Britain's most senior judge has told the government it must provide more clarity about how UK law will be developed after Brexit.

Currently, UK legislation is subject to rulings made by the EU's highest court, the European Court of Justice.
Lord Neuberger said Parliament must be "very clear" in telling the judges what to do about decisions of the ECJ after the UK leaves the EU.
He said judges should not be blamed for misinterpretations if it is unclear.
Prime Minister Theresa May has insisted the ECJ should have no jurisdiction over the UK after Britain leaves the EU.
UK courts will continue to interpret ECJ case law - even after Brexit.
Lord Neuberger, who will step down as Supreme Court president next month, told the BBC that judges need more guidance on how they should do just that.
"If [the government] doesn't express clearly what the judges should do about decisions of the ECJ after Brexit, or indeed any other topic after Brexit, then the judges will simply have to do their best."
"But to blame the judges for making the law when parliament has failed to do so would be unfair," he added.
He said all judges "would hope and expect Parliament to spell out how the judges would approach that sort of issue after Brexit, and to spell it out in a statute".
The ECJ is in effect the EU's Supreme Court, overseeing the application and interpretation of EU law. Its rulings are binding on all member states.
When the UK leaves the EU, the ECJ will continue to develop law on everything from consumer rights to discrimination - from things like compensation for airline passengers to transgender rights.
The government's Repeal Bill states that UK courts do not have to pay any heed to decisions of the ECJ after the UK has left the EU - but any court "may do so if it considers it appropriate".
Brexiteers, such as ex-Conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith, want the authority of the ECJ expunged as soon as possible after Brexit. He has called the court "an illegitimate challenge to our sovereignty".
Opponents point out the apparent contradiction of that position, saying any British company or organisation doing business in the EU is subject to the jurisdiction of the ECJ.
The EU's position document that deals with governance issues around the withdrawal agreement says all Court of Justice rulings would be enforceable in the UK.
The government has said its repeal Bill - also known as the European Union (Withdrawal) Bill - will ensure that historic judgements of the ECJ will be given the same binding or precedent status in our courts as decisions of our own Supreme Court.
These judgments extend some rights in areas including the calculation of holiday pay for UK workers.
The Supreme Court rarely departs from one of its own decisions and so historic rulings of the ECJ will be binding upon it in almost all situations.
But Lord Neuberger said he was more concerned about post-Brexit rulings of the ECJ, adding: "If the UK parliament says we should take into account decisions of the ECJ then we will do so.
"If it says we shouldn't then we won't. Basically we will do what the statute says."
Lord Neuberger, who will be replaced in his position by Baroness Hale, also expressed his concerns about cuts to legal aid, which was largely removed for most family cases in 2013.
He said: "I appreciate there are demands on government finance and money is short, but if people have a right to go to court to defend their position or enforce their rights then if they cannot do so the rule of law is undermined and we are all in a very unhappy situation."
Speaking on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, former Conservative minister Owen Paterson, who campaigned to leave the EU, suggested a new UK body with specialist British lawyers to adjudicate on the interpretation of EU law.
"You cannot leave the judges flapping around without clear guidance and I would suggest we set up our own body which would parallel and mirror and be in symmetry with the ECJ," he said.
A government spokesman said: "We have been clear that as we leave the EU, the direct jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice in the UK must come to an end.
"However, we want to provide maximum certainty so the Repeal Bill will ensure that for future cases, UK courts continue to interpret EU-derived law using the ECJ's case law, as it exists on the day we leave the EU."


Two teenage girls have denied planning to kidnap two babies.

The two 17-year-olds both denied two separate charges of conspiracy to kidnap a baby at Derby Youth Court.
One of the teenagers had previously admitted a charge of attempting to kidnap an infant from a house in Normanton, Derbyshire. The other denies all three charges.
The pair, one from Evesham and the other from Wolverhampton, are due back at court in Derby on 21 December.


Sunderland manager David Moyes has brought in former Everton midfielder Steven Pienaar on a one-year deal.

The 34-year-old was released by the Toffees at the end of last season and had been training with the Black Cats, who host Middlesbrough on Sunday.
Pienaar was signed by Moyes for Everton in 2007 and then, after a stint at Tottenham, re-signed by the Scot in 2012 for a second spell at the club.
The South African has made 199 Premier League appearances, scoring 20 goals.
There are still doubts over centre-back Lamine Kone's future with the Black Cats after the 27-year-old told Moyes he wanted to leave.
Kone, who has been offered a new contract by Sunderland, misses the game against Middlesbrough with a back injury, while fellow defender Younes Kaboul has moved to Watford.
Moyes says he is hopeful that he can keep the Ivory Coast international on Wearside despite interest from Everton.
"Obviously, we have got an offer from Everton, and he knows that as well," said Moyes.
"I don't know if he's actually refused [the contract], he just didn't want it.
"He's got a four-year contract, he's six months into it, so there's no real panic."
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.


Beth Tweddle missed out on a second medal in Berlin as she finished fourth in her floor final at the European Championships on Sunday.

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Tweddle, who won uneven bars gold a day earlier, scored 14.300 in a routine hampered by a minor calf injury.
"For the training I've done, I couldn't ask for more," said Tweddle, who was beaten to gold by Romania's Sandra Izbasa, who scored 14.500.
Sam Oldham, 18, came fourth on the high bar in his major championships debut.
Tweddle, 26, was defending a second European title having narrowly beaten Russia's Tatiana Nabieva on Saturday.
That was her fifth successive victory at continental level. Not since 2008 had Tweddle lost an individual European final in either of her two favourite disciplines - the bars and floor.
But that run has now ended for the Cheshire-based gymnast, who first won a European medal nine years ago in a career already far longer than many female gymnasts enjoy.
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She made it clear ahead of Sunday's floor final that she did not expect to retain her crown: a minor calf injury had been aggravated by the hard training floors in Berlin, limiting her preparation for the event - from which she considered withdrawing.
In the final itself her score of 14.300 reflected her fears, leaving her just outside bronze-medal position. A Romanian one-two was completed by Diana Chelaru (14.475) with Russia's Yulia Belokobylskaya third (14.450).
By contrast, Tweddle scored 14.650 in London to win the world floor title two years ago, and her 2011 routine should outscore that when executed at full fitness.
"I can be pleased with that, looking up and still thinking I'm up there with the best," she told BBC Sport.
"About two weeks ago the bars collapsed on me and I had a couple of days off with concussion. Then I went to prepare for this championships and as I was taking off my last tumble I pulled my calf and Achilles.
"The floor in the training gyms here is also very hard, and I haven't been able to do the training I wanted to.
"Now we'll have a recovery camp in Mexico. Ideally I'd have rested my foot straight away but with these championships I didn't have the opportunity."
Youth Olympic champion Oldham was appearing in his first major senior final having been a reserve at last year's World Championships.
His routine in the high-risk high bar event is comparatively easier than those of his competitors, and his execution must be near-perfect for him to mount a challenge.
Dutch gold medallist Epke Zonderland scored 15.575 to win the title, out of Oldham's reach, but the Nottingham gymnast performed superbly for his age and experience - temporarily occupying bronze-medal position with his own score of 15.175.
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"I'm slightly disappointed [not to get a medal] but that's my first major final and I was really nervous," said Oldham.
"The atmosphere was crazy, the floor was shaking with people clapping their hands.
"I'm really happy I did a full routine, I've never been in that kind of pressured environment and wasn't sure how I'd handle it but I think I did well.
"Fourth in Europe - I've got to be happy with that. I had confidence I could do that, but to actually do it is another thing."
Earlier, 18-year-old Hannah Whelan became the first Briton to compete in a beam final at a major event for nine years, the apparatus having become something of a final frontier for British Gymnastics along with the men's rings.
But the team's bogey apparatus soon conquered the Stockport 18-year-old, a confident start proving fruitless as she fell twice for a low score of 11.950 to finish eighth.
Russia's Anna Dementyeva added the beam title to her all-round victory on Friday, scoring 15.350 to take gold.
Germany's Marcel Nguyen won the men's parallel bars event with a score of 15.525 ahead of flamboyant Dutchman Zonderland, while Thomas Bouhail led a French one-two in the men's vault alongside team-mate Samir Ait Said.
Attention now switches to October's World Championships, which are a vital tournament for Olympic qualification - although a venue for the event has yet to be confirmed.
The Worlds may still be held in Tokyo as originally intended, but world gymnastics' governing body, the FIG, is considering alternatives in the wake of last month's earthquake and tsunami in Japan.
In the shorter term, several top British gymnasts will compete at next weekend's Glasgow World Cup, part of a revised format of competitions designed to showcase the sport's top eight competitors in each discipline.
Britain's Daniel Keatings, a European champion in 2010 and world silver medallist a year earlier, is set to make his return in Glasgow following a year out through injury.


Damien Hoyland was disappointed not to make Scotland's World Cup squad but reckons it has worked in his favour.

