Police in Myanmar have issued arrest warrants for seven Buddhist nationalists for inciting violence after a scuffle with local Muslims.

Dozens had stormed into Mingalar Taung Nyunt township in Yangon looking for what they said were "illegal" Rohingya.
The ensuing confrontation left at least one person injured.
The violence comes as hard-liners from the Buddhist majority become increasingly strident in their opposition to the Muslim minority.
There are an estimated one million Muslims in Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) who self-identify as Rohingya
Myanmar's government sees them as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh - a common attitude among many Burmese. It denies them citizenship and places extensive restrictions on their lives.
According to local media, early on Wednesday Buddhist monks led nationalists into the Muslim neighbourhood, claiming ethnic Muslim Rohingya were there "illegally".
Police broke up the scuffles, firing warning shots to disperse the crowd. Two of those for whom arrest warrants have been issued are monks.
Incitement to commit violence carries a sentence of up to two years in prison.
In recent months, hard-liners had held protests in Yangon (formerly known as Rangoon), stopped Islamic religious ceremonies and most recently forced two schools to close temporarily over accusations they were illegally doubling up as mosques.
I've met one of the wanted monks before. U Thu Sitta was part of a small group of nationalist hard-liners we found demonstrating outside a Yangon port in February. A Malaysian ship was about to arrive bringing food aid for the beleaguered Rohingya.
As the monks and their supporters stood chanting anti-Rohingya slogans I asked him how protesting about giving food to needy people fitted in with his Buddhist beliefs.
U Thu Sitta answered but he didn't like my questions much. As the interview progressed he complained several times about my posture, asking that I remove my hands from my hips, then my pockets.
Those gestures are considered offensive to monks and both times I apologised and stopped immediately.
But many of his fellow demonstrators filmed our discussion on their phones and that evening it went viral on social media.
The videos were viewed hundreds of thousands of times and the comments underneath were overwhelmingly hostile. Many called for me to be expelled from the country, my personal contact details were published and there were even a few death threats.
The posts were shared by several leading figures including prominent ministers from the old military-era government. As I discovered over the ensuing weeks, the interview became my most widely seen piece of "work" among Burmese audiences.
By calling for the arrest of U Thu Sitta and others the Burmese government of Aung San Suu Kyi is for the first time showing a willingness to take on the nationalist monks.
If my experience is anything to go by, the nationalists and the monks will have plenty of vocal support.
The predominantly Buddhist country has a long history of communal mistrust, which was allowed to simmer and was at times exploited, under decades of military rule.
In March, the United Nations human rights council said it would investigate alleged human rights abuses by Myanmar's army against the Rohingya.
Some 70,000 Rohingya have fled Myanmar into Bangladesh in the last six months, and the UN has gathered accounts of gang rapes and mass killings.


Spain's dwindling number of survivors will mark the 70th anniversary on Tuesday of the liberation of Mauthausen, the Nazi concentration camp in northern Austria where most of the 9,000 Spanish deportees ended up.

Of the 7,532 Spaniards interned at Mauthausen, only 2,335 survived.
It is only because of the dogged detective work of a Spanish historian that their memory has not been sullied by an impostor, who 10 years ago was president of Spain's main association of Nazi victims, the Amical de Mauthausen.
Enric Marco was exposed shortly before he was due to share a platform at the camp with then Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero.
Madrid-based historian Benito Bermejo, an expert on Spain's deportees, became interested in Marco after meeting him at a conference in 2002. Bermejo found his story especially intriguing as Enric Marco claimed to have been imprisoned in Flossenbuerg, a camp in Bavaria and an unusual destination for a Spanish deportee.
Bermejo read all the versions he could find of Marco's past, starting with his claim that he had been an anarchist forced to flee to France from his home city of Barcelona after the Spanish Civil War had been lost.
"I was curious, interested, but then I became very perplexed."
"[Marco's] version of events changed each time he told it, both about the camp and how he had got there," Bermejo told the BBC.
Benito Bermejo also found it mysterious that on the few occasions he tried to talk to him face to face, Marco did not want to discuss his experiences in Nazi Germany.
As head of the Amical de Mauthausen, Marco showed a penchant for high-octane speeches packed with horrific details of life in Flossenbuerg.
He moved several MPs to tears when addressing Congress on International Holocaust Remembrance Day in January 2005.
Searching the foreign ministry archive, the historian found an official request from army command in Catalonia for information on Marco's whereabouts, as he had failed to present himself for compulsory military service in 1943.
The foreign ministry replied that Marco was at that time employed by the Deutsche Werke naval shipyard in Kiel, northern Germany.
Far from fighting fascism, he had signed up as one of 20,000 Spaniards who worked for the Third Reich under a 1941 agreement between Franco and Hitler.
"So now I know that Marco was not a deportee, that he went to Germany voluntarily and that there is something strange going on," says Bermejo.
But he still had doubts over the extent of Marco's deception because some volunteer workers who got into trouble with the Nazi regime did end up in concentration camps.
Marco was briefly imprisoned in Kiel but never convicted, let alone sent to a camp.
For months Bermejo sought an explanation from him. Then, with the 60th anniversary event at Mauthausen days away, he sent a report to the prime minister's office and the Amical association. And he waited.
"What more could I do? I decided that going public with what I knew would be a kind of declaration of war and very controversial at that moment."
On his way to Austria, the day before the Mauthausen ceremony, Bermejo read in a Spanish newspaper that Marco had had to return to Barcelona as he was "indisposed".
In El Impostor, a book by Javier Cercas in which Marco collaborated, the writer suggests Marco was confronted at Mauthausen with Bermejo's findings by his Amical colleagues and that he admitted being a Third Reich volunteer worker.
Marco eventually admitted publicly that he had never been in a concentration camp.
Now 94, he remains unrepentant about his deception, arguing his aim was to keep the memory of Hitler's Spanish victims alive. "Who would have listened to me if I hadn't created that persona?" he said recently.
"It is frightening to think that if he hadn't finally owned up, things could have been very different. The fact that Marco flew to Austria shows how dangerously close we came to a disaster," says Bermejo.
Enric Garriga, today's Amical de Mauthausen president whose father was deported to Buchenwald, believes the association was damaged by the scandal.
"The figure of Marco, who was a liar, was used to say that everyone was lying."
For Jose Marfil, also 94 and one of the few genuine remaining Spanish survivors of Mauthausen, the fight to remember must continue.
"We have to do everything possible to keep the existence of those camps alive in people's memory because we [survivors] are going to disappear."


US media giant 21st Century Fox has made a takeover approach for Sky that values the UK-based satellite broadcaster at £18.5bn.

The proposed offer is worth £10.75 a share in cash, a premium of 36% to the closing price on 8 December.
Sky shares ended 26.6% higher at 999.8p in London following the announcement.
Media tycoon Rupert Murdoch controls 21st Century Fox, which already owns a 39.1% stake in Sky.
Sky said that the independent directors of both companies had "reached agreement on an offer price" of £10.75 a share, but added that "certain material offer terms remain under discussion".
Fox said Sky's directors had indicated that they were willing to recommend the proposed offer.
According to Reuters' calculations, Fox would pay £11.25bn for the stake in Sky that it did not already own.
Sterling's 16% fall against the US dollar in the wake of the Brexit vote has made UK companies more attractive targets for foreign companies.
Fox is required to "clarify its intentions" by 6 January, or walk away for at least six months under UK takeover rules.
Alex DeGroote, analyst at Peel Hunt, said it was "not quite a done deal", but he would be surprised if it did not go ahead.
"Sky has not performed well in the UK stock market this year, and is seen as a Brexit loser. Fox is of course also a dollar bidder, and the collapse in sterling makes Sky a less expensive purchase than pre-Brexit," he said.
"There will also be cost synergies, which will reflect economies of scale in technology and content, such as sports and movie rights."
Fox chief executive James Murdoch was named chairman of Sky this year, fuelling speculation that the US media company would make a bid.
Almost 30% of Sky shareholders voted against the appointment of James Murdoch as its chairman at the annual meeting in October, with some saying he was too closely linked to Fox.
Piers Hillier, chief investment officer of Royal London, which owns a 0.35% stake in Sky, said at the time: "Should Fox make a bid for Sky, investors need a strong independent chairman to protect the interests of minority shareholders and negotiate the best possible deal."
Rupert Murdoch has sought to take full control of Sky for many years.
In June 2010, his company, News Corporation - from which 21st Century Fox was subsequently split off - made a 700p-a-share offer that valued Sky at about £12bn. It was rejected by Sky's directors for undervaluing the company.
The bid was ultimately abandoned in mid-2011 in the wake of widespread opposition and the fallout from the phone hacking scandal that prompted the closure of the News of the World newspaper.
Vince Cable, the Liberal Democrat business secretary at the time of the 2010 bid, said the new offer threatened media plurality in the UK.
"The way Theresa May's government deals with this is a test of their independence from the influence of large proprietors."
Deputy Labour leader Tom Watson said it was up to regulators to ensure competition concerns were addressed.
"The bid must also be judged on its likely impact on the UK news market and the provision of robust and independent journalism," he said.
"Finally, given the likely concentration of further media power in the hands of a single company, it is right that the 'fit and proper' test should be applied by Ofcom if the deal is approved by Sky shareholders."
News Corp owns newspapers including the Sun, the Times and the Wall Street Journal, as well as other assets such as publisher Harper Collins.
In July 2014 BSkyB, as it was then known, paid almost £5bn to take over Rupert Murdoch's pay TV companies in Germany and Italy.


Nicola Sturgeon has started a two-day visit to Ireland as she looks to strengthen links between Scotland and Ireland in the wake of the Brexit vote.

