Offshore wind farms could pose a more serious threat to Scotland's globally important gannet population than previously thought, scientists claim.

It is thought twelve times as many gannets could be killed by the turbines than previous estimates.
It follows research which showed the seabirds fly at greater heights when searching for food than other studies have suggested.
That is said to increase the risk of being hit by spinning turbine blades.
The calculation was made by scientists from the universities of Leeds, Exeter, and Glasgow.
Sources in the offshore wind industry have told BBC Scotland they believe the research must be treated with caution because it involved only a "tiny percentage" of the gannet population on the Bass Rock.
But conservationists have responded by pointing out the size of the colony means the scientists would have had to study 800 individual birds if they were to achieve a sample size of only 0.5 per cent of the population.
The Scottish government approved plans for four new offshore wind farms on the east coast in October 2014.
RSPB Scotland is already challenging the Scottish government's support for the developments in the courts, after arguing they "would be amongst the most deadly for birds anywhere in the world".
The Neart na Gaoithe offshore windfarm will have up to 75 turbines. It is due to be built 15km east of the coastline at Fife Ness.
The Seagreen Alpha and Seagreen Bravo developments will have a combined total of up to 150 turbines. They are to be installed 27 to 38km east of the Angus coastline.
The Inch Cape windfarm will have up to 110 turbines. It is located 15 to 22km east of the coast of Angus.
Source: Scottish government
The Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth is home to what has become the world's biggest gannet colony. An estimated 70,000 pairs of gannets now breed there, between April and September, each year.
The birds can cover distances of hundreds of kilometres when searching for food. The scientists point out the Bass Rock is less than 50km from proposed turbine sites.
The blades of offshore wind turbines must be at least 22m above sea level, due to the need to protect shipping. It had been thought gannets flew well below that height.
But research carried out in the Firth of Forth shows the birds fly at an average height of 27m above sea level when searching and diving for prey. The scientists used lightweight GPS logging devices and barometric pressure loggers, temporarily taped to the gannets' tails, to track the birds as they flew from the Bass Rock to search for fish.
Until now, data had been gathered by trained surveyors on boats, who estimated the height at which the birds flew, or by radar.
Prof Keith Hamer of the School of Biology at Leeds University oversaw the new research.
He said: "Our study highlights the shortfalls in current methods widely used to assess potential collision risks from offshore windfarms, and we recommend much greater use of loggers carried by birds to complement existing data from radar studies or observers at sea."
The data gathered in the latest study was used to predict that around 1,500 breeding birds could be killed each year at the two planned wind farms nearest to the Bass Rock.
Dr Ian Cleasby, of Exeter University and the lead author of the study, cautioned: "There's a lot of uncertainty over how many birds would actually be killed this way. But our predictions, if realised in the field, are high enough to cause concern over the potential long-term effects on population size."
Co-author Dr Ewan Wakefield of the University of Glasgow, said: "It seems that many gannets fly at just the wrong heights in just the wrong places. Increasing the distance between the tips of the spinning turbine blades and the sea would give gannets more headroom.
"We strongly urge that the current minimum permitted clearance turbine height be raised from 22m to 30m above sea level."
The renewable energy industry insists the potential environmental impact of offshore windfarms is already carefully examined before consent is granted by ministers.
Hannah Smith, of Scottish Renewables, said: "It is important to put this research into context. It focuses on developing a new method using a tiny sample of less than 1% of the total gannet population that can be found at the Bass Rock.
"Offshore windfarm developers in Scotland spend up to three years collecting detailed data on bird populations which is then scrutinised by various nature conservation bodies as part of their planning application."
In a statement, the Scottish government told BBC Scotland: "This study, although limited in scope, makes a useful contribution to improving our understanding of seabird behaviour.
"Harnessing our natural resources through offshore wind helps to decarbonise our electricity supplies as a key plank of tackling climate change, which we know is itself having a significant effect on bird populations."
A spokesman for RSPB Scotland said: "This is an enormously useful and scientifically sound contribution that highlights how little we know about what seabirds do when they are out at sea and away from their nesting sites around our coast.
"RSPB Scotland is currently involved in a Judicial Review of the four offshore windfarm projects in the Firths of Forth and Tay. Given the ongoing legal proceedings, it would not be appropriate for us to comment further on the implications of this research in relation to these cases."
The study was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council and the Department of Energy and Climate Change. It has been published in the Journal of Applied Ecology.


Glasgow's postcode area has been named as the "lottery millionaire capital" of the UK for the past two years.

There have been 21 million pound winners in the G postcode since 2014 - more than any other area in the UK.
Glasgow also had 106 millionaire wins since the first draw in 1994, ranking it second in the UK to Birmingham.
But the Paisley postcode area - PA - was named the luckiest in Scotland with most winners per head of population for prizes of £50,000 and above.
Andy Carter, senior winners' advisor for The National Lottery, said: "Scotland has been enjoying plenty of National Lottery luck recently with residents of the Paisley postcode celebrating the most big wins.
"Glasgow has secured its position as the country's Lottery millionaire capital too producing nearly two a month over the past couple of years.
"There are now a massive 4,250 National Lottery millionaires across the country and with more than six new millionaires made every week there is likely to be another local winner made soon."
In terms of lottery millionaires in Scotland since 1994, Edinburgh is second to Glasgow with a total of 62, followed by Motherwell on 43 and Aberdeen on 41.
In the last two years, 30 top-tier prizes of at least £50,000 have been banked by players in the PA postcode, which includes towns in Renfrewshire, Inverclyde and Argyll and Bute, including the creation of four Lottery millionaires.
In total, 182 major prizes of £50,000 or more have been won in the area since the National Lottery began.


Colombia's President Juan Manuel Santos has signed a decree granting amnesty to another 3,600 members of the Farc rebel group, which last year reached a peace deal with the government.

It is the third and final amnesty decree signed by Mr Santos.
More than 7,000 rebels in total have been granted amnesty or released from prison as part of their reintegration into Colombian society.
Last month the Farc completed its disarmament process.
The rebels handed all its 7,000 registered weapons to the United Nations mission in Colombia.
Earlier on Monday, the United Nations Security Council voted to set up a new mission in the country, which from September will oversee the implementation of the peace deal.
The move puts an end to more than five decades of conflict.
The Marxist rebel group was found in 1964 to defend the rights of landless peasants.
It entered formal peace negotiations with the government in 2012. The talks were held in Cuba and lasted four years.
The final agreement was rejected by the Colombian people in a referendum last October. But a reviewed version was approved by Congress a month later and signed into law.
The Farc has agreed to give up its armed struggle to become a political party.
A key part of the agreement was the rebels' reintegration to civilian life. It was agreed that all Farc members who did not commit serious crimes would be granted amnesty.
The three decrees signed by Mr Santos have benefited 6,005 former rebels. Another 1,400 who were serving prison sentences have been released in the past few months.
Mr Santos won last year's Nobel Peace Prize for his peace efforts.
Following the success of the Farc negotiations, Colombia's second rebel group, the National Liberation Army, or ELN, also entered formal peace talks. They are being held in neighbouring Ecuador.


Danny Willett won his third European Tour title with Sunday's one-shot victory over fellow Englishman Matt Fitzpatrick at the European Masters.

Willett, who tied sixth at The Open last week, shot a five-under par 65 to finish 17 under overall in Switzerland.
After sharing the lead with fellow Yorkshireman Fitzpatrick, 20, going into the final day, Willett, 27, managed a bogey-free final round.
In all-English top three, Tyrrell Hatton came third, finishing 15 under.
Hatton, from Buckinghamshire, carded a 62, the best round of the day at the picturesque Crans-sur-Sierre course, high up in the Swiss Alps.
His fifth top-six finish in 10 months, a run which started at Crans in the same event last September, when he finished joint third, lifts him 13 places to 102nd in the Official World Golf Rankings.
Willett, now the second-highest world-ranked Englishman, having climbed eight places to 24th, said: "I kept very calm all day. I just waited for the right things to happen to get on a run. I knew I couldn't let up as Matt was snapping at my heels. He played some great golf and really kept the pressure on, so I'm delighted to get the job done."
Spaniard Sergio Garcia was sixth after a final day 64, while England's Lee Westwood tied for 37th on three under, despite a 10 at the par-five 14th.
A week on from qualifying for his first Open at the age of 33, after 15 failed attempts, County Durham's Robert Dinwiddie, from Barnard Castle, enjoyed his second Top 10 finish in six weeks.


Gateshead fought back from 2-0 down to salvage a 2-2 National League draw with Eastleigh at Gateshead International Stadium.

Danny Johnson went close for the hosts by hitting a post with a speculative strike from 20 yards early on, before Eastleigh - who beat League One side Swindon 3-1 in midweek to reach the second round of the FA Cup - took control.
Scott Wilson got the Spitfires up and running by rising highest to head home a corner after 25 minutes, before Mikael Mandron gave them breathing room from the spot in first-half stoppage time.
Sam Jones gave Gateshead hope with his seventh goal in as many games with 19 minutes to go and Johnson equalised from the spot in the 79th minute to earn a point for the hosts.
Report supplied by Press Association.
Match ends, Gateshead 2, Eastleigh 2.
Second Half ends, Gateshead 2, Eastleigh 2.
Joe Partington (Eastleigh) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Eastleigh. James Constable replaces Mikael Mandron.
Reda Johnson (Eastleigh) is shown the yellow card.
Goal!  Gateshead 2, Eastleigh 2. Danny Johnson (Gateshead) converts the penalty with a.
Goal!  Gateshead 1, Eastleigh 2. Sam Jones (Gateshead).
Substitution, Gateshead. Wes York replaces James Bolton.
Scott Wilson (Eastleigh) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Eastleigh. Ross Stearn replaces Andy Drury.
Second Half begins Gateshead 0, Eastleigh 2.
First Half ends, Gateshead 0, Eastleigh 2.
Goal!  Gateshead 0, Eastleigh 2. Mikael Mandron (Eastleigh) converts the penalty with a.
Russell Penn (Gateshead) is shown the yellow card.
Substitution, Gateshead. George Smith replaces Manny Smith.
Mikael Mandron (Eastleigh) is shown the yellow card.
Goal!  Gateshead 0, Eastleigh 1. Scott Wilson (Eastleigh).
First Half begins.
Lineups are announced and players are warming up.


