In a speech at the Institute of Engineering Technology on Thursday, Jeremy Corbyn said British workers benefited from a host of rights and protections because of the UK's membership of the EU.

The Claim: Speaking about the UK's membership of the EU, Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn said: "It means workers throughout Europe have decent rights at work, meaning it's harder to undercut terms and conditions across Europe."
Reality Check verdict: Some of the UK's employment law comes from the EU. However, the impact a Brexit might have on workers' rights and protections depends on which existing laws the UK decides to keep or get rid of.
Among other things, he said the European social chapter and other EU directives had secured:
Let's start with paid leave. Some voices on the Remain side, such as the Trades Union Congress (TUC), have warned that holiday pay would be at risk if the UK decided to leave the EU.
Workers in the UK are entitled to five weeks and three days of paid holiday a year (including public holidays). The Working Time Regulations of 1998 guarantee four weeks of paid leave as a European minimum. But for 35 years before joining the EU, the UK had legislation on paid holidays, so this is unlikely to be affected. You can read more about this here.
Other voices on the Remain side have repeatedly linked benefits such as women's rights to EU membership. For example, the right of part-time workers to join occupational pension schemes was determined by rulings of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), which found that excluding them constituted indirect sex discrimination.
Find out more here about why we said that the EU had been influential in guaranteeing women's rights in the workplace - but they would not necessarily be in jeopardy if the UK left the EU.
It's also fair to say that the UK has, on some occasions, gone further than the EU in guaranteeing workers' rights, for example, in the case of maternity leave.
The 52 weeks of statutory maternity leave in the UK is considerably longer than the 14 weeks guaranteed by EU law. Of this, a period of 40 weeks is available for shared parental leave.
One controversial aspect of EU employment regulation is the EU's Working Time Directive. Some want to limit its application, which governs the hours employees in the EU can be asked to work. This must not exceed 48 hours on average, including any overtime. The Open Europe think-tank has listed it as the third most costly EU regulation.
The overall effect a Brexit might have on workers' rights is one of the most common questions that we get asked.
In short, if the UK votes to leave the EU on 23 June then the UK government would have to choose which EU laws to keep, change or get rid of. So, in theory, some rights could be lost but trade unions, the Labour Party and many Conservatives could also oppose any such move. We've answered a question from a reader about workers' rights in more detail here.
Read more: The facts behind claims in the EU debate


Stereophonics will headline a summer concert at Wrexham's Glyndwr University Racecourse Stadium on 2 July.

Up to 20,000 people are expected to attend the gig which is the first in the stadium since 1982.
Llandudno band and recent Brit Awards best breakthrough act, Catfish and the Bottlemen will support the Stereophonics.
Glyndwr University hopes it will be the first of many live shows at the stadium.
Lynda Powell, the university's director of operations, said it was a "major coup".
The last gig at the stadium, which is home of Wrexham FC, saw rock legends Motorhead perform along with Budgie, Tank, Raven, Orion and Twisted Sister.


A burglar who targets the homes of the rich is being described by the Met Police as the most prolific in the UK and "possibly in Europe".

The man, who wears a fisherman's black hat, has been linked to up to 450 burglaries in southwest London, including the home of Boris Becker.
He is said to enjoy "the notoriety of targeting the wealthy" and has stolen jewellery worth Â£10m over 12 years.
Premier League footballers have also been targeted.
Most of the stolen items have never been recovered, said police.
Three homes have been targeted in Wimbledon Village in the last two weeks by the suspect who often removes or destroys security equipment before breaking in.
Det Insp Dan O'Sullivan said: "This man has been linked to as many as 450 burglaries and related offences, making him the most prolific burglar in the UK over the past 12 years, and possibly in Europe.
"We are renewing appeals and asking for the public's help in identifying this man so that we can bring him to justice and bring his crime spree to an immediate halt.
"Someone must recognise this man and his distinctive clothing. He spends a lot of time away from home in the early hours, which cannot go unnoticed by his family and friends."
Officers said there have been two instances where CCTV systems at other residential properties in the area have been tampered with.
Speaking to BBC Radio 5 Live the detective said the suspect, dubbed the Wimbledon Prowler by the press, always kept his hand over his mouth to protect his identity.
Mr O'Sullivan said money was not his main motive, rather, "the notoriety of targeting the wealthy," including premiership footballers and Boris Becker's family who have been targeted twice in the recent past.


A four-year-old boy has died after a van crashed in a Nottinghamshire village on Sunday afternoon.

The boy, who has not been identified, was travelling in the van with the driver and an eight-year-old girl when it left the road on Main Street in Hayton, police said.
The 44-year-old man and the girl were taken to hospital with non-life threatening injuries.
The road was closed following the accident but has since reopened.


"There are winds of change in Argentina."

So claims Mauricio Macri, the centre-right politician who became president of Latin America's third largest economy in December.
The US-educated businessman has made it a priority to mend relations with foreign powers and investors after 10 years of combative rhetoric under his leftist predecessors, Nestor Kirchner and his wife (then widow) Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner.
Soon after his swearing-in ceremony, Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi and French President Francois Hollande travelled to Buenos Aires to expand cooperation.
But President Barack Obama's visit this week to Argentina, just over 100 days into Mr Macri's term, is the most significant.
It is the first visit to the South American country by a US president since 2005.
The trip underlines Mr Macri's determination to reinsert Argentina into the global economy, and his desire to build a mutually beneficial relationship with the US.
Mr Obama also wants to fulfil his longstanding promise to open a new chapter of engagement between Washington and Latin America, one that acknowledges progress made by the region's democracies.
In Buenos Aires, Mr Obama and  Mr Macri are expected to increase cooperation in areas such as trade and investment, renewable energy and climate change, and citizen security.
But, what has changed so rapidly in Argentina to make the country a destination for world leaders?
During Nestor Kichner and Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner's decade in power, Argentina became politically and financially isolated.
The Peronist couple had a belligerent relationship with Washington, whom they accused of "imperialism".
And following Argentina's massive debt default in 2001, they turned their backs on the International Monetary Fund, which they said had been a "destructive" influence on the nation's economy.
They imposed strict capital and currency controls, claiming this would stop multinationals and financial speculators from draining the country of cash, and prevent a devaluation of the Argentine peso against the dollar.
The Kirchners also fought a fierce battle against what they called "vulture funds", foreign investors holding $9bn (Â£6.25bn) in bonds on which the country defaulted.
These bonds were bought by hedge funds NML and Aurelius Capital Management for a fraction of their face value in the aftermath of Argentina's economic collapse in 2001.
The lengthy dispute - which led Argentina to a second default in 2014 - has restricted the country's access to international credit markets.
However, for millions of Argentines the Kirchners' decade - which was also very strong on social policies - restored the nation's pride.
The economy grew at an 8% rate in the first years.
But then it started to slow down because of its excessive reliance on the domestic market, the lack of foreign investment and credit, and declining global demand and prices of agricultural products, Argentina's main export.
As a consequence, the country was forced to seek investment from faraway nations such as China and Russia.
In his first months as president, pro-business Mr Macri has tried to overturn almost every one of his predecessors' key policies.
One of his first moves was to resume contact with the US and other global powers "to restore the important role Argentina should have in Latin America and the world".
He lifted capital and currency restrictions, and started talks with big international banks to get loans.
Mr Macri's government also began negotiations with the bondholders, offering to pay 75% of their outstanding claims. Some have already accepted.
However, many Argentines think the president's "winds of change" have looked more like a destructive tornado so far, as a number of controversial measures have deeply affected their everyday lives.
In January, the government stopped subsidising utility bills, and electricity prices went up by almost 300%.
And the peso lost about 30% of its value against the dollar in one single day after he decided to lift restrictions on the currency market.
All these decisions have pushed prices up and fuelled fears of hyperinflation.
Mr Macri's administration has also started to cut public spending - which doubled under the Kirchners' administration - by cutting thousands of jobs in government offices.
The opposition has accused the president of carrying out a "political cleansing" by removing civil servants hired by the previous government, and of fuelling unemployment.
In addition, Mr Macri has bypassed Congress, introducing many of these changes by issuing decrees instead, which critics have described as an "authoritarian" move.
The detention of high-profile social leader Milagro Sala on corruption charges in northern Argentina also proved to be controversial. Mrs Salas had very close links with the previous administration.
Mr Macri's ascent to power after a comfortable win in last year's election might have been good news for international markets and creditors, as well as the US and other global powers.
But political and social discontent could become an obstacle to his aim of boosting Argentina's standing in the world.


Prisons in England and Wales need a "profound culture change" which focuses on inmate safety, a new report says.

Prisoner distress, self-harm and suicide attempts are too often seen as signs of manipulation, rather than vulnerability, research by the Centre for Mental Health and the Howard League for Penal Reform found.
A record number of prisoners killed themselves in 2016, figures have shown.
The government said an internal inquiry into deaths in custody was under way.
The report by the two charities, which is based on interviews with healthcare staff working in prisons, found that the majority of prisoners have multiple and complex needs, including poor mental health.
But many do not get access to mental health support.
The report claims that staff shortages, a "toxic" working environment and a failure to recognise the impact of prison on both prisoners and staff, all contribute to an "unsafe environment".
It recommends three steps to help prisons shift away from a "primarily punitive approach" to a culture centred on wellbeing, recovery and rehabilitation:
Sarah Hughes, chief executive of the Centre for Mental Health, said: "We need to bring about a culture change in prisons that puts safety top of the agenda, that understands the traumas both prisoners and staff too often live with, and that means people get the right help when they need it."
Last month, the Ministry of Justice said there were 119 self-inflicted deaths in prisons in England and Wales in 2016 - 29 more than the previous year and the highest number since records began in 1978.
Frances Crook, chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said it was "time for action".
She added: "No-one should be so desperate while in the care of the state that they take their own life.
"Staff who work in prisons should never feel so under pressure that they cannot stop and listen."
A government spokeswoman said: "Increased support is now available to those at risk of self-harm or suicide, especially in the first 24 hours, and we have invested in mental health awareness training for staff.
"An internal inquiry is also under way looking at all deaths in custody in the last year, to further our understanding of why these events happen."


Forget lightsabers and spaceships, a new university course has been set up to explore the deeper meanings of George Lucas's Star Wars films.

