The BBC has seen evidence that top executives at Shell knew money paid to the Nigerian government for a vast oil field would be passed to a convicted money-launderer.

It also had reason to believe that money would be used to pay political bribes.
The deal was concluded while Shell was operating under a probation order for a separate corruption case in Nigeria.
Shell said it did not believe its employees acted illegally.
OPL 245 is an oilfield off the coast of Nigeria whose estimated nine billion barrels of oil are worth nearly half a trillion dollars at today's prices. Shell has been active in Nigeria for nearly 60 years and was keen to acquire the field.
New evidence shows just how far Shell was prepared to go to get its hands on it.
Standing between Shell and its prize was Dan Etete, whose company acquired the rights to OPL 245 for a tiny sum while he was oil minister of Nigeria. He was later convicted of money laundering in a different case.
Shell and the Italian oil company ENI eventually acquired OPL 245 in 2011 - by paying $1.3bn to the Nigerian government.
The government promptly passed on more than $1bn of the money to a company called Malabu, which was controlled by Dan Etete.
Emails obtained by anti-corruption charities Global Witness and Finance Uncovered, and seen by the BBC, show that Shell representatives were negotiating with Etete for a year before the deal was finalised.
In March 2010, an email from a former MI6 officer employed by Shell shows the company believed Etete stood to benefit from the deal.
"Etete can smell the money. If, at 70 years old, he does turn his nose up at 1.2 bill he is completely certifiable and we should then probably just hold out until nature takes its course with him."
That email was forwarded to the then Shell chief executive Peter Voser - one of the most powerful men in the oil business - showing knowledge of Etete's involvement went right to the top.
Representatives of Peter Voser declined to comment.
Shell also had good reason to suspect that hundreds of millions would end up in the pockets of Nigerian politicians including the former President Goodluck Jonathan.
In an email from July, the same Shell employee says Etete's negotiating strategy is "clearly an attempt to deliver significant revenues to GLJ [Goodluck Jonathan] as part of any transaction."
Italian prosecutors allege that $466m were laundered through a network of Nigerian bureaux de change to facilitate payments to President Jonathan and other politicians.
A spokesperson for Goodluck Jonathan told the BBC that no charges or indictments have been brought or secured against the former president relating to this transaction and described the allegations as a "false narrative".
The BBC is still awaiting comment from Dan Etete, but he has previously denied any wrongdoing.
The controversy around this deal has attracted the attention of law enforcement agencies in Italy and the Netherlands.
In February of 2016 Shell's offices in the Hague were raided and documents removed.
On the day of the raid, the current chief executive, Ben van Beurden, called the now former chief financial officer Simon Henry to discuss the raid. That call was recorded by Dutch law enforcement officials and has been heard by the BBC.
On that call, Mr van Beurden said that Shell's own investigation had turned up correspondence from the former MI6 officers which he described as "just pub talk in emails which was stupid but nevertheless it's there" and acknowledged they were "really unhelpful".
The emails the BBC has seen appear to be more than pub talk. They seem to show that a number of Shell executives were aware that a company controlled by Etete would ultimately receive more than $1bn and were advised by their own employees that the money was likely to end up being paid in political kickbacks.
In a statement, Shell said it did not believe that any current or former employees had acted illegally. It also said that if any payments were made by Malabu to government officials then it was done without its knowledge, authorisation or on its behalf.
ENI said an independent investigation had found "no credible evidence of the involvement of Eni staff in corrupt activities with Nigerian government officials, nor any knowledge of the actual existence of such activities by third parties in connection with the transaction".
It should be remembered that this deal was concluded just months after Shell had paid $30m to settle previous allegations of bribery in Nigeria and elsewhere.
As part of a deal to spare the company a damaging criminal conviction in that case, Shell agreed to what was, in effect, a probation order, by giving an undertaking to the US Department of Justice to tighten up its internal controls in order to stay in compliance with America's tough anti-corruption laws.
The question for Shell is what on earth were they doing negotiating with a convicted money launderer, who they suspected might pass the money to the president, months after reaching a previous bribery settlement in the same country.
Matthew Page worked for the US State Department in Nigeria for 15 years. He told the BBC: "At a time when Shell should have been cautious having just settled a previous case, rather than walk away from a deal with clear corruption risks, they doubled down."
Barnaby Pace, a campaigner at Global Witness, said: "The $1bn that Shell paid for this massive offshore oil licence in Nigeria is equivalent to more than the 2016 ministry of health budget in Nigeria - a country where one in ten children don't live to see their fifth birthday. And these companies need to face justice for what they have done."
Italian courts will decide whether to proceed with criminal proceedings against Shell and its partner ENI on 20 April.
Corruption may be a stubbornly regrettable fact of life in Nigeria. And it may be very difficult to drill for oil there without buying access through corrupt payments to politicians. Western companies - and their investors - have to decide if that is a price worth paying.
Lawmakers will have to decide whether the weapons they have to stop it are sufficient to deter it.


Ronnie O'Sullivan will not defend his Champion of Champions title in Coventry next month.

The five-time world champion, 39, was included in the draw but said last week that he would decline the invitation to play without stating why.
Tournament organiser have now confirmed the two-time winner will not feature.
O'Sullivan's decision not to play means Ruhr Open winner Rory McLeod will now be assured of an invite to play in the event, which begins on 10 November.
Writing on Twitter last week, O'Sullivan said: "I don't want fans buying tickets for Coventry thinking I'm playing. I said I hadn't entered weeks ago. Nothing's changed."
World champion Stuart Bingham will play the opening match of the tournament, while the likes of Neil Robertson, Shaun Murphy and world number one Mark Selby will also be in action.


Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice has received mixed reviews from critics ahead of its release this weekend.

The film had been widely praised by fans after its first screening in New York last week.
But critics have not been so positive about the long-awaited movie, which stars Ben Affleck as Batman and Henry Cavill as Superman.
"This superhero-smorgasbord melts into an electric soup of CGI," Kate Muir wrote in the Times.
"Effects are so overused that any conviction explodes in a giant fireball - indeed endless fireballs. The result is an enervating two and a half hours."
A number of other reviewers also picked up on the film's long duration.
The Sun described it as "insanely long", while the Guardian said it is "both overstuffed and abnormally extended".
"No major blockbuster in years has been this incoherently structured, this seemingly uninterested in telling a story with clarity and purpose," wrote Robbie Collin in the Telegraph.
The BBC's Mark Kermode described it as a "crushing disappointment".
However, some critics were kinder about the film, which sees Wonder Woman - played by Gal Gadot - make her big-screen debut.
Geoffrey Mcnab, in the Independent, praised "the eye-popping spectacle, the brilliance of some of the action sequences, and the full-blooded performances" of the cast.
However, he summarised the film as ultimately being "too convoluted for its own good".
Similarly, Empire noted: "There are moments that make the whole enterprise worthwhile, and [the film] introduces an intriguing new Batman. But it's also cluttered and narratively wonky, a few jokes wouldn't have gone amiss, either."
Wired said the film was "more thematically ambitious and memorable than many other superhero movies", but added the film eventually "falls apart".
Rotten Tomatoes, which works out average scores for films based on multiple reviews, listed Batman v Superman on Friday as having received an average mark of 5.1 out of 10, based on 207 reviews.
But fans have been much kinder to the movie in comments posted on social media.
Ben Kahn tweeted: "Lots to process and think about, but overall BvS is an excellent movie."
"I was pretty impressed by Batman v Superman. Everyone went crazy for Wonder Woman, she was amazing," wrote Swati Teerdhala.


Protests over fee increases have forced the suspension of teaching at three of South Africa's top universities.

Protests have spread from Johannesburg's Wits University, closed last week after thousands demonstrated on campus, to the universities of Rhodes and Cape Town (UCT).
Wits University agreed to suspend a 10.5% tuition fee increase on Friday, pending negotiations with students.
Protesters argue that poorer, mainly black students would be worst affected.
Africa Live: BBC news updates
A statement from Wits University said that a decline in state subsidy over the years, combined with inflationary pressures, were behind the fee increases in recent years.
Analysis: Pumza Fihlani, BBC News, Johannesburg
Many of the affected universities are historically white institutions and while the demographics in the classrooms have changed since the end of apartheid in 1994, critics say the economic conditions of black families wanting to enrol their children have all but remained the same.
Black students say the institutions' high fees are now keeping them from getting a good education. Many say they rely on student loans and scholarships and these are at times difficult to secure.
It does not take much for an issue to become racially charged here in South Africa as the country still nurses a hang-over from decades of white minority rule.
But ironically it is the "born-free" generation, those born after the advent of democracy, now calling for transformation in the elite institutions. Some are calling for free education hoping this will level the playing fields between the affluent and the poor.
Higher Education Minister Blade Nzimande, appearing on national broadcaster SABC, said that he was convening a meeting on Tuesday for university administrators, employees and student leaders to discuss fee increases.
The minister urged university authorities "to exercise greater caution and sensitivity in the process of determining fee increases", saying a solution would need to balance the difficulties of poorer students with the financial pressures currently facing the system.
The hashtag #FeesMustFall has been trending across South Africa, in an echo of #RhodesMustFall, which was used by UCT students in their successful campaign to have a statue of British colonialist Cecil Rhodes removed in April.
At Rhodes university in Eastern Cape Province, classes were suspended after students armed with sticks set up barricades of burning tyres, blocking road access to main campus entrances.
UCT is "notoriously the most expensive university in the country, if not on the continent," Rori Moseli, a second year student at UCT and a member of the student representative council, told the BBC's Focus on Africa radio programme.
He said that students were seeing fee increases of 10-12% every year, roughly twice the rate of annual inflation in South Africa.
"For a long time, we've brought up these issues... but it seems as though we get ignored," he added.
Students at UCT broke into a building on campus on Monday, after being locked out and ordered to leave the campus by university authorities.
UCT has secured an order from the High Court in Cape Town to "prevent protesters from interfering with university operations", which comes into force at 07:00 local time (05:00 GMT) on Tuesday.
The order authorises the police to enforce its terms, which include a ban on barricading entrances and occupying buildings on the the university campus.


