A seven-man gang who conspired to rob a jewellery store at the Old Course Hotel in St Andrews have been jailed for a total of 47 years.

The men bought weapons and two Italian scooters ahead of the raid at the Mappin and Webb store in March 2015.
But police were tracking them and moved in before they could act.
Officers spotted four of the London-based gang in a reconnaissance of the Fife town a week before the planned raid.
Kevin Mulheron, 34, who was originally from Glasgow, was sentenced to seven and a half years imprisonment.
The gang used his brother's flat in Govan to finalise plans for the robbery.
He was joined by Peter Attwood, 44, his son Louie, 21, and Kai McGinley on a trip to St Andrews in late February last year.
The court heard that Peter Attwood hired a BMW in London while his son bought sledgehammers, holdalls, motorcycle helmets, jackets and waterproof trousers.
Two Piaggio scooters were ferried north having earlier been stolen in London, the jury was told.
In court, Attwood was jailed for nine years while his son was imprisoned for five years.
McGinley was also sentenced to five years.
'Caught in the act'
All seven members of the gang were arrested in St Andrews as they prepared to carry out the heist.
Paul Hogwood, 56, was jailed for 10 years.
During the trial, the court was told that Hogwood made a telephone call while on remand.
During it, he said: "If they had turned up 10 minutes later, they would have caught us right in the act."
Thomas Slayford, 20, received a five and a half year sentence and Benson Aluko was jailed for five years.


Spanish authorities must pay ex-cyclist Roberto Heras 725,000 euros (£612,592) after the country's Supreme Court rejected their appeal against his overturned positive doping test.

Heras, 43, tested positive for the banned substance erythropoietin (EPO) at the 2005 Tour of Spain and was suspended for two years by Spain's Royal Cycling Federation.
The findings were overturned in 2011 and Heras sued the Spanish state in 2013 for 1 million euros but the compensation has been reduced.
The Supreme Court said in a statement it rejected the Spanish state's appeal because the overturned sanction was the direct cause of Heras losing commercial and professional contracts.
Heras' positive test was overturned in 2011 by a civil court in Castile and Leon, which ruled that irregularities had taken place in the analysis of blood samples in the investigation.
The Supreme Court upheld that decision in 2012 and ordered Heras - a former US Postal team-mate of Lance Armstrong - be reinstated as the 2005 Tour of Spain winner.
Armstrong, who retired from cycling in 2005 but then returned to the sport between 2009 and 2012, was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles and given a lifetime ban by United States Anti-Doping Agency (Usada) in 2012.


Swansea City manager Francesco Guidolin has confirmed he will look to replace Ashley Williams after his departure.

The Wales and Swans captain moved to Everton to replace Man City-bound John Stones in a deal Swansea 'reluctantly accepted' for a fee around £12 million.
"We need just one more signing - a central defender," Guidolin explained.
The Italian is yet to decide on Williams' replacement as Swansea captain. "When Leon Britton plays he'll be captain. After that I don't know."
Replacing Williams, who departed after eight years with the Swans, is Guidolin's priority.
"I have something [in mind] and with the chairman we have a short list of players," he told BBC Radio Wales Sport.
"When a player decides to move for a new challenge then its best to let him go."
Swansea begin their Premier League campaign with a trip to Burnley on Saturday.


A town crier who took part in the 2012 Olympics opening ceremony has said he is "so ashamed" after it emerged he invented a career in the armed forces.

Oxford's town crier Anthony Church had claimed he was a "regimental sergeant major" and wore a Falklands medal.
Mr Church, 63, said he had been "very stupid" and apologised to genuine members of the armed forces.
He has resigned from his position as Oxford town crier and from the same role in five other places.
Mr Church, 63, whose voice could reach 118 decibels, had attended town crying events around the country and even appeared on television making bogus claims about his background.
But allegations he had fabricated his military career surfaced on the internet on Sunday.
He told BBC Radio Oxford: "When I became town crier, when people questioned me about my background I stupidly told them I am an ex-serviceman... that is absolutely not true. I have never served in the military."
Mr Church admitted buying medals to wear but said the British Empire Medal he donned had belonged to his father, an RAF pilot
He added: "It was very stupid and I categorically now apologise to everybody who has served in the forces. It was never my intention to cause any distress or upset.
"I made a mistake, I told someone I'd served and it's been going on from there. I can't apologise enough for the hurt and distress it has probably caused people."
He added that he was "absolutely distraught".
"How can I stand on a street corner and have people come up to me? People will probably feel, with hindsight, that I have misled them," he said.
As well as standing down from the Oxford job, Mr Church has resigned as town crier for Wallingford, Chipping Norton, Banbury, Daventry and Thame.
Banbury Town Council chairman Kieran Mallon said his actions were "disgraceful".
"To wear medals and decorations you are not entitled to is morally wrong and disrespectful to those who served," he said.
Helen Stewart, town clerk of Thame, said she had accepted the resignation of Mr Church, whom she described as "well liked and jovial".
"It's very unfortunate. We can't understand what compelled him, but the consequences will have a significant effect on him and his future," she said.


Olly Lee's stoppage-time winner earned Luton victory at struggling York City.

After a goalless first half Cameron McGeehan headed the Hatters in front, but Bradley Fewster levelled as he rounded Luton goalkeeper Mark Tyler.
Jack Marriott restored Luton's lead when he backheeled Stephen O'Donnell's pass into the net, but once again York responded through Fewster.
But Lee settled matters with a 20-yard strike after a fine solo run in the final moments of the match.
York are now two points from safety at the bottom of League Two, while Luton consolidated 13th place.
York City manager Jackie McNamara told BBC Radio York:
"Three individual mistakes have cost us three points. That's the disappointing thing because it's all preventable.
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"To lose a goal like that to lose a game is very frustrating.
"It's points wasted where we should be getting out of trouble and we only have ourselves to blame.
"We've got nothing to show for all our hard work."
Luton Town manager Nathan Jones told BBC Three Counties Radio:
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"We have slight mixed emotions. We could have made it at lot easier for ourselves. We'll be pleased with the three goals we scored because they were two things we've worked on, and a bit of individual quality.
"We have to be better, we have to be better defensively to cut out those mistakes, to cut errors, to be a bit more secure with what we do so that when we do take leads we come through periods where the opposition has spells.
"It's about getting a balance to our squad. We've got a lot of good footballers, but we need more. We need different to what we have."


The body of a retired vicar which was found in a house on Anglesey  had probably been there almost three years, an inquest has heard.

Police were called to the Llandegfan house last October after neighbours reported not seeing the Reverend Basil Bevan, 85, for sometime.
Officers found his body in a mummified state, the inquest heard. His wife was also living at the house.
The coroner recorded a verdict of death from natural causes.
Officers who spoke to the vicar's wife decided she was unwell and took her to hospital.
The inquest in Llangefni was told that in interviews Pauline Bevan described how her husband had a heart attack in November 2010.
Dewi Pritchard Jones, senior coroner for North West Wales, said there had been problems identifying the body.
A DNA comparison with the cleric's brother only gave a partial match because of the poor quality of the sample.
The coroner said he was satisfied the body was that of Dr Bevan who, on the balance of probabilities, died of heart disease.
Mr Pritchard-Jones said: "Neighbours had commented to a police officer that they hadn't seen the Rev Basil Bevan for some time and there was concern regarding his welfare.
"After some time Mrs Pauline Bevan came out of the property and there was a discussion with the police officers present. She appeared to be unwell and was taken to hospital.
"The police then went into the property, being concerned regarding Dr Bevan's welfare. When they went inside the property they found it was in a considerable state of disarray.
"On searching it they came across mummified human remains. The remains were not capable of visual identification."
He added: "For reasons that are not matters of concern for an inquest the body was allowed to remain at the property."
The cause of Dr Bevan's death was recorded as heart disease and the verdict was natural causes.
He was believed to have been ordained in 1955 and spent most of his career in Wales, serving in the Diocese of Swansea and Brecon before moving to north Wales in 1978.


The leaders of seven councils have called for a national taskforce to be set up to help deal with teacher recruitment problems.

They made the call at a summit on tackling teacher shortages in northern and rural parts of Scotland.
In some areas, scores of posts are unfilled and adverts have been failing to attract suitable candidates.
Education Secretary Angela Constance addressed the conference, which was hosted by Aberdeen City Council.
She was asked to consider three "key priorities":
Aberdeen City Council leader Jenny Laing said they discussed their concerns about continuing to raise attainment while facing problems recruiting teachers.
Pupil numbers have increased but there has been "unprecedented low numbers" of applicants for teaching jobs, she added.
"We have made a huge effort to fill our teacher vacancies so we would ask that this is recognised and that going forward we can have a flexible and innovative approach to resolve the issues which if not addressed could have a major impact upon the education of many thousands of our children," she said.
The event had the backing of Aberdeenshire, Moray, Highland, Western Isles, Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands councils.
Ahead of the summit, Ms Constance told BBC Radio Scotland's Good Morning Scotland programme that the Scottish government had increased the number of university places available for the fourth consecutive year as part of a bid to tackle the problem.
She said: "That's an increase of more than 1,100 places and that is targeted at the areas most in need.
"So we will target places at the University of Aberdeen and the University of the Highlands and Islands."
The challenges facing some councils in the north of Scotland recruiting teachers touch on several issues.
One is a challenge faced by many employers in rural and remote areas - finding suitably-qualified applicants for skilled, professional jobs.
The bulk of people from rural areas who become teachers leave home aged around 18 to begin their studies. Inevitably many might not want to return, at least while they are in their 20s.
The problem here is age-old. Some call it rural depopulation, others the brain drain.
Read more.
Ms Constance added: "The Scottish government has funded the University of Aberdeen in terms of a part-time distance learning post graduate diploma in education.
"That has enabled local authorities to develop the skills of their existing staff, for example classroom assistants, and enabled people to both study and work.
"And the distance learning initial teacher education programme has resulted in additional primary school teachers this year of 19 and in 2016 an addition of 15."
Seven directors of education attended the summit, along with officials from the Scottish government and the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS).
The aim was to understand the root causes of teacher shortages and identify solutions at a national and local level.
When details of the summit were announced last month councils said the challenge had been recruiting and retaining "sufficient numbers of high-quality teachers to provide the best possible education" for pupils.
Councils have already tried individual initiatives to ease the problem.
In 2013, Aberdeenshire Council sent staff to Canada and Ireland to try to recruit new teachers.
Last year, Aberdeen City Council offered to pay the tuition fees of staff who want to become primary school teachers in a bid to tackle the shortage.
And in August, the first teachers took advantage of an offer of free accommodation for six months to teach in Moray.
Last week the Scottish government launched its #inspiringteachers campaign at the Scottish Learning Festival in Glasgow.
It aims to attract more young people into teacher training with a focus on science, technology, engineering and maths.


