Silence is golden is a classroom mantra repeated the world over.

But, imagine a classroom being shaken by a sound louder than a rock concert; a sound as loud as a thunderclap or a chainsaw.
Welcome to the classroom of Annalisa Flanagan - the owner of the world's loudest shout.
The Belfast primary school teacher bellowed her way into the world record books in 1994 with a thunderous bellow of the word (what else?) 'quiet!'.
The shout clocked up an earth-shattering 121.7 decibels, setting a world record and potentially damaging the hearing of anyone within earshot.
Despite her record standing for 22 years, no-one has yet been able to out-shout her -  a fact that recently re-emerged when her Richter-scale rippling exploits featured on the hit BBC TV programme QI.
Corey Taylor, lead singer of renowned heavy metal outfit Slipknot was on the show - and even he was blown away.
"Our shows top out at 109 (decibels) and those are quite loud," he said. "So 121 is stupid."
Fortunately, even though Annalisa has this sonic secret weapon to unleash on her pupils at Finaghy Primary School, she insists it is one she never uses.
"I'm really not a shouter," she laughed. "I'd much rather bribe the kids with sweets than shout. I want them to love me!
"Also, after the first couple of weeks of teaching you can't be shouting all year. I'm hoarse all the time as it is."
Her pupils back her up too, and appear to be sincere when they say Ms Flanagan mostly keeps her hidden talent for hollering outside the classroom.
In fact, her skill is completely unrelated to teaching and purely a coincidence.
Indeed, the gift is one that probably would have stayed hidden, if it were not for a streak of competitiveness.
"In 1992, I was at a church summer camp. There were about 500 people attending and they held a record breaking day," she recalled.
"Now, normally I'm quite a competitive person. They had this shouting competition, but to be honest, I thought it was a bit embarrassing so I stayed out of it.
"But, then one of the kids told me my twin sister was winning. So I thought, if she is good then I'll be good too."
The competition was taking place in world record conditions, meaning whatever was recorded was eligible to smash the old record of 119 decibels.
"My sister got 119.1 and I got 119.4 - so she held the record for a little while, and then it was me."
Two years later, Annalisa was invited to defend her title at an event in Belfast.
"I got 121.7 decibels - and it has stood ever since."
Annalisa said she was amazed that her almost-accidental record has endured for 22 years.
Even though she admitted that she would be considered on the loud side, the teacher said she had no particular technique.
"I just open my mouth and let rip," she said. "I was on a TV programme and they took me to the Harley Street Clinic, where a lot of singers would go to get their vocals checked.
"In the end, the expert's conclusion was that I was so competitive when I set the record, so determined to beat my sister, that it spurred me on."
However, it is an ability that has diminished slightly over the years particularly after her tonsils were removed.
"I don't like being measured as much any more, because I'm nervous I won't really get to be as loud," she said.
"I can get to around 115 but I haven't come near 120 in a while. It's difficult to match the record. I'm not sure if I'm holding back a little bit. Also it hurts my head when I'm on full power."
Meanwhile, the children she teaches remain suitably impressed by their record-breaking teacher.
"It's quite sweet actually," Annalisa said.
"Sometimes I see past pupils who are in their 20s walking past the school gates. They would go: 'Alright Miss, still the world record holder?'
"It's just mad that it (the record) has stuck this long."


Rhys Edwards has left his role as Wales women's head coach by mutual consent, the Welsh Rugby Union has confirmed.

Edwards had been in charge since 2011 and was appointed national women's head coach and elite programme lead in 2015.
"WRU thanks Rhys for his commitment to the role and wishes him the best for the future," the WRU said in a statement.
Wales, who finished fourth in the 2016 Six Nations, have qualified for the Women's Rugby World Cup in 2017.


Birmingham City Council has revealed it will have to pay at least £757m to settle equal pay claims brought by mainly women who missed out on bonuses.

Last month 174 people who worked in traditionally-female roles won a ruling at the Supreme Court over the pay.
The £757m includes claims by that group and hundreds of other city council workers.
The remaining money the council still has to pay out is budgeted into the £600m it says it has to save by 2017.
Council leader Sir Albert Bore said the equal pay ruling had left the Labour-run council in a "horrendous position financially".
He reiterated warnings that entire services run by the authority, which has an annual budget of about £1bn, would have to be "decommissioned" to meet the budget shortfall.
He said he also expected the figures of claims to rise "but by how much, we don't know".
Sir Albert refused to give a figure of how many people could potentially submit claims.
The council leader said the authority could only afford to borrow £429m of the £757m figure without having to get special dispensation from the government to take out more loans.
The equal pay settlement figures were released publicly for the first time as part of a report to council chiefs by auditors Grant Thornton.
The council said at the end of March it still had to pay out £541m of the total £757m in claims.
It has predicted that by 2015-16 the council will have to pay about £75m a year to finance the debt.
The group of 174 former employees - all but four of them women - were dubbed the Abdulla Group after the woman whose name was at the top of the list, won the court ruling in October, which could have implications for other workers.
The former staff had worked in such jobs as cooks, cleaners and care staff for the council and had discovered they had been denied bonuses given to staff in traditionally male-dominated roles such as refuse collectors and street cleaners.
By Kathryn HamlettBBC News Online, West Midlands
Sir Albert Bore is getting used to delivering bad news.
Three weeks ago he revealed how the council was having to make £600m of cuts over six years - £200m more than originally thought.
At Monday's press briefing he kept using "horrendous" to describe the position the council found itself in after the equal pay ruling.
The £757m figure includes the claims made by the Abdulla group and also another large group of former workers.
The council says they account for by far the majority of the claims it has - and will - receive.
But legal experts had said last month's ruling could have "huge implications" for not just Birmingham, but other councils and private firms.
So how much more could Birmingham's council have to pay out in the future?
Council leaders say they have a figure of how many people are potentially eligible - but are too coy to reveal it publicly.
The Supreme Court rejected the council's argument the claims should have been submitted through an employment tribunal within a six-month time limit of leaving their jobs.
Joan Clulow, 71, was one of the women who was part of the Abdulla group and worked as a home carer for the city council in Bartley Green and Weoley Castle for 27 years.
She said: "The council could have saved an awful lot of money if they had listened to us in the first place.
"I worked hard - I worked on Christmas Day, whenever they wanted me to. I don't feel guilty at all.
"I did a good job and I enjoyed my job - I deserved that pay."
Sir Albert said the city council was not the only authority in that situation, and that the Abdulla ruling had "implications for many more in the public and private sector".
However, he added the council was committed to abiding with the law.
A series of public meetings is due to start in the next few weeks to get taxpayers' views on which services should be cut.
The council leader said he had now ruled out holding a referendum among voters about whether to increase council tax by more than 1.6%.


An off-duty policeman spent more than 20 minutes trying to save a choking six-year-old girl while waiting for emergency teams, an inquest has heard.

Jasmine Lapsley was on holiday in Morfa Nefyn, Gwynedd, when she collapsed after eating a grape in August 2014.
PC Aled Hughes was visiting friends next door and helped give CPR with his wife, a first aid trainer.
The Caernarfon inquest heard Jasmine, from Liverpool, was flown to hospital in Bangor, where she later died.
Giving evidence on the second day of the hearing, PC Hughes described how he found the young girl "motionless".
"Her lips were blue. She was not breathing. She was limp," he said.
He said there was "no sign of life".
Working with his wife Awen, they gave "dozens" of CPR cycles to Jasmine, he told the coroner's court.
He said he was there performing CPR for 10 to 15 minutes, and "it felt like a long time".
He added: "I was very concerned."
His wife told the inquest she was concentrating so hard on trying to save Jasmine, it did not seem like a long time before community first responders arrived.
"I have never seen a child who wasn't breathing before. It was an awful situation," said Mrs Hughes.
But giving evidence, community first responder Rosalind Hemming described the scene as "very confusing".
Community first responders are volunteers trained in life-saving first aid techniques and are dispatched by the Welsh Ambulance Service at the same time as an ambulance crew.
"When we arrived on the scene the patient, Jasmine, seemed to be lying in a whole crowd of people," said Mrs Hemming, who has been a responder for 10 years, and had herself received training from Awen Hughes.
"Awen was ongoing with chest compressions and her husband... mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
"I asked 'shall we take over?' and she said no."
She later told the coroner that she should have been "more forceful" in taking control of the situation, but at the time she "didn't know my position within the ambulance service".
She also denied an allegation made by Jasmine's family on Monday, that the first responders "shrugged their shoulders" when asked if they had suction equipment.
"We would never do that," said Mrs Hemming.
The inquest continues.


Diane James has been elected as the UK Independence Party's new leader and has told Prime Minster Theresa May to "get on with" getting the UK out of the EU.