A Colombian air force plane has crashed in the north of the country, killing all 11 of those on board.

The twin-engined CN235 transport plane came down in a rural area near the town of Codazzi, in Cesar province, having reported engine difficulties.
Colombia's President Juan Manuel Santos described the victims as heroes.
An investigation into the cause of the crash has been ordered, says the commander of Colombia's air force, Gen Carlos Bueno.
Colombian media reported (in Spanish) that local residents said the plane had been struck by lightning.
All of those killed were members of the Colombian air force.
The CN235 is manufactured by Airbus, who said in a statement that the plane concerned was produced in 1998 in Seville.


India bowled Australia out for 112 in Bengaluru to win a dramatic second Test by 75 runs and level the series at 1-1.

The hosts resumed their second innings on 213-4 and added 25 before wickets tumbled and they were dismissed for 274, with Josh Hazlewood taking 6-67.
Australia needed 188 to win and, after a promising start, were slowed down by losing regular wickets, including captain Steve Smith for 28.
Their last six wickets went for 11 runs as Ravichandran Ashwin took 6-41.
India pace bowler Umesh Yadav also played a key part as he took the wickets of Smith and Shaun Marsh in the second innings.
Marsh was given out leg before wicket but the decision would have been overturned had he chosen to review.
"It was a great Test match, it certainly ebbed and flowed throughout," said Smith. "The partnership between Cheteshwar Pujara and Ajinkya Rahane really hurt us.
"This afternoon did not go to plan. We weren't up to it but I'm proud how the boys played."
India conceded a first innings deficit of 87 after they were skittled out for 189 before Australia made 276.
Pujara and Rahane put on 118 for the fifth wicket in their side's second innings and it proved crucial as they helped India to 274 and a match-winning lead.
"After losing the first Test how we did, we wanted to bounce back hard," said India captain Virat Kohli.
"We knew if we got more a lead of than 150 it would be difficult."
The third Test of the four-match series will start on Thursday, 16 March in Ranchi.


Arsenal striker Jodie Taylor has been named in England's 23-woman squad to play the Netherlands on 29 November.

The 30-year-old, who has scored five times in 16 international appearances, has struggled with injury this year but marked her return to action with two goals against Doncaster last month.
Liverpool captain Gemma Bonner, 25, has also been included.
Injured former captain Casey Stoney - who has 129 caps for England - and Fran Kirby have been left out of the squad.
The Lionesses will face the Euro 2017 hosts in Tilburg at 18:00 GMT in their final friendly of 2016.
England manager Mark Sampson said: "It's a unique chance to play at one of the stadiums where we will play in July and now that we know who we face at the Euros, the intensity and focus in our group will sharpen.
"We are nine games unbeaten and will be fighting to make that 10, but we are expecting a tough game against a fellow contender for the Euros."
The Euros begin on 16 July with Sampson's side opening their campaign against Scotland on 19 July before taking on Spain and Portugal in Group D.
Goalkeepers: Karen Bardsley (Manchester City), Siobhan Chamberlain (Liverpool), Mary Earps (Reading)
Defenders: Laura Bassett (Notts County), Gemma Bonner (Liverpool), Lucy Bronze (Manchester City), Gilly Flaherty (Chelsea), Steph Houghton (Manchester City), Jo Potter (Notts County), Alex Scott (Arsenal), Demi Stokes (Manchester City)
Midfielders: Isobel Christiansen (Manchester City), Jade Moore (Notts County), Jordan Nobbs (Arsenal), Jill Scott (Manchester City), Fara Williams (Arsenal)
Forwards: Karen Carney (Chelsea), Danielle Carter (Arsenal), Rachel Daly (Houston Dash), Gemma Davison (Chelsea), Toni Duggan (Manchester City), Nikita Parris (Manchester City), Jodie Taylor (Arsenal)


Scotland have been forced to make a late change to their side to face Wales with Sean Lamont replacing the injured Sean Maitland on the right wing.

Lamont, 35, will win his 102nd cap in Cardiff, with Wasps' fly-half/full-back Ruaridh Jackson coming onto the bench.
Scotland are aiming to end of a run of eight straight defeats against Wales, and eight losses in the Six Nations stretching back to February 2014.
Maitland had recently recovered from a hamstring injury before facing England.
He played the full 80 minutes at Murrayfield in Scotland's 15-9 defeat last Saturday, but has suffered a recurrence of the problem.
"Sean had a twinge in his hamstring earlier in the week," explained head coach Vern Cotter. "He thought it was OK at the captain's run yesterday but then felt it again, so we thought it was probably best he didn't take the field."


Joe Canning scored an astonishing winning point from the right sideline in the fifth minute of stoppage time to give Galway victory over Tipperay.

The dramatic late intervention gave the Tribesmen a 0-22 to 1-18 win in a keenly contested All-Ireland hurling semi-final at Croke Park on Sunday.
The sides were level 13 times but Canning's 11th point of the game sent the All-Ireland champions crashing out.
Galway will play the winners of next week's game between Cork and Waterford.
The final will be staged on 3 September.
John O'Dwyer had a chance to snatch an equaliser in the final play but his effort from the right tailed off and Galway's passage to the final was secured.
Galway may not have scored a goal for a third championship match in a row but their ability to pick off points when they were most needed saw them home.
It's the third year in a row that the All-Ireland semi-final has been decided by a single point between theses sides, with Galway gaining revenge for last year's loss.
Now they will fancy their chance of a first All-Ireland title since 1988 after surviving a thrilling conclusion.
The sides were level six times in the opening half but Tipperary, playing with the breeze, led by 1-10 to 0-12 at the interval.
The goal came after 24 minutes when John McGrath pounced on an error by Galway goalkeeper Colm Callanan and corner-back Adrian Tuohy to flick the ball to the net.
Galway: C Callanan; A Tuohy, Daithi Burke, J Hanbury; P Mannion (0-01, 0-01f), G McInerney, A Harte; J Coen (0-02), David Burke; C Mannion (0-01), J Canning (0-11, 0-06f, 0-01 sideline, 0-01 '65), J Cooney (0-01); C Whelan (0-04), N Burke, C Cooney (0-02).
Subs: J Flynn for N Burke (45), J Glynn for C Mannion (53), S Moloney for C Cooney (70), G Lally for McInerney (71-73).
Tipperary: D Gleeson; D Maher, J Barry, M Cahill; S Kennedy (0-01), R Maher, Paudie Maher (0-02); B Maher (0-03, 0-02f), M Breen; D McCormack, Patrick 'Bonner' Maher, N McGrath (0-02); J O'Dwyer (0-03), S Callanan (0-05, 0-03f), J McGrath (1-01).
Subs: S Curtin for Patrick 'Bonner Maher (7-10), J Forde (0-01) for Breen (34), N O'Meara for Forde (62).


Nearly 24,000 people have signed a petition aimed at stopping the BBC broadcasting Britain's Hardest Grafter, where low-paid workers vie for £15,500.

Critics have likened it to "poverty porn" and The Hunger Games books, where contestants fought for their lives.
The BBC and Twenty Twenty, the show's production company, said: "It is a misinterpretation of the concept of the series to suggest it is exploitative."
They said "the welfare of those taking part is of paramount importance".
Twenty Twenty's spokesman added the show was "a current affairs commission and not an entertainment format", adding it was "at the very earliest stages of production". The independent production company has also made other programmes including The Choir: New Military Wives, Benefits Britain 1949 and The World's Strictest Parents.
Britain's Hardest Grafter was commissioned as a five-week series with 25 people involved in the process, and the spokesman said the prize money was "the equivalent to an annual living-wage salary".
The original brief for the show said it "follows Brits from across the country through a series of real-world jobs to find Britain's Hardest Worker" - the programme's working title.
"These jobs will take place both out in the workplace and within the confines of a specially created factory, a warehouse space which over the course of five episodes will be transformed to cover the UK's largest blue collar sectors," it said.
The "least effective workers" will then be asked to leave until only one is left, "to be declared Britain's Hardest Worker".
The brief added the show would tackle "some of the most pressing issues of our time", exploring the "low" levels of British productivity, whether the benefits system provides "many with a reason not to work" and if it was "hindering their working opportunity".
It will also seek to discover if the "hidden truth about immigrants" is "simply that they work harder than Brits" and if "we need them as much as they need us - or are they simply prepared to work for a lower wage?".
The show will also aim to explore if the young have "simply not inherited the work ethic of older generations or have working conditions just got too hard?".
Twenty Twenty's spokesman added all the contestants would get the equivalent money for the work they do in the workplace-based challenges.
But the show, which is at the casting stage and has not yet started filming, has not just been challenged by the petition.
Some commentators have likened the show to Channel 4's Benefits Street - a documentary series about residents of a deprived street in Birmingham.
The five-part programme, which gave Channel 4 a ratings boost in 2014, was ruled by Ofcom not to have breached broadcasting rules after 887 viewers complained it misrepresented benefits claimants.
Graduate Fog, a graduate careers site which says it names and shames "intern exploiters", called Britain's Hardest Grafter a "controversial Hunger Games-style TV show" and has been encouraging its Twitter followers to sign the petition.
Jack Monroe, the budget-food writer and Guardian columnist, wrote a warning to potential contestants on her website about exposing themselves to the public, stating: "The scummier arms of the media don't care about your personal life or relationships beyond selling newspapers.
"I am writing this because I wish someone had told me. I wish someone had told me, before I signed a book deal for a recipe book - because I needed a job and it was a job - that I was going into a war, unarmed."
Louise Haigh, the Labour MP for Sheffield Heeley, wrote in the Huffington Post: "Instead of the BBC asking why these people don't earn enough to live on, they pit them against each other for pure voyeurism."
Twenty Twenty's spokesman said: "The competition structure is being used as a way of shining a light on the variety of jobs people do in the low wage economy, what it takes to do them well, and to challenge and shatter all sorts of myths surrounding the low paid and unemployed sector.
"When people see the final product we're confident they'll feel the subject was dealt with sensitively."


Scotland recovered from a 13-6 half-time deficit, securing a bonus-point win over USA to top World Cup Pool B.