The Scottish first minister is to meet President Michael D Higgins and foreign affairs minister Charlie Flanagan.
She will also become the first serving head of government to address the upper house of the Irish Parliament.
It follows a meeting with Irish premier Enda Kenny at the British Irish Council last week.
The first minister wants to expand business, cultural and political links between Scotland and Ireland under plans to strengthen relationships with EU countries.
She is also examining possible options for maintaining Scotland's links to the European single market - and has a shared interest with the Irish government in keeping the whole of the UK in the single market.
However, the Irish government's international development minister has previously been quoted as saying there would not be direct talks with the Scottish government over Brexit.
Speaking ahead of the visit, Ms Sturgeon said Scotland and Ireland had a long history of co-operation based on "shared values, close historic and cultural ties and the deep links between our people".
She added: "I'll be stressing the Scottish government's commitment to the principle of European solidarity and the benefits Scotland receives from membership of the European Single Market.
"Given the close proximity of our countries, Ireland is a strategic partner for Scotland. The opening of a Scottish Government Innovation and Investment hub earlier this year demonstrates the value we put on this relationship."
It comes as the former prime minister of Ireland, John Bruton, said he did not believe it would be possible for Scotland to remain in the European single market, if the UK as a whole leaves.
He added: "I don't see how you can have several different markets with different sets of rules and different arbitrators in different parts of what's currently the United Kingdom.
"I just don't see how that can be done. I think it's technically, administratively and politically nearly impossible".
Ms Sturgeon is to visit SSE Dublin headquarters on Monday before touring Trinity College where she is to receive an honorary patronage from the Philosophical Society and talk to students.
On Tuesday she will attend a business breakfast with 120 chief executives, before addressing the upper house of the Irish Parliament.


Christian Atsu's first-half goal saw Newcastle win at bottom-of-the-table Rotherham to keep the pressure on Championship leaders Huddersfield.

The Magpies' Yoan Gouffran had several early chances, while Joe Newell and Jon Taylor went close at the other end.
But Atsu scored the decisive goal just before half-time, firing into the top corner from the edge of the box.
Dwight Gayle and Jonjo Shelvey had chances to make it 2-0 and Dominic Ball hit the woodwork for the hosts late on.
Listen to Rotherham boss Alan Stubbs speaking to BBC Radio Sheffield
Gouffran was unlucky not to put the Magpies ahead when his volley was blocked on the line by the chest of Ball, and Taylor had a decent chance for the Millers when his shot clipped the crossbar.
Newcastle took the lead four minutes before the break as Atsu cut inside from the right to unleash an unstoppable strike.
After Gayle failed to get a strong enough connection on a Shelvey free-kick, Atsu saw his next shot pushed away by Rotherham keeper Lee Camp.
Mohamed Diame, Shelvey and Ciaran Clark all had decent chances before Ball was unfortunate not to equalise, and Will Vaulks had a header cleared off the line.
Rotherham United manager Alan Stubbs:
"We have taken the game to Newcastle and, if I am being honest, it has been a pretty uncomfortable 90 minutes for them.
"We are certainly getting better. On Tuesday, we could have taken a point and today one bit of quality has been the difference between the two teams.
"When you're down there a little bit of luck deserts you, but you have to make your own luck in this game.
"There were positives out of the display but not out of the result. For me, it was a step in the right direction."
Newcastle United manager Rafael Benitez:
"It was a great, great goal. We won against a good team. I said before that (Rotherham) don't deserve to be where they are.
"They were pushing and pushing us and with that kind of play they will win games and be higher in the table.
"To get three points is what you have to do. We can try to play nice football but sometimes it is not enough.
The game plan was to work hard and do our best in terms of physicality and tempo and then after that use your quality. That is what we did."
Match ends, Rotherham United 0, Newcastle United 1.
Second Half ends, Rotherham United 0, Newcastle United 1.
Corner,  Newcastle United. Conceded by Dael Fry.
Attempt blocked. Jonjo Shelvey (Newcastle United) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Yoan Gouffran.
Corner,  Rotherham United. Conceded by Jamaal Lascelles.
Aleksandar Mitrovic (Newcastle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Darnell Fisher (Rotherham United).
Substitution, Newcastle United. Grant Hanley replaces Mohamed Diamé.
Attempt blocked. Danny Ward (Rotherham United) header from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Greg Halford with a headed pass.
Corner,  Rotherham United. Conceded by Aleksandar Mitrovic.
Corner,  Rotherham United. Conceded by Jack Colback.
Attempt blocked. Greg Halford (Rotherham United) right footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Lee Frecklington.
Corner,  Rotherham United. Conceded by Karl Darlow.
Corner,  Rotherham United. Conceded by Jamaal Lascelles.
Mohamed Diamé (Newcastle United) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Mohamed Diamé (Newcastle United).
Will Vaulks (Rotherham United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Newcastle United. Conceded by Lee Frecklington.
Attempt blocked. Jonjo Shelvey (Newcastle United) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Substitution, Newcastle United. Aleksandar Mitrovic replaces Dwight Gayle.
Foul by Paul Dummett (Newcastle United).
Jon Taylor (Rotherham United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Ciaran Clark (Newcastle United) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Dexter Blackstock (Rotherham United).
Offside, Newcastle United. Paul Dummett tries a through ball, but Dwight Gayle is caught offside.
Foul by Mohamed Diamé (Newcastle United).
Greg Halford (Rotherham United) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Attempt missed. Ciaran Clark (Newcastle United) header from the centre of the box misses to the right. Assisted by Jonjo Shelvey with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Newcastle United. Conceded by Lee Frecklington.
Attempt blocked. Yoan Gouffran (Newcastle United) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Dwight Gayle.
Substitution, Rotherham United. Dexter Blackstock replaces Joe Newell.
Attempt saved. Dwight Gayle (Newcastle United) header from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Matt Ritchie with a cross.
Corner,  Newcastle United. Conceded by Lee Camp.
Attempt saved. Jonjo Shelvey (Newcastle United) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Yoan Gouffran.
Offside, Newcastle United. Jonjo Shelvey tries a through ball, but Dwight Gayle is caught offside.
Corner,  Newcastle United. Conceded by Will Vaulks.
Substitution, Newcastle United. Matt Ritchie replaces Christian Atsu.
Corner,  Newcastle United. Conceded by Dael Fry.
Attempt blocked. Mohamed Diamé (Newcastle United) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Vurnon Anita.
Foul by Yoan Gouffran (Newcastle United).


Rebel fighters await evacuation from eastern Aleppo under a deal that could end more than four years of fierce fighting in the Syrian city.

Reports say government buses have been brought in, but the timing and route of the rebel withdrawal remain unclear.
On Tuesday, Russia - a key ally of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad - said military action had ended.
It said government troops had re-established control over the last areas held by the rebels.
The rebels had been squeezed into ever smaller areas of the city in recent months in a major government offensive backed by Russian air power.
News of the evacuation deal came on Tuesday as the UN reported summary killings by pro-government forces.
It said it had reliable evidence that in four areas 82 civilians were killed, adding that many more may have died.
The UN and the US said the Syrian government as well as Russia and Iran - another key ally of President Assad - were accountable for any atrocities committed in the city.
Syria's government and Russia said the allegations were untrue.
Speaking at an emergency session of the UN Security Council on Tuesday, the Russian ambassador to the UN, Vitaly Churkin, said: "According to the latest information that we received in the last hour, military actions in eastern Aleppo are over."
He earlier said the deal was reached to allow the rebels leave, saying it would take place within hours.
"The civilians, they can stay, they can go to safe places, they can take advantage of the humanitarian arrangements that are on the ground. Nobody is going to harm the civilians," Mr Churkin said.
But the rebels, while confirming the deal, stressed that civilians would also be included in the exodus.
Syria's state media said the rebels would be evacuated through the Ramouseh crossing in the south, and then to rebel-held areas in Idlib province.
The seizure of the eastern part of the city by government forces and the crushing of the rebel enclave there represents a major propaganda victory for the government of President Bashar al-Assad, which now controls virtually all of the major population centres of the country.
But Aleppo - the most populous city before the civil war and the country's financial centre - is the biggest prize.
Its capture represents a victory not just for Mr Assad but also for his Iranian and Russian backers.
Aleppo itself may not matter much on Moscow's strategic chess-board. But the defeat of the rebel opposition there underscores the extraordinary turn-around in President Assad's fortunes.
Before Russia intervened President Assad was on the ropes, his military power crumbling.
External actors have propped up his government in large part to secure their own strategic aspirations. And these aspirations will play an important part in deciding what comes next.
Aleppo: Key dates in the battle
Red Cross doctor's heartbreaking letter
Before the end to hostilities was announced, the rebels had retreated into just a handful of neighbourhoods.
It is hard to know exactly how many people are in the besieged areas, although UN envoy Staffan de Mistura put the figure at about 50,000.
He said there were approximately 1,500 rebel fighters, about 30% of whom were from the jihadist group formerly known as the al-Nusra Front.
Other local sources say there could be as many as 100,000 people, many of them arriving from areas recently taken by the government.
Ibrahim Abu-Laith, a spokesman for the White Helmets volunteer rescue group, said only one medical point was still working in the besieged areas. There was no first aid equipment left, he added.
He said volunteers were using their hands to pull people out of rubble, but some 70 people were stuck and could not be extracted.
Activist Lina Shamy: "Humans all over the world, don't sleep! You can do something, protest now! Stop the genocide".
Bana Alabed, aged 7: "I am talking to the world now live from East #Aleppo. This is my last moment to either live or die."
White Helmets tweet: "All streets & destroyed buildings are full with dead bodies. It's hell."
Abdul Kafi Alhamado, teacher: "Some people are under the rubble, no-one can help them. They just leave them under the rubble until they die - these houses as their graves."
The 'final goodbyes' from Aleppo
This is a huge blow to the armed opposition, and a major victory for the Russians, the Iranians, Lebanon's Hezbollah and some Iraqi Shia militias.
But the rebels still control quite large areas, as do the jihadists of so-called Islamic State. So in terms of Syria itself the war continues.
The BBC's Middle East editor Jeremy Bowen says it will be a different type of war - less rebels trying to hold territory and create their own entity, more hit-and-run and insurgency.
For much of the past four years, Aleppo has been divided roughly in two, with the government controlling the western half and rebels the east.
Syrian troops finally broke the deadlock with the help of Iranian-backed militias and Russian air strikes, reinstating a siege on the east in early September and launching an all-out assault weeks later.


A man who repeatedly stabbed another man in the street with scissors has been jailed for 10 years and nine months.

Daniel Barker, 25, from Barrow, stabbed his victim four times in the head and twice in the back on 12 October last year.
He admitted wounding with intent and was jailed at Preston Crown Court.
Cumbria Police said the victim was lucky to survive but has been left with permanent scarring.
Barker, who was also ordered to pay a victim surcharge of Â£170, attacked the man in "broad daylight" in Harrison Street in Barrow, police said.
Det Con Mandy Stables said: "I am pleased that Barker will now pay for what he did after handing himself in at Barrow Police Station.
"Unfortunately his victim has been left with permanent scarring, however, he is very lucky to be alive after suffering the injuries he did."