Chancellor Philip Hammond may have set a record by scrapping a planned rise in National Insurance for the self-employed less than a week after announcing it - here are some other contenders for quickest political U-turn of recent times.

The pasty tax became synonymous with George Osborne's so-called Omnishambles Budget of 2012. The chancellor was forced to backtrack on several proposed tax rises - including charging 20% VAT on alterations to historic buildings and static caravans - in the weeks after his statement.
But it was the plan to charge 20% VAT on hot savoury food which caused Mr Osborne the most indigestion.
He had proposed that all food sold "above ambient temperature" - including pasties, pies and sausage rolls - should include VAT to close a tax loophole.
It might have looked innocuous on paper but the idea caused an outcry among businesses up and down the country, who argued it would hit trade and jobs.
The chancellor and Prime Minister David Cameron also faced claims they were out of touch with the pasty-munching masses.
The measure was finally dropped in late May, about two months after it was first announced.
Towards the end of his time as chancellor, George Osborne performed another screeching U-turn, this time over cuts to tax credits for low-income families in work.
It was part of a £12bn cut to the welfare bill which the Conservatives had promised before the 2015 election but had given very little detail of before the poll.
In an "emergency" June Budget after David Cameron's election victory, the chancellor announced that spending on tax credits had ballooned since 1997 and he planned to reduce the income threshold from £6,420 to £3,850 and restrict tax credits and Universal Credit to the first two children.
Labour, who were in the throes of a leadership contest at the time, were somewhat slow to respond but soon the opposition galvanised themselves against the proposal, which was also criticised by Tory backbenchers and charities, who said it would cost many families £1,000 a week.
The government suffered a damaging defeat in the House of the Lords, where peers backed Labour calls to delay the plans. Mr Osborne finally conceded defeat in November's Autumn Statement when he said the plans would simply not be implemented.
Gordon Brown loved to wrongfoot the opposition by springing a surprise at the end of his Budget speeches - but it was his own side that was in uproar when he cut 2p from the basic rate of income tax in his 10th and final Budget in March 2007.
He announced that the 10p starter rate would be scrapped at the same time - and initially refused to accept that there would be any losers from this measure.
The then chancellor argued those earning less than £17,000 would not be disadvantaged because of a commensurate increase in working tax credits but Labour MPs were not impressed, accusing the chancellor of clobbering the poor to fund a middle-income tax cut.
The change was not due to come into force until May 2008 and Mr Brown had plenty of time to find a way out. He was eventually forced to agree a £2.7bn compensation package for those set to lose out, by raising income tax allowances.
By that point, of course, Mr Brown had succeeded Tony Blair as prime minister and the simmering row was not helped by those Labour MPs already unhappy with his leadership.
Although this was strictly a partial U-turn - the 10p rate was never restored - the episode dragged on for much of his premiership. Chancellor Alistair Darling was forced to make further concessions in 2009 when Labour MP Frank Field led a revolt against the fairness of the remedial measures.
£2.7bn package to help 10p tax victims
This might well be the mother of all tax U-turns, as it led to the downfall of a prime minister.
Conservatives had long seen domestic rates, based on the rental value of properties, as unfair and out of date.
The system Margaret Thatcher devised after the 1987 election to replace them - a single flat-rate per-capita tax on every adult, set by local authorities - was dubbed the Community Charge by her government. But everybody else called it the Poll Tax.
It was first introduced in Scotland at the end of 1989 and rolled out in England and Wales in early 1990. It proved hugely unpopular and sparked large protests, culminating in riots in London and other cities in the Spring of 1990.
The social unrest, although condemned by politicians at the time, fuelled the impression of a government that was deeply out of touch after 11 years and before the year was out Mrs Thatcher had been ousted.
After taking over as Tory leader and prime minister, John Major ditched the poll tax and reverted to a system based on property values in the form of the council tax in 1992. Unlike its predecessor, the council tax took ability to pay into account.


Harlequins' Jack Clifford will make just his second start for England in one of two changes for Saturday's Six Nations match with Wales in Cardiff.

Clifford, 23, replaces Tom Wood on the open-side flank and Jack Nowell comes in for Jonny May on the wing - with May and Wood among the replacements.
Clifford has yet to start a Six Nations game but head coach Eddie Jones said he "deserves a starting role".
The match will be played with the roof of the Principality Stadium open.
Clifford forms part of an inexperienced back row - the Harlequins man, Maro Itoje and Nathan Hughes have 20 caps between them, while Wales' likely flankers Sam Warburton and Justin Tipuric have 70 and 47 caps respectively.
"He is a hard-working, young player," Jones added.
"He has got a good record against Wales, he had a superb game against them in May, he knows what he is going to expect and we're looking forward to him making an impact in our back-row play.
"Tom Wood will also play his part later in the game off the bench as a finisher."
May started on the wing as England secured a record 15th Test win in a row with a narrow victory at home to France on Saturday, with 23-year-old Nowell on the bench, but the Exeter man has been recalled to win his 20th cap.
"Jack has an excellent work-rate and he's a guy that carries through the line which will be important for us," Jones said.
Wales coach Rob Howley had expected the game to be played under a closed roof but England coach Jones asked for it to be open just minutes before a deadline on Thursday afternoon.
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Jones has spoken at length this week about the atmosphere that awaits England at the Principality Stadium.
It is his first visit to Wales in charge of England, who were denied a Grand Slam in 2013 by a 30-3 thrashing.
"Playing Wales in Cardiff is one of the biggest games in world rugby and we're excited," Jones added. "These are the games you want to be part of as a player and coach.
"We don't need extra motivation this week; we play Test rugby because we want to be the best for England. Every game is important for us and our supporters, and Wales is our next game so it's the most important.
"There's always shadows in the corners. They're always there and can always come out but I think the team has moved on.
"Teams go through maturity cycles and to have one of those experiences is a life-changing experience and you never want to go back there."
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Wales have named wing George North and fly-half Dan Biggar in their starting XV, with Jones adding that his side will be prepared for whatever is thrown at them.
"We're prepared to win and we're prepared for any shenanigans that might go on - and we're looking forward to it," Jones said.
"They're a cunning lot the Welsh, aren't they? They always have been. They've got goats, they've got daffodils, they've got everything. Who knows?"
BBC Radio 5 live rugby union reporter Chris Jones
In the absence of injured brothers Mako and Billy Vunipola, England's pack looked short of ball-carriers against the French, and Eddie Jones has addressed this by bringing in Clifford, in the hope his dynamism with the ball in hand will outweigh his inexperience.
England's replacements - or "finishers" as Jones calls them - made a big impact against France in the final quarter, and more of the same will be expected in Cardiff, with James Haskell amongst those being held back on the bench.
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Match-day 23 for game against Wales:
England: Mike Brown (Harlequins); Jack Nowell (Exeter Chiefs); Jonathan Joseph (Bath Rugby), Owen Farrell (Saracens), Elliot Daly (Wasps); George Ford (Bath Rugby), Ben Youngs (Leicester Tigers); Joe Marler (Harlequins), Dylan Hartley (captain, Northampton Saints), Dan Cole (Leicester Tigers), Joe Launchbury (Wasps), Courtney Lawes (Northampton Saints), Maro Itoje (Saracens), Jack Clifford (Harlequins), Nathan Hughes (Wasps)
Replacements: Jamie George (Saracens), Matt Mullan (Wasps), Kyle Sinckler (Harlequins), Tom Wood (Northampton Saints), James Haskell (Wasps), Danny Care (Harlequins), Ben Te'o (Worcester Warriors), Jonny May (Gloucester Rugby)


Relatives of those missing on Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 are angry at apparent mixed signals over whether part of the plane has been found.

Malaysian PM Najib Razak said experts in France had "conclusively confirmed" the wing part found on an island in the Indian Ocean was from the aircraft.
But French investigators stopped short of confirming the link, only saying it was highly likely.
Chinese relatives staged a protest outside the airline's Beijing offices.
The Boeing 777 was travelling from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing on 8 March 2014 when it vanished from radar. It had 239 people on board, most of them Chinese.
Debris found on the remote French island of Reunion a week ago - a wing part known as a flaperon - was the first possible physical trace of the aircraft.
Experts in the French city of Toulouse are carrying out tests on the aircraft piece.
Mr Najib, in an announcement that came after the first day of tests, said investigators had "conclusively confirmed that the aircraft debris found on Reunion Island is indeed from MH370".
Malaysian transport minister Liow Tiong Lai said elements of the flaperon, including the paint colour, matched with maintenance records for the missing flight.
He also said, in another development, that more suspected plane debris had been found on Reunion, including window panes and seat cushions.
Those items had been sent to French authorities to be verified, he said, although French investigators have denied this.
Mr Liow said he understood why the French team had been less categorical in their conclusions over the flaperon, saying: "We respect their decision to continue with their verification."
French prosecutor Serge Mackowiak has said only that there are "very strong indications" that the flaperon does belong to MH370, adding that confirmation would only come after further tests.
The BBC's Hugh Schofield in Paris says Mr Mackowiak's wording does not suggest he has doubts, but that he is exercising legal caution.
Will the debris lead us to MH370?
But the lack of a consistent message from the various authorities has angered many of the families of those missing.
A number of relatives gathered outside Malaysia Airlines' offices in Beijing to demand answers.
"France is being cautious about it, but Malaysia is desperate to put an end to this case and run away from all responsibilities," said Dai Shuqin, sister of one of the passengers.
"We suspect that the plane wreckage could be faked," said Liu Kun, whose younger brother was on the plane.
Many relatives have long been frustrated by Malaysia's handling of the disaster, which at times has been marred by contradictory and conflicting information.
Because of this, many families have pretty much lost trust and don't know what to believe anymore, the BBC's John Sudworth reports from Beijing.
China's foreign ministry said Malaysia must keep investigating the crash and "safeguard the legitimate rights and interests" of relatives.
Australia, which is leading the search for the plane in the southern Indian Ocean, said the discovery of the flaperon suggested they were looking in the right area.
Prime Minister Tony Abbott said the search would continue as "we owe it to the hundreds of millions of people who use our skies".
The Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) has been co-ordinating the deep-sea hunt in the southern Indian Ocean, where the plane is believed to have gone down, thousands of miles east of Reunion.