The 22-year-old winger is preparing for the summer tour of Japan after an eye-catching campaign with Edinburgh.
"It would have been great to be involved at the World Cup, but for me it was a win-win situation," he said.
"I learned a lot from the more experienced guys [in the pre-tournament training squad] and that helped kick-start my season."
Hoyland was among the 16 players cut as head coach Vern Cotter selected 30 players for his World Cup pool.
Scotland went on to reach the quarter-finals, suffering a narrow quarter-final defeat by Australia at Twickenham in October.
"After training with them, I felt quite comfortable," he explained. "I did feel ready for it, but I'm in a much better place now.
"I felt way better for being involved in the pre-World Cup stuff and, if it wasn't for that, I maybe would have been a bit slower to start for Edinburgh and not done as well.
"How it worked out was maybe the best thing that could have happened for me.
"If I'd gone to the World Cup and not got much game-time then I would have missed a lot of games for Edinburgh.
"There's always disappointment, but it was quite easy to get back to reality and to focus on trying to play well for my club."
Hoyland was a late replacement in Scotland's second World Cup warm-up game, against Italy in Turin, but admits he did not seize the opportunity to impress.
"I didn't see any of the ball, maybe made one or two tackles," he recalls. "It was just the way the match went."
However, he was a bright light in another frustrating season for Edinburgh.
Having made his club debut in February 2015, Hoyland can boast eight tries from 22 starts for Alan Solomons' side.
Tommy Seymour, Sean Maitland and Sean Lamont are the other wingers in the squad for the two-Test visit to Japan, with the latter a call-up for the injured Tim Visser.
Hoyland said it was a confidence boost to originally be selected ahead of Lamont, who has 104 caps.
"I'm just embracing it, and trying to get on with it, without thinking about it too much," he added.
"From being involved last year, I know what's expected of me. I know I'll have to give everything.
"It's more about trying to bring what I've done for Edinburgh this season, although this is a much higher standard.
"This was the dream I had as a kid. It's about not getting caught up in that and trying to move on to the next level."


Hans Rosling, the Swedish professor who made global health statistics compelling viewing, died from cancer in February.

Co-founder of Gapminder.org, which continues his work, he was enthusiastically trying to change old-fashioned notions of the world even as his illness took hold.
In his final BBC interview - for the BBC World Service series Economic Tectonics - the statistician highlighted five key ways that demographics are shaping the world around us.
Why bedrooms are driving economies
Why do I as a professor from public health speaking about health and demography get invited to Goldman Sachs [and] all these big banks around the world?
Because I tell them I can see on my screen when economic growth comes, before you can see it.
In the past, economic growth was driving demographics, and now it's the other way around.
First, I see decent life coming and I see children born-per-woman drop.
I see the two-child family, and I see the economic growth starting in Vietnam, in Thailandâ€¦ not only in China.
And this change is coming, so if you want to know where to invest in Africa go and look at demographics.
Governments can't run bedrooms. Bedrooms run the world.
If you have countries where the fertility rate is coming down, just segmentise the population.
Look at the most educated 20% in Ghana, in Tanzania, in Ethiopia: you will find two to three children per woman.
You will find an emerging China in Africa.
Go there to invest if you want to earn money, if you want to have nice pensions when you retire, place part of your capital there because there you will see fast growth.
Source: Gapminder.org
Africa is still growing, and there's such a difference within Africa. Some African countries are doing great from different levels: Ghana, most of Ethiopia, Tanzania.
They are doing great: better schooling, better health, contraceptives being available.
Other tragic examples: Central African Republic, Congo, civil wars; north Nigeria, very risky, troublesome.
They are delayed. They need jobs. If they get jobs, you will get stable countries, and you will get economic growth.
But there's an old vision of over-population and population causing disastrous environmental effects.
If we look into the middle of this century, and if Africa makes it - stability, economic growth, social progress, rights for women, stable government, they get two child families - then they will be a burden on the environment.
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013)
So an Africa that is successful will consume much more in 2050 than an Africa that is not successful.
That will be a problem further on even if you manage to get down the population growth rate and Nigeria will level off at half a billion instead of one billion, Africa will level off at two billion instead of four billion.
That doesn't mean that the environmental actions can rest. It's the other way around.
Then, it's more urgent to take action because the rapidly successful two and a half billion in Africa, they will be a greater burden because they have money, they consume, they want bathrooms, they want refrigerators.
People living longer
The consequences of this are two possibilities - either those who work have to pay higher taxes or people have to work longer.
Our former prime minister was bold.
He told the Swedes you have to work until 75.
We can't have a period between 65 and 75 where people play golf.
Look at this as an opportunity.
Many young couples work intensively to take care of kids, to have a professional life.
The grandparents can come in.
They can be more active, they are healthier, you know.
There's a lot of ways in which this healthy old group of people can make a very valuable contribution to society.
Source: Gapminder.org  The state retirement age for the vast majority of these countries is between 60 and 65
Whether it will be done non-monetary, to the tragedy of the minister of finance, or whether it's done by working and bringing in taxes for the greedy minister of finance, that's another thing. But it's open.
It's a new situation because these older people are healthier.
The period of life when you are disabled and sick and blind and cannot work, that has not increased, it has just been delayed.
There is a problem with diseases like dementia and so on that takes out many healthy years, you know, but mainly there is an opportunity in this and it's just that the old systems have to change.
What you see in Asia now is an amazing similarity from Japan, South Korea, the coast of China, Taiwan, Thailand.
They are panicking in Singapore because the babies per woman is diving down to one.
Taiwan, which we know as a country without [a] Communist party, they have one child per woman without any government policy, and China actually has 1.6.
So why don't we get more babies there? I got the answer during a dinner in Hong Kong.
I had lectured for a bank, and at the dinner I ended up next to the young banker who was extremely successful.
She was 37 years old. She told me everything about financial trends in Asia and we got friendly with each other.
So at the dessert I asked her: "Do you have a family?"
"Oh no," she said. "I'm just working. I'm working all the time."
But I pushed on because I'm curious and said: "Do you want to have a family?"
And she leaned backwards, looked out of the window that was the Bay of Hong Kong outside, and then she said with a smile: "Yes, I'm thinking about children every day. It's the idea of a husband I can't stand."
I like it when one phrase can catch a trend in a whole part of the world.
The educated, skilful women in Asia, from Japan to Singapore, in different political circumstances, they have been accepted and they made their way to the labour market, but they are still oppressed by old-fashioned values that they should take care of their husband and their parents-in-law.
My best friend and former PhD student in Tanzania was annoyed by immigrants because a Kenyan got a job he hoped his son would get, because the Kenyan had quite good qualifications on their education system.
You have today immigration in Africa from Europe because African countries are needing skilled professional people.
Look at Portugal - the Portuguese are going back to Angola and Mozambique, so migration is at all skills levels.
Some very skilled people need to do their work in different parts of the world, and the people at the lowest levels will also go and seek opportunities.
Many people who have a big heart and haven't thought so much they may think that Western Europe can solve the problems of the world by receiving all poor people and all refugees. That won't work.
I think it's good that we receive many refugees, but I'd rather have them coming with their families together rather than forcing them out on these dangerous trips where they lose all their money to criminal organisations.
If we can manage migration in the world, it can benefit the person who migrates with their family, the country from where they come and the country to where they go.
Economic Tectonics: Demography will be broadcast on the BBC World Service on 16 March from 02:06 GMT, You can listen or subscribe to the programme podcast.


After Rohit Sharma's 264 for India against Sri Lanka broke the world record for an innings in a one-day international, we wanted to find out your favourite sporting record breakers.

To put Sharma's monumental knock into perspective, his score is 18 runs more than the average total posted by teams batting first in one-day internationals this decade.
So we asked you to tell us which other world records stand out in sporting history.
What were the matches, moments and individual performances that you recalled as #greatsportingrecords?
A first-round meeting between the American number 23 seed John Isner and the French qualifier Nicolas Mahut was not high on the wish lists of many of the Wimbledon crowd on a Tuesday afternoon in June 2010.
But after 183 games, more than 100 aces and 11 hours of playing time, a mass of spectators flocked to court 18 to watch Isner close out the final set 70-68 on the Thursday evening.
It wasn't all bad for Mahut, though. Both players were presented with a crystal bowl and crystal champagne flutes by the All England Club to mark the longest tennis match in history.
Few people suspected Arsenal would lose their final game of the 2003-04 campaign, even when Paul Dickov gave Leicester a half-time lead at Highbury.
The Gunners had gone 37 games unbeaten through the season, and the inevitable second-half turnaround thanks to goals from Thierry Henry and Patrick Vieira eventually saw Arsenal over the line to become 'Invincibles' - the first team since Preston North End in 1889 to go a full league campaign without losing.
Their run continued into the following season, but Arsene Wenger's side's eventually came unstuck at Old Trafford, 49 games after their last defeat.
Michael Phelps's four gold medals in the Aquatics Centre at London 2012 took him to 18 golds for his career - double the number held by any other individual.
At his first Olympics in Athens in 2004, the American won six golds and two bronze medals. Since then he has gone on to dominate men's individual competition in the pool, winning 22 medals in all.
At the 2008 Games in Beijing, Phelps's eight-gold haul was the most won in a single Olympics by one athlete - just one of the number of records held by this supreme swimmer. His recent decision to revoke his retirement will strike fear into 2016 medal hopefuls.
While Sharma drew the plaudits for his one-day slog to 264 on Thursday, his innings is dwarfed by Brian Lara's Test record of 400 not out for the West Indies in 2004.
It was just two hours into day three of the Windies' Test against England in Antigua when Lara drew his knock to a close by declaring with the home side at 751-5.
And it was certainly no fluke from Lara, who had broken the record 10 years earlier with a 375 against England. He also holds the record for the highest first-class innings - a 501 not out for Warwickshire against Durham in 1994.
Miroslav Klose has been Mr Consistent in the last four World Cup campaigns, with his Germany side top scorers at the last three tournaments.
But in their 7-1 demolition of Brazil in July, Klose set his own individual record, with his 16th goal moving him to the top of the all-time World Cup scoring charts.
And you can see Klose's record-breaking haul for yourself - all of the Lazio player's strikes are on the BBC Sport website.
Wilkinson's left foot, and right foot for that matter, have been the difference for England on many occasions in Rugby World Cups.
It was, of course, instrumental in helping England win the tournament in 2003.
The now retired fly-half unsurprisingly holds the record for the most points (277), drop goals (14) and penalties (58) scored in Rugby World Cup tournaments, and he recently proved he can deliver team talks in two languages, as well as kick points off both feet.
In the words of Steve Cram, at London 2012 the champion became a legend when Usain Bolt proved he is the fastest man on earth.
The Jamaican cruised to gold in the 100m and 200m in London, and was just 0.05 seconds off beating his world record 100m time of 9.58, set in Berlin in 2009.
In September, Bolt declared he can shave even more time off his records.
"One of my biggest goals is to try to run sub-19 [in 200m]," he said. "Pushing the barrier a little bit will be great for me."


