From the financial hit on drivers to the effect on house prices - here are seven facts you may not have known about the Southern rail strikes, which began a year ago.

Throughout 2016, 58,983 Southern services were either fully or partly cancelled. Averaged out across the year, that was more than 160 every day.
It was the worst disruption since the rail industry was privatised in 1994, when signal workers went on strike multiple times over changes to their pay.
A series of 24 and 48-hour strikes virtually halted train services on 17 occasions over the summer.
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Southern put its performance down to staffing problems, including rosters for train crew and drivers, shortages of conductors and staff.
165 million
passenger journeys a year
156
stations
300,000 passengers a day
58,983 trains fully or partly cancelled in 2016
2,242 Southern weekday services
1994 The last time rail disruption was as severe
Passengers on the busiest services found their journey times doubled or even tripled on the days their trains did not run - and even that was only if they had access to a car. Those who drove sat in hours of traffic while others told of £100 taxi fares or having to work from home.
Heather Boxer and her three-year-old son Charlie should be able to reach the hospital where is treated for cystic fibrosis in about 90 minutes by train.
Instead, because of the risk of strikes they drove from East Grinstead to the Royal Brompton Hospital twice a month.
The mother of two said: "Three hours each way, then the nightmare of trying to park in Chelsea.
"When Charlie was first diagnosed we were living in Redhill and we always used to use the train but then we moved to East Grinstead and the strikes had started, so we just decided we couldn't risk it."
The Government set aside £15m in compensation for passengers. And it is picking up the tab for a £38m fall in fare revenue as a result of services not running.
This is because the Southern franchise, operated by Govia Thameslink Railway (GTR), involves the government paying a management fee for the company to run it, while the taxpayer bears the financial risk for revenue lost through compensation.
More than 84,000 passengers are entitled to claim compensation.
So far, 54,500 claims have been approved and £12.6m has been paid out.
Southern said people would get one twelfth of the value of their annual season ticket for 2016.
Monthly season ticket holders are entitled to a month's refund and weekly ticket holders are eligible for four weeks' worth. The scheme is open until 30 April 2017.
There was a cost for drivers and conductors who took strike action. Those who walked out every time would have sacrificed thousands of pounds of pay.
A fully qualified Southern driver is paid a basic salary of £49,001 for a 35-hour, four day working week as well as £4,475 a year worth of contracted overtime.
Conductors based in London are paid £34,863 a year, including Sunday working for a 35-hour, four-day week. Overtime can bring the total up to £37,000.
Assuming a driver went on strike for all six days, they would have been docked an estimated £235.58 a day.
A conductor would have lost an estimated £167.61 a day, excluding overtime.
£5,196
Lost wage of a conductor if they'd gone on strike for all 31 days
£1,413
What a driver would have been docked if they'd gone on strike for all 6 days
£49,001 Basic annual pay for fully-qualified Southern Driver
£4,475 Additional driver contracted overtime pay
£34,863 Basic pay for London-based conductors
Conductor John Chew refused to sign his contract to switch from becoming a conductor to an on-board supervisor. He left his job after 17 years and is about to train to drive 7.5-tonne commercial vehicles.
"I saw some of my old colleagues from Southern a couple of weeks ago. In general the impression I get is that they are profoundly unhappy with what's happening.
"I was lucky as I had some savings but I know a number of them who have families, children, and mortgages, couldn't have taken the step I took."
Over the past year, an average of 11% of all trains were either cancelled or significantly late, meaning they got to their final destination over half an hour late. Across the rest of the industry, it was about 3%.
Other GTR-run services, including the Gatwick Express, Thameslink and Southern Metro, were also among the most cancelled and late.
In March 2017, the latest figures available, eight out of 10 GTR services (82.3%) arrived at their terminating station on time, the lowest in the country. The average for the rail industry was 91%.
Professor Alfred Crossman, of the University of Sussex School of Business, Management and Economics, said the signal workers' strike in 1994 was bigger because it was nationwide, however the Southern strikes have gone on longer.
And their ability to impact instantly upon thousands of people meant they were more disruptive even than the junior doctors' strikes were during 2016.
Professor Crossman said: "The impact was immediate [with Southern]. In the NHS, operations can be rescheduled. It's inconvenient, but the impact is less immediate, other than A&E which is usually covered by consultants when junior doctors are on strike."
Despite the noticeable disruption across the Southern network, transport workers made up only the third largest group to take industrial action, after people in healthcare and education.
Experts say they have not found a direct link between "poorer" performing house prices and the strikes, although they "will not be helping".
House prices continued to rise, but their growth has been slowing generally. The change has been put down to wages having failed to keep up with the rise in house prices, which seems to have curbed the demand for homes.
Doug Shepherd, director of home.co.uk said: "The fact is that both the London and south-east property markets have slowed markedly and the supply of homes for sale is still increasing."
And buying agent Henry Pryor said: "I have warned buyers in the affected areas that this is going on, but I have not had anyone not proceed with a purchase on the basis of the strikes and neither have I heard of that from anyone else."
Southern said the impact on passengers was "now minimal".
"We're deeply sorry for the disruption passengers have faced, and the effect it has had on the local economy in the past year on Southern, due in the main to industrial action in one form or another," a spokesman said.  It has been meeting with the RMT (the conductors' union) and in discussions with Aslef to "better understand" why its offer to drivers was rejected.
A spokesman for the RMT said: "We take no pleasure in the fact that this dispute has lasted a year. We believe it could have been resolved right from the start. It's down to the intransigence of the company supported by the government that this has continued and the fact that it comes under a government management contract."
Drivers' union Aslef said: "We are looking for a resolution which works for staff, passengers and the company."
Rail Minister Paul Maynard said: "Performance has been consistently better since the new year, and our focus is on making sure passengers keep seeing the benefits of a reliable and efficient service."
Reporting team: BBC England data unit: Daniel Wainwright; BBC South East: Tanya Gupta and Kathryn Langley


Super League players Rhys Evans and Ben Flower will be unavailable for Wales' 2017 Rugby League World Cup Qualifiers.

Warrington Wolves' Evans and Flower of Wigan Warriors will be in action in Saturday's Grand Final at Old Trafford.
Both players had been named in an initial 29-man training squad, but have made themselves unavailable due to club commitments.
Wales will also be without Tyson Frizell, who has been included in Australia's Four Nations squad.
Salford Red Devils' Craig Kopczak will captain a squad featuring the majority of last year's European Championships winning side.
Wales host Serbia at Stebonheath Park's Llanelli on 15 October and and face Italy in Monza on 29 October.
"It is an important period for Wales as we aim to make the World Cup next season," head coach John Kear said.
"Our group of players is a very hard working one and there is always a good atmosphere in camp, so we are looking forward to getting back to work."
Kear has said he would be happy for second row Frizell to represent Wales once again in the future.
Frizell, capped five times by Wales, has been included in Australia's squad for the Four Nations.
Australian-born Frizell qualifies to play for Wales through his Swansea-born father and can switch to the Kangaroos as they are a tier one nation.
"There's no hard feelings," Kear told BBC Wales Sport.
"Should ever the opportunity arise in the future for him to switch allegiance back to Wales then we'd be more than happy to welcome him back."
Wales squad: Elliot Kear (London Broncos), Rhys Williams (London Broncos), Calvin Wellington(St Helens), Christiaan Roets (South Wales Ironmen), Regan Grace (St Helens), Courtney Davies (South Wales Ironmen), Ollie Olds (Souths Logan Magpies), Gil Dudson (Widnes Vikings), Lloyd White (Widnes Vikings), Craig Kopczak (Salford Red Devils - captain), Rhodri Lloyd (Swinton Lions), Lewis Reece (Gloucestershire All Golds), Phil Joseph (Salford Red Devils), Steve Parry (Gloucestershire All Golds), Joe Burke (Oldham Roughyeds), Jake Emmitt (Swinton Lions), Anthony Walker (Wakefield Trinity Wildcats), Andrew Gay (Mackay Cutters), Matty Fozard (Sheffield Eagles), Morgan Evans (Gloucestershire All Golds), Ian Newbury (South Wales Ironmen), Connor Farrer (South Wales Ironmen)


Social media users have been rallying around Aussie Rules footballer Adam Goodes, after he became embroiled in a racism row with fans.

Goodes, an Indigenous Australian, is regularly jeered and racially abused by spectators.
The #IstandwithAdam campaign was trending on Saturday, with actors like Cate Blanchett offering their support.
Some fans have defended the booing, claiming it is not racist, but simply a response to Goodes' performance.
Ms Blanchett and other high-profile figures, like actor Hugo Weaving and opposition leader Bill Shorten, have spoken out in support of the 35-year-old footballer.
They sent videos to Fairfax Media backing the #IstandwithAdam campaign.
During games Goodes has faced derogatory slurs and even been told to "get back to the zoo".
Other Twitter users said the success of a native Australian should be celebrated rather than derided.
The Sydney Swans star has described the abuse as "shattering" and is taking time off from the sport.
Australian Rules football, or Aussie Rules, is played on an oval pitch, between two teams of 18 players.
The Australian Football League (AFL) Players' Association and team skippers released a statement on Friday expressing their distaste for the constant booing, especially during last Sunday's clash at Perth's Subiaco Oval.
"Enjoy the game, celebrate the success but don't boo, jeer or taunt players because of who they are or what they stand for," it said.
Goodes is a vocal advocate for indigenous issues and wants to see Aboriginal people recognised by the Australian constitution.
Others, including cricketing legend Shane Warne, have defended fans' right to boo athletes.
"For me, I don't think that the stuff that they're doing to Adam Goodes is racist," he told Triple M radio station.
"It's their prerogative. Australia can have an opinion."
Separately, one of Australia's wealthiest and most influential businessmen, Crown chairman James Packer, said on Friday he was "ashamed" of the whole affair.
"He's a great Australian. He won Australian of the Year, I think he's an amazing role model," local media quoted Mr Packer as saying.


Syrian rebels have captured a military air base near the northern city of Aleppo, activists say.