Super League's players could have done more to prevent this year's punishing fixture list, says St Helens captain Jon Wilkin.

Teams in the top flight of English rugby league had to play twice in four days over Easter - then do it again at the end of May.
Wilkin has challenged the game's leading players to make a difference as to how rugby league is run.
"You've got to help yourself," he told the 5 Live Rugby League podcast.
"One thing I've found is that players will often have an opinion, criticise and comment about things. But there are very few who'll actually give their time to change things."
Wilkin spent six years attempting to set up a players' union, League 13, which ultimately failed because of a lack of support.
He suggested that a union is still badly needed in the face of such a congested fixture list, and at a time when the future structure of the game is under scrutiny from the clubs and the RFL.
There have been renewed calls within the game for the players to be given a bigger say, with several senior figures from within their ranks criticising the scheduling of matches.
"The reason League 13 doesn't exist anymore is because ultimately it was a labour of love from me, but there no was investment in time or effort from the players," said Wilkin.
"This was an issue going way back. The only way for clubs to make revenue is to run more games and for me that was worrying for two reasons.
"Firstly, I thought it was a false economy. More games diluted the quality. And secondly, if your playing 32 games a year, that's 32 weeks when you're playing a contact sport and that's incredible. To think your body is in any position to recover and heal quick enough is stupid.
"I think these things needed to be addressed and still need to be addressed. But there isn't a players' body capable or willing or able to do that."
Many players are represented by the GMB union, which Wilkin says gives them legal cover. But he thinks representation should go further than that.
"There's nobody actively sitting in meetings with the chief execs, with the clubs, with the chairmen, with the other key stakeholders in the game - there is nobody representing the players at that level." he said.
"We need more of those senior players in the game to stand up and have an opinion. It's not necessarily a negative opinion.
"If anything the ambition is to be collaborative; to work with people, to develop relationships with key stakeholders in the game, for the betterment of the players, but also for the betterment of the game as a whole."


Three people protesting about Ebola restrictions in Sierra Leone have been admitted to hospital after clashes with police, a doctor has told the BBC.

The three suffered gunshot wounds and were taken to a hospital in the northern Kambia district, he said.
Riots broke out after police closed a market in Barmoi town, where someone died of Ebola earlier this month.
The police denied firing at the protesters but admitted using teargas after their station was "attacked".
Police commander Francis Hazeley told the BBC that local leaders had agreed to stop trading in Barmoi in order to trace 43 missing people who may have had contact with the 22-year-old student who died of the virus - and stem the spread of it further.
So far only seven people who had contact with her have been found and quarantined, he said.
The commander said some youths in Barmoi were angered that the market day - a mainstay of the town's economy - had been cancelled and attacked and damaged the local police office.
Two of the injured are said to be in a serious condition and need to be taken to the capital, Freetown, for treatment.
11,315
Deaths - probable, confirmed and suspected
(Includes one in the US and six in Mali)
4,809 Liberia
3,955 Sierra Leone
2,536 Guinea
8 Nigeria
Sierra Leone was declared free of the virus on 7 November, and the epidemic was thought to be at an end after Liberia was pronounced free of Ebola transmissions on 14 January.
But within hours of the declaration, the World Health Organization confirmed the Ebola death in Sierra Leone and a second case has since been identified.
Close to 4,000 people have died of Ebola in Sierra Leone, and 11,000 people across the region, since December 2013.
A country is considered free of human-to-human transmission once two 21-day incubation periods have passed since the last known case tested negative for a second time.


Officials in Pakistan's MQM party have told the UK authorities they received Indian government funds, the BBC learnt from an authoritative Pakistani source.

UK authorities investigating the MQM for alleged money laundering also found a list of weapons in an MQM property.
A Pakistani official has told the BBC that India has trained hundreds of MQM militants over the last 10 years.
The Indian authorities described the claims as "completely baseless". The MQM said it was not going to comment.
With 24 members in the National Assembly, the Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM) has long been a dominant force in the politics of Pakistan's largest city, Karachi.
British authorities held formal recorded interviews with senior MQM officials who told them the party was receiving Indian funding, the BBC was told.
Meanwhile a Pakistani official has told the BBC that India has trained hundreds of MQM militants in explosives, weapons and sabotage over the last 10 years in camps in north and north-east India.
Before 2005-2006 the training was given to a small number of mid-ranking members of the MQM, the official said.
More recently greater numbers of more junior party members have been trained.
The claims follow the statement of a senior Karachi police officer that two arrested MQM militants said they had been trained in India. In April Rao Anwar gave details of how the two men went to India via Thailand to be trained by the Indian intelligence agency RAW.
In response MQM leader Altaf Hussain issued a tirade of abuse at Rao Anwar.
Asked about the claims of Indian funding and training of the MQM, the Indian High Commission in London said: "Shortcomings of governance cannot be rationalised by blaming neighbours."
The UK authorities started investigating the MQM in 2010 when a senior party leader, Imran Farooq, was stabbed to death outside his home in north London.
In the course of those inquiries the police found around Â£500,000 ($787,350) in the MQM's London offices and in the home of MQM leader Altaf Hussain. That prompted a second investigation into possible money laundering.
Pakistan's powerful but absent politician
In the course of the inquiries the UK authorities found a list itemising weapons, including mortars, grenades and bomb-making equipment in an MQM property, according to Pakistani media reports that the BBC believes to be credible. The list included prices for the weapons. Asked about the list, the MQM made no response.
As the UK police investigations have progressed, the British judiciary has been taking an increasingly tough line on the MQM.  Back in 2011 a British judge adjudicating an asylum appeal case found that "the MQM has killed over 200 police officers who have stood up against them in Karachi".
Last year another British judge hearing another such case found: "There is overwhelming objective evidence that the MQM for decades had been using violence."
The MQM is also under pressure in Pakistan. In March the country's security forces raided the party's Karachi headquarters. They claimed to have found a significant number of weapons there. The MQM said they were planted.
The party has a solid support base made up of the Mohajirs, or refugees who left India at the time of partition so that they could settle in Pakistan.
The Mohajirs complain that they have been the subject of sustained discrimination in Pakistan. The MQM insists it is a peaceful, secular party representing the interests of the middle classes in Pakistan.
As well as its electoral base, the MQM has formidable street power. When it orders a strike the streets empty and the whole of Karachi grinds to a halt.
Altaf Husain has lived in self-imposed exile in the UK for more than 20 years. He was given a British passport in 2002. For many years the party has been accused of using violence to impose its will in Karachi.
A number of MQM officials, including Altaf Hussain, have been arrested in relation to the money-laundering case but no-one has been charged.  The party insists that all its funds are legitimate and that most of them come from donors in the business community in Karachi.
India has long accused Pakistani officials of involvement in sponsoring militant attacks in India. Delhi, for example, has demanded that Pakistan take firmer action against those suspected of plotting and managing the Mumbai attacks of 2008.
The latest developments in the MQM case suggest that Pakistan will now counter such complaints with demands that India stop sponsoring violent forces in Karachi.


Eating peanut products as a baby dramatically cuts the risk of allergy, a study suggests.

Trials on 628 babies prone to developing peanut allergy found the risk was cut by over 80%.
The King's College London researchers said it was the "first time" that allergy development had been reduced.
Specialists said the findings could apply to other allergies and may change diets around, but warned parents not to experiment at home.
The research team in London had previously found that Jewish children in Israel who started eating peanuts earlier in life had allergy levels 10 times lower than Jewish children in the UK.
The trial, reported in the New England Journal of Medicine, focused on babies as young as four months who had already developed eczema - an early warning sign of allergies.
Skin-prick tests were used to identify those who had not yet developed peanut allergy or had only a very mild response.
Children under five should not eat whole peanuts, because of the risk of choking, so half were given a peanut-based snack. The other half continued avoiding peanuts.
The trial indicated that for every 100 children, 14 would normally go on to develop an allergy by the age of five.
But this fell by 86% to just two out of every 100 children with the therapy.
Even the children who were already becoming sensitive to peanuts benefited. Their allergy rates fell from 35% to 11%.
Lead researcher Prof Gideon Lack told the BBC: "[It was] exciting to us to realise for the first time that in allergy, we can actually truly prevent the development of disease.
"It represents a real shift in culture."
He said that high-risk children "need to be evaluated, have skin-prick testing and dietary advice, [before], in most cases, early introduction of peanut".
Prof Lack added: "We realise this goes very much contrary to previous advice, but it is very much essential that we direct our attention to this group of infants and stem this growing epidemic of peanut allergy."
Until 2008, at-risk families were told to actively avoid peanut products and other sources of allergic reactions.
By James Gallagher, health editor, BBC News website
Allergy levels are soaring.
In the US, the prevalence has more than quadrupled since 2008, and it's a pattern replicated across much of the Western world as well as parts of Asia and Africa.
This study has generated huge excitement at what it could mean for preventing allergies developing.
However, there are still many unanswered questions.
How regularly do children have to take the peanut snacks? What stage should they start? What happens when the children stop taking the peanut snacks?
How are health care services going to adopt this?
And excitingly, will this work in other types of food allergy?
It is these unknowns that mean no doctors are saying parents should take matters into their own hands.
But as a New England Journal of Medicine editorial states the results are "so compelling and the problem of the increasing prevalence of peanut allergy so alarming, new guidelines should be forthcoming very soon".
The findings have attracted excited responses from other doctors, and there is speculation similar approaches might work with other allergies, such as egg protein.
Prof Simon Murch, from University Hospital Coventry, a spokesman for the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said the results were "brilliant".
He said: "It is potentially a very significant moment as it demonstrates that turning around our current approach may give better results.
"Obviously more studies will have to be performed on other potential allergens, but it is a very significant paper and is likely to change practice, at least for peanut, around the world."
He added that it was "unlikely" that previous policies were behind the rising tide of allergies as cleaner homes, modern food and gut bacteria were also likely to be playing a role.
However, he cautioned families not to rush out and buy a jar of peanut butter.
"This has to be looked at very closely by regulatory bodies, it is very possible this will lead to changes in recommendations," he said.
"But this is a single study, although very well conducted, so it is absolutely not at the stage you can recommend to families."
Dr Andrew Clark, a leading allergy specialist at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, found last year that allergic children could be trained to tolerate peanut by slowly exposing them to higher and higher doses.
He said: "This could be a turning point in the way we try to prevent food allergy in the future, it really does prove a principle that it is possible to reduce the prevalence of peanut allergy early in childhood by feeding infants peanut in a careful and controlled way.
"But we should remember this study was carried out at an internationally renowned centre, and they selected children at quite low risk of a severe reaction.
"Don't try this at home."


