Looking at Kia's new Proceed T-GDi GT-Line, with its sporty looks and handling, you might expect a big, thirsty engine under the bonnet.

Instead, it has a frugal three-cylinder 1.0 litre petrol engine that can still deliver 0-62mph (0-100km/h) in 10.7 seconds, nearly 60 miles to the gallon, and CO2 emissions of 115g/km.
A few years ago, this kind of performance would've been considered outstanding.
Thanks to turbo tech, these traditionally-fuelled internal combustion engines are now offering better fuel economy and lower emissions, without comparable loss of performance.
And in light of the recent Volkswagen diesel emissions scandal - and tighter emissions regulations worldwide - company car fleet directors are taking note.
"Diesel has emerged as the dominant fuel type for company cars, as a result of great fuel efficiency, performance and low cost of ownership under the government's CO2 emissions based tax regime," says Gerry Keaney, chief executive of the British Vehicle Rentals and Leasing Association, whose members own or fleet manage more than three million cars in the UK.
"But the diesel proportion of new registrations has been falling gradually for some time, as modern petrol powered cars have become better at delivering similar benefits, and we expect this trend to gather pace."
In the UK, even company car buyers now see downsized petrol engines, many emitting around 100g/km CO2, as a viable, efficient alternative to diesel.
This is not just down to "anti-diesel sentiment", says Al Bedwell, director, global powertrains at LMC Automotive. "It has more to do with petrol getting better and staging a fight-back, especially in small cars in Western Europe."
Manufacturers such as Ford, Opel/Vauxhall, Hyundai and Volkswagen are all offering similarly downsized petrol engines these days, many emitting around 100g/km of CO2.
In Europe, diesel's share of the market is set to drop from 53.3% of the market in 2014 to 51.5% in 2015, says Mr Bedwell, then continue sliding to 35% by 2020.
Turbo chargers are traditionally associated with diesel engines, which needed a boost to give them more oomph. They weren't "much fun to drive" without them, says Guillaume Devauchelle, head of innovation and science at automotive technology company, Valeo.
And the relative cost of adding turbo to an expensive diesel engine was lower, he explains.
But turbos are now increasingly infiltrating petrol engines because they deliver dramatic emissions reductions and improvements in fuel economy, without sacrificing performance, says Craig Balis, chief technology officer of Honeywell Transportation Systems, the world's largest turbo maker.
A two-litre turbo-charged four cylinder petrol engine can match the output of a three-litre naturally aspirated V6 petrol engine, he says, so "the technology we have is really a no-compromise solution".
Turbos work by using the engine's exhaust gas to drive a turbine, which in turn drives a compressor, which compresses air. This air is then forced into the combustion chamber where it mixes with fuel to create additional power.
This means the engine won't have to burn so much fuel to deliver the same output.
"Our turbos for passenger vehicles have turbines that spin at 200,000-300,000 revolutions per minute (rpm), generating temperatures of up to 1,000 degrees Celsius, so the metal is literally glowing red," Mr Balis says.
By comparison petrol engines operate at just 6,000-7,000 rpm and diesel at 5,000-6,000rpm.
To cope with such extreme speed, pressure and heat, turbos need to be incredibly robust, so Honeywell is using ball bearings and other technologies that have been developed for military aircraft by the company's aerospace division.
The turbos are also coupled with intercoolers that cool the airflow and increases its density as it is supplied to the engine, and with oil cooling systems that prevent overheating.
Turbos are often combined with direct or indirect fuel injectors and variable valve lift or timing systems to make the process even more efficient.
Electrified superchargers, which compress air for just a few hundred milliseconds to add brief low-end torque until the turbo charger kicks in, will also hit the market in the next few months.
Over the next five years, we'll go from about a third to around half the cars sold having turbo chargers, and the growth will continue. We call this the 'golden age of turbo'
E-chargers, or e-turbos, will transform the driving experience, believes Mr Devauchelle, as they eliminate what's called turbo lag - that slight delay in power boost you experience after pressing the accelerator.
"The turbo increases the engine's maximum power. The e-charger gets you there even quicker," he explains.
As such, e-turbos may rival established twin-turbo technology, where a small turbo takes care of the early stages of acceleration before the second turbo takes over.
The e-turbos' batteries can be recharged in different ways, for instance by capturing energy during braking, explains Mr Hahn.
With enough electric power, e-chargers could take over more and more of the work done by the turbo.
Eventually carmakers will redesign vehicle architecture, moving from standard 12-volt batteries to higher voltage systems.
Forty-eight volt architecture is emerging in luxury cars with many electric components, but e-chargers can also run on 12-volt batteries if they are only required to deliver brief boosts, explains Mr Devauchelle.
"Petrol power is moving from naturally aspirated engines to turbo charged engines at a faster rate than ever before," says Terrence Hahn, president and chief executive of Honeywell Transportation Systems.
"Over the next five years, we'll go from about a third to around half the cars sold having turbo chargers, and the growth will continue," he predicts.
"We call this 'the golden age of turbo'."
But there is no silver bullet as carmakers continue to grapple with ever-stricter emissions regulation, coupled with huge penalties for non-compliance.
Any number of combinations of e-chargers, turbo chargers, multi-stage boosting, fuel injection, variable valve systems, and combustion-electric hybrid technologies are being explored.
"During 30 years in the industry, I have never before seen so much diversity," says Mr Devauchelle.
"Nobody can afford the penalties."


Barnsley secured a first home league win since 27 August by inflicting Norwich's sixth defeat in seven games.

Tom Bradshaw put them ahead with a clever finish from Josh Scowen's cross and skipper Conor Hourihane fired home a superb second before the break.
Norwich were more assertive after the interval and Nelson Oliveira reduced the deficit with a low 25-yard shot.
The Canaries continued to press but Graham Dorrans and Jacob Murphy missed the target as Barnsley held out.
Norwich boss Alex Neil, who played more than 100 games for Barnsley during his playing career, made one change to the side that thrashed Brentford 5-0 last week, with Josh Murphy joining his twin brother in the starting line-up.
They were second best for most of the first half, though, as Bradshaw and Hourihane both scored their first goals since the home side's 4-0 win at Wolves in mid-September.
Neil, twice on the losing side for the Reds against Norwich in 2001-02, made a double change at the break as Josh Murphy and Alex Pritchard were replaced by Youssouf Mulumbu and Martin Olsson.
Oliveira's sixth of the season put them on the front foot, but their best effort in the closing stages was a shot from distance by full-back Ivo Pinto, which was saved by Adam Davies, as they slipped to eighth in the table, with Barnsley moving up to 11th.
Barnsley head coach Paul Heckingbottom:  "It was a case of two teams playing two different shapes and I thought we imposed our shape on them better in the first half.
"They made changes at half-time and they imposed their shape and system on us at the start of the second half.
"It changes the mentality and we had to get to grips with the middle of the park again. They were much stronger with their midfield three so we had to change and regain control of the middle of the pitch.
"I don't think there's ever been a dip in confidence or belief. You need to not get down if things aren't going your way and don't get carried away if they are going your way."
Norwich boss Alex Neil: "We basically got bullied in the first half. Physically, we didn't compete.
"They're good at what they do and if you don't match it you're going to have a tough time. "To be fair to them, they thoroughly deserved the win based on their first-half performance.
"It wasn't down to tactics - we just didn't compete well enough, which is hard to accept. In the second half it was roles reversed and I thought we were totally dominant.
"You've got to be flexible in this league, take any test that comes your way and be good enough to overcome it."
Match ends, Barnsley 2, Norwich City 1.
Second Half ends, Barnsley 2, Norwich City 1.
Substitution, Barnsley. Saidy Janko replaces Ryan Kent.
Corner,  Norwich City. Conceded by Conor Hourihane.
Corner,  Norwich City. Conceded by Conor Hourihane.
Attempt blocked. Youssouf Mulumbu (Norwich City) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Norwich City. Conceded by James Bree.
Hand ball by Youssouf Mulumbu (Norwich City).
Substitution, Norwich City. Kyle Lafferty replaces Robbie Brady.
Foul by Graham Dorrans (Norwich City).
Josh Scowen (Barnsley) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Jacob Murphy (Norwich City) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Sam Morsy (Barnsley).
Youssouf Mulumbu (Norwich City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Josh Scowen (Barnsley).
Attempt saved. Ivo Pinto (Norwich City) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Martin Olsson.
Nélson Oliveira (Norwich City) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Marc Roberts (Barnsley).
Graham Dorrans (Norwich City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Conor Hourihane (Barnsley).
Attempt missed. Stefan Payne (Barnsley) header from the centre of the box misses to the right. Assisted by Josh Scowen with a cross.
Hand ball by Ryan Kent (Barnsley).
Martin Olsson (Norwich City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Adam Hammill (Barnsley).
Substitution, Barnsley. Stefan Payne replaces Tom Bradshaw.
Substitution, Barnsley. Adam Hammill replaces Sam Winnall.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Sam Morsy (Barnsley) because of an injury.
Corner,  Norwich City. Conceded by Marc Roberts.
Attempt blocked. Robbie Brady (Norwich City) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Graham Dorrans.
Attempt missed. Jacob Murphy (Norwich City) left footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Martin Olsson.
Attempt saved. Jacob Murphy (Norwich City) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Jonny Howson.
Attempt saved. Nélson Oliveira (Norwich City) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Robbie Brady (Norwich City) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Sam Morsy (Barnsley).
Attempt missed. Graham Dorrans (Norwich City) right footed shot from outside the box is too high. Assisted by Jonny Howson.
Attempt missed. Nélson Oliveira (Norwich City) right footed shot from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Youssouf Mulumbu.
Offside, Barnsley. Ryan Kent tries a through ball, but Josh Scowen is caught offside.
Corner,  Norwich City. Conceded by Ryan Kent.
Attempt missed. Tom Bradshaw (Barnsley) right footed shot from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Conor Hourihane following a set piece situation.


An investigation has been launched after details of hundreds of landlords who have not yet registered on a Wales-wide scheme were revealed.

Rent Smart Wales - aimed at raising standards of rented accommodation - contacted people who had started but not finished the registration process.
But the email addresses of recipients could be seen in the message.
Cardiff council, which handles Rent Smart Wales, said it is aware of an issue and it is being investigated.
Since November all landlords who rent out a property need to register with Rent Smart Wales by law.
The initiative was set up the Welsh Government to help tackle bad landlords who give the private rented sector a bad name.
It estimates there are 208,000 privately-rented properties in Wales, but only 65% had been registered by last November's deadline.
The email sent out told landlords: "We are writing this email to you as you have a started but not complete (sic) landlord registration with Rent Smart Wales."
Douglas Haig, director for Wales for the Residential Landlords Association, said: "We have long been warning of the need for greater security around the Rent Smart scheme to prevent this kind of error occurring.
"With landlords and letting agents expected to register by law, they need to have the confidence that their personal details will be handled sensitively.
"Whilst we are sure this was an innocent mistake and a simple case of human error, we would like to see measures put in place to ensure it cannot happen again."
A Rent Smart Wales spokesman at Cardiff council said: "Rent Smart Wales is aware that an issue arose on February 2, 2017 in relation to contacting customers.
"Rent Smart Wales and the City of Cardiff Council take data protection seriously. The matter is currently being investigated in line with the council's data protection policies."