The Americans battered the error-prone favourites in the opening half, Titi Lamositele burrowing over the line.
A dynamic bench helped spark Scotland after the interval, though, as Tim Visser, Sean Maitland and WP Nel all crossed smartly.
Matt Scott picked a sumptuous line to score a fourth try, and Duncan Weir added a late fifth from close range.
Imbued with great transatlantic fervour, the USA defence made hay from Scottish inaccuracies during a maddening first 40 minutes for Vern Cotter's side, where attacking opportunities were bungled by loose passes and hot heads.
The likes of Nel, Scott, Tim Swinson and Greig Laidlaw, however, brought efficiency and control from the bench where Scotland had threatened to descend into chaotic rugby reminiscent of days sooner consigned to memory.
The major blight for Cotter will be an injury to key pivot Finn Russell, who was helped from the field midway through the second-half resurgence.
Relive Scotland's five-try win over the USA.
Scotland's day changed after the half-time break. Everything about them was better. The troubled scrum settled down, the physical battles they were losing now started to be won, the accuracy that was beyond them in the opening half suddenly materialised.
Key to all of this were Cotter's half-time replacements. Nel and Alasdair Dickinson replaced the toiling Ryan Grant and Jon Welsh and quickly Scotland's dominance was established. Nel, in particular, was pivotal. He not only sorted out the scrum but he carried ball and also scored. Immense.
The half-time substitutes - as well as a verbal volley from Cotter - galvanised Scotland, but the fact they were so wretched in that first half raises huge issues for their management.
For Scotland, the big games are yet to come. On the face of it they are buzzing. Two wins, 10 tries and plenty of forward momentum. But their resources are thin and this game against the Americans revealed just how thin.
Russell going off injured was a gulp-inducing moment. John Hardie's absence was also felt. Scotland have only one viable open-side. The situation in the front row is also troubling. The Scots will be in good shape as long as Dickinson and Nel can stay fit and well. Without them? Their vulnerabilities are laid bare.
What is also obvious, however, is that when Scotland get decent ball and are accurate they have all manner of game-breakers behind the scrum. They have done what they needed to do, but the massive tests are now upon them, starting with South Africa on Saturday.
Henry Pyrgos: "We just needed to settle down, it was a frustrating first half. There were lots of opportunities out there and we just didn't take them. Credit to USA, they made us pay, they scored a try, they took the points on offer.
"A lot of that was down to our mistakes, which was really frustrating because we'd had a good week, we knew what we needed to do but we couldn't manage to do it.
"We settled down at half-time, we looked after our jobs, and we made sure we held onto the ball and caused them problems in the second half.
"We were just trying to force things [in the first half], there was a lot of space out there and we were trying to get it out there too quickly. There were a lot of times we made line breaks and didn't finish it off. A few bad decisions in defence gave them a lot of field position and put us under pressure."
Scotland: Hogg, Maitland, Bennett, Horne, Visser, Russell, Pyrgos, Grant, Ford, Welsh, R. Gray, Gilchrist, Strokosch, Wilson, Strauss.
Replacements: Scott for Horne (55), Weir for Russell (60), Laidlaw for Pyrgos (53), Dickinson for Grant (41), Bryce for Ford (78), Nel for Welsh (41), Swinson for Gilchrist (17), Brown for Wilson (46).
USA: Wyles, Ngwenya, Kelly, Palamo, Scully, MacGinty, Petri, Fry, Thiel, Lamositele, Smith, Peterson, McFarland, Durutalo, Manoa.
Replacements: Niua for Scully (59), S. Suniula for Petri (50), Kilifi for Fry (67), Fenoglio for Thiel (64), Baumann for Lamositele (69), Barrett for Peterson (50), Quill for Durutalo (59). Not Used: Dolan.
Att: 33,521
Ref: Chris Pollock (New Zealand).


The widower and children of a teacher murdered by a student have lost their legal challenge against a coroner's decision not to call pupils as witnesses at a forthcoming inquest.

Ann Maguire, 61, was stabbed to death by Will Cornick at Corpus Christi Catholic College, Leeds, in April 2014.
A High Court judge has ruled against the call for a judicial review of the coroner's decision.
Her widower Don said the family were "disappointed, not surprised".
He added: "We've been pulled backwards and forwards through the proverbial hedge quite a few times in the last few years.
"We're still hopeful that somebody will examine the full circumstances surrounding the brutal and tragic murder of Ann and that proper lessons will be learned."
More on this and other Leeds stories
The inquest is scheduled to begin at Wakefield Coroners' Court in November.
Dismissing the claim for a judicial review, judge Mr Justice Holroyde said: "I have much sympathy for the claimants, and I fully understand their reasons for wishing to pursue this line of inquiry.
"However, I am unable to accept the submission that the assistant coroner reached a decision which was so seriously flawed as to be unreasonable."
The request for a judicial review was opposed by others, including the sisters of Mrs Maguire.
One of them, Sheila Connor, also a teacher, said she was worried about students being questioned as to their actions, or lack of action, before the killing, and the possibility of attaching blame to them.
Her views were echoed by Dominic Kelly, the vice-principal of Notre Dame Sixth Form College in Leeds, who said in 2016 that some of its pupils had expressed "concern that they could have prevented the tragedy" and "guilt that they had failed to protect their teacher".
In additional report in May, he added: "The risk of formally and publicly asking the students involved questions that they have been asking themselves for three years is far greater than any perceived benefit that could be gained."
The Maguire family had wished the coroner to call former pupils, especially those interviewed by the police.
Many of them heard Cornick make threats and claim to have knives in his bag on the day of the murder.
Most did not take his comments seriously but he threatened a fellow student who said he would report him.
Mr Justice Holroyde said those recorded police interviews should be sufficient for the assistant coroner to consider.
He said: "The assistant coroner was entitled to conclude that there was a clear risk of harm to former pupils in calling them to give evidence, but that there was little prospect of their oral evidence assisting materially in ascertaining the circumstances of Mrs Maguire's death or in learning lessons for the future."
Cornick, who was 15 at the time, was given a life sentence in 2014 after he admitted murdering Mrs Maguire, who had taught Spanish at Corpus Christi for more than 40 years.
In November 2016, a report by Leeds Safeguarding Children Board said no-one could have predicted or prevented Mrs Maguire's murder.


A decades-old proposal for a road route past Stonehenge is still the most popular locally, a councillor has said in a letter to Highways England.

A re-routing of the A303 between the Countess and Long Barrow roundabouts was suggested before a 2004 public enquiry, according to Ian West.
He said he believed "more than 90% of local residents" would choose this over the government's Â£2bn tunnel option.
Highways England said it was committed to considering suggested alternatives.
Â£1.4bn
Proposed cost of Stonehenge tunnel
1.8 miles is the length of the proposed tunnel (2.9km)
9.6 sq m around Stonehenge is a World Heritage site (25 sq km)
33% of the route is single carriageway
84 years since the A-road opened
In it, the Liberal Democrat county councillor for Till and Wylye Valley said he wanted to present an alternative to the tunnel "for serious consideration".
The idea is for a surface-laid dual carriageway to the south of the single carriageway currently in use.
"Over the last 23 years or so that I have represented this area on the council, this scheme has been suggested by many residents to me and I believe it has a great deal of local support and merit," he wrote.
Mr West also represents Wiltshire County Council on the Stonehenge World Heritage Site Steering Group.
Among the benefits he lists are that it is the cheapest option, has the shortest completion time and is not visible from Stonehenge.
But he did admit there could be a loss of archaeology with this route cutting across the World Heritage Site.
Chairman of Amesbury Museum and Heritage Trust, Andy Rhind-Tutt, is opposed to this road plan and said: "Any further damage to arguably the most significant prehistoric landscape in the world must be prevented at all costs."
He would rather see a major bypass of nearby Salisbury and removing the A303 altogether from the World Heritage Site.
Highways England said it was aiming to launch a public consultation early next year.
"As we develop our proposals in compliance with the statutory processes, we will consult a variety of stakeholders, including local residents, businesses, road users and interested parties," a spokeswoman said.
In January the government awarded a Â£17.5m design contract for a 1.8-mile (2.9km) road tunnel near the ancient stones to ease congestion on the A303.
A similar tunnel scheme for the route, which links London and the South West, was dropped in 2007 because of the spiralling cost.


Burkina Faso has issued an international arrest warrant for Guillaume Soro, Ivory Coast's speaker of parliament.

The warrant concerns his alleged role in a coup attempt in Burkina Faso in September, which sparked deadly street protests.
Authorities listened to phone recordings linking Mr Soro to the coup, Reuters news agency says.
Mr Soro has always denied that his was the voice on the tape.
The speaker is an ally of Ivory Coast President Alassane Ouattara.
Mr Soro and the armed rebel group he led - the New Forces - played a key role in Ivory Coast's 2011 civil war.
"I confirm that the warrant was issued at the beginning of the week," a military source told Reuters.
Former Burkina Faso Prime Minister Isaac Zida previously confirmed that Mr Soro's voice was heard in a recording advising former Burkinabe foreign affairs minister Djibril Bassole on how to be successful in a coup.
In September, presidential guard officers seized power in a coup, overthrowing Burkina Faso's interim government.
Members of the presidential guard - set up by ex-President Blaise Compaore - said they were unhappy with the new electoral law banning candidates linked to a bid to extend the president's time in office. The attempt triggered his overthrow in October 2014.
But the coup ended just over a week later, and the reinstated interim government disbanded the presidential guard.


A woman with a mystery illness that causes "bruise-like marks" on her face has been told her undiagnosed condition could shorten her life.

