Robert Burns, the great Scottish bard, never travelled to America but his poetry and songs had a profound effect on the emerging nation.

Burns' work was wildly popular in the US from the moment it was first reproduced by "pirate" printers in Philadelphia in 1787 and it had a huge impact on the views of generations of Americans.
Among the poet's many fans were the most influential African-American of the 19th Century and the man widely regarded as America's greatest president.
Both Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln regularly cited the "genius" of Burns and used his philosophy of egalitarianism and the worth of all men to fuel their political campaigns.
When Burns was born in 1759, the United States was still a British colony and throughout his teenage years the British Crown was in conflict with the upstart Americans.
His radical views were heavily influenced by what he learned of the US Revolutionary War.
Arun Sood, author of Robert Burns and the United States of America, told the BBC documentary Burns in the USA: "Burns wrote a handful of poems, songs and letters that mention America. The common theme is an association with liberty."
By the time of Burns' death in 1796, at the age of just 37, it was becoming clear that ideals in the Declaration of Independence were not coming to pass.
The enslavement of black people was endemic in the States.
In the fight to end it, Douglass and Lincoln both drew, in different ways, on the work of Burns.
Frederick Douglass started out as a slave in Maryland but escaped to the northern States in 1838, at the age of 20, and started to make strong arguments as an abolitionist.
His final home is now a museum containing his most precious possessions, including a treasured copy of the Complete Works of Robert Burns.
Mr Sood says Douglass enlisted Burns into his own discourse on slavery and abolition.
Douglass described how Burns himself had lived in the midst of a "bigoted and besotted clergy" and how the Ayrshire ploughmen had been looked upon as being "little better than a brute".
Douglass wrote: "He became disgusted with the pious frauds, indignant at the bigotry, filled with contempt for the hollow pretensions set up by the shallow-brained aristocracy. He broke loose from the moorings which society had thrown around him."
For Douglass, Burns was a man full of faults but "far more faultless than many who have come down to us in the pages of history as saints".
Burns' focus on egalitarianism and liberalism were attractive to Douglass, despite the flaws in the poet's nature.
As his fame grew Douglass became afraid that he might be captured and returned to slavery.
In 1845 he embarked on a tour to Britain to gather support for abolitionism.
The former slave presented himself as a cultured and educated man even though he had little formal schooling.
Prof Gerard Carruthers, of the Centre for Burns Studies at Glasgow University, says: "One of the things that gives him the confidence to appear educated is the exemplar of Robert Burns who had a similar kind of formative experience - non-university, self-taught, but as cultured as anyone else."
In Scotland, Douglass lectured on black emancipation and lobbied the Free Church over taking money from slave-owning states.
He also took a detour to see the birthplace of his poetic mentor and meet Burns' elderly sister Isabella and two of his nieces.
Douglass wrote about his trip to the home of the "brilliant genius" Robert Burns in the New York Weekly Tribune.
He wrote: "I have felt more interest in visiting this place than any other in Scotland for as you are aware, painfully perhaps, I am an enthusiastic admirer of Robert Burns."
The trip to Britain was a great success. He had raised the profile of his cause and his supporters had raised enough to purchase him from his slave owner in the States.
In 1847, Douglass returned to the US a commanding and influential speaker and free man.
It was Douglass who, during the civil war, forced home the argument to Abraham Lincoln that slavery should be abolished immediately.
The president made the emancipation proclamation in 1863, making the freeing of slaves an explicit goal of the war.
Arun Sood says: "Douglass was a hugely gifted orator and a very charismatic individual. During the civil war era, Douglass frequently alluded to Burns's songs and poems, particularly when trying to encourage men of colour to enlist in the Union army.
"He would tout the line that A Man's A Man For A' That, regardless of colour."
"Lincoln believed very much in the founding documents of the United States that talk about all men being created equal and that's something you see in the poetry of Robert Burns as well," says Erin Carlson Mast, director of President Lincoln's Cottage.
"This idea of natural rights is something that Lincoln really latched on to."
Lincoln had little formal education but he was a voracious reader. When he arrived in New Salem, Illinois, at the age of 21 he had a neighbour who had 27 books.
Prof Carruthers says: "With a name like Jack Kelso or Jock Kelso, it is little surprise that this is a Scotsman. He is certainly one of Lincoln's mentors."
Sam Wheeler, state historian of Illinois, says: "Lincoln heard Kelso recite the words of Robert Burns complete in the Scottish dialect, acting out the poems and Lincoln picks up that habit."
According to Prof Carruthers: "What I think is going on is that Lincoln, like many New World cultural figures, is looking for something that isn't British, isn't English.
"Burns to some extent plays into that alternative culture that America is looking for."
The final record of Lincoln's affections for Burns comes from his secretary John Hay. He describes the president's mood as they travelled down the Potomac river.
Erin Carlson Mast says: "John Hay reflects that in the April of 1865 the war has come to an end, that Lincoln himself recites extensively from Robert Burns without notes, all from memory."
One of the poems that came into Lincoln's mind that day is one of Burns saddest, Lament for James, Earl of Glencairn.
Less than a week later Lincoln was shot dead at a theatre in Washington.
However, the fight to end slavery throughout the Union had been won and the nation's founding argument of liberty for all had been upheld.
Burns in the USA is one BBC Two Scotland on Wednesday 25 January at 21:00


The East of England Ambulance Service has been fined £1.2m over failures to reach 75% of life-threatening emergencies within eight minutes.

It has also been fined £300,000 over turnaround times at hospitals. The trust handles more than 900,000 emergency 999 calls a year.
The new fines built up from April to July this year.
The ambulance trust said it was recruiting hundreds of new staff and investing in new ambulances.
The trust must pay the £300,000 fine now and the £1.2m at the end of the financial year.
It serves 19 clinical commissioning groups (CCGs), the GP-led organisations in charge of local NHS budgets.
Wendy Tankard, chief contracts officer at Ipswich and East and West Suffolk Clinical Commissioning Group, said: "We continue to work with the East of England Ambulance Service in transforming the service where it has failed to meet performance standards."
The fines will be distributed among the CCGs according to the percentage of their payment to the ambulance service contract.
The trust recruited a new chief executive in January, Anthony Marsh, who spends three days a week looking after the East of England and two days heading the West Midlands Ambulance Service.
Dr Marsh is on a salary of £232,000. Earlier this week it emerged he had claimed up to £30,000 in hotel and transport expenses over the past 16 months.
"The Commissioning Consortium will continue to work with and monitor the East of England Ambulance Service Trust to address areas of underperformance," Ms Tankard said.
The ambulance service said: "We have identified £10m of savings in back office functions and management - money which will be reinvested in more frontline staff.
"We are really pleased with the support from our clinical commissioning groups, especially in the significant investment they have put into the ambulance service this year to enable us to make some of these changes."


A Spanish migrant aid group is deciding whether to continue its Mediterranean rescue mission after it said its boat was targeted by Libya's coastguard.

Proactiva Open Arms, one of three groups still operating off Libya, said its boat was in international waters when it was told to head to port in Libya or come under fire.
Libyan officials did not confirm the incident.
However, the navy last week told NGOs to stay away from the Libyan coast.
Since the EU struck a deal last year with Turkey to seal off the migrant route into Greece, the Libyan route to Italy has become a focal point for migrants and people smugglers. Some 97,000 migrants have reached Italy so far this year.
Libya extended its own search-and-rescue area into international waters last week and a senior naval official accused the aid groups of pretending to rescue migrants trying to make their way across the Mediterranean to Europe.
Tighter restrictions, as well as poor weather, appear to be having an effect on migrant numbers crossing the Mediterranean in recent weeks. Only 2,080 migrants have reached Italy this month, according to UN figures up to 13th August.
Responding to Tuesday's incident, a Libyan navy spokesman told the BBC that organisations that failed to comply with the parameters of the search-and-rescue zone were responsible for their own actions.
Three NGOs, including Save the Children and MSF, have already left the area, saying that threats from the Libyan authorities meant they could not guarantee their safety. Two other groups, SOS MÃ©diterranÃ©e and Moas, are still operating in the area as well as the Spanish NGO.
As the Proactiva ship Golfo Azzurro sailed an estimated 24 nautical miles off Libya, a man identified as a Libyan coastguard official told the boat's crew: "You have to sail now towards Tripoli port, you are under custody, sir. If you don't follow the orders we will target you."
The Spanish group's spokeswoman, Laura Lanuza, said it was the second episode in which they had been targeted, after being shot at in the area last week. "Yesterday we were kidnapped and we have to think about the security of our crew so we're on standby," she told the BBC.
"Obviously, this is a result of an orchestrated campaign against NGOs that started last year and different tools have been used to criminalise all of us."
Italy believes the aid boats encourage both migrants trying to cross the sea and the people smugglers who prey on them. Foreign Minister Angelino Alfano has praised Libya's decision to ban NGO boats from its coastal zone.
Italy has helped train the Libyan coastguard in recent weeks. And, backed by the European Commission, it has proposed an 11-point code of conduct for NGOs, warning that those groups that fail to sign it will be barred from Italian ports.
Among the measures are:
A note on terminology: The BBC uses the term migrant to refer to all people on the move who have yet to complete the legal process of claiming asylum. This group includes people fleeing war-torn countries such as Syria, who are likely to be granted refugee status, as well as people who are seeking jobs and better lives, who governments are likely to rule are economic migrants.


The second week of July could be a big one for many Linfield fans.

