Video footage of Hillary Clinton stumbling as she made an early departure from Sunday's 9/11 memorial ceremony, and the subsequent revelation that she had been diagnosed two days earlier with pneumonia, have fuelled calls for the presidential candidates to publish their full medical records.

At 68 and 70 respectively, Democrat Mrs Clinton and her Republican rival Donald Trump are among the oldest candidates in history. Mr Trump would be the oldest president ever elected, Mrs Clinton the second.
But how does the level of personal health scrutiny seen in this campaign compare with that of candidates and presidents past?
Mrs Clinton last year published a two-page letter from her personal doctor, Lisa Bardack, in which Dr Bardack gave a relatively detailed description of Mrs Clinton's medical history, including hypothyroidism, a fainting episode in which she suffered a concussion, and several blood clots. The note revealed that Mrs Clinton takes an anti-coagulant as a precaution and has a healthy diet. But the candidate has so far declined to release her full health records.
Mr Trump has published only a much briefer note - some four paragraphs - in which his doctor, Harold N Bornstein, declared that the candidate's health was "astonishingly excellent" and would make him "the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency". Short on detail, the note did reveal Mr Trump's blood pressure and said he had lost 15 pounds. Mr Trump has admitted consuming a large amount of fast food in his diet.
In 2008, Democratic candidate Barack Obama released a 276-word note from his doctor giving him a clean bill of health. But Senator Obama was a lean 47 year old who exercised regularly. His doctor released the results of various tests and declared him to be a fit and healthy middle-aged man.
By contrast, his opponent was a 71 year old with a history of skin cancer and war injuries. John McCain made more than 1,000 pages of his medical records available to reporters - for a few hours and under strict conditions - during both his 2008 and 2000 bids to be president.
But this is a fairly recent fad. Most presidents and candidates have kept their medical history private, leaving the American public unaware of some serious health problems suffered by their commander in chief.
In 1893, President Grover Cleveland discovered a lump in his mouth that turned out to be oral cancer. Worried the news would send the country into a panic, he snuck a surgeon and medical team on to a friend's yacht and set sail for four days under the guise of a pleasure trip.
The surgeon removed the tumour, along with five of the president's teeth and much of his jawbone, replacing the latter with a prosthetic. Crucially, he got the tumour out through the mouth, preserving Cleveland's famous moustache. The surgery stayed more or less secret until after the president's death.
Woodrow Wilson suffered several strokes in the years before he was elected, but never disclosed the information to the public. A subsequent stroke while he was in office, in 1919, was also kept quiet under the guise of a brief illness. His wife, Edith Wilson, partly took charge. "I don't know what you men make such a fuss about," she later said. "I had no trouble running the country when Woody was ill."
Perhaps the biggest deception came when Franklin D Roosevelt stood for a fourth term in 1944. Roosevelt was a wheelchair user and the public knew he suffered from polio. What they didn't know was that he had also been diagnosed with congestive heart failure, hypertension, acute bronchitis and pulmonary disease. Roosevelt's doctor issued a note saying he was in remarkably good health but he died a few months into his fourth term.
John F Kennedy made good use of his image as a young and vital man and in 1961 he became the youngest ever elected president, at just 43. But films of JFK playing football at Martha's Vineyard disguised a number of health problems including severe, chronic back pain and Addison's disease, a life-threatening problem with the adrenal glands that required daily steroids.


Girls start to see themselves as less innately talented than boys do when they are only six years old, a group of US researchers has said.

They said the "disheartening" results suggested the problem could snowball to affect future careers.
The study on 400 children, in the journal Science, initially found both five-year-old boys and girls thought their own gender was "brilliant".
But then only one year later, gender differences had emerged.
Girl Power: How can books empower young girls?
The team from Princeton University, New York University and the University of Illinois said it appeared stereotypes were starting to show.
Suspected influences include exposure to media, teachers, parents and other children.
The study put sets of five, six and seven-year-olds through different experiments.
In one, the children were read a story about someone who is "really, really smart" but it is not clear who the story is about.
They then had to guess the protagonist from four pictures - two of men and two of women.
At age five, boys pick men and girls pick women around 75% of the time. But fast-forward a year to age six and boys are still picking men while girls are now slightly more likely to pick men too.
In another scenario, groups of children played a new board game.
But for some it was branded as "for children who are really, really smart" and for others it was described as "for children who try really, really hard".
Six and seven-year old girls were as likely as boys to enjoy the game for those who try, but much less likely to say they enjoy the game for smart children.
Prof Andrei Cimpian, one of the researchers, told the BBC News website: "The message that comes out of these data is that young kids are exposed to the cultural notion that genius is more likely a male than a female quality.
"It's disheartening to see these effects emerge so early. When you see them, you realise how much of an uphill battle it's going to be."
His research has previously looked at academic careers associated with needing innate brilliance in order to succeed.
It argued that the higher people rated the need for genius - such as in physics or philosophy - the lower the number of women involved.
Prof Cimpian added: "Early on, society's stereotypes can create differences in trajectory.
"At five, six or seven you're not thinking about a career, but soon you're making decisions about what courses to take and what extracurriculars to take part in.
"Even if the difference starts small it can snowball into something a lot bigger."
Fellow researcher Dr Lin Bian advised parents and teachers to emphasise the importance of hard work.
She told the BBC: "[Studies suggest] that everyone does better when hard work is believed as the key to success.
"In our studies, girls might be particularly impacted by the messages focusing on 'hard work' - they became equally interested in playing the game as boys.
"Thus conveying the importance of hard work to success could protect and even promote young girls' interests."
The UK's Fawcett Society campaigns on the gender pay gap and argues early differences - blue and superheroes versus pink and princesses - is part of the problem.
Sam Smethers, the organisation's chief executive, said: "This is a massive issue and it is holding us all, but particularly girls, back.
"Our research found that young women experienced gender stereotypes at school and from an early age."
Follow James on Twitter.


Manchester City defender Pablo Zabaleta was given an emotional send-off as he played his last home game in the 3-1 win against West Brom.

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The 32-year-old Argentina international, who is leaving after nine years at the club, came on to a standing ovation in the 62nd minute.
He was named man of the match and ended the game with the captain's armband after Vincent Kompany was substituted.
After the final whistle he gave an emotional farewell speech.
Zabaleta, who is City's third longest-serving player after Joe Hart and Kompany, was joined on the pitch by his wife and young son and given a guard of honour by his team-mates as he and his family departed down the tunnel.
A presentation also took place on the pitch in which Zabaleta was shown video tributes, including one from former teammate Mario Balotelli, and he was handed a lifetime City season ticket.
"As a football player and as a football fan it was a dream to come to the Premier League," said Zabaleta, who made more 322 appearances for the club, winning two league titles, the FA Cup and two League Cups.
"I said to my girlfriend, now my wife, let me go to Manchester, I will enjoy it, it will be only for three or four years, so I'll have to say sorry, it's been nine years.
"My favourite moments were when we beat Manchester United in the semi-final at Wembley and the first Premier League we won with Sergio Aguero's goal. The fans had waited so long and we did it in a City way."


Social networking service Pinterest has responded to concerns over copyrighted material by allowing websites to opt-out of being featured on the site.

The site, which bills itself as a "virtual pinboard", allows users to post pictures and other content onto a personalised profile.
However, some have raised concerns that the format encourages unauthorised sharing.
Concerned sites can now block their content by adding a line of web code.
Any Pinterest user attempting to share images or other material from a site with the "nopin" instruction will be told: "This site doesn't allow pinning to Pinterest. Please contact the owner with any questions. Thanks for visiting!"
In a blog post, co-founder Ben Silbermann said Pinterest cared about "respecting the rights of copyright holders".
He added: "We understand and respect that sometimes site owners do not want any of their material pinned. For these folks, we provide a snippet of code that can be added to any website."
In addition to the code, copyright holders can - like most sites featuring user uploaded content - request that material be taken downvia an online form.
Pinterest has grown rapidly, with reports from ratings firm Comscore suggesting the site had 7.5 million unique visitors in December, rising to 11.7 million in January.
However, concerns over copyright violations have caused some users to back away from using the service.
Webmasters who want to prevent their material from being posted on Pinterest can use the following code:
<meta name="pinterest" content="nopin" />
Niri Shan, a media law expert from Taylor Wessing, said he believed the move to enhance measures for rights holders would probably work in Pinterest's favour, should rights holders begin make legal claims.
"I think they [the courts] would look favourably," he said.
"Overall the court will have to look at the public interest. Blocking sites has implications for free speech - it's not something the court will do every day of the week."
Mr Shan added that Pinterest's key approach would be to prove that while copyrighted material might be uploaded to the site, it was not the service's primary function - an accusation made about other sites, such as MegaUpload and Newzbin, in recent court cases.


A man has been sentenced to nine years in prison for the manslaughter of his wife of 33 years in the Republic of Ireland.

Oliver Kierans, of Bailieborough in County Cavan, was also sentenced to eight years for possession of a sawn-off shotgun and 12 years for possession with intent to endanger life.
He had pleaded not guilty to murdering his wife Patricia Keane in 2013.
He was found guilty of her manslaughter in February.
During his trial Kierans had said he had intended to take his own life on 5 September 2013 when he and his wife visited the family home.
They had been separated for a number of months.
He said that he picked up the shotgun and it went off, hitting his wife, the mother of his four children, in the chest and causing severe injuries leading to her death.
Kierans then went to a bar in Bailieborough where he pointed the gun at a member of the police before his arrest.
The judge said that when passing sentence she took into account that Kierans' four children had stood by him and that he was a loving grandfather.
The sentences will run concurrently.


Australian Open champion Roger Federer beat Stan Wawrinka 6-4 7-5 in an all-Swiss final to win the BNP Paribas Open - his fifth Indian Wells triumph.