Ms James had been regarded as the favourite to succeed Nigel Farage, who quit as leader following the UK's vote to leave the EU.
The MEP won with 8,451 votes. ahead of Lisa Duffy, who received 4,591.
She said UKIP was "the opposition party in waiting" and said the Tories "cannot be trusted with true Brexit".
"The threats to the referendum outcome are increasing by the day," she said, adding she would reject "Brexit-lite".
LIVE: New UKIP leader as Farage bows out
Profile: Who is Diane James?
Analysis: Can Diane James unite UKIP?
Farage: I have given UKIP my all
To applause at the UKIP conference, she said: "Yes to a 100% European Union exit. Can I be any clearer? Yes to a sovereign independent UK. Yes to a UK free to make trade deals with whoever and whenever we want and yes to an immigration policy that allows entry regardless of origin to those with the skills and the expertise and the social values that this country wants."
On the referendum vote, Ms James warned that "we have only just won a heat" in a "28-member state Olympic competition to leave the European Union".
She praised her predecessor and said she was "not Nigel-lite" and would not pretend to be so but would be "stepping into his leadership shoes" to try to continue his political success.
Later, in a news conference, she said Mr Farage would not be a "back seat driver" and she would be "making my own decisions" but she would seek his opinion on some matters: "Why wouldn't I? The legacy he bequeathed to this party, the experience, the knowledge he has got - I would be absolutely nuts to ignore that."
She was also asked about comments by outgoing deputy leader Paul Nuttall that he "fears for the very future of our party" if in-fighting that had plagued the party for more than a year could not be resolved.
Ms James said she was surprised he had said that as it was an "opposition narrative" that suggested UKIP was not united and she was happy with way UKIP MEPs had worked together.
She said UKIP had "moved mountains on the political landscape" and was the "change movement of the United Kingdom" and added: "I believe in UKIP's values of liberty, common sense, democracy and pragmatic approaches to the challenges this country faces."
She told the party conference in Bournemouth that she might use different language and be less frank than Mr Farage, but she would be honest and "uphold all the beliefs and values that this party stands for".
And, in a message to the prime minister, she said: "If you're watching this afternoon, you'll be watching the opposition party in waiting."
She accused Mrs May of stealing some of UKIP's policies - such as grammar school expansion - adding:  "Mrs May: from one grammar school girl to another, stop the faff, stop the fudge and the farce, get on with it - invoke Article 50 and give UKIP the best Christmas present we could ever have."
She added later: "My view is the Tory Party cannot be trusted with true Brexit."
Asked about her decision, within an hour of becoming leader, to remove Neil Hamilton from the list of speakers at the conference on Saturday, she said it was "my prerogative and I chose to change the programme", but denied it was a "purge".
Mr Hamilton has been replaced on the agenda by Nathan Gill, the man he ousted as leader of the UKIP group on the Welsh Assembly.
Mr Hamilton said it was a "rather bizarre way" to unite a party and criticised another decision to reduce the time allocated to UKIP's sole MP, Douglas Carswell.
Earlier, Ms James said Mr Gill, who now sits as an independent member of the Welsh Assembly, "has my 100% support".
UKIP MEP Steven Woolfe, who had been expected to stand but was ruled ineligible after submitting his papers late, told BBC News that Ms James had been "very clear that she wants to make UKIP a winning machine".
"I hope and I believe that she will take the party forward," he said.
But Labour MP Pat McFadden, a member of Open Britain - born out of the unsuccessful Remain campaign during the referendum - said: "UKIP may have a new leader but the same questions apply about the UK's future outside the EU.
"Will she press for the Â£350m a week extra pledged by the Leave campaign for the NHS? Will she campaign for their other promises to be met?"
Mr Farage stood down following the UK's vote to leave the European Union, saying his "political ambition has been achieved".
The face of Euroscepticism in the UK for nearly two decades, he helped turn UKIP from a fringe party into the third biggest in UK politics - in terms of votes at the 2015 general election. He also helped persuade more than 17 million people to vote to leave the EU.
Ms James, a former businesswoman and healthcare professional, saw off four other contenders: Bill Etheridge, Lisa Duffy, Liz Jones and Phillip Broughton.


Police have used CS spray on protesters during a demonstration against gentrification in Brixton.

Scotland Yard confirmed the spray was used after members of Reclaim Brixton entered the local police station.
A man was also arrested on suspicion of criminal damage after estate agent Foxtons in Brixton Road had a window smashed and graffiti sprayed on it.
Reclaim Brixton said it was in a "fight against gentrification" which it said was "killing" the area of south London.
On its Facebook page, the group said: "Today vibrancy is sold to garnish property development posters and overpriced bar branding, but in doing so, it is also slowly being killed.
"Social diversity is driven out by lack of truly affordable housing. Local businesses are driven out by increasing rents and redevelopment schemes that benefit national and multinational businesses, siphoning money out of the area.
"Local spaces for people to meet, celebrate, get support or education are being decimated. Brixton's vibrancy now has a question mark on it."
Scotland Yard said during the planned event it had also removed protestors who had gained access to Brixton Town Hall and officers were "monitoring" the situation.


You may have seen people who perform on the street in your local town or city.

14 December 2016 Last updated at 16:34 GMT
Sometimes they might have a guitar and a microphone, and of course there's people dancing.
They might be busting some moves to the latest Rihanna or Little Mix, but this particular street performer has gone for a slightly less well-known song.
He chose the theme tune from the BBC News.
One thing is for sure, it is certainly an original choice.


A lawyer in Cameroon has been recognised for her work to promote gay rights in Africa with an award from Amnesty International.

Alice Nkom has spent a decade defending people accused of practising homosexuality.
Homosexual acts are illegal in Cameroon and carry a five-year prison term.
Ms Nkom described the award, which she received from the German branch of Amnesty International in Berlin on Tuesday, as a "prize of hope".
"Being gay in Cameroon is like being in hell," she told the BBC's Newsday programme.
"Permanent jail, permanent harassment, permanent violence and discrimination. From your family to the workplace to everywhere."
Where is it illegal to be gay?
The 69-year-old lawyer became the first black woman to be called to the bar in Cameroon in 1969.
She vowed to continue her work despite being sent death threats and warnings from government officials that she could face imprisonment.
The campaign for gay rights in Africa has been hit in recent weeks by a new law in Uganda which allows life imprisonment for acts of "aggravated homosexuality" and also criminalises the "promotion of homosexuality".
Africa remains the continent with the toughest anti-gay laws, with homosexual acts punishable by death in Mauritania and South Sudan and parts of Nigeria and Somalia.


Coldplay's dominance of UK radio is highlighted at this year's Ivor Novello Awards, where the band are nominated twice for "most performed song".

Both Adventure of a Lifetime and Hymn for the Weekend are up for the prize, which recognises the most-played song on radio, TV and online last year.
But they face stiff competition from Adele's When We Were Young - the category's only other nominee.
The winner will be revealed at a ceremony in London next month.
Nick Cave's devastating Skeleton Tree is among the three releases up for the best album prize.
Cave was in the process of writing the album when, in July 2015, his 15-year-old son died after accidentally falling from a cliff near the family's home in Brighton. The tragedy looms over the record, which received some of the best reviews of Cave's career.
Also up for best album are the retro-soul of Michael Kiwanuka's Love and Hate, and the futuristic funk of Laura Mvula's The Dreaming Room.
Kiwanuka and Mvula are also in the running for best song musically and lyrically - for the singles Black Man in a White World and Overcome respectively. They are up against rock band Mystery Jets for their track Telomere.
"It's a truly humbling feeling," said singer and guitarist Blaine Harrison. "I think the Ivors are particularly special for any songwriter because you're nominated by your peers."
Here is the full list of nominees:
Best song musically and lyrically
Best contemporary song
Most performed work
Best album
Best film score
Best television soundtrack
"This is one of those awards you never feel you're going to be nominated for," said London-born singer Dyo, whose dance hit Sexual is up for best contemporary song.
She put the song's success down to the lyrics.
"People get to shout 'sexual,'" she told the BBC. "It's one of those songs that children sing, even though they shouldn't."
"But I wasn't in a sexual mood when I wrote it. I was actually freezing cold in Sweden and I thought, 'I need to write something that's going to make me feel good right now, and make everyone else happy.'"
The Ivor Novellos are highly regarded within the music industry because they are voted for by songwriters and composers.
Now in their 62nd year, the awards have honoured the work of more than 750 songwriters and composers, including the Beatles, Kate Bush and Sir Elton John.
Last year's ceremony saw Adele named songwriter of the year, while Damon Albarn won the lifetime achievement award.
The recipients of all this year's prizes will be announced at the ceremony on 18 May.
Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.


Two Sydney residents who recently returned from the Caribbean have been diagnosed with the Zika virus, Australian health officials say.

The man and woman are known to each other and tested positive last Friday, New South Wales Health told the BBC.
The World Health Organization has declared Zika a global health emergency as it spreads through the Americas.
Zika is carried by mosquitoes and has been linked to thousands of suspected cases of underdeveloped brains.
NSW authorities said one traveller tested positive to Zika last year after a trip to the Solomon Islands, and four people tested positive after returning from the Cook Islands in 2014.
Meanwhile, Australian Daniel Gaunt, 27, who contracted the virus after being bitten by a monkey and mosquitoes on the holiday island of Bali in 2013 yesterday urged travellers to "take all the precautions".


Edinburgh head coach Alan Solomons believes teenage flanker Jamie Ritchie is destined to play for Scotland.

The Dundee-born forward, 19, who starred for Scotland Under-20s in their recent win over England, has only started five matches for Edinburgh.
"I think he will play for Scotland, I have no doubt whatsoever," Solomons said. "He is a terrific player.
"He is a good footballer, intelligent, has a fantastic work-rate and could definitely play six, seven or eight."
Ritchie, who captained Scotland's Under-18 side, has profited in recent weeks from an injury to captain Mike Coman - who is leaving at the end of the season to join London Irish.
The teenager was contracted straight from Perth's Strathallan School last season into Edinburgh's senior squad, and starts his fifth game out of six on Friday against Pro 12 leaders Connacht at Murrayfield.
"I am really enjoying the opportunity to play," he said. "The exposure has done a lot for my confidence.
"I don't find myself getting quite as nervous now. I feel more confident in my role and knowing I can cope physically at this level."
Ritchie may only have 12 senior games on his CV, but he is happy to contemplate the prospect of a Scotland call-up.
"Hopefully it happens as quickly as possible," he said. "I just need to keep working hard.
"If I keep getting consistent game time for Edinburgh, hopefully I will do enough to show the Scotland coaches what I can do. I am still young but everyone is in a rush so we will see."
Ritchie, not 20 until August, is one of eight youngsters in Edinburgh's starting side on Friday to have come through the ranks in the past two years.
Another is full-back Blair Kinghorn, also 19, who makes only his fourth senior start after kicking 14 points in last Sunday's 24-23 win over Scarlets.
"He was a schoolboy last year and now he is starting for Edinburgh," Solomons noted. "But that is marvellous - it's what it is all about.
"These guys are the future of the club and it is brilliant they are getting these opportunities.
"Blair has got a good temperament. He's a fairly phlegmatic, chilled guy and has done really well."


US Secretary of State John Kerry has said the Syrian conflict is "in many ways out of control", as he made a fresh push to salvage a fragile truce.