Fighters took control of al-Jarrah base after days of clashes there with security forces, reports said.
The reported capture comes a day after rebels in the north-east overran Syria biggest hydro-electric dam, delivering a strategic blow to the government.
Turkey's prime minister meanwhile has said a deadly blast at a crossing with Syria was caused by a car bomb.
At least 10 Syrians and three Turkish nationals died on Monday in the explosion at the Cilvegozu customs post on the Turkish side of the border, in the southern province of Hatay.
"A vehicle loaded with bombs was able to reach our customs gate because the customs gate on the Syrian side is not working and is not being controlled," Tayyip Erdogan was quoted by AFP news agency as saying.
Turkey is a staunch critic of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and its territory has been hit intermittently by Syrian shelling and gunfire.
It also provides shelter to tens of thousands of refugees, many of whom pass through the Cilvegozu point.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), a UK-based activists group, said rebels killed or held about 40 government troops as they took over al-Jarrah air base.
AFP quoted SOHR director Rami Abdel Rahman as saying that, for the first time, rebels captured usable MiG fighter jets, whereas previous air bases had yielded only damaged aircraft.
Amateur video posted on the internet appeared to show rebels overrunning the air base, with helicopters and fighter jets on the tarmac and in shelters.
Last month, rebels took control of the strategic Taftanaz military air base in north-western Syria after weeks of fierce fighting with government forces.
The base had been a logistically important supply centre and housed helicopters which had been used to drop bombs on rebel-held areas in the north.
In another setback to the government, rebels took control of the Thawra dam on the Euphrates in Raqa province on Monday.
The facility provides much of the electricity to the city of Aleppo, which has been fought over to a stalemate between the government and rebel forces since July.
The dam was reported to be still operational, with rebels under orders from their commanders not to interfere with the workers there.
The facility, the result of a major industrial project with the Soviet Union in the 1960s, holds huge symbolic value for the government. It lies on Lake Assad and after the dam was built the town was renamed Thawra - Arabic for revolution - in honour of the the coup in 1963 which brought the Baath party that governs Syria to power.


Crystal Palace will have Damien Delaney available again after he missed the loss to Arsenal due to suspension.

Foul by Fernando Llorente (Swansea City).
James Tomkins (Crystal Palace) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Nathan Dyer (Swansea City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Jason Puncheon (Crystal Palace).
Foul by Nathan Dyer (Swansea City).
Joel Ward (Crystal Palace) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Goal!  Crystal Palace 1, Swansea City 1. Wilfried Zaha (Crystal Palace) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Martin Kelly with a cross.
Foul by Kyle Naughton (Swansea City).
Wilfried Zaha (Crystal Palace) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Swansea City. Nathan Dyer replaces Wayne Routledge because of an injury.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Wayne Routledge (Swansea City) because of an injury.
Corner,  Swansea City. Conceded by James Tomkins.
Martin Kelly (Crystal Palace) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Gylfi Sigurdsson (Swansea City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Martin Kelly (Crystal Palace).
Foul by Leroy Fer (Swansea City).
Wilfried Zaha (Crystal Palace) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Crystal Palace. Conceded by Angel Rangel.
Offside, Crystal Palace. Damien Delaney tries a through ball, but Jason Puncheon is caught offside.
Substitution, Swansea City. Angel Rangel replaces Neil Taylor.
Substitution, Swansea City. Leroy Fer replaces Jay Fulton because of an injury.
Attempt missed. Bakary Sako (Crystal Palace) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right. Assisted by Damien Delaney with a headed pass.
Corner,  Crystal Palace. Conceded by Alfie Mawson.
Alfie Mawson (Swansea City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Fraizer Campbell (Crystal Palace).
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Jay Fulton (Swansea City) because of an injury.
Attempt blocked. Joe Ledley (Crystal Palace) left footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Corner,  Crystal Palace. Conceded by Lukasz Fabianski.
Attempt saved. Bakary Sako (Crystal Palace) left footed shot from a difficult angle and long range on the right is saved in the top right corner.
Foul by Gylfi Sigurdsson (Swansea City).
Wilfried Zaha (Crystal Palace) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Attempt missed. Jack Cork (Swansea City) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right. Assisted by Fernando Llorente.
Foul by Neil Taylor (Swansea City).
Wilfried Zaha (Crystal Palace) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Foul by Fernando Llorente (Swansea City).
Damien Delaney (Crystal Palace) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Crystal Palace. Bakary Sako replaces Andros Townsend.
Ki Sung-yueng (Swansea City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Wilfried Zaha has been given special dispensation to play before going to the Africa Cup of Nations with Ivory Coast.
Swansea's Wayne Routledge will be checked after he missed the defeat to Bournemouth due to a mouth abscess.
Fernando Llorente is also a doubt after picking up a knock, but Jefferson Montero is definitely absent.
Crystal Palace manager Sam Allardyce: "Our players need to get ready for Swansea on Tuesday night - that's the big game they need to win.
"Watching Premier League football this year, the top six are so much better than last year so it's always hard to pick up points against them. "Our big game's on Tuesday, there's no doubt about it. We're going to survive by beating teams in the bottom half."
Swansea caretaker manager Alan Curtis: "The first goal seems to be crucial at the moment.
"Confidence seems to drain from us when we go behind. I suppose the explanation for that is that we are bottom of the table, we are not winning games and we are conceding too many goals.
"It's a crisis of confidence when we concede a goal."
A lot of journalists have been saying Crystal Palace should avoid relegation now Sam Allardyce is in charge. They should never have been close to relegation in the first place.
As for Swansea, this should be Paul Clement's first game and with any new manager you always get a reaction.  I just don't think it will be enough for this fixture.
Prediction: 2-0
Lawro's full predictions v comedian Arron Crascall
Head-to-head
Crystal Palace
Swansea
SAM (Sports Analytics Machine) is a super-computer created by @ProfIanMcHale at the University of Salford that is used to predict the outcome of football matches.


China successfully flew a stealth drone for the first time on Thursday, state media said, citing eyewitness reports.

A drone, called "Sharp Sword" by the media, made a test flight for around 20 minutes in Chengdu, reports said.
China has been developing stealth aircraft in recent years, including J-20 and J-31 stealth fighters.
In September, an unmanned drone flew close to a group of disputed islands in the East China Sea, raising tensions with Japan.
By Jonathan MarcusBBC diplomatic correspondent
China's UAV industry is of importance for two main reasons. Firstly, there are the new capabilities that such drones provide for China's rapidly modernising armed forces.
Secondly, fewer technology export controls and price may give Beijing the edge in spreading such technology around the world.
The two leading players in the drone club - the US and Israel - have developed UAVs for a variety of purposes. These range from intelligence-gathering to strikes against targets on the ground. Not surprisingly, China sees UAVs in exactly the same light.
UAVs are also an easy way to demonstrate presence in a disputed zone. China is believed to have converted a number of out-of-date J-6 fighters into UAVs, which may well be being used to monitor the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands.
The world's proxy drone wars
Following that incident, Japan said it would shoot down unmanned aircraft in Japanese airspace.
China's defence ministry said that any attempt by Japan to shoot down Chinese aircraft would constitute "an act of war".
"The successful flight shows the nation has again narrowed the air-power disparity between itself and Western nations," state-run newspaper China Daily said on Friday.
The BBC's defence correspondent Jonathan Marcus says China is joining a small elite club of nations that includes the US, Israel, France and the UK, who are pushing the boundaries of UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) technology.
Our correspondent says that what is clear from recent air shows and the Chinese technical press is that Beijing has developed a variety of UAVs matching virtually every category deployed by the US.
They range from small tactical drones of limited endurance to much larger systems that look strikingly like US Reaper or Predator models, and just like their US counterparts some of these Chinese drones are equipped with hard-points on their wings to carry munitions.
This comes as China pours money into its military making its neighbours in the region nervous, BBC Beijing correspondent Martin Patience says.


A US taxidermist has described how he dramatically shot a huge wild boar that had wandered into his garden in the southern state of Alabama.

Wade Seago told the BBC it had taken three shots from his revolver to kill the boar, which weighed 372kg (820lb).
He said the animal had terrified his daughter and disturbed his dog.
Feral pigs cause millions of dollars in damage across a swathe of southern US states because they damage crops and are believed to infect livestock.
"I didn't really have time to think about it," Mr Seago told the BBC. "I was confronted by an animal threatening my dog that looked like something out of a horror film."
Mr Seago works as a taxidermist in the southern Alabama town of Samson. He lives on a 100-acre property which abounds with wildlife including deer and raccoons.
He told local media that his encounter with the boar - known locally as a hog - began one morning last week when his daughter began screaming.
"I jumped up to see what was going on," he told al.com.
"I looked out the back window and saw nothing, so I ran to the front of the house where my daughter was looking out the window. I couldn't believe what I was seeing."
Mr Seago said his dog had trapped the huge boar in his front yard, about five yards from his front porch.
"It was not a good situation," he said.
Mr Seago said he had been concerned that the boar might injure or kill his dog, so he shot it with a .38 calibre revolver.
"By the time I got in a position to shoot, the hog was about 12 yards away," he said. "Cruiser was out of my line to the hog so I fired."
"It took three shots to take him down."
Hunters on private land in Alabama are allowed to kill feral pigs because of the threat they pose to indigenous wildlife.


A mother who was arrested on suspicion of abduction after going missing with her sons for more than a week has been bailed.

Samantha Baldwin, 40, and her sons were found at "secluded accommodation" near Ollerton in Nottinghamshire.
Their disappearance on 27 March sparked a Europe-wide police hunt involving more than 100 officers.
Two other women, aged 62 and 36, who were arrested on suspicion of assisting an offender, remain on bail.
Updates on this story and more from across the East Midlands
Nottinghamshire Police said Ms Baldwin's arrest was the result of information received through its nationwide appeal.
Police said the boys were found at a cabin at a small holiday business following a tip-off and had not been physically harmed.
They are now being looked after by childcare professionals.


The nuclear catastrophe in Japan has triggered a debate across Europe about just how safe nuclear power is.