Ibrahima Traore looks set to reject a call-up to the Guinea squad for September's 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Zimbabwe.

Reports in France suggest the Borussia Monchengladbach winger will stand by his decision at the 2015 Nations Cup to take a break from internationals.
The 27-year-old made the announcement after a quarter-final loss to Ghana.
"The time has come for me to reconsider my international career in order to focus on my club," he said.
Guinea coach Luis Fernandez, who only took charge of the Syli Nationale in April, has named Traore in a 23-man squad for the 6 September fixture.
But veteran defender Kamil Zayatte, who has been overlooked by Fernandez, has admitted that his playing days are truly over after the latest omission.
"No, it's fine. All is well," Zayatte told French radio station RFI.
"It is the choice of the coach and I respect him. It's time for me now to move on. Good luck Syli ".
Trabzonspor's Kevin Constante and Spain-based Alhassane Bangoura are also in the squad.
But there is no room for Bouna Sarr, who turned down the chance to play for Guinea at the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations in Equatorial Guinea and against Swaziland in June.
Tiny Swaziland stunned Guinea 2-1 in a horror debut for former France World Cup star Fernandez as qualification for the Nations Cup in Gabon began in June.
Diminutive attacker Tony Tsabedze scored both goals in the Group L clash, hosted in Morocco because Guinea are banned from staging international matches following the Ebola outbreak in the country.


The UK population is to increase beyond 70 million in the next 12 years, official projections suggest.

The Office for National Statistics said the population was expected to increase by 4.4 million in the next decade, before reaching 70 million in 2027.
That increase is roughly the size of the Irish Republic.
The population is projected to grow by 9.7 million over the next 25 years, to 74.3 million. Latest figures show there are 64.6 million people in the UK.
The statistics predict an ageing population, with some 29.5% of people aged over 60 by 2039 - up from 23.2% this year.
By then, more than one in 12 UK people are expected to be aged 80 or over.
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) said its latest projections assume that more people will come to live in the UK than emigrate, accounting for about half of the projected population increase.
The remainder is attributed to births outnumbering deaths.
Projections were also revised upwards in the latest figures. The population estimate for 2024 is now 249,000 more than the previous projection in 2012.
64,596,800
People living in the UK
491,100
more than the previous year
259,700 added from net migration
226,200 from natural growth
25% of all births in 2013 were to mothers born outside the UK
The overall trend is "very similar" to past figures, said Prof Christian Dustmann, director of the Centre for Research and Analysis on Migration at University College London.
"What we see in many European countries, in particular the larger economies such as Germany, is actually a trend in the opposite direction," he said.
"Population is decreasing in Germany, as it is in Italy or Spain. That puts these countries in a very difficult situation.
"[When] populations are decreasing, you're dealing with a shrinking working-age population, which basically has to be confronted with an increasing ageing population which is not productive any more."
In the UK, where migration is contributing to population growth, the challenge was to ensure immigrants paid more in taxes than they cost in public services, he said.
"An increase in population means a larger economic base - part of the GDP growth we have seen is due to immigration," he said.
Prof Dustmann said one reason the ONS produces these figures is to prepare policy makers for "future demands" - and he said they should "clearly be prepared to expand public services".
Dr Jo Michell, of the University of the West of England, said the population rise would increase the pressure on public services.
"It will have an impact on public services such as health and education, services which are already under pressure because of cuts in government services and cuts which are planned for the next five years," he said.
"So the government should consider whether these cuts are appropriate at such a time."


A cholera outbreak in war-torn Yemen is thought to have infected 300,000 people in the past 10 weeks, the International Committee of the Red Cross says.

The situation has continued to "spiral out of control", with about 7,000 new cases every day, the ICRC warned.
More than 1,700 associated deaths have been reported, according to the UN.
Yemen's health, water and sanitation systems are collapsing after two years of conflict between pro-government forces and the rebel Houthi movement.
Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholera.
Most of those infected will have no or mild symptoms but, in severe cases, the disease can kill within hours if left untreated.
On 24 June, the World Health Organisation declared that Yemen was facing "the worst cholera outbreak in the world", with more than 200,000 suspected cases.
In just over two weeks, another 100,000 people have been infected - an increase the ICRC's Middle East regional director Roberto Mardini called "disturbing".
The WHO said on Saturday that 297,438 cases had been recorded, but the agency was still analysing the latest figures from the Yemeni health ministry on Monday.
The outbreak has affected all but one of Yemen's 23 provinces. The four most affected provinces - Sanaa, Hudaydah, Hajja and Amran - have reported almost half of the cases.
UN agencies say the outbreak is the direct consequence of the civil war, with 14.5 million people cut off from regular access to clean water and sanitation.
More than half of health facilities are no longer functioning, with almost 300 having been damaged or destroyed, and some 30,000 local health workers who are key to dealing with the outbreak have not been paid for 10 months.
Rising rates of malnutrition have weakened the health of vulnerable people - above all children under the age of 15 and the elderly - and made them more vulnerable to the disease.
Last week, the UN's humanitarian co-ordinator in Yemen warned that humanitarian organisations had been forced to divert resources away from combating malnutrition to deal with the cholera outbreak, raising the risk of a famine.
"If we don't get these resources replaced, then using those resources for cholera will mean that food insecurity will suffer," Jamie McGoldrick said. "We're trying to do our best, but it's very much beyond what we can cope with."


A man who posed as a 16-year old girl to get boys to send naked images and videos of themselves via Facebook has had his sentence deferred.

The defendant, who was 17 at the time, managed to trick around 50 boys into sending images of themselves.
They believed they were sending them to a girl called Sarah-Louise.
The accused, who is now 21, admitted 18 offences that were carried out between 2011 and 2012 when he was legally a child himself.
The offences included inciting a child to engage in a sexual act, as well as possessing indecent images of children, distributing an indecent photograph of a child and possessing an extreme pornographic image.
A court order has been imposed, under the defendant's human rights, banning any details that could lead to his identity.
The man, who was released from custody last December for separate sexual offences, is currently on licence and is working with probation to address his behaviour.
Deferring sentence for six months to allow this work to continue, a judge said he wanted the defendant to continue working on "risk-reducing changes".
A previous hearing was told that after the first complaint was made on March 12, 2012, it emerged that scores of schoolboys had also been contacted by "Sarah-Louise".
The schoolboys were aged between 12 and 15.
Schools in the area then held special assemblies, where boys were asked if they had been contacted by Sarah-Louise. A total of 50 pupils came forward.
The fake profile of the teenage girl was traced back to the defendant and on 16 March, 2012 his Belfast home was searched.
A large number of items, including his iPad, were seized and examined and a number of indecent images of children were located.
It also emerged during interview that he was on bail for a number of similar offences, and had breached his bail conditions as he should not have been using the internet.
When first interviewed, the defendant refused to say anything.
However, when he was questioned again in August 2012, he was presented with evidence from his iPad. At this stage, he admitted he had posed as Sarah-Louise in order to contact the schoolboys.
A judge deferred sentencing until 5 November and told the defendant to continue to work with probation.


Teachers in Wales are to be given more support to develop their careers and improve teaching in the classroom.

The so-called New Deal will reshape how they are trained as their career develops and help them to deliver the new "made in Wales curriculum".
Each of Wales' 37,600 teachers will be given a learning passport by September to record professional development.
Education Minister Huw Lewis said having "high capacity, high skilled professionals" was essential.
Policies for recruiting and developing teachers and other school staff are "underdeveloped," according to a report by the OECD think-tank, looking at schools in Wales last year.
There has been a small improvement in the quality of teaching, which is now good or better in half of schools, says the schools watchdog Estyn in its annual report.
But there are fewer schools where teaching is excellent.
The quality of assessment was also found to be variable in a minority of schools.
Teachers will be offered support but be expected to continually update their skills.
Mr Lewis will visit Brynnau Primary school in Pontyclun, Rhondda Cynon Taf, to highlight its record in developing its staff to benefit pupils.
He said: "We are currently undertaking one of the most ambitious series of educational reforms Wales has ever seen, aimed squarely at improving standards right across the board.
"However we know that excellent teaching and leadership is crucial to the learner experience and to our ongoing work of raising outcomes for all learners at all levels."
He added that "the quality of the professional at the chalk face has a huge impact on the quality of teaching and learning".


A motorcyclist who was killed in a crash on the Isle of Man has been named by police as Kevin Baker.

The 69-year-old's Yamaha collided with a Nissan car between Handley's Corner and Barre Garroo crossroads at about 17:00 BST on 4 June.
Mr Baker, who was from the island, was airlifted to Noble's Hospital, where he later died.
Insp Dave Dobbie said "thoughts and condolences are with Mr Baker's family".
He added that investigations are ongoing in relation to the crash.
The car driver, who police say was Northern Irish, was treated in hospital but has been discharged.
Another motorcyclist who was injured after the crash has also been released from hospital.
The collision happened outside of the TT racing, which is taking place on the island.


The proportion of top A-level grades achieved by Northern Ireland students has risen significantly.