The 11th Night, the Twelfth, and now a potential Champions League Qualifying match against Celtic on the 14th.
The match can only happen, of course, if 'The Blues' defeat La Fiorita of San Marino in a first-round clash.
But that little caveat is not stopping Linfield fans from dreaming of a big day out at Windsor Park and a big pay-day for their club against the Scottish giants.
Linfield fan William Walsh says it will be a great day for the team and fans and he has no fears about trouble.
"It's just the same as Cliftonville coming to Windsor Park, it'll just be the exact same," he said.
"It'll be cordoned off by police security. So, there's no point bumming and blowing about fighting or anything because it's not going to happen, I don't think."
Another fan, Davy Warren, has been following Linfield for half a century. He says there is great excitement among fans.
"It's good for Linfield, you know what I mean, it puts Linfield in the picture, playing a team like Celtic," he said.
Richard Blair was wearing his Linfield top when I met him, along the Donegall Road.
He is happy with the change of date.
"It gives us time, like, to prepare for the twelfth and all, get that out of the way and prepare for the big game on Friday," he said.
And, he also told me that he believes Linfield can topple the mighty Celtic and qualify for the big time in the Champions League, once they beat La Fiorita.
"Hopefully we do, then we play Celtic, then beat them ones and then hopefully get through into the group stages of the Champions League," he said.
No pressure, then, on David Healy's team, against a club which became the first British team to conquer European football fifty years ago this year.


Nearly half of all work being done by Northern Ireland building firms is now outside of NI, a new report suggests.

The latest construction market survey by RICS and Tughans says NI firms are seeking work in Great Britain in particular.
It says this is due to the lack of a significant recovery in construction activity within Northern Ireland.
Private housing was the one area of construction in Northern Ireland that saw a significant increase in activity.
Overall, the workloads of Northern Ireland construction surveyors increased in the final quarter of last year, according to the survey, but at a significantly slower rate than in all other UK regions.
Infrastructure activity fell significantly in the final three months of the year, the survey found, making it the ninth consecutive quarter in which surveyors reported falling or flat infrastructure workloads.
"All four quarters of 2015 saw growth in overall Northern Ireland construction workloads, but this was from a low base, and in each quarter the rate of growth was significantly lagging other UK regions," RICS Northern Ireland spokesman, Jim Sammon, said.
"One key trend has been the rising amount of work being done by local firms outside of Northern Ireland, particularly in Scotland and England, where there has been much more robust construction growth.
"In some respects this is a positive story, demonstrating the competitiveness and excellence of our construction businesses.
"However, we want to see workloads within Northern Ireland increasing as well, particularly in infrastructure."


Nato countries are taking part in their biggest ever joint military exercises in Poland, amid concerns about a potential threat from Russia.

Some 31,000 Polish, US and other troops are participating in the land, sea and air exercises called Anaconda-16.
It comes weeks before a Nato summit at which leaders are expected to decide to base a significant number of Nato troops in Poland and the Baltic states.
Russia says Nato troops close to its borders are a threat to its security.
Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said: "We do not hide that we have a negative attitude toward the Nato line of moving its military infrastructure to our borders, drawing other countries into military unit activities.
"This will activate the Russian sovereign the right to provide its own safety with methods that are adequate for today's risks."
The Anaconda exercises began in 2006 and take place every two years.
About 12,000 Polish and 14,000 US troops will take part this time, as well as 1,000 from the UK and others from Nato states and five partner nations.
The exercises are intended to test Nato's ability to respond to threats.
But the BBC's correspondent in Warsaw, Adam Easton, says there's been a heightened sense of alarm in eastern Europe since Russia annexed Crimea two years ago and Anaconda is a way of reassuring those countries that the Nato military alliance is serious about their security.


Scotland salvaged a draw against the Republic of Ireland to maintain a two-point lead over their opponents in Euro 2016 qualifying Group D.

Shaun Maloney's deflected shot off John O'Shea just after half-time clawed the Scots back into a match they had barely been part of in the opening period.
Jon Walters had given the Irish a deserved lead, tapping in from an offside position.
The result leaves Scotland third, on 11 points, and Ireland fourth on nine.
Poland lead the group on 14 points, with world champions Germany second, two points above the Scots, after thrashing Gibraltar 7-0.
The result in Dublin certainly favours the visitors, particularly after they were under the cosh for the first 45 minutes.
Republic boss Martin O'Neill had spoken all week about the need to begin the match on the front foot and from the outset the hosts looked sharper, stronger and hungrier for victory.
They snapped into challenges, pressurising the Scots who appeared nervous, none more so than defender Craig Forsyth, starting his first competitive international.
The Irish exploited that, with Seamus Coleman consistently finding space and time on the right, the only saving grace the full-back's poor delivery.
David Marshall had not had a save to make, however, until he tipped over a Daryl Murphy header.
From the resultant Robbie Brady corner, Murphy again forced a save from the keeper, but this time it fell beautifully for Walters to tap in, with the officials failing to notice he was in an offside position.
It was no more than the Republic deserved, but the match turned on the first moment of class from Scotland, seconds after the interval.
Maloney combined with Steven Naismith and the man whose goal beat the Irish in November curled the ball goalwards and into the back of the net via O'Shea's back.
That buoyed the Scots, though they could have fallen behind again minutes later, Marshall blocking Murphy's shot with his legs.
The tension was palpable as the match wore on, with the home side still dominating, though Given had to claw away a deflected Ikechi Anya cross that might have found a way into the net.
But to the anguish of the majority of the crowd inside the Aviva Stadium, there was to be no late goal as there had been here against Poland.
At the end of a pulsating battle, Scotland remain better positioned to challenge for an automatic top-two qualification spot for next summer's finals in France.
But the major winners of the day in Group D were leaders Poland, who are now three points above the Scots, after beating Georgia 4-0. Robert Lewandowski scored a hat-trick in the final two minutes of the game.


The Australian and Tasmanian authorities are abandoning their bid to have logging permitted in the Tasmanian Wilderness, a World Heritage site.

The decision comes after a report by the UN cultural agency Unesco said the area "should be off-limits to commercial logging in its entirety".
The Tasmanian Wilderness covers about a fifth of the island and is one of the world's last big temperate forests.
Conservation groups have welcomed the Unesco report and the logging decision.
In 2014 the Australian government asked the agency to revoke the special status of the forest to open up parts of it to logging in order to boost the island's economy, where unemployment is above the national average.
But the move - by the government of former PM Tony Abbott - attracted much opposition from environmental groups.
The Unesco report released on Saturday said the organisation "does not consider a World Heritage property recognised for its outstanding cultural and natural values the place to experiment with commercial logging of any kind".
The Tasmanian Wilderness is home to ancient forests, some of the tallest flowering plants in the world and is a stronghold for several animals that are either extinct or threatened on Australia's mainland.
Both the Australian federal and the Tasmanian state government have said they will abide by that recommendation.


If you want to know what's going to be big in tech in 2015, then a huge tech show in Las Vegas might well have the answer!

The Consumer Electronics Show (CES) is the world's biggest annual consumer technology trade show, with more than a whopping 3,500 companies taking part this year.
Starting on Tuesday, top tech companies will show off their latest gadgets.
Here's a peek at some of the futuristic gear that'll be on show:
One of the highlights is a quadcopter called Zano. It's small enough to fit into your hand, but still powerful enough to film HD quality video.
No tech show would be complete without the latest 3D printers. Highlights include the latest in food printing and machines that can build detailed, multicoloured 3D objects like this below, just out of paper and ink.
It's not just small gadgets: there'll be a whole host of self-driving cars including one that allows passengers to face each other (below) and one that you can park just by using a smart-watch app.
Look out for new quantum dot TV technology which involves tiny crystals - 50,000 times smaller than a hair - to give better colour quality to what you see on screen. And then there are TVs with nits - not the head lice variety - but more nits means the picture will look much better even in a sunny room.
And of course there's more unusual stuff that will be on display.
A toothbrush that plays a video game, a baby's dummy that connects to the net, a ring for your finger to show how many unread emails you have and a dog collar that lets you speak to your pet are all reported to be making an appearance at the huge event.
The CES runs from 6 to 9 January.


MPs have warned about the checks done on foreign criminals before and after they enter the UK after recent attacks.

The Home Affairs Committee said police were being hampered in identifying and arresting offenders because they were not being given up-to-date information.
The killing of schoolgirl Alice Gross, who was murdered by Latvian Arnis Zalkalns last August, highlighted the danger of border failings, it said.
The Home Office said "every resource" was being used to root out criminals.
In a new report on immigration controls, MPs cited a number of recent high-profile crimes committed by foreigners with existing criminal records and said administrative and IT failings were making it harder for officials to keep track of them.
Zalkalns served seven years in jail in Latvia for murdering his wife and burying her in a shallow grave, but moved to the UK in 2007.
MPs were told that in Zalkalns' case, the information that was available about him at the time was not entered into the Home Office's database.
"The Home Office, the police and Border Force are clearly reliant on access to timely information to enable them to intervene when criminals attempt to enter the UK," the cross-party committee said.
"The murder of Alice Gross and the violence inflicted on Professor Paul Kohler show that such reliance is inadequate."
Mr Kohler was savagely beaten by a group of Polish men at his home in Wimbledon, south west London, last year. The gang were career criminals with a long history of violent attacks in their native country.
The MPs said the Warning Index system used by UK border staff to identify terrorists and criminals, is "considerably overdue to be renewed".
While coverage is good for those entering the country by air, the MPs warned that it was poor for people arriving by rail or boat.
The committee said only 67% of foreign criminals who had entered the UK had had their details checked by local police forces against the national police database. The committee said anyone arrested should be immediately subject to such checks.
"We support the government's efforts to improve the data it receives from other countries on people with criminal records who the UK may consider undesirable.
"However, we are unconvinced that the Home Office's IT systems are fit for purpose given the ever increasing volume of data."
The Home Office said foreign criminals "have no place in the UK".
"This government is using every resource available to root them out and protect the British public.
"Police criminal records checks on EU nationals have gone up over 700% under this Government, with just over 60,000 requests made to European partners in 2014.
"We already have an outstanding system of public protection that is rightly held up as an example across the world but we are not complacent.
"We are leading the way in Europe to improve the exchange of information in cases involving dangerous criminals."
The spokesman added: "At the border, all passengers are checked against police, security and immigration watch lists and where we are aware of individuals who pose a risk, Border Force officers can - and do - refuse them entry."