The European Union has ordered stress tests on all nuclear power stations. Germany has gone a step further and taken older plants out of service.
Switzerland, though not a member of the European Union, is taking a long, hard look at its nuclear power industry too with, many Swiss believe, very good reason.
Switzerland currently gets about 40% of its energy from nuclear power, but its plants are ageing.
The Beznau 1 pressurised water reactor is the oldest in the world still in operation, it came on stream more than 40 years ago, in 1969.
The other four Swiss reactors all date from 1984 or earlier, none were built after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986, and in 1990, the Swiss, still with Chernobyl in mind, approved a moratorium on new plants.
More recently however, that policy changed, when Switzerland, concerned to reduce fossil fuel consumption, backed replacements for the oldest nuclear plants.
But that plan came to an abrupt halt early on Monday morning 14 March. After a weekend watching the unfolding disaster in Japan, Switzerland's minister for energy and the environment, Doris Leuthard, announced that all plans for new nuclear plants would be suspended.
"Safety is the highest priority for us, so I have decided to suspend these plans, until we know for certain if our own safety regulations are enough in light of these new developments," said Mrs Leuthard.
"I want to know the exact causes of the events in Japan, whether risks were underestimated, and how much this will affect our own nuclear safety regulations."
Her decision made the Swiss government the first in Europe to officially change its nuclear power policy in response to the disaster in Japan.
But doubts about Switzerland's nuclear industry are not confined to the wisdom or otherwise of building new plants. Many Swiss are extremely concerned about the safety of the existing, ageing ones.
Jurg Bueri, of the Swiss Energy Foundation, which promotes renewable energy, believes Switzerland's nuclear plants could be, in the event of an earthquake, a huge risk.
"We have been saying for years that the situation in relation to earthquakes is simply not OK," he said.
And indeed a study known as the Pegasos project, carried out by the Swiss nuclear safety inspectors long before Japan's earthquake and tsunami, revealed that, when it came to earthquake protection, Swiss plants were not up to scratch.
"In the past, it's a fact, we underestimated the risk of earthquakes," Georg Schwarz, deputy director of the Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate, told Swiss television.
"The new study we carried out shows that the earthquake risk in Switzerland is actually twice as big as we originally thought - that means our nuclear power stations will have to re-examine their earthquake protection measures."
Basel disaster
Switzerland, while not in a zone as earthquake-prone as Japan, does have its fair share of seismological events.
Although most recent ones have been relatively minor, the city of Basel experienced a huge quake in 1356. The resulting destruction and subsequent fire razed the old city to the ground, and hundreds of people died. Every castle and church within a 30km radius of Basel was flattened.
Modern seismologists say that earthquake still ranks as the most significant ever to hit central Europe in recorded history: 6.5, possibly even 7, on the Richter scale.
The fault line along which it occurred is, of course, still there, and, more recently, plans for a geothermal heating plant in Basel had to be abandoned because the bore holes being drilled for it triggered off a series of tremors.
That is why safety experts are unclear that Switzerland's nuclear power stations could withstand an event like the Basel quake of 1356.
"Earthquakes are the biggest threat to nuclear power stations in Switzerland," admitted Ralph Schulz, head of safety analysis at the Nuclear Inspectorate.
"The Pegasos study did show the earthquake risks were higher than originally thought."
Nevertheless, Mr Schulz still maintains Switzerland's nuclear power plants are safe.
"We were making improvements before and after Pegasos... to improve our emergency systems, and we have made numerous improvements specific to earthquakes."
Safety delays
But new safety measures are hugely expensive: the Beznau 1 plant has spent more than 1bn Swiss francs ($1bn) on supplementary diesel generators, which would, in the event of an earthquake, cool down the fuel rods in an attempt to prevent a meltdown.
And these remedies will take years to complete, time during which opponents of nuclear power claim that Switzerland's ageing reactors would be operating below optimum safety levels.
Jurg Bueri, of the Swiss Energy Foundation, believes the money now being spent on safety measures would be better invested phasing out nuclear power.
"We need a policy that gets rid of this technology," he said. "We need to shut these old plants down and make a much stronger commitment to renewable energy."
Power dilemma
Many believe Swiss energy minister Doris Leuthard's decision to suspend all plans for new nuclear power stations was an astute bit of crisis management, in order to give her government time to develop a new policy.
Just three weeks before the Japanese earthquake, voters in the Swiss capital Berne approved - by the narrowest of margins - a new nuclear power station.
Source: SwissInfo
Two more referenda on new reactors in other parts of Switzerland were due soon, and Mrs Leuthard knew that after Fukushima, there was no chance of voter approval.
By suspending the plans for new reactors, she has delayed the votes by several years.
That gives her time to answer some very hard questions; investing in new safety measures for old reactors will be costly, and will likely put the price of power up - but the same is true for investing in and developing renewable energy sources.
But shutting down the reactors and losing 40% of Switzerland's energy is not a viable solution, the Swiss economy, and indeed Swiss consumers, despite their doubts about nuclear power, just would not accept it.
It is a dilemma that is facing nearly every country in Europe, as governments assess options in the wake of the Japanese disaster. What all of them know is that, after Fukushima, it will be very difficult to gain public acceptance for new nuclear power stations.


West Indies cricketer Chris Gayle has been fined A$10,000 ($7,200; Â£4,900) by his club for "inappropriate conduct" after he asked a TV reporter for a date in a live interview.

Gayle was speaking to journalist Mel McLaughlin during a Big Bash League T20 match in Hobart on Monday.
"To see your eyes for the first time is nice. Hopefully we can have a drink afterwards. Don't blush baby," he said.
Gayle has said he is sorry, but that the reaction was "out of proportion".
Apparently making light of the episode, the cricketer later tweeted a photo of an empty bed, saying he was tired.
He then said his teammate Dwayne Bravo was buying him a meal because his "pockets were empty".
He also retweeted a comment from broadcaster and cricket fan Piers Morgan, who said he was "outraged at the outrage" at Gayle being "a bit cheeky to a female TV reporter".
Read more here
Gayle was answering questions from Network Ten's McLaughlin after a match when he made the remark, which was widely condemned as sexist.
The former West Indies Test captain told reporters on Tuesday: "There wasn't anything meant to be disrespectful or offensive to Mel. If she felt that way, I'm really sorry for that.
"It was a simple joke. The game was going on. Entertainment, things get out of proportion but these things happen."
McLaughlin has said his date request was "a little bit disappointing because I'm not used to seeing that".
"I don't really want to be the subject of such conversations," she told her network.
Cricket Australia boss James Sutherland said Gayle's comments could be equated with workplace harassment.
"It's not a nightclub, and I think one of the things that perhaps hasn't dawned on everyone is it's actually a workplace," he said.
Fox Sports reporter Neroli Meadows told the Australian Broadcasting Corp. that Gayle had said similar things to her and several other female reporters.
"He does this constantly... He has creepy behaviour and the way he did it to Mel was just that, and Mel knew it was going to happen," she said.
Chris Rogers, Gayle's former captain at Sydney Thunder, accused him of being a bad influence on younger players.
"This is a pattern of behaviour. If you know the guy, you see it over and over," said Rogers.
"It's not just him, there's a lot of this stuff in the sporting industry, and to defend it is not right at all."
The Melbourne Renegades said his comments were "completely inappropriate and disrespectful" and apologised to McLaughlin and to the public.
"Mel is an outstanding sports presenter," said Renegades chief executive Stuart Coventry. "We think of her very highly and the club and players will ensure we work with her in a professional and respectful manner in future."
"We've had several discussions with Chris over the past day and he has acknowledged that his comments were out of line," he said.
The A$10,000 fine will be donated to the McGrath Foundation, a breast cancer charity.
Network Ten Head of Sport David Barham said Gayle would no longer wear an on-field microphone or helmet-cam during live broadcasts.
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A new song by Ed Sheeran which features the lyrics "driving at 90" has prompted a safety warning by police.

Castle on the Hill, released on Friday, has been described as a "love song for Suffolk".
In addition to describing the Framlingham area where he grew up, Sheeran sings "driving at 90 down those country lanes".
Sgt Chris Harris, from Norfolk and Suffolk Roads Policing, responded by tweeting "please slow down".
For more on this story and other Suffolk news
The new singles are the first to be released since he announced in December 2015 that he would be taking a break from music "to travel the world".
They are taken from his forthcoming album, which is called Ã· (Divide).
On the Radio 1 Breakfast Show, Sheeran said he wrote Shape of You with the singer Rihanna in mind.
While in his homage to growing up in Suffolk, Castle on the Hill, he says he "can't wait to go home".
Sgt Harris said: "Know you want to go home but please slow down on Suffolk roads."
And warned to "drive to arrive".
Sheeran is not the first singer to reference excessive speed in his lyrics.
In Crosstown Traffic, Jimi Hendrix sang "ninety miles an hour, girl, is the speed I drive".
The BBC has approached Sheeran's representatives for a comment.


An investigation is under way after a web page - set up to protect children online - was found to be insecure.

A member of the public found a form on the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre's website - to report alleged offenders - was unencrypted.
Security experts have described the breach of data as a serious error which could have put children at risk.
The agency told the BBC the risk was hypothetical and it has now been fixed so any crime can be reported safely.
There will now be a full investigation by the Information Commissioner's Office.
The unencrypted pages meant personal details entered on the site could have been visible to anyone with a sinister motive.
But Ceop spokesman Peter Davies said: "The security was not as good as it should have been but it's been fixed now. But to have accessed it you would have had to have really gone hunting for it and would have had to have had very high levels of expertise."
He explained that all secure website carried the prefix https, compare to http for insecure ones.
But he said people coming to the form from third party websites, such as Google or Facebook, were coming through to an http address, rather than an https address.
It meant that those with some technical expertise might have been able to access confidential details on the form.
"It was only a hypothetical risk and there is no evidence anybody's details have been compromised," said Mr Davies.
Ceop was set up in 2006 to help find and convict paedophiles, as well as working to keep young people safe from online predators.
It has run several campaigns and educational programmes for schools designed to alert children to such dangers.
A plan to merge Ceop with a new National Crime Agency in 2013 was announced in July by the Home Secretary Theresa May.
The decision prompted the resignation of its former head, Jim Gamble.