UK Anti-Doping has said it will help the World Anti-Doping Agency carry out reforms in Russia.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Russia was banned from international competition in November after a Wada commission examined claims of widespread doping, cover-ups and and extortion.
A Ukad spokesperson said: "Ukad has been asked by Wada to be part of an evaluation visit to Russia.
"It will explore ways and means of how an anti-doping programme can be run."
Media playback is not supported on this device
Russia, which said in November it is "fully committed" to reforms, faces exclusion from next year's Rio Olympics if not declared compliant.
Wada began work in Moscow on Thursday, with Russian Olympic Committee president Alexander Zhukov confirming that the agency would "determine which international organisations will oversee doping controls in the country".
The Russian anti-doping agency, Rusada, and the anti-doping laboratory were suspended after the Wada report.
Ukad will look into how a Russian anti-doping programme could work "during a period of non-compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code".


Irish people who have recently moved abroad have been encouraged to travel home to cast their vote in Friday's referendum on same-sex marriage.

The referendum is due to take place on 22 May and voters are being asked if same-sex couples should be given the right to marry in a civil ceremony.
Irish citizens living abroad are eligible to vote provided that they are still on the Irish electoral register.
But if they left Ireland more than 18 months ago they are no longer eligible.
Many Irish emigrants who are no longer entitled to vote have used social media campaigns to urge those who can to make their mark.
Some expats who can vote are planning expensive journeys home, such is their strength of feeling on the issue.
They include Mark Govern, who is originally from Tallaght in Dublin but moved to Australia last summer.
He has spent almost 1,200 euros (£867) booking flights home from Sydney and plans to arrive in Dublin on the eve of the referendum.
Having already booked his summer holiday home in August, Mr Govern said next week's trip was specifically arranged so he could be in Ireland to witness "history in the making".
The 31-year-old Dubliner told the BBC that as a gay man he was "very passionate" about same-sex marriage rights and that securing a yes vote was extremely important to him personally and to his native country, politically.
"People think the Republic of Ireland is a Catholic, conservative, very traditional country - but that's not the country I grew up in. I grew up in a liberal country," Mr Govern said.
He said he believed that a 'no' vote would reinforce a mistaken "stereotype" of Irish conservatism abroad and could discourage young Irish emigrants from returning home in the future.
Mr Govern said he was confident the referendum would pass and wanted to be in his home city for the result on Saturday 23 May.
He objected to the 'no' campaign repeatedly raising concerns over adoption and surrogacy by same-sex parents in the debate, describing them as "red herrings".
However, central to those who have publicly opposed same-sex marriage is the belief that a child has a birthright to both a mother and a father. Many of them have expressed concerns about the potential consequences for the future development of Irish family law.
The campaign group Mother and Fathers Matter has claimed that if the referendum is passed, it will be "constitutionally impossible for the law to show any preference for a child having a mother and father in relation to adoption, surrogacy and Donor Assisted Human Reproduction (DAHR)".
Yes campaigners argue that same-sex adoption and DAHR are already being dealt with separately through the wide-ranging Children and Family Relationships Bill, which, among other changes, will allow same-sex couples to jointly adopt children.
But US-born Kathy Sinnott, from the campaign group First Families First, said she believes a 'yes' vote would not only "redefine marriage" in the Irish constitution, but also the meaning of family, severely downplaying the importance of a child's "biological link" with his or her parents.
The former Irish MEP said that after the raft of recent legislative changes, Friday's marriage referendum could remove the "final brick" that provides constitutional protection for relationship between children and their genetic parents.
Ms Sinnott said that it could have "huge ramifications" for biological parents - gay or straight -  who have the misfortune to find themselves fighting custody battles in the family courts in the future.
But for yes campaigner and Irish expat Joey Kavanagh, the referendum is really about equality of treatment for all Irish citizens.
Originally from Ashbourne in County Meath, he has been living in London for the last 10 months.
When the Irish government confirmed the date of the referendum, Mr Kavanagh set up an online campaign - Get The Boat 2 Vote - to encourage emigrants to go home to vote yes.
Almost 300 people have signed up to his campaign's mailing list, and several hundred more have engaged with the campaign on social media.
On the day of the referendum, Mr Kavanagh plans to lead a group of about 30 Irish expats who will travel together on a ferry to Dublin to "make a statement".
He said the numbers were small but other supporters were making the journey across the Irish Sea in the days before the vote, as many still face long journeys to polling stations after arriving in Dublin.
Mr Kavanagh said he had no immediate plans to return to Ireland and marry, but hopes to "settle" in his native country in the future and as a gay man, he wants the option that is available to other Irish citizens.
He said in general, the Irish diaspora should be granted more of a say over important decisions taken in their homeland and more provisions should be made for postal and embassy votes.
The public debate on same-sex marriage has raised tensions both at home and away.
In a recent opinion piece for the Irish Independent newspaper, high-profile Gaelic Athletic Association player Ger Brennan wrote that he was "sick of the accusations being flung around that if you vote 'no' you are homophobic".
"I know I'm not homophobic; my gay friends and family can attest to that.  I am voting 'no' because I don't want our constitution to deny that it is a good thing for a child to have a mother and a father".
According to the independent Referendum Commission, if passed, the referendum would mean a same-sex marriage would have the same status under the Irish constitution as a marriage between a man and a woman.
All married couples, heterosexual and homosexual, would be recognised as a family and entitled to the constitutional protection for families.
A separate vote, on a proposal to reduce the age at which candidates can run in the Irish presidential election from 35 to 21, is set to take place on the same day.


The Big Bang Fair, the largest celebration of science, technology, engineering and maths for young people in the UK, has kicked off in Birmingham.

17 March 2016 Last updated at 07:48 GMT
It aims to inspire young scientists and engineers with lots to see and do, including drones, how maths can help you take the perfect free kick in football and the science behind your chocolate.
Ayshah went along to see what it's all about..


A driver has died after his car was in collision with a combine harvester near Berwick-upon-Tweed.

The crash between the Audi and the combine happened at 19:30 BST on Friday on the A1167 near Scremerston.
Northumbria Police said ambulance staff and fire crews attended but the driver was "sadly pronounced dead at the scene".
The road was closed for several hours. An investigation has been launched and officers have appealed for witnesses.


Plans for a £45m redevelopment of the flagship Cheltenham Racecourse have been revealed by the Jockey Club.

The proposed development would create a state-of-the-art new grandstand in place of the current "A&R" block, built in the 1920s.
In the past 30 years, The Jockey Club has invested £80m in facilities at Cheltenham.
Cheltenham hosts a four-day racing festival every year, the highlight of the National Hunt season.
The festival features the best jockeys and horses, and the 2013 Cheltenham Festival set new crowd records for its opening three days and sold out the fourth, Gold Cup Day.
Now, the Jockey Club has decided to undertake a major facelift, which will increase capacity and improve facilities.  It will mean the demolition of the current royal box, which was built in 1952, and 55 other boxes built in the 1920s and 1930s.
As well as the major new grandstand - which will feature new members' facilities, public viewing areas, private boxes and royal box facilities - the plans also include improvements for owners and trainers.
There will be improved bar facilities, more toilets, and further viewing opportunities of the racing and the parade ring.  A walkway for horses will be constructed, passing under a spectator walkway, and it is hoped the new designs will improve crowd circulation on the busiest days.
"It is part of our job as the biggest commercial group in British horseracing to keep working on our facilities, and keep things up to date - we can never stand still," says Jockey Club chief executive Simon Bazalgette.
"Cheltenham is a jewel in the crown and is vital for racing as a whole in this country, and we need to make sure the facilities match that."
As part of the proposed redevelopment, which will need planning permission from the local borough council, there will also be more corporate facilities and boxes.
The Jockey Club  runs 15 racecourses in the UK under its Jockey Club Racecourses banner, and as well as Cheltenham it also includes Aintree, Epsom Downs and the Rowley Mile and July Course in Newmarket.
If Cheltenham planning permission is given and the necessary financing is in place, the main development will begin immediately after the 2014 festival with a scheduled completion date ahead of the 2016 festival.
During construction, Cheltenham would be able to continue staging its race programme as normal.
The Jockey Club will be responsible for funding and will not be seeking contributions from the local council, and neither will festival ticket prices be hiked as a means of paying for the project
"We have a range of funding options available to us, and that will be clarified over the next few months," says Mr Bazalgette.
During the construction period, Cheltenham will continue staging its race programme as normal, with temporary facilities - such as those used regularly at Royal Ascot - providing capacity in place of the A&R grandstand.
This will also allow the Jockey Club to generate similar revenues to normal from the venue to ensure there is no reduction in investment back into British racing.
Many of those who have boxes in the A&R block are families who have been using the facilities there for generation after generation over the decades.
"They are valued customers who have been with us a long time," says Mr Bazalgette.
"We will maintain communication with them... and are looking at creating a dedicated facility so they can enjoy the same social side of things, and networking, with the same group of people [from the A&R area]."
On Wednesday the concept of the proposed Cheltenham development project was shown to council officers in advance of a detailed planning application being submitted in April 2013.
"There has been communication between us for quite some time in the run up to this announcement," says Mr Bazalgette.
"We will work closely with them. We think this enhances not only Cheltenham racecourse but the whole of the Cheltenham area."
An exhibition about the project will be held in Cheltenham during April where local people can give feedback about the development.
"This development will enhance Cheltenham's unique character and is the last part of the grandstand development that began 30 years ago," says Robert Waley-Cohen, chairman of Cheltenham Racecourse.
"It focuses on two key objectives - maximising enjoyment of the horse and improving the overall Cheltenham experience for all race-goers."
Meanwhile, Mr Bazalgette is looking at ways to pep up interest in the National Hunt season in the period between Christmas and the Cheltenham Festival every March.
"Cheltenham is a great climax, which is then followed by the Grand National," he says. "I just don't think we make enough of the run-up, of the three or four months before that.
"I know there is the bad weather then, but I think there is work to be done there to spice things up and keep interest."


Brazil's Attorney General Rodrigo Janot has asked the Supreme Court to authorise the start of corruption investigations against a prominent opposition leader, Senator Aecio Neves.