World number 10 Federer claimed the first set before being broken for the first time at this year's tournament in the first game of the second set.
Wawrinka, the world number three, went 2-0 ahead before Federer won three games in a row on his way to the title.
Elena Vesnina beat Svetlana Kuznetsova 6-7 (6-8) 7-5 6-4 in the women's final.
Federer becomes the oldest champion in the tournament's history, surpassing Jimmy Connors, who was 31 when he triumphed in 1984.
This was the 23rd meeting between Federer, an 18-time Grand Slam winner, and Wawrinka.
Federer, 35, has beaten his compatriot, who was in tears at the end, 20 times.
"This has been a fairy tale week," said Federer. "It's a beautiful feeling. Maybe it's not as surprising as Australia but it's still great to back it up by winning in America.
"It's a dream start to the year. I have totally exceeded my expectations. It's been an unbelievable start to the year."
The women's final lasted just over three hours as Vesnina came back from the dead to secure the biggest title of her career.
Eighth seed Kuznetsova edged a marathon first set lasting 71 minutes by winning a tie-break.
Vesnina, the 14th seed, trailed 4-1 in the second set before winning four games in a row to force a deciding set.
She trailed 4-2 in that set but again won four successive games to clinch victory and she collapsed to the court with a mixture of ecstasy and exhaustion at the end.
Vesnina, 30, was playing in her first final at a 'Premier Mandatory' event - those at Indian Wells, Key Biscayne, Madrid and Beijing.
Kuznetsova has now lost three finals at Indian Wells, having also been runner-up in 2007 and 2008.
BBC tennis correspondent Russell Fuller
A 90th career title for Federer, who has won 13 of the 14 matches he has played in 2017 - with six of those wins coming against fellow top-10 players.
It is not easy being Wawrinka in a match against Federer: he has played a whole career in his shadow and has now lost all 15 of the hardcourt matches they have played.
Federer's stronger belief was very much in evidence as he broke in the final game of each set to continue his dream start to the year. Top of the 2017 ranking points list, he has accumulated nearly twice as many points as second-placed Rafael Nadal.


Free trade deals with developing countries will continue post-Brexit, the government has said.

The UK will maintain an EU deal, which provides 48 countries with duty-free access to Britain for imports.
It means British firms do not pay import tariffs on goods bought from countries such as Bangladesh and Haiti.
International Trade Secretary Liam Fox said Brexit gave the country an opportunity "to step up our commitments to the rest of the world".
He added: "Free and fair trade has been the greatest liberator of the world's poor, and today's announcement shows our commitment to helping developing countries grow their economies and reduce poverty through trade."
The deal excludes arms and ammunitions.
The list of countries - which also includes Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, and Uganda - is based on the UN's Least Developed Countries index.
Currently Â£19.2bn of goods are imported from the 48 countries, including 79% of the tea consumed in Britain.
Some 45% of the UK's textile and clothing imports, and 22% of its coffee, also come from the developing nations.
International Development Secretary Priti Patel said the renewed commitment would "help the world's poorest people stand on their own two feet".
She added: "Building a more prosperous world and supporting our own long-term economic security is firmly in all our interestsâ€Ž."
The government also intends to explore options to expand relationships with richer countries like Jamaica, Pakistan and Ghana, which currently enjoy a mixture of reduced tariffs or zero tariffs.
Dr Fox added it would result "in lower prices and greater choice for consumers".


Edinburgh will play their home matches at Myreside for the second half of next season.

The Pro12 side are to switch from Murrayfield from January to May with a view to playing the 2017-18 campaign at the George Watson's College ground.
Myreside's capacity is to be increased to around 6,000 with temporary stands.
Edinburgh used the venue in the early years of professionalism and last played a match there during the 2015 Six Nations.
"This is about building a strong future for the club at a home ground in the city that better suits our needs and improves the match day experience for fans and players alike," said Edinburgh managing director Jonny Petrie.
Work will now start on bringing the facilities at the home of Premiership club Watsonians up to pro-level standards.
Edinburgh have been playing at Murrayfield since 2004, with room for 67,500 spectators at the national stadium.
"Having a smaller venue, with the crowds we are getting just now - and being able to grow that, will be much better for us," Petrie told BBC Scotland.
"That's been a challenge at Murrayfield when sometimes the crowd gets lost.
"We'll have a home venue the players can really indentify with, they can become closer to the supporters, and it becomes a more intimidating place for teams to come as well."
Edinburgh will have the option of returning to Murrayfield for bigger matches, such as the 1872 Cup encounters with Glasgow Warriors.
Alan Solomons' side finished a disappointing ninth in the Pro12, having won just three out of 10 matches since their back-to-back successes against defending champions Warriors over the festive season.
"The season has been frustrating in many respects," admitted Petrie. "We've ended up behind where we hoped we would.
"But we've been investing in the squad and we're comfortable with where we are going."
Former Watsonians and Scotland centre Scott Hastings hailed the move as "innovative", and believes Myreside could develop into an Edinburgh stronghold in years to come.
"At Murrayfield, Edinburgh were rattling round in a huge stadium," he told BBC Scotland. "For me, the beauty of Edinburgh rugby is it's all about passion, all about creating an atmosphere.
"Ultimately, it's up to the players to respond by playing attractive, dynamic rugby, but also for the crowd to get behind the team and to be more intimate and vocal within creating an atmosphere.
"It's a stepping stone process. The pipeline dream is to have a 3G pitch in there so there's not any debate over the surface. The floodlights need a little bit of improvement; the facilities certainly need an overhaul.
"I've commentated across European and world rugby, and really Edinburgh should be punching at least a minimum of 10,000 supporters. You just have to look at our neighbours in the Pro12, someone like Ulster, who play at an 18,000-seater stadium. Ultimately, I think that will be Edinburgh's objective, but this is the stepping stone process to get them there."


International metals firm Liberty House has signed a deal to buy two mothballed steel plants in Lanarkshire.

The agreement involves the Scottish Government buying the Clydebridge and Dalzell plants from Tata Steel, and immediately selling them on to Liberty.
The sale will be made under the same terms with no cost to the taxpayer.
Liberty will take responsibility for reopening, operating and investing in the two sites as its attempts to build a sustainable UK steel business.
Confirming the deal on Thursday, business minister Fergus Ewing said: "When Tata Steel mothballed the Dalzell and Clydebridge plants, I said we would leave no stone unturned in the quest to find an alternative buyer.
"That is why we established a Scottish steel taskforce and why I am delighted that our support for the steel industry has paid off."
Tata Steel announced in October it would close both Scottish plants with the loss of 270 jobs.


Northern Ireland's economy has seen little recovery since the 2007 economic crash, the Bank of England's chief economist has suggested.

The detail is contained in a speech by Andy Haldane which examined how different parts of the UK have experienced recovery.
It shows that on one key measure, GDP per head, Northern Ireland suffered a sharp fall between 2007 and 2009.
It has essentially flat-lined since then.
However on other measures, notably employment, Northern Ireland has had a recovery.
The employment rate in Northern Ireland hit an all time high of 69.6% earlier this year and all 41,000 jobs lost between 2008 - 2011 have been recovered.
Mr Haldane noted that experimental statistics also suggest that people in Northern Ireland experience greater wellbeing than in other parts of the UK.
He said "When it comes to measures of life satisfaction...London ranks at the bottom of the regional league table of happiness, while Northern Ireland occupies, by some distance, pole position."
Mr Haldane suggested that the economic recovery has largely been felt in London and the South East, among those who own their own homes and those who are aged over 50.
He added that in only two regions - London and the South-East - is GDP per head in 2015 estimated to be above its pre-crisis peak.
In other UK regions, GDP per head still lies below its pre-crisis peak, with Northern Ireland faring worst with a figure still an estimated 11%  below peak.
Mr Haldane concluded that "so far at least, this has been a recovery for the too few rather than the too many, a recovery delivering a little too little rather than far too much."


Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc will step down as hosts of The Great British Bake Off when it moves to Channel 4.