Air passengers leaving Gatwick have suffered the longest average delays during summer getaways from major UK airports, BBC analysis reveals.

Those travelling to and from the UK on EasyJet flights have waited the longest among the 10 busiest airlines.
Figures collected by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) during the last two summers reveal the typical delays.
All flyers using EasyJet had an average delay of 24 minutes, and those leaving from Gatwick waited 27 minutes.
Both said they appeared at the top of the delay list partly as a result of having among the biggest number of flights.
The analysis, by the BBC's data journalism team, is based on the last two years of CAA data for all flights from or to UK airports during June to August.
Below, you can enter your UK departure city, and your destination, to find average delays for the airlines serving this route in the last two summers.
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EasyJet has the longest average delay at 24 minutes when taking all summer flights into consideration, whether delayed or not, for the busiest airlines in June to August for the last two years. Aer Lingus delays were half that length, at 12 minutes.
This chart shows the average delay per journey for the 10 airlines with the greatest number of flights from or to the UK over the last two summers.
Past performance will not necessarily be repeated during this and future summers.
An EasyJet spokeswoman said: "EasyJet operates the largest number of flights of any UK airline, flying over 78 million passengers per year. In 2017, EasyJet will operate 33% more flights than in 2011, with less than 0.8% delayed by more than three hours.
"In fact, despite a number of adverse external factors like increasingly congested airspace, particularly in the London area, and record numbers of air traffic control strikes, over the last year, EasyJet has actually reduced the proportion of flights delayed by more than three hours.
"We work hard to minimise disruption and fully comply with all relevant regulations."
While Gatwick had the longest average delay per outbound flight, the data reveals that travellers were less likely to experience departure delays at smaller UK airports.
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A spokesperson for Gatwick Airport said it had more flights to Europe than any other UK airport, and was impacted disproportionately by events on the continent. He said the airport was calling on UK and European authorities to accelerate plans to increase the efficiency of UK and European airspace.
"We recognise the inconvenience that delays cause to our passengers, and we will continue to do everything possible to prevent them from occurring," he said.
"We operate the world's busiest and most efficient single runway airport, but, over recent years, Gatwick has been disproportionately affected by issues beyond our control.
"These include repeated strike action by French, Greek, Spanish and Italian air traffic controllers and airport employees, prolonged bad weather, and heavily congested airspace above parts of Europe and London.
"Gatwick has made it a priority to address punctuality and, in partnership with our airlines and ground handlers, we are already seeing the benefits of a new wide range of measures that have been implemented to improve punctuality."
Travellers flying from the EU or on European airlines do have a right to compensation. This means:
Alex Neill, from the consumer organisation, Which?, said airlines should offer compensation, rather than wait for customers to come to them: "If you're unlucky enough to experience a severe delay, compensation could be available and people should claim what they're entitled to.
"We want to see airlines introduce automatic compensation where possible so that passengers can quickly and simply receive the money they are owed."
All data used on this page is compiled and made available by the Civil Aviation Authority, which publishes aggregated statistics on punctuality for all flights taking off or landing at major UK airports.
The BBC has combined the CAA's data for June, July and August of 2015 and 2016 and used this to calculate the average (i.e. mean) delay per flight across these months for all routes listed in the data.
Routes with fewer than 50 flights over this period were excluded, as were airlines that registered no flight data for the summer months of 2016 (even if they had been active in 2015). Chartered flights were not distinguished from scheduled flights in the calculations for airlines that fly both categories on the same route.
The data for outbound delays is based on the time the aeroplane takes off from the UK runway, and the data for return delays is based on the time the aeroplane arrives back on the UK runway.
Flights that take off or land early are recorded as having a delay of zero minutes.
Produced by Ryan Watts, Ed Lowther, Nassos Stylianou, Ransome Mpini, Daniel Dunford, Gerry Fletcher, Becky Rush, Joe Reed, and Kevin Peachey.


Four Chinese miners who had been trapped underground for 36 days have been rescued, Chinese state media say.

The men were trapped by a cave-in at a gypsum mine in eastern Shandong province on 25 December.
China's CCTV showed dramatic footage of one of the men appearing on the surface and then being taken to hospital.
In all, 29 people were initially trapped by the collapse: 15 have now been rescued and one confirmed dead, while 13 are still missing.
The four miners - who were detected more than 200 metres (656ft) below the ground - were led to safety late on Friday; their eyes were covered by masks as they appeared on the surface, reports say.
Local media say the men are being examined in a local hospital.
More than 400 rescue and emergency workers were in the operation.
For several weeks, they were tunnelling down to the surviving men, and water and liquids were passed down through a narrow borehole.
On Friday, the miners were winched up - one-by-one - in a specially made capsule.
Footage from inside the mine earlier showed the four men sitting together. One of them was heard saying: "I feel relieved and secure now. We will remember you (rescuers) forever," CCTV reports.
Local official Zhang Shuping hailed the operation.
"What a relief," he said, adding that the rescued miners were in a stable condition.
Mr Zhang said the search for the miners still missing would continue and rescuers would use light detection equipment to try to locate them.
The mine collapse near the town of Pingyi in December was so violent that it registered at China's earthquake monitoring centre.
Local media later reported that police had enacted "enforcement measures" against several bosses at Yurong company which owns the mine, while local party officials had been sacked.
The company chairman Ma Congbo, drowned himself by jumping into a mine well several days after the incident.
China has a long history of industrial accidents. This incident came days after a landslide caused by construction waste in southern China left dozens of people missing and presumed dead.
The nation's mines have long been the world's deadliest, but safety improvements have reduced deaths in recent years.
Gypsum is a soft sulphate mineral that is used in building and construction.


The family of a Gloucestershire student who was murdered in France in 1990 has said more should be done to bring her killer to justice.

Joanna Parrish, 20, from Newnham-on-Severn, was killed whilst on a university placement in May 1990.
Nobody has ever been convicted of her murder and the case is still open.
On the 25th anniversary of her death her parents have called for a convicted serial killer to be re-interviewed about the case.
Ms Parrish's parents, Roger Parrish and Pauline Murrell, said they had been "frustrated" by the lack of movement in the case.
Mr Parrish said: "Twenty five years is a significant time and we want to push as hard as we can for justice for Jo this year, particularly."
Ms Murrell said she felt they had been "let down" by the French authorities.
"It just makes me angry. They can't be bothered with us," she said.
Ms Parrish was found raped and strangled in a river in Auxerre on 17 May 1990 after being abducted.
The chief suspects in the case were convicted serial killers Michel Fourniret and his wife Monique Olivier.
Olivier previously confessed to the murder of a woman in the Auxerre area at the time, but later retracted her story.
The family has now made a formal request to French magistrates for her to be re-interviewed and for Gloucestershire Police to help with the interview.
Ms Parrish's brother, Barney Parrish, has set up an online petition calling for help and support.
"My parents have been struggling since I was 17 for justice for my sister," he said.
"It's about time they no longer struggled, and got some support from people that can make things happen."


An Australian senator has resigned after realising he holds dual citizenship, meaning his nine-year parliamentary career most likely breached the nation's constitution.

Scott Ludlam, from the minor Greens party, said he only learned of his New Zealand citizenship last week.
Under Australia's constitution, a person cannot run for federal office if they hold dual or plural citizenship.
Mr Ludlam had been told his eligibility would be challenged in court.
The senator, who was also Greens co-deputy leader, apologised for what he called an "avoidable oversight".
"This was my error, something I should have checked when I first nominated for [Senate] pre-selection in 2006," he said, adding that he was "personally devastated".
Mr Ludlam was three years old when he left New Zealand with his family.
He said he assumed he had relinquished New Zealand citizenship when he was naturalised as an Australian in his teens.
Mr Ludlam was alerted to his status last week by a member of the public who had "done the digging for whatever reason".
The 47-year-old senator said he had been informed of a looming challenge to his eligibility in Australia's High Court.
"I could have dug my heels in, but it creates a messy and protracted dispute. That section of the constitution is crystal clear," he said.
Mr Ludlam could have surrendered his New Zealand citizenship - had he known about it - to stand for office within the rules.
The High Court has ruled two senators ineligible since a federal election last year.
The politicians, Bob Day and Rod Culleton, were initially told to repay their salaries, but the government ultimately spared them from doing so.
Mr Ludlam said he hoped that "common sense" would prevail.
"We will petition them, if they come after us, for the kind of relief that was offered to senators Day and Culleton," he said.
Mr Ludlam's vacant seat is expected to be filled by another Greens candidate.


Dundee United have secured the services of Andrew Robertson and Aidan Connolly, teenagers who helped Queen's Park reach the Division Two play-offs.

Defender Robertson, 19, and midfielder Connolly, 17, have both signed two-year contracts with the Scottish Premier League club.
And manager Jackie McNamara expects them to feature next term despite only one season of senior football each.
"I will look for both to make an impact as soon as they come in," he said.
"My desire is to improve Dundee United and I see these young players as two assets who will do that.
"They know that at Tannadice there is the opportunity to get involved at first-team level should they promote themselves correctly.
"I believe that both have an exceptional chance of becoming important players for Dundee United."
Connolly follows in the footsteps of his midfielder father, Paddy, who started his career at Tannadice before playing for Airdrieonians, St Johnstone, Morton, Ayr United, Stirling Albion, Brechin city and Albion Rovers and who is presently assistant manager with Alloa Athletic.
The teenager made a swift impact at Hampden, making 25 appearances and scoring six goals since breaking into the team in November.
Robertson made 40 appearances in his first season in the first team and had also attracted the interest of St Johnstone and McNamara's former club, promoted Partick Thistle.
Queen's Park, who missed out on promotion to Division Two after losing to Peterhead, had voiced fears of missing out again on compensation for the duo should they head for Hampden.
United used a loophole concerning the Spiders' amateur status to avoid a compensation payment for full-back Barry Douglas, .


A 25-year-old man arrested over a fatal crash in Ballycarry, County Antrim, on Thursday night has been released on bail pending further enquiries.

