A Syrian refugee family who arrived in Scotland before Christmas have spoken exclusively to the BBC about the suffering they fled - and thanked their new community for the warm welcome they have received.

Mosaab, his wife Nada and their three children are getting used to life in Scotland.
They are among hundreds of Syrian people who fled the war and have started new lives with refugee status.
The BBC has agreed not to use their surnames because they fear speaking out may put their family members still in Syria at risk.
Mosaab was a tiler and self-employed lorry driver in Syria. Before the war, he says life was good, living together in peace. They would take trips to the coast and go to the countryside to pick olives straight from the tree.
"I lost friends in the war, our house was destroyed and I was fleeing from place to place looking for a shelter, " he says.
"Even when I moved to a new place seeking safety for my children, after a while they started bombing there too so I decided to leave for a new country so at least my children would not to hear the sounds of explosions.
"I and my wife were swapping shifts to take care of my children during the night in case they woke up scared from the sounds of explosions."
The family fled to Lebanon, paying bribes to the border guards. Mosaab hired a car to work as a taxi driver there until they were offered safe passage to Scotland. They are now building new lives for themselves in Clydebank.
I ask him what would have happened if he hadn't fled their home in Homs?
"We would be dead," he replies.
He describes the difference between Syria and Clydebank as "Hell and Paradise".
Mosaab's eldest daughter, Amal, is twelve.
She has learned her first hundred words of English. It won't be long before she can join the rest of her class at her local secondary school.
"I would like to say to the Scottish people 'thank you' -  and I hope we will be a good example for the Scottish people," she tells me.
"I am so glad to live in Scotland and meet Scottish people.  I am happy because they settled us with Scottish neighbours to learn their language.
"We just miss our families and relatives because we are far away from them but the nice way in which the Scottish people have treated us fills that space in our lives."
Scottish families in their block of flats have given the children scooters to play on.
A group of women called Knit for Unity has made them hats and scarves to keep them warm.
Volunteers at the Maryhill Integration Network have been helping them to settle in.
Syrian, Munir Enkideh, is one of them. He is well-placed to give them advice on starting a new life here because he did the same himself three years ago.
He offers them Halal meat, Syrian bread and friendship.
The family have only praise for the community in Clydebank. Amal says fish and chips are delicious!
Mosaab now feels they can look forward to a future: "We hope to have safety and success and that the Scottish people accept us in their country."


Action has been taken to protect the environment following a river pollution incident at Wrexham, according to Natural Resources Wales (NRW).

It said officials worked through the night to prevent any impact on the River Gwenfro near Kingsmill.
NRW has called on firms that store chemicals to ensure they have the right permits to avoid possible action.
It said knowing which chemicals are stored where means it can ensure safe storage to prevent pollution incidents.
All such firms in the River Dee Water Protection Zone - which stretches between Gwynedd and Wrexham - are required by law to obtain consent from NRW.


For anyone who failed to secure tickets to the Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland matches this weekend, there may be one consolation - the travel costs for those who did.

On Thursday afternoon, fans booking weekend flights to Paris and Lyon were met with eye-watering prices.
Ryanair announced that it would schedule five extra return flights from Dublin to Lyon on Saturday and Sunday.
By 14:00 BST, a Dublin to Lyon return flight was priced at €629 (£482).
Flybe said on Thursday afternoon that seats were available on flights from Belfast to Paris via English airports.
However, these flights were also coming in at about £500 return.
Meanwhile, an Aer Lingus return flight from Dublin to Paris, leaving on Friday and returning on Monday, was priced at €855 (£656) on Thursday afternoon.
The only available Stena Line direct sailing from Rosslare to Cherbourg departs at 20:30 BST on Thursday evening and will see football fans arrive in France at 16:30 local time on Friday.
The website advertises sailings on this route for prices as low as £89 for a single car and adult.
However, on Thursday afternoon a single car with one adult and one seat on board rose to £297.
Northern Ireland fan Gary Arrell went online on Thursday to book return flights to Paris for himself and his wife, but decided against it when he realised it would cost £1,050.
"To be honest, I was tempted, but my wife was dead against paying that much for flights that, on Wednesday evening, were less than half that price.
"That wasn't even a direct flight - it was going through England.
"I would have booked earlier, but I thought there was no point before knowing if I'd have a ticket to the match.
"I know it's a matter of supply and demand, but it does feel like they're sticking the arm in a bit."
Mr Arrell faced further frustration when he logged on to the Irish FA site to secure one of the Northern Ireland v Wales tickets that went on sale at 13.00 on Thursday.
"After 50 minutes in an online queue, I was told all the tickets were sold," he said, although the Dundonald man managed to be philosophical about his bad luck.
"Maybe I'll get on the bike and take my chances with a ticket when I get there!
"It would have been a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, but it just wasn't meant to be."
Belfast International Airport said it has experienced a few knock-on delays due to French air traffic controllers strike, but no cancellations


Olympic champion Greg Rutherford has set a British indoor long jump record of 8.26m at a collegiate meeting in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Rutherford, who has been training in the United States, improved Chris Tomlinson's previous best of 8.18m recorded in Stuttgart in February 2008.
The 29-year-old set the record with his second jump after opening with 7.96m. He fouled his third attempt and sat out the rest of the competition.
"SMASH! SMASH BOOM!" he tweeted.
"Another record down. Chuffed to have taken the British indoor LJ record tonight in New Mexico."
Rutherford, who is also world, European and Commonwealth champion, is expected to compete at the Glasgow Indoor Grand Prix on 20 February, the fourth and last stop of the IAAF World Indoor Tour.
He will defend his Olympic title in Rio this summer.


Around 80 jobs will go at City Link depots on New Year's Eve in Wales, union bosses have said.

Assistant general secretary Steve Hedley from the Rail, Maritime and Transport Union confirmed just 10 posts will remain across the Taffs Well, Swansea and Gaerwen, Anglesey, sites.
City Link announced on Christmas Eve it had gone into administration, putting 2,727 in the UK at risk.
Across the country, more than 2,000 staff will lose their jobs.
Mr Hedley said: "The depots in Wales are relatively small.
"At the very most they'll keep 10 people across the three sites."
Talks between the RMT and administrators Ernst and Young were held on Saturday afternoon.
The administrators warned of "substantial redundancies over the coming days".
Coventry-based City Link called in Ernst and Young on Christmas Eve after years of "substantial losses".
Following Saturday's talks, the RMT demanded an immediate meeting with Business Secretary Vince Cable and called on the UK government to launch a rescue plan to save the company as a going concern.
Mick Cash, RMT general secretary, called the situation a "despicable and callous manipulation" of thousands of workers.
Ernst and Young said it was currently assessing the company and the status of existing orders.
"This process will have a bearing on the number of employees retained and those that unfortunately face redundancy in the next few days," it said in a statement.
"It is anticipated that there will be substantial redundancies over the coming days, at which point the administrators will provide a further update."
It said it anticipated "a portion of employees" would be retained for up to three months.


Plans for a £70m tidal project off the Anglesey coast could be revived less than a year after they were shelved.

The Skerries Tidal Stream Array, which could power 10,000 homes, was suspended by developers Siemens in September.
But the scheme could now be taken forward by Atlantis Resources which has acquired Marine Current Turbines Ltd from Siemens in an all-share deal.
The Skerries project, one of six acquired by Atlantis, would be Wales' first commercial tidal energy farm.
Tim Cornelius, CEO of Atlantis, said: "It is one of the primary projects we would like to drive forward now we have it."


The M23 rebel group in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo has said it will stop fighting, following days of clashes with UN-backed forces.

M23 official Museveni Sendugo told the BBC its forces had already pulled back 5km (three miles) from the frontline.
Rebel leader Bertrand Bisimwa said the pull-back would allow an independent investigation into how shells fell over the border in Rwanda on Thursday.
The Congolese army denies Rwandan accusations it fired the shells.
DR Congo and the UN accuse Rwanda of backing the M23, a charge it denies.
Their troops have been pounding rebel positions on the Congolese side of the border with Rwanda near the city of Goma since last week.
As tension escalated on Thursday, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon appealed to Rwanda's president for restraint.
Rwanda twice invaded its much larger neighbour during the 1990s, and the border area has been unstable for two decades.
Rwanda's Deputy Permanent Representative to the UN in New York, Olivier Nduhungirehe, told the BBC's Focus on Africa that "a red line was crossed" by DR Congo on Thursday when he said a Rwandan woman was killed in cross-border shelling.
The M23 rebels, he said, were an "internal problem" within DR Congo, and the Congolese government "should not drag Rwanda" into the dispute.
He denied allegations by the Congolese information minister that 300 Rwandan troops had been fighting alongside the M23 rebels.
Rwandan Foreign Minister Louise Mushikiwabo on Friday tweeted: "Rwandan troops are not in DRC (yet), when they are, you will know."
A newspaper close to Rwanda's government has published photographs showing a military build-up near the border with DR Congo.
Congolese government spokesman Lambert Mende told the BBC's Newsday programme that M23 rebels were firing onto Rwandan territory "to give Rwanda a pretext for coming in openly in this war".
Q&A: DR Congo's M23 rebels
The UN peacekeeping mission in DR Congo, Monusco, recently deployed a new 3,000-strong intervention brigade to tackle the rebels.
'Cannot be tolerated'
Ms Mushikiwabo on Thursday said that 23 "bombs and rockets" had been fired into Rwanda this week.
She accused DR Congo forces of targeting Rwandan civilians, and said: "We have remained restrained for as long as we can but this provocation can no longer be tolerated."
BBC Great Lakes service editor Ally Yusuf Mugenzi says that even when Rwanda invaded Congolese territory, it never made such strong accusations against the Congolese army.
Congolese army spokesman Col Olivier Hamuli told the BBC that his forces would never fire at civilian populations.
"That could only be rebels," he said, adding that M23 fighters, and not soldiers, were in the area from which the shells were fired.
This was backed up by Mr Ban's assistant, Edmond Mulet, who told the UN Security Council on Thursday that UN forces in the DR Congo had witnessed M23 rebels firing artillery into Rwanda but not the Congolese army, diplomats said.
Mr Mulet ended the session by informing members that Mr Ban had telephoned Rwandan President Paul Kagame to urge restraint.
Meanwhile South Africa, which has troops in the UN force, has warned the rebels not to try to occupy Goma.
"We're trying to send a message to the M23: This time around you're not going to see Goma," Lieutenant General Derrick Mgwebi of South Africa's defence force said, according to the AFP news agency.
At least 800,000 people have fled their homes in DR Congo since the M23 launched its rebellion in April 2012.
They briefly occupied Goma in November 2012 before pulling out under international pressure.
The M23 rebel movement is named after a 23 March 2009 peace deal that ended four years of rebellion in eastern DR Congo.
The rebels complained the Congolese government had failed to honour the agreement, which included integrating them into the army.
The M23 are mainly ethnic Tutsis, like most of Rwanda's leaders.
Eastern DR Congo has been wracked by conflict since 1994, when Hutu militias fled across the border from Rwanda after carrying out a genocide against Tutsis and moderate Hutus.


