the Premier League. Sixth-placed United go to Everton, who are a place and a point behind them, on Sunday (16:00 GMT).
The Hammers are a point above the relegation zone in 16th place and host Arsenal at the London Stadium on Saturday (17:30).
Match ends, Manchester United 4, West Ham United 1.
Second Half ends, Manchester United 4, West Ham United 1.
Goal!  Manchester United 4, West Ham United 1. Zlatan Ibrahimovic (Manchester United) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Ander Herrera.
Attempt missed. Sofiane Feghouli (West Ham United) right footed shot from the right side of the box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Cheikhou Kouyaté.
Offside, Manchester United. Ander Herrera tries a through ball, but Marcus Rashford is caught offside.
Attempt missed. Sofiane Feghouli (West Ham United) right footed shot from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Edimilson Fernandes.
Substitution, Manchester United. Marcus Rashford replaces Henrikh Mkhitaryan.
Attempt missed. Bastian Schweinsteiger (Manchester United) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Zlatan Ibrahimovic.
Corner,  West Ham United. Conceded by Marcos Rojo.
Attempt blocked. Edimilson Fernandes (West Ham United) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked.
Foul by Daley Blind (Manchester United).
Pedro Obiang (West Ham United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Manchester United. Bastian Schweinsteiger replaces Anthony Martial.
Corner,  West Ham United. Conceded by Marcos Rojo.
Attempt missed. Simone Zaza (West Ham United) left footed shot from the right side of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Manuel Lanzini.
Corner,  Manchester United. Conceded by Adrián.
Attempt saved. Zlatan Ibrahimovic (Manchester United) right footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Henrikh Mkhitaryan with a cross.
Corner,  Manchester United. Conceded by Angelo Ogbonna.
Attempt blocked. Henrikh Mkhitaryan (Manchester United) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Zlatan Ibrahimovic.
Attempt missed. Wayne Rooney (Manchester United) right footed shot from the left side of the box misses to the right. Assisted by Henrikh Mkhitaryan.
Offside, Manchester United. Anthony Martial tries a through ball, but Wayne Rooney is caught offside.
Substitution, West Ham United. Simone Zaza replaces Dimitri Payet.
Anthony Martial (Manchester United) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Cheikhou Kouyaté (West Ham United).
Foul by Wayne Rooney (Manchester United).
Cheikhou Kouyaté (West Ham United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  West Ham United. Conceded by Daley Blind.
Foul by Daley Blind (Manchester United).
Edimilson Fernandes (West Ham United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Henrikh Mkhitaryan (Manchester United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Angelo Ogbonna (West Ham United).
Corner,  West Ham United. Conceded by Henrikh Mkhitaryan.
Goal!  Manchester United 3, West Ham United 1. Anthony Martial (Manchester United) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Antonio Valencia.
Anthony Martial (Manchester United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Cheikhou Kouyaté (West Ham United).
Attempt saved. Zlatan Ibrahimovic (Manchester United) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Wayne Rooney (Manchester United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Winston Reid (West Ham United).
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Substitution, West Ham United. Manuel Lanzini replaces Michail Antonio because of an injury.


Fariha remembers the exact moment when Islamic State fighters shattered her life in Palmyra.