A 25-year-old motorcyclist died in the crash on Main Street. It happened at about 21:50 BST.
Police said they believe two motorcycles collided, causing one of them to crash into a parked car.
The man was arrested in Carrickfergus on Friday afternoon.
Police have again appealed for anyone who saw the two motorbikes being driven in the village, or who witnessed the crash, to contact them.


Two-time Wimbledon champion Petra Kvitova has pulled out of Eastbourne with an abdominal injury.

The Czech won the Aegon Classic in Birmingham on Sunday, her second tournament since she was stabbed by an intruder at her home in December.
Victory moved the 27-year-old, who returned to action in May, up to 12th in the world rankings.
"I do feel one spot specifically and I hope it will be fine in a couple of days," Kvitova said on Monday.
Kvitova is one of the favourites for Wimbledon, where she won the title in 2011 and 2014.
She said the abdominal muscle "got tight" during her 4-6 6-3 6-3 win over Ashleigh Barty, but she hoped it would be "nothing serious".
Find out how to get into tennis in our special guide.


Swansea City goalkeeper Gerhard Tremmel has joined German side Werder Bremen on loan for the rest of the season.

The former Hannover and Hertha Berlin keeper has been signed to help Bremen avoid relegation from the Bundesliga.
The 37-year-old has not played a Swans game this season as Swedish international Kristoffer Nordfeldt is preferred back-up to Lukasz Fabianski.
Swansea have also confirmed Diego Bortoluzzi will be added to new coach Francesco Guidolin's backroom staff.
Bortoluzzi worked under Guidolin at Palermo, Parma and Udinese and was most recently at Verona.
The 49-year-old becomes the third Italian on the Swansea coaching staff, which also includes former Chelsea midfielder Gabriele Ambrosetti.
Goalkeeper Tremmel first signed for Swansea from Red Bull Salzburg in 2011 and was part of the 2013 League Cup-winning side.
After being released by Swansea in May 2015 he returned at the start of the current season.
But Tremmel hasn't featured this season as Polish international Fabianski has been an ever-present for Swansea in the Premier League with Nordfeldt playing the cup games.


A court in Austria will rule in the next few weeks whether it has the jurisdiction to hear a class action lawsuit brought against Facebook.

Some 25,000 users - led by Austrian law graduate Max Schrems - accuse Facebook of violating European privacy laws in the way it collects and forwards data.
The case has been brought against Facebook's European HQ in Dublin, which handles accounts outside US and Canada.
Facebook's lawyers have argued for the case to be dismissed.
They presented a list of procedural objections at a court hearing in Vienna on Thursday.
Mr Schrems - a campaigner for data protection - said he brought the claim to stop what he calls mass surveillance by the social networking site.
The legal action claims privacy laws are breached in the way Facebook monitors users when they activate the site's "like" buttons.
It also alleges Facebook co-operated with Prism, a surveillance system launched in 2007 by the US National Security Agency.
The case - which involves more than 900 UK-based users of Facebook - includes a compensation claim of about €500 ($539; £362) per person.
The court will issue a written decision in the next few weeks on whether it can handle the case, the BBC's Bethany Bell reports from Vienna.


Swiss campaigners who won clearance to seek a referendum on reintroducing the death penalty have withdrawn their application only a day later.

They said they did not really believe in capital punishment, but wanted to highlight what they called a bias towards criminals over victims.
Under Swiss law, citizens can force a referendum on almost any issue if they collect 100,000 signatures.
The death penalty was abolished in Switzerland in 1942.
The government said on Tuesday that the campaigners could begin the process to initiate a referendum on bringing it back.
The campaigners had claimed to want to reintroduce capital punishment for murders involving sexual abuse, particularly of children.
But on Wednesday the group, apparently made up of private individuals related to a victim, said the initiative had been a way of airing their grievances. They called for further debate and for politicians to intervene.


Manager Paul Tisdale has thanked the Exeter City board for allowing him to hold on to his key players during the January transfer window.

The League Two club turned down several bids for forward Ollie Watkins, who has scored seven goals in eight matches.
"The board has backed my request that we keep this team together," Tisdale told BBC Radio Devon.
"That shows some real intent and real bravery when there are clubs offering really good money."
Exeter were bottom of the table after losing at Carlisle on 19 November, but have since gone on an 11-game unbeaten run, including nine wins, to go fourth and just four points from an automatic promotion spot.
Watkins, 21, is their joint-highest league scorer but he was left on the bench for their victory over Wycombe on Tuesday due to speculation over his future.
"Ollie Watkins, well done, you are going to go a long way but at the moment you're an Exeter player so help us get where we want to get - I'm very proud of you for what you've done," added Tisdale.
"This week he's been waiting and the club have received offers and we're saying no, it's not enough, and we want him with us.
"It doesn't pay to be smug with 18 games to go - fourth is great from where we were but it's not where we want to finish, we want to be above that."


Port Vale chairman Norman Smurthwaite says the League One club's future would have been in doubt if they had not managed to cut their wage bill.

Falling attendances have had an impact on Vale, their average home gate having fallen from 6,249 in the 2013-14 season to 5,044 in the campaign just finished.
"I have a responsibility to do what's right for Vale," he told BBC Sport.
"There was an average of over 1,200 per game who didn't turn up. We were £600,000 down on gate receipts."
Speaking on Sport at Six on BBC Radio Stoke, he added: "We were a further £300,000 down due to a poor cup run. That's £900,000 down and we're still in business.
"It's up to us to get the product right on the pitch, then people will turn up, but we're in a results-orientated business."
Vale have offset those losses by cutting their wage bill, striker Tom Pope being one of several first team regulars currently mulling over whether to stop on reduced terms.
"I don't want him to go," added Smurthwaite. "He's a great ambassador for the club, but he was awarded a contract that I wasn't privy to.
"He's a good living the last two and a half years and I suspect he's got used to it, but we've made a contract offer that reflects where we are.
"He has a responsibility to his wife and his daughter to do what's right for him. But my responsibility is somewhat greater than Tom's. It's to the future of the club."


Get ready for Donald Trump-branded socks and beauty salons in China.

Authorities in China have provisionally approved nine more trademarks for the Trump Organization that had previously - and inexplicably - been rejected.
The company now owns the right to use the Chinese version of Mr Trump's name for various products and services.
It comes as the US President fights allegations that his businesses create potential conflicts of interest that may violate the constitution.
Three lawsuits, including one by nearly 200 congressional Democrats, have been filed against Mr Trump because of ethics concerns.
Critics claim the number of approved trademarks has accelerated since Mr Trump entered the White House.
Mr Trump ceded control of his namesake company to his two eldest sons after taking office but retains ownership of the assets. The same goes for his daughter Ivanka Trump, who has a formal White House role as assistant to the president.
Lawmakers sue Trump over foreign payments
A list of Trump's potential conflicts
China has granted formal approval for at least 125 Trump-related copyrights, according to the country's trademark office website.
The Trump Organization now own the rights to products such as golf clubs, restaurants and bars, as well as services for massage parlours and social escorts.
The Trump Organization's lawyer has said the filings are to defend its brand in China given the country's reputation for counterfeiting.
Mr Trump also reportedly applied for trademarks using the name of his ex-wife, Ivana Trump, more than a decade ago.


Leicester City have signed Brighton striker Leonardo Ulloa for a club-record £8m on a four-year deal.

The fee for the 27-year-old Argentine, who scored 16 goals for the Seagulls in all competitions last season, could reach £10m based on appearances.
Brighton chairman Tony Bloom said the Championship club accepted a record fee after Ulloa made it clear he wanted to play in the Premier League.
"It was then a case of ensuring we received our valuation," he said.
Ulloa joined Brighton on a four-and-a-half-year deal from Spanish side Almeria for about £2m in January 2013.
Championship winners Leicester's previous record buy was Ade Akinbiyi, whom they bought for £5.5m in July 2000.
Brighton's previous record sale was midfielder Liam Bridcutt's £3m move to Sunderland in January.


A baby was removed from its vulnerable mother unlawfully, a judge has ruled.

The child, who cannot be named for legal reasons, was taken into foster care in Gloucestershire while on a supervised visit with its father.
The parents should have been given 14 days notice, and "serious errors" were made by the local authority, a family court ruled.
Gloucestershire County Council has apologised and said it had now updated its policies.
Judge Stephen Wildblood, in the family court in Gloucester, found the authority's actions were unlawful and had breached the family's human rights.
He said the authority did not pay sufficient regard to a care plan and a court's care order, it failed to comply with regulations, and no legal advice was sought before the child was taken into care last month.
The mother, who is in her early 20s, told the BBC it had been "incredibly traumatic and distressing" and that she hoped no other family had to suffer in the way that she and her child did
In a statement the council said it apologised "unreservedly".
"In our attempts to safeguard the welfare of this child, members of our children's social care team breached the terms of a previous court order.
"We also apologise to the child and the parents for our actions in this case and for any distress caused.
"This should never have happened and we have updated our policies and put in place safeguards, including ensuring that the assistant director or other senior officer will have oversight of all cases where action to remove children, who are subject to care orders, are being considered."
The child, who is aged under two years old, has since been returned to its mother.


The BBC will broadcast Billericay Town's tie against Didcot Town in the first qualifying round of the FA Cup.

Billericay will host the tie, which takes place on Saturday, 2 September, kick-off at 12:30 BST.
Billericay signed former Liverpool player Jermaine Pennant earlier in August, while ex-England defender Paul Konchesky is their captain.
A game from every stage of the 2017-18 tournament will be streamed live across BBC Sport's digital platforms.
This will allow audiences to watch the game live on their PC, mobile or connected TV. Matches will also be available live and on demand on BBC iPlayer.
Match of the Day commentator Conor McNamara and former Charlton and Huddersfield boss Chris Powell will talk through the action from Billericay.
Messages can be sent to the commentary team using #bbcfacup during the game and they will aim to respond to as many of them as they can.
Billericay play in the Isthmian League Premier Division - the seventh tier of English football - and their side also includes former Premier League players Jamie O'Hara and Kevin Foley.
Didcot Town play in the eighth-tier Southern League Division One South & West.
Broadcast of the fixture is subject to a satisfactory technical survey.


