The attack that killed 84 people in the French city of Nice has led to political recriminations and, yet again, probing questions about how to stop people turning to jihad.

Nice may have been caught off-guard when Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's lorry ploughed into a crowd on Bastille Day.  But city officials cannot be accused of having been oblivious to the militant danger.
Even before the Paris attacks of January 2015 served as a national wake-up call, they had mobilised to counter what many saw as a looming threat.
As far back as the mid-2000s, a Nice-based group of psychoanalysts and academics called Entr'Autres (Among Others) noticed a trend towards cultural separation and rejection of French values in immigrant areas.
Catherine Chavepeyre-Luccioni, a city councillor and teacher in a deprived area of Nice for 35 years, says she noticed long ago that such attitudes had become particularly strong among the young.
"In the old days," she says, "the mothers of my pupils were modern women.  They never wore veils.  Now the children do. The mothers wear veils as well, and tell me it's because their sons demand it."
By 2012, says Brigitte Erbibou of Entr'Autres, a sense of identity based on grievance had become common. "People were talking about conspiracies, the 'American-Zionist axis', she says. "They were openly taking anti-Semitic, anti-Western positions."
Over the next two years, it became clear that the region had become a leading provider of jihadists - to date, 10% of French people who have gone to fight in Syria were from there.
Officials in Nice and the wider Alpes-Maritimes area took notice, and after the Paris attacks that killed 17 people in January 2015, they began watching the local situation closely.
A "radicalisation unit" for the region has been set up, bringing together teachers, social workers and security experts. They meet every week to report on and investigate any sign of trouble.
The mayor of Nice set up a 24/7 help line for families worried about fundamentalism. A dedicated team of counsellors was on hand offering psychological and legal help well before the Nice attack.
Earlier this year, when city officials were told that some football clubs had organised collective prayers, the mayor threatened to cut funding for those that did not respect a "secularism charter". The city also organises seminars for educators and grassroots workers.
One of the most forceful speakers against radicalism in the region is Abdelghani Merah.
He is the brother of Mohammed Merah, a petty criminal from Toulouse who killed seven people during attacks on soldiers and Jewish schoolchildren in March 2012, before being shot dead by police.
Mohammed Merah was the first home-grown jihadist to strike on French soil, and is still revered in radical circles around the country.
His elder brother Abdelghani, 39, says his aim is to redeem the family name by working with Entr'Autres to warn youngsters about the dangers of radical ideology.
"I want to smash the image of Mohammed Merah, who many youths consider as a superhero and a defender of Islam," he says.
"I am particularly useful when I talk to schoolchildren who are in danger of becoming radicalised and to mothers whose kids are being indoctrinated or have gone to Syria."
Abdelghani's main message is that France, far from being a land of miscreants bent on crushing Muslims, "is beautiful and has beautiful values".
Religious leaders too play a critical role in the programme. One of them is Boubekeur Bekri, a no-nonsense imam in a housing estate sprawled along a motorway in north-east Nice, and vice-president of the regional Muslim council.
Around the time of the Merah affair in 2012, he noticed signs of radicalisation gaining ground in his impoverished neighbourhood. He has been doing his best to break the jihadist spell, but admits that his record is mixed.
Mr Bekri says he once lectured two brothers whom a mother had referred to him.  "I told them that radicalisation was anti-Islamic, but unfortunately it did not work," he says. Two months later the pair were found with tickets for Syria, and promptly arrested.
But on another occasion, the imam says, a would-be jihadist was reconciled with his family after he had a word or two with him.
The challenge in trying to wean troubled youths off radicalism, Mr Bekri adds, is that it confers "religious virginity" on young offenders. They are easily convinced that they are doing God's work when they steal from infidels.
This redemption is all the more tempting when it provides an aura girls find attractive, Mr Bekri says. "You become Prince Charming."
While radicalisation often feeds on male dreams of military glory, for girls it typically involves fantasies of romance and humanitarian work.
Imene Ouissi, a 22-year-old student from an estate in Vallauris, recalls that two years ago a young man from eastern France approached her on Facebook.
Noting disapprovingly that she was not wearing a veil, he proposed to set her on the path of virtue by marrying her and taking her to Syria, where she would do good works.
Her life was not here among miscreants but in the land of the faithful, he insisted. She must do everything to get to the hereafter.
"Finding true love and is a feminine yearning," Ms Ouissi says. "Those youths have found ways to draw them into their circles through marriage. If I had been weak and had not been trying to understand true religion, I might have fallen for it."
Social networks and new media make people more receptive to the jihadist message, but actual recruitment still mostly thrives on old-fashioned personal contacts.
Nice was the home of France's most talented scout for al-Qaeda - Omar Omsen, a Senegalese-born militant who took 40 local youths to Syria, before fleeing there for good three years ago.
And according to one academic study, the areas of Alpes-Maritimes that have seen the highest numbers of departures for jihad are those that saw a large influx of former Algerian militants who moved to France after the civil war of the 1990s.
It would be wrong to conclude that alienated youths from immigrant suburbs are the only people at risk of radicalisation.
"There is no typical profile," says Ms Erbibou. "They come from all backgrounds."
The mother of a middle-class girl living in an upmarket part of Nice described how her daughter - "Carole"- suddenly changed at the age of 13.
"She was a quiet, dutiful girl and an excellent pupil until she started mixing with troubled children from her school."
Carole told her parents they would go to hell if they ate pork. To press her point, she showed them propaganda videos depicting how paradise and hell look like.
"It was like having your child taken away and brainwashed," the mother says. "It sent shivers down our spines. We never thought this would happen to us."
With the help of psychologists from Entr'Autres, Carole, now 16, pulled back from the brink of radicalisation. She has now embraced the tolerant, mainstream version of Islam.
But her mother says her daughter is not completely out of danger: "We are taking nothing for granted. We are vigilant."
The Nice area programme - combining action on the social, psychological, religious and security aspects of the problem - has attracted attention elsewhere in France, and beyond.
But its efficacy is difficult to assess. We will never know about attacks it may have prevented over the years.
And this long-term effort may be powerless against the sort of "rapid radicalisation" Lahouaiej-Bouhlel is said to have gone through.
Kamel, a youth worker in the area, believes that there are bound to be more such acts by freelance attackers. But he is even more worried about the repercussions of this and any subsequent attacks.
"In terms of pure statistics, he says, perpetrators represent a tiny fraction of the local Muslim Arab population," Kamel says. "But many Westerners will see their attacks as a huge setback for the possibility of harmony between Muslims and non-Muslims."


Former Turkish President Suleyman Demirel has died, aged 90, hospital officials say.

They say Mr Demirel, who held office in 1993-2000, died early in the morning in Guven Hospital in the capital, Ankara.
He had reportedly been treated for a respiratory tract infection.
In a political carrier spanning nearly 50 years, he also served seven times as the country's prime minister. His government was twice overthrown by the country's powerful military.
Mr Demirel - who led the Justice Party in 1964-90 - and a number of other politicians were banned from politics after a military coup in 1980.
The ban was lifted in 1987, paving the way for Mr Demirel's return to power several years later.


A new nature park has opened in Dorset to help protect wildlife.

Holes Bay in Poole Harbour has special areas for birds and newly designated shellfish refuges.
The park is an initiative to bring together landowners, local communities and local businesses.
The Harbour Commissioners said: "It is important to work closely with local people in order to protect the natural environment for future generations."
The park also includes footpaths, cycle tracks, marinas and boat moorings.
The area attracts over-wintering birds such as avocets, black-tailed godwits, shelducks and wigeon.
Dorset Wildlife Trust said the mud found at Holes Bay supports over 80 species, including fish and the king rag worm.
Rare orchid species such as the marsh club rush and biting stonecrop also thrive there.
Poole Harbour Commissioners' Chief Executive Jim Stewart said: "This location is a stunning part of Poole Harbour and it is great to see a number of local organisations working together to make it more accessible for the public."


A County Antrim firm that makes mobility products for children with special needs is creating 50 jobs in a £3.2m expansion.

Leckey, which is based in Lisburn, has already started recruiting for the new positions.
The company's chief executive James Leckey said the investment was an "exciting milestone" for the company.
"Growing our workforce will ensure we have the resources that we need to strengthen our brand," he added.
Invest Northern Ireland has given the company more than £700,000 of public money towards the expansion.
The jobs will include design, manufacturing, sales and marketing roles.


A 49-year-old woman has been indecently assaulted in an early-morning attack.

She was walking her dog on a path beside the River Leven in Alexandria when a man grabbed her from behind and pushed her to the ground.
The attack took place at about 00:10 on Tuesday.
The man ran off, leaving his victim injured on the ground. She was taken by ambulance to the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Paisley and treated for minor injuries before being released.
Det Insp Scott Hamilton said: "This was a very traumatic experience for the woman which has left her with both mental and physical injuries.
"Our inquiries have revealed that there were a group of teenagers, both male and female, nearby who may have witnessed the attack or may have seen the suspect hanging about the area either before or after it took place.
"This pathway is used by many dog walkers and I appeal to any of them who has information to contact police immediately."


Manchester City's hopes of a maiden Women's Champions League final look slim after a home loss to holders Lyon in their semi-final first leg.

The French side led on two minutes when City's Carli Lloyd handled in the box and Saki Kumagai converted the penalty.
Kosovare Asllani quickly slotted in the hosts' equaliser but Dzsenifer Marozsan soon put Lyon deservedly back in front.
France striker Eugenie Le Sommer added a third after the break to put Lyon in command for the second leg on 29 April.
Champions League debutants City, bidding to be the first English women's team to reach a European final since 2007, almost pulled one back late on but Abbie McManus' effort was palmed onto the woodwork.
The French league champions, who have featured in five of the past seven Champions League finals - winning three - could have won in Manchester by a bigger margin.
Both sides went into the game having kept 13 clean sheets in their past 16 games, yet the match started at a frantic pace, with three goals in the opening 16 minutes.
Lyon had an effort from France captain Wendie Renard cleared off the line even before Japan's Kumagai calmly tucked in from the spot after World Player of the Year Lloyd's handball.
Toni Duggan's fine through ball allowed Sweden's Asllani to level but the visitors were a constant threat and Marozsan quickly drilled in for 2-1 and substitute Le Sommer added further damage from a tight angle in the second half.
Women's FA Cup finalists City - Britain's first Women's Champions League semi-finalists since Birmingham City in 2013-14 - won the English title and League Cup in 2016 and could still theoretically win five trophies in the space of nine months.
But Lyon will now reach 1 June's final in Cardiff if they avoid conceding three goals or more in the return leg in France next Saturday.
Manchester City Women: Bardsley, Bronze, Stokes, Houghton (c), Asllani, Scott, Duggan (Stanway 83), Lawley (Christiansen 81), McManus, Walsh, Lloyd.
Subs not used: Hourihan, Middag, Beattie, Ross, Parris.
Lyon Feminines: Boudhaddi, Renard (c), Kumagai, Majri, Houara-D'Hommeaux, Morgan (Le Sommer 56), Marozsan, Hegerberg, Buchanan, Abily, M'Bock Bathy.
Subs not used: Gerard, Hamraoui, Thomis, Petit, Henning, Seger.
Attendance: 3,614


After many years on the drawing board and $15bn (Â£9.5bn) of investment the latest potential blockbuster from Airbus made its long-awaited first flight on Friday.