And students won't have to travel to a galaxy far, far away to take part in the short philosophy course.
The day-long open access course is being run by the University of Glasgow.
Star Wars and Philosophy: Destiny, Justice and the Metaphysics of the Force will be held on 4 May - the date recognised as Star Wars day by fans.
It will examine how far people can be responsible for their own actions when their destiny is governed by "the force".
Philosophy teacher John Donaldson will introduce concepts of free will and moral responsibility against the backdrop of the epic space drama.
The lifelong Star Wars fan said the course had been designed to broaden the appeal of philosophy.
It is part of a range of courses that are open to the general public but do not carry degree credits.
Dr Donaldson said: "It's a way of making philosophy more accessible. It's an unfortunate fact that philosophy tends to be hidden away in universities.
"You don't get programmes about philosophy on TV for example, which you do about other academic subjects.
"You don't tend to get books that deal with philosophical ideas. It's not that accessible.
"We hope it will engage people and encourage them to take philosophy further."
He said the university had previously ran courses exploring the philosophical questions raised by The Sopranos, The Wire and The Simpsons.
The first Star Wars film, starring Mark Hammill, Carrie Fisher and Harrison Ford, was released in 1977.
The franchise has been a huge commercial success, with a combined worldwide box office revenue of $7.4bn (Â£5.9bn).


A 75-year-old is one of six men set to stand trial in Dundee accused of dealing drugs in Scotland and England.

Denis McAinsh, of Glasgow, will stand trial alongside Alexander Chaplin, 51; Barry Jeffrey, 32; and Michael Chaplin, 50, all of Dundee; and James McGing, 50, also of Glasgow.
All deny charges of supplying cannabis over a period of more than a year.
A warrant was issued for a sixth man - Dean Holmes, 46, of Dundee - after he failed to appear in court.
All six men face an allegation that they were concerned in the supply of cannabis between August 2013 and September 2014 at addresses in Dundee, Berwick railway station, the M90 near Glenfarg in Perthshire, and other locations unknown.
Alexander Chaplin and Dean Holmes face a further charge of producing cannabis at addresses in Dundee, while Barry Jeffrey is also accused of dealing cocaine in the city.
Sheriff Lorna Drummond QC continued the case to a further pre-trial hearing next week.


Ten-man Sunderland recorded their first league win of the season as Jermain Defoe's second-half penalty handed them victory against Bournemouth.

It was a remarkable result for the Black Cats, who continually soaked up pressure from their opponents and found themselves a man down when Steven Pienaar was sent off in the 59th minute.
The Cherries took an 11th-minute lead when Dan Gosling converted Adam Smith's cross from close range for his third goal of the season.
We went to a factory this week, showing the players it is much better to be a footballer than working in a factory
The Black Cats lost 4-1 at home to Arsenal last week and once again looked vulnerable at the back, with Junior Stanislas and Joshua King both going close after the opener. But they surprisingly drew level in the 33rd minute when Victor Anichebe smacked his six-yard shot high past the reach of keeper Artur Boruc.
Sunderland began the second half well but were dealt a huge blow when Pienaar was shown a second yellow card for a late challenge on Stanislas.
Despite being a man down, David Moyes' side still pressed and were rewarded with a spot-kick when Anichebe was fouled by Adam Smith in the area. Defoe converted against his former team as his current side hung on for a morale-boosting win.
Relive the action from the Vitality Stadium
All the reaction from Saturday's other Premier League games
This match looked like a home-win banker, more so after Gosling used his stomach to give Eddie Howe's side the lead.
The visitors' defence, which had conceded three against Everton and Palace and four against the Gunners, looked set for another uncomfortable day.
Moyes started with a 4-4-2 formation, but changed to 4-5-1 after going behind to stem the flow of Bournemouth's attacks from the wings. It worked and gave Sunderland the chance to focus on troubling the home side.
The change in tactic paid off as Defoe, playing deeper, fed Anichebe in the area. The striker used his 6ft 3in physique to hold off his marker, turn and then crack a shot past Pickford to equalise. That was the former Everton player's first Premier League goal since scoring for West Brom against Newcastle in May 2015 - 546 days ago.
Moyes - watching from the stands as he served a suspension - must have thought the footballing gods were not on his side when Pienaar was deservedly sent off with 31 minutes remaining.
But the spirit that had drawn Sunderland level was again present when they drove forward and Anichebe, once again tussling in the area, fell under the challenge of Smith. Some might have deemed it a weak challenge but Mike Dean pointed to the spot and Defoe dispatched the ball high into Boruc's net.
The Cherries had only lost one game at home this season and it appeared highly unlikely that Saturday's contest would result in a second, as they fired in 22 shots and enjoyed 70% of possession.
But they found Sunderland keeper Jordan Pickford, 22, in exceptional form. The England Under-21 keeper made great saves to deny Jack Wilshere and Joshua King. Junior Stanislas also saw a sidefoot shot come off the post and substitute striker Benik Afobe, who has not scored since March, twice screwed good opportunities wide.
For manager Eddie Howe it must have been a sense of déjà vu, with another North-East club, Newcastle, surviving a similar onslaught during the 2015 Guy Fawkes weekend to come away with their first win of the season. Of course, they were eventually relegated.
"It was about the shift Anichebe put in," Match of the Day pundit Jermaine Jenas said.
"He was playing with a cracked rib at one point so no-one can question his desire and he is just so strong.
"He was a real asset for Sunderland because they were under so much pressure but he was a great focal point for them to hold up the ball."
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Sunderland boss David Moyes: "Anichebe was terrific today. He has an awful lot going for him and his all-round performance was terrific. He got an injury early on - he thought he broke his rib."
On the second yellow card shown to Steven Pienaar: "At the time I thought there was nothing in the tackle, I thought he got the ball, but now I can see why it can be given.
"It is only one win. We need two, we need to just keep picking up the points. Hopefully it will show people there is a great spirit and commitment among the players and desire to do well.
"We went to a factory this week, showing the players it is much better to be a footballer than working in a factory."
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Bournemouth manager Eddie Howe: "In the last two games we've had some gilt-edged chances. We scored six against Hull, but it's frustrating when you have a hatful of chances and can't put them away.
"We should have gone 2-0 ahead as we had chances in the first half which we didn't put away. You feel the red card would swing the game back in our favour, we battered their goal for the next 15 minutes and that's when we needed to find the killer touch, but we didn't. We left the back door open and conceded what was a poor goal for us."
After the international break, Sunderland are at home to fellow strugglers Hull on 19 November and Bournemouth are away at Stoke on the same day. Both are 15:00 GMT kick offs.
Match ends, Bournemouth 1, Sunderland 2.
Second Half ends, Bournemouth 1, Sunderland 2.
Attempt blocked. Lynden Gooch (Sunderland) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Patrick van Aanholt.
Lynden Gooch (Sunderland) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Jack Wilshere (Bournemouth) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Lynden Gooch (Sunderland).
Substitution, Sunderland. Lynden Gooch replaces Jermain Defoe.
Attempt missed. Lys Mousset (Bournemouth) header from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Ryan Fraser with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Bournemouth. Conceded by Papy Djilobodji.
Attempt missed. Dan Gosling (Bournemouth) left footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left. Assisted by Simon Francis.
Attempt missed. Jack Wilshere (Bournemouth) left footed shot from outside the box is too high. Assisted by Benik Afobe.
Substitution, Sunderland. Donald Love replaces Duncan Watmore.
Jack Wilshere (Bournemouth) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Victor Anichebe (Sunderland).
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Victor Anichebe (Sunderland) because of an injury.
Corner,  Bournemouth. Conceded by Jordan Pickford.
Attempt saved. Joshua King (Bournemouth) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal. Assisted by Benik Afobe with a headed pass.
Attempt missed. Steve Cook (Bournemouth) header from the left side of the six yard box misses to the left following a set piece situation.
Ryan Fraser (Bournemouth) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Duncan Watmore (Sunderland).
Ryan Fraser (Bournemouth) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Billy Jones (Sunderland).
Dan Gosling (Bournemouth) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Jermain Defoe (Sunderland).
Attempt missed. Benik Afobe (Bournemouth) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the right. Assisted by Lys Mousset.
Substitution, Bournemouth. Ryan Fraser replaces Junior Stanislas.
Foul by Lys Mousset (Bournemouth).
Victor Anichebe (Sunderland) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Adam Smith (Bournemouth).
Victor Anichebe (Sunderland) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Dan Gosling (Bournemouth).
Jason Denayer (Sunderland) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Joshua King (Bournemouth).
Patrick van Aanholt (Sunderland) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Substitution, Bournemouth. Lys Mousset replaces Harry Arter.
Attempt missed. Benik Afobe (Bournemouth) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Goal!  Bournemouth 1, Sunderland 2. Jermain Defoe (Sunderland) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the top right corner.
Adam Smith (Bournemouth) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Penalty conceded by Adam Smith (Bournemouth) after a foul in the penalty area.


Senior White House adviser Kellyanne Conway has sparked a social media storm after pictures emerged of her kneeling on the sofa in the Oval Office with her shoes on.

Ms Conway is seen clutching her phone as US President Donald Trump poses with leaders of historically black colleges and universities.
Twitter users accused her of "disrespect".
Ms Conway was taking her own photos at the time.
"That's no way to act in the People's Oval Office," tweeted one user of the social media site.
"Think of all the great people who sat on that couch and put your feet down," wrote another.
The images led some to question Ms Conway's body language, suggesting that she was not taking the meeting on Monday seriously.
Others downplayed the excitement, indicating that it was all a bit of a storm in a teacup.
The images of Ms Conway also drew comparisons to a photograph taken in 2013 showing then President Barack Obama with a foot up on the Oval Office desk.
"What a story. Hope Obama never put his feet up on the furniture," writes Kevin.
Mr Trump was meeting leaders of historically black colleges and universities to discuss his administration's support for the schools, including contracts and grants.
Ms Conway is no stranger to controversy. Earlier this month she was criticised after citing a "massacre" which never happened while defending Mr Trump's controversial immigration ban.
Her recent promotion of products linked to Mr Trump's daughter, Ivanka, led to calls for an investigation into whether she had violated ethics rules.


The family of a woman who was murdered by her boyfriend after a 999 delay have been told they cannot sue two police forces for negligence.