After talks with UN and Arab diplomats in Geneva, he said progress had been made on a plan to reduce violence in the second city of Aleppo.
However, he said more work was needed and there was no guarantee of success.
A cessation of hostilities has reduced fighting in Syria's five-year civil war but has unravelled in recent days.
About 250 people have reportedly been killed in Aleppo in the past nine days.
On Monday, fresh government air strikes and artillery attacks on rebel-held districts and suburbs of Aleppo left at least three dead, according to activists.
Mr Kerry, speaking alongside UN special envoy Staffan de Mistura after a morning of talks in Geneva, said the conflict was "in many ways out of control and deeply disturbing".
He said the nine-week-old cessation of hostilities had had "a profoundly positive effect" and saved many lives, but in recent weeks it had been "put to the test".
Mr Kerry said the goal was to reinforce a broad truce that could withstand further tests. He also promised more ceasefire monitors to track violations "24 hours a day, seven days a week".
"We're trying to press this as fast as possible but I don't want to make any promises that can't be kept," he said.
The US secretary of state said a recent air strike on a hospital in Aleppo, which he blamed on the Syrian government, was "unconscionable" but he added that both sides, the opposition and the regime, had contributed to "this chaos".
Before leaving Geneva, Mr Kerry spoke by telephone to his Russian counterpart, Sergei Lavrov. Both men reiterated calls for all sides to observe the cessation of hostilities, the Russian foreign ministry said.
Mr de Mistura is due to travel to Russia on Tuesday.
Mr Kerry's trip to Geneva was hastily arranged after Mr de Mistura appealed to the US and Russia, which back opposing sides in Syria's five-year conflict, to rescue the cessation of hostilities they brokered in February.
At the start of a meeting with Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir on Monday, Mr Kerry said he would press rebel groups in Aleppo to separate themselves from the powerful jihadist group, al-Nusra Front.
"This is what we're discussing, among other things. There are a number of different ways to approach it," Mr Kerry told reporters.
"We're getting closer to a place of understanding. But we have some work to do."
The Syrian government and Russia have said the Aleppo air strikes are targeting only al-Nusra, which is affiliated to al-Qaeda and is excluded from the cessation of hostilities along with the rival Islamic State group.
However, the opposition and the US have dismissed the claim, and accused the government of targeting civilians and rebels abiding by the cessation of hostilities.
"What is happening in Aleppo is an outrage. It's a violation of all humanitarian laws. It's a crime," Mr Jubeir said, adding that Syrian President Bashar al-Assad would be held accountable and would be removed from power either through a political process or by force.
The fighting in Aleppo has also seen dozens of civilians killed in rebel artillery attacks on government-held areas.
After at least 50 people were killed in a reported government air strike on a hospital last Wednesday night, the International Committee of the Red Cross warned that Aleppo was being "pushed further to the brink of humanitarian disaster".
Large parts of the city have been destroyed and its infrastructure has been severely damaged, leaving civilians without water and electricity for months.
The talks in Geneva come a day after the Syrian military extended a "regime of calm" around the capital, Damascus, for another 24 hours.
The unilateral truce also covers the northern countryside of the coastal province of Latakia,
More than three dozen rebel factions said on Saturday that they would not respect the truce, unless the government agreed to extend it over the whole country.


A public inquiry is to consider whether there was interference by the Church of England in the case of jailed former Bishop of Lewes Peter Ball.

The Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse heard Archbishop George Carey failed to act on abuse claims made against Ball, 84, in 1993.
It also heard Ball had "permission to officiate" at church services, despite being cautioned for indecency.
Ball was jailed last year for abusing young men between the 1970s and 1990s.
The allegations are part of Dame Lowell Goddard's inquiry investigation into how the Church of England and other public bodies dealt with claims of abuse.
It will be the biggest in British history and is set to last for five years, with a budget of Â£17.9m for this financial year alone.
Lawyer Richard Scorer, who represents 17 victims of abuse, told a preliminary hearing of the inquiry that one of the victims, known as A13, reported abuse by Ball to the then Archbishop George Carey, but the complaint was not passed to police.
Mr Scorer said this was one reason why it took more than 20 years to bring Ball fully to justice.
This victim was in his early 20s at the time, not a child, and has been refused "core participant status" at the inquiry.
He is among several victims appealing against this decision.
Ben Emmerson, counsel to the inquiry, said there had been "many incidents of sexual abuse within the Anglican Church over a long period of time, and there have been serious failures to acknowledge, prevent and remedy such abuse".
Previous reviews by the Church had provided a picture which was "less than comprehensive", he said.
Historical child abuse claims: Key investigations
Mr Emmerson said one major inquiry only unearthed details of 13 cases, while another, led by the judge Baroness Butler-Sloss, was misled by senior figures in the Church, requiring her to re-write a report into abuse.
BBC home affairs correspondent Tom Symonds said Mr Emmerson told the inquiry it would have to decide if the allegations are "well-founded".
To meet this test, they will either have to be true, or there must have been enough evidence to have required institutions to take action, he said.
Ball was jailed in October for 32 months after admitting abusing 18 young men across 20 years.
He abused most of his victims while he lived in East Sussex and was serving as Bishop of Lewes - but would go on to carry on the abuse as Bishop of Gloucester.
Lord Carey has previously denied being involved in a cover-up.


A militant Islamist group in Libya has denied that a US air strike killed Mokhtar Belmokhtar, one of North Africa's most feared jihadists.

Ansar al-Sharia named seven people it said were killed in the strike in the eastern Libyan city of Ajdabiya. The list excluded Belmokhtar.
Libya's Tobruk-based government said on Monday that Belmokhtar had been killed.
He was the mastermind of the 2013 siege of an Algerian gas plant, killing 40 people, most of them foreigners.
An al-Qaeda loyalist, Belmokhtar was an Algerian who operated across the vast Sahara desert.
"While we eulogise these heroes... we deny the killing of any other personalities besides those whom we have named who are sons of this land [Libya]," Reuters news agency reports quotes the statement on Ansar al-Sharia's Twitter account as saying.
The statement's authenticity could not be independently verified.
On Monday, US defence officials stopped short of confirming Belmokhtar's death.
"The actual impact of that raid is still being assessed," US Air Force Secretary Deborah Lee James said.
The US said Belmokhtar was targeted and the strike was successful, but it was analysing the operation's results and would give details "as appropriate".
Belmokhtar's death has been reported many times in the past.
He was once a senior figure in al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and had been sentenced to death in absentia in Algeria for numerous attacks.
Profile of Belmokhtar
How do you verify a militant's death?
The US filed terror charges against Belmokhtar and officials believed he remained a threat to Western interests.
"Belmokhtar has a long history of leading terrorist activities as a member of AQIM, is the operational leader of the al-Qaeda-associated al-Murabitoun organisation in north-west Africa, and maintains his personal allegiance to al-Qaeda," Pentagon spokesman Col Steve Warren said.
Libyan's internationally recognised Tobruk-based government said the strike came after consultation with the US. Their statement said it resulted in the death of the "terrorist Belmokhtar".
Libya has been in chaos since the ousting of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011, with its parliament forced to operate in the eastern port.
A rival parliament, the Islamist-dominated General National Congress, is nearly 1,000km (620 miles) to the west in Tripoli.
Rival militias have been battling to fill the power vacuum, with IS militants fighting other Islamists in the east.


The theatre was in trouble when Kenneth Alan Taylor was appointed artistic director of Nottingham Playhouse 30 years ago - it was £200,000 in the red.

The Playhouse had seized national attention when its controversial, futuristic building opened with a memorable production of Shakespeare's Coriolanus in 1963.
But 20 years later the impetus was slowing and the money was tight.
"I turned it round in a year," says Mr Taylor. "I changed the programming from classical to populist: making theatre that entertained people - musicals, locally written plays. It brought in the crowds... and the revenue."
Among the changes he made was bringing in a pantomime, something he'd previously been doing for some years in Oldham.
The move raised eyebrows among followers of a local theatre with a strong reputation for drama rather than mere entertainment.
But Jack and the Beanstalk broke even. Kenneth Alan Taylor directed the panto, and he also appeared as the pantomime dame.
Now 30 years later, he's still got both roles. But he has vowed that this is the last year he will tread the boards dressed in the dame's clothing.
He's said that before, but this time - at the age of 77 - he says he means it.
This year's pantomime at the 770-seat Playhouse is once again Jack and the Beanstalk.
And this is the panto season, when families who would never normally go near the theatre realise that Christmas would not be Christmas without a substantial dash of old jokes, actors swapping sexes, and plenty of spectacle, and glitter.
For hard pressed local theatres, pantomimes remain a substantial part of the working year. For almost two months managements ought to be able to rely on 90% full houses night after night, and a parade of matinees, too.
And audiences are astonishingly loyal - some people come out after the performance and immediately queue up at the box office to book the same seats for the following year, handing over the money there and then.
They object loudly if modernising zeal knocks time-honoured jokes out of the performance. For two hours, they want to immerse themselves in that curious mixture of comedy, cross-dressing, childish repertoire, wild ad libs, mild innuendo... and relentless tradition.
It pulls people off the TV sofa at home and into theatres; and it gives hard-pressed theatre managers the chance to blank out a month or more in their production diary of fairly predictable financial success.
Against the odds, pantomime survives. But there are fears that traditional panto (such as that at the Playhouse) is under attack... undermined by the influence of rival forms of entertainment.
As usual in Nottingham, a pantomime battle is raging this Christmas. Just down the road from the Playhouse is the 1,200-seat Theatre Royal, run by Nottingham City Council.
It  has a big American TV star as the main attraction: David Hasselhoff, still remembered from Baywatch and Knight Rider, the man who glories in the nickname "The Hoff". He's playing a swaggering Captain Hook in Peter Pan, a casting decision that had the internet buzzing, and notably boosted advance ticket sales.
He's joined by the bubbly Nottingham-born star, Su Pollard, from another affectionately remembered TV show, Hi-de-Hi!
But despite early fears when the ear-catching identity of Captain Hook was announced, Jack and the Beanstalk ticket sales do not appear to have been dented by the rival show. Both venues are ahead of last year's sales.
Perhaps extra buzz gets more people thinking about a family night out, and both shows benefit.
The Playhouse pantomime is home-grown: Kenneth Alan Taylor writes it and directs it, and steals the show as Dame Daisy. He started in the summer of 2012 ready for a script to be sent to the production designer at the start of 2013... for a show that was still almost a year off at that stage.
Then there's three weeks of rehearsal before opening night at the end of November.
The Playhouse panto costs between £250,000 and £300,000 to put on, according to the theatre's chief executive Stephanie Sirr. And it rakes in a profit of £300,000 to £400,000.
As she says: "Pantomime is financially essential to the theatre."
Costs are higher for the rival Theatre Royal show Peter Pan, created by a company called Qdos Entertainment, which bills itself as the biggest panto producer in the world, by which it means Britain, of course.
Qdos is a private company founded and run by the theatrical veteran Nick Thomas. This season it is presenting 24 pantomimes across the UK, using tried and tested stars, and drawing on a big store of sets and costumes which can be rotated round the country for years.
The scripts, I'm assured, are newly written, fitted to the stars and the location. The Theatre Royal is run by Nottingham City Council, and Qdos shares the takings with the theatre.
Are TV personalities swamping traditional panto, as the critics maintain? Qdos managing director Michael Harrison says big stars have always been part of panto, dating back to its early days in the late 18th Century.
"We need funny people," he told me in the company's offices in Drury Lane, London. "And a lot of the funny people who work in light entertainment today are famous." Personality counts, when it comes to getting audiences into the theatre.
Just as Nottingham Playhouse was ramping up rehearsals for Jack and the Beanstalk in November, there was some grim news on the money front.
Nottinghamshire County Council announced it was proposing to axe its annual grant to the theatre, currently worth more than £94,000, some 6% of the theatre's total public funding.
The Playhouse is now lobbying to overturn the decision.
The pantomime will help balance the budget, as it does in so many places. But a lot of Britain's regional theatres could do with even more magic beans.
Peter Day will also be exploring the world of pantomimes on Radio 4's In Business programme. The episode will be first broadcast on Thursday, 19 December at 20:30 GMT, and then repeated on Sunday, 22 December at 21:30 GMT. It will also be available to download from the In Business webpage, and to listen to via the BBC iPlayer.