Lincoln achieved a "football miracle" as they knocked out Burnley on a dramatic day of FA Cup fifth-round action, with 10-man Millwall beating Premier League champions Leicester.

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The Imps became the first non-league side in 103 years to reach the last eight with their win over the Clarets.
"Football at our level is not romantic and this moment in the limelight is special," Imps boss Danny Cowley said.
"It was a one in 100 chance and thankfully we got that opportunity."
It is the first time in Lincoln's 133-year history that they have reached the quarter-finals.
"It's a football miracle for a non-league team to be in the last eight. The boys were excellent, playing against a Premier League team," Cowley said after the 1-0 win.
"The last eight of the FA Cup sounds pretty good. We work hard and we are mightily proud of the players."
Cowley appeared as a guest on Match of the Day on Saturday night and said: "It is a great day for us and the football club. I am immensely proud of the players and they probably do not understand what they have achieved.
"We are in North Ferriby on Tuesday night. It becomes a harder game on the back on this win. It will be good to go back to proper football."
Cowley's assistant manager, his brother Nicky, was also on the show and said: "It has not sunk in. I definitely think the magic of the cup is still alive where we live. If it's a football miracle, then we will take that."
The quarter-final draw will take place at 18:30 GMT on Sunday and can be seen on the BBC News channel and the BBC Sport website, with commentary on BBC Radio 5 live.
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Lincoln are the National League leaders but there are 81 places between them and Burnley in the football pyramid.
This is the first time that two non-league teams have reached the FA Cup fifth round since 1888.
Their determination and ability to frustrate Burnley ensured that Sean Raggett's 89th-minute header saw the side become the first non-league team since Queens Park Rangers in 1914 to make the quarter-finals.
The historic victory, celebrated jubilantly by the players and travelling fans, means the Imps are the first non-league side since Telford in 1985, and only the third ever, to knock out four league clubs in a single season.
"It is a game that will go down in history. Every Lincoln player is a hero," former Chelsea winger Pat Nevin told BBC Radio 5 live.
"Lincoln are deservedly through, not just for effort but the skill and bravery. They knew they were good enough and didn't give up."
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League One side Millwall followed in Lincoln's footsteps and added to Leicester's woes as they consigned the Foxes to their first FA Cup defeat by a side from the third tier or lower since they were knocked out by Wycombe Wanderers in 2001.
The reigning Premier League champions, who were beaten 1-0 and face Sevilla in the Champions League on Wednesday, are in danger of relegation after five successive defeats left them one place and one point above the bottom three.
"When a team from League One beats the champions we say 'why?' and have to react as soon as possible," Leicester manager Claudio Ranieri said. "We are better than Millwall but Millwall deserved to win."
Millwall had already beaten Premier League sides Bournemouth and Watford on their way to the fifth round and victory secured their place in the last eight for the third time in 32 seasons.
"We took inspiration from what Lincoln have done. What they achieved today outshines us," Millwall manager Neil Harris said.
"I thought the atmosphere was electric. The noise was phenomenal. These are special days for us."
Match of the Day pundit John Hartson said: "Millwall actually improved when they went down to 10 men. Neil Harris made a good change, bringing on another striker Lee Gregory, and he set up the winner. It was a really, really brave substitution."
It was a strong day for sides facing Premier League opposition, with Huddersfield Town forcing a replay against Manchester City despite the Terriers making seven changes to their side.
City's starting line-up included Sergio Aguero but they were forced to settle for a goalless draw.
Fellow Premier League side Middlesbrough were also pushed by League One's Oxford United. Boro made six changes to the side that drew with Everton last time out but it took substitute Cristhian Stuani's strike four minutes from time to ensure their place in the quarter-finals.
Chelsea had the most comfortable win, beating Championship side Wolves 2-0 with second-half goal from Pedro and Diego Costa.
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In a scrappy and, at times, tense game, it was Raggett's header that beat Tom Heaton to secure Lincoln's place in the last eight.
The 23-year-old, who said in 2012 that he one day hoped to play against Burnley's Joey Barton, has scored five times in 30 appearances for the Imps this season.
"It's crazy, a non-league side in the quarter-finals in modern football, it's unheard of," Raggett told BT Sport.
"They're a top quality side, drew with Chelsea last week, it's amazing. We had massive belief, we didn't come to draw, we came to win the game."
"Thank god for goalline technology. We don't have it at our level so I'm not sure the goal would have been given in the National League," Cowley added, after seeing Raggett's header marginally cross the line.
Lincoln frustrated Burnley throughout the game, with striker Matt Rhead and Barton often outmuscling one another as tensions grew in the final minutes.
"It is something you dream of as a kid. We went toe-to-toe with a Premier League team," Rhead said.
"It is unbelievable. When we started back in October it was a dream. I enjoyed every minute of it. The lads have done unbelievable."
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Burnley have not progressed to the sixth round of the FA Cup since 2002-03 and they were left frustrated at the final whistle.
They had the majority of possession in the first half but Raggett's header consigned them to only their fourth home defeat in their past 30 matches at Turf Moor.
"You have to work, be diligent and believe you will get another chance - I think they only had one chance, credit to them," Burnley manager Sean Dyche told BBC Sport.
"My team were nowhere near the level they can show. No excuses. We're unfortunately part of their fairytale."


A former police chief accused of sexual abuse in the 1980s has told a court he is a victim of a "conspiracy purely to obtain compensation".

Gordon Anglesea, 79, of Old Colwyn, Conwy, denies abusing two boys.
Mold Crown Court heard since his libel action against a newspaper, there had been no allegations against him.
However, following the Jimmy Savile scandal there was a "swell of complaints" which he said was due to police officers "revisiting boys".
He added: "That to me was abhorrent. I believe it was a complete conspiracy purely to obtain compensation."
Mr Anglesea was awarded Â£375,000 in libel damages in 1994 after a national newspaper published a story in 1991 under the heading "New Child Abuse Scandal".
The prosecution claims the offences took place in the 1980s when Mr Anglesea was a police inspector based in Wrexham.
His trial has been told Mr Anglesea allegedly had links to convicted paedophiles, including care home owner John Allen, who is serving a life sentence.
One alleged victim of the former police officer said he was first sexually assaulted by Allen while in care at Bryn Alyn Children's Home in Wrexham before being "used like a toy" by other men at an address in Mold, including Mr Anglesea.
Mr Anglesea also denies abusing the boys at Wrexham's Bryn Estyn home - he said he visited the home but was only there to administer police cautions.
He explained he would have to ring the bell and wait outside until the appropriate staff member would come to let him in.
He denies one charge of indecent assault against one boy and two charges of indecent assault and one serious sexual assault against another.
The trial continues.


Sir John Major has told those campaigning for Britain to leave the EU to "go to North Korea" if they want "undiluted sovereignty".

The former Conservative prime minister said "splendid isolation" would leave the UK weaker.
And he warned of economic damage if the UK votes to leave in the 23 June referendum.
Vote Leave said Sir John had been "wrong on nearly every EU issue over the last 20 years" and was wrong now.
Reality Check: Do we export five times as much to EU as to Commonwealth?
Speaking on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, Sir John said: "Day after day you have had the Brexit people producing soundbites that are either offensive or inaccurate or just plain silly.
"I don't believe that it is patriotic to argue for a case that is going to make this country weaker and is going to make the wellbeing of this country less certain in the future."
He went on: "To listen to them, you would think we are entrapped in the clutches of an evil empire, not in a democratic partnership with our European neighbours whose sunshine and pavement cafes we enjoy during holiday breaks."
How far the UK has the ability to make its own laws and decide how it is governed.
The Leave campaign has said leaving the EU would restore sovereignty to the UK, freeing it from the influence of Brussels and the European Court of Justice, which oversees the application of EU-wide rules.
But Sir John said: "If you want undiluted sovereignty in the modern age, when everybody is interconnected, then go to North Korea because that is where you will get it.
"It is certainly true that we share sovereignty. We take some sovereignty from other people, we share some of ours.
"We haven't surrendered it because, at the end of the day, the House of Commons, our representatives, can say, 'We won't have this, we will leave the European Union.'
"But in the modern world, the modern world of interconnectivity, the modern world with the economy that now exists, you have to share sovereignty or you find yourself isolated and weaker."
Vote Leave chief executive Matthew Elliott said: "John Major complained about soundbites before descending in hyperbole about North Korea without even a hint of self-awareness.
"John Major has been wrong on nearly every EU issue over the last 20 years. He said Britain should join the ERM - that was a disaster which cost 3 million their jobs.
This issue covers defence and the extent of Britain's influence in the world
"He signed us up to Maastricht saying it wouldn't give up sovereignty and he refused to rule out joining the euro.
"Now he doesn't want to take back control and stop handing Brussels £350m a week. He was wrong then and he is wrong now."
It comes as UKIP leader Nigel Farage claimed he had been sidelined by Vote Leave, which is the officially designated campaign to get Britain out of the EU.
He said in a speech that Vote Leave was on the "back foot" because it had failed to focus on immigration - but it had rejected his offers of help.
"Every time I attempt to work with them I am rebuffed and rejected," he added.
A Vote Leave spokesman said: "We wish Nigel well."