Joanna Michael, 25, from St Mellons, Cardiff, rang 999 twice before Cyron Williams stabbed her to death in 2009.
The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) ruled she was failed by South Wales and Gwent Police.
The Supreme Court said Ms Michael's family would not be able to proceed with claims against the two forces.
Ms Michael's parents and children won the right to try to bring a claim for damages against both police forces in 2011, but it was thrown out by the Court of Appeal because police officers have immunity from negligence claims.
The family had hoped the Supreme Court would overrule the ruling, but were left disappointed on Wednesday when the justices sitting decided by a 5-2 majority to dismiss the family's appeal.
Speaking on the steps of the court Ms Michael's mother Angela said: "I have lost a wonderful daughter. The children have lost a loving mother and provider.
"I brought this case to secure damages for the children and also to make the police answerable for their failures to deal effectively with serious domestic violence cases."
She added: "I take some comfort that the appeal may bring this problem to the attention of the nation. It is unacceptable in modern Britain that a doctor can kill a patient through a negligent act or omission and be liable to pay compensation, but where the police fail and someone dies, they are immune in negligence."
The seven justices also unanimously dismissed a cross-appeal by the chief constables of South Wales and Gwent Police.
The forces wanted to block the appeal court judges' linked ruling that the family should be allowed to go ahead with a claim that their Article 2 rights under the European Convention on Human Rights were breached by a police failure to protect Joanna's life.
Reading out the judgement, Lord Neuberger passed on his "considerable sympathy" for Ms Michael's family.
On the night of the murder on 5 August 2009, Williams, 19 at the time, broke into Ms Michael's home and found her with another man.
She called 999 at 02:29 BST and told the Gwent Police operator that Williams was at the house and had threatened to kill her.
The call went through to Gwent Police but was passed to South Wales, the force covering the area of Ms Michael's address.
Once transferred, the call should have been graded as requiring an immediate response, but was instead graded at a lower level.
When officers had still not arrived, Ms Michael called 999 again at 02:43 BST and was heard screaming before the line went dead.
Police arrived at 02:51 BST but in the 22 minutes it took them to respond to her first call, the mother of two had been stabbed 72 times. Her children were in the house at the time.
Williams was jailed for life in March 2010, after admitting murder at Cardiff Crown Court.


A "mysterious" disease has killed at least 18 people in the past several days in south-western Nigeria, local officials say.

The outbreak started in the Ode-Irele town, Ondo state, and spread rapidly.
The disease - characterised by blurred vision, headache and loss of consciousness - killed the victims within 24 hours of falling ill.
Local health officials and World Health Organization experts are now in the town to try to identify the disease.
Laboratory tests have so far ruled out Ebola or any other virus, Ondo government spokesman Kayode Akinmade was quoted as saying by the AFP news agency.
He described the illness as "mysterious".
WHO spokesman Gregory Hartl told AFP that all of those affected started showing symptoms between 13-15 April.
The unidentified disease appears to be attacking the central nervous system, state health commissioner Dayo Adeyanju told Nigeria's Premium Times.


Dylai'r llywodraeth a chyflogwyr fuddsoddi mwy mewn creu swyddi ar gyfer graddedigion er mwyn cadw mwy ohonyn nhw yng Nghymru, yn ôl cyn-bennaeth prifysgol.

Daw sylwadau'r Athro Syr Deian Hopkin wedi i adroddiad gael ei gyhoeddi sy'n awgrymu bod mwy o raddedigion yn gadael Cymru na'r hyn sy'n dod yma o rannau eraill o Brydain.
Yn ogystal, mae'r canran o raddedigion mewn swyddi ble nad oes angen gradd yn uwch yng Nghymru nag unrhyw ranbarth neu genedl arall.
Mae Llywodraeth Cymru yn cydnabod bod angen buddsoddi er mwyn i Gymru ffynnu a thyfu a chreu yr amodau economaidd a fydd yn arwain at greu swyddi o ansawdd uchel.
Mae'r adroddiad gan fudiad y Resolution Foundation yn dangos bod 40.6% o raddedigion Cymreig, gafodd addysg uwch yng Nghymru ac sydd wedi aros yma, yn gwneud gwaith lle nad oes angen addysg uwch i wneud y swydd.
Yr Alban oedd yn yr ail safle gyda 40.3%.
Llwyddodd Cymru i ddenu 23,807 o raddedigion rhwng 2013 a 2016, ond fe adawodd 44,335 - gwahaniaeth o 20,528.
Dim ond yn Swydd Efrog a Humber (23,115) ac yng ngogledd-ddwyrain Lloegr (22,543) oedd y ffigyrau'n uwch.
Mae'r Athro Syr Deian Hopkin - cyn is-ganghellor prifysgol London South Bank - yn dweud bod gwaith ar gyfer graddedigion yn y sector cyhoeddus wedi crebachu tra bod meysydd eraill ddim wedi creu cymaint o swyddi addas newydd.
"Y casgliad 'y ni'n dod iddi ydy bod 'na ddiffyg cyflogaeth i raddedigion yng Nghymru a dyna efallai sy'n gyfrifol am y nifer sydd yn gadael - does dim swyddi yma," meddai.
Ychwanegodd yr hanesydd, sy'n aelod o gomisiwn sy'n ymchwilio polisïau addysg uwch: "Mae hwn yn gylch anodd iawn i'w gau, achos fe ddylai llywodraeth fod yn buddsoddi mwy a mwy i greu swyddi o'r fath i ddenu ac i gadw graddedigion yma yng Nghymru.
"Ond os nad ydy cyflogwyr yn buddsoddi ar yr un pryd mae 'na gyfyngder ar lywodraeth - allan nhw ddim neud cymaint â hynny.
"Y gwir amdani ydy, wrth gwrs, mae Cymru - fel amryw lefydd eraill yn Lloegr - ar ymylon yr economi sy'n tyfu.
"Ac 'y ni nawr yn ymwybodol o'r ffaith bod y de-ddwyrain a Llundain wedi bod yn tyfu yn syfrdanol a hynny wrth gwrs yn creu dioddefaint i bobl eraill."
Dywedodd awdur yr adroddiad, Stephen Clarke o'r Resolution Foundation, nad oedd y ffigyrau'n dangos pa fath o raddedigion oedd yn gadael Cymru na'u hoedran nhw.
"Yn yr achos yna, mae'r gair 'brain drain' efallai'n addas, ac fe ddylai hynny fod yn gonsyrn," meddai.
"Mae'n werth dweud bod 'na lefydd eraill yn y wlad sy'n gweld hyn ac efallai nid dim ond yr economi sy'n gyfrifol. Efallai bod rhesymau daearyddol a chymdeithasol hefyd."
Dywedodd llefarydd ar ran Llywodraeth Cymru: "Er bod ein graddedigion yn debyg i lawer o rannau eraill o'r DU, rydym yn parhau i fod yn ymrwymedig i wneud y buddsoddiad sydd ei angen i Gymru ffynnu a thyfu a chreu yr amodau economaidd a fydd yn arwain at y swyddi o ansawdd uchel.
"Mae ein hymateb i'r adolygiad Diamond yn cynnwys datblygu cyfleoedd i bobl ifanc a diwallu anghenion sgiliau Cymru.
Mae'r llywodraeth yn cydnabod bod cynnig cymhellion i raddedigion barhau, neu ddychwelyd i weithio yng Nghymru yn gallu bod yn rhan o hyn.
Ychwanegodd y llefarydd: "Rydym yn gweithredu yn y maes yma, gan gynnwys ymrwymiad o'r newydd i'r rhai sy'n derbyn bwrsariaethau nyrsio i weithio yn y GIG yng Nghymru, a byddant yn parhau i archwilio opsiynau eraill."


The man who founded the Gillette corporation, King Camp Gillette, had some surprising philosophical ideas.

In 1894, Gillette published a book arguing that "our present system of competition" breeds "extravagance, poverty, and crime".
He advocated a new system of "equality, virtue, and happiness", in which just one corporation - the United Company - would make all of life's necessities, as cost-effectively as possible.
Gillette's book called for everyone in North America to live in a single city, called Metropolis.
He imagined "mammoth apartment houses… upon a scale of magnificence such as no civilization has ever known", connected by artificial parks with "domes of coloured glass in beautiful designs".
It would be, he said, "an endless gallery of loveliness". His idea didn't take off.
But a year later, in 1895, King Camp Gillette had another brainwave that really did change the world. He invented the disposable razor blade.
50 Things That Made the Modern Economy highlights the inventions, ideas and innovations that helped create the economic world.
It is broadcast on the BBC World Service. You can find more information about the programme's sources and listen online or subscribe to the programme podcast.
It revolutionised more than shaving. Gillette's blade led to a business model that has become ubiquitous in the modern economy. That model is called two-part pricing.
If you have ever bought replacement cartridges for an inkjet printer, you may well have been annoyed to discover they cost almost as much as you paid for the printer itself.
That seems to make no sense.
The printer is a reasonably large and complicated piece of technology. How can it possibly add only a negligible amount to the cost of supplying a bit of ink in tiny plastic pots?
The answer, of course, is that it doesn't. But for a manufacturer, selling the printer cheaply and the ink expensively is a business model that makes sense.
After all, what's the alternative? Buy a whole new printer from a rival manufacturer? As long as that is even slightly more expensive than the new ink for your current printer, you will reluctantly pay up.
Two-part pricing is also known as the "razor and blades" model, because that's where it first drew attention - draw people in with an attractively priced razor, then repeatedly charge them for expensive replacement blades.
Before King Camp Gillette, razors were bigger, chunkier affairs - and a significant enough expense that when the blade got dull, you would sharpen - or "strop" - it, not chuck it away and buy another.
Gillette realised that if he devised a clever holder for the blade, to keep it rigid, he could make the blade much thinner - and hence much cheaper to produce.
He did not immediately hit upon the two-part pricing model, though. Initially, he made both parts expensive.
Gillette's razor cost $5 (£4) - about a third of the average worker's weekly wage.
The Gillette razor was so eye-wateringly exorbitant that the 1913 Sears catalogue offered it with an apology that it was not legally allowed to discount the price.
It also included an annoyed-sounding disclaimer: "Gillette safety razors are quoted for the accommodation of some of our customers who want this particular razor. We don't claim that this razor will give better satisfaction than the lower-priced safety razors quoted on this page."
The model of cheap razors and expensive blades evolved only later, as Gillette's patents expired and competitors got in on the act.
Nowadays, two-part pricing is everywhere.
Consider the PlayStation 4.
Every time Sony sells one, it loses money: the retail price is less than it costs to manufacture and distribute. But that is OK, because Sony makes its money whenever a PlayStation 4 owner buys a game.
Or how about Nespresso? Nestle profits not from selling the machine, but the coffee pods.
Obviously, for this model to work you need some way to prevent customers putting cheap, generic blades in your razor.
One solution is legal: patent-protect your blades. But patents don't last forever. Patents on coffee pods have started expiring, so brands such as Nespresso now face competitors selling cheap, compatible alternatives.
Some are looking for another kind of solution: technological.
Just as other people's games don't work on the PlayStation, and non-branded print cartridges may not work in some printers, coffee companies have put chip readers in their machines to stop you sneakily trying to brew up a generic cup.
Two-part pricing models work by imposing what economists call "switching costs". Want to brew another brand's coffee? Then buy another machine.
They are especially prevalent with digital goods. If you have a huge library of games for your PlayStation, or books for your Kindle, it is a big thing to switch to another platform.
Switching costs don't have to be financial. They can come in the form of time, or hassle.
If I am already familiar with Adobe's Photoshop software, I might prefer to pay for an expensive upgrade rather than buy a cheaper alternative, which I would then have to learn how to use.
That is why software vendors offer free trials, and why banks and utilities offer special "teaser" rates to draw people in. When they quietly raise the price, many will not bother to change.
Switching costs can be psychological, too - a result of brand loyalty.
If Gillette's marketing department persuades me that generic blades give an inferior shave, then I will happily keep paying extra for Gillette-branded blades.
That may explain the otherwise curious fact that Gillette's profits increased after his patents expired and competitors could make compatible blades.
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Perhaps, by then, customers had got used to thinking of Gillette as a high-end brand, worth paying a premium for.
Two-part pricing can be highly inefficient, and economists have puzzled over why consumers stand for it. The most plausible explanation is that they get confused.
Either they don't realise they will be exploited later, or they do realise but find it hard to think ahead and pick out the best deal.
The irony is that the razors-and-blades model - charging customers a premium for basics such as ink and coffee - is about as far as you can get from King Camp Gillette's vision of a single United Company producing life's necessities as cheaply as possible.
Evidently, it's easier to inspire a new model for business than a new model for society.
Tim Harford writes the Financial Times's Undercover Economist column. 50 Things That Made the Modern Economy is broadcast on the BBC World Service. You can find more information about the programme's sources and listen online or subscribe to the programme podcast.