A* or A grades were achieved in 30.4% of entries, a rise of 0.9% on 2016.
More than 30,000 students received their A-level and AS-level results on Thursday and the overall A*-E pass rate was 98.3%.
However, the gap between girls and boys has widened: One third of entries (33.3%) from girls achieved A* or A grades -  a significant rise on 2016.
That compared to 26.8% of entries from boys getting those grades, a fall of 0.4% on last year.
There was a fall of just over 1,000 in the number of A-level subject entries this year to 30,684.
However, that is mainly due to a drop in the Year 14 demographic.
Maths remains the most popular A-level subject.
Biology, history, religious studies and English Literature complete the list of the top five most popular subjects.
However, there have been steep falls in the number of A-levels taken in subjects like psychology, geography and physics.
Students were able to access their exam results from 07:00 BST on Thursday, but many went to their schools to discover their grades.
Many of those getting their results have already applied to university and will have their place confirmed if they get the grades they need.
Figures from the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) show there has been a 4% fall in Northern Irish students applying to go to university this year.
Other pupils will go into further education, work or an apprenticeship.
Students can call UU's inquiry line on 028 7028 7028 on Thursday and Friday, and the university is holding an advice day at all four campuses on Friday.
As of Thursday morning, the university had a small number of places for approximately 39 courses available through clearing.
QUB's enquiry line is on 028 9097 3838 and it will operate on Thursday and Friday, and on selected days over the following weeks.
The university is holding advice sessions on Monday 21 August and Monday 28 August in the Whitla Hall between 14:00 and 17:00.
Many students getting their grades will also pursue other options including apprenticeships, entry into further education, employment or a gap year.
The Department for the Economy's careers service will run an extended online advice facility from 09:00 to 19:30 on Thursday and Friday.
Careers advisers are also available by phone on 0300 200 7820.
BBC News NI will also be hosting a special Facebook Live to answer any questions that students and parents might have.
Please join us on Friday 18 August at 10:00 and put your questions to our panel of experts.


The nephew of the former Catholic Bishop of Derry, Dr Edward Daly, has described him as a loving and inspirational man.

Dr Daly, 82, died in hospital on Monday with his family by his bedside.
Hundreds of people came out to pay their respect as his remains were taken to St Eugene's Cathedral. His funeral Mass will take place on Thursday.
Gerard Daly, who grew up in Galway, said he was 'humbled' by tributes to his uncle.
"It's been very moving coming here to Derry," said Mr Daly.
"We always knew the great work that he'd done here and how close he was to people, but you really only get a sense of that when you are speaking to people, when you hear the tributes.
"People knew him as bishop, as a man to the people of Derry, but he shared the warmth that he had for everybody. Everybody was his family.
"As a young boy myself, he was a giant to me. He loved children, he always loved having fun, having a joke."
The photograph of the then Fr Daly waving a handkerchief over one of the Bloody Sunday victims,  became one of the most enduring images of the Troubles.
"I always had a great sense of pride and it was very, very humbling - almost intimidating - to think that here was a man in my family, my blood, who really put it up to us in terms of how to live your life. It's inspiring," said Mr Daly said.
One of those to pay tribute to Dr Daly was the Derry-born singer songwriter Phil Coulter. He said Bishop Daly had helped him through some very "dark" moments.
"Edward was a man who operated on so many different levels. He was a very caring priest, he was a great friend of my family," he said.
"When my brother and sister drowned in Lough Swilly, one of the first people through the door would have been Bishop Daly.
"I knew him through all of those dark hours.  I knew him through some of my more high-profile days when he was always a great supporter when things were going in a more successful way."
Mr Daly revealed that in recent years he had made an effort to get close to his uncle.
"His brother, my father, passed nine years ago and, I suppose, since that time he has certainly become a father figure to me.
"I've really enjoyed making the journey to Derry, going to the house and having a cup of tea and a chat with Edward.
"Sometimes just to be able to sit in his presence was a lovely experience."


Images of patients on ventilators on cigarette packets help smokers heed the health warnings about smoking, says US research.

A study of 200 smokers in the
          American Journal of Preventive Medicine
 found that 83% were able to remember the health warning if it was accompanied by a graphic image.
This compared with a 50% success rate when text-only warnings were viewed.
The UK government is carrying out a consultation on cigarette packaging.
Using eye-tracking technology, researchers from the University of Pennsylvania measured how long smokers spent viewing each part of a cigarette advertisement containing warning labels.
After looking at the advertisement, each participant was asked to write down the warning to test how well they remembered the information.
The faster a smoker's eyes were drawn to the text in the graphic warning and the longer they viewed the image, the more likely they were to remember the information correctly, the study said.
Dr Andrew Strasser, lead author of the study and associate professor at the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, said the findings were important.
"In addition to showing the value of adding a graphic warning label, this research also provides valuable insight into how the warning labels may be effective, which may serve to create more effective warning labels in the future," said Dr Strasser.
Dr Strasser said that he hoped graphic warning labels would help people become better informed about the risks of smoking and lead to a decision to stop.
In April
          the UK government launched a consultation
 seeking views on whether tobacco products should be sold in standardised packaging.
As part of the consultation, it is exploring the options of no branding appearing on the packet, using a uniform colour for all packets or using standard font, text or imagery on every packet.
The Tobacco Manufacturers' Association has previously said it welcomes the consultation.
But it also said there was no reliable evidence that plain packaging would reduce rates of youth smoking.
Jaine Chisholm Caunt, the secretary-general of the TMA, said: "We believe the government should quash the idea of plain packaging, which only serves to make counterfeiting cigarettes easier and make stock-taking and serving customers harder for legitimate retailers."
In the US, health officials ordered that graphic warning labels should appear on cigarette packets from September this year, but tobacco companies are challenging the decision in court.
Australia is currently the only country which has so far agreed to plain packaging and a ban on branding on cigarette packets.


A cyclist has been seriously hurt in a collision involving a car in Gwynedd.

Two air ambulances and two road ambulances were sent to the scene at Rhyd Ddu, near Beddgelert, on Sunday. A cycle race is being held in the area.
The Welsh Ambulance Service said it had received a callout at 09:52 BST.
North Wales Police said the B4418 from the Cwellyn Arms junction at Rhyd Ddu to Nantlle had been closed.


Investors in a £27m sports betting investment scheme which has now collapsed fear all their money will be lost if the authorities fail to act.

The Winning Express, which was promoted by ex-Premiership footballers Steve Claridge and David Hirst, offered huge, risk-free returns.
BBC Moneybox found authorities were repeatedly warned about the scheme, in which more than 1,000 people invested.
There is no suggestion Mr Claridge or Mr Hirst were guilty of wrongdoing.
The Winning Express was allegedly run by Graham Bradbury, 69, who had previously been banned from being a company director for running a pyramid scheme.
He died in Spain in November, the Foreign Office confirmed.
Investors in The Winning Express were guaranteed 2% tax-free interest per month - or 27% annually - through placing "sporting arbitrage" bets.
The scheme began in 2011, taking out newspaper and radio adverts in Spain, as well as later being promoted in a YouTube video by both Mr Claridge and Mr Hirst.
At first, investors received payouts as promised, and others signed up through word of mouth.
Commissions were awarded for recruiting new investors - a feature described by pyramid scheme experts as a "red flag".
Investor John O'Brien, a retired stockbroker who lives in Spain, says his family invested £100,000.
He said: "I wasn't convinced at first. But once it was explained I opened a Betfair account.
"I put £50 in it, had a go at arbitrage, and was pleasantly surprised that you made money. That convinced me that this was something really good."
Under the system, bets are placed with different bookies on all possible outcomes of a particular event, resulting in a profit or break-even whatever the result.
The technique exploits the fact that bookies offer varying odds on an event.
While it is possible to make money from sporting arbitrage, professional gamblers say getting rich is difficult, if not impossible.
Bookies close the accounts of those repeatedly betting on 'arbs'.
Professional gambler Toby Aldous said: "They have exactly what the players have, a feed which tells them all the arbs which have happened.
"They can see who's betting on arbs all day and close their accounts."
Mr Aldous said there was a glass ceiling on how much players can make from sporting arbitrage. Told the interest rate offered by Winning Express, he said: "I do not believe that."
A document seen by the BBC lists 1,068 The Winning Express clients, with some individuals investing six-figure sums. The listed clients invested just over £27m in total and another £2.1m in a fund purportedly to invest in thoroughbred horses.
But in 2015, payments became erratic. Then, in September 2016, The Winning Express ceased operating.
Mr O'Brien, who heads a consortium taking legal action over the scheme, said: "Had the authorities been more on the ball, most of the clients would never have invested.
"Lives would not have been ruined.
"If the police act fast there's a chance it [remaining money] can be traced and returned to the people to whom it rightly belongs."
Every investor contacted by the BBC named Mr Bradbury as the man behind The Winning Express.
He was made bankrupt in 2013 over a pyramid scheme called Cherries that left investors £500,000 out of pocket. The Insolvency Service forbade him from "promoting, forming or managing" a company without the court's permission for 12 years.
The Winning Express was run through a company called Milton Express, established in the Seychelles, where directors have anonymity.
It operated in the UK via a third party company with offices in Sheffield.
The BBC has seen emails sent by Mr Bradbury connecting him to The Winning Express and a screenshot of the Milton Express bank account at Mauritius Commercial Bank bearing his name.
Rachel Adamson, a partner at Stephenson's Solicitors and pyramid scheme expert, said there were numerous red flags.
These included high interest rates with zero risk, Mr Bradbury's previous history and the use of initial returns to generate "good references".
The Winning Express was reported to the Financial Conduct Authority in May 2014 and the Serious Fraud Office by January 2015.
It was reported to Action Fraud in July 2015 and was also on the radar of the Gambling Commission, yet a formal investigation was only launched by South Yorkshire Police this September.
South Yorkshire Police said this week the investigation was international and therefore not for the force to pursue.
"The force is exploring which agency is the most appropriate to carry out such a complex and prolonged investigation," a spokeswoman said.
It is not clear what if any agency is now investigating.
All the authorities involved defended their own roles in the case, while the family of Mr Bradbury have made no comment.
Both Mr Claridge and Mr Hirst said they were not involved in the running of the arbitrage operation. There is no suggestion either was aware of suspicions over the scheme.
Mr Claridge, who invested in the scheme himself, insisted he did due diligence on the company before promoting it.


Nine children and a coach from Carrickfergus Rugby Club who were taken to hospital after a bus crash in County Donegal have been discharged.