Angry demonstrators in Brasilia have started a fire inside the ministry of agriculture and have damaged several other ministerial buildings.

Brazilian authorities estimate around 35,000 are marching in the capital.
Troops are being deployed to defend government buildings and there is a heavy police presence on the streets.
Protesters are demanding the resignation of President Michel Temer, fresh elections, and for economic reform plans to be withdrawn.
Mr Temer has faced new corruption allegations in the last week, and is facing growing pressure to step down.
According to reports, several ministries are being evacuated because of the protests - but not before the agriculture ministry was damaged.
"There was an invasion of the ministry's private entrance. They lit a fire in a room, broke photos in a gallery of ex-ministers and confronted police," a spokesman told the AFP news agency.
There have been clashes between police and demonstrators and local media report one person has been injured and several have been detained.
Planned demonstrations began peacefully around midday before clashes with police erupted.
Police fired rubber bullets and tear gas at some demonstrators, and video footage showed other members of the crowd smashing windows or setting makeshift barriers afire.
Last week, testimony released by the country's supreme court alleged that Mr Temer had taken millions of dollars in bribes since 2010.
The plea-bargain testimony came from bosses of a giant meat-packing firm.
In response, Mr Temer vowed to prove his innocence and remain as president while so doing.
On Saturday, he filed a petition to have the investigation suspended, but reversed that decision on Tuesday.
Mr Temer took office a year ago after his predecessor, President Dilma Rousseff, was impeached.


Rising numbers of people are at risk of homelessness in England, but official data does not show this, a study says.

Research by charities Crisis and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation suggested "informal" methods used by councils to tackle the problem had masked a 9% rise in cases in 2013-14 - to 280,000 cases.
Official statistics put the number of "accepted homeless" cases at about 52,000 last year, down 3% from 2012-13.
The government said the charities' figures were "misleading".
The annual independent study - which drew on a survey of England's 326 councils in 2014 - said the rise in the number of people facing homelessness was in part the result of benefit cuts and sanctions.
It also blamed a "woeful lack of affordable housing" which meant growing numbers of people were having to live away from their area.
Authors said nearly two-thirds of councils thought "headline" homelessness figures no longer reflected local trends because authorities were increasingly reliant on "informal" approaches to homelessness which are recorded separately.
The study combined the official "homelessness acceptances" figure from last year (52,270) with the number of homelessness "prevention and relief" cases (227,800) - where councils had taken steps to tackle the problem.
Examples of these approaches include offering financial assistance, debt advice, help to stay in a tenancy or family mediation, the report said.
Lead author Dr Suzanne Fitzpatrick said that, taking such actions into account, "we see that the number of cases of people facing or at serious risk of homelessness rose sharply last year.
"Yet this alarming trend has gone largely unnoticed by politicians or the media".
The study also found that:
Jon Sparkes, chief executive of Crisis, said the report revealed "the true scale of homelessness in England, which headline figures no longer reflect".
"Council officials are clear that benefit cuts and sanctions are taking a dreadful toll on people's lives, with rising numbers facing the loss of their home at a time when councils are being forced to cut services. This is a desperate state of affairs."
But Homelessness Minster Kris Hopkins said: "These claims are misleading and the fact is statutory homelessness remains lower than in 27 of the last 30 years.
"The figures include those who councils have helped to avoid being made homeless, as well as those accepted as homeless - and shows the wide range of options available to help prevent homelessness in the first place."
He said the government had increased spending to prevent homelessness and rough sleeping, making over Â£500m available to local authorities and the voluntary sector - including Â£14m for Crisis - which would "help around 10,000 single homeless people find and sustain accommodation in the private rented sector".
The research was compiled by academics based at Heriot-Watt University, the University of New South Wales and the University of York.


Film-goers from around the world are due to descend on the capital for the Edinburgh International Film Festival as it opens for its 70th year later.

It gets under way with a world premiere of Tommy's Honour, a film based on a true story about Scottish golfing pioneer Old Tom Morris.
A remake of the classic Scottish comedy Whisky Galore will close the festival, which runs until 26 June.
Hollywood's Meg Ryan will be in the city with her directorial debut Ithaca.
Tom Riley will attend the world premiere of Starfish, and Robert Sheehan will return to the city with the cast of Goa-set thriller Jet Trash.
Actor Brian Cox appears in two of the festival's films, a comedy, The Carer, and a western, Forsaken, which also stars Donald and Kiefer Sutherland.
Braveheart actor Angus Macfadyean will bring his first film as a director, Macbeth Unhinged, to the festival.
The film is a modern, black and white retelling of the Shakespearean tragedy.
Scot Dougray Scott will be starring in the apocalyptic thriller The Rezort.
Jason Connery's drama Tommy's Honour stars Peter Mullan and Jack Lowden.
It is based on a true story and focuses on Morris's turbulent relationship with his son, Tommy.
Gillies Mackinnon's Whisky Galore, features Gregor Fisher, James Cosmo, Kevin Guthrie, Sean Biggerstaff and Eddie Izzard.
Diane Henderson, EIFF deputy artistic director said: "In this special year we're proud to welcome so many exciting and talented guests from all over the world.
"Some we're lucky enough to welcome back and others are here for the very first time.
"If you'd like the chance to rub shoulders with your favourite actor, director, animator or producer, or the opportunity to meet the stars of tomorrow, then EIFF has it all."
The festival will also have a special screening to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Danny Boyle's Trainspotting and a world premiere screening of the newly 4K restored Highlander, attended by the film's star Clancy Brown.


The price of petrol in Pyongyang jumped by 83% at the end of last week, according to one of the expert groups which monitors life in North Korea.

NK News said the price spike was affecting petroleum and diesel fuel sales equally, and followed "rumours China had been considering a halt of all crude oil sales to the DPRK", as North Korea is formally known.
Crude oil is used for gasoline and petrol for cars and for diesel.
Foreigners in Pyongyang noticed motorists scrambling to fill up their tanks, as petrol stations started limiting what they would sell or even closing altogether.
At one petrol station, supplies were restricted to diplomats or vehicles used by international organisations, the Associated Press reported.
Queues were also much longer than usual and prices higher, it said.
The rise has prompted speculation - unverifiable - that China may be getting tough on its difficult neighbour, something other states have long been pressuring it to do.
Presidents Xi Jinping and Donald Trump met in Florida earlier in the month, and have since talked on the phone.
Mr Trump has tweeted that China needs to do more to rein in Pyongyang. There is better US trade in it for China if it controls North Korea, according to the US president.
And China seems worried that there really is a risk of war on its doorstep, a war from which it could hardly isolate itself.
So China might be tightening the oil tap.
Alternatively, North Korean drivers - a small but growing number of privileged Pyongyang residents - might have feared that China was about to tighten the oil tap and decided to stock up, prompting a price surge.
Or the military might have requested more petrol. Or there might have been a simple glitch in supplies. We do not know.
But it does illustrate how much power China could exert over North Korea.
Figures are hard to come by because detailed data from North Korea and China on trade are not published. But it is clear that North Korea produces virtually none of its own oil and relies instead on China.
It produces abundant coal - even more abundant now since China cut down (perhaps to zero) its imports of coal from February.
Coal can fire power stations but it cannot make vehicles move. Therefore, the result of restricting oil to North Korea would eventually be a paralysis of the economy, certainly of the war economy.
According to most estimates, North Korea has about three months of oil in reserve.
In 2003, the oil pipe from China to North Korea shut a mere three days after a missile launch. China said it was a mechanical failure, but the suspicion outside was that it was China reminding North Korea where its oil comes from.
According to Stephen Haggard of the University of California: "The objective is to send a credible signal that would make the North Korean leadership think twice."
"It is all about shifting North Korea into a mode where negotiations would resume," he told Reuters.
Is North Korea thinking twice now as petrol prices rise in Pyongyang?
Not obviously. It seems to be sending irritated messages to Beijing.
A commentary on the state news site warned that a "neighbouring country" - widely read as China - "will certainly face a catastrophe in their bilateral relationship as long as it continues to apply economic sanctions together with the United States".
China might tighten the flow - but would it shut it off altogether and so halt the North Korean economy?
Would Mr Trump really punish China if it didn't?
The situation remains unpredictable on so many fronts.


Olympic champion Andy Murray picked up where he left off in Rio by beating Juan Monaco in the Cincinnati Masters.

Murray, the first player to defend an Olympic singles title, secured his 19th successive victory by a 6-3 6-2 margin.
The 29-year-old, who had a bye in round one, will play South African Kevin Anderson in the third round.
Britain's Johanna Konta also reached the third round with a 6-2 6-3 victory over Donna Vekic and will face fifth seed Agnieszka Radwanska next.
In the men's draw, third seed Rafael Nadal, who won the men's doubles in Rio, beat Uruguay's Pablo Cuevas 6-1 7-6 (7-4). Nadal faces Borna Coric, who defeated Nick Kyrgios, in round three.
Australia's Kyrgios smashed three racquets in one changeover during his 7-6 (7-2) 4-6 7-6 (8-6) defeat by Croatia's Coric.
Switzerland's second seed Stan Wawrinka is also through, beating 18-year-old American wild card Jared Donaldson 2-6 6-3 6-4.


A four-mile stretch of an historic canal is to be reflooded for the first time in almost 75 years.

New lock gates have been fitted on a section of the Newry to Portadown canal between Poyntzpass and Scarva.
Finished in 1742, it is the oldest man-made canal in Britain and Ireland.
Volunteers have spent almost 1,000 hours making and fitting the gates which have now been closed to allow a build-up of water.
Ultimately, it is hoped the section will be used by shallow draft boats and canoeists.
The 18-mile canal was built to bring coal from newly discovered coal seams in County Tyrone to Dublin.
But it was cheaper to ship it from England and so the canal was used mostly for the transport of linen and butter.
It fell into decline with the arrival of the railways and was abandoned in 1938.
Now volunteers with the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland - many of them pensioners - are helping to restore it bit by bit.
Peter Maxwell is chairman of the Newry and Portadown branch which is doing the work.
He calls the volunteers, who have put in around 1,000 hours to complete the project, the "bus pass brigade". One of them is 82.
"We split the work up," he says. "People choose what they want to do themselves".
The canal rises in Carlingford Lough and falls towards Portadown, but the four-mile section being re-flooded is called the summit level.
It is flat so that means with the lock gates at both ends, it should fill up to a depth of around one metre.
"The rising of the level will take the water over the existing weed. It's not an aquatic weed and so hopefully it won't continue to grow," says Peter.
The steel lock gates each weigh a tonne. The money for them came from local councils.
The mayor of Armagh Banbridge Craigavon council Darryn Causby came along to help shut the gates.
"It is an excellent investment in the tourism of the area, and it is also an excellent investment in the local people who have an interest in the heritage of their canal," he said.
The canal is an important drainage waterway, so the canal gates will only be closed over the summer.
In the winter, they will be left open to prevent flooding.