Seventy jobs are being created in Newport with the expansion of a specialist packaging company.

Essentra, which set up a plant on the city's Imperial Park in 2014, will more than double its staff to over 100.
The firm is being supported with Â£143,000 in grants and loans from the Welsh government.
Economy Minister Edwina Hart said she was delighted Newport had been chosen by Essentra to be "a centre of excellence within this global group".


Paralympic champions Jonnie Peacock, Hannah Cockroft, Richard Whitehead and Kadeena Cox are in the Great Britain squad for next month's World Para-Athletics Championships in London.

The 49-strong team for the event, which will be at London Stadium in Stratford from 14-23 July, contains 10 athletes who won gold at Rio 2016.
Two-time Paralympic champion Peacock, 24, missed out on the 2015 World Championships through injury and will look to recapture the 100m title he claimed in 2013.
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Britain won 31 medals in Doha two years ago, including 13 golds, finishing fourth in the medal table.
London will be the first time the event has been held in the same city and in the same summer as the World Athletics Championships, which run from 4-13 August.
Six-time world champion David Weir is not included after withdrawing from British Athletics following a fallout with coach Jenni Banks, and double T11 100m and 200m Paralympic champion Libby Clegg misses out with an injury.
Cox, 26, who has multiple sclerosis, won gold medals in track cycling and athletics at Rio 2016, but has focused her training on athletics this year before her defence of her T37 100m title.
Cockroft, 24, won world gold in the T34 100m, 400m and 800m two years ago, a treble she repeated in Rio last year.
Whitehead, 40, can become a four-time T42 200m world champion in London, while Jo Butterfield will be given the opportunity to defend her club throw titles in the F51 and and Aled Davies his shot title in the F42 .
T38 sprinter Sophie Hahn, who has cerebral palsy, can win her third individual 100m world title, despite only being 20.
Paralympic champions Hollie Arnold and Aled Sion Davies are among nine athletes from Wales included.


Hundreds of films that span 100 years and document the history of the East Anglian coastline have been released.

Footage of barges sailing off the Essex coast, herring drifters in Norfolk and a sail designer from Suffolk are among those featured.
The films are sourced from the British Film Institue (BFI) national archive and the East Anglia Film Archive (EAFA).
The footage is viewable via an interactive map on the BFI Player.
Dr Tim Snelson, director of EAFA, said: "East Anglia has some stunning coastline and a rich maritime history, and this has inspired regional filmmakers to document and represent our coastline in creative ways."
Highlights of the films include:


Tens of thousands of people have sought shelter as the powerful Typhoon Hagupit heads towards the Philippines.

Hagupit, known locally as Ruby, has gusts of up to 230km/h (143mph) and is due to hit land on Saturday evening.
It is on course for the Eastern and Northern Samar provinces and the city of Tacloban, where thousands were killed by Typhoon Haiyan a year ago.
Local residents, many of them still living in temporary shelters, are moving away from coastal areas.
President Benigno Aquino, who met disaster agency chiefs on Friday afternoon, has ordered food supplies to be sent to affected areas, as well as military troops and police officers to be deployed to prevent looting in the aftermath.
Local media reported Mr Aquino as saying there was "no indication" for now that Hagupit would be as strong as Haiyan.
Haiyan - known as Yolanda in the Philippines - was the most powerful typhoon ever recorded over land. It tore through the central Philippines in November 2013, leaving more than 7,000 dead or missing.
The latest update from Philippine weather authorities said that Hagupit, which means "smash" in Filipino, was weakening slightly, though it still has powerful gusts.
It could bring storm surges up to one storey high, as well as heavy rain and the risk of landslides, officials have warned.
Schools and government offices are closed in some areas and there were long queues at shops and petrol stations as people stocked up on supplies.
In Tacloban, many people have taken shelter in the sports stadium.
"It's deja vu, but not the same as last year with Haiyan," local resident Mariano Tan Jr told the BBC.
"We're already prepared... we've stored basic commodities - water, rice, beans, fuel. We're also prepared in case of a power cut.
"We intend to stay," he added. "We survived last year, we will do it again tomorrow. We will still stand our ground because no calamities can break us apart."
About 19,000 people from coastal villages are in 26 evacuation centres, Tacloban's disaster office spokesman Ilderando Bernadas told Reuters.
He said that number was expected to double as the authorities began forcing people to evacuate.
Tacloban's Deputy Mayor Jerry Yaokasin told the BBC's Newsday: "We haven't yet fully recovered from last year's super-typhoon Haiyan and here we go again.
"It's like we're seeing a movie, it's like the Groundhog Day.
"And it's stirring up a lot of emotions in our hearts and bringing back so many painful memories of what happened during super typhoon Haiyan."
The Philippine weather authorities said that as of 16:00 local time on Friday (08:00 GMT) Hagupit was 370km (230 miles) east of Eastern Samar and moving at 13km/h, a relatively slow speed.
It has weakened slightly, but still remains powerful, with sustained winds of 195km/h and gusts of up to 230km/h. Up to 35 provinces and municipalities are likely to be affected.
The US Navy's Joint Typhoon Warning Center had classified Hagupit as a super typhoon but downgraded it on Friday morning. It remains the strongest storm to hit the Philippines this year.
Meteorologists had said there was a chance Hagupit could veer north towards Japan and miss the Philippines altogether, but this scenario is increasingly seen as unlikely.
The Philippines gives its own names to typhoons once they move into Philippine waters, rather than using the international storm-naming system.


Chris Giwa, founder of a rival faction in the Nigerian Football Federation, has been banned from football-related activity worldwide by Fifa.

In May 2016, Giwa and four others in his group were banned by the NFF for five years for impersonation and taking football matters to a civil court.
The ban was for breaches of the NFF statutes and the Fifa code of ethics.
Giwa has since August 2014 insisted he was elected NFF president in a disputed vote that was not recognised by Fifa.
Fifa threatened to ban the country from international competition if Giwa did not step down, and at the end of September the NFF elected Amaju Pinnick as its new president.
Giwa, Muazu Suleyman, Yahaya Adama, Sani Fema and Johnson Effiong were later suspended, and Fifa said in a statement on its website on Tuesday that the bans would apply worldwide.
However, Giwa intends to launch an appeal.
"They [Fifa] have not communicated to us directly and reading something on Fifa's website is not a direct communication," Giwa told BBC Sport.
"Once we hear from Fifa then we will take the necessary steps and we cannot rule out [filing an appeal with Court of Arbitration for Sport] over something so excessive."


Toby Roland-Jones has had a dream day, a golden debut that will be talked about for years.

When cricketers, or anyone in sport, burst on to the scene like he did on the second day of England's third Test against South Africa at The Oval, it is remembered for a long time.
The Middlesex pace bowler took four wickets as the visitors folded to 126-8 in reply to England's 353 all out.
Circumstances conspired to help the 29-year-old. Conditions were ideal for pace bowling - cloud almost at ground level, the floodlights illuminating the gloom - and South Africa gave the latest poor showing in a series that has been an awful advert for Test batting.
But that is to take nothing away from Roland-Jones, who bowled very, very nicely on an occasion he will never forget.
Roland-Jones is a good, old-fashioned English seamer. He's not especially quick, but he pitches the ball up and swings it away, which is always dangerous.
He has a high action that follows a lovely, long, repeatable approach, which is very similar to that of his mentor, Angus Fraser. I think I'm right in saying Roland-Jones takes exactly the same number of steps in his run-up that Fraser did.
He is also very strong, with what Fred Trueman would call "a good fast-bowler's backside". Fred always approved of such things.
What we have learned is that Roland-Jones is a very promising prospect. Because of the way he bowls, he will not blow batsmen away, but is more likely to take wickets through accuracy and building pressure.
Having said that, he bowled some lovely deliveries at The Oval, with the one that removed Hashim Amla particularly brutal - bouncing and nipping away to brush the glove.
On your debut, you just want to get into the game. I remember when I played my first Test, we bowled first and I went wicketless in the first innings. I felt like I was searching to make a contribution.
Roland-Jones, though, took a wicket with the 10th delivery he sent down - that's a massive bonus. Straight away he knew he was good enough to do the thing he is in the side to do.
He was probably helped by the runs he made with the bat, 25 in as many balls that included a top-edge six that left him grinning from ear to ear. Even before he got the ball in hand, Roland-Jones had the comfort of knowing he had made an impact on the game.
At the other end during Roland-Jones' knock was Ben Stokes, who was putting together his fifth Test century.
Stokes is a man known for his blistering onslaughts, and anyone who has seen the highlights on the BBC Sport website will have seen more of his thrilling strokeplay.
But we know that Stokes is a proper batsman, capable of the sort of innings required in Test cricket.
At The Oval we saw all of Stokes, who only really opened his shoulders when he was joined by last man James Anderson.
If you take into consideration that he can be a correct batsman, an annihilator, a pace bowler and a wonderful fielder, then he is really is four cricketers in one.
Though Stokes' place in the batting order hasn't changed since Trent Bridge - he is still at number six - England look much stronger for moving Jonny Bairstow and Moeen Ali from five and seven to seven and eight respectively.
We said at the time that six bowlers was too many, and the decision to leave out spinner Liam Dawson to strengthen the batting is already looking like the correct one.
Not only do England rarely need two spinners, but they are bolstering a batting line-up that often falters, by having their free-scoring players those few places lower.
On top of the shuffle, England have shown a marked change in attitude, even after they were so sniffy about the criticism they received in Nottingham.
At Trent Bridge they muttered and grumbled about the things said about them, even when most of it was justified.
Test cricket is about respecting the opposition, the conditions and the circumstances. England did not do that in Nottingham and were rightly condemned.
However, despite their protestations, they have come back and shown a completely new attitude. They have played like a Test team.
If, and when, they do complete victory, they should be honest enough to say they have learned a lesson.
Jonathan Agnew was talking to BBC Sport's Stephan Shemilt


The Department of Infrastructure has said there should be a public inquiry into a proposal for a goldmine near Greencastle, County Tyrone.