The duo have fronted the show since it began on BBC Two in 2010, alongside judges Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood.
They said in a statement: "We made no secret of our desire for the show to remain where it was... we're not going with the dough."
Love Productions, which makes the show, thanked them for "bringing their unique humour to the tent".
Giedroyc and Perkins said they were "very shocked and saddened" to learn Bake Off will be leaving the BBC.
Their statement continued:  "The BBC nurtured the show from its infancy and helped give it its distinctive warmth and charm, growing it from an audience of two million to nearly 15 [million] at its peak.
"We've had the most amazing time on Bake Off, and have loved seeing it rise and rise like a pair of yeasted Latvian baps.
"We're not going with the dough. We wish all the future bakers every success."
In their statement, Love Productions said: "We would like to thank Mel and Sue for bringing their own unique humour to the tent over the past years and we respect their decision not to be part of the Bake Off team on Channel 4."
A spokesman for Channel 4 said earlier today that it "would be delighted if the presenters and judges want to come to Channel 4".
It is not yet known if judges Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood will stay with the show.
The BBC fell £10m short of the amount of money required to keep The Great British Bake Off, BBC News understands.
The corporation is thought to have offered £15m per year to keep the programme on the BBC.
That would have been double the amount the BBC currently pays for the show and its sister programmes such as An Extra Slice and the Sport Relief specials.
But it is understood Love Productions refused to entertain any offers below £25m per year.
Channel 4 will begin airing the programme in 2017, starting with a celebrity special in aid of Stand Up To Cancer.
On the news that Giedroyc and Perkins were leaving, former contestant Kate Henry, who was on the show in 2014, told the BBC News channel: "I'm quite sad that future contestants won't get to experience the joy of Mel and Sue in the tent.
"They really make it a fun experience rather than painfully stressful."
She said it would be an "utterly different show" if Berry and Hollywood were also to leave.
Ian Cumming, who was a contestant last year, told the BBC: "I'm really shocked. You're losing the humour of the show (with Giedroyc and Perkins leaving). That was always its charm. I think it will gradually slip down but we'll see."
Richard Burr, a finalist on series five in 2014, tweeted: "Without Mel and Sue it just isn't Bake Off. @Channel4 has just bought a tent."
John Waite, who won the third series of Bake Off, tweeted that he "was not feeling so hopeful" now Giedroyc and Perkins had left.
Both Giedroyc and Perkins have had plenty of work outside the Bake Off tent.
The pair started on Channel 4 in the 90s with daytime TV show Light Lunch, when their on-screen chemistry and ad-libbing became a popular staple with students and daytime TV viewers.
Giedroyc has co-presented the BBC's Eurovision semi-finals in Stockholm and Eurovison You Decide, as well as the BBC One's The Gift with Matt Baker, a show reuniting people who wanted to say thank you or sorry. She also took to the stage to play housekeeper Frau Schmidt in ITV's live Sound of Music last year.
Perkins has hosted BBC Two panel show Insert Name Here as well as shows with Giles Coren, including BBC Four's Edwardian Supersize Me and BBC Two's The Supersizers Go. She also wrote and starred in BBC Two sitcom Heading Out, set in a vet's surgery, in 2013.
Her work also includes presenting Thronecast on Sky Atlantic, the companion show to the hugely popular Game of Thrones TV series.
TV host and actor James Corden tweeted "huge respect" for the departing presenters, while Youtube vlogger Zoella said the show wouldn't be the same.
Guardian writer Charlotte Higgins tweeted: "Mel and Sue completely essential to #GBBO success."
The Sun's Dan Wootton described Giedroyc and Perkins's departure as a "huge blow".
But Telegraph columnist Neil Midgeley said the BBC should have paid out £25m to keep the show.
"The BBC didn't have to lose its biggest hit, The Great British Bake Off, to Channel 4. For BBC director-general Lord Tony Hall, who is constantly fighting off accusations of financial largesse from Tory MPs, it was a splurge too far.
"But, regardless of the politics, this is one BBC cheque that Lord Hall will come to wish he had written."
The shows and presenters that have swapped channels
Love Productions, which makes the programme, said negotiations with the BBC had been taking place for a year, with a last-ditch meeting on Monday.
Richard McKerrow, Love Productions' creative director, said the firm had found "the perfect new home for Bake Off" at Channel 4.
Scott Bryan, TV editor of Buzzfeed UK said: "You can't find any bigger a slot or do any better in terms of viewers than where it already is - on BBC One in a main teatime evening slot.
"Channel 4 would be monumentally thrilled with the idea that they have the same ratings that it has on BBC.
"I feel they would be equally happy if it got a few million less, because that would still be a few million more than another programme they would have on that slot, so it's still a massive win for them."
It is not yet clear what time slot the show will have on Channel 4 or whether it will be cut or extended in length.
Bake Off was 2015's most-watched programme, with 15.1 million viewers for the final, according to consolidated figures which include catch-up viewing.
The seventh series is currently being shown on BBC One on Wednesday evenings. More than 10 million tuned in for the opening episode.
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram, or if you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


New Zealand Prime Minister John Key has apologised to a woman who works at an Auckland cafe for repeatedly pulling her hair.

The unnamed waitress wrote in a blog that he had tugged her ponytail on several occasions, even after she had asked him not to.
Mr Key's office said on Wednesday that his actions were meant to be "light-hearted" and he apologised.
The incident has sparked criticism from an opposition party and the public.
The waitress wrote on the Daily Blog that the hair-pulling started during last November's election campaign, when Mr Key's National Party was re-elected.
She said that she had begun avoiding him whenever he came into the cafe, and had told his security officers that she didn't like her hair being pulled.
She said she finally told Mr Key in person to stop in March, but he continued to do so.
He later apologised and gave the waitress two personalised bottles of wine.
Mr Key's office said in a statement: "His actions were intended to be light-hearted. It was never his intention to make her feel uncomfortable and he has apologised to her."
Mr Key told reporters on Wednesday that he had "a very warm and friendly relationship" with staff at the cafe where "we have lots of fun and games there, there's always lots of practical jokes and things".
One of the leaders of New Zealand's Green Party, Metiria Turei, said his actions raised questions about workplace bullying.
"As politicians our job is to make people feel safe at work, not bullied... We should expect higher standards of behaviour from our prime minister, not this weird hair-pulling," she told The New Zealand Herald.
New Zealanders have been discussing Mr Key's actions on Twitter with the hashtags #tailgate. and #ponytailgate.
Controversial internet tycoon Kim Dotcom, who has criticised Mr Key's policies on internet freedom, also tweeted on the incident.


Skateistan, Kabul's first skateboarding school, is perhaps the most unlikely non-profit sporting organisation in Afghanistan.

The charity, which combines skating with education for street children, says its priority now is to continue working after a suicide bombing that left four of its students dead.
"This tragic incident will not deter Skateistan from continuing our activities in Kabul," media officer Rhianon Bader told the BBC.
"We have many street working kids coming each week, and this incident only makes it more clear how important it is that we provide them with a safe space to have fun and gain access to education.
"More than the despair we are experiencing, we know that keeping the skate park open remains a light in the dark for the children here."
Those killed in the attack by a teenage Taliban bomber included Nawab, 17, and Khorshid, 14, who were instructors at Skateistan.
Khorshid's sister Parwana, eight, and student Mohammad Eesa, 13, also died, as did Assad - Khorshid and Parwan's cousin. Navid, a 14-year-old volunteer, is in hospital, seriously injured.
They were a tight-knit group, hawking scarves and chewing gum on the streets of the Afghan capital one day, donning helmets and kneecaps and gliding down skating ramps the next.
It's the second time the charity has been directly affected by the conflict in Afghanistan which has claimed hundreds of young lives in recent years.
Last December, four former female students were killed in a suicide attack targeting Ashura religious celebrations. Four of the charity's current students who were begging in the area were seriously injured.
Skateistan was started in 2007 with 10 skateboards by Oliver Percovich, an Australian now aged 37, who had moved to Kabul with his girlfriend.
He recalls how many kids shrieked in excitement when they saw him skateboarding. Some of them boldly came forward to borrow his skateboards. And when those boards came back to him in tatters after a few days, his decision was made.
"These kids are trying to break the shackles of old mentalities in Kabul. They are not scared. If they hadn't come after me every day, I would've left a long time ago," he told the BBC two days before Saturday's bombing.
Mr Percovich was unavailable for comment after the attack.
Skateistan
Kabul's fallen skateboard fanatics
Afghanistan has some of the toughest conditions in the world for children, with many working on the streets selling scarves, trinkets and chewing gum.
Skateistan started small, offering daily practice sessions in public spaces in Kabul. Street kids went along, as did children from richer families and it was a chance to bring them together, organisers say. Soon it was time to take the next obvious step: to build a skate park.
Mr Percovich admits that, at the beginning, he struggled to get by on only $10 a day. But eventually, donations started to flow in and he managed to get help from the Danish and Norwegian embassies.
Companies like Black Box Distribution contributed skateboarding equipment. The final step was persuading the Afghan Olympic Committee to donate land to set up the park.
The charity, whose logo is an assault rifle snapped in half by a skateboarder's wheels, hopes to open a new facility in the northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif later this year.
Today, nearly 400 children take part in Skateistan, 40% of whom are girls - making it the largest female sporting federation in the country.
In conservative Afghanistan, girls cannot be seen associating with men in public after they hit adolescence.
Recruiting girl students into Skateistan is a detailed and complicated process, says the charity's education co-ordinator, Benafsha Tasmim, 23.
"Parents allow girls on a number of conditions, the most important of which is that they practice in a female-only environment. We have classes for boys and girls separately."
Employing female instructors like Khorshid who died in the bombing helped in solving the problem.
One organiser says Khorshid was "always smiling no matter what troubles she had to deal with every day. She knew what she wanted in life and wasn't afraid to fight for it despite having more responsibilities and sorrows than a child should ever have."
The school will conduct memorial services throughout the week, providing assistance to families who lost their children in the attack.


As anyone who has had a new puppy will understand, 24-year-old Gia Nigro has got her hands full.

Gia, who lives in Columbus, Ohio, is the proud owner of a nine-week-old goldendoodle puppy (a cross between a golden retriever and a poodle) called Rye.
Like any young dog it is going to require a fair amount of training to ensure it becomes housetrained and obedient.
But what can you do if, like Gia, you work full-time, and you don't have any holiday time left to dedicate to your new four-legged friend?
Thankfully for Gia, her employer - Scottish brewer Brewdog - announced a rather unusual new employee perk earlier this year - one week's paid leave for all workers who adopt a puppy or rescue dog.
Unsurprisingly the announcement - which was released to the media in a press release rather than just told to staff - made headlines around the world. Newspaper reports were quick to praise the scheme that Brewdog has dubbed "pawternity" leave.
However, the more cynical may have wondered whether there was more than a whiff of gimmick to Brewdog's unusual new employee benefit. They may further question whether it was unveiled as "clickbait" to draw attention to a press release that also announced that the company had just opened a new 100,000 sq ft (9,000sq m) North American brewery in Columbus.
Not that Gia, who works at the new facility, has any complaints. "The policy gives me the flexibility to choose when to take a fully paid week off with Rye, which I'll be doing next month to get her fully house trained," she says.
And in defence of Brewdog, it has also always been dog-friendly, and allows employees to take their pets to work with them.
While employee perks are nothing new, they have become both more unusual and headline grabbing in recent years. But why exactly are firms offering them?
Last year New York-based online retailer Boxed was praised when its co-founder and boss Chieh Huang announced that the company would contribute to the cost of employees' weddings.
Mr Huang says he was inspired to start the unusual scheme when he saw one of his employees crying at work because he was struggling to cover the cost of his mother's medical bills and save for his forthcoming wedding.
"He basically realised that he was just never going to make it work," says Mr Huang, who was immediately inspired to pay for the worker's wedding, and then introduce the company-wide policy.
"The response was overwhelming," says Mr Huang. "There was lots of yelling, high-fiving, and tears of joy.
"I think that day our employees realised that we understand just how much of a commitment they make to us every day, putting in long hours to make this company grow, and that we're willing to make a commitment to them in return. I really think that resonated with them."
While Boxed is a bit cagey about the details, under the scheme it will pay up to $20,000 (Â£16,000) for weddings, depending on seniority and time with the company.
So far half a dozen Boxed workers have redeemed the perk, and Mr Huang says there are "lots more on the horizon".
He firmly rejects the suggestion that the scheme was introduced simply to garner publicity.
"There are definitely less expensive ways to get media attention," says Mr Huang. "We definitely do not sit around in a room trying to come up with ideas on how to create buzzworthy corporate benefits."
Occupational psychologist Cheryl Isaacs says that having generous employee perks can be a good way for a company to help ensure that it has a contented workforce, and that numerous studies have shown (perhaps unsurprisingly) that happy staff are more productive.
One such recent report into the issue by the University of Warwick found that employee happiness boosted productivity by 12%, while unhappy workers were 10% less productive.
However, London-based Ms Isaacs cautions that the benefits should apply to most employees, and not just a few.
"A deeper question that each individual organisation needs to answer is: does the benefit bring ROI [return on investment']? Will it have any long-lasting benefits for the company?" she says.
Other employee perk schemes that have made the headlines in recent years include Apple and Facebook offering to pay for egg freezing for their female employees, while Netflix allows staff to take up to a year's parental leave.
Meanwhile, US online real estate firm Zillow pays for female employees to post their breast milk if they are working away from home. They introduced the scheme in 2010 after a worker had difficulty getting her container of milk through airport security.
While all these firms say they are trying to help their staff rather than garner positive publicity, Florida-based PR expert Glenn Selig guesses that businesses can often be seeking both.
"Companies can both really mean it - want to improve the lives of their employees, and get their names out there," he says.
"I wouldn't be surprised if in the C suites [at boardroom level] there was some kind of conversation about what kind of benefit can be offered to employees that would also make the company look good, and could generate positive attention."
While Brewdog has a range of staff benefits that don't make the headlines, such as paying staff a guaranteed living wage and generous parental leave, Mr Selig says the "pawternity" scheme is a "really neat idea" from a PR point of view.
"Will it make people buy the beer? I don't know," he says.
"But you might remember it next time you're sitting in a bar and someone mentions Brewdog."
Follow Business Brain series editor Will Smale on Twitter @WillSmale1


