England captain Steven Gerrard has retired from international football after winning 114 caps.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Gerrard, 34, won his first cap in a 2-0 win over Ukraine in 2000 and made his last England appearance in a 0-0 draw with Costa Rica at the 2014 World Cup.
The Liverpool midfielder said: "I have enjoyed every minute of representing my country. It's a sad day for me."
Gerrard will now take on a "high profile" ambassadorial role with the Football Association.
He retires from international duty having scored 21 goals and played at six major tournaments. He ranks third on England's most-capped player list behind only Peter Shilton (125) and David Beckham (115).
Gerrard skippered England at this summer's World Cup in Brazil, however it was to end in disappointment for Roy Hodgson's team after they exited the tournament bottom of the group and without a victory.
"It was a very difficult decision to make," said Gerrard. "It's something I have been contemplating for a long time, not just since the end of the World Cup.
"I've had to take an awful lot of advice from people who are close to me - players that I still play with, ex-players who I played with a long time ago, managers who I played for years ago.
"It's been a really tough decision, certainly one of the toughest since I turned professional at 18."
England manager Hodgson said: "While I'm disappointed, I can entirely understand Steven's situation and can have no complaints given the incredible service he has given to his country."
Gerrard will continue his club career with Liverpool, for whom he made his debut in 1998 against Blackburn Rovers.
He has spent his entire career at Anfield - winning the Champions League, FA Cup and League Cup.
"To ask my body now, the way it is and what it has been through, to play international and domestic football was too much of an ask," he added.
"I've made my decision on my age, on my body and being fair to Liverpool, especially with having the Champions League back - that was a huge factor."
Gerrard's first tournament as an England player was Euro 2000, and he went on to play in two more European Championships, in 2004 and 2012.
After missing the 2002 World Cup through injury, he played in three others, his first in Germany 2006, then as captain for both South Africa 2010 and Brazil 2014.
Former England striker and BBC Match of the Day presenter Gary Lineker led the tributes to the midfielder, tweeting: "Steven Gerrard has retired from international football. He's been a wonderful servant to his country. A great player who always gave all."
Ex-England and Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher, who played alongside Gerrard, tweeted: "Good decision by Steven Gerrard, 114 caps - great servant for England."
BBC Sport's chief football writer Phil McNulty said: "Gerrard said he was 'broken' by England's exit from the World Cup after only two games and he was never going to be involved in Euro 2016.
"He had, by his own standards, a disappointing campaign in Brazil and it was clear his influence at this level was wavering."


The Queen and other members of the Royal Family have joined hundreds of Gurkhas marking the regiment's 200 years of service to the British Crown.

The event, in the grounds of the Royal Hospital Chelsea in London, is the highlight of a year of celebrations marking the anniversary.
The evening featured battle re-enactments and musical performances by the Band of the Brigade of Gurkhas.
Victims of the recent Nepal earthquakes were remembered in a minute's silence.
The Queen was accompanied by Prince Philip, while Prince Charles - Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Gurkha Rifles - and Prince Harry - who lived with a Gurkha battalion in Afghanistan - also attended the event.
The Sultan of Brunei was among the other dignitaries invited to the Gurkha 200 pageant.
It was organised by the Gurkha Welfare Trust, which gives financial and medical support to former servicemen and their families.
The Prince of Wales, a patron of the Gurkha Welfare Trust, paid tribute to "these remarkable men and their extraordinary service to our country".
He added: "The Brigade of Gurkhas is more than just a fighting force, it is also - in every sense of the word - a family.
"As with every family, they have lifetime responsibilities to one another and especially in times of great need. This has been painfully illustrated by the appalling earthquakes which have recently struck Nepal, with devastating consequences across the traditional Gurkha heartlands."
The 1,400 guests watched the open-air event, which chronicled 200 years of Gurkha service with the "story of the Gurkha soldier".
It was narrated by historian Dan Snow and actress Joanna Lumley, who campaigned to allow Gurkhas settlement rights in the UK in 2009.
The Queen was also introduced to veterans and serving Gurkhas and was shown artefacts from the regiment's history.
Captain Dillikumar Rai, of the Royal Gurkha Rifles, had the prestigious role of carrying the Queen's Truncheon at the pageant.
He said: "I am immensely proud to be serving as a Gurkha during the celebrations of 200 years of service to the Crown and to have Her Majesty present at today's event is an amazing honour."
More than 8,000 people died after the first quake hit Nepal on 25 April. A second tremor hit the country on 12 May.
Col William Shuttlewood, director of the Gurkha Welfare Trust, said: "The event raises funds not only in support of Gurkha veterans and their families in need and distress, but also to help them rebuild their communities after Nepal's recent devastating earthquakes."
After suffering heavy casualties in the invasion of Nepal, the British East India Company signed a hasty peace deal in 1815, which also allowed it to recruit from the ranks of the former enemy.
Gurkhas - whose name comes from the Nepalese hill town of Gorkha - began joining the East India Company, and later the British army.
They have since served in every major conflict involving British forces for two centuries, and won 13 Victoria Crosses - the highest British military decoration for valour.
More than 200,000 Gurkhas fought in the two world wars, and there are about 2,600 Gurkhas in the British armed forces now.
The Gurkha Welfare Trust says becoming a Gurkha is a "matter of great pride", with tens of thousands of young Nepalese men applying and only a few accepted.
Click here to listen to a BBC Radio 4 programme on the history of the Gurkhas.


Middlesex have become the first county to refuse to support a rule change that would pave the way for a new city-based Twenty20 competition planned for 2020.

England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) rules need to be altered to allow the removal of the right of all 18 counties to play in the new tournament.
The changes require the support of 31 out of 41 of the ECB's voting members.
"The financial impact on Middlesex is still very uncertain and contains great risks," chairman Mike O'Farrell said.
"Whilst Middlesex is fully supportive of the creation of a new T20 tournament to drive the future of the game, we are unable to support this proposal at the current time.
"Middlesex has a unique position in playing at a ground [Lord's] that is likely to be a host venue at the tournament, yet not benefiting from the revenues associated with that status.
"We welcome the ECB's commitment to a further revision to its articles to provide the protections that we require but, until these commitments become legally binding, we cannot support the current change of articles of association."
The 41 voting members comprise the 18 first-class counties, 21 recreational boards, the Minor Counties Cricket Association, and MCC - owners of Lord's and therefore Middlesex's landlord.
A number of counties have come out in support of the proposals for the new tournament, with Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Somerset, Sussex and Yorkshire all announcing that they will back the ECB rule change, while others including Glamorgan, Hampshire and Warwickshire have been vocal in their support for a city-based competition.
Kent have asked their members and supporters to give them further feedback before making a decision, while Surrey director of cricket Alec Stewart has expressed concern over the details of the new event.


A millionaire Monmouthshire businessman who paid a dancer up to £10,000 a month to be his personal escort, murdered her after he heard she was going to leave him, a court has heard.

Peter Morgan allegedly strangled Georgina Symonds, 25, in January after using a listening device in her home.
The married father-of-two, 54, had been in a three-year relationship with Ms Symonds, Newport Crown Court heard.
The property developer, of Llanellen, near Abergavenny, denies murder.
Jurors were told trained beautician Ms Symonds, from the Allt-yr-yn area of Newport, was being paid between £7,000-a-month and £10,000 a month by Morgan to work as his exclusive personal escort.
She had worked as a burlesque dancer and later as a high end prostitute but Mr Morgan had paid her to stop seeing other men, the prosecution said.
The court heard he lavished her with gifts including a car, paid for full-body liposuction, treated her to spa days, put her up in plush hotels and took her on a helicopter ride from a castle he owned.
Mr Morgan - known to Ms Symonds' friends as "Rich Pete" - became "increasingly controlling" and "obsessive" and installed a secret listening device - disguised as a plug adaptor - in her home to check on her behaviour, jurors heard.
The prosecution told how he killed her after hearing her tell another love interest on the phone she would leave Mr Morgan after he signed over his bungalow to her.
Ms Symonds was reported missing on 12 January.
The court was also told Mr Morgan, who had separated from his wife Helen and divorce proceedings were ongoing, was later questioned in connection with her disappearance and admitted to police he had killed her.
Prosecutor William Hughes QC said: "In post arrest interviews he said he made a ligature from twine at his workshop. He knotted both ends and used the homemade ligature to kill Georgina.
"He went to her home address to kill her and he took duct tape, plastic sheeting to wrap her body and a metal pole to lift and assist him in carrying her body.
"That metal pole fitted perfectly inside the boot of his Porsche Cayenne motor vehicle."
Mr Hughes told the court records showed Morgan had been listening to Georgina's phone conversations from November 2015, right up until the morning of the day she was murdered.
Jurors heard he admitted murdering Ms Symonds to police officers after they traced the missing woman's mobile phone to his Porsche parked at his farmhouse.
He first tried to say he had confiscated her phone to stop her buying drugs, but then admitted killing her.
He allegedly told police: "I strangled her this morning. I took her body to Beech Hill Farm. I love her so much."
The court heard he also told police he had locked her body in an outhouse, and refused a lawyer after he was arrested, saying: "I done it. So there's no point."
The trial is expected to last three weeks.


A "four-day party" celebrating the world of literature is under way with the annual Borders Book Festival.

The 13th edition is being staged at the Harmony Gardens in Melrose until Sunday.
More than 100 events include the likes of thriller writer Frederick Forsyth, comedian Sara Pascoe and former Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg.
Director Alistair Moffat said it promised to be a "truly memorable book festival" as well as a "great day out".
"Festivals need to be festive and festive means fun - and fascinating," he said.
"The Borders Book Festival aims to be like a wonderful four-day party where you meet people who make you laugh and also make you think."
Among the highlights being flagged up by organisers are:
The winner of the Â£25,000 Walter Scott Prize for historical fiction will also be announced during the festival on Saturday.
Nearly 2,000 children and teachers from primary schools across the Borders are expected to attend a special gala day on Thursday.


The first woman in space has revealed that the Soviet authorities thought it was "too dangerous" to send more female cosmonauts into orbit.