Chris Hazzard made the statement after local residents said they feared human error or equipment failure could lead to a cyanide spill.
The claim has been rejected by the company.
No planning application has yet been submitted but is expected to be put in early next year.
The chemical is used in part of the processing system but Dalriadian, the company planning the mine said it will be heavily regulated and does not pose a risk to the public or the environment.
Some people living near the proposed facility remain vehemently opposed.
Patrick Anderson, the chief executive of Dalradian, said he would welcome a public inquiry.
"I think it would be a further forum to engage locally and hear more fully what the complaints and the support is for the project so you could have a more informed decision for the minister when it comes to deciding whether to grant planning permission or not," he said.
Dalradian had said it can get millions of ounces of gold from the Sperrins over the 25-year life of the mine, creating hundreds of jobs in construction and operation.
The minister added that his department had been in meetings with Dalradian over the last year as part of "pre-application discussions to scope the extent of information that will be needed should they decide to submit a planning application for the proposal".
"It is already clear that the planning application, if submitted, will be both complex and controversial involving a wide range of views and in depth information to assess the potential socio-economic and environmental impacts, both positive and negative, of the proposed development," Mr Hazzard said.
The announcement has been welcomed by Sinn FÃ©in MLA Declan McAleer.
"The proposal is only 1,200 metres from the local primary school and GAA ground and there is a real concern in the local area about the lack of public consultation in Greencastle village, which would have made it more accessible for local people.
"Hopefully, this move by the minister will allow people to get answers to their questions and to voice their concerns," he said.
A planning application will be lodged in 2017  if a feasibility study proves the project is economically viable.
The company said it would have between five and 20 tonnes of cyanide on site at any time with at least one delivery a week.
A diluted cyanide solution will be used to separate tiny gold particles from a portion of the crushed ore.
It will be transported and stored in solid briquettes in which form it is inert.
A number of groups have been set up to oppose the plan.
The Save Our Sperrins group said it is worried about potential water and air pollution.
However, Dalradian said the use of cyanide will be heavily regulated.
The company said the 10% of crushed ore that is treated with it will go through a final process to destroy most of the cyanide.
It will then be pumped back underground in the form of a cement paste to backfill the blast holes.
It claims that paste will contain only "trace" amounts of the toxin and that there would be more naturally-occurring cyanide in "a handful of chewed almonds".


"It's like a Stradivari violin - you have to know how to play her," Gerald Rainier says of his 90-year-old classic yacht Mary Rose.

The vessel's exquisite craftsmanship is not the only parallel with the distinguished instrument. Every inch of the 65ft (20m) vintage schooner is a testament to the meticulous maintenance and expertise needed to keep her pristine and functioning.
Her colourful past includes devastation by both hurricane and fire before being bought by Mr Rainier in 2004 and painstakingly restored to her former glory.
This April, along with dozens of other venerable vessels, Mary Rose will once again compete at Antigua Classic Yacht Regatta, now in its 30th edition.
For Mr Rainier, who visits each year from Vienna, it is a chance to share his passion with enthusiasts from across the globe.
Sailing a classic boat requires the precision of a symphony orchestra, each crew member playing a vital role, he tells the BBC.
"With a modern yacht, you can force your will upon nature and it won't break. There's not a chance of doing that with a classic, it will fall apart. It's a love affair; she needs TLC [tender loving care] or she will rebuke you - and, unlike people, boats are not forgiving."
"To care for them, you have to use the same techniques used when they were built."
Preserving the 1926 vessel is a full-time job. "It takes the equivalent of one person working eight hours a day, nine months a year," Mr Rainier continues.
That involves thoroughly sanding and varnishing the wood biannually to protect it and prevent cracking.
Up to two months a year are spent keeping rust at bay on everything from the engine, generator and frames to the thousands of bolts holding the planks in place.
On top of that, housekeeping of the interior consumes an hour each day.
Inside, Mary Rose, the last schooner designed and built by the acclaimed Nathaniel Herreshoff, is largely unchanged from her heyday.
What she lacks in space she makes up for in warmth thanks to her mahogany panels and leather decor, Mr Rainier says. The only nod to modernity is a fridge. Even the kettle is 80 years old.
Safety, and insurance policies, necessitate GPS and an electronic chartplotter for navigation.
"But, like in old times, we still have charts on the table and every 30 minutes we mark we are," he adds.
Long-term Antiguan resident Carlo Falcone is an Olympian sailor who has traversed oceans in his beloved 1936 79ft ketch Mariella.
But, although she is fitted with GPS, he still has an old-fashioned sextant too which determines a boat's position by measuring angles between celestial objects and the horizon.
"I did not have GPS when I first sailed to Antigua," Mr Falcone, originally from Italy, says. "Before, you were travelling with the stars - GPS took some of the magic away.
"It's a special feeling being in an old boat with a wooden mast in the middle of the Atlantic, far away from everyone," he continues, "and you have to be able to fix everything yourself. The engines, sails and generator all need maintenance, as with modern boats, but it's actually simpler because there's no electronics.
"You can repair them easier too; you don't need an engineer like most motor yachts."
Mariella's decks are cleansed with salt water each night to tighten and protect the teak. Her underwater hull is treated annually with antifouling paint to prevent barnacles and she is re-varnished every few weeks.
The authentic interior boasts original portholes and panelling. Even the toilets still have their original brass hand pumps. Both the stove and dining table are self-stabilising to stay horizontal in stormy weather.
"The accommodation is much smaller and narrower than a modern yacht," Mr Falcone says, "but it has a warmer, more harmonious feeling.
"We call this the 'dog house'," he continues, pointing to a tiny berth at the top of the stairs. "Actually everyone loves to sleep here because you get such a great view through the windows."
Contemporary vessels lack the "depth" of a classic, he believes.
"Like a special dish, a classic has taste. You are a part of history; unlike a modern boat, a classic is one of a kind, it's unique."
Mr Rainier agrees.
"When you buy a new boat, after two years it's old. An old-timer is an antique; it always feels like a new boat," he says.
"Elegance is what sets them apart. When these old ships were built, they knew what elegance was - and true elegance never fades."


By a checkpoint outside the Libyan city of Misrata, a truck full of hay-bales is opened by border guards and a badly-kept secret is revealed.

Inside are women and children, and men too. Fifty people, migrants, in each truck, smuggled across the desert.
They had been inside for two days without food or water, some almost suffocated.
Abdul Rahim thought he would die. He has since been transferred to a Libyan jail.
"I paid 3,570 Libyan dinar (£1,700; $2,600) to be smuggled," he told me. "We were treated like cargo, the smugglers took a cut at every step."
People smugglers don't take too kindly to enquiries about their business but, after weeks of searching, one agreed to speak to me if he could remain anonymous.
He's grown rich out of the trade.
"The amount of money is phenomenal," he said.
"A fishing boat worth 40,000 dinar, (£20,000) can be sold for smuggling for £100,000. It's an unimaginable amount of money.
"The boats are brought in from Egypt, they're bad quality and you load it with 90 or 100 people, and some of them get there and others will die."
Parts of Libya, he said, are under the control of smugglers.
They run a state in Sabratha and Zuwarah, west of Tripoli near the Tunisian border. They use the official sea ports for smuggling immigrants, not through back roads and hidden ways, but they load people from the port docks.
I asked the smuggler about those who died.
"The immigrants are told everything before they get on board. If what you pay is only 700 dinar you get on a small boat. If you pay better you get on a better boat."
There's evidence of the boom in the trafficking trade everywhere in Misrata.
Ramadan Rajab, who has been in charge of the city's morgue for about 15 years, says he lost his sense of smell shortly after he started.
The smell here is overwhelming.
There is not enough room inside the refrigerated mortuary, so the bodies are lying outside - putrifying in the hot Libyan sun.
"Last week we buried more than 20 bodies we collected from the sea, sometimes it takes a month to collect them all. The numbers always increase," he said.
In the Sahara the smugglers use hidden trails.
Sometimes they abandon their cargo, the migrants, right out in the middle of the desert. They tell them "follow these power lines and eventually, you'll reach a city".
Many don't make it.
Even though the migrants are poor, their numbers are so large that fortunes are being made out here in the sand.
Behind the trade is a complex criminal and tribal network - and almost nothing is being done to stop it.
It's a business worth more than £100m a year, according to a recent conservative UN estimate.
And every day fresh cargo arrives.
In a detention centre, it's roll call as a new truckload arrives.
The men stand as their country is called. Today, most are from Niger.
Alexander is from Ghana. He took a month and a half to get this far.
"The smugglers are Libyan people," he said. "It's them, they are doing this work. With pick-ups, the way they use to take us... They even kidnap you. It's not easy. They kidnap us."
The migrants are captured, pay bribes to get free, and are captured again. Families back home transfer money, and are left in debt.
Libya doesn't function as a country now. But at trafficking, it is untouchable. It's Africa's and the world's smuggler state.


Rugby union's season structure must change for the sake of player welfare, Rugby Players' Association (RPA) chief executive Damian Hopley has said.