Mr Neves, a former presidential candidate, has been accused of taking bribes from the state-owned electricity company Furnas.
The case is linked to the huge corruption scandal that has rocked Brazilian politics over the past year.
Mr Neves denies any wrongdoing.
If the court agrees to open an investigation, Mr Neves will be called to testify within 90 days, Folha de Sao Paulo newspaper reported.
The case is based on allegations made by Senator Delcidio Amaral as part of a plea bargain.
A former leader of the Workers' Party in the Senate, Mr Amaral was arrested in November.
He had been secretly recorded allegedly discussing plans to help a detained official flee the country in return for not implicating Mr Amaral in a major corruption scandal at Petrobras.
Mr Amaral was released in February after he agreed to testify against other suspects.
The disgraced senator said that Mr Neves had received bribes from officials at Furnas.
He said the scheme was similar to that operated at Petrobras: the country's top construction companies paid bribes to politicians, political parties and senior executives at the company in order to secure lucrative overpriced contracts.
Mr Neves's office rejected the allegations.
"References to Senator Aecio's name are all based on hearsay. There is no proof or evidence of any irregularity," an aide told journalists.
"These are old questions that have already been the subject of previous investigations, which were thrown out, or questions that have no relation to the senator."
Mr Janot has also requested the opening of a corruption probe against other senior politicians and officials, the Speaker of the lower house of Congress, Eduardo Cunha, and Ms Rousseff's press secretary Edinho Silva.
Mr Neves was defeated in the 2014 election by Dilma Rousseff, who faces possible impeachment for allegedly tampering with the budget ahead of the poll to hide a growing deficit.
Ms Rousseff says the impeachment is a political coup against her plotted by the parties who lost the vote.


Newcastle dropped to third in their European Rugby Challenge Cup group as they were thrashed by Lyon Olympique at Matmut Stadium.

Lyon wing Paul Bonnefond crossed for a hat-trick, and Jerome Porical converted all six of his side's tries.
Daniel Temm put Newcastle ahead after four minutes but Lyon replied with three tries to lead 21-5 at the break.
Rob Vickers struck after half-time for Falcons, but three tries in the final 12 minutes secured Lyon a bonus point.
Newcastle, who are seventh in the Premiership, host Lyon in the return fixture on 18 December.
Lyon Olympique: Porical, F. Romanet, Bonnefond, T. Regard, Clunies-Ross, Loursac, Couilloud, Mavinga, Paulo, Botha, Lambey, Paulino, Fourie, Cretin, Browning.
Replacements: Potgieter for F. Romanet (61), Barassi for Clunies-Ross (21), Figuerola for Couilloud (71), Mataradze for Mavinga (66), Mapusua for Paulo (66), Kaabeche for Botha (66), C. Njewel for Paulino (52), Tison for Browning (63).
Newcastle: Catterick, Tait, Waldouck, Burdon, Kibirige, Connon, Egerton, Rogers, Sowrey, D. Wilson, Botha, Civetta, G. Young, Temm, Orr.
Replacements: Marshall for Catterick (57), Delany for Connon (57), Vickers for Rogers (41), Nelson for Sowrey (57), Foster for D. Wilson (26).
Not Used:Watson, M. Wilson, Hodgson.
For the latest rugby union news follow @bbcrugbyunion on Twitter.


A High Court judge has rejected an £85m damages claim against Formula 1 boss Bernie Ecclestone but said he did pay a bribe over a sale of F1 shares.

Mr Justice Newey found Mr Ecclestone had made a "corrupt" deal. And he had been not "reliable or truthful" during the case in London, the judge added.
But he said there had been no financial loss to German media group Constantin Medien. It said it would appeal.
Mr Ecclestone, 83, said he was "relieved" at the ruling.
Mr Ecclestone is the chief executive of F1, and has ruled the sport for almost four decades.
Constantin Medien had an interest in the 2006 sale of a stake in F1, belonging to the German bank Bayern LB (BLB) and bought by private equity group CVC Capital Partners.
Lawyers for Constantin Medien claimed that the sale was agreed "without the normal and proper process" and for an undervalued price, and were seeking £85m (103m euros) in compensation.
But Mr Justice Newey, delivering on Thursday the judgement reserved at the end of the two-month case last December, said the damages claim failed because it had been "no part" of Mr Ecclestone's purpose for shares to be sold at an "undervalue".
"No loss to Constantin has been shown to have been caused by the corrupt arrangement," the judge said. "That fact is fatal to the claim."
By Dan RoanBBC chief sports correspondent
Success for Mr Ecclestone, but it's a qualified one as the judge also said in conclusion that he did feel the 83-year-old had indeed paid a bribe, and he didn't believe the Formula 1 chief's version of events, describing him as an "unreliable witness".
The fact that this lawsuit has been dismissed will still be a relief to the "Formula 1 ruler", as he's been described - a man who has been in charge for 40 years or so.
The decision was seen as one that could have effectively brought about the end of one of the most powerful tenures in the history of motorsport - or sport generally.
Mr Ecclestone always denied any wrongdoing, saying he was the victim of blackmail and that it wasn't bribery.
The question now is whether this will have an impact on a criminal case in Germany, where Mr Ecclestone has to stand trial on bribery charges in April. If he were to be found guilty in that case, he could face a prison sentence.
But he found that Mr Ecclestone had made payments to bribe German banker Gerhard Gribkowsky to facilitate the sale to a buyer chosen by him.
Mr Ecclestone has admitted paying Gribkowsky, but denied bribery and claimed he was effectively the victim of blackmail.
Giving evidence last December, Mr Ecclestone said the damages claim "lacks any merit".
In written findings, Mr Justice Newey said: "The payments were a bribe. They were made because Mr Ecclestone had entered into a corrupt agreement with Dr Gribkowsky on May 2005 under which Dr Gribkowsky was to be rewarded for facilitating the sale of BLB's shares in the F1 Group to a buyer acceptable to Mr Ecclestone.
"Mr Ecclestone's aim was to be rid of the banks. He was strongly averse to their involvement in the F1 Group and was keen that their shares should be transferred to someone more congenial to him."
The judge also said: "Even... making allowances for the lapse of time and Mr Ecclestone's age, I am afraid that I find it impossible to regard him as a reliable or truthful witness."
BBC chief sports correspondent Dan Roan said: "This will be a bitter-sweet victory for Bernie Ecclestone - his reputation called into question, his integrity called into question too by a High Court judge."
The Formula 1 boss would feel "relief" that the judgement had been in his favour, but "the judge's remarks will call into question his leadership of the sport", our correspondent said.
Following the ruling, a statement on behalf of Mr Ecclestone said he was "delighted that this thoroughly unmeritorious claim has been dismissed".
The judge's finding that Mr Ecclestone had paid a bribe was, it added, "not underpinned by reliable evidence" because the source of the allegation - Gribkowsky - had not given evidence in the case.
"As such, the judge's opinion is expressed in the light of hearing only partial evidence that has not been properly tested," the statement said.
Constantin Medien's lawyer Keith Oliver said: "The judge ruled against Constantin essentially on technical grounds (including extremely complicated questions of German law which is the governing law in the case) and Constantin will be appealing those findings."
Mr Ecclestone faces a criminal trial in Germany in April over the payments to Gribkowsky.
He has stood down as a director of F1 ahead of the criminal trial, but continues to run the sport on a day-to-day basis.
Speaking to the BBC, Mr Ecclestone said he was "relieved" he will not have to pay "an awful lot of money to somebody I should not have had to pay".
Asked about the judge's verdict that he had not been "reliable or truthful" during the case, he said: "Let's assume I am a liar and let's assume I am unreliable.
"I've run the sport for the last 30-odd years and nothing has changed. So if I was unreliable, and whatever, I have been lucky to have been as successful as we have been."
A separate statement said Mr Ecclestone "welcomes that he will have the opportunity to defend these bribery allegations".


Heb ei seboni o'n ormodol, mae'n deg dweud mai Ywain Gwynedd ydy un o artistiaid mwyaf poblogaidd y Sin Roc Gymraeg.