So-called Islamic State (IS) has lost more than a quarter of the territory it once controlled, new data shows.

Security and defence analysts IHS say the group's control has shrunk by 28% since its height in January 2015.
In the first nine months of this year, IS' territory fell from 78,000 sq km (30,115 sq miles) to 65,500 sq km - an area equivalent to the size of Sri Lanka - IHS analysts said.
However, IS losses have slowed in the three months to October.
IS has lost just 2,800 sq km (1,080 sq miles) since July.
The slowdown appears to coincide with Russia reducing the number of air strikes against IS targets, IHS has observed.
At the start of the year, some 26% targeted IS, but by the summer it had dropped to just 17%.
"Last September, President Putin said it was Russia's mission to fight international terrorism and specifically the Islamic State," said Alex Kokcharov, principal Russia analyst at IHS. "Our data suggests that is not the case.
"Russia's priority is to provide military support to the Assad government and, most likely, transform the Syrian civil war from a multi-party conflict into a binary one between the Syrian government and jihadist groups like the Islamic State; thereby undermining the case for providing international support to the opposition."
Yet the losses the group has sustained are still significant, experts say. IS has been pushed back 10km from the Turkish border, while Iraqi forces have secured Qayyarah Airbase, a key strategic facility 60km south of the IS stronghold of Mosul.
It also lost the Syrian city of Manbij and its surrounding roads, which linked the Turkish border to IS' de-facto capital Raqqa, to US-backed Kurdish and Arab fighters in August.
"The Islamic State's territorial losses since July are relatively modest in scale, but unprecedented in their strategic significance," said Columb Strack, senior analyst and head of the IHS Conflict Monitor.
"The loss of direct road access to cross-border smuggling routes into Turkey severely restricts the group's ability to recruit new fighters from abroad, while the Iraqi government is poised to launch its offensive on Mosul."
Should the long-promised and much-delayed offensive against Mosul - expected to begin later this month - be successful, it would be a huge blow the extremists.
Mosul - Iraq's second city, under the control of the extremists since 2014 - is described as the "last bastion" for IS in Iraq, with authorities in Baghdad saying it would spell the end for the group in their country.


Aston Villa manager Remi Garde says not all of his players are giving everything in the club's bid to avoid relegation from the Premier League.

Villa are seven points adrift at the bottom of the table after just three league wins all season.
They lost 6-0 to Liverpool 11 days ago, a heaviest home defeat for 81 years.
"I don't see the commitment from all the players every day in training sessions," said Garde, whose side play at Stoke on Saturday (15:00 GMT).
Former Lyon boss Garde, appointed at the start of November, was unable to make any signings during the January transfer window.
The 49-year-old Frenchman added: "If I had the choice of other players I would like to select, I would like to - but I don't have the possibility.
"Sometimes it's about fighting and commitment. It's the first thing professional players should have on the pitch. How can you be confident if you're not fighting?"
Meanwhile, Garde confirmed he had spoken to Joleon Lescott about the defender posting a picture on social media of an expensive car just an hour after the defeat by Liverpool.
Lescott, who was widely criticised by supporters, has apologised and said the message had been sent accidentally from his pocket.
Garde said: "He told me the same thing that he said to the press. He told me it was an accident. I have no reason not to believe Joleon.
"We were together speaking face to face. I believe what he said. I just said to him that I was not expecting from an experienced player such an accident."


Senior cabinet ministers will push the UK's Brexit agenda on three different continents later.

International Trade Secretary Liam Fox will travel from the US to meet Mexican counterparts to discuss trading relationships.
Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson is on a two-day tour of Australia, saying post-Brexit trade is "top of the agenda".
And Brexit Secretary David Davis will hold private talks in Germany ahead of the next round of negotiations.
The globetrotting by the three ministers - dubbed the "three Brexiteers" for their role in backing a Leave vote - comes amid increased scrutiny of the opportunities and challenges facing Britain in terms of negotiating free trade agreements with other countries once it leaves the EU.
No deals can be done until withdrawal in March 2019 but the UK has established a series of inter-ministerial working groups in the US and Australia to discuss the way ahead while also signalling to other countries, such as New Zealand, that they will be "near the front of the queue".
US President Donald Trump has said a deal with the UK could be "big and exciting" in terms of jobs, accusing the EU of a "very protectionist" stance towards America.
The EU has insisted Brexit talks will only be held by the European Commission, and the Department for Exiting the European Union confirmed Mr Davis' talks with officials in Germany would be private.
Brussels has also made clear that trade talks between the UK and the EU must wait until other issues, including the status of expats and any "divorce bill" to be paid by the UK, have been settled.
The role of the European Court of Justice has emerged as a stumbling block to a deal on citizen's rights, despite both sides insisting that they want to come an arrangement.
The UK is seeking a "comprehensive free trade deal" with the EU after Brexit to replace its membership of the common market and customs union.


A compromise on Brexit should be sought to satisfy all parts of the UK, the SNP's leader at Westminster has said.

Ian Blackford spoke to the BBC's Today programme after it was mooted that Holyrood might be required to give its consent on the forthcoming repeal bill.
That has led to speculation that the Edinburgh parliament could disrupt the Brexit process.
Mr Blackford said he did not want to talk about blocking, but rather how "we can actually reach a compromise".
At last year's referendum, voters in Scotland backed the UK remaining in the EU by 62% to 38%.
The MP said the way to proceed was about "mutual respect".
Mr Blackford said Prime Minister Theresa May needed to recognise that there were differences throughout the United Kingdom.
He added: "Let's not talk about blocking, let's talk about how we can actually reach a compromise which can satisfy the interests of all parts of the UK.
"There needs to be a meeting of the joint ministerial committee - the parliament in London, meeting together with the governments in Edinburgh, of Belfast and of Cardiff, and of course I think it is right, and many people have said this, that the Scottish government should have been represented at the talks in Brussels.
"For us, it is about maintaining our ability to trade through the European single market, to have the benefits of the customs union and, as a consequence of that, free movement of people.
"I think what we are trying to be is trying to be reasonable and say look we understand the position that you're in but also let's make sure that respect cuts both ways."
Mrs May, whose government plans were outlined in the Queen's Speech on Wednesday, has said that Scotland would leave the EU along with the rest of the UK. She has also reiterated that leaving the single market would happen.
Secretary of State for Scotland David Mundell has said there would "undoubtedly be more decision-making powers coming to Holyrood, and I look forward to working closely with the Scottish government on this".
By Brain Taylor, BBC Scotland political editor
I think not, for three principal reasons...
Read more from Brian
The Scottish Parliament's role in the Brexit process was also raised at First Minister's Questions on Thursday.
Nicola Sturgeon reiterated that the Scottish government should have a seat at the negotiating table.
She told the chamber: "I think it would be better if we had two things that this parliament united to demand of the UK government that, first, this parliament would be properly consulted through the formal legislative consent process and, secondly, that this Scottish government, democratically elected, has a seat at the negotiating table so that we can properly defend Scotland's interest.
"So I would challenge all parties across this chamber to get behind us in demanding both of those things."


A second person has been arrested in Coventry on suspicion of Syria-related terrorism offences.

A 29-year-old man was arrested at an address in the city by officers from West Midlands Police's counter-terrorism unit, the force said.
A 28-year-old woman taken into custody earlier has been bailed.
Officers are continuing to search three addresses in the Foleshill and Radford areas. Police say the arrests were intelligence-led.
The latest arrest was pre-planned and there is no risk to public safety, said the force.
Read more news about Coventry and Warwickshire


Tottenham's players are not talking of winning the Premier League title, says manager Mauricio Pochettino.

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Spurs are second in the table, two points behind leaders Leicester after coming from behind to beat Swansea 2-1 at White Hart Lane on Sunday.
"Nobody speaks about the title in our dressing room," Pochettino told Sky Sports.
"We believe we can win every game and we'll see what happens at the end of the season."
The Argentine added: "Now, we need to focus again. We have a strong squad and we will try to manage it in the right way."
With 11 games remaining, Tottenham are three points and a league place above north London rivals Arsenal, who lost 3-2 at Manchester United.
"For me, it is not important that Arsenal lost," said Pochettino. "What is important is our own performance and there are still 11 Premier League games ahead."
In Sunday's game, Italian striker Alberto Paloschi capitalised on a fortuitous deflection to open the scoring for Swansea, who held their lead until the 70th minute thanks largely to a string of saves from goalkeeper Lukasz Fabianski.
Substitute Nacer Chadli turned Kyle Walker's cross in to bring Tottenham level before Danny Rose's drive from the edge of the box won the game for the home side.
"It was hard because we conceded early," Pochettino told BBC Sport. "Sometimes in football it is difficult, but the good thing is that the team fought, tried to score and played well. It was a fantastic win.
"Fabianski was great. He was man of the match. But I have to congratulate our players because of the energy we showed and the way we kept trying was fantastic.
"In the end we fully deserved out victory."


Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), long associated in the popular imagination with controversial treatment of the mentally ill, can be used to erase memories, Dutch researchers have found - raising hopes of a new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder.