Oliver Lines stunned world number three Judd Trump to join his father Peter in the third round of the UK Championship.

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The 21-year-old from Leeds, ranked 61st, followed up his father's shock win over Neil Robertson with a deserved 6-2 victory at the York Barbican.
Lines led 3-0 and, after Trump rallied to 3-2 with two breaks of 50 plus, came through with some nerveless potting and shrewd tactical play.
Five-time champion Ronnie O'Sullivan earlier beat Scotland's Rhys Clark 6-0.
Lines said: "I had a bit of the ball-run early on and managed to take the chances that came. I am buzzing.
"It's a relief. To beat a player as good as Judd on the biggest stage I have played on, on the TV as well - I am lost for words.
"I have never really performed on the TV before. To put that right and show people that I can play on the TV is very pleasing."
Oliver Lines goes on to face Jimmy Robertson on Tuesday, after Peter Lines, 46, plays Liam Highfield on Monday.
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O'Sullivan has yet to lose a frame in two matches after scoring a century in the second frame, making three breaks of 50 plus and rounding off with a stylish 131.
"So far so good. I played OK," said the 40-year-old world number eight.
The Englishman, who faces Londoner Michael Georgiou in the third round on Monday, said that despite his magnificent form he was "blagging" it on the baize.
"I don't want to spend the rest of my life hitting balls in a snooker room," he added.
China's Ding Junhui won five frames in a row to see off Scotland's Ross Muir 6-2, the world number five saying afterwards he "switched off" and "lost concentration" in the early stages.
Liang Wenbo of China, last year's runner-up, was beaten 6-4 by compatriot Yan Bingtao, and 2008 champion Shaun Murphy of England saw off Finland's Robin Hull 6-3.
Meanwhile, Northern Ireland's Mark Allen scored the first professional 147 of his career as he beat Rod Lawler 6-4 to move into the last 32.
The world number 10 said: "It's great to get a maximum and get that monkey off my back. The pressure was on me big time because it was all there for me."
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There's a hidden crisis in our education system and it affects our poorest and most vulnerable kids.

If you come from a disadvantaged background then your exam results depend on where you live.
Disadvantaged pupils are usually defined as those who are on free school meals or who have experience of foster care.
In too many rural schools your education will be significantly worse than if you went to school in central Birmingham.
Actually, for a hidden crisis it's one that crops up quite a lot when I talk to people who work in education. it just doesn't seem to be an issue that's seen as a major national problem.
So we wanted to try and do some research and actually comb through the pages of school statistics from Ofsted to see just how big this gap between town and country is.
The results shocked me.
Our statistics show 45% of disadvantaged pupils obtain five GCSE's, including English and Maths, in Birmingham.
In Worcestershire that falls to 35%, Gloucestershire 34%, Shropshire just 32%.
When I talked to Lorna Fitzjohn from Ofsted she said: "Shropshire is one of the worst performing local authorities in the country for the performance of disadvantaged children."
This is a problem specific to pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds. When we looked at the exam results for the pupils from non-disadvantaged backgrounds we found the situation reversed. Rural schools do slightly better than Birmingham and in general are above the national average for exam results.
If rural schools did the same job as urban schools when educating disadvantaged children you'd change thousands of lives.
I've spent the past few months investigating this gap and trying to find out what the problem is. Rural schools do face difficulties that inner city schools do not. In education today there's a huge emphasis on sharing best practice peer-to-peer for example and that's hard to do if your nearest school is 15 miles away.
It's also a question of numbers. A school in the centre of Birmingham might have 50% of students from disadvantaged backgrounds.
These pupils get plenty of focus because they will have a large impact on the school's results. There are fewer disadvantaged pupils in rural schools so it's all too easy for them to drift through their education before leaving at the earliest opportunity. And since there are fewer of them a school's results are pretty much unaffected by how they do in exams.
I visited one rural school praised by Ofsted for rapidly closing this gap between the disadvantaged children and the rest of the pupils.
The Community College in Bishop's Castle in Shropshire is a school where everyone works together to do the very best for all pupils.
On "Aspiration Friday" the timetable is thrown out and pupils are given the chance to explore all sorts of activities from sport and drama to interior design and horse riding.
Headteacher Alan Doust explained to me this is one of many initiatives to help pupils "look beyond the hills".
It's an approach that involves teachers, support staff, parents and the wider community. It benefits all the kids but it's really good for the disadvantaged pupils. It boosts aspiration, attainment and exam results.
So closing this gap is something rural schools can achieve but even a good school like The Community College is reaching the limit of what it can do.
Rural schools get a thinner slice of the funding pie than their urban counterparts. As a country we have been focused on improving the lot of disadvantaged pupils in inner city schools, especially in London. That's worked but it has come at a cost. Disadvantaged pupils in the rest of the country have been largely forgotten about.
As I said at the start these pupils and their problems form a hidden crisis.
Slipping through the school system and disappearing at the first opportunity. A fairer share of funding would certainly help, but the first step is to shine some light on this issue in the first place.


Glastonbury has tempted fate by booking a band best known for the song Mr Blue Sky to play the festival's notoriously rainy main stage.

Jeff Lynne's ELO will step into Lionel Richie's shoes during Glastonbury's "legends" slot on Sunday, 26 June.
Dolly Parton's stint in the slot drew Glastonbury's biggest ever crowd in 2014, while Richie's appearance last year sent him to the top of the charts.
The main headliners for this year's festival have yet to be announced.
However, Muse, Adele, Coldplay and Rihanna have all been rumoured to top the bill on the Pyramid Stage.
Formerly known as Electric Light Orchestra, ELO was formed by Jeff Lynne and Roy Wood in 1970.
They had an 18-year run of hits, such as Roll Over Beethoven, Telephone Line, Sweet Talkin' Woman and The Diary of Horace Wimp.
Known for their lavish stage shows, they sold 50 million records before Lynne called time in 1988.
He tried to revive the band in 2001 with a new album, Zoom, but ticket sales for a comeback tour were so dismal it was cancelled.
But an on-air campaign by BBC Radio 2's Chris Evans pressured the band into reuniting in 2013 for a one-off show in Hyde Park.
The response was so overwhelming, Lynne returned to the studio and began work on a new album, Alone in the Universe, under the moniker Jeff Lynne's ELO.
The album has since gone platinum in the UK, while the band stole the show at last year's Grammy Awards.
Confirming the news, Glastonbury organiser Emily Eavis tweeted: "Yes! ELO are playing this year's Glastonbury Sunday teatime slot. Can't wait!"
But she might be tempting fate by booking a band best known for the song Mr Blue Sky to play during the notoriously rainy festival.


Caterpillars are being killed by a bug which turns them into "exploding zombies", a wildlife expert has said.

Lancashire, Manchester and North Merseyside Wildlife Trust said the skins of insects have been found on Winmarleigh Moss, near Garstang.
The baculovirus drives caterpillars on a "death march" to the top of plants, then when it dies the bug bursts out to seek other victims.
The trust's Dr Chris Miller said it was "gruesome - like a zombie horror film".
Dr Miller was carrying out a butterfly survey on Winmarleigh Moss when he noticed a caterpillar hanging from the end of a branch of a small bush.
He then saw another one hanging from a tall blade of grass.
"Both were dead but otherwise intact," he said.
Dr Miller also noticed "small scraps of caterpillar skin" on other branches he checked.
He said research is showing that the baculovirus affects the way the "zombie" insects respond to light, "making them climb to higher and more dangerous places and when they get there they die".
"It is really unusual seeing caterpillars high up as they can be eaten by birds.
"This is a caterpillar of the oak eggar moth which eats heather and bilberry so it is normally hidden in the undergrowth, not at the top of plants."
Source: Lancashire, Manchester and North Merseyside Wildlife Trust


A controversial sculpture by Sir Anish Kapoor in the Versailles Palace gardens has been covered in gold leaf to mask anti-Semitic graffiti.

The trumpet-shaped work, called Dirty Corner, has been vandalised three times since it was installed in June.
Sir Anish had said he would not remove the graffiti in order to highlight intolerance in society.
But a tribunal in Versailles ruled over the weekend that the graffiti must be erased and an alarm installed.
After that, the artist chose to gild the slogans into obscurity - calling it his "royal response" to the vandalism.
Dirty Corner, which has been dubbed the "Queens Vagina" in French media, was splattered with yellow paint shortly after its installation in June.
That was hastily cleaned off but, the following month, it was daubed with graffiti, some of it anti-Semitic, on two separate occasions.
After the tribunal ruling Sir Anish posted a picture of the sculpture on Instagram of the graffiti covered up by black sheets.
Next to the image, he said: "The racists in France have won a court judgement forcing the racist graffiti to be covered, blaming the artist and Versailles for inseminating racist propaganda.
"It is as if a woman is raped and blamed for her own rape. We will fight this. The racists cannot win. Join us!"
Speaking after ruling, Sir Anish told Le Figaro: "This decision breaks my heart."
He said he could not remove the graffiti because that would deny the fact that it had happened.
He said covering the sculpture in gold would ensure the slogans remained, transforming his original vision into "something else, a room still with a painful past, but a piece that first claims the beauty of art".
Speaking to The Art Newspaper, Sir Anish added that the gilding would be "an act of transformation which turns the nastiness into something else.
"I want something active, not reactive," he said.
The artist has recently distanced himself from earlier comments comparing the sculpture to "the vagina of the queen who took power", saying the work was open to interpretation.


Pop star Sam Smith has taken his debut album, In The Lonely Hour, back to number one on the Official UK Chart.