A CF-188 Hornet fighter jet has crashed near Cold Lake, Alberta, killing the pilot.

The 401 Royal Canadian Air Force squadron was engaged in training exercises when the jet crashed around noon local time (19:00 GMT).
Air force spokesman Major Scott Spurr said the unnamed pilot had been confirmed dead.
Emergency services and flight safety crews are on site investigating the cause of the crash.
Major Spurr said it may take up to a year before the investigation is complete.
In 2010, another CF-188 Hornet crashed near Cold Lake during night-time training.
An inquiry found that night-time weather disoriented the pilot, who was able to safely eject from the plane before it crashed.
The Canadian government has committed to replacing the 30-year-old fleet of CF-18 over the next five years.
Canada cannot currently meet its commitments to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and the North American Aerospace Defense Command with its aging fleet of CF-18s.


Villages on the Somerset Levels have faced weeks of flooding with no respite from the conditions in sight.

Muchelney has been cut off because of flooded roads for almost a month.
As a result, an hourly boat is the only means by which residents can get out of the village to do day-to-day tasks like going to the shops or visiting the doctor.
Some of those affected spoke about what they are facing and whether they feel the situation could have been avoided.
Ken Jackson owns Muchelney Cattery, which lies in one of the worst affected areas. He said promises in 2012 were not followed up.
"Last year, we had an exact replica of what's happening now," he said.
"They had flood forums [and] meetings but the Environment Agency and government agencies are mainly interested in making people responsible for themselves, rather than what the root causes are.
"And once the event actually happened, they were pretty tardy in responding."
He added that his business was being "killed off" by the flooding, with people cancelling bookings and owners unable to pick up animals.
"We're small fry, but all of these pockets of employment and investment are part of the hidden story," he said.
"It's devastating - and it just gets more and more obvious that we can't continue.
"We haven't done any new business since the New Year."
Ron Smith works for a homeless charity and lives in the village of Aller, which neighbours Muchelney.
He said his insurance went up five-fold to Â£5,000 after flooding in 2012 and he now expects that amount to triple.
"We would like to sell the property, but how can we? You can't put a price on that," he said.
"It's pure anger, it should never have happened."
"We were flooded on Christmas Day - we gave up on 3rd January and only went back in on Saturday," he added.
"We were staying in holiday accommodation in a nearby village.
"But it's very difficult - it came in gradually, inch by inch, so we had plenty of time to take certain actions. The whole ground floor was flooded.
"The emotional side - it's devastating, it's heartbreaking to lose your home and have to move and to see your things floating past."
Mr Smith said he tried to go and see Environment Secretary Owen Paterson who visited the flood-hit area on Monday.
"I fought my way as far as I could but couldn't reach it by car because of the flooding - [Mr Patterson's entourage] all had big Range Rovers and they could just plough through it.
"They should have to come to Muchelney - not one senior person has come to talk to the residents and knocked on their doors and said how are you doing?"
John Leach, who owns a pottery business in Muchelney, said he was both "sad" and "mad" at the current situation.
"It's stopped business, we are actually marooned and we had to close down on the 5th or 6th January - it's a nightmare," he said.
"Last year was not so bad - we lived upstairs and had our wellies on the top step. Our Aga just about kept going and we carried our food upstairs.
"I'm staying with my son and daughter-in-law in Kingsbury-Stembridge - I was taken out by tractor."
He said the flooding was 2.5ins (6cm) higher than 2012, which was "devastating".
"We were told by the Environment Agency that November 2012 was a once-in-100-years flood but here we are again," he said.
"It's so depressing, we love our work and it's so frustrating.
"But we want to fight this and make sure the agency do something about this."
He added he was worried this was a "pattern for the future".


A US Democratic senator has led a 14-hour filibuster to demand a vote on gun control legislation following the massacre at a gay club in Florida.

Chris Murphy spoke from Wednesday morning into Thursday. The tactic enables senators to block proceedings.
He said he had secured commitments from Republicans to hold a vote but his recommendations are not likely to pass.
Sunday's mass shooting in Orlando was the worst in recent US history, with 49 people dead.
Dozens of people remain in hospital, some in a critical condition.
President Barack Obama and Vice-President Joe Biden are due to visit Orlando later on Thursday.
In another development, it emerged that the gunman, Omar Mateen, made a series of Facebook posts before and during his attack in which he raged against the "filthy ways of the West".
Mateen also said on Facebook: "America and Russia stop bombing the Islamic state."
The Senate Homeland Security Committee has asked Facebook to provide information on Mateen's online activity.
Senator Murphy began the filibuster at 11:21 on Wednesday, vowing to stay on the Senate floor "until we get some signal... that we can come together".
Much of his speech focused on the mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in his home state of Connecticut in 2012, where 26 people died.
Senator Murphy said he wanted to force Republicans and Democrats to agree on legislation to deny suspected terrorists the right to buy guns and require universal background checks.
"For those of us that represent Connecticut, the failure of this body to do anything, anything at all in the face of that continued slaughter isn't just painful to us, it's unconscionable," he said.
He later tweeted: "I am proud to announce that after 14+ hours on the floor, we will have a vote on closing the terror gap & universal background checks."
Gun control is a divisive topic in the US, where the right to bear arms is enshrined in the constitution.
Earlier on Wednesday, presumptive Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump said anyone on a terror watch list should be prevented from buying guns.
He tweeted that he would meet powerful lobby group the National Rifle Association to discuss the gun control issue.
The NRA responded by saying it would meet him but it already opposes terrorists buying guns.
Until now, Mr Trump has been a strong supporter of protecting gun rights and his candidacy was endorsed by the NRA.
Just over half of Americans - 51% - disapproved of his initial response to the shooting, in which he repeated a call to temporarily ban Muslims from entering the US, an NBC poll showed.
The same poll found 57% of US citizens think gun laws should be more strict.
Vice-President Biden, speaking at a gun-control fundraising event in Washington, said the idea that a suspect on a terror watch list could still legally buy guns was absurd.
He said it had taken seven years for Congress to approve a ban on assault weapons which expired in 2004.
"I refuse to give up.  We refuse to give up. It took me seven years to get the first ban put in place. There is no reason why we should ever stop," he said.
Mateen was on an FBI terror watch list but investigators concluded there was no evidence he was a threat.


Millions of rail passengers should be given more help to claim money back when their train is delayed, the industry regulator has recommended.

The Office of Rail and Road (ORR) said that 80% of passengers do not claim compensation.
It wants clearer forms, a national publicity campaign, and better staff training, to encourage claims.
In response, the train operating companies promised to take action to improve the compensation process.
The ORR was responding to a so-called "super-complaint" by the consumer group Which?
Which? had complained in December 2015 that millions of people were being left out of pocket by the system.
Under the law, the ORR had 90 days to respond.
"We want all passengers to be able to claim the compensation they are entitled to. The information they receive needs to be better and the process must be clearer and simpler," said ORR chief executive Joanna Whittington.
Now the ORR is proposing:
Which? said the proposals were a step in the right direction.
"But this alone will not be enough to solve the problem for passengers in the long term," said Richard Lloyd, the organisation's executive director.
"The government must now ensure that the rail regulator has all the powers and duties it needs to be a consumer watchdog with real teeth."
Click here for more information
The Rail Delivery Group, which represents operating companies, said it would be making the necessary changes.
"There is always room for improvement and we know that we can do more to give our customers an even better deal," said Paul Plummer, chief executive of the Rail Delivery Group, which represents the operators.
"We will address all of the regulator's recommendations."
It promised a new National Rail Enquiries website, with links to individual train companies and their compensation schemes.
It also said there would be better communication on social media, with barcodes on posters to enable people to claim on their smartphones.
Since last July, passengers have been entitled to compensation in cash, rather than through vouchers.
Different train operators still have different agreements on compensation, but generally passengers qualify if their train is delayed by more than 30 minutes.
So-called "Delay Repay" is gradually being introduced across the network, which means that compensation will be paid regardless of what caused the delay.
From April, all but four operators will be signed up to the scheme.
In addition some operators, including Virgin and C2C, make automatic refunds in certain circumstances.


At least two people have been killed and another is missing as bushfires continue to burn out of control in western Australia, officials say.

Police say the bodies of two men in their 70s have been discovered in the debris of burnt-out houses in the town of Yarloop, south of Perth.
An emergency bushfire warning remains in place for Yarloop.
Emergency services have warned that the towns of Harvey, Cookernup and Wokalup are also facing a big threat.
West Australia Premier Colin Barnett has declared the main area of the fire to be the scene of a natural disaster and eligible for emergency funds.
Residents and holiday-makers in the area - a major beef and dairy farming area - have been evacuated.
Dairy farmers have been forced to jettison thousands of litres of milk because road closures have prevented tankers from reaching farms already badly hit by power cuts.
The fire, which may have been ignited by a lightning strike on Wednesday, is now estimated to have destroyed some 67,000 hectares (166,000 acres) of land.
Firefighters from New South Wales have now been deployed to relieve exhausted local crews, the Reuters news agency reported.
Another large fire is also reported to be burning near the town of Esperance, on the southern coast of West Australia.
But so far Yarloop has been worst hit, with at least 130 properties destroyed. But State Premier Colin Barnett has said it will be rebuilt.
Gusts of up to 60km/h (37mph) had fanned the blaze, known as the Waroona fire, to heights of 50m (150ft).
The strong winds have now eased, but the fire remains unpredictable.
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"We're seeing conditions that we've not seen before on this type of fire, particularly when it went through Yarloop," Western Australia Fire Commissioner Wayne Gregson said.
It remains unclear how many of the town's more than 500 residents will be able to return.
Four firefighters were injured battling the blaze in Yarloop and one fire truck was destroyed.
The loss of property in Yarloop is described as "significant" with the pub, bowling club and historic timber workshops destroyed.
The Western Australia bushfire comes less than a month after southern Victoria was struck by similar blazes.
More than 100 homes were destroyed by an outbreak on Christmas Day.
Australia is particularly prone to bushfires as much of the country has both a hot, dry climate, and plenty of vegetation to burn. All it then takes to start a fire is ignition, and there can be as many as a thousand lightening strikes in a storm.
Their impact can be reduced by preparation: authorities can clear vulnerable land in advance and build more fire-resistant settlements; individuals can prepare their own defences and escape plans.
Less fast-moving fires can be fought by "direct attack" - ground troops with hoses - but more dangerous situations have to be fought with strategic techniques like "back-burning" land ahead of an advancing fire, to starve it of fuel when it arrives.