England are missing at least 10 players through injury for the November Tests, while Wales also have absentees.
Hopley believes longer rest periods could help reduce the number of injuries in the game.
"The sooner we can address some of these issues the better," the former England back told BBC Radio 5 live.
"We have seen a greater volume [of injuries] this year. Looking at the schedule over the last two seasons - with the Lions tour in 2013 and the New Zealand tour in 2014 - there is always an accumulation effect."
The newly-appointed chairman of the RPA, Northampton lock Christian Day, agrees that the current schedule is asking a lot of players.
"I would certainly say we are testing the limits on what is attainable," Day told BBC Radio 5 live. "There has to come a breaking point, and I hope before we come to that breaking point we have a serious look at the length of time a player gets to rest each season."
Hopley believes the international window in June - when the northern hemisphere teams visit the south - is not sustainable, with players touring after a gruelling domestic campaign.
"Getting everyone to leave self-interest at the door is the hardest issue," he said. "Ultimately broadcasters will have a big say but if you get the playing structure right, the commercial issues will follow.
"Rugby has not traditionally been very good at joined-up thinking, but I don't think it's beyond the wit of man to do this."
Bath owner Bruce Craig has long been an advocate of a global calendar, and Hopley agrees that a cohesive approach to scheduling the season between the two hemispheres will bring benefits in the long-term.
"You have to get people in the room who are committed to trying to find a solution," he added. "Whether that is starting the season later, looking at that June window and moving it into October... these are some of many ideas flying around."
The 2015-2016 Premiership season will start in October because the World Cup is being held in England, and Hopley said this could show the positives of a longer break.
"It's going to be very interesting to see how it affects them physically and mentally to be completely refreshed, rather than patching themselves up to get through the next campaign," he added.
The international schedule is locked in until 2019, with the World Cup in Japan taking place at the end of that year, but Hopley remains hopeful.
"We've got a good opportunity now to come up with something that can be future-proofed to 2023 Rugby World Cup, and beyond," he said.
"Rugby is moving in the right direction. I just hope we can look at the player welfare issue as the most important piece of it and not just try and hammer out more games."


Ex-world champion Ricky Hatton says he tried to kill himself on several occasions in a battle with depression.

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The Briton also talked about the need for boxers to get more help after retiring, when he appeared on BBC Radio 4's Today show, guest edited by Olympic boxing champion Nicola Adams.
"I tried to kill myself several times," said Hatton, 38, who retired in 2012.
"I used to go to the pub, come back, take the knife out and sit there in the dark crying hysterically."
Manchester's Hatton, who previously spoke to the BBC in 2011 about attempted suicide and depression, won the world light-welterweight and welterweight titles.
Hatton was stripped of his licence to box in 2010 after admitting using cocaine and retired the next year before fighting once more. He is now a promoter and trainer.
He continued: "There were times when I hadn't had a drink for days and I'd still come home and if something went through my mind I'd start pondering something. It was the same outcome whether I was having a drink or wasn't having a drink.
"But in the end I thought I'll end up drinking myself to death because I was so miserable.
"I was coming off the rails with my drinking and that led to drugs. It was like a runaway train."
Former world champion Barry McGuigan told BBC Radio 5 live in October that boxing authorities should fund a new foundation to help fighters with mental health issues.
And Hatton feels "more should be done for boxers" with depression, with ex-world champions Tyson Fury and Frank Bruno among other Britons to have suffered with the illness.
"Footballers have an agent who looks out for them and a football club that gets behind them. The Football Association and the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) can also be there," added Hatton.
"Whereas boxers, it's like once your time has gone it's 'on your way' and move on to the next champion coming through.
"The thing is with boxers, we don't come from Cambridge and places like that, we come from council estates. So in boxing it's very, very hard. If boxing had a professional boxing association or something like that, I think it would be a better place.
"It seems to be happening more with boxers. It's an individual sport so you get in the ring on your own and then when you retire you tend to spend the rest of your life on your own."
His call was echoed by former British, Commonwealth and European light-middleweight champion Herol 'Bomber' Graham,  who suffered from depression and contemplated suicide after his boxing career.
"When retirement comes around, boxers go into panic mode. The next thing you know, people are taking their life over a situation which could have been sorted for them, by a union or something like that," he told 5 live.
Fury vacated his WBO and WBA world heavyweight titles in October to deal with his "medical treatment and recovery".
The Briton, 28, admitted taking cocaine to deal with depression and has not fought since beating Wladimir Klitschko in November 2015.
Hatton said he contacted Fury to see if he was all right but said he never got a reply.
"Tyson is a very complex person. When he said what he said it was heartbreaking," added Hatton.
"To think Tyson had become the heavyweight champion of the world and should kick on with his life and his career and for it to go pear-shaped was a real crying shame.
"Having said that, he doesn't help himself in some interviews. If he is in a bad place and is depressed, I hope he's speaking to the right people in order to sort it out.
"As boxers we don't do that. We think, 'I'm Ricky Hatton or I'm Tyson Fury, I can take on the world'. You can take on the world in the ring but this problem called depression, you can't take it on.
"We're out of our comfort zones with depression. I certainly was and whenever I have bad days now I speak to someone to get it off my chest. I have no shame telling that and that's why I'm here today."


Tributes have been paid to Down gaelic football great Joe Lennon following his death on Wednesday evening.

Lennon, born in 1935, played in the Down team of the 1960s which became the first side from the six Northern Irish counties to win the All-Ireland title.
The Aghaderg native helped the Mourne County lift the Sam Maguire Cup in 1960 and 1961 and then captained the side to All-Ireland glory again in 1968.
Lennon's Down managerial stint included lifting the 1983 National League title.
As well as being an outstanding player, Lennon also became renowned as one of the deepest thinkers on the sport.
He became the foremost authority on the rules of gaelic football and also established the sport's first national coaching course at Gormanston College in county Meath, where he taught physical education for many years.
The Down native's extensive knowledge of the rules was brought to bear in his role as a GAA analyst for RTE television for many years, which is many ways was the beginning of TV punditry within the sport.
His book, Coaching Gaelic Football for Champions, became a seminal work within GAA after it was published in 1964 and in 2000 he was conferred with a PHD for a thesis which was entitled, 'Towards a philosophy for legislation in Gaelic Games'.
A statement on the GAA's official website described Lennon as "one of the finest gaelic footballers of his generation" and expressed "deepest sympathy to his wife Anne and the entire family circle".
"Truly, Joe Lennon was one of the brightest minds in the history of the GAA," added the GAA statement.
Down GAA said that they had learned of Lennon's death "with great sadness".
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Former Down manager Pete McGrath said Lennon was "at the heart of the football revolution" started by the Mourne County in the early 1960s.
"He played at midfield in 1960 and '61. He wasn't a particularly big man physically but the fact that he could play in that pivotal position meant he was always using his head," added McGrath.
"Then he was one of the four players that stayed on until 1968 when Down won the All-Ireland and he was captain.
"Joe was a radical thinker in many ways. He put an awful lot of thought into the science of gaelic football.
"His coaching manuals in the 1960s and into the 1970s were so instrumental in bringing gaelic football forward.
"He was a man who was a lifelong learner and was a tremendous example to all young people growing up in county Down in the 1960s."


Young offenders in England and Wales who film their crimes in order to post them on social media could face tougher punishments under new proposals.

Judges and magistrates would be expected to consider such behaviour a "serious aggravating feature" when sentencing offenders aged 10 to 17.
Footage was sometimes used to embarrass, humiliate or blackmail victims, the Sentencing Council said.
The new guidance aims to reflect the harm caused, and to "stop reoffending".
It comes a month after two teenage girls were given life sentences for murdering 39-year-old Angela Wrightson in Hartlepool.
The girls, then aged 13 and 14, took photographs of the attack, and uploaded them to the social media application Snapchat.
Draft Sentencing Council guidelines on the "overarching principles" for how courts handle youth criminals list a number of potential "aggravating factors", which are to be consulted on.
They include "deliberate humiliation of victim, including but not limited to filming of the offence".
They also include "deliberately committing the offence before a group of peers with the intent of causing additional distress or circulating details / photos / videos etc of the offence on social media or within peer groups".
Such behaviour is also cited as a possible aggravating factor in new guidance for sentencing youths specifically for sexual offences, along with online grooming.
If adopted, it will be the first time the issue has been explicitly covered in guidelines for dealing with young offenders - although the body said they do not aim to make significant changes to sentence levels.
Sentencing Council chairman Lord Justice Treacy said young offenders should be sentenced "fairly and proportionately", with the primary aim of stopping them reoffending.
"These guidelines will help achieve this.
"No-one wants young people turning into hardened adult criminals and sentencing must play its part in fostering a sense of responsibility and helping them reintegrate rather than become alienated."
Sentencing guidelines must be followed, unless a judge or magistrate feels it is not in the interests of justice to do so.


Striker Federico Macheda has left Cardiff City after his contract was terminated by mutual agreement.

Macheda, 25, joined Cardiff from Manchester United in May 2014 and scored six goals in 27 league games for the Bluebirds.
Cardiff head coach Paul Trollope had said Macheda was not part of his plans.
"We would like to thank Federico for his contribution and wish him the very best for his future," Cardiff said in a statement.
Macheda's departure comes after midfielder Kagisho Dikgacoi's contract with the club was also terminated by mutual agreement.


World number one Rory McIlroy will be paired with three-time champion Phil Mickelson and Ryan Moore for the first two rounds of the Masters.