Valentina Tereshkova told BBC News that she protested, writing a letter to the central communist party committee.
It took the authorities 19 years to send another woman into space.
Ms Tereshkova was speaking at the launch of an exhibition about the Soviet space programme at the Science Museum.
She told me: "On Earth, men and women are taking the same risks. Why shouldn't we be taking the same risks in space?"
"We had been preparing for another female flight but it was (the head of the space programme) Sergei Korolev's decision not to risk women's lives because one of the women in the space corps already had a family."
I asked her whether she and the five other trained female cosmonauts disagreed with the decision.
"We were against that decision," she told me firmly. "We wrote to the central party committee disagreeing with the decision."
But history shows it was to no avail.  The Soviet Union did not send another woman into space for 19 years, Svetlana Savitskaya, who became the first woman to fly on the Soviet Space station Salyut 7.
There is speculation that she was sent into space because the USSR was aware that the US was preparing to send their first woman into space - Sally Ride.
The revelation is at odds with what the Soviet leader at the time, Nikita Khrushchev, said in a speech at Red Square whilst standing beside Valentina Tereshkova on her return from space.
In it, he mocked the US for its sexual discrimination.
"The bourgeoisie always claim that women are the weaker sex. Now here you can see a typical Soviet woman who in the eyes of the bourgeoisie is weak," he said.
"Look at what she has shown to America's astronauts. She has shown them who is who!"
For Premier Khrushchev, Ms Tereshkova's flight was intended to be a clear signal of equal rights for women under his communist regime.
While in space, Ms Tereshkova spoke directly with Khrushchev, reporting that "all systems are working perfectly" and that she felt "excellent".
He replied: "Valentina, I am very happy and proud that a girl from the Soviet Union is the first woman to fly into space and to operate such cutting-edge equipment".
Ms Tereshkova became the first woman to go into space on 16 June 1963. She completed 48 orbits of the Earth in a trip that lasted almost three days.
Her call signal was "Seagull", and she shouted this joyful message as her Vostok-6 Spacecraft blasted off: "Hey sky, take off your hat, I'm on my way!"
It was at the height of the space race between the US and the Soviet Union. Each country had sent up six astronauts each in an effort to demonstrate national superiority to the rest of the world.
Fifty-two years later, Valentina Tereshkova's capsule is on display at the Science Museum, in an exhibition about the Soviet era of space exploration in the 1960s.
At the opening of the exhibition, she gazed at it lovingly and said she would miss it while it is on display in London - away from the astronaut training facility in Star City near Moscow.
"I reunite with it every day. I never stopped reuniting with this module. Not for a minute, not for an hour, not for a day," she said.
"Every time I meet it, I stroke it and say 'hello my darling' and then go back to work."
In the West, Valentina Tereshkova is one of the forgotten heroes of the space age. At first glorified and portrayed as a symbol of the social enlightenment that communism offered, and then left behind in the great era of Soviet space exploration.
For her own part, she is modest about her own achievement.
"One cannot deny the great role women have played in the world community. My flight was yet another impetus to continue this female contribution," she told me at the Science Museum.
And she issued a message to young women who wanted to follow in her footsteps: "Work hard and you will get there. I am very jealous of you!"
Follow Pallab on Twitter
Cosmonauts: Birth of the Space Age opens to the public at the Science Museum tomorrow


Laura Robson summed up Britain's number three with classic understatement when she said: "I think Dan is a very interesting character."

Dan Evans was the story of day one at the US Open after he brushed aside 11th seed Kei Nishikori in his first Grand Slam main draw match outside of Wimbledon.
The victory was a shock to pretty much everyone outside British tennis, not least Nishikori, who admitted he'd never seen Evans play before the match. "Not at all," he said. "I mean, I'd seen his name."
Media playback is not supported on this device
Evans made a name for himself some time ago on home turf, mostly for the wrong reasons as a poor attitude looked to be frittering away a real talent. Now he prepares to face Bernard Tomic for a place in the last 32 at Flushing Meadows.
So who is the world number 179 and how has he ended up in the second round of the US Open?
Twelve months ago, Evans was playing on the lowest rung of the professional ladder at a Futures event in Wrexham. He lost 6-0 6-2 to fellow Brit Tom Burns in the semi-finals and collected £300 and six ranking points.
"No-one was watching," Evans recalled in New York. "It's not ideal, is it? Better to be here."
He began last August ranked outside the world's top 400, but four wins at Futures level set the engines running and lift-off came with a Davis Cup tie clinching victory over Russia's Evgeny Donskoy in April.
"It was good how it worked out," said Evans. "Every match, when you win against someone who is much higher ranked, definitely gives you confidence.
"I sort of rolled on from there, you know. It's been definitely a good few months for me."
"I don't train hard enough, I don't work hard enough. I know that's the reason. It's my fault. I'm obviously pretty bad at my job."
Evans was his own harshest critic in the wake of that Davis Cup victory, but a decision to do some of his training at the LTA's National Training Centre (NTC) appears to have worked wonders.
According to his ATP profile, Evans "enjoys playing golf, pool and going to the cinema", which it is fair to say, probably doesn't tell the whole story.
He was suspended by the LTA for four months in 2008 and had his funding withdrawn for nightclubbing during Wimbledon. There were further issues across the years until his recent move to the NTC, where a security guard checks everyone is at home before lights out at 10.30pm.
He has described it as "like being 15 years old again", crucially adding: "It has been just what I needed."
Evans still has the look of a man coming round after a heavy night much of the time, blinking into the light and rubbing his eyes, but his exertions have been purely professional in recent months.
Davis Cup captain Leon Smith and coach Nick Weal have shared coaching duties over the summer, while fitness trainer Steve Kotze has had a major impact during the six-week trip to the States.
"I trained really hard with the fitness trainer," explained Evans.
"I practised hard every day, trained hard every day and I've actually reaped the rewards from that. I was pretty disciplined over this trip; I haven't been out or anything, so it's pretty good."
In the weeks that followed his Wimbledon victory, Andy Murray spent many an evening hunkered over his laptop watching Evans on obscure streams at low-key events in North America.
"I have watched some of his matches on the internet in the Challengers over the last few weeks, and he seems to be playing better tennis," said the world number three.
"He's strung it together now for a couple of months. If he can maintain that form for eight, nine months of the year, then he will get himself up and around the top 100 for sure."
Evans has clearly been motivated by such illustrious support, saying: "That's been nice. I spoke to him a little bit this week.
"It's nice that he's embracing the other Brits as well and that's only a positive thing. If he's interested it means you're doing well."
Evans has been vying with James Ward for the British number two spot in recent weeks, but there is a camaraderie with the man he calls 'Dave' that apparently extends throughout the British players.
The pair have been constant gym and practice partners in recent weeks, while the likes of Colin Fleming and Jamie Murray have been courtside for his matches in New York.
"I think British tennis a few years ago wasn't so much of a team," said Evans. "It feels like everyone wants everyone to win now and everyone speaks to everyone and supports.
"I think that's what the NTC has been trying to do, get everyone to be as one and train together and work hard together. It's been good."
And that nickname for Ward? "We all watch Only Fools and Horses and he looks like Rodney, but Trigger calls him Dave," explained Evans with a grin.
Evans played his first ATP match in 2008 and since then has racked up career earnings of £130,000, which does not go a long way if you plan to reach the top of a globetrotting sport.
"It was very difficult from time to time, but we have got a tight family unit and we all support each other and, other than being there for each other and talking, that's all we can do. Twelve months ago, he wasn't as receptive as he is now. He likes to talk to us all about tennis now, he wants the feedback and everything is done on much more of a positive note now. Moving forward he is very positive, we are very positive and for him now it's all about onwards and upwards and not looking too much into the past. He's been the most positive and most confident he's been for such a long time."
Laura Kitching, Evans' sister
The situation came to a head last year when Evans's father David, an electrician, read him the riot act.
"It is a financial stress," admitted Evans. "Parents help you out a lot from an early age. There's times when you don't win matches and what I was doing last year was wasting money.
"He said 'you've wasted all your money' doing what I was doing, going out and stuff. I was down to not a lot left and he said he would help if I would concentrate, and obviously I'm grateful for that."
With a kick up the rear from home and some encouraging results to build on, Evans was also grateful to the LTA for putting his past indiscretions aside and backing him again.
"I've come away with a coach and a fitness trainer, so I've got them to thank," said Evans. "I wouldn't be able to pay for that. Those guys paying for that helps a lot."
Evans' career has been transformed by the last few weeks and days, to the extent that he was lined up as a hitting partner for Roger Federer and has reportedly signed to a top management agency.
He has guaranteed himself £34,000 for his efforts so far - three times what he earned in the whole of 2012 and enough to buy more than a few good nights out in his native Solihull.
"It means more to win the matches than the money," he insisted. "It's a bonus, the money, but I really want to be top 100. That's when the money will start to come in, when I'm top 100 consistently.
"I just want to play at this level instead of faffing around at Futures and Challengers. Luckily I'm out of Futures now and if I win a few matches here I might be out of Challengers.
"It would be nice to do it all in one but there's still a lot of work to be done when I get home."
The number of people who pass through the doors of the LTA at Roehampton sporting tattoos of any sort, let alone of Jesus on their arm, is probably small. "Every saint has a past. Every sinner has a future," reads one piece of Evans body art, quoting Oscar Wilde.
"He's got a Jesus tattoo," said a perplexed Robson this week. "I mean, if you've ever spoken to him, he's really not the most religious person. That doesn't make a lot of sense to me."
"I'm not sure on her hairstyle sometimes, but, hey," Evans was quick to reply.


Charlie Mulgrew made sure the new year had a distinctly familiar and unwelcome feel for Newcastle, grabbing another winner for Blackburn to knock Rafael Benitez's men off the top of the Championship table.