Adele Uden, 26, from Mansfield, has suffered from heavy bleeding since her son's birth by emergency Caesarean seven years ago.
The marks appeared on her face about 12 months ago but doctors remain baffled.
Her mother Karen said her daughter's health had worsened and she has had to have several blood transfusions.
Updates on this story and more from Nottinghamshire
Ms Uden said she began suffering pains not long after she had the emergency Caesarean.
She has been diagnosed with endometriosis, polycystic ovaries and pelvic inflammatory disease but none of these explain the severity of her bleeding or the purple patches on her face.
"As far as we're aware, I'm the only one like this that we have found... I need help, I need to be able to find reasons as to why I'm like this," she said.
Despite Ms Uden being seen by specialists and haematologists, the bleeding and facial marks remain a mystery.
The marks on her face do not hurt but she hates leaving the house because of the "way people look at her".
Ms Uden's mother Karen said her daughter - who takes about 250 tablets a week - is "constantly bleeding".
She was rushed to hospital last week, leaving a trail of blood out of her house and dipping "in and out of consciousness".
"It's very serious... if she doesn't get to hospital on time she could bleed out," Mrs Uden said. "We need some answers because at the moment we're shooting in the dark.
"We've nearly lost her. [Adele] has said her goodbyes a number of times."


A whale rarely seen in British waters has been spotted off the Cornwall coast.

The 23ft (7m)-long bowhead whale was seen in shallow waters at Long Rock Beach, near Penzance on Sunday.
It is the second sighting of the species in the last 15 months after another off the Isles of Scilly in February last year.
Sea Watch Foundation said both appeared to be of juveniles and the sightings could be of the same animal.
Bowhead whales, which can grow to 65ft (20m), are normally found 2,000 miles (3,200km) further north, according to marine conservationists.
Dan Jarvis, regional co-ordinator of British Divers Marine Life Rescue, said there were only an estimated population of 10,000 in the wild.
"We are not sure if it's part of a trend, but it's amazing to see an animal like that in our waters," he said.
A bowhead whale was also spotted off Brittany in France last week according to Sea Watch Foundation.


Chancellor Philip Hammond says National Insurance is being increased for self-employed workers because of "new challenges" the government faces.

Mr Hammond is facing a backlash against the Budget announcement, which breaks a 2015 manifesto pledge on tax rises.
He insisted ministers had honoured a "broad commitment" not to raise taxes.
Labour urged the government to "think again" on the change, which will mean 1.6 million people paying £240 on average more every year.
Shadow chancellor John McDonnell said his party could join forces with rebel Conservatives who say the increase does little to encourage enterprise and risk-taking.
Wales minister Guto Bebb told BBC Radio Cymru he believed the party should apologise to voters for breaking their manifesto pledge. He said, speaking in Welsh, "I will apologise to every voter in Wales that read the Conservative manifesto in the 2015 election."
Fellow Conservative, Stephen McPartland MP, described the measure as "unacceptable", saying it sent out the wrong message to ordinary working families. He appealed to the chancellor to do a "U-turn" quickly before a manifesto promise was broken.
But Mr Hammond defended the move in an interview with BBC Radio 4's Today programme.
Asked about the Tories' pre-election pledges not to increase National Insurance, he said: "There was a broad commitment to lock taxes so there would be no tax increases. That's what we have done."
As chancellor, Mr Hammond said he was "working in an extremely constrained environment" where most taxes could not be increased and spending in many areas was ring-fenced.
The government, he said, faced "some new challenges which we have to rise to".
Referring to the extra £2bn committed to adult social care in the Budget, he said: "We have to pay for these things somehow."
The government says self-employed people now have much the same pension and benefit rights as those in employment, so the disparity in National Insurance rates can no longer be justified.
Mr Hammond added: "What I think we have done now is get the relationship between employed and self-employed National Insurance contributions into a fairer place."
Some Conservative MPs have questioned the change, and Mr Hammond said that while he was "always prepared" to listen to backbench MPs: "We have made a decision here to make the National Insurance system a little bit fairer."
The Conservatives' last general election manifesto explicitly ruled out rises in National Insurance, VAT and income tax during the lifetime of the current Parliament
During the campaign, the then Prime Minister David Cameron continually repeated the commitment in public and contrasted it with the "jobs tax" which he said people could expect if they elected a Labour government.
But speaking in October, after Mr Cameron's resignation as prime minister, one of his former advisers, ex-head of strategic communications Ameet Gill, called it "probably the dumbest economic policy" possible.
Mr Gill said the pledge had been made up "on the hoof".
In the wake of Mr Hammond's Budget announcement, ministers argued that legislation enshrining the manifesto commitment in law - approved by Parliament in 2015 - only referred to National Insurance contributions paid directly by employers and their employees.
Mr Hammond told BBC Breakfast that "no-one had objected" when this legislation made clear the "no increases" pledge did not include NI rates for the self-employed.
Asked about the manifesto pledge during a press conference, Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt said: "The government made a clear promise and we didn't just honour that promise, we legislated in Parliament to honour that promise and we made clear during the passage of the legislation exactly what we were talking about when we made that promise."
Wednesday's changes would see the 9% rate of Class 4 National Insurance contributions currently paid by those self-employed people earning between £8,060 and £43,000 go up to 10% in April 2018 and to 11% in April 2019.
Labour accused the government of "breaking their promises" and "clobbering" the self-employed while the Lib Dems and UKIP also criticised the move.
Shadow chancellor John McDonnell told BBC Breakfast there was a "general sense of unfairness" and said he was "hoping that we'll be able to persuade the chancellor to back off from this".
He said: "Certainly the Labour Party will oppose this. I think other parties will as well. We may be able to persuade enough Conservative MPs to ask the chancellor now to think again."
Mr McDonnell said the policy would hit "middle and low earners in particular".
Other Conservatives to voice concern included ex-Tory leader Iain Duncan Smith, who told Sky News it should be kept "under review", and Anne-Marie Trevelyan, who told the BBC the chancellor was "going in the wrong direction".
Several other Tory backbenchers intervened in Wednesday's Budget debate to question the policy.
There has also been a backlash from business with the Federation of Small Businesses saying it "undermined" the government's ambition for the UK to become the best place to start and grow a business.
MPs who are opposed to the National Insurance rise will have the chance to vote against it when legislation to make the change comes before the Commons.
Sources said the government would include it in a bill making a separate National Insurance change which will help low-paid self employed people.
In his first Budget, Mr Hammond also announced a £2bn cash injection for social care services in England, and £345m in help for firms hit by business rate rises across England.
Mr Hammond acknowledged the care system was under pressure with an ageing population, and said the new £2bn for services in England over the next three years would allow councils to "act now to commission new care packages".
He also said the government would set out the options for long-term funding of the social care system later in the year - although these would not include a "death tax".


A man has been arrested in Cumbria following reports of an armed robbery at a house in Drumnadrochit.

Police were alerted to an incident in Coilte Cresent in the Highland village at about 22:00 on Sunday.
A man wearing dark clothing and carrying what appeared to be a gun entered the house and demanded money from the homeowner, police said.
A man was later arrested in Cumbria and has been assisting officers investigating the incident.
A four-figure sum of money was stolen from the house in Drumnadrochit's Kilmore area.
Police Scotland said: "A high visibility police presence remains in area at this time to provide reassurance to the local community.
"Police are keen to hear from members of the public who may have seen any suspicious activity in the area prior to the incident.
"In addition, officers would like to hear from anyone who may have seen a silver VW Passat in the area earlier that day."


Lorry drivers ignoring weight restrictions on minor roads are causing "bedlam" in rural communities, the Local Government Association has said.

The LGA, which represents councils in England and Wales, said there had been a "spate of accidents" recently.
And it said councils "urgently need tougher powers" to tackle the issue.
But the government said police already had the "necessary power to take action" and it had "no plans" to give local authorities more powers.
Driving a lorry into a road where it breaks height or weight restrictions is punishable with a fixed penalty notice of Â£50 - though serious cases can go to court, where penalties can be much higher.
Local authorities in Wales and London have been given powers to use against lorry drivers who break the law, the LGA said.
It said police did not always have the resources to enforce road weight and width restrictions, so all councils must be given powers to do so.
The LGA now wants the power to impose fines on the drivers it calls "heavy haulage road rogues" to try to get some peace.
"There has been a spate of accidents involving lorry drivers driving irresponsibly and bringing bedlam to small rural communities - and action must be taken immediately to curb this," LGA transport spokesman Peter Box said.
"Councils are doing everything they can to help their residents, but they are trying to take action with one hand tied behind their back and urgently need tougher powers."
The LGA said it was seeking the same powers that Transport for London have, enabling councils to impose fines.
But John Howells, regional manager of the Road Haulage Association, told BBC Radio 4's Today programme: "How are you going to enforce this? In London the roads are filmed with cameras. In the country it will cost the communities a lot of money to have cameras.
"There is a problem with poor signage. On some roads lorry drivers do not know that there is a weight restriction and people use satnav so drivers are very reliant on signage.
"But it's not just the drivers. We also need the authorities to provide lorries with alternative appropriate roads when main roads are closed."
Incidents cited by the LGA include a lorry crashing into a tree in Iwade, Kent, and a 40ft articulated beer truck hitting houses and bringing down power lines in Uffculme, Devon.
In another case, a driver had to sleep in his cab for three nights in Ivybridge, Devon, after his satnav led him into a narrow lane where his lorry got stuck.
Christopher Snelling, of the Freight Transport Association, said: "We fully support enforcement of weight and width restrictions and actively help our members to adhere to these with regular updates on regulations and industry innovations."
A Department for Transport spokeswoman said: "The government welcomes the fact that local authorities are taking this issue seriously and working closely with communities.
"The police already have the necessary power to take action where it is needed, and there are no plans at present to give local authorities greater powers to enforce moving traffic contraventions."


A former soldier who went out dressed as Colonel Gaddafi has been jailed for 16 months after biting off part of a man's ear in a "savage" pub attack.

Swansea Crown Court had heard Geraint Evan Jones carried out the "unprovoked" attack after being in an Aberystwyth bar for just six minutes.
Jones, from Aberystwyth, admitted inflicting grievous bodily harm but was cleared of doing it with intent.
Gwynant Jones, 25, had reconstructive surgery following the incident in 2015.


A group of MPs is calling for a ring-fenced fund to pay for drugs for rare conditions.