France won their third successive Olympic gold in the men's team epee by beating Italy at Rio 2016.

Yannick Borel, Gauthier Grumier, Daniel Jerent and Jean-Michel Lucenay clinched a 45-31 victory to give France a seventh gold medal of the Games.
They won at Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008, reasserting their dominance in Brazil after the event did not feature in London in 2012.
Hungary won bronze with a 39-35 win against world champions Ukraine.
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Chinese online search giant Baidu saw its slowest revenue growth for nearly seven years in the first quarter of 2015.

The firm, seen as China's equivalent of Google, had revenue of 12.73bn yuan ($2bn; Â£1.3bn) from January to March, below forecasts of 12.9bn yuan.
Its net profit for the quarter also fell 3.4% compared with a year ago.
Baidu said customers spending less money on its online marketing business had hit its earnings.
New York-listed shares of the company were down 2.6% in after-hours trading as a result of the quarterly report.
The tech giant has been struggling to stay ahead of its rivals in the world's second-biggest economy.
In February, it reported 2014 fourth-quarter earnings below expectations, sending its shares plunging.
The company is still dealing with the impact of consumers moving away from personal computers to mobile phones, where it makes half of its revenue. But businesses pay less for advertising on smartphones than they do on computers.
Social media rivals such as Tencent and e-commerce giant Alibaba are also giving it intense competition.
A bid to create new streams of income from mobile has also pushed up Baidu's costs.  Expenses for its research and development department shot up 79% to $368.8m.
"We continue to execute on our investment plan to capture the vast growth opportunities ahead and fulfil our vision," said chief financial officer Jennifer Li in a statement on Wednesday.


The National Museum of Scotland is facing seven days of continuous strike action during the Edinburgh Festival.

The Public and Commercial Services union said 120 members were due to take part in the strike over the removal of a weekend allowance from staff.
They have served notice that the strike will begin on Monday.
The action is part of a union campaign, now in its 18 month, to get the allowance reinstated for all staff working on a Saturday and Sunday.
National Museums Scotland (NMS) withdrew the allowance for new staff.
Union officials said it resulted in two rates of pay for staff working weekends, those who get the allowance because they were employed before 2011, and those who do not.
Officials said withdrawal of the allowance could reduce an individual's pay by Â£2,000 to Â£3,000.
Previous strike action has closed the museum to the public.
Further talks between museum management and union officials have been scheduled for Friday.
Lynn Henderson, Scottish secretary of the PCS, said: "Our members are determined to win this dispute. It is heartening to note that the support is as strong with members who get the allowance as with those who don't. We call on NMS management and the Cabinet Secretary Fiona Hyslop to right this wrong.
"It is one thing to say that you oppose austerity measures and low pay but when it's in your gift to do something about it, for relatively little money, the Scottish government choose to do nothing about it.
"Our members are prepared to escalate action taken to date, but even at this late stage action can be avoided if we receive an acceptable, improved offer. Whether the strike goes ahead or not is in the gift of those who removed the allowance."
National Museums Scotland has previously said it has had to make a "wide range of changes in order to manage the reduced budgets which have been a result of the financial crisis."
It said it had differentially increased pay levels for its lowest paid staff in recent years, and that weekend payments are no longer common in the culture and tourism sector across the UK.
It has also said that no members of staff received a pay cut following the introduction of the new contracts, and that the terms of the new contracts had been communicated during the recruitment process and on appointment.
Responding to the potential of strike action next week, an NMS spokesman said it was likely to cause disruption to both the National Museum of Scotland and the National War Museum.
He added: "Talks involving National Museums Scotland, the PCS union and conciliation service ACAS are scheduled this week. We remain fully committed to a process of dialogue and we hope progress can be made towards a positive outcome.
"These talks were scheduled and agreed to on both sides before this action was announced, so we are surprised and disappointed at PCS's decision to call for strike action".


A man accused of murdering a baby was "brilliant" with him and the six-week-old's mum had no issues leaving them alone together, a court heard.

Donna Sullock let friend Michael Pearce look after son Alfie while she went on a night out last August and said the baby had no marks on him when she left.
Newport Crown Court heard the defendant text her saying Alfie was "fine" but soon after he was brain damaged.
Mr Pearce, 32, of Nelson, Caerphilly county, denies murder and manslaughter.
The injuries were said to have happened in the two hours the defendant babysit Alfie, of Fairwater, Cardiff, for the first time on 16 August.
The jury were read a series of texts between the defendant and 29-year-old Ms Sullock, who became friends when she was six months pregnant.
He texted a photo of the baby to her and she replied: "Has he been crying, his face looks red?"
Responding a minute later, at 20:20 BST he said: "He's had a little wind. He's fine now, sleeping, don't worry".
He sent another text 20 minutes later saying: "You can trust me you know," and then at 21:07 BST, another text was sent informing Ms Sullock that Alfie was still sleeping.
But four minutes later, the court heard he dialled 999 and then called Alfie's mum to say her baby had stopped breathing and was being taken to hospital by ambulance.
Alfie was taken to Prince Charles Hospital in Merthyr Tydfil before being transferred to the University Hospital of Wales in Cardiff where he died four days later.
The prosecution claim Mr Pearce had beaten him with a shoe and a hard plastic bottle.
A post mortem examination showed Alfie died of blunt trauma injury and extensive bleeding into the brain.
The trial continues.


Translink says CCTV footage shows that a 16-year-old allegedly refused onto a bus for wearing a coat with a Linfield FC logo "did not happen as reported".

Rab McKelvey had claimed his younger brother Garth was told he could not get on the bus at Belfast's Lisburn Road to get to his work at a charity shop.
He said on Twitter the reason given for the refusal was his football jacket.
Translink said it had "no customer policy referring to passenger clothing when travelling on the bus or train".
"We have concluded a thorough investigation into this alleged incident which has included a full review of the high quality CCTV to identify the full facts of this matter," said a spokesperson for the public transport company.
"From the evidence, we can concur that this incident did not happen as reported.
"This has been a very serious complaint and as such our investigations have been completed without delay."
She added: "We pride ourselves in providing vital public transport for the entire community."


Nigeria's government has vowed to shut down an illegal radio station operated by people sympathetic to the breakaway state of Biafra.

The ministry of information said it has "successfully jammed the signals" of the station.
However, the BBC's Abdussalam Ahmed in Enugu says Radio Biafara is still broadcasting.
It is not clear where it is based but it mainly broadcasts to the Igbo-speaking south-east of the country.
The first republic of Biafra declared its independence from Nigeria in May 1967, but was eventually defeated after a three-year civil war that cost more than one million lives.
Our correspondent says the station hosts phone-in programmes with listeners calling to talk about issues affecting their region and their desire to break away from Nigeria.
It also attacks and ridicules President Muhammadu Buhari and other government officials.
Although the Biafra uprising was quelled by the military, a group called the Movement for the Actualisation of a Sovereign State of Biafra (Massob) has attracted the support many young people in the region.
They feel they have been discriminated against by those in power in Abuja and demand independence.
Several of their leaders and sympathisers have been detained by authorities and accused of treason.


South Korean golfer and two-time PGA Tour winner Bae Sang-moon has lost his attempt to delay his military service.

All able-bodied South Korean men are obliged to complete two years of military service between the ages of 18 and 35.
Bae had hoped to delay his service to continue his golfing career, but the Daegu court said the military had been right to deny the request.
He said he would "humbly accept" the ruling, said the Yonhap news agency.
Bae, who is based in the US, also apologised to his fans, saying he had been "doing the best" he could to extend his stay so he could remain in competition.
"But the court's ruling today reminded me of the fact I should put my duty as a South Korean citizen ahead of my golfing career," he said.
"I decided that I can mature further as a golfer by returning home as soon as I can and complete my mandatory military service."
Bae is currently ranked 107 globally by the PGA.
The court said it was aware Bae would financially lose out by missing out on PGA Tours, but said that "for everyone facing conscription, dreams are all precious".
"If an athlete is allowed to arbitrarily schedule when he'd enter the military because he'd lose more money than others, then it would damage the idea of fairness in conscription and also the morale among the troops."
Bae, who is currently competing in the RBC Canadian Open in Ontario, has not yet indicated when he will return to South Korea.
Proposed changes to the PGA Tour regulations could, however, mean he would be allowed to return to the tour at the same level after completing his military service.
The rules, expected to be approved next week, would mean that "mandatory obligations" would be considered alongside medical and family crises as grounds for allowing a player to return despite missing key competitions.