As families meet up for the festive season, the Alzheimer's Society is offering advice on recognising early signs of dementia in a loved one.

It says it typically sees a rise in people seeking out such information and support at this time of year.
While many realise that repeatedly forgetting names can be a red flag for dementia, few know that using repetitive phrases can also be a sign.
Stuttering or mispronouncing words is another warning.
There are around 850,000 people living with dementia in the UK.
And 225,000 more people will develop dementia this year - that's one every three minutes.
A YouGov survey of more than 4,000 adults reveals many people are confused about what are and are not signs of dementia.
Many people thought that forgetting why you have walked into a room (39%) might be a sign, which could happen to anyone. For a person with dementia, it is not so much why they walked into a room that is troubling, but the room itself seeming unfamiliar.
Seek medical advice if your memory loss is affecting daily life and especially if you:
How can we keep Alzheimer's at bay?
The risk of dementia increases with age with one-in-six of those over 80 having the degenerative disease. But it can strike even in middle-age.
While a diagnosis of dementia can be daunting, it can be a sense of relief, as Dianne Wilkinson, 57 and from Folkestone, knows first-hand.
"I've always been a positive person, so it was odd when I started to feel low and withdrawn. I just put it down to one of those things that people go through from time to time and would eventually shift. I certainly didn't think it could be a sign of dementia.
"After a couple of months some family members encouraged me to visit my GP, but it was only after my dementia diagnosis that others came forward and told me that they had noticed changes in my behaviour, such as repeating myself constantly, being unable to recall where I'd put things like my phone and feeling confused about the day of the week.
"I feel a sense of relief because now that I know I have dementia there's an explanation for why I was behaving strangely.
"It's so important people seek help early after noticing signs so that they can make sense of what is happening to them and get help to stay connected and get the most out of their life."
Jeremy Hughes, Chief Executive of Alzheimer's Society, said: "We know dementia is the most feared illness for many, and there's no question that it can have a devastating impact on people, their family and friends.
"It's important we tackle confusion around what are and aren't signs of dementia, and help give people confidence in approaching loved ones about their concerns so people don't delay getting help.
"Dementia can strip you of connections to the people you love, but we have many services that can help stop that and support you."


An inquiry has opened public hearings into allegations of sexual and physical abuse at a children's home run by Protestant missionaries.

Manor House in Lisburn, County Antrim, was run by the Society of Irish Church Missions (ICM), an organisation with links to the Church of Ireland.
Manor House closed in 1984.
The Historical Institutional Abuse (HIA) inquiry is investigating child abuse in residential institutions in Northern Ireland from 1922 to 1995.
The allegations of abuse relating to Manor House have been made by some former residents who lived at the home during periods in the 1940s, 1960s and 1970s.
They claim the abuse was perpetrated by some staff, visitors and other children at the home.
Among those alleging abuse at Manor House are two people who were sent to Australia as part of a child migrant scheme in the 1940s and 1950s.
One man, a retired company director, told the inquiry in September 2014 that he became a teenage prostitute in Australia after suffering abuse at Manor House.
Another former resident of Manor House also gave evidence to the inquiry in 2014.
He said he was tied to a rope that was attached to a brick and then tied to his bed at night so that he would not run away.
At the time, the ICM said in a statement that it disputed the claims made.
The Society for the Irish Church Missions was founded in March 1849 by an evangelical preacher from England, in a bid to convert Catholics to Protestantism across the island of Ireland.
Manor House, on Lisburn's Hillsborough Road, was bequeathed to the ICM in 1927, by Louisa Fitzgerald Stannus, a member of an aristocratic family.
The former children's home is one of 22 residential institutions across Northern Ireland that are currently under investigation by the inquiry team.
The list includes state-run children's homes, juvenile justice centres and homes run by the Catholic Church, the Church of Ireland and the UK's largest children's charity, Barnardo's.
More than 500 people have made a formal application to speak to the HIA inquiry or to share their experiences thorough its acknowledgement forum.
The inquiry's chairman, retired senior High Court judge Sir Anthony Hart, is due to submit his report to the Northern Ireland Executive by 17 January 2017.


Prosecutors believe a convicted child abuser who died in 2006 was responsible for the murder of schoolgirl Moira Anderson in Lanarkshire in 1957.

The 11-year-old was last seen on a bus to Coatbridge, which was driven by Alexander Gartshore.
Following an investigation by its cold case unit and new witnesses coming forward, the Crown Office has now said it would have prosecuted Gartshore.
Moira was last seen on 23 February 1957. Her body has never been found.
She had left her home during a snowstorm to run an errand to a local Co-op shop. Moira then boarded a bus driven by Gartshore, who was the last person to see her alive.
Later that year, he was jailed for raping a 17-year-old babysitter.
In 1999, convicted child abuser James Gallogley named his former friend Gartshore as Moira's murderer.
Gallogley was said to have made the confession to another inmate while he was dying in Peterhead Prison.
After Gartshore's death in 2006, his daughter Sandra Brown, a former friend of Moira, published a book in which she accused her late father of the schoolgirl's murder.
She said she believed Gartshore had initially buried the child's body in a ditch but later moved it to the open grave of an acquaintance, Sinclair Upton, at Old Monkland Cemetery.
An exhumation of the Upton family burial plot in January last year did not find Moira's remains.
Moira's unsolved murder was later reviewed by the Crown Office's cold case unit.
It has now said that had Gartshore been alive it would have brought a murder case against him as the absence of a body is not a barrier to prosecution in Scotland.
The Crown Office outlined the narrative which prosecutors would have presented in any trial.
This would have proceeded from the viewpoint that Moira Anderson had no reason to run away and it would be "a reasonable inference" that she had come to harm.
After leaving her grandmother's house, Moira boarded a Baxter's bus that was driven by Gartshore.
He admitted to family and police officers that he had seen her on the bus and that he was the last person to see her alive.
Prosecutors would have said Gartshore had an interest in young girls - a fact illustrated by his subsequently conviction for sexually abusing a teenage girl.
They would also have cited conversations with his family where he admitted being sexually attracted to young girls and to being attracted to Moira Anderson.
Conversations with family, and interviews with police officers, would also have been brought before the jury to show that Gartshore made "contradictory and incriminating statements".
Among these would be a statement where he said he knew that Moira was missing at a time before she was treated as a missing person.
The Crown Office also said that a new witness had come forward, stating that Gartshore exposed himself to her and Moira in a local park in the summer of 1956.
The witness said Gartshore knew Moira by name when calling her over to him.
A further new witness also came forward who saw a man dragging a young girl by the arms at a place near a bus terminus in Carnbroe, Coatbridge.
This was said to have happened on 23 February 1957 -  the day Moira was last seen alive.
The description of the young girl matched the description of Moira Anderson.
The witness also identified Gartshore as the man she had seen dragging the young girl.
Prosecutors said the witness had given an explanation for not coming forward earlier "which is considered to be credible" and had "not read any of the books or literature written on the disappearance of Moira Anderson".
The Crown Office said the new evidence provided "the sufficiency of evidence" needed to allow a prosecution against Gartshore if he had still been alive.
Responding to the development, Lord Advocate Frank Mulholland QC said: "This will hopefully bring closure to the family of Moira Anderson, who have had to wait more than half a century for answers."
He added: "We are not saying that the suspect is guilty, only that there is sufficient credible and reliable evidence to indict him and there would be a reasonable prospect of conviction had he still been alive.
"It was only after serious consideration of the circumstances of this case that it was decided to place this information in the public domain."
Det Ch Insp Pat Campbell, of Police Scotland, said he hoped the development would offer "some solace to the family and friends of Moira Anderson".
"Despite the passage of time, she has never been forgotten," he said.
"Unfortunately, the whereabouts of Moira remain unknown and I would like to take this opportunity to appeal to people again, if you have any additional information which could help us find Moira, please do pass it on."
The Crown Office statement was also welcomed by the Moira Anderson Foundation - a charity founded by Gartshore's daughter Sandra Brown to support those affected by childhood sexual abuse.
In a statement, the charity said: "This landmark decision by the Scottish Crown Office is welcomed by the foundation, and underlines the importance of the work we do providing support for families dealing with the trauma of child sexual abuse."
It added: "Giving young people information, in our view, is the best way to help keep them safe, and this is Moira's legacy."


Ben Maher and Nick Skelton both remain in contention to become the British show jumper to win an Olympic individual medal in 44 years after qualifying for Friday's final in Rio.

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The pair join 33 other riders in Friday's opening round, with the top 20 after that contesting the medals.
London 2012 gold medallist Maher picked up just one time fault on Tic Tac, while Skelton had five on Big Star.
"I feel my horse is jumping better as each day goes on," said Maher.
Great Britain exited the team competition in the first round earlier this week, and Maher added: "Myself and Nick are trying to redeem ourselves.
"We really believed that we could come here and put in a good performance for the team, and things just didn't go our way. It just wasn't meant to be.
"We had to come out and keep pushing, and the deal today was that we made the cut. We both got the job done."