A tutoring app developed by a 27-year-old Nigerian has won an engineering award given by the UK's Royal Academy of Engineering.

Godwin Benson designed Tuteria, a platform that links qualified tutors to students in their area and within their budget.
He developed the platform based on the experiences he had as a tutor.
The engineering innovation award was launched in 2014 and rewards innovators in sub-Saharan Africa.
Mr Benson beat 16 participants to clinch the Â£25,000 ($32,000) prize money.
Other entries in the competition included a system that reduces the amount of energy used to heat water, an app that controls water consumption and a smart jacket to identity pneumonia.
The group received coaching on preparing business plans and communication ahead of their final presentation on Tuesday in front of a live audience in Kenya's capital, Nairobi.
The head judge of the competition Malcolm Brinded said that Tuteria could change the lives of people eager to learn:
"We're proud to have him as our third Africa Prize winner, and we trust Tuteria will go on to change the lives of millions of people who are eager to learn and develop new skills."
Mr Benson told the BBC Focus on Africa radio programme that he always knew he had a great project
"It is something that solves the problem of access to quality, personalised learning and helps people earn income from sharing their knowledge," he said.
The app has a ratings system, and allows students to book lessons using an upfront online payment system.
Tutors are then paid once the lessons have been confirmed, and Tuteria takes 15 to 30% commission for each paid lesson.
Tutors cover a range of academic subjects.
Mr Benson plans to use the prize money to widen Tuteria's offering "even beyond Nigeria." And to include online classes and video courses as well.


A fabricated news story claiming Hollywood actor Denzel Washington had praised US President-elect Donald Trump is being shared widely on Facebook.

The post from Facebook page American News has been shared more than 22,000 times since Monday.
It claims Mr Washington praised Mr Trump, saying: "We need more and more jobs.
"He has hired more employees, more people, than anyone I know in the world."
The story also claims Mr Washington called President Barack Obama "anti-Christian".
Mr Washington's publicist Alan Nierob told BBC News: "The story is 100% complete fabrication."
But some Facebook users have been fooled.
One, Anita Ward, said on Facebook: "Kudos to Denzel.
"We need to be a united country not divided, after all it is called United States of America.
"In the name of Jesus, stand up for America and come together, love one another and work together."
Another posted: "He has been my favourite actor for a very long time. Knew there was something special about him. God is his saviour. Thank you, Denzel!"
The prevalence of fake news on Facebook has become a hot issue in the wake of the US election.
And Facebook boss Mark Zuckerberg responded to these concerns in a post on Saturday night.
"Only a very small amount is fake news and hoaxes," he said.
"The hoaxes that do exist are not limited to one partisan view, or even to politics."
But it appears not all Mr Zuckerberg's own employees were satisfied with his response, as Buzzfeed news has reported that some have set up an unofficial task force to deal with the problem.
Who is American News?
American News has more than five million likes on Facebook.
It specialises in emotive right-wing stories.
The articles it shares on Facebook link back to its website, which contains no information about the people who write and publish the stories.
The domain registration uses a privacy service to keep the owner's identity a secret.
The BBC messaged American News for comment but has had no response.
Where did this story come from?
Characteristically for stories of this type, American News was not the first to publish it.
Instead, it took it from other similar websites.
As reported by Snopes - one of the internet's oldest debunking sites -  a site called ANews24 published the false claim about Mr Washington back in August.
Snopes points out the words about Donald Trump attributed to Mr Washington are originally from an interview in the New York Post with civil rights activist Charles Evers.
Mr Evers, 93, endorsed Mr Trump in that interview, saying: "We need more and more jobs.
"Unemployment is way up here.
"He has hired more employees, more people, than anyone I know in the world."
How to spot a fake US election claim
by Patrick Evans, UGC & Social News team


Thousands of Tube workers are to hold a 24-hour strike in a row over jobs and ticket office closures.

Members of the Rail, Maritime and Transport (RMT) union and the Transport Salaried Staffs Association (TSSA) will walk out from 18:00 GMT on 8 January.
However, plans for an RMT driver walkout on the Central Line on Christmas Eve has now been suspended.
The unions said abuse against staff had increased since staff levels were cut and ticket offices closed.
RMT general secretary Mick Cash said working on the Tube had become "horrific" because of "the toxic impact of the job cuts programme".
"With the constant overcrowding on stations and platforms, it is only a matter of time before there is a major tragedy if we don't act decisively," he said.
Manuel Cortes, the general secretary of the TSSA, said workers were "fed up of being made scapegoats for passenger frustrations".
A recent review commissioned by London Mayor Sadiq Khan found the office closures had caused "significant issues" for passengers but said they should not be reopened.
Steve Griffiths, chief operating officer for London Underground, said it was "working with unions" and additional staff were being employed "to provide a better service for our customers".
The planned walkout on the Central Line had been organised by the RMT because of the "overly harsh" dismissal of a driver for gross misconduct after he passed a red signal.
Peter McNaught, operations director for the Central Line, said the driver had "potentially put the safety of others at risk" and a "full and fair disciplinary process" was carried out.


You may recognise Nikki from CBBC's Junior Bake Off, which she won last year.

7 February 2017 Last updated at 07:41 GMT
Nikki is also a vlogger and spends a lot of time on the internet.
So for Safer Internet Day, we thought it was a great opportunity to speak to her about how she stays safe online and deals with "haters" who say nasty things.
Check out her interview with Ricky to see what she had to say...


A campaign by a terminally ill doctor to encourage healthcare staff to introduce themselves to patients is being supported by more than 90 NHS organisations.

Dr Kate Granger, a 31-year-old hospital consultant, started the "Hello my name is..." campaign while she was being treated for cancer.
She felt frustrated by staff who failed to tell her their names.
David Cameron, Jeremy Hunt and Bob Geldof are all supporting her campaign.
Dr Granger started her campaign to improve the patient experience in hospital, shortly after she was diagnosed with a rare and aggressive form of cancer three years ago.
The doctor who informed her that her cancer had spread did not introduce himself to her and did not look her in the eye.
She was also dismayed by other staff who failed to introduce themselves when caring for her.
She subsequently set up #hellomynameis on Twitter.
Her campaign reminds staff to go back to basics, build trust and make a vital human connection with patients by - at the very least - giving their names.
Speaking on BBC Radio 4's Today programme she said: "The lack of introductions really made me feel like just a diseased body and not a real person".
When someone did introduce themselves, she said, "it really did make a difference to how comfortable I was and less lonely I was in hospital".
It has now become a national campaign and has the support of more than 400,000 doctors, nurses, therapists, receptionists and porters across over 90 organisations, including NHS Trusts across England, NHS Scotland and NHS Wales.
The Scottish government announced on Monday that it was allocating Â£40,000 to NHS boards to roll out the campaign across the country.
The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals, where Kate is now working, were the first to sign up and the movement spread from there.
Trusts are now sharing ideas about how to boost compassionate care for patients across the UK.
Dr Granger said the main message from the campaign was about treating patients with respect and dignity.
She said: "I got my cancer diagnosis three years ago and unfortunately I'm not going to get better, I have a rocky road ahead of me.
"I want my legacy to be a better health service.
"I love the health service and I would never work for anyone else, and I think it's very important that we all think about the care we are delivering and how we can make it better for patients."
Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt said the campaign was inspiring.
"All patients should be treated with compassion and the fact this movement has started from within the NHS itself makes it all the more powerful.
"We know that doctors and nurses within the NHS are doing more than ever to provide safe and compassionate care and this movement is harnessing their energy."
Jeremy Taylor, chief executive of National Voices, a national coalition of patient charities, called it "a fantastic campaign".
He said the NHS had made enormous progress but, too often, simple basic care was forgotten.
"Staff don't have the time and don't stop to think about the impact simple care can have.
"We need to put the human back into healthcare.
"It's a simple campaign which gets back to what is important."


Wales women drew with Group B leaders Poland to keep their chances of reaching the Cyprus Cup final alive.

Helen Ward opened the scoring for Wales in the first half before Ewa Pajor levelled for Poland.
The draw was Wales' second from two games so far in the friendly tournament, after they fought back to draw 2-2 with Finland on Wednesday.
Jayne Ludlow's side face the Czech Republic in their final group-stage match on Monday.
A Kayleigh Green goal was ruled out for offside before half-time, after Wales' all-time record goal scorer Ward's 24th-minute effort.
Poland, ranked five places above Wales in 31st in the Fifa world rankings, beat the Czech Republic in their opening game.
Ludlow's side are preparing for their Euro 2017 qualifier away to Kazakhstan on 12 April.
Wales are third in their Euro 2017 group after four games, five points behind group leaders Austria, who have won all three of their matches to date.
Wales starting side: O'Sullivan, Rowe, Harding, Jones, Ingle (c), Dykes, James, Green, Fishlock, Ward, Estcourt.


Venus Williams faces a wrongful death lawsuit from the family of a man who died in a Florida car crash involving the tennis star, says a lawyer.