The club's under-14s team was travelling back from a match in Donegal town when the bus crashed on the Laghey to Pettigo Road, near the border.
It is understood the bus overturned at about 15:00 GMT on Saturday,
A second man was transferred to Altnagelvin Hospital in Londonderry with a suspected broken ankle.


Transport bosses in London want Google to try out its driverless cars in the capital.

Deputy Mayor for Transport Isabel Dedring said discussions were at an early stage but "we would be keen for trials to happen".
The battery-operated vehicles use a system of lasers, radar and cameras to detect objects around them in order to complete journeys.
Google is understood to be focused on testing only in the US at present.
The project, which began in 2009, has seen the vehicles clock up more than 1.4 million miles at test tracks in California and Texas.
At a future of transport event Ms Dedring said that while she was "personally a bit sceptical about the technology", driverless cars could makes roads safer and reduce transport costs.
This week Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin announced the government would invest Â£20m in driverless car projects in the UK, saying the technology would "profoundly change the way we travel within years".
Trials of the cars have not gone without problems with developers still trying to improve how the vehicles interact with other road users.
A report published by the California Department of Motor Vehicles detailed a collision with another car which left a Google test driver in hospital.


Prof Sir Timothy O'Shea is to step down from his role as the principal and vice-chancellor of Edinburgh University.

He will leave the job in September next year, 15 years after he took up the post. The university will now begin the process of recruiting his successor.
Prof O'Shea said it had been "an honour and a privilege" to serve in the role.
"I am extremely proud of what we as an institution have achieved over recent years," he said.
He added: "The success and growth that we have enjoyed have only been possible thanks to our very gifted students and highly-talented staff, as well as the tremendous backing we've received from our alumni, supporters and friends across Scotland, the wider UK and the world.
"I have every confidence that the university will continue to go from strength to strength in the years to come."
The university said Prof O'Shea had presided over a significant period of expansion and internationalisation since he took up the post in 2002.
It said the institution was regularly ranked as one of the top 25 universities in the world and had cemented its place as one of the UK's foremost research hubs.
Education Secretary and Deputy First Minister John Swinney said: "Under Sir Tim's leadership, the University of Edinburgh has built on its reputation as one of the world's great universities and is widely regarded as a powerhouse of ideas and innovation across the breadth of academic endeavour, bringing distinction and talent to Scotland."


Public toilets on Anglesey are being offered to town and community councils in a bid to stop them being closed.

Anglesey council's contract for 17 toilets ends in 2017 and they face being scrapped due to budget cuts.
A letter has been sent to councils to see if there is interest in taking them over from 1 April.
Councillor John Roberts said: "We don't want to reach a situation where we'll have to close toilets and sincerely hope that we can find a solution."


EU peace funds of more than £80m open for applications on Thursday.

The money is being made available under the Peace 4 programme and is aimed at shared spaces and services for young people.
It is part of a larger tranche of about £240m which is due to be allocated before 2020.
The UK is set to leave the EU in 2019 but Chancellor Philip Hammond has guaranteed EU funding which is allocated before that date.
That guarantee has two conditions: projects must show they are good value for money and are in line with "domestic strategic priorities".
The shared spaces funding is aimed at creating up to eight new, civic spaces that can be used by all sections of the community.
Applicants must be able to demonstrate that their project will have a "transformative" effect, both locally and regionally.
Previous examples include the Peace Bridge in Londonderry and the Girdwood Community Hub in north Belfast.
The funding for youth projects will be targeted at young people who are disadvantaged and are at risk of becoming involved in anti-social behaviour or violence.
The scheme is open to projects in the border counties of the the Republic of Ireland as well as in Northern Ireland.


(Close): Stocks on Wall Street slipped closed lower, following strong gains on Thursday which saw the Nasdaq close at a record high.

Shares on Thursday had been boosted by upbeat economic data, but Friday's trading was more subdued.
By the close of trade, the tech-heavy Nasdaq index had fallen 13 points to 5,120.09.
The Dow Jones fell 104 points to 18,012.14 while the S&P 500 dipped 12 points to 2,109.65.
Analysts said the falls were expected given the rally on Thursday. The fact that the situation in Greece still shows no sign of being resolved didn't help the situation. Eurozone leaders are due to hold an emergency summit on Monday.
Among individual stocks, shares in chocolate maker Hershey fell 3.6% after the company cut its sales growth forecast for this year.


Reigning champion Jordan Spieth is the clear early clubhouse leader at the 2016 Masters after storming to a six-under-par 66.

With Rory McIlroy and world number one Jason Day among the later starters, Spieth birdied three of the first nine holes at Augusta National.
The 22-year-old American added three more on the back nine as he went through his round without a bogey.
His playing partner, England's Paul Casey, stayed in touch at three under.
England's Lee Westwood ended the day on a one-under 71, but it was South Africa's Ernie Els who was the talk of the course after a horrific putting display on the first green.
The four-time major winner, who has twice finished second at the Masters, reached the green in three but then seven-putted from within three feet.
It was the worst ever first hole score at the National, and left the 46-year-old six over as he trudged to the second tee.
Rickie Fowler was another big name to endure a nightmarish start as a double bogey on the first and an eight on 13 contributed to an eight-over 80.
Media playback is not supported on this device
After a stellar 2015 Spieth came to Augusta in less certain form.
But his remarkable record on this course - runner-up to Bubba Watson on his debut in 2014, champion in a record-equalling score a year ago - continued in good scoring conditions.
The Texan birdied the 10th, 13th and 18th on the back nine, Casey moving within a shot with a birdie on the 16th before dropping back with a bogey on the par-four 17th.
More to follow.


Warren Joyce earned his first point as Wigan manager as the Latics defended well to draw with Barnsley.

Barnsley's Sam Winnall headed narrowly wide before Marley Watkins forced Wigan goalkeeper Adam Bogdan into a save.
Yanic Wildschut wasted Wigan's best chance when he scuffed a shot straight at goalkeeper Adam Davies.
Adam Hammill and Conor Hourihane had chances for the hosts, but Wigan kept out their opponents to claim a draw, which saw them drop a place to 23rd.
Joyce suffered a 3-0 defeat at the hands of Reading in his opening game, but despite a better showing from his side against the Tykes, they dropped a place after Blackburn's 3-2 win over Brentford.
The result was Barnsley's third consecutive draw and the second game in a row in which they have failed to score.
Winnall, Watkins, Hammill and Hourihane all came close, while Adam Armstrong also had a header ruled out for offside in the second half.
The hosts nearly won it in injury time, but substitute goalkeeper Jussi Jaaskelainen dealt with Hourihane's effort after David Perkins did well to block Hammill's shot.
Barnsley manager Paul Heckingbottom: "My only sort of criticism would be that we didn't work the keeper enough today.
"I thought we controlled the game from start to finish and we're disappointed we didn't get the three points there, definitely. Today showed how far as a club we've come, against a team that came up with us and romped our league.
"Their set-up and line-up, playing without a striker, a centre-midfielder at right midfield and the first sub is a left-back, so that shows that they came here paying us the utmost respect, trying to nullify us, which they did."
Wigan manager Warren Joyce: "I thought we did deserve the point. The way we defended, the way the lads put their bodies on the line second half, I thought it would be a travesty if we didn't get something out of the game.
"I think if you take out the first three minutes from Reading, it wasn't too dissimilar from a lot of things that happened today.
"It's a really tough place to come here, I've been here watching a lot of games. You know how good the crowd is here, what type of football they play, so we knew it was going to be tough today so I'm pleased."
Match ends, Barnsley 0, Wigan Athletic 0.
Second Half ends, Barnsley 0, Wigan Athletic 0.
Adam Jackson (Barnsley) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Craig Davies (Wigan Athletic).
Attempt saved. Conor Hourihane (Barnsley) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Tom Bradshaw.
Attempt blocked. Tom Bradshaw (Barnsley) right footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Substitution, Barnsley. Saidy Janko replaces Adam Armstrong.
Josh Scowen (Barnsley) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Michael Jacobs (Wigan Athletic).
Corner,  Barnsley. Conceded by Reece Burke.
Attempt blocked. Josh Scowen (Barnsley) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Marley Watkins.
Attempt missed. Adam Hammill (Barnsley) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right. Assisted by Conor Hourihane.
Andy Yiadom (Barnsley) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Craig Davies (Wigan Athletic).
Substitution, Barnsley. Tom Bradshaw replaces Sam Winnall.
Foul by Adam Hammill (Barnsley).
Max Power (Wigan Athletic) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Attempt missed. Josh Scowen (Barnsley) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the left. Assisted by Conor Hourihane.
Corner,  Barnsley. Conceded by Jake Buxton.
Corner,  Barnsley. Conceded by Craig Morgan.
Substitution, Wigan Athletic. Craig Davies replaces Yanic Wildschut.
Attempt missed. Conor Hourihane (Barnsley) left footed shot from outside the box is too high from a direct free kick.
Sam Winnall (Barnsley) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Shaun MacDonald (Wigan Athletic).
Attempt missed. Reece Burke (Wigan Athletic) right footed shot from long range on the right misses to the left. Assisted by Michael Jacobs.
Foul by Marley Watkins (Barnsley).
Shaun MacDonald (Wigan Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Sam Winnall (Barnsley).
Reece Burke (Wigan Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Barnsley. Adam Hammill replaces Ryan Kent.
Conor Hourihane (Barnsley) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Michael Jacobs (Wigan Athletic).
Foul by Marley Watkins (Barnsley).
Stephen Warnock (Wigan Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Barnsley. Conceded by Craig Morgan.
Craig Morgan (Wigan Athletic) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Sam Winnall (Barnsley) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Craig Morgan (Wigan Athletic).
Attempt missed. Adam Armstrong (Barnsley) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses the top right corner. Assisted by Sam Winnall with a cross.
Attempt saved. Shaun MacDonald (Wigan Athletic) right footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Luke Garbutt with a cross.