Sporting governing bodies must bring in more women or lose public funding, UK Sport and Sport England have warned.

Under the new 'Code for Sports Governance', organisations must adhere to "gold standards" of transparency, accountability and financial integrity.
The code sets out a target of at least 30% gender diversity on boards.
"If sport wants to be publicly funded, it must reflect the public it serves," said the chief executive of Women in Sport, Ruth Holdaway.
She said the code sent that message "loud and clear".
The code calls for:
The new code applies to governing bodies who ask for UK government and National Lottery funding from April 2017.
UK Sport predicts changes in practice should be in evidence by the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
"It is vital that our domestic sports bodies and organisations uphold the very highest standards of governance and lead the world in this area," sports minister Tracey Crouch said.
It is not only funding which could be hit if authorities do not comply with the code.
The government could also take other punitive measures - including the withdrawal of the support sporting bodies need when bidding to host major events.
Both UK Sport and Sport England allocate money from the government and National Lottery to grassroots initiatives, clubs, charities, local authorities and national governing bodies.
Sport England is investing £493m into 46 sports between 2013 and 2017 while UK Sport has invested about £350m in the same period.
The Football Association is among the many recipients and will receive £30m from Sport England during the period 2013-2017.
However, the sports minister warned the FA earlier this year that it would be stripped of further funding unless it made changes to its governance.
The FA has just one woman on its board, independent non-executive director Dame Heather Rabbatts, who has been left "frustrated" and "disappointed" at its failure to implement reform.
However, FA chairman Greg Clarke welcomed the new code, saying: "It will rightly protect public investment in sport by ensuring that transparency, controls and financial probity are a prerequisite for all organisations in receipt of government money."
British Cycling, the England and Wales Cricket Board, the Lawn Tennis Association, UK Athletics and UK Gymnastics are other recipients of funding, along with many Olympic and Paralympic sports.
UK Sport's chief operating officer Simon Morton told BBC Sport: "This code includes over 50 requirements that sporting organisations in receipt of public funding will now have to implement.
"It will take different times for every single organisation. They all have different constitutions in place, so we'll agree bespoke timescales.
"But certainly as we move into the next funding cycle, which will start from 2017 onwards, they'll need to be compliant with these standards.
"Sports bodies have already done well in governance terms, but there's a huge amount of public funding going into sport and the key message is [for them] to justify the funding, give the public confidence that the governance of sport is right."
The government announced a new code would be developed in its Sporting Future strategy, published in December 2015.
In response, UK Sport and Sport England embarked on a consultation period with governing bodies and found strong support for higher standards of governance.
Of the more than 200 organisations consulted, 98% backed a drive for greater transparency and 78% agreed on the need for increased diversity.
"There have been significant improvements in standards of governance, which is to be welcomed, but there is still much to do," Sport England chair Nick Bitel said.
"Diversity in sports sector boardrooms is still an issue and requires a mandatory code to achieve sustainable change."
UK Sport chairman Rod Carr added: "We are confident that despite the recent historic successes at the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games, we can be even stronger as a high-performance system with better representation and more openness.
"This is also about encouraging more diversity into leadership positions in sport, and I fully expect to see a broad range of talent coming in to key roles during the Tokyo cycle."
Dan Roan, BBC sports editor
This could be very serious for governing bodies like the FA. As well as cutting investment through its funding agencies for sports who fail to reform, the government is prepared to withdraw essential support and guarantees required for bids to host major international events.
That could mean the FA's plans to bid for the 2030 World Cup are blocked, if it refuses to modernise.
Very few British governing bodies currently meet the new governance criteria, so this code represents a significant change in the way sports are run. UK Sport is also considering the establishment of a compliance unit to conduct investigations into governing bodies.


The House Intelligence Committee's top Democrat says a request by the fired US national security adviser for immunity to testify to the panel is "momentous".

Representative Adam Schiff said they were interested in hearing Michael Flynn's evidence, but it was too early to shield him from any prosecution.
Two congressional committees and the FBI are investigating alleged Russian meddling in the US election.
Mr Flynn's ties with Russia have been under scrutiny.
The retired army lieutenant general was sacked in February after misleading the White House about a conversation he had with the Moscow ambassador shortly after the election.
On Thursday night, his lawyer said in a statement that his client "has a story to tell" to the Capitol Hill inquisitors.
But the attorney added it would not be reasonable to submit to questioning in a "witch-hunt environment" without assurances against "unfair prosecution".
Michael Flynn may have a "story to tell", but what it is at this point is anybody's guess.
Donald Trump's critics will probably imagine grand revelations of possible campaign contacts with Russian operatives or even the "c" word - collusion. Beyond the news reports of ongoing conversations between Flynn's lawyer and federal investigators, however, there is no firm ground for such speculation.
It's entirely possible the immunity request is nothing more than the former senior Trump adviser attempting to insulate himself from legal trouble if he were to answer detailed questions about his foreign contacts and lobbying efforts. For instance, if he actively represented overseas interests, he may have run afoul of federal disclosure rules.
There's also the chance that Flynn could be uneasy about what he told FBI agents in January, when they asked about his conversations with Russian Ambassador Sergei Kislyak.
Either of those possibilities would be of great concern to Mr Flynn, who has a six-figure military pension to preserve, but it wouldn't be the kind of political bombshell that would directly threaten Mr Trump or his administration.
Given the uncertainty of the situation, however, there's sure to be some sleepless nights ahead for the White House.
Follow @awzurcher on Twitter
On Friday morning, President Donald Trump tweeted that his sacked former aide should ask for immunity, also arguing it was a witch hunt.
Mr Schiff said in a statement that the panel would discuss any such request with the Justice Department and the Senate Intelligence Committee.
Mr Flynn's step was "grave and momentous", he added.
The California Democrat also said: "As with any investigation - and particularly one that grows in severity and magnitude by the day - there is still much work and many more witnesses and documents to obtain before any immunity request from any witness can be considered."
Mr Flynn was forced to resign as national security adviser on 13 February for failing to disclose talks with Russian ambassador Sergei Kislyak about US sanctions on Moscow.
He also misled US Vice-President Mike Pence about the chats, which occurred before Mr Trump took office.
Russia has denied allegations it hacked emails of Democratic groups and leaked information to tip the scales in favour of Mr Trump before last November's presidential election.
But the Senate Intelligence Committee, beginning its hearings on Thursday, heard claims the Kremlin had tried to sway the vote through "propaganda on steroids".
Ranking Democrat Mark Warner also said Moscow had paid an army of more than 1,000 people to create fake anti-Hillary Clinton news stories targeting key swing states.
Critics have highlighted a comment that Mr Flynn made in an NBC interview last September in which he said: "When you get given immunity that means you've probably committed a crime."
He was talking about reports that some of Mrs Clinton's aides had been granted immunity from prosecution amid an FBI inquiry into her emails.
At last summer's Republican party convention, Mr Flynn led chants of "lock her up" aimed at the Democratic candidate.


Construction of new headquarters for Durham Police can now begin after measures were agreed to protect rare amphibians found on the site.

Great crested newts are protected by law so the discovery delayed the start of the £14m project at Aykley Heads.
The force had to apply to Natural England for a wildlife licence, which has now been granted.
A newt-proof fence will be put in place and the newt colony will be transferred to a specially-created habitat nearby.
This will feature grassland and mounds of logs for refuge and hibernation.
Great crested newts became a European Protected Species following a dramatic decline in their population across Europe.
This means it is an offence to capture, kill or disturb them, as well as damage or destroy their breeding sites or resting places without an appropriate licence.
Adrian Vass from Natural England said: "This licence represents a significant step forward for both Durham constabulary and one of our most cherished native species.
"As well as providing a modern base for the police, the project will create a bigger, better habitat for great crested newts."
A Durham Police spokesman described the move forward as "excellent news".


The EU and US have agreed a new pact to make it easy for organisations to transfer data across the Atlantic.