Owners of older, more polluting cars face an extra £10 fee for entering the congestion charge zone, under plans issued by London Mayor Sadiq Khan.

City Hall hopes to introduce the additional emissions surcharge from October next year.
The plans were put out for formal consultation on Monday.
Mr Khan is also putting forward plans to extend the capital's ultra low emissions zone to the north and south circular roads.
Under the proposals, the owners of diesel and petrol vehicles manufactured before or up to 2005 that do not meet Euro 4 emissions standards for nitrogen oxide (NO2) and particulates will be required to pay £10 on top of the congestion charge.
The mayor has also called on the government to put in place a national diesel scrappage scheme to help people replace vehicles affected by his plans.
City Hall said its research showed people living in London's most deprived communities, often by busy roads, are on average exposed to 25% higher levels of harmful NO2 pollution.
It is estimated that the equivalent of 9,400 premature deaths occur each year in London due to illnesses caused by long-term exposure to air pollution and 448 schools in London are in areas exceeding legal air quality levels.
Diesel vehicles are recognised as a major contributor to pollution and associated health impacts in London and the mayor wants to phase out these vehicles from the bus, taxi and other fleets.
Mr Khan said: "Toxic air in London is a health emergency that requires bold action, including introducing charges for older polluting vehicles and expanding the ultra low emissions zone.
"I am determined to help every Londoner breathe cleaner air. After the massive response to my first consultation I now need the public to let me know their views on my detailed proposals to help clean-up our filthy air."


Game of Thrones actor Kit Harington has called on the government to fund six years' back pay for overnight carers.

Revenue & Customs has ruled care workers sleeping overnight to provide safety and reassurance should get the national minimum wage for all hours.
But Harington fears people such as his cousin Laurent, who has Down's syndrome and autism, could suffer as a result.
The government said it would "ensure that action taken to protect workers is fair and proportionate".
But Harington said: "If the charities can't pay this bill, then people are going to be left without the care they need."
Pay row threatens overnight care for vulnerable
Patients with learning disabilities missing out on health checks
While on night shifts, most employees providing care in people's own homes or accommodation run by Mencap and other organisations are allowed to sleep, providing they can be woken to deal with any incidents.
According to minimum wage legislation, employers must take into account shifts where staff are allowed to sleep as long as they are "at work and under certain work-related responsibilities".
Until recently, many overnight care workers were paid a flat rate allowance for the "sleep-in", about Â£30.
But in April, following an employment tribunal appeal ruling, all workers were granted a minimum of Â£7.50 per hour for the whole shift.
Last week, the government announced a temporary suspension to enforcement action by HMRC until October, but many charities say they will not be able to cover the bill for back pay.
Harington, who plays Jon Snow in the television series, said: "If this legislation goes ahead and the back pay bill lands squarely at the charities' and providers' feet and they have to pay it, many people like Laurent are not going to have that 24-7 care.
"This bill cannot be paid by the charities. For me, it's as simple as this can't be allowed to stand.
"Laurent loves swimming, he loves Zumba, he loves dancing, and he loves going to the disco. He needs to live the life he loves living.
"When my aunt can't care for him the way she has, we will need to find that for him, and my worry is that the way things are going, it's going to be harder and harder for Laurent to find what he needs.
"Basically, I think the government needs to pay it. The bill needs to be footed, and it needs to be footed by the government."
Harington said that he feared for charities and individuals paying for care for family members.
He said: "This issue is of the greatest importance, I think, not just for me but for our society that we live in.
"Our duty for society is to care for the most vulnerable in our society. If this bill is having to be paid by the charities that cannot pay it, the most vulnerable in our society are going to be left without care.
"That's not a society I believe in or want to live in, so it's of the greatest importance, and it's urgent."
Mencap chairman, Derek Lewis said: "Employers are keen to fulfil their responsibilities to employees. But if the government changes the rules on how sleep-in payments should be paid, it must expect to have to pay for the changes.
"We reiterate our call to government to accept its responsibility and make an urgent commitment to fund the back pay bill, for the sake of those vulnerable people who depend on this care and for the dedicated people who provide that care.  Time is running out."
Unison, which represents a number of overnight carers, said: "It's the government's failure to fund social care properly that risks devastating the care sector, not the workers asking for a legal wage.
"Charities and care companies have known for a long time they must pay sleep-in staff at least the minimum wage. But it's only now HM Revenue & Customs is in pursuit that many are pleading poverty and asking for an exemption from the law."
A Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy said: "The government will continue to look at this issue extremely carefully alongside industry representatives to see whether any further support is needed and ensure that action taken to protect workers is fair and proportionate, while seeing how it might be possible to minimise any impact on social care provision."


On the banks of California's Feather River, way below the tallest dam in the United States, is a ballet of steel and stone.

The dancers are huge earth-moving machines, their costumes bright yellow.
The movement is constant and mesmerising. The lorries trundle down to the water from the left, pause to accept their loads of rock, mud and debris, and then exit to the right.
For weeks now this performance has been constant, day and night, as construction workers repair the Oroville Dam, once an engineering marvel, now an embarrassment.
Last month, nearly 200,000 people were told to leave their homes when the dam overflowed amid fears that water pouring over a weakened emergency spillway was eroding the hillside beneath the structure.
In desperation, engineers diverted a torrent of storm water away from the danger area and down the dam's main sluice. The decision prevented disaster but at the cost of tearing huge chunks out of the spillway.
Now, with repairs to clear up the detritus and fix the giant scars underway, the worry is that this will happen again, somewhere in the United States, and that next time the consequences could be deadly.
The average age of the 90,000 dams in the United States is 56 years. By 2025, seven out of 10 of them will be more than half a century old.
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) warns that "many dams are not expected to safely withstand current predictions regarding large floods and earthquakes".
Overall, says the society, $4.6tn (Â£3.6tn) will be needed by 2025 to bring US infrastructure to an acceptable standard. Less than half that amount has so far been allocated for the work.
Earlier this month the ASCE published its quadrennial report card on the nation's infrastructure, awarding the US a grade of D+ on a scale of A to F - no change from its previous report in 2013 - and warning that continuing on the present path would cost the US $3.9tn in lost GDP and 2.5 million jobs over the next eight years.
The report concluded that over the previous four years there had been no overall improvement in aviation, bridges, dams, drinking water, energy and roads.
The situation with parks, solid waste and transit had worsened, while there had been some improvements in hazardous waste, inland waterways, levees, ports, rail, schools and wastewater.
"We have been doing what we thought was enough but clearly we missed a few things," says Bill Croyle, acting director of California's Department of Water Resources and the person responsible for the Oroville Dam.
Mr Croyle is reluctant to admit any specific mistake, insisting, for example, that years of warnings about risks to the dam are not relevant.
"This is a catastrophic event but we're all learning from this," he says.
4 in 10
US bridges are more than 50 years old
56,000 were structurally deficient in 2016
188m trips across a structurally deficient bridge per day (average)
$123bn estimated backlog funding to rehabilitate bridges
But is the US learning fast enough?
The country has 15,500 "high-hazard potential dams", meaning that loss of life would be probable if they failed. Of those high-hazard dams, 2,170 are rated as deficient.
Federal legislation to repair dams has been passed but, says the ASCE, it is not properly funded and an extra $45bn is needed for repairs now.
The problem, and not just for dams, is that much of America's infrastructure is coming to the end of its lifespan.
The US saw two major building booms in the past century.
The first came under President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
The second was in the 1950s and 1960s with the construction of the interstate highway system. And, minutes after he was elected President, Donald Trump promised a third.
American infrastructure, he pledged, would become "second to none".
That will be an epic challenge.
The ASCE report says US roads are "chronically underfunded and becoming more dangerous" and assesses that one in every five miles of highway is in poor condition.
More than two of every five miles of urban interstates are congested, contributing to an estimated $160bn in wasted time and fuel in 2014.
Deaths on the roads, falling for years, rose by 7% in 2015.
There are also problems with the power grid. More than 640,000 miles of high-voltage lines are at full capacity. Most US power lines were constructed in the 1950s and 1960s and are already past their life expectancy.
Public transit is also "chronically underfunded", ASCE says, with a $90bn rehabilitation backlog.
And airports in the US serve more than two million passengers every day. But airport infrastructure and air traffic control systems are "not keeping up," ASCE says, resulting in increased congestion.
On the campaign trail Mr Trump had been particularly scathing about the country's airports, suggesting that several, including Los Angeles International (LAX), made the US look like a third-world country.
Any frequent flier at LAX would tell you that he had a point. Traffic is jammed, wires hang from terminal ceilings and there are delays, delays, delays.
Two trillion
gallons of drinking water lost every year from water main breaks
$1m estimated funds need to maintain and expand pipe system
75-100 years Average life span of US water mains, many laid in early-to-mid 20th Century
However, according to the operators, change is already coming and it has nothing to do with the Trump White House.
Since 2009, LAX has been spending billions on more gates, new rail links and smarter terminals.
The funding, says an airport spokesman, is mainly from passenger fees and private capital.
"We are an incredible, robust airport," insists Deborah Flint, chief executive of Los Angeles World Airports. "We have fantastic facilities here already but we are taking them to that next level which will be the gold standard airport."
Ms Flint is reluctant to be drawn into politics, but when pressed she rejects the president's characterisation of LAX.
"Are we where we want to be? No, we certainly are not. But is today's experience third world? No, it is absolutely not," she says.
An hour's flight to the north, a fountain plays in front of the Hoover Institution, a public-policy think tank at Stanford University.
The water comes from one of two huge and ageing projects to provide drinking water and irrigation to the state's central valley, in a network that includes the Oroville Dam.
Victor Davis Hanson, a senior fellow here, calls Oroville the "canary in the mine".
He is not optimistic about the future of US infrastructure, unconvinced that fiscal conservatives in President Trump's party will approve a huge spending splurge.
Nor does he think Mr Trump's talk about doubling economic growth to fund big improvements is realistic.
Instead, he says, higher fuel taxes would be sensible, along with tax reform to encourage American companies to invest some of the massive wealth they are holding offshore in the United States. But the problems will not be solved, he argues, until the ballooning cost of Social Security and pensions are brought under control.
If that doesn't happen, says Dr Hanson, the US risks becoming a "19th Century country".
"Life as we knew it in the 21st Century of the United States is going to increasingly look like what's normal in other parts of the world, especially in Latin America, Asia and Africa," he says.
"It's just not going to be a 21st Century western country."
The immediate challenge, it seems, is not to make America great again, but to stop it from falling apart.