The A350XWB (extra wide body) is an aircraft which Airbus says will set new standards in fuel efficiency and environmental performance.
The long-range, twin-engined plane is being pitched as a direct rival to Boeing's radical 787 Dreamliner, another airliner which claims to have taken aircraft technology to new heights.
Yet, the A350 is also an aircraft that Airbus never really wanted to build.
Towards the middle of the last decade, the European manufacturer had its hands full preparing for the launch of its long-delayed A380 superjumbo.
The double-decker giant was a hugely complex machine, and its development costs were spiralling. So Airbus was reluctant to commit billions of dollars to another clean-sheet design.
But, Airbus needed a new product to take on Boeing's planned Dreamliner, which was already attracting a great deal of interest from airlines.
The Dreamliner was to be built using lightweight carbon composites, and to feature advanced aerodynamics in order to reduce fuel consumption and running costs.
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The design Airbus came up with was based on its existing A330 model, but with a lighter fuselage, new wings and new engines, in an attempt to match the Dreamliner's fuel efficiency.
But potential customers weren't impressed. Among the fiercest critics was Steven Udvar-Hazy, then head of International Lease Finance Corporation, which buys huge quantities of aircraft.
A very powerful figure within the industry, he suggested publicly that the A350 as planned simply wasn't up to the job. Several airline chiefs agreed - and in mid-2006, Airbus went back to the drawing board.
The result is the aircraft that now stands on the tarmac at Airbus' headquarters in Toulouse, and it seems that airlines have already given it a sizeable vote of confidence.
More than 600 orders have already been placed, and more deals look set to be announced at next week's Paris Air Show, where Air France is reportedly considering the purchase of 25 A350s plus options for another 35.
Analysts say a first flight for the A350 has more than just symbolic value. It underlines to potential buyers that a complex industrial project is on target.
Like the 787, the A350 is a radical machine. It offer airlines the chance to combine long-range services with improved fuel efficiency.
The fuselage is made of carbon fibre reinforced plastic, while many other parts of the aircraft use titanium and advanced alloys to save weight.
It also has state-of-the-art aerodynamics, and engine manufacturer Rolls Royce has produced a new custom-designed power unit.
Airbus claims that all of this means the A350 will use 25% less fuel than the current generation of equivalent aircraft. It also points out that noise and emissions will be well below current limits.
The market segment that the A350 is aiming at is set for huge growth, John Leahy, Airbus's chief operating officer, told the BBC. He estimates that some 6,500 of such aircraft will be required by the world's airlines over the next 20 years.
What's more, he thinks the A350 is pulling ahead of the Dreamliner. Mr Leahy said: "The A350 reached over 600 sales in much quicker time than the 787 ever did, so the markets have spoken for themselves in demonstrating overwhelming demand for the A350."
But as Boeing recently found with the 787, new and unproven technology can have its drawbacks.
In January, the Boeing flagship was grounded by regulators, little more than a year after entering service, after overheating batteries caused a fire on one aircraft and smoke on another.
The 787 was using lithium ion batteries, very popular in gadgets such as laptops and mobile phones, but never previously installed in a commercial aircraft. While they are light and can store a great deal of energy, they can also be prone to overheating.
After a rapid redesign, the 787 started flying again in April. Meanwhile, Airbus decided not to use lithium ion batteries in the A350 - which it had originally planned to do. Instead, it will stick with proven nickel-cadmium technology.
But Airbus's caution over the A350's development may help to explain why the aircraft will not be making its public bow at this year's aerospace industry showcase, the Paris Air Show.
Not only is the show on Airbus's home turf, it is the 50th aviation trade fair in Paris since the first in 1909.
Airbus would have dearly wanted to have put its new toy on display there. But the company appears to have been very wary of rushing the new plane into the air.
Instead, it has been taking its time resolving glitches, away from the public eye. The first flight has come just too late to allow the A350 to join the party.
So on the Le Bourget airfield next week at least, Boeing will be able to steal a march on its rival. The 787 will be on prominent display, as the US manufacturer tries to rebuild its damaged reputation.
But there remains the tantalising possibility that the newly airborne A350 might at least make a fly-past.
And if it can do that, the A350 could just steal the show.


Maria Sharapova pulled out of the Stanford Bank of the West Classic with an arm injury, while Garbine Muguruza impressed in her first match since winning Wimbledon last month.

Sharapova, 30, withdraw before her second-round match against Ukraine's Lesia Tsurenko. The Russian will also miss next week's Rogers Cup in Toronto.
She beat Jennifer Brady on Monday, having been out since May with a thigh problem.
Muguruza thrashed Kayla Day 6-2 6-0.
It was the world number four's return to action in California following her second major triumph at Wimbledon three weeks ago.
"[Wimbledon] is just another tournament," said the Spaniard.
"I know it might sound weird - because of course winning it gives me confidence - but it doesn't mean that I'm going to come here and because I just won Wimbledon I think it's going to be easier to win matches. It's not at all.
"I'm just working on trying to forget what happened and just starting Stanford. Stanford is my goal, and that's it."
Sharapova is ranked 171st after returning to tennis in April following a 15-month doping ban.
The five-time Grand Slam champion played eight matches on clay before injury forced her out of the grass-court season.
She was given a wildcard to play in the US for the first time since March 2015 at Stanford, and will require another wildcard to make the main draw at the US Open, which starts on 28 August.
"Toward the end of the Monday night's match, I felt pain in my left  forearm," said Sharapova.
"After yesterday's scan, the doctor has recommended I don't risk further injury."


This week a judge decided that a legal case involving ex-Uber drivers could become a joint action - which simply means lots of people who have the same grievance can get together and sue at once.

The disagreement is over how Uber's drivers are hired by the company.
Uber considers them contractors: they work when they want, for as long as they want. Drivers must pay for their cars, fuel, maintenance - everything.
The alternative - and the one successfully argued in the case - is that Uber drivers should actually be employees. This could mean a heap of benefits: cars provided, holiday pay, perhaps even health insurance.
On the face of it, that sounds like a better deal for drivers. But is it what they want?
Just down the road from San Francisco's international airport is what can only be described as a holding pen for Uber drivers.
When I visited this week, the car park - which can hold more than 100 cars - was so full they had to close the road leading up to it. Drivers were livid. They're not allowed to wait anywhere else. They certainly can't sit in the taxi rank or they'll get a fine - the driver pays, of course, not Uber.
Those lucky (!) enough to be in the holding pen were in a long queue. Each time a request was made, a car was dispatched. Some had been there for over an hour, they said, with a suspicion that the queue system was broken.
Uber driving is very much a solo pursuit. Unlike cabbies, who have ranks around towns and cities, Uber drivers are normally found cruising around for the next fare. So the holding pen is one of the few places they get to socialise with each other.
Uber's defence in the employee/contractor debate is that its workforce is pretty diverse. Some want to work part-time, others full-time. Some want to work intensely for a few weeks, then take a few weeks off.
It's on their own terms, and Uber says only a contractor set-up makes this possible.
And the vast majority of drivers I spoke to agreed. Passionately.
"If we were employees we'd have to have a boss," said Kirk, a full-time Uber driver for over a year.
"We'd have to clock in, clock out for breaks. It's not a viable solution for what we do.
"You essentially run a small business, but without the overhead of a brick-and-mortar business."
Overhearing our conversation was Nate, who has been an Uber driver for two months, as is his wife, who drove off as I was arriving to go and pick up a passenger. The hours go far more quickly when you're calling your own shots, Nate said.
There's more than one exception to the positivity, though, and it's the drivers who've had more than two years on the job who are more keen on the idea of being an employee.
One man - who didn't want to be named as even his family are unaware of his worry - told me that he feels trapped in Uber, caught in a spiral he's not sure how to control.
Like many drivers, he took up Uber's offer of a loan to get a new car. That was in October last year, and it already has 80,000 miles on the clock.
The money for the car is deducted automatically from his earnings each week. It's about $1,000 (Â£655) a month. It's crippling him - so he works more hours, over 12 a day, putting even more strain on the car.
"I would prefer to be an employee with pay and benefits," he said. "And they could help me look after the car."
The financing plan runs for five years - and he's sure the car won't last that long. New tyres every four months. A new set of brakes. It's all going on credit, and he's running out of options.
"And then Uber drops its rates."
Recently, Uber offered a special deal for trips that went to the East Bay - the stretch of land east of San Francisco, over the water, that includes major cities such as Oakland and Berkeley.
For a limited time, rides to this area were 25% off. It enraged many drivers for whom a trip from the airport to Berkeley (and perhaps back again) is ordinarily a terrific earner - the difference between an average day and a great one.
Every driver said they felt they needed better representation, a system that could perhaps give drivers more of a say on how and when to reduce fares. One man, Napoleon, said some drivers could do with support when they feel they have got unfair ratings or other issues that affect their ability to pick up jobs.
And every driver said that as Uber was getting more popular, it was getting harder and harder to earn a living.
"It used to be 10 hours a day," said Nang, from Myanmar, who started Uber driving just over two years ago when she was studying.
"Now I have to work 16 or 17 hours. It's exhausting. I'm thinking of quitting next year. I'm working crazy - seven days.
"They are hiring so many people. I don't know where to go. I was in downtown for one hour and I didn't get a customer. Sometimes [at the airport] I wait two hours."
Nobody I spoke to said they were considering getting involved in the lawsuit.
Most wouldn't be eligible - Uber thinks only about 15,000 of its 160,000 drivers could qualify - but even if they were, there's little suggestion that many would follow it up.
Being independent for the overwhelming majority of Uber drivers in that blustery car park was what made them sign up in the first place.
But the pressures of covering all the costs, while prices for rides get lower and lower, and more and more Uber cars compete for jobs - it's keeping some drivers awake at night.
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC


The government has announced that it will remove a temporary ban on hydraulic fracturing across the UK.