Northern Irishman McIlroy, 25, will begin his campaign to complete a career Grand Slam at 15:41 BST on Thursday.
Tiger Woods, seeking a 15th major, will play the first 36 holes at Augusta National with fellow American Jimmy Walker and Wales's Jamie Donaldson.
Defending champion Bubba Watson is paired with Justin Rose and Gunn Yang.
(all players US unless stated; all times BST; a=amateur)
12:45 (Thurs), 15:52 (Fri): Charley Hoffman, Brian Harman
12:56, 16:03: Larry Mize, Danny Willett (Eng), (a) Byron Meth
13:07, 16:14: Tom Watson, Gary Woodland, Camilo Villegas (Col)
13:18, 16:25: Mike Weir (Can), Ben Crane, (a) Corey Conners (Can)
13:29, 16:36: Vijay Singh (Fij), Russell Henley, Darren Clarke (NI)
13:40, 16:47: Jose Maria Olazabal (Spa), Brendon Todd, Kevin Na (Kor)
13:51, 17:09: Jonas Blixt (Swe), Kevin Streelman, Stephen Gallacher (Sco)
14:02, 17:20: Patrick Reed, Keegan Bradley, Ian Poulter (Eng)
14:13, 17:31: Miguel Angel Jimenez (Spa), Lee Westwood (Eng), Anirban Lahiri (Ind)
14:24, 17:42: Bubba Watson, Justin Rose (Eng), (a) Gunn Yang (Kor)
14:35, 17:53: Adam Scott (Aus), Dustin Johnson, (a) Antonio Murdaca (Aus)
15:19, 18:26: Webb Simpson, Hideki Matsuyama (Jap), Paul Casey (Eng)
15:30, 18:37: Charl Schwartzel (SA), Joost Luiten (Ned), Sangmoon Bae (Kor)
15:41, 18:48: Phil Mickelson, Rory McIlroy (NI), Ryan Moore
15:52, 18:59: J. B. Holmes, Martin Kaymer (Ger), Brandt Snedeker
16:03, 12:45: Ian Woosnam (Wal), Erik Compton, Marc Leishman (Aus)
16:14, 12:56: Trevor Immelman (SA), Kevin Stadler, (a) Scott Harvey
16:25, 13:07: Ben Martin, Robert Streb, Cameron Tringale
16:36, 13:18: Sandy Lyle (Sco), Seung-Yul Noh (Kor), (a) Bradley Neil (Sco)
16:47, 13:29: Bernhard Langer (Ger), Bernd Wiesberger (Aut), Geoff Ogilvy (Aus)
17:09, 13:40: Zach Johnson, Jim Furyk, Ernie Els (SA)
17:20, 13:51: Angel Cabrera (Arg), Louis Oosthuizen (SA), (a) Matias Dominguez (Chi)
17:31, 14:02: Mark O'Meara, Chris Kirk, Shane Lowry (Ire)
17:42, 14:13: Padraig Harrington (Ire), Ryan Palmer, Thomas Bjorn (Den)
17:53, 14:24: James Hahn (Kor), Mikko Ilonen (Fin), Hunter Mahan
18:04, 14:35: Matt Kuchar, Brooks Koepka, Graeme McDowell (NI)
18:15, 14:57: Jordan Spieth, Henrik Stenson (Swe), Billy Horschel
18:26, 15:08: Fred Couples, Branden Grace (SA), Thongchai Jaidee (Thai)
18:37, 15:19: Luke Donald (Eng), Victor Dubuisson (Fra), John Senden (Aus)
18:48, 15:30: Tiger Woods, Jamie Donaldson (Wal), Jimmy Walker
18:59, 15:41: Jason Day (Aus), Sergio Garcia (Spa), Rickie Fowler


A cancer research centre has been given the Freedom of the City of Liverpool for its work to treat and prevent the disease across the region.

Lord Mayor Frank Prendergast said the Liverpool Cancer Research UK Centre was a "deserving recipient" of the highest honour the city could bestow.
Cancer Research UK chief executive Dr Harpal Kumar attended a ceremony at the town hall to receive the award
The honour comes during the city's Action on Cancer Year.
Dr Kumar was joined by senior management from University of Liverpool, Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology, Royal Liverpool Hospital and NHS Merseyside for the ceremony on Wednesday evening.
The centre aims to boost key areas of research that will produce the greatest benefits for cancer patients in Liverpool, Merseyside and Cheshire.
It also focuses on tackling cancer in low income communities in the region, where more people die from the disease.
It is a partnership between Cancer Research UK, the Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology NHS Foundation Trust, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool City Council, and Merseyside and Cheshire Cancer Network.
Mr Prendergast said: "Those working tirelessly to find a cure for cancer have made and continue to make a huge difference to the lives of many people. Their commitment and drive cannot be commended highly enough.
"2012 is Liverpool's Action on Cancer Year, backed by the Council and Liverpool PCT, and Cancer Research UK's 10th anniversary.
"I can think of no better time to reward the efforts of those working in the cancer research field."


Welsh Health Minister Mark Drakeford has launched a stinging attack on the Conservatives for telling a "tissue of lies" about the state of the Welsh NHS.

UK Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt has claimed patients in Wales were getting a "second-class" service.
Mr Drakeford accused him of intending to selectively quote from a planned review of NHS services in the UK.
But Mr Hunt said the findings of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development should not be withheld.
The war of words between the two health ministers follows claims by the Daily Mail that the NHS in Wales was in "meltdown".
Mr Hunt added his voice to the attack on Welsh Labour in response to health questions in the House of Commons on Tuesday.
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He told MPs that for every English patient treated in a Welsh hospital, five Welsh patients were treated in England, creating "huge pressure" for English hospitals.
"I've written to the Welsh health minister to say that the NHS is happy to treat more Welsh patients, but the trouble is they aren't prepared to pay for it and that's why Welsh patients get a second-class health service," he said.
Mr Hunt also claimed Labour was trying to prevent publication of an independent study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) comparing the four different NHS systems in the UK.
Mr Drakeford wrote an angry response, accusing Mr Hunt of attempting to "subvert the process" of publication of an independent report.
He also warned that the Welsh government might commission its own report from the OECD to avoid the risk of "contamination" by an "overt politicisation of the process".
It follows a letter sent by Mr Hunt to Mr Drakeford on Monday.
"The assertion in your letter that you feel you have a right to quote selectively from an unpublished report in the lead up to the General Election is truly shocking - it flies in the face of every principle of the proper conduct of public life," Mr Drakeford wrote.
"Your failure to clearly and openly set out such an intention at the time when the study was commissioned will appear to some to be deliberate and deceptive.
"The NHS in Wales will not be the victim of any Conservative Party ploy to drag its reputation through the mud for entirely partisan political purposes.
"At a time when the four home nations of the UK need to be working closely together address the threat of Ebola, your willingness to put the interests of your party above those of the public is especially reprehensible."
Mr Drakeford said he intended to publish Mr Hunt's letter to him, saying it was "grossly discourteous" that it had already been given to the media and a backbench Conservative MP by the time it arrived at his office.
In response, Mr Hunt denied trying to subvert the OECD report due for release in February 2015.
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However, he added: "On a matter as important as this I do not agree with you that their findings should be withheld from the public.
"I believe we owe it to taxpayers who fund the NHS to show we are willing to learn from other parts of the UK as to where our performance can be improved."
In a second letter, to health staff in Wales, Mr Drakeford said he was "very proud" of their work, adding that political and media attacks would "intensify" in the run-up to the general election.
"It saddens me to see our NHS used in this way," he wrote, warning of the "potentially damaging impact" on morale.
Defending Welsh Labour's running of the NHS during First Minister's Questions on Tuesday, Carwyn Jones admitted the health service had its difficulties, but he said he was not prepared to "play politics" with people's health.
The disagreement between Mark Drakeford and Jeremy Hunt is one of the worst clashes between a Welsh and a Whitehall minister since the assembly was established in 1999.
The timing of the clash couldn't be worse, coming as it does as the UK and Welsh governments enter delicate negotiations about increasing the assembly's powers in the wake of the Scottish referendum on independence.
Holding such negotiations in the run up to a UK general election was always going to be difficult.
And, with the Welsh government accusing Jeremy Hunt of deception and discourtesy, trust could be very hard to establish.


Harmony is a new type of sex doll - one that can move and talk.

Her head, eyelids and lip movements are fairly crude and her conversation is even more limited.
But she is part of a new robotics revolution that is seeing artificial intelligence incorporated into an extremely human-like body.
Some think that it will revolutionise the way humans interact with robots while others believe that it represents the very worst in robotic advancement.
The uncanny valley - the idea that the closer we get to replicating the human form, the more scared we become of our creations - seems to have come to life in this unassuming factory on the outskirts of San Marcos, California.
Even on reception, two lifelike characters - in business suits rather than underwear, like the rest of the dolls - wait to greet visitors. And the lobby wall is full of photos of beautiful women which, only on very close inspection, reveal themselves to be of dolls.
Matt McMullen, the chief executive of Abyss Creations, which makes RealDoll, comes from an art and sculpture background.
Adjusting Harmony's wig ahead of my interview with her, he is clearly very fond of the way she looks.
She is, he says, the natural next step for sex dolls.
"Many people who may buy a RealDoll because it is sexually capable come to realise it is much more than a sex toy," he said. "It has a presence in their house and they imagine a personality for her. AI gives people the tools to create that personality."
This is done via an app, which can be used with the doll or independently, existing as a virtual person on a smartphone or similar device.
Users can choose from a variety of personality options, including moody, angry and loving.
Mr McMullen has chosen "jealous" for Harmony and she dutifully asks him to "remove that girl from Facebook".
She speaks in a curiously high-pitched Scottish accent and tells me that she loves science fiction and, of course, Matt.
Mr McMullen claims that she learns from her users but when I ask Harmony what it feels like to be jealous, she apologises and says that she "needs to improve [her] skills".
The app that powers Harmony is already available to buy, although only directly from the Realbotix website, a spin-off from Abyss. Neither Google's nor Apple's official stores will carry it because of the explicit content.
The doll will go on sale later this year and there will be two versions - one with computer vision that enables it to recognise faces, which will cost $10,000 (Â£7,700) - and a cheaper version without vision for $5,000.
The factory currently makes dolls for clients around the world, mostly men although it claims to have a handful of female clients.
All of the dolls conform to a particular idea of beauty - they are Barbie-like, with tiny waists, large bottoms and even larger breasts.
Mr McMullen says the design is driven by clients.
"We are running a business and most of our clients have a certain wish list. The unfortunate reality is that that is rather idealistic," he said.
Mr McMullen described his clients as "completely normal", claiming some even come to collect their dolls with their wives but admitted later that many of them choose sex dolls because they cannot form relationships with ordinary women.
"Many people are isolated and alone but they were probably that way already. For people who are lonely and find it hard to form a relationship, this is another option. But I've never looked at the dolls or the robot as a replacement."
He himself does not own a sex doll, saying he has instead "a real human wife and kids".
Mark Young lives in Arizona and he does own a sex doll - called Mai Lin. He has also just invested in the Harmony AI app but he is not planning on integrating the two.
"I thought the app might bring her to life but the app has its own personality and it is different from how I pictured Mai Lin in my mind so it is like having two relationships."
He explained why he invested in a sex doll in the first place.
"I've been single for a while. I've dated a lot of girls. I've wasted time on relationships. While I'd love to meet a girl, in the meantime it is good to have that presence,"
And, while he admits the relationship is physical, he says that is "secondary".
"I can go out shopping for her and look at clothes - it is like having somebody in my life without having to deal with making mistakes. If I like a hat on her, she doesn't say that she doesn't like it."
As for the app, he has programmed it to be "happy, affectionate and talkative".
"AI is a whole different ball-game and that has got me very excited for the future," he said.
Prof Kathleen Richardson, a robot ethicist at De Montfort University, Leicester, spends her time looking at the impact such machines might have on society and she is appalled by the rise of sex robots.
"There are seven billion people on our planet and we are having a crisis in people forming relationships. And companies are coming along and profiting from this by saying objects can take the place of a human being."
"We live in a world that objectivises sex through prostitution. Humans are used like tools, and sex dolls are an extension of this."
A few years ago she launched a campaign to ban sex robots but has since decided that "dolls aren't really the problem". Instead, the issue is about attitudes to sex and each other.
She is dismissive of the new AI-enabled doll.
"The idea that adding artificial intelligence adds something human to a doll is wrong. There is more artificial intelligence in my washing machine than in this doll and just because it has a face and a body doesn't make it human."
Dr Kate Devlin, a senior lecturer at Goldsmiths University, takes a different view.
"In their current form, sex robots are definitely aimed at men but the sex toy industry is developing and there are lots of start-ups working on sex toys for women."
She thinks robots designed for intimate relationships, will ultimately enhance rather than damage human relationships.
"There is always panic whenever there is a big dramatic technology shift," she said. "People panic about how it will affect humans but the technology generally brings people together."
Find out more about this and our changing relationship with machines in The Robots Story on World Service radio. First broadcasting on Tuesday 16 May at 10.30.
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Newcastle midfielder Dan Gosling has been fined £30,000 by the Football Association for breaching betting rules.