Brighton benefited, but had a little help from shot-shy Fulham along the way, while those other Magpies - the ones from Nottingham - also had a case of deja vu over one of Cambridge's goals.
There was also some questionable musical talent on show as BBC Sport looks at five things you might have missed from the first full Football League programme of 2017.
A free shot at goal from 12 yards? Nervy though it may be, you'd have to fancy your chances more often than not.
Well, not if you play for Fulham, who missed their fifth spot-kick out of six this season in the painful 2-1 home defeat against fellow promotion-hopefuls Brighton & Hove Albion.
This time it was Stefan Johansen who was the culprit, although that's not doing justice to a fine save by Seagulls keeper David Stockdale.
But a penalty miss is a miss and Johansen follows Tom Cairney and Sone Aluko - who both failed to score against QPR - and Chris Martin, who was culpable against Rotherham, while Cauley Woodrow also failed from the spot in the EFL Cup against Bristol City.
Martin may well have been the man for the occasion, as a 50-50 strike is pretty good for the Cottagers, but the on-loan striker is not playing at the moment while his future is resolved.
It's been a pretty woeful festive period, and season, for the world's oldest Football League club.
And while an impending takeover could brighten the outlook at Notts County, the new year has begun very much in the way the last one ended - with a defeat. A ninth consecutive league defeat in fact, which equalled an unwanted club record.
Cambridge United, who are managed by former Magpies boss Shaun Derry, were the opposition. Derry, one of 21 men to have been been in charge of the Magpies since May 2004, masterminded a 4-0 win against his old club.
To make matters worse, the U's opening goal came when goalkeeper Adam Collin's clearance rebounded off striker Luke Berry and into the net - the third time Notts County have conceded a "rebound" goal in four games against the same opposition since November 2015.
But while results, performances and seemingly luck have been dreadful, the prospective new owner Alan Hardy provides hope that the Meadow Lane mess will finally be sorted. And also that the famous old club will not be starting next season as a non-league club for the first time in their history.
It's fair to say that Newcastle will be glad to see the back of Blackburn and Mulgrew this season.
The Scotland international has only scored twice for Owen Coyle's men since joining from Celtic in the summer but his goals have brought his side six points - with his second knocking the Magpies off the top of the table.
Despite their victories over Rafael Benitez's men, the Ewood Park side remain in the Championship relegation zone and fans from the BRFC Action Group protested against the club's owners Venky's, with a pre-planned march before the game and sit-in afterwards.
When Colchester United signed former Wolves centre-back George Elokobi, they thought they knew what to expect from the powerful defender.
The 30-year-old has made nearly 200 English Football League appearances during spells with seven clubs and it was hoped he would help get the defence singing from the same hymn sheet.
Since returning from a loan spell with Braintree earlier this season, the Cameroonian has been calling the tunes on the pitch as well as off it.
Following his side's 2-0 win over Cheltenham Town, their sixth in seven matches, he revealed his musical talent, with supporters treated to Elokobi banging out a tune on the South Stand drum - something that is becoming a bit of a regular feature for the on-song U's.
That goalscoring feeling is good whatever the timing, but Millwall forward Aiden O'Brien's strike against AFC Wimbledon was a little bit special for a couple of reasons.
Firstly, it was a 25-yard cracker.
And it was also the first EFL goal of 2017. File that under obscure quiz questions. It might come in handy in around 11 months.
O'Brien's fifth-minute effort in the lunchtime kick-off helped the Lions earn a point in a 2-2 draw, but it could help you clinch third place and a share of £10 in the Dog & Duck's football year quiz.
We're here to help.


A British survivor of mass shootings at a Tunisian beach resort identified her friend's body by her glittery toenail polish, an inquest has heard.

Mother-of-four Trudy Jones, 51, was one of 30 Britons to die in the attack in June 2015.
She was on holiday with friend Carol Anne Powell, who survived the attack and later identified Ms Jones's body.
Islamist Seifeddine Rezgui gunned down 38 people in total at the five-star Riu Imperial Marhaba, near Sousse.
An inquest at the Royal Courts of Justice in London is set to hear evidence about each of the 30 British victims. The first victim the inquest heard details about was Ms Jones.
In Ms Powell's statement, she said she "heard the most terrible explosion" behind her.
She added that she initially thought it was an explosion in a beach kitchen, and then crowds of people appeared, running away from the area.
She told the inquest how Ms Jones, from Blackwood in South Wales, had gone to the beach, saying: "I wanted to run towards the beach to check on Trudy, but people were running towards me shouting 'Go, go'."
"I started to run towards the hotel with the crowds of people."
Ms Powell described eventually deciding to play dead in a hotel car park.
She said a man picked her up and put her on his shoulders - while she continued to play dead - before carrying her to the safety of a neighbouring hotel.
"I am desperate to find out who he is because he saved me," she added.
Later, Ms Powell had to go to the mortuary where the victims' bodies were being held, and identified Ms Jones by her distinctive nail polish.
The court was told that a post-mortem examination was carried out in Tunisia and another in the UK - where Ms Jones was also identified through dental records.
Speaking to BBC Wales, the Jones family said: "It's been a heartbreaking day for all, re-living the events of June 2015.
"We will never come to terms with the loss of Trudy. She was the family's rock and our inspiration to life.
"Even though after this inquest it will be put to rest, we will never forget our treasure. She will always be in our hearts."
Another witness said he hid behind a sun lounger as tourists were "executed" by the gunman, the inquest heard.
Simon Greaves, who had been on holiday with his wife, said in a statement that he had seen Rezgui kill a person on a sun lounger with a single shot "like an execution".
"People were screaming and running towards the gate to the hotel and into the sea to seek safety," he said.
He said Rezgui "appeared very calm and looked like he knew exactly what he was doing".
He added: "My only thought was to get to my wife. I had no other thoughts."
The hearing briefly paused as Mr Greaves began to get upset.
He said he initially thought the gunshots were firecrackers: "I don't know the number of shots but it was a hell of a lot."
Another witness, Mark Hornby, who had booked a last-minute holiday at his local Thomson shop and was on holiday with Ms Powell, told the court that his travel agent had not said Tunisia was a terror risk.
"I assumed we would be safe," he said in a statement read out on his behalf.
At the time, the Foreign Office warned that "further attacks are possible" in the country, following shootings at a museum in the capital city of Tunis four months earlier.
Mr Hornby also told the court that there was "no security at all" at the front of the hotel and area around the hotel, despite the area being a known terror risk.
"It was easy to walk into another hotel, there was no one checking you," he added.
Rezgui was shot dead by police about an hour after the attack, which began at about midday on Friday 26 June 2015.


A valuable artwork by renowned New Zealand artist Colin John McCahon has been stolen from a house in Sydney.

The 1974 painting, Comet (F13), is estimated to be worth A$200,000 (Â£117,000; $152,000).
The artwork was taken on Sunday as its owner moved house, New South Wales Police said.
McCahon, who died in 1987, produced some of New Zealand's most recognisable modernist paintings over a career spanning more than four decades.
Comet (F13), which depicts a night scene, measures approximately 1m (3ft) by 75cm.
A set of stereo speakers was also stolen.
Police have appealed for anyone with information, saying it would be treated in "the strictest of confidence".
Art consultant Stephen Nall said art theft was relatively uncommon in Australia because it was difficult to sell on the black market.
"The general rule is that you would only get about 10% of the value if you are selling a picture that is stolen," he told the BBC.


Donald Trump has dismissed North Korea's claim to be developing missiles capable of striking America.

In a tweet, the US president-elect derided the claim by North Korea's Kim Jong-un that preparations were in the final stage, saying: "It won't happen."
It was not clear if Mr Trump was expressing doubts about Pyongyang's nuclear capabilities or was planning preventative action.
Mr Trump also berated China for failing to help rein in its ally North Korea.
"China has been taking out massive amounts of money & wealth from the U.S. in totally one-sided trade, but won't help with North Korea. Nice!" Mr Trump tweeted.
"We would not agree with that assessment," US State Department spokesman John Kirby told reporters at a regular briefing on Tuesday.
A spokesman for China's foreign affairs ministry said Beijing's efforts on Korean peninsula denuclearisation were "perfectly obvious".
China had "proactively participated" in UN discussions and jointly passed several resolutions, the spokesman pointed out.
In a televised New Year message on Sunday, Mr Kim said North Korea was close to testing long-range missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
He said the country was now a "military power of the East that cannot be touched by even the strongest enemy".
North Korea has conducted two nuclear tests over the last year, raising fears that it has made significant nuclear advances.
But it has never successfully test-fired long-range missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
Experts estimate it might take less than five years. UN resolutions call for an end to the country's nuclear and missile tests.
There are no ifs or buts in Mr Trump's tweet - simply the words: "It won't happen".
They may mean that Mr Trump believes North Korea will fail to make the technological progress, or that the regime will collapse, or that he could persuade Kim Jong-un to renounce his nuclear programme - he said before the election that the two leaders might sit down over a burger.
Or it could be that Mr Trump is considering military action. If so, experts believe the options are limited.
One told the BBC that neither "bunker-busting" bombs nor a special forces operation would be certain to destroy the programme.
The most likely counter-measures would be infecting computers with disruptive viruses, and perhaps the assassination of key scientists, something difficult to do for many reasons.
North Korea's nuclear programme: How advanced is it?
The alarming progress of a nuclear North Korea
Prof Siegfried Hecker of Stanford University in California told the BBC in September that North Korea's ability to field a missile fitted with a nuclear warhead capable of reaching the US "is still a long way off - perhaps five to 10 years".
Mr Kirby at the US State Department indicated that the US agrees saying that although North Korea's leader "continues to pursue both nuclear and ballistic missile technologies... We do not believe that at this point in time he has the capability to tip one of these with a nuclear warhead."
North Korea claims to have developed heat-tolerant materials that would allow long-range missiles to re-enter the atmosphere, but many Western experts have cast doubt on this.
Prof Hecker also worries that North Korea's technological ability increases the likelihood of the spread of nuclear weapons to "non-state actors" or "terrorists".


Edin Dzeko has suggested he will stop taking penalties after missing a second in five Serie A matches for Roma, who won 2-0 at Crotone to go second.