In some African countries, politics has become a family affair with leaders' relatives taking on powerful positions.

Media playback is unsupported on your device
6 March 2015 Last updated at 18:00 GMT
In this week's episode of satirical series What's Up Africa, Ikenna Azuike asks if political dynasties can be a good thing.
What's Up Africa is a BBC and RNW co-production and is on Focus on Africa on BBC World News & partner stations across Africa every Friday from 17:30 GMT.


Meet Atlas, a humanoid robot capable of crossing rough terrain and maintaining its balance on one leg even when hit from the side.

And WildCat, the four-legged robot that can gallop untethered at up to 16mph (26km/h).
These are the latest creations of Boston Dynamics, a US robotics company part-funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa).
The robots are part of Darpa's Maximum Mobility and Manipulation programme.
Darpa says such robots "hold great promise for amplifying human effectiveness in defence operations".
Referring to Atlas's ability to remain balanced despite being hit by a lateral weight, Noel Sharkey, professor of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics at the University of Sheffield, told the BBC: "This is an astonishing achievement... quite a remarkable feat."
This version of Atlas is one of seven humanoid robots Boston Dynamics is developing in response to the Darpa Robotics Challenge.
In December, competing robots will be set eight tasks to test their potential for use in emergency-response situations, including crossing uneven ground, using power tools and driving a rescue vehicle.
Darpa wants to improve the manoeuvrability and controllability of such robots while reducing manufacturing costs.
WildCat can bound, gallop and turn, mimicking the movements of quadruped animals. It is powered by an internal combustion engine.
"It is a shame that such technology is not being developed with other research funding," said Prof Sharkey, who is also chair of the International Committee for Robot Arms Control.
"We do not know what military purpose it will serve but certainly it is a step towards a high-speed ground robot that could be weaponised to hunt and kill."
The video shows WildCat performing on a flat surface, but Prof Sharkey said: "It would be good to see how well it could perform in a muddy field."
Last year, Boston Dynamics' Cheetah robot reached a sprint speed of 28.3mph tethered to a treadmill.
Geoff Pegman, managing director of RURobots, told the BBC: "Robotics has been making important strides in recent years, and these are a couple of demonstrations of the technology moving forward.
"However, their application may be limited to areas such as defence and, maybe specialised construction or demolition tasks.
"In other applications there are more efficient ways of achieving the mobility more cost effectively."


A stunning Josh Payne free-kick gave Crawley a narrow victory on an emotional day for home club Wycombe.

Former Wycombe player Paul McCarthy died on Monday aged 45 and was remembered before kick-off.
Sam Wood went close to giving Wycombe the lead in the 14th minute, a rasping drive being met with a fine tip over from Glenn Morris.
It was the resulting corner which led to the opening goal, Adebayo Akinfenwa with a back-heel finish from close range.
Crawley responded well and carved out good opportunities, one of which drew a superb point-blank save from Jamal Blackman.
The visitors' pressure told and the Red Devils levelled via a 43rd-minute Joe McNerney header from a corner.
The first action of the second half was a blistering long-range effort from Will De Havilland in the 55th minute which drew a superb save from Morris.
Substitute Payne's 20-yard free-kick six minutes from time was the difference in a closely-fought second half as the Chairboys slipped to a fifth straight league defeat.
Match report supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Wycombe Wanderers 1, Crawley Town 2.
Second Half ends, Wycombe Wanderers 1, Crawley Town 2.
Foul by Dominic Gape (Wycombe Wanderers).
Joe McNerney (Crawley Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Dominic Gape (Wycombe Wanderers).
James Collins (Crawley Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Max Müller (Wycombe Wanderers) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Max Müller (Wycombe Wanderers).
Josh Payne (Crawley Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Corner,  Wycombe Wanderers. Conceded by Josh Yorwerth.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Delay in match Mark Connolly (Crawley Town) because of an injury.
Substitution, Wycombe Wanderers. Myles Weston replaces Luke O'Nien.
Attempt blocked. Sido Jombati (Wycombe Wanderers) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Luke O'Nien (Wycombe Wanderers) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by Jimmy Smith (Crawley Town).
Goal!  Wycombe Wanderers 1, Crawley Town 2. Josh Payne (Crawley Town) from a free kick with a right footed shot to the top left corner.
Luke O'Nien (Wycombe Wanderers) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Luke O'Nien (Wycombe Wanderers).
Lewis Young (Crawley Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Luke O'Nien (Wycombe Wanderers) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jimmy Smith (Crawley Town).
Foul by Alex Jakubiak (Wycombe Wanderers).
Mark Connolly (Crawley Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Wycombe Wanderers. Alex Jakubiak replaces Paris Cowan-Hall.
Foul by Paris Cowan-Hall (Wycombe Wanderers).
Lewis Young (Crawley Town) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Adebayo Akinfenwa (Wycombe Wanderers).
Joe McNerney (Crawley Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Conor Henderson (Crawley Town) left footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Delay over. They are ready to continue.
Substitution, Wycombe Wanderers. Sam Saunders replaces Matt Bloomfield.
Delay in match Jimmy Smith (Crawley Town) because of an injury.
Foul by Matt Bloomfield (Wycombe Wanderers).
Josh Payne (Crawley Town) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Crawley Town. Josh Payne replaces Kaby.
Mark Connolly (Crawley Town) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Paris Cowan-Hall (Wycombe Wanderers) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Mark Connolly (Crawley Town).
Luke O'Nien (Wycombe Wanderers) wins a free kick on the left wing.


A man who was trying to take a short cut home was unable to move when he became wedged in a trench, emergency services have said.

The man, in his 50s, got into difficulty at about midnight on Monday when crossing land being developed as housing in Shrewsbury, Shropshire.
He fell into the trench, which was "shoulder-width", and became stuck.
A hazardous area response team managed to pull him free using an aerial ladder platform.
He is thought to have broken his ankles, a West Midlands Ambulance Service spokesman said.
"Given the nature of the location, a building site, there was a very real risk of the trench collapsing, so safety was the number one priority," added the spokesman.
Guy Williams, from Shropshire Fire and Rescue Service, told BBC Radio Shropshire there was an "irony" as firefighters had been practising a similar rescue scenario in a training exercise earlier that evening.


The Daily Telegraph's former fashion editor Hilary Alexander is leaning towards voting out in the EU referendum.

27 May 2016 Last updated at 10:34 BST
"My gut is telling me go," she told BBC Newsnight. She was speaking as part of its My Decision series, where a number of figures explain how they plan to vote in the EU referendum - and the thinking behind their decision.
More:
Dreda Say Mitchell: 'I'm black and voting for Leave'
Michael Morpurgo: 'I look at the history'
Tom Hunter: 'Where are the facts?'
Tracey Emin: It would be 'insanity' to leave EU
Gillian Duffy: 'I don't want to be a European'
Hilary Alexander: 'My gut is telling me go'


The Odyssey complex in Belfast will be closed on Monday because of a "major power failure".

Power is not expected to be restored before 17:00 BST.
Adrian Doyle, from the Odyssey Trust, said the failure happened at about 02:30 BST and specialist contractors are working on the problem.
He said: "We would ask any groups who are booked to attend W5 this morning not to travel as the building will not be able to open.
"The car park will operate manually today."


Art by some of the most prominent great masters, including Michelangelo, Matisse and Rembrandt, are on show in Hull as it embarks on its year as the latest UK City of Culture.

Lines of Thought is a free exhibition of 70 line drawings spanning more than 500 years from the British Museum's prestigious collection.
Leonardo da Vinci, DÃ¼rer, Degas, Rubens, Monet, CÃ©zanne and Bridget Riley are also featured.
It runs until 28 February.
Prof Glenn Burgess, acting vice-chancellor of the University of Hull where the exhibition is held, said it could be "the single greatest gathering of artistic talent ever seen in Hull".
Lines of Thought is a partnership between Hull 2017, the British Museum, the University of Hull and the Bridget Riley Art Foundation.
Curators said the works had been arranged by "types of thinking rather than period or style" in order to explore the "creative impulses" behind the pieces.
Georgia Mallin of the British Museum said the London attraction offers 10 national exhibitions a year, but the show in Hull is "arguably the best selection of masterpieces from [the British Museum's] Prints and Drawings collection that we've ever been able to offer".
Martin Green, Hull 2017's CEO and director, said the show had kicked off an "outstanding" year for visual arts as part of the City of Culture programme.
"The investment by the University of Hull to strengthen its already significant cultural activity is going to help ensure Hull's reputation as a destination for art lovers and culture vultures," he said.
Lines of Thought will visit Poole and Belfast before travelling to the US.
The city's year of culture was launched on 1 January with a giant fireworks display, watched by about 60,000 people.
The fireworks display was billed as bigger than London's New Year's Eve event and included 15,000 fireworks to music by some of Hull's most famous artists.
How Hull is aiming to win over the sceptics
Why City of Culture will change Hull
Is Hull a city on the rise?


A long-term decline in violence in England and Wales seems to have levelled off, a study of data from 91 accident and emergency units suggests.

The Cardiff University study found levels last year were broadly the same as in 2014. Previously, numbers had dropped each year since 2008.
But the study found there was an 8% rise in victims over the age of 50.
The survey collected data from A&E departments, minor injury units and walk-in centres.
Last month the Home Office launched a crime reduction strategy which it said would make the most of new technology.
An estimated 210,000 people attended hospital emergency departments for injuries as a result of violence last year.
According to the survey it was the first year since 2008 that there was "no real change" in the figures, after successive annual falls.
Prof Jonathan Shepherd, director of the Violence Research Group at Cardiff University, said: "After successive annual falls in overall levels of violence in England and Wales, this is the first time since 2008 violence in England and Wales serious enough to result in hospital treatment shows no real change.
"This finding is also consistent with the latest report from the Crime Survey for England and Wales, which also found that rates of violent incidents were no different in the year ending September 2015, compared with the previous 12 months.
"It is possible that the long steady decline in violence in England and Wales has come to an end."
The researchers said one possible reason was that local authorities and police were spending less money on monitoring in real time footage from CCTV cameras which it is thought can help prevent violent incidents from escalating.