The Philippine Foreign Ministry has said it will give China custody of the two suspects involved in the killing of two Chinese diplomats in the Philippines.

Two diplomats were killed and a third wounded in a shooting at a restaurant in Cebu City on Wednesday.
Police have taken a woman who works at the consulate and her husband into custody.
They have diplomatic immunity and will be sent back to China.
The suspected shooter was identified by police as Li Qing Liang. Mr Li's wife, Guo Jing, who works in the consulate's visa section, was also held for questioning.
Beijing has invoked the couple's diplomatic immunity under the United Nations' Vienna Convention, foreign ministry spokesman Charles Jose said.
The 1961 Vienna Convention spells out protections afforded to diplomats and embassy staff, including immunity from local laws and criminal prosecution.
China says it is investigating the shooting.
The deputy consul and the finance officer for the Chinese consulate in the city were killed and the consul general wounded, police said.
The consul general, Song Ronghua, who was celebrating his birthday at the restaurant, is in a stable condition after being shot through the neck.
"We're still trying to determine the motive for the shooting," said Chief Superintendent Prudencio Banas.
The consul general's deputy Sun Shen was shot in the neck and finance officer Li Hui was shot in the head, police said.
A handgun has been recovered from the scene, police spokesman Wilben Mayor told AFP.
The attack occurred at 13:30 (05:30 GMT) at Lighthouse, a popular restaurant.
Restaurant manager Stephen John Patero said the shooting occurred in a private room, which is a favourite among local politicians.
He said waiters who served the diners heard the guests shouting at each other before the shots were fired.
"They are all friends who apparently figured in an argument," he said.


Lock Jake Ball says Welsh rugby's so-called "Gatland's Law" should not apply to long-serving members of the squad.

The Welsh Rugby Union's (WRU) senior player selection policy (SPSP) means only three players based outside Wales can be picked for the national team.
But Ball, 25, believes there should be exemptions.
"People who have served their country for a long time should be allowed to go away if they want to when they're in their 30s," he said.
The rule will come into force for the first time when Wales name their squad for the autumn internationals which will be selected not by head coach Warren Gatland but assistant Rob Howley.
Gatland is taking a sabbatical from Wales after being named coach of the British and Irish Lions for their 2017 summer tour to New Zealand.
The list of players to be affected by the new rule includes Rhys Priestland, Taulupe Faletau, Jamie Roberts and George North.
Second-row Luke Charteris - who joined Bath from Racing 92 during the summer - is believed to be exempt because he was not offered a contract in Wales before signing for the English club.
Ball will be vying for a place in the Wales second row with Charteris but welcomes his rival's exemption.
When I get to 32 . . . I might want to experience something different
"For someone of his age (33) that's played as much as he has (68 caps) there could be an exception," said Ball.
Australian-born Ball turned down an offer from Northampton Saints in favour of signing a national dual contract with Scarlets and Wales and agrees with the principle of the selection policy.
"I look at it and think I made the right decision. You should be rewarded for staying and playing in your country. That's how you build a good national team.
"But I'd like to think when I get to 32, 33, it might be that I want to go and experience something different.
"It would be nice to think that when it gets to that point you'd get a blessing to go and do that."
The WRU has listed seven players who would fall into the wild card category if selected.
Included in addition to Priestland (Bath), Roberts (Harlequins), North (Northampton) and Faletau (Bath), lock Dominic Day (Toyota Verblitz in Japan, before joining Melbourne Rebels in 2017), flanker Nicky Thomas (Gloucester) and scrum-half Rhodri Williams (Bristol) are the others affected.
Three wildcard selections are available for each Wales campaign during 2016-17.
The rule does not affect players who signed contracts with clubs outside Wales before the policy was introduced, such as Toulon's Leigh Halfpenny and Exeter's Tomas Francis.


The militant group Islamic State is committing war crimes and imposing a "rule of terror" in areas it controls in Syria, a UN report says.

The report, based on more than 300 witness interviews, said IS was using "extreme violence" against civilians.
Men caught smoking have had their fingers amputated, while a female dentist who treated men was publicly beheaded, the report said.
The group has seized large parts of Syria and Iraq since June.
The report by UN human rights investigators, entitled Rule of Terror: Living under Isis in Syria, is the first in which the UN closely examines tactics by IS, which is also known as Isis or Isil.
In addition to interviews with men, women and children who had fled or are living in IS-held areas in Syria, the report also examined photographs and videos distributed by the group.
Public executions by the group were common, with bodies frequently left on public display "as a warning to local residents", the report said.
It added that the international community had underestimated the threat the group posed to regional stability, and that the failure to find a political solution to the Syrian crisis had "left a dangerous vacuum" that was filled by the group.
The report also described:
The report was written by the UN's Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic.
The commission was established in August 2011 by the UN's Human Rights Council with a mandate to investigate all alleged human rights violations in Syria.
The report said that other parties in the Syrian conflict, including the Syrian government, were also responsible for human rights violations against civilians and captured fighters.
However, it added that those groups were more likely to hide their activity, while IS "actively promotes abuses and crimes" to try to enforce its authority.
Islamic State's brutal tactics have sparked fear and outrage across the world, including from Muslim groups.
In February, al-Qaeda disavowed IS for its actions in Syria.
A US-led military campaign has been attacking IS targets since August.
In Washington on Thursday, US Defence Secretary Chuck Hagel said that "steady and sustainable progress" had been made against IS.
The US-led air strikes had helped in "degrading and destroying Isil's [IS] war fighting capacity and in denying safe haven to its fighters", he said.
Meanwhile, on Friday, Iraqi officials said their forces had driven out IS fighters from the oil refinery town of Baiji, 200km (130 miles) north of Baghdad.
Around 200,000 people live in the town, and the refinery accounts for around a quarter of Iraq's oil production.
The town lies on the main road to Iraq's second-largest city, Mosul, which is under the control of IS.


More than 40% of staff at a Kent NHS trust were victims of harassment, bullying or abuse by colleagues, figures show.

In an NHS staff survey at East Kent Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 42% of staff said they were targeted in 2014.
The trust, which runs hospitals in Ashford, Canterbury, Margate, Dover, is in special measures.
It said it had done work to address the issues found by the survey and identified by the health watchdog.
The number of staff who said they were bullied has risen from 31% in 2013.
It was put into special measures last September because of "serious failures" in patient safety.
The trust runs the William Harvey Hospital in Ashford; the Kent and Canterbury in Canterbury; the Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (QEQM) in Margate; the Buckland in Dover; and the Royal Victoria in Folkestone.
Sandra Le Blanc, director of human resources at the trust, said: "The questionnaires were completed... a matter of weeks after the trust was put into special measures following the publication of the Care Quality Commission's (CQC) report.
"The results [of the survey] reflect where we were then as a trust, because bullying was identified as an issue in the CQC report," she said.
"We've done quite a lot of work since then to address some of the issues raised in the report."
She said a confidential phone line was set up for staff following the report and managers were putting in a programme of "good working practices".
Ms Le Blanc said she was unable to comment on why the number of staff reported being bullied had risen from 31% in 2013 to 42% in 2014.
"Bullying is a very complex issue. It's not just about the managers, it's also about staff's behaviours with other staff."


A man has been charged over alleged online threats against Gina Miller, the woman behind the Brexit legal challenge.

Rhodri Colwyn Philipps, 50, from Knightsbridge, central London, was arrested after police received a complaint last November.
He is charged with making malicious communications, with racially aggravated factors.
He will appear on bail at Westminster Magistrates' Court on 4 April.
Scotland Yard said he was arrested by officers from its Operation Falcon after a complaint was received concerning threats made online against a 51-year-old woman.
Ms Miller, a partner in an investment management firm, was the lead claimant in the legal fight to get Parliament to vote on whether the UK could start the process of leaving the EU.
Rhodri Philipps is also known as the 4th Viscount St Davids and holds the titles Lord Strange of Knockin, Lord Hungerford, and Lord de Moleyns.


Labour leadership hopeful Owen Smith has accused Jeremy Corbyn of "threatening to sack" MPs with his comments about candidate selections.