Fracking, as it is known, is a controversial technique for recovering gas and oil from shale rock. But how concerned should people be about the environmental impacts?
Hydraulic fracturing is widely used across the US to exploit reserves of oil and gas that were once believed to be inaccessible.
But in the UK, the use of fracking was halted in 2011 after some minor earthquakes near Blackpool, in north-west England, were attributed to test wells being drilled by the energy company Cuadrilla.
The company carried out its own report into the incident and found that it was "most likely" that the seismic events were caused by the direct injection of fluid into the fault zone.
The Department for Energy and Climate Change (Decc) then asked three experts to make an independent assessment. Their report indicated that future earthquakes as a result of fracking could not be ruled out - but the risk from these tremors was low and structural damage extremely unlikely. The experts also made recommendations on how to minimise these risks.
Another review, carried out by the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, also gave fracking the green light - provided that strong regulations were in place.
Earthquake issues have also been attributed to fracking in British Columbia, Canada, and in some parts of the United States.
But according to the Francis Egan, chief executive of Cuadrilla, there needs to be a sense of proportion about the risk of earthquakes from fracking.
"If you look at the British Geological Survey website, in the last two months alone there were nine events of the same magnitude," he told BBC News.
"We have a host of measures in place to ensure there is no recurrence."
It is expected that if fracking resumes in the UK, the government will insist on constant monitoring and a threshold of seismic activity.
If fracking causes a tremor above the limit, it could lead to a suspension of drilling.
Many people have concerns about the fluid used in fracking.   It is normally a mixture of water, sand and some chemicals that is pumped into the well under high pressure to force the gas from the rock.
There have been worries that the fluid is dangerous - suspicions that were fuelled by the reluctance of many companies in the US to disclose what's exactly in the mixture.  Democrats in the US Congress released a report that detailed some 750 different chemicals and other components used in fracking fluid.
In the UK, Cuadrilla has been open about what is in its fracking mixture.
But the liquid going down into the well isn't the whole story.
Fracking requires tens of millions of litres of fluid - much of what goes down the well comes back up as "produced water".
It can contain a mixture of organic hydrocarbons,  and naturally occurring radioactive material.
In the US, this water is often stored in open pits before it is processed but in the UK the pits will have to be covered.
In many locations where the facilities don't exist on site, the water has to be trucked away to be cleaned.
Prof Richard Davies, director of the Durham Energy Institute, says that this would also be the likely scenario in the UK if fracking becomes more widespread.
"It'll be a bit like Pennsylvania, where a whole industry has grown up to deal with waste-water," he said. "We'll have to clean the water if we want to re-use it."
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has suggested ways of cleaning up the water that is used in shale gas exploitation. The IEA says that the technologies to address these issues exist or are in development and if they are adopted, fracking might be more widely accepted.
The other water issue associated with fracking is the potential of the technology to contaminate existing drinking supplies. In the US, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) investigated complaints from residents in Pavillion, Wyoming, who complained that fracking was affecting their drinking water.
The EPA's initial report concluded that there was a link with the waste-water produced by drilling for gas. Further investigations into this incident haven't yet conclusively shown the sources of contamination.
There have been many other reports of a similar impact on drinking water from people living near fracking operations across the US.
Prof Davies says that when water has been contaminated in the US it has not been the fault of fracking. It has been as a result of cracks in the wells or surface spillages.
"We have been distracted by hydraulic fracturing," he told BBC News. "It is really at the bottom of the list when it comes to contaminating water supplies. Drilling wells properly and cementing them are the critical things."
In a report published in the journal Marine and Petroleum Geology, Prof Davies found that in the UK the possibility of fracking causing rogue fractures that would allow methane gas to contaminate water was a fraction of 1%.
The study recommended a minimum vertical separation distance between fracking wells and water supplies of 600m (2,000ft).
Some scientists have proposed adding chemical tracers to fracking fluids as a way of confirming that any contamination of drinking water comes from the drilling process.
Horizontal drilling can offer many advantages to the gas extraction process, allowing wells to be drilled in several directions from one pad. But there are downsides as well. Horizontal drilling means companies can extract oil and gas from locations that were once inaccessible, and these may be under built-up areas as they are in several cities in the US.
The disruption that this can cause is considerable. Road traffic, drilling noise, and the danger of accidental fuel spillages are all associated with the process.
Mark Boling, executive vice president with Southwestern Energy, a US oil and gas exploration company that uses fracking technology, says the fracking industry needs to be more honest about the real impacts.
"We need to think more innovatively above the ground," he told BBC News. "We need to figure how to do better on surface impacts, water supply, water transfer and disposal, drilling locations - we really didn't come out and say, 'yes, these are risks, and there are obstacles'."
Mr Boling says that in many parts of the US, people have accepted the technology because they have seen a direct financial benefit from selling mineral rights. That's not something that pertains in the UK.
"You are going to have even more difficulty where the minerals are owned by the Crown - if you don't have something that is going to put money in the pockets of people that are suffering through all the trucks, road damage the compressor noise all these sorts of things."
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A suspended hospital chief executive who was criticised at an employment tribunal for her treatment of two whistle-blowers has resigned.

Paula Vasco-Knight was suspended in February after being accused of nepotism for recruiting her daughter's boyfriend to a job at Torbay Hospital.
She was suspended on full pay.
Dr Vasco-Knight had decided to relocate to the north-west of England for "family reasons", said South Devon Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust.
The tribunal in January found Claire Sardari and Penny Gates had been victimised as a result of whistle-blowing about their concerns.
The South Devon Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, which runs the hospital, was found to have  "dishonestly" suppressed a report into accusations of nepotism.
Its chairman Peter Hildrew resigned immediately following the decision.
Earlier in May it was believed Dr Vasco-Knight was challenging the tribunal.
In a statement, South Devon Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust said: "It is unfortunate that Dr Vasco-Knight's achievements have been overshadowed by the employment tribunal judgment.
"Notwithstanding the judgment of the tribunal, Dr Vasco-Knight asserts that an independent report commissioned by a former chair of the trust prior to the tribunal found no evidence that Dr Vasco-Knight had breached trust policies."
It added that "no payments have been made to her other than those to which she is entitled under her contract of employment".
Dr Vasco-Knight was appointed a CBE in the New Year Honours List for services to the NHS.


Ellesmere Heronwatch and Offa's Dyke will appear on BBC One's Countryfile programme on Sunday 29 May.

The TV cameras visited the mere in Ellesmere earlier in the month to watch the young herons leave their nest.
Ellesmere-based Rob McBride, an expert in ancient trees, also joined presenter Julia Bradbury as Countryfile explored Offa's Dyke.
The 177-mile-long footpath marks its 40th anniversary this year, after being designated a National Trail in 1971.
The dyke itself, built by King Offa of Mercia, dates back some 1,200 years.
The ancient earthworks run from Sedbury, near Chepstow to Prestatyn in North Wales, roughly following the modern-day border between England and Wales.


Nine people have died in Ghana's second city, Kumasi, following a stampede at a party to mark the end of Ramadan, a local official has said.

The injured were taken to a nearby hospital and one person is in a critical condition, Joy FM reports.
There are conflicting reports of the cause of Wednesday night's stampede.
One eyewitness is quoted as saying that a power cut caused panic and the crush occurred as people rushed to leave the venue.
Another said that the lights went out at the end of the party but people were unable to get out because the doors to the community centre were locked.
The head of a Kumasi local government assembly, Nurudeen Hamidan, said the police are now trying to work out what happened, reports the AFP news agency.
BBC Ghana correspondent Thomas Naadi says that the chief imam in the area, Shiekh Abdul Moman, expressed concern that Muslims had not heeded calls to show restraint during the festivities.
Muslims celebrated Eid al-Fitr on Wednesday, marking the end of the month-long Ramadan fast.


Livingston clinched the Scottish League One title with a victory over nearest rivals Alloa Athletic.

The 2-1 home triumph earned Livi an unassailable 16-point lead at the summit with four games remaining.
After a flying Alloa start, the hosts' Josh Mullin and Jackson Longridge scored either side of half-time.
Dylan Mackin pulled one back for the Wasps, but Livi squeezed home, sealing their return to the Championship at the first time of asking.
Livingston needed only to avoid defeat to secure promotion, but when the visitors struck the post twice in the opening six minutes, a title-clinching result looked far from straightforward.
That was until Pittman produced a sweetly-struck 35-yard drive to nudge the home side ahead after 17 minutes - a lead they preserved until the interval.
David Hopkin's men upped the ante as the second half began, Longridge cutting in from the left flank and curling a right-foot shop beyond Neil Parry in the Alloa goal.
Livi's prolific Liam Buchanan was denied a 26th goal of the season when his penalty struck the post, and he illegally converted the rebound before any other player had touched the ball.
Mackin halved the deficit with 24 minutes to play, capitalising on confusion in the Livi box following a corner, and subjecting the home fans to a tense finale before the celebrations could begin.
Livingston manager David Hopkin: "I'm delighted for my team, my staff and everyone that's worked hard to get us back where we belong in the Championship.
"We went top in October and stayed there ever since. It's great credit to the players. Every one of them has been fantastic.
"It was important we bought right, and I made sure I did my homework to get people in. I knew Mikey Miller, Sean Crichton from my days at Morton, I knew they'd won the league, I knew Sean Burn had won the league.
"It was important I tried to get these guys in to try and mould a team and a squad together that had already seen this league through. It's a very difficult league, there are lot of good players and good managers in it. I'm delighted that we've kept going and got over the line."
Match ends, Livingston 2, Alloa Athletic 1.
Second Half ends, Livingston 2, Alloa Athletic 1.
Attempt missed. Jason Marr (Alloa Athletic) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses the top left corner.
Corner,  Alloa Athletic. Conceded by Alan Lithgow.
Corner,  Alloa Athletic. Conceded by Craig Halkett.
Attempt blocked. Calum Waters (Alloa Athletic) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Foul by Alan Lithgow (Livingston).
Stefan McCluskey (Alloa Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Livingston. Nikolay Todorov replaces Daniel Mullen.
Corner,  Livingston. Conceded by Andy Graham.
Attempt saved. Nicky Cadden (Livingston) right footed shot from more than 35 yards is saved in the bottom left corner.
Foul by Stefan McCluskey (Alloa Athletic).
Scott Pittman (Livingston) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Jason Marr (Alloa Athletic).
Daniel Mullen (Livingston) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Attempt missed. Calum Waters (Alloa Athletic) left footed shot from long range on the right is close, but misses to the right from a direct free kick.
Jamie Longworth (Alloa Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Raffaele De Vita (Livingston).
Delay in match Shaun Byrne (Livingston) because of an injury.
Substitution, Livingston. Sean Crighton replaces Jackson Longridge because of an injury.
Substitution, Livingston. Nicky Cadden replaces Josh Mullin.
Substitution, Alloa Athletic. Jamie Longworth replaces Greig Spence.
Foul by Jon Robertson (Alloa Athletic).
Josh Mullin (Livingston) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Alloa Athletic. Stefan McCluskey replaces Kevin Cawley.
Goal!  Livingston 2, Alloa Athletic 1. Dylan Mackin (Alloa Athletic) header from very close range to the bottom left corner.
Corner,  Alloa Athletic. Conceded by Alan Lithgow.
Penalty missed! Still  Livingston 2, Alloa Athletic 0. Liam Buchanan (Livingston) hits the right post with a right footed shot.
Penalty conceded by Jason Marr (Alloa Athletic) after a foul in the penalty area.
Penalty Livingston. Josh Mullin draws a foul in the penalty area.
Greig Spence (Alloa Athletic) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Shaun Byrne (Livingston).
Jackson Longridge (Livingston) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Steven Hetherington (Alloa Athletic).
Corner,  Livingston. Conceded by Jason Marr.
Kevin Cawley (Alloa Athletic) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Jackson Longridge (Livingston).
Steven Hetherington (Alloa Athletic) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Steven Hetherington (Alloa Athletic).
Josh Mullin (Livingston) wins a free kick on the right wing.