Bydd Yws yn perfformio Sebona Fi - hoff gân gwrandawyr Radio Cymru yn siart #40Mawr 2016 - mewn cyngerdd arbennig ar Ddiwrnod Santes Dwynwen i ddathlu 40 mlynedd ers sefydlu'r orsaf.
"Dwi wedi bod yn ddigon lwcus i gael cyfleon gwych gan Radio Cymru dros y blynyddoedd ac mae rôl yr orsaf yn hybu bandiau ac artistiaid ifanc yn holl bwysig," meddai Yws.
"Heb gerddoriaeth gyfoes a pherthnasol, does dim posib i'r iaith Gymraeg ffynnu."
Yn saer coed wrth grefft ac yn bêl-droediwr dawnus, mae'n abl iawn mewn sawl maes. Ond pan ddaw hi i gerddoriaeth, mae'n credu nad ydy cyfraniad y diwydiant i ddiwylliant Cymraeg yn cael ei lwyr werthfawrogi.
"Dwi ddim yn meddwl bod o'n cal cweit gymaint o barch ag y dylai o," meddai Ywain.
"Mae'r sin yn cael ei edrych ar fel peth chwerthinllyd gan rai pobl.
"Ella bod rhai pobl yn sbio lawr eu trwyna' arno fo dipyn bach. Ond dwi'n coelio'n gryf heb y sin miwsig Gymraeg, heb y petha' 'ma pobl ifanc yn dewis gwrando ar eu hunain, 'sgen ti ddim yr iaith yn datblygu'n naturiol ac yn cael ei gweld fel wbath 'cŵl'.
"Mae'n bwysicach na petha' sy'n cael eu stwffio lawr eu gyddfa' nhw yn yr ysgol."
Wrth siarad am y band a ddaeth ag o i enwogrwydd dros ddegawd yn ôl, dywedodd Ywain fod aelodau Frizbee ar y pryd yn trin y band fel "busnes".
"Oeddan ni'n llawn amsar am dair blynadd a hannar allan o bump. Oedd o'n gyflog iawn a ddaru ni erioed gael nawdd yn uniongyrchol - 'aru bob dim gael ei 'neud ar ein cefna' ni'n hunain."
Roedd y band yn gwneud arian drwy werthu CDs a breindaliadau (royalties).
Ond yn 2008 - ar ddechrau cyfnod hir o anghydfod rhwng cerddorion Cymraeg a'r corff oedd yn dosbarthu taliadau i'r artistiaid - daeth Frizbee i ben.
Ac er bod pryderon wedi codi yn ddiweddar am ddyfodol y diwydiant cyhoeddi a llenyddiaeth yng Nghymru, mae Ywain o'r farn bod mwy o fri yn perthyn i'r diwydiant hwnnw na sydd i fiwsig Cymraeg.
"Ella bod hi'n amsar rhoi'r sin miwsig Gymraeg ar fwy o bedestal," meddai Yws, sy'n rhyddhau ei albym nesaf ym mis Ebrill ac sy'n edrych ymlaen i fod yn dad am yr ail waith.
"Ella bod llyfra' wedi dod yn bell yn ddiweddar, ond y gwir ydy mae'r sin miwsig Gymraeg yn cynnig lot mwy na ma' pobl yn ei feddwl.
"Dwi'm yn coelio mewn sybsydeiddio'r celfyddyda' - dydy o ddim yn compiwtio efo fi."
"Proffesiynoli'r sin sydd ei angan," meddai, "ac i fod yn deg mae hynny wedi digwydd fwy yn y pum mlynedd ddiwetha' nag oedd wedi digwydd yn y 30 mlynadd cyn hynny.
"Ond mae'n saethu ei hun yn ei droed weithia' hefyd.
"I lot o fandia' ifanc mae ganddyn nhw betha' maen nhw isio'i gyflawni, ond i rai erill jysd laff ydi o - fel dylia fo fod. Ond mae lot o'r rheiny yn cael gymaint o sylw â'r rhai sy' ddim yn ei gymryd o gymaint o ddifri' ac, yn y pen draw, ma' bandia' sy'n trio g'neud wbath ohoni yn cael eu tynnu i lawr gan y lleill a wedyn ella ei fod o'n edrych o'r tu allan fel bod y sin yn amhroffesiynol.
"Wedyn ti'n sdyc yn y paradocs 'ma o wbath sy'n eitha' safonol ond sydd ddim yn cael ei weld fel 'na o'r tu allan."
Mae'n anodd cymharu cerddoriaeth Gymraeg gyda barddoniaeth a llenyddiaeth, achos maen nhw'n draddodiadau gwahanol. Yn sicr, mae cerddoriaeth wedi bod yn llai amlwg ar adegau na llên a barddoniaeth, ac mae mwy o glod i'r bobl sy'n ennill y Gadair yn yr Eisteddfod na sydd i'r rhai sy'n ennill Tlws y Cerddor.
Ond ar ei lefel bach ei hunan, mae cerddoriaeth Gymraeg wedi'i hadnabod fel elfen bwysig yn yr ymgyrch iaith dros y blynyddoedd, felly mae'r clod wedi bod yno. Ond os y'n ni'n sôn am gerdd bop anwleidyddol, sydd yn bodoli er mwyn mwynhâd pur - falle y math o beth mae pobl ifanc yn gwrando arno y dyddiau yma - does dim dealltwriaeth am ei rôl yn y gymdeithas, dyw hi ddim yn cario Neges Fawr, ac felly dydy hi ddim yn cael cymaint o sylw o ddifri' oherwydd hynny.
Ond mae'r un peth yn wir am gerdd bop Saesneg i ryw raddau, felly dyw hynny ddim yn broblem i bop Cymru yn unig. Y ffaith bod pobl ifanc yn gwrando ar gerddoriaeth Gymraeg sy'n bwysig, nid 'y neges' sydd yn rhan ohono.
Os oes 'na bobl ifanc sydd eisiau chwarae cerddoriaeth Gymraeg eu hunain, mynd i gigs Cymraeg, prynu CDs neu downloads neu beth bynnag achos mae'r gerddoriaeth Gymraeg yn werth gwrando arni, dyna sy'n bwysig, a dyna fydd yn cadw'r iaith yn fyw i'r bobl ifanc.
Mewn unrhyw sin bydd rhai pobl yn edrych lawr eu trwynau ar rai pethau, bydd rhai pobl yn cymharu rhai stwff gyda stwff arall; mae hynny'n hollol naturiol. Mae'r ffaith mod i'n clywed cerddoriaeth Gymraeg pob dydd ar BBC 6 Music - hynny yw, ar raglenni DJs Saesneg, ar orsaf radio Saesneg - yn arwydd bod y sin yn iach a bod pobl yn dal i greu cerddoriaeth ddiddorol a chyfoes, ac felly 'pwysig'. Ac mae'n croesi lot mwy o ffiniau heb ei gyfieithu na gall llenyddiaeth neu farddoniaeth Cymraeg…
Ar Ddiwrnod Santes Dwynwen, 25 Ionawr, bydd BBC Radio Cymru yn gwahodd gwrandawyr i Neuadd Hoddinott y BBC yng Nghaerdydd - cartref Cerddorfa Genedlaethol Gymreig y BBC.
Bydd Diwrnod Diolch o Galon yn rhan o flwyddyn o ddathliadau Radio Cymru yn 40 oed - ac yn gyfle i ddiolch i'r gwrandawyr ac i'r rheiny sydd wedi cyfrannu at lwyddiant yr orsaf ers 1977.
Mae mynediad i'r cyngerdd am ddim a bydd hefyd yn cael ei ddarlledu'n fyw ar Radio Cymru rhwng 10am a 5pm.


A breathtaking vista in the North York Moors has been voted Yorkshire's best view in a public vote.

Sutton Bank, which looks out over the Vale of Mowbray, topped the poll carried out by the Dalesman magazine.
More than 1,100 votes were cast by readers and the results endorsed by regional celebrities, Michael Parkinson, Alan Titchmarsh and Dame Judi Dench.
West and East Yorkshire also feature in the top 50 scenic landmarks list.
Magazine editor Adrian Braddy said: "When I first launched the hunt for Yorkshire's best view, the most common remark I heard was 'how could I possibly choose just one?'
"It is a fair point, but fortunately hundreds of people were able to pin down their favourite.
"The views chosen as the fifty best demonstrate the extraordinary diversity of landscapes - both natural and man-made - that make up England's biggest county."
Some of North Yorkshire's most famous sights made the top ten, including the Ribblehead Viaduct, Whitby Abbey and Buttertub's Pass.
In West Yorkshire, the view from Ilkley Moor, Howarth High Street, the view towards Castle Hill and the Cow and Calf Rocks all featured.
Of the latter, Mr Parkinson said: "I can think of no more beautiful sight in the world, never mind Yorkshire."
Flamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs, both in East Yorkshire, ranked 21 and 47 respectively.
10. Bolton Abbey, North Yorkshire
9. Swaledale from Crackpot Hall, Yorkshire Dales,
8. Burnsall, Yorkshire Dales
7. Whitby Abbey, North Yorkshire
6. Buttertubs Pass, Yorkshire Dales
5. Muker Hay Meadows, Yorkshire Dales
4. Robin Hood's Bay from Ravenscar, North Yorkshire
3. Whitby Harbour from the 199 steps, North Yorkshire
2. Ribblehead Viaduct, North Yorkshire
1. Sutton Bank/Whitestonecliffe, North York Moors
Source: The Dalesman


A driver has admitted using his car as a weapon in a violent assault.

Steven Ballantyne suffered life-changing injuries when he was struck by a car driven by Akib Aslam in Tweed Street, Grangemouth, in October 2014 as he walked home with a friend.
The High Court in Edinburgh heard Aslam accelerated before swerving violently to throw his victim off the bonnet.
The 22-year-old, from Stenhousemuir, was remanded in custody ahead of sentencing next month.
He was originally charged with attempted murder following the attack.
The Crown accepted a guilty plea to a reduced charge of assault to severe injury.
He also admitted behaving in a threatening or abusive manner by following Mr Ballantyne and Dylan Money, revving his engine loudly, carrying out handbrake turns and driving close to them.
Mr Ballantyne suffered serious leg injuries in the attack and underwent surgery. He was housebound and unable to walk for three to four months after the attack.


JP Morgan may cut up to 4,000 UK jobs if there is a vote to leave the European Union, its chief executive has warned.

Jamie Dimon said that Brexit would "be a terrible deal" for the UK economy.
He was speaking alongside Chancellor George Osborne at JP Morgan's base in Bournemouth, where the US bank has 4,000 staff.
Leave campaign spokesman, Steve Baker MP, said it was time for the 'In' campaign to engage in an honest debate.
Mr Dimon said: "After a Brexit we cannot do it all here and we will have to start planning for that. I don't know if it means 1,000 jobs, 2,000 jobs - it could be many as 4,000, and they will be jobs all around the UK."
"If the EU says anybody who does business as a bank with an EU company has to be based in the EU, you're talking about three or four thousand JPM [JP Morgan] jobs."
JP Morgan employs 16,000 people in the UK in Basingstoke, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Swindon as well as London, which is the bank's European headquarters.
How trade and the UK's economy are affected by membership of the EU.
The bank is the biggest private sector employer in Dorset, where it has technology and operational processing. Its links with the UK date back to the mid-19th century.
In an interview with the BBC, Mr Dimon said that if the UK voted to leave the EU the "real work and worry" would start on 24 June.
"We will set up real task teams, war rooms etc, to start doing the real heavy work... we are going to start planning for the worst. I have to - if you were my board you would say: 'Are you prepared if the outcome is a really bad one?'."
Mr Osborne said that the Leave campaign must stop telling voters that jobs will be secure if Britain leaves the EU.
"Let's end this deception that somehow if you quit the EU jobs won't be at risk," the chancellor said. "Our analysis shows in the services sector alone 400,000 jobs could be at risk."
Steve Baker MP, a Leave campaigner, said: "The British people will not be bullied into voting to hand more money and more power to Brussels by someone whose bonus would make even some eurocrat's eyes water and whose bank helped crash the economy.
"It's time for the 'In' campaign to engage in an honest debate, not make unsubstantiated and illogical threats which are the real danger to our economy."
As a member of the EU, the UK serves as a base for foreign owned banks to sell services to any other country in the EU. On Brexit, that so-called "passport" for the selling of financial services may have to be renegotiated.
Other EU financial centres would certainly welcome the chance to prise lucrative business away from London.
Some, including one of his own former lieutenants (pro-remain Barclays chief executive Jes Staley) say  London's crown as Europe's most important financial centre, would not slip even if there was a short-term impact on the UK economy.


Welsh Secretary Stephen Crabb has rejected a Plaid Cymru request to reveal which political parties restricted further devolution.

Plaid MP Jonathan Edwards claimed the draft Wales Bill showed "a lack of vision and ambition for Wales".
He accused Mr Crabb of "a back room Westminster stitch-up" for refusing to publish minutes of the process leading to the St David's Day agreement.
Mr Crabb said the parties had agreed to keep the discussions confidential.
Mr Edwards said: "Plaid Cymru entered those discussions in good faith, but over half of the Silk Commission recommendations discussed during the St David's Day Process were vetoed by the UK Government and the Labour Party.
"There are gaping holes in the draft Wales Bill, ranging from the devolution of Network Rail functions and funding; devolution of policing; the appointment of a Welsh Crown Estates Commissioner; devolution of S4C; review of devolution of criminal justice.
"The refusal of the Secretary of State to publish minutes of the meeting smacks of another back room Westminster stitch-up between the Tories and the Labour Party."
The Carmarthen East and Dinefwr MP urged them to "put their tribal politics to one side and act in the Welsh national interest in improving this crucial Bill".
Mr Crabb replied in a written parliamentary answer: "I held a large number of meetings as part of the St David's Day process.
"These included meetings with the parliamentary representatives of the four main political parties in Wales to identify which Silk Commission recommendations had political consensus to be taken forward.
"It was agreed that discussions at these meetings would remain confidential, and the Government has no plans to publish minutes."
A Wales Office source added later: "Plaid Cymru played a full part in the St David's Day Agreement and signed up to the political consensus that underpinned it.
"They cannot now pretend to have no idea how that consensus was reached."