The record, which recently passed the million sales mark in both the UK and the US, last topped the charts in September and, before that, in June.
It has now spent five non-consecutive weeks at number one.
In the singles chart, Bruno Mars and Mark Ronson's Uptown Funk claimed the top slot for a fourth week, while dance act Tchami had the highest new entry.
The French producer saw his sparse, soulful club track, Promesses, arrive at number seven.
James Bay, who was declared the runner-up in the BBC's Sound Of 2015 last week, also scored a new entry with the ballad Hold Back The River.
The musician, from Hitchin, climbed from 80 to 36, the Official Chart Company said.
US teen band Echosmith also made their Top 40 debut after their uplifting pop anthem Cool Kids rose to 39 from last week's number 60.
But it was bad news for former X Factor judge Tulisa, whose comeback song Living Without You failed to breach the Top 40.
The single had a strong start to the week, ranking 23rd in the midweek sales update, but dropped out of the countdown by the time the final figures were counted on Sunday.
Similarly, the album chart saw no new entries in the quiet post-Christmas period.
However, Australian pop singer Sia - who has written hits for the likes of Beyonce and Rihanna - saw her album 1000 Forms Of Fear leap from 72 to 15.
The sales boost came in the week she unveiled a controversial new video, which sees actor Shia LeBeouf dancing, shirtless, alongside a 12-year-old girl.
Some commentators claimed the video, for the single Elastic Heart, "smacked of child molestation", and accused the singer of promoting paedophilia.
Writing on Twitter, Sia said she was sorry to anyone who felt "triggered" by the clip, in which the dancers were supposed to represent the two warring sides of her psyche.
"My intention was to create some emotional content, not to upset anybody," she added.


Serbia's Viktor Troicki has had his 18-month ban for failing to provide a blood sample cut to 12 months by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).

The 27-year-old was given the initial punishment by an International Tennis Federation (ITF) anti-doping tribunal.
Troicki had refused to give a blood sample during the Monte Carlo Masters in April and will be banned until 15 July 2014.
"This decision puts an end to my dreams of being a top player," said Troicki.
The reduced ban means the world number 77 will miss the first three Grand Slams of 2014.
As a result, he will be unable to defend the points he accumulated in the early part of 2013 and is likely to drop down the rankings.
"I have no idea what to do now or where to go," added Troicki, who had called for his suspension to be overturned. "I hope somehow I will be able to fight back."
CAS decided that Troicki was not at "significant fault" despite committing an anti-doping violation, with no suggestion he intended to evade the detection of a banned substance in his system.
The decision comes 11 days after Croatia's Marin Cilic had his nine-month ban reduced to four months.
Cilic, 25, tested positive for banned substance nikethamide in April and returned to action at last week's Paris Masters, where he reached the second round before losing to Argentina's Juan Martin Del Potro.


Kermit the Frog is getting a new voice for the first time in nearly three decades as his puppeteer steps down.

Steve Whitmire has supplied Kermit's nasal tones since 1990, after the death of Muppets creator Jim Henson.
US reports confirmed his departure and said he was going to be replaced by Matt Vogel.
Whitmire has worked on the Muppets since 1978 and also provided the voice of Sesame Street favourite Ernie, of Bert and Ernie fame.
No reason has been given for his exit.
Whitmire has portrayed Fraggle Rock characters and appeared in films Labyrinth and The Dark Crystal.
He was chosen to take over as Kermit by Henson's son Brian, online magazine Kill Screen reported.
Fans said they were "devastated" that Whitmire would no longer work with Kermit, with one saying they were "trying not to cry" at the news, and shared stories of meeting him.
Vogel, who voiced Kermit imitator Constantine in 2014 film Muppets Most Wanted, will first be heard as Kermit - the long-time love of Miss Piggy - in a Muppets Thought of the Week video next week, The Hollywood Reporter said.
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Welsh fighters Jack Marshman and Brett Johns both won their debut fights in the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

Swansea's Johns made history early in the evening at the SSE Arena in Belfast by becoming the first Welshman to win a UFC bout.
The 24-year-old beat South Korean Kwan Ho Kwak on an impressive unanimous decision.
Abertillery's Marshman beat Sweden's Magnus Cedenblad by technical knockout in a middleweight fight.
Marshman looked to be suffering as his opponent pinned him to the ground for most of the first round.
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But a stunning series of punches left Cedenblad unable to continue and 26-year-old Marshman won by technical knockout.
"You can't get much of a better feeling than I've got right now. I'm ecstatic," Marshman said.
"I'm sure the UFC must be thinking 'Look at the Welsh guys coming in and getting two wins."
Johns, 24, only received the call-up to the UFC earlier in November. had earlier put in put in an assured performance.
"All of my fights get tough but I just dug deep and got another win," said Johns, fighting at bantamweight," Johns said.
"I've got a good team, good family behind me who support me all the way and I'm very thankful."


Douglas Gordon has used an axe to attack the wall of a theatre where he staged a new play to scathing reviews - but he is not the first artist to set about his own work.

There are countless instances of artists destroying their own work. If Louise Bourgeois disliked a small sculpture she'd been working on, she would simply shove it off the end of her kitchen table and watch it smash to smithereens.
Francis Bacon famously destroyed all his early work, and an impecunious Picasso would paint over pictures he thought unsuccessful because he didn't have the money to buy a fresh canvas.
When I visited the Belgian painter Luc Tuymans in his Antwerp studio earlier this year he told me that his $1m-plus paintings only ever took a day to paint. That is his way.
When he returns in the morning he either decides to send the finished painting to his dealer or destroy it. Fair enough. But that's tantamount to trashing a million bucks!
My favourite story in the long history of art destruction concerns American pop/conceptual artist Robert Rauschenberg.
Early in his career, inspired by the work of Marcel Duchamp, he decided he wanted to test the boundaries of what could be deemed a work of art.
Could a work of art be created, he wondered, through the act of erasure? He started out by rubbing out one of his own drawings. It didn't work. He felt that the destruction of a not very important work by a then not very important artist didn't really test his idea to a degree where an artwork could conceivably be made.
Rauschenberg decided the only thing to do was to destroy a significant work of art by a significant artist. So, he spent the next few days plucking up the courage to visit studio of one the world's most famous artists in the 1950s, an artist whom Rauschenberg held in very high esteem.
He knocked on Willem de Kooning's studio door and was welcomed by the stern face of the Dutch-American master who wanted to know why this young buck was bothering him.
He wasn't very impressed when Rauschenberg nervously explained that he had come to ask for an original De Kooning artwork to be given to him free of charge and on the understanding it was going to be destroyed.
De Kooning growled, said he didn't approve, and then acquiesced on the grounds that young artists should be allowed to experiment. He pointed to a few artworks scattered around the studio and told Rauschenberg to pick one.
Which he did. Initially he went for a pencil drawing, but decided against it. Too easy, he thought. Instead he chose drawing that had traces of ink and maybe even paint. Much better. Much harder to erase.
Rauschenberg then took it away and laboriously worked on the act of destruction, eventually erasing all visible traces of De Kooning's image. He then took the now blank paper to Jasper Johns, his great friend and fellow artist and asked him to create a frame for the work. Johns did as he was asked and produced a label for the obliterated artwork which read:
ERASED de KOONING
ROBERT RAUSCHENBERG
1953
And lo and behold Rauschenberg had successfully made an artwork by destroying an artwork.
The framed piece of paper/artwork is now in the collection of America's prestigious San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.


Plans for a new £110m arts venue in Manchester have been given the final go-ahead by the city council.

The Factory will host theatre, music, art and other cultural performances from some of the world's biggest names.
It will be designed by architect Rem Koolhaas's studio OMA, with £78m of the budget coming from the government.
Located on part of the former Granada Studios site, it will contain two performance spaces, with a total capacity of 7,300.
The warehouse area will hold 5,000 people at standing events like concerts, while a more traditional theatre will be able to hold 1,600 all-seated or 2,300 with the downstairs seats removed.
The venue will be run by the Manchester International Festival. It was originally planned to open in time for the festival in 2019, but will not be ready until the following year.
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Liverpool extended their unbeaten run in the Premier League to 11 games with a win against Sunderland but could face a spell without Philippe Coutinho who was taken off on a stretcher at Anfield.