Situated on the equator on Africa's east coast, Kenya has been described as "the cradle of humanity".

In the Great Rift Valley palaeontologists have discovered some of the earliest evidence of man's ancestors.
In the present day, Kenya's ethnic diversity has produced a vibrant culture but is also a source of conflict.
The Islamist militant Al-Shabab movement, active in Somalia, has also been launching a growing number of attacks in Kenya, including the 2013 Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi and the 2015 attack on Garissa University College in northwest Kenya.
Other pressing challenges include high unemployment, crime and poverty. Droughts frequently put millions of people at risk.
Population 42.7 million
Area 582,646 sq km (224,961 sq miles)
Major languages Swahili, English
Major religion Christianity
Life extpectancy 57 years (men), 59 years (women)
Currency Kenya shilling
President: Uhuru Kenyatta
The son of Kenya's founding president, Uhuru Kenyatta took up his father's mantle to become head of state in April 2013, despite facing charges of crimes against humanity over election violence five years earlier.
Mr Kenyatta, ranked by Forbes as the richest man in Kenya, was born in 1961 shortly after the release of his father Jomo Kenyatta from nearly 10 years' imprisonment by British colonial forces, and two years before Kenya's independence.
Educated in the United States at the elite Amherst College, where he studied political science and economics, he is viewed as the top political leader of Kenya's largest tribe, the Kikuyu, who make up some 17% of the population.
However, he also appeals to Kenyans from different ethnic backgrounds, able to mingle not only with the elite he was born into but also with the average Kenyan, cracking jokes using local street slang.
He is seeking re-election in the presidential election due in August 2017.
Reporters Without Borders (RSF) ranked Kenya at 90th (out of 180 countries) in its 2014 global Press Freedom Index. A controversial new system of media regulation introduced in 2013 has drawn protests from media organisations and human rights groups.
A handful of major players dominate the industry. One of them, Nation Media Group, has extended its operations to neighbouring countries.
Television is the main news source in cities and towns. The spread of viewing in rural areas has been slower, hampered by limited access to mains electricity. A switchover to digital TV is under way.
Many Kenyans have embraced social media. Facebook is said to be edging out email as a preferred mode of communication.
Some key dates in Kenya's history:
c 3.3 million BC - Evidence of some of the earliest human tools have been found in Kenya, suggesting that it was the cradle of humanity from which descendants moved out to populate the world.
1895 - Formation of British East African Protectorate, which becomes crown colony of Kenya - administered by a British governor - in 1920.
1944 - Kenyan African Union (KAU) formed to campaign for African independence. First African appointment to legislative council.
1963 - Kenya gains independence. Opposition groups are stifled and the country survives ethnic tensions and a coup attempt. Multiparty elections are allowed in 1991.
1998 - Al-Qaeda operatives bomb the US embassy in Nairobi, killing 224 people and injuring thousands.
2007 - Disputed general elections are followed by deadly violence.
2009 - Kenya says that at least 10 million people, or one third of the population, are in need of food aid. The government mobilises the military to distribute food, water and medicines to areas hit hardest by drought.
2011 - Kenya intervenes in conflict in Somalia and subsequently suffers several apparent reprisal attacks, including the 2013 massacre at Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi and the 2015 attack on Garissa University College in the northwest.


A teenager was killed in a "swift and savage" machete attack by a man who habitually kept the weapon in the back of his van, a court heard.

Ewen Reynolds, 44, denies murdering Zac Evans and the attempted murder of Keaton Jones outside a Gloucester pub.
Prosecuting, Christopher Quinlan QC said: "The attack was unlawful, it was swift and it was savage."
Mr Evans, 19, was attacked in the car park of the Pipe and Musket in January, in the Tuffley area of the city.
Opening the trial at Bristol Crown Court, the prosecution said there had been a "seemingly inconsequential disagreement" between the defendant's wife and the girlfriend of one of the victims.
But this escalated to a "devastating extent" where the accused, of Foley Close, Tuffley, armed himself with a 24ins (60cm) machete he "habitually carried with in his van".
Mr Quinlan added: "He used that terrifying weapon striking one man to his neck.
"Such was the force that it severed major blood vessels in his neck and shaved off the lower jaw bone and he died almost immediately.
"He then struck another man with a machete to the side of his head."
The jury also heard how the accused then drove off from the scene to London, but was arrested on his return to Gloucester.
Mr Reynolds gave "no comment" during interviews with police after his arrest to a series of questions but would claim during the trial he was acting in self-defence, Mr Quinlan told the court.
"In a sentence he asserts that he was attacked and he used the machete in lawful and proportionate self-defence.
"He feared for his own life and for the safety of his wife," added Mr Quinlan.
The trial continues.


Glasgow Warriors loose-head prop Gordon Reid has been called into the Scotland squad to face Japan in the second Test in Tokyo on Saturday.

Reid, 29, replaces Alasdair Dickinson, who damaged a hamstring in the opening minutes of Scotland's 26-13 victory in Toyota City.
Dickinson, 32, will fly home and Reid is due to arrive in Tokyo on Monday.
Capped 17 times, Reid was initially left out despite featuring in the 2015 World Cup and this year's Six Nations.
He lost his place as Dickinson's understudy to Edinburgh's Rory Sutherland.
Sutherland is expected to make his first international start on Saturday having won his two previous caps as a substitute - against Ireland in the Six Nations and Japan on Saturday.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Scotland have other injury worries, with WP Nel, their first-choice tight-head, nursing a knee injury, as is back-row forward Ryan Wilson.
Centre Duncan Taylor has a hamstring problem and flanker John Barclay has a damaged shoulder.
All four are being assessed by Scottish Rugby, but Nel expects to play in the second Test.
"I should be okay for next week," said the prop, who scored his second Test try on Saturday.
"I don't go into games looking to score a try. But, if it happens, it happens.
"It is good to get over the line."


A collection of almost 1,000 toy robots and flying saucers could fetch more than £40,000 when they are auctioned off, experts believe.

Toy specialist auctioneers Vectis from Thornaby, Teesside, are selling the collection, which was built up over 40 years by a couple in the North East.
Key items include a rare 1939 Japanese Lilliput Robot - one of which recently sold for £11,000.
The "Out of this World" sale is due to take place on 15 March.
Auctioneer and valuer Andy Reed said: "Sci-fi, space and robots are very sought after.
"There are not many collections of this size and this is the biggest one we have handled in the last 20 years.
"We think 70% of these will go outside the UK, perhaps back to the USA and Japan."
Another rare item is an American-made Flash Gordon spaceship, also from 1939.
Mr Reed added: "It's a fascinating collection, the couple are from the North East and have asked not to be identified.
"They have been collecting for 30 to 40 years and they felt the time was right to part with it.
"They have had much enjoyment out of it over the years, travelling to fairs, shows and toy shops."


A new £25m sports complex with an Olympic-sized swimming pool has been floated by council bosses as the solution to ageing leisure facilities in Winchester.

The new centre would replace the 42-year-old River Park Leisure Centre which needs at least £3m of repairs.
Winchester City Council has agreed to develop plans to build a new out-of-town centre at Bar End.
If it goes ahead, it is expected to take three years to complete.
The council said it would now develop a business case and finalise designs for the new complex which would include a 50m swimming pool.
The authority said it planned to borrow the money needed and also hoped to secure additional partnership funding from the University of Winchester.
The existing building at North Walls will be knocked down and the site then offered for reuse.
In 2013, the council sparked protests when it announced plans to rebuild the existing centre and expand it into what campaigners called "Winchester's only park".


Investigators who have uncovered remains in a search for one of the Disappeared say two bodies have been found in a single grave.

The Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains (ICLVR) initially thought the remains found at a bog in the Republic of Ireland on Thursday were those of Joe Lynskey.
He was abducted, murdered and secretly buried by the IRA in 1972.
There was "surprise", an investigator said, when another body was found.
Two more of the Disappeared, Seamus Wright and Kevin McKee, were believed to have been buried close to the site that was being searched in Coghalstown, County Meath.
The term the Disappeared refers to victims who were murdered and secretly buried by republicans during the Northern Ireland conflict.
Geoff Knupfer, the head of the ICLVR investigation team, said the "assumption" was that the first body discovered was that of Mr Lynskey.
"But as our archaeologists continued to excavate they found further remains in the grave," Mr Knupfer said.
"Because there are two people in the same grave, clearly there's a distinct possibility that what we have here are the remains of Seamus Wright and Kevin McKee.
"But that remains to be seen.
"So, we're just saying that we have two victims in the same grave, which fits the profile of the Wright and McKee abduction and murder," he added.
Mr Knupfer also said that an adjoining plot of land had been searched "some years ago" for the bodies of the two men.
While the remains have not yet been identified, Mr McKee's sister Maria said she was feeling a mixture of emotions after being informed that one of the bodies could that of be her brother.
"It's a happy time, but it's also going to be a sad time," Ms McKee said.
"The sad thing about it is my mummy only missed it by three years. On her deathbed she did ask for Kevin.
"It's unreal, it's surreal to us."
Jon Hill, a senior investigator, said that due to the passage of time there could have been confusion among those who had provided information to the ICLVR on the where bodies of the Disappeared had been buried.
"It's so long ago that this happened and this ground where we're searching has changed dramatically from when these events occurred," he said.
Kevin McKee and Seamus Wright were both IRA members who were abducted and murdered by the organisation in 1972.
Mr Lynskey had been a former Cistercian monk from the Beechmount area of west Belfast, and later joined the IRA.
Once the remains have been recovered, they will be taken to Dublin for examination by the state pathologist.
Mr Hill said it would be "some weeks before the DNA can give some more clarity" as to whose bodies had been uncovered.
Maria Lynskey, a niece of Mr Lynskey, had travelled to the site after the initial discovery.
Anne Morgan, the sister of another of the Disappeared, Seamus Ruddy, has been supporting the Lynskey family.
She said Ms Lynskey had "thought the whole day that it was her uncle" who had been found, but has "come to terms" with indications that now may not be the case.
Excavations had started at the bog in March in a search for Mr Lynskey.
Mr Knupford said that if it transpired that his body was not among those that had been found a search of the site would continue.
The ICLVR was set up by the British and Irish governments in 1999 to liaise with former paramilitaries to find the Disappeared.
Any information provided to the commission cannot be used in criminal proceedings.
Over the past 16 years, the ICLVR has searched for 16 people who were officially listed as the Disappeared.
The remains of 10 of the victims have been recovered and formally identified to date.
The most recent confirmed discovery was that of Brendan Megraw, whose remains were found in Oristown bog, also in County Meath, last October.