Allegations of tennis match-fixing have led to renewed criticism of a sponsorship deal between the Australian Open and UK bookmaker William Hill.

Advertisements for William Hill will be displayed in three areas during the Grand Slam tournament.
Critics said the deal represented a problematic deepening of ties between large bookmakers and the sport, and called on Tennis Australia to end it.
William Hill is not implicated in the match-fixing allegations.
In a statement, William Hill's Group Director of Security and Community, Bill South, said: "Close partnerships between regulated and licensed betting operators like William Hill and sporting bodies are part of the solution to integrity issues, not part of the problem.
"We have comprehensive information sharing agreements to inform the sport's integrity bodies, and for the sport to promote licensed operators is key to ensuring transparency.
"We are proud of our association with Tennis Australia and will continue to play our part in contributing to the integrity of tennis in conjunction with sports bodies and regulators."
Tennis Australia were approached for comment but did not respond in time for publication.
BBC and Buzzfeed News on Monday revealed evidence that match fixing is widespread at the top level of world tennis.
The allegations have dominated media coverage on the first day of the Australian Open, one of tennis's Grand Slam events.
Eight of 16 players repeatedly flagged by the Tennis Integrity Unit over the past decade are scheduled to play in the tournament.
William Hill's appointment as "official betting partner" of the Australian Open was announced in October 2015.
The bookmaker's Australian CEO, Tom Waterhouse, said in a news release at the time that the company intended to expand its tennis product range, including bet-in-play products.
"We are extremely proud and excited to be the first official betting partner of a Grand Slam ... William Hill and the Australian Open is the perfect match," the release said.
Australian senator Nick Xenophon said Tennis Australia should sever its "unprecedented ties" with the bookmaker.
Mr Xenophon said the sponsorship deal was "completely inappropriate" for a sport marketed at families.
"This goes to a broader issue about gambling sponsorship and â€¦ sporting codes being hooked on gambling revenue," he said.
He said that allegations of match fixing were "incredibly serious" and called on Tennis Australia and sports regulators to show that Australian tennis was clean.
Monash University gambling researcher Dr Charles Livingstone said he believed "the 'gamblification' of tennis" was well under way.
Dr Livingstone said promotion of sport as a means to gamble could help fuel corruption by making it easier for match fixers to hide their activities.
"The more that you promote [gambling], the bigger the prize pool is likely to be," he said.
"The market becomes so big that you can hide your dodgy dealings.
"The problem with tennis is that because it's a single person game, it's incredibly easy to fix a match."
Advertising gambling in sport also had a strong impact on young people, Dr Livingstone said.
"By exposing kids and young people to this relentless gambling promotion, they will take up â€¦ the offers that are made and become gamblers themselves."
Dr Sally Gainsbury from Southern Cross University said her research indicated that problem gamblers were particularly affected by advertising.
"Most people say they're not too affected by advertising but the most vulnerable people have a harder time controlling the urge to bet," Dr Gainsbury said.
"It is the most vulnerable people who are most influenced by the ad. It is a trigger for them."
She called on regulators to put more safeguards in place around gambling advertising to protect vulnerable people.


As diplomatic efforts are stepped up to ease tensions in Ukraine, security experts have warned that Kiev and Moscow are locked in a cyber stand-off.

Security forces in Ukraine have accused the Russian army of disrupting mobile communications.
Smaller-scale attacks have seen news websites and social media defaced with propaganda messages.
Cyber-attacks were utilised heavily during Russia's 2008 conflict with Georgia.
In that case, distributed denial of service attacks - known as DDoS - were used to overwhelm websites and servers in Georgia in the weeks leading up to the military action.
The Georgian government said Russia was behind the DDoS attacks, but the Kremlin denied this - stating that it was possible for anyone, inside or outside Russia, to launch such an attack.
On Tuesday, Ukrainian authorities confirmed that communication networks had been targeted, the first significant disruption of technology.
"I confirm that an... attack is under way on mobile phones of members of the Ukrainian parliament for the second day in a row," Ukrainian security chief Valentyn Nalivaichenko told journalists.
"At the entrance to [telecoms firm] Ukrtelecom in Crimea, illegally and in violation of all commercial contracts, was installed equipment that blocks my phone as well as the phones of other deputies, regardless of their political affiliation."
In addition, Ukrtelecom said its premises were raided last week by armed men, and fibre optic cabling was tampered with, causing loss of service for some users.
Russian security services have not commented on whether they were behind either incident.
Security experts have speculated that Russia may be exercising restraint with its cyber-capabilities.
Marty Martin, a former senior operations officer with the US Central Intelligence Agency, said more extreme cyber-attacks may only take place if violence escalated.
"A lot of times you don't want to shut things down," he told Reuters.
"If you do that, then you don't get your flow of intelligence. You are probably better off monitoring it."
What we are unlikely to see, experts say, is cyber-attacks of the same scale as in 2007, when Estonia suffered a 10-day attack on its internet services, causing major disruptions to its financial system.
The attacks coincided with a disagreement between Estonia and Russia over the relocation of a Soviet war memorial.
While military action is visible and open to scrutiny from the international community, cyber-activity is considerably harder to track and attribute to a source.
Much of Ukraine and Russia's cyber-attack capability lies with criminal gangs, as well as so-called patriotic hackers willing to work for each country's respective cause.
"If the Russians are able to get their patriotic hackers to effectively participate in a war for them, it could be very effective," said Paul Rosenzweig, founder of Red Branch Consulting, and formerly of US homeland security.
"That's not even beginning to think about the Russian military's capabilities directly, which are also no doubt quite sophisticated, but we've never really seen deployed. The Russian military's capabilities are unclear."
Likewise, Ukraine can also draw on considerable expertise - provided it can be mobilised.
"They are very active and very effective as well," Mr Rosenzweig told the BBC.
"We sometimes mistake Ukrainian groups for Russian groups as they come from roughly similar IP addresses and things like that. The Ukrainians, being slightly more westernised in their nature have expertise based in other countries.
"It's a really effective outside group, a diaspora if you will, but we just don't know whether they will be motivated to fight or not."
Activity from these groups would probably focus on small-scale defacements and disruption, experts believe.
One Ukrainian hacktivist group - Cyber-Berkut - posted a list of 40 websites that it had vandalised since the dispute began.
It included the homepage of state-funded broadcaster Russia Today, which for a short time was altered so that the word "Russians" was replaced with "Nazis".
But Mr Rosenzweig was keen to stress that any perceived damage from these types of cyber-attacks is of little significance if on-the-ground military action is taken.
"We should not overemphasise the importance of cyber," he said.
"Tanks beat cyber-bullets."
Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC


Metro Bank is the latest organisation to let customers choose an honorific that is neither male nor female.

The High Street lender is now offering the non-binary "Mx" prefix on its forms.
It said the option will be available to customers opening products such as current accounts, as well as staff.
Metro said it has made the changes in response to feedback from staff and customers and that it could react quickly because it was relatively new.
Danny Harmer, its chief people officer, said "making sure our customers and colleagues feel comfortable and accepted is a real priority for us".
She added that she hoped Metro's move would encourage others to follow suit.
A spokesperson for LGBT lobby group Stonewall said: "The changes that Metro Bank has made to its forms give important and much-needed recognition to people who do not identify as either male or female. It's great to see them taking proactive steps to ensure their needs are met and that they are accepted and included."
Other companies including Royal Bank of Scotland also allow customers to be identified as Mx rather than Ms, Mrs and Mr.
Last year the Oxford Dictionaries website added the Mx honorific, defining it as "a title used before a person's surname or full name by those who wish to avoid specifying their gender or by those who prefer not to identify themselves as male or female".
In September music streaming service Spotify began allowing users in the UK, US and Australia to choose "non-binary" rather than male or female.
Facebook gives users the option to select a gender other than male or female, and pick a pronoun from "he", "she" and "they".
The Beyond the Binary magazine is conducting a survey on UK non-binary people's experiences of organisations both in the workplace and as consumers. It is open until 19 December.


Large condensation trails in the sky caused by aircraft could be eliminated by re-routing flight paths, say scientists.