The Parliamentary Group for Muscular Dystrophy says it is concerned about funding for high-cost drugs.
It comes after the special budget for treating rare diseases in England was merged into the overall NHS budget. Scotland has a fund in place for the so called "orphan drugs" until April 2014.
A UK-wide strategy for rare diseases will be published this year.
Overall it is estimated that 3.5 million people in the UK suffer from a rare disease, and that 70,000 of those have some form of the different muscle-wasting diseases known as muscular dystrophy.
The MPs say they are concerned that funds previously ear-marked for drugs for rare diseases have now been merged into the budget for all specialised services in England.
Decisions on how to spend a Â£100m fund for rare diseases, sometimes called orphan conditions, were made on the advice of a special committee but that power was transferred to NHS England in April.
At the same time, the cost and clinical advisory body, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), took over responsibility for assessing these drugs as part of the wider reorganisation of the health service in England.
Concerned MPs warn the way drugs are funded and assessed could lead to hundreds of children with life-shortening conditions being denied rapid access to new therapies.
They want a drugs fund for rare diseases, similar to the one in Scotland, and a rapid system for regulators to review cutting edge drugs.
The chairman of the all-party group, Dave Anderson MP, said: "We have seen that successfully developing an effective treatment is far from the end, with agonising waits for some families through licensing and funding issues."
Most of those affected by rare diseases are children, and the charity, Rare Disease UK, estimates that 30% die by their fifth birthday.
For the first time there are some promising developments on the horizon for one condition, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. The results from some final-stage clinical trials of a genetic therapy are expected later this year, and may offer the hope of new treatments.
Robert Meadowcroft, chief executive of the Muscular Dystrophy Campaign, said they were gravely concerned at the lack of a dedicated fund or clear criteria for how new drugs might be assessed.
"We've got families setting great store by the treatments coming through. It would be heartbreaking and devastating if they're not available to children who need them."
NICE said it accepted it needed to develop a different approach for looking at rare conditions, adding: "Our process and methods for developing guidance for such drugs will ensure that patient and clinical experts are involved."
Negotiations are under way with the pharmaceutical industry on a new pricing regime which would include a new way of recognising the value of some new treatments.
A Department of Health spokesman said: "We are working closely with other health departments and stakeholders to develop a UK strategy for rare diseases. This will be published by the end of the year."


England's men have been drawn against second seeds Germany and hosts Malaysia in the group stage of the World Team Championships.

It is the first time since 1997 that England have featured in the top-tier Championship division.
Eighteenth seeds England join Group B, which also features eighth seeds Sweden, France (9) and Denmark (16).
The hosts of the tournament - held in Kuala Lumpur from February 28 to March 6 - are ranked 24th.
Three of England's four-man squad - Liam Pitchford, 22, Paul Drinkhall, 26, and Sam Walker, 20 - were in the team that earned promotion from Division Two in the corresponding event in Tokyo two years ago. They are joined by Andrew Baggaley, 32.
All four won team silver medals for England at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.
Top seeds China dominate the men's game, having won the last seven World Team Championships. England's sole team success came in 1953.
The England women's squad of Kelly Sibley, 27, Tin-Tin Ho, 17, and Karina le Fevre, 23, will play in Group E in the Second Division, against Serbia, Canada, Belgium, Turkey and New Zealand.


Top Chinese politician Bo Xilai has been expelled from the Communist Party and will face justice, state media say.

Mr Bo, the ex-Communist Party leader in the city of Chongqing, is accused of abuse of power and corruption.
His wife, Gu Kailai, was given a suspended death sentence in August for murdering UK national Neil Heywood.
The scandal has overshadowed the party congress that will oversee China's change of leadership. It will begin on 8 November, state media have announced.
The BBC's Martin Patience, in Beijing, says the Bo Xilai announcement ends months of speculation over the fate of a man who was once one of China's most powerful politicians.
Our correspondent says it is clear China's leaders wanted to try to end the damaging revelations, with the once-in-a-decade leadership change looming.
He says Mr Bo's career is over and he will almost certainly spend time in jail.
By Martin PatienceBBC News, Beijing
After months of speculation, this announcement seals the fate of the once-powerful Bo Xilai.
China's leaders have chosen to bury him by demolishing his career over the last 20 years. But that runs the risk of raising awkward questions about why Mr Bo kept getting promoted - and why the party had so little apparent oversight.
The timing of this announcement is also significant. Just minutes before the Bo bombshell, China's state-run news agency Xinhua announced the date of the 18th Party Congress. At the congress, China's once-in-a-decade leadership transition will begin.
Before the scandal, Mr Bo had been expected to join the top rank of leaders. But now China's leaders want to try and end a scandal that has exposed murder, cover-up and corruption at the highest level of Chinese politics.
Mr Bo has not been seen in public since mid-March, shortly after the scandal erupted and it was announced he was under investigation. He was suspended from his party posts in April.
Reporting an official statement from a party leaders' meeting, the state news agency, Xinhua, said Mr Bo stood accused of corruption, abuse of power, bribe-taking and improper relations with women.
The statement carried by Xinhua said Mr Bo "took advantage of his office to seek profits for others and received huge bribes personally and through his family".
It added: "Bo's behaviour brought serious consequences, badly undermined the reputation of the party and the country, created very negative impact at home and abroad and significantly damaged the cause of the party and people."
The statement urged "party organisations at all levels" to take heed of the "negative example" of the Bo Xilai case.
Xinhua said the violations included Mr Bo's time as an official in Dalian and Liaoning provinces, and as minister of commerce.
"Bo had affairs and maintained improper sexual relationships with a number of women," the statement added.
Xinhua said Mr Bo had been expelled from the party and the elite decision-making Politburo and Central Committee as he had "abused his power, made severe mistakes and bore major responsibility in the Wang Lijun incident and the intentional homicide case of [Gu Kailai]".
Wang Lijun was Chongqing's former police chief who was sentenced to 15 years in jail for ''bending the law, defection, abuse of power and bribetaking" in the Neil Heywood case.
Chinese social media reaction
The severity of the accusations against Mr Bo surprised some observers, who had thought he might escape criminal prosecution.
"The party is very anxious to settle this contentious issue before the opening of the party congress," Prof Willy Lam of the Chinese University of Hong Kong told the Associated Press.
"So I think even though there are still powerful supporters and patrons of Bo Xilai, they have agreed to this stiff penalty to be meted out against Bo. And having settled this contentious issue, the party leadership is in a position to start the party congress with a facade of unity."
There had been no formal word on the congress date until now, but many observers expected it in October. Prof Lam suggested that any delay had been because of "intensive competition among the various factions".
There was speedy reaction to the latest news on China's social media sites.
Scandal timeline
Bo charges: Party statement
On Sina Weibo, Shenjing Jihua posted that Mr Bo had "finally met his end", adding: "So justice will prevail, and there is still hope for China."
Although there were some postings in support of Mr Bo, others broadened the affair into a critique of Chinese corruption.
Huaju Yanyuan on QQ.com said: "The case of Bo Xilai tells us that one overlooked event led to a series of troubles, and that there isn't any clean official in China."
The news came on the eve of a national holiday, raising suspicions the authorities wanted to bury the announcement, some observers note.
Xinhua also announced that the party congress, which will herald the change of China's leadership, will begin on 8 November.
The Bo Xilai scandal has been China's biggest in two decades and has cast a long shadow over the run-up to the congress, which is expected to see Xi Jinping replace Hu Jintao as president.
Mr Bo, 63, had been a prime candidate for a top post before the scandal broke.
It started when Wang Lijun fled to a US consulate in February, alleging that Gu Kailai had poisoned Neil Heywood to death in November 2011.
Gu was convicted of killing Mr Heywood after a multi-million dollar business deal turned sour. Mr Bo's supporters have claimed from the start that he is being framed by his political enemies, correspondents say.
There are still questions surrounding the scandal. On Thursday, one of China's top forensic scientists cast doubt on Gu's conviction, saying there was no evidence the Briton was poisoned with cyanide.


Cells taken from the donated eyes of dead people may be able to give sight to the blind, researchers suggest.

Tests in rats, reported in Stem Cells Translational Medicine, showed the human cells could restore some vision to completely blind rats.
The team at University College London said similar results in humans would improve quality of life, but would not give enough vision to read.
Human trials should begin within three years.
Donated corneas are already used to improve some people's sight, but the team at the Institute for Ophthalmology, at UCL, extracted a special kind of cell from the back of the eye.
These Muller glia cells are a type of adult stem cell capable of transforming into the specialised cells in the back of the eye and may be useful for treating a wide range of sight disorders.
In the laboratory, these cells were chemically charmed into becoming rod cells which detect light in the retina.
Injecting the rods into the backs of the eyes of completely blind rats partially restored their vision.
Brain scans showed that 50% of the electrical signals between the eye and the brain were recovered by the treatment.
One of the researchers, Prof Astrid Limb, told the BBC what such a change would mean in people: "They probably wouldn't be able to read, but they could move around and detect a table in a room.
"They would be able to identify a kettle and cup to make a cup of tea. Their quality of life would be so much better, even if they could not read or watch TV."
The cells might be able to help patients with disorders such as macular degeneration or retinitis pigmentosa.
Human stem cell trials are already taking place using material taken from embryos.
However, this is ethically charged and takes several months to prepare the cells. The Muller glia cells can be ready within a week.
Prof Limb commented: "They are more easily sourceable and very easy to handle in the lab so from that perspective they're better, but they do express antigens that could induce an immune response."
It means the donated cells could be rejected like an organ transplant.
The next step is to prepare the cells as a clinical grade treatment in order for human trials to begin.
The researchers believe it could take three years before such a trial takes place.
Dr Paul Colville-Nash, the regenerative medicine programme manager at the Medical Research Council, which funded the study, said: "This interesting study shows that Muller glial cells are another viable avenue of exploration for cell therapy in retinal diseases.
"It's not clear yet which approach will be most effective when these experimental techniques enter human trials, which is why it is important to progress research across all avenues in pursuit of a cure for sight loss."


The final 750-tonne section of the Royal Navy's second flagship aircraft carrier has arrived at Rosyth after a journey of more than 1,300 miles.