German police have carried out nationwide dawn raids on more than 200 mosques, apartments and offices associated with an Islamist group.

The raids came as the government banned the group, which it accused of trying to recruit fighters for so-called Islamic State (IS).
An Interior Ministry spokeswoman said there was no indication DWR (True Religion) was planning attacks itself.
She said the group had breached the constitution and incited hatred.
There was no immediate statement from the group.
Some of those who have gone to fight for IS in the Middle East had contact with the organisation before they left.
Officials estimate that almost 900 people in total have so far left Germany to join IS in Syria or Iraq.
"The message to the radical Islamist scene is clear: we do not tolerate fanatics who try to radicalise young people and send them to jihad," said Peter Beuth, interior minister for Hesse state, where some of the raids took place.
"By banning this organisation, a major source of radicalisation has been eradicated nationwide. Those who spread hate messages can't hide behind freedom of religion."


The number of drug-related deaths in England and Wales reached record levels last year, figures from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) show.

Overall, 3,674 drug poisoning deaths involving legal and illegal substances were registered in 2015. Of these, 2,479 involved illegal drugs only.
Fatalities involving heroin and cocaine were both at their highest since comparable records began in 1993.
The increasing purity of substances is believed to be a possible factor.
ONS researcher Vanessa Fearn said that age was another cause for the increase, particularly with older heroin users.
The Department for Health said overall drug use was declining.
The ONS said the mortality rate from drug misuse was the highest ever recorded, at 43.8 deaths per million population.
Blackpool had the highest rate of drug-related deaths, with 19 per 100,000.
Ms Fearn said people receiving treatment for drug abuse were "older than they used to be".
She added: "Deaths involving heroin and morphine have more than doubled since 2012, partly driven by a rise in heroin purity and availability over the last three years.
"Age is also a factor in the record levels of drug deaths, as heroin users are getting older and they often have other conditions, such as lung disease and hepatitis, that make them particularly vulnerable."
The death rate among people aged 30-39 is now at a record high, at 98.4 deaths per million population.
And deaths in the 40-49 bracket are also at a record high, with 95.1 deaths per million.
Ms Fearn also said 2014 was a record year for heroin production globally, which might also be impacting on the current availability of heroin.
The figures showed that there were 320 deaths involving cocaine, up from 247 in the previous year.
Mortality rates relating to that drug have increased for four consecutive years, with most cocaine-linked fatalities occurring in men aged 30 to 49.
The figure for cocaine-related deaths will include some where it was taken in the form of crack cocaine, as it is not possible to separately identify crack from other forms of the drug in post-mortem tests, the ONS report said.
It added: "Since cocaine is often taken alongside heroin, it is likely that changes in the purity and availability of heroin, as well as increases in the purity of cocaine, are contributing to the rise in deaths involving cocaine in recent years."
Deaths linked to new psychoactive substances - formerly known as "legal highs" - have also increased over the last five years, with 114 registered last year.
These substances were banned earlier this year.
Public Health England and the Local Government Association put together a panel of experts to look into how to combat the rise of drug-related deaths.
The group's findings were also published on Friday and recommended that improvements had to be made in access to good quality drug treatment, which is tailored to the  needs of the user.
Rosanna O'Connor, who is the director of drugs, alcohol and tobacco at Public Health England, said: "There is considerable variation across the country, with some regions showing large increases in recent years.
"Public Health England will continue to support local authorities in delivering tailored, effective services where people stand the best chance of recovery."
Izzi Seccombe, chairman of the Local Government Association's community wellbeing board, also said councils were committed to helping to ensure drug users got support for treatment, and were spending more on drug and alcohol treatment than in any other area of public health.
She added: "However, with public health grants for local authorities being cut by 9% over the next four years... no service is immune from spending reductions, which could seriously undermine our efforts to prevent all kinds of major health conditions."
A Department of Health spokesman said: "Any death related to misuse of drugs is a tragedy.
"While overall drug use continues to decline, our approach is to get people off drugs for good, with decisions on treatment based on an individual's clinical need.
"We are also developing a new strategy which will include help to educate young people about the risks."


Office for National Statistics (ONS) staff in Newport are anxious that a government review will lead to jobs leaving south Wales, a union has said.

Ex-Bank of England deputy governor Sir Charlie Bean is reviewing how official statistics are collected, and his initial findings are due on Wednesday.
The PCS union said it would "strongly oppose" transferring work or jobs from Newport, where 2,000 staff are based
The ONS said it was not "helpful" to speculate on the report's findings.
The ONS transferred hundreds of jobs from London to Newport in the late 2000s.
PCS union representative Gez Kirby said: "There's some anxiety obviously."
He told the BBC's Sunday Politics Wales programme: "We believe we produce high quality economic statistics and we don't want to see any of our work or our jobs move out of Newport."
Mr Kirby added: "We welcome any recommendation coming from the Bean Review, to increase the economic expertise in London, because they can liaise with the Treasury, the Bank of England, that makes sense.
"We would not welcome, and we would strongly oppose any proposal to transfer work or jobs from Newport."
Sir Charlie has previously said the ONS is "maybe not quite such a strong performer" as it once was.
However, more recently, he also said Newport could become a centre of expertise in the field of statistics.
An ONS spokesperson said: "ONS has welcomed the Bean Review as a good opportunity to review our systems and processes for measuring the changing UK economy."
"As the interim report of the review is due to be published shortly, it would not be helpful to speculate about its content.
"We look forward to reading its recommendations when it is published."
Sunday Politics Wales can be seen on BBC One Wales at 11:00 GMT on 29 November.


Former Conservative leader William Hague says "putting finances back on track" has enabled his party to promise the introduction of a Parliamentary Act that will rule out increases in income tax, VAT and national insurance contributions.

This might be a useful statement of intent but as a former leader of the House of Commons - the man responsible for looking after legislation - Hague should (and maybe does) know that any such Act would be, legalistically, total nonsense.
Why so?
Let's say that the Tories win the election and put a No Tax Rises Act on to the Statute Book. What then, in this legislation, prevents the Chancellor of the Exchequer, whacking up tax? Absolutely nothing whatsoever.
As any first-year politics undergraduate will tell you, Parliament cannot bind or restrict itself against future measures that it may or may not enact. So if two pieces of legislation contradict each other, then the newer piece stands, and the older legislation is by de facto removed and superseded.
Parliamentary form
The budget is given effect by a Finance Act - a piece of legislation just like any other. So a government could, if it wishes, pass a No Tax Rises Act on Day One of a Parliament, and on Day Two produce a Finance Bill that does exactly the opposite.
In 2010, just months before the general election, the then Labour chancellor Alistair Darling introduced a Fiscal Responsibility Bill that put a statutory duty on the Treasury to meet specific targets for reduction of government borrowing and debt.
The Conservative Party voted against that Bill (and has repealed it since taking office). Then shadow chancellor George Osborne called the Bill "vacuous and irrelevant legislation".
He went on to ask: "Why is he the first chancellor in history to feel that he needs an Act of Parliament on top of a Budget statement?" He then proffered two potential answers: "Either he does not trust himself to secure sound public finances, or he knows that the public do not trust him to secure them. Neither is exactly a ringing endorsement."
Parliament has passed financial constraints into law before - for example, a requirement that the government meets the UN development goal of spending 0.7% on international development.
What happens if the government does not?  Are charges brought? Do ministers get their wages docked or face the sack? No. The government has to write to the Commons explaining why the target has not been met. Neither this Act, nor the Labour one mentioned above, contained any effective sanction. Why should they, when in truth, they are about signalling intent? No sanctions are included because none would ever be used.
We might also wonder what sort of "from one leader to another" chats William Hague and David Cameron had about the policy? After all, Hague had a somewhat unhappy experience when he was Conservative Party leader.
In 1999, at the party conference in Blackpool, he issued a Tax Guarantee, promising that a Conservative government would not raise taxes, adding that "there will be no escape clauses, no fudging" on it. Within a year this had changed to: "We are being clear that in the event of severe recession, unexpected acts of God or war, that our commitment to health, our commitment to prudent economic management, come first."
Here's hoping for calm waters.
What is the truth behind the politicians' claims on the campaign trail? Our experts investigate the facts, and wider stories, behind the sound bites.
Read latest updates or follow us on Twitter @BBCRealityCheck


Tui Group has reported higher bookings for summer holidays this year, particularly from UK customers.