A seven-year-old boy at the centre of a legal dispute over cancer treatment should be given radiotherapy as soon as possible, a High Court judge has heard.

Neon Roberts underwent surgery on a brain tumour on Wednesday against his mother's wishes.
Sally Roberts, 37, wanted a delay until more doctors had been consulted, and does not want him to have radiotherapy because she has future health concerns.
Doctors said Neon's condition would worsen without further treatment.
The hearing in London was earlier told by Ian Peddie, QC for Ms Roberts, that her son's operation on Wednesday "went well."
The court heard that during the surgery evidence was found of a tumour nodule which had been predicted.
However, tests on spinal fluid showed no evidence of cancerous cells elsewhere.
Doctors said they believed it would not be in Neon's interests to delay preparation for radiotherapy as it would worsen his prognosis.
They said radiotherapy normally took two weeks preparation but, in this case, they wanted to start as soon as possible.
One doctor said the impact of radiotherapy should not be overstated because "we use lower doses now".
Mrs Roberts previously told the court she was not a "bonkers mother" and she feared treatment such as radiotherapy could do Neon long-term harm including causing brain damage or infertility.
The court also heard Mrs Roberts had refused permission for her son to be given medicine in the last few days to stop him vomiting.
While hearing evidence from a child cancer specialist about the benefit and risks of radiotherapy, the doctor said research showed the treatment proposed for Neon tended to lead to a "modest" decline in IQ of maybe five points.
"I would expect the patient to go to mainstream school - with support. My experience is that they can take exams," he said.
Radiotherapy can cause a number of short-term side effects including hair loss on the area of the head being treated, sickness and tiredness.
Sometimes it can make symptoms worse before they get better because it causes swelling, which increases pressure in the head. This can be treated with steroids.
Some patients go on to develop new symptoms weeks to months after treatment, which include poor appetite, sleepiness, lack of energy and a worsening of old symptoms. This may be due to damage caused to nerve tissue or healthy brain cells, and the symptoms usually disappear over time.
A minority of patients develop long-term, enduring side effects, which are caused by more permanent changes in the brain tissue.
These can include problems thinking clearly, poor memory, confusion, and personality changes.
These symptoms are less common than they once were because modern radiotherapy can be delivered very precisely to diseased areas.
They tend to be more common in children, whose nervous systems are still developing.
It is important to stress that for most the benefits of radiotherapy far outweigh the risks.
When being cross-examined by counsel for Sally Roberts, the doctor was asked about alternative treatment and therapies.
The doctor replied that health staff were open to families interested in using complementary therapies alongside conventional treatment.
Giving evidence later, Mrs Roberts said she objected to anti-vomiting drugs because she was not sure Neon needed them and she was concerned he was being given medicines unnecessarily.
She said she knew about "thousands of studies" of children being treated without radiotherapy, but added she had not had time to find experts to testify.
Mr Justice Bodey said the court cold not have random studies presented but said Mrs Roberts should select one study she most wanted to rely on.
Neon's father Ben, who lives in London and is separated from Ms Roberts, has agreed to radiotherapy but is "apprehensive", the court heard previously.
When asked if he should have overriding consent over treatment, Mrs Roberts replied: "But I'm his mother."
The court heard Mr Roberts would like custody of Neon for the duration of any treatment. Mrs Roberts said she had no objection if she could visit daily.
Mr Justice Bodey said he was minded to make a default ruling on Neon's continuing treatment unless Mrs Roberts could produce someone who could offer other treatment that was in Neon's best interests.
Mrs Roberts wanted to seek an adjournment until January but that was rejected by Mr Justice Bodey, who said he was likely to give judgement on Friday.
The NHS asked for a final order to be made on Thursday.
The judge ruled on Tuesday the surgery should go ahead after an MRI scan revealed a residual tumour left from the boy's last operation.
Earlier in the month New Zealand-born Mrs Roberts went into hiding with her son, sparking a nationwide search before both were found unharmed.
A judge has previously ruled the hospital should not be identified.
The hearing continues.


London Irish and England Saxons winger Alex Lewington has admitted he had some difficult days early in his recovery from a serious knee ligament injury.

The 25-year-old was out for eight months after reconstructive surgery.
Lewington scored his first try since returning as Irish beat Cornish Pirates on Saturday to secure top spot in the Championship.
"It felt like a long way away when the injury first happened," Lewington told BBC Sport. "I'm delighted to be back."
The former Leicester player was in action for England Saxons against South Africa A in June when the injury forced his early withdrawal from the tour.
Having caught the eye of national selectors during a tough Premiership campaign for London Irish last season, the club's director of rugby Nick Kennedy feels Lewington is more than capable of international recognition again.
"We've thrown him back into some of our biggest games this season and he's performed for us," Kennedy said.
"He's been getting better each game, he's a lethal finisher and definitely one I feel Eddie Jones should be taking a look at."
A long-term lay-off was difficult for Lewington, who is now hoping to secure an immediate top-flight return for Championship leaders Irish.
"The first few months (of recovery), you're borderline not really a rugby player," Lewington said. "Everything you're doing is not really to do with rugby, it's just about getting your body functional.
"But to be back now with us approaching the season run-in is great."


Mark Hughes has been appointed Stoke City manager, six months after being sacked by QPR.

He replaces fellow Welshman Tony Pulis, who left Stoke by mutual consent last week after seven years in charge at the Britannia Stadium.
Former Manchester City manager Hughes, 49, has been out of work since leaving QPR last November.
He endured a difficult time during his 11-month spell at Loftus Road, winning only eight of 34 games in charge.
The Welshman failed to secure a victory in the opening 12 league matches of the 2012-13 season, leading to his sacking and replacement by Harry Redknapp.
Stoke will confirm Hughes's appointment at a news conference at 11:00 BST with the club expected to announce he has signed a three-year deal.
Chairman Peter Coates told the Stoke Sentinel: "We had lots of inquiries about the job, including some very interesting names, but we decided Mark Hughes was a fit for us.
"His record speaks for itself. He has done excellently by anyone's standards. He's also a thoughtful, intelligent man with an intense desire to win."
Hughes enjoyed a stellar playing career with the likes of Manchester United, Barcelona and Chelsea before managing Wales, initially on a part-time basis before taking on a full-time position.
He began his club managerial career at Blackburn in 2004, leading Rovers to three successive top-10 finishes before leaving Ewood Park after four years to take charge at Manchester City in June 2008.
Mark Hughes's career
His spell at City lasted 18 months, during which time the club was taken over by the Abu Dhabi Group, before he was dismissed and replaced by Roberto Mancini in December 2009.
A one-season stint at Fulham in 2010-11 helped Hughes rebuild his reputation as he took the London club to eighth in the Premier League.
He resigned in June 2011 and started his ill-fated spell at QPR in January 2012.
The former Manchester United striker takes over a Stoke side built in the mould of the recently departed Pulis.
In his second stint at the club, 55-year-old Pulis won promotion to the Premier League in 2008 to end a 23-year spell without top-flight football.
Stoke were losing FA Cup finalists in 2011 when beaten by Manchester City, although they did qualify for the Europa League and reached the last 32 the following season where they lost to Valencia.
But his team's robust and direct style of play brought criticism from rival managers, such as Arsenal's Arsene Wenger, and latterly from his own supporters.
Hughes's appointment will not be universally popular with fans, according to the chairman of Stoke City's Supporters Club, Bryan Shaw.
"From all the people available, he would not have been my first choice, although he has a reasonable record apart from at QPR," he said.
"Not a lot of supporters wanted Tony Pulis back when he was brought back for a second spell in charge.
"That wasn't a popular decision because of his style of football. Probably half of the fan base was against him at first but he won the majority over. There is a feeling Hughes is similar.
"If you ask the majority of Stoke supporters, Mark Hughes would not be their first choice. That said, whoever the chairman appoints we have to get behind. We just have to hope he proves us wrong."
However, Stoke legend Denis Smith, who made almost 500 appearances for the Potters, believes that Hughes will be able to make a good impression.
"He's a fairly young manager, got new ideas, the technology he uses is good, and he's got good staff who are forward looking," the former defender told BBC Radio Stoke.
"His record is good except for QPR. If you look at what he did with Blackburn, Wales and Fulham his record is good. His last job was not so good, but everybody has a blip now and again.
"Mark will know what's expected of him, and if you look at the sides that he's put together they usually try an attacking way of playing.
"In the end he's got to win games. If you don't let any in, you're not going to get beat, so you start with your defence, but his defence is quite strong. What he's got to do is improve the attacking side of things."


Australia coach Darren Lehmann has extended his contract until October 2019, but said he does not expect to continue beyond then.

The 46-year-old's deal, which was set to expire in 2017, now covers the World Cup and Ashes in England in 2019.
"I love the job, but it's a job you can't do forever," said Lehmann, who was appointed in 2013.
Under Lehmann, Australia won the 2015 World Cup and are currently top of the Test and one-day rankings.
They trail 1-0 in the three-Test series in Sri Lanka, with the second Test at Galle starting on Thursday.
Former batsman Lehmann, who played 27 Tests and 117 one-day internationals for Australia between 1996 and 2005, said: "I absolutely love doing this job and as far as I am concerned it is the best job in the world.
"I'm looking forward to the next few years in charge and hopefully getting some wins in the sub-continent, first and foremost on the agenda."
Lehmann lost his first series in charge, the 2013 Ashes in England, but oversaw a 5-0 whitewash on home soil the following winter.
He has also enjoyed series wins against South Africa, India, New Zealand and West Indies, although England are the current holders of the Ashes urn following victory in 2015.


Controversial plans to build a £12m hydro electric scheme at a beauty spot in Conwy Valley have been refused.