They say that, in the end, memories are all we have left. And yet how many times have you wished you could forget something?
Now new research suggests it may be possible to zap specific memories, with the help of ECT, a controversial psychiatric treatment where electric pulses are passed through the brain.
Dr Marijn Kroes, of the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour at Radboud University Nijmegen, who led the study, says the treatment appears to disrupt the natural process of storing memories in the brain.
"Memories are stored in connections between cells in your brain," he says. However, these connections take some time to become permanent.
"If you disturb [this] process, you lose the connection between cells altogether" - and thus lose the memory.
ECT was developed in the 1930s, after researchers noted that some people with depression or schizophrenia seemed to feel better after an epileptic seizure.
Electroconvulsive therapy is a way of inducing a fit, and was used widely during the 1950s and 60s. Nowadays ECT is usually only prescribed for a small number of serious mental illnesses, such as severe depression, if other treatments have failed.
No-one knows for certain how ECT works. One theory is that it stimulates the release of mood-enhancing chemicals in the brain.
Though it remains a controversial treatment, many health professionals say ECT relieves severe depression where other treatments fail. Since 15% of people with severe depression will kill themselves, they argue that ECT is potentially lifesaving.
Others believe ECT is inhumane and degrading, and that its side-effects - such as memory loss - can be severe. Many would like to see it banned.
Source: Royal College of Psychiatrists ECT fact sheet
ECT is still used in the Netherlands, Britain and many other countries as a last-resort treatment for severe depression.
According to the psychiatrists who use it, the treatment's bad reputation is partly down to films such as One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, in which a terrified patient is strapped down and forced to endure violent seizures.
The picture is very different in the Rijnstate medical centre where the memory-erasing experiments were conducted.
Inside a bright, modern operating theatre, Dr Jeroen van Waarde treats between 20 and 30 patients every week with ECT.
To administer the treatment, steel pads are attached just above the patients' temples. Wires connected to the transmitter device send electric pulses through the brain, inducing a seizure similar to an epileptic fit.
In earlier times, the whole body would stiffen and thrash about. These days, the combined effects of muscle relaxants and a general anaesthetic mean that most of the body remains still during the seizure. The only visible sign is the twitching of one arm that has a tourniquet attached.
One of the known side-effects of ECT is memory loss. According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists, that memory loss is normally temporary, but some patients report severe and long-lasting memory losses after ECT.
This study took advantage of this side-effect to see if it was possible to target specific memories.
Dr Kroes and his team conducted the memory-erasing research with patients who were already undergoing ECT as a treatment for severe depression.
Participants were initially shown two sets of picture cards, each telling an emotional story.
A couple of weeks later, just before an ECT session, they were shown just one of the sets of story cards again, in order to activate that particular memory.
When asked to recall the stories 24 hours later, they could not remember the story they were shown just before having ECT. The memory of the other story - which they had not seen for two weeks - was unaffected.
Ineke Brussard took part in the study. She was being treated for debilitating depression at the Rijnstate clinic and and is now "happy." She cannot remember what she was shown before the ECT.
"They showed me something, but I don't remember that it was that card, or such a card, or whatever, no. I don't remember."
The research aims to harness a cognitive process known as memory reconsolidation.
Each time memories are accessed, they are taken out of the storage compartment in the brain and "rewritten" over time, before being relayed to the brain's internal mechanisms.
Results from previous animal studies show that, during that reconsolidation, memories are sensitive to being altered or even erased.
This new Dutch research suggests it may be possible to get rid of specific memories by accessing them - in this case, priming them by looking at pictures - just before receiving ECT.
Dr Kroes is optimistic it could eventually be used by patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a debilitating memory-related illness.
"Traditional treatments teach you how to deal with your traumatic memories, but they don't change your traumatic memories. So what we're looking for now is a way to 'erase' these."
There is still a long way to go before patients are prescribed this kind of memory-altering treatment.
The research was based on artificially generated memories using story cards as prompts, so the next step is to find out if real, long-term traumatic memories - which are more deeply ingrained in our brains - can ever be subject to the same targeted or "spot-cleansing" process.
But for those whose memories have an incapacitating impact on their lives, this research offers hope.
Simon Buckden, a veteran of the Iraq and Bosnia conflicts, is haunted by his war experiences.
He now suffers from PTSD, which he describes as "a 24-hour cancer that you have to fight every day until it kills you".
He says he would consider the ECT-based treatment if it were developed for clinical use.
"I wouldn't be the person I am today or have achieved so much if it wasn't for those experiences, but if it could take away the emotions that are connected to those memories then I'd try it, absolutely."


French investigators say usable data has been extracted from the cockpit voice recorder of Germanwings 4U 9525 but it has so far yielded no clues as to the cause of the plane's crash.

They said the plane hit the ground in the French Alps at great velocity, suggesting no explosion in flight.
Flight 4U 9525 from Barcelona to Duesseldorf crashed after an eight-minute rapid descent on Tuesday.
The French, German and Spanish leaders visited the crash site on Wednesday.
Remi Jouty, the director of the French aviation investigative agency, said there were sounds and voices on the cockpit voice recorder but that it was too early to draw any conclusions.
He said he hoped investigators would have the "first rough ideas in a matter of days" but that the full analysis could take weeks or even months.
But the New York Times quoted an unnamed investigator as saying that one of the pilots had left the cockpit and had been unable to get back in.
"You can hear he is trying to smash the door down," the investigator adds, describing audio from the recorder.
There had been earlier reports that the second black box - the flight data recorder - had been found. But Mr Jouty said this was not the case.
Mr Jouty said the plane's last communication was a routine one with air traffic control.
The plane confirmed instructions to continue on its planned flight path but then began its descent a minute later.
Analysis by Richard Westcott, BBC Transport Correspondent
The "black box" cockpit voice recorder is pretty battered but the devices are bomb-proof, literally, so investigators should still be able to listen to what happened on board.
The large, orange cylindrical part in the middle holds the memory boards that record the pilots' voices, and that looks intact to me.
The critical question now is, were the pilots speaking during those lost eight minutes when the aircraft dropped from 38,000ft to the ground?
If they're quiet, investigators will know they were unconscious, and that suggests a major decompression took place on board. That's when a hole in the fuselage lets all the air out. It's not necessarily fatal, if the pilots can get their oxygen masks on in time, something they train for, but if they were knocked out, it would explain the lack of a mayday call or any obvious attempt to steer the stricken aircraft to the nearest runway.
Mr Jouty said controllers observed the plane beginning to descend and tried to get back in contact with the pilots but without success.
He ruled out an explosion, saying: "The plane was flying right to the end."
Mr Jouty said: "At this stage, clearly, we are not in a position to have the slightest explanation or interpretation of the reasons that could have led this plane to descend... or the reasons why it did not respond to attempts to contact it by air traffic controllers."
Meanwhile, the BBC's Lucy Williamson in Seyne-les-Alpes says there are now reports that bodies are being recovered and airlifted from the site.
Germanwings chief Thomas Winkelmann said 72 of the 144 passengers were German citizens. The victims included 16 pupils returning from an exchange trip. Spain's government now says 51 of the dead were Spanish.
UK Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond confirmed that three Britons were on board. Other victims were from Australia, Argentina, Iran, Venezuela, the US, the Netherlands, Colombia, Mexico, Japan, Denmark and Israel.
However, there may be some duplication because of dual citizenship.
Earlier, French President Francois Hollande, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy gave a press conference after visiting the site of the crash.
Mr Hollande told his counterparts: The French people are here shoulder to shoulder with you during this ordeal. Everything will be done to find, identify and hand back to the families the bodies of their loved ones."
Both he and Mrs Merkel said they would do everything they could to find the cause of the crash.
In a press briefing later, Carsten Spohr, CEO of Lufthansa, which owns Germanwings, said this was "the darkest hour of 60 years of Lufthansa".
He added: "We cannot understand how an airplane in perfect technical condition with two such trained pilots was involved in such a terrible accident."
Lufthansa will operate two flights on Thursday to take relatives to France.
However, a bus with 14 relatives of Spanish victims left Barcelona on Wednesday for the crash area, because they did not want to fly.
At the scene: James Reynolds, BBC News, Seyne les Alpes
French gendarmes here have taken over a large part of this valley on the outskirts of town. One van with sirens escorted in a white trailer bearing the words "Mobile Criminal Investigation Laboratory".
Emergency workers in fluorescent jackets say that they want to work as quickly as they can.
"We cannot leave the victims a week in the mountains," said Roy Xavier from Civil Security.
But victims' families will have a long wait for the bodies to be returned to them. The Prosecutor of Marseille told reporters that it may be several weeks before all the victims are identified.
Are you affected by this story? You can get in touch by emailing haveyoursay@bbc.co.uk. If you are available to speak to a BBC journalist, please include a telephone number.


Labour leadership challenger Owen Smith has congratulated his opponent Jeremy Corbyn, saying he won a decisive victory.