The league's top scorer, formerly of Manchester City, drove his kick wide when the game was goalless.
He did, though, seal victory with a fine first-time finish after Radja Nainggolan had bobbled in an angled first-half shot to put Roma in front.
"Next time I might leave the penalties for someone else to take," Dzeko said.
"I got my goal in the end and that's the important thing. Penalties can be missed. It happens."
Footage of his first penalty miss, during a 1-0 win at Udinese on 15 January, went viral on social media after he blazed his kick well over the bar.
However, the Bosnia-Herzegovina international has been prolific in front of goal for Roma, scoring his 18th Serie A goal of the campaign from a Mohamed Salah cutback with 13 minutes to play.
The victory moves Roma back above Napoli, who beat Genoa 2-0 on Friday, but both sides continue to trail leaders Juventus.
Crotone, promoted from Serie B last May, have not been out of the relegation zone all season, and remain next to bottom.
Roma travel to Spain to face Villarreal in the first leg of a Europa League round of 32 tie on Thursday.
Match ends, Crotone 0, Roma 2.
Second Half ends, Crotone 0, Roma 2.
Corner,  Roma. Conceded by Lorenzo Crisetig.
Attempt saved. Marcello Trotta (Crotone) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Leonardo Capezzi.
Substitution, Roma. Diego Perotti replaces Radja Nainggolan.
Foul by Edin Dzeko (Roma).
Federico Ceccherini (Crotone) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt blocked. Marcello Trotta (Crotone) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Boadu Maxwell Acosty.
Hand ball by Leonardo Capezzi (Crotone).
Substitution, Roma. Mário Rui replaces Bruno Peres.
Attempt missed. Boadu Maxwell Acosty (Crotone) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the left. Assisted by Andrea Nalini.
Offside, Roma. Leandro Paredes tries a through ball, but Edin Dzeko is caught offside.
Attempt missed. Leonardo Capezzi (Crotone) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right.
Attempt blocked. Marcello Trotta (Crotone) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Andrea Nalini.
Substitution, Crotone. Andrea Nalini replaces Aleksandar Tonev.
Substitution, Roma. Daniele De Rossi replaces Mohamed Salah.
Attempt missed. Aleksandar Tonev (Crotone) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the right. Assisted by Lorenzo Crisetig.
Attempt blocked. Diego Falcinelli (Crotone) left footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Boadu Maxwell Acosty.
Goal!  Crotone 0, Roma 2. Edin Dzeko (Roma) right footed shot from the left side of the six yard box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Mohamed Salah.
Substitution, Crotone. Marcello Trotta replaces Noe Dussenne.
Edin Dzeko (Roma) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Federico Ceccherini (Crotone).
Emerson (Roma) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Diego Falcinelli (Crotone).
Offside, Crotone. Aleksandar Tonev tries a through ball, but Leonardo Capezzi is caught offside.
Foul by Emerson (Roma).
Aleandro Rosi (Crotone) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Bruno Peres (Roma) left footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left. Assisted by Radja Nainggolan.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Kostas Manolas (Roma) because of an injury.
Attempt blocked. Lorenzo Crisetig (Crotone) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Offside, Roma. Radja Nainggolan tries a through ball, but Edin Dzeko is caught offside.
Foul by Radja Nainggolan (Roma).
Boadu Maxwell Acosty (Crotone) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt blocked. Emerson (Roma) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Leandro Paredes with a cross.
Corner,  Roma. Conceded by Federico Ceccherini.
Attempt blocked. Edin Dzeko (Roma) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Mohamed Salah.
Leandro Paredes (Roma) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Lorenzo Crisetig (Crotone).
Attempt saved. Boadu Maxwell Acosty (Crotone) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner.


Two people were rescued after their catamaran capsized off the north Wales coast on Saturday.

A member of the public alerted the coastguard at about 14:30 BST after seeing the incident unfold from the promenade at Llanfairfechan, Conwy county.
Beaumaris RNLI lifeboat, coastguard teams from Bangor and Llandudno and a rescue helicopter all responded.
The casualties were brought back to the slip and did not require any treatment.
The catamaran was also towed back to shore.


The ELN rebel group in Colombia has announced that it is planning to free two soldiers it kidnapped last week "in the coming days".

Writing on Twitter, the left-wing guerrilla group said that the soldiers were in good health.
They were seized on 26 October during a rebel ambush in which 11 soldiers and one policeman were killed.
The ELN and the government have been holding "exploratory talks" with a view to entering into peace talks.
The rebels said that the attack "does not contradict our wish for peace but has to be seen in the context of war which Colombia is experiencing, in which we suffer intense counter-guerrilla operations in our areas, which force us to respond in this way".
The 12 members of the security forces were ambushed as they were returning ballot boxes from an indigenous area in Boyaca province following local elections.
Police said that after the ambush, ELN rebels booby-trapped the area around the bodies with landmines.
On Monday, the ELN sent a letter to the Colombian Bishops' Conference calling for a bilateral ceasefire between the rebels and the government.
But the government has in the past said that it wants the rebels to give up kidnapping people for good before it is willing to consider more formal peace talks.
Following last week's attack, President Juan Manuel Santos ordered the security forces to step up their attacks on the ELN.
Meanwhile, peace talks between government negotiators and Colombia's largest rebel group, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Farc) resumed on Monday in the Cuban capital, Havana.
Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos has set a deadline of 23 March 2016 for a final agreement with the Farc to be signed.


Venezuelans have paid an emotional farewell to the late President Hugo Chavez at his state funeral in Caracas.

Vice-President Nicolas Maduro told mourners Mr Chavez, who led Venezuela for 14 years, remained "undefeated, pure, living for all time".
Mr Maduro was due to be sworn in as acting president later on Friday. He has to call elections within 30 days.
Opposition leader Henrique Capriles condemned Mr Maduro's imminent inauguration as "fraudulent".
He said that "nobody elected" Maduro president and that the government was "abusing" its powers.
Opposition parties are boycotting Mr Maduro's swearing-in, arguing that under the constitution the speaker of the National Assembly should be the one to take over as acting president.
But, in a decision made public as the funeral went ahead, Venezuela's Supreme Court ruled in Mr Maduro's favour.
In pictures: Hugo Chavez funeral
Hugo Chavez, 58, died on Tuesday after a two-year battle with cancer.
The vice-president began the funeral ceremony by presenting Mr Chavez's coffin with the sword of Simon Bolivar - the 19th-Century independence leader he claimed as his inspiration.
In his eulogy, Mr Maduro said no other leader had been as vilified as Mr Chavez, but no-one had been able to stop him or his socialist "revolution".
"The humble, the poor, the oppressed - we are his living testimony", Mr Maduro said.
He also praised Mr Chavez's work for Latin American unity, and said he worked for "a world without empires".
More than 30 world leaders attended the ceremony, including Cuban President Raul Castro, Iran's Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus.
A message was read out from Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
By Irene CaselliBBC News, Caracas
People lined up outside the military academy for the second consecutive day to see Hugo Chavez's body. The atmosphere was festive, with live music blasting through speakers.
At the same time, foreign dignitaries from more than 30 countries, including Cuba's Raul Castro and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad of Iran, started arriving for the state funeral.
The ceremony started with the national anthem played by Venezuela's famous Simon Bolivar National Youth Orchestra, directed by Gustavo Dudamel, director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic.
Vice-President Nicolas Maduro placed a replica of the sword used by Simon Bolivar, the 19th-Century revolutionary, on top of Mr Chavez's coffin.
All presidents were then called one by one to stand by the coffin in groups of eight for a minute of silence. Mr Castro went first. Mr Ahmadinejad kissed the coffin.
The ceremony ended with a speech by Mr Maduro on Mr Chavez's legacy. "Chavez lives. The fight goes on," he said.
Honour guards were made up of prominent Venezuelans, including student leaders and baseball players, Formula One driver Pastor Maldonado and conductor Carlos Dudamel.
Mourners inside the venue chanted "Chavez did not die, he multiplied!"
Ecumenical prayers were led by three religious leaders, including the American civil rights activist, Rev Jesse Jackson, who called for reconciliation between Venezuela and the US.
"We share the same hemisphere, we play ball together, we trade resources together, we share dreams together," he said.
Outside, huge crowds dressed in the red sang "Chavez lives!" and "The struggle continues!"
More than two million people have filed past Mr Chavez's coffin, and his body is to be put on permanent display.
On Thursday, Mr Maduro said that Mr Chavez's body would be embalmed "like Lenin and Mao Zedong".
The body will be moved to the Caracas military museum where in 1992 Mr Chavez - as an army officer - was captured after leading a failed coup.
The building will be converted into a new "museum of the revolution", Mr Maduro said.
Supporters want him eventually interred in Venezuela's national Pantheon alongside Simon Bolivar.
However, under Venezuela's constitution, people may only be admitted to the Pantheon 25 years after their death.
Mr Chavez, 58, was re-elected for a fourth term as president last October after saying he had recovered from his illness.
He named Mr Maduro as his preferred successor following the recurrence of his cancer.
The vice-president is to be sworn in as acting president after the funeral in a special session of the National Assembly.
Under Venezuela's constitution, elections must be called within 30 days and the government has said it will abide by this.
Mr Maduro will be the candidate for the governing United Socialist Party (PSUV).


The Dow Jones has closed above 18,000 for the first time after figures showed the US economy grew at its fastest rate in 11 years in the third quarter.

The Dow rose 64 points to 18,024, while the S&P 500 also climbed, ending up three points to 2,082.
But the Nasdaq lost 16 points to close at 4,765.
Official figures released earlier on Tuesday showed the economy grew at an annual rate of 5% in the quarter, up from a previous estimate of 3.9%.
Despite the strong growth figure, separate data on durable goods orders - seen as a proxy for business investment - disappointed as it showed a fall of 0.7% in November.
However, analysts were cheered by the pick-up in GDP.
"That is a solid number, that is really what you want to see, you want to see it in demand," Jack Ablin, chief investment officer at BMO Private Bank in Chicago, told Reuters.
"That is a huge plus, a five handle on GDP is astounding to me, but I'm not going to turn it away - Merry Christmas."
The Dow Jones has gained 9% this year and set 36 record closes in the process.
Meanwhile the S&P 500 is up almost 13% and has recorded 51 record highs.
Some market-watchers are confident that the gains have further to go.
"You have to understand that US economic output is at an all-time high and corporate profits are at an all-time high,'' said Cameron Hinds, regional chief investment officer at Wells Fargo Private Bank.
"Bull markets typically don't die purely of old age, they tend to die of recessions and overvaluation and perhaps policy mistakes, and we don't see any of those on the horizon," he added.
Among individual shares, Hertz jumped more than 8% after the firm raised prices for car rentals beginning next year.
The company said the move was to compensate for the rising costs of running its fleet of cars.
Alibaba fell almost 3% after a report in the Wall Street Journal reported that an Alibaba service to help foreign brands break into China was delivering disappointing sales.
Shares in Chevron and Exxon Mobil gained more than 1% after oil prices rose.
The benchmark price for Brent Crude added $1.61 to $61.72 a barrel and US West Texas Intermediate Crude rose $1.84 to $57.15 a barrel.