RWE Innogy wanted to use water from the River Conwy to supply its proposed hydro power project at Betws y Coed.
The firm said it would have had a positive impact on the environment but campaigners were worried half an acre of the centuries-old Fairy Glen Wood would be destroyed by the build.
Snowdonia National Park Authority rejected the proposals on Wednesday.
The project would have taken water from the river above Penmachno bridge and diverted it through more than half a mile (1km) of pipeline around Fairy Glen to generate electricity, before returning it to the river near the River Lledr junction.
It would have been capable of generating enough power for about 3,200 homes a year.
Billy Langley, of RWE Innogy UK, said he was "extremely disappointed" with the authority's rejection of the plans, which he said would have had a positive impact on the local environment and economy.
"In light of this decision, we will now take some time to consider our options," he added.


Manchester City's under-21 side have been drawn against Bradford, Chesterfield and Rotherham in the group stages of the EFL Trophy.

Tottenham Hotspur's under-21 team, who are new to the competition alongside City, Newcastle and Fulham, will face AFC Wimbledon, Barnet and Luton.
League One side Portsmouth were kept apart from the under-21 side of local rivals Southampton in the draw.
Holders Coventry face Shrewsbury, Walsall, and West Brom's under-21s.
Chelsea's academy side faces long trips to Exeter, Plymouth and Yeovil after League One and Two clubs were grouped together to minimise travel for players and supporters.
The competition features 16 under-21 teams from clubs with category one academies, in addition to the 48 League One and League Two clubs.
2017-18 will be the second season that selected Premier League and Championship academy teams have taken part in the competition.
A one-season trial in 2016-17 received mixed reviews - while a higher proportion of young English players featured than in previous seasons, there were low attendances during the group stage and some clubs were fined for breaching rules regarding team selection.
League One and Two clubs voted to continue with the existing structure in May and amendments were made to certain regulations.
Among the changes are clubs being allowed greater selection flexibility, higher prize money and invited teams playing their group fixtures away from home.
EFL chief executive Shaun Harvey said: "I certainly think any valid excuses that were in place last year in relation to the speed with which the competition was put together have obviously gone.
"The big advantage we've had this time is to have the chance to sit down and talk with our teams in a level of detail that never existed last year."
Northern section
Southern Section


The family behind Forbes Media is suing its Hong Kong investors for an alleged breach of payment on the stake they bought in the media firm last year.

In a lawsuit, the family has alleged Integrated Whale Media Investments (IWM) breached its purchase agreement and failed to make payments on time.
IWM borrowed money from Forbes to finance the deal, the family added.
However, IWM has rejected the allegations and told the BBC they are "completely without merit".
The Hong Kong-based investment holding company is registered in the British Virgin Islands, while the Forbes family's lawsuit has been filed the US state of Delaware.
Forbes Media publishes Forbes magazine and reaches about 80 million people a month through its various outlets in print, digital and television.
Forbes Media was owned by the Forbes family for 97 years until the family sold a controlling stake to IWM for an undisclosed amount in July 2014.  It had been looking for a buyer since November 2013.
But the Forbes family claims the investment firm has "wasted" corporate assets and abused its position as the controlling shareholder of Forbes Media.
"From the outset of the supposed partnership, Integrated Whale and its principals have steadfastly refused to pay what they clearly owe, and instead have made a series of baseless - and often patently false - excuses and pretexts for their refusal to honour their basic contractual commitments," the family said in the lawsuit filed last week.
IWM has said the lawsuit is a dispute between shareholders and does not have any impact on the media firm's daily operations and future growth.
"Forbes Media is managed by a team of media professionals, and IWM has built a good and trusted working relationship with this management team."


A peer has called on the government to apologise for the "suffering" of Palestinians, 100 years after the Balfour Declaration.

The UK government declaration was the first commitment by a world power to a "Jewish national home" in Palestine.
Lord Warner said the UK had failed to protect the rights of non-Jewish people in the region and should apologise.
The government said there would be no apology but it would work for peace between Israel and the Palestinians.
During questions in the House of Lords, the Foreign Office Minister Baroness Anelay told the independent peer that the government "will mark the centenary of Balfour with pride" and had invited Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to the UK.
However, she added: "We recognise that the declaration should have called for the protection of political rights of non-Jewish communities in Palestine, particularly their right to self-determination.
"This is why we support a two-state solution."
In November 1917, the then British Foreign Secretary, Arthur Balfour, wrote a letter to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the Jewish community in Britain. It became an important element in the movement to create a Jewish state in Palestine, which culminated in the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948.
Historians disagree as to what Balfour intended by his declaration. The letter makes no mention of the word "state" and insists that nothing should be done "which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine".
Crossbencher Lord Warner argued that there was a "conditionality" to the declaration and successive UK governments "have failed to deliver that declaration protection to the Palestinian people".
He told the House: "Furthermore, should we not mark the centenary with a gracious apology from the British government in Parliament for the suffering that that failure has caused and try to make amends... with a clear commitment to recognition of a viable independent Palestinian state?"
Foreign Office
November 2nd, 1917
Dear Lord Rothschild,
I have much pleasure in conveying to you on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet:
His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.
I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.
Yours,
Arthur James Balfour
Baroness Anelay replied: "It was a historic statement and one for which the United Kingdom has no intention to apologise. We are focused on encouraging the Israelis and Palestinians to take steps which bring them closer to peace."
She ruled out recognising a Palestinian state until there was "a lasting negotiated solution", saying that "bilateral recognition does not deliver reality".
Conservative peer Lord Leigh of Hurley described Israel as "the one country in the Middle East that does protect human rights for women and gays amongst others".
And Labour foreign affairs spokesman Lord Collins of Highbury said: "The most important thing we can achieve in 100 years of the Balfour Declaration is ensuring that peace talks commence."
Lord Warner asked the question on behalf of absent independent peer Baroness Tonge, who quit the Liberal Democrats in 2012 over remarks she made about Israel.
Last year, Palestinian officials announced plans to sue the UK over the Balfour Declaration, arguing that it led to mass Jewish immigration to British Mandate Palestine "at the expense of our Palestinian people".
Mr Netanyahu said the move "shines a light clarifying that the root of the conflict is the [Palestinian] refusal to recognise a Jewish state in any borders".


A woman has been taken to hospital after she was attacked with a knife in Edinburgh.

The assault happened in the Drylaw area of the city at about 09:00.
The victim was taken to Edinburgh Royal Infirmary after the attack.
A police investigation is under way. A spokesman said: "Inquiries are ongoing into the full circumstances."


More than 22,000 children, including an eight-year-old, were held overnight in custody in 2014-15, figures show.

The 22,792 under-18s included one who was held for 15 days.
Criminal justice experts said authorities were breaching their statutory duties by detaining under 18s overnight in adult cells.
But police said there was a "lack of alternative accommodation", while local authorities said they faced difficulties in finding emergency care.
The figures, which the BBC obtained through Freedom of Information (FOI) requests to England's 39 forces, showed that while the number of children detained overnight had fallen, from 41,789 in 2011-12, experts believed it was still too high.
The BBC asked forces to give figures for the number of children brought into custody between the hours of 22:00 and 06:00.
In its response to the FOI request, Gloucestershire Police said the youngest child it held was eight years old, but challenged the "overnight" definition.
"The child was detained for around two hours between 10.30pm and 12.30am which we do not constitute as being held overnight," the statement said.
The law states that, once charged, anyone under 18 should be bailed to their home or transferred to local authority accommodation unless it is impracticable, or the child needs secure accommodation and it is not available.
"In my eight years of representing children, I have never once known a child to be transferred to overnight accommodation," said Jennifer Twite, a barrister with Just For Kids, a charity that campaigns on behalf of children in the justice system.
"The number of children held overnight is shocking and unacceptable.
"Local authorities are under a legal duty to provide overnight accommodation for these children, many of whom are acutely vulnerable and in great distress."
22,792
Children were held overnight in police custody in 2014/2015, forces said
8 The age of the youngest child held
380  hours The longest period a child was held
Most forces were unable to provide information about how many under-18s were successfully transferred to council accommodation but in one force - Merseyside - just three out of 73 children were transferred in June and July 2015.
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) which independently assesses police forces said custody staff at some forces - including Bedfordshire - had "never known secure accommodation to be made available for children... and had stopped requesting this facility".
HMIC said: "No police force is doing enough to work with local authorities to get secure accommodation."
Frances Crook, chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: "The police know cells are not a nursery or a school.
"They are not an appropriate place for children to be.
"Police stations are noisy and full of adults - some of whom are drunk and dangerous.
"The cells are often subterranean and really unpleasant places."
Karen's son, 15-year-old Jamie (not his real name), was taken into police custody at about 22:00 on Sunday, following an incident involving a knife at the family home in Cornwall.
Jamie, who has Asperger's syndrome, spent the night in a cell.
The family said they and the police asked Cornwall County Council to provide emergency accommodation but were told it was not the council's responsibility.
"I can only imagine the noise and the sounds which would have been very distressing for him," Karen said.
"We feel really upset. I have no doubt in my mind he will have received excellent care from the police but it's hardly ideal."
Karen said the family had struggled with Jamie's behaviour for many years. He was diagnosed with Asperger's at the age of 11.
"There have been several severe, violent outbursts," she said.
She added: "It's not just down to the police to look after vulnerable children.
"I have no faith in social care - they are overwhelmed and the quality of their work is really poor.
"I would like to see social care teams scrapped and a new, national body with proper funding put in its place."
The county council said: "We believe it is reasonable to expect parents to fulfil the responsibilities to care for their own children.
"Cornwall also has a shortage of a carers who are willing and able to look after troubled teenagers.
"We do have some amazing carers who do this but none were available at that time."
Devon and Cornwall Police said: "Being kept in a police cell can be a very intimidating and daunting experience for a child and we try to avoid this happening where possible.
"If more suitable accommodation cannot be found, as in this case, a child has been kept overnight as a last resort."
The government said it was the responsibility of chief constables to ensure the law was complied with.
In 2015 it changed the law, following a campaign by Just for Kids and the families of three 17-year-olds  - Eddie Thornber, Joe Lawton and Kesia Leatherbarrow - who killed themselves after being arrested.
Policing minister Mike Penning said 17-year-olds would be "treated like 15 and 16-year-olds, and moved to secure local authority accommodation".
He said: "The law is clear that any child who is charged with an offence should not be held overnight unless absolutely necessary.
"This government is doing more to protect children and vulnerable individuals who often end up in police custody due to the lack of suitable accommodation."
Yet experts agree this is not happening rapidly enough.
Dr Vicky Kemp, principal research fellow at the University of Nottingham's School of Law, has specialised in studying children in the justice system.
"Kids are being held for longer and longer because the police are strapped for resources," she said. "You are getting 14-year-olds held in cells for hours and it's not good enough.
"The system can be very damaging for adolescents."
The National Police Chiefs' Council lead for children and young people, Deputy Chief Constable Olivia Pinkney, said: "Entering custody can be a traumatic experience.
"One factor in longer stays is the lack of alternative accommodation."
Roy Perry, who chairs the Local Government Association's children and young people board, said: "Young people should never have to spend the night in a police cell unnecessarily.
"However, we know there will be times when there is no other option available."
Update 2 February 2016: This report has been updated to include further information from Gloucestershire Police.