A leading presenter on Chinese state TV has apologised after video emerged of him criticising Mao Zedong, the founder of modern China.

Bi Fujian said he felt deep remorse and sorrow for his remarks, which had had "a detrimental impact in society".
He was filmed singing a parody song in which he said Chinese people had suffered under Mao's leadership.
Mao, who led China through the Cultural Revolution and devastating famine, is the subject of much historical debate.
State broadcaster CCTV said Mr Bi's comments had had a "serious social impact", but many in China have defended him.
"I sincerely offer my deep apology to the public. As a public figure, I will learn from this, and exercise strict self-discipline," Mr Bi said in a statement.
Mr Bi hosts CCTV's annual New Year variety show, the most-watched television programme in the world.
In the video, filmed at a private banquet, he is seen singing a song from a Mao-era opera, Taking Tiger Mountain By Strategy.
But he changes the lyrics to say "we've suffered enough" and calls Chairman Mao "that old son of a bitch", prompting fellow guests to laugh.
Mr Bi has been taken off air for four days, state media report.
Chairman Mao ruled China between 1945 and 1976, generating mass social upheaval to recreate China.
While China's leaders officially acknowledge there were faults in Mao and the personality cult which surrounded him - generally he is seen as 70% good and 30% bad - he remains hugely respected, and insulting him and other leaders is a taboo.


Lee McCulloch admits Kilmarnock are "behind schedule" as they build for the new season.

McCulloch was appointed permanent manager on a three-year deal, having been interim boss since 19 February.
"Some players where saying, 'how can we take you seriously when you're not the manager?'" McCulloch told BBC Scotland.
"But now it's confirmed I'll be pushing on to try and get the right players in for the club and the fans."
McCulloch, who says he is "delighted" and "ready for the challenge ahead", took charge of the team after Lee Clark left for Bury, and guided Kilmarnock to eighth place and Premiership safety last season.
He says there is a pressing need to add to his squad, with only around 10 senior players currently on contract at the club.
"We've got the youngest team in Britain so we need to try and bring in a little bit more experience," McCulloch said. "But along with that, some more young and hungry players.
"Other teams are making signings and getting word out there that they want certain players."
However with three Kilmarnock players involved with the Scotland under 20's side that beat Brazil at the Toulon Tournament, including Greg Taylor who scored the winner, he has plenty of confidence that the young players will deliver for him.
McCulloch also revealed he spoke to some supporters groups about the prospect of him becoming the manger on a permanent basis, "wanting to make sure they were happy".
"It's important to get backing from supporters, it's important that everyone is together, because we need to try and get into the community to get people back in to the stadium," McCulloch added.
Encouraging more fans through the turnstile is a priority for the new Kilmarnock manager at a club he believes is "a sleeping giant".
"We've an 18,000 all-seater stadium here and we're averaging 3,000 people a game, so we need to try and get everyone together, start connecting with the community and getting winning displays on the pitch," McCulloch said.
"I've been here as assistant manager for the last two and a half years, now it's straight into management so it came quicker than what I expected, but it's a challenge that I'm really looking forward to taking on."


A former international gymnast has been charged with sexual offences against three teenage girls.

Ryan McKee, 25, is alleged to have "engaged in sexual activity" with the girls, who were 14 and 15 at the time.
Mr McKee, from Kinning Park in Glasgow, represented Scotland at the Commonwealth Games in Delhi in 2010.
He faces a total of six charges relating to a five-year period from March 2010 to August 2015. Mr McKee denies the charges.
He is due to stand trial at Glasgow Sheriff Court in August.
Court papers claim that in each of the charges he was "in the course of his employment as a gymnastics coach".
It is alleged he repeatedly kissed each of the girls.
In one of the charges, Mr McKee is accused of "coercing an older child" into looking at a sexual image and of "communicating indecently" with her by sending her naked pictures of him and requesting that she send him naked pictures of herself.
He is also charged with asking another girl to send a picture of her chest and asking the third girl if she wanted him to send her "sexual images" and asking for her to send the same to him.


Prince Philip's cousin, the Countess Mountbatten of Burma, has died aged 93.

Patricia Mountbatten married celebrated film producer Lord Brabourne in 1946, and the pair had seven children.
The couple were among a seven-strong boat party blown up by the IRA at County Sligo, Republic of Ireland, in 1979.
Their son Nicholas, 14, was killed in the attack, as was Lord Brabourne's mother, Dowager Lady Brabourne, and her father Lord Mountbatten.
The Countess, then known as Lady Brabourne, was badly injured but her husband survived as did Nicholas's twin, Timothy.
Paul Maxwell, a 15-year-old local boy, was also killed.
For more than 30 years she used her experience of her loss to help other bereaved parents, through her support of the charities Child Bereavement UK and Compassionate Friends.
A spokeswoman for the family said the countess died peacefully on Tuesday at her home in Mersham, Kent, surrounded by her children.
Lord Brabourne passed away 12 years ago.
She was godmother to the Prince of Wales who paid tribute to her in a statement. It reads: "I was deeply saddened to learn of the death of my very special godmother, Lady Mountbatten, whom I have known and loved ever since I can first remember.
"She played an extremely important part in my life and I shall miss her presence most dreadfully."
A Buckingham Palace spokeswoman said: "The Queen and the Duke are aware and have privately passed on their condolences."
When the Countess married in 1946 the then Princess Elizabeth, her third cousin, was one of her bridesmaids.
The family lived at Broadlands in Romsey, Hampshire, near Southampton, which has a hospice named after Countess Mountbatten.
The arrangements for a funeral in London followed by a burial service in Mersham, are to be announced at a later date.


Every resident of a remote Scottish island is to receive a map as a gift from Ordnance Survey (OS).

Foula in Shetland was found to be the only place in Great Britain not to be the feature of an OS Custom Made map.
Launched five years ago, the service allows people to create maps on locations of their choice and create the cover and title.
No-one has done this for Foula, so OS has made one for every islander. About 30 people live on the small isle.
Sheila Gear, Foula's Post Office manager who is distributing the maps to residents, said: "It was a pleasant surprise to receive the maps from OS, and to now be part of OS's story.
"Foula has a strong community, and it has many beautiful areas and an abundance of wildlife. I recommend a visit, but do bring a map."
OS said that about 111.5 million sq km of Custom Made maps have been ordered and printed through its online service.
It said this was enough maps to cover the surface of Great Britain 532 times.
While almost every inch of Great Britain has featured on a Custom Made map at some stage, the mapping agency said Foula was the only place not to be given the treatment.


Mexican police are searching for three men shown on surveillance video leaving the building where photojournalist Ruben Espinosa was killed.

The bodies of Mr Espinosa and four women were found in a flat in the Narvarte district of Mexico City on Friday.
They had been tied up and shot dead.
Mexico City prosecutor Rodolfo Rios Garza said the three men were the prime suspects in the murder, which has shocked Mexico City residents.
The surveillance footage shows them leaving the flat at 15:02 local time, 50 minutes after Mr Espinosa sent a text message to a friend, his last known communication.
Investigators said one of the men was pulling a suitcase.
Another can be seen getting into a red Ford Mustang which belonged to one of the victims.
The car was found abandoned on the outskirts of Mexico City on Monday.
The bodies of the five victims were found by one of their friends in the flat on Friday evening.
Investigators said three of the four women had been raped and the body of Mr Espinosa showed signs of torture.
Mr Rios Garza said they were looking into all possible motives for the crime.
On Sunday, officials said the fact that one of the victims' cars had been taken pointed to a robbery.
But the theory was dismissed by the editor of news magazine Proceso, for which Mr Espinosa took photos.
The editor said that the brutality of the crime suggested it was not a simple robbery.
Mr Espinosa spent eight years working in the eastern Mexican state of Veracruz, where almost a dozen journalists have been killed in the past years.
He moved to Mexico City in June saying he had been harassed and threatened.
One of the female victims, Nadia Vera Perez, was a student activist in Veracruz and had worked there with Mr Espinosa.
She was highly critical of the Veracruz governor.
She had moved to Mexico City to work as a cultural promoter.
The three other victims were the cleaner and two women who shared the flat with Ms Vera Perez, one of whom is believed to be Colombian.
While the motive behind the crime remains unclear, rights group say it suggests that journalists who have come under threat in violence-ridden states are no longer safe in the capital.
According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, 31 journalists have been murdered in Mexico since 1992 in connection with their work.