Two men from the Middle East who came to the US as refugees have been charged with supporting terrorism.

The arrests took place in California and Texas, but neither man was charged with plotting an attack on the US.
Both men are Iraqi-born Palestinians and had likely been in contact with the other but were not involved in a single plot, Reuters reported.
The arrests add fuel to a national debate over the security risks posed by refugees from the Middle East.
Court documents say that the men wanted to support organisations with ties to the so-called Islamic State (IS).
Aws Mohammed Younis Al-Jayab, 23, of Sacramento, California, is accused to travelling to Syria to fight in the country's civil war and with lying to US authorities about his activities.
US Attorney Benjamin Wagner released a statement saying that there was no evidence Mr Al-Jayab planned any attacks in the US, but said he was potentially dangerous.
Court documents say that he came to the US from Syria as a refugee in October of 2012. He lived in Wisconsin and Arizona briefly, during which time he communicated on social media about his desire to return to Syria to fight alongside militant groups and cited his experience fighting against the Syrian regime as early as when he was 16 years old.
According to the FBI, he left the US for a few months at the end of 2013 before returning the next year.
Authorities say that he fought along side various groups, including Ansar al-Islam, which merged with IS in 2014. On social media, he was critical of IS for killing Muslims, but said if it were not for that, he "would have been the first to join it".
Texas authorities said that Omar Faraj Saeed Al Hardan, 24, of Houston had been charged with providing material support to terrorists and for making false statements.
There is no evidence that Mr Al Hardan was a threat in the United States, but did prompt the Republican-led government in Texas to issue a rebuke of President Barack Obama's refugee policies.
"This is precisely why I called for a halt to refugees entering the US from countries substantially controlled by terrorists," Governor Greg Abbott said.
The documents do not detail the men's connection.
The arrests are similar to dozens of previous apprehensions in the US as part of a campaign against terrorism.
Since 2014, there have been over 75 arrests of allegedly radicalised US residents, according to Reuters.


Seven-time champions Egypt face Ghana in Port-Gentil on Wednesday needing only a point to qualify for the quarter-finals alongside the Black Stars.

Egypt can even go through regardless if Mali fail to beat Uganda in the other Group D match.
But a win for Egypt would allow them to leapfrog Ghana and advance as group winners.
That might not be what they want, however - the group winners will remain in Port-Gentil for the quarter-finals while the runners-up must up sticks to Oyem in the north of the country.
An awful pitch in Port-Gentil has had an adverse impact on the quality of the football played there and heavy rain in the city since the weekend will only add to the problem.
"Everyone wants to play in the other city. No one wants to play in this stadium," Egypt's Ahmed Elmohamady said.
"But for us we need to win, we want to win the group. It's about getting the points, it's not about the stadium."
As a striker people expect you to score and I am here to win the trophy
Hull midfielder Elmohamady played when Egypt beat Ghana 1-0 in the 2010 final in Angola to win a third successive Nations Cup.
More recently the Black Stars triumphed 6-1 in a World Cup qualifier in October 2013, but Egypt then won 2-0 in a 2018 World Cup qualifier last November.
While Egypt have a doubt over full-back Mohamed Abdel-Shafi and 44-year-old Essam El Hadary remains their only fit goalkeeper, Ghana coach Avram Grant may be tempted to rest some first-choice players.
Skipper Asamoah Gyan will hope to feature however. The striker netted the only goal in Saturday's victory against Mali and he has now scored eight times at the Nations Cup over six consecutive tournaments.
The 31-year-old is also closing on a significant landmark as his next goal will be his 50th in international football.
"In tournaments you don't look for personal glory," he said when asked about the significance of reaching his half-century.
"Maybe after if I get on the score sheet then I can celebrate personal glory, but as a striker people expect you to score and I am here to win the trophy."
That is something he has not yet managed to do with the Black Stars winning the last of their four Nations Cup titles back in 1982.
They have looked like one of the most accomplished sides so far in this year's tournament, despite losing left-back Abdul Rahman Baba to a serious knee injury in their opening 1-0 win against Uganda.


The family of a woman who was murdered by her ex-boyfriend - a convicted killer - are calling for a public inquiry into her death.

Maria Stubbings, 50, was strangled by Marc Chivers at her home in Chelmsford, Essex, in 2008.
Earlier this year, an inquest ruled she was failed by Essex Police.
Ms Stubbing's son, Bengi, who was 15 when she was killed, said he wanted a public inquiry to "spark more awareness around domestic violence".
A petition set up by domestic violence charity Refuge and the families of victims, including Ms Stubbings, has been signed by almost 50,000 people.
It is calling for a public inquiry into why victims of domestic violence are not getting protection.
Bengi Stubbings said he wanted the issue to be "more in the open".
"I'd like it [the inquiry] to get agencies to connect and come together to protect the public," he told BBC Look East.
In October, the jury at an inquest into Ms Stubbings' death said Essex Police had failed in almost every part of its investigation.
It said the force had made a catalogue of errors, starting in July 2008 when Ms Stubbings first contacted them after being assaulted by Chivers, who had served 15 years in prison in Germany for killing a former girlfriend.
Essex's chief constable, Stephen Kavanagh, admitted the force had failed to protect Ms Stubbings and her son, but said work was being done to make sure her death was not "in vain".
Mr Stubbings said he thought the "culture" around domestic violence "needed to change".
"In society, we're not as aware of what the signs are," he said.
"We all need to help each other to raise awareness about what domestic violence really is."


Opponents of wild animal hunting claim the fox hunting ban, in force for more than 10 years, is not being properly enforced in the South West.

Under the Hunting Act 2004, foxes cannot be killed by dogs as part of a hunt in England and Wales.
The claims come after figures obtained by the BBC show no prosecutions have been made in Devon and Cornwall since the ban was introduced.
Devon and Cornwall Police said it would "always consider any evidence".
However, the force has made two arrests on suspicion of illegal hunting, in 2011 and 2014, a freedom of information request has shown.
Although private prosecutions have been mounted by the League Against Cruel Sports, and the RSPCA, there have been no cases brought on the basis of police investigations.
Hunting was a major issue throughout much of Tony Blair's government but with the introduction of the ban it became much less prominent.
That could change after the general election, as there are clear differences between the main parties which could see the law revisited.
Labour has promised to defend the ban, the Conservatives say they will offer parliament a free vote on repealing it, while the Liberal Democrats say hunting is not a priority, but would allow their MPs a free vote if the issue arises.
Peter Anderson, a trustee of the league, said: "Devon and Cornwall Police has not viewed the ban as a priority and enforced it properly, which is very disappointing.
"There have been large numbers of prosecutions in other regions, which show the ban works."
But Tim Bonner, director of campaigns for the Countryside Alliance, said: "These figures show the Hunting Act was a waste of 700 hours of parliamentary time.
"It isn't working and just leads to unfounded allegations of criminality against law abiding people."
You cannot use dogs to hunt foxes, hares or deer
You can use dogs for:
In a statement, Assistant Chief Constable Paul Netherton said: "Devon and Cornwall Police will always consider any evidence brought to our attention regarding the Hunting Act - and any other crime.
"This will be investigated proportionately and advice sought from the Crown Prosecution Service as to any charging decision."
Devon and Cornwall makes up one of the most heavily hunted areas of Britain.
Parliament passed the Hunting Act in late 2004 and violent exchanges between enthusiasts and opponents were widely reported.


A music teacher accused of raping one of his students has admitted in court they had sex but said it was always consensual.

Malcolm Layfield, 63, raped the 18-year-old pupil at Manchester's Chetham's School of Music in the early 1980s, Manchester Crown Court heard.
Mr Layfield, of Castle Quay, Castlefield, denies a charge of rape.
He told the court he had affairs with a number of students in the 1980s but saw nothing wrong with it at the time.
But, he told the jury that looking back he now feels "terrible about it".
"I am remorseful and regretful about what happened with these relationships," he said.
It is alleged Mr Layfield raped his pupil in his car after getting her drunk during a music summer school, in the weeks after she left Chetham's.
The defendant agreed they had had sex but insisted it was with her full consent, the court heard.
They had gone on to have a sexual relationship, which lasted for several weeks after she started studying at the Royal Northern College of Music, where he was her tutor.
The jury heard she bought him a set of antique cufflinks as a thankyou present when she graduated from the college.
The trial continues.


Four years on from a fatal rape that shocked India and the world, women want to reclaim public spaces and are speaking up about the violence they have faced - but they don't just want to be seen as victims.