The agreement should head off the threat that both tech giants and smaller companies would be unable to send personal information for processing in US data centres.
It follows a court ruling last year that invalidated an earlier data transfer mechanism called Safe Harbour.
The announcement was welcomed by businesses.
However privacy groups still have concerns.
The British lobby group TechUK was quick to hail the news.
"The European Commission and US administration must now show total commitment to implementing this agreement and getting trans-Atlantic data flows back onto a secure and stable legal footing," said its deputy chief executive Antony Walker.
"Businesses large and small across Europe need reliable and affordable legal mechanisms to enable the data transfers that underpin their operations and ability to serve customers.
"The fact that EU and US negotiators have worked day and night for several months to secure this agreement reflects how important transatlantic data flows are to the global digital economy."
The deal coincides with a two-day meeting of EU data protection watchdogs in Brussels.
Many had predicted the regulators would block transfers that had been authorised by the earlier Safe Harbour pact as well as by other legal means, potentially causing havoc.
Not only might Facebook, Google and Apple have been restricted from sending data to the US to be used by their cloud services, but European firms might also have been unable to rely on American firms to process their payrolls and carry out other backroom tasks.
It might also have disrupted US-based travel websites from processing customers' bookings and European's online purchases from being completed.
The European Court of Justice ruled against Safe Harbour in October following leaks by whistleblower Edward Snowden that suggested the US security services were scrutinising foreigners' personal data held in the US.
For the previous 15 years, thousands of US companies had been able to self-certify that they had taken the necessary steps to protect data to avoid having to seek permission for each new type of transfer.
Negotiators for the European Commission and the US State Department had already been attempting to formulate a new deal for months, but the ruling put them under pressure to conclude the talks.
"This solution is much better than the one we had in the year 2000," commented Andrus Ansip, the European Commissioner for the digital single market.
The new agreement is called the EU-US Privacy Shield. Under its terms:
The privacy campaigner Max Schrems prompted Safe Harbour's demise when he demanded the Irish data watchdog audit Facebook to see if it was willingly sharing data with the NSA - a charge the social network denies.
He has concerns about the new deal.
"A couple of letters by the outgoing Obama administration is by no means a legal basis to guarantee the fundamental rights of 500 million European users in the long run, when there is explicit US law allowing mass surveillance," he wrote.
"We don't know the exact legal structure yet, but this could amount to obviously disregarding the [ECJ's] judgement.
"The court has clearly stated that the US has to 'ensure' proper protection by means of 'domestic law or international commitments'.
"I doubt that a European can walk into a US court and claim his fundamental rights based on a letter by someone."
A lawyer based in Silicon Valley has also raised concerns.
"Keeping in mind that this new Safe Harbour will almost certainly be challenged by civil liberties groups - and possibly even some data protection authorities - pretty much immediately, only the foolhardy would place want to place their trust in a new Safe Harbour right now," said Phil Lee from the law firm Fieldfisher.
"Whether legal or not, its reputation is already shot to pieces."
EU watchdogs are expected to make their views known on Wednesday.


Midfielder Jackson Irvine says Burton Albion have confounded the critics who felt they could not survive their first-ever campaign in the second tier.

The Brewers, 18th in the table, have all but secured a second season in the Championship, just eight years after winning the National League title.
"As a collective I think we've proved a lot of people wrong," Australian Irvine, 24, told BBC Radio Derby.
"We've shown we're capable of not just staying at this level but competing."
Irvine's 10 goals for the Brewers this season include the injury-time winner at Huddersfield and the decisive strike against rivals Derby.
And the former Celtic and Ross County player is not surprised that he and his team-mates have been troublesome opposition for even the best sides in the division.
"We've always been aware of the talent we've got in our dressing room," he said.
"We know that when we perform to our highest levels that we're capable of beating teams at both ends of the table."
The Australia international is understood to have attracted interest from top-flight sides after an impressive campaign and says he would jump at the chance to play Premier League football.
But he added he remains fully committed to Burton, who made him their record signing last summer.
"Every footballer strives to reach the top level and if that opportunity ever arose you'd bite someone's arm off for it," he said.
"But it is only my first season at this level and you want to prove yourself.
"I've got two years left on my contract here and at this point in time I'm fully focused on being a Burton Albion player."


Doctors in India have extracted 232 teeth from the mouth of a 17-year-old boy in a seven-hour operation.

Ashik Gavai was brought in with a swelling in his right jaw, Dr Sunanda Dhiware, head of Mumbai's JJ Hospital's dental department, told the BBC.
The teenager had been suffering for 18 months and travelled to the city from his village after local doctors failed to identify the cause of the problem.
Doctors have described his condition as "very rare" and "a world record".
"Ashik's malaise was diagnosed as a complex composite odontoma where a single gum forms lots of teeth. It's a sort of benign tumour," Dr Dhiware said.
"At first, we couldn't cut it out so we had to use the basic chisel and hammer to take it out.
"Once we opened it, little pearl-like teeth started coming out, one-by-one. Initially, we were collecting them, they were really like small white pearls. But then we started to get tired. We counted 232 teeth," she added.
The surgery, conducted on Monday, involved two surgeons and two assistants. The team was led by Dr Vandana Thorawade who heads the hospital's ENT (ear, nose and throat) department. Ashik now has 28 teeth.
Describing Ashik's case as "very rare", Dr Dhiware said she had "not seen anything like this before in my 30-year career", but said she was "thrilled to get such an exciting case".
"According to medical literature available on the condition, it is known to affect the upper jaw and a maximum of 37 teeth have been extracted from the tumour in the past. But in Ashik's case, the tumour was found deep in the lower jaw and it had hundreds of teeth."
Ashik's father Suresh Gavai was quoted by the Mumbai Mirror as saying that his son complained of severe pain a month ago.
"I was worried that it may turn out to be cancer so I brought him to Mumbai," he said.


A hedgehog who had "blown up like a beach ball" is said to be doing well after a vet "popped" him with a needle.

The male hedgehog, who had inflated to twice its size, was found wandering around in circles by a member of the public in Toll Bar, Doncaster.
The unnamed animal was diagnosed with the rare "balloon syndrome", caused by gas collecting under the skin.
He was taken to a RSPCA centre in Cheshire where a needle was inserted to vent the trapped air.
More news from across Yorkshire
Bev Panto, head vet at the RSPCA's Stapeley Grange centre, said it was a very unusual syndrome.
"In my career I have seen three or four of these cases and they are very strange every time and quite shocking," she said.
"When you first see them they appear to be very big hedgehogs but when you pick them up they feel so light because they are mostly air."
She said the condition only occurs in hedgehogs and was due to their ability to curl up, meaning they have a lot of space under the skin.
In some circumstances air can get trapped under the skin due to an injury or trauma.
"They literally blow up like a balloon," she said.
"The first thing to do is to just pop them. To pop a needle in and drain all that air out."
Ms Panto said the hedgehog was eating well and staff were hopeful of a full recovery.
"It is certainly not out of the woods yet so it's fingers crossed," she added.


Kurt Gidley's late penalty goal edged Warrington to victory over fellow high-flyers Catalans Dragons to keep up the pressure at Super League's summit.

The kick capped a second-half comeback by the Wolves, who trailed 16-10 at the break, and lifts them two points behind joint-leaders Hull FC and Wigan.
Three tries - from Ryan Atkins, Kevin Penny and Brad Dwyer - were added to by Gidley's four successful kicks.
Julian Bousquet and Fouad Yaha crossed for Catalans, who drop to fourth.
Catalans might have sneaked it, having streaked the length of the field on the counter-attack, only for the try to be disallowed because hooker Eloi Pelissier had caught Wolves playmaker Gidley high as he put a kick up in the Dragons end.
With England coach Wayne Bennett in attendance on his whistle-stop tour of the United Kingdom while his club side Brisbane Broncos have a National Rugby League bye week, there was an opportunity for players such as Ben Currie, Joe Westerman and Daryl Clark to impress.
Having seen just 19 points in the two previous games he had watched, Bennett  will have found this a step-up in quality, as third faced fourth in a ferociously contested game.
That said, it was two Australians in Chris Sandow and Gidley who had the quality to unlock Catalans, providing the killer passes for Atkins' and Penny's tries, while Dwyer's effort was down to his own sniping.
Pelissier had earlier teed up Bousquet with a short ball on a beautiful line, while teenage half-back Lucas Albert showed his class to pop a kick in behind for Yaha's score.
Not even Pat Richards' place kicking was enough though, as three tries to two and Gidley's cool penalty eventually separated the two title hopefuls.
Warrington: Ratchford; Russell, R. Evans, Atkins, Penny; Gidley, Sandow; Hill, Clark, Sims, Currie, Hughes, Westerman.
Replacements: Dwyer, Westwood, Bailey, Cox.
Catalans Dragons: Escare; Broughton, Gigot, Richards, Yaha; Carney, Albert, Baitieri, Stewart, Casty, Maria, Pelissier, Bousquet.
Replacements: Bosc, Margalet, Navarrete, Dezaria.
Referee: Chris Campbell (RFL)


A Facebook page dedicated to homeless people in the Brazilian city of Sao Paulo has gone viral, helping some reunite with their families and others to start a new life.