The owner of the Thomson and First Choice brands said it was seeing greater demand for Spanish and long-haul destinations.
Last month, Tui reported a 40% slump in summer holiday bookings to Turkey amid the strife in neighbouring Syria.
In its latest trading statement, the firm said demand for Turkish destinations remained "subdued".
"We remain pleased with our summer 2016 trading performance, with 95% of our source market programme sold and increased revenue in all our major source markets," the statement said.
"The UK continues to demonstrate a strong bookings performance, up 9% on prior year."
Tui Group said it had sold 47% of its summer holidays for this year, broadly in line with expectations. Overall, bookings were up 2% and revenues were 3% higher.


Russell Slade believes he has done his utmost to ensure Cardiff City reach the Championship play-offs, but insists his future does not depend on the outcome.

Cardiff have to win at play-off rivals Sheffield Wednesday on Saturday to have any chance of finishing in the top six.
Slade, whose contract expires at the end of the season, says he has done a decent job in difficult circumstances.
"I am an honest person. I can look in the mirror and know I have done my best," Slade said.
"That might not be good enough for some people."
Cardiff trail Wednesday by four points and realistically have to win both their remaining games to claim sixth place given their inferior goal difference.
Slade, appointed in October 2014, has had to cope with slashing the wage bill and a transfer embargo in his efforts to achieve the club's play-off target.
But the former Leyton Orient manager did not believe reaching the play-offs or not would have an effect on his long-term future.
"All I would say is any success going forward is only going to help the situation, for sure," Slade added.
"We will have clarity before long anyway on what is happening."
Slade said reaching the play-offs would be a "very decent achievement" for the players and the management team.
"Making cutbacks and at the same time attempting to be competitive on the pitch, which is what was required here, is not sometimes an easy thing to do," Slade said.
"But we have managed to do that to an extent, what that extent turns out to be is very much still alive.''
Cardiff have been hit by injuries, with forward Lex Immers, midfielder Joe Ralls and Brazilian defender Fabio all ruled out of the game at Hillsborough.
Slade will take a 20-man squad to Sheffield, including Icelandic midfielder Aaron Gunnarsson and Gabon international Bruno Ecuele Manga, who is recovering from malaria.
Striker Kenneth Zohore, who has scored twice in his last two outings, is also available.


A Japanese court has blocked the restarting of two nuclear reactors in the western city of Takahama, after local people raised safety concerns.

The plant had already obtained approval from the country's nuclear watchdog.
But locals had petitioned the court in Fukui prefecture, where Takahama is located, to intervene, saying it would not withstand a strong earthquake.
All 48 commercial reactors in Japan remain offline following 2011's Fukushima disaster.
The BBC's Rupert Wingfield-Hayes in Tokyo says the ruling is a serious blow for Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's push to have the reactors restarted.
Mr Abe has said the shutdown is damaging the struggling economy, forcing Japan to import expensive fossil fuels to make up the power shortfall.
The operators of Takahama plant, Kansai Electric, said the plant met heightened safety standards brought in by the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) after Fukushima.
But the court agreed with nine local residents who filed an injunction, and ruled that the company had been overly optimistic in assuming that no major quake would hit the region, national broadcast NHK reports.
It also criticised the NRA safety standards as "lacking rationality".
Kansai Electric said it was considering appealing against the ruling.
Before the accident, caused by a massive quake and tsunami, about 30% of Japan's power was nuclear generated.
So far only two reactors - in Kagoshima prefecture in the far south - have been approved for restart. They are expected to become operational later this year, but this move is also being challenged in court.


Coach Rob Howley said he was "proud and delighted" about Wales' performance against England - until the visitors grabbed victory in the closing stages.

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The hosts led until wing Elliot Daly finished off a counter-attack, after Jonathan Davies failed to find touch with a clearance kick, and Owen Farrell converted to seal a 21-16 victory.
"In the last five minutes we lacked a bit of composure," said Howley.
"Unfortunately, England know how to win. They've got a lot of confidence."
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Defeat was Wales' second during Howley's second stint as stand-in for British and Irish Lions coach Warren Gatland.
They lost heavily to Australia in November and were criticised for their style of play in wins over Argentina, Japan and South Africa.
Howley's men opened their Six Nations campaign with a 33-7 victory over Italy in Rome, and produced a vastly improved display in defeat by England.
"I'm proud and delighted with the performance... up to about 75 minutes," said Howley.
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Daly dived over under pressure from Alex Cuthbert, who was promoted into the team in the build-up to the match when George North failed to recover from a dead leg.
Northampton Saints player North says he will be fit to face Scotland in round three on Saturday, 25 February.
Howley added: "I felt England were getting on top in the last 10 to 15 minutes and they took their chance.
"You have to applaud them for that.
"International rugby is about taking your chances and keeping discipline."
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Howley said fly-half Dan Biggar's display was one of the highlights for Wales.
"Dan Biggar delivers that level of performance whether it's in training or in a Test match," he said.
"He's one of the key players in the unit and he's matured to become a class player."
Wales captain Alun Wyn Jones said: "Hopefully we answered some of the critics.
"We had a great first half. Yes we are disappointed, but the performance was there for 76 minutes. We will take huge belief from this."


Two of the UK's 10 most congested roads in 2016 were in Belfast, data shows.

But Belfast did not feature in the 10 most congested cities in the UK - despite being ranked third in the UK by data company Inrix in 2015.
The southbound Lisburn Road from College Gardens to Wallace Park was the most congested road outside London, according to an Inrix study.
Drivers spent on average 49 hours in gridlock on the road last year, said the report.
That made it the sixth most congested road in the UK.
Also making the top 10 congestion list was the A24 from the Ormeau Road to Ann Street in the city centre.
It came in ninth in the congestion table. While it was busiest in the morning, the Lisburn Road was busiest in the afternoon.
The study, published on Monday, analysed 87 cities and large urban areas across the UK, as part of a wider survey of 1,064 cities in 38 countries worldwide.
The UK ranked as the fourth most congested developed country in the world and the third most congested in Europe, with drivers spending an average of 32 hours a year in congestion during peak hours.
Inrix estimates that the direct and indirect costs of congestion for all UK drivers totalled £30.8bn in 2016, an average of £968 per driver.
Ann McGregor, chief executive of NI Chamber of Commerce and Industry, said infrastructure was one of the biggest issues consistently raised by its members.
"Businesses rely on having infrastructure and transport routes in place whereby goods and products can be moved efficiently and without extra costs from one location to another," she said.
"Therefore it is vital that key projects across the country, for example the York Street Interchange, A5, A6 and the Belfast Transport Hub, all proceed which will ease traffic congestion and in the process help businesses with their operational costs, supply chain efficiency and overall productivity."


A body has been found in the search for a man who fell into the River Forth after police officers tried to stop his van.

Dean Wood, 21, from Sauchie, has been missing since the incident on the Clackmannanshire Bridge on 13 November.
Police said a member of the public found a body on the riverbank near Inch of Ferryton Farm at 12:00 on Friday.
The body has not been formally identified, but police officers have been in touch with Mr Wood's family.
The incident in November occurred after officers in an armed response vehicle spotted a blue Transit van that was being driven with three wheels on the Clackmannanshire Bridge.
When they signalled to the driver to stop, he crashed the van into a barrier on the bridge.
He then got out and climbed over the bridge's safety railings before entering the River Forth.
A Police Scotland spokesman said: "Inquiries are ongoing to ascertain the identity of the deceased, however, police liaison officers have been in contact with the family of missing man Dean Wood as part of that ongoing investigation."


The ousted central bank governor and prominent government critic, Lamido Sanusi, has been named as the new emir of Kano in Nigeria.

The new emir becomes one of the most influential spiritual leaders in the country's largely Muslim north.
As bank governor, Mr Sanusi had levelled accusations of high-level fraud and was suspended in February.
The previous emir, al-Haji Ado Bayero, died after a long illness at the age of 83 on Friday.
Mr Sanusi made sweeping reforms during his time as the Central Bank Governor, tackling widespread fraud in the financial sector. Recently, he alleged that corruption within Nigeria's petroleum industry meant that the oil production did not match its revenue and so billions of dollars had gone missing.
This move did not go down well with President Goodluck Jonathan, who responded by suspending him.
Now assuming the throne in Kano, Lamido Sanusi's frosty relations with the president will be closely watched ahead of next year's presidential elections.
The emir of Kano is the second-highest Islamic authority in Nigeria.
The state government in Kano made the decision after four "kingmakers" had met and submitted nominees.
Those eligible had to be male members of the Ibrahim Dabo family - whose clans include the Bayeros and Sanusis.
Correspondents say Nigeria's traditional leaders hold few constitutional powers, but are able to exert significant influence especially in the north where they are seen as custodians of both religion and tradition.
One of Mr Sanusi's key roles will be helping tackle the mounting insurgency by Boko Haram militants in the north.
The group has accused traditional Muslim rulers of failing to enforce its strict interpretation of the Koran.
President Goodluck Jonathan's decision to suspend Mr Sanusi from the bank on accusations of financial recklessness and misconduct had led to concern among international investors.
Al-Haji Ado Bayero had been on the throne in the northern city since 1963.
He was the longest-serving emir in Kano's history and sought to reduce tensions with Nigeria's Christians.
He was also a critic of Boko Haram and survived an assassination attempt last year blamed on the Islamist group.


Manchester United are set to resume talks with Southampton on Friday over the transfer of left-back Luke Shaw, reports BBC Radio Solent.

Saints have already turned down a £27m offer for the 18-year-old.
Left-back had been one of the priority areas for David Moyes before he was sacked by United last month.
Current first-choice Patrice Evra recently signed a new contract but United are still searching for a long-term replacement for the Frenchman.
The move comes a day after news emerged that Liverpool are attempting to sign Southampton and England striker Rickie Lambert.
Lambert, 32, and Saints team-mate Adam Lallana, 26, will hope to be involved in England's World Cup warm-up match with Peru at Wembley on Friday, but Shaw will miss the game through illness.
Lallana has also been linked with a move away from St Mary's, with Liverpool interested in Southampton's captain.
Southampton themselves are searching for a new manager following the departure of boss Mauricio Pochettino to Tottenham.
Shaw is preparing for the World Cup with England and is battling alongside Leighton Baines for a starting position in Roy Hodgson's side.


Greece's government has pledged reform to try and satisfy the demands of creditors in Europe while maintaining its pre-election pledges.