Every month, Neha Singh sends a text about the next midnight walk to a group of women.
A quick discussion on the route follows. The date fixed, they agree to meet at midnight, with a plan to loiter until 03:00.
It's a time when you normally don't see women out on their own. Even well-lit streets are considered unsafe after midnight anywhere in India.
But these women refuse to be boxed in.
On the night I join the walk, four members turn up. One of them, Celina John, is wearing shorts and a sleeveless top.
"Why should I dress differently at night?" she asks.
"The more you dress freely, the more people will get used to it, and in a tiny way that will change their attitudes to women."
These attitudes started getting questioned after a 23-year-old physiotherapy student, Jyoti Singh was raped by multiple men on a moving bus in Delhi, in December 2012.  She died from her injuries.
It was so shocking that it caused an international outcry and India tightened its laws that deal with violence against women.
Neha was one of the thousands who marched in the streets in protest.
And as she thought of ways to bring about lasting change, she stumbled upon a book called Why Loiter, which argues that women's access to public spaces in India is "at best, conditional".
The book argued that women should have equal access to public spaces, and inspired Neha to start her group, also called Why Loiter.
"It has its challenges, like once when a man stepped out of his car and started masturbating in front of us," says Ms. Singh.
"But the loitering had changed us and instead of feeling ashamed or blaming ourselves for it, I took out my camera, pointed it at him and said this will make a viral video on YouTube, and the man zipped up and fled."
Every four minutes in India in 2015, a sexual crime against women was reported to the police.
Observers suggest broader definitions of violence and harsher penalties have encouraged more women to report attacks.
Some women have also felt emboldened enough to report instances of sexual harassment and rape against men in authority.
Sameera Khan, a journalist and co-author of the book Why Loiter, says the Indian woman has turned defiant and this defiance is taking different forms across the country.
Protest groups like Why Loiter in Mumbai, Pinjra Tod'(Break the Cages) in Delhi and Blank Noise in Bangalore are being led by young women but have found support among men too.
"The message out there to the west is that we are not only about violence and being victims," Ms. Khan says.
"Instead we are empowering our lives in many different ways, raising questions, talking about our personal narratives of facing violence and understanding that these are not private stories that need to be hidden under the carpet anymore or in the closet."
BBC 100 Women names 100 influential and inspirational women around the world every year. We create documentaries, features and interviews about their lives, giving more space for stories that put women at the centre.
Other stories you might like:
Should women be given time off
I am a 'surrendered wife'
Who is on the BBC's 100 Women 2016 list?
Recently, one of India's top sportswomen Mary Kom went public about how she was molested as a teenager.
Indian women don't normally talk about harassment because of the shame associated with it.
It took Mary Kom, a five time world boxing champion and an Olympic bronze medallist, almost a decade to come out with her story.
"I was nobody at that time and wasn't sure I'd get support if I spoke up," she tells me when we meet at her boxing academy in the north-eastern state of Manipur.
Now, after having put her state on the world map, and witnessed a change in the way women are perceived, Mary Kom believes it is time for people like her speak up.
"In India we place the burden of honour on women," Ms. Kom says.
"I believe that women should not be shamed whatever harassment or violence they face. We should speak up. Only then society will change."
Even Bollywood seems to be opening up to progressive portrayals of attitudes towards women.
Far from depicting stalking and rape threats as romantic overtures in popular cinema, the newly released Bollywood film Pink has a strong message that no means no.
On the streets and elsewhere, women sense that some doors are finally opening.
Neha of Why Loiter is getting married next year and says her partner fully supports her activities.
She says: "I want to be as free as any man in the country. Why should we settle for anything less?"


Birmingham Hippodrome is to reopen after a £1.2m refurbishment which included its stage being replaced.

The theatre has been closed since 26 August while the 30-year-old plywood stage was ripped out and boards that are 10cm thicker put in.
The orchestra pit has been refurbished and new ticket kiosks and 500 low-energy light bulbs have been installed.
Resident company the Birmingham Royal Ballet will give the first performance on the new stage on Wednesday night.
First soloist with the BRB Victoria Marr said: "[The old stage] had a lot of wear and tear: it had started to show signs of ageing and it got a little bit dangerous.
"For us, wearing pointe shoes which are inherently slippery anyway, any little lump or bump in the surface can make it precarious."
Birmingham Hippodrome's stage was last refurbished in 1982 and the theatre said it had become uneven and started to split in places.
It said the new stage was made from heavy duty 11-inch (28cm) plywood.
Chief executive Stuart Griffiths said the refurbishment had been "long overdue".
He said: "We've had probably 1,000 shows and about 10,000 performers a year - that takes its toll.
"It just got to the point where we needed to provide an even, stable stage especially for dance and ballet."
The money to pay for the refurbishment has come from donations from grant-making trusts, local businesses, while almost £113,000 has been collected from audience members, the theatre said.


Emergency payments are to be made to flood victims following torrential rain across parts of Northern Ireland.

The worst affected areas on Tuesday night were Omagh, County Tyrone, and Moneymore and Magherafelt, County Londonderry.
The Fire and Rescue Service said it received 33 calls from those areas in the six hours until midnight.
One firefighter told the BBC there had been "mayhem" due to a deluge of rainwater in a short period of time.
Environment Minister Mark H Durkan said he had now activated the emergency payment scheme and individual households would be eligible for a Â£1,000 payment.
He said it was an "offer of practical assistance to those who have suffered severe inconvenience, to ensure homes are made habitable as quickly as possible. It is not a compensation payment".
Anyone who feels they may be entitled to the payment is being urged to contact their  local council, which will arrange an urgent inspection of the property.
"If the council decides that your claim is eligible, you will receive your payment within a matter of days," said Mr Durkan.
"My department will reimburse councils for the Â£1,000 payments to individual householders, and for the direct and indirect costs of providing practical assistance and advice.
"I and my executive colleagues want to help those most severely affected to get back to normal as quickly as possible and to assist them in ensuring their homes are habitable. "
In Magherafelt, a woman was rescued from her car during several hours of rain and a pensioner was taken to safety from her home.
A spokesman for the Fire and Rescue Service said that about 20 houses were flooded in the town.
"It was mayhem in Magherafelt," he said.
Mid Ulster MLA Patsy McGlone said people were "angry and deeply frustrated at the total lack of any emergency co-ordination following floods in Magherafelt".
He praised firefighters for rescuing the two women but said the high level of service provided by the Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service (NIFRS) was not matched by other statutory agencies in the town.
"Throughout the night Roads Service, Rivers Agency and NI Water failed to turn up despite NIFRS staff reporting circumstances as a priority situation," Mr McGlone said.
"Each of the absentee statutory service providers effectively abandoned people in the middle of a flood and left them to fend for themselves.
"That is an inexcusable failing," he added.
The SDLP MLA said he had spent the night with families "who were trying to locate sandbags to protect their homes only to be frustrated by the unavailability of agency staff".
A spokesperson for the Department for Regional Development (DRD) said: "Sandybraes [in Magherafelt] was one of 23 individual  locations where DRD was asked for assistance following a particularly heavy deluge across the Mid-Ulster area between the hours of 19:30 and 22:30.
"DRD assisted in Sandybraes through the provision of sandbags co-ordinated through NI Fire and Rescue and also to individual residents who requested them directly at the local DRD depot.
"DRD also delivered additional sandbags directly to Sandybraes around midnight."
NI Water said in a statement that it had received "a number of calls and requests for assistance within the Magherafelt area, and attended where necessary".
It added: "As expected, our wastewater assets in the town experienced a surge in activity during the weather event, but these continued to function well under extreme conditions."
NI Water said that any necessary clean-up operations were "being conducted as a matter of priority".
The Rivers Agency said: "Throughout last night and into the early hours of this morning Rivers Agency responded to a number of calls for assistance.
"While the agency did not receive any calls for assistance from the Magherafelt area, staff were in the locality checking our critical infrastructure.
"While the situation has eased considerably, Rivers Agency staff continue to check our infrastructure and monitor weather forecasts and are available to provide assistance to the public."
The grounds of Letterkenny General Hospital in County Donegal were also flooded during the torrential rain.
It had only resumed full service in March after it was affected by serious flooding last July.


Two teenagers have been charged following trouble in County Armagh.

It happened at Kilwilkie, Lurgan, on Monday afternoon.
A 15-year-old is due to appear in court later on charges of riotous behaviour, arson and placing an object on a railway line in Lurgan.
Another 15-year-old has been charged with riotous behaviour, making a petrol bomb and throwing a petrol bomb. He is due to appear in court in April.


An exhibition of photographs displaying an "animated landscape" inspired by the Highland boundary fault line has gone on display in Glasgow.

The Island Drift exhibition shows trails of light photographed at dusk and night around Loch Lomond.
One image has a long line of light that leads the eye towards the boundary fault islands which span the loch.
The project, by public art company NVA, was in partnership with the Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park.
NVA have produced public art displays like the Ghost Peleton and light displays at the 2012 London London Olympics.
The Island Drift exhibition, which took nine months to make, was created by designer James Johnson, photographer Alan McAteer and NVA's creative director Angus Farquhar.
Rangers from the national park and the crew of the Loch Lomond rescue boat also helped with the project.
Mr Farquhar said NVA wanted to "invert" the public art displays the company usually produced and make something purely for the camera.
"Looking in depth we realised where the Highland boundary fault ran, with the islands that cut across the reach of Loch Lomond, and became interested in the geology."
He told the BBC that 50 light units were manipulated to make the trail of light that mimics the fault along the spine of Conic Hill near Balmaha.
"We had some phenomenal light conditions. There's no digital manipulation at all. You got these incredible purples, oranges and slightly uncanny blue glows. They look hyper-real," he said.
"There's a complexity, beauty and unearthly quality to the art. It was worth spending those cold, wet and windy nights out in the national park to make it."
Gordon Watson, chief executive of Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park, said "It was an unusual and fascinating experience for our rangers to help the artists light up the landscape of the park to create these stunning images.
"The exhibition provides a unique perspective on the striking geology of Loch Lomond and we are thrilled that it will be on show. I would encourage people from the national park area and across Scotland to head to Glasgow for this unique exhibition."
The photographic installation at Street Level Photoworks in Glasgow runs until 24 January.


A police dog involved in a crash in Aberdeenshire which left his handler seriously injured has been put down.

The crash happened on the A90 Aberdeen to Peterhead road at Auchiries, Longhaven, near Peterhead last Tuesday.
The 46-year-old officer was taken to hospital. His condition on Monday was described as "stable".
Police Scotland said Sam, a "much-loved" nine-year-old black Labrador, was put down following complications after surgery.


Virtually unknown to the Egyptian public before the Spring of 2011, Field Marshal Abdul Fattah al-Sisi looks set to become the next president of Egypt.