Sao Paulo Invisivel (Invisible Sao Paulo) was started in March this year by journalism student Vinicius Lima, 18, and cinema student Andre Soler, 21.
They wanted the 11 million citizens of Brazil's sprawling financial centre to notice the "invisible" people all around them.
The students approached a different homeless person every day and asked them to tell their story of how they got there, before taking a photograph.
It soon attracted thousands of followers, and now more than 139,000 people follow the page with thousands of "likes" and shares for every post.
"We wanted to open people's eyes, and show them that people who live on the streets are human beings as well, that they have a story and they deserve respect and dignity," Mr Lima says, explaining the idea behind the page.
The students did not initially set out to help homeless people improve their situation but in some cases this been the welcome result.
Bruno, 24, is one of those who was featured on the page. He ended up living on the streets of Sao Paulo two months after moving to the city from the southern state of Parana.
His family spotted him on SP Invisivel and after they travelled to Sao Paulo, Bruno returned to Parana with them.
Another interviewee, Carlos, 33, spoke to the students of his determination to leave the streets four years after kicking a crack cocaine addiction and living crack-free.
The article prompted an offer of help for Carlos to move into a hostel and, more recently, into a rented home of his own.
Last month, the students ran an appeal to find a kidney donor for 13-year-old twins in need of a transplant.
Mr Lima says that it is very rare for the homeless to turn down the chance to tell their story and have their picture taken, even in cases where the person is estranged from family members or has had problems with the law.
Fans of the page have said it has changed their attitudes towards the homeless population of the city.
"It humanises people who we would have kept our distance from, out of fear that something could happen," Sao Paulo resident Luan Drezza says.
"A lot of the time, they have such sad stories, and have had to fight harder than many successful people," the 20-year-old engineering student adds.
"I confess I used to have a lot of prejudice. At the end of the day, Sao Paulo is not the safest of cities and we are worried about our safety all the time."
The idea behind Sao Paulo Invisivel has already spread, with a similar site springing up in Rio de Janeiro.
The students say they themselves were inspired by the success on Facebook of Humans of New York, a blog started by Brandon Stanton telling the stories of ordinary New Yorkers.
The difference is that the focus of Sao Paulo Invisivel is exclusively on the city's street population, a group which has had a troubled relationship with the authorities in the past.
Luana Bottini, who is Sao Paulo's policy co-ordinator for people living on the streets, says the page has made a real difference.
"I think the Sao Paulo Invisivel page is incredible, it shows that if there are 15,000 people out there, there are 15,000 stories," she says.
"It shows that the 'other' is a citizen too, that we all have a story. It frightens society a bit because people have the fear that this could be them."
It is a fear that is not unfounded as Brazil's homeless population is thought to be growing in size.
Occupations of abandoned buildings and even roundabouts are common, with the housing shortfall in Brazil estimated at 5.8 million and migrants continually arriving in big cities from other parts of Brazil.
"The last census was in 2011 but we have the impression that the number [15,000] has increased since then," Ms Bottini said.
A new census of the city's homeless population will take place next year. New health centres, shelters and toilet facilities for people living in the streets are also in the pipeline.
"Small gestures can make a difference," Ms Bottini adds. "Just looking someone in the eyes and saying 'Good morning' helps."
Street dweller Luciano, 36, who featured on the page in September, agrees.
He says he has already seen a difference in people's attitudes since the Facebook page started. "People have started to show a bit more respect," he said. "It's very cool."


A guitar played by John Lennon and George Harrison of The Beatles has sold for $408,000 (£269,000) at auction.

The custom-made instrument, built in 1966 by the VOX company, was bought by an unidentified US buyer in New York.
Harrison practised I Am The Walrus on the guitar in 1967 while Lennon used it in a video for Hello, Goodbye later that year.
Julien's Auctions said the guitar had exceeded its estimated value of $200,000-$300,000 (£132,000-£198,000).
After playing the guitar, Lennon gave it as a 25th birthday present to Alexis "Magic Alex" Mardas, a member of The Beatles' inner circle in the 1960s.
A plaque on the back reads: "To Magic Alex/ Alexi thank you/ for been [sic] a friend/ 2-5-1967 John."
The date on the plaque is believed to refer to his birthday, but Lennon gave the gift to him later in the year. Mardas sold the instrument in 2004.


A bald eagle has escaped after a display at Warwick Castle.

Henry did not to return to his home at the castle following an afternoon display for visitors on Saturday.
The castle said it was not uncommon for young birds of prey to spread their wings and fly off for a few days, but the public is being asked to remain eagle-eyed.
However, people should not approach Henry, who is about a year old with a 6ft wing span.
The eagle is not a danger to the public but for his safety, handlers have asked people to report any sightings to the castle.
More updates on this and other stories in Warwickshire
Henry is described as brown but does not yet have his full adult feathers and was last seen with a bell on his tail and wearing jesses - thin straps, usually leather, used to tether birds.
"Our guests enjoy two birds of prey displays each day which can involve up to six birds being in the air at one time," the spokesman said.
"Sometimes, the birds will decide to explore the local countryside for a while before returning to their home at the castle.
Stanley, a white tailed sea eagle went missing during a show at the tourist attraction in 2012.
But despite sightings and attempts to recapture him he has not since returned.


The Invictus Games for injured servicemen and women have been brought to a close in London with a sell-out concert at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.

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15 September 2014 Last updated at 09:10 BST
Around 26,000 people cheered the acts, which included Ellie Goulding and the Kaiser Chiefs.
The grand finale saw the Games organiser Prince Harry asking the crowd to create a massive Mexican wave.


A plaque has been unveiled in Bradford to celebrate 120 years of Rugby League in the city.

An unveiling ceremony took place at Bradford City Football Club's stadium off Manningham Lane.
The stadium was home to the Manningham side that won the first Rugby League championship in 1895. The club later switched to Association Football.
The game was called the Northern Union before it changed to the present name in the 1920s.
It was at a meeting at the George Hotel in Huddersfield that 22 clubs broke away from the Rugby Union to form the Northern Union on 29 August, 1895
Nigel Wood, the Rugby Football League's chief executive, said: " Bradford has played a significant role in the history and development of Rugby League.
"It is fitting that this contribution should be recognised."
Bradford Bulls play at the city's Odsal Stadium.
Councillor Abid Hussain, the Deputy Lord Mayor, unveiled the blue plaque before Bradford City's game against Sheffield United.


New Morecambe owner Diego Lemos has not set any goals for the club but says they "can dream" about the future.

The Brazilian businessman bought a majority shareholding from Peter McGuigan, who was in charge of the Shrimps for 16 years.
McGuigan helped the club to promotion into the Football League and their relocation to the Globe Arena.
"I looked at a lot of clubs around the world, but I always loved English football," said Lemos.
He told BBC Radio Lancashire: "I saw a couple of clubs, but the first choice was always Morecambe as I liked it a lot - the atmosphere, a family club and I hope we can build on the foundations we have.
"You always need to have high ambitions to try and improve so we cannot make promises apart from hard work.
"I believe if you work hard in life you can achieve your dreams, so we can dream."


A man died after trying to rescue a day-tripper from the sea a month before five young friends died at the same beach, an inquest has heard.

Mohit Dupar, 36, attempted to reach Gustavo Silva Da Cruz, 19, after he got into difficulty at Camber Sands, East Sussex, on 24 July.
Mr Silva Da Cruz died at the scene. Mr Dupar died in hospital four days later.
East Sussex coroner Alan Craze said he would be looking at what public safety measures could be used at the beach.
More news from Sussex
The inquest in Hastings was told Mr Dupar, from Hayes, west London, died from a brain injury caused by cardiac arrest due to drowning.
His 17-year-old son Ankush was also pulled from the sea, and remained in a coma for three weeks.
Mr Silva Da Cruz, a Brazilian national who had been visiting family in Croydon, south London, died from drowning with his asthma possibly an exacerbating factor, the inquest heard.
Robert Cass, of Rother District Council, said he believed the incoming tide meant the men became stranded and unable to get off a sandbar .
Mr Craze adjourned the hearing and said he was considering verdicts of misadventure.
A pre-inquest review into the deaths of five men from London was also held in Hastings.
Kenugen Saththiyanathan, 18, known as Ken, and his brother Kobikanthan Saththiyanathan, 22, known as Kobi, both of Normandy Way, Erith, south-east London, were among the friends who died in the sea at Camber Sands on 24 August.
Nitharsan Ravi, 22, of Admaston Road, Plumstead, south-east London, Inthushan Sriskantharasa, 23, of Chadwell Road, Grays, Essex, and Gurushanth Srithavarajah, 27, of Elsa Road, Welling, south-east London, were also in the group.
A date for a full inquest was not formally fixed, and a decision on whether the inquest would be heard in front of a jury was deferred.
The coroner said he would want to hear expert evidence into what public safety measures would be practical and recommendable, including the possibility of having sections of the beach for swimming only.
"The provision of safety for the vast numbers of people that go to Camber is now an extremely important matter, and I owe it to the community as a whole to investigate as far as I conceivably can do," Mr Craze said.


Researchers say they are closer to developing a vaccine to give life-long protection against any type of flu, after promising trials in animals.

Two separate US teams have found success with an approach that homes in on a stable part of the flu virus.
That should remove the problem with current flu vaccines which must be given anew each year because they focus on the mutating part of the virus.
The proof-of-concept work is published in Science journal and Nature Medicine.
Studies are now needed in humans to confirm that the method will work in man.
In the meantime, experts say people should continue to receive an annual flu jab because vaccination is still the best way to protect yourself against infection.
Conventional flu jabs target molecules on the surface of the flu virus, but these are constantly changing.
Imagine the flu virus as a ball with lots of lollipops on stems sticking out.
The lollipops change year to year, but the stems remain the same.
It is the stems that scientists are now focusing on as a target for a universal flu jab.
Many different research teams have been testing potential candidates, but it has been a technical challenge to make something that can be used in a vaccine without involving the  lollipop 'head' of the hemagglutinin molecule.
This latest work seems particularly promising, according to Prof John Oxford, a flu expert at the University of London.
He called the results a "red letter day" for science.
"This is a leap forward compared to anything done recently. They have good animal data, not just in mice but in ferrets and monkeys too. And they've done it with the bird flu virus H5N1," he said.
"It's a very good stepping stone. Ultimately, the hope is to get a vaccine that will cover a pandemic virus."
Prof Sarah Gilbert, Professor of Vaccinology at University of Oxford, said: "This is an exciting development, but the new vaccines now need to be tested in clinical trials to see how well they work in humans."
"This will be the next stage of research, which will take several years. So we are still some way from having better flu vaccines for humans," she added.


A man has been arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving, eight weeks after a crash in West Yorkshire.

David Thompson, 35, from Tingley, died in hospital a month after the BMW he was in hit a tree and a lamppost on the Wrenthorpe Bypass in Wakefield on 18 April.
A 21-year-old man from the city was arrested on Friday and bailed.
The 27-year-old driver of the BMW remains in hospital.
A silver Mitsubishi was also involved in the incident, police said.


The deadly assault by extremists on Nairobi's Westgate shopping mall is prompting some to ask themselves the inevitable question: could such an attack happen in Britain?