Below are some of the main points from Greece's list of reforms - contained in a letter from the Greek government to its European partners - alongside analysis and comment from BBC economics correspondent Andrew Walker.
Andrew Walker: Improving tax collection has been a persistent theme in the discussions between Greece and its bailout lenders. It's an area where it's easy to see a shared view between the two sides. The idea of getting the well-off to contribute to the financing of public policies is right in line with Syriza's wider agenda. Anything that brings in more revenue and so helps stabilise the government finances is likely to be welcome to the lenders as well. Creating a new culture of tax compliance is a bit "motherhood and apple pie". Who could object? But it will take a long time to achieve.
Andrew Walker:The lenders are also likely to welcome the commitment to review every area of government spending and to identify cost savings.
Andrew Walker:There is more motherhood and apple pie on tackling corruption, smuggling and money laundering. The aim is not controversial. But will they be able to achieve significant improvements?
Andrew Walker: The line on privatisation is striking - accept those that have been completed and respect those that are underway. New cases are not ruled out, far from it. The letter only calls for an emphasis on maximising public revenue - which is after all one of the reasons there is a privatisation programme in the first place. How will this go down with Syriza, especially the left of the party? Even so the IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde isn't impressed on this point.  Privatisation is one of a number of areas where she notes "a lack of unequivocal undertakings to continue already agreed policies".
Andrew Walker:Also on that list is labour market reforms, another area that Ms Lagarde of the IMF regards critical for Greece. Even so, the party is likely to be suspicious at best of some of the labour market stuff that is included. Linking the minimum wage with productivity and competitiveness could well limit the scope for raising it, which was a central element in the party's election offer.
Andrew Walker: The independence of the statistical authority might play into the debt debate later. One idea has been to use growth-linked debt payments. That has more chance of getting off the ground if the growth data come from a genuinely independent and adequately resourced agency.
Andrew Walker:The humanitarian crisis had to be in there in some form. It was so central to Syriza's political campaign. But the commitment to use non-pecuniary measures and to ensure the fight has no negative fiscal effect shows how hemmed in the Greek government is. It will be hard to land many blows with such constraints on how they can fight.


A man sent to a secure hospital for killing a mother-of-two told doctors he had to sacrifice her to save his own family, a court has heard.

Marcin Porczynski admitted stabbing Nicola Cross, 37, to death in September 2015 in Hemel Hempstead.
Mrs Cross's husband Danny had told St Albans Crown Court he heard his wife's screams over the phone as Porczynski broke into their home and attacked her.
Porczynski, 24, will serve an indefinite spell at a psychiatric unit.
Porczynski, of Claymore Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, had admitted manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility.
The court heard he was suffering from paranoid schizophrenia at the time of the attack and had been hearing voices for up to two years before the killing.
He broke into Mrs Cross's home while she was on the telephone to her husband who was working away in Hull. She was stabbed 10 times.
Porczynski arrived in the UK to work in early 2015. He told doctors he believed he had to kill Mrs Cross or his family in Poland would be killed.
Judge Andrew Bright QC ordered that Porczynski should be detained at Rampton Secure Hospital in Nottinghamshire under a hospital order with a restriction without limit of time.
Judge Bright told Porczynski: : "As you were breaking in, Nicola Cross was on the phone to her husband Daniel.
"She told him that she had heard a noise and that he should hold on while she went to investigate.
"By then you had gone to the kitchen and taken one of the knives from a knife block.
"Although Nicola Cross tried to reason with you and heroically did her best to protect herself and her two young children from you, she was completely defenceless against the vicious knife attack you launched upon her."
In a victim statement to the court, Mr Cross said: "I will never forgive myself for not being there to protect her."


Manchester United forward Wayne Rooney "will be involved" in Sunday's EFL Cup final against Southampton, says manager Jose Mourinho.

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Rooney, 31, announced on Thursday that he is staying at Old Trafford after being linked with a move to China.
The England captain has missed United's past three matches with a calf injury.
"He is fine, he has been training with the team," said Mourinho on Friday. "He made his statement about staying here exactly in the right moment."
The Portuguese added: "That should be the last question about it until the end of the season."
Rooney's agent, Paul Stretford, had travelled to China to see if he could negotiate a deal, although it is not known which clubs he spoke to.
However, United's record goalscorer released a statement on Thursday saying he hoped to "play a full part" in the rest of the Premier League club's season.
Rooney has won five Premier League titles and the Champions League since arriving at Old Trafford as an 18-year-old for £27m from Everton in 2004.
The forward, whose contract expires in 2019, has said he would not play for another English club other than the Toffees.
United are sixth in the Premier League and remain in three cup competitions, having reached the last 16 of the Europa League on Wednesday with a 4-0 aggregate victory over French side Saint-Etienne.
Rooney will be part of the squad to face top-flight rivals Southampton at Wembley on Sunday (16:30 GMT kick-off).
"No doubts, he is involved," said Mourinho.
"He was not selected for Saint-Etienne because he was not ready to play. He stayed at home this week so he could have one more important training session."
Midfielder Henrikh Mkhitaryan misses the final with a hamstring injury and Mourinho says Rooney's role will depend on which system he decides to play.
"Without Mkhitaryan, if we want to play with a number 10, obviously Wayne, it's his position, it's where he was playing with us many matches, so he is an option for me," he added.
On Rooney staying, the 54-year-old added: "He said no way he moves and wants to help the team fight for trophies. I said I would be happy if that was the decision."


The British and Irish Lions warmed up for the second Test against Australia with an ultimately convincing victory over an outgunned Rebels side in Melbourne.

Converted tries from Conor Murray and Sean Maitland in a patchy first half gave the tourists a 14-0 lead at the interval.
"Sean O'Brien, the man of the match, must have exploded into the Lions squad for the second Test. He scored a great try from a line-out, crashing over. This will be a good boost for the Lions for Saturday - it is encouraging that the midweek team are back on the winning trail."
Sean O'Brien and Ben Youngs added further scores either side of a penalty try as the Lions pressed home their superiority.
Keeping a game and committed Rebels side scoreless was a tribute to the Lions' second string in the final midweek match of the tour.
Manu Tuilagi, O'Brien, Ian Evans, Richard Hibbard, captain Dan Lydiate and Toby Faletau all put in impressive shifts in a last effort to force their way into Test contention.
Whether any player did enough to play their way into the starting side on Saturday is debatable, although Tuilagi proved his trademark power was intact on his return from a shoulder injury.
While it was far from error-free, and the Lions spurned several more opportunities to add to their score, there was far greater purpose and intensity than the miserable effort in the 14-12 defeat by ACT Brumbies in their last midweek match.
After some early line-out woes, with two of their first three failing to hit the target, the Lions started to dominate possession and territory, with Tuilagi prominent in attack.
After winning a penalty from their first scrum, they demolished the Rebels in another, paving the way for Murray to scramble over in the right corner after Faletau was held short.
(provided by Opta Sports)
They might have had a second moments later after establishing another strong position in the Rebels 22, but a Dan Cole fumble halted momentum.
It was an untidy few minutes from the England tight-head, who then proceeded to knock on, before the Lions were penalised for collapsing a scrum.
O'Brien, perhaps over-eager to show he should be in the Test squad, conceded an unnecessary penalty, but with Rebels full-back Jason Woodward unable to capitalise, the Ireland flanker promptly showed a more enterprising side to his game.
A neat offload to Tuilagi on the left wing allowed the powerful centre to scatter defenders and pave the way for a fine team try. Faletau slipped as he cut against the grain in front of the posts, but the ball was swiftly recycled and Simon Zebo sent Maitland over for an excellent score.
Farrell converted both tries for a 14-0 lead after 28 minutes and it stayed that way until half-time.
Rebels centre Mitch Inman twice threatened to breach the Lions' defence and the hosts kicked a penalty to touch but Evans, enjoying his best game of the tour so far, got up to steal it.
The Lions should have added to their tally early on the resumption but Maitland arrowed a long pass straight into touch rather than into the arms of the waiting O'Brien, who looked suitably unimpressed.
But the Irish flanker did not have long to wait for his try, powering over from Lydiate's short pass after Faletau had won a line-out close to the Rebels' line.
Farrell's third conversion made it 18 out of 19 on tour for the Lions before he was removed from the fray intact, with Saturday's second Test in mind.
The Lions were then awarded a penalty try after Evans won a line-out and the Rebels pulled down the maul, replacement Jordy Reid earning a yellow card for his efforts.
But despite their man advantage, the Lions were forced to scramble in defence, Zebo smashing Nick Stirzaker into touch after the replacement Rebels scrum-half broke away up the right flank.
Youngs scored a superb fifth try with seven minutes left as he sprinted onto fellow replacement Tom Croft's line-out tap-down to out-strip the remaining cover.
Melbourne Rebels: Jason Woodward, Tom English, Mitch Inmar, Rory Sidey, Lachlan Mitchell, Bryce Hegarty, Luke Burgess; Nic Henderson, Ged Robinson, Laurie Weeks, Cadeyrn Neville, Hugh Pyle, Jarrod Saffy, Scott Fuglistaller, Gareth Delve (capt).
Replacements: Pat Leafa (for Robinson, 61) Cruze Ah-Nau (for Henderson, 61) Paul Alo-Emilie (for Weeks, 61), Luke Jones (for Pyle, 41), Jordy Reid (for Delve, 56), Nic Stirzaker (for Burgess, 56), Angus Roberts (for Hegarty, 72), Cooper Vuna (for Inman, 50).
Yellow card: Reid (63)
British and Irish Lions: Rob Kearney; Sean Maitland, Manu Tuilagi, Brad Barritt, Simon Zebo; Owen Farrell, Conor Murray; Ryan Grant, Richard Hibbard, Dan Cole, Richie Gray, Ian Evans, Dan Lydiate (capt), Sean O'Brien, Toby Faletau.
Replacements: Rory Best (for Hibbard, 55), Tom Court (for Grant, 55), Matt Stevens (for Cole, 55), Tom Croft (for Lydiate, 64), Justin Tipuric (for O'Brien, 55), Ben Youngs (for Murray, 62), Owen Farrell , Billy Twelvetrees (blood, for Barritt, 32-40, for Kearney, 62), Stuart Hogg (for Farrell, 52).
Attendance: 28,648
Referee: Glenn Jackson (NZ)


USA's Dalilah Muhammad won Olympic gold in the women's 400m hurdles as Great Britain's Eilidh Doyle finished last.