A group of international steel producing countries has called for urgent action to curb overproduction.

The call comes days after international talks to find measures to tackle the industry crisis failed.
The joint statement comes from the US, Canada, the EU, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Switzerland and Turkey.
Record production in China has in the past months led to criticism that it was distorting international markets by selling steel at a loss.
The statement calls for "ongoing international dialogue" to remove "market-distorting policies" and promote greater transparency in the global industry.
On Monday, representatives from more than 30 countries met in Belgium but concluded only that overcapacity had to be dealt with in a swift and structural way.
The US explicitly pointed the finger at China, saying the country would face possible trade action if it didn't cut overcapacity.
But China rejected suggestions that it subsidised its loss-making steel companies, and the meeting ended without any formal agreement.
Chinese steel production has expanded hugely. Over the past 25 years, output has grown to more than 12 times the size. By comparison, the EU's output fell by 12% while the US's remained largely flat.
The drive behind that stellar increase has been China's double-digit growth over the past decades - but the current slowdown has severely hit domestic demand.
Chinese steel is therefore sold on the international market at extremely low prices, critics say it's sold at a loss. As a consequence, other country's steel plants find it increasingly hard to compete.
China dismisses claims that its steel is sold at a loss and says it has done what it can to curb overproduction.
Beijing's official news agency said that blaming the country for the global steel industry's problems was a "lame and lazy excuse for protectionism".
In a commentary piece, Xinhua warned of protective import tariffs, saying that "blaming other countries is always an easy, sure-fire way for politicians to whip up a storm over domestic economic woes, but finger-pointing and protectionism are counter-productive."
Very little. While other countries complain that cheaper Chinese steel is forcing their producers out of business, China is itself faced with severe problems in the industry.
The boom of past years means any substantial output cuts will lead to huge job losses, potentially leading to social instability.
It's unlikely that China will cut output by a lot and unless domestic demand picks up, cheap exports will continue to affect global markets.
China is the world's biggest steel producer, accounting for around 822 million tonnes a year.
On Tuesday, the country said its production hit a record high last month as rising profits had encouraged more output.
With China's domestic market slowing, their producers have been looking for export markets, such as the EU.
This has led to accusations of unfair competition, that Chinese producers are "dumping" steel products on overseas markets - that is not just selling them cheaply, taking advantage of their lower production costs, but actually selling them at a loss.
India's Tata steel recently announced plans to sell its loss-making UK business, citing "rapidly deteriorated" trading conditions due to global oversupply.
In 2015, the EU imposed anti-dumping duties for six months on some steel imports from China and Taiwan.
The EU and China have already clashed over the alleged dumping of products such as wine, solar panel and steel pipes.


Sunderland will only consider offers of about £30m for goalkeeper Jordan Pickford, says boss David Moyes.

Pickford, 23, has impressed this season, despite the Black Cats' relegation from the Premier League, and won a first England call-up in October.
Everton are rumoured to be interested in Pickford and are prepared to offer £15m for the England Under-21 international.
"It would need to be a really, really big offer," said Moyes.
"I have said all through the season that sometimes on your journey, you may have to sell to improve.
"But I have heard some really derisory sort of figures getting mentioned, and it wouldn't be any of those figures, I can tell you that."
When asked if Pickford's asking price would be in the region of £30m, Moyes replied: "Yes."
A £30m transfer would make Pickford the second most expensive goalkeeper of all time, after Gianluigi Buffon's £33m move from Parma to Juventus in 2001.


Belgian soldiers have shot a man suspected of being a would-be suicide bomber at Brussels Central Station, officials say.

He was shot after reportedly setting off a small explosion and no-one else is believed to have been injured.
Prosecutors later said the man had died. They are treating the incident as a terrorist attack.
In March 2016, 32 people were killed in attacks on Brussels claimed by the Islamic State (IS) group.
According to Belgian newspaper La Libre Belgique, quoting prosecutors, the man who was shot was wearing a rucksack and a bomb belt.
He detonated a device when he attracted the attention of soldiers in the station, the paper says.
Nicolas Van Herrewegen, a railway sorting agent, said he had gone down to the station's mezzanine level when he heard someone shouting.
"Then he cried 'Allahu Akbar' and he blew up a wheeled suitcase," he told AFP news agency.
"I was behind a wall when it exploded. I went down and alerted my colleagues to evacuate everyone. He [the suspect] was still around but after that we didn't see him."
"It wasn't exactly a big explosion but the impact was pretty big," he added. "People were running away."
Mr Van Herrewegen described the suspect as well-built and tanned with short hair, wearing a white shirt and jeans.
"I saw that he had something on him because I could see wires emerging, so it may have been a suicide vest," he said.
Lawyer Remy Bonnaffe, 23, was waiting for a train and took a photograph of flames seconds after the explosion.
He told Reuters news agency that people close to the explosion appeared unhurt and he saw no obvious damage to nearby walls.
"I'm happy that no-one was injured and that this was basically a failed attempt," he said.
Arash Aazami arrived at the station just after the explosion. He told the BBC: "As we entered into the station, we were evacuated loudly by some security personnel.
"Looked around, saw people running in the streets, trying to seek refuge and decided to do the same ourselves."
As the station and Grand Place were evacuated, businesses and restaurants were ordered to close and draw down their shutters, RTL radio reports.
Metro lines running through the station were also briefly suspended on orders of the police, according to the radio.
On 22 March of last year, three suicide bombers mounted twin attacks on the city's Zaventem airport and Maelbeek underground station.
The same Brussels-based IS cell was also behind the gun and bomb attacks in Paris in November 2015, that killed 130 people.
The French capital was jolted again on Monday when a man with an Islamist background died after ramming his car into a police van on the Avenue des Champs-Ã‰lysÃ©e.
London has also been on edge since a van was driven into Muslim worshippers outside a mosque on Sunday night, with one man dying and nine people injured. It followed IS-claimed attacks on London's Borough Market in June and a pop concert in Manchester in May that together left some 30 people dead and more than 100 injured.


California lawmakers have passed legislation that would allow terminally ill patients to end their lives with a doctor's supervision.

The California Assembly narrowly passed the bill on Wednesday, and the state senate is expected to follow suit.
The bill is partly inspired by the case of a terminally ill California woman who moved to Oregon to end her life.
At least two dozen states introduced aid-in-dying legislation this year, but none has become law.
California Governor Jerry Brown has not said whether he will sign the bill.
On Wednesday lawmakers talked about their faith as both reasons to support and oppose the bill.
"We have the ability to allow others to have a choice," said Assemblywoman Catharine Baker. "I believe it is cruel, nothing short of cruel, to deny them that choice in their final hours and days."
Assemblyman Mike Gibson questioned the bill's time frame that requires a doctor to have given a six months or less to live diagnosis.
"I have seen so many miraculous turnarounds in people's lives when the doctors have given up. The doctors have said, 'Do funeral arrangements,' and the prognosis has changed within a matter of hours," he said.
Brittany Maynard, who was a California resident who was dying of brain cancer, made her plight public and eventually moved to Oregon to legally end her life.
Currently, doctors are allowed to prescribe life-ending drugs in the US states of Oregon, Washington. Vermont and Montana.


Young protesters have begun a three-day march calling for more jobs, training and education.

The rally started in Merthyr Tydfil on Thursday and will move to Pontypridd, finishing in Cardiff on Saturday.
Organisers chose Merthyr because Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith suggested that  unemployed people there "get on a bus" to find work.
The Welsh Government said it is introducing a jobs fund among measures to address youth unemployment.
The Department for Work and Pensions said it is committed to "creating the biggest and best apprenticeship programme our country has ever seen", with funding in place for 360,000 apprenticeships in 2011.
Conservative MP Mr Duncan Smith sparked anger when he told people in Merthyr they had become static and should seek work in Cardiff.
'Too lazy to work'
The former Tory leader claimed people were unaware they could take a one-hour bus journey to Cardiff for work.
The march has been organised by members of the pressure group Youth Fight for Jobs and will have some backing from trade unions and some Socialist party members.
Around 16 people form the core of the 24-mile march with rallies at the start of each leg.
It has been organised by Jaime Davies, 21, a part-time sales assistant from Caerphilly, who said the work situation for people from Merthyr and the surrounding area is "grim".
He said it is up to the Welsh Government, as well as Westminster, to change policy.
He said he believed Mr Duncan Smith's comments "were disgusting because he implied that the unemployed in the valleys are too lazy to work".
"People want to work and provide for their families in the future. I think it's time the Welsh Government took a stand against the Condem Government and realised their roots as socialists."
The Welsh Government said it plans a raft of measures to address youth unemployment.
Jobs fund
A spokesperson said: "In contrast to the UK Government which has closed the future jobs fund, we are committed to improving the opportunities for young people who are not in education, employment or training in Wales.
"In April 2012, the Welsh Government will introduce a Welsh jobs fund. It will create 4,000 jobs for unemployed young people aged 16-24 across Wales for a 6 month period. We are also creating more apprenticeship opportunities for young people in Wales."
A Department for Work and Pensions spokesperson said: "We know that people in Wales want to the chance to work and the Government is committed to helping them make the most of the opportunities out there and fulfil their ambitions.
"The Work Programme is the biggest back to work programme implemented since the Second World War, providing youngsters with the personalised and tailored support they need and that employers want."
The south Wales event is preparation for an even longer march in October organised by Youth Fight For Jobs from Jarrow in South Tyneside to London.
It will mark the 75th anniversary of the famous Jarrow March in 1936, where 200 jobless men marched on the government with a 12,000-name petition calling for help.


Manchester City captain Vincent Kompany will be out for the next four to six weeks with a knee injury, manager Pep Guardiola has confirmed.

The Belgian, who was taken off during Saturday's 2-1 win at Crystal Palace with concussion, has ligament damage.
Kompany, 30, has been assessed by Dr Ramon Cugat in Barcelona, as well as Manchester City's medical staff.
"Dr Cugat confirmed what the doctors here said. He will be four to six weeks out," said Guardiola.
Kompany, who has started two league matches this season, has already had calf, groin and thigh injuries in 2016.
His latest setback is his 35th separate injury since joining City from German club Hamburg in 2008.


Standing in the pouring rain while waiting for his wages, John Catt began his life of protest.