The Brazillian clutched his ankle after a challenge from Didier Ndong late in a first half where Liverpool failed to turn 80% possession into clear chances.
Sunderland threatened briefly in each period, with Steven Pienaar and Duncan Watmore taking heavy touches when presented with openings.
But as Jurgen Klopp's side continued to press, it was Coutinho's replacement, Divock Origi, who found the net with what appeared to be a right-foot cross from the left side of the area.
Relive Liverpool's win over Sunderland
Coutinho suffers injury
It sparked relief at Anfield and when Ndong felled Sadio Mane in the box, James Milner converted a spot-kick to make it 14 games unbeaten in all competitions for the Reds.
They now sit second in the table, a point behind Chelsea, while Sunderland drop to bottom spot.
Coutinho's injury, coupled with admirable Sunderland resistance, kept home fans quiet for long spells.
Klopp clearly banks on Anfield being an intimidating place to visit and a return of 16 points from 18 available at home this season points to him getting his wish.
But he was visibly frustrated early in the second half when he waved to the Kop and demanded more from supporters.
Sunderland created their best opening moments later when Liverpool keeper Loris Karius dived at Watmore's feet to block and Victor Anichebe's shot in the following melee was cleared.
But Liverpool's positivity was undeniable, with full-backs Milner and Nathaniel Clyne playing high up the pitch, Emre Can repeatedly joining attacks and even centre-back Joel Matip spending long spells in midfield.
They missed chances through a Dejan Lovren header and a Georginio Wijnaldum volley. But with a touch of fortune, Origi's in-swinging cross nestled in the corner and Milner's penalty was emphatic.
With no European football to distract them and no league defeat since August, Liverpool have clear momentum. Their former skipper Steven Gerrard watched their latest win from the stands just days after his retirement. Are Klopp's men capable of landing the one honour which eluded him?
How Liverpool deal with a potential lay-off for Coutinho will be critical in whether their momentum can lead to a push for that elusive Premier League title.
His contribution of five goals and six assists in the league sums up the key role he has under Klopp and his all-round displays have seen reports of interest from Barcelona.
Against David Moyes' side Coutinho seemed to be man-marked early on. When he escaped the attentions of Jason Denayer after half an hour he took a heavy touch in the area and felt the full force of Ndong's clearance.
There was no suggestion of a foul but Coutinho's foot took the impact of both the ball and Ndong's follow-through, and he instantly waved to the bench before grimacing during treatment.
Origi's impact points to Liverpool having the resources to deal with any spell out for Coutinho. But with Mane primed to attend the African Cup of Nations with Senegal in January, Klopp will desperately hope he has not lost arguably his most creative force for long.
Moyes had spoken of "parking the double decker bus at Anfield" and for long spells that tactic was deployed.
But Sunderland clearly had confidence as a result of back-to-back wins and they threatened early on, notably when Pienaar's heavy touch gave Karius the chance to save.
Frustratingly for their travelling contingent, the Black Cats dropped deep after half an hour and never really established a footing again. Denayer played the full match in midfield yet made just seven passes. He perhaps summed up Sunderland's retreat.
"This was the most defensive team I ever saw in my life," said Klopp afterwards.
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Liverpool boss Jurgen Klopp: "It was an intense game for us and a deserved win at the end. Sunderland always play a defensive style and that is OK. We forced them to be that. It is the most difficult thing in world football to come through but we stayed concentrated, worked for the moment and found a way."
Sunderland manager David Moyes: "I thought we had done enough to keep them out. But overall we worked very hard to stay in the game. We were never going to come here and have lots of chances so it was always going to be tough. But we weren't going to be rolled over and we weren't."
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Liverpool host Leeds in the EFL Cup before travelling to Bournemouth next Sunday, while Sunderland have a week of rest before entertaining league champions Leicester - who are now just four points better off then them.
Match ends, Liverpool 2, Sunderland 0.
Second Half ends, Liverpool 2, Sunderland 0.
Substitution, Liverpool. Ben Woodburn replaces Georginio Wijnaldum.
Attempt missed. Nathaniel Clyne (Liverpool) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the right. Assisted by Lucas Leiva.
Goal!  Liverpool 2, Sunderland 0. James Milner (Liverpool) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom left corner.
Penalty Liverpool. Sadio Mané draws a foul in the penalty area.
Penalty conceded by Didier Ndong (Sunderland) after a foul in the penalty area.
Foul by Divock Origi (Liverpool).
John O'Shea (Sunderland) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Liverpool. Lucas Leiva replaces Roberto Firmino.
Corner,  Liverpool. Conceded by Patrick van Aanholt.
Attempt blocked. Emre Can (Liverpool) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Jordan Henderson.
Dejan Lovren (Liverpool) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Victor Anichebe (Sunderland).
Attempt blocked. Emre Can (Liverpool) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Divock Origi.
Substitution, Sunderland. Adnan Januzaj replaces Duncan Watmore.
Substitution, Sunderland. Lynden Gooch replaces Steven Pienaar.
Attempt missed. Joel Matip (Liverpool) header from very close range is too high. Assisted by James Milner with a cross following a corner.
Corner,  Liverpool. Conceded by Billy Jones.
Goal!  Liverpool 1, Sunderland 0. Divock Origi (Liverpool) right footed shot from the left side of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Jordan Henderson.
Attempt blocked. Georginio Wijnaldum (Liverpool) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Corner,  Liverpool. Conceded by Lamine Koné.
Corner,  Liverpool. Conceded by Jason Denayer.
Attempt blocked. Sadio Mané (Liverpool) right footed shot from the left side of the six yard box is blocked. Assisted by Dejan Lovren.
Corner,  Liverpool. Conceded by Lamine Koné.
Attempt missed. Jordan Henderson (Liverpool) right footed shot from outside the box is too high from a direct free kick.
Steven Pienaar (Sunderland) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Sadio Mané (Liverpool) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Steven Pienaar (Sunderland).
Attempt blocked. Roberto Firmino (Liverpool) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Emre Can.
Attempt blocked. Victor Anichebe (Sunderland) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Attempt blocked. Patrick van Aanholt (Sunderland) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Dejan Lovren (Liverpool) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Dejan Lovren (Liverpool).
Patrick van Aanholt (Sunderland) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt missed. Emre Can (Liverpool) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right.
John O'Shea (Sunderland) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Divock Origi (Liverpool) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by John O'Shea (Sunderland).
Corner,  Sunderland. Conceded by Joel Matip.


A new devolution package for Wales was prepared in a "rushed, incoherent and unsatisfactory" way, First Minister Carwyn Jones has told AMs.

Mr Jones said the deal, announced by UK ministers on Friday, was "no more than a staging post" to a better system.
The prime minister has argued the plan removes the "remaining barriers" to a referendum on tax powers.
But, on Tuesday, Mr Jones said the proposals were a "missed opportunity" on issues such as funding.
He has already rejected David Cameron's referendum call, saying a minimum funding offer for the Welsh government was merely a "vague promise".


Four people have been killed in Jerusalem by a Palestinian man who drove a lorry into a group of soldiers, in what police called a terror attack.

Three women and one man, all in their twenties, were killed and 17 others were wounded, police said.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the attacker, who was shot dead by soldiers, was a suspected supporter of so-called Islamic State.
But the prime minister gave no evidence to support the claim.
The victims were taking part in an educational trip, the Israeli military said.
The Israel Defense Forces tweeted that their names were Lt Yael Yekutiel, 20; Lt Shir Hajaj, 22; 2nd Lt Erez Orbach, 20 and 2nd Lt Shira Tzur, 20.
The attacker, identified as 28-year-old Fadi Qunbar, came from the Palestinian district of Jabel Mukaber in east Jerusalem, near to the attack site.
CCTV footage showed the truck ploughing at high speed into the soldiers, before reversing over the victims.
"He drove backward to crush more people," eyewitness Leah Schreiber told reporters. "That was really clear."
The attack took place on the popular Armon Hanatziv promenade overlooking the walled Old City of Jerusalem.
Police spokesman Micky Rosenfeld said security had been heightened throughout the city in response.
An emergency meeting of the Israeli security cabinet approved administrative detention for IS sympathisers and authorised the destruction of the driver's home.
Mr Netanyahu visited the site of the attack on Sunday afternoon and said: "We know that there has been a series of terror attacks.
"There definitely could be a connection between them - from France to Berlin, and now Jerusalem."
Attackers in Nice and Berlin last year used the same method of driving a lorry through a crowd.
Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat called on residents not to "let terror win" and said militants would "pay a heavy price".
"There is no limit to the cruelty of the terrorists who are willing to use any means possible to murder Jews and to damage the life routine of Israel's capital," he said.
The US state department condemned the attack "in the strongest possible terms" and the European Union also issued a condemnation.
The Palestinian militant group Hamas praised the attacker. Hamas spokesman Abdul-Latif Qanou called it a "heroic" act and encouraged other Palestinians to "escalate the resistance".
Before this latest incident, 35 Israelis had been killed in a wave of knife, gun and car-ramming attacks by Palestinians or Israeli Arabs since October 2015.
More than 200 Palestinians - mostly attackers, Israel says - have also been killed in that period.
Israel says Palestinian incitement has fuelled the attacks. The Palestinian leadership has blamed frustration rooted in decades of Israeli occupation.
The BBC's Yolande Knell in Jerusalem says the number of attacks had begun to subside in recent months, but Sunday's incident is one of the most serious there has been.


The law should be enforced against tweeters and bloggers to avoid a drop in mainstream journalistic standards, Lord Justice Leveson has said.

In a speech in Australia, he said there was a "pernicious and false" belief that the law did not apply online.
This undermined the rule of law and could lead to journalists cutting corners in order to "steal a march" on their online competitors.
Creative thinking was needed to ensure the law was applied equally, he said.
Lord Justice Leveson, whose report into the press was published last month, is taking part in a lecture tour, although he has ruled out commenting on the report itself.
During a speech at the University of Melbourne, he insisted there was an important difference between mainstream journalists with "a powerful reputation for accuracy" and bloggers and tweeters who were "no more than electronic versions of pub gossip".
But, he said, there was a danger that a perception online competitors were operating without legal restraints could damage wider journalistic standards and "lead to journalists adopting an approach which was less than scrupulous in the pursuit of stories".
He said: "In order to steal a march on bloggers and tweeters, they might be tempted to cut corners, to break or at least bend the law to obtain information for stories or to infringe privacy improperly to the same end.
"It may encourage unethical, and potentially, unlawful practices to get a story.
"In a culture which sees some act with impunity in the face of the civil law, and the criminal law, a general decline in standards may arise."
It could also lead to some newspapers deciding to publish entirely online and moving abroad to avoid UK law, although this was unlikely in the near future, he added.
He called for creative thinking on making sure the law was applied equally and more international co-operation to enforce standards.
"It might be said that if we facilitate or condone breaches of the law, and thereby weaken the rule of law by failing to act and to recognise judgements and court orders which emanate from other countries, we encourage the weakening of the rule of law at home too," he said.
"If we are to ensure that appropriate standards are maintained, we must meet those challenges, and ensure that the media not only remains subject to the law but that it is not placed at a disadvantage where the enforcement of the law is concerned.
"We will therefore have to think creatively about how we ensure that the law is capable of equal application, and is applied equally and fairly, against the mainstream media and bloggers, tweeters and other amateur online journalists."


The new Spider-Man film will be called Spider-Man: Homecoming, it has been confirmed.

Sony Pictures chairman Tom Rothman revealed the title at CinemaCon in Las Vegas on Tuesday evening.
He said it was designed to reference its high-school-aged star, but also to show that "Peter [Parker] is trying to find his way home."
The film, which will star British actor Tom Holland as Spider-Man, is due to be released in July 2017.
He is the third actor to take on the role, following in the footsteps of fellow Brit Andrew Garfield and Tobey Maguire.
Footage from the new film, which was shown for the first time at the festival, featured the teenage Parker coming home to find his Aunt May, played by Marisa Tomei, speaking with Tony Stark, also known as Iron Man.
Iron Man's appearance in the new Spider-Man film is a combination now possible in light of a deal made between Sony and Marvel which allowed Spider-Man into the comic company's current cinematic universe.
Tony Stark's appearance in the new footage comes a week after Marvel's president, Kevin Feige, confirmed the upcoming Spider-Man movie will feature characters from the Marvel cinematic universe.
Feige explained that Spider-Man "is in the universe now, and the fun of the universe is that characters go back and forth".
Holland will make his debut appearance as Spider-Man in Captain America: Civil War, which is released in UK cinemas on 29 April.
He is seen briefly in a trailer for the movie, which was released last month.
Marvel confirmed the news of the new Spider-Man film title on Wednesday morning via company's official Twitter account.
Earlier this month, Sony registered more than a dozen domain names connected to Spider-Man, suggesting the company was considering several different titles for the new film.
Spider-Man: Coming of Age, Spider-Man: Greatness Awaits, Spider-Man: Homecoming and Spider-Man: Suspended were all reserved by the company.