Donald Trump has lamented that New York bombing suspect Ahmad Khan Rahami will receive medical treatment and legal representation after his arrest.

The Afghan-born 28-year-old was charged with five counts of attempted murder after a police shootout.
The Republican nominee said it was a "sad situation" and underscores the country's weak national security.
Meanwhile, his Democratic rival Hillary Clinton said Mr Trump's rhetoric only helped terrorist groups.
"The kinds of rhetoric and language that Mr Trump has used is giving aid and comfort to our adversaries," Mrs Clinton told reporters at a news conference outside New York City.
She added that she was the only candidate equipped with the experience of being "part of the hard decisions to take terrorists off the battlefield".
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Mr Trump fired back in a statement, saying that a Clinton presidency would only lead to "more attacks on our homeland and more innocent Americans being hurt and killed".
What we know so far
Profile of Ahmad Khan Rahami
Later at a campaign rally in Fort Myers, Florida, Mr Trump decried Mr Rahami's treatment for gunshot wounds and his legal representation, which is his constitutional right under the Fifth Amendment.
"But the bad part, now we will give him amazing hospitalization. He will be taken care of by some of the best doctors in the world," Mr Trump said.
"He will be given a fully modern and updated hospital room. And he'll probably even have room service knowing the way our country is."
He suggested that any punishment would be too lenient on Mr Rahami. "What a sad situation," he added.
Mr Trump repeated calls for "extreme vetting" of new arrivals, which would include an assessment of whether potential immigrants share American values.
The country's national security became a central issue in the election after a series of bombings over the weekend culminated with Mr Rahami's arrest on Monday.
Early on Saturday, a pipe bomb exploded in a shore town ahead of a charity race. No-one was hurt.
Hours later, a bombing in New York's Chelsea district injured 29 people. An unexploded device was found nearby.
Other devices were also found or exploded in New Jersey over the past few days.
US officials involved in the investigation have told US media that Mr Rahami had travelled to Afghanistan and Pakistan in recent years.
But at a news conference on Monday, the FBI said they had as yet found no links to international terror groups.
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Funding of £6m has been announced for a new museum at David Livingstone's birthplace in Blantyre.

It is hoped that the investment from the National Lottery and Scottish government can help to attract visitors from around the world.
Livingstone was born in a Blantyre mill in 1813 and spent 30 years exploring southern, central and eastern Africa.
The museum will celebrate the story of how a poor millworker became a popular British hero of the Victorian era.
The Heritage Lottery Fund will invest £4.1m in the project with the Scottish government committing £1.375m and Historic Environment Scotland investing £575,000.
International Development Minister Alasdair Allan said: "David Livingstone remains to this day a deeply inspirational and iconic figure to many people here in Scotland, in Africa and across the world. Principles of global humanitarianism and solidarity lay behind much of his work.
"The reinvigoration of these historic buildings and surrounding grounds will create new spaces and opportunities for people to learn about the important legacy of one of Scotland's national heroes."
David Livingstone's geographic, technical, medical, and social discoveries are still being studied today.
The respect he gained from African chiefs opened the door to missionaries, inspired abolitionists of the slave trade, and influenced Western attitudes towards Africa.
Head of the Heritage Lottery Fund in Scotland, Lucy Casot, said: "The life of David Livingstone is both incredible and inspirational yet his pioneering work is recognised more in Africa than it is in Scotland where he was born.
"In the Year of History Heritage and Archaeology, it's timely that, thanks to National Lottery players, David Livingstone's birthplace is set to become a valuable education resource and world tourist destination."


Former Everton midfielder Tim Cahill has signed a short-term deal with Chinese side Hangzhou Greentown.

Cahill, 36, who had his contract with Shanghai Shenhua terminated last week, said the deal was an "amazing opportunity".
"I'm very happy to be back playing football," Cahill wrote on Instagram. "I have signed a contract for five months. The future now is clear."
The Australian moved to China in 2015 from the New York Red Bulls.


World number one Rory McIlroy will defend his US PGA Championship title next week at Whistling Straits, Wisconsin after recovering from injury.

Tee times were released on Friday with McIlroy grouped with the winners of this year's majors, Jordan Spieth and Zach Johnson.
The 26-year-old had given hints via social media that he would be able to return to action.
He suffered a "total rupture" of ligaments in his left ankle last month.
McIlroy's post on Friday showed the inside of a private plane along with various emojis depicting a US flag, a thumbs-up symbol and a golf flag.
The on-board video screen suggested McIlroy was departing from Faro in Portugal, where the four-time major winner was understood to have been practising and the location for Thursday's video of him hitting a driver on the range.
On Wednesday, McIlroy posted a video in which he was seen balancing on his left leg and twisting and throwing a gym ball to mimic the actions of the golf swing.
He has also shared photographs of his ankle from four and three weeks ago, saying: "I've come a long way since."
McIlroy, who was ruled out of the Scottish Open and the defence of his Open and WGC-Bridgestone Invitational titles with the injury, was always going to be included in the tee times for Whistling Straits unless he called the PGA of America to withdraw.
His last competitive round was a closing 66 in the US Open at Chambers Bay on 21 June.


A collection of medieval manuscripts is being brought into the 21st Century with the launch of a project to digitally reproduce them.

Historic documents belonging to Durham Cathedral's Priory Library are being scanned in high resolution in conjunction with Durham University.
The collection has been described as being "of international significance".
Once in online form, the records will be made available for academic research and public viewing.
The books were originally used by the Benedictine monks of Durham until the dissolution of monasteries by Henry VIII from 1536-41.
Many collections across the country were broken up, but Durham's remained intact and includes "masterpieces of calligraphy... spanning a millennium of European culture", the university said.
Lisa Di Tommaso, head of collections at Durham Cathedral, said: "It is one of the most complete in situ collections in the British Isles with the oldest pieces dating back to the 6th Century. They belonged to the monks who fled Lindisfarne.
"We keep the collection locked away in a very controlled environment with a cool temperature and low lighting so digitising it will enable people to have much greater access to some lavishly hand-illustrated manuscripts."
There are more than 300 volumes in the cathedral's collection and Ms Di Tommaso believes the success of the Lindisfarne Gospels exhibition in 2013 shows there is a strong interest in such works.
The first volumes are available to view online later, with others being added as the scheme progresses.
Dr Keith Bartlett, director of culture at Durham University, said: "Just to look at some of the manuscripts as they're being digitised is wonderful, seeing the colours, the richness and the beauty of the works of art."
The project is expected to cost about Â£1.25m and about Â£250,000 has already been raised.


A Nigerian man held as a slave in west London for nearly a quarter of a century has told how police turned him away when he first asked them for help.

It took Ofonime Sunday Inuk 15 years to report his captors in 2004 only for police to say they could not help him as it was a "family matter," he said.
Mr Inuk finally managed to escape with the help of the Met in March 2014.
The force said it was "really regrettable" it had missed earlier opportunities to help Mr Inuk.
Emmanuel Edet, a trained doctor who worked for Surrey County Council and his wife Antan, a nurse at Ealing Hospital, were sentenced to six years in prison for ill treating a young person, holding him in servitude and assisting unlawful immigration.
They brought Mr Inuk to the UK from Nigeria in 1989 when he was a teenager by promising him an education in return for paid work cleaning the house, cooking and caring for their children, but instead treated him as a slave and forced him to work up to 17 hours a day at their home in Perivale, Ealing.
In order to get him through immigration they changed his name and added it to their family passport.
Mr Inuk, who is now 40 said: "I was so happy, thinking it would change my life, but I was just a person's property," he told BBC London's home affairs correspondent Nick Beake in an exclusive interview.
"I wanted to commit suicide, I couldn't bear it."
After 15 years he reported his intolerable situation to the police.
"They didn't help me."
"They told me that if I wanted to report them [his captors] they would have to come to the house. The Edets would have turned me out and I would have got myself in trouble."
When he told the police the Edets had confiscated his passport, he said: "They told me there was nothing they could do" because it was a "family matter".
He was encouraged to seek help from the police a second time in 2013 after hearing about a slavery case on the radio and Met detectives finally helped him to escape nine years after he first contacted them.
Det Ch Insp Phil Brewer of the Met Police trafficking and kidnapping unit said: "It's really regrettable that that happened."
He said the Met now worked with many organisations and local authorities to help prevent similar scenarios occurring where "people are not listened to or not believed."