Media playback is not supported on this device
Muhammad, 26, clocked 53.13 seconds in rainy conditions to beat Dane Sara Slott Petersen (53.55) into second.
American Ashley Spencer ran a personal best of 53.72 to take the bronze medal, while Scot Doyle came home in 54.61 to finish eighth.
"I feel like I nailed the race," Doyle, 29, told BBC One. "I am not too unhappy but you always want more."
Doyle, victorious at the Diamond League meetings at Doha and Monaco this year, made a slow start from lane one and never troubled the leaders.
Muhammad's victory helped take the USA's gold-medal tally in Rio to nine.
"I was feeling really tired before the race, but I just trusted in myself and my abilities," she said.
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For HMS Bulwark and her crew, 7 June was "the longest day".

It started at first light when she launched her Merlin helicopter to scan the horizon for the boats filled with migrants. It didn't take long to find them.
As the Royal Navy ship lowered her landing craft to begin rescuing the first three boats filled with migrants, reports were coming in of more on route from Libya.
The first boat we saw illustrated their desperation to reach Europe.
A small wooden vessel was packed with around 400 people. There was barely any room to move on deck.
Below, another load of migrants had been loaded like cargo. They were drifting without an engine, just hoping for salvation. It would have needed a miracle for that boat to complete the journey to Europe.
Nearby Bulwark's crew were also coming to the rescue of two perilous rubber dinghies, each carrying around a hundred more people.
The fact that many didn't even have life jackets was another reminder that the gangs who trafficked them had little regard for their lives.
In Bulwark's docking bay we watched wave after wave of landing craft arrive, each full with another load of people.
The injured were among the first to be offloaded. We watched as a women was stretchered off - she was pregnant and suffering from dehydration. For most their only belongings were the clothes they were wearing.
They were marshalled to an area to be processed. First they were searched to ensure none was carrying any weapons. Then they were asked to give their names and the countries they came from.
They had travelled from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and sub-Saharan Africa. There were Syrians who had fled one civil war only to find another in Libya.
After they had been given some food and water, we spoke to them about their journey. They told us that they had paid around $1,000 (Â£650) to the gangs who had smuggled them.
Many had come to Libya to find work but as the country descended into chaos they found they were the victims of discrimination.
Tor, a Christian man from South Sudan, said he'd been victimised because he didn't have a Muslim name. He broke down in tears when I asked him about the family he had left behind.  He claimed as well that some of the people involved in the smuggling had also been rescued.
Moussa from Ghana, who was just 17, said he had been beaten by the people who trafficked him.
Whatever the reasons that had taken them to Libya, they all agreed that it was now too dangerous to stay.  They were making the journey to Europe because they thought it was their only hope.
Esaw, another man from Ghana, told me that he wasn't even expecting to survive the journey.
By the end of the day Bulwark and her crew had taken on board 1,200 people with the ship declared in "overload" conditions.
Some survivors were taken onto the upper open decks, because there wasn't enough room below to accommodate them.
In the words of Bulwark's captain this "may well be the tip of the iceberg". This is supported by some estimates that say there are already half a million people waiting to make the same journey.
The captain can't be sure they picked up everyone at sea on this day. All he can say is that Bulwark and her crew have done all they can to bring as many as possible to safety.
The Royal Navy ship is now on her way to Sicily to hand the migrants over to the Italian authorities.
But soon Bulwark will set sail again to look for the next wave coming in. A seemingly endless tide of migrants desperate for a better life.
And as yet no-one knows how to halt it.


Dim ond 250 o dadau yng Nghymru wnaeth gymryd cyfnod o absenoldeb rhiant wedi ei rannu y flwyddyn ddiwethaf.

Roedd hyn o'i gymharu â 27,650 o famau yn cymryd cyfnod mamolaeth, yn ôl ffigyrau sydd wedi dod i law BBC Cymru gan HRMC ar gyfer 2016/17.
Mae'n golygu fod llai nag 1% o dadau newydd yng Nghymru yn derbyn tâl am rannu cyfnod absenoldeb rhiant, er mwyn edrych ar ôl eu plant newydd-anedig.
Mae'r ffigyrau yn dangos y flwyddyn ariannol lawn cyntaf ers i system o rannu absenoldeb rhiant gael ei gyflwyno yn 2015.
Mae'r ffigyrau, sydd wedi dod i law rhaglen Eye On Wales drwy gais rhyddid gwybodaeth, yn cyfrif dim ond dynion sydd wedi derbyn tâl rhiant wedi ei rannu, a menywod sydd wedi derbyn tâl mamolaeth statudol.
"Dywedodd llefarydd: "Mae rhai rhieni hefyd yn cymryd cyfnod absenoldeb heb dâl. Dyw HMRC ddim yn gallu adnabod yr unigolion hyn, ac felly methu adnabod pob person sydd yn rhannu absenoldeb rhiant neu'n cymryd cyfnod mamolaeth."
Cafodd y ffigyrau eu talgrynnu i'r 50 agosaf.
Fe wnaeth Tom Green, 37, gweithiwr cyfrifiadurol gyda Phrifysgol Caerdydd, gymryd chwe mis o absenoldeb rhiant wedi ei rannu er mwyn gofalu am ei fab, Sam.
"Er bod menywod yn cymryd cyfnod mamolaeth mae hynny'n cael ei dderbyn fel y norm - fi oedd y person cyntaf i gymryd absenoldeb rhiant wedi ei rannu yn fy rhan i o'r brifysgol, felly roedd e'n anarferol," meddai.
"Os ydw i'n arwain y ffordd, dwi'n arwain y ffordd. Dwi ddim yn teimlo felly. Dwi jyst yn trio gwneud y gorau ar gyfer fy nheulu."
Dywedodd Jennifer Liston-Smith o My Family Care, sydd yn cynghori cyflogwyr i fod yn fwy hyblyg tuag at deuluoedd: "I ddod allan, fel petai, fel rhywun sydd eisiau rhannu'r gwaith o fod yn rhiant, yn enwedig i ddynion o ddiwylliant busnes mae'n gallu bod yn wahanol ac maen nhw am feddwl am bethau - ydi hyn am effeithio ar eu gyrfa?
"Mae unrhyw beth fel hyn yn mynd i gymryd amser i ddod yn fwy poblogaidd."
Ychwanegodd fod rhai tadau yn defnyddio absenoldeb rhiant wedi ei rannu - sydd yn gallu cael ei gymryd mewn nifer o gyfnodau llai, ac ar yr un pryd â'r fam - fel rhywbeth ychwanegol i gyfnod tadolaeth.
"Beth sy'n tueddu digwydd yw bod partner yn cymryd yr absenoldeb tadolaeth statudol ac yna pythefnos, pedair wythnos o absenoldeb rhiant wedi ei rannu pan mae'r babi yn cyrraedd gyntaf.
"Yna tuag at ddiwedd y cyfnod tadolaeth fe allai'r partner gymryd cyfnod arall o absenoldeb, ond un sydd ddim yn golygu bod i ffwrdd o'r gwaith yn rhy hir."


National security and mega-important spending decisions dominate the coming week in Westminster, with the government's strategic defence review and the chancellor's comprehensive spending review due to be unveiled in the Commons, expect both to be heavily trailed in the Sunday papers and for subsequent detailed scrutiny on the committee corridor to expose some interesting nuances.

Here's my rundown of the week ahead:
The Commons opens at 14:30 ( GMT) with defence questions and remains on that subject for some hours, as the prime minister announces the findings of the 2015 national security strategy and the strategic defence review (he also handled the announcement of the 2010 review). This is a delicate issue across the chamber. There are plenty of Conservatives who are deeply uneasy about the state of the armed forces, even as they hoot at Labour's unilateralist leadership. A key concern is meeting the NAT0 target of 2 per cent of GDP for defence expenditure, but expect some rigorous scrutiny of what is counted towards that total; pensions? Some international aid spending?
Meanwhile Labour has some stark divisions of its own, with pro-nuclear MP John Woodcock chairing a backbench policy group, could this be an early example of different lines coming from the chair of the backbench policy group and from the official party spokesperson, Maria Eagle.
In addition, the defence select committee is due to publish a report previewing the review on Saturday 21st, expect committee chair Julian Lewis and his members to "mark the card" of the SDSR against their recommendations.
Then the government will seek to ram through all stages of the Northern Ireland Welfare Reform Bill, a product of the latest all-party deal to keep devolved administration going, in a single gulp. The bill has government and Labour support and the support of the biggest Northern Ireland party, the DUP, but the UUP and SDLP have reservations.
In the Lords business in the chamber opens at 14.30 ( GMT) with the arrival of two more MPs-turned Peers, in this case the Liberal Democrat veteran Lord (Alan) Beith and the Conservative former minister Lord (David "Two Brains") Willetts.
Question time will be followed by a repeat of the defence review statement and watch out for the thoughts of the legion of heavyweight defence and security experts, ex-ministers, generals, admirals, spies and diplomats, on the red benches.
Then legislating resumes with more detailed report-stage scrutiny of the European Union Referendum Bill. There are several amendments from peers on both sides of the argument calling for reports on various aspects of the decision on EU membership; the former senior diplomat, Lord Hannay, with cross-party support, calls for a report on what "Brexit" will look like (consequences of withdrawal), and similarly, Lord Kerr calls for a report on alternatives to EU membership, in the event of withdrawal.
The Crossbencher Lord Green of Deddington calls for a report on the implications of remaining within the EU, for net migration and on the continuation of EU rules on free movement. The Conservative Lord Forsyth wants a requirement to publish a report on the outcome of negotiations and any resulting changes in the relationship between Britain and the EU. At the moment the expectation is that none of these amendments will be pushed to a vote.
Finally the Liberal Democrat Lord Tyler aims a barb at the government in the form of a regret motion on the draft Northern Ireland (Elections) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2015.  His point is that the order postpones changes to electoral registration in Northern Ireland, while the government is pressing ahead with similar changes elsewhere; he accuses ministers of seeking party advantage outside Northern Ireland.
The Commons meets at 11.30 ( GMT) for Foreign Office questions.
The main debates are on SNP motions on trident and the closure of HMRC offices, the first of those is clearly intended to put Labour in an awkward position
In Westminster Hall (9.30 - 11:00 GMT) the Conservative Chris Heaton-Harris leads a debate on world prematurity day, 15 million babies are born prematurely each year and around a million do not survive.
In the afternoon the subject is funding for the community and voluntary sector (14.30 - 16:00 GMT) in a debate led by Labour's Naz Shah.
In the Lords, from 14.30(GMT) the day's new peers are a brace of Labour former Welsh secretaries, Lord Murphy of Torfaen and Lord Hain
The key debate is the second reading of the Scotland Bill, the key issues are powers to set some taxes, including rates of income tax, as well as the devolution of some elements of the welfare system, and of abortion policy. A major point of interest will be how the government responds to the Lords Economic Affairs Committee's call for the detailed scrutiny of the bill to be postponed until the government has announced the financial side of devolution, the fiscal framework. If they don't satisfy the committee members they will put down a formal motion to postpone the committee Stage... but with Labour broadly satisfied with the bill and keen to speed it onto the statute book, such a motion may well not attract enough support.
Then the fast-tracked Northern Ireland Bill, fresh from the Commons will be put through all its stages of debate.
It's another very big day in the Commons (from 11.30 GMT) where MPs kick off with Northern Ireland questions, followed, at noon by prime minister's question time.
But then comes the announcement of the autumn statement and comprehensive spending review, the government's big package of spending cuts and priority shifts. The absolutely central issue here is how the chancellor responds to the House of Lords defeat on tax credits and concern on his own backbenches about the issue. How big will the changes be, will there be additional funds for, for example, the NHS and the police, and where will any extra money be raised to pay for them?
In the Lords (15:00 GMT) the usual half hour of questions to ministers will be followed by a repeat of the autumn statement. There will be a full debate on it on December 3rd.
Then peers will move on to report stage consideration of the Enterprise Bill, there is talk of a possible government concession on the role of the small business commissioner heading off a possible defeat. Other issues include quality apprenticeships and business rates.
The Commons has a quieter day. It begins (09.30 GMT) with mini question times for the attorney general and Nicky Morgan in her role as minister for women and equalities. That's followed by the weekly Commons  business statement from the leader of the House.
The main debate, chosen by the backbench business committee, is on the final report of the airports commission, another of those occasions likely to pit two of the London mayoral candidates Sadiq Khan and Zac Goldsmith, against one another in a Commons debate, although both oppose Heathrow expansion.
In the Lords (11:00 GMT) Liberal Democrat Baroness (Lynn) Featherstone and Conservative Lord (William) Hague of Richmond take their seats as peers.
The main debates are on subjects chosen by Crossbenchers: firstly on the protection of freedom of speech in universities, and second on building a healthy society in the UK. There is a short lunch-time debate, in between, on fostering community links in the government's counter-terrorism strategy.
Neither House sits on Friday.