In theory yes it could, because it would be impossible and impractical to give every crowded place in the country 100% protection around the clock.
But in Britain elements of the police, the security service and the military have spent much of the last five years refining their plans and preparing for any repetition of the Mumbai siege of 2008.
That attack, which lasted three days and killed 166 people, was a wake-up call for the counter-terrorism community around the world.
It got them wondering how they would respond if this happened in their own cities.
In Britain there was a sudden realisation that the Metropolitan Police mobile armed response units were woefully lacking in firepower.
In practice this meant that if they ever found themselves in a shootout with suicidal jihadists armed with automatic weapons, in a built-up area, they were likely to come off worse and would have to pull back and wait for military special forces to arrive from their barracks.
Since then there has been a series of secret exercises held all around the country, codenamed Wooden Pride, whereby police counter-terrorism and firearms units have worked closely with units of the SAS and SBS to fine tune how they would respond to such an attack as quickly and effectively as possible with minimal loss of life.
Police firearms capabilities have also been upgraded.
So could the same Somalia-based group, al-Shabab, that carried out the Nairobi attack repeat it in Britain?
Computer memory sticks recovered from a senior al-Shabab operative killed in Somalia in 2011 revealed ambitious plans to attack various targets in Britain.
But Whitehall officials said on Wednesday that these plans had been only an aspiration and that there had never been any workable plot by the group to attack Britain.
They said the automatic weapons, grenades and large quantities of ammunition used in the Nairobi attack would be harder to acquire here in Britain.
Moreover, their geographical home is East Africa, where they have been able to move across porous borders, and it is a rich resource of funding and the recruits and facilitators who would have helped lay the groundwork for the Nairobi attack.
Al-Shabab, although formally in alliance with al-Qaeda since 2012, has as its primary focus the expulsion of UN-backed African forces from Somalia and then the establishment there of a strict Islamic state.
In other words, it tends to have a regional agenda, rather than a global one.
It does have sympathisers and fundraisers here in Britain, but its violent actions are condemned by much of the Somali community.
As of today it's estimated that somewhere close to 50 UK-based jihadists are still in Somalia, training and fighting alongside al-Shabab.
Around half are believed to be of Somali origin and the remainder from South Asia and other backgrounds. The authorities remain concerned that some may eventually return to Britain with new-found terrorist skills.
In recent years Somalia had been eclipsed by Syria as the jihadist destination of choice and very few British-based recruits are returning here from Somalia.
Meanwhile, British counter-terrorism officials have been studying what happened in Nairobi to consider what lessons, if any, can be applied in the UK.
The Metropolitan Police says existing advice to large organisations may be updated and the Home Office says it will be up to local police forces to give advice, if they choose, to shopping centres in their area on how best to protect themselves.


French Socialist Prime Minister Manuel Valls has announced he is standing in next year's presidential election.

Mr Valls said he wanted to "give everything for France". He was speaking days after President Francois Hollande announced he would not be running.
Mr Valls will face other contenders in the Socialist primary next month.
If successful, he will be set to face Francois Fillon and Marine Le Pen in the first round of the presidential election in April.
Current polling suggest that Ms Le Pen, leader of the far-right Front National, could come in the top two in the first round, but would be likely to lose to the centre-right Mr Fillon in the second.
Who is Manuel Valls?
But Mr Valls, who will resign from his government role on Tuesday, is not guaranteed to win the primary, which will involve at least seven other Socialist candidates.
He is seen as a divisive figure on the left, after forcing labour reforms through parliament and endorsing controversial bans last summer on the Islamic "burkini" swimsuit.
Analysts say Mr Valls may be damaged by his close association with Mr Hollande, France's least popular leader in recent history.
However, he used Monday's speech to call on the left to rally behind him - and against the threat of the far right.
"My candidacy is that of conciliation," Mr Valls promised.
If he does become the Socialist candidate, he will be facing a new threat in the form of former Economy Minister Emmanuel Macron, who is standing as a centrist candidate for his newly created party, En Marche.


A "genuinely ground-breaking" £80m treatment fund has been launched by Wales' health secretary, promising speedier access to new medicines.

Vaughan Gething said it would be better than the system in England and Scotland and "more consistent".
Health boards in Wales will be given an extra £16m a year.
It is intended to ensure new drugs become available within a maximum two months of being approved as cost-effective for use in the NHS.
It follows concerns that health boards have been too slow and inconsistent in finding money for new treatments after they have been given the go-ahead.
England and Scotland have established funds to extend access to new medicines but for specific conditions.
In England, there is as a fund for new cancer drugs while Scotland provides extra money to pay for medicines for patients with rare or end-of-life conditions.
WHAT THE FUND MEANS FOR WALES:
The expense of developing new medicines often leads pharmaceutical companies putting high costs on the product which means health trusts struggle to pay for the new drugs.
Cost benefit analysis of new drugs and treatments are made by two organisations: The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) - which makes recommendations in England and Wales and the All Wales Medicine Strategy Group (AWMSG) - which provides specific advice to the Welsh Government.
The new fund means health boards must make sure new medicines are available within two months of final guidance being published by either body.
Simon Harben from Llantrisant, Rhondda Cynon Taff was diagnosed with progressive multiple sclerosis 20 years ago and over the past year has been trying to access a prescription drug that would help ease his pain.
He said he suffered with fatigue and numbness in his arms and legs which makes it difficult to walk.
"The last six weeks I've been suffering so badly with fatigue I just haven't been able to go to work," he said.
"I've always been active and done a lot of hiking, but now my life consists of getting up and spending most of the day napping on the settee."
Mr Harben said the drug he has been trying to access was "very useful" for about 50-60% of people with his condition, but his postcode prevents him from being prescribed it.
"People in the Cardiff area are being prescribed it, but because I come under Cwm Taf (health board) my consultant is unable to prescribe it for me.
"It's very frustrating," he said.
"Basically if I lived on the other side of the M4, which is about a mile away, I would be on the drug.
"All I want to do is try and be fit enough to be able to attend work and carry on a half normal life."
Since last April, 55 new medicines have been recommended by the two agencies, treating diseases ranging from rheumatoid arthritis, cancers, epilepsy, to heart disease and HIV.
Mr Gething said: "Our new treatment fund will deliver swift access to innovative new medicines to support people with life-threatening conditions in Wales.
"New medicines and treatments are being discovered, developed and tested on an almost weekly basis, offering the hope of a cure or a better quality of life for people with a range of life-threatening illnesses."
The fund was a key promise in Labour's manifesto for last year's assembly election.
He said it would help remove the time lag and uncertainties around funding for new treatments in the future.
Mr Gething added that the fund would make a "huge difference", ensuring NHS Wales is in the best possible position to provide the latest approved drugs".
The pharmaceutical industry also welcomed the move as a "very progressive policy" and a "sea change" in removing hurdles to accessing medicines.
Rick Greville, director of the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry Wales (ABPI) said: "There have been big challenges for health boards in terms of their planning and their ability to horizon-scan these medicines.
"I think today will remove some of the obstacles to the financial challenges that health boards found."
Lynne Hughes, director of the MS Society in Wales, welcomed the concept but said the issue was not just about money but wider support.
"Sativex was approved for Wales in summer of 2014 yet two years on there are people with multiple sclerosis deemed as eligible who are struggling to access this drug.
"But it's also about ongoing support from MS nurses, neurologists, follow-up appointments and monitoring. It's not just about funding the drug but funding the proper care and infrastructure around the drugs and that's what we'd like to see in place from the Welsh Government as well."
Conservative health spokeswoman Angela Burns AM called the fund a  "positive step forward".
She added: "Historically, too many people have been denied life-saving treatment simply because it is too expensive - this is a moral wrong which the new fund goes some way to redressing."
But later she expressed serious reservations.
"If you delve into the detail of this new treatment fund, it isn't a new treatment fund at all," said Ms Burns.
"Nor is there evidence to support the cabinet secretary's boast that the treatment fund is better than those that exist in Scotland and England, and I would welcome more information on what performance indicators he has in place to ensure that this assertion stands up to scrutiny."
The new fund will not be used to pay for treatments that have not been recommended as cost-effective.
Applications for those types of treatments can be made through a separate process known as the Individual Patient Funding Request (IPFR) route - where health-boards make decisions on a case-by-case basis.
In September, Mr Gething confirmed there would be a review of the IPFR process looking at the consistency of decisions across the Welsh NHS and the eligibility criteria for patients applying for medicines.
It followed concerns of that a  a postcode lottery existed in accessing drugs through the IPFR route.
The outcome of the review is expected shortly.


Work on a new £5.3m school has started at Caia Park in Wrexham.

It is one of two being built at the site to replace both Hafod y Wern and Gwenfro primaries.
Junior and infant sections from both schools will be amalgamated, after Wrexham council gave its approval to the scheme last year.
In total, £10m is being spent, with the new facility due to open in 2017.


A careers advice charity has criticised the selling of hospital work experience placements for £500.

Deborah Streatfield of MyBigCareer says it is "completely unfair" that pupils interested in studying medicine were being asked to pay for work experience to help their university applications.
The week's work experience is being offered through the Chartwell Trust which runs a private hospital in Essex.
The trust's directors said the offer was a "remarkable opportunity".
The "Chartwell Work Experience For Medical School Applications" offers an "in-depth insight" into working in a hospital and in healthcare, shadowing staff and gaining "valuable medical work experience" to support a Ucas application.
The brochure, sent to schools and aimed at 15-year-olds and upwards, promises "good supervision from motivated staff" in hospital and "interview training carried out by our qualified doctors".
The trust also operates care homes and the brochure says: "We will have you rotate through our care homes which are for children with learning difficulties and the elderly with dementia."
Medicine is one of the most competitive courses for university entry - and the work placement programme says students will "learn many valuable medical school interview techniques".
Mrs Streatfield's charity works to give young people better advice about careers, in the belief that social mobility will be improved if young people are better informed and understand what options are available.
But she believes that selling work experience in this way is a barrier to opening access to sought-after courses such as medicine.
"Work experience is really important when applying for medicine and many disadvantaged students have no family links to exploit. This scheme is completely unfair," she said.
MyBigCareer is going to pilot unpaid work experience placements with 43 GP practices in Hackney and the City of London.
In a statement, the directors of Chartwell Trust Care, say that the placement provides one-to-one meetings with "senior management, consultant physicians, surgeons and directors to provide an insight into healthcare".
"This remarkable opportunity is afforded by the company having diagnostic facilities, outpatient clinics, and care homes. The empathy and compassion which the individual has exposure to for their personal development is reflected by the infrastructure of health and social care.
"The fee charged is to cover administrative costs and coaching to the individual which is designed to increase their confidence and self-esteem to make an application to start their career in healthcare."
There have been particular concerns about the need to attract a wider range of applicants to medicine, with warnings that it draws too many recruits from wealthier backgrounds.
Research from the Medical Schools Council in December showed that half of UK secondary schools and colleges had not provided a single applicant to medicine in recent years.