The 78-year-old man suffered "massive" fatal injuries from the 9 June collision in Palm Beach Gardens city, an attorney for his widow says.
According to police, Ms Williams was at fault for the traffic accident, which caused the death of Jerome Barson.
The 37-year-old is due to make her 20th appearance at Wimbledon on Monday.
According to the police report, Linda Barson told police she was driving with her husband, Jerome, in the passenger seat of their 2016 Hyundai Accent at the time of the collision.
Mrs Barson told police that as they passed through an intersection on a green light, Ms Williams' 2010 Toyota Sequoia cut across in front of their car.
Ms Williams told police she became stuck in the middle of the intersection because of other traffic, according to the report.
"Mrs Barson is suffering intense grief and doesn't know how she will go on," her lawyer, Michael Steinger, told ABC television's Good Morning America.
"Her husband of 35 years was struck by Venus Williams, who was at fault in a car accident, which ultimately resulted in Mr Barson being hospitalised 14 days with multiple surgeries which resulted in his death."
The lawsuit, filed by the couple's daughter, Audrey Gassner-Dunayer, asserts that her father's injuries included "severed main arteries, massive internal bleeding, a fractured spine, and massive internal organ damage".
The Barsons' car was "crushed, the front windshield shattered, the airbags deployed, there was crush damage to the rear on the driver's side, and the back window was shattered", the lawsuit states.
The lawyer added: "At this point, we are attempting to both preserve the evidence and gain access to evidence."
Mr Barson died in hospital on 22 June, his wife Linda's 68th birthday.
Mrs Barson was also admitted to hospital after the crash.
Ms Williams was not hurt.
According to a police report obtained by US media, Ms Williams "is at fault for violating the right of way of" the Barsons' vehicle.
Ms Williams' car suddenly darted into their path and was unable to clear the junction in time due to traffic jams, witnesses told police.
The police incident report says that the estimated speed of Ms Williams' vehicle at the time was 5mph (8km/h).
In a statement to US media, the tennis star's lawyer, Malcolm Cunningham, said: "Ms Williams entered the intersection on a green light.
"Authorities did not issue Ms Williams with any citations or traffic violations.
"This is an unfortunate accident and Venus expresses her deepest condolences to the family who lost a loved one."
The accident occurred just days after the seven-time Grand Slam champion was eliminated from the French Open.
She has not been criminally charged.
Ms Williams is currently in London to train for the Wimbledon tournament, which she has won five times - most recently in 2008.
The All England Club tournament begins on Monday.


Drake has simultaneously topped the UK singles and albums chart for the second time this year.

The rapper's hit One Dance spent its sixth week at number one, while album Views climbed three places to the summit.
Elsewhere, the first new single from the Stone Roses for more than 20 years, All For One, entered at number 17.
The song had been at number four in the midweek charts following its surprise release last Thursday evening.
Justin Timberlake has also slid from his midweek position.
His single Can't Stop The Feeling had been at number one in the midweeks after a well-received Eurovision performance, but entered the singles chart at number two.
It was a close race for the top spot: One Dance notched up 105,000 sales, while Can't Stop The Feeling sold 99,000.
About 75,000 of Drake's sales came from streams rather than purchases, about 71% of the song's total.
Calvin Harris and Rihanna's This Is What You Came For drops a place to number three this week, while Sia's Cheap Thrills and Mike Posner's I Took A Pill In Ibiza remain at numbers four and five respectively.
A second Drake song - Too Good, featuring Rihanna - also appears in the top 10, climbing 15 places to number eight.
Further down the chart, X Factor alumni Reggie 'N' Bollie land at Number 26 with New Girl. The track is the duo's first since finishing second place on last year's series.
On the album chart, Drake's Views spent a second week at number one.
His closest competitor was Beyonce's Lemonade, which landed at number two. Views outsold it by just under 800 chart sales.
Meanwhile, Norwegian DJ Kygo is this week's highest new entry at three with Cloud Nine.
Last week's number one from Radiohead, A Moon Shaped Pool, dropped to number four, while Meghan Trainor's new album Thank You debuted at number five.
Justin Bieber's Purpose dropped to number 12 - the first time it has fallen out of the Top 10 in the 26 weeks since its release.
Corinne Bailey Rae's third studio album The Heart Speaks in Whispers is a new entry at number 14 - her first appearance in the album chart for six years.
Other new entries included Pierce the Veil, who scored their first top 40 album with their fourth collection Misadventures, which entered at 17, and Foy Vance's The Wild Swan, which debuted at number 28.
Kanye West's The Life Of Pablo made its debut at Number 30 following an Official Charts rule change which makes albums that are only available on streaming services chart eligible.


Police investigating a claim of a serious sexual assault on a 20-year-old woman in Aberdeen have now said no crime was committed.

An incident was alleged to have happened in the Walker Road and Grampian Lane area of Torry in the early hours of Saturday 30 July.
Police Scotland said inquires were now complete and they were no longer looking for anyone.
Members of the public were thanked for their assistance.


Top-level US college sport is pulling out of North Carolina over the state's law requiring people to use the bathroom of their birth gender.

Critics say the law discriminates against the LGBT community.
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) said on Monday that seven championship games will be relocated in the 2016-2017 season.
Ringo Starr, Bruce Springsteen, and Pearl Jam have also cancelled performances in the state over the law.
Men's college basketball is an important part of North Carolina culture, and experts say the decision will have real economic ramifications for the state.
North Carolina has hosted more men's basketball tournament games than any other state, the NCAA said.
In addition to basketball, the decision also affects football, lacrosse, tennis and baseball, and golf. It does not cover American football.
"NCAA championships and events must promote an inclusive atmosphere for all college athletes, coaches, administrators and fans," the organization said in a statement.
"Current North Carolina state laws make it challenging to guarantee that host communities can help deliver on that commitment."
Proponents of the law known as HB2 say that it prevents sexual assaults from occurring in bathrooms.
The announcement follows the National Basketball Association (NBA) decision to move its 2017 All-Star game away from Charlotte.
In their statement, the NCAA cited laws passed in five states, which prohibit "travel to North Carolina for public employees and representatives of public institutions",  which could apply to coaches and student athletes.
Republican Governor Pat McCrory has yet to respond, but a spokeswoman for the state Republican Party called the decision "so absurd it's almost comical".
The US Justice Department has sued North Carolina saying the law constitutes a pattern of discrimination on the basis of gender identity.
Announcing the lawsuit in May, Attorney General Loretta Lynch called attention to the state's history of discrimination against black people.
"It was not so very long ago that states, including North Carolina, had other signs above restrooms, water fountains and other public accommodations keeping people out based on a distinction without a difference," she said.


Hampshire's Liam Dawson says it would be "amazing" to make his England Twenty20 debut on his home ground.

The all-rounder has been included in the T20 squad to face Sri Lanka on 5 July at the Ageas Bowl, having been part of the World T20 squad in March.
"It's nice to be involved again," the 26-year-old slow left-armer and right-handed batsman told BBC Radio Solent.
"I wasn't expecting to be as I thought Moeen Ali would, but him being rested hands me another opportunity."
Dawson failed to make an appearance during England's run to the World T20 final in India this year, but his limited-overs performances for Hampshire this season have kept him in contention.
"I'm not sure what team they'll go with," he said.
"I've had some good performances for Hampshire in one-day and T20 cricket and if I keep going with that, hopefully I might get a chance."


Wales coach Warren Gatland is the "leading contender" to be British and Irish Lions coach for next year's tour of New Zealand.

Gatland coached the Lions to victory over Australia in 2013.
Joe Schmidt led Ireland to Six Nations titles in 2014 and 2015 and is a likely challenger to fellow Kiwi Gatland.
Lions chief executive John Feehan said: "It would be absolutely ludicrous of me to say that Warren would not be the leading contender - he clearly is."
Talking to Sky, Feehan added: "If he is involved it will be a third tour for him, he has a record that is pretty much second to none in the northern hemisphere and so he has to be the leading contender."
Since Gatland took over as Wales coach, they have won three Six Nations titles and two Grand Slams.
Gatland took a sabbatical from his Wales role in 2012-13, leaving assistant Rob Howley to oversee their Six Nations title win that season.
The Wales coaching duo had also been part of Ian McGeechan's assistants when the Lions lost 2-1 to South Africa in 2009.
Beating the Wallabies was the Lions' first series win since the 1997 tour to South Africa, also coached by McGeechan.
Feehan says the home nations coaches "are a pretty good starting point" for 2017 Lions coaching contenders.
However, as a recent appointment to the England role, ex-Australia and Japan coach Eddie Jones would seem an unlikely choice.
New Zealander Vern Cotter took over as Scotland head coach in 2013 and is also seen as an outside bet to guide the Lions against former Wales coach Steve Hansen's World Cup holders.
"The four home-based coaches are a pretty good starting point," added Feehan.
"It is unlikely that we will move outside of that, but we will keep an open mind.
"We will consider any international coach who wants to be involved."
The 2017 tour manager John Spencer says appointment will be made after the four home unions' 2016 summer tours.
Spencer toured New Zealand with the 1971 Lions, the first to win a series, and the former England and Lions centre indicated the successful candidate would again be expected to take time out from his national role to lead the Lions.
"We would expect them to give 100% of their time to the Lions," said Spencer.
"That would be the best preparation and we are looking for best principles."


Ethiopia says armed men have killed 140 people near its border with South Sudan and abducted at least 39 children.

Ethiopia's Communications Minister Getachew Reda said the attackers were members of South Sudan's Murle tribe.
He said security forces were chasing the attackers and had killed 60 so far.
Ethiopia is hosting thousands of South Sudanese refugees who fled the 2013 clashes that began when President Salva Kiir sacked his deputy Riek Machar, accusing him of plotting a coup.
Mr Machar denied the charges, but then mobilised a rebel force to fight the government. He is due to return to the capital Juba to form a transitional government as part of a peace deal.
Mr Reda told the BBC the attackers were not thought to have any links to the South Sudanese government or rebels.
Ethiopia's Gambella province, where the raid took place, has a history of conflict between communities and a sizable Nuer population, Mr Machar's ethnic group.
The Murle have previously been accused of carrying out cattle raids and stealing children to raise as their own.


Sir James Galway has launched an attack on the actions of Ian Paisley Sr, saying the late former DUP leader was indirectly "responsible" for murders.