From Afon Dwyfor to the animals in the Welsh Mountain Zoo, Paul Jenkinson's pictures show his native north Wales in all its glory.

The images are all the more striking when you consider that Mr Jenkinson, 42, from Y Ffor, near Pwllheli in Gwynedd, is blind.
He suffers from panhypopituitarism, a condition which has left him with just 5-10% vision in his left eye and 50% in his right eye. He has no perception of 3D and is also colour-blind.
Nevertheless, he is a keen photographer who works hard to capture "the best shot I can".
Mr Jenkinson, who was diagnosed at the age of 28, said doctors think the condition was caused by a piece of his skull not forming correctly in the womb.
This allowed fluid from his brain to squash his pituitary gland and his optic nerves.
"The last 10 years or so have been crushing, medically," he said.
"I was put on hormone therapy and have been taking steroids for 14 years but a side effect of that is that I now have osteoarthritis in both knees and hips."
An operation to try to correct his vision was not successful and temporarily left him with seizures. He has also suffered a "severe" aneurysm and 18 months ago, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer.
A former building control officer for Gwynedd council, Mr Jenkinson's health problems have meant he has not been able to work for a decade.
"I have had some very, very low days after my cancer diagnosis, even some suicidal moments," he said. "But my photography helps me cope.
"When you're concentrating on something, like how to get the best shot or where to set up your tripod, you're not thinking about your problems.
"I hope my story will help others in the same situation to know that there can be some light at the end of the tunnel, as I have found in my photography."


Jonathan Davies is fit for Friday's Six Nations game with France as Wales recall wing Alex Cuthbert and forwards Dan Lydiate and Bradley Davies.

Davies has recovered from a hip injury sustained in Wales' win over Scotland while Cuthbert replaces Tom James.
Lydiate returns at blindside flanker with Justin Tipuric dropped and Sam Warburton moving to No.7, while Davies is in for injured lock Luke Charteris.
Bath fly-half Rhys Priestland has been passed fit and is on the bench.
Only one of coach Warren Gatland's three changes is enforced, a knee injury ruling out Racing second-row Charteris.
The familiar back row of Lydiate, Warburton and Taulupe Faletau is restored at Tipuric's expense while Blues wing James is dropped from the 23-man matchday squad.
James' replacement Cuthbert has scored 15 tries in 40 caps for Wales but the 2013 Lions winger has not crossed in the Six Nations since February 2014.
Wales, seeking to beat France for a fifth time in a row for the first time since 1927, brought their team announcement forward from Wednesday to Tuesday after the injury situation became clear quicker than expected.
"We initially thought we would have to wait until later in the week to have a final update on injuries," said Gatland.
"But we know where we are earlier than expected and have told the squad, hence announcing today as well.
"It's set to be another huge Six Nations weekend. France come to Cardiff unbeaten in the campaign so far and impressing under Guy (Noves).
"We are looking to continue our unbeaten run and will be looking for another step up after the victory over Scotland."
France and England lead the 2016 Six Nations with two wins from two while victory for unbeaten Wales on Friday will move them top - at least until England play Ireland at Twickenham on Saturday - as Gatland bids for a fourth Championship since his first campaign in 2008.
Wales team to face France: Liam Williams (Scarlets), Alex Cuthbert (Cardiff Blues), Jonathan Davies (ASM Clermont), Jamie Roberts (Harlequins), George North (Northampton ), Dan Biggar (Ospreys), Gareth Davies (Scarlets); Rob Evans (Scarlets), Scott Baldwin (Ospreys), Samson Lee (Scarlets); Bradley Davies (Wasps), Alun Wyn Jones (Ospreys); Dan Lydiate (Ospreys), Sam Warburton (Cardiff Blues, CAPT), Taulupe Faletau (Newport Gwent Dragons).
Replacements: Ken Owens (Scarlets), Gethin Jenkins (Cardiff Blues), Tomas Francis (Exeter Chiefs), Jake Ball (Scarlets), Justin Tipuric (Ospreys), Lloyd Williams (Cardiff Blues), Rhys Priestland (Bath), Gareth Anscombe (Cardiff Blues).


Great Britain exited the Hopman Cup without winning a match following a 2-1 defeat against Germany.

Dan Evans and Heather Watson lost the mixed doubles rubber 4-2 4-2 to Alexander Zverev and Andrea Petkovic.
Earlier, world number 75 Watson beat Petkovic - world ranked 55 - 6-2 7-6 (7-3) to give Britain a 1-0 lead.
British number three Evans then lost 6-4 6-3 against 19-year-old Zverev - who beat Roger Federer on Wednesday - to square the tie.
The defeat for Great Britain follows losses to Switzerland and France earlier in the round-robin competition.
Later on Friday, France beat Switzerland 2-1 to reach Saturday's final where they will play Group B winners the United States.
Roger Federer, who is returning after a six-month absence because of a knee injury in the event, beat Richard Gasquet 6-1 6-4 in 58 minutes to give Switzerland a 1-0 lead.
Kristina Mladenovic then beat Belinda Bencic 6-4 2-6 6-3 to level the tie before Gasquet and Mladenovic beat Federer and Bencic 4-2 4-2 in the deciding mixed doubles match.


A motorcyclist in his 70s has been critically injured in a crash in Ballywalter, County Down.

It happened at about 11:50 BST on Friday on the Dunover Road.
The police have appealed for witnesses.
Sgt Tom Stevenson said: "We are especially keen to speak to the driver of a small black vehicle, bearing L plates, that is believed to have been in the vicinity at the time and may have witnessed the crash."


Black scientists in the US are much less likely to be awarded funding than their white counterparts, says a US government research-funding agency.

The National Institutes of Health said that out of every 100 funding applications it considered, 30 were granted to white applicants.
This compared with 20 to black applicants.
The study, published in the journal Science, found the gap could not be explained by education or experience.
It suggested small differences in access to resources and mentoring early in a scientist's career could accumulate, leaving black researchers at a disadvantage.
Black people make up 13% of the US population, but only 1.2% of lead researchers on biomedical studies are black.
The NIH said concerns over this prompted it to commission a study, which was led by University of Kansas economics professor Donna Ginther.
The research - which was published on Thursday - examined submissions for NIH grant applications by more than 40,000 researchers from 2000-2006.
The study found that 71% of grant-seekers said they were white; 1.5% said they were black; 3.3% were Latino; 13.5% were Asian; and 11% were identified as "other" or "unknown".
NIH director Francis Collins said it would take action to address the potential for "insidious bias" in the grant process.
"This situation is not acceptable," he told reporters in a conference call. "The data is deeply troubling."
When applicants send proposals to the NIH, they identify their race, ethnicity and gender.
This information is removed from the application before the materials are sent to review.
Mr Collins said it was possible that reviewers could guess the race or ethnicity of an applicant by looking at names or where they trained.
He said they would look at reviewing grants on the basis of scientific merits alone, without requiring information about an applicant's qualifications or background.
The NIH is the largest source of funding for medical research in the world, disbursing $30bn (Â£18bn) each year.


Stuart Bingham held his nerve in a tense final frame to beat Judd Trump 9-8 and win his first Welsh Open title.

The Englishman, 40, took the last two frames, sealing victory with a break of 55 to claim his first ranking title since the 2015 World Championship.
Bingham had led 4-0 in the early stages and came through a scrappy final session that saw a highest break of 63.
"Unbelievable," said the world number two. "To get my hands on another trophy means everything."
Compatriot Trump, 27, cut the early deficit to 5-3 by taking the last frame of the afternoon session and moved 7-6 and 8-7 ahead in the evening.
However, Bingham got back on level terms and, after Trump missed an early opportunity in the decider, it was the former world champion who prevailed with a clearance.
"I honestly felt that Judd outclassed me from the word go," said Bingham. "The first two frames were massive but it was only from his mistake that I cleared up and won.
"I've been knocking on the door since October, playing pretty well. I thought it wasn't going to happen here and hats off to Judd, from 4-0 down a lot of people would have crumbled and given up."
Trump said: "It was tough. I missed a few chances early on. I kind of threw it away in the first four frames.
"I missed too many easy balls and even tonight when I was getting back into it, I missed another easy ball. On the whole I did well to get back into it, it was just the odd shot here and there that cost me."