Plans to protect two storm-hit beaches on the Jurassic Coast from future flooding have gone on display.

West Bay's east and west beaches, in Dorset, were affected by flooding earlier this year and in 2014.
Waves overtop the seawall and flood the road and properties behind West Beach, and East Beach is at risk of being "significantly lost", the Environment Agency said.
Options for new defences have gone on display at Bridport Town Council.
A public consultation on the Environment Agency and West Dorset District Council plans will run throughout the winter.
Options at West Beach - where the beach is narrowing towards the eastern end - include rebuilding the existing seawall wall as a "strong flood wall", constructing a new groyne to the east and extending the existing groyne, the Environment Agency said.
A rock structure could be constructed and buried under the sand at East Beach, as well as a new sea wall, set back from the seafront.
The proposals also aim to protect Park Dean Embankment, George Street Pumping Station and the Harbour Sluices, as well as the area along the River Bride from Freshwater to Burton Bradstock.
Detailed design and construction is expected to take place between next year and 2019.


A great fire that swept through the Norfolk town of Wymondham, destroying over a quarter of its homes, is being marked 400 years on.

Historians have been working on the project to mark the arson of 1615, for which four people were hanged.
Now a booklet detailing the fire has been published by a local team and reveals the havoc the blaze created.
This Saturday the anniversary, with a modern twist of a fire engine, will be commemorated in the market square.
The fire was started by travellers, John Flodder, his "pretended" wife, Ellen Pendleton, and his brother William. The trio also roped in a local accomplice, called Margaret Bix.
Historian Georgette Vale said the fire spread quickly through wooden and thatched buildings. As it was a Sunday, everyone was at church, and the town would have been deserted.
She said: "A lot of damage was caused, and of course it was high winds that day, and much of Market Street as we know it and Bridewell disappeared, quite possibly it was set on fire in two places.
"Vicar Street was also burned. The vicar had nothing but the bible in his hand and the clothes on his back."
More than 300 people lost property or belongings that day.
Ms Vale said:  "They (the pepretators) didn't run away afterwards, they seemed to hang around to watch it...they weren't going to miss the fun by running away, and then they were caught."
The booklet was started by the late John Wilson, then chairman of the Wymondham Heritage Society. It was taken over after his death by Wymondham historian Adrian Hoare.
A book on the fire was published by Wymondham Heritage Society. Copies are available at the Market Square exhibition on Saturday and at the Heritage Museum shop in Wymondham.


Wigan demolished Salford to keep their Super League top four hopes alive and build momentum going into the Challenge Cup final against Hull FC on 26 August.

Five first-half Wigan scores laid the platform with two for Joe Burgess to add to tries from Sean O'Loughlin, Liam Farrell and Sam Powell.
George Williams then converted his own try, and Frank Paul Nuuausala and Liam Marshall put the game beyond doubt.
Salford, who have lost the past seven games. scored through Niall Evalds try.
Shaun Wane's Wigan move within a point of Wakefield Trinity, who stay in the fourth and last play-off spot despite defeat by Castleford on Thursday.
Despite their poor form, Ian Watson's Salford are only two points behind with four games left to play in the Super 8s.
Any fears that an imminent Wembley appearance would distract Wigan were blown away emphatically by a dominant performance, and a result which - in the light of dropped points for Wakefield, Hull, St Helens and Salford - keeps the Warriors well in the hunt for Old Trafford and the defence of their Super League title.
England half-back Williams had a big hand in the victory, combining devastatingly in particular with winger Burgess to cause the Red Devils problems down their right edge.
For Salford, the defeat comes just weeks after they were also beaten in the Challenge Cup semi-finals by Wigan.
Wigan head coach Shaun Wane:
"We won't get carried away. Salford were a bit busted and a lot of things went our way but I'm very happy to get the win.
"I was happy with a lot of things we did, having a decent lead at half-time and it can be hard to stay mentally focused but we finished sets in the areas we wanted.
"We were quite patient and that was the most pleasing thing."
Salford head coach Ian Watson:
"We had a little bit of possession on their try line at the start and we probably needed to just take a couple of points there to try and turn the tide.
"It would have given us a foothold in the game, but we didn't and they marched us the full length.
"I thought their middles were outstanding, they absolutely dominated us to be fair. We have not done ourselves any favours by putting in that kind of performance."
Wigan: S.Tomkins; Marshall, Gelling, Gildart, Burgess; Williams, Leuluai; Nuuausala, McIlorum, Clubb, Bateman, L.Farrell, O'Loughlin
Replacements: Isa, Sutton, Powell, Tautai
Salford: Evalds; Johnson, Jones, Bibby, Vatuvei; Carney, Dobson; A. Walne, Tomkins, Krasniqi, Lannon, McCarthy, Hauraki
Replacements: O'Brien, Kopczak, Griffin, Brining


Work has started on a multi-million pound project to reopen a direct rail link between Liverpool, Cheshire and North Wales.

The one-and-a-half mile section of track, known as The Halton Curve, was closed to passengers in the 1990s.
The Â£18.75m cost of the project is being met by the Government's Growth Deal and the Liverpool City Region.
The restored line should reopen next year.
Upgraded track and signalling will enable a new hourly service between Liverpool and Chester, serving Liverpool Lime Street, Liverpool South Parkway (for Liverpool John Lennon Airport) Runcorn, Frodsham and Helsby.
One train an hour will operate initially but Network Rail expects that demand would strengthen the case for increased frequency, especially with plans to extend the service into North Wales - to be considered as part of the forthcoming Wales and Borders franchise.
Secretary of State for Wales Alun Cairns said: "This is a significant milestone on the way to making travel between north-west England and north Wales much easier."
Liam Robinson is Chair of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority Transport Committee.
"The Halton Curve may only be one-and-a-half miles long but it is the key to unlocking so many more opportunities for people in our City Region, Cheshire and North Wales."


American singer Jimmy Osmond has posted a video of himself being breathalysed by police officers in Llandudno.

The 51-year-old is in the town performing as Baron Hardup in the pantomime Cinderella.
Tweeting about being stopped by North Wales Police officers on Sunday night, he said: "Randomly stopped for breathalyser test, had a laugh, made some new friends! Safe, clean town, love it!"
Osmond passed the test - oh yes he did!


Rail passengers faced severe disruption because of emergency repairs at a tunnel on the London to Brighton line.

Southern trains said the closure of the Balcombe Tunnel meant trains were not running on Friday between Haywards Heath and Three Bridges.
Replacement buses were running between the two stations. Eastbourne and Hastings to London services were also terminating at Haywards Heath.
Southern apologised for the disruption to "vast numbers" of passengers.
The company said the tunnel would be closed for the rest of Friday, with journeys taking at least an extra hour.
Other train operators were accepting Southern tickets and the Gatwick Express was making extra stops at East Croydon and Clapham Junction in an attempt to ease congestion.
Southern managing director Chris Birchell thanked passengers for their patience.
"Overnight, Network Rail advised us that they were undertaking structural inspections in the tunnel at Balcombe and they found some things that they need to do further inspections on," he added.
"They advised us that they were shutting the tunnel."


US officials in California have been seeking security advice from French officials, as the San Francisco area prepares to host the Super Bowl.

Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson said his team had been in "constant" contact since the Paris attacks.
Elsewhere, hundreds are protesting over plans to clear away homeless residents in central San Francisco.
The Super Bowl is the climax of the American football season, and a crowd of 70,000 is expected for the game.
The Denver Broncos will be taking on the Carolina Panthers in the biggest National Football League (NFL) game of the year, as part of a landmark Super Bowl 50 - marking half a century of the big game.
Thousands of police and security officers are expected to be deployed across the San Francisco Bay area, which covers nine different counties. The game will be held in Santa Clara, about 40 miles (64km) south of San Francisco.
Officials say they are not responding to a specific threat, but have been urging the public to remain vigilant.
"We are always informed by recent events and what we see in the world situation," Mr Johnson told reporters earlier this week, referring to the deadly attacks in Paris in November last year which killed 130 people.
"The threat picture is different every February," he added, keeping a tight lid on further details of the security plans.
A senior NFL official, Jeffrey Miller, told Reuters that some 4,000 private security staff had been brought in to support police in securing the area.
Meanwhile, CNN reports the US Air Force is deploying two of its aircraft - an F-15 Eagle and a Cessna 182 - to provide air cover for the major sporting event.
The use of drones from flying within 32 miles of the Super Bowl stadium in Santa Clara, California, has also been banned between 14:00 and 23:59 PST on 7 February.
In a video to sports fans released on Thursday, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) warned the stadium is a "no-drone zone".
It comes as protests erupted this week over plans by the authorities to clear the streets of San Francisco of its homeless residents.
Some 200 people gathered in the city on Wednesday shouting "no penalty to poverty", and demanding the authorities do more to help the city's estimated 7,000 homeless people.
San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee indicated in August last year that they would make efforts to remove them, saying "they're going to have to leave".
But city officials insist they are offering alternative accommodation for homeless people before telling them to move - a claim protesters deny.
Another point of contention raised by the demonstrators is the $5m expenditure on the Super Bowl, as well as the millions spent on TV advertisements during the game, which some argue could have gone towards housing hundreds of homeless residents.