"It was a quarter to five in the morning. We were asleep and heard a knock on the door," she tells me as we sit on thin, grey mattresses in an abandoned school in Homs, 160km (99 miles) from her home.
This makeshift shelter, in the ruins of a Homs neighbourhood, is a refuge for her and five children, as well as 29 other families, who fled the brutal rule of so-called Islamic State (IS).
"They shouted at me to cover myself then entered my house, weapons in hand, and took away my husband and niece," she recalls as her little ones huddle close, listening, wide-eyed and silent.
Her 15-year-old nephew and her brother-in-law were also taken at that fateful time when IS first stormed Palmyra in 2015. They had their throats cut.
"They killed a lot of young men," Fariha adds, in her softly-spoken story of unspeakable savagery.
As IS loses ground in northern Syria, more and more gruesome accounts are emerging of their catalogue of crimes.
Families like Fariha's suffered twice over when IS lost, and then recaptured, the Roman ruins of Palmyra and the adjacent city.
Now, after a second occupation, lasting only three months, the area was seized a few weeks ago by Syrian forces, bolstered by the blistering firepower of their Russian and Iranian allies.
Palmyra's deserted buildings now yield evidence of its dark chapter.
In the blackened basement of one villa, Syrian soldiers show us what they describe as a makeshift court room.
Mounds of blue files strewn across the floor are a measure of IS's scales of justice.
On one file after another, there's the same small word scribbled in Arabic: "qatl" - executed.
It was the fate of a woman named Farizha for "spreading corruption on earth".
Marwan met the same end for "turning from Islam".
Others faced floggings or fines.
Two men, both named Ahmed, were sentenced to be "thrown off the top of a building". No reason is listed on their joint file.
A sheet of paper taped outside the door, stamped with an IS seal of authority, notifies "everyone who lives in this state that they must enrol in a course to learn about Sharia law".
"Everyone who doesn't will be punished."
IS rule is over here. But with homes destroyed, and without electricity or water, Palmyra still isn't a place fit to live in, or safe to return to.
Now both ancient and modern Palmyra are ruins.
What was once a vibrant community of 75,000 is now an eerie ghost town. Charred buildings peppered with bullet marks and gaping holes scar every street.
People fled not just IS persecution but an urban battlefield including ferocious bombardment by Syrian and Russian warplanes, which flattened multi-storey buildings into stacks of concrete pancakes.
Palmyra's pain did not start or end with IS occupation. Its prison, known by the city's Arabic name Tadmur, was a symbol of torture and summary executions long before Syria's uprising began six years ago.
Syrian soldiers now go house-to-house searching for explosives and booby traps. Russian troops, camped on the outskirts of the city, are helping to demine the area.
The site of the ancient Roman city nearby stands as a stark tribute to Palmyra's survival.
Despite the destruction of iconic structures such as the 2,000-year-old Arch of Triumph, Palmyra's elegant colonnaded street and striking symmetrical designs are still breathtaking.
IS's return had bestowed a second chance to destroy more precious world heritage, but much of these monumental ruins still stand.
The circular Roman theatre was their prime target in January. Its imposing centrepiece, a carved facade, was smashed, leaving a jumble of jagged stone boulders on its ancient stage.
"This was their revenge for the concerts staged here by Russia's Red Army Orchestra as well as Syrian orchestras," explains a government official, who accompanies us to the site.
A dusty pile of glass candle holders wrapped in netting, and red plastic roses caked with dirt, are still tucked in some corners - mementos of the triumphal events in May 2016 when IS was defeated here the first time.
"Recapturing Palmyra the second time was relatively easy," says Syrian officer Colonel Malik who fought in both rounds. "The battles were more ferocious the first time."
Palmyra last fell into IS hands in December as the Syrian military was distracted by the last stages of the brutal battle for Aleppo and IS's ranks were reinforced by fighters fleeing frontlines in Mosul, crossing the border from neighbouring Iraq.
"I don't think we face the threat of losing Palmyra again," Colonel Malik tells me confidently as we stand outside the walls of the grand theatre.
"We've retaken the military airport nearby and the mountains, a space of nearly 70 sq km in less than a month, which proves IS is weakening now."
But harder battles, including an assault on IS's self-declared capital in Raqqa, still lie ahead.
Confronting IS in their Syrian lair, closer to the Turkish and Iraqi borders, takes the fight onto messier and potentially dangerous political turf.
Hundreds of American special forces, backed up artillery and airpower, recently moved into this theatre of war to bolster an array of Syrian Kurdish forces, as well as Arab fighters.
Turkish troops are already on the battlefield, playing key roles over the past year in attacks on other IS-held towns.
All these commands face a common enemy, but also deep seated rivalries and shifting alliances.
The new US administration is still weighing how to balance a vital relationship with Turkey's President Erdogan while still making use of valuable Syrian Kurdish fighters Turkey sees as its enemy.
Turkey moved closer to Russia over the past year, but they're still on opposite sides of this war with Ankara insisting President Assad's continuing rule is what's fuelling this conflict.
The biggest question is whether President Trump's team, for whom fighting IS is the main goal, will now co-ordinate with Russia, which would end up strengthening President Assad's axis including Iran.
"The Syrian government's decision is to take back every inch of Syrian soil," insists Col Malik.
"Those criminals who infiltrated our country were supported by foreign countries like the US and the UK," he says, repeating the government's refrain that all rebel groups are creations of Western and Arab states. "They're supporting, not fighting IS."
The same accusation is levelled against President Bashar al-Assad by the Syrian opposition and its allies who charge him with turning a blind eye to IS's advance to bolster his narrative that this is a global war against terrorism, not a fight for political change.
The days of IS occupation may be counted, but its legacy casts a long shadow over a punishing war whose end is still nowhere in sight.


Chris Coleman stands tall, a proud figure with his arms crossed and eyes focused as his Wales players toil under hazy skies at their French training base for Euro 2016.