Jemaah Islamiah (JI), a South East Asian militant group with links to al-Qaeda, has a long track record of bomb attacks in Indonesia and elsewhere in the region.

The most deadly were the near simultaneous blasts in two Bali nightclubs in Bali on 12 October 2002, which killed 202 people.
JI and affiliated cells have also been implicated in attacks against Christian targets in eastern Indonesia, a suicide bombing outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta in September 2004, and a similar strike at the JW Marriott hotel, also in Jakarta, in August 2003.
Since the Bali bombings, scores of militants associated with the group have been jailed or killed.
In January 2012, the Philippines military said it had killed two key leaders of the group in a raid in the south of the country.
Those reportedly killed were Malaysian Zulkifli bin Hir, or Marwan, who in recent years had become one of the most-wanted militants in the region, and Mohammad Ali, alias Muawiyah.
JI - whose name means Islamic Group in Arabic - is said to have been formed by a handful of exiled Indonesians based in Malaysia in the late 1980s.
It has its roots in Darul Islam, a radical movement that called for the establishment of Islamic law in Indonesia.
The network grew to include cells across the region, including in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
Its goal is the establishment of an Islamic state across South East Asia. In its formative years JI advocated using largely peaceful means to pursue this goal, but in the mid-1990s the group took on a more violent edge.
This growing militancy was said to be nurtured in part through contacts between JI figures, and senior al-Qaeda members in Afghanistan.
Under the influence of al-Qaeda, JI embraced the idea that its goals could only be secured through a "holy war".
But some JI members became unhappy at the disproportionately large number of unintended Muslim victims of the bombing campaign.
Indonesian security analysts say the organisation later split into two broad factions - bombers and proselytisers, with the latter attempting to steer the organisation towards using preaching as its main weapon.
Adding to these internal divisions was the sustained pressure applied to JI by Indonesian security agencies, often in concert with foreign counterparts, notably from the US, Australia and other South East Asian states.
This pressure has led to the killing or imprisonment several key JI leader and the arrest of more than 200 suspected members across the region.
Abu Bakar Ba'asyir, said to be one of founders of JI but who later reportedly renounced violence, was sentenced to 15 years in jail in June 2011. The term was later reduced to nine years.
Logistics chief Riduan Isamuddin, also known as Hambali, was arrested in Thailand in 2003 and is now in US custody in Guantanamo.
Senior bomb maker Fathur Rahman al-Ghozi was killed by police in the Philippines in 2003, and bomb-making expert Azahari bin Husin was shot dead by police in Java in 2005.
In September 2009, Indonesian officials confirmed the death of Malaysian JI member Noordin Mohamed Top. Australian forensic experts had implicated him in both the 2003 Marriott and the 2004 Australian embassy attacks.
In February and March 2009, several suspected militants were arrested in a series of raids in the mountains of Aceh province, where officials said groups with possible links to JI had training camps.
Those arrests were followed by the killing by police of Dulmatin, the last of the Bali bomb suspects to face justice or death, the following year.
The war in Afghanistan in the 1980s allowed relationships to develop between JI members and the future core of al-Qaeda, including Osama Bin Laden.
However evidence suggests that although some JI personnel might be inspired by the larger global mystique of figures such as Bin Laden, the South East Asian group remains operationally and organisationally distinct.
JI also has links with other violent South East Asian Islamist groups, mainly as a result of their simultaneous presence at training camps in Afghanistan.
These include the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), a secessionist movement fighting for a Muslim homeland in the southern Philippines, as well as several other Indonesian, Malaysian and Thai groups.


Libya's prime minister has called on Washington to explain a special forces raid on its territory, one of two by US commandos in Africa on Saturday.

Ali Zeidan's office said he had asked for clarification and stressed Libya was "keen on prosecuting any Libyan citizen inside Libya".
The raid captured al-Qaeda leader Anas al-Liby, a suspected mastermind of the 1998 US embassy attacks in Africa.
US Secretary of State John Kerry said the suspect was a "legal target".
Mr Kerry said Anas al-Liby would face justice in a court of law.
On Saturday, US commandos also carried out a raid in southern Somalia but failed to capture its target.
The US Navy Seals' seaborne raid was believed to have focused on a leader of the al-Shabab militant group, which says it carried out last month's attack on the Westgate shopping centre in the Kenyan capital, Nairobi, leaving at least 67 people dead.
By Frank GardnerBBC security correspondent
This weekend's twin raids by US commandos to target America's enemies in Africa are the result of intensive planning by US intelligence agencies and Special Operations Command.
The Libyan jihadist snatched on Saturday had been on the FBI's wanted list since 2001. Once informants on the ground in Libya had confirmed his exact location, it would have been relatively easy for the US Army Delta Force commandos to deploy from a US base in Europe.
But targeting al-Shabab leaders believed responsible for the Nairobi Westgate attack has proved more difficult. Here, it seems US intelligence got it wrong on two counts: the wanted man was not at home and the Navy Seal commandos encountered far fiercer resistance than they had expected, forcing them to withdraw empty-handed.
What this shows, though, is that in an era where Washington is trying to avoid getting drawn into costly overseas wars, it is nevertheless prepared to launch pinpoint raids like these, despite accusations it may be breaking international law.
What did US raids achieve?
A US official speaking on the condition of anonymity later identified the militant as Ikrima - a foreign fighter commander for al-Shabab in Somalia, Reuters reports.
However, Washington has not formally named the intended target.
When asked on Sunday whether Somalia had been aware of the raid, Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon Saaid said: "Our co-operation with international partners on fighting against terrorism is not a secret."
A press release posted on an official Libyan government website read: "The Libyan government is following the news about the Libyan citizen wanted by the US government.
"Since we've heard, we have been in touch with the US government and have asked for clarification on this matter.
"The Libyan government is keen on prosecuting any Libyan citizen inside Libya, no matter what the charges are... the accused are innocent until proven guilty."
The statement raises questions about how much, if anything, Libya knew in advance of the raid.
A US official had been quoted by CNN as saying that the raid was conducted with the knowledge of the Libyan government.
Anas al-Liby, 49, is believed to have been one of the masterminds behind the 1998 US embassy attacks, which killed more than 220 people in Kenya and Tanzania.
He has been indicted in a New York court in connection with the attacks.
Profile: Anas al-Liby
Liby - whose real name is Nazih Abdul-Hamed al-Ruqai - has been on the FBI's most wanted list for more than a decade with a $5m (£3.1m) bounty on his head.
A Pentagon statement on Sunday said he was "currently lawfully detained under the law of war in a secure location outside of Libya".
It said: "The successful capture operation was made possible by superb work and co-ordination across our national security agencies and the intelligence community, and was approved by President Obama."
No American personnel were injured, it said.
Anas al-Liby was seized in Tripoli early on Saturday as he was parking outside his house.
Three vehicles encircled him, his car window was smashed and his gun was seized before he was taken away, his brother, Nabih, told the Associated Press news agency.
On Sunday he told reporters that his brother was innocent, describing the US operation was an "act of piracy".
Liby's son, Abdullah, said that those he could see taking his father looked Libyan and spoke a Libyan dialect. He said that some were masked.
Mr Kerry said the operations in Libya and Somalia showed that the US would never stop "in its effort to hold those accountable who conduct acts of terror".
Those who attacked American interests "can run but they can't hide", he said.
The US defence department also confirmed that special forces had carried out a seaborne operation in Somalia's coastal town of Barawe on Saturday.
Pentagon spokesman George Little said the forces had been "involved in a counter-terrorism operation against a known al-Shabab terrorist". He gave no further details.
Initial reports in the US media quoted unnamed US officials as saying that the suspect had been captured or killed by US Navy Seals in the pre-dawn raid on a villa.
However, the officials later said that the Seals failed to find the intended target.
Prime Minister Saiid said on Sunday: "We have collaboration with the world and with neighbouring countries in the battle against al Shabab... our interest is to get a peaceful Somalia, free from terrorism."
The raid was carried out by members of Seal Team Six - the same unit that killed al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden, a US military official told AP.
The official added that in Barawe the commandos had decided to abort the mission after encountering fierce resistance from al-Shabab fighters.
"The Barawe raid was planned a week and a half ago," a US security official told the New York Times.
"It was prompted by the Westgate attack," added the official, who was speaking on the condition of anonymity.
Al-Shabab earlier told the BBC that "white soldiers" had arrived by boat in Barawe and rebels had repulsed them, losing a fighter.


A Belfast woman who is facing chemotherapy for a second time after her breast cancer returned has been told a "cold cap" is not an option.