German industry has posted its strongest month in almost two and a half years.

The Economy Ministry said industrial production was up 1.9% in July, lifted by an increase in manufacturing and construction output.
It is a big improvement from June when industrial production rose just 0.4%.
It is another piece of strong data from Germany. On Thursday data showed that industrial orders rose at the strongest rate in the more than a year in July.
However last month the ministry released figures to show the economy shrank by 0.2% in the second quarter.
In an effort to avoid further stagnation in Europe, on Thursday the European Central Bank announced a surprise cut in interest rates.
It also launched a programme to buy private sector debt to stimulate lending.


Firefighters have rescued a man who was trapped by a tree which fell on him as he cut it down.

The man was working with his father when the tree fell and pinned him by the legs.
Emergency services were called to the scene at Stenhouse Reservoir, outside Burntisland in Fife, at around 19:10.
By the time they arrived, the man's father had used a chainsaw to cut part of the tree away to relieve pressure on his son's legs.
Firefighters then removed the rest of the tree and carried the man to safety.
He was taken by ambulance to Victoria Hospital in Kirkcaldy suffering from bruising and grazing to his lower back.


UK Anti-Doping will provide "targeted and intelligence-led testing" on Russian athletes after signing a deal with the World Anti-Doping Agency.

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Wada says Ukad will take control of drug-testing in Russia as long as the Russian Anti-Doping Agency (Rusada) remains non-compliant with Wada's code.
Rusada was declared non-compliant in November following allegations it was involved in widespread doping.
Its athletes remain banned from international competition.
That suspension was imposed on 13 November after the publication of an independent Wada report that alleged "state-sponsored doping".
The ban will remain in place until Russia convinces athletics authorities it has sufficiently changed its practices.
Wada's statement said Ukad would be responsible for co-ordinating testing with the appropriate sport federations in the country.
It added: "Results management of all cases will be managed by a designated independent body, with full oversight by Wada."


Bolivia has started chemical spraying in its eastern grain region to fight a plague of locusts which is endangering thousands of hectares of crops.

The locusts were first reported in January and have already taken over 1,000 hectares in the province of Santa Cruz.
Bolivian President Evo Morales said it was the first time his country had seen locusts.
Neighbouring Argentina has suffered with them since the 1920s.
The government has set up a new unit to deal with the challenge and has asked the Argentine government to provide expertise and advice.
The government and local farmers in Santa Cruz say they plan to fumigate up to 17,000 hectares to prevent the locusts from spreading and endangering the food supply.
Local producers said they were desperately trying to identify where the eggs and locust nymphs were so that the could control the initial stages of the plague more effectively.
Bolivia is normally self-sufficient in grain production, and for the moment the area affected by locusts represents only a small fraction of the 100,000 hectares planted with grains in Santa Cruz.
The locusts follows a severe drought in Bolivia which led to water rationing and conflicts over water use.
Producers in Santa Cruz, one of Bolivia's wealthiest areas, have for years lobbied the government to allow the use of genetically-modified seeds which they say will help produce crops that are resistant to plagues and adverse climate conditions.


Tech stocks and retailers were among those posting losses on Tuesday, after e-commerce giant Amazon announced a new clothes shopping service.

The fall weighed on US markets, as most sectors showed declines.
The S&P 500 index fell 0.67% to 2,437.03 and the Dow Jones dipped 0.29% to 21,467.14.
The Nasdaq index, which was buoyed by a tech rally on Monday, dropped 0.82% to 6,188.03.
Amazon on Tuesday said it is testing a service that would allow customers to order boxes of clothes to try-on without paying upfront.
It's a move aimed at eliminating one of the advantages of traditional stores. It also poses a threat to fashion start-ups already pioneering a similar business model.
Shares in department stores, which were already struggling, fell further after the announcement. Kohl's stock slid 4%, Nordstrom dropped 3.95% and Macy's closed down 2.7%.
Amazon shares also declined 0.3%, but that was more in keeping with market-wide trends.
Biotechnology and pharmaceutical firms were among the few winners on Wall Street on Tuesday. The gains in share prices came as Washington looks to the White House to release a plan for grappling with the high costs of prescription drugs.
Reports so far indicate the proposal hews closely to industry desires.


A major search for a junior doctor who has been missing for nearly three days has been called off for the night.

Rose Polge, 25, whose car was found in a car park near Ansteys Cove in Devon, disappeared on Friday.
Police, coastguards and search and rescue groups searched for Dr Polge in Torquay at the weekend.
Police said it was "totally out of character" for her and concerns for her welfare were rising. The search is expected to resume on Tuesday morning.
Devon and Cornwall Police confirmed an item of clothing had been found at the cove, but would not say whether they believed it belonged to Dr Polge.
Friends and local residents combed the beaches in the area on Saturday and Sunday, while police also searched more remote areas such as cliff tops and woodland.
More than 100 people have been involved in the search operation, including Dr Polge's boyfriend and her family, who live in Melbourn, Cambridgeshire.
Police, a coastguard helicopter and search and rescue helicopter have assisted with the operation, as well as Teignmouth RNLI lifeboat, Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service and Dartmoor Search and Rescue Team.
Torbay Hospital on-call Director Martin Ringrose, said: "We are aware that one of our junior doctors is missing.
"Our thoughts are with her family and loved ones at this very distressing time.
"We will do whatever we can to support the authorities investigating her disappearance and searching for her, as well as providing support to her colleagues, who are anxious for her wellbeing."
Colin Smith, from Royston Hockey Club where Dr Polge used to play, said: "We're devastated. We're a big hockey family.
"We've had players want to go down to Torbay, but we just don't know what we can do."
"Our thoughts are with the family."
A police spokesperson said: "We are searching for a missing person and we are extremely concerned for her welfare. The conditions have been rough since she was reported missing.
"We are working with the Coastguard and other agencies."
A statement released by UK Coastguard said they had been called to support the police operation at 18:20 GMT on Friday.
Torbay, Teignmouth and and Berry Head Coastguards have been involved in the search.
Police are appealing for the public to contact them with any information or sightings of Dr Polge.


Scottish councils have warned that the government's budget plans could lead to "significant" cuts to local services.

The Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (Cosla) said the proposed funding package would "result in extremely difficult local decisions".
A Scottish government spokesman insisted councils had been treated "very fairly" in budget settlements.
The government needs one opposition party to at least abstain to get the budget past its first vote on Thursday.
A briefing paper sent around MSPs by Cosla, which includes many of Scotland's councils, said "misrepresentations" about the proposed deal were confusing communities and damaging the role of local government.
There has been a row over what Finance Secretary Derek Mackay's budget plans would actually mean for local government services. Opposition parties point to the core council grant falling by £327m, while Mr Mackay insists that other measures such as cash going direct to schools and health and social care partnerships and the unfreezing of the council tax means there is actually an increase in the money going towards services.
Holyrood's local government committee said the budget was "very difficult to follow", noting that it was essential that parliament was clear on "exactly how much money local authorities can be expected to receive".
Cosla argues that it is "inaccurate" to offset the cut to the core grant with other ring-fenced funds, saying there was "less discretion for councils to spend on local priorities".
Their "budget reality" paper reads: "The 2017/18 budget will result in extremely difficult local decisions being taken to manage the budget gaps being faced by all councils. This is on the back of difficult settlements in the past.
"A revenue cut of this magnitude will undoubtedly impact on local services."
The group, which also opposed the 2016/17 budget, has asked for a reduction to the cut in its revenue budget, more capital funding for local infrastructure, and additional investment in health and social care and education.
They also want "fundamental reform of local taxation" and "constitutional protection for local government".
The Scottish government argues that local government has been treated "very fairly".
A spokesman said: "Taking next year's local government finance settlement plus the other sources of income available to councils through reforms to council tax and funding for health and social care integration, the overall increase in spending power to support local authority services amounts to £241 million, or 2.3%, and every penny of council tax collected will stay in the local authority area.
"We have received no rejections from councils. It is now for local authorities to finalise their budgets, including provision for each of the elements included in the package, at their council budget-setting meetings which will take place over the coming weeks."
Scottish Labour, who have declared they will not back the budget without extra funding for local authorities, said the Cosla warning was "very serious".
Deputy leader Alex Rowley said: "Derek Mackay must listen to the people who deliver the local services that our communities depend upon.
"The first vote on the SNP budget is just days away and I urge Mr Mackay to think again about the damage he plans to inflict on our communities."
The budget bill has been introduced at Holyrood, marking the start of the formal legislative process.
With the SNP a minority government, at least one opposition party will need to at least abstain on the plans to allow them to progress. Recent votes have resulted in a stalemate, with no consensus between the parties on spending or tax.
Mr Mackay has highlighted the Lib Dems and Greens as the most likely partners for a deal, but both parties have warned there remain "big differences" between their positions and that of the government.
Lib Dem leader Willie Rennie told the BBC's Sunday Politics Scotland programme that he was "not fearful of an election, although I do not want one", adding: "If we don't get what our voters backed us for in May, then I'm afraid we just have to walk away."
Meanwhile Green co-convener Patrick Harvie posted on Twitter on Monday that his party would not "support the budget unquestioningly" nor "oppose it without evening talking".
He added that "minority government can work well for the country, but needs negotiation and compromise from all".
Mr Mackay has previously said he is "positive" about getting his budget through Holyrood.


A trampoline park which has been closed for almost six weeks after it was found to be operating without a licence is to reopen.