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Having led his country to a first major tournament for 58 years, he has reason to be cheerful.
Yet this picture of calm belies the turbulent journey which he has taken to this point, a path punctuated by setbacks which will make this impending crowning moment even sweeter.
A centre-back who won 32 caps for Wales, Coleman's playing career was cut short by injury at the age of 32.
The anguish of premature retirement was eased by an early start to life as a manager, becoming the youngest man to lead a Premier League team when he took charge of Fulham in 2003, still just 32.
His tenure was largely successful, his animated touchline demeanour mirroring the combative defending which endeared him to supporters during his playing days at Craven Cottage.
However, results deteriorated in his fourth full season and he was sacked.
Coleman then embarked on short spells at Spanish side Real Sociedad, back in England with Coventry and then at Larissa in Greece with mixed results.
After leaving Larissa, Coleman wanted to rebuild his reputation, and he would not have to wait long for his opportunity - though it arrived in tragic circumstances.
The death of then Wales manager Gary Speed in November 2011 cast a shadow over an entire sport.
A former captain of his country and a charismatic man who had revitalised Wales following his appointment in 2010, Speed's passing left a terrible void.
It is why Coleman, on the day he was unveiled as Speed's successor in January 2012, could not hide the fact he did not want to be there.
"In an ideal world I wouldn't be sitting here because this press conference would not be taking place," he said at the time.
"Wales would be doing very well and one of my best friends would be with us, but that's not the case.
"I'm here for a lot of right reasons and I'm here for a lot of wrong reasons, and that doesn't really sit right with me.
"But of course I'm extremely proud to be leading my country. It's my proudest moment."
Coleman's first appearance as Wales manager was a poignant occasion as he spoke with moving candour and eloquence.
Sensitive to the delicate nature of the situation, Coleman was careful not to speak about continuing his friend's legacy, knowing he would have to forge his own path in the role.
After overseeing a match against Costa Rica in tribute to Speed, Coleman lost his first four matches at the helm in earnest - the worst start by any Wales manager.
The fourth defeat, a 6-1 mauling in Serbia in September 2012, was the nadir - even by the modest standards set by previous Wales sides.
Just seven months into the job, Coleman was already under severe pressure, but a reprieve came in the form of a hard-fought win against Scotland.
Wales trailed 1-0 in torrential Cardiff rain until two late goals from Gareth Bale - the second a spectacular long-range strike - secured victory in dramatic fashion and gave Welsh morale the lift it desperately needed.
Their efforts to reach the 2014 World Cup were to end in disappointment but, finishing with a commendable draw in Belgium, there was a glimmer of hope for Coleman.
The start of Euro 2016 qualifying brought renewed optimism with a relatively kind draw and a promising group of players featuring the likes of Bale, Aaron Ramsey and Ashley Williams.
Yet just 45 minutes into the campaign, the scene was bleak.
At half-time in their opening game away against the tiny Catalan principality of Andorra, Wales were drawing 1-1 against a side whose last competitive win came in 2004.
As Coleman trudged across the pitch and headed towards the changing rooms of the 3,000-capacity Estadio Nacional, he was booed by Wales' furious fans.
They had recently seen their side fail to qualify for the World Cup and the feeble 45 minutes they had just witnessed suggested Wales were about to squander another chance to secure their place at a major tournament.
Embarrassment in Andorra might have cost Coleman his job but Bale proved a familiar saviour as his late free-kick snatched victory and set his country on course for what would prove to be an historic campaign.
There followed a titanic home win against Belgium, then ranked second in the world, and the moment of chaotic elation as qualification was confirmed despite a 2-0 defeat away against Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Wales' players celebrated wildly in the driving rain and at the heart of the melee was Coleman, soaked, exhausted but delirious with a precious sense of vindication.
Who do you think should start at Euro 2016? Step into Chris Colemanâ€™s shoes and pick your XI - and then share it with your friends using our brand new team selector.


American Jason Dufner will take a five-shot lead into the third round of the Memorial Tournament after carding an eagle on the 18th hole on Friday.

Dufner shot a second successive seven-under-par round of 65 for a tournament record 36-hole total of 14 under par.
Rickie Fowler shot six under for the day to move third and within one stroke of fellow American Daniel Summerhays, with Jordan Spieth still on six under.
Scotland's Martin Laird is a stroke further back at five under par.
Dufner, who began his second round on the 10th, holed from 176 yards at 18 as his approach to the back of the green rolled down the slope and into the cup for an eagle.
"We got two more rounds to go. We'll see how the course changes, if the wind picks up, gets running fast, it plays different. We'll just see," said the 40-year-old.
World number six Spieth was one shot off the lead after an opening round of 66, but three bogeys on the front nine saw him drop to tied fourth.
Meanwhile, world number one Dustin Johnson missed the cut at eight over par.


A leading expert in Huntington's disease has described the service for patients in Northern Ireland as being seriously overwhelmed.