Disney shares fell over 4% in after-hours trading despite rising profits, as the performance of ESPN raised concern about the company's outlook.

Quarterly profit reached $2.9bn (Â£2.0bn), up from $2.2bn last year.
But profits for Disney's cable networks fell by 5% as programming costs on the sports channel ESPN rose.
The bright spot was Star Wars: The Force Awakens, which helped to boost studio profits by 86%.
Star Wars: The Force Awakens has brought in more than $2bn at the box office alone, and sales of merchandise helped boost profits in the company's consumer products section by 23%.
The slip in cable revenue took some of the wind out of Disney's earnings announcement.
Profits for Disney's media networks, which includes ESPN, ABC and the Disney Channel, fell to $1.4bn.
ESPN has seen its subscriber base fall in the last few years as more people turn to streaming services rather than cable television.
The Force Awakens has already become the third highest grossing film of all time since it was released in December.
It is the first Star Wars film that Disney has made since purchasing Lucasfilm from Star Wars creator George Lucas in 2012 for $4bn
Profits at Disney's theme parks rose 22% in the quarter, mostly driven by visitors in the US.
Visitors to Disneyland Paris fell 8% following the terrorist attacks on the city in November. The park was closed for three days following the attacks, but saw further cancellations from visitors in the following weeks.


Ex-Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko was murdered for trying to "expose the corruption" at the heart of Vladimir Putin's "mafia state", the public inquiry into his death has heard.

His poisoning with polonium was an "act of nuclear terrorism on streets of a major city", said Ben Emmerson QC, the barrister representing his family.
Mr Litvinenko died in a London hospital in 2006 from radiation poisoning.
Two Russians, Andrei Lugovoi and Dmitry Kovtun, have denied any involvement.
Mr Litvinenko was 43 when he died from radioactive polonium-210 poisoning, three weeks after drinking tea laced with the substance at a meeting with the Russians at London's Millennium Hotel in November 2006.
In his opening statement on the first day of the inquiry, Mr Emmerson said Mr Litvinenko was "eliminated" because he had made an enemy of the "close knit group of criminals who surrounded and still surround Vladimir Putin and keep his corrupt regime in power".
"It was an act of nuclear terrorism on the streets of a major city which put the lives of numerous other members of the public at risk," he said.
The murder was an act of "unspeakable barbarism" that inflicted "the most painful and lingering death imaginable", he added.
Alexander Litvinenko had fled to the UK where he became a vocal critic of the Kremlin and worked for the UK intelligence service MI6.
His widow Marina says he blamed the Kremlin as he lay dying in hospital, but Russia denies any involvement.
Mr Emmerson claimed there was not the "slightest doubt" that the murder was carried out by Mr Kovtun and former KGB bodyguard Mr Lugovoi.
The pair have been invited to give evidence via video link to the inquiry at the Royal Courts of Justice, led by judge Sir Robert Owen.
But Mr Lugovoi told Russian radio station Ekho Moskvy on Tuesday that there could be no fair trial in Britain.
"They classified the materials, saying Litvinenko co-operated with English intelligence. How can it be investigated impartially after that?" he said.
"This is why we pulled out in protest - we want it to be investigated but we want it to be impartial and, moreover, we want it investigated in Russia."
The inquiry also heard that Mr Litvinenko may have been poisoned with polonium "not once but twice".
He had recalled feeling unwell around the time of a meeting at a security company in mid-October and "vomiting on one occasion about two or three weeks before being hospitalised," counsel to the inquiry Robin Tam QC said.
"Hair samples that are available indicate that Mr Litvinenko may well have been poisoned twice and that the first occasion being much less severe than the second."
One witness said he had been asked by Mr Kovtun to find a cook in London who could lace Mr Litvinenko's food with "expensive poison", Mr Tam told the inquiry.
BBC security correspondent Gordon Corera earlier said investigators had followed a radioactive trail across London.
It suggested Mr Litvinenko was poisoned not on the first attempt, but on the third, he said.
The two men suspected of killing Alexander Litvinenko made three trips to London in the run up to his death and brought Polonium to try to kill him each time, the BBC understands.
Sir Robert Owen said the death from radiation poisoning in London in 2006 had attracted "worldwide interest and concern".
He said sensitive evidence had established there was a "prima facie case" as to the culpability of the Russian state in Mr Litvinenko's death.
Sir Robert was originally appointed as the coroner at Mr Litvinenko's inquest but he called for a public inquiry because the inquest could not consider sensitive evidence due to national security fears.
The UK government resisted the move at first but later changed its stance last July, amid worsening relations with Moscow over the crisis in Ukraine.
BBC security correspondent Gordon Corera: Will inquiry find answers?
Mr Tam said many theories had been put forward about what happened to Mr Litvinenko, including suggestions that he had killed himself, or accidentally poisoned himself when handling the radioactive substance as part of a smuggling deal.
He listed numerous issues which would have to be considered by the inquiry, such as Mr Litvinenko's relationship with the late Russian businessman Boris Berezovsky and his links to journalist Anna Politkovskaya, a fierce critic of Russian President Vladimir Putin who was killed in 2006.
The QC said evidence would be heard - both in the open and closed sessions - that Mr Litvinenko had been working for MI6 - a claim which the government refuses to confirm or deny.
The inquiry heard Mr Lugovoi had alleged UK intelligence services were involved in Mr Litvinenko's death.
It will also hear evidence that Mr Litvinenko could have been assisting the Spanish security services with investigations into organised crime, as well as taking on private security work for Western businesses.


Leaders Plymouth extended their unbeaten run in League Two to 10 games as Sonny Bradley's double secured victory at battling Stevenage.

Argyle edged a cagey first half and almost scored on 43 minutes as Jimmy Spencer's looped effort hit the woodwork after Graham Carey had broken from midfield.
The visitors broke the deadlock soon after the restart when David Fox's free-kick evaded everyone apart from Bradley, who diverted the ball into the top corner.
Stevenage equalised just seven minutes later as Henry Cowans' low free-kick found Matthew Godden unmarked and his effort went in off Bradley from six yards.
Boro - who have now lost three of their last four league games - were only level for four minutes as Bradley glanced in a header from Carey's free-kick.
Stevenage had their chances to equalise during five minutes of injury time, with Jack King and Harry McKirdy going close, but Plymouth saw the game out to remain top of the table by five points.
Reports supplied by the Press Association.
Match ends, Stevenage 1, Plymouth Argyle 2.
Second Half ends, Stevenage 1, Plymouth Argyle 2.
Attempt missed. Michael Tonge (Stevenage) right footed shot from outside the box is too high.
Attempt saved. Jake Hyde (Stevenage) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Substitution, Plymouth Argyle. David Goodwillie replaces Jordan Slew.
Corner,  Plymouth Argyle. Conceded by Jamie Jones.
Attempt saved. Connor Smith (Plymouth Argyle) left footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the top centre of the goal.
Substitution, Plymouth Argyle. David Ijaha replaces David Fox.
Jake Jervis (Plymouth Argyle) is shown the yellow card.
Ben Purrington (Plymouth Argyle) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Jake Hyde (Stevenage).
Attempt saved. Jake Jervis (Plymouth Argyle) right footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Substitution, Stevenage. Michael Tonge replaces Henry Cowans.
Attempt missed. James Spencer (Plymouth Argyle) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Substitution, Plymouth Argyle. Connor Smith replaces Graham Carey.
Kgosi Ntlhe (Stevenage) wins a free kick on the left wing.
Foul by Graham Carey (Plymouth Argyle).
Fraser Franks (Stevenage) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Fraser Franks (Stevenage).
James Spencer (Plymouth Argyle) wins a free kick on the right wing.
Attempt missed. Harry McKirdy (Stevenage) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high following a set piece situation.
Jack King (Stevenage) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Foul by Yann Songo'o (Plymouth Argyle).
Foul by Henry Cowans (Stevenage).
Sonny Bradley (Plymouth Argyle) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Substitution, Stevenage. Jake Hyde replaces Tom Pett.
Substitution, Stevenage. Harry McKirdy replaces Andrew Fox.
Attempt saved. David Fox (Plymouth Argyle) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Attempt saved. James Spencer (Plymouth Argyle) left footed shot from the centre of the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Ben Purrington (Plymouth Argyle) is shown the yellow card.
Henry Cowans (Stevenage) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Foul by Henry Cowans (Stevenage).
Ben Purrington (Plymouth Argyle) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Attempt missed. Fraser Franks (Stevenage) header from the right side of the box is too high following a corner.
Corner,  Stevenage. Conceded by Gary Miller.
Andrew Fox (Stevenage) wins a free kick in the defensive half.
Foul by David Fox (Plymouth Argyle).
Corner,  Plymouth Argyle. Conceded by Kgosi Ntlhe.
Goal!  Stevenage 1, Plymouth Argyle 2. Sonny Bradley (Plymouth Argyle) header from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Graham Carey following a set piece situation.
Foul by Henry Cowans (Stevenage).