The renowned classical flautist told BBC Radio Ulster's The Nolan Show he "never admired" the former Northern Ireland first minister.
He said: "I'm sure he was [responsible] because he wasn't exactly preaching let's all live together, was he?"
In a statement, the DUP's Sammy Wilson said legal action was "pending".
Sir James, originally from Belfast but now living in Switzerland, said he felt Mr Paisley Sr "on paper was a man of God, but in reality he never was".
Mr Wilson, the East Antrim MP, said the 75-year-old's comments were "the typical hallmark of an anti-British social climber".
"The Paisley family have requested that we do not comment on Sir James's remarks because of pending legal action," he said.
"We respect this request. However, we will always defend Dr Paisley's record as a leader of unionism.
"During the interview, Sir James indicated that he doesn't take much interest in politics and perhaps he should have kept it that way."
Mr Wilson added: "I have always admired Sir James's work, but some of his comments were offensive, inaccurate and downright disgraceful."
In his career, Mr Paisley Sr, who was the leader of the Free Presbyterian Church, launched countless attacks on Catholicism and Irish republicanism.
Sir James said: "How many people do you think he was responsible for killing indirectly by planting the thoughts of violence and no surrender in the heads of people who had no more sense?
"How can you justify setting one side against another?"
Sir James said that "maybe [Mr Paisley] didn't have any choice" when he made a historic agreement to share power with Sinn FÃ©in in 2007.
Mr Paisley Sr died in September 2014. He was 88.
Sir James, who was knighted by the Queen in 2001, also suggested that he was supportive of a united Ireland, and objected to the British empire's historic rule of Ireland.
He said: "Wouldn't you say it is immoral for one country to take over another country just because the other country is not so well armed? Wouldn't you think that was immoral?
"Well, let me put this to you - would you not think that 800 years ago what the British did was immoral and is still immoral?"
Sir James said that as he grew up as a young Protestant in Northern Ireland he was "brainwashed to the Protestant ethic" by politicians and "Presbyterians who made the school systems separate".
The Presbyterian Church in Ireland said that was "neither historically or factually accurate".
"The Presbyterian Church in Ireland transferred our schools to state control in the 1920s and 1930s," a spokesperson said.
Sir James added that he considers himself to be Irish, rather than Northern Irish.
"I would like Ireland to be Ireland.
"[People] say: 'Well, how do you become a sir?' I say: 'Because I come from the British-occupied part of Ireland.'"
Later on Friday, Sir James issued a statement saying: "Music is my life and love. We all have our views on life. I am here today to celebrate music.
"I love Northern Ireland and it is never my intent to cause offence."
Mr Wilson described the interview as "incoherent" and said they would be viewed as having come from "someone who is out of touch with reality in Northern Ireland".
"Sir James's interview will have discredited him with many admirers.
"For Sir James to express his pro-republican viewpoint [and] criticise Northern Ireland being part of the United Kingdom but then accept a knighthood from our monarch is hypocritical.
"If Sir James's views are so dearly held then he should probably consider handing back the knighthood."
Stephen Nolan's full interview with Sir James Galway on BBC Radio Ulster's The Nolan Show is available on the BBC iPlayer.


Forecasters have warned of thunderstorms across north east Wales on Thursday.

A yellow warning of rain has been issued by the Met Office until 02:00 on Friday.
Forecasters said the storms might miss many places, but where they do develop, intense downpours are likely.
They have warned it could bring the threat of sudden flooding to roads and property and affect travel. Lightning and hail are also possible.


Plain packaging for cigarettes is about to "go global" in a move that will have a "huge impact" on health, the World Health Organization says.

The body said moves to introduce standardised packaging in the UK, France and Australia will influence policy around the globe.
But the Tobacco Manufacturers' Association said policy was being "driven more by dogma than hard fact".
Around six million deaths each year are linked to smoking.
Plain, or standardised, packaging has a uniform colour across all brands except for health warnings. Any brand names are in small, non-distinctive lettering.
The premise is that the move kills the glamour and attractiveness of smoking and Benn McGrady, from the WHO, said "the evidence is in" that the measure curbs smoking rates.
Australia introduced plain packs in 2012 and data shows that smoking rates fell by a "very significant" additional 0.55% - the equivalent of 108,000 people - between December 2012 and September 2015, the WHO reports.
Mr McGrady told the BBC News website: "We think the evidence is now so strong that it's likely we're witnessing the globalisation of plain packaging - particularly after countries as influential as the UK, France and Australia have implemented the measure.
"There's massive opposition from the tobacco companies - all of them are opposed to it because it's going to reduce the prevalence of tobacco use.
"We're on the cusp of something very big here and it's going to have quite a significant impact on public health."
As well as Australia, the UK and France - Ireland, Norway, Singapore, Canada, Chile, Brazil, Panama, New Zealand and Belgium are at various stages of considering plain packets.
But Mr McGrady warned they were not a magic solution and needed to work in conjunction with bans on advertising and smoking, along with higher taxes.
Giles Roca, the director general of the Tobacco Manufacturers' Association, argued anti-tobacco laws were being "driven more by dogma than hard fact and evidence".
He said: "The evidence from Australia is damning - plain packaging as a measure itself has been proven not to work and has made no impact on long-term smoking trends.
"There has been no acceleration in decline brought about by the policy, whilst the illegal market has increased markedly.
"Simply put, the very same result in terms of smoking rates would have been achieved by doing nothing."
Follow James on Twitter.


Formula 1 is to focus research on a transparent 'shield' device as bosses seek to finalise a frontal driver head protection system for 2018.

A decision to "prioritise" a forward clear screen was made at two rule-making meetings on Tuesday.
However, an FIA spokesman said the controversial halo device, tested by all teams last year, would be used next season if a shield did not work.
The FIA is committed to introducing additional protection in 2018.
A statement from the FIA said it would "carry out track tests on this [shield] system during this season in preparation for implementation in 2018".
The halo - a metal frame that arches over the driver's head from behind his shoulders and meets at central point at the front of the cockpit - is the only head-protection device that has so far proved suitable for the task of protecting drivers from large flying debris.
Red Bull trialled a screen system last season - which was dubbed the 'aeroscreen' - but it failed its FIA tests.
A new screen system, known as the shield, has now been proposed with a shallower angle than on the aeroscreen. This is the device that will be tested this year.
The FIA tests will focus firstly on ensuring that the screen is strong enough to deflect a wheel and tyre fired at it at 150mph, and then on whether there are other major issues such as visibility.
The halo has passed all these tests and is ready for introduction, but F1 has already backtracked on a plan to introduce it this year and continues to vacillate over it.
Doubts have arisen from some drivers and team bosses, who feel that its aesthetics are not appropriate for F1.
A number of other tweaks were made to the rules at the meetings of the strategy group of leading teams and bosses and the FIA F1 Commission.
These included:


The daughter of Joan Rivers has said the family are keeping their "fingers crossed" as the comedian and TV host recovers from a cardiac arrest.

The 81-year-old was taken to New York's Mount Sinai Hospital on Thursday after her breathing stopped during a vocal cord procedure at a clinic.
Melissa Rivers also thanked people for their "continued love and support" in a statement released by the hospital.
She described her mother's condition as "serious" on Friday.
Since then there has been no update, although the New York Daily News has reported that Doctors have begun bringing Rivers out of her medically induced coma, which is likely to take until Tuesday.
Mother and daughter appear in reality show Joan & Melissa: Joan Knows Best? while Joan is also the outspoken host of Fashion Police on the E! Network, turning her acerbic wit on the fashion faux pas of Hollywood stars.
Celebrities including comedian Sarah Silverman and Donald Trump have taken to Twitter to send their best wishes for her recovery,
One of her Fashion Police co-hosts Kelly Osbourne tweeted: "4 the first time in years I got down on my knees & prayed tonight!"
She added: "I encourage U 2 do the same 4 Joan Rivers my grandma! #inconsolable."
Their co-presenter Giuliana Rancic wrote: "Praying for Joan Rivers and Mel Rivers. Even though Joan's the strongest woman I know, every single prayer counts. I love you, Joan."
Rivers had performed a show in New York on Wednesday, where spectators said she appeared well. She had also attended both the MTV Video Music Awards and the Emmys earlier that week.


Cardiff City have signed forward Frederic Gounongbe from Belgian side KVC Westerlo.

The 28-year-old Benin international was a free agent after his contract expired at De Kemphanen and scored 22 goals in the Jupiler Pro League.
"Coming to the UK and playing my football here is a big challenge and I'm excited about performing in front of the Bluebirds' fans," he said.
Gounongbe is the second Cardiff signing of the summer after Lex Immers joined.
Executive director and CEO Ken Choo added: "We delighted to be able to bring Frederic into the fold, who will add to our already accomplished squad."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


A 12-week-old baby boy has died after paramedics were called following reports he was not breathing.

A man aged 33 and a woman aged 23 were arrested in relation to the incident and have been released while inquiries continue.
Paramedics were called to a property in Reydon Drive, Whitemoor, Nottingham, on 28 June to help the baby.
He was taken to the Queen's Medical Centre but pronounced dead shortly after arrival.
Officers attended the scene, after being called by their East Midlands Ambulance Service colleagues at 10:15 BST, and put a police cordon in place.
Nottinghamshire Police said an investigation had began and officers were awaiting the results of a post-mortem examination, which is due to be conducted early next week.


The Bolivian President Evo Morales has opened a new military defence academy, which he says will offer courses to counter the influence of the United States in the developing world.

Mr Morales said its aim included the study of imperialism and its consequences.
He said it would counteract the Army School of the Americas in Georgia which trained US allies during the Cold War.
Some of its graduates committed serious human rights abuses in the region.
The new academy is based in the city of Santa Cruz in eastern Bolivia and will initially take 100 recruits.
Speaking at the opening ceremony, Bolivia's Defence Minister Reymi Ferreira said: "The School of Anti-Imperialism is a school that seeks to preserve life, unlike the School of the Americas, which brainwashed military officers into believing that the enemy was our people."
He said the training centre would seek to help soldiers identify key threats to the country's national sovereignty.
Since his inauguration in 2005, President Morales has had a relationship with the US which has been at times very tense.
In 2008 he expelled the US ambassador and counter-narcotics agent and more recently he has accused accusing Washington of encouraging "congressional coups" such as the impending impeachment trial of suspended President Dilma Rousseff in Brazil.
He has also accused the US of promoting global terrorism through military interventions, citing the rise of the Islamic State group as an example.
In Latin America, some officers trained at the US-based School of the Americas went on to commit some of the worse human rights abuses in the region.
They include two of the Argentinean military officers who led the junta in the late 1970s.  Human rights organisations say the military government killed around 30,000 left-wing opponents during their administration.
The former Guatemalan President, General Efraim Rios Montt, also trained at  the School of the Americas in the 1950s.
Two Truth Commissions documented widespread human rights abuses by his regime including rape, torture, executions and acts of genocide against the populace, including indigenous population through a scorched earth campaign.
In 2000, the academy at Fort Benning, Georgia, was renamed the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation.