The Home Office has been told by MPs to get a grip on a scheme to secure the UK's borders, which is set to be at least eight years late and cost £1bn.

The e-borders scheme, launched in 2003, has been dogged by problems and in 2014 was "terminated" in its current form.
The Public Accounts Committee accused officials of complacency and said delays in implementing its successor risked undermining Britain's security.
The Home Office has so far not responded to the MPs' report.
The e-borders scheme is designed to enhance checks on people entering the country by air, rail and sea by gathering and processing data on passengers before they reach the border.
The cross-party committee said the new system was not expected to be in place until "at least" eight years later than planned and cost "significantly more than expected".
It found that repeated warnings about the original e-borders scheme and its successor had not been taken seriously, saying officials had been "worryingly dismissive".
"It is difficult to understand where this confidence comes from, given the lengthy delays and continual warnings of ongoing management issues, which gives us cause for concern about the future prospects for this programme which is vital to national security," its report said.
What are e-borders?
Seven warnings about the programme had been issued by the Major Projects Authority since 2010 and in 2015 the National Audit Office said checks remained "highly manual and inefficient" and the IT systems were outdated.
The report found that only 86% of those coming to Britain have their data checked ahead of travel, despite a pledge to carry this out on 95% of travellers by December 2010.
Committee chairwoman Meg Hillier said: "If the Home Office is to complete this project before the decade is out, then it must get its house in order now - starting by setting out exactly what it expects to achieve this year, and who will be held to account for it."


A baby boy's body found in a garden drain was wrapped in a towel, along with a 10p coin and several elasticated hair bands, police have said.

A plumber discovered the corpse on Thursday after being called to a property in Scartho Road, Grimsby.
A post-mortem examination proved inconclusive, but police said the baby "must have been placed there".
Det Insp Christine Calvert, of Humberside Police, said the coin which was found with the body was dated 2013.
The towel was from Marks & Spencer.
Ms Calvert said: "The baby's body must have been placed in the location where he was discovered, as the pipes either side are too narrow for him to have settled there."
Police are working to establish the significance of the towel, coin and hair bands.
Humberside Police is working with health and social services to identify the boy's parents.
Ms Calvert said: "Very little is known of the circumstances which led to the baby's death, but we are concerned that the baby's parents, in particular his mother, may need help and support following the loss of her child and as such she may be very vulnerable.
"We are urging anyone who can help identify the parents of this baby, or the parents themselves, to come forward in order for us to make sure they get any support or medical treatment that may be required."
The body is thought to have been there "post 2013" and appeared to have gone to full-term.


Midfielder Bastian Schweinsteiger has been left out of Manchester United's Europa League squad.

The ex-Germany captain, who has trained alone or with the Under-23s under new boss Jose Mourinho, was named in their 25-man Premier League squad on Friday.
The 32-year-old World Cup winner retired from international football this week after 24 goals and 121 caps.
Eighteen-year-old defender Axel Tuanzebe has been named in United's 27-man Europa League squad.
Only 21 non-"club trained" players - those who have spent three years at the club between the ages of 15 and 21 - can be named in squads for the European competition.
United could only count forwards Wayne Rooney and Jesse Lingard as "club trained" so a maximum squad of 23 could be named, along with four Under-21 players in Marcus Rashford, Luke Shaw, Timothy Fosu-Mensah and Tuanzebe.
Schweinsteiger signed a three-year deal in July 2015 but was told by Mourinho last month that it would be "very difficult" for him to play again for the club.
United begin their Europa League campaign away to Dutch club Feyenoord on 15 September. They are in Group A along with Turkey's Fenerbahce and Zorya of Ukraine.
Manchester United's Europa League squad for the 2016/2017 group stage: David de Gea, Sergio Romero, Sam Johnstone, Eric Bailly, Phil Jones, Marcos Rojo, Chris Smalling, Luke Shaw, Timothy Fosu-Mensah, Antonio Valencia, Matteo Darmian, Axel Tuanzebe, Paul Pogba, Juan Mata, Jesse Lingard, Michael Carrick, Daley Blind, Ashley Young, Ander Herrera, Henrikh Mkhitaryan, Marouane Fellaini, Morgan Schneiderlin, Memphis Depay, Zlatan Ibrahimovic, Wayne Rooney, Anthony Martial, Marcus Rashford.
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Ryan Moore has been named as the final wildcard pick for the United States Ryder Cup team.

Moore, 33, was picked by captain Davis Love III after losing to Rory McIlroy in a play-off at the Tour Championship.
Love III, who skippered the US team beaten in 2012, named Rickie Fowler, Matt Kuchar and JB Holmes as his other wildcard choices on 12 September.
This year's Ryder Cup will take place at Hazeltine National in Minnesota from 30 September to 2 October.
Love III made the announcement during the half-time break of Sunday night's televised NFL match between Chicago Bears and Dallas Cowboys.
The selection of rookie Moore, who is the world number 42, means there is no place in the US Ryder Cup team for two-time Masters champion and world number seven Bubba Watson, 37.
"Ryan fits so well with what we have in place. He's an easy-going, thoughtful guy, but don't be fooled. Ryan's a great match-play player with an incredible match-play record," said Love.
"He has guts and determination and everyone saw that on Sunday. We are thrilled to have him with us."
Brooks Koepka is the only other rookie in the US team.
Dustin Johnson, Jordan Spieth, Phil Mickelson, Patrick Reed, Jimmy Walker, Brooks Koepka, Brandt Snedeker and Zach Johnson qualified automatically by making the top eight of the money list.
US wildcard picks
European captain Darren Clarke has named Lee Westwood, Martin Kaymer and rookie Thomas Pieters as his three wildcards.
BBC golf correspondent Iain Carter
Two years ago the American team travelled to Scotland in the knowledge that they would not be fielding their strongest possible line-up.
At the time, the most in-form US player was Billy Horschel. He had not been selected because the team was picked before his late surge through the PGA Tour play-offs, culminating in Tour Championship victory at East Lake.
Chris Kirk was similarly inspired, winning the Deutsche Bank Championship, finishing fourth at the season finale and second to Horschel in the play-off standings. He too was absent from the American team.
The US have ensured they don't suffer a similar fate this time by introducing what is unofficially known as the "Horschel rule".


IFK Gothenburg's home match with Malmo in Sweden's top flight was abandoned when a firework exploded under the feet of a substitute.

Malmo winger Tobias Sana, 26, was warming up at the Gamla Ullevi stadium when the device bounced under his feet.
Former Gothenburg player Sana reacted by throwing a corner flag at home fans.
Players from both teams were taken off the pitch by the referee with the score 0-0 with 12 minutes remaining on Wednesday in the Allsvenskan fixture.
A decision to abandon the game was made after security in the ground could not be guaranteed.
"Now that I've gotten over the shock, I feel it was the stupidest decision of my life," Sana said on Thursday about his actions.
"There are many young people who look up to me so I really want to apologise."
Gothenburg posted an apology on their website directed at Malmo, match officials and the spectators.
The club could face sanctions from the Swedish football association's disciplinary committee.
"I heard the banger, I looked over and saw Tobias Sana bend down," said referee Jonas Eriksson.
"After that it went quickly, I blew the whistle and got the players in directly."
Gothenburg are seventh in the league with Malmo in sixth.


Theresa May is going to have to start taking Boris Johnson seriously if she wants the world to do likewise.

Last night I sat on the same table as the foreign secretary at the Spectator Parliamentarian of the Year Awards. He was given a gong for "comeback of the year" after his failed leadership bid propelled him into King Charles Street.
Mr Johnson gave a typically self-deprecatory speech, saying he hoped he would last longer than Lord Heseltine's mother's dog, Kim, which survived partial strangulation by the Tory peer only later to be put down.
He spoke about the need to press on with Brexit, which he described as taking "the machete of freedom to the brambles of EU legislation".
He told a funny story about how he had recently caused confusion at a dinner with EU colleagues in Bratislava: he said Brexit Britain would support the EU from the outside, like a flying buttress; the interpreters translated this as a "flying bucket".
And of course, there was the inevitable verbal slip when he promised that Brexit would be a "titantic success", a classicist's reference to the mythological giants rather than the ill-fated ship.
Then the prime minister got to her feet. I shall pass over her venomous assault on Sir Craig Oliver, David Cameron's former communications chief, except to note that several senior Tories were stunned by her lack of grace.
One - almost speechless - said it was the most unprimeministerial thing they had ever heard.
But it was what Mrs May said about Boris Johnson that struck me most. Picking up on his reference to Lady Heseltine's aggressive Alsatian, the prime minister looked directly at her foreign secretary - I was directly in the eye line - and said: "Boris, the dog was put down... (pause)...  when its master decided it wasn't needed any more."
It was a funny line. And we laughed. But it also struck me what a barbed line it was too. It was a warning as much as a joke, a threat of political euthanasia for a colleague if he stepped out of line.
I also noted that this was, yet another, occasion when the prime minister had chosen to mock her foreign secretary in public. At the start of her conference speech last month, before the serried ranks of Tory faithful, Mrs May said there were many questions hanging in the air, including: "Can Boris Johnson stay on message for a full four days?... (pause)... just about."
Now every government has a court jester and Boris Johnson will never be able to escape that title. But his role in this government is crucial. He is there to convince the international community that Britain is not turning its back on the world post Brexit, that Britain has a positive role to play in global affairs.
And to do that he needs to be taken seriously. Many foreign politicians and diplomats that I speak to tell me they are pleasantly surprised when they meet the foreign secretary for the first time.
They talk of the man behind the caricature - the cultured, over-educated intellectual who often speaks a bit of their language and who can be thoughtful when he is not gripped by banter.
The problem is that many others - who have not met the foreign secretary in person - often still see him as a kind of upmarket Nigel Farage, a Eurosceptic clown with clout.
So to do his job, Britain's diplomat-in-chief needs of every bit of credibility he can lay his hands on. He is already the butt of many jokes. The last thing he needs is his prime minister adding to the mirth.