Patrick Morrison, professor of human genetics at Belfast City Hospital, hit out at the lack of specialist staff.
He accused the government of "failing" patients with Huntington's disease.
The condition is a rare, inherited and highly complex neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 120 people in Northern Ireland.
Huntington's disease is caused by a faulty gene which progressively destroys the central area of the brain, affecting all aspects of the person's life including physical, cognitive and behavioural processes.
"The current service is severely overwhelmed and understaffed," Prof Morrison said.
"For such a tragic condition where the funding of NHS services by the government has not stepped up to the mark, this is failing families with Huntington's disease."
The BBC has learned there are no dedicated specialist nurses currently in place across any of the five health trusts in Northern Ireland to care for patients with this chronic and debilitating condition.
The Belfast Health Trust is the only Northern Ireland trust that has two dedicated Huntington's disease nursing posts.  However, due to one nurse being off ill and another changing job, currently neither post is filled at present.
About 120 men and women are affected by Huntington's disease, but the actual figure is believed to be higher as many cases are undiagnosed.
Patients from as far away as County Fermanagh have been contacting the Belfast Health Trust asking for help.
In a statement to the BBC, a spokesperson for the Belfast Health Trust said it "had difficulties recruiting a specialist nurse to work in this team".
"We have actively encouraged existing staff who may be interested in applying for the vacant post," they said.
"The post has been re-advertised. In the meantime we continue to do our best to meet the needs of our service users.
"There is currently a proposal in process to secure additional funding for a regional manager which would further enhance the service."
In the meantime, patients have told the BBC they are relying on their families and GPs for help.
One of those patients is Anne Boyd, who lives in west Belfast.
Diagnosed with the condition 11 months ago, Ms Boyd said she is learning to take one day at a time.
"I began noticing a lot of changes," she said. "I was dropping things and falling over.
"There was also a bit of a devil in me. I was nasty, hard to live with. I wasn't a nice person."
Huntington's disease progresses at different rates.
Those who have had it or have witnessed a loved one suffer have described it as being especially cruel, as it affects both the mind and the body.
According to Ms Boyd, as her memory has been affected she can no longer read.
Her concentration and mobility are also affected and as she is confined to her home a lot of the time, she also suffers from depression.
"I get up every day not really knowing what it may bring," she said.
"It is really hard and not just for me, but for my family. They need help too."
According to Prof Morrison, Huntington's disease is one of the worst disorders a person can get.
"It starts with movement problems and progresses to the centre of the brain," he said.
"There are memory issues, temper outbursts and a person becomes irritable. There are striking neurological and psychological features too."
A person with Huntington's disease has a 50% chance of passing it on to their children.
According to Prof Morrison, it can have a massive impact on families.
Ms Boyd's brother has also been diagnosed. Another sibling has decided not to be tested.
Her children are also faced with the dilemma of whether or not to be tested. One son has already started the process of counselling.
"It's their choice," Ms Boyd said. "They will all decide in their own time what's best for them."
Diagnosed in January,  Ms Boyd said the news came as a relief.
"The day the doctor told me my results I said 'thank God - at least I know what's wrong with me'," she said.
"The doctor remarked on my reaction - but they said that was the mummy and the granny in me.
"Now that I knew, I could get on with my life and organise getting things done."
Those who have lived with the disorder for decades say it can cause many years of fear, shame and isolation not just on one person, but over successive generations.
Prof Morrison said the service based at the Belfast Health Trust is busy.
"Not only are we receiving more requests for testing but clearly there are more people out there requiring help," he said.
"Two nursing posts in Belfast is clearly not enough. Every trust needs dedicated nursing teams.
"This is a rare condition and specialist nursing is required. It puts a strain on everyone, including staff.
"Therefore it needs planning on the part of the government when it comes to funding care."
In Scotland and England there is at least one specialist nurse for every 50 patients with Huntington's.
Prof Morrison said patients in Northern Ireland are being short-changed.
"There are also specialist nursing units and nursing homes in Scotland," he said.
"In Northern Ireland patients aren't always receiving the appropriate care in the appropriate place."
The issue is gathering momentum among health specialists in the community and the Huntington's Disease Association of Northern Ireland has appointed a manager - Sorcha McGuinness.
The human rights campaigner has previously led investigations into the rights of homeless people.
"We need to lobby the executive more about more funding for patients and their families," Ms McGuinness said.
"There also needs to be a better understanding and awareness among the public. I aim to do that."
The Northern Ireland Rare Disease Partnership (NIRDP) is holding a series of open public meetings next week allowing people to help shape the future of their healthcare.
Up to 100,000 people whether they are patients, carers or family members are impacted by rare disease in Northern Ireland.
Conditions include: motor neurone disease (MND), muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, Huntington's disease, vasculitis, spinal muscular atrophy, lupus as well as rare forms of cancer.