US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has held her first meeting with new Egyptian President Mohammed Mursi.

After the talks, she reaffirmed Washington's support for a "full transition to civilian rule" in Egypt.
President Mursi has become embroiled in a constitutional crisis after trying to reinstate a parliament dissolved by the judiciary and the military.
Mrs Clinton has backed Mr Mursi, saying Egyptians should get the government they voted for.
Mr Mursi, of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party, was elected in June in the country's first ever freely contested leadership vote.
After the meeting in Cairo, Mrs Clinton told reporters:  "I have come to Cairo to reaffirm the strong support of the United States for the Egyptian people and their democratic transition.
"We want to be a good partner and we want to support the democracy that has been achieved by the courage and sacrifice of the Egyptian people."
The BBC's Jon Leyne, in Cairo, says that not many years ago, one US secretary of state declared that Washington did not speak with the Muslim Brotherhood, and never would.
But, he says, the administration of Barack Obama has been quick to engage with the new president - a case of accepting the inevitable and trying to make the best of it.
The US government wants to see Egyptian democracy and human rights being protected.
The Muslim Brotherhood has repeatedly stressed it does not want to be isolated internationally, not least because the country depends so heavily on international trade and tourism.
Mr Mursi has tried to defuse the row over parliament - a body he tried to reinstate by decree last weekend.
The chamber was dominated by Mr Mursi's Islamist allies, and was shut down by the military before he took power.
The Supreme Constitutional Court has said the dissolution is final.
Mr Mursi has said he is "committed to the rulings of Egyptian judges and very keen to manage state powers and prevent any confrontation".
Mrs Clinton said she would meet the head of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (Scaf), Field Marshal Mohammed Hussein Tantawi, on Sunday.
He became the country's interim ruler after the fall of President Hosni Mubarak in February last year.
Asked what she would tell Field Marshal Tantawi, Mrs Clinton said she would make clear the US supports the return of the armed forced "to a purely military role".
Earlier this week, Mrs Clinton said Egyptians should "get what they protested for and what they voted for, which is a fully-elected government making the decisions for the country going forward".
Mrs Clinton arrived in Egypt from a week-long trip to Asia, and will later visit Israel.


Stray penises have long been a problem for presidential aspirants, but ordinarily candidates try to conceal the evidence rather than boast about the dimensions of their manhood.

Donald Trump's decision to do so in a televised debate last Thursday, in response to childish taunts from Marco Rubio that the size of his stubby fingers was indicative of other bodily endowments, may well come to be regarded as a turning point in the race - the moment when his bawdy, frat boy boastfulness impeded his path to the Republican nomination.
The instant when he became a casualty rather than a beneficiary of the kind of controversy that so far has propelled his campaign.
The results from the weekend provided evidence that Super Tuesday may have marked the point of Peak Trump, and the race could become harder from here. Ted Cruz, in winning Kansas and especially Maine, did unexpectedly well, and cemented his position as the billionaire's strongest rival.
In the overall weekend vote tally, taking in Mr Trump's victories in Louisiana and Kentucky, the Texan received 35.3% compared to Mr Trump's 35.6%. Trailing a long way behind in what increasingly looks like a two-horse race were Rubio on 17.0% and Kasich on 9.5%.
The results from Louisiana may also have been a portent of things to come. Trump had a 20 point lead among those who cast their votes before Saturday, but saw his lead dwindle when voters turned up on primary day. In a state that has long been receptive to populists with racially charged messages that is an unmistakable sign that Trump's antics last week have tarnished his brand.
As Sean Davis, the data-crunching founder of The Federalist, has noted, Trump won 62% of the delegates prior to Super Tuesday, 43% on Super Tuesday but only 30% thereafter. "This race is not even close to over," he wrote.
When it comes to the Stop Trump coalition, size matters, and now it has reached the kind of critical mass that makes it a force to be reckoned with. Unsurprisingly, its membership includes opinion leaders on the left, who have always regarded the billionaire not just as a prime vulgarian but a serious threat to the American republic.
In an excoriating editorial entitled American Demagogue,  David Remnick, the editor of The New Yorker, has likened him to the "authoritarians and xenophobes who have come to power in Russia, Poland, and Hungary".
Nicholas Kristof, a columnist with the New York Times, labelled him "America's Ahmadinejad."
The progressive academic EJ Dionne harrumphed: "The 2016 Republican primary campaign is now on track to be the crudest, most vulgar and most thoroughly disgusting in our nation's history."
Alarmed by Trump's dominance, late-night comedians no longer view him merely as a figure of fun, a caricature to be mined for laughs. A hard-hitting video produced by Bill Maher likening Trump to Hitler went viral instantly.
So, too, did a Trump takedown authored by the British comedian John Oliver in which he showed once more why he's regarded as Jon Stewart's rightful heir. Then there was an email from the comedian Louis CK sent to his legion of fans.
"Please stop it with voting for Trump. It was funny for a little while. But the guy is Hitler."
He described the property tycoon as an "insane bigot" and wrote "Trump is not your best. He's the worst of all of us. He's a symptom to (sic) a problem that is very real. But don't vote for your own cancer. You're better than that."
What made Louis CK's intervention all the more significant was that he intends to vote for a conservative as president.
Emails, monologues, videos, memes, tweets. The zeitgeist-setting kingpins of American pop culture are now bringing their full arsenal to bear against Trump.
And in a country where the boundaries between politics and pop culture have become so blurred, late-night comedians have never been more influential in setting the bounds of decency and acceptability. That said, they're singing to a liberal choir.
Politically more significant has been the pile-on from Republicans not just repulsed by Trump's penis gag but his refusal initially to disavow the support of David Duke, a former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.
The Nebraskan Senator Ben Sasse announced he planned to vote for a third party candidate.
The House Speaker Paul Ryan complained on the eve of Super Tuesday, that "if a person wants to be the nominee of the Republican party, there can be no evasion and no games."
Mitt Romney positioned himself as the titular leader of the Stop Trump movement, by following up his Twitter sniping with a howitzer of a speech in Utah in which he labelled the billionaire a "phoney and a fraud."
Trump inevitably tried to cast Romney as an establishment loser who botched the 2012 election. But the former presidential nominee still racked up almost 61 million votes four years ago and commands respect from mainstream Republicans.
The latest political heavyweight to weigh in is the former New York mayor Michael Bloomberg, who had been considering a third-party run. Trump, he complained in an essay explaining his decision not to fight, has run "the most divisive and demagogic presidential campaign I can remember, preying on people's prejudices and fears. Abraham Lincoln, the father of the Republican Party, appealed to our 'better angels'. Trump appeals to our worst impulses."
Big money is also being lavished on anti-Trump advertisements, $10m in Florida alone.
At the same time that the Stop Trump movement has started to speak with more of a clarion voice, prominent members of the pro-Trump movement have literally been rendered speechless.
That fate has befallen Trump's latest bestie Chris Christie, whose hushed appearance alongside the billionaire on the night of Super Tuesday was likened to a hostage video.
Which other prominent establishment figures will now step forward to back Trump when they risk being ridiculed as a stooge and ordered by the billionaire to "go home"?
Trump has been written off before, and it would be mad to do so now. Polls still suggest that he has strong leads in Michigan, which votes on Tuesday, and in Florida, his second home, which votes next week, although the latest survey showed that Rubio is closing the gap.
The Stop Trump movement may already be too late to stop his onward march to the nomination. But it is slowing him down.
The irony is that the main beneficiary is Ted Cruz, a right-wing firebrand also hated by the Republican establishment. Senator Lindsay Graham, who himself ran for the Republican nomination, has compared the choice to "being shot or poisoned".
A Trump slowdown also raises the possibility that no single candidate will get the 1,237 delegates required to win the nomination on the first ballot.
That would lead to a brokered convention, the white whale of modern-day American politics, often talked about but seldom seen. But in Republican politics especially, the new normal is that there is no normal.
The simple fact that we are talking about the measure of Trump's challenge rather than the size of his manhood speaks of how the results from the weekend have altered the complexion of the race. Trump remains the strong front-runner, but is not yet the presumptive nominee.


Jealousy is not just a human condition according to researchers, as it appears to be hard wired into the brains of dogs as well.

Scientists in California found that canines succumbed to the green eyed monster when their owners showed affection to a stuffed dog in tests.
Some experts have argued that jealousy requires complex cognition and is unique to people.
But the authors say their work shows it may also come in a more basic form.
These findings probably won't be a major surprise to anyone who's ever owned a dog, but the team say this is the first experimental test of jealous behaviours in man's best friend.
Human jealousy is a complicated emotion, requiring a "social triangle" and usually arising when an interloper threatens an important relationship.
It is said to be the third leading cause of non-accidental homicide across cultures.
Building on research that shows that six month old infants display jealousy, the scientists studied 36 dogs in their homes and video recorded their actions when their owners displayed affection to a realistic-looking stuffed canine.
Over three quarters of the dogs were likely to push or touch the owner when they interacted with the decoy.
The envious mutts were more than three times as likely to do this for interactions with the stuffed dog compared to when their owners gave their attention to other objects including a book.
Around a third tried to get between the owner and the faux fido, while a quarter of the put-upon pooches snapped at the dummy dog.
"Our study suggests not only that dogs do engage in what appear to be jealous behaviours but also that they were seeking to break up the connection between the owner and a seeming rival," said Prof Christine Harris from University of California in San Diego.
"We can't really speak to the dogs' subjective experiences, of course, but it looks as though they were motivated to protect an important social relationship."
The researchers believe that the dogs understood that the stuffed dog was real. The authors cite the fact that 86% of the dogs sniffed the toy's rear end, during and after the experiment.
Jealousy, according to the authors, may have evolved in species that have multiple dependent young that concurrently compete for food and affection.
The argue that jealousy might give an advantage to a young animal that is not only alert to the interactions between its siblings and its parents  but is motivated to intervene.
"Many people have assumed that jealousy is a social construction of human beings - or that it's an emotion specifically tied to sexual and romantic relationships," said Prof Harris.
"Our results challenge these ideas, showing that animals besides ourselves display strong distress whenever a rival usurps a loved one's affection."
The research has been published in the journal, PLOS One.
Follow Matt on Twitter @mattmcgrathbbc.