This remarkable rise attests to the military's predominant power and to the field marshal's ability to harness that power for his own and for his institution's purposes.
Key to his political skill has been his secrecy coupled with expert role-playing that duped his opponents into thinking he was an unambitious professional officer while simultaneously appealing to the Egyptian public as the man to lead them out of the post-Mubarak political morass.
Who then is this rather mysterious officer and how and for what purposes is he likely to rule Egypt?
First and foremost, Field Marshal Sisi is the product of the military high command under former President Hosni Mubarak, as his career trajectory and personal alliances suggest.
The "political track" in the Egyptian military is the army and within it, the infantry, the corps which produced both the late presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat.
Mr Mubarak was chosen by Sadat as his vice-president precisely because as an air force officer he did not command the loyalty of forces required for a coup.
After succeeding Sadat following his assassination in 1981, Mubarak ultimately settled on the lacklustre infantry general, Mohammed Hussein Tantawi, to preside over the officer corps - more or less as a CEO - rewarding loyalists with promotions and patronage generated in the military's sprawling economy.
Field Marshal Sisi was one of Field Marshal Tantawi's favourites, who doled out plum assignments to this rising infantry officer.
He was provided the necessary foreign training, contacts and polish by stints at the UK's Joint Services Command and Staff College (JSCSC), at the US Army War College, and as military attache in Riyadh.
His credentials as a commanding officer were burnished by appointments as battalion, brigade and division commander and chief-of-staff within the mechanised infantry and by his final operational command as chief-of-staff of the Northern Military Zone, headquartered in Alexandria.
Having established the professional basis for military leadership and the personal connections within the officer corps so essential to it, he was then shifted to the yet more vital post of deputy head of Military Intelligence, the organisation with primary responsibility for watching over the officer corps.
It was from that position that Field Marshal Tantawi recruited him into the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (Scaf), through which the former was ruling Egypt after having agreed to the overthrow of Mr Mubarak in 2011.
Not listed among the original 20 officers on the Scaf and then its youngest member, Field Marshal Sisi was obviously brought on board by Field Marshal Tantawi because of his personal loyalty and political talents.
In 2006, Abdul Fattah al-Sisi was sent to the US Army War College to study for a master's degree.
In a research paper, called Democracy in the Middle East, he warned that it was "not necessarily going to evolve upon a Western template".
He argued that "democracy, as a secular entity, is unlikely to be favourably received by the vast majority of Middle Easterners, who are devout followers of the Islamic faith". Rather, he wrote that it "cannot be understood without an understanding of the concept of the Caliphate", the system of joint political and religious rule in Muslim lands in the first six centuries after the Prophet Muhammad's death. That period reflected the values of "fairness, justice, equality, unity and charity", he explained. However, he did not talk about implementing Islamic law.
He also predicted that "there is no guarantee that the police and military forces will align with the emerging ruling parties" in nascent democracies.
He immediately became a key public face of the Scaf, handling such controversial matters as the "virginity tests" inflicted by the military upon female demonstrators they had arrested.
Yet more important was Abdul Fattah al-Sisi's behind-the-scenes role as the Scaf's contact man with the Muslim Brotherhood, also assigned by Field Marshal Tantawi.
Widely known as a devout Muslim by virtue of his conservative family life, fondness for using Koranic phrases in his everyday speech, and by his advocacy of Islam to Western audiences, Field Marshal Sisi set about convincing the Brothers that he shared many of their views and was an officer they could trust.
In this he was hugely successful. President Mohammed Morsi turned to him in August 2012, when looking for an officer to replace Field Marshal Tantawi as commander-in-chief and defence minister.
He agreed, on the proviso that there be no victimisation of Field Marshal Tantawi, his Chief-of-Staff General Sami Enan, or any other officers close to them.
In the event, those key officers who were retired off were given honours, plum assignments or both, and a further 70 or so officers older than the then major general - hence of higher rank - were also retired, thereby placing him in effective as well as nominal control of the military.
So Abdul Fattah al-Sisi rose to the top not by overthrowing his seniors, but rather by looking after them.
President Morsi and his Brotherhood colleagues clearly believed that Field Marshal Sisi was their man, an image that he cultivated, while simultaneously assuring the military that he was protecting its interests.
He was deferential to Mr Morsi in public and on those occasions where the media had deemed the two men disagreed, the military chief seemed to give way.
Yet on vital security interests in the Sinai and along the Suez Canal, he pre-empted the president by issuing a military decree, demonstrating to his officer colleagues that he would not subordinate the military's vital security role to the Brothers.
That impression was further reinforced by the 2012 constitution, drafted by an Islamist-dominated assembly, which assigned more power and privileges to the military than it had enjoyed in any previous constitution dating back to the first in 1923.
A month prior to Field Marshal Sisi's "coup" against President Morsi on 3 July 2013, the Brotherhood's spokesman was going out of his way to extol the military and his leadership of it.
Khairat al-Shatir, the organisation's deputy general guide, financier and eminence grise, was sufficiently confident of the power relationship to rudely lecture Field Marshal Sisi on his responsibilities.
To the very end Mr Morsi clearly believed that the field marshal would stand by him, dismissing as he did the minister of defence's message on 1 July that the president had to take account of the will of the people or the military would be compelled to act.
Although the Brotherhood and its leadership was obviously delusional in this and other respects, its failure to appreciate Field Marshal Sisi's objectives speaks of his ability to conceal them and to dupe his opponents.
Lest there be any doubt about Field Marshal Sisi's independence from his original base in the Tantawi high command, personnel moves subsequent to overthrowing Mr Morsi should dispel them.
His very first appointment on the day he dispatched the president to jail was that of General Mohammed Farid al-Tohamy to head of General Intelligence Service (GIS), a key post into which Mr Morsi had some months earlier placed a loyalist.
Gen Tohamy, eight years older than Field Marshal Sisi, had acted as his mentor, first in the mechanised infantry and then in intelligence.
A Mubarak-Tantawi loyalist, Gen Tohamy had been retired from the military into the post of Director of the Administrative Oversight Authority, the government's chief anti-corruption organisation and one used primarily to cover up the misdeeds of those in power, including military officers.
Much hated by the Brotherhood, which had begun a campaign against him, Gen Tohamy was charged by Field Marshal Sisi with orchestrating the crackdown on it, which resulted some two weeks later in the massacre of some 1,000 demonstrators at two protest camps and the subsequent designation of the Brotherhood as a terrorist organisation.
In retrospect, it seems incredible that the Brothers should ever have trusted Field Marshal Sisi, the known protege of General Tohamy, protector of the Mubarak-Tantawi networks of corruption, and strong advocate from his position in intelligence of a hardline policy against Islamists.
The degree to which Field Marshal Sisi is both a product of the military and continues to depend upon it is reflected in his nascent presidential campaign.
The army's Department of Morale Affairs is responsible for managing its public image and boosting goodwill towards troops.
When Field Marshal al-Sisi was appointed armed forces chief in 2012 by an Islamist president, it released a documentary that highlighted his piety.
After Mr Morsi's overthrow, the department produced a video for soldiers and riot police featuring a cleric who likened opponents of the military takeover to an early Islamic sect that some scholars considered to be infidels, and thus permissible to kill.
It also encouraged a cult of personality around the field marshal that led to his face appearing frequently on state television and in state-run newspapers, on posters and billboards, and even on memorabilia ranging from chocolates to underpants.
Ahead of January's constitutional referendum, the department released music videos encouraging a "yes" vote by children's, women's and men's choirs, and even the belly dancer Sama Elmasry (pictured).
General Samir Farag - whose military career was also in the mechanised infantry and intelligence, who was appointed by Mr Mubarak as governor of Luxor and head of the Cairo Opera House, and who has been accused of extensive corruption in those roles - is rumoured to be a key campaign aide, as is former Assistant Defence Minister for Financial and Administrative Affairs, General Mahmoud Nasr - a man who might be thought of as "book-keeper" of the sprawling Mubarak-Tantawi patronage networks.
Thus far the campaign has been run out of the military's Department of Morale Affairs, which draws upon the military's own off-budget resources to finance the films, campaign posters, and presumably rent-a-crowds that have helped generate the groundswell of support for the field marshal.
Mohammed Hassanain Heykal, Nasser's confidant and able defender of his dubious legacy, including the role of the military, is thought to be a key campaign adviser.
Amr Moussa, former foreign minister under Mr Mubarak and then head of the Arab League, was called in by Field Marshal Sisi to oversee the drafting of the military-backed constitution, passed by referendum in January.
Mr Moussa, who was known to be close to the Scaf, and at one time was considered by it as their possible candidate for president, has endorsed Field Marshal Sisi's bid for the presidency.
The principal theme of the campaign so far is counter-terrorism, while the field marshal's rhetoric is heavily laced with references to Islam.
He has declared, for example, that Egyptians will have to "put their trust in God, the army and the civilian police to take Egypt to freedom, stability and progress".
His economic policy is shrouded in ambiguity. Negotiations with the IMF have been suspended, as conditions that organisation would impose for a loan would be political suicide for any candidate associated with them.
But negotiations with crony capitalists in exile have been resumed, presumably to lure them and their money back to Egypt.
A minimum wage for public servants has been declared, as has a stimulus package more generally.
In the meantime the economic crisis intensifies, as reflected in rising unemployment, poverty, inflation, and government debt, power outages, capital flight and an absence of tourists.
For all of this Field Marshal Sisi has avoided any direct blame, skilfully shuffling that off onto Prime Minister Hazem Beblawi and his hapless cabinet, which resigned on 24 February.
In an interview given in the United Arab Emirates before the announcement, he had himself evinced displeasure at the Beblawi government's performance.
One poll suggested that two-thirds of Egyptians approved of Field Marshal Sisi and his performance, with another indicating that only a fifth approved of Mr Beblawi and his government.
The field marshal's popularity is due to that of the military, which continues to be the most trusted institution in the country, with around 90% of Egyptians expressing their support for it; to his message of restoring stability by virtue of a crackdown on Islamists; by his skilful projection of an upbeat officer image, replete with snazzy headgear, combined with that of a devout Muslim harbouring traditional respect for women and Christians; and by his careful avoidance of substantive policies, especially those of economics.
That this message, which avoids truly critical matters, can be so popular and believable attests in part to his skill in delivering it, which rests both on his military background and on his traditional upbringing in Cairo's al-Gamaliyya district, the very heart of historic, Islamic Cairo venerated by novelist Naguib Mahfouz and in the imagination of most Egyptians.
He is the very living example of what traditional Egyptian values and practices can produce.
And even if he is ultimately revealed as a "fahlawi", a skilled deceiver of others, that too could be positively interpreted as a sign of his Egyptianness and suitability for a leadership role.
So what sort of a president might Field Marshal Sisi make?
Again there is an element of duplicity in the projected presidential image, which is that of a new, "believing" Nasser.
But he cannot be a new Nasser, despite his probable efforts at emulation and Nasser's daughter Hoda's assertion that he will be - except in one vital respect, which is that of military authoritarianism.
He cannot be a new Nasser because of profound change in both the external and internal contexts.
The Cold War is over and Egypt's regional role much diminished.
But Field Marshal Sisi is seeking to rekindle nationalist pride, probably in part to offset inevitable domestic problems.
His dealings with Russia, including a well-timed trip to Moscow in mid-February to complete an arms deal, were intended as part of the launch of his presidential campaign, evoking memories of Nasser's rejection of the much hated West in favour of the Soviets.
But in reality any arms deal with Moscow will be more in the way of political cover for the Egyptian military's continuing dependence on the US than an assertion of real independence.
Egypt's vulnerable economy precludes any substantive power projection into the region, which in any case is now populated with states comparatively much more powerful than they were in Nasser's era.
As for the domestic economy, again the shadow of Nasser appears to loom over Field Marshal Sisi, who is already identifying the new era as one of grand projects, just as Nasser had done with the Aswan Dam and various other undertakings.
In this case the project is the proposed development of the Suez Canal area, which is being ballyhooed as the driving force behind Egypt's bright future as a leading emerging economy.
While development of this region makes sense economically and from the security perspective, it will be hobbled by the same governance issues that drag down Egypt's overall development, even though the Chinese and Russians may buy into it out of their own security calculations.
Moreover, the canal project has been chosen in part because that region is the very epicentre of the military's influence, and indeed its land ownership.
So here is the opportunity, at least in Field Marshal Sisi's view, for the military to demonstrate its management prowess, while generating further revenues for its own, off-budget economy.
Indeed, since he became the de facto ruler of the country, the pace of government contracting with military-controlled companies has significantly increased, suggesting both his move to cement his control of the officer corps as well as his plans for the future economic role of the military.
On the overthrow of President Morsi
The armed forces cannot just turn a deaf ear and a blind eye to the movement and call of the Egyptian people.
On US criticism and suspension of aid
You left the Egyptians. You turned your back on the Egyptians, and they won't forget that.
On protests against the interim government
I urge the people to take to the streets... to prove their will and give me, the army and police, a mandate to confront possible violence and terrorism.
On the military's political ambitions (Aug 2013)
This is not the rule of the soldiers, nor is there the slightest desire to rule Egypt.
On dreams (Dec 2013)
I saw President Sadat, and he told me that he knew he would be president of Egypt, so I responded that I knew I would be president too.
In sum, the military under Field Marshal will expand its influence yet further into the economy and state, more or less as it did under Nasser, and in this it has every chance of success.
The three institutional components of the deep state - the military, the ministry of the interior, and the General Intelligence Service - are already under his control, something which none of his predecessors ever totally managed.
Nasser, Sadat and Mr Mubarak all had to build up the security and intelligence agencies under the interior ministry in order to balance off the military, whereas Field Marshal Sisi has no such need.
The counter-insurgency campaign currently under way draws upon both military and security forces, again a novel approach reflecting the field marshal's dominant position in both.
As for the directly political domains of parliament and political parties, Field Marshal Sisi does not have the need, as did Nasser, to formulate a single party to crowd out opposition, including in parliamentary elections, and to burnish his image.
At present, he is relying on the military, other elements of the deep state and Mubarak-era technocrats to manage his campaign, thereby suggesting he hopes to rule as a sort of presidential version of King Abdullah II of Jordan or King Muhammad VI of Morocco, balancing off the various political parties and forces under him while relying on the deep state for the essence of his rule.
In this way he can use nominally independent political forces and actors as political shock-absorbers, blaming them for failures while also manipulating them so they not coalesce in opposition to him.
At present, many of these political actors seem content to accept this role.
When and if they do not, he will still have the option to cobble together a political party under his tutelage, although this effort would suggest either weakness or overweening ambition on his part.
Field Marshal Sisi is an enormously talented, manipulative, and highly politicised officer who has managed to rescue the military and the deep state more generally from potential destruction at the hands of revolutionaries or Muslim Brothers.
He was charged with that role by the high command of the Mubarak-Tantawi era, he has executed it, and is now reaping personal rewards for his sterling performance.
The danger is that his ambitions, combined with the institutional interests of an overly large, inadequately trained, arrogant and corrupt military will lead to political, economic and foreign policy over-reach, much as a similar combination did under Nasser.
Dr Robert Springborg is Visiting Professor at the Department of War Studies, King's College, London.