Mr Corbyn has won his bid to retain the Labour leadership, defeating the Pontypridd MP.
The Labour leader received 61.8% of the vote - a larger margin than 12 months ago.
First Minister Carwyn Jones said Labour now had to work hard to offer the UK the opposition it had been "denied".
Mr Smith said: "There is no doubt that the Labour Party has changed under his [Corbyn's] leadership, he has mobilised huge numbers of people over the last 12 months, many of whom are here at conference in Liverpool, and he deserves the credit for that, and for winning this contest so decisively.
"I have no time for talk of a split in the Labour movement - it's Labour or nothing for me... although today's result shows that our movement remains divided, it now falls primarily to Jeremy Corbyn, as Labour leader, to heal those divisions and to unite our movement."
Welsh Labour leader Mr Jones offered his congratulations to Mr Corbyn along with his "commiserations" to Mr Smith, who he said fought a "good campaign".
But he added: "This has not been a happy period for the Labour Party, the country has been denied the functional and forensic opposition they have a right to expect in Westminster, and we must work hard now to put that right."
But former Labour cabinet minister Lord Peter Hain said: "The party has to make the best of the predicament we are in.
"I hope all Jeremy's supporters actually get out there and campaign because where I worked in south Wales, in both the assembly elections and the referendum they were nowhere to be seen."
Mike Hedges, Swansea East AM and a supporter of Mr Corbyn, told BBC Radio Wales the result tells the Parliamentary Labour Party "loudly and clearly that Jeremy Corbyn has the overwhelming support of the membership", which he said "should stop another leadership campaign next year or the year after".
Shadow Welsh Secretary Paul Flynn said Labour's "gap year from reality is over", adding: "We must bury futile infighting and unite to defend the NHS, the welfare services and universal education that we created."
Caerphilly MP and Corbyn-critic Wayne David, who had resigned from the Labour frontbench before the challenge by Mr Smith, did not think the result had changed anything.
"The onus is on Jeremy now. He has a fresh mandate. He has to make real his words," he said.
He added if Mr Corbyn had a desire to make a team he would be "more than happy to work for him" but added "that does not necessarily mean I would go on the front bench".
Former shadow Welsh Secretary Nia Griffith called for "people from all parts of the party to take part and really participate in making the Labour party work properly".
On Friday, Ms Griffith indicated she would be willing serve in a shadow cabinet under Mr Corbyn, three months after quitting the shadow cabinet.
Cardiff councillor Darren Williams, a Corbyn supporting member of the ruling National Executive Committee, said "the whole party in Wales has to get behind" Mr Corbyn "and make sure that we turn outward and take the fight to the Tories".
Recently Labour made changes that would give the Welsh party more control of its own affairs.
Mr Williams welcomed the move but said: "I hope there won't be an attempt by Welsh Labour to isolate itself from the positive things that Jeremy represents at the British level."
The result comes after a tumultuous summer for Labour following the Brexit vote and months of tension between the leadership and the party's MPs.
Following criticism of Mr Corbyn's alleged "lacklustre" campaigning in the referendum, many Labour shadow cabinet members resigned.
Mr Corbyn then lost a confidence vote and in July Mr Smith challenged the Labour leader for the top job.
A spokesperson for the Welsh Conservatives said: "Jeremy Corbyn's re-election is merely another chapter in the protracted saga of the Labour party's decline."
Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood said: "The chaos and infighting engulfing the Labour Party as well as the proposed boundary changes mean that the party is unlikely to win a Westminster election for at least a decade, possibly even longer."


Drinks giant Diageo has announced plans to shed about 80 jobs across a number of its sites in Scotland.

The company said the move followed a supply and procurement review of its Scottish manufacturing operations.
The cuts will mainly affect management roles.
Diageo stressed that an ongoing Â£1bn investment programme in Scotland to increase whisky production capacity would not be affected by the restructuring move.
In a statement, Diageo said the review had concluded that Diageo's Scottish manufacturing business was well placed to meet the challenges of an increasingly competitive global environment.
But it added: "To ensure the business in Scotland remains competitive, the review identified opportunities to simplify processes and organisation at local levels which will result in a proposed reduction of around 80 roles across Diageo's 50 sites in Scotland.
"The reduction will primarily be in management roles and will be spread across a number of sites.
"This change will be managed through a phased process in consultation with employees and implemented over the next financial year until June 2014.
"Diageo will seek wherever possible to minimise the impact of any change."
Last year the company announced it would invest Â£1bn in Scotch whisky production over the next five years.
The investment plans include a new distillery in Speyside or the Highlands and new warehouses to store the Scotch.


Cardiff City goalkeeping coach Andy Dibble would like to see Allan McGregor remain at the club beyond the end of the current season.

McGregor, 35, is on loan from Hull City until the end of the season.
Ex-Wales goalkeeper Dibble is full of praise for the Scotland international, who has made 13 appearances for the Bluebirds.
"He's been absolutely fantastic the way he approaches training and games," Dibble said.
"Yes, we would love to have him long term. That's up to the powers that be with the financial side.
"But he would be one on our radar definitely. He's a model professional."
McGregor had fallen behind Eldin Jakupovic and former Cardiff number one David Marshall in Hull's pecking order before joining Cardiff in January.


The 2016 National Eisteddfod of Wales will be held in Abergavenny.

Monmouthshire County Council has voted unanimously to host the Welsh cultural and language event.
The eisteddfod will be held at Castle Meadows and returns to Monmouthshire for the first time since 1913.
Monmouthshire's cabinet member with responsibility for the Welsh language, Phil Hobson, said he was "very proud" that the county was hosting the event.


Presidents are among former leaders in Poland expressing concern at attempts by the ruling Law and Justice party (PiS) to increase its influence over the country's Constitutional Court.

Fifteen officials issued an open letter voicing "anxiety and opposition".
The PiS has appointed five loyal judges to the 15-member court in a move it says is aimed at tackling cronyism.
The head of the European Parliament, Martin Schulz, has compared events in the country to a "coup d'etat".
Poland's Prime Minister, Beata Szydlo, called Mr Schulz's words "unacceptable" and demanded an apology.
Thousands of people marched through Warsaw to show support for the right-wing PiS on Sunday following anti-government protests on Saturday.
Critics accuse Poland's government of trying to manipulate state institutions.
Poland elections: Why did Poles vote for change?
Poland returns to Conservative roots
Conservative win grips Polish media
Former Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz, from Civic Platform (PO), as well as former Presidents Bronislaw Komorowski and Aleksander Kwasniewski, were among the signatories of the letter published on Tuesday.
They said they were seeking to defend the court's role in upholding the constitutionality of the country's new laws.
Led by Jaroslaw Kaczynski, the Eurosceptic PiS has accused the court of blocking its policies.
The party has regularly come to blows with the media and the opposition since it came to power in October.
Relations with the European Union have also been strained, with Poland agreeing to financially support EU efforts to alleviate the migrants crisis but refusing to take in asylum seekers.
In an interview with German newspaper Berliner Zeitung, Poland's Foreign Minister Witold Waszczykowski lashed out at Germany over claims Poland had failed to show "solidarity" in the crisis.
He also complained that Nato had not stationed a unit in Poland, saying it was "because Germany cares more for the interests of Russia than the security interests of central-eastern Europe".


A man has been arrested following the death of a pedestrian who was hit by a car in Southampton.

A 26-year-old man was taken to hospital after he was struck by a Vauxhall Astra in Winchester Road at about 07:40, but died a short time later.
His next of kin have been informed, police said.
A 44-year-old man, from Southampton, was arrested on suspicion of causing death by careless driving and bailed until 4 May.


Chelsea target Michy Batshuayi has confirmed that he will leave Ligue 1 side Marseille this summer.

The Belgium international, 22, is set to move to the Premier League club in a £33m (40m euros) deal on Sunday.
Batshuayi, who scored 23 goals in all competitions for Marseille last season, will be new manager Antonio Conte's first signing at Stamford Bridge.
"This should be formalised tomorrow, I will leave Olympic Marseille this summer," Batshuayi wrote on Twitter.
Batshuayi came on as a substitute in Belgium's 3-1 Euro 2016 quarter-final defeat by Wales on Friday.
The Brussels-born forward, who signed for Marseille from Standard Liege in 2014, came off the bench to score in Belgium's 4-0 win win over Hungary in the last 16 on Monday.
He was linked with several Premier League clubs, and Crystal Palace reportedly agreed a fee with Ligue 1 side Marseille earlier this week.


Barcelona are on the verge of failing to reach the Champions League quarter-finals for the first time since 2007 after a humiliating 4-0 thrashing at Paris St-Germain, and the manner of the defeat has sent shockwaves through Spain.