The French policeman who was killed by a jihadist on Paris' Champs Elysees in April has been married in a posthumous ceremony with his gay partner.

The wedding of late Xavier Jugelé and Etienne Cardiles was conducted in the presence of former President Francois Hollande and Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo.
France is one of the few countries where posthumous marriages are permitted by law.
Mr Jugelé was shot dead on 20 April while on duty on the famous avenue.
Two other officers were wounded in the attack - just days before the first round of the French presidential elections.
The attacker, who was later named as convicted criminal Karim Cheurfi, was shot dead by security forces.
A note defending so-called Islamic State was found near his body.
Xavier Jugelé, 37, was an active campaigner for gay rights. He was in a civil partnership and did not have children.
His murder caused huge emotion across France, especially after the moving address by his partner at the subsequent ceremony of remembrance.
"I have no hatred, Xavier, because it is not like you and does not fit with what made your heart beat nor what made you a guardian of the peace," Mr Cardiles said.
Originally from the Loire Valley region in central France, Mr Jugelé had been serving in the capital since 2014.
He was deployed on the night of the November 2015 attacks in Paris to the Bataclan concert hall, returning the following year on the night the venue reopened.
Interviewed by the BBC's Nick Garnett at the same venue a year later, Mr Jugelé said: "I want to celebrate life and say 'no' to terrorism."
Wednesday's ceremony is believed to be the first posthumous gay wedding to take place in France,  and presumably therefore in the world, the BBC's Hugh Schofield in Paris reports.


The former Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz is attracting so many visitors people may have to be turned away, staff there have warned.

The Polish site, now a museum and memorial, saw a 40 per cent increase in visits in the first three months of 2015, compared with the previous year.
Staff advise people wishing to visit to book in advance online.
More than a million people, mostly Jews, died at Auschwitz during World War Two.
"We already see that on particular hours, long waiting may be necessary in order to enter the former camp," said Andrzej Kacorzyk, the museum's deputy director.
"If the attendance continues to grow in such a dynamic way in the months to follow, it may result in the fact that not all persons willing to enter the former camp and learn about the history of Auschwitz in its authentic space will be able to do it."
This year the death camp marked 70 years since its liberation by Soviet soldiers, a possible explanation for the surge in visitors.
But attendances had already been growing, with a record 1.5m people visiting in 2014.
The news came as a former Nazi SS guard at the camp began the second day of his trial on charges of being an accessory to the murder of at least 300,000 Jews.
Oskar Groening, 93, has admitted he was "morally" guilty but said it was up to the court to decide whether he was guilty under criminal law.


Saul 'Canelo' Alvarez should have taken the money and faced Gennady Golovkin rather than Liam Smith, according to the British fighter's trainer.

Smith, 27, will defend his WBO light-middleweight title against Alvarez at Texas' AT&T Stadium on 17 September.
Mexico's Alvarez, who has won 47 of his 48 fights, goes into the bout after a brutal defeat of Briton Amir Khan.
"I feel Alvarez has made a huge mistake," said Joe Gallagher, who trains Liverpudlian Smith.
"Alvarez is a very, very good fighter. You only have to look at his record to see who he's been in with, but I feel they should have taken the Golovkin fight and got paid well."
Smith, who has won 23 of his 24 fights, will make the third defence of the title he claimed by beating American John Thompson in October last year.
Undefeated Kazakh Golovkin had been tipped to face Alvarez but will instead fight Britain's Kell Brook at London's O2 on 10 September.


The Large Hadron Collider is again smashing protons, now at record new energies, and delivering data to physicists.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
3 June 2015 Last updated at 11:00 BST
It has been out of operation for two years while the massive machine was upgraded.
This animation comes courtesy of Cern, the European nuclear research organisation that runs the LHC.
It shows "bunches" of protons circulating in the collider's 27km main ring and colliding within its four big experiments - Alice, LHCb, CMS and Atlas.


Plans to relocate a university campus in South Lanarkshire to a business park in North Lanarkshire have been rejected.

The University of the West of Scotland (UWS) was considering moving its facility in Hamilton to the Maxim Park site near Eurocentral on the M8.
However, its ruling body said a proposal for a new campus at Hamilton International Technology Park is now its preferred option.
A final decision is due next year.
There were fears the campus would move away from Hamilton, after it failed to secure funding to upgrade its current base, the former Bell College building in Almada Street.
However, following a consultation process, the university court announced a full business case would now be brought forward for moving the campus to a new state-of-the-art, modern facility in the town's technology park.
Ian Welsh, chair of UWS court, said: "Following a lengthy discussion, the court felt the opportunity to develop what would be the UK's most environmentally friendly, dynamic and vibrant new campus was one that could not be missed.
"We held detailed discussions with the developers and other stakeholders, who presented a very compelling and convincing business and educational case for HITP, including an exciting and innovative legacy plan for the current campus location which will add even more value to the town centre.
"In assessing these options, we consulted widely with the community, engaging with students, colleagues and external stakeholders to best advise our position."
As well as plans for new teaching and learning facilities, there would also be sports amenities and new student accommodation built at the new site.
The proposal also includes developing a UWS technology and innovation park, adding to the university's research and commercial activities.
Principal and vice-chancellor, Prof Craig Mahoney, said: "This will be a game-changer for higher education in Scotland and will create the country's most, dynamic and exciting learning environment, allowing us to grow the educational opportunities for students internationally, across the UK, Lanarkshire and the wider central belt.
"As well as securing the long-term future of UWS in Hamilton, we're able now to develop a truly inspirational and world-class University campus fit for existing and future students."


Google has criticised the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in California for insisting driverless cars must have a fully licensed driver behind the wheel.

On Wednesday, the DMV published draft regulations which outline how the technology could be used on the roads.
The regulations say truly driverless cars would be "initially excluded" from operation.
Google's director of self-driving cars, Chris Urmson, said the move was "perplexing".
"This maintains the same old status quo and falls short on allowing this technology to reach its full potential, while excluding those who need to get around but cannot drive," he wrote in his blog.
"We've heard countless stories from people who need a fully self-driving car today. People with health conditions ranging from vision problems to multiple sclerosis to autism to epilepsy who are frustrated with their dependence on others for even simple errands."
Google argues that driverless cars are much safer than manually driven cars, because they eliminate the human error that causes a majority of collisions.
The technology has inspired a web game by Made With Monster Love which demonstrates the effectiveness of computer control over human intervention.
Google said its vehicles had been involved in only 16 minor incidents during six years of testing, with humans in other cars to blame.
"We've seen in our own testing that drivers can't be trusted to dip in and out of the task of driving when the car is encouraging them to sit back and relax," said Mr Urmson.
However, the technology is still being improved and in November, one of Google's cars was pulled over for driving too cautiously.
Some of the driverless cars Google has been testing in California do not have any manual controls such as steering wheels or pedals.
The DMV's draft regulations would prevent residents from riding in those vehicles until their safety could be assessed in "subsequent regulatory packages".
"The draft regulations are designed to address complex questions related to vehicle safety, certification, operator responsibilities, licensing and registration, privacy, and cybersecurity," the DMV said.
A public consultation on the draft will take place in the new year.
On Tuesday, car giant Ford announced it had obtained a permit to start testing driverless cars in California.
Its vehicles retain manual controls for humans to take over, as required in the draft regulations.


UK and French ministers will meet in Calais on Thursday to agree a new deal to tackle the migrant crisis there.

The proposed deal is expected to include more security around the site where thousands of migrants are living and moves to tackle people trafficking.
Home Secretary Theresa May and French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve will tour the Eurotunnel site and meet aid associations helping migrants.
They will also discuss humanitarian support for migrants.
Neither government has given full details of what the deal will involve.
Thousands of migrants are living around Calais - many of them in the camp known as the Jungle - and each night hundreds attempt to reach the UK by breaching security around the port and Eurotunnel.
After the meeting with Mrs May, Mr Cazeneuve will travel to Berlin to meet his German counterpart for talks on Europe's migration policies.
The UK government has offered France help with security around Calais - including Â£7m for fences - but police there have said such measures are only a "short-term solution".
The Calais situation is part of a much larger migration issue in Europe.
More than 240,000 migrants have crossed the Mediterranean already this year, arriving on the shores of Greece and Italy.
Meanwhile, it has been suggested that the number of refugees seeking asylum in Germany could surge to 750,000 this year - and a UN High Commissioner has said more European countries should share the responsibility.


Conservative minister Justine Greening has announced she is in a same-sex relationship on London's Pride day.

The international development secretary tweeted: "Today's a good day to say I'm in a happy same sex relationship, I campaigned for Stronger In but sometimes you're better off out!"
Thousands of people took part in the Pride event in central London.
Prime Minister David Cameron tweeted: "Congratulations Justine - that's great news."
Chancellor George Osborne was also among those to respond to the news, tweeting: "Congrats Justine. Best news in last 48 hours!"
Mr Osborne has been out of the spotlight since Britain voted to leave the European Union on Thursday. He had campaigned for the UK to remain in the EU.
Ms Greening was elected to Parliament in 2005 and was the youngest female Conservative MP at the time.
She held the transport brief before becoming development secretary in 2012.
Her announcement came as the director of Pride London, Michael Salter-Church, said this year's campaign slogan was No Filter.
He said: "No Filter is a call to arms. A call for people to be themselves, to live as their true selves."