Swaziland are through to the next round of 2018 World Cup qualifying after a 2-1 victory over Djibouti on Saturday, to win 8-1 on aggregate.

The second leg in Lobamba should have been played on Tuesday but was postponed for what Fifa said were 'logistical reasons' after reports in Swaziland had said the Djibouti squad were stranded in Kenya.
Swaziland's progress to the next round was almost certain after their emphatic 6-0 win in the first leg.
The hosts made sure of the victory in a much tighter home leg at the Somhlolo National Stadium.
Sandile Hlatjwako put the hosts ahead early in the game with a sixth minute strike.
Djibouti made their presence felt with an unexpected equaliser 16 minutes later through Mohamed Issa Liban.
But Sandile Hlatjwako got his second of the game in the 43rd minute to further boost Swaziland's aggregate advantage.
With no more goals in the second half, Swaziland secured an 8-1 win overall to advance to the next knock-out round where they will play Nigeria.


Hubble has revealed fascinating new details about Pluto's four smaller moons.

At a distance of five billion km, the telescope only sees the satellites as faint pinpricks of light, and yet it has been able to discern information on their size, colour, and rotational and orbital characteristics.
Hubble finds the little objects to be somewhat chaotic in their behaviour.
They are very likely wobbling end over end as they move through their orbits.
"If you can imagine what it would be like to live on [these moons], you would literally not know where the Sun was coming up tomorrow," said Mark Showalter from the Seti Institute, US.
"The Sun might rise in the west and set in the east. The Sun might rise in the west and set in the north for that matter.
"In fact, if you had real estate on the north pole… you might discover one day you’re on the south pole."
The assessment, published in Nature journal, will be verified in six weeks when the moons are passed by a probe.
Nasa's New Horizons spacecraft is currently bearing down on the Pluto system and will execute a fly-through on 14 July.
It will gather a mass of data on the dwarf planet and its largest moon, Charon, but should also get a decent view of the smaller bodies - Styx, Nix, Kerberos and Hydra – as well.
All were discovered by Hubble after New Horizons launched from Earth in 2006.
Nix and Hydra are the bigger of the quartet at about 50km in their longest dimension.  And that is actually one of the keys to the observed behaviour.
These small satellites are very irregular in shape – more rugby ball and football.
The Hubble scientists find that when you put this kind of object in the “lumpy” gravity field created by the dominant Pluto and Charon, you can get that object to tumble in unpredictable ways.
This wobbling is evident to the space telescope from the way the light from Nix and Hydra changes over time. And although it is harder to see the much smaller Styx and Kerberos, it is assumed their behaviour is the same.
All that said, the moons do seem to follow a surprisingly predictable pattern as they orbit Pluto and Charon.
Three of them - Nix, Styx and Hydra - are locked together in resonance, meaning that their orbits follow a clockwork-like routine.
If you were to stand on Nix, Styx would come around on the sky twice in the time it took Hydra to come around three times.
Nix and Hydra are determined to be quite bright, akin to dirty snowballs.  The surprise is Kerberos which orbits between them.  It is really dark, not dissimilar to a charcoal briquette.
This is strange. Theory holds that all the moons, including Charon, were formed from the debris that resulted when the early Pluto was struck by an object of near comparable size.
"And if they all formed together, they all formed out of the same stuff. It is extremely hard to understand how one of them is a charcoal briquette and it’s orbiting between two snowballs," commented study co-author Douglas Hamilton, from the University of Maryland.
Some answers should come with New Horizons.
John Spencer, a mission scientist at the Southwest Research Institute, explained: "We’ll be taking pictures of Nix and Hydra that will be 50 to 100 pixels [across] - maybe bigger depending how bright they turn out to be.
"So, we’ll see a lot of their surfaces. We’ll see if they have craters or fractures, or anything like that and we’ll get the composition of their surfaces."  Styx and Kerberos, because of their longest dimensions are probably about 10km, will be harder to characterise.
Nonetheless, whatever New Horizons learns at Pluto will be useful for those scientists that study even more distant realms, such as far-off double, or binary, stars, according to Heidi Hammel, of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy.
Where you have two suns very close to each other, you may get unusual behaviours in any nearby orbiting planets.
The Pluto-Charon system could therefore be analogous, she said, and the techniques used by Hubble in this investigation could soon be applied to the study of these more distant systems.
"A planet that circles a binary star is called a circumbinary planet," she explained, "and perhaps the most famous circumbinary planet is not actually a real planet but rather a movie planet – Tatooine in Star Wars, the planet where the young Luke Skywalker encountered Obi Wan Kenobi and began his journey to become a Jedi Knight.
"That’s a fictional circumbinary planet; we now know of at least 17 circumbinary planets, and several of those are in circumbinary systems – in other words, more than one planet revolving around the binary star."
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos


The first minister has warned that leaving the EU could cost the Scottish economy billions of pounds.

Nicola Sturgeon published an analysis of possible Brexit consequences, saying the Scottish economy could lose between £1.7bn and £11.2bn a year by 2030.
Ms Sturgeon said this could have a severe impact on public spending.
Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson urged the Scottish government to focus on stabilising the country in the wake of the Brexit vote.
She said it needed to focus on stability and "get back to the day job".
A spokesman for First Minister Nicola Sturgeon described Ms Davidson's comments as the "height of hypocrisy".
And he blamed the Conservatives for Brexit and the "huge economic damage" it could cause Scotland.
The UK as a whole voted to leave the European Union, but a majority (62%) of people living in Scotland voted to remain.
Ms Sturgeon said a second independence referendum was "highly likely" following the poll, but has promised to explore other options to safeguard Scotland's status in Europe.
Analysis published by the Scottish government suggested that by 2030, Scottish GDP was projected to be between £1.7bn and £11.2bn per year lower than it would have been if Brexit does not occur.
Tax revenue was projected to be between £1.7bn and £3.7bn lower.
Ms Sturgeon said "This paper shows, in the starkest possible terms, the potentially huge cost to Scotland of being taken out of the European Union and the single market.
"This analysis - based on a wide range of sources - demonstrates that leaving the EU, under any potential alternative arrangement, will have a profound and long-lasting impact on the public finances and the wider economic and societal wellbeing of both Scotland and the UK as a whole.
"That stark picture outlined today means that, whatever the model of relationship with the EU which is chosen by the UK government in their negotiations before and after Article 50 is triggered, it will not be as economically beneficial as full EU membership."
These figures are an arithmetical forecast, with caveats. They will be contested by those who argue that the UK/Scotland can thrive outside the EU. But they are also - indeed, primarily - a political tool.
Practical implications
Firstly, and most immediately, Nicola Sturgeon is seeking to some extent to pre-empt the publication on Wednesday of Government Expenditure and Revenue Scotland (GERS) figures.
Given that oil has continued to decline and that the economy generally is less than buoyant, the latest GERS verdict is unlikely to be rosy.
Secondly, and much more saliently, Ms Sturgeon is aiming an attack at the UK government and those who are currently pondering the practical implications of the Brexit vote.
She is saying that unless Brexit is accompanied by a soft landing, unless there is substantial mitigation, unless the terms can be made relatively favourable, the potential cost is huge. So today's paper is designed to contribute, sharply, to the Brexit preparation process.
However, there is a wider point. It is "simply unacceptable", Ms Sturgeon says, that "Scotland faces the prospect of being dragged out of the EU against its will".
Read more from Brian
Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson accused Ms Sturgeon of using Brexit to deflect from the "underlying fragility" of Scotland's economy.
She said: "The first minister is in danger of losing the plot completely.
"Her own government's figures will show tomorrow that Scotland benefits from a multi-billion Union dividend.
"And yet, in order to revive her independence obsession, she is trying to pretend these facts don't exist."
Ms Davidson added: "Scotland benefits from being a member of the UK, and the UK benefits from our being there.
"It is time Nicola Sturgeon ended this charade, took her threat of a second independent referendum off the table, and got back to the day job of sorting out the mess her government has made of our public services."


Russia says it will recognise the results of controversial separatist elections in eastern Ukraine, which the rebels plan to hold on 2 November.