As well as PSG played, the majority of the post-mortem is focussing on just how bad Barca were, with their players and especially manager Luis Enrique facing intense criticism.
The game's stats speak for themselves: PSG had 10 shots on target against just one from Barca, with the French team also collectively covering far more ground (112.1km against 104km) and working harder to win back the ball (46 recoveries against Barca's 36).
Even Lionel Messi, so often his team's saviour, was powerless to intervene, failing to touch the ball inside the PSG penalty box once.
For a club which has such expectations of success, such awful performances do not pass by without ramifications. The tie might be effectively over, but the storm has only just started.
Everything. They were outworked in midfield, overrun in defence, and the superstar forward line of Messi, Luis Suarez and Neymar had virtually no impact, although the Brazilian at least made a handful of dangerous runs.
From a tactical point of view, the first of those points is the most significant, because PSG's outstanding midfield trio of Marco Verratti, Adrien Rabiot and Blaise Matuidi completely controlled the centre of the field and the flow of the game.
Their dominance was plainly evident in the second, third and fourth goals, all of which saw PSG players breeze unchallenged through the heart of midfield, with no opponents putting any pressure on the ball whatsoever, before calmly delivering passes for Julian Draxler, Angel di Maria and Edinson Cavani to convert.
Indeed, it could have been even worse, with Barca keeper Marc-Andre ter Stegen the only visiting player to emerge with any credit after making some decent saves to repel similarly rampaging PSG attacks as his defence offered next to no protection.
A team like Barca repeatedly being so easily carved open was a shocking sight, and the disconnect between their defence and attack - with nothing in between as PSG enjoyed the Parc des Princes' wide open spaces - was the main factor behind the vast gulf between the teams.
Of course, nobody was predicting that Barca would lose so heavily in Paris.
But although the scale of the defeat was unexpected, many fans are now bitterly saying "I told you so" after a season which has regularly threatened to fall apart at the seams.
Despite the success he enjoyed during his first two seasons in charge, many observers have remained unconvinced by Luis Enrique's abilities as a coach, claiming that his only tactical plan is to let Messi do what he wants and hope for the best.
That is an exaggeration, of course, but the fact Enrique did not even use all his available substitutions in Paris despite a horrendous collective performance suggests he is desperately lacking a back-up if his Plan A - relying upon the MSN forward line - fails to prosper.
Although they possess enough individual talent to brush aside inferior opposition, throughout the season Barca have routinely struggled whenever they come up against top-quality teams - with the 3-1 group-stage defeat at Manchester City offering just one example.
Barca were also poor in last week's Copa del Rey semi-final against Atletico Madrid, only sneaking through after Atletico missed several clear chances (including a penalty) and had a goal wrongly disallowed, and the Catalans have dropped points in La Liga against Real Madrid, Atletico, Real Sociedad and Villarreal.
Indeed, the only team in La Liga's top six they have beaten so far this season is Sevilla, and that was only thanks to a remarkable performance from Messi - the prototype Enrique win, according to his many detractors.
Although the players have not escaped criticism, manager Luis Enrique has been well and truly placed in the firing line.
The Barca boss conducted a particularly feisty post-match interview with Catalan broadcaster TV3, firing back "You can tell you didn't watch the game" after it was suggested he had not made any tactical changes during the course of the match.
There were even suggestions that Enrique was later restrained from accosting the reporter, Jordi Grau, because he was so upset by the negative tone of the interview.
If that was the case, Enrique will be awfully unhappy with a lot of members of the media because he has faced widespread and fierce criticism.
An opinion piece in Sport, a newspaper published in Barcelona, described the team as "shipwrecked without a manager", handing Enrique possibly the worst insult imaginable in that particular city by likening him to Jose Mourinho in his treatment of the media ("inventing enemies which don't exist").
And naturally, Spain's pro-Real Madrid publications were more than happy to stick the knife in, with Marca describing the game as a "catastrophe" and calling it Barca's "biggest debacle of the 21st century",
Luis Enrique will probably leave the Nou Camp at the end of the season - and not just because of this result.
The former Spain international has never really looked like he enjoys many aspects of his job, regularly stating he does not envisage staying in charge for very long because of the relentless pressures of the position.
He is out of contract at the end of the season, and has always been extremely evasive over whether he intends to sign a new one (although he is evasive about most things, so that is no surprise).
Whether or not he really intends to agree a new contract is a genuine secret - he even kept Barca hanging after winning the treble in 2015 - but now he will probably end up having little choice.
Barca are also adrift in La Liga, with Real Madrid one point ahead and boasting two games in hand, and although they have reached the Spanish cup final, that is unlikely to be enough to keep Enrique in charge - especially considering the nature of what now seems an almost certain Champions League exit.
Results are not the only thing that matter at Barcelona, though, and Enrique is regularly accused of dismantling the possession-based style of play which was initially instilled by Johan Cruyff and later continued by Frank Rijkaard and Pep Guardiola, instead imposing an unattractive and disjointed style which bypasses midfield and relies exclusively on the talents of three players.
The combination of poor results and unpopular playing methods will be tough to survive.
With Enrique's future uncertain, several possible replacements have been touted in the last few weeks.
For many fans, the most popular option would be Jorge Sampaoli, the fashionable Argentine coach who has taken La Liga by storm in leading Sevilla's unlikely title challenge with a daring and versatile tactical approach.
The passionate and intense Sampaoli is rapidly becoming the most highly-rated emerging coach in the world, and Sevilla is unlikely to be a big enough stage for him.
Other candidates are current assistant Juan Carlos Unzue, Borussia Dortmund's Thomas Tuchel, PSG's Unai Emery and Real Sociedad boss Eusebio Sacristan, who has the benefit of being an insider after playing for the club and - like Enrique and Guardiola - previously managing the B team.
In the long run, probably the best bet to bring the "Barca DNA" back to the Nou Camp is the man whose playing career best embodied that style: Xavi. But this summer is almost certainly too soon for the legendary midfielder, who is still playing for Al Sadd in Qatar.
Next time, the job might be his, but for now Barca's board will have to choose between the increasingly unlikely option of keeping Enrique, or taking the plunge for a new man.
No. Their performance on Tuesday may have been abysmal, but do not forget these are largely the same players who won the treble two seasons ago and the double last year.
Some positions do require reinforcements, especially right-back where last summer's departure of long-serving Dani Alves is being keenly felt.
In the longer term, a major issue will be filling the gap left by Andres Iniesta, who is nearly 33 years old. As with Xavi, directly replacing such a unique player will be practically impossible, but current squad members Andre Gomes, Denis Suarez and Rafinha have not yet convinced.
Nevertheless, Barca's squad remains stacked with players of the highest quality, and the continuity of the front three of Messi, Suarez and Neymar is particularly unlikely to be questioned.
The bigger question is not whether the players are good enough, but how to get the most out of them. Several are significantly under-performing, with midfielders Sergio Busquets and Ivan Rakitic - both undoubtedly world-class players - probably enduring the worst seasons of their careers.
And, indeed, their struggles can be seen as indicative of a team which possesses brilliant individuals but lacks a solid collective structure, something which critics are laying firmly at the feet of Enrique.
Before long, somebody else may well have a chance to put that right.


Shares in China led the region's gains as investors' hopes for more stimulus from the government were reignited by disappointing trade data.

Hong Kong's Hang Seng closed up 1.1% at 27,577.34, while the Shanghai Composite rose 2.3% to 4,205.92.
Despite Friday's rise, the mainland index lost 5.3% for the week - its worst performance in five years.
Trade data from China showed exports fell in April from a year ago by 6.2% in yuan terms.
Forecasts were for a rise of about 1.5%.
Imports also fell by 16.1% in yuan terms compared with forecasts for a drop of about 12%.
Analysts said the trade numbers could mean further easing by China's central bank this year, including further rate cuts this month, among other measures.
In Japan, the benchmark Nikkei 225 closed up 0.45% at 19,379.19.
Investors sent shares in video game maker Nintendo up 7% after it reported its first annual operating profit in four years.
Nintendo also said it was optimistic about prospects, expecting its annual operating profit to double in the next year.
After Japan's markets had closed for the day, manufacturing giant Toyota reported a 19% rise in net profit for the year to March.
The Bank of Japan released minutes of its April meeting on Friday revealing that some of the central bank's board members were concerned about the weakness of private consumption, which accounts for about 60% of Japan's economic activity.
In Australia, the benchmark S&P/ASX 200 index closed down 0.2% at 5,634.60.
One of the country's big investment banks, Macquarie Group, saw its shares rise more than 5% after it reported full-year results that beat forecasts.
Macquarie announced a 27% year-on-year rise in net profits to 1.6bn Australian dollars ($1.26bn; Â£819m) for the year ending in March, beating estimates for a profit of some A$1.5bn.
In South Korea, the benchmark Kospi index closed flat, up just 0.03% at 2,091.57.


Video has been released of a woman's dramatic rescue by lifeboat volunteers as she was cut off by the rising tide.

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4 July 2015 Last updated at 13:19 BST
The RNLI has released footage of the rescue, involving a woman stranded by the incoming tide on a sandbank at Uncle Tom's Cabin, Blackpool.
The woman, seen still clutching her mobile phone during the rescue, was taken to hospital as a precaution but has since been released.
RNLI volunteer Jonathon Horrocks said she had a "very lucky escape".
"By the time we reached her she was totally exhausted and was in very real danger of drowning," he said.


A man had his neck slashed with a blade from behind in an "unprovoked" attack in Bournemouth town centre.

Two local men aged 56 and 59 have been arrested on suspicion of attempted murder after a search by armed police.
The 18-year-old victim was taken to hospital with serious but not life-threatening injuries after the assault in Old Christchurch Road, said police.
He was left with "a serious cut to the neck" by a man who fled the scene toward Wootton Gardens early on Friday.
Dorset Police issued CCTV images of a suspect, who was described as white and was wearing grey jogging bottoms, blue trainers with white soles, and a black jacket with a white top underneath.
Det Con Matt Cooke said: "This was a serious and unprovoked assault."


Colchester United's injury problems continue to mount with forward Kurtis Guthrie and midfielder Craig Slater ruled out for the rest of the season.

The League Two side's injury list now contains 14 players, also including defenders Tom Eastman and Frankie Kent.
Guthrie, 23, has 12 goals this term, but requires ankle surgery after going off against Hartlepool.
Slater, 22, has played 32 times, but has had an operation after playing with double hernia and groin problems.


A Dumfries Infirmary ward has reopened after being closed to new admissions due to a sickness bug outbreak.

It was shut last week, along with Annan Hospital, after a number of patients were affected.
The Annan facility reopened earlier this week and ward 14 at Dumfries is now also open to admissions.
Infection control manager Elaine Ross thanked everyone who had worked "incredibly hard" to keep providing care and stop the virus spreading.


Rail services have resumed after passengers faced hours of disruption caused by a derailed train in Hampshire.

An empty CrossCountry passenger train came off the tracks at Eastleigh and blocked lines through the station.
It was eventually cleared and moved to a nearby depot. Services are returning to normal with small residual delays.
South West Trains had feared cancellations and delays would continue until 18:00 BST.
The operator said fewer services were able to run while the derailed train was recovered.
CrossCountry said its train, which had not yet entered service, was involved in a "minor low-speed derailment" that caused issues with signalling arrangements in the area.
It was eventually put back on the tracks and taken to a nearby depot. An investigation has been started .


The public spending watchdog has warned of a lack of funding controls for overseas students at private colleges, with £5m paid to ineligible students.