Earlier Mr Corbyn said there would be a "full and open selection process" in every seat if new constituency boundaries were in place before 2020.
His critics in the parliamentary party fear this would allow pro-Corbyn members to force them out.
Mr Smith said Mr Corbyn was prepared to see the party split.
"It's not much of an employer that says, you know, work for me and work harder or I'm going to sack you all - which is effectively what he's doing today," Mr Smith told the BBC.
He added: "I don't think he (Mr Corbyn) feels he can bring the party back together, that's why he's talking about re-selections because I think he is reconciled, I think he is fatalistic about the prospect of the party splitting apart and being destroyed.
"He just wants to control the Labour Party."
Mr Smith and Mr Corbyn are going head-to-head in Labour's leadership contest.
Although most Labour MPs want the veteran Labour left-winger and serial rebel during the New Labour years to stand aside - and never supported him as a leader in the first place - Mr Corbyn was the overwhelming choice for leader from the party's wider membership last year.
He is still believed to be supported by Labour members and registered supporters - which has led some critical MPs to fear the government's planned boundary review, due to be published in 2018 and reduce the number of MPs from 650 to 600, could be used to replace them with Corbyn supporters.
Shadow chancellor John McDonnell has previously said there was "no way" the review would be used to allow the new wave of Corbyn-supporting Labour members to deselect MPs.
But taking questions after he launched his leadership campaign, Mr Corbyn said that if the next general election takes place on the revised boundaries: "There would be a full selection process in every constituency but the sitting MP... would have an opportunity to put their name forward.
"So there will be a full and open selection process for every constituency Labour Party through the whole of the UK."
Mr Corbyn's critics said this amounted to a deselection threat - but the leader's team said he had simply been setting out the existing rules.
However, the current rules state that selections following boundary changes are only open to sitting MPs.
Speaking afterwards, Mr Corbyn said the National Executive Committee was in charge of decisions about candidate selection.
During his campaign launch speech, he said if he remains as leader it will be "the job, the duty, the responsibility" of every Labour MP to "get behind the party" and take on the Conservative government.
He also vowed to tackle the "five ills of 21st Century Britain" - inequality, neglect, prejudice, insecurity and discrimination - if elected as PM.
Labour Party members, affiliated trade union supporters and so-called registered supporters are able to vote, although there are some key differences from the 2015 contest which Jeremy Corbyn won.
Guide to the Labour leadership election


Scotland fell to the bottom of Pool B at the Hockey World League semi-finals after a 3-1 defeat to Pakistan.

However, the winless Scots can still reach the quarter-finals if they beat Canada in their final group match.
Wei Adams shot Scotland in front after good work from Lee Morton.
Muhammad Irfan Jnr levelled after the interval, with Muhummad Arslan Qadir and Aleem Muhammed Bilal also on target for Pakistan's first victory of the tournament in London.
Scotland, who earlier lost to India and the Netherlands, have a better goal difference than Pakistan, who have now completed their pool games.
Therefore, any win over Canada, who have one success from three outings, would lift the Blue Sticks into fourth place.
Find out how to get into hockey with our special guide.


Louis Armstrong's personal copy of his appearance on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs is among the recordings to be added to the show's online archive.

The Armstrong edition was tracked down by the production team after a listener alerted them to the existence of a recording of the show in the US.
Other rescued recordings feature author Reverend W Awdry, Dame Diana Rigg and Doctor Who star William Hartnell.
It is the first time the editions have been heard in more than 45 years.
All the subjects were interviewed between 1964 and 1970 by Roy Plomley, with Thomas the Tank Engine author Awdry's 1964 appearance being the earliest.
Only part of the Hartnell interview, recorded in 1965, has been recovered.
Awdry, Hartnell and Dame Diana were all personal audio recordings donated by listeners and have been carefully restored for the archive.
The Rigg edition, first broadcast in 1970, had been saved on an old quarter inch tape.
The Armstrong edition, which was gifted to him by the BBC after he recorded the programme in 1968, was donated courtesy of the research collections of the Louis Armstrong House Museum.
"Louis Armstrong's appearance on Desert Island Discs is the next best thing to hanging out with the legendary trumpeter," said Ricky Riccardi, archivist for the museum.
"Armstrong's in a frisky, quick-witted mood throughout the broadcast, tells some of his favourite stories about his rough upbringing in New Orleans and spins some good music - namely because he chooses so much of his own!"
Armstrong's favourite piece was his own track, Blueberry Hill. He also chose to take his own autobiography, while his luxury item - predictably enough - was a trumpet.
Dame Diana chose a vegetable garden as her luxury item, Hartnell took cigarettes, and Rev Awdry took writing materials. Among his track choices was train sound effects.
The Desert Discs online archive was launched in 2011, in a bid to collate all the recordings from the show's 73-year-history.
Current host Kirsty Young described it as "a broadcasting treasure trove".
"Unearthing yet more recordings and adding them to our archive is great news, not just for the much-valued listeners we have now, but for listeners of the future too," she added.
Listen to Louis Armstrong's Desert Island Discs programme, and other items from the Desert Island Discs archives.


Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger says the opinion of fans will influence his decision over whether to remain in charge next season.

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A group of Arsenal supporters protested after Tuesday's 5-1 Champions League home defeat by Bayern Munich.
"It will not be the most important factor but you consider it, of course," Wenger said of the fans' reaction.
"I worked very hard for 20 years to make our fans happy and when you lose I understand they are not."
In a statement released on the club website, Arsenal chairman Sir Chips Keswick echoed those sentiments but was non-committal on Wenger's future.
"We are fully aware of the attention currently focused on the club and understand the debate," he said.
"We respect that fans are entitled to their different individual opinions but we will always run this great football club with its best long-term interests at heart.
"Arsene has a contract until the end of the season. Any decisions will be made by us mutually and communicated at the right time in the right way."
Wenger, who has been Arsenal boss since October 1996, is expected to announce in the next month whether he will stay on next season, but denied he had already told the players of his decision.
"My decision is to focus on the next game and be absolutely sure we respond well on Saturday," the 67-year-old said.
Arsenal are currently fifth in the Premier League, 16 points behind leaders Chelsea, and host non-league Lincoln in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup this weekend.
England international winger Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, 23, is one of several Arsenal players reported to be unhappy, with suggestions he could leave this summer.
"I haven't seen that," Wenger said of the reports. "I'm surprised by that because I believe he is developing well and has been given his chance.
"I wish that he stays at the club, he is a very promising player and has the values we rate at this club."
Record signing Mesut Ozil has reportedly rejected an improved contract offer and Chile international Alexis Sanchez was left out of the starting XI at Liverpool last weekend following a reported row with Wenger, which the manager denied.
Forward Theo Walcott hinted at disharmony in the ranks when he revealed "things had happened" between the players.
"They need to stay in the dressing room and the players and staff need to sort it out. We are in it together. We can't be fighting each other," the England international added.
But Wenger countered: "We have a good united group, determined group and when you have disappointing results you always have disagreements."
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Wenger presided over two league and cup doubles within the first six years of his Arsenal reign, but his team have not won the league title since 2004 and two FA Cups represent their only major silverware in the last 12 years.
When asked by BBC sports editor Dan Roan whether staying at the club would taint his legacy, the Frenchman said: "I don't work for my image I work for this club, with full commitment.
"How I will be judged in one way or the other is not my problem. I love this club, I am loyal to this club and I make the right decisions for this club and I will continue to do that."
The humiliating 10-2 aggregate defeat against Bayern Munich saw Arsenal eliminated at the last-16 stage of the Champions League for the seventh successive season.
When asked about that record, Wenger responded: "In the last nine years only once have we been the worst performing English club in the Champions League."


Plans to allow the devolution of income tax varying powers without a referendum have been criticised by a former Welsh secretary.

Lord Hain said the Conservatives were going back on a manifesto promise to hold a poll on the issue.
The Wales Bill - debated in the House of Lords on Monday - would remove the need for a referendum before the power was devolved.
Welsh Secretary Alun Cairns said Lord Hain was an "isolated voice" on tax.
In November, the then Chancellor George Osborne said the power over some aspects of income tax should be devolved without a referendum, currently required under the 2014 Wales Act.
Lord Hain said Mr Cairns had supported the idea of a referendum in the past and questioned why he had changed his mind.
He said: "Could it be that he wishes to ram through income tax devolution without addressing irrefutable evidence that the Barnett formula has short-changed Wales in contrast to Scotland?
"Without a new 'Barnett floor', as First Minister Carwyn Jones has insisted, it would be pure folly for Wales to have income tax devolved," Lord Hain added.
In response, Mr Cairns said: "During the passage of the Wales Bill, I have regularly engaged with the first minister.
"The Labour Party in both Cardiff Bay and Westminster back the devolution of tax powers without a referendum.
"On that basis, Peter Hain represents an isolated voice with these remarks.
"It should be remembered that after decades of in-built disadvantage of the funding formula, it took a Conservative government to introduce a funding floor for Wales," Mr Cairns added, referring to a guaranteed minimum level of Treasury grants.
Meanwhile, ex-Wales Office Minister Baroness Jenny Randerson has said the Wales Bill was "not a big stride forward as we hoped but it is a shuffle forward".
The Liberal Democrat peer said: "The Wales Bill was started during the pro-devolution coalition government in 2015 which I was part of.
"We now have a centralising Theresa May government and the long list of exceptions [powers that will not be devolved] will mean we still have a complex settlement."
The Wales Bill is a new law, currently passing through Parliament, that promises a simpler framework for how the assembly is run and more powers for AMs and ministers.
But it was revised earlier this year from its previous draft amid concern it could dilute the power of AMs to make laws.
During the debate, Welsh minister and former Welsh Conservative leader Lord Bourne said new powers over transport, energy and the environment would help make the assembly a permanent part of the UK's "constitutional fabric".
He said the Wales Bill delivered a "clearer and stronger Welsh devolution settlement" and an assembly and Welsh Government "more accountable to the people they serve".
But Labour's spokeswoman Baroness Morgan said that while the bill was a considerable improvement on its draft predecessor, the legislation was still "poorly drafted and ill-conceived".
She added: "The bill in its current form is complex, inaccessible, unclear and won't settle the devolution issue for Wales as was the intention."
Lord Wigley of Plaid Cymru said the bill was "inadequate" with as many 200 reserve powers retained by Westminster.
He added: "Indeed, in some ways it makes our position worse, in that it actually takes back powers from the assembly and the Welsh Government."
Last week, a cross-party group of AMs said the bill remained over-complicated.
Welsh Conservative leader Andrew RT Davies defended the bill, saying it was a "landmark piece of legislation" offering "greater clarity and accountability than ever before in the devolved era".


A US man killed himself by jumping into a Hawaii volcano, say park officials.