Researchers are concerned about the climate change potential of these wispy, man-made clouds.
But a new study suggests that making changes to existing flight routes could curb their warming impact.
Avoiding a major contrail on a flight to New York from London would only add 22km to the journey, experts say.
Contrails are formed when planes fly through very cold, moist air and the exhausts from their engines condense into a visible vapour.
These can be very large in size: they can be up to 150km in length and can last up to 24 hours.
Scientists have been arguing about the climate impact of contrails for many years, as the clouds that they form impact both cooling and warming.
Contrails reflect sunlight back into space and cool the Earth but they also trap infrared energy in the atmosphere, adding to warming. Researchers believe that the warming effect is more significant than the cooling.
Now scientists at the University of Reading have tried to work out how this impact could be reduced by altering the flight paths of long and short haul aircraft.
Previous work has suggested that planes could fly at lower altitudes to limit the trails, but this means burning significantly more fuel and adding to CO2 emissions.
Is jet travel becoming the dirtiest way to cross the planet?
The Reading study attempted to see if the benefits of curbing contrails would outweigh the extra fuel burned if flights were re-routed at the optimum flying altitude.
"You think that you have to do some really huge distance to avoid these contrails," lead author Dr Emma Irvine told BBC News.
"But because of the way the Earth curves you can actually have quite small extra distances added onto the flight to avoid some really large contrails."
The researchers found that short haul aircraft are more fuel efficient and can add up to 10 times the length of the contrail to their journeys and still reduce overall warming potential.
So if a flight from the UK to Spain is predicted to create a 20km long contrail, as long as the plane flew less than 200km extra to avoid it, the overall warming impact would be reduced.
For large planes on longer routes, this reduces to three times the contrail length.
But longer routes over oceans and unpopulated areas, offer more flexibility to minimally alter flight paths.
The researchers found that large contrails could be avoided on flights between London and New York by adding just an extra 22km to the route.
"The key things you need to know are the temperature of the air and how moist it is, these are things we forecast at the moment, so the information is already in there," said Dr Irvine.
"Whether the forecasts are accurate enough to do this is another question."
On average, 7% of the total distance flown by aircraft is in the type of air where long lasting contrails form. But at present, calculations on the impact of aviation on global warming don't include them.
The European Union has attempted to include flights in its emissions trading scheme with limited success.
Long haul flights originating or arriving in the EU will be subject to carbon restrictions from 2017. But the Reading team say that these efforts will still miss out on a significant source of warming from aviation.
"The mitigation targets currently adopted by governments all around the world do not yet address the important non-CO2 climate impacts of aviation, such as contrails, which may cause a climate impact as large, or even larger, than the climate impact of aviation CO2 emissions," said Dr Irvine.
"We believe it is important for scientists to assess the overall impact of aviation and the robustness of any proposed mitigation measures in order to inform policy decisions. Our work is one step along this road."
The research has been published in the journal Environmental Research Letters.
Follow Matt on Twitter @mattmcgrathbbc.


There has been a 16% increase in the number of junior doctors choosing to come to or stay in Wales to train to become GPs, new figures have shown.

Currently 84% of the 136 available family doctor training places in the Welsh NHS have been filled.
This compares to 68% after the first round of recruitment last year.
The Welsh Government last autumn offered a Â£20,000 cash incentive to junior doctors who train as GPs in areas with significant shortages.
It was part of a package of measures to attract junior doctors in a major national and international recruitment drive by the Welsh NHS.
Health Secretary Vaughan Gething said the figures "speak for themselves" and show "the campaign has been a success" and is "something to celebrate".
Groups representing GPs have long warned of a crisis facing health services in parts of Wales due to severe shortages of family doctors.
Specialist training in general practice takes three years to complete and junior doctors can apply to train anywhere in the UK.
Usually there are three recruitment rounds a year and any unfilled places get re-advertised.
Currently, after the first round, 22 of 136 GP training places in Wales are unfilled.
Last year, 29 places remained vacant following all three recruitment rounds.
The Welsh Government said it was confident more places would be filled in subsequent rounds.
Of those areas of Wales that were a part of the new financial incentive scheme, first round recruitment has already resulted in 100% rates in the Pembrokeshire, north east Wales and north west Wales areas.
The Welsh Government said it was also confident rates for Ceredigion and central north Wales areas would improve after places get re-advertised.
The latest statistics, published last week, show there has been 7% increase in the number of individual GPs working in Wales over the past 10 years.
But there has been a 11% drop in the number of partnerships (or surgeries).
Wales also has the second oldest GP population of any UK country, with 22.2% of GPs aged 55 or over.
There have been long-term concerns about doctors retiring and some practices being handed back to health boards.
But in Cwm Taf, which covers the Rhondda and Cynon valleys, the age profile has been brought down over the last decade. Initiatives include a Rhondda Docs website and recruitment drive.
The health secretary also announced the NHS Wales recruitment campaign would be expanded in May, to include primary care nurses, the hospital sector and the care home sector.
Future phases will focus on recruiting more pharmacists and allied health professionals, like physiotherapists.
Rebecca Payne, chair of the Royal College of GPs in Wales, said it was an important step in the right direction.
"However Wales actually needs to produce 200 new GPs a year, so it's clear that we have a long way to go," she said.
"Increasing the share of NHS funding going into general practice is vital to make sure we can employ other staff to help manage an increasingly elderly population with complex medical problems."
Dr David Bailey, deputy chair of the BMA's Welsh GPs committee, said unfilled training places placed an additional burden on GPs.
"A strong recruitment campaign must be underpinned by an enhanced benefits package, and combined with innovative thinking to foster effective solutions to workforce problems," he said.


The winner of Nigeria's presidential election, Muhammadu Buhari, has issued a defiant vow against militants Boko Haram, saying they would "soon know the strength of our collective will".

The president-elect also vowed to tackle corruption, which he described as an "even greater evil".
Gen Buhari won the election beating President Goodluck Jonathan by 2.5 million votes.
World leaders congratulated Gen Buhari and hailed Nigeria's democratic spirit.
As it happened: Reaction to Buhari victory
Gen Buhari, of the All Progressives Congress (APC), has become the first opposition candidate to win a presidential election in Nigeria.
In a televised speech, he said: "In tackling the insurgency, we have a tough and urgent job to do. Boko Haram will soon know the strength of our collective will. We should spare no effort until we defeat terrorism."
Much of Gen Buhari's support was in the north, in particular the north-east, which has suffered from Boko Haram's six-year insurgency. The militants have killed thousands of people in their drive to establish an Islamic state.
Many people accused Mr Jonathan of not taking Boko Haram seriously and thought Gen Buhari would be better positioned to defeat the militants.
Analysis: BBC's Will Ross in Lagos
This is a hugely significant moment in Nigeria's turbulent history. Never before has a sitting president been defeated in an election.
Since independence from Britain in 1960, there have been numerous coups and although the 2011 vote was an improvement, most elections have been rigged or even annulled by the military.
Of course in a relatively close election, there will be millions of people who are not pleased with the outcome. But the whole process is a sign that democracy is deepening in Nigeria and may be a tonic to other countries in Africa.
Nigerians can start to believe that it is possible to remove politicians through the ballot box.
Historic moment for Nigeria
Election in memes
Nigerian press welcome Buhari victory
Gen Buhari, 72, also angrily denounced corruption, saying: "It creates unjustly enriched people... and undermines democracy. Corruption will not be tolerated by this government."
He praised his defeated rival, saying: "I extend a hand of friendship and conciliation to President Jonathan and his team. I have no ill will against anyone. He has nothing to fear from me. He is a great Nigerian and still our president."
Pledging to uphold the rule of law, the former military ruler said: "Your constitutional rights remain in safe hands - you will be able to voice your opinion without fear of victimisation."
Gen Buhari pledged a government "that will listen to, and embrace, all", adding that "there shall be no bias or favouritism for any Nigerians".
He said: "Our nation faces many challenges - insecurity, corruption, economic decline. I pledge to give you my best in tackling these problems."
Earlier, US President Barack Obama said the polls had "shown the world the strength" of Nigeria's commitment to democracy.
He praised both Gen Buhari and Mr Jonathan for "their public commitments to non-violence throughout the campaign".
Five reasons why Goodluck Jonathan lost
Profile: Muhammadu Buhari
Profile: Goodluck Jonathan
Your views: 'Nigerians are happier'
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon commended Mr Jonathan for "his statesmanship in upholding the democratic process" and said "the successful conduct of these polls [was] a testament to the maturity of Nigeria's democracy".
UK Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond said: "It is now important for both parties to ensure the transition to a new government remains peaceful."
More than 28 million Nigerians turned out to vote in the elections over the weekend. Gen Buhari beat Mr Jonathan by 15.4 million votes to 12.9 million.
Mr Jonathan said in an earlier statement: "I promised the country free and fair elections. I have kept my word."
He called on his supporters to stay calm, saying: "Nobody's ambition is worth the blood of any Nigerian."
Mr Jonathan's spokesman Reuben Abati told the BBC the president would remain in office until the handover date of 29 May.


Austria will face Denmark in the Women's Euro 2017 semi-finals after they beat Spain in a penalty shootout.