Russia's Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said elections in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions "will be important to legitimise the authorities there".
But Ukraine and Western governments say the elections should not go ahead. They accuse Russia of arming the rebels.
Poland plans to reinforce its eastern military bases, closer to Ukraine.
Ukrainian troops have been battling the pro-Russian rebels in the east.
A shaky truce took effect on 5 September, but there have been many violations and the situation remains very volatile.
In Kiev pro-Western parties are leading after Ukraine's national parliamentary elections on Sunday.
Voting did not take place in rebel-held eastern districts, or in Crimea, which Russia annexed in March.
Ukraine has urged Russia to put pressure on the separatists not to hold rival elections in the east.
But Mr Lavrov said "we expect the elections will go ahead as agreed, and we will of course recognise the results".
A Ukrainian diplomat told the AFP news agency that Moscow's support for the rebel vote would "undermine the peace process".
The 2 November vote is much earlier than was agreed by Ukrainian legislation granting the breakaway regions limited self-rule.
"We are reckoning that the vote will be free and that nobody from outside will try to wreck it, " Mr Lavrov said.
The armed separatists who took over government buildings in Donetsk and Luhansk in April have declared "people's republics" in both regions, loyal to Moscow instead of Kiev. The two regions are commonly called "Donbass".
At least 3,700 people have been killed in the fighting and many more have fled to other parts of Ukraine or to Russia.
Meanwhile, Poland's Defence Minister Tomasz Siemoniak said "we want to strengthen our units in the east of Poland" in response to the Ukraine crisis.
"The first effects will be seen in 2017. There will be a whole series of initiatives connected to units in the east. There will also be investments in infrastructure," Reuters news agency quoted him as saying.
Poland joined Nato in 1999, whereas Ukraine remains outside the alliance.
Adam Easton in Warsaw writes:
There has been a significant shift in the Polish military's strategic thinking in recent months, illustrated in the new National Security Strategy approved last week by the government.
For the first time in more than 20 years it admits that Poland is threatened by war and names Russia as an aggressor in Ukraine.
Poles are genuinely concerned about the threat of war breaking out. However, the reinforcement of several garrisons in eastern Poland is less significant.
Minister Siemoniak is not talking here about moving troops and hardware to the east. Poland's best-trained and readily deployable divisions and hardware will remain in the west of the country. Instead he is talking about hiring soldiers over a number of years to reinforce several garrisons that are now staffed at only 30% of their capacity.
He said he wanted to return them to 70%-90% of their old capacity, which may work out at between 1,000-2,500 soldiers. That's just 1%-2.5% of Poland's armed forces.
In 2008 Russia also backed pro-Russian separatists in Georgia and later recognised the breakaway regions as independent.
Under the truce deal the Ukrainian authorities pledged not to prosecute the leaders of the eastern rebellion - yet many Ukrainian politicians want prosecutions, denouncing the rebels as "terrorists".
The deal also called for a withdrawal of "illegal militant groups" from Ukraine, but the rebels remain heavily armed and it is not clear how many Russian "volunteer" soldiers are still there helping them.
Moscow says any Russian soldiers fighting in Ukraine are freelance "volunteers", although Ukraine and Western governments said Russia had earlier sent in regular army units.
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov confirmed that Russia would support the separatists' election, saying "Russia does not have unlimited levers of influence, and it is not worth exaggerating them.
"In this case, the main factor is not Russia's influence but the decision taken by the leadership of these republics and these peoples," he said.
A senior Ukrainian foreign ministry official, Dmytro Kuleba, told AFP that Moscow was jeopardising the ceasefire deal signed in Minsk.
"Russia's intentions directly contradict the Minsk accord, undermine the agreed process on de-escalation and peaceful resolution, and continue to weaken trust in it [Russia] as a reliable international partner," he said.
Ukraine's President Petro Poroshenko drew a parallel between the Donbass conflict and World War Two on Tuesday, saying "this time it [war] appeared not from the west but from the east".
"For the first time in 70 years, we again must defend Ukraine, its territorial integrity and freedom."


Three men have been arrested at a shopping centre in Kenya's capital with a suspected explosive device, which has since been detonated in a controlled explosion, police say.

The Garden City Mall, one of the biggest shopping centres in the city, has also been evacuated.
One of the men refused to be searched by security guards and was overpowered in a scuffle, a witness said.
In 2013, al-Shabab gunmen killed 67 shoppers at the city's Westgate mall.
Police spokesman George Kinoti told the BBC that the three men in custody were all Kenyans and the explosives were discovered in one of their bags.
"The situation is under [the] absolute control of our security agencies and the entire country is under multi-agency surveillance," he said.
The BBC's Alastair Leithead in Nairobi says it is believed to have been a small explosive device with a battery and a mobile phone attached, which could have been used as a trigger.
A statement from Garden City Mall quoted the governor of Nairobi Evans Kidero as saying it would reopen on Wednesday morning.
Mr Kidero also thanked the local police and mall employees for their "swift handling and containment of the situation."
Following the Westgate siege, security was stepped up at Nairobi's shopping complexes.
Al-Shabab has since launched a number of high-profile attacks, including one in April on a university in the north-eastern town of Garissa in which close to 150 people died.


People have been asked to avoid two "extremely busy" hospital emergency departments in south east Wales this weekend unless they have a serious illness or injury.

There could be long delays at the units at the Royal Gwent in Newport and Nevill Hall in Monmouthshire, Aneurin Bevan health board said.
A high number of emergency cases has followed a busy week, the board said.
Staff are prioritising "very sick patients", a spokeswoman said.
The board said people should consider calling NHS Direct Wales or out-of-hours GP service, visit a pharmacist or the minor injury unit at Ysbyty Ystrad Fawr in Ystrad Mynach.


Yorkshire director of cricket Martyn Moxon said the county will support captain Andrew Gale's case against a charge of a racism offence.

Gale, 30, was banned for two games after Yorkshire beat Lancashire in the County Championship on 3 September and must now face a disciplinary panel.
The Daily Telegraph reports Gale allegedly used the word 'Kolpak' to refer to South African Ashwell Prince.
"We'll help him in any way possible," Moxon told the Yorkshire Post.
"We are going to do what we can to help him clear his name."
Gale was banned for his team's final two County Championship matches of the season under mandatory disciplinary procedure.
The England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) has yet to confirm the nature of the hearing that is set to take place in the coming days, and has so far refused to comment on the disciplinary proceedings.
It is likely that the case against Gale will centre on whether his use of the word 'Kolpak' can be construed as being racist.
In Gale's absence, the White Rose county beat Nottinghamshire last Friday to win their 31st outright County Championship title.
Gale was informed on Thursday that he would not be allowed to lift the trophy with the team, but took to the field later on to join his team-mates.
Meanwhile, the county have confirmed that chairman Colin Graves, who is also deputy chairman of the ECB, will play no part in the disciplinary proceedings.
Gale's case will be handled by vice-chairman Robin Smith and chief executive Mark Arthur.


Three people have been arrested after a 60-year-old man died following an alleged assault at a flat in Paisley.

Police were called to reports of a disturbance at the property in the Renfrewshire town's Broomlands Street at about 14:35 on Monday.
William Brittle was taken to the town's Royal Alexandra Hospital, where he died on Tuesday.
Two men, aged 26 and 45, and a 41-year-old woman are due to appear in court in connection with his death.
Police said a post-mortem examination would be held to establish how Mr Brittle died.


Forest Green's hopes of closing in on National League leaders Lincoln were dashed as they were beaten at Gateshead.

Wes York saw a speculative volley go just wide after six minutes, but he turned provider 15 minutes later as Danny Johnson put the hosts in front.
Jake Gosling hit a post as the visitors tried to get back into it, but Johnson was ruthless as he smashed in from the edge of the box on the half-hour mark to take his tally to 14 goals this season.
Kaiyne Woolery pulled one back for Forest Green after 49 minutes, but York restored Gateshead's two-goal advantage with a superb strike from distance seven minutes later.
Report supplied by the Press Association
Match ends, Gateshead 3, Forest Green Rovers 1.
Second Half ends, Gateshead 3, Forest Green Rovers 1.
Substitution, Gateshead. Nyal Bell replaces Wes York.
James Montgomery (Gateshead) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Gateshead. Mitch Brundle replaces George Smith.
Substitution, Forest Green Rovers. Shamir Mullings replaces Omar Bugiel.
Gus Mafuta (Gateshead) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Gateshead. Tom Beere replaces Danny Johnson.
Jordan Burrow (Gateshead) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Forest Green Rovers. Keanu Marsh-Brown replaces Jake Gosling.
Goal!  Gateshead 3, Forest Green Rovers 1. Wes York (Gateshead).
Danny Johnson (Gateshead) is shown the yellow card.
Goal!  Gateshead 2, Forest Green Rovers 1. Kaiyne Woolery (Forest Green Rovers).
Substitution, Forest Green Rovers. Daniel Wishart replaces Emmanuel Monthe.
Charlie Cooper (Forest Green Rovers) is shown the yellow card.
Second Half begins Gateshead 2, Forest Green Rovers 0.
First Half ends, Gateshead 2, Forest Green Rovers 0.
Goal!  Gateshead 2, Forest Green Rovers 0. Danny Johnson (Gateshead).
Goal!  Gateshead 1, Forest Green Rovers 0. Danny Johnson (Gateshead).
First Half begins.
Lineups are announced and players are warming up.


Morton were held to a third-straight league 1-1 draw as Dumbarton came away from Cappielow with a point.

The Sons took the lead thanks to an own goal from goalkeeper Derek Gaston, whose attempted punch from a cross spun into his own net.
Substitute Kudus Oyenuga had not been field for two minutes when the striker finished from Michael Tidser's cross just after the hour.
Oyenuga should have had a second but he fired wide from inside the box.
With momentum having swung Morton's way, Grant Gallagher headed Ricki Lamie's cross against his own post.
Joe Thomson had a late effort ruled out for the visitors and Oyenuga headed wide in the closing moments as the Ton came closest to a winner.
Match ends, Morton 1, Dumbarton 1.
Second Half ends, Morton 1, Dumbarton 1.
Attempt missed. Jon Scullion (Morton) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt missed. Kudus Oyenuga (Morton) header from very close range is close, but misses to the left.
Robert Thomson (Dumbarton) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Ross Forbes (Morton).
Jon Scullion (Morton) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Joseph Thomson (Dumbarton).
(Morton) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Robert Thomson (Dumbarton).
Foul by Michael Tidser (Morton).
Joseph Thomson (Dumbarton) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt saved. Jon Scullion (Morton) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Attempt missed. Jai Quitongo (Morton) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses the top left corner.
Substitution, Morton. Jon Scullion replaces Gary Oliver.
Corner,  Dumbarton. Conceded by Ross Forbes.
Corner,  Morton. Conceded by Daniel Harvie.
Scott Tiffoney (Morton) is shown the yellow card.
Craig Pettigrew (Dumbarton) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Scott Tiffoney (Morton).
Substitution, Dumbarton. Andy Stirling replaces David Smith.
Ross Forbes (Morton) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Ryan Stevenson (Dumbarton).
Attempt blocked. Ryan Stevenson (Dumbarton) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Foul by Ricki Lamie (Morton).
Joseph Thomson (Dumbarton) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Kudus Oyenuga (Morton) left footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt saved. Jai Quitongo (Morton) header from the right side of the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Lee Kilday (Morton) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Robert Thomson (Dumbarton).
Goal!  Morton 1, Dumbarton 1. Kudus Oyenuga (Morton) right footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal.
Corner,  Morton. Conceded by Alan Martin.
Attempt saved. Kudus Oyenuga (Morton) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Attempt blocked. Gary Oliver (Morton) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Morton. Conceded by Josh Todd.
Substitution, Morton. Kudus Oyenuga replaces Jamie Lindsay.
Ross Forbes (Morton) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Ross Forbes (Morton).
Gregor Buchanan (Dumbarton) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Morton. Conceded by Ryan Stevenson.