Ryze in Dalkeith is due to open its doors again on Thursday at 10:00.
More than 100 incidents were reported at the 10,000 sq ft trampoline park in the three weeks after it was launched on 23 January.
Midlothian Council had served an improvement notice on its operators to address "public safety concerns".
Ryze said at the time that it had agreed to suspend trading until the licensing issues were resolved.
The company also stressed that its accident figures were "better than the industry norm" and that the incident rate represented only 0.39% of the 25,662 jumpers over the three-week period.
The reports of injuries at the centre had included a broken neck, back and other bones.
A spokesman for Midlothian Council said: "Ryze Edinburgh had an application for an indoor sports entertainment licence which I can confirm has now been determined and the appropriate licence granted.
"In addition to the standard conditions that apply to all Civic Government Scotland licences, additional specific conditions have been imposed. Ryze has co-operated fully with the council.
"It must be stressed that while the aim of the conditions is to regulate safety, this can only be delivered through good management of the facility and by the patrons acting responsibly."
The additional licence conditions imposed by the council include:
Scott Fairgrieve, of Ryze Edinburgh, said: "During our temporary closure we co-operated fully with the authorities and reviewed our operating processes, health and safety procedures and first aid policies to further enhance the experience of our customers.
"Our first aid policies already exceeded legal guidelines, but we decided to increase our provision and all members of staff now get first aid trained.
"We also took the opportunity to make improvements to our toilet areas and parking provision to meet the demand of the high customer numbers we have experienced."
Ryze has also decided to create a dedicated "kiddy court" for children under six, with a foam pit and two 45-degree rectangular trampolines.


Fear and loathing about sharks risk killing Western Australia's laid-back beach lifestyle and producing a generation of children too frightened to swim at the beach, writes Louise Burke.

A few days before the end of last year, West Australian teenager Jay Muscat was killed by a shark while he was spear-fishing on the state's far south coast. Authorities closed the beach and issued a kill order for the shark.
A fortnight earlier, when Western Australians would typically have flocked to the beach, one of Perth's southern beaches was suddenly deemed out of bounds after an electronically-tagged great white shark was detected.
The shark repeatedly returned to Warnbro Beach during daylight hours, prompting authorities to close the popular swimming and sunbathing spot, and to set baited lines in the hope of catching and shooting it.
The two incidents follow a spate of deadly shark attacks in recent years in Western Australia and a controversial decision by the state government in early 2014 to cull sharks.
That decision was eventually aborted after the government's own environmental regulator said it was scientifically unjustified.
But critics say government and media hype around so-called killer sharks is not just environmentally dangerous - it also strikes deep into the state's psyche, damaging its relaxed coastal lifestyle, and generating a sense of fear and anxiety.
Some psychologists have gone as far as to suggest that a climate in which sharks are deemed to be "rogue" killers that should be shot risks producing a generation of children who will grow up scared of the beach.
And it's not just children who are scared, says Shayne Hanks, the Perth-based chairman of the National College of Sport and Exercise Psychologists.
"There are adults saying that they won't go in the water or won't swim out very far or they'll stop some of those activities, and that's because their sense of threat is heightened," he said.
Mr Hanks says the heightened fear of sharks is discouraging people from taking part in popular activities such as surfing.
"I think it makes people less likely to go to the beach, which makes them less active, doing less exercise," he says. "That sense of where the beach fits into our culture is changing."
Mr Hanks says the threat from sharks, while real, has been exaggerated.
"I think the reaction isn't commensurate with the risk," he says. "We don't see the same anxiety levels in terms of drowning; there are more than 10 times the number of people who drown each year in WA [Western Australia] versus shark attacks; and there's 200 times the number of fatalities by car.
"We don't get anxious though [about] getting into our car, and we don't get anxious when we go into a swimming pool."
Following Jay Muscat's death, the state's Premier Colin Barnett said he was concerned for the safety of people using the sea and feared more fatalities, "even young children".
His comments followed statements made ahead of the summer swimming season in September by then-Acting WA Tourism Minister John Day, who suggested tourists in the south-west may want to spend their holidays visiting wineries or scenic sights rather than venturing into the water.
"If it was me I would not be surfing or going swimming far off the coast," Mr Day said.
But critics say the idea that Western Australians who venture into the water will be hunted by killer sharks encourages lazy government policies.
In the December issue of the Australian Journal of Political Science, academic Christopher Neff wrote that the idea of "serial killer sharks" which must be culled was easier to peddle than explaining to the public that shark culls do not protect swimmers.
"A more scientific-based narrative meant telling the public that nothing can be done or that the government did not know what was going on," Mr Neff explains.
During an initial 13-week trial mid-last year, more than 170 sharks were caught by baited lines known as drum lines. However, none were Great White sharks, to which most of the recent fatal attacks had been attributed.
Premier Barnett reluctantly cancelled the program in September but a special agreement with the Federal Government means Western Australia can still hunt sharks that are considered a threat.
The cull attracted a lot of opposition and protesters are now planning a third rally at Cottesloe Beach since culling began, for 1 February.
Locals are still going to patrolled beaches in big numbers, says Surf Life Saving WA. However, the way people use the beach is changing, according to its chief executive officer, Paul Andrew.
"The beach usage first thing in the morning [when sharks are prevalent] has dropped significantly but beach usage at other times has increased, particularly at patrolled beaches," says Mr Andrew.
"Beach behaviours have also changed with swimmers staying closer to shore, swimming in groups and swimming in greater numbers at times other than dawn and dusk," he says.
For cultural studies academic Jon Stratton, narratives around shark attacks are feeding into a cultural myth of Perth as an isolated suburban paradise, constantly in danger of losing its laid-back way of life.
"There's this sense that once upon a time, Perth was this utopia, this Arcadia, and now we've lost that - there are these terrible creatures threatening our lifestyle," says the retired Curtin University professor.
Decades ago, Perth's small-town sense of safety was shattered by serial killer Eric Edgar Cooke. Nicknamed the "Night Caller", he terrorised Perth from 1959 to 1963, committing 22 violent crimes, including eight murders.
From then on, residents who usually left their homes unlocked at night and their car keys in the ignition changed their habits.
"This is the moment when people in Perth can no longer leave their doors and windows unlocked, can no longer allow their children to play in the streets," says Professor Stratton. "This moment keeps changing.  It is always marked by some awful event."
There has always been a sense, he says, that nature has not been completely tamed.
"We get it here with bushfires, we get it with mosquitoes, sharks, but basically we are constantly under threat from nature, as if this city isn't securely anchored and could be wiped off the map almost at any time," he says.
"This is the point at which the myth of the threat of nature takes over from the myth of the laid-back, easygoing lifestyle of lying on the beach and swimming around in the blue sea."


Rescue teams searching a Cardiff river following reports of a body in the water have been stood down.

South Wales Police were called to the River Taff near Castle Street when the alarm was raised at about 14:00 BST.
Emergency services, including South Wales Fire and Rescue Service, were involved in the search.
It was called off at about 16:00 after nothing was found.


Seven people have tested positive following a parasite outbreak at Coleg Gwent farm in Monmouthshire.

Cryptosporidium is a parasite that is very common in young farm animals and can easily be passed to people.
Sixteen others are being monitored after regular attendance at the farm or being in contact with those who have.
Public Health Wales is continuing to work with Coleg Gwent, which has written to all students who may have been on the Usk farm in March.
It has also cancelled a series of upcoming open days with primary schools.
Investigations are continuing into the outbreak which causes diarrhoea, stomach pain, nausea and vomiting.
Healthy people will usually make a full recovery.


Viewers may have trouble finding shows they love if public service channels are not guaranteed top positions on TV guides, major broadcasters have warned.

Peers are currently debating a change to the law which says channels including BBC One, ITV and Channel 4 must appear top of on-screen listings.
Major broadcasters argue public service channels should be protected as people adopt more personalised viewing habits.
But Sky says the networks are acting in "blatant self-interest".
The Department for Media, Culture and Sport says that with users "increasingly able to personalise their own homepage for on-demand services, it would not be in their interests to legislate against this progress".
James Purnell, the BBC's director of radio and education, wrote in the Daily Telegraph that "sensible action" needed to be taken, or "we're at serious risk of losing something very special about our British culture".
The House of Lords is debating whether there should be an amendment to the Digital Economy Bill, to protect the place of public service broadcasters (PSBs).
The BBC argues that new set-top boxes offer limited options on their homepages - which means there's no space for on-demand services from public service broadcasters like iPlayer, ITV Hub and All4.
Mr Purnell said: "Some pay-TV platforms are already making 'free to air' services harder to find. There's no point being top of the programme guide if it's difficult to find the guide.
"This isn't about forcing people to watch public service programmes, or stopping viewers watching American shows we love. It's about making sure you can find them easily."
He also points out that in channel listings on Sky, the BBC's children's channels, CBeebies and CBBC - which he describes as "safe, trusted, educational, British programmes without adverts" - are below a dozen US cartoon networks.
ITV says the prominence of PSBs on electronic programme guides (EPGs) "needs to be preserved". It said: "In a changing environment, people are watching television differently and viewers need to be able to continue to easily find PSBs channels."
Channel 4 agrees, adding: "It's important that the regulation of broadcasting keeps pace with the changing ways that viewers are now watching television."
Scotland's STV says it "fully supports this amendment to guarantee our consumers can readily access our regionally differentiated content on air and via the STV Player".
However Sky has described the BBC's arguments as "disingenuous" because the corporation denies Sky customers access to BBC on-demand content "in ways which are convenient to viewers".
The Sky statement continued: "On Sky Q, for example, they will not allow us to promote their shows on our home page. And on the SkyGo and Sky Q mobile app, the BBC has refused to grant Sky the rights to show any content whatsoever.
"The BBC needs to get with the times and allow consumers to view content they have already paid for alongside the content of other PSBs and commercial broadcasters."
Virgin says BBC content is already prominent on its platform, the EPG is accessible via a button on its remote, and BBC on-demand content is "easily found".
The government argues that viewers are getting more choice over what appears on their own homepages - and protecting PSBs would be anti-competitive.
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