"Cold caps" or "scalp cooling" can prevent or lessen hair loss which occurs during chemotherapy.
It is offered in more than 250 hospitals in the rest of the UK but not Northern Ireland.
The health board said the "clinical and cost effectiveness" is not sufficient for them to be used.
"The Health and Social Care Board (HSCNI) will, as commissioner, reassess this position if new or emerging evidence becomes available," it added.
Scalp cooling can only be used with certain drugs. According to leading cancer specialist Royal Marsden Hospital's website "success depends on the dose of drug and whether other drugs are given at the same time".
The procedure uses a cold cap to lower the temperature of the top of your head. The cold narrows the blood vessels and prevents the drug passing into the cells at your hair root and damaging them.
Watch more on how a cold cap works.
Claire McQuillan, 42, a patient at the Ulster Hospital, had a recurrence of cancer in April and wanted to use a scalp cooling treatment, but was told it was not available.
"I was really upset when I found out it wouldn't be an option for me", she said.
Claire lives with her husband Martin and twin girls Sophie and Elizabeth (11).
Having only recently grown back her hair after her last chemotherapy, the prospect of losing her hair again is difficult for Claire but also "extremely upsetting for my children".
"As a woman you know how important your hair is to you, and when my hair re-grew, I felt I was getting better.
"Most importantly, I have two daughters who are at a sensitive age.
"It makes things so much easier for them as they associate me having hair with me being better.
"With work, you want to get back and meet clients and not feel self-conscious. I don't want people looking at me - I wore a wig last time and found it uncomfortable".
Her sister, Carolyn, who subsequently set up the awareness group, Chilled Chemo, discovered the process was not available in Northern Ireland.
A company also offered to provide the service for her for free on a trial basis, which was not accepted, she said.
Claire, who has now started her second round of chemotherapy at the Ulster Hospital, on the outskirts of Belfast, praised staff and said she understood the health board are "prioritising the bigger picture".
She also accepted concerns about the size of the facilities.
"However, it does raise the question why hospitals across the UK can offer scalp cooling and a major city like Belfast is not equipped to offer the service," she added.
"Even if it isn't for everybody, they should still have the option."
The South Eastern Health Trust said: "The use of the equipment has significant implications for chair time (which is where patients receive their chemotherapy treatments) which impacts on the capacity to treat all patients requiring chemotherapy regimens within the MacDermott Unit in the Ulster Hospital and across all the trusts in Northern Ireland.
"Until this service is commissioned, the trust is not in a position to provide this service."
Source: Cancer Research UK
The Taunton and Somerset NHS website says the system "is not suitable for all patients who will lose their hair with chemotherapy: it depends on the type of chemotherapy drugs being given and other patient factors".
In 2010, Altnagelvin Hospital in Londonderry introduced 12 scalp coolers with the help of cancer charity, Walk the Walk.
A spokesperson for the Western Health Trust said: The uptake for scalp cooling was very low.
"The equipment had not been used for a number of years and was still financially supported by charitable funding.
"It was felt inappropriate to retain the equipment and funding when it could possibly be utilised elsewhere in the UK, therefore machines were returned in 2017".
BBC presenters, Rachael Bland and Victoria Derbyshire have both written about their experience of using cold caps during chemotherapy.
The HSCNI statement said: "Within Northern Ireland, a comprehensive range of cancer treatments and supportive therapies are provided.
"For those who experience hair loss as a consequence of cancer treatment, wigs and hair pieces are available.
"In 2012, the Northern Ireland Cancer Network considered the potential role of cold caps in preventing hair loss during chemotherapy treatment.
"At that time, the network advised that the evidence on the clinical and cost effectiveness of cold caps was not sufficient for this service to be routinely commissioned.
"The Health and Social Care Board will, as commissioner, reassess this position if new or emerging evidence becomes available."


Fifteen more operations have been postponed as Aberdeen Royal Infirmary due to "very busy" spell.

It has brought the total this week so far to 80 as NHS Grampian experienced a "seasonal" peak in demand.
The health board said many staff had been working extra hours and giving up their days off to help colleagues cope.
Twenty operations were affected on Tuesday and 45 more on Wednesday.


People need to learn lifesaving skills in case they are caught up in a terror attack in the UK, a team of senior military and civilian medics has said.

They say people need to know how to help each other because it could take some time before it is deemed safe for paramedics to arrive on the scene.
Their app, called CitizenAID, offers step-by-step advice.
The idea is supported by counter-terrorism police. Security services say a UK terror attack is highly likely.
Although an individual's chance of being caught up in an incident is small, Brig Tim Hodgetts and Prof Sir Keith Porter, co-developers of CitizenAID, say it is a good idea for people to have a plan and the knowledge and skills to help each other.
Their app, pocket book and website suggest how best to deal with injuries in the immediate aftermath of a mass shooting or bombing incident.
The system includes instructions on how to treat severe bleeding - one of the major causes of death in these scenarios.
It guides people through packing, putting pressure on and elevating a wound, and how to use a tourniquet safely, for example.
The programme also explains how to prioritise those who need treatment first and what to tell the emergency services once they arrive.
CitizenAID is not a government initiative but its developers say it builds on national advice from national counter-terrorism police to:
The CitizenAID system says people should follow these steps and then go one step further. It suggests once people are safe, they should start treating casualties.
Ch Insp Richard Harding, head of the National Counter Terrorism Security Office, told the BBC: "One of the challenges we have is that when a serious incident, particularly a terrorist incident occurs, the first responders from a police perspective to a terrorist incident will inevitably be trying to deal with the people causing the threat.
"They won't have time to deal with the people who are injured and that gap is vital to saving people's lives.
"So we are really interested in the concept of CitizenAID. It allows the public and people involved in very rare incidents like this to help themselves and help others and their loved ones survive the situation."
According to its founders, CitizenAID builds on lessons learnt on the battlefield.
Sir Keith Porter, professor of clinical traumatology at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham, told the BBC: "I have treated hundreds of soldiers whose lives have been saved by simply the applications of tourniquets when they have been shot or blown up. Teaching individual soldiers these skills has saved lives.
"And I think it is essential we train the public in those skills and that is exactly what CitizenAID does."
Brig Tim Hodgetts, medical director of the Defence Medical Services, told the BBC; "We don't know when the next incident will be that will involve blasts or gunshots so we need a critical mass of the general public to learn these first aid skills.
"They are the people who are always going to be at the scene. They are the ones who are going to make a difference."
He added: "I think we are doing the opposite of scaring the public, we are empowering the public.
''By giving them a step-by-step system we take away the anxiety because the decisions are already made and the right decisions in the right order can save lives."
The app is free to download and the pocketbook costs Â£1.99 to order.
Sue Killen,  of St John Ambulance, added "First aid can be the difference between life and death. Knowing basic first aid in a terror attack or in an everyday emergency at home or in the community, will give you more confidence to deal with a crisis.
"First aid is easy to learn and our first aid techniques cover a wide range of injuries that could occur in a terrorist incident including severe bleeding, crush injuries and shock.
"We encourage anyone who would like to learn first aid to go to our website to view our first aid videos, download our app or attend a first aid course."
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Major infrastructure projects such as the M4 relief road and Metro offer "little" to some communities, according to an in-depth study of a valleys town.

It found people living in poverty close to the relatively affluent in different communities in Pontypool, Torfaen.
In one part of Trevethin, 13% of people have never worked and 75% of under fours live in low-income households.
Author Dr Mark Lang urged a strong focus on local economic solutions to try and tackle the issues.
He said the Welsh Government concentrated too much on infrastructure and an "investment ready" skills base to lift the economy.
The £1.1bn M4 relief road south of Newport is due to go to a public inquiry early next year - the motorway lies about 10 miles south of Trevethin.
The proposed South Wales Metro includes Pontypool and New Inn railway station - on the outskirts of the town - in the network map.
Bur Dr Lang wants more of a balance with policies to eradicate poverty and revive local economies.
"Some of the key economic priorities that have emerged in Wales, notably the proposed construction of an M4 relief road around Newport, appear to offer little to the well-being of future generations," he said.
"They also appear to offer very little to the people and town of Pontypool, who like other communities have not been engaged in the conversation around setting the economic policy agenda."
Poverty is generally classed as households which earn 60% or below of the average income.
His study, which follows similar research in Tredegar, Blaenau Gwent, two years ago, drills down into neighbourhoods to look at how people in poverty can co-exist with people who are better off.
Anthony Hunt, deputy leader of Torfaen council, defended the regional approach and the drive towards a £1.2bn Cardiff capital region deal.
He said city regions could "bring a scale, an ambition to the south east of Wales."
We have an area of 10 councils, if we really work together, we can combine that scale with the local knowledge we can bring to the table," he added.
Dr Lang, who produced the report with the support of Cardiff University's Sustainable Places Research Institute, said in towns like Pontypool, especially the poorest parts, commuting to big cities is not viable for many people.
He said there needed to be more of a balance between regional and national development.
£16,199 Trevethin 1
£19,611 Trevethin 2
£31,218 Panteg 4
£22,863 Pontypool
The council has boiled down what was needed into key priorities, such as raising education attainment, which in turn would attract more employers.
Mr Hunt said welfare reforms had "exacerbated inequalities which had already existed" between different parts of the town.
He said a mix of local projects to help the more vulnerable and larger investments were the way ahead.
"We have Frog Bikes just down the road - they are the sort of quality jobs we're trying to get into the area to really boost the local economy. Both have to work hand in hand."
A Welsh Government spokesman said Economy and Infrastructure Secretary Ken Skates was developing "a new strategy to support economic growth across every community in Wales and this report is a helpful contribution to that work".
He added the government's valleys taskforce "is looking closely at how we can stimulate investment and bring better quality jobs to areas impacted by the de-industrialisation".


Five policemen have been killed in an attack on a checkpoint in the north of Egypt's restive Sinai peninsula, the interior ministry says.

Three conscripts were also also wounded when gunmen opened fire at the checkpoint in the town of El-Arish.
Security forces were searching for the attackers, who managed to flee.
Jihadist militants, largely based in Sinai, have killed hundreds of security personnel since the military overthrew President Mohammed Morsi in 2013.
Russia plane crash: Who are Sinai militant groups?
Profile: Sinai Province militant group
The government has responded with air strikes and ground operations.
The last major attack in El-Arish took place in December, when suicide bombers blew themselves up at a hotel, killing two judges monitoring the parliamentary elections.