Indonesia has suspended all military co-operation with Australia, saying "a lot of things needed to be improved".

Army spokesman Maj Gen Wuryanto said the halt came into force in December and a broad range of activities were affected, including joint training.
Australian Defence officials confirmed Indonesia had halted all defence co-operation over "teaching materials".
Bilateral relations have been tense at times in recent years, although there were recent signs of improvement.
"All forms of co-operation with the Australian military, including joint training, have been temporarily withheld. I hope it can be resolved as soon as possible," Maj Gen Wuryanto said.
Australia's Defence Minister Marise Payne said later in a statement: "Late last year concerns were raised by an Indonesian TNI (Indonesian National Armed Forces) officer about some teaching materials and remarks at an Army language training facility in Australia."
"The Australian Army has looked into the serious concerns that were raised and the investigation into the incident is being finalised."
'Offensive material'
Indonesian special forces group Kopassus trains with the Special Air Service in Perth, according to the Australian Broadcasting Corp (ABC).
An Indonesian newspaper, Kompas, reported that a Kopassus instructor had found "laminated material" at the training facility which he considered to be offensive to the Indonesia's founding principle of Pancasila.
When asked about this, Maj Gen Wuryanto said there were many reasons for the suspension, without giving further details.
The countries' navies had been expected to take part in multinational training exercises next month.
"Whether or not we will continue with the joint exercise, I will have to get back to you on that," First Admiral Jonias Mozes Sipasulta, from the Indonesian navy, told the ABC.
Australia has stopped conducting joint training exercises with the Kopassus before, after accusations of abuses by the unit in East Timor in 1999 in the lead-up to the former Indonesian territory's independence.
The co-operation resumed in 2006 amid a renewed focus on counterterrorism after two Bali nightclubs were bombed in 2002, killing 202 people including 88 Australians.
In addition to the 2013 allegations of Australian spying, ties were also strained in 2015 following Indonesia's executions of Australian drug smugglers Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan, and its criticism of Australia's border protection policy.
In December 2015, the nations signed a "memorandum of understanding" after Indonesia arrested nine people over an alleged terror threat following a tip-off that reportedly came from Australian Federal Police.
In September last year, the first joint training exercise on Australian soil since 1995 was staged in the northern city of Darwin.
In November, the nations flagged the prospect of joint military patrols in the South China Sea - something Australia already does with the US and India.
Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop said at the time that maritime co-operation between the nations was strong and included training and personnel exchanges.


A north Belfast assembly member has said that Northern Ireland Water workers have been threatened for a second time in 24 hours.

The company said earlier it had to withdraw one of its contractors in west Belfast after they were threatened.
Sinn Féin's Carál Ní Chuilín said workmen were threatened again on Wednesday, this time in Rosapenna Street in the north of the city.
She said the threats should be lifted immediately.
"The contractor in this case has been working with the local community to minimise disruption during work to improve water pressure and the quality of the water supply," she said.
"This work is part of a much-needed investment in the water infrastructure.
"NI Water has made it crystal clear that this work isn't about installing water meters.
"The workers involved should be allowed to get on with their work to improve the area's water system and do so free of threats and intimidation."
Earlier on Wednesday, Northern Ireland Water said it had to halt work on a £10m watermains scheme in west Belfast after one of its contractors received death threats.
The firm said workmen carrying out an upgrade to watermains in Glen Crescent were told to leave the site on Tuesday or they would be blown up.
A spokesman said they had been forced to withdraw the workers.
He condemned the threats as "unwarranted,  unprovoked and unnecessary".
"Any misconception or misreporting that our work is linked to forthcoming water charges puts our workers and their equipment at risk of serious harm," he said.
"We do not want a situation where the local community will suffer because of the mindless destruction and misinformed actions of a few.
"NI Water would ask all political and community representatives to unite with us in ensuring the safety of our staff and their equipment while they carry out this vital work."
The police said they had spoken to the contractors on Tuesday.
SDLP councillor Tim Attwood condemned what he called "thuggish intimidation".
He said Northern Ireland Water staff were left "shaken and distressed after masked men approached them and issued cavalier threats".
"No one should feel harassed or intimidated in this city.
"I understand that there are concerns within communities across the city, and across the north, that water charges are imminent.
"NI Water have confirmed that this is not the case and the work that they are carrying out is in no way related to water meters."


Plans to merge two of Aberdeenshire Council's main offices are to go before councillors next week.

It is being recommended that the Woodhill House headquarters in Aberdeen and Gordon House in Inverurie are relocated to a brand new headquarters at Harlaw Park in Inverurie.
The aim is smaller, more flexible and cheaper offices.
Aberdeenshire is the only local authority authority in Scotland to have its headquarters outside its boundary.
Councillors will be told that maintaining the existing offices in Aberdeen and Inverurie would require major investment, and would leave the council with more office space than is needed.


Greg Tansey is relieved to have ended his long wait to sign for Aberdeen after leaving relegated Inverness Caledonian Thistle.

The 28-year-old English midfielder looked to be on his way to Pittodrie in January 2016, but the deal fell through as the clubs fell out over a fee.
But he signed a pre-contract in March to join the Dons on a three-year deal.
"I always wanted to come here and I'm just delighted it has eventually been done," he told the Dons website.
"What's happened in the past has happened in the past, but it's been a long wait."
Tansey had returned to the Caledonian Stadium for a second spell at the club after leaving Stevenage in 2014.
He scored nine goals in 44 appearances this season but was unable to prevent Caley Thistle being relegated.
Tansey becomes the latest Caley Thistle player to have ended up at the other end of the A96.
Dons striker Adam Rooney and midfielders Jonny Hayes and Graeme Shinnie all moved to the Granite City having previously played for Inverness.
"I always had it in my mind to come here because of the set-up and from what the lads I know have said about the place," added Tansey. "It spoke volumes about the place.
"It was pretty much a no-brainer to come here.
"I've spoken to a few of the boys here - Graeme Shinnie, Jonny Hayes, Miles Storey, Adam Rooney and I've played against them over the years.
"They're all great lads and top players and it is exciting to play with players like that.
"That's what you want to do. It brings you on as a player and puts pressure on you to deliver for them as well as yourself."


Polar bears involved in a Scottish captive breeding project have come face to face for the first time.

The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland has placed male bear Arktos in an enclosure next to female Victoria's at its Highland Wildlife Park.
The society said Victoria was showing signs she might be ready to breed, but it would not be until later this month before the pair shared an enclosure.
Polar bear cubs were last born in the UK almost 25 years ago.
Arktos is one of two male bears at the park at Kincraig, near Aviemore.
He was deemed to be more suited genetically than younger male bear Walker for the breeding attempt.


Can you believe it's 20 years since the publication of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone?

Joanne Rowling, as she was known then, dreamed up the story of the bespectacled boy wizard on a train trip between London and Manchester.
She finished the manuscript in 1995, writing much of it in cafes in Edinburgh while her baby from her first marriage slept in a pram.
After many rejections, the manuscript was eventually picked up by Bloomsbury. The first hardback print run, which came out on 26 June 1997, was just 500 copies.
Then something magic happened. That first book - and the six that followed - went on to sell more than 450 million copies around the world.
Here's a look at the many ways the Harry Potter phenomenon has cast a spell on the cultural landscape over two decades.
Okay, so books were around for a long time before Harry Potter. But JK Rowling turned book consumption, especially for children, into something close to addiction.
You want proof? The UK release of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban in 1999 was timed at 3.45pm to prevent children in England and Wales from skipping school to get their copy.
The later books got HUGE but it didn't stop kids devouring them.
Grown-ups got hooked too, with the books being released in adult-friendly covers.
The book releases themselves became headline news: when the fourth book Goblet of Fire came out in 2000, booksellers around the world got together to coordinate the first ever global midnight launch.
When Rowling received an honorary degree at St Andrews University that same year, the Scottish institution said she had proved that children's books "are still capable of capturing and enchanting an immense audience, irrespective of the competing attractions of television, Nintendo, Gameboy and Pokemon".
The Harry Potter books are credited with opening the way to a whole swathe load of young adult fantasy fiction.
Lots of books were released in the hope they would be "the next Harry Potter", such as Artemis Fowl, The Spiderwick Chronicles and A Series of Unfortunate Events.
Would we have had blockbuster series like Twilight and The Hunger Games novels had not Potter paved the way?
And let's not forget fan fiction.
The internet is thrumming with tens of thousands of unofficial spin-off stories about life at Hogwarts, The Dursleys and what the Weasley twins get up to at parties.
A warning to the curious: some are NSFW.
For a generation of kids brought up on Thomas the Tank Engine and The Polar Express, there was suddenly a shiny new steam train in the engine shed.
Yes, the Hogwarts Express.
No trip to King's Cross Station in London is complete without a selfie on Platform Nine and Three-Quarters.
Most words have to be around for 10 years before they will be considered for the Oxford English Dictionary, but JK Rowling's word "muggle" - which made its debut in Philosopher's Stone - was an exception.
It was added to the OED in less than half the usual time, appearing in 2002 as "a person who lacks a particular skill or skills, or who is regarded as inferior in some way".
In the world of Harry Potter, a muggle is a person without magical powers.
We suspect that Crumple-Horned Snorkack - an elusive magical creature in Sweden - may take longer to make it into the muggle lexicon.
In the books, Quidditch is a magical sport played on flying broomsticks, and involves bludgers, quaffles and a golden snitch - a small ball with wings.
In the real world, Quidditch is a non-magical sport played on broomsticks, and involves bludgers, quaffles and a golden snitch - a person in a yellow t-shirt with a Velcro tail attached to their shorts.
It started in the US around 2005 and has become a global sport with its own governing body. The Quidditch World Cup takes place annually and was won last year by Australia.
Until recently, the eight Harry Potter films were the largest-grossing film franchise in history, having brought in a whopping $7.7bn (Â£6.1bn) worldwide.
The first Harry Potter film - Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (it was known as the Sorcerer's Stone in North America) - was released in November 2001.
As well as breaking box office records faster than a trip on the Knight Bus, it also introduced the young Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson and Rupert Grint to the world.
The final film, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 (2011) is the highest grossing of all the Potter films at $1.34bn. It's the eighth-highest grossing film of all time.
The franchise - now known as JK Rowling's Wizarding World - has continued with the spin-off Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016).
And there's plenty more to come. Rowling has said she has planned scripts for a total of five Fantastic Beasts films.
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child opened in London in 2016 to the same kind of Pottermania that surrounded the release of the books and films.
Some 1,500 fans at the very first performance, many dressed as witches and wizards, gasped at the various plot revelations and stage illusions.
The two-part play begins with Harry, Ron and Hermione in their mid-30s as their own children head off to Hogwarts school.
It even had critics reaching for superlatives. One wrote: "British theatre hasn't known anything like it for decades and I haven't seen anything directly comparable in all my reviewing days."
The play won a record-breaking nine prizes at this year's Olivier Awards.
Cursed Child will be opening on Broadway in New York in 2018 and JK Rowling has said she would like it to be seen widely around the world.
Millions of people reaching young adulthood have never known a world without Harry Potter.
Many who've grown up with the books can now get regular doses of JK Rowling via social media - she's got an army of almost 11m followers.
When Donald Trump was compared with Lord Voldemort last year, Rowling tweeted: "How horrible.  Voldemort was nowhere near as bad."
She later mocked Twitter users who threatened to burn her books.
One response read: "Guess it's true what they say: you can lead a girl to books about the rise and fall of an autocrat, but you still can't make her think."
Twenty years on from that first book, it looks like no-one's going to be saying "Avada Kedavra" to Harry Potter anytime soon.
Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