A helicopter recovered the man's body on Sunday from a part of the Kilauea caldera that is not currently erupting, a day after his fall, said a Hawaii Volcanoes National Park spokeswoman.
The man, named by family members as Leo Adonis, 38, left a note in his backpack which was found by hikers near the Crater Rim Trail.
The man's father plans to cremate his son and spread the ashes in Hawaii.
John Michael Ure, the man's father, told the Hawaii Tribune-Herald his son had recently lost his job working for Whole Foods in San Rafael, California.
His son, who legally changed his name in 2016, had "some emotional issues the last four to five years, and we'd been quite worried about it", he told the newspaper.
He added that Mr Adonis "really loved Hawaii".
Five other visitors have died in areas marked off limits in Volcanoes National Park since 1990, according to the New York Daily News.
If you are depressed and need to ask for help, there's advice on who to contact at BBC Advice.
From Canada or US: If you're in an emergency, please call 911. If you or someone you know is suffering with mental-health issues, call Kids Help Phone at 1-800-668-6868. If you're in the US, you can text HOME to 741741
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Police have begun an investigation into how an Irish tricolour was flown over Stormont.

The flag appeared over Parliament Buildings for a time on Wednesday.
A spokesperson for the assembly said it was aware that "two flags were flown without permission from the roof" and it was investigating the incident.
DUP assembly member Peter Weir said he had been assured by the assembly that "these were rogue actions and are being fully investigated".
The roof and the fourth floor of Parliament Buildings are currently a construction site under the control of building contractors.
The assembly said that the flags were removed as soon as it was made aware of them.
Mr Weir said he had written to the assembly speaker Mitchell McLaughlin and chief executive Trevor Reaney to demand an explanation.
TUV leader Jim Allister said it was "a serious breach of protocol and absolutely unacceptable".
"The incident demands an immediate and through investigation by the Assembly Commission, and given the provocative nature of the stunt there should also be a police investigation," he said.
The assembly spokesperson said the speaker would hold a briefing on Thursday for members of the Assembly Commission where the chief executive would "update them on any initial findings surrounding the incident".
"The Speaker is clear that the commission needs to be able to consider this matter in full possession of the facts of the situation," the spokesperson said.
"A full meeting of the commission will then be held on Monday when all commission members are available and when it is anticipated that more information will be known."
Sinn FÃ©in MLA Gerry Kelly said the reaction by unionist politicians to the incident "can only be described as hysteria".
"This for some unionist politicians is a bigger crisis than anything that has happened over the past weeks," Mr Kelly said.


Most people see them as fluffy adorable pets, but in Peru guinea pigs - or "cuy" as they are known locally - are a delicacy.

In the past few years their popularity has really taken off and a boom in guinea pig farming is helping many peasant farmers living below the minimum wage to get out of poverty.
You can hear them as soon as you walk into the dusty barn. The open cages are filled with hundreds of squeaking brown and white guinea pigs, waiting for their owner, Maria Camero, to fill up their red water buckets and give them corn.
"In the past it was only people living in the mountains who bred guinea pigs but now we've realised it's a good business," says Maria.
"You can start with something like $100 (Â£80) and that money quickly grows because by three months the guinea pigs can start breeding and they will have up to five babies, so the business grows fast."
Maria and her family produce guinea pigs on a much larger scale now thanks to her son-in-law Alessio Cresci. The Italian fell in love with Shelia, Maria's daughter, and decided to move to Peru and build up their business.
Maria went from looking after a few guinea pigs to being part of a team breeding hundreds.
As well as supplying to local restaurants, they also sell and sometimes donate start-up kits to local farmers who want to get involved, consisting of a breeding pair of guinea pigs and the food and pens that they need.
"I have a daughter who is 13 and I can afford to pay for her to go to a better school, I have also paid for my son to go to university and study to be a graphic designer. This business lets me do that," says Maria.
Thirty dollars a month is the average wage for a peasant farmer. Many of them are now earning $130 a month, according to Lionel Vigil, the regional director of World Neighbours, a charity that helps them get started.
The key to their success is the restaurant business, which can't get enough of cuy. Farmers can sell them to local restaurants for about $8 and to high-end restaurants in Lima for up to $13.
"The Incas have eaten cuy for centuries, but in the past it was only farmers in the Andes still eating them," says Mr Vigil.
"When they migrated to Lima they carried on, and little by little other Peruvians from different backgrounds started to get a taste for it and restaurants started to buy guinea pigs."
Producers are even looking to the US as a market. Ex-pat Bolivians and Peruvians are prepared to pay $30 for a guinea pig that they eat on special occasions, chopped up and deep fried a bit like chicken.
At first it was hard to get permission for officials to let frozen guinea pigs into the US where, like most of the world, they are regarded as pets.
But with the support of academics and anthropologists, one exporter, Mega Business, has persuaded authorities that this is part of Andean culture and guinea pigs also have a very important nutritional value.
In fact, Peruvians have never seen cuy as pets. And although they accept they are small and sweet, their culinary value trumps their cuteness.
Jaime Pesaque is the owner of Mayta, a high-end restaurant in upmarket Lima. He buys about 200 organically fed guinea pigs a month. He says they are high in protein and low in fat.
Traditionally guinea pigs were served teeth, claws and all as a kind of kebab on the local streets - a method that put many people off. Jaime has found a more user-friendly recipe.
"We take out all the bones and cook it the whole night, then we press it for a couple of hours and cook it."
I was dreading trying this national delicacy. I remember those fangs and claws thrust up at me through a train on my way to Machu Picchu. I vowed never to try it. But things changeâ€¦
And Jaime's version is delicious. The meat is sweet and juicy, a bit like rabbit and pork, and the skin is crispy. He has a new convert.
Many of the people eating in high-end restaurants are tourists who are eager to try something different - provided it is served in the right way.
Although they will always be seen first and foremost as pets for the majority of people in the world, in Peru guinea pigs are offering a way out of poverty.
For more on this story, listen to BBC World Service's World Business Report


An 18-year-old computer hacker who stole songs from artists including Lady Gaga has been sentenced to 18 months detention in Germany.

The court heard how the teenager, who called himself DJ Stolen, earned more than 15,000 euros (Â£13,260) by breaking copyright laws and hacking personal information from a number of singers.
The hacker used phishing emails and Trojan horse software to steal unpublished songs and then offer them for sale on the internet.
Anti-piracy teams in the UK and Germany noticed a growing number of pre-release tracks being leaked much earlier than normal.
Tracks were stolen from Lady Gaga, Justin Timberlake, Leona Lewis, Ke$ha and Mariah Carey in 2009 and 2010.
The teenager, referred to in court as 'Deniz A' because of his age, was also found guilty of downloading explicit private photos from Kesha's computer.
The court in the German city of Duisburg also heard how a letter of apology was published in the Bild, a German tabloid newspaper, from the teenager.
It said: "Dear Lady Gaga, I am ashamed of what I have done. I did not think about the consequences."
The judge ruled that the teen was "driven more by a desire for recognition than by criminal intent".
The 18-year-old was also ordered to have therapy for an addiction to the internet.
Another hacker, 23, whose name wasn't released, was also given an 18 months suspended sentence.
Jeremy Banks, from the International Federation of the Phonograhic Industry (IFPI), which helped with the investigation said the sentences acted as a "deterrent" to others.
He said the crimes caused "huge damage to artists and record companies".


An inquest into the deaths of British band Viola Beach after a crash in Sweden has heard that "none of the young men will have suffered".

The four-piece group and their manager, who were aged between 19 and 32, died in the early hours of 13 February following a gig in Stockholm.
Their car crashed into a raised section of a bridge and plummeted into a canal.
The inquest heard no alcohol or drugs was found in the blood of manager Craig Tarry, 32, who was driving.
Post-mortem examinations also showed the four band members had not taken drugs and had only consumed small amounts of alcohol.
The band's agent Graham Bennett told the inquest at Warrington Coroner's Court that the up-and-coming group were in Sweden for a festival showcasing young artists.
Viola Beach had already played at the Reading and Leeds festivals last year and the Stockholm event was their first gig outside the UK.
After the performance, they were travelling in a black Nissan Qashqai near the SÃ¶dertÃ¤lje Canal, about 18 miles from the capital, when a bridge was raised to let a boat pass underneath.
The inquest heard that the car was slightly over the speed limit as it was travelling at 108km/h (67mph) in a 100km/h zone.
Flashing lights signalled that the bridge was about to be raised with the middle section of the road lifted horizontally, the inquest heard.
Mr Tarry drove down a verge past stationary queuing traffic and through the first set of barriers, about 120m from the bridge, the court heard.
The car then travelled in a "controlled manner" at between 70 and 90km/h down the centre of the road.
It continued through a second set of barriers - 30m from the drop into the canal - and hit the raised section of the bridge before plummeting 25m, hitting the water within 15 seconds.
The court heard a tanker using the canal, which had requested the bridge to be lifted, then passed over the crash spot and "contact" with the car could not be ruled out.
The crew of a passing boat saw the car fall but initially thought it was ice.
Technical examinations did not find any errors with the car, barrier system or the procedure for raising the bridge.
One warning light on the bridge was out of order but there were at least 10 warning lights and flashing signals, the inquest heard.
Although the road was wet, it was not frozen with ice.
Post-mortem examinations found that all died from head injuries apart from Mr Lowe whose cause of death was given as drowning.
The court heard that the three band members sitting in the back of the car were not wearing seatbelts but those in the front were, and had to be cut from the vehicle.
Cheshire Coroner Nicholas Rheinberg said "none of the young men will have suffered" as they died.
The Swedish authorities have recommended improvements to the crossing, including LED signs and cameras on the bridge.
In the wake of their deaths, the band's first single Swings & Waterslides reached number 11, while their song Boys That Sing was performed by Coldplay in a tribute at Glastonbury.
Posthumously, Viola Beach scored a number one album in August.
The self-titled debut was compiled by the band's families, using live sessions and studio recordings, many of which were originally bound for an EP.
After the crash, a statement from the families of the band said: "We are tremendously proud of everything the boys achieved in such a short space of time.
"Craig, Jack, Kris, River and Tom shared a huge passion, talent and dedication to music."