He was a 14-year-old farm labourer at the start of World War II when his boss delayed paying him and eight others.
Taking matters into his own young hands he led a protest on the Sussex farm and successfully demanded the money.
More than 70 years later, he faces a more fearsome challenge in the High Court as he tries to force police to destroy secret records held on him.
The 86-year-old used the Data Protection Act to discover the National Public Order Intelligence Unit (NPOIU) had kept records of his peaceful attendance at 55 demonstrations between 2005 and 2009.
He claims they recorded masses of "trivial" data about him, including that he carried a sketch pad and whether he had shaved or not.
He has now been granted permission to take his case to the High Court.
NPOIU said it would be inappropriate to comment in light of the ongoing legal process.
The demonstrations, mainly outside an arms factory in Brighton with his daughter Linda, were the latest in a long line of protests which began with defiance on a Sussex farm.
Recalling the incident, Mr Catt said: "The owner was a terrible man, a tyrant who used to rant and rave.
"It was raining hard and we were soaked. I demanded he paid the men, who were a lot older than myself.
"There was so much electricity running through me at the time the owner eventually paid the eight of us."
His taste for standing up to authority continued when he was enlisted into the RAF during the war.
After landing what he described as a "plum job" working in the briefing room of RAF Tangmere, near Chichester, he protested to his superiors over the "dirty and filthy" conditions of the sick bay.
His outburst saw him confined to barracks for a month as punishment for insubordination.
"That's what first got me into the bad books of the authorities," he said.
Mr Catt's life after the war reads like a potted history of modern political protest.
He took part in demonstrations over nuclear weapons, the Vietnam war, perceived racism by the Metropolitan Police in the 1980s and poll tax.
More recently he protested over the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the increase in tuition fees.
As an accomplished artist he was recorded several times by police for sketching the protests, a hobby he has pursued since he was a young child.
"Protesting makes me feel twice as young," he said.
"There's very few of my age group - the protesters are young people and it's their future not ours.
"I never feel that I'm too old for it - on the contrary I try to embody the rights of humanity and combine it with my art.
"You put uniforms on people and they carry out orders without question."
Linda Catt, who is also a peace activist, said her father was a "great source of inspiration" and his High Court challenge was the first of its kind.
"He gets his energy from his conviction about life," she said.
"He's been a rebel all his life and he will be to his last days.
"We're currently waiting for a date for the hearing and we've been warned the case could take two years at least."


Pakistani police have arrested at least 43 suspects in connection with Tuesday's killing of a Christian couple accused of desecrating the Koran.

Reports say the couple were beaten to death by hundreds of locals who then burned their bodies in the brick kiln where they worked in Punjab province.
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif called the murders "an unacceptable crime".
Allegations of blasphemy are often used in Pakistan to settle personal scores or to target members of minorities.
Police say the suspects are due to appear in court on Wednesday in Lahore. The victims have been identified as Shehzad Masih and his wife Shama.
About 200 people in Lahore, mainly from the Christian community and human rights organisations, protested against the killings, which took place in the town of Kot Radha Kishan about 60km (40 miles) to the south-west.
They held signs saying "Christian carnage in the name of blasphemy should be stopped" and "the government has failed to give protection to minorities", BBC Urdu's Shumaila Jaffrey reports from Lahore.
Union leader Farooq Tariq told the BBC that the dispute was actually over money.
"The owner of the brick kiln gave it a religious colour, and they locked up the Christian woman Shama for two days, then attacked her with shovels, then tortured her husband and threw them in the brick kiln.
"It's the worst misuse of religion," he said.
In a statement, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif said "a responsible state cannot tolerate mob rule and public lynching with impunity".
"The Pakistani state has to act proactively to protect its minorities from violence and injustice."
Pakistan's blasphemy laws carry a potential death sentence for anyone who insults Islam.
Since the 1990s, scores of Christians have been found guilty of desecrating the Koran or of blasphemy.
While most of them have been sentenced to death by the lower courts, many sentences have been overturned due to lack of evidence.
However, correspondents say even the mere accusation of blasphemy, or defending someone accused of blasphemy, is enough to make someone a target for hardliners.
In May gunmen in the city of Multan shot dead a lawyer, Rashid Rehman, who had been defending a university lecturer accused of blasphemy.
Last month a Pakistani court upheld the death penalty for Asia Bibi, a Christian woman convicted of blasphemy in 2010 - a case which sparked a global outcry.


An investigation has started into the death of a prisoner who had previously been the victim of police brutality.

Sarah Reed, 32, was found dead in her cell at Holloway Prison, north London, on 11 January. She had been on remand for a wounding with intent charge.
Met Police officer James Kiddie was found guilty of common assault in 2014 following an attack on Ms Reed during a 2012 shop-lifting allegation.
The Ministry of Justice said Ms Reed was "found unresponsive in her cell".
It said: "Prison staff attempted CPR, but she was pronounced dead shortly after.
"As with all deaths in custody, the independent Prisons and Probation Ombudsman will conduct an investigation."
PC James Kiddie, 45, was caught on CCTV grabbing Ms Reed by the hair and then punching her as she lay on the floor of Uniqlo, Regent Street in 2012.
He was later dismissed from the force.
He was sentenced to a 150-hour community order for common assault.
Ms Reed's death has prompted a surge of online grief and anger on Twitter urging the authorities to investigate her death further.
Correction 5 February 2016: This article has been amended to clarify the offence for which Ms Reed was on remand.


An "Oxford Eye" Ferris Wheel has been proposed as part of a £44.5m tourism plan for the city.

The plan, to be published on Monday, describes the attraction as giving people "a different view of the city and its surroundings".
Alternative ideas include a viewing tower and a tethered hot air balloon.
Other suggestions are for an Oxford Cultural Mile and a new attraction called The Oxfordshire Experience that would use 3D film footage.
Lorraine Lindsay-Gale, Oxfordshire County Council's cabinet member for culture, said the goal was to "reach out to all parts of the world" to promote Oxfordshire.


A potash mine in East Cleveland has been issued with an improvement notice after a fire broke out hundreds of metres below the sea bed.

The blaze started at the ICL UK Boulby mine at 00:30 BST on 13 April, 1,100m (3,600 ft) under the sea bed and five miles (8km) from land.
Seven workers were taken to hospital and treated for smoke inhalation.
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) said a notice had been served in relation to the underground fire.
More than 100 staff were underground at the time, 11 of whom were temporarily unaccounted for.
Polystyrene blocks are believed to have caught fire in the mine.
A spokesman for ICL UK, said: "We have been working closely with HM Mines Inspectorate in the investigation into the recent incident.
"Safety is always our first priority and we are fully committed to working with the inspectorate in order to identify ways in which procedures can be improved.
"We will, of course comply with all the measures set out in the improvement notice."
The company has until 27 June to comply with the notice.
The HSE said the investigation was ongoing.
One of Europe's deepest mines, the site employs about 1,100 people.
Last year, the company announced it was shedding hundreds of jobs as part of a "new business strategy" to produce fertiliser polysulphate.


Durham lifted the County Championship trophy after an eight-wicket win over Nottinghamshire at Chester-le-Street.

Opener Mark Stoneman struck the winning boundary to secure Durham's third title in six years following back-to-back triumphs in 2008 and 2009.
An unbelievably proud day!
Durham & England seam bowler Graham Onions on Twitter
The home side resumed on 7-0, with 62 needed, after rain prevented any play until 13:30 BST.
Harry Gurney picked up two wickets, but Stoneman saw them home in the 17th over to finish on 35 not out.
The win was Durham's fifth in a row and 10th of the season - four more than when they lifted the Championship trophy for the first time in 2008 and two more than when they retained the title 12 months later - and ensured they could not be caught by rivals Yorkshire.
Few predicted this Durham side would be among the contenders for the title at the start of the campaign following the retirement of Michael Di Venuto and Ian Blackwell and departure of Liam Plunkett, as well as the club's decision not to employ an overseas player.
They began the campaign with a 2.5-point penalty for breaking salary cap regulations and lost experienced Dale Benkenstein in mid-season because of a shoulder problem.
This was a magnificent win by Durham, as so many of them have been this season.
The campaign began with the club going cap in hand to the county council for financial help. I don't have enough fingers to count how many national newspaper and website writers wrote them off.
In early August they were easily beaten at Lord's by Middlesex and captain Paul Collingwood had to issue a 'don't panic' warning.
The team pressed on and with the dressing room galvanised, Durham  have been simply breathtaking over the last five weeks.
They have now won a club record five games in a row and could become the first side to win 11 in a season since the two-division split in 2000.
You can single out many players for praise, but ultimately it has been a team effort and every one of them deserves to celebrate this one to the full.
Their backroom staff had to be reorganised when head coach Geoff Cook suffered a heart attack, but a team largely harnessed from academy talent has made a huge impression under captain Paul Collingwood, who led England to the World T20 title in 2010.
"It's been a tough year off the pitch with all the adversity that we've been through, with Geoff's illness and a lot of different issues," said Collingwood.
"The guys have really stood up at the right times and to see so many local youngsters scoring big runs, taking five-fors and winning games for Durham has been very satisfying from a captain's point of view - to watch them blossom and grow into men.
"It's great for the future, in many ways we have had our hands tied with the financial constraints and not being able to bring in overseas players, but it has been a blessing in disguise. These guys have had to improve their cricket and improve it very quickly."
Durham were in charge against Notts after bowling them out for just 78 on the opening day, although they were in trouble at 45-5 in their own first innings before recovering to post a total of 256.
Collingwood (88 not out) and Phil Mustard (77), Durham's two most experienced players, rescued the situation with a partnership of 121.
Notts showed greater resolve in their second innings, but a score of 246 left a target of only 69 for the home side, reduced by seven as the hosts faced one over on Wednesday evening.
No play was possible on a soggy, gloomy morning, but the skies cleared and play finally began over two hours late.
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Once the covers were removed, Durham were disciplined at the crease as Stoneman and Keaton Jennings were content to pick up only occasional boundaries against accurate bowling.
Gurney delayed the celebrations when he accounted for Jennings and Scott Borthwick inside two overs - the former lbw for 21 and Borthwick caught for a fourth-ball duck.
Will Smith came in at number four against his former employers, but he was largely a spectator as Stoneman thumped the ball to the boundary for the runs that brought the game to an end.
Notts now have an extra day to prepare for Saturday's YB40 final against Glamorgan at Lord's.
However, defeat at Chester-le-Street leaves them still not safe from relegation.
If they lose next week's home game against Somerset and Derbyshire defeat 2012 champions Warwickshire, they could find themselves playing in Division Two next summer.
Match scorecard


A puppy training to detect explosives has been named after a bomb disposal expert who died in Afghanistan.

Sgt Olaf Schmid, 30, from Truro in Cornwall, died disarming a bomb - the 65th device on his tour of duty - in 2009.
He was posthumously awarded the George Cross.
Now a police operations team have named a new German short-haired pointer after the sergeant in recognition of the work he carried out while on duty.
The new puppy's registration name is Calverkeys Olaf Schmid and he will be known as Oz.
Insp David Eddy, who is in charge of the dogs on Tri Force Operations for Wiltshire, Gloucestershire and Avon & Somerset Police, said naming the puppy after Sgt Schmid was appropriate.
"Olaf Schmid was suggested as soon as we identified the puppy as a potential explosives search dog.
"In the circumstances, naming a bomb detection dog after a decorated bomb disposal officer seemed to be the most appropriate choice and we were able to contact Olaf's mother and she agreed to us naming Oz in honour of her son."