One of the main suppliers of strawberries to Wimbledon has said the recent weather has provided perfect conditions for growing the fruit.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
28 June 2012 Last updated at 19:54 BST
Hugh Lowe Farms, in Mereworth, Kent, supply two million strawberries to the tennis championships.
Marion Regan, who works on the farm, said the cool wet weather has meant a slower start to the growing season, which has been timed perfectly for Wimbledon.


Mark Reckless has always been a bit of a maverick - not someone who toes the party line.

In April last year Mr Reckless was less than impressed when the Home Secretary Theresa May cracked a joke at his expense at the Home Affairs Select Committee telling him that to break the law would be - "dare I say it" - a "reckless" move.
Some might describe his decision as somewhat "reckless" - defecting from the Conservatives to join UKIP.
In recent weeks, I have suspected it was a move he was pondering.
He is a close friend of Douglas Carswell - the first Tory MP to defect to UKIP.
They share the same views on Europe and both support Britain leaving the EU.
I've asked him several times recently if he was contemplating following in Mr Carswell's footsteps.
He told me a week or two ago he was unlikely to stand for UKIP unless they put a UKIP candidate up in his ward to stand against him.
Like many Conservative MPs he was nervous of UKIP in his backyard.
They didn't stand in Rochester and Strood at the last election.
Mr Farage has spoken warmly of Mr Reckless - often saying he's "a fine fellow" and if he wanted to join UKIP he'd be very welcome.
He has now decided to take that leap, becoming the second Tory MP to join UKIP in the past month, and on the eve of the Conservative Party conference the timing could hardly be more damaging.
He says he wants action on a European referendum, tax and immigration.
The Conservatives have branded his decision to join UKIP completely illogical and say the only way to get action on those issues is to vote Conservative.
But there's no doubt they'll be rattled by his decision.
Mr Reckless triggered a by-election with his announcement and he invited UKIP delegates to come to his constituency and campaign with him.
He has a comfortable majority of almost 10,000.
Within a matter of weeks UKIP could have their first MPs at Westminster.
David Cameron must be asking himself will any more follow?


A 25-year-old man has been jailed after he ran another man over in his van, causing him serious injuries.

The 21-year-old victim suffered leg, arm and head injuries when he was hit in Guildford by the van driven by Raymond Harms.
Harms pleaded guilty to causing grievous bodily harm, damaging property and dangerous driving at an earlier Guildford Crown Court hearing.
He was jailed for a total of six years and four months.
Harms, of Yew Tree Drive, Guildford, was also banned from driving for eight years and two months.
Two other men from Guildford were also sentenced for their involvement in the attack in Bowers Farm Drive, Burpham on 12 May.
Ian Vase, 29, of Pond Meadow, who pleaded guilty to affray, was jailed for six months.
Shaun Ritson, 31, of Lime Grove, who admitted threatening behaviour, was given a 12-month community order including 120 hours' unpaid work.
The charges also related to incidents that took place in Lawrence Close the same evening.


Up to 100 port jobs on Teesside have been safeguarded after a seven-year deal was secured to handle millions of tonnes of steel for export.

Teesport owner PD Ports said the agreement, with Redcar steelmaker SSI, could also create a further 30 posts.
It will mean an estimated 2m tonnes a year of slab steel being processed for export through the port.
SSI, which employs 2,000 people, took over the former Corus steel plant three years ago.


Shashank Manohar, the chairman of the International Cricket Council (ICC), has stepped down after eight months in the role.

The 59-year-old was elected as the body's first independent chairman on a two-year term in May last year.
Manohar, a two-time president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), said the decision was because of personal reasons.
"I hope the ICC achieves greater heights in future," the Indian added.
The ICC confirmed it had received Manohar's resignation on Wednesday, adding that it would "assess the situation" before making any further announcements.
Manohar had previously sought to reduce the power of England, Australia and India - the so-called Big Three - on the ICC's decision-making executive committee.
Speaking in February 2016, he stated: "No member of the ICC is bigger than the other."
A final decision on a new governance structure was due to be taken at a meeting in April.


The right-wing, anti-immigration Swiss People's Party (SVP) has won Switzerland's parliamentary election with a record 29.4% of the vote.

Its victory translates into 11 extra seats, giving it 65 out of the total 200 in the lower house.
Europe's migrant crisis boosted support for the SVP, commentators say - though Switzerland is taking in far fewer migrants than Germany.
The right-wing liberal FDP also got an electoral boost, coming third.
Swiss media are speaking of a "Rechtsrutsch" - a "slide to the right" - because the SVP, FDP and some small right-wing parties can now command a majority in the National Council (lower house).
No such slide has occurred yet in the 46-seat upper house (Council of States), as a second round of voting is required in many cantons.
The SVP won the 2011 vote with 26.6%, becoming the largest party, but now it has made further gains.
The SVP is sceptical about Switzerland's many bilateral agreements with the EU, telling voters that the country is better off remaining outside the 28-nation bloc.
In Sunday's election the leftist Social Democratic Party (SP) came second, winning 44 seats - two fewer than last time.
"The vote was clear. The people are worried about mass migration to Europe," said SVP leader Toni Brunner.
The SVP spearheaded the Swiss drive to impose immigration quotas, which got the green light in a February 2014 referendum. But it contradicts the EU's freedom of movement principle, which Switzerland had earlier agreed to respect.
The EU has until January 2017 to resolve the dispute with Switzerland - after that the Swiss government must make the quotas law.
Switzerland has pledged to participate in the EU's controversial scheme to relocate 120,000 refugees from Italy and Greece, but it is not yet clear how many the Swiss will accept.
The SVP is pushing for the three biggest parties to get two seats each in the seven-member government. Its composition will be decided by parliament in December. Currently the SVP has one seat in the governing council.
The newly-elected SVP politicians include Magdalena Martullo-Blocher, daughter of the SVP's controversial vice-president Christoph Blocher, who served in government from 2004-2007.
Mr Blocher, a billionaire businessman, made the SVP the best-funded Swiss party and played a key role in the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area. EEA membership would have been a stepping-stone to Swiss EU membership.
Roger Koeppel, a leading Swiss political pundit and chief editor of the magazine Die Weltwoche, was elected as an SVP candidate in Zurich.


Alton Towers is now open again for the first time since a rollercoaster crash on its Smiler ride.

Sixteen people were injured, four seriously, after the crash that happened on Tuesday last week.
However several rides, including the Smiler and Oblivion are still closed to the public.
See Martin 'Live at Alton Towers' - he spoke to children on the first day it reopened.
Merlin Entertainments, who own the park, had also closed three other rollercoasters at other theme parks for safety reasons.
Dragon's Fury and Rattlesnake rides at Chessington World of Adventures are still closed.
A Chessington spokeswoman said its two rides were safe, but staff working on them needed further training before they could be reopened.
Merlin Entertainments said Alton Towers is now open again.
It's been carrying out checks to make sure that the rides and park were safe for everyone.
Are rollercoasters safe?
Accidents on rollercoasters are extremely rare - the chance of being injured whilst on a ride is one in 24 million.
The company say they have added safety procedures to "reinforce the safe operation of our multi-car rollercoasters" which were "effective immediately".


Actor and broadcaster Sir Tony Robinson has said plans for a tunnel near Stonehenge in Wiltshire are too "old-fashioned" in outlook.

The 70-year-old Time Team presenter joined anti-tunnel campaigners to fight the plans, saying they placed the area's wider archaeology at risk.
The protest by the Stonehenge Alliance was staged outside a consultation event in London earlier.
Highways England said it was working to find "the best solution possible".
The public consultation on its plans for putting the A303 into a 1.8-mile (2.9km) dual carriageway tunnel runs until 5 March.
Highways England says the move would cut congestion and improve journey times.
The scheme has the backing of English Heritage and the National Trust.
Speaking outside the Society of Antiquaries at Burlington House, Robinson suggested a longer tunnel.
He said: "I think the proposal we are being offered is a really old-fashioned one.
"It assumes what needs to be protected is that little clump of stones."
He said it was only over the past three decades archaeologists had begun to comprehend the wider significance of the site.
"That's a high-class Wiltshire Disneyland experience," he said.
"Once it's gone, we'll never get that back.
"If you were going to protect Buckingham Palace, you wouldn't put a tunnel in halfway down the Mall."
The Stonehenge Alliance wants other options to reduce traffic to be fully explored.
Spokeswoman Dr Kate Fielden said: "We want a genuine consultation with real choice.
"Both of Highways England's options involve huge and damaging new roadworks gouged into our most important ancient landscape."
A spokesman for Highways England said: "We fully understand the cultural heritage of the site and one of the broad objectives of the scheme is to help conserve and enhance the World Heritage Site by removing the sight and sound of traffic and make it easier to reach and explore."


About 600 pupils, parents and teachers have gathered to hand in a petition against plans to reorganise secondary school education in Powys.