The Aft Island for HMS Prince of Wales left BAE Systems' shipyard in Glasgow for the Fife base earlier this month, 10 weeks ahead of schedule.
The section was then taken 1,335 miles around the south of England and up the east of Scotland on a barge to Rosyth.
The ship will now be assembled at the Babcock Rosyth facilities.
HMS Prince of Wales is the second of the new Queen Elizabeth Class aircraft carriers to be built for the UK after the 65,000-tonne HMS Queen Elizabeth.
They are the largest British warships ever constructed and can be used for a range of military activity from war fighting to providing humanitarian aid and disaster relief.
The ships have been constructed in blocks at yards across the UK and are being put together at Rosyth.
They are said to be the first aircraft carriers in the world to use an innovative twin-island design.
The Aft Island is responsible for the ship's mission systems and acts as an aircraft control tower.
The Aircraft Carrier Alliance welcomed the final section of the carrier to the Babcock Rosyth facilities on Sunday morning.


Around 50 people met in Pembrokeshire on Friday to discuss concerns about the mental health of young people.

The Improving Young People's Mental Health Services forum was set up by the relatives of 15-year-old Oliver Edwards-Cavill, who took his own life in 2008.
Both Pembrokeshire council and Hywel Dda Health Board were due to be on the panel, but both were unable to attend.
Hywel Dda said it was down to staff sickness.
The headmistress of Greenhill  School and representatives from Pembrokeshire College, Age Cymru and the mental health charity Hafal were among those to attend the event in Pembroke Dock.
Some audience members were frustrated by the council and health board's absence from the panel.
Libby Ryan-Davies, director of Mental Health and Learning Disabilities for Hywel Dda University Health Board, said it was down to staff sickness and despite attempts, they were unable find a replacement.
She said a staff representative participated as an audience member.
Pembrokeshire council has been asked to comment.
Some of the issues discussed were the safeguarding of children in schools and a reduction of local authority services around mental health.
Oliver's aunt Suzannah Palmer, hoped the forum would stop another family "having to bury their child".
Oliver's cousin, London barrister Matthew Watkins, told BBC Wales that since his death, they have read about other young people taking their lives.
"Over the past few years, there have been a number of children who have taken their lives and from what we have seen there has not been a huge amount of support, he said.
"We want to go about it the right way.
"We want to engage with all the services because we are not mental health specialists; we need to be informed where we can direct our efforts."
Pembrokeshire council said there are "a range of universal school-based support available to secondary school pupils in Pembrokeshire, as well as targeted support provided in school by outside agencies".
There is also "specific support for complex young people", the council added.


The Pentagon has said a US Navy vessel fired three shots to warn an Iranian military boat off in the Gulf.

Spokesman Peter Cook said it was one of several incidents of Iranian vessels harassing US ships in the past week.
Mr Cook said the intention of the Iranian ships was unclear but their behaviour was unacceptable, as the boats were in international waters.
But Iran's Defence Minister, General Hosein Dehghan, said the US ships were in Iranian waters.
He said his forces would warn or confront any foreign ship that entered his country's waters.
American patrol ship the USS Squall fired three warning shots after an Iranian craft approached it head on, coming within 200 yards (180m) before turning away, the Pentagon says.
The shots, fired from a 50-calibre gun, caused the Iranian vessel to turn away, the spokesman added.
In a separate incident, video footage from on board the USS Nitze warship shows several small boats approaching the destroyer at high speed. Flares were fired after two of the boats ignored warnings to change course.
Some 40% of the world's seaborne oil exports pass through the Strait of Hormuz, at the entrance to the Gulf.
In January, Iran detained 10 US sailors at gunpoint after they ended up in Iranian waters. A naval inquiry later found that they had navigated incorrectly.
In the same month, Western powers lifted sanctions on Iran as it restricted its nuclear activities. The move heralded a change in relations between the US and Iran.


Walsall fought back from 2-0 down only to concede a stoppage-time equaliser as they drew a thrilling League One encounter 3-3 at Bury.

In-form striker James Vaughan gave the hosts a 22nd-minute lead before Reece Brown scored a 45th-minute free-kick from around 40 yards.
Bury were stunned by three goals in eight minutes through Erhun Oztumer and a Jason McCarthy brace, but Tom Soares pounced at the death to deny Walsall a third straight win.
Tom Pope and Amadou Bakayoko had gone close at each end before Pope crossed for Vaughan to slide in his 17th goal of the season - and seventh in three games.
Neil Etheridge then saved a Pope header and blocked the striker's follow-up, while Bury's Rob Lainton saved a Bakayoko shot.
But Bury doubled their lead as Brown's free-kick caught Etheridge off his line and flew into the top corner.
The Shakers eased off in the second half, though, and Walsall made them pay. Matt Preston had a shot blocked on the line and Lainton denied Isaiah Osbourne from the rebound.
But Oztumer hit a 20-yard free-kick into the bottom corner on 71 minutes to spark the Saddlers' fightback.
Five minutes later, McCarthy fired home from Bakayoko's cut-back before the Southampton loanee headed home from Osbourne's cross.
Soares then glanced in Brown's cross to rescue a point but Bury remain in the relegation zone.
Report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Bury 3, Walsall 3.
Second Half ends, Bury 3, Walsall 3.
Substitution, Walsall. Andreas Makris replaces Amadou Bakayoko.
Foul by James Vaughan (Bury).
(Walsall) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Goal!  Bury 3, Walsall 3. Tom Soares (Bury) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Reece Brown.
Substitution, Walsall. George Dobson replaces Erhun Oztumer.
Corner,  Walsall. Conceded by Reece Brown.
Foul by Taylor Moore (Bury).
Joe Edwards (Walsall) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Attempt blocked. Erhun Oztumer (Walsall) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Substitution, Bury. Ryan Lowe replaces Hallam Hope.
Substitution, Bury. Jermaine Pennant replaces Jacob Mellis.
Attempt missed. Erhun Oztumer (Walsall) left footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left.
Goal!  Bury 2, Walsall 3. Jason McCarthy (Walsall) header from very close range to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Isaiah Osbourne.
Foul by Hallam Hope (Bury).
Jason McCarthy (Walsall) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Goal!  Bury 2, Walsall 2. Jason McCarthy (Walsall) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner.
Substitution, Bury. George Miller replaces Tom Pope.
Attempt missed. Taylor Moore (Bury) left footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the left.
Attempt blocked. Jacob Mellis (Bury) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Substitution, Walsall. Simeon Jackson replaces Florent Cuvelier.
Goal!  Bury 2, Walsall 1. Erhun Oztumer (Walsall) from a free kick with a left footed shot to the bottom right corner.
Reece Brown (Bury) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Reece Brown (Bury).
Erhun Oztumer (Walsall) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Reece Brown (Bury) right footed shot from a difficult angle and long range on the left is high and wide to the right from a direct free kick.
Hand ball by Neil Etheridge (Walsall).
Reece Brown (Bury) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Isaiah Osbourne (Walsall).
Attempt saved. Hallam Hope (Bury) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Hallam Hope (Bury) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Adam Chambers (Walsall).
Attempt saved. Hallam Hope (Bury) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Tom Pope (Bury) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Adam Chambers (Walsall).
Attempt missed. Isaiah Osbourne (Walsall) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right.
Attempt blocked. Amadou Bakayoko (Walsall) right footed shot from very close range is blocked.
Attempt saved. Amadou Bakayoko (Walsall) left footed shot from very close range is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Walsall. Conceded by Greg Leigh.


Police are searching for the driver of a car that crashed into a house in the Black Country.

The vehicle ploughed into the property in Barnett Street in Tipton at about 16:00 BST. There were no reports of any injuries, the fire service said.
West Midlands Police said officers were trying to locate the driver to check on his well being.
Structural engineers were sent to assess the property as well as two fire engines and a technical rescue team.


Tributes have been paid to Garry Marshall, creator of hit US TV series Happy Days, who has died aged 81.

Marshall died at a hospital in Burbank, California, on Tuesday of complications from pneumonia following a stroke, his publicist Michelle Bega said.
Henry Winkler, who played "The Fonz" on Happy Days, wrote on Twitter: "Garry Marshall rest in peace.
"Thank you for my professional life. Thank you for your loyalty, friendship and generosity."
Several other Hollywood figures who have previously worked with Marshall have also taken to social media to pay tribute, including Steve Carell, Lea Michele and Zach Braff, who said: "God I loved this man."
As well as creating Happy Days, Marshall directed blockbusters such as Pretty Woman and Runaway Bride - both starring Julia Roberts and Richard Gere.
In a statement released on Wednesday, Gere said: "Everyone loved Garry... he was a super fine and decent man."
"He was a mentor and a cheerleader and one of the funniest men who ever lived. He had a heart of the purest gold and a soul full of mischief."
Actor Rob Lowe said: "Garry Marshall hired me at 15 years old. He gave my wife her start at 18, as a makeup artist. He changed our lives and many others."
Ashton Kutcher and Jessica Alba - both of whom worked with Marshall on the film Valentine's Day - also paid tribute, with Alba calling him "a true pioneer".
Octavia Spencer said she "will miss that talented one" and Ghostbusters director Paul Feig described Marshall as "an amazing person".
As well as creating Happy Days, Marshall wrote sitcoms such as The Odd Couple and Mork and Mindy.
The prolific director, producer and writer is survived by his wife, Barbara, and their three children.
Actress Sarah Paulson, who appeared in Marshall's 1999 film The Other Sister, said: "Garry Marshall, I am forever indebted to you. Thank you for taking a chance on me."
Mandy Moore, whose first on-screen film role was in 2001's The Princess Diaries, which Marshall directed, wrote: "Garry Marshall was one of the greats.
"He connected us all through joy, laughter, compassion and kindness. He also gave me my very first job."
Follow us on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, on Instagram, or email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


Plans to temporarily reduce the opening hours of a children's care unit in Pembrokeshire have been backed.