A collection of 65 dolls' houses is due to go on display at a stately home in North Yorkshire.

The houses, said to be "historically accurate", can be seen in the former potting sheds at Newby Hall near Ripon.
The collection includes a miniature Adam house with a replica of Newby Hall's tapestry room.
Collectors and miniaturists Caroline Hamilton and Jane Fiddick gave the collection to Newby Hall when it became too big for them to house.
Newby Hall was built by Sir Christopher Wren in the 1690s and later adapted by Robert Adam. It is now considered to be one of Britain's finest examples of Adam-style architecture.
Also going on display are 26 pieces chosen by Ms Hamilton and Ms Fiddick to demonstrate the miniaturist's skills including hallmarked silver, hand-blown glass, real china, minute stitching and hand-carved wood.
The potting sheds conversion cost £150,000, of which £97,000 came from the Heritage Lottery Fund.
The dolls' house collection will be on public display from 30 June until 27 September, and from April to September each year thereafter.
Ms Fiddick said: "It is heart-warming to think that the pleasure our houses have given will be continued in a permanent home at Newby Hall.
"With its gracious Adam rooms, the hall is a miniaturist's dream. Some panels of the famous Newby Tapestries have been as closely reproduced as I could manage in my 1/12th scale Adam House, so it is a particularly fitting setting for the collection."
Ms Hamilton founded and ran the London Dollshouse Festival for 20 years.


Chelsea's surprise defeat by Crystal Palace at Stamford Bridge makes the title race "more interesting", says Blues boss Antonio Conte.

Media playback is not supported on this device
The Premier League leaders suffered only their second home defeat of the season as Palace boosted their survival hopes with a 2-1 win.
Tottenham's win at Burnley means they are seven points behind Chelsea.
"For (the media) it's a good result, because it makes this more interesting in the championship," Conte said.
"But I always said the league finishes when you have the mathematical certainty that you won. Otherwise you must fight, you must play every game to try to win."
Tottenham boss Mauricio Pochettino says he and his players still believe they can catch Chelsea following their 2-0 win at Burnley.
"It's an important, a massive three points for us to still believe we can fight for the title," said the Argentine.
"We showed great belief and character and faith. That makes us proud."
Media playback is not supported on this device
Former Arsenal defender Martin Keown on Match of the Day
"I don't think it can be done. But Tottenham have been brilliant since the turn of the year. They're the two best teams and let's see what they can do."
Prior to Palace's visit, Chelsea had not lost in any competition since a 2-0 defeat at Tottenham on 4 January.
It looked like they were on course for another victory when Cesc Fabregas struck early on, but two quick goals from Wilfried Zaha and Christian Benteke secured a fourth successive win for Palace.
The Eagles, having looked in real danger of going down earlier this season, are now four points clear of the relegation zone.
"Nobody expected it," said Palace boss Sam Allardyce, who has never been relegated from the Premier League as a manager.
"It's an absolutely outstanding victory for us, particularly in the position we're in."


Facebook has confirmed that it has removed a post on its site which included names and photographs of people accused of anti-social behaviour in west Belfast.

A spokesperson said it had taken the move because the post violates Facebook's community standards.
It comes after a series of paramilitary-style attacks in the Turf Lodge area.
The PSNI said they were not linking the post to recent shootings at this stage.
Police said such paramilitary style attacks in west Belfast had doubled in 2016 compared to 2015.
The police figures do not take into account the Turf Lodge shootings.
Speaking on the BBC's Good Morning Ulster programme, before the post was removed, Sinn Féin MLA, Pat Sheehan, said that some people on the list had already been shot.
Mr Sheehan said the name of the 26-year-old, who was shot in both legs on Tuesday night, was on the list.
"My understanding is that this man's name has appeared on a list on social media, a list that contains eight names and photographs of people," he said.
Mr Sheehan added that the list accuses people of so-called joy riding.
There have been a number of shootings since the beginning of the year.
Mr Sheehan said: "A number of people on this list have already been shot and it's my understanding that police have begun to visit others whose names are on this list to warn them about their security.
He said the community did not believe there was a drugs link to the attacks.
"The people who have been shot, and I exclude the couple from last week, mostly have been involved in anti-social behaviour and petty crime.
"It's a well-known fact that these people who are carrying out the shootings actually tax drug dealers and if these people pay up their tax, they aren't being shot.
"The community is having to deal with the fall-out of all of this," he added.
West Belfast People Before Profit MLA, Gerry Carroll, said he was "deeply concerned" that an "apparent hit list" of people had been published on social media, with three of those on the list being the victims of recent punishment shootings.
"So-called punishment shootings are inherently undemocratic, inhumane and wrong," he said.
"Nobody in west Belfast selected the individuals who compiled this list as their judge, jury and executioner. This is a community that understands the effects of repression and injustice.
"People don't want an even more repressive 'punishment' system foisted upon them without their say."


MP Richard Arkless has voiced frustration in the House of Commons over one debtor he said had forced Penman Engineering into administration.

The company, which makes armoured vehicles at a site near Dumfries, made the move last week.
Mr Arkless said the debtor - who he was not allowed to name - had received "huge public sector contracts".
He asked for export support for Penman but also how other businesses could be made to pay their bills on time.
The Dumfries and Galloway MP raised the issue during Prime Minister's Questions.
He said the firm had been put in an "impossible position".
"Penman has to continue to trade with this debtor as well as pursuing the debt," he said.
Prime Minister Theresa May said her thoughts were with the families affected by the administration.
"The administrator does have a role in ensuring that any sale of the business protects the maximum number of jobs," she said.
She said Scottish Secretary David Mundell had made clear preserving posts was his priority.
"Obviously the administrator will be looking to ensure the best possible options are found for the company," she added.