Gosling, 24, had admitted a misconduct charge on 10 March following "multiple breaches" of the rules.
They do not relate to matches involving Newcastle or Blackpool, where he has been on loan this season.
Gosling's breach of betting rules relates to Rule E8(b) of the FA's regulations.
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The rule states a player "shall not bet, either directly or indirectly" on matches involving themselves or their team - or a competition they play in or have played in.
In addition, players are prohibited from betting on "any other matter concerning or related to any club participating in any league competition that the participant is participating in or has participated in during that season".
Gosling was a regular for Blackpool during his three-month stint at the Championship side but has only made three substitute appearances since returning to the Magpies at the start of January.
Tottenham midfielder Andros Townsend was fined £18,000 last June and banned for four months, with three of those months suspended, for breaching betting regulations.
Crystal Palace striker Cameron Jerome, then at Stoke, received a £50,000 fine in August for the same offence.
However, it is believed neither player was charged over bets relating to games in which they or their clubs were involved.
Accrington Stanley managing director Robert Heys was suspended from football for 21 months and fined £1,000 after admitting 735 breaches of FA betting rules in August.
Three players for Southern League Division One Central club AFC Hayes were also suspended and fined in December over multiple betting rule breaches.
More recently, Barnet right-back Andy Yiadom was fined £1,000 and warned about his future conduct regarding FA Rule E8(b).


Dutch rider Niki Terpstra won the Eneco Tour title after finishing second to Norway's Edvald Boasson Hagen in Sunday's seventh and final stage.

The Etixx cyclist was fifth going into the race, almost half-a-minute behind the overall leader Rohan Dennis.
However, the Australian BMC rider dropped out of contention following a crash 48km into the stage.
"The plan was to attack to put BMC and Rohan Dennis in difficulty, and it worked perfectly," Terpstra, 32, said.
Boasson Hagen beat Terpstra and Belgium's Oliver Naesen in a sprint finish to win the 197.8km stage between Bornem and Grammont.
Dutch rider Tom Dumoulin was fourth on the day, followed by Olympic champion Greg Van Avermaet, of Belgium, and world title holder Peter Sagan, of Slovakia.
Stage seven result
1 Edvald Boasson Hagen (Nor/Dimension Data) 4hrs 33mins 36secs
2 Niki Terpstra (Ned/Etixx Quick-Step) +01sec
3 Oliver Naesen (Bel/IAM Cycling) same time
4 Tom Dumoulin (Ned/Team Giant-Alpecin) +42secs
5 Greg Van Avermaet (Bel/BMC Racing) same time
Final standings
1.  Niki Terpstra (Ned/Etixx Quick-Step) 22hrs 43mins 26secs
2.  Oliver Naesen (Bel/IAM Cycling) +31secs
3.  Peter Sagan (Svk/Tinkoff) +1min 00secs
4.  Greg Van Avermaet (Bel/BMC Racing) +1min 02secs
5.  Jos van Emden (Ned/LottoNL) +1min 03secs


Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has delivered a rare TV address, denouncing his opponents as "enemies of God and puppets of the West".

He lamented the suffering of the people in the civil war, saying a "black cloud" of pain engulfed every corner.
Mr Assad also set out a plan involving a national dialogue conference and a referendum on a national charter.
The UN estimates that more than 60,000 people have been killed in the uprising, which began in March 2011.
The speech was Mr Assad's first public address since June.
He rejected the Syrian opposition movement as puppets fabricated by the West, and said that Syria wanted to negotiate with the "master not the servants".
Mr Assad said Syria had not rejected diplomatic moves but insisted it would not negotiate with people with "terrorist" ideas.
He said: "There are those who seek to partition Syria and weaken it. But Syria is stronger... and will remain sovereign... and this is what upsets the West."
His speech was interspersed with applause and chants from defiant supporters in the opera house in central Damascus, and at the end he was mobbed on the stage.
By James ReynoldsBBC News
The most recent performance advertised on the Damascus Opera House website is for an evening of choral music conducted by the Russian Victor Babenko last May.
President Bashar al-Assad clearly felt capable of commanding the same stage. More than 1,000 supporters were allowed into the main hall to witness his political recital.
Mr Assad repeated the two principal lines of argument that he has employed since the start of the conflict in March 2011 - the opposition is led by foreign terrorists and must be defeated; his own administration is willing to carry out reforms.
The most lasting image from Mr Assad's appearance may come from the moments after his speech. Dozens of supporters surged towards the president - almost prefiguring the frenzy that might happen if the opposition got to him. The president waved, and struggled to leave the stage. For Syria's opposition, that is the entire problem.
Mr Assad accused the rebels of stealing wheat from the people, depriving children of school and cutting off electricity and medical supplies.
Mr Assad called on every citizen to defend the country according to their means.
"We are now in a state of war in every sense of the word. This war targets Syria using a handful of Syrians and many foreigners. Thus, this is a war to defend the nation," he said.
Mr Assad set out a series of steps he said would provide a solution to the crisis:
The BBC's James Reynolds says the president's latest words are unlikely to persuade any in the opposition that he is ready to discuss a viable transition.
The opposition Syrian National Coalition (SNC) quickly dismissed Mr Assad's proposals.
By Lyse DoucetChief international correspondent
Spokesman Walid Bunni told Reuters his group would accept nothing less than the departure of Mr Assad and his government.
UK Foreign Secretary William Hague accused President Assad of hypocrisy, saying "the empty promises of reform fool no-one".
EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton's office said the union would consider "if there is anything new in the speech", but added: "We maintain our position that Assad has to step aside and allow for a political transition."
The foreign minister of neighbouring Turkey, Ahmet Davutoglu, dismissed Mr Assad's remarks as "repetitions of what he's said all along".
Mr Assad's last public comments were in November, when he told Russian TV he would "live and die in Syria".
Since then opposition forces have gained control of swathes of territory in northern Syria and have formed the SNC, a more inclusive leadership that has been recognised by the US and the EU.
But rebel efforts to gain ground in and around major cities including Damascus have been met by stiff resistance and increasingly destructive air strikes.
The UK-based activist group, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, reported fresh violence overnight into Sunday, saying that troops had bombarded rebel positions on the outskirts of Damascus, including in Beit Saham, near the airport road.


Oil giant Shell is to close its finance operations office in Glasgow with the loss of 380 jobs.

Staff were told that all work would be moved to other sites during the next 15 months.
A company spokesman said all employees based at the Bothwell Street office would probably face "involuntary severance".
The firm said the cuts were being made following a review of Shell's global finance operations.
Shell, which employs 12,000 people globally, said it would relocate some positions to its other international centres but the number had not been decided.
A spokesman added: "For Shell to remain competitive, difficult choices continue to have to be made to improve efficiency and value for money across all of our businesses and functions.
"Subject to employee consultation, we are proposing to close the Shell finance operations office in Glasgow and, over the next 15 months, move its activities to our other locations in our global Shell Business Operations network.
"This will result in a small overall reduction in the number of jobs in Shell's global finance operations. Employees currently based in the Glasgow office will likely face involuntary severance."
The spokesman said that other Shell sites had evolved to handle the activities performed by staff in Glasgow at a "significantly lower cost".
Staff were told about the closure of the Bothwell Street office on Wednesday morning, triggering the start of a 45-day consultation.
Shell launched the Glasgow office in 1998 to oversee areas such as financial reports and management information, governance risk and assurance, and travel and expenditure.
Paul Wheelhouse, Scotland's minister for business, innovation and energy, said he was disappointed by the news.
He added: "This will be a very difficult time for those employees affected, their families and the local area.
"Scottish Enterprise is liaising closely with the company and I am monitoring the situation closely."
He said the Scottish government's initiative for responding to redundancy situations, Partnership Action for Continuing Employment, stood ready to help those affected.
"The Transition Training Fund is also available to support individuals who wish to retrain and secure new opportunities in the oil and gas or wider energy and manufacturing sectors," he said.
Scottish Conservative Glasgow MSP Annie Wells said: "The movement of jobs abroad is a challenging issue and it is as important as ever that both the UK and Scottish governments work together to ensure that things pick up in the future.
"The only silver lining to this story is that the announcement has been made over year ahead of most employees leaving the company.
"I would urge the Scottish government therefore to use this time along with its agencies to make sure that the process of redundancy is made as comfortable as possible for the workers and their families."
Scottish Liberal Democrat energy spokesperson Liam McArthur MSP said: "This news will be a devastating blow to those directly affected and their families.
"It is vital, therefore, that the Scottish government and its agencies now work closely with Shell and staff representatives to support those impacted by this decision."


Police have said they are following a positive line of inquiry after a man died in a street disturbance in Girvan, South Ayrshire.

John Kiltie, 44, died following the incident in the town's Park Road at 11:10 on Saturday.
Police said at the time that Mr Kiltie's death was being treated as "suspicious".
A force spokesman added: "A post-mortem examination will take place to establish the cause of death."