The Jersey FA say they are talking to "a couple of candidates" about replacing Brian Little as manager.

Ex-Aston Villa boss Little stepped down from the role in June after helping Jersey to Muratti Vase final victory.
The team was led by ex-St Paul's manager Martin Cassidy in their recent friendly draw with Clyde, and is one of those in talks about the vacant role.
"It (the announcement) will be soon but we're not rushing into it," JFA vice-president Kerry Petulla told BBC Sport.
"As a board we're been considering what the role should be, and making sure we've got that right - that's why there's been a bit of a delay.
"We're working behind the scenes and speaking to a couple of candidates at the moment - it's fair to everybody that we do it in a reasonable time."
Meanwhile, the JFA say there is a "full intention" to take both a men's and women's football team to the 2017 Island Games in Gotland.
There had been doubts about whether the men's side would compete due to uncertainty over costs, but players will meet to finalise plans.
"The women's team always came out with a very positive statement to try to defend their gold medal, and that's respected," added Petulla.
"Our position is yes, we want to send a men's team - there's no question mark.
"We're still waiting for the details on the final cost. It could be anything up to £1,500 per player - that's a very rough figure, not a set figure."


American Christie Kerr moved into the lead on day two of the Ladies' Scottish Open at Dundonald Links.

Kerr carded a one-over 73, but a birdie on the 17th hole took her to the top of the leaderboard on five under.
Overnight leader Karrie Webb fell to second after a round of 75, while South Korea's Sei Young Kim and Sun Young Yoo share third on three under.
Carly Booth is the highest-placed Scot on one over, while defending champion Isabelle Boineau missed the cut.
The Frenchwoman, seven over after a second-round 75, missed out on the weekend by two strokes. New Zealand's Lydia Ko finished nine over.
Booth said: "I played really solid golf today and I played really solid golf yesterday too.
"I just played positive, picked my line and played confident putts."
Georgia Hall is in a share of seventh on level par, while English compatriots Charley Hull, Inci Mehmet and Florentyna Parker and Scot Catriona Matthew are four over along with world number one So Yeon Ryu.
Two-time winner Matthew described the windy conditions as "worse than we've ever had", with only six players under par at the midway stage.
"It was a little harder out there," she told BBC Scotland.
"I played well again and got no birdies, which makes it tough. Certainly the windiest we've ever had it."
Wales' Amy Boulden is two over and Scot Sally Watson joined Northern Ireland's Stephanie Meadow and England's Annabel Dimmock and Bronte Law just inside the cut on five over.
Kerr, 39, has 26 professional wins, including the US Women's Open (2007) and the Women's PGA Championship (2010).
"I'm trying not to get ahead of myself in this weather," she said. "Just try to hit it pretty well and make some putts.
"I didn't hit it that great but I still managed. My caddie and I managed the golf course well and we made the recovery shots when we needed to."


A number of firearms and ammunition have been seized and two people arrested after police raids in the High Peak area of Derbyshire.

An industrial unit in Doveholes and a house in Harpur Hill, Buxton, were both raided earlier by officers.
About 30 officers were involved in the operation set up to tackle suspected gun crime and the illegal importation of firearms from abroad.
A man and a woman, both 21, were arrested under the Firearms Act.
Det Insp Shaun McElheron from Buxton CID said: "Derbyshire police will investigate all reports of illegally held firearms.
"On this occasion a number of firearms have been recovered by police and there is no further risk to the public.
"This incident was not connected to terrorism."


Authorities have released a sketch of a suspect in the shooting death of an Arizona priest in an attack on a Roman Catholic church on Wednesday.

The suspect is said to be a white male aged 40-49.
The description came from a second priest who was injured in the attack.
The Reverend Joseph Terra, 56, is in a critical condition in hospital. He administered Last Rites to the Reverend Kenneth Walker, 28, following the break-in at the church.
A $1,000 (Â£589) reward has been offered for information leading to an arrest in the incident.
Police went door to door in the neighbourhood looking for potential witnesses on Friday.
Investigators are unsure if more than one suspect was involved or if robbery was a motive in the attack at Mother of Mercy Mission in Phoenix.
A car belonging to Father Walker was found abandoned several blocks from the church after the crime.
Authorities said they were able to recover forensic evidence from the automobile that may lead them to a suspect.
Father Terra initially called authorities to report a burglary at the mission at about 21:00 local time on Wednesday.
Police later said Father Terra was so badly beaten it was feared he would not survive.
"Unfortunately because of the severity of his injuries, he was only able to provide limited information about one particular suspect," Phoenix police Sergeant Steve Martos told US media.
Parishioner Bill Haley told the Associated Press news agency he had visited Reverend Terra in hospital and the priest was able to talk.
"He said nothing evil about the person who did this, expressed no ill will."


Newport Gwent Dragons held on against Edinburgh to move up to ninth in the table.

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Carl Meyer, Sam Hobbs and Angus O'Brien crossed in a ten-minute first-half purple patch, with O'Brien's boot making it 24-12 at the break.
Edinburgh's Nasi Manu and Chris Dean got first-half tries and Viliame Mata's late score made it close.
O'Brien's 78th-minute penalty sealed the win to ensure the visitors are only above Zebre and Treviso in the table.
Edinburgh's snappy early handling paid off in the 10th minute as number eight Manu took advantage of a huge overlap following a break by wing Mike Allen, Jason Tovey converting against his former team.
But O'Brien quickly pulled back a penalty, and converted after Carl Meyer tore through from 30 metres following a comedy steal by hooker Thomas Rhys Thomas from the back of an Edinburgh maul.
Prop Hobbs crashed over from close range with O'Brien again converting, but moments later Dean finished off another fluid move from the visitors' back-line.
Then O'Brien made it four tries in 10 minutes, setting up the score, finishing it off from Sam Beard's kick through and adding the extras after 27 minutes.
It took a further 37 minutes for the next score to arrive, with both head coaches making a string of replacements to try to break the deadlock.
Phil Burleigh came close after a Blair Kinghorn break, but giant replacement Mata, an Olympic Gold medallist with Fiji sevens, rumbled over with Duncan Weir's conversion setting up a tense finale.
Tyler Morgan's break almost allowed the Dragons to hit back only for Damian Hoyland to pull off a vital interception, before the roles were reversed at the other end as Morgan intercepted from Hoyland.
O'Brien sent over the late penalty to earn the Dragons' fourth successive home win in all competitions, leaving an enterprising Edinburgh side to travel home pointless despite sharing the six tries.
Dragons flanker Ollie Griffiths was named man of the match.
Newport Gwent Dragons: Carl Meyer; Pat Howard, Sam Beard, Jack Dixon, Ashton Hewitt; Angus O'Brien, Tavis Knoyle; Sam Hobbs, Thomas Rhys Thomas, Brok Harris, Nick Crosswell, Matthew Screech, Lewis Evans (capt), Ollie Griffiths, Ed Jackson.
Replacements: Rhys Buckley, Phil Price, Lloyd Fairbrother, James Thomas, Nic Cudd, Sarel Pretorius, Geraint Rhys Jones, Tyler Morgan.
Edinburgh: Blair Kinghorn; Damien Hoyland, Chris Dean, Phil Burleigh, Michael Allen; Jason Tovey, Sean Kennedy; Jack Cosgrove, Neil Cochrane (capt), Murray McCallum, Fraser McKenzie, Ben Toolis, Magnus Bradbury, Jamie Ritchie, Nasi Manu.
Replacements: Stuart McInally, Kyle Whyte, Felipe Arregui, Lewis Carmichael, Viliame Mata, Sam Hidalgo-Clyne, Duncan Weir, Glenn Bryce.
Referee: Frank Murphy (IRFU)
Assistant referees: Leo Colgan (IRFU), Rhys Thomas (WRU)
Citing commissioner: Paul Thomas (WRU)
TMO: Brian MacNeice (IRFU)


Fallen trees and branches from a woodland could be a cause for recent sightings of the Loch Ness Monster, a conservation charity has suggested.

The Woodland Trust said deadfall washed out by rivers from Urquhart Bay Wood could explain a recent report of something emerging from the loch.
The trust said the lochside wood was a "Nessie spawning ground".
Previous explanations for the monster have included circus elephants being exercised in the waters.
Several reported sightings of Nessie have been made recently. Another image of an object in the loch was thought to be the wake of a boat.
Monster enthusiasts had earlier in the year been lamenting a lack of incidents.
Gary Campbell, who keeps a register of sightings, said in February that for the first time in almost 90 years no "confirmed sightings" had been made of the monster.
He said at the time no-one had come forward in 18 months to say they had seen the monster.
Being mistaken for tree has been no barrier to fame for other "monsters".
Groot, above, is one of Marvel Comics' forest of unusual characters.
A Flora colossus from Planet X, the capital of the branch worlds, Groot is one of Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy portrayed in a series of comic book stories.
The character was among the most popular of a movie based on the stories released over the summer, and a clip of the creature dancing has been viewed almost three million times on YouTube.
Like Nessie, Groot has proved to be a goldmine in terms of merchandising with various toys created in his image.
Ents, giant woodland shepherds, appear in JRR Tolkien stories.
Film director Peter Jackson portrayed Ents as more tree-like than they appear in the books in his adaption of Tolkien's Lord of the Rings.
The Woodland Trust said Nessie spotters might be disappointed to learn debris from Urquhart Bay Wood, near Drumnadrochit and the famous Urquhart Castle, was a likely cause of at least one of the recent sightings.
A spokesman said: "Large amounts of wood flows out of the woodland through the two winding rivers that flow into Loch Ness each year, peaking when water is high in late autumn and spring.
"I think that some of that debris explains long thin - some stick-like - shapes seen."
The spokesman added: "Urquhart Bay is a really important wet woodland, made up of species such as ash, alder, rowan and willow.
"It's one of very few intact floodplain woodlands remaining in the UK and has European importance. Challenges such as flooding, movement of the rivers and accumulation of woody debris make it an interesting place to manage."
Known locally as The Cover, the wood was once part of the Glen Urquhart Estate. Originally the woodland was granted to the Earls of Seaforth by King James IV in 1509.
The wood is situated on a flat low-lying area of alluvial sand and gravel deposits between the deltas of the Rivers Coiltie and Enrick where they flow into Loch Ness.
Alder and ash are the main tree species but there are also bird cherry and hazel and small numbers of wych elm, gean, holly, rowan and elder.
The Woodland Trust manages 56 acres (23 hectares) of woodland at Urquhart Bay.
Wakes created by boats, otters and large fish called sturgeon have previously been offered as explanations for reports of the Loch Ness Monster.
In 2006, a scientist said unexplained sightings of the Loch Ness monster could have been elephants enjoying a swim.
Neil Clark, curator of palaeontology at Glasgow University's Hunterian Museum, spent two years researching Nessie.
He said past sightings of the beast could have been circus elephants, as fairs visiting Inverness would often stop on the banks of Loch Ness to give the animals a rest.
The trunk and humps in the water would bear similarities to some of the most famous Nessie photographs.
There have been reported sightings of "something" in Loch Ness dating back to the 6th Century and it has grown into one of the world's most enduring myths.