Hywel Dda University Health Board held a public meeting in Llanelli on Thursday and agreed the reduction should be made with "immediate effect".
It means the paediatric ambulatory care unit (PACU) at Withybush Hospital will be open from 10:00 GMT to 18:00 instead of 10:00 to 22:00.
The health board said it had experienced recruitment problems.
The move means sick children who require assessment after the new closing time will be referred or transferred by ambulance to Glangwili Hospital in Carmarthen.
Speaking on behalf of the health board's Community Health Council, Alyson Thomas said: "It's incredibly disappointing the people of Pembrokeshire are now in this situation.
"We are concerned about the health board's handling of the situation."
The health board's medical director, Dr Philip Kloer, told the meeting there had been "difficulties for some time" with the recruitment of paediatric consultants.
"The action taken to address recruitment during the middle of the year was not as successful as hoped," he said.
The health board's chair Bernadine Rees said the recommendation was accepted with a "heavy heart," but that it was being done on an "interim" basis in the interest of safety.
Plaid Cymru AM Simon Thomas said a "further reduction of services" left him "very concerned at the long term safety at Withybush".
"As a parent I would not have confidence with this service," he said.
"I'm asking for the cabinet secretary for health to take action for the people of Pembrokeshire."
The Welsh Government said the move was so the health board could provide a safe, reliable service.
"What would be unacceptable is for the health board to run a service they know is unsafe," a spokeswoman said.
"It is important to note that the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health's review of November 2015 concluded that it would make "no clinical sense" to revert to the previous 24/7 paediatric service model."
Labour AM Eluned Morgan said: "A lack of early action has meant that board members have had no option but to cut PACU by four hours each day.
"I am encouraged that the board has listened to my concerns over taking a more serious and focused approach to managing this service long-term.
"They have provided their assurance that they will work hard to return a 12 hour service for families in Pembrokeshire."


A five-year plan aimed at raising poor literacy standards in Welsh schools has been published.

The National Literacy Programme sets out what the Welsh government will do to improve results and change the way literacy is thought about in schools.
The ambition is for Wales to be among the top 20 nations in the Programme for International Student Assessment (Pisa) by 2015.
Wales lags behind England, Scotland and Northern Ireland in Pisa's league.
The National Literacy Programme
 (NLP) will set national standards for teachers and pupils to work towards, to ensure a consistent approach to reading and writing across Wales.
The National Reading Tests for five to 14-year-olds, due to be introduced in May 2013, will contribute to that.
The document claims many teachers do not see themselves as teachers of literacy, and as a result, will "need upskilling".
There will be more training available for current and newly qualified staff and best practice will be shared.
The banding system in secondary schools will also identify where extra support is needed and pupils who are falling behind will be offered more targeted help.
Education Minister Leighton Andrews told BBC Wales: "I want to ensure that we get literacy and numeracy right in primary school because if we get it right, then it will have major advantages in teaching in secondary school, not just in the ability to learn, but also it will have an impact on attention, behaviour and attendance."
He said improving levels of literacy and numeracy is a "key commitment" for the government.
"Nothing is more important than ensuring all of our young people have the skills they need to read, write and communicate," he added.
"There are many excellent examples of teaching and learning in literacy across Wales.
"What we must do is ensure that all learners benefit from excellent teaching of literacy and develop the skills that are so vital to their future success.
"The National Literacy Programme will introduce greater consistency and clarity into the way we track pupils' progress while also providing the support, challenge and accountability needed in our schools."
'Workload concerns'
The plan comes days after
          schools' inspectorate Estyn warned
 that many schools in Wales are failing to plan well enough on how to develop basic skills among 11-to-14 year olds
It also said that 40% of pupils cannot read as well as they should as they start secondary school and some never catch up.
Owen Hathway, NUT Cymru policy officer, told BBC Wales the plan was a "positive step forward".
He said that "as noted in the recent Estyn report, past literacy and numeracy guidance has been too broad and ineffective".
"Teachers will welcome the general principle of having a new framework which will hopefully offer clearer and easier guidance," he said.
"As with any new initiatives we will have to monitor its implementation to ensure that it is something worthwhile to the profession.
"There are some concerns around the additional workload teachers will face as a result of the framework, especially in relation to the standard literacy and numeracy testing.
"The last thing we would want to see is another process put in place which restricts teachers from being able to spend quality time teaching students."
Mr Andrews attempted to reassure teachers, adding: "I have signed off on additional support in case there are any issues of workload."
'Useful tool'
Sherry Saunders, head teacher at Lliswerry Primary School in Newport, said she welcomed the programme.
She said: "The assessment framework that's coming in is very useful but it's a tool that will say this is where our children should be, and like all schools, if you have that, like the national curriculum, then you're all working to the same purpose, so it is vital for that to come in."
Angela Burns AM, shadow minister for education, said the programme would need "robust and thorough monitoring to ensure that young people are not leaving school unable to read and write."
"While we welcome the latest initiative from Welsh Labour ministers to address shortcomings in literacy standards, to succeed, this strategy needs to win the confidence of teachers, parents and school governors," she added.
Plaid Cymru's education spokesperson, Simon Thomas AM, said the new strategy cannot be allowed to fail.
"Our children deserve more than poor test results and failing schools, and I hope that the minister can assure us that this strategy will deliver this," he said.
"Plaid Cymru knows that a focus on developing core skills is vital to a child's education, and we have called for schools to be allowed to develop a better balance between teaching the curriculum and developing skills. I hope this strategy will adopt this approach."


The Supreme Court has ruled that the government must consult Parliament before triggering Article 50 - the clause in the EU Treaty that will formally start the Brexit process.

Furthermore, it has ruled that nothing less than an act of Parliament will do.
That means that MPs and members of the House of Lords will get to vote on whether it happens. They will also get the chance to try to amend the bill as it passes through the various legislative stages.
In principle, this could delay the process. However, in practice it is thought unlikely that Theresa May's end of March deadline will be missed.
The government wanted to trigger Article 50 using the Royal Prerogative, which is a set of powers that used to be held by the monarch but now reside with government ministers.
That would have meant it could have done so at a time of its choosing and without consulting Parliament at all.
The decision that it must specifically pass a bill is significant. Some other procedures would have meant fewer stages in Parliament and no chance to make amendments.
A full bill means that both houses of Parliament must agree and amendments are possible.
To become an act of Parliament a bill must pass several stages in both the Commons and the Lords. That often takes months of debate, but it doesn't necessarily have to. Emergency legislation can be passed within a single day if everyone agrees it is urgent.
The bill to trigger Article 50 won't be that quick, but it needn't take too long. For one thing, it is likely to be a very short bill with only one or two clauses.
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn has said that his MPs should not seek to block Article 50. Ken Clarke is expected to be the only Conservative who will vote against it. So the numbers look to be in place to ensure a smooth passage for the bill in the House of Commons.
But more MPs may back attempts to amend the bill, for example, by adding conditions about the sort of Brexit the government should negotiate.
In principle, the House of Lords could be different. The government does not have a majority and many peers remain strongly opposed to Brexit.
However, there is recognition that Parliament voted overwhelmingly to hold a referendum and that the referendum delivered a clear, albeit close, result. Members of the House of Lords, who are not elected, realise that any attempt to frustrate Brexit could be regarded as undemocratic.
Read more from Reality Check


We now have 40 newly-elected police and crime commissioners across England and Wales - but what does it mean and does anybody care?

Back in 2012, the former coalition government's controversial plan to put elected police and crime commissioners in charge of the nation's constabularies was sold with one simple idea: people power.
Chief constables were to come under the direct local control of powerful civilians elected by you and me.
But what a revolution it wasn't. The turnout in 2012 was so low that many of those elected to hire and fire chief constables hadn't even convinced 10% of the electorate to support them. The Essex PCC took office with the support of less than 5% of voters. Almost 200 miles away in the Bettws ward of Newport, nobody turned up at all to put their X on the ballot paper.
The elections had been scheduled for miserable grey November and didn't coincide with any local polls. With a lack of publicity through people's doors and few candidates on the stump, the public struggled to get it.
So what's changed four years on?
This time around the turnout vastly improved - but it has largely remained low, with some notable exceptions that I'll come to.
In 2012, the national turnout was 15%. It's now risen by more than 10 points and there is one really obvious reason why: the PCC vote was held on the same day as local elections to the Welsh Assembly and English councils.
Whether voters liked it or not, they were handed a ballot paper at the polling station and given a choice.
The turnout in 2012 in Essex was just over 12% - it's now more than doubled to 25%.
Who's your Police and Crime Commissioner? Full results by police area
The elections for Merseyside and West Midland Police - predominantly covering Liverpool and Birmingham - saw big rises in turnout, almost certainly a knock-on effect from the well-oiled party machines in both cities cranking into gear.
But the biggest turnouts were in Wales.
Ddfyed Powys is now official the most pro-PCC place in Britain. Were the voters queuing out of the doors in scenes reminiscent of the first free elections in post-apartheid South Africa?
Were they hooked on the idea of who was going to run the force? Gripped by the strategic procurement delivery challenges of modernising crime fighting technology?
No, but a whopping 49% of people voted. Constituencies in the region had some of the largest turnouts for the Welsh Assembly - and that probably proves that people will vote for PCCs if they are already going to the ballot box for another reason.
The scheduling of the poll with other elections has, however, brought about the most important change since 2012.
Supporters of the PCC concept, including their Conservative architect Lord Wasserman, had argued they were a huge opportunity for local people to choose locally talented independents - people with the right mixture of expertise and profile to deliver crime-fighting results and boost public confidence.
A total of 12 independents took power in 2012. Today? There are three.
"The Conservatives have picked up what they would argue would be theirs in the first place," says Bernard Rix of Policing Insight, which monitors policing governance. "We've seen a lot of Conservative gains at the expense of the independents."
Labour have had three significant successes at the expense of the Conservatives, taking Humberside, Cheshire and Leicestershire. An important win for the party was South Yorkshire where the incumbent Alan Billings was returned amid the rolling scandals of Hillsborough and street sexual abuse in Rotherham.
The big winners in Wales were Plaid Cymru, who took control of both Dyfed Powys and North Wales police.
Both PC candidates were given permission to describe themselves on the ballot paper in a way that not only spelled out their party affiliation, but also their policing links - "former intelligence analyst" and "former policing inspector" respectively.
Was this a deciding factor for voters in the dark? The defeated Conservative candidate for Cheshire, John Dwyer, is a retired assistant chief constable - but the ballot paper didn't describe him as such.
In total, the Conservatives now hold 20 PCCs. Labour has 15 plus the London mayor, who has responsibility for policing, and the transitional similar position for Greater Manchester.
With Plaid Cymru on two and three independents, this is a delicate balance of power across England and Wales which could lead to some interesting policing politics when the commissioners have to work together to get what they want out of the Home Office.
So do the public now love their PCCs?
The turnout seems to suggest otherwise and many candidates will argue that the big issue remains the lack of national publicity from central government and proper funding for local awareness.
But Mr Rix argues there is a bigger failure that the candidates and elected PCCs need to address - with many of the 2012 crop having been largely invisible for the past four years.
"They may well complain that government has done nothing to support them [with publicity], but the PCCs individually and collectively, are also to blame," he says.
"It's wrong to blame others when you could do more to help yourself."