Powys's cabinet wants to replace two schools in Brecon with a new-build English medium secondary, and close Llandrindod Wells High School.
The council said three schools were in special measures and it had to "take action for the sake of our learners".
The cabinet has voted for a full consultation to be carried out.
People from Llandrindod Wells gathered outside the town's council offices to oppose the plan to shut Llandrindod Wells's school and the dual-language Builth Wells High School, replacing both with a new dual-language site in Builth Wells.
Deputy mayor Jon Williams, who is also on the board of governors at Llandrindod Wells High, said the council's figures did not add up.
"We have got the full backing of the townsfolk and the business people because if the high school was to shut and move to Builth Wells it would have a knock-on effect on the town's businesses and the future of the town," he told BBC News.
He said no other option had been put forward, but suggested a better solution to sustain both schools would be to retain Llandrindod Wells High as an English-medium school and convert Builth to a Welsh-medium only school.
"Llandrindod has a bigger catchment area so we are already drawing in pupils from 10-15 miles away," he said.
"It would extend their journeys to up to 23 miles every day [to go to Builth] or they'd have to travel 30 miles the other way to Newtown."
In south Powys, Gwernyfed and Brecon secondary schools would also close and be replaced by an English-medium secondary school in Brecon under the plans.
Arwel Jones, schools' cabinet member, said the plan allowed for a broader post-16 curriculum at one location, would improve cost effectiveness and efficiency, cut maintenance costs and reduce surplus places.
He also said the proposed new site in Builth Wells would provide a "critical mass" of pupils at post-16 level, enabling more subjects to be taught in one location and reduce travel and transport needs.
He added: "Decisive action is needed in the region to strengthen our secondary provision. Three of the four secondary schools are in special measures and the fourth is subject to Estyn monitoring.
"We must take action for the sake of our young learners."


The brother and son of Guatemala's "anti-corruption" president are to face trial for fraud.

Attorney General Thelma Aldana has asked for Samuel "Sammy" Morales and  Jose Manuel Morales to be detained ahead of a trial.
It is a blow for President Jimmy Morales, who pledged to clean up politics during his 2015 campaign.
The former comedian said his support for his family was "100%", but so was his respect for the law.
His official Twitter profile said: "The rule of law must prevail above all things."
Samuel, the president's older brother, and Jose Manuel, his son, are accused of fraud. The exact amount involved is unclear, but figures range from $12,000 (Â£9,700; â‚¬11,200) to $26,000.
Ms Aldana said so far it had been determined that neither Sammy nor Jose Manuel had made any money from the transactions.
Another eight people have been detained in connection with the allegations.
Sammy said he was not concerned by the proceedings as he had not "committed any crime", while Jose Manuel voluntarily handed himself over to the authorities.
His father, President Morales, was elected on a wave of public anger over a corruption scandal that led to the arrest and trial of his predecessor, retired General Otto Perez.


Notting Hill Carnival will open with a special ceremony as a "small act of remembrance" following the Grenfell fire tragedy.

A multi-faith prayer and release of doves is due to take place at 09:15 BST.
Organisers are encouraging attendees to wear or accessorise in "green for Grenfell" in a display of "reverence and respect amidst the revelry".
A "ring of care" will be formed around the tower by police.
More than 80 people are believed to have died when fire engulfed the Grenfell Tower block of flats on 14 June. The carnival route passes near the tower.
Pepe Francis, chairman of the carnival trust, said: "We support the suggestions of the local community and wider carnival community to start this year's carnival earlier.
"This will be the first opportunity for visitors to carnival to pay their respects for those affected by Grenfell."
Hundreds of hand-drawn tributes, flowers and candles will be protected by fencing, while the public have been asked not to take selfies at the site.
A reflection zone will be placed near the burnt high-rise, where performers will lower the volume of their music.
MP Emma Dent Coad, who likened the carnival to a wake, will give a speech ahead of the dove release.
At 15:00 on both days, hundreds of thousands of revellers along the route are expected to pause and observe a minute's silence to mark the tragedy.
A spokesman for Grenfell United, a residents and survivors group, said: "We hope people will follow these requests from us and our friends and family in the wider community.
"They will enable people to pay their respects; be conscious of our vulnerability; and show solidarity for our ongoing demands for housing and full justice, in the creative spirit of carnival."
Steel barriers, concrete blocks and a ban on vehicles will be in place to protect revellers from the threat of terrorism.
Scotland Yard said there was no specific intelligence but security plans had been "thoroughly reviewed" after the Barcelona attack.
Is the fun being sucked out of Notting Hill Carnival?
Rewind: More than 50 years of fun at Carnival


A military court in Thailand has sentenced a woman to nine-and-a-half years in prison for defaming the country's monarchy on Facebook.

The defendant, identified as Chayapha, was arrested in June and charged with sedition for a posting allegedly opposing the military government.
A strict lese majeste law makes it a crime to criticise Thailand's royals.
Prosecutions have soared since the army, which styles itself a champion of the monarchy, seized power last year.
Critics have said the broadly-worded lese majeste laws are being used to silence dissent and opponents.
The woman was found guilty on Tuesday at a hearing at which she did not have a lawyer present, a court official told AFP news agency.
"From her Facebook posts, she was found guilty of defaming the monarchy, threatening state security and violations of the computer crimes act," the official was quoted as saying.
The single mother's 19-year sentence was cut in half because she pleaded guilty.
Her lawyer Thanathorn Thananon said he had only heard of the sentence after it was handed down.
"The defendant was originally called in and charged with sedition for posting on Facebook that a counter-coup against the junta was imminent," he said, the Bangkok Post reports.
"Further investigation by the authorities found content that brought about lese majeste charges.
The military courts failed to inform us that a hearing was taking place. They only told the defendant to appear at short notice."
Since its coup last year, the military government has arrested a string of suspects, accusing them of claiming or using connections to the monarchy for personal benefit.
"Since Thailand's coup, it hasn't been hard to get thrown in jail for criticising the junta,"  Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch, told Reuters, referring to another lese majeste case.
"Now, all you have to do is press 'Like' on your Facebook page."


Shooter Helen Housby believes England's new central contracts are "a step in the right direction" to help the team compete with Australia and New Zealand.

Players selected will become full-time athletes, a move which the world's two best teams have already taken.
Housby, 21, a zoology student, will now be able to play netball without the need for a full-time job.
"To complete against a professional team, you need to be a professional team," she told BBC Sport.
"To have athletes that are paid to be there and who can put all their energy and resources into playing netball rather than trying to balance lots of different things in their life is a step in the right direction."
England are ranked third in the world, behind 11-time World Cup winners Australia and second-placed New Zealand.
The Roses have finished third in the last two tournaments and are aiming to reach the final at the next World Cup in Liverpool in 2019.
Full-time status will also allow the England side to train together more regularly.
"We want to be the world's best. At the minute we are not but hopefully this is something that will get us there," added Housby, who plays for Manchester Thunder.
"We have the best athletes in the world, but it is difficult to get the best out of them when we don't have the same conditions that Australia and New Zealand do."
Full details of the central contracts will be announced following the conclusion of the Superleague season in May.
"I find it almost unbelievable that it has not been paid before now," Housby continued.
"It is the highest participating sport for women in England. People do not know the effort that goes on behind the scenes and it is nice to get some recognition."
Housby, who is in her final year at Manchester University and does not receive a wage at the Thunder, was always planning to concentrate on her netball after graduating.
She had considered playing in the professional ANZ Championship, a competition for the best Australian and New Zealand teams, but says the new contracts will allow her to stay in England.
"It is nice to have something to support me while I play rather than have to find my own job and balance things. It excites me that I could have a solid income and job through netball," she said.
"Superleague needs to catch up to the ANZ. Some of our best players are out there playing for teams and making money from it. The only way England can improve is to match these leagues and make the players want to stay here and play."
Housby believes the incentive of being paid to play will also help attract more girls into the sport.
"For a lot of girls growing up, netball has not been a viable career option. That is where England netball wants to head so people can choose this as their career and make something of themselves."


The only New Zealander to die in the London bombings, Shelley Mather had been living in the capital for three years.

The 26-year-old held dual passports with New Zealand and Irish citizenship.
When she went missing on 7 July, her parents John Mather and Kathryn Gilkison made the long journey from Auckland to London to search for their daughter.
After she was confirmed to have died on the Piccadilly Line Tube train, they said in a statement: "Shelley was a beautiful and vibrant girl who was truly loving, caring and giving."
Five years on, they spoke at the inquest into her death via a videolink from New Zealand, saying: "Shelley's humour was sublime and irreplaceable."
As a child growing up in Auckland, Ms Mather loved books and puzzles.
Later in life she developed a passion for indoor cricket and played in a league.
She left New Zealand in 2002 after saving up for a tour of Europe. She enjoyed the  experience so much, she decided to become a tour guide and completed her training in 2004.
Her mother told the inquest Shelley had wanted to "circumnavigate the Universe".
Every day
I carry this
The loss of you
Some days
It is not obvious
But today
It hits me again
I hold the weight of your ashes
More than you weighed at birth
I think
I clutch them to me
I want to place you back inside me
To give you life again
I carry you
Every day
Every day
"Through her travels, she spread joy and information to many people who had started out as strangers," she said.
"Many hundreds of them contacted us after her murder.
"All of them reiterated the same thing; that she was an amazing person who had added so much joy and friendship to their lives."
Most recently she had been temping as an administrator and looking forward to a trip to Greece in late July 2005.
She last visited New Zealand in March 2005 to be a bridesmaid at the wedding of her best friend, Jacqui Riley, and went to Glastonbury Festival in June.
Simon Fullarton, who worked with her, said: "Shelley was lively and go-getting, she was adventurous.
"She was fun and basically a really nice lady, good at her job, well-liked and respected by everyone.
"She was clever and well-educated and always had a smile and a funny or friendly comment.
"It is a tragedy to us, to London and the world that we lose people like her."
About 300 people attended a memorial service at St-Matthew-in-the-City, Auckland, on 30 July 2005.
The then Prime Minister Helen Clark spoke to say how the family's grief had touched the nation.
Ms Mather's cricket team formed a guard of honour as her coffin was taken from the church.
Earlier that month, friends, family and New Zealand High Commission staff attended a London ceremony at St Pancras Church, near where she died.