Greece has negotiated a eurozone deal for a possible third bailout - but that does not mean its future in the single currency is guaranteed.

Short-term financing has been arranged to help Greece get through July and emergency funding has enabled the banks to reopen for the first time since June.
But the bailout has been widely criticised and there are many voices still arguing that Greece should leave the eurozone, also known as a "Grexit".
For now, the threat of a Grexit is diminished. But it was a genuine possibility in the hours before the 13 July bailout deal was hammered out. Since then, Greece has successfully negotiated the first hurdles put up by its eurozone partners.
The most important obstacle was in the Greek parliament, where the Syriza-led government survived a rebellion and pushed through tough reforms on VAT, pensions and early retirement which eurozone partners said were an immediate test for the government to pass.
That triggered a deal on €7.16bn in emergency funding, to enable the government to pay its arrears with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its July bill from the European Central Bank (ECB).
Significantly, it has also prompted the ECB to lift its limit on emergency cash assistance for Greek banks, which reopen on 20 July, three weeks after they were shut.
Not for a while, and it depends on weeks of negotiations on the terms of the third bailout.
Capital controls, imposed when the ECB froze emergency liquidity assistance for the banks (ELA), are unlikely to be lifted for some time. So while the banks are open again, cash withdrawals will be limited to €420 per week.
The reality is that Greece has not been normal for several years. The financial crisis hit Greece and its banks hard. The jobless rate is above 25% and youth unemployment is as high as 50%.
What are capital controls?
If negotiations fall through, Greece could still leave the single currency.
Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras said he was unhappy with the bailout deal he negotiated with other eurozone leaders but he was faced with a clear choice: "A deal we largely disagreed with, or a chaotic default."
So there is a chance a government that does not believe in a bailout deal and that relied on opposition MPs to get it past parliament might not last to see it through.
There are plenty of politicians and economists who believe Greece should leave the euro, most notably German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble, who believes Greece needs debt relief, which is not seen as legal within the single currency.
But at a European level, politically the decision appears to have been taken to do whatever it takes to keep Greece in. And for now Mr Schaeuble's arguments have been over-ruled.
Austria's centre-left Chancellor Werner Faymann has said it would be "totally wrong" for Greece to leave, and ECB Chairman Mario Draghi has been even clearer. The ECB's mandate was, he said, "to act based on the assumption that Greece is and will be a member of the euro area".
This was an idea put forward by Mr Schaeuble, who called for a Greek "time-out from the euro area", enabling the Athens government to restructure its debts.
He and many others believe Greek debt is unsustainable and that a debt write-off - a "haircut" - would make more sense outside the euro as it is not allowed inside it.
A time-out was discussed by eurozone leaders, but the terms of re-entering the eurozone are so stringent that a time-out would in reality have become permanent. For France's President Hollande, there is "no such thing as temporary Grexit".
Schaeuble - man with a Grexit plan
Certainly, there is a clear attraction for many Greeks of abandoning the euro, when faced with many more years of eurozone austerity and a new debt burden of €86bn (£62bn).
But it all depends on whether or not Greece is allowed to restructure its debts.
The International Monetary Fund revealed it had warned eurozone leaders that Greece's debt would peak at 200% of GDP, far higher than previous estimates. Its "dramatic deterioration in debt sustainability" required debt relief "on a scale that would need to go well beyond what has been under consideration to date".
The only reference to potential debt relief in the eurozone deal is of "possible longer grace and payment periods". And Germany's Angela Merkel said there was a plan to consider restructuring later in the year, after the "first review" of the bailout.
The European Commission said "a very substantial debt re-profiling" was possible if Greece kept to agreed reforms. However a debt write-off was not on the cards.
Greece's former Finance Minister Yanis Varoufakis certainly believes it will not happen.
Would Grexit have been a better deal?
There is no precedent for a country to leave the euro and no-one knows how it might happen.
However, Yanis Varoufakis gave an illuminating idea of the initial steps he had planned for Greece to take towards Grexit in preparation for when the ECB cut off emergency funding for Greek banks.
His colleagues rejected the plan.
The problem for Greece is the damage already done to the banks. Tens of billions of euros have already been withdrawn from private and business accounts, and capital controls have left Greeks unable to withdraw large sums of cash.
The risk is that a messy default could cause even more harm to the Greek economy.
Greece would suffer instant devaluation and inflation. It could end up a pariah in the international markets for years, much like Argentina in 2002.
Tourism - one of Greece's main earners - would be hit hard, dealing a hammer blow to an ailing economy.
Some economists believe a return to the drachma could eventually benefit the economy, but it is difficult to see anything positive in the short term.
If Greece were to fall out of the euro, one potential option for the banks would be to reopen with a parallel currency before the revival of Greece's former currency, the drachma.
Another would be to place Greece in a type of eurozone quarantine, where it would use the euro but not be a fully-fledged part of it. After all, Kosovo and Montenegro have adopted the euro without being inside the eurozone. This method could also be used if Greece were to leave the eurozone on a temporary basis.
Greece could also maintain two euro currencies, with the euro used for transactions and the government paying salaries and pensions in a separate Greek-style euro or even in IOUs.
How easy is it to swap currencies?
€320bn
Greece's debt mountain
€240bn
European bailout
177% country's debt-to-GDP ratio
25% fall in GDP since 2010
26% Greek unemployment rate


Britain's only real alternative to a "hard Brexit" is "no Brexit", European Council President Donald Tusk has said.

Speaking in Brussels, he warned that the EU would not compromise on its insistence that freedom of movement will be a condition for Britain's access to the single market.
Mr Tusk will chair meetings of EU leaders negotiating Britain's exit from the 28-member bloc.
In a 52%-48% vote in June's referendum Britain decided to leave the EU.
Prime Minister Theresa May said last week that the government would trigger Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty - beginning formal negotiations between the UK and EU - by the end of March next year.
The process will take up to two years, involving complex debates about issues such as immigration and access to the European single market.
In his speech, Mr Tusk mocked a Brexit campaign promise that Britons could "have the EU cake and eat it too" - the idea that the UK might manage to keep trade benefits of EU membership while barring European immigrants and rejecting EU courts' authority.
"To all who believe in it, I propose a simple experiment. Buy a cake, eat it, and see if it is still there on the plate.
"The brutal truth is that Brexit will be a loss for all of us. There will be no cakes on the table. For anyone. There will be only salt and vinegar."
Mr Tusk also suggested that Britain might ultimately decide not to leave the EU "even if today hardly anyone believes in such a possibility".
The BBC's Damian Grammaticas in Brussels says this was Donald Tusk raising the alarm.
He appears to be deeply concerned about the direction any Brexit talks could be headed, our correspondent adds.
However, Mr Tusk again stressed that the choice would be the UK's alone to make whether Brexit "is really in their interest".
British officials have so far made no public comments on Mr Tusk's latest statements.


A species of wild flower which was found a decade ago in the Brecon Beacons has been named in honour of Sir David Attenborough.

The Attenborough Hawkweed is one of a group of closely related plants which belong to the daisy family and has probably evolved in the Brecon Beacons since the last ice age.
The hawkweeds are close relatives of dandelions and have similar looking flowers.
Sir David said he was "thrilled".
He added: "Bestowing a name on a new species is surely one of the greatest of biological compliments and I am truly grateful."
Dr Tim Rich, the plant taxonomist who named the new species, said: "Finding a new species is a really exciting moment and something that you dream of as a naturalist.
"I decided to name this special little plant found in the mountains of the Brecon Beacons after David Attenborough as he inspired me to study ecology when I was 17."


Substitute Liam Coogans scored a late winner against Albion Rovers to lift Brechin City off the bottom of Scottish League One.

Rovers had led through Alistair Coul, who collected a pass from Spas Georgiev to net with a left-foot shot.
Roberts Thomson's rising shot brought Brechin level as the match entered its final 10 minutes.
And Thomson set up Coogans to hit the winner and move Darren Dods' side above Cowdenbeath, who now prop up the table.


Barnsley have signed Southampton defender Jason McCarthy for an undisclosed fee on a three-year deal.

The 21-year-old spent last season on loan at Walsall, scoring five times in 52 appearances in all competitions.
Tykes boss Paul Heckingbottom told his club's website: "I am really, really pleased to get Jason to join us.
"We have been monitoring him for a while and as soon as we became aware that there was a chance, we jumped at it."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Thousands of pounds worth of games consoles and televisions were stolen Carlisle United's ground.

The equipment was taken overnight on Saturday from the family zone in the Pioneer (East) Food Stand.
The club, which said it was "devastated", said an individual forced entry into the ground through the Stoneyholme Golf Club entrance.
A spokeswoman said it had caused a "lot of distress" and had taken away something which "so many people enjoy".
The theft is believed to have lasted more than four hours.
Finance director Suzanne Kidd said: "We're absolutely devastated that someone would do this to such an important part of our club.
"There are no words to describe how we feel about that. We're working with the police to do everything we can to make sure this person is apprehended."
The club said the area would remain closed until further notice, including for their home game against Stevenage.


The body of a goose that was allegedly shot dead at point-blank range in Hertfordshire has been exhumed by police for a post-mortem examination.

The white goose, known as Grumpy Gertie, was well-known in Sandon and appears on the village sign.
Villagers claimed he was shot at the pond on 21 February by a gang in a 4x4.
Police had said there was no evidence of a shooting as the goose was buried before they arrived. The body is now with the Royal Veterinary College.
The post-mortem examination is expected to take place at the end of the week, a police spokesman added.
More on this and other stories from Hertfordshire
Gertie would often be seen in a disused phone box, which villagers said he had made his "home".
It is now filled with letters, flowers, a lantern and children's pictures of Gertie.
Gay Ayton said: "He was a real character - he was hand-reared here and thought he was a duck.
"You'd see him in the middle of the road stopping traffic so the ducks could get by."
The RSPCA, which is investigating with police, said it was appalled by the suspected shooting, which it described as senseless and reckless.
It is illegal under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 to intentionally kill or injure any wild bird.
Grumpy Gertie's fate featured on BBC Radio 2's Jeremy Vine Show on Friday, when a Peter Hunt from Eastbourne in Sussex texted in to offer Â£250,000 to catch the "vile killers".