The Austrians, in their first European Championship, won the shootout 5-3 after the game had finished goalless.
Spain, who did not score in three matches after their opening fixture, were favourites to progress but created little, despite dominating possession.
And when Sarah Puntigam scored after Silvia Meseguer's miss, their underwhelming tournament was over.
The Austrians have emerged as the surprise package of this Euros, having topped a group featuring the world's third-best side, France.
And their path to the final looks a little easier than it might have done after Germany, winners of the past six European Championships, were stunned by Denmark earlier on Sunday.
They will now meet the Danes in their semi-final on Thursday, while hosts Netherlands will face England in the other last-four match after the Lionesses beat France 1-0.
Spain, in contrast, head home having endured a miserable campaign.
After winning their opener against Portugal, defeats against England and Scotland meant they only qualified for the last eight on goal difference.
And although they had most of the ball in the quarter-final, the lack of creativity evident throughout the competition proved costly as Austria resisted with ease before forcing the shootout.
Match ends, Austria Women 0(5), Spain Women 0(3).
Penalty Shootout ends, Austria Women 0(5), Spain Women 0(3).
Goal!  Austria Women 0(5), Spain Women 0(3). Sarah Puntigam (Austria Women) converts the penalty with a left footed shot to the top left corner.
Goal!  Austria Women 0(4), Spain Women 0(3). Marta Corredera (Spain Women) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the top right corner.
Goal!  Austria Women 0(4), Spain Women 0(2). Viktoria Pinther (Austria Women) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the top right corner.
Penalty saved! Silvia Meseguer (Spain Women) fails to capitalise on this great opportunity,  right footed shot saved  in the bottom right corner.
Goal!  Austria Women 0(3), Spain Women 0(2). Verena Aschauer (Austria Women) converts the penalty with a left footed shot to the bottom left corner.
Goal!  Austria Women 0(2), Spain Women 0(2). Amanda Sampedro (Spain Women) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom right corner.
Goal!  Austria Women 0(2), Spain Women 0(1). Nina Burger (Austria Women) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom right corner.
Goal!  Austria Women 0(1), Spain Women 0(1). Olga García (Spain Women) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom left corner.
Goal!  Austria Women 0(1), Spain Women 0. Laura Feiersinger (Austria Women) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the top left corner.
Penalty Shootout begins Austria Women 0, Spain Women 0.
Second Half Extra Time ends, Austria Women 0, Spain Women 0.
Attempt blocked. Jenni Hermoso (Spain Women) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Mapi León.
Verena Aschauer (Austria Women) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Amanda Sampedro (Spain Women) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Verena Aschauer (Austria Women).
Attempt missed. Mapi León (Spain Women) header from the centre of the box is too high. Assisted by Alexia Putellas with a cross.
Corner,  Spain Women. Conceded by Carina Wenninger.
Attempt saved. Virginia Torrecilla (Spain Women) right footed shot from more than 35 yards is saved in the top right corner. Assisted by Amanda Sampedro.
Substitution, Spain Women. Virginia Torrecilla replaces Mari Paz Vilas.
Substitution, Austria Women. Viktoria Pinther replaces Sarah Zadrazil.
Marta Corredera (Spain Women) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Nadine Prohaska (Austria Women).
Foul by Alexia Putellas (Spain Women).
Sarah Zadrazil (Austria Women) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Silvia Meseguer (Spain Women) right footed shot from the centre of the box misses to the left.
Second Half Extra Time begins Austria Women 0, Spain Women 0.
First Half Extra Time ends, Austria Women 0, Spain Women 0.
Corner,  Austria Women. Conceded by Irene Paredes.
Offside, Spain Women. Mapi León tries a through ball, but Jenni Hermoso is caught offside.
Attempt blocked. Nina Burger (Austria Women) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked.
Attempt saved. Mapi León (Spain Women) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Mari Paz Vilas.
Attempt blocked. Alexia Putellas (Spain Women) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Olga García.
Attempt blocked. Laura Feiersinger (Austria Women) left footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Nina Burger with a cross.
Foul by Olga García (Spain Women).
Sarah Zadrazil (Austria Women) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Mari Paz Vilas (Spain Women) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Virginia Kirchberger (Austria Women).
First Half Extra Time begins Austria Women 0, Spain Women 0.


History is littered with politicians promising - or appearing to promise - that they can re-write the rules of economics and then being forced to gag on their own words.

It's not that these leaders are fools - far from it.
Even as they uttered those words George Bush Senior and Gordon Brown must have been thinking "fingers crossed".
It is, and forgive me for insulting my readers here, that quite a lot of the people whose votes they're trying to secure are, if not fools, not well versed in economics.
So, it is that the hired hands who advise political parties now tell them that simply saying you want to do something or arguing that everyone knows that your party has those values doesn't cut it in an age of cynicism and short attention spans.
What we need, say the star strategists, is the equivalent of those price pledges which big stores use. You know the sort of thing - "never knowingly undersold… price match guarantee... etc".
That's how you end up with today's promise from the Tories that whatever the state of the economy or the health of the public finances a new law will ensure that the three biggest taxes - income tax, National insurance and VAT - won't go up.
Labour has made similar, though more limited guarantees, and it has not given them the added backing of a promise of the law.
It has, in the past though, when Alistair Darling, as Chancellor, promised a Budget Responsibility Act in 2009. It's interesting now to read what George Osborne said then about that...
He said: "No other chancellor in the long history of the office has felt the need to pass a law in order to convince people that he has the political will to implement his own Budget.
"As one commentator observed this week, there are only two conclusions.
"Either the chancellor has lost confidence in himself to stick to his resolution, and is, so to speak, asking the police to help him, or he fears that everyone else has lost confidence in his ability to keep his word, but hopes that they might believe in the statute book if not in him. Neither is much of a recommendation for the chancellor of the day."
What's more, when William Hague made a similar pledge as party leader in 2000 he later abandoned it in order to reassure people that if the economy crashed  he wouldn't cut health spending simply to deliver his tax promise.
These pledges, along with the repeated political cross-dressing we've seen are symptoms of a lack of trust in politicians and a weakening in the strength of the two main political brands.
They are also a symptom too, though, of voters not demanding that politicians are more honest about the limits of what they can promise and deliver given the unpredictability of the world.


David Smith, Stephen McGuire and Nigel Murray have all been named in Great Britain's 10-strong boccia squad for the Rio Paralympic Games in September.

McGuire is world individual champion in the BC4 classification, while Smith won team gold alongside double Paralympic gold medallist Murray at Beijing 2008.
Games debutants Josh Rowe and Claire Taggart, Patrick Wilson, and brothers Jamie and Scott McCowan are also named.
Kieran Steer and Evie Edwards complete the line-up.
Matt Hammond, team leader for GB Boccia, said: "Today's announcement is a proud moment.
"The team is as strong as it's ever been and these athletes have been pushed to deliver the performances needed to secure their place on the team.
"I'd like to congratulate the athletes and their competition partners for all of their hard work up to this point and I believe we can pose a real threat to our rivals on the court in Rio."
The Paralympic Games get under way in Brazil on 7 September.
Media playback is not supported on this device


A judge has ruled that a further hearing should take place to determine if the Scottish Parliament's bid to oust independence campaigners from Holyrood is "proportionate".

The parliament has taken legal action against the IndyCamp group, who set up camp at Holyrood in November 2015.
Lord Turnbull said he could not grant an order against the camp until he was satisfied it was proportionate.
He ordered a hearing to "identify the scope of further procedure".
The camp was set up in late November by independence activists, who said they intended to stay in place until Scotland was declared independent.
The Scottish Parliament took legal action to oust them, arguing that they were camping without permission, taking up space which could be used by others, and potentially risking the political neutrality of the parliamentary estate.
In a lengthy legal argument in March, camp representatives put forward arguments for why they should stay based on the 1707 Treaty of Union and the Declaration of Arbroath.
In his written judgement, Lord Turnbull said these arguments had "no legal foundation" but also said he did not consider that the camp posed a security risk or was "inhibiting" the use of the parliamentary estate by others.
The judge said he could not find in favour of the parliament until he was satisfied that an eviction order was proportionate.
He said: "The question of the proportionality of granting the order has been raised, in oral submissions at least, and in my judgement this is sufficient in the circumstances to bar me from granting the order sought until satisfied on this manner.
"I will therefore refuse to grant the prayer of the petition...and I will make an order requiring the case to call at a procedural hearing in order to identify the scope of further procedure."
He added: "The proportionality of granting the order sought by the petitioner is not something which has been closely focused on by the respondents to date. They no doubt directed their attentions to what seemed to them to be the grand or more interesting arguments, as influenced by their underlying political views.
"In my opinion, none of these arguments had any validity."
Lord Turnbull went on to say that he anticipated a hearing would be fixed where the parliament and the camp could present witnesses and evidence to support their respective cases.
A Scottish Parliament spokesman said: "We welcome Lord Turnbull's opinion today which recognises that the protesters camp constitutes trespass and an encroachment on parliament land, and that the parliament may seek an order for the removal of a trespasser who refuses to leave.
"Today's opinion provides a positive step forward in the resolution of the issue and we are happy to comply with Lord Turnbull's request for information on the sole remaining issue of proportionality."
.


Eighteen-year-old Abderrahman Mechkah has appeared before a court via a video link to admit a knife attack that left two women dead and eight other people wounded in the Finnish city of Turku.

Finland's prime minister has described the stabbings as the country's first terrorist attack.
However, the teenager denied murder and said there was no terrorist motive.
Three other suspects, all Moroccans, have been remanded in custody in connection with the 18 August attack.
Another man was released without charge.
Police said they were still searching for another suspect and trying to find out if the stabbings were planned from abroad.
The attack unfolded in the market square in Turku last Friday, a day after another Moroccan, Younes Abouyaaqoub, murdered 13 people on Barcelona's Las Ramblas boulevard.
A man wielding a knife repeatedly stabbed one woman in the neck before running around, targeting other people, mainly women, nearby. Two of his victims died.
Within minutes Finnish police had shot Abderrahman Mechkah in the leg and arrested him. Two of those wounded by the attacker are still in intensive care in hospital.
After the hearing at Turku district court on Tuesday, Finland's National Bureau of Investigation issued a statement saying that the chief suspect had been "detained on a probable ground for two murders with terrorist intent and eight attempted murders with terrorist intent".


A man accused of killing his ex-girlfriend stole a key to her house in order to watch her as she slept, a court heard.

Michael Lane denies murdering Shana Grice, 19, who was found with her throat slit in her torched bedroom.
Lewes Crown Court heard he stalked the teenager after she renewed a relationship with a former boyfriend.
Emma King told jurors her housemate woke one night to find Mr Lane looming over her bed.
A phone conversation the day after between the former couple was played to the court, in which the victim asked why he had taken the key.
Mr Lane, 27, replied: "I wanted to see you and to talk to you. I knew you would not let me in."
"You could have flipped at any point... I think it's so wrong... You could have done anything... While I'm sleeping, it's just weird," Ms Grice responded.
Mr Lane said: "I'm sorry I'm just not right in the head, if I was I would not have done that."
He was arrested later that day and given a police caution.
Ms King said following the incident, they bolstered security at their house in Portslade, East Sussex, and changed all the locks.
The prosecution asserts Mr Lane was "obsessed" with Miss Grice and slit the teenager's throat before setting fire to her bedroom in Chrisdory Road in August.
The court heard the defendant, of Thornhill Rise, Portslade, refused to accept their break-up and had decided no-one else would be allowed to form a relationship with Miss Grice.
Ms King said he often followed her former housemate and added: "Shana said that he was bothering her, that he liked her and kept texting her and would not leave her alone."
The trial continues.