Forty-four years is a long time to wait for anything, but for Ankie Spitzer it has taken four decades to get the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to hold an official memorial for her husband.

Andre Spitzer was one of the 11 Israelis killed at the 1972 Games in Munich.
In the early hours of 5 September, Palestinian militants from the Black September group clambered over security fences at the Olympic Village, made their way to the Israelis' quarters and took a group of them hostage.
It was an event that would change security at the Olympic Games forever.
The militants, who murdered two of the Israeli athletes, demanded the release of more than 200 Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails. It ended with a botched rescue attempt by German police in which all nine of the remaining hostages, and a policeman, were killed.
"Nobody ever thought something so terrible would happen," says Ankie, sitting in her home, north of Tel Aviv.
Many of her memories still seem raw.
"Just a few hours after the murder I went into the room of my husband where they were all held hostage. I cannot even describe to you the chaos when I opened the door of the apartment."
That was when she pledged to herself and the man to whom she had been married for just 15 months that she would make sure the world knew about what happened.
Their daughter, Anouk, was just two months old when she was left fatherless.
After years of struggle and letter-writing, Ankie Spitzer and the other victims' relatives have the consolation of a memorial ceremony in the athletes' village in Rio, where a memorial stone will be unveiled.
It also commemorates the two victims of a bin bomb at the 1996 Atlanta Games and Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili, who died in an accident at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
The stone will also be displayed at the athletes' village when the Games take place in Tokyo in 2020.
Mrs Spitzer, now 70 years old, remains determined. "We never will give up our hope that there will be a moment of silence at the opening ceremony," she says.
That is because the event is watched by billions of people around the world and the perfect showcase for her message of remembering in order to make sure such tragedy never strikes again.
However, the Olympics' global profile is the very reason why the Games are "an aspired target for various terrorist organisations round the world", according to Yoram Schweitzer, of Israel's Institute for National Security Studies.
He says "IS [so-called Islamic State], its affiliates, its supporters and rivals such as al-Qaeda all look at the Olympic Games as a possible target" for the worldwide attention an attack would get them.
Israel is sending its largest ever delegation of 47 athletes to Rio, and while Munich transformed Olympic security for everyone, Mr Schweitzer still thinks the threat to the Israeli team is unique.
"Israel itself has been considered as a prime target of any Olympic Games and thus the Israelis allocate resources and manpower to safeguard our Olympic teams" so they "never again experience" what happened in 1972.
Whilst the shadow of Munich will always hang over Israel's Olympians, sport and not security will be their primary concern, says Yael Arad, the first Israeli ever to stand on an Olympic podium, winning silver in the 61kg judo event at Barcelona in 1992.
When I asked her about how she balanced the demands of competition with knowing the she was a potential target in the packed arena, she pointed to the focus and determination she regards as essential to any athlete.
"To be an athlete on these levels you need mental resilience and part of the mental resilience is to think only about winning, to bring 100% of yourself to the competition and to put all the noises around you to the side," she said.
Now on the board of the Israeli Olympic Committee, the 49-year-old acknowledges that Munich is very much part of the Israeli Olympic story.
The athletes will take part in the landmark ceremony in Rio's athletes' village, one she considers "very important" and which she says the Israeli Olympic Committee regards as "part of closing the circle".
The massacre in Munich "happened under the umbrella of the IOC", she says, and that is why it is important the organisation hosts a memorial to help ensure it "will never happen again".
Yael Arad will not be drawn on why it has taken more than four decades for the Olympic family to formally pay tribute to 11 of its own, but like Ankie Spitzer, she  regards the approach of new IOC President Thomas Bach as crucial.
The IOC told the BBC: "The creation of a mourning place was a recommendation stemming from the Olympic Agenda 2020", which is where Thomas Bach outlined his vision for the future of the movement.  Rio is his first Games as president.
Ankie Spitzer says she has asked for a minute of silence ever since the 1976 Games.
The request was turned down, and she says she was told it was "because then there were 21 Arab delegations and if they [the IOC] would do a memorial all these delegations would boycott, and they would go home".  There have been other "excuses" since.
The Olympic historian, Jules Boykoff, author of the recently-released Power Games: A Political History of the Olympics, says part of the explanation for the delay was "a guiding fiction that the IOC has long clung to - that politics and sports don't mix".
That paradigm has changed under Thomas Bach.
Mr Boykoff says there is no question a ceremony would be controversial for some of Israel's political foes, but for the IOC there were also other reasons for keeping politics away from the Games.
"If they could keep politics, hot-button politics, off the agenda then they could focus on sport, and let's be honest on the money-making that is attendant to the Olympics," he says.
The Rio Games are the first to be held in South America but the ceremony at the Olympic village means they will also be the first in a new chapter of Olympic history.


As far as team photos go, Zenit St Petersburg's will take some beating.

The Russian club, managed by former Chelsea and Tottenham boss Andre Villas-Boas, won their domestic league with two games to spare last weekend.
And just how did the Villas-Boas and his players celebrate? By dressing in traditional Russian clothing, as you do.
A picture was posted by former Manchester City player Javi Garcia on his Instagram account featuring a sharp-looking Garcia and his equally snappily-dressed team-mates, which includes former Arsenal forward Andrey Arshavin, surrounding Villas-Boas.
Zenit's title win, the fourth in their history, came in Villas-Boas's first full season in charge.


A schoolboy from Runcorn, Adam Spearritt travelled by car with his dad, Eddie Spearritt, and some friends, all of whom survived.

This is the full statement to the inquests from his mother, Janet Spearritt:
Adam Edward Spearritt died on 15 April, 1989 after becoming unconscious in his dad Eddie's arms.
Eddie also lost consciousness and woke up in hospital the next day to be told that the son he had tried so desperately hard to save was dead.
Adam was 14 years and 10 months old. It may seem odd to mention the 10 months, but for a life ended so soon every moment matters.
I could write a book about what Adam meant to us and the heartache his death and the Hillsborough tragedy caused, but for this purpose, suffice to say these few words.
Profiles of all those who died
He was our first child, born on 13 June, 1974 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital. He opened up our hearts to the joys of being parents.
From the moment he learned to walk, he had a ball at his feet. He got tiny football boots for his third birthday and goalposts for his fourth.
At weekends, I would take him to watch his dad play football. One of the first sentences he spoke as a toddler was, 'Come on, Mickey lad, take it down the line', giving us such a laugh.
When our second son, Paul, was born some years later, his birth announcement in the Liverpool Echo read: 'A second beautiful son, brother and goalkeeper for Adam'. And so he was, albeit not straight away.
We were lucky to have a large garden that Adam made good use of as a football pitch, tennis court, cricket pitch or mini golf course, learning to play these games first with his dad, or me when his dad was at work, his cousin Robert, who lived around the corner, his grandma when she came to stay - even the window cleaner or postman were invited to kick a ball with him, and sometimes did.
When he wasn't outside playing football, he would be inside enjoying his 'Roy of the Rovers' comics, filling in his Panini football sticker album or  playing Subbuteo.
We have glued many a broken Barcelona, Real Madrid or Liverpool player back onto their bases, assembled a stand to sit tiny figures on, put together TV gantries and floodlights so that England could beat Brazil in the World Cup.
These items are now stored up in the attic, ironically alongside the many boxes and files containing 25 years' worth of transcripts, letters, newspaper articles and other matters relating to the disaster.
As Adam grew older, his passions centred on football and golf. I remember his dad telling me about a game of golf they played with two of his dad's friends, which reduced Adam to tears of laughter on the course because of their antics and pathetic attempts to play.
He was such a joy growing up, laughing a lot, telling jokes and doing impersonations. Even on the day he died, his dad said the drive across the Snake Pass to Sheffield was full of fun and laughter, again with the same two friends they played golf with.
At one point, one of the friends got out to go to a sweet shop and the driver played stop/start as he tried to get back in. Adam was helpless with laughter.
He loved school, first attending St Mary's Junior School and then on to Norton Priory. He was doing well, his school reports always saying what a polite, hard-working pupil he was.
Naturally, sport was one of his favourite subjects. He played for the school football team and also a local team, Bridge Athletic, making many friends along the way.
I recall attending a PTA meeting where the staff were discussing the school football team being in the final of the Cheshire Schools' competition and of course, as a proud mum, I stated that it was my son who scored the winning goal in the semi-final.
A teacher came up to me afterwards to introduce herself and tell me what a lovely student he was. This was shortly before he died. Adam never got to play in the final, but his Dad went and supported the team as they won.
He loved being on the Kop at Anfield watching Liverpool play. His heroes, of course, were Kenny Dalglish and Alan Hansen.
Despite going to Anfield often, the Hillsborough match was his first away game.
Every year, a golf tournament is played in memory of Adam made up of his old school friends, his brothers, cousins, uncles, and friends of his dad. Also, each year in Runcorn an under-15s football tournament is played for the Adam Spearritt Memorial Cup.
Adam and his dad were friends as well as father and son and Eddie struggled to forgive himself for not saving Adam. He would say it was his job to protect Adam and he failed.
Sadly, Eddie died three years ago, without really knowing that his efforts in helping to fight for a new inquest were coming to fruition.
To everyone, Adam was just an ordinary boy, but to us, as every child is to their parents, he was extraordinary.
He had a kind, caring and considerate nature. We all loved him dearly and he in return loved all of us, but more than that, he loved life itself.