The National Audit Office investigated a surge in claims for loans and grants, many from Romanian students.
The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills has already stopped recruitment at 23 colleges.
Margaret Hodge, who chairs the Public Accounts Committee, said such funding should not go for "private gain".
She said the drive to expand the number of private colleges in higher education was not accompanied by adequate checks to protect public funds.
The numbers of publicly-funded students at private colleges soared by 650% in three years.
"This extraordinary rate of expansion, high drop-out rates, and warnings from within the sector ought to have set alarm bells ringing," said Mrs Hodge, chairwoman of the parliamentary spending watchdog.
The National Audit Office, the independent auditor of public spending, has examined concerns over financial support for European Union students at some private higher education colleges.
The business department had suspended payments at 23 colleges after "unusual patterns" in applications.
More than 80% of new students at some colleges were from Romania or Bulgaria, there were multiple applications from a single household and applications made in bulk, such as 50 a day sent from a single internet address.
There are about 140 private colleges which do not receive money from the higher education funding councils, but where students can access financial support.
This includes students from the European Union resident in the UK - with students able to claim more than £7,000 in a loan and more than £3,000 in a non-repayable, means-tested maintenance grant. The colleges would receive up to £6,000 in a tuition fee loan.
The report says that when financial support for about 11,000 EU students was reviewed, about half could not show evidence that they were properly eligible.
There was particular concern that 83% of applicants were for only 16 colleges.
An estimated £5.4m had been paid to 992 ineligible students, before payments were suspended.
The Student Loans Company said: "The process to recover these funds is ongoing. The figure in the report has substantially reduced and is now less than £4m.
"This figure will reduce further in the coming months and we expect to have recovered overpayments from these alternative providers by February 2015."
The report highlights that among students taking Higher National qualifications in 2012-13, about a fifth were never even registered for a course with an awarding body.
There were concerns about drop-out rates at some of these colleges, many times higher than the higher education average.
The UCU lecturers' union said the report demonstrated the lack of financial control in the push for more private provision.
"While we are pleased the misuse of public funds is finally being brought to light, we remain angry that it took so long to happen. We raised the issues of for-profit colleges' access to taxpayers' money time and again with ministers, but we were ignored at every turn," said the union's general secretary, Sally Hunt.
A spokesman for the Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) department said: "We will continue to investigate and take robust action against any provider failing to meet the high standards expected of them."
For the current year, he said that BIS had introduced controls to limit the expansion of these colleges, known as "alternative providers".
"As the NAO report notes we have implemented new controls to ensure that there is a clear register of designated courses.
"The drop-out rates at a small number of alternative providers have been higher than the average amongst alternative providers.  The NAO have made a helpful recommendation on drop-out rates which we will consider as part of our ongoing strengthening of the regulation of the network."


Welsh fans praised the efforts of the Lions but said they were disappointed not to have clinched the series win.

A long-range penalty from Owen Farrell snatched a late 12-12 draw for the Lions in an epic third Test at Eden Park in Auckland.
Fans watching the game at Rhiwbina Recreation Club had mixed emotions after the game.
But they lauded Lions captain Sam Warburton, who was a former player at the club.
After a hectic encounter in Saturday morning's final test, most supporters thought a draw was a fair result.
Gareth Edwards said: "I'm delighted we got the draw. To be perfectly honest, I thought New Zealand were a slightly better side on the day, showed a lot of heart, spirit and courage and just about deserved to sneak away with a draw.
"Whoever says the Lions is dead, absolute nonsense. This has got to live on forever."
Gareth Hill said: "It's mixed feelings really because you want to go over there and win.
"But for someone like Sam and Warren Gatland, who've been on two tours now and come home undefeated from both, I'm pleased not to have lost and disappointed not to have won.
"At the end of the day, it was a tremendous battle."
Alun Morgan felt the Lions should have taken their chances to seal the win.
"It was absolutely fantastic but [I'm] a bit disappointed really, I thought we could have taken that series," he said.
"There was a little bit too much box kicking for my liking but two fantastic teams. I'm chuffed to bits, I think a draw was a fair result."
Rhiwbina RFC was Warburton's first club and fans described him as a player its younger members can look up to.
Larry Spittle said: "I thought Warburton was just immense. The way he carries himself, he's just a role model for the kids here in Rhiwbina."
Stephanie Harris added: "Sam is amazing, we're so proud as a club to own him and have him as our role model.
"He's fantastic and I'm really pleased we've got somebody like that as an ambassador for Rhiwbina Rugby Club and the recreation club."


Cyberthieves who targeted Bangladesh's central bank tried to get away with $1bn (Â£700m), reports Reuters.

Quoting banking officials, the agency said the gang behind the raid used stolen credentials to make requests to transfer cash look legitimate.
If all the requests had gone unchallenged, the gang would have got away with about $1bn.
However, the transfers were stopped when the volume of requests raised suspicions at other banks.
The computer hackers behind the breach are believed to have got away with about $80m - one of the largest known bank robberies in history.
To commit the attack, which took place about a month ago, the gang spent time studying the internal processes of Bangladesh's central bank so they could convincingly pose as officials when requesting the transfers.
However, said Reuters, the sheer number of transactions and a spelling mistake helped alert bank staff to the theft.
The spelling mistake in the name of one recipient of funds led Deutsche Bank, which was helping route the cash, to ask for clarification from the central bank, which then stopped the transaction.
Around the same time, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York had alerted the Bangladesh central bank to a series of suspicious requests to transfer money. The requests are believed to have been flagged because they were to private accounts rather than other banks and because there were so many of them.
If all the transfer requests had been fulfilled, the thieves would have got away with about $950m.
The $80m the hackers did steal ended up in accounts in Sri Lanka and the Philippines, said Reuters. The central bank has started proceedings to recover the cash.
Bangladesh's government has publicly blamed the New York Fed for not spotting the suspicious transactions earlier. Earlier this week Bangladesh's Finance Minister Abul Maal Abdul Muhith said it might launch legal action against the US body to help recover the money.
"The Fed must take responsibility," he said.
The New York Fed said its system had not been breached by the hackers and added that it was working with Bangladesh's central bank to investigate what happened.
Security and forensics firm Mandiant is also helping the Bangladeshi investigation into the theft.


The England and Wales Cricket Board has named Ross Hunter and Ian Salisbury as England's first ever full-time disability cricket coaches.

Ex-England international Salisbury has been appointed as new head coach of England's physical disability team.
Hunter will continue his work as coach of England's visually impaired side, now in a full-time capacity.
The ECB's head of disability cricket Ian Martin said: "This is an important step change in disability cricket."
He added: "I'm proud that we are the first international cricket board to make such a step.
"It will increase the capacity of our coaches to work with performance squads and is further evidence of the improvement and culture shift within our national squads."
Hunter recently led the England's visually impaired side to the semi-finals of the Blind World Cup in India, where they lost to Pakistan.
Salisbury's first assignment will be to prepare England's physical disability squad for games this summer as the side continues to build towards a world tournament in England in 2019.
"I am very humbled and honoured, especially knowing that we are the first two coaches in the world to be working full-time in disability cricket," he said.
"This will create an environment that puts this team at the forefront of disability cricket in England and the world."


A poor match came to life in the closing minutes as David Goodwillie cancelled out Juanma's goal to earn Ross County a point.

The Spaniard's close-range strike seemed certain to give Hearts victory after a game that had offered precious little entertainment.
But County pulled level when Goodwillie headed in Martin Woods' cross.
The result means both teams have now won just once in their last seven games.
There was no lack of effort from the players but inspiration was in short supply.
The 'end-of-season affair' tag was never more apt as the players huffed and puffed.
With Hearts already guaranteed third place and Ross County sitting sixth, there was little at stake and it showed.
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The 15,000 Hearts supporters in attendance at times voiced their dismay as their team went through the motions.
That said, both teams will look back on successful, impressive seasons, making it difficult to be overly critical of a late dip in form.
County, who have never won at Tynecastle, should have been ahead at half-time but Alex Schalk - sent through on goal by Woods - had his shot well saved by the out-rushing Jack Hamilton.
Prince Buaben had a half-hit shot cleared off the line and twice in the second-half was denied by good saves from Scott Fox.
But Buaben provided the cross from which Juanma appeared to seal the three points - the substitute stealing in to convert at the near post.
His fellow substitute Goodwillie had the final say, though, as he too darted into the six-yard area to get on the end of Woods' cross to level the scores and earn County a deserved point.


Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson, who is in The Gambia, has said he is "very pleased" the West African state intends to rejoin the Commonwealth.

His visit, the first to The Gambia by a British foreign secretary, comes weeks after long-time ruler Yahya Jammeh went into exile after losing elections.
Mr Jammeh took The Gambia out of the Commonwealth in 2013, calling it a neo-colonial institution.
New President Adama Barrow had promised a return to the 52-nation grouping.
Before leaving for Banjul, Mr Johnson said: "We will ensure this happens in the coming months.
"The strength of our partnerships show that Global Britain is growing in influence and activity around the world."
The Commonwealth secretariat said it welcomed the news, saying the formal process of rejoining would have to be agreed by the 52 heads of government.
"When The Gambia left the Commonwealth in 2013, the heads of government... noted its decision with regret. We looked forward to the country's eventual return because it was part of our very close knit family and our doors have always remained open," a spokesman said.
Last week, the European Union promised The Gambia an aid package of nearly Â£65m ($81m) - almost three years after freezing its assistance to the West African nation.
Mr Barrow, who was sworn in last month, has also said The Gambia will reverse its move to withdraw from the International Criminal Court (ICC).
In a statement on Monday, the government said it had written to UN chief Antonio Guterres to inform him of its decision "to discontinue the withdrawal notice".
A former Gambian information minister had referred to the court last year as "an International Caucasian Court for the persecution and humiliation of people of colour, especially Africans".
The move is a blow to Africa's anti-ICC lobby - which includes South Africa, Namibia and Burundi.
At the annual African Union summit held this month, leaders called for a mass walk-out from the ICC, but faced opposition from other countries, including Nigeria, Senegal and The Gambia.
The Foreign Office said as well as holding talks with Mr Barrow, Mr Johnson would visit the UK-funded Medical Research Council and speak to Chevening scholars and workers and employers in the tourism industry.
The West African state is a popular holiday destination for Britons. Thousands had to be evacuated last month because of security concerns when Mr Jammeh was refusing to hand over power after losing December's elections.
Mr Barrow, whose swearing-in was held in neighbouring Senegal, is to be inaugurated as president in a ceremony at the national stadium on Saturday.
Several heads of state are expected to attend. Local dignitaries may include former Vice-President Alhagie Saihou Sabally, who local media said had returned to the country on Monday after 22 years in exile.
Mr Jammeh, who took power in coup in 1994, is now in exile in Equatorial Guinea after West African leaders deployed troops to The Gambia to ensure he left power.
Mr Johnson will go on to Ghana for talks with President Nana Akufo-Addo on Wednesday.
Referring to him and Mr Barrow, Mr Johnson said: "Their elections highlight the continuing